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鳥取臨床科学 6(2), 125-163, 2015

宇田川家の人々が現代科学へ残した大きな足跡 ( 2 )－次々と新しい医学用語を作り出し, ついには「腺」「膵」を創ったのは誰？－
小西吉裕*, 荒木紀帆, 小西裕輝, 木下遼子
国立病院機構鳥取医療センター臨床研究部

Historic footsteps of members of the Udagawa Family in modern science (2)- Creation of new Japanese medical terms to express “gland”, “pancreas”, and other organs Yoshihiro Konishi,* Kiho Araki, Hiroki Konishi, Ryoko Kinoshita
Department of Clinical Research, NHO Tottori Medical Center*Correspondence:
要旨
宇田川家を継いだ玄真は, 藤井方亭の協力を得て玄随の『西説内科撰要』を補充した. これが『増補重訂内科撰要』である. 玄随の訳では病名はオランダ語に漢字をあてルビを付けていた（直訳・音訳・当て字）箇所があったが, 玄真は意味をとった病名に改めた（義訳）. あるいは適切な義訳語がない場合は漢字を無理に当てずはめず, カタカナ書きで留めた. 例えば, その是非はともかくとして, 玄随訳の「翁傑達安篤竭意度（Ongedaantheit）」を玄真は「萎黄病」に, 「聖京健（Zinkingen）」を「冒寒, 傷冷毒」に, 「伊倔多（Jigt）」を「痛風」に改めた. 『増補重訂内科撰要』でも「失苟児陪苦」はそのままにした（後に小森桃塢により「壊血病」とされた）. 斯して, 玄随の『西説内科撰要』及び玄真の『増補重訂内科撰要』によって, 西洋内科の端緒が拓かれ, 広く世に行われるように至った. 玄真は『西説内科撰要』とその増補重訂版には内科の基礎である人体の内部構造があまり詳しく記述されていないことに気づき, 「内科治療をするにも, 薬の処方をするにも, まず内景を知らねばならない」と考え, 西洋の医学者が著した数冊の解剖書を参考にし, 全身諸器官の名称とその機能の概要に関する部分を簡潔にまとめた『醫範提綱』を出版した. この書は二つの点で, 近世から近代へと向かう日本の医学史上, 画期的な意味を持つと言われている. 一つは『解體新書』が漢文体であったのに対して,『醫範提綱』は漢文表記が仮名まじりの文章で分かりやすく書かれたことである. もう一つは玄真自身が訳語を創作した点で, 小膓, 大膓, 結膓, 腱, 靱帯などは玄真による義訳であり, さらに特筆すべ
きは, 玄真が器官の働きを考えて新しく創った字, 中国にすでにあった漢字ではなく日本生まれの漢字, 「国字」の存在で, それが現在常用語となっている点である. つまり, 『解體新書』当時は意味が取れなくて義訳できず, klier, groot klierというオランダ語をそのまま音訳（直訳）して, それぞれ機里爾, 大機里爾としていたのを, 『醫範提綱』では「腺」「膵」という字（国字）を創作して翻訳した. 我が国の近代病理学の祖とされている緒方洪庵も宇田川玄真に学んだ. 玄真臨終の場で洪庵に, かねて計画していた病理学の書を著述することの夢を託した. その後, 洪庵は見事に玄真の遺言を果たして病理学の書物を完成させた. それが『病學通論』である. 洪庵は江戸時代の蘭方医学の完成者と言われるが, 玄真との出会いがその後の洪庵に決定的な影響を与えたのであり, 洪庵の活躍の背景に宇田川1

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家が長年にわたり蓄積した蘭学の知恵があった. 鳥取臨床科学6(2), 125-163, 2015
Abstract
Genshin, who was the successor to the Udagawa Family, revised “A Collection of References in WesternInternal Medicine”, translated by Genzui, with the support of Hotei Fujii: “Revised Version of the References inWestern Internal Medicine”. In his translation of some disease names written in Dutch, Genzui had used
Chinese characters as just phonetic symbols rather than for their meanings. However, Genshin translated these
disease names based on their meanings using Chinese characters, or, when it was difficult to do so, he usedphonetic katakana characters to represent the sounds of original words, rightly or wrongly; for example,“cholorosis” was expressed as “Ongedaantheit” prior to his translation, and “cold” and “gout” as “Zinkingen”
and “Jigt”, respectively. The original phonetic symbol without meaning to express “scurvy” using five Chinesecharacters had remained in the “Revised Version of the References in Western Internal Medicine” until Tou
Komori created a new word based on the meaning of the disease name. Following this, “A Collection ofReferences in Western Internal Medicine” translated by Genzui and the “Revised Version of the References inWestern Internal Medicine” by Genshin opened the gate to Western internal medicine for Japanese people, andit was promoted across the country. Genshin soon recognized that “A Collection of References in WesternInternal Medicine” and its revised version did not include detailed descriptions of the internal structure of thehuman body - the basics of internal medicine. Considering that “the acquisition of knowledge of the internal
structure of the human body is essential for both internal medicine and drug prescription”, he published a bookentitled: “Ihanteiko”, a summary of the names of the body organs and their functions, based on some anatomy
textbooks written by Western physicians. The book is said to be innovative in the history of Japanese medicine
and had two important meanings for early- to mid-modern Japan. Firstly, whereas “Anatomische Tabellen”(Kaitai-Shinsho) was primarily written using Chinese characters only, “Ihanteiko” was written using a mixtureof Chinese characters and Japanese phonetic characters, so that it could easily be read. Secondly, Genshin
developed many translations based on the meanings of original words, including the small and large intestines,colon, tendon, and ligament. Furthermore, it should be noted that Genshin used (kanji) Chinese charactersdeveloped in Japan, instead of China, to express the Japanese names of organs created based on their functions,and those (kanji) Chinese characters are currently used as official characters. When “Anatomische Tabellen”
was introduced to Japan, it was difficult to translate the names of several organs and diseases into Japanese
based on their meanings, and Chinese characters were used as just phonetic symbols to express the sounds ofDutch words, such as “klier” (gland) and “groot klier” (pancreas), except “groot” that was translated to a
Chinese character with the meaning. However, in “Ihanteiko”, Chinese characters newly created in Japan withmeanings were used to translate those Dutch terms. Koan Ogata, the father of modern Japanese pathology, also
learned from Genshin Udagawa. At the end of his life, Genshin asked Koan to fulfill his dream of writing abook on pathology. Koan fulfilled his promise to Genshin later by writing a pathological reference called“Byogaku-Tsuron”. Koan is known as the physician who established Western medicine in Japan during the Edo
period. His encounter with Genshin had a decisive influence on his future, and his achievements were realizedbased on the knowledge of Western medicine acquired by the Udagawa Family over a long period of time.
Tottori J. Clin. Res. 6(2), 125-163, 2015
Key Words: 宇田川玄真, 増補重訂内科撰要, 萎黄病, 醫範提綱, 腺, 膵, 緒方洪庵; Genshin Udagawa,Revised Version of the References in Western Internal Medicine, chlorosis, Ihanteiko, gland,pancreas, Koan Ogata
1. 宇田川玄真（1）: 玄随の『西説内科撰要』に引き継がれ, 最後の18巻まで刊行されたが,と玄真の『増補重訂内科撰要』完成は1810年であった 1–3) . 伊勢から江戸に出

宇田川玄随は『西説内科撰要』を刊行の途中てきて玄随の門弟となった 2) 安岡玄真に, 玄随で帰らぬ人となった. 玄随の遺志は養子の玄真はまず漢醫ノ書を読ませた. 蘭学は漢学を基礎
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