Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Evolution of the IPCC Guidelines in theContext of the UNFCCC Process
Nalin SRIVASTAVAIPCC TFI TSU
IPCC TFI Side event
Bonn, 5 June 2014

Outline• GHG Inventories and climate actions• The IPCC Guidelines for national greenhouse gasinventories– The KP Supplement and Wetlands Supplement• The IPCC Guidelines and international climate actions
under the UNFCCC• SummaryGHG Inventories and Climate Actions

GHG emissions/removals occur from avariety of sources/sinks

What are GHG Inventories?
• Estimates of all emissions and removals of greenhousegases (GHG) from given sources or sinks from a defined
region in a specific period of time.
• In the context of IPCC Guidelines and UNFCCC, GHG
inventories mean:– Greenhouse Gases– National Estimates– Annual EstimatesWhy are GHG inventories important?
Scientificunderstanding

Input tomodels

Understandlink between
environmental
pollution andeffects tosources ofpollution

Policy formulation & implementation

Identify thesectors,sources,andactivities
responsibleforgreenhousegasemissions

To
understandthe emissionand removal
trendsTo help
develop
costeffectivemitigation
policyTo monitor
progresstowards
policy goals

To inform
the public

Why do we need GHG inventory guidelines?
• Any international agreement to limit climate change must
set emission limits/targets/aims and monitor progress inan open and transparent way.
• Currently, most national emissions can only beestimated, not measured and so we need a consensus
on the best way of doing this.
• To do this we need reliable, generally accepted andcomparable methods and guidelines.

The basic idea in inventory estimation

E = EF • AD

Emissions orremovals from ahuman activity

Emission Factor(emissions or removalsper unit activity, e.g.,
mass of carbon dioxide
emitted per unit of fuelconsumed)

Activity Data (extentof human activity,e.g., fuelconsumption)

The IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Inventories

Establishment of TFIThe IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme was managed from 1991
by the IPCC WG I in collaboration with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) until the setting
up of the TFI.
• 1995 1995 IPCC Guidelines were developed by the IPCC in collaboration
with OECD & IEA.
• 1996 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines were developed by the IPCC incollaboration with OECD & IEA.
• 1997 Kyoto Protocol was adopted in UNFCCC COP3 held in Kyoto.
• 1998 The IPCC14 decided to establish IPCC Task Force on National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI).
• The need for continuous improvement of GHG emission estimation
methodologies was recognized.
• the Emission reduction commitments set in the Kyoto Protocol
raised the importance of national GHG inventories.
• Japan offered to host & support the TFI TSU..
• 1999 TFI went into operation following the establishment of the TFITSU.

Establishment of TFI (2)IPCC Plenary
IPCC Bureau
IPCC Plenary
Secretariat
IPCC Bureau
WG1
Physical Science

WG2
Impact, Adaptation,
Vulnerability
Assessment

WG2
IPCC/OECD/IEA
WG1
Inventory Programme
Impact, Adaptation,
Physical Science
Vulnerability
Assessment

WG3
Secretariat
Mitigation

WG3
Mitigation

TFI
GHG Inventories

Objectives of TFI• To develop and refine internationally-agreed methodologies
and software for the estimation and reporting of national
GHG emissions and removals; and• To encourage the widespread use of these methodologies
by countries participating in the IPCC and by Parties to theUNFCCC.
• The TFI is responsible for assessing and developing inventory
methods and practices which are scientifically sound and relevant
to all countries, noting particularly the lack of information indeveloping countries.

Evolution of IPCC Guidelines & other tools
TFI TSU has been supported by Government of Japan since 1999.
1995

1996

1997

1995 IPCC
Guidelines

1998

1999

2000

Good PracticeGuidance

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2006 IPCC Guidelines

Good PracticeGuidance for LULUCF

Wetlands Supplement

KP SupplementPeriodically revised to improvethe methodologies taking
account of advances inscientific and technologicalknowledge as well as needs ofinternational society.
Tool to support users ofIPCC Guidelines
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE
NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES PROGRAMME

Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines

Launched in 2002
Emission Factor
Database (EFDB)The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines• The earliest set of IPCC Guidelines still being used by
the Parties to the UNFCCC• Contain guidance on 6 sectors:– Energy– Industrial Processes– Solvent and Other Product Use– Agriculture– Land Use Change and Forestry (LUCF)– Waste• LUCF sector addressed only the most important land-use
activities resulting in emissions/removals.

GPG2000 & GPG-LULUCF• Updated and complemented earlier guidelines whileproviding the concept of good practice• Good practice Inventories are: “those that contain neither over- nor underestimates so far as can be judged, and in which uncertainties are reduced
as far as is practical.”• Good practice inventories are Transparent, Accurate, Complete,Consistent, Comparable, and efficient in resource-use.
• Managed land is used in these guidelines as a proxy for identifying
anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks.
– Use of managed land as a proxy for anthropogenic effects wasintroduced in the GPG-LULUCF and is consistent with the Revised
1996 IPCC Guidelines.
• GPG-LULUCF Introduced comprehensive coverage of all land by dividing
into 6 land-use categories.

2006 IPCC Guidelines• Updated and expanded earlier guidelines while maintaining
consistency• Restructured main categories and sub-sectors to clarify andsimplify inventories and to reduce chance of double-counting:– Agriculture + LULUCF  AFOLU– Industrial Processes + Solvent Use  IPPU

• Integrate good practice guidance for clarity and ease-of-use:– Require similar resources to implement as the 1996 IPCC Guidelines plus thetwo volumes of GPG– Does not pre-empt accounting choices - all the information needed is retained• Include:– updated default values and methods– methods for additional categories and direct greenhouse gases• The best globally applicable methods reflecting latest science2006 IPCC Guidelines (2)• Overview• Vol 1: General Guidance and Reporting• Vol 2: Energy• Vol 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use(IPPU)• Vol 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use(AFOLU)• Vol 5: Waste

The KP Supplement• The 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good
Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (KPSupplement) provides supplementary methods and goodpractice guidance for estimating and reporting
anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions andremovals resulting from LULUCF activities under Article 3.3and Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol for the second
commitment period, 2013-2020.
• Supplementary methods are additional guidance to produce
the supplementary information needed in greenhouse gas
inventories to meet the LULUCF rules for the KyotoProtocol.

Background• Chapter 4 of IPCC GPG LULUCF provides the supplementary
methods and good practice guidance for reporting of LULUCF
activities under Article 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol for thefirst commitment period.
• The UNFCCC CMP7 invited the IPCC “…to review and, if
necessary, update supplementary methodologies for estimating
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources andremovals by sinks resulting from land use, land-use change andforestry (LULUCF) activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4,of the Kyoto Protocol (KP), related to the annex to 2/CMP.7, on
the basis of, inter alia, Chapter 4 of IPCC’s 2003 Good PracticeGuidance for Land-use, Land-use Change and Forestry.”

Production of the KP Supplement
35th Session of the IPCC
(Jun 2012): Proposal
approved by the IPCC
Plenary

Selection ofAuthors/REs by TFB(Aug 2012)

1st Lead Author Meeting,Japan (Sep 2012): To
develop Zero Order
Draft (ZOD)

IPCC invitation fornominations (Jun 2012)

Government & Expert
Review (Apr–Jun 2013)

3rd Lead Author Meeting
Norway (Mar 2013): To
consider comments anddevelop Second Order
Draft (SOD)

Expert Review (Jan Feb2013)

2nd Lead Author
Meeting, Australia (Nov2012) :To develop First
Order Draft (FOD)

4th Lead Author
Meeting, Thailand (Jul2013): To consider
comments and prepare
Final Draft

Distribution of Final
Draft to Governments(Sep 2013)

Adoption/acceptance ofthe KP Supplement,
Georgia (Oct 2013)

Publication (Feb2014)

Reasons for Revision of Chapter 4 of the
GPG-LULUCF
New rulesforaccountingof FM

Other
consequentialchanges

Mandatory
accountingof HWP

The KP
Supplement

2006 IPCC
Guidelines

Wetland
Drainage andRewetting as
an elected
activity underArt. 3.4

New rules fornaturaldisturbances
for ARD andFM activities
New rules for
harvest andconversion offorest
plantations tonon-forest

The structure and content of the KP Supplement
Broadly maintains the structure andgeneral content of Chapter 4 in GPGLULUCF, while incorporating some
important changes as mandated by
Decision 2/CMP.7 and other COP/CMP
decisions.

Chapter 2: Methods
for estimation,measurement,
monitoring andreporting of LULUCFactivities underArticles 3.3 and 3.4

Overview Chapter

Chapter 1: Introduction

Also contains
Glossary, ListofAbbreviations& Annex 2A.1:
ReportingTables

The Wetlands Supplement• The 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guide-lines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands (Wetlands Supplement)
extends the content of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines by filling gaps incoverage and providing updated information reflecting scientificadvances, including updating emission factors.
• It covers inland organic soils and wetlands on mineral soils, coastal
wetlands including mangrove forests, tidal marshes and seagrassmeadows and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment.
• The coverage of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines on wetlands was restricted
to peatlands drained and managed for peat extraction, conversion toflooded lands, and limited guidance for drained organic soils.

Background• At its 33rd Session (December 2010 in Cancun), SBSTA
invited the IPCC:
To undertake further methodological work on wetlands,
focusing on the rewetting and restoration of peatland,with a view to filling in the gaps in the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines in these areas and to complete this work forthe thirty-ninth session of the SBSTA.
• At its 33rd Session (May 2011 in Abu Dhabi), IPCC
decided to produce the 2013 Supplement to the 2006
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories: Wetlands (Wetlands Supplement)

Production of the Wetlands Supplement
IPCC Approves
OutlineGovernments,
Organisations
nominate experts

Bureau selects
authors (CLA., LAand RE)

Authors draft firstorder draft, LA 1 &LA2

Authors Prepare
Final Draft, LA4

Expert &Government
Review

Authors prepare
Second OrderDraft, LA3

Expert Review

Final Distributionand Government
Review

IPCC adopts
Overview Chapterand accepts
Report (Oct 2013)

Publication (Feb2014)

Structure of the Wetlands Supplement

2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands- Methodological Guidance on Lands with Wet and Drained Soils, and ConstructedWetlands for Wastewater Treatment

••
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Overview Chapter
Glossary
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Drained Inland Organic Soils
Chapter 3: Rewetted Organic Soils
Chapter 4: Coastal Wetlands
Chapter 5: Inland Wetland Mineral Soils
Chapter 6: Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
Chapter 7: Cross-cutting Issues and Reporting
List of CLAs, LAs, CAs, REs and reviewers

IPCC Guidelines and International Climate
Actions under the UNFCCC

UNFCCC and IPCC TFI (1)• The Parties to the UNFCCC are required to use the IPCC
Guidelines for preparation of GHG inventories.
UNFCCC
1992
1994
1995

UNFCCC was adopted.
UNFCCC entered into force.
COP1 (Berlin)

Decided that the IPCC Guidelines
should be used by Parties.

1996

COP2 (Geneva)

Decided again that the IPCC
Guidelines should be used by Parties.

1997 COP3（京都）Reaffirmed that Parties should
use the Revised 1996 IPCCGuidelines.

1991

IPCC

IPCC/OECD/IEA Inventory
Programme was launched.
1994 1995 IPCC Guidelines wereproduced.

1996

Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines were produced.

UNFCCC and IPCC TFI (2)1998

UNFCCC

IPCC-TFISBSTA8 (Bonn)

Encouraged the IPCC to prepare a report on
good practice.

1999
2000

Started work on GPG2000
Produced GPG2000

2000

SBSTA12 (Bonn)

2001

COP7 (Marrakesh)

2002

SBSTA17 (New Delhi)

2002

Started work on
GPG-LULUCF

2003

COP9 (Milan)

2003

Produced GPG-LULUCF

2004

Started work on
2006 IPCC Guidelines

Decided that Annex I Parties shall useGPG2000.
Invited the IPCC to prepare a report on goodpractice for LULUCF.
Invited the IPCC to revise the Revised 1996
IPCC Guidelines by early 2006.
Decided that Annex I Parties shall use
GPG-LULUCF.

2005

COP/MOP1 (Montreal)

Decided that Annex I Parties shall use
the Revised 1996 Guidelines and GPGs under KP.

UNFCCC and IPCC TFI (3)2006

UNFCCCSBSTA24 (Bonn)

Welcomed the timely work of the IPCC in
preparing the 2006 IPCC Guidelines

IPCC-TFI

2006

Produced the 2006 IPCCGuidelines.

2011

Started work on theWetlands Supplement

2009 SBSTA30 (Bonn)decided the use of 2006 IPCC Guidelines
from 2015 submission by Annex I Parties
2010

SBSTA31（Cancun）

2011

COP/MOP7（Durban）

invited the IPCC to undertake further
methodological work on wetlands to fill in thegaps in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines
invited the IPCC to review and update
supplementary methodologies for estimating
GHG emissions/removals from KP LULUCF
activities during the 2nd commitment period

2013 SBSTA39 (Warsaw)

2012 Started work on the KP
Supplement
2013 Completed the Wetlands
and KP Supplements

UNFCCC and IPCC TFI (4)Currently, all the Parties use theseunder the UNFCCC and the Kyoto
Protocol.
Annex I Parties shall use GPG.
Non-Annex I Parties areencouraged to use GPG.

1995 IPCCGuidelines

GPG2000

Annex I Parties mustuse from 2015

GPG2003(non-LULUCF) (LULUCF)

Revised 1996
IPCC Guidelines

Revision/Update by the IPCC

2006 IPCC
Guidelines

Summary• GHG inventories have a variety of uses.
– They help understand the magnitude of the problem and are a key to policy
development as well as reporting and monitoring progress towards targets.

• The IPCC Guidelines provide robust, internationally acceptable andcomparable methodologies for estimation and reporting national GHG
emissions/removals.
– Inventory management and good practice are important to ensure the quality andcredibility of GHG inventory estimates.

• The IPCC Guidelines and other tools have been used by the Parties toUNFCCC to meet their inventory reporting requirements and to develop
mitigation policies.
– The IPCC guidelines have been successful in facilitating the development andimplementation of past UNFCCC agreements by allowing the Parties to reportand account for their emissions/removals in a rigorous, transparent andcomparable way.

Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Thank you for your attention!!
www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp
Wetlands Supplement: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html
KP Supplement: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/kpsg/index.html

Email: srivastava@iges.or.jp