Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)
Questionnaire Results and Observations
Summary Report
Climate Change and the Water Environment

March 2011
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

Table of Content

1.

Background and Objectives of the WEPA Questionnaire Survey1

2.

Outline of the Questionnaires ..................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Questionnaire 1: Questionnaire on Climate-Water Related Information
to Investigate Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Environment .............................. 2
2.2 Questionnaire 2: Perception Survey on Climate Change Impacts on the
Water Environment (Water Quality and Aquatic Ecosystems) in WEPA Countries ............ 5
2.3 Questionnaire 3: Questionnaire on Policy Responses to Climate Change
in Water Resource/Environment Sector .............................................................................. 6

3.

Results of Questionnaires ............................................................................................................ 7
3.1 Questionnaire 1: Questionnaire on Climate-Water Related Information
to Investigate Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Environment .............................. 7
3.2 Questionnaire 2: Perception Survey on Climate Change Impacts on
the Water Environment (Water Quality and Aquatic Ecosystems) in WEPA Countries ...10
3.3

Questionnaire 3: Questionnaire on Policy Responses to Climate Change
in the Water Resource/Environment Sector .....................................................................18

4. Observations...................................................................................................................................19

1.

Background and Objectives of the WEPA Questionnaire Survey
A sound water environment is a key element in securing safe water access and a soundenvironment. However, many Asian countries face serious water pollution problems andthe destruction of aquatic ecosystems, creating
obstacles to sustainable development in thesecountries. Recognizing that the improvement ofwater environmental governance is essential to

Korea

solve such problems, the Water Environment
Partnership in Asia (WEPA) was launched in 2004

Nepal
Myanmarby the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. Thirteen

Lao
PDR
Thailand
Viet Nam
Cambodiacountries participate in WEPA as of March 2011.
Utilizing the knowledge accumulated and the

Japan

China

Sri
Lanka

Philippines

Malaysia

human network developed in the first phase, theIndonesia

second phase of WEPA will further promoteknowledge sharing on water environment issues.
Figure 1. WEPA Partner Countries“Adaptation to Climate Change in the Water Environment Sector” is one of the priority

topics of the WEPA second phase, identified through discussions in the first phase of
WEPA. Water quality and aquatic ecosystems will be affected by climate change; however,scientific knowledge on this issue is insufficient. Considering this fact, WEPA will conduct
activities to promote knowledge sharing to help WEPA partner countries consider how toreflect climate change concerns into the future water environmental management ofeach WEPA country.
In the first international workshop of the WEPA second phase, held in March 2010,
representatives of WEPA partner countries identified three areas that require future
consideration related to this topic, namely “estimation of the future impacts of climatechange on the water environment”, “identification of observed impacts of climate changeon the water environment”, and “identification of necessary adaptation options and theiroutcomes in the water environment sector”. To gain information in the identified areas
for consideration, WEPA conducted the following questionnaire surveys.
(1) Questionnaire on Climate-Water Related Information to Investigate Impacts of
Climate Change on the Water Environment(2) Perception Survey on Climate Change Impacts on the Water Environment(3) Questionnaireon

PolicyResponses

toClimateChangein

Water

Resource/Environment Sector
The results of the questionnaires will serve as a reference for future WEPA discussions.

12.

Outline of the Questionnaires

2.1

Questionnaire 1: Questionnaire on Climate-Water Related Information to Investigate

Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Environment
1)

Objective
It is important to identify relevant information and data availability not merely for
identification, but also for estimation of climate change impacts on the water
environment. This questionnaire aimed to identify the availability of relevant data related
to water and climate, which will be necessary to identify climate change impacts on thewater environment.

2)

TargetThe questionnaire was sent to the focal point person of each WEPA country(13 countries).

3)

Contents
Considering the methodology used in an investigation on climate change impacts onwater quality conducted in Japanese FY 2009 (April 2009 – March 2010) by the Ministryof the Environment, Japan, this questionnaire primarily focused on the availability of
longer-term data to reveal the relationship between air and water temperature. In
addition, the questionnaire asked about the availability of water quality data atmonitoring points for which longer-term water temperature data is available.

Air and Water* Temperature Data
Number of Current Monitoring Points

Number of Monitoring Points Where Data Has Been
Accumulated for More Than Ten Years

Detailed Information on Monitoring Points (10 each for rivers; lakes andreservoirs; estuaries/coastal areas)- Name of monitoring points- Accumulation period- Monitoring frequency- Water quality (DO, BOD, SS), flow rate and air temperature data near themonitoring points* public water bodies (rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and estuaries and coastal areas)

Figure 2. Flow of Questionnaire 1

24) Questions
Q1. Please give us the following information on air temperature monitoring in your country.
(1) Number of current monitoring points of air temperature(2) Number of monitoring points that have accumulated data for more than 10 years(3) Name of organization (section) that have the above data
Q2. Please give us the following information on water temperature monitoring in public
waters, namely in rivers, lakes/reservoirs and estuaries/coastal areas in your country.

2-1. Rivers(1) Number of monitoring points where average water temperature data for every month isavailable and the name of organization that has the monitored information(2) Number of monitoring points where water temperature data has been accumulated morethan 10 years among the monitoring points in (1)(3) Number of monitoring points where average/representative water temperature data forboth dry and rainy seasons is available and the name of organization that has the monitored
information(4) Number of monitoring points where water temperature data has been accumulated morethan 10 years among the monitoring points in (3)2-2. Lakes/Reservoirs(1) Number of monitoring points where average water temperature data for every month isavailable and the name of organization that has the monitored information(2) Number of monitoring points where water temperature data has been accumulated morethan 10 years among the monitoring points in (1)(3) Number of monitoring points where average/representative water temperature data forboth dry and rainy seasons is available and the name of organization that has the monitored
information(4) Number of monitoring points where water temperature data has been accumulated morethan 10 years among the monitoring points in (3)32-3. Estuaries/Coastal Areas(1) Number of monitoring points where average water temperature data for every month isavailable and the name of organization that has the monitored information(2) Number of monitoring points where water temperature data has been accumulated morethan 10 years among the monitoring points in (1)(3) Number of monitoring points where average/representative water temperature data forboth dry and rainy seasons is available and the name of organization that has the monitored
information(4) Number of monitoring points where water temperature data has been accumulated morethan 10 years among the monitoring points in (3)Q3. Regarding the points where water temperature data has been accumulated more than 10
years (monthly average or average of dry/rainy seasons), please provide more details on the
10 sites that have the longest data accumulation period for rivers, lakes/reservoirs, andestuaries/coastal areas respectively.
Note: Water quality monitoring may be conducted by different governmental sectors withdifferent purposes. If there are no monitoring points which have monitoring data for over 10
years, you do not need to answer the following questions.
Name
of
water
bodiesWater Temp. Data

Monitoring
Point
Number/Name
If anyDataaccumulation
period (pleaseshow the year ofstart)

1()YearsfromtoYears of Accumulation of
Water Quality Parameters*1
DO
BOD/CODSS

Frequency of
Monitoring(please tick)

Years

(
) Daily()Annual
Average()Averagein Dry Season()Averagein
Rainy
Season()Others(pls. specify)*water level for lakes/reservoirs

4

Years

Years

Organisationthat keeps(has) themonitored
data

Other Related
Parameters
Flow*

Temperature

(
Yes
(
No

(
(

)
)

) Yes
) No

2.2 Questionnaire 2: Perception Survey on Climate Change Impacts on the Water
Environment (Water Quality and Aquatic Ecosystems) in WEPA Countries(1) Objective
Scientific research and other information related to climate change impacts on the water
environment are scarce. To understand the potential impacts of climate change on the water
environment, this survey aimed to investigate the views of different stakeholders on thesubject.
(2) Target
The questionnaire was sent to stakeholders working in the water sector in WEPA
countries including governmental officials, academics, and local NGO members who
participated in past WEPA related meetings (except Japan).
(3) Contents
The content of the questionnaire is shown in Figure 3.

Existing studies and projects related toclimate change and the water
environment

Impacts of climate change on the water
environment or local economy/society that are
generally recognized/observed or covered bymedia in the country
Concerns of respondents regarding climatechange impacts on water quality
Water environment issues which will intensify or
emerge due to climate change(based on respondents’ views)
Specific water bodies where environmental issues
will intensify due to climate change(based on respondents’ views)
Areas that need policy intervention to cope withclimate change impacts on the water environment(based on respondents’ views)

Figure 3. Content of Questionnaire 2

5

2.3 Questionnaire 3: Questionnaire on Policy Responses to Climate Change in Water
Resource/Environment Sector(1) Objective
This questionnaire aimed to investigate to what extent water resources and water
environment concerns are reflected in climate change adaptation strategies, as well as towhat extent climate change impacts are considered in current national plans or strategies
for water resources and the water environment. This survey is a follow-up to the 2009questionnaire survey.
(2) Target
The questionnaire was sent to the focal point person of each WEPA country (13 countries).
(3) Content of the Survey：a) Official reports on climate change and the water environment in your countryb) Strategy or plan on climate change impact(s) on water resources or the water
environmentc) Incorporation of climate change concerns in current water policy and/or water resource
management/development strategy in your countryd) Current water quality management strategies or any other policy documents for water
quality conservation that include(s) any reference to or consideration of potential climatechange impacts on the water environmente) Authority responsible for the coordination of potential climate change impacts andadaptation in the water sector.

6

3.

Results of Questionnaires

3.1 Questionnaire 1: Questionnaire on Climate-Water Related Information to Investigate
Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Environment
3.1.1 Respondents
The WEPA secretariat received answers from 10 out of 13 countries. The countries that
responded are Cambodia, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Japan.
3.1.2

Results of Questionnaire

Question 1: Accumulation of Data on Air Temperature
No. of Monitoring Points
Current

Points with data
accumulation
more than 10
years

Cambodia

11

20

Department of Meteorology, MoRM

ROK

539

539

Korea Meteorological Administration

Lao PDR

23

17

Dept. of Meteorology and Hydrology, Water andContact for the Data

Environment Administration
Indonesia

139

109

Meteorological Climatological and Geophysical Agency

Philippines

56

56

PAG ASA, Department of Science and Technology

Malaysia

39

35

Malaysian Meteorological Dept.

Myanmar

114

113

Nepal

--

--

Thailand124

124

Viet Nam

176

176

Japan*

157

157

Meteorological Dept.

Meteorological Agency* Japan’s data is as of 2007. Number of monitoring points with data accumulated more than 30 years.

7

Q2-(1): Water Temperature Data - Rivers
Monthly

Twice/year (dry and rainy seasons)

Current

Points with data
accumulation morethan 10 years

Current

Points with data
accumulation morethan 10 years

Cambodia

17

19

0

0

ROK

1482

521

0

0

Lao PDR

0

0

0

0

Indonesia

--

--

105

0

Philippines

14

14

(14)

--

Malaysia

1063

908

0

0

Myanmar

--

--

--

--

Nepal

0

0

--

--

Thailand39 (automatic)

4

0

0

Viet Nam

>100

>100

--

--

Japan

6,053

3,121

--

--

* Japan’s data is as of 2007. Number of monitoring points with data accumulated more than 30 years.

Q2-(2): Water Temperature Data - Lakes and Reservoirs
Monthly

Twice/year (dry and rainy seasons)

Current

Points with data
accumulation morethan 10 years

Current

Points with data
accumulation morethan 10 years

Cambodia

2

1

0

0

ROK

189

150

0

0

Lao PDR

--

--

--

--

Indonesia

--

--

--

--

Philippines

14

14

(14)

(14)

Malaysia*

0

0

0

0

Myanmar

--

--

--

--

Nepal

0

0

--

--

Thailand

0

4

0

0

Viet Nam

--

--

--

--

Japan**

529

265

--

--

*Lakes and reservoirs in Malaysia are managed and monitored by different organizations or owners.
** Japan’s data is as of 2007. Number of monitoring points with data accumulated more than 30 years.

8

Q2-(2): Water Temperature Data – Estuaries/Coastal Areas
Monthly

Twice/year (dry and rainy seasons)

Current

Points with data
accumulation morethan 10 years

Current

Points with data
accumulation morethan 10 years

Cambodia

--

--

--

--

ROK

0

0

0

0

Indonesia

--

--

--

--

Philippines

14

14

(14)

(14)

Malaysia

158(could not obtain at
this time)00

Myanmar

--

--

--

--

Nepal

--

--

--

--

Thailand

0

4

0

0

Viet Nam

--

--

--

--

Japan*

2,174

1,091

--

--

Lao PDR* Japan’s data is as of 2007. Number of monitoring points with data accumulated more than 30 years.

Questionnaire 3: More detailed information on monitoring points where data has been
accumulated more than 10 years
Results are attached in Annex 1.

9

3.2 Questionnaire 2: Perception Survey on Climate Change Impacts on the Water
Environment (Water Quality and Aquatic Ecosystems) in WEPA Countries(1) Respondents
A total of 43 persons (out of 202 persons) responded to the questionnaire.
(2) Respondent Profilesa) Countries of Origin
Figure 4 shows the country of origin of respondents. More responses came from
Nepal than other countries as the questionnaire was distributed and collected at the
WEPA Dialogue in Nepal held in December 2010.
18

16

16
14
12
10
8
5

6
3

4
2

5

1

1

2

3
1

2

1

2

1

0

Figure 4. Country of Origin of Respondentsb) Professional Background of Respondents
There were more responses from governmental sectors as the secretariat received many
responses from WEPA focal points and participants in the WEPA Dialogue in Nepal. See
Figure 5 for details.

10Consultants, 2

Others, 1

NGO, 4
National
Government,
17

INGO, 3
UN, 1

Research
Institute/
Analytical labs,
6

Educational
Organisatons, 9

Local
Government, 0Figure 5. Professional Background of Respondents
3.2.2 Results(1)

What kinds of impacts of climate change on the water environment or local

economy/society are generally shared with local people or covered by media/research in yourcountry?
The result is shown in Table 1.

11

Table 1: Observed Impacts of Climate Change on Water Environment
or Local Economies/Societies

1

Impacts observed

No. ofresponses

Prolonged dry seasons

16

Notes

Floods2

Impacts on agriculture

93Change in precipitation

7

Water shortage
Salt water intrusion into
groundwater
4

Surface water quality

6

Answers from Cambodia, China, ROK, Nepal, and Sridegradation
5

Destruction of ecosystems

Lanka
5

(including coastal ecosystems)
6

Groundwater quality

4

degradation (other than salt
water intrusion)
Salt water intrusion into

Most responses from respondents of Malaysia

surface water
Negative impacts on humanhealth (including epidemics)
Melting glaciers3

Only from Nepal respondents

Low flow rate
Sedimentation

1

Impact on fisheries
Depletion of groundwater12(2) Will water quality degradation intensify/emerge in your country because of climate change?
Why you think so?

Disagree, 6Strongly Agree,
15

Agree, 22

Figure 6. Perception of the Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Environment (quality)

Reasons behind “strongly agree” and “agree” responses
Top three reasons for “strongly agree” and “agree” responses
1. Change of water quantity (flood and drought): 16
2. Increase of air and water temperature: 6
3. Non-climatic reasons such as urbanization and insufficient sanitation facilities: 6
The reason behind “disagree” and “strongly disagree” responses was that human impacts
are greater than climate change impacts.

13(3) What kinds of water environment issues will intensify or emerge due to climate change?
(Please choose up to three items)

See Figure 7 for results.
0

5

10

15

Organic

20

25

30

12

Eutrophication

10

Pathogens11

Acidification

5

Sedimentation

22

Turbidity

11

Salinity

13

HM/Chemical

7

Ecosystem

26

Others4(note) Others: Ammonia-nitrogen, trace metals and POPs, environmental issues in dry seasons, loss ofhabitats, change in agricultural patterns, changes in energy use

Figure 7. Issues Related to Water Environment(4) Specific water bodies (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, coastal areas and groundwater) for which
you think water environment issues (e.g. water quality degradation) will intensify due toclimate change impacts, if any.

●Indonesia:
Sumatra (Musi, Batan Hari)
Jawa (Ciadane, Ciliwung, Citram, Citanduy, Progo, Bengawan Solo, Bratanas)
Kalimantan (Barito)
Sulawesi (Saddang Mamasa)●Sri Lanka:
Beira Lake, Kandy Lake
●Viet Nam:
Red River (water shortage);
Hai Phon, Nam Dinh, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau (salt water intrusion)

14

●China:
Water bodies in Northwest China●Nepal:Bagmati River(5) Are there any areas that require policy interventions to cope with climate change impacts
on the water environment (water quality and conservation of aquatic ecosystems)?

 Strengthening of water quality monitoring Strengthening of climate change related studies
 Regional adaptation plans Strengthening current water quality management (including classification of water
bodies) Public awareness raising Management of related sectors – forest, wetlands and solid waste(6) Existing Studies Related to Climate Change Impacts on the Water Environment
There are answers from 20 respondents. The following table shows a summary ofanswers. Some responses mentioned only the name of a resource person, but are also
included in the table. The information provided is not only related to the water
environment but also includes other fields.
Research and Project Name
12

1. An Analysis On The River Water
Quality- Climate Change Effect Phenomena
In Tuaran River, Sabah, Malaysia

Implementation organizations or contacts
Setiwan Wangsaatmaja, West Jawa EPA
Arief Sudrajat, Faculty of Civil and Environmental
Engineering
1 School of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia
Sabah, MALAYSIA (UMS)
2 College of Forest & Environmental Sciences, Kangwon
National University, KOREA
3 Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, MALAYSIA (UPM)

15

3

Research and Project Name
2. “Regional collaborative research on
climate change impacts on surface water
quality in eastern Monsoon Asia: Towards
sound management of climate risks”

Implementation organizations or contacts
Regional Collaboration :China:Lei Duan(TsinghuaUniversity)
Korea:Ji-HyungPark (Project Leader; KangwonNational
University)
Kyoung-Woong Kim (Project Co-PI), Edu Inam &Suthiphong
Sthiannopkao(IERC,GwangjuInstitute of Science &Technology)
Thailand: Wanpen Wirojanagud (Kohn Kaen University),
J. Keith Syers(Mae FahLuangUniversity)
Lao PDR: SianouvongSavathvong,
SouphanouvongUniversity
Cambodia: Vibol Sao (Royal University of Agriculture)
Vietnam: My HoaNguyen (CanthoUniversity)
Malaysia: MohdHarunAbdullah (University of Malaysia
Sabah)
Indonesia: Dwi Agustyani (Indonesian Institute of
Sciences)

3. Water Chemistry in Downstream Regionof Tuaran River: A Preliminary Assessment
on Seawater Intrusion Due to Sea Level
Rise.

Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)

4. Water Quality Response To Seasonal
Changes Of Disturbed and Harvested Forest
in Benum Forest Reserve, Raub, Pahang,
Malaysia.

Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)

5. Climate Change Impacts on Water
Resources and Quality in Langat and Lower
Pahang Basins.

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)

1. Pilot scale studies on water blending as atool to minimize the effects of salinity
water intrusion to large-scale water
treatment plants

Asian Institute of technology, Bangkok, Thailand
Prof. C. Visvanathan

2. Industrial wastewater reuse studies for
agricultural activities in Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam.

Asian Institute of technology, Bangkok, Thailand
Prof. C. Visvanathan

3. Emergency water supply in flood-likedisaster situations due to climate change

Asian Institute of technology, Bangkok, Thailand
Amila Abeynayaka

4World Bank (do not know details as of thismoment)5Adaptation of Fishing Communities in thePhilippines to Climate Change

67
8

many activities going on
Water pollution control project

Maria Rebecca Campos, De La Salle University
Dasmarinas

MEP
Taunggi University

16

9

Research and Project Name
impacts of climate change and sea level riseto the integrated agriculture-aquaculture
systemin Mekong River Basin

Implementation organizations or contacts
Le Anh Tuan, Research Institute of Climate Change CanTho University (Dragon institute - Mekong)

Hydrology of Nile River for Water
Management

Carlos Pascual, (FU-Sudan)
Ben Zaitchik (JHU), John Hopkins University, NASA, RCMRD-Kenya, Future
University-Sudan

10
Risk mapping of water quality in Khartoum
City,Sudan

Carlos Pascual, Future University-SUdan

Capacity building on adaptation to climatechange in the field of water environment(funded by AusAID)

Feng Xiangzhoo, Policy Research Cneter for Environment
and Economy, MEP

Climate Change Modelling
Climate Adaptation Strategies
Rice Species and Improvement in Crop
Cultivation

NAHRIM
UKM Lestari
MARDI

Assessment of climate change impact inwatershed scale

Kyunghyun Kim, PhD, Director, National Institute ofEnvironmental Research, Korea

Effect of climate change on freshwater lakeecosystems

Hyegyung Park, PhD, Senior Researcher, National
Institute of Environmental Research, Korea

1. Water quality classification in
Langkawi Island

Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Faculty ofEnvironmental Studies

2. Development of forest rehabilitation
technology for degraded forest

Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM,)Faculty ofEnvironmental Studies

3. Azma Hanim Ismail, Mashhor Mansor,
Wan Maznah, W. O. 2005. Water quality
studies in Malaysian disused man madelakes for suitability of an aquaculture
project. Wetland Science 3(4): 258-268.

Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), School of
Science15
16
17

Groundwater Recharge
water balance studies (only proposed)
groundwater pollultion research

18(informed later)

Dr. Rabin malla, CREEWKVWSMB
SumanK . Shakays, ENPHO
Department of Zoology, University of Sri Jayawardhana
pura

19

Study on the Impact of Climate Change on
Hydrologic Regime and Water Resource inPeninsular Malaysia

11

12

13

14

Development of Nutrient Response Modelfor Lake
Spring water festival (festival mata air),Salatiga, Central Java
20

Biological

NAHRIM (Ir. Mohad Zaki Mat Amin)
NAHRIM (Pauziah Hanum Abdul
Titi Permata, Komunitas Tanam Untuk Kehidupan(Community to Plan for living)

Domestic water treatment

Ninol, Pusdakota –Center for Urban Community
Empowerment

Brantas River Advocacy

Sudarno, Paramitra

17

3.3

Questionnaire 3: Questionnaire on Policy Responses to Climate Change in the Water

Resource/Environment Sector
There were no additions to the 2009 questionnaire results. Details of information provided
will be further investigated in future WEPA activities. There were no responses from Nepal
and Viet Nam. The following table shows a summary of the questionnaire.
Table : Summary of Questionnaire 3
Water Resource/Environment
Concerns in
Climate Change Related
Strategies

Climate Concerns in Water
Resource Plans/Strategies

Climate Concerns in
Water Environment
Conservation
Plans/Strategies

Cambodia

Yes (NAPA, 2006)

-----

-----

China

-----

-----

-----

Indonesia

Yes (National Action Plan,
2007)

-----

-----

ROK

-----

Yes (in Four major rivers restoration
program )Yes (Strengthening TP）

Lao PDRYes (NAPA)

Yes (drafting)Yes (drafting)

Malaysia

Yes (Second National
Communication)

Yes (National Policy on theEnvironment, Flood Mitigation &Water Resource Infra. Project)

Yes (National Policy on
the Environment)

Philippines

Yes (National Adaptation
Strategy Framework)

Yes (National IWRM plan)

Yes (National IWRM plan)

Sri Lanka

Yes (Draft National Adaptation
Strategy)

Yes (at implementation level)

Yes (at implementationlevel)

ThailandYes （National Strategies forManagement of C.C,
2008-2012)

Yes (4 year plan of water resourcesmanagement)

Yes (in OEPP document)Japan---- (not obviously mentioned
in the Basic Environment Plan)

Considered (committee formed)

Considered (committee
formed)18

4. Observations[Questionnaire 1: Questionnaire on Climate-Water Related Information to Investigate

Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Environment]• Air temperature data has been monitored and accumulated in most WEPA countries (9 out of
11 countries) that responded to the questionnaire.
• Water temperature in rivers is regularly monitored in seven WEPA countries; long-termer data
is not available for many monitoring points.
• There are less data available for water temperature in lakes/reservoirs and estuaries/coastal
areas in many countries. (It is possible that other organizations obtain such data.)• In many partner countries of WEPA, longer-term data on water temperature and water quality
has not been sufficiently accumulated to see trends in change in water temperature and water
quality, especially in lakes/reservoirs and estuaries/coastal areas.
• Data requested by the questionnaire exists in different ministries and organizations in somecountries. This presents a barrier to WEPA partners in collection of relevant information.
• Water temperature and water quality monitoring is not conducted regularly in some WEPA
coutnries. In such countries, a regular water quality monitoring system should be establishedto monitor water quality status for current and future purposes.
[Questionnaire 2: Perception Survey on Climate Change Impacts on the Water Environment(Water Quality and Aquatic Ecosystems) in WEPA Countries]• Most respondents think there will be impacts on water quality due to climate change (36 of
43 respondents).
• More respondents answered that the water environment would be affected by water
quantity related impacts such as low flow rate and floods than air and water temperaturechange. This may be due to the fact that more people have concerns related to water
quantity impacts, including disasters.

• Human impacts on the water environment (water quality) are considered to be a greaterfactor than climate change. This concern was shared at the WEPA workshop held in
February 2011.

19

[Questionnaire 3: Questionnaire on Policy Responses to Climate Change in the Water

Resource/Environment Sector on Climate Change]• The National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) is the basic policy document fornecessary water sector responses, where available.
• It seems that no water environment related strategies clearly address climate change
concerns, although some plans and policies refer to the issue.

For Future WEPA activities
Considering the findings from the questionnaires, the following activities are proposed.


Information and knowledge available are insufficient to undertake practical action. Thus, it isimportant for WEPA to provide opportunities to share the latest scientific research
information and adaptation actions of each WEPA country on climate change and the water
environment.



Ensuring and strengthening of current water quality management in each country is a way toincrease resilience to potential impacts under scientific uncertainty. Recognizing thatstrengthening water environmental management is an adaptation option, WEPA needs tofurther promote knowledge sharing on water environmental governance.

To strengthen our capacity to consider future climate change impacts on the water
environment, it is necessary to discuss how current and future monitoring plans should
include climate change concerns, such as analysis of trends.



Data and information management is required, such as strengthening of monitoring systems
and data sharing mechanisms among national governments, local governments, and at thecommunity level.

20

21

ROK

ThailandCountry

1989-2010
1989-2010
1989-2010
1989-2010
1989-2010

22
22
22
22
22

12

1023A20
Imjingang
1014A30
Hongcheongan
2012A20
Geumhogang
2022A10
Mulgeum
2001A60
Andong
3101A30
Gokgyocheon
3301A55
Gimje
3012A60
Buyeo

Bang Pa Kong

Geum River

MangyeongRiver

Sapgyo stream

Nakdong River

Nakdong River

Geumho River

Hongcheon
River

Imjin River

2000-200910

12

1989-2010
1989-2010
1989-201022
22

2000-200922

10

2000-2009

Mae Klong

10

16

2000-2009

Tha Chin

1019Chow Pha Ya

Ping
Wang
Yom
Nan

Name of River

Water Temp. Data
No. of Mointoring Accumlated
PeriodPointsYears
20
6 2005-2010
8
6 2005-2010
14
6 2005-2010
13
6 2005-2010

monthlymonthlymonthlymonthlymonthlymonthlymonthly

annual ave.
annual ave.
annual ave.
annual ave.
ave. both in dry
and rainy
ave. both in dry
and rainy
ave. both in dry
and rainy
ave. both in dry
and rainy
monthlyFrequency

Q.3-1 Monitoring Points with more than 10 year-monitoring data (RIVER)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

17 years

2010

2010

2010

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y
Y

Y

Y

2010

DO

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

2010

2010

2010

2010

BOD

Water Quality Data

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

22 years

2010

2010

2010

2010

SS

NIER

NIER

NIER

NIER

NIER

NIER

NIER

NIER

PCD
PCD
PCD
PCD

Org.

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

N

N

N

N

N

N
N
N
N

Flow

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y
Y
Y
Y

Air Temp.

Other related Parameters

Annex 1

22

Myanmar

8
3
2
2
4
4

Bago

Hlaing

14

Ayaywrwady
Chindwin
Sittaung
Thanlwin

Philippines Pasig River

VietNam

4009A30
Gurye
5004A20
Yeongsan River
Naju
Red
Ha noiRed
Thuong Cat
Red
Son tayDa
Hoa binhDao
Nam dinhMa
Hoi XuanMa
Cam thuy
Ma
Linh Cam
Chu
Chu
Red
Cua DatSeomjin River
1989-2010
1980-2010
1980-2010
1980-2010
1980-2010
1980-2010
1980-2010
1980-2010
1980-2010
1980-2010
1980-2010

22
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30

monthlymonthly?

2001-?
monthlymonthly

daily
daily
daily
daily
daily
daily
daily
daily
daily
daily
ave. both in dry
2 2011- present
and rainyseason2006-2008
seasonal
2006-2008
seasonal
2006-2008
seasonal
2006-2008?

1989-2010

22

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

1

1

2

22 years

22 years

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

1

1

2

22 years

22 years

Y

Y

Y

Y

1

2

22 years

22 years

D CityYangonDevelopment
Committee
Yangon City
Development
Committee

D
Irrigation
D
Irrigation

Irrigation
D
Irrigation

Pasig
River
Rehabilitati

NIER

NIER

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y
Y
Y
Y

Y

Y

Y

Annex 1

23

Water Temp. Data
No. of Mointoring Accumlated
PeriodCountry
Name of River
PointsYears
Thailand
Kwan Pa Yow
6
6 2000-2010
Nong Han
7
6 2000-2010
Bukg Bora Pet
5
6 2000-2010
Song Kla18
6 2000-2010
3008B40
ROK
18 1993-2010
Keum River
Daecheong
2018B30
18 1993-2010
Nam RiverJinyangho
2001B30
18 1993-2010
Nakdong River
Andong Dam
Bnabyeon
2002B20
18 1993-2010
StreamImhaho
2016B1018 1993-2010
Hwang River
Habcheon Dam
4002B1018 1993-2010
Seomjin River
Okjeongho
5001B20
18 1993-2010
Yeongsan River
Damyang Dam
Soyang River
1012B40
18 1993-2010
Soyang Dam
1003B40
18 1993-2010
Namhan River
Chungju Dam
1007B1018 1993-2010
Bukhan River
Paldang Dam
LagunaRake
5(lake) points
Philippines
26 1984-present
2010
2010
2010
2010
18 years

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

annual ave.
annual ave.
annual ave.
annual ave.
monthlymonthlymonthlymonthlyYYYYYY 25 years

monthlymonthlymonthlymonthlymonthlymonthly

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 yearsY

monthly

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

DO

Frequency

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

25 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

2010
2010
2010
2010
18 years

BOD

Water Quality Data

Q.3-2 Monitoring Points with more than 10 year-monitoring data (LAKES and RESOVIRS)

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

18 years

2010
2010
2010
2010
18 years

Y 25 years

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

SS

LLDA

NIER

NIER

NIER

NIER

NIER

NIER

NIER

NIER

NIER

PCD
PCD
PCD
PCD
NIER

Org.

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N
N
N
N
Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Water Level Air Temp.

Other related Parameters

Annex 1

24

3
3
3

Tha Chin

Mae KhongBung Pa Kong

14

3

Chow Pha Ya

Name of River

Philippines Manila Bay

ThailandCountry

2000-2009

2000-2009

2000-2009

2000-200914 2006-present

10

10

10

10

Water Temp. Data
No. of Mointoring Accumlated
PeriodPointsYearsmonthly

ave. both in dry
and rainy
ave. both in dry
and rainy
ave. both in dry
and rainy
ave. both in dry
and rainy

Frequency

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

20002010

14

Y

Y

Y

2010

2010

2010

DO

14

2010

2010

2010

BOD

Water Quality Data

Q.3-3 Monitoring Points with more than 10 year-monitoring data (COASTAL/ESTUARIES)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

14

20002010

2010

2010

2010

SS

N

Y

EMB,
DENR

N

N

N

Flow

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Air Temp.

Other related Parameters

PCD

PCD

PCD

PCD

Org.

Annex 1

FY2010 Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)
Questionnaire Results and Observations Summary Report
Climate Change and Water Environment
March, 2011
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama-machi, Miura-gun, Kanagawa, 240-0115 Japan
TEL：046-855-3700 FAX:046-855-3809

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