
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
12)῏(
No. +*1, p. ,1 -0 ,**1 Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test
PITT
NAPL   ΐ*ῌῌ **ῌ **ῌ*E#ects of Tracer Flow Velocity on Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test (PITT)
for Estimating the Volume of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids
Junko NISHIWAKI*, Tsuyoshi MIYAZAKI**, Masaru MIZOGUCHI** and Takeshi KOMAI** National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Institute for Geo-Resources
and Environment, Geo-analysis Research Group** Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
Abstract
Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test (PITT), which is used for the chromatographic separation of
Break through curves (BTCs) of tracers, is useful to quantify the volume of Non-Aqueous Phase
Liquids (NAPL) in contaminated aquifer. Since this separation is based on the partition law, it ismost important to determine the partitioning coe$cients of the tracers.

However, the accuracyof the PITT would be inﬂuenced not only by the partitioning coe$cient, but also by the tracer
velocity. The e#ect of the latter factor on the accuracy has not been conﬁrmed su$ciently yet,due to the lack of the basic research compared with the practical requirement.

In this study, thee#ect of the tracer velocity on the accuracy of PITT was examined in laboratory column experiments.

As a result from the experiments where ﬁve tracer velocities were set up, the accuracy of

PITT was more improved as the velocity was lower.

It would be caused by non-equilibrium

partition of partitioning tracers into NAPL when the tracer velocity was higher, on the other
hand, the more su$cient partition was achieved when the velocity was lower.
Key words : Partitioning Interwell Traer Test (PITT), tracer velocity, trichloroethylene (TCE),
laboratory column experiment+DNAPL, efL.= gX NAPL U&'῍(>+    

DhijkXY lm/n0opq./0'rs῍t; uvwX./0'34x.=++     !"3412iyz{:q.XYU NAPL -.3

ῌ#῍$%&'῍()* +NAPL ; Non-Aqueous

49|!}~iq.\῎7].= /0

Phase Liquids, -./0'ῌ123456789:

}~q. NAPL i;<.= NAPL >? @ABCDE:F)*

!M567+1234GHI, JEKL<.MNOOPQR

NAPL 7UKL>567.= ;+TCE, !SMTNOOPQR+PCE, U 

cq.{:ῒgq.

X7< {:ῌGHiyz>XYU (7VWKL.XYZ[GH7\῎].= ^L_i NAPL -.349| ].U NAPL )*U'-`ab7cdXY Dense NAPL

9| - NAPL iq.^7* ῐ I¡¢£¤¥¦§¨ ©-*/ῌ2/03 k@fª«¬ +0ῌ+** ­®cFcF¯°F±²F¦§² ©++-ῌ20/1 ³®´µ +ῌ+ῌ+: Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test +PITT, MR¶·¶ῑ¸ MNOOPQR  ¹Tº»¼
IJ 56= u +*1 ¼ ,**1

28
+,PITT  

Test PITT  NAPL    PITT
% &

NAPL #+,-%4FbK Jinῐ῍ῒῌ ῍῎ῑ῏῎῏ῐ tin“
tix῎ ῐῑr῏ ῒῌ ῍῎῎῏ ῒ ,Jin et al., +31*  !  "#
$

}

et al., +33/ ; Young et al., +333 :  Partitioning Interwell Tracer+33/ 4K 0!

Q5N4

'(#)*

PITT-.+#/0

1

BB U~

+. ,

i  partitioning

% non-partitioningV" p )

V" n% Cd21 A*bK'( W@$X CrC*ῌ
% C* Cin mKK \T_Q

CinrC*13456787 9: !;l! K 56787 '( mg Lr+"" 56787 9: !; NAPL #<*z+&56787'( mg Lr+ ) C 21

21 $

# # = >$"56787 %56787

A*bK56787'( mg Lr+% b4#

 NAPL #$4>$"56787 5t DE min tin 56787 &DE min

6787 34 567879: !; &? Y B 

21 56787 '()@ A*" BB .* 0

56787 NAPL +C$DE "F

et al., +333

G NAPL

,H#-.$ %567873%

XZ4K +333 ) #`j7kl#@:bK Dwarakanath$3$ PITT  NAPL 



#Cq

%

4 /I 0J 21 14K56787 '(~ [bK\w3% ]# ῌ)@L2 "FG3ML2

PITT EK

 %56787#"56787 /I N4"B ῐ

21E#,H" NAPL 





" B

OPῌ8QRSQTU56V7-W$/(#XNAPL^ ῍ PITT EK87 ` Jin et al., +331 ῏ a@b56787"
cd

U NAPL e

#0J567- ,8Y B Mayer and Miller, +33,

87

Zῌ%3[ 8Y B )\]^5T_ PITT #+ NAPL   f(

` a9bK6 :B34c; # [ N¡"g%

 PITT )*d<e=f

NAPL

__ )@ ῎ IJKC5U5#+567

NAPL C%R4K $b<>@R]gh\5 U.S.

PITT #z  NAPL    +. + } :EPA, +331 #?=i)K`j7klC@:bK e.g.,

 NAPL C 56787 #w567

Nelson and Brusseau, +330 ; Annable et al., +332a m?n+op#+AB bK e.g., Jin et al., +33/ ;Wilson and Mackay, +33/ m Cq=VDbK


+-

87

%56787#"/I NAPL  D|P KN, w :4K o(

56787
PITT 

PITT

14KEF NAPL GH( SN r% BB

NAPL GH(IJK

LEs

NAPL Mt:ubK GHNOH

 NAPL

xNAPL



G

'FK

PITT



R#$Bw
NAPL C %R

 0Jb<¤ Nh"B ) m ¤v¥"B PITT #+ NAPL   f(

 NAPL b<# % $3$ NAPL C 567% SN

87 %R PITT CQ~¦§ )%R

v$w

xVN ῌ Vp ; 0Jb<¨©ª«#c"i¬­®

 cm- Vp Es cm- SN~ #56787"c PITT #+ NAPLῌ NAPL

VN  NAPL

NAPL C%1 $ 56787



N4

¢£p 4KR y PITT #z 56787 %56787#

  f( c|¯ op]°±²³

"/I34{2bK 56787

 56787"c ¦§ =# Willson et al.

SN/I|P R 

c|0! } Q~4K Jin et al., +33/ :Rx+y

KN, w SN “tpx
+rSN “tn

+. +

,*** ´ - µj"c:¨_«op' k4 "cl NAPL C 56787
#zm¶n·$`oc0J NAPL

tp 56787 RSTDE min “
tnBB  “  f(#²³¦§$F¸$ )

%56787 RSTDE min KN, w 5

pq4 ,**.  n+op ' 56787"c6787

rb"¹:#14K3ML2 ºs»43

NAPLῐ|P % 56787

RSTDE PITT

14K3ML2+ 7 PITT #+ NAPL   f(t3

?. : 97 Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test %PITT& $@* NAPL JK L$M*EF 

 ! "#$'()*+$

Willson et al. %,***&

 TCEῌ t@u#z{ῌ~mx   
u /M,H  TCEῌ~

IPA, .M,P, t@(( * 0./+ t@, PITT #(*-./0u ,1./+  ! 5

1230

 &*7'"(4! 5 6 # %,**.&

 -./7 8 
9, : ; ! 7!<=>4?(JK97 PITT $@* NAPL

L$M*EF#$** 1$,, 

+PITT #(*NOPQ0$< 9R$@STU NAPL D

 VTCE+ *.*,* cm min}+ Y

4!

4! - *+

 VTCE,VTCE. *.*0/ *.*22

t@u *.*3+ cm min}+ Y4!

< TCE bcY4!
 VTCE* * VTCE*

4!

)'_/ *.*+.

cm min}+ 4! %!ῌ,& 9$*, 
,+



1 TCE,-. Vbc!V*+$



,-Va DNAPL $@*bcd*+$ NAPL
< TCE  5

((VTCE/ VTCE0 t@u VTCE1 * 5VWRKX NAPL JK LY"Z*[\*+$ ]^_`)'_/<9/ : $  _/ *.*+, cm min}+ Y

C PITT DEF G"(<HI

#z{D^_`$@S9$* (, PITT $$@* A 9 B$

29</$/h

FID %01 GC-+1A&  _ GC-, 32¡¢gh_` 1*£  , ¤2¥¦$ +/£ min}+ efghi.j.k. %IPA& <.ῌlm.ῌ,ῌnopq. %.M,P&  /ῌlm.ῌ,ῌrs+1*£ 5¡¢"Z +1*£  - ¤2¥<4! q. %/M,H&  NAPL t@u

 t@u§¨¢v !ῌ+ $ wx"y #z{ %"y$|}-% ,.0. Mg m &  **./ mg Lῌ+Table +,**£  * og./+ mL  3© §¨ª«

NAPL 

}+

t@

 !

v

NAPL and alcohol tracers properties

,

B¬­

|/

45
6\

78
%£&

98
%£&

®pq.ῌ~ **
log Pow

:¯

¨;

°hh
±mo
%TCE&

ClCH²CCl,+-+4-3*4++ g/+** g%,/£&

bp10*²2043**}1-,4.,

d,*.²+4.0.,***
d,/.²+4.//3***+

efghi.
j.k.
%IPA&

CH-CHOHCH-

0*4*3

³5*

bp10*²
2,4/*

}224/

*4*/

d,*.²*412/*/***
d,/.²*412*2.***+.ῌlm.ῌ,ῌ
nopq.
%.M,P&%CH-&,CHCH,CH%OH&CH-+*,4+1

+-,

*42*,

,

+.2ῌ+/**42+*,/ῌlm.ῌ,ῌrsq. %CH-&,CHCH,CH,CH%OH&CH- ++04,%/M,H&* bp10* : 10* mmHg 78 %£&** ®pq.ῌ~ ´vῌµv<¶*+D=:· #?
*** d,*. : .£ ¸¹ ,*£ :¯+& Budavari, S., (Ed), The Merck Index +-th.
,& >º¬»¼^ph No. ,-, ,**.



S

A

/B¬ +- ®pq.

VWº

30ῌ,;<I¸¹

Table ,>+

¨T©9 mg L » +*1 ¼ ,**1

Experimental summary



IPA

.M,P

/M,H

¨TOKFF) m g

789
Mg m>-

VTCE*
VTCE+
VTCE,
VTCEVTCE.
VTCE/
VTCE0
VTCE1

+/-+
+/*.
+.3*
+.3.
+/**
+.-+/*/+.10+-*0+/*+/.+
+/.2
+.33
+.30
+.,.
+.,1

+//1
+/.2
+/20
+.21
+//.
+/,0
+/22
+/2.

1412
04++
/4*2
/420
04-1
04*.
14,+
142/

+40/
+40.
+40+411
+40.
+40.
+400
+40.

a

TCE 9SN-real >

®¯MPt"cm min>+

*4**
*4++
*4-+
*4+*
*4+*
*4*3
*4+,
*4+,

*4*+.
*4*+,
*4*,*
*4*,*
*4*,*
*4*0/
*4*22
*4*3+

,. 

ῌ+ 
 +- cm   , cm, 

!"#$%&'() *+,-./0 )123, 4 5,6 789:;<= +.0- Mg
m>- '?@ /0A B6C D"EFGHFG ;<I"J%K"LMNG#F"

OPQFR,ST,U ,6VW 23,6X VWYZ1[\]^_,-`a bc TCE <@debf gh,6 YZij;<= ,*῍ kR-@

TCE lmn"o!%p'qrsT,

6 =Xqr +)#%tuv,
$%&

!"#

`() w),6 w)xg': Xyz'{|,6}~q}' 
YZij, , ~qij) ,6 xg< )RR^_  TCE

A6

@ TCE :|< a'? Xyz1^_ @:)R]@ ,6. X@$ῌ!Fpv R`z: YZza

TCE
ῌ+

 -`YZ, `@deghX  Mto%Kt#uv,
Pt

Fig. +



Schematic diagram of experimental setup

,6 qD - ,OKFF)m;<= *.," cm min>+ «'YZij cm-

pv ,6 =X Pt ¡¢() v*+;<I=]±]

,6 ()£ TCE 

TCE 9: degh²sT,6YZi¨TOKFF)¤:¥'¦@R§|,6m©9;<= +,/** mg L>+ {|,gh,6. ©9:ª-6 «ῌ, ' aj;<= ,*῍ kR-@ TCE ijR TCE sTX$%&`A6 TCE ijR³'?@;¬@¨TOKFF©9 mg L>+ ¨TOKFF

6 ¨TOKFF©9: +. - '´µ,6 Cin '?@) m g VW789 Mg m>- a,/  TCE 

9 SN-real > ­Y w,®¯°-MPt



OKFF¶·: OKFF¶·ij ¨Ti#, : -¼6 Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test PITT +f NAPL

 ῌ      

   !"#  

 d +.z­®

31a c+./0R 1+2
yz" .M,P  /M,H (=
/M,H 

6+i!j6 IPR?

$  !"# %& ")' !

"'()* +,#x8%)6"*)



-  ./0!"1# ./0

-,

2

 PITT +f TCE

 +3) 4567)8%

9:; 

PITT



d

(

#=+ PITT d ( =  PITT d( ῌ- +<=

 PITT op!"

>?1 ./0@A!"(B/CDEFG

TCE $SN-estCHIJKL+M 45N+O B/PC

( ./042

QOR ( *# M>?( SN-estῌSN-real = 2

OR 1 6STUVWXY

4+e  TCE    ¡ @+;Z[\ OR (]^*_` GC-FID  (S- 

SN-real TCE $ ./0 PITT %"rst!" +. +¢()*#a  £& TCE
 ,. . ¤fh+ ¥¦./04+§ Z >?1+k1 TCE  ¨ mg L©+ 2 +ª*«;!j fj*-+ 

a IPA 6c: >?d

TCE $

TCE $

 + +b)'69)6<6 VTCE,>?1 TCE 8¬%­®;)yz*! ¯>?+e 2

 VTCE0  *.-- efg *./0 )hi);j"  6k*)l51

ῌ, + 

TCE $

TCE $

(

 efg PITT d ( ῌ- +<=°ῌ, +'±B/PCQ cm min©+ M6mn>?opa6 -. - Yqrstuvw+xyz*O

.M,P efg /M,H (²³* Mmn >?{|}~)´µ PITT d ¶·(<= B/PCQ(+h'a *.*,* cm min©+ *|j - ()>? PITT d;%+=';) >?~}+fM¸;!j ! B/PCQ( *.*,* cm(9) M  9min©+ Y@>?6 *.*0/ cm min©+ Y}>' *.0+ i *.+,  :i);j?f'*: '±;B/PCQ¹«+f PITT

" =*(O>?opd 6}=º6"  PITT da .M,P  /M,H ῌTable -PITT op

Summary of the results from the experiments for studying the e#ectsof tracer velocities on PITT$SN-est

PITT d

>?+

.M,P

/M,H

.M,P

/M,H

IPA

.M,P

/M,H

VTCE*
VTCE+
VTCE,
VTCEVTCE.
VTCE/
VTCE0
VTCE1

*4**
*4*/
*4+/
*4*/
*4**4*,
*4*.
*4*-

*4**
*4*/
*4+*4*/
*4*,
*4*+
*4*,
*4*-

»
*4.1
*4.3
*4.1
*4-*4+*
*4-*
*4+*

»
*4.1
*4.,
*4.1
*4,*4*2
*4+2
*4+*

*43,
*43*4-*42*+4*,*42*4/0
*422

*40+
*4.2
*4+2
*4,0
*4/3
*4/0
*4.0
*4.2

*4-1
*4,+
*4+/
*4+,
*4-*
*4-2
*4-,
*4,3

*



*  PITT d  PITT op!" $SN-est ( ./042
TCE $SN-real  SN-estῌSN-real =J§M6? V +*1 ¼ !,**1"

32

 g'BC& VTCE+

VTCE1   pbcum3v- 7J g'BCrs





.



W6= 

PH , /w1230x= pv 1y77  P 232JH῍"

iYjk6

F&bcum<6= g'BC& VTCE+ VTCE1 3z&VTCE. 4{&3 iYj *.*,* cm min/+ |}BC 5~Z"P 123 12 3=TP  pXYZpu30x '  
iYj3 *.*0/ cm min/+ |0BC 0q p2 WFhXYZpuv-HP $P$ XY|rs 

ῌ,



Fig. ,

iYj7 PITT U7d»

The relation between the accuracy of
PITT and tracer velocity

3 , /w12$ AA VTCE.

+,iYj *.*,* cm min/+ }a VTCE, VTCE- 7mH&bc$677$=
 8BCP  P=9H:a]  ; F&<=-
3AA7 Q  *..3 0&]  7@f&HBC-- 



A&BC3&    !C" 

.

῏-

VTCE*

5>3mHG

NAPL $A7389 & BC?e

VTCE1   !Cin" #$ 

 !CῌCin"  %& '  ()*ῌ+,-.+. !/" & 0  12345 $6

VTCE, 7 VTCE0 |{=@~LL$

789 &':; <6=>%?@$ BC IPA D3 +& IPA 45=3 F= 8BCE

AA VTCE, (3BCD

EFG2H& VTCE, I TCE 
3 *.-+ !῏," 72J K &L MN
3OPA7?6 H$6 . WFh¡¢FG789 &$P$ g' VTCE* £]==BCF&& Q R&

.M,P 7 /M,H D3¤¥ *.0+ |} *.-2 |TCE 32J 3 TCE S}  DH}&CV7$

TPA7UV789=  ῌ" ¦I ῍" J§¨K WFh῎"

W6=& 

 VTCE,& IPA XY3 + F

L0M

F&©Ht389

& AA G= XYZ?[N"Tª«,#%8O$=¦I¬­H6' 3\!$]  0B^XY"

789 & Q PQa®i[C

FG_37$==6&]
& F= VTCE, #$%`a9H63 bc d$=1e7 9&A7f&&R¯°S¨K347±tH6A73v- ῎"d$= Divine et al. !,**." 3²$F³ L0M©30xA76J<P´µ

F&g'() W:;3R&A7P  8BCL0M F&

Fh῍" iYjk6l 

©H67¶9H6 $P$ Annable et al. !+332b"A P  ῌ" TCE

bc3mH&A73*no& 7J  XYZpT Brooks et al. !,**," WFh0q 7rs 123mH=6&3HPUV7$=©89=6&3 ¹P

ῌ"

TCE

d $ =  g ' 

&*µ¸µDSP7Tº$=6& 8

+,K$ 'BC ·*µ¸µ& IPA D3SJ

F&g'()

VTCE* t·*µ¸µD

: 

 Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test PITT  NAPL 

ῌῌFig. -

Breakthrough curves of IPA, .M,P and /M,H33

»XN 1 +*1 ¼ e,**1f34 .M,P /M,H      


!

"#$

$  1 =WI1AR
789:9  ]>0"#$*.*,* cm min+ , , X4YZ[

 %&'() PITT   .M,P  /M,H#`$(789:9789:9%

cd& ? I+ *.*0/ cm min+ ,` *+ *.0+ , *.-2 ,-.-/0-1-  2345

 6789:9;<1.1=> 9Z6789:9 J`?1 |}  X4YZ[ 0- 789:9

 "#$ %&'  , ?@ - ?@A TCE  

BC789:9 -0789:95ῌTCE 5k¡¢1"DE345  FG-EH-

£ T@-U! 0  X4YZ[

IAJ$.A I K

j>'Qm

At-'¤A  789:9 TCE  ("L MN   

£1R AO$1-789:9 345 <1;:9  Pm0


:9

P

0 Q

0789  6789:9 <1R 7

89:9A  345 AST U
A! 0.,j

TCE A1-789,` %cd&RP0 PITT '789:9&lA PITT ^#0{0},.A"m0 Vῌ, p PITT ^#|} X4YZ[B¥A 789
:9345

PITT 

kC1R TCE Vῌ, R "W1X4YZ[\]AR PITT ^ "£AD1-.vA789:9 # _`a_ b$0 * %cd& eVῌ "#$  789:97B¥AR

-f g=hi PITT jk'A#5R¦dAt1 NAPL



789:9&lPm X4YZ[ PITT ^ eWillson et al., ,***f"#$  #no,.A"m

PITT (.%AE§0FG17HI J0

¨K

.- 

Vῌ- ApX4YZ[%cd&g=hAn

V ῌ, p X4YZ[ *.*,* cm min+"m (q) VTCE*  r789:9 - LM PITT ^#=INAn*; pI+ q) 789:9

 ,.APm0 VTCE.

X4YZ[

 (789*.*,* cm min+   PITT ^# eVῌ,f:9 $A<1g=p $

X4YZ[ *.*,* cm min+ ,( OR,#\]A , -satq)Qm0789:9 , -sat Vῌ- %cd&AJ$.A VTCE.

TCE .uAR ) , -sat,#\]6789:9 ?© 91)vw9xyz0{|} IA ,Zkh 1    X4YZ[ª~/0} "#$ 1 + Aῌ23ST t1- PITT ^#0} !

4 1 , A<1 , 5kAHA 

0 

67 789:9/DE3  89

d&g=A3Qt"#$( YLr1- b$0- q)Qm0 , -satAn

 PITT (.%A  P$%c

0$A PITT ^# «¬ *./ R# $ 789:97,­A PITT A NAPL ST

 ,#\]at :;  5'PI^#AU#0} .u P 0

;ῌ&l 670} at:  TCE  0} 789:9 NAPL ®  NAPL

789:9 5A%7#g=.u¯=WINA1.789:9(670} P 0"£1r "#$  °±A- 0$1

I+ (q) r789:9A , -s
at

Qm0

²V J0 (789:9789/:9kh< 1   -q)
(789:9A , -sat J$  *at: < 1 $ ³´  PITT µ¶·(- 789:9
7¸-

PITT AU#W *¹º¼ :  Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test %PITT+ 

 PITTNAPL 

   ,  !!
"#$ %TCE &'( )*(+ /M,H ,-./0123456)

NAPL  q vw

35tion Journal, +. (,) : 1ῌ-+.
Dwarakanath, V., Deeds, N. and Pope, G.A. (+333) :.M,P

Analysis of Partitioning Tracer Tests, ENVIRON-, 78

MENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, -- (,+) :9:;< - = >?@A-2,3ῌ-2-0.

232B6CDE()FG 

Jin, M., Butler, G.W., Jackson, R.E., Mariner, P.E.,

HCI  J(K LJM;<

Pickens, J.F., Pope, G.A., Brown, C.L. and Mc- . N:  E(>?

Kinney, D.C. (+331) : Sensitivity Models and De-@A32B6()K LJMO;<Psign Protocol for Partitioning Tracer Test in Al- 3456(Q)*)*

luvial Aquifers, GROUND WATER, -/ (0) : 30.ῌ);< RIS TU( PITT VWX

31,.

YO Z[\]^(+_ `abRcJin, M., Delshad, M., Dwarakanath, V., McKinney, D.

de(O *.*,* cm minf+ gh10i jV]k l

C., Pope, G.A., Sepehrnoori, K. and Tilburg, C.E.

+ HCI `mO gn(+33/) : Partitioning Tracer Test for Detection, Es-

o&'k pqD Ers k\Ht PITT

timation and Remediation Performance Assess-

NAPL uvwVqsVx

ment of Subsurface Nonaqueous Phase Liquids,yk z{(+ ῏WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, -+ (/) : +,*+ῌ

῎

+,++.
Mayer, A.S. and Miller, C.T. (+33,) : The inﬂuence of|}~VWX +_ N  

porous medium characteristics and measurement (+ | N

scale on pore-scale distributions of residual non-  O}~  S \Daqueous-phase liquids, Journal of ContaminantV ¡:R ¢£¤¥¦Rkῌ ῑ ῐ ῍Hydrology, ++ : +23ῌ,+-.
Nelson, N.T. and Brusseau, M.L. (+330) : Field Studyof the Partitioning Tracer Method for Detection

Annable, M.D., Jawitz, J.W., Rao, P.S. C., Dai, D.P.,

of Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid in a Trichlo-

Kim, H. and Wood, A.L. (+332a) : Field Evaluationroethene-Contaminated Aquifer, ENVIRONMEN-

of Interfacial and Partitioning Tracers for Char-TAL SCIENCE & TECNOLOGY, -* (3) : ,2/3ῌ

acterization of E#ective NAPL-Water Contact,20-.

Areas, GROUND WATER, -0 (-) : .3/ῌ/*,.
Annable, Michael D., Rao, P.S.C., Hatﬁeld, K., Graham,§¨ ῌ ©

ª« ῌ ¬­®¯ῌ °±%,**. : ´NAPL ῌ ²ῌ

³µ)*

W., Wood, A.L. and Enﬁeld, C.G. (+332b) : PARTI-¶d %PITT Z·TIONING TRACERS FOR MEASURING RESID-· 31 : +-ῌ,..

¸S ¹º»UAL NAPL : FIELD-SCALE TEST RESULTS,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (+331) : Tech-

Journal of Environmental Engineering, +,. : .32ῌnology Practices Manual for Surfactants and/*-.

Cosolvents.

Brooks, M.C., Annable, M.D., Rao, P.S.C., Hatﬁeld, K.,

Willson, C.S., Pau, O., Pedit, J.A. and Miller, C.T. (,***) :Jawitz, J.W., Wise, W.R., Wood, A.L. and Enﬁeld,

Mass transfer rate limitation e#ects on partition-

C.G. (,**,) : Controlled release, blind tests ofing tracer tests, Journal of Contaminant Hydrol-

DNAPL characterization using partitioning tracers, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, /3 : +21ῌ,+*.

ogy, ./ : 13ῌ31.
Wilson, R.D. and Mackay, D.M. (+33/) : Direct Detection of Residual Nonaqueous Phase Liquid in the

Divine, C.E., McCray, J.E., Wolf, L.M., Blanford, W. J.,

Saturated Zone Using SF0 as a Partitioning

Blitzer, D. J. and Boving, T.B. (,**.) : Partitioning

Tracer, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECH-

tracer test, DNAPL characterization, remediation

NOLOGY, ,3 (/) : +,//ῌ+,/2.

assessment, sourcezone investigation, Remedia-

Young, C.M., Jackson, R.E., Jin, M., Londergan, J.T.,K%  +*1  ,**1

36Mariner, P.E., Pope, G.A., Anderson, F. J. and Houk,

Water Monitoring and Remediation, +3 (+) : 2.ῌ

T. (+333) : Characterization of a TCE DNAPL Zone

3..

in Alluvium by Partitioning Tracers, Ground῍ 

ῌ Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids NAPL ῌ

 Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test PITT!"#$% NAPL &'()*+,-.

/0123 PITT 45 NAPL &'()6 NAPL 7892:;<=<>?@A !"BC
D:EFGHI./2JKLM!04N :;<=< NAPL 7896OPQRST U).
/3 VWX689OPYIZ[ NAPL &'()\]^!_`T3 abcS6 :;<=<def! PITT  NAPL &'()\]7ghijLkl2mnopFqW
rLst23 uvw :;<=<dexyz NAPL &'()\]{|}~{H.

/23 2 QV de.! 89:;<=< TCE 789}! de1! 89OPVt22m()\]^2 h/23 : ,**1  -  ,, K : ,**1  1  ,* 