Research Paper

The Political and Economic
Impact of Somali Piracy
During 1990-2012

Graduate School of Public Policy
The University of Tokyo

Research Paper

International Political Economy
Case Study

Professor of HIWATARI Nobuhiro
Political and Economic Impact of Somalia Piracy
During the Period (1991-2012)

Elwaleed Ahmed Talha
51-128208
MPP/IP Student
July – 2013

2

I. Abstract
This paper attempts to show the political and economic impact of maritime piracy by taking
Somalia as a case study. It includes the historical background of maritime piracy as a generaland then the history of Somalia piracy in particular. Additionally, it shows the emerging articles
and scholars who search on the piracy issue. the paper also analysis the development of piracy
during the period 1991 - 2012, throughout this period, the paper stated the main reasons thatmake the general trend of piracy varies over time. Moreover, the paper shows the key role ofinternational community in reducing the crime of piracy. And finally, the paper comes up withthe conclusion as well as some recommendations.
Keywords: Maritime Piracy, International Community, Fishermen, Somalia Region

II. Introduction
 Methodology
As it is based-qualitative paper, I followed distributive approach as well as statistical approachby describing the dependent variable figures. And I pick the period of 1991 - 2012 as a sample
period for the Maritime piracy in Somalia.

 Research's Questions
Here I predominantly tend to answer the major questions on piracy expansion as follow:
1.

The First Question is: Why in certain areas there are piracy activities? Based upon paststudies and analysis done by researchers, it is found that piracy is highly influenced by thepolitical and economic situation in a country. Specially, countries that suffer of absent of
democratic regimes and have high poverty rates.

2.

The Second Question is: Whey the Pirate attack success rate is decreasing over time? In
this question the student eager to show the enormous effort spent by international
community to get rid of piracy. Moreover, based on empirical evidences and the statisticalfigures compiled, it is being puzzled out that the implemented (Actual) pirate attacks are
increasing from year to year over time but the attack success rate is decreasing which means
the vast majority of pirates attacks failed to achieve its target.

3 The Research's Hypothesis
Based on an intensive search and analysis being done, it is found that a country with higher
political freedoms tend to have less number of pirates. And also countries with poor social
situations, tend to have piracy activities. In order to set this hypothesis, I took into account theforeseeable relationship between dependent and independent variables.

 Obstacles
In order to prepare this topic, there are number of obstacles that the student encountered one very
common one is the lack of statistical figures. In this regards, I found difficulties to collect timeseries data for each variable (Dependent and Independent variables)

because most of thevariables are qualitative variables do not based on real figures. However, I could have set what iscalled Dummy Variables to run econometrics model but dummy variables are likely leads toinaccurate results . the only one variable I could justify time series to, is the dependent variable,
which is named (Piracy) even though, I did not find all the period in one source, I compiled itfrom different sources and then made cross checking between all the sources .
Another problem is related to the lack of the theoretical literatures . Although there are vast
studies done on the area of maritime piracy, not all of them are based on theoretical background.
In this regard, I consolidated the empirical evident as a guide for my research.

 Data Sources and Materials
I relied mainly on the researches done on maritime piracy in addition to the reports published by
the line organizations in charge of piracy such as :International Chamber of Commerce, Commercial Crime Services ICC-CCS
International Maritime Organization
 NATO Shipping Center Financial Investigation Bureau Geographical Distribution of Maritime Piracy


Around the World during 1990-2006

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Geographical Distribution of Maritime Piracy around the World
During 1990-2006

Source: ICC, IMP, & MIPT - Pink shaded areas denote piracy prone areas
Blue triangles denote terrorist incidents

III. A BRIEF HISTORY OF PIRACY
Historical records from over 2,000 years ago indicate that early civilizations, such as the Greeks
and Romans, dealt with piracy.(Laura Barry and Benjamin Staver 2009), Which means theHistory of Piracy is returned back to 2000 years ago in Europe – Ancient Greece, when sea
robbers threatened the trading routes of Ancient Greece. And the main reason behind pirates
attack is the economic gain. For instance, Roman ships were attacked by pirates who seized theircargoes of grain, and olive oil. During the period between 1620 and 1720, piracy flourished andthis period was known as the golden age of piracy where there have been different types ofpirates such as privateers, buccaneers, and corsairs. (Supply Chain Security 2012)

 Privateers were lawful pirates who were authorized by their government to attack andpillage ships of enemy nations. They shared their profits with the government.

 Buccaneers were pirates and privateers who operated from bases in the West Indies, andattacked Spanish shipping in the Caribbean.

 Corsairs were Muslim or Christian pirates who were active in the Mediterranean fromthe sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries.

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Recorded history shows that at least since the days of ancient Greece and the Roman Empire,piracy has been a constant hurdle to maritime trade, affecting at different times every maritime
region of the world, from the Mediterranean and Northern European seas, to Asia, the Middle
East and Africa and, of course, the America. (H.E. Jose´ Luis Jesus, 2003)
Table No (1)History of Piracy Since 800 up until 2012
The Area

The Period

The Greeks(800–146 bc)

The Romans(753 bc to ad 476)

The Vikings(ad 793–1066)

The Buccaneers(1650–1701)

The Barbary Pirates(1320–1785)

The Tanka Pirates(1790–1820)

America and the Barbary Pirates(1785–1950)

Somalia Piracy

1990-2012

Source, H.E. Jose´ Luis Jesus. 2003

IV. History of Somalia Piracy:
Piracy in Somalia came up in 1991 When the Somali Democratic Republic collapsed in 1991
during the outbreak of the civil war, which left Somalia's coast line unprotected, and also let
fishing vessels from other countries started to poach in the region. Moreover, other ships cameand started using the unguarded Somali waters as a dumping area for toxic wastes. Devastated
Somali fishermen and threatened the food supply for the people of the war-torn region. Result tothat, Somali fishermen appealed for international help to deal with the illegal fishing anddumping, but no action was taken.
More importantly, because there are no series steps being taken by international community, thelocal fishermen took up arms to attack the commercial ships in the region, in an attempt to stop
the stealing of fish and the dumping of toxic waste. As the international community started
efforts to put an end to the attacks on ships passing through the area, soon later Somali militia

6joined forces with the fishermen. From that point forward, the Horn of Africa, also known as
Somalia, became the breeding ground for what is now known internationally as the Somali
piracy problem.
During the period 1991-1994 the maritime piracy attacks have occurred mostly in the South East
Asia coming to one hundred incidents per year, the situation have dramatically changed startingat 1995 when the amount of the maritime piracy attacks have grown to several hundred annuallyand geographically spread out around the globe. However this problem has acquired a truly
alarming proportions since the 1999 in the South East Asian region, around Indonesia and in the
Malacca Straits and then since 2005 have moved to the Gulf of Aden and the waters around
Somalia . ( Tzvi Itzhak Arieli, 2012)
In 2005 piracy activities flourished in that region of Somalia and expanded to include the area
closest to the Somali coast line Gulf of Aden and Arab sea. This area, however, was adjacent toYemen and Oman, which border Saudi Arabia. It also involved the Gulf of Aden.
To sum up, Piracy in Somalia began as a result of the collapse of Somalia and the onset offoreign dumping and illegal fishing. Because of the depletion of fishing stocks around the Somali
coast, piracy became a way for fishermen to not only replace their lost income but to also scare
off intruders.

Somali Pirates Activities on the Arabia Sea, Indian Ocean and Gulf of Aden
During 2000-20127

V. Literature views
There have been a number of important historical studies that have dealt with the subjects ofpiracy and piracy suppression. Books written from the point of view of those wishing to end
piracy have tended to focus on legal issues, including the rights of victims, the procedures anddecisions of Admiralty courts in punishing pirates, and the capture of piracy ships as prizes.
Others have looked at the existence of piracy in terms of one particular place or time period, with
the Barbary Coast and the Caribbean Sea. In the next few paragraphs, I will be showing several
articles and scholars' arguments from different perspectives.
Some studies tried to calculate economic and human cost of piracy such as Anna Bowden
research in 2010 which, pointed out that there is no clear sense of the cost of maritime piracy and
it is difficult to calculate. However, there are some enormous efforts have been made to assess
the global cost of maritime piracy (Anna Bowden research in 2010)For example, The Baltic andInternational Maritime Council (BIMCO) has carried out a review of the methodologies and thecalculations on maritime piracy in Somalia region. Moreover, the report stated that there are twopiracy costs (First Order Cost-FOC and Second Order Cost-SOC). ( BIMCO Report 2012)
The effect of piracy attacks not only on the economic and human cost but also is extended toinclude international trade between countries. Terrorist attacks also have a direct impact on the
GDP of the targeted nation, and measures undertaken to fight terrorism impact bilateral trade.
Moreover, the incidence of terrorist activity depends on the security measures undertaken toprevent it and on the extent to which modern economies are made vulnerable by their openness.
(Sami Bensassi and Inmaculada Martínez 2011).
According to BIMCO, and based on FOC, it is found that maritime piracy costs theInternational Trade between $5.7 and $6.1 billion in 2012. This estimate is the result of extensive
research, supplemented by contributions from and an extensive audit by independent piracy
experts. At between$5.7 and $6.1 billion, the cost of piracy to the global community fell byaround $850 million, or 12.6% from 2011(Jonathan Bellish 2012). Additionally, there is also
tremendous human cost associated with this crime Although it focuses on economic costs, there
are also tremendous human costs associated with this crime. Over the past five years (2006 2010) there have been around 1,600 acts of piracy which have caused immeasurable harm to theworld’s seafarers, including the deaths of over 54 individuals(Anna Bowden et al. 2010)8

Eric Shea Nelson raised a point related to the different between maritime terrorists from pirates.
He found that One way to separate them from each other’s is through the Economic Gain and
Political Aim, which are considered as the main purposes for the criminal of both crimes(EricShea Nelson 2012). According to Dana Dillon The current definition of piracy is completely
inadequate as a tool for policymakers. The leading statistics and reporting systems are
misleading.(Dana Dillon 2005).
Laura Barry and Benjamin Stave 2009 developed a model consists of number of variables that
affect maritime piracy. The model called three-sector model and includes piracy sector, police
sector, and fishermen sector. most importantly, the main assumption that the model based on isthe biflow assumption and a sector attractiveness assumption. ( Laura Barry and Benjamin Staver2009).

VI. Dependent and Independent Variables
Based upon past studies is being found that there are number of variables could interact witheach other in their effect on piracy. In this regard, I will include an interaction relationshipbetween dependent variables (Democratic System, good governance, as well as three-sector
model) and independent variable which is piracy.

Table No (2)The Relation Between the
Dependent Variable and Independent Variables
Variable Name

Type of the Variable

The Relationship

Poor social situations

Economic

Positive

Democratic System

Political

Negative

Good Governance

Political

Negative

Police Sector

Economic

Negative

Fishermen Sector

Economic

Negative

Pirates Sector

Economic

Positive91. Poor Social Situation.
A country that suffers of high unemployment rate and high poverty rate tend to have high crimerate. with this concern, as piracy is kind of organized crime, it is considered an attractive
destination so that people prefer to head into in anticipation of maximizing their payoffs byengaging into such activity.

2. Democratic System of the Country
Political institutions are also important explaining this phenomenon. For example, the incidents
that occur in a country with higher political freedoms tend to have less number of pirates and theincidents that occur in the territories of more democratic countries tend to reduce the chance of
successful attacks. Incidents that take place in more democratic locations also tends to involve
fewer cases in which pirates board the ship and ask for ransom demands.Results show that thenegative effect of democracy on piracy is conditional on states fragility level. The result showsthat democratic system with low state fragility has lower expected counts of piracy, but that therelationship is reversed for democracies with high levels of fragility.

3. Good governance
Piracy is a crime like other forms of illegal activities such as smuggling and corruption. It has
been argued between governance and crime (Piracy) is negative. In the case of Somalia,
However, it has been shown that piracy increased in periods with better governance.
At the lowest levels of governance, piracy is not likely to occur for one reason is at such a low
level, the supply of valuable goods to be stolen and ships to be hijacked is small
At higher levels of governance, the benefits to pirates from improvements in markets andfacilities are offset by the increasing ability and willingness of governments to combat crime.
Increased controls on corruption and improving capacities to capture and punish wrong-doers
reduce piracy. For that reason, having said the influence of governance is likely to be non-linear.
(Olaf J. de Groot and Anja Shortland 2010)(Laura Barry and Benjamin Staver 2009) developed a model consists of number of variables that
affect maritime piracy. The model called three-sector model and includes piracy sector, police
sector, and fishermen sector. most importantly, the main assumption that the model based on isthe bi-flow assumption and a sector attractiveness assumption.

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4. Initial Sector
This sector includes the starting points (Values) of individuals before engaging into any of thethree sectors (Police, Fishermen, and Piracy). These values were estimated to be the current
situation and population in Somalia – some fishermen and pirates, but no police.

5. Pirates Sector
This sector shows the basic flow to and from Piracy sector with other sectors (Police andFishermen) . there is what called an adjustment time, which acts as a delay. This delay is torepresent the time needed for fishermen to convert to be pirates, or vice versa.

6. Police Sector
The Police Sector shows the process and possibility of fishermen becoming police. here . Thereis also a brief Police Adjustment Delay, to imitate the need for training time before police areprevailed. Desired Additional Domestic police increases the rate. External Enforcement, a switchthat is activated to simulate the presence of international forces, will decrease the Desired
Additional Domestic Police.

7. Police Supply Sector
The Police Supply sector includes the variables that affect the flow between the fishermen andpolice stocks. It has two variables, the first one is The Average Earnings per Fisherman and thesecond one is the Average Police Earnings, which are affect how attractive it is to become apoliceman. Likewise, there is indispensable ratio related to the police supply sector called The
Ratio of Fishermen Seeking Police Employment, which represents the number of fishermen thatwant to become police (based on desired additional police) and is a graph of predicted behavior

8. Police Demand Sector
The Police Demand Sector comprises several variables.
 The Marginal Efficiency of Police represents how successful (or unsuccessful) police are in
capturing and arresting pirates.
 Desired Additional Police is the number of police needed to fight a rise in piracy represented
by Excess Pirates.

11 Lawlessness is the attitude of the Total Population – whether or not Somalis accept pirates orwould rather not have any pirates. If Lawlessness is high but Acceptable Lawlessness (aswitch) is off, then desired additional police will contribute to a larger police force.

9. Fishermen Sector
Fishermen is the stock that Pirates and Police draws from. Because there are biflows, or a twoway flow, between these stocks, it is possible for pirates and police to return to being fishermen.

10. Pirates’ attractiveness sector
The Pirate Attractiveness Sector shows the variables that impact the flow between fishermen andpirates. When Pirate Attractiveness is high, fishermen will become pirates faster. The Marginal
Effectiveness of Police, both domestic and external, increase Police Threat as they increase.
Pirate Chance of Failure affects Pirate Chance of Success, which in turn affects Expected Pirate
Payoff. Potential Pirate Earnings will decrease as the number of pirates rises, because the shareeach pirate will receive will be smaller. Expected Pirate Payoff and Potential Earnings per Pirate
are important variables, because they increase or decrease Pirate Attractiveness.

Table No (3)Three-sector Model Attractiveness
PoliceFishermen

Pirates

Sectorsector

SectorAttractiveness

Higher

Lower

Lower

Police Sector

Lower

Higher

Lower

Fisherman
Sector

Lower

Lower

Higher

Piracy Sector

HigherHigherHigherPolice Sector

Lower

Lower

Lower

Policy Sector

Source Laura Barry and Benjamin Staver, 2009.
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This table shows the relation between the three sectors( Police sector, fishermen sector andpirates sector). the main assumption that the model based on, is the two-way flow between threeof them as well as the attractiveness level of each sector. the higher the attractiveness level of asector (Police, Pirates, and Fishermen), the better the place for the people to earn money.In thisregards, making the attractiveness of the police and fishermen sector very high, could be one
possible solution to reduce pirates activities in Somali region.

VII. The General Trend of Piracy from 1991-2012
Here I will trace the dynamics and trends of the growing numbers of maritime piracy as well as
their geographical occurrence locations. Having known the period between 1991 - 2000 covers
the period after the End of the Cold War. Similarly, the period between 2001 and 2012 witnessed
several political and economic evident.

Chart No (1)Total Number of Piracy Attack in the World
During The Period 1991-2012
700

Total Number of Attacks

600
500
400
300
200
100
0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Piracy Attacks

107 106 10390

188 228 247 202 300 469 335 383 452 330 266 241 282 300 406 489 544 597

Attack success

9577

165 196 207 172 249 361 251 303 262 175 133 116 127 132 106 122

95

90

87

72

Source: International Maritime Organization, Reports on Acts of Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: Annual
Report, available at http://www.imo.org accessed August 2012.

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As it can be seen from the table, there have been only 107 attacks in 1991, all of which happened
in one region, which is the Southeast Asia. In just a few years, the piratical attacks have spreadall over the world, including West and East Africa, Latin America, and even around Europe(Abhyankar, 2002). The minimal decline in the total attacks number from 107 attacks in 1991 to
90 attacks in 1994 is attributed to the cold war between US and Kuwait from one side and Iraq
from another side. After the year of 2000 there was a fluctuation in the total number of attacks.
It is declined from 469 attacks in 2000 to 282 attacks in 2008.
The decline in 2006 to 241 attacks compare to 452 attacks in 2004 is attributed to Another reason
that has had influence on the amount of attacks was the tsunami in December 2003, 2004, which
has led to a decrease in 2005 and 2006. Additionally, there are other reasons such as a cause of
the decrease in incidents, increase in awareness and anti-piracy watches by masters in risk prone
areas, increase in law enforcement patrols, and international pressure on some governments totake action.
since then (2006) , the number of pirate attacks has nearly doubled from 300 reported incidents
in 2008 to 406 reported pirate attacks in 2009 , which means 4 times higher than in1991.

Chart No (2)Piracy Incidents of Somalia During 2006 -2012
700
Number of Attacks

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Total

2006
239

2007
263

2008
293

2009
410

2010
445

2011
439

2012
297

Somalia

18

48

111

215

219

236

75

Source: International Maritime Organization, Reports on Acts of Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships:
Annual Report, available at http://www.imo.org accessed August 2012.

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As it can be observed from the diagram above, Somalia Piracy represents between 40% to 50%of the total attack occurred around the world approximately. In 2004, the International Maritime
Board warned all vessels to avoid sailing within 50 nautical miles of the Somali coast. In 2005, it
increased this distance to 100 nautical miles. By 2006, some pirate attacks extended as far as 350
nautical miles off the coast of Somalia, with pirate attacks occurring in the Indian Ocean, in the
Gulf of Aden and at the mouth of the Red Sea. Between 2007 and 2008, the main area of pirate
activity shifted from southern Somalia and Mogadishu port to the Gulf of Aden. Since thebeginning of 2009, there has been an increase in the number of attacks reported off the east coastof Somalia in the western Indian Ocean, with some attacks taking place over 1,000 nautical miles
off that coast. (IMB, 2009)And also the one of the reasons for the increase of Somalia piracy during 2006-2012 is the total
number of vessels in the world engaged in international maritime trade steadily increases. anincrease of vessels is enhanced by the growing pattern of the international trade between Europe
and Asia from one side and between Africa and Asia from another side specially China. So that
This factor should be taken into account by practitioners and theoreticians of marine and coastalmanagement for effective work in the new realities of maritime shipping.
The greatest victim of this piracy is undoubtedly the Somalis themselves. On top of the ongoing
conflict, Somalia is also suffering from four years of catastrophic drought, and an estimated 3.2
million Somalis, approximately 43% of the population, were dependent on food aid in the latterpart of 2008. Some 95% of international aid supplies to Somalia is shipped by sea. The World
Food Programme (WFP) ships approximately 30,000 to 40,000 metric tons of food aid per monthto the Horn of Africa region. As a result of the attacks on aid-bearing ships, WFP has reported
that it has become more expensive and dangerous to ship food assistance to Mogadishu.
(Maritime Piracy Report, 2010)

VIII.

International community and Somalia Piracy

The international community has made appreciable progress to fight Somalia piracy. The UnitedStates, Russia and India, among other nations, have fielded warships and Navy Special Forces
teams to deal directly with pirates and pirate ships. Various government entities in Somalia havealso worked to stop piracy by attacking their bases on land. Over the years, pirate attacks
skyrocketed, reaching a peak of 151 known attacks in 2011.

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In Somalia, the international community still focuses many of its efforts on finding solution to
Somalia piracy in Mogadishu. Also, the mission of the African Union which is supported by theEuropean Union and the United States guarantees the survival of the Somali government. In
January 2010, the European Union has set up the European Training Mission Somalia (EUTM),
to contribute to the training of Somali security forces. The mission takes place in Uganda and ischaracterized by close cooperation with the African Union and Somali Government. (Leonard
Remondus van der Meijden, 2008)
Despite these efforts, the Somali transitional government has no actual power in the northern
regions of Portland and Somali land bordering the Gulf of Aden. (Andreas Graf 2010) Although
the international community does very well, the need for the local community and solution isstrongly recommended and considered as indispensable part to solve this problem radically.
An alternative manageable solution that International community can adapted is to provide
strong backing for one of the new Somali proto-states, and start a program for recycling pirates
as pirate-fighting coast guards. This solution would have the advantage of being relatively cheap
and creating an area of stability in a strategic region for International trade. (Sami and
Inmaculada, 2010 ).
Any effective strategy to combat Somali piracy in the long-term will require the international
community to engage in extensive development efforts on land. But efforts on this front aresorely lacking, suggesting that piracy off the coast of Somalia will be a recurring problem.
Furthermore, because Somalia lacks a reliable legal system, the international community has had
to assume responsibility for pirate prosecutions. (Andreas Graf 2010)

IX. Conclusion and Recommendations
Based upon above sketch of analysis and empirical literature, I found that an increase in piracy
attack is attributed to number of reasons
As the scale and frequency of maritime threats grow in the horn of Africa, there is an increasing
desire among the international community to mitigate this crime.


According to statistical figures, all piracy incidence in 1991 occurred in one region,
which is Southeast Asia.



The war between Kuwait and Iraq had an enormous impact on shrinking the number ofpiracy incidence during 1991-1994.

16

Also, Natural Disasters considered one of the reasons that could reduce piracy activities
in the world. One well known example is Tsunami in Southeast Asia.



An increase in awareness and anti-piracy watches by masters in risk prone areas could
decrease the number of incidence. For Example, in 2004, the International Maritime
Board warned all vessels to avoid sailing within 50 nautical miles of the Somali coast.

Pirates Sector is a catchy sector among the three sectors, because of the high level of
attractiveness it offers

X. Recommendation and Suggestions
Moreover, I can propose number of solution hopefully be as a contribution and help to reduce
piracy incidents in terms of Somalia Piracy.
1.

The international community must work to improve the legislative and judicial capacity of
the Somalia’s territories of Somalia, so that pirates can be prosecuted and incarcerated intheir districts of origin. Policymakers in Somalia should also resist the temptation to pirates
on the relatively functional.

2.

One solution also is for bilateral society is to establish a public fishery to end piracy, which
would be the best means in the world to prevent Piracy, and employ a number of poor
people.

3.

In terms of the three-sector model, the government of Somalia should make fishermen sector
much more attractive compare to the piracy sector just to grantee that it would be (fishermen
Sector) the best place for the people to head, thus, reduce piracy activity in Somali region.

4.

The government of Somalia with the support of the International community, should form
joint effort to strength police sector to be able arresting pirates. Most importantly, it is foundthat some police men and fishermen quit their sector in order to join pirates sector where theattractiveness is very high.

XI. References
1. Anna Bowden, Kaija Hurlburt, Eamon Aloyo, Charles Marts, and Andrew Lee. “The Economic
Cost of of Maritime Piracy” One Earth Future Working Paper, December 2010.
2. Burce A. Flleman, Andrew Forbes, and David Rosenberg. “Piracy and Maritime Crime” NAVALWAR COLLEGE PRESS Newport, Rhode Island, 2011.
3. Cinnabar Wharf. “Annual IMB Piracy Report ABRIDGED” ICC International Maritime Bureau,
2012. www.icc-ccs.org.

17

4. Dana Dillon. “Maritime Piracy: Defining the Problem.” SAIS, 2005.
5. David Rosenberg. “THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PIRACY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA,”
n.d.
6. Eric Shea Nelson. “Maritime Terrorism and Piracy: Existing and Potential Threats.” Norwich
University, 2012.
7. Franklin C. Miller. “Managing the Global Response to Maritime Piracy - Atlantic Council.”Atlantic Council, October 2012.
8. Freedom C. Onuoha. “Piracy and Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea Nigeria as a
Microcosm.”

Al

JazeeraCentrefor

Studies,

en@aljazeera.net,

June

1,

2012.

http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/.
9. H.E. Jose´ Luis Jesus. “Protection of Foreign Ships Against Piracy and Terrorismat Sea: Legal
Aspects” THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MARINE AND COASTAL LAW,Kluwer Law
International, 2003.
10. International Maritime Organization, Reports on Acts of Piracy and Armed Robbery Against
Ships: Annual Report, available at http://www.imo.org accessed August 2012.
11. Jonathan Bellish. “The Economic Cost of Somali Piracy.” The Baltic and International Maritime
Council, www.oceansbeyondpiracy.org, 2012.
12. Kennedy K. Mbekeani, and Mthulib Ncube. “Economic Impact of Maritime Piracy” African
Development Bank, 2011.
13. Leonard Remondus van der Meijden. “The Influence of Modern Piracy on Maritime Commercial
Transport.” Leonard Remondus van der Meijden, 2008.
14. Laura Barry and Benjamin Staver, A Study in Maritime Piracy, A Report Submitted to the
Faculty Of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of therequirements for the Degrees of Bachelor of Science , 200915. Sami Bensassi, and Inmaculada Martínez-Zarzoso. “How Costly Is Modern Maritime Piracy to
the International Community”. http://works.bepress.com/inma_martinez_zarzoso/23. 2011
16. The World Bank. “THE PIRATES of SOMALIA - Ending the Threat, Rebuilding a Nation.”InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank,2013.http://www.worldbank.org/africa/piratesofsomalia.
17. Tzvi Itzhak Arieli. “Modern Maritime Piracy after the End of the Cold War – a Challenge for the
Marine and Coastal Management.” University Centre of the West fjords, 2012.A

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