Ship’s risk management formarine environment protection
1
吉田公一
Koichi Yoshida1Risk control of ships for environment protection
Preventive measures should be taken
Black carbon

Green House Gases
Ozone depleting substances

NOx SOx PM
VOC
Ship
Recycling

Cold Ironing

Ballast water
Bio-Fouling
Underwaternoise
Garbage, Waste
and Wash-water

Oil / Chemical(Fuel/cargo)

Anti-Fouling
SystemIMO rules for ship and its environment
Oil / Chemical(Fuel/cargo)

MARPOL(INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROMSHIPS) ANNEX I, II and III
船舶による海洋汚染の防止に関する国際条約 附属書I, II, IIIGarbage/Waste

MARPOL ANNEX V (ANNEX IV for Sewage)

Anti-Fouling System

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROLOF HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPS
船底防汚システムの管理に関する国際条約

Ballast waterInternational Convention for the Control andmanagement of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediment
船舶バラスト水及び残渣の制御と管理に関する国際条約

NOx SOx PMMARPOL ANNEX VI

Green House Gases

MARPOL ANNEX VI

Ship Recycling

HONG KONG International Convention for the Safeand Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships
安全かつ環境的に健全な船舶のリサイクルに関する香港国
3際条約

1.Prevention of marine pollution by oil spill from ships

Measures taken and to be taken• Double hull of cargo tank: MARPOL Annex I• Double hull for fuel tank: MERPOL Annex I• Enhancement of Hull Survey and Inspection• Strength of hull: Goal-based Standard (GBS) for
new ship construction: SOLAS
Result on• Increase of hull weight• Decrease of cargo capacity– These both impact causes decrease of energy efficiency
and increase of emission of NOx SOx and greenhouse
4gases.

FOT protection: DE48/INF.4 Japan

5

FOT protection: DE48/INF.4 Japan6

2. Carriage of dangerous cargoes in packaged form
• MARPOL Annex III Prevention of Pollution
by Harmful Substances
落下試験（対角）
Carried by Sea in Packaged Form
• International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code)• International Convention for Safe Containers, 1972, as amended(CSC 1972)

7

IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment

3. Garbage/Waste• IMO : MARPOL Annex V– In principle, prohibition of disposal of shipboard garbage into sea/water(MARPOL Annex V)– Garbage and waste shall be unloaded to port reception facilities（港のごみ受入施設）– Onboard management plan for treatment of garbage（船上のごみ管理）
ISO/TC8/SC2 (Marine Environmentalprotection)• ISO 21070: Management andhandling of shipboard garbage• ISO 16304 Port Reception Facilities
for shipboard garbage and waste

8Managing Shipboard Waste:
ISO 21070 (1st Ed. Published 2011)
••
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Equipment/Technology
Compactors
Comminuters
Pulpers
PAWDS (Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System)
ShreddersIncinerators
Calculating the amounts of waste
Segregation of Wastes

9Management of wastes
at port reception facilities: ISO 16304
ISO 16304
 Waste Segregation
 Storage
 Waste Minimizing
 Waste Handling Equipment
 Recycling Local and National Regulations
 Treatment technologies at theport Waste Management Planning

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IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment

4. Anti-Fouling System 船底防汚システム（塗装）• IMO :INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF
HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPSEntered into force September 17, 2008
Ban the use of Organic Tin coating system on ships’ hull

• ISO/TC8/SC2– ISO 13073
Part 1: Marine environmental risk assessment method on
active substances used for anti-fouling systems on ships
Part 2: Marine environmental risk assessment method for antifouling systems using active substances on ships
Part 3: Human Health risk assessment for the application andremoval of anti-fouling systems
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Bio-fouling ships’ hull and propeller• Affect of bio-fouling- reducing of hull performance(increase of resistance)- damage to hull (corrosion)- 生態系の攪乱（越境移動）• Anti-fouling paint system- prevention of bio-fouling<History>
BC: Tar, Pitch, Lead
18〜19C: Cu, As(ヒ素:Arsenic) Hg
compound
20C: Cu2O, Hg2O
1970 - : Organic-Tin+CuO
1970 - : Organic Tin polymer
1990 - : non-tin type (biocide,silicone-base)
Cutty Sark号の銅板

Tri-Butyl Tin Oxide (TBTO)•Organic Tin polymer (TBTO)- excellent anti-boifouling- expanded use in 1970s-1990s-accumulation in sea lives results in urogenitalabnormality•INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE
CONTROL OF HARMFUL ANTI-FOULINGSYSTEMS ON SHIPS「船舶の有害な防汚方法の規制に関する国際条約」（AFS条約）- adopted in October 2001

a.
b.
c.
N: B

- ban of use of TBTO
- Japan accepted AFS Convention in July 2003
- become effective in September 2008

• Move to use non-Tin compound- major compound （Cu2O）
together with organic co-biocide- conscious to environment(low accumulation in lives and high degradable)

Non-Tin AFS
a. Zink-Pyrithionb. Copper-Pyrithionc. Pyridine-triphenylborane5. Ballast water management – BWM Convention

これらの10種が、もともと発生していた海域で資源、あるいは有害生物として扱われていたかどうかは、この場合には考慮されない。別な海域に移動して分布を広げ、定着して繁殖したことが問題になったのである。

14Ballast Water
Management

Ships shall carry and operate ballast water management system on-board todestroy, to the required level, marine species in ballast water before entering intowater of the nation of the destination.
15In a specified period of time, ballast water exchange taken in open ocean areas
can be used.

Ballast Water Management Convention
バラスト水管理条約
船舶のバラスト水及び沈殿物の規制及び管理のための国際条約
International Convention for the Control andManagement of Ship’s Ballast waterand Sediment, 2004 採択 2004年2月13日
Method of ballast water management① Ballast water exchange in open sea (D-1 method)② Ballast water treatment system (D-2 method)③ Uptake to ballast water receiving facilities④ Other measures approved by MEPCIMO Assembly in 2007 and 2013 agreed to extend theimplementation date of method D-2.
BWMC has yet entered into force (as of Nov. 2015)
44 states (including Japan) have joined total of 32.89% of
16world tonnage (35% is required for entering into force)Ballast water Management; original plan
D-2基準のみが適用となる期日 ２０００年代
船舶のﾊﾞﾗｽﾄ水容量（m3）
2008
年以前建
造船

1500〜
5000

2009
年以
降建
造船

〜5000

2009~
2011
年の建造
船

5000〜

2012
年以降の建造
船

0405

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

D-2〜1500
又は
5000〜

D-2

D-2

D-2

D-2

D-2

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Application and implementation of BWM Convention
Discussion at MEPC65 May 2013

Recycling of ships (ship scrapping)
had been conducted in bad manner interms of safety and environment
protection.

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IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment

6. Ship Recycling
安全かつ環境的に健全な船舶のリサイクルに関する香港国際条約
The Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe andEnvironmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (Ship recycling)
CHAPTER 1 . GENERAL PROVISIONSCHAPTER 2 . REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIPSCHAPTER 3 . REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIP RECYCLING FACILITIESCHAPTER 4 . REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

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Ship Recycle Convention

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Ship recycling procedures

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IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment
Ship Recycling: ISO 30006 Inventory of hazardous materials

23The Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe andEnvironmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (Ship recycling)••••

Adoption: 15 May 2009;
Applies to ship of 500 GT and over (existing and new ships)
Entry into force: 24 months after ratification by 15 States, representing 40 per
cent of world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, combined maximum annual
ship recycling volume not less than 3 per cent of their combined tonnage
As in Nov. 2015, not yet enter into force ( 3 member states with 1.86% GT).

Needs of NOx emission reduction
Global warming up
Acid rain

NOx，SOx
HC，PM，CO
Acid rain
Smog
respiratory disorder

CO2
Global warming up
These gases and particles are emitted from marine engines.

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7. MARPOL Annex VI reduction of emission of NOx
Tier 2 rules
From 2011
15% to 22% reduction from the level in2000

Tier 3 rules
 from 2016
 80% reduction in ECA(Emission Control Area
defined in MARPOL)
 exclude pressure boat of24m in length or less and theeingine of 750kW or less
MEPC66（2014年3-4月）agreed to keep theimplementation date of Tier
3.

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Reduction of NOx emission using
SCR(Selective Catalytic Reactor)

触媒外観

尿素噴射ノズル

尿素SCR触媒の原理
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Example: 699DWT Cargo ship
SCR for ship application
Need to develop design ofCompact size
Urea solvent tank shouldhave enough capacity for
ship’s intended voyages.
Control system
Durability of the4 system

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SOx and PM emission MARPOL ANNEX VI revision
adopted in October 2008, entered into force on 1 July 2010
Any Sea AreadateSulphur contents

prior to 1 January 2012

4.5% m/m or lessafter 1 January 2012

3.5% m/m or lessafter 1 January 2020

0.5% m/m or less
In Emission Control Area （ECA)

dateSulphur contents

prior to 1 July 2010

1.50% m/m or lessafter 1 July 2010

1.00% m/m or lessafter 1 January 2015

0.10% m/m or less

The limitation of sulphur content in marine fuel of 0.5% or less would
mean that existing heavy fuel (residual oil) can not be used as fuel of29
ships, and ships shall use distilled fuel.

Sulphur Deposition

Note how deposition along shipping routes becomes more relevant in 2020

PM2.5 airconcentrationsin 2000 and in 2020

JIS規格
軽油
A重油
B重油
C重油

国際的名称
GO（Gas Oil : 軽油）
DO（Diesel Oil : ディーゼル油）
MDF（Marine Diesel Fuel : 船舶用ディーゼル燃料）
MDO（Marine Diesel Oil : 船舶用ディーゼル油）
MFO（Marine Fuel Oil : 船舶用燃料油）
HFO（Heavy Fuel Oil : 重質燃料油）
RFO（Residual Fuel Oil : 残渣燃料油）

Marine fuel32

Process of oil distillation and desulfurization
出典：舶用燃料重油の低質化対策指針Version Ⅱ ―難燃性燃料油対策― 財団法人日本海事協会20086

月

33

Emission control started• From 1 January 2015 in ECA,
fuel of 0.1% sulfur or less isrequired.
• NOx Tier III emission control
will start from 1 January 2016.
• Low S fuel (Natural gas,distilled oil fuel, etc.),or• Use of exhaust gas washingsystem.

• Development of dual fuel andgas fuel engines (gas andoil).
• IGF Code (International Codefor Gas Fuel Ships)• Use of SCR• Engines using water emulsion
oil fuel• Use of gas fuel• Development of infra-structureof gas fuel supply.
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Gas fuel ships:
Natural gas contains almost no sulfur.
Concept design by NMRI
• Container ships : 9300 TEU• Ferry: 10,000 GT and 500 GT35