ISSN 1545-150X

California Academy of Sciences

ANN OTAT ED CHE CKLI STS OF FIS HES
Number 32

February 2004

Family Polynemidae Rafinesque 1815
threadfins
By

Hiroyuki Motomura
Ichthyology, Australian Museum
6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
email: motomurah@austmus.gov.au

Threadfins are epibenthic perciform fishes of shallow tropical and subtropical, primarily marine, waters.
They are mostly dull silvery or brownish, and are most readily identified by their long, threadlike, lower
pectoral fin rays. Body elongate to moderately deep, compressed. Snout obtusely conical, overhanging.
Adipose eyelid (firm transparent gelatinous tissue) covering eye; infraorbitals 5 (except 3 in Parapolynemus). Mouth ventral, nearly horizontal, and large; lip on upper jaw absent or poorly developed; maxilla
extending beyond level of posterior margin of eye; supramaxilla absent. Teeth villiform, in broad bands onjaws, vomer, palatines, and ectopterygoids (vomerine teeth absent in some species); canine, molariform, or
incisiform teeth absent. Posterior margin of preopercle serrated (without serrations in Parapolynemus andPentanemus). Branchiostegal rays 7, with 1 present on epihyal. Two widely separated dorsal fins; firstdorsal fin with 8 spines (7 spines in two Polynemus species); second dorsal fin with 1 spine and 11–18 soft
rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 10–18 soft rays (2 spines in two Polynemus species and 24–30 soft rays in
Pentanemus; the last dorsal and anal fin soft rays usually split to their base but counted as a single ray).
Pectoral fins divided into an upper part with 12–19 rays joined by membrane and a lower part with 3–11
separate rays (pectoral filaments) (14–16 separate rays in one Polynemus species). Pelvic fin with 1 spine
and 5 soft rays; scaly process (axillary scale) present at base of pelvic fin. Caudal fin deeply forked.
Trisegmental pterygiophores absent. Scales weakly ctenoid, extending onto head and covering most of
dorsal, pectoral, anal, and caudal fins. Lateral line simple, extending from upper end of gill opening toposterior margin of caudal fin membrane (lateral line bifurcating on caudal fin base in five Polydactylus
species and divided into 3 lines on caudal fin base and membrane in two Eleutheronema species). Totalvertebrae 24 or 25: 10 precaudal and 14 caudal, except 15 caudal in Eleutheronema and Polynemus;
supraneural bones 0–3.
Threadfins are found in the tropical and subtropical waters of all oceans. Most species occur in coastal
waters and estuaries; some (Polynemus species and Polydactylus macrophthalmus) live in entirely freshwater rivers. Threadfins generally occur on sandy and muddy bottoms in depths less than 150 m, althoughjuveniles are found in seagrass beds and tidepools. Most threadfins generally feed on a variety of fishes andcrustaceans. A few small species (e.g., Filimanus species) have numerous gill rakers adapted for plankton
feeding. Young stages of most threadfins also feed on plankton, some species later becoming piscivorous.
Most threadfins exhibit protandry, their sex changing from male to female with growth. Reach 2 m (6.6feet) maximum total length, reported for Eleutheronema tetradactylum.
The family name is attributed to Rafinesque (1815:87 [ref. 3584]), who used the name Polinemia as a
subfamily based on the genus Polynemus. The family as it is currently known has been reviewed in its
entirety by Motomura (in press [ref. 27210]). Most genera have been revised individually in recent years:

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

Eleutheronema by Motomura et al. (2001 [ref. 25954]), Filimanus by Feltes (1991 [ref. 14760]), Galeoides
by Motomura et al. (2001 [ref. 25384]), Leptomelanosoma by Motomura and Iwatsuki (2001 [ref. 25242]),
Parapolynemus by Feltes (1993 [ref. 20316]), Indo-Pacific Polydactylus by Motomura (2002 [ref. 26356]),
and eastern Pacific Polydactylus by Motomura et al. (2002 [ref. 26500]). A revision of the genus Polynemus is in progress by the author and coworkers (e.g., Motomura and Sabaj 2002 [ref. 26155], Motomura
et al. 2002 [ref. 26494], Motomura 2003 [ref. 26829], Motomura and van Oijen 2003 [ref. 27209]).
Genus Eleutheronema Bleeker 1862
Eleutheronema Bleeker 1862:110 [ref. 387]. Type species Polynemus tetradactylus Shaw 1804.
Type by monotypy.
Eleutheronema rhadinum (Jordan & Evermann 1902)
Polydactylus rhadinus Jordan & Evermann 1902:351, Fig. 20 [ref. 2447] (Linkou, Taipei,
Taiwan). Neotype: ASIZP 60745.
DISTRIBUTION: East Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan, and Vietnam).
REMARKS: This species, previously treated as a junior synonym of Polynemus tetradactylus (= E.
tetradactylum), was redescribed as a valid species by Motomura et al. (2002 [ref. 25954]), who
selected a neotype (p. 51) and discussed intraspecific variations and morphological changes withgrowth. Recently, a single specimen was reported from northern Vietnam (Motomura 2003 [ref.
27186]).
Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw 1804)
Polynemus tetradactylus Shaw 1804:155 [ref. 4015] (Gariahat, Calcutta, India). Neotype: NSMTP 60912.
Polynemus teria Hamilton 1822:224, 381 [ref. 2031] (Gangetic estuaries, India). No types known.
Polynemus coecus Macleay 1878:354, Pl. 9 (fig. 1) [ref. 17573] (Darwin, Northern Territory,
Australia). Syntypes: AMS I.9791 (1), I.16295-001 [ex MAMU F325] (1).
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf to Australia.
REMARKS: Polynemus tetradactylus was originally described on the basis of a drawing in Russell(1803:67, Fig. 183 [ref. 13862]). The species was redescribed in detail by Motomura et al. (2002[ref. 25954]), with designation of a neotype (p. 52) and discussion of the species’ synonymy, intraspecific variations, and morphological changes with growth.
Eleutheronema tridactylum (Bleeker 1849)
Polynemus tridactylus Bleeker 1849:57 [ref. 318] (Jakarta [Batavia], Java, Indonesia). Holotype(unique): RMNH 6012.
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific: Thailand, Malaysia, and western Indonesia.
REMARKS: Appeared first without distinguishing features in Bleeker 1845:524 [ref. 312] andspelled tridactijlus (all instances of the letter y were replaced with ij, the Dutch ij equivalent toLatin y, in the paper). The holotype of P. tridactylus was determined from eight Bleeker specimens
by Motomura et al. (2002:57 [ref. 25954]), who provided a detailed redescription of the species
with a discussion of its intraspecific variations and morphological changes with growth.
Genus Filimanus Myers 1936
Filimanus Myers 1936:380 [ref. 3112]. Type species Filimanus perplexa Feltes 1991. Type by
subsequent designation.
REMARKS: The genus was based on a misidentified type species, melanochir of Valenciennes
misidentified by Myers; Feltes (1991 [ref. 14760]) gave melanochir of Myers the new name
Filimanus perplexa. In Opinion 1761, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclatureestablished perplexa as the type species of Filimanus Myers 1936.

__________
2

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

Filimanus heptadactyla (Cuvier 1829)
Polynemus heptadactylus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:390 [ref. 4879] (Jakarta [Batavia],Java, Indonesia). No types known.
DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific: east coast of Malay Peninsula to Indonesia, and Papua New
Guinea.
REMARKS: The original description of the species was based on a drawing. This drawing was
reproduced in Feltes (1991:313 [ref. 14760]), who provided a detailed redescription of the species
including a discussion of its geographic variations.
Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier 1829)
Polynemus hexanemus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:389 [ref. 4879] (Jakarta [Batavia],Java, Indonesia). No types known.
Polynemus senarius Gronow in Gray 1854:176 [ref. 1911] (Indian Ocean?). Holotype: BMNH
1853.11.12.59.
DISTRIBUTION: Western Java, Indonesia.
REMARKS: Polynemus hexanemus Cuvier was described on the basis of a drawing. This drawing
was reproduced in Feltes (1991:313 [ref. 14760]), who provided a detailed redescription of thespecies including a discussion of its synonymy. Color of freshly dead specimens was reported forthe first time by Motomura et al. (2001 [ref. 25193]).
Filimanus perplexa Feltes 1991
Filimanus perplexa Feltes 1991:307, Fig. 5 [ref. 14760] (west of Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia,
8°43'S, 115°00'E, 33–34 m). Holotype: BMNH 1988.4.6.1.
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific: Andaman Sea to Sumatra and Java, Indonesia.
REMARKS: Although Feltes (1991 [ref. 14760]) described this species on the basis of 26
specimens (holotype and 25 paratypes), 2 paratypes were not listed in his paper; thus the present
whereabouts of those 2 paratypes are unknown. Filimanus perplexa was originally described fromIndonesia. Recently, a single specimen was reported from the Andaman Sea, Thailand (Motomura
et al. 2000 [ref. 25298]).
Filimanus sealei (Jordan & Richardson 1910)
Polydactylus sealei Jordan & Richardson 1910:16 [ref. 6598] (Zamboanga, Philippines). Holotype(unique): USNM 57844.
Polydactylus opercularis Seale & Bean 1907:234, Fig. 4 [ref. 4002] (Zamboanga, Philippines).
Holotype (unique): USNM 57844.
DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific: Philippines to New Guinea and Solomon Islands.
REMARKS: Polydactylus opercularis Seale & Bean 1907 is a junior secondary homonym of
Trichidion opercularis Gill 1863. Polydactylus sealei Jordan & Richardson 1910 is a replacement
name for P. opercularis Seale & Bean. This species was redescribed in detail with a discussion ofits synonymy by Feltes (1991 [ref. 14760]).
Filimanus similis Feltes 1991
Filimanus similis Feltes 1991:318, Fig. 12 [ref. 14760] (Beruwala, Sri Lanka). Holotype: USNM
304495.
DISTRIBUTION: Indian Ocean: Pakistan to west coast of Malay Peninsula.
Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes 1831)
Polynemus xanthonemus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1831:517 [ref. 4881] (Pondicherry, India). Lectotype: MNHN A-3033 (larger specimen).

__________
3

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

Polynemus diagrammicus Bleeker 1849:60 [ref. 318] (Jakarta [Batavia], Java, Indonesia). No
types known.
Polynemus pfeifferi Bleeker 1853:249 [ref. 12580] (Priaman, Sumatra, Indonesia). Holotype(unique): probably in RMNH 6008 (5 specimens).
Polydactylus konadaensis Mishra & Krishnan 1993:285, Fig. [ref. 23743] (Konada, Andhra
Pradesh, India). Holotype: ZSI/MBS-F-631.
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific: east coast of India to Indonesia.
REMARKS: The lectotype of Polynemus xanthonemus Valenciennes was designated by Feltes(1991:319 [ref. 14760]). The name P. diagrammicus appeared first in Bleeker (1845:527 [ref. 312]),apparently without distinguishing features. This species was redescribed in detail with a discussionof its synonymy by Feltes (1991 [ref. 14760]). Subsequently, Polydactylus konadaensis Mishra &Krishnan was synonymized with Filimanus xanthonema by Motomura et al. (2001 [ref. 25385]).
Genus Galeoides Günther 1860
Galeoides Günther 1860:319, 332 [ref. 1963]. Type species Polynemus polydactylus Vahl 1798.
Type by monotypy.
REMARKS: Galeoides has generally been considered to contain two species (G. decadactylus andG. microps), but Motomura et al. (2001 [ref. 25705]) presented evidence that the genus is monotypic.
Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch 1795)
Polynemus decadactylus Bloch 1795:26, Pl. 401 [ref. 464] (Guinea). Holotype (unique): ZMB 569(1, poor condition).
Polynemus polydactylus Vahl 1798:164 [ref. 17848] (near Tangier, Morocco). No types known.
Polynemus enneadactylus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:392 [ref. 4879] (Tangier,
Morocco). No types known.
Polynemus astrolabi Sauvage 1881:102 [2 of separate] [ref. 18664] (Mauritius [probably erroneous, probably w. coast of Africa]). Holotype (unique): MNHN 9727.
DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Atlantic: Algeria to Namibia.
REMARKS: The synonymy, morphological changes with growth, and diagnostic characters of thespecies were discussed by Motomura et al. (2001 [ref. 25384]).
Genus Leptomelanosoma Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001
Leptomelanosoma Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:14 [ref. 25242]. Type species Polynemus indicus
Shaw 1804. Type by original designation (also monotypic).
Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw 1804)
Polynemus indicus Shaw 1804:155 [ref. 4015] (Vishakhapatnam [Vizagapatam], India). No types
known.
Polynemus sele Hamilton 1822:226, 381 [ref. 2031] (Ganges estuaries, India). No types known.
Polynemus uronemus Cuvier 1829:155 [ref. 995] (Pondicherry and mouth of Adrian-Coupang R.).
No types known.
Polynemus gelatinosus McClelland 1843:181, Pl. 6 [ref. 17620] (Bengal). No types known.
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific: Pakistan to New Guinea.
REMARKS: Polynemus indicus Shaw was described on the basis of a drawing in Russell(1803:68, Fig. 184 [ref. 13862]). The drawing was reproduced in Motomura and Iwatsuki (2001:16,
Fig. 5a [ref. 25242]), who provided a detailed redescription of the species and a discussion of its
synonymy. The names P. uronemus Cuvier and P. gelatinosus McClelland are unneeded newnames for P. indicus Shaw and P. sele Hamilton, respectively.

__________
4

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

Genus Parapolynemus Feltes 1993
Parapolynemus Feltes 1993:207 [ref. 20315]. Type species Polynemus verekeri Saville-Kent 1890.
Type by original designation (also monotypic).
Parapolynemus verekeri (Saville-Kent 1889)
Polynemus verekeri Saville-Kent 1889:222, 234, Pl. 13 (fig. 1) [ref. 18382] (Ord R., Cambridge
Gulf, Northern Territory, Australia). Lectotype: AMS I.2770.
Polynemus intermedius Nichols 1954:3, Figs. 2–3 [ref. 12660] (Merauke R. [? = Meranbe R.], s.
New Guinea). Holotype: AMNH 20114.
DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific: southern New Guinea and northern Australia.
REMARKS: The lectotype of P. verekeri was designated by Feltes (1993:212 [ref. 20316]), whoprovided a detailed redescription of the species and a discussion of its synonymy.
Genus Pentanemus Günther 1860
Pentanemus Günther 1860:330 [ref. 1963]. Type species Polynemus quinquarius Linnaeus 1758.
Type by monotypy.
Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus 1758)
Polynemus quinquarius Linnaeus 1758:317 [ref. 2787] (America [but probably erroneous, probably w. coast of Africa]). No types known.
Polynemus artedii Bennett 1831:146 [ref. 5778] (Atlantic coast of n. Africa). No types known.
Polynemus macronemus Pel 1851:9–10, Pl. [ref. 18526] (Gold Coast, Gulf of Guinea [“littoribus
Guineae septentrionalis”]). Syntypes: RMNH 6016 (4).
DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Angola.
REMARKS: Polynemus artedii Bennett and P. macronemus Pel were synonymized with P. quinquarius Linnaeus by Daget and Njock (1986 [ref. 6216]).
Genus Polydactylus Lacepède 1803
Polydactylus Lacepède 1803:419 [ref. 4930]. Type species Polydactylus plumierii Lacepède 1803.
Type by monotypy.
Trichidion Gill (ex Klein) 1861:40 [ref. 1766]. Type species Polynemus americanus of Storer(= Polynemus virginicus Linnaeus 1758). Type by monotypy.
Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett 1839)
Polynemus approximans Lay & Bennett 1839:57 [ref. 2730] (San Blas and Mazatlán, w. Mexico).
Syntypes: whereabouts unknown.
Polynemus californiensis Thominot 1886:161 [ref. 17904] (California, U.S.A.). Holotype (unique):MNHN 1884-0487.
DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific: California to Peru.
REMARKS: Polynemus approximans Lay & Bennett was described on the basis of a brief sketch
and description by Mr. Collie. The species was redescribed in detail with a discussion of its
synonymy and the status of the P. approximans Lay & Bennett type material by Motomura et al.
(2002:362 [ref. 26500]).
Polydactylus bifurcus Motomura, Kimura & Iwatsuki 2001
Polydactylus bifurcus Motomura, Kimura & Iwatsuki 2001:299, Figs. 1, 2, 3a [ref. 25548] (Kutabeach, Lombok I., Indonesia). Holotype (unique): NSMT-P 60494.
DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia.
REMARKS: Two additional specimens were reported by Motomura (2002 [ref. 26356]) after theoriginal description.

__________
5

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

Polydactylus longipes Motomura, Okamoto & Iwatsuki 2001
Polydactylus longipes Motomura, Okamoto & Iwatsuki 2001:1087, Fig. 1 [ref. 25826] (Davao
market, Mindanao I., Philippines). Holotype: USNM 363173.
DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mindanao Island, Philippines.
Polydactylus macrochir (Günther 1867)
Polynemus macrochir Günther 1867:60 [ref. 1988] (N.S.W., Australia [but probably in error for
Queensland]). Holotype (unique): BMNH 1866.2.13.17.
Polynemus sheridani Macleay 1884:21 [ref. 4932] (Mary R., Queensland, Australia). Holotype(unique): ?MAMU (whereabouts unknown, probably lost).
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific: southern New Guinea and northern Australia.
REMARKS: This species was redescribed in detail, including a discussion of its synonymy,
morphological changes with growth, and the type locality of Polynemus macrochir Günther, byMotomura et al. (2000 [ref. 25060]).
Polydactylus macrophthalmus (Bleeker 1858)
Polynemus macrophthalmus Bleeker 1858:10 [ref. 16961] (Palembang, Sumatra, Indonesia).
Lectotype: RMNH 6015.
DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia.
REMARKS: The lectotype of P. macrophthalmus was designated by Motomura et al. (2001:290[ref. 25546]), who provided a detailed redescription with discussion of generic allocation anddistributional implications and determined the publication date of the original description.
Polydactylus malagasyensis Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001
Polydactylus malagasyensis Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:338, Figs. 1, 7a, 8a [ref. 25783] (estuaryof Mananjary R., ca. 100 m from sea, Mananjary, e. Madagascar, 21°05'S, 48°27'E). Holotype:
AMNH 88029.
DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean: Kenya to South Africa and Madagascar.
Polydactylus microstomus (Bleeker 1851)
Polynemus microstoma Bleeker 1851:217 [ref. 330] (Bulucomba [Balukumba], s. Sulawesi[Celebes], Indonesia). Holotype (unique): RMNH 6044.
Polydactylus zophomus Jordan & McGregor in Jordan & Seale 1907:11, Fig. 4 [ref. 2498] (Cavite
Prov., Manila Bay, Luzon I., Philippines). Holotype: SU 20113 [not USNM 55598].
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific: India to New Caledonia.
REMARKS: This species was redescribed in detail with discussion of its synonymy by Motomura
and Iwatsuki (2001 [ref. 25783]); the authors determined the holotype of Polynemus microstoma
Bleeker from nine specimens (p. 339) and discussed the status of the type material of Polydactylus
zophomus Jordan & McGregor (p. 344).
Polydactylus mullani (Hora 1926)
Polynemus sextarius var. mullani Hora 1926:453, Fig. 1 [ref. 2207] (Mumbai [Bombay],
Maharashtra, India). Holotype: ZSI F10747.
DISTRIBUTION: North Arabian Sea: Pakistan and northwestern India.
REMARKS: The subspecies was raised to specific status by Motomura and Iwatsuki (2001:344[ref. 25783]), who redescribed the species and discussed its morphological changes with growth.
Polydactylus multiradiatus (Günther 1860)
Polynemus multiradiatus Günther 1860:324 [ref. 1963] (China coast [but probably erroneous]).
Holotype (unique): BMNH 1852.5.4.5 (stuffed).

__________
6

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

Polynemus specularis De Vis 1883:285 [ref. 1088] (Brisbane R., Queensland, Australia).
Syntypes: QM I.28 (apparently lost).
Polydactylus auratus McKay 1970:9 [ref. 19157] (Napier Broome Bay, 2 miles west of theDrysdale R., Western Australia, 5 fm). Holotype: WAM P.16792-001.
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific: southern Indonesia and northern Australia.
REMARKS: This species was redescribed in detail with a discussion of its synonymy, the type
locality of Polynemus multiradiatus Günther, distributional implications, and sexuality by Motomura
et al. (2002 [ref. 26389]).
Polydactylus nigripinnis Munro 1964
Polydactylus nigripinnis Munro 1964:156, Fig. 4 [ref. 3058] (2.5 miles off east head of Purari R.,
Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea, 4 3/4 fm). Holotype: CSIRO A1828.
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific: sourthern New Guinea and northern Australia.
REMARKS: This species was redescribed by Motomura et al. (2002 [ref. 26389]) and Motomura(2002 [ref. 26356]).
Polydactylus octonemus (Girard 1858)
Polynemus octonemus Girard 1858:167 [ref. 1813] (Brazos Santiago, and Galveston, Texas,
U.S.A.). Syntypes: ANSP 22900 [ex USNM] (1), USNM 739 (orig. 8, now 2), 762 (2).
Trichidion octofilis Gill 1861:280 [ref. 1779] (New York, U.S.A.). Holotype (unique): USNM
15074 (poor condition).
DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic: New York to west coast of Yucatan.
Polydactylus oligodon (Günther 1860)
Polynemus oligodon Günther 1860:322 [ref. 1963] (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Lectotype: BMNH
1853.4.18.23.
DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic: east coast of Florida to Santos, Brazil.
REMARKS: The lectotype of P. oligodon was designated by Randall (1966:601 [ref. 27197]).
Polydactylus opercularis (Gill 1863)
Trichidion opercularis Gill 1863:168 [ref. 1681] (western coast of Central America [probably
Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico]). Holotype (unique): USNM (apparently lost).
Polynemus melanopoma Günther 1864:148 [ref. 13930] (San José, Guatemala). Holotype(unique): BMNH 1864.1.26.321.
DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific: California to Peru.
REMARKS: This species was redescribed in detail with a discussion of its synonymy and the type
locality of T. opercularis by Motomura et al. (2002:363 [ref. 26500]).
Polydactylus persicus Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001
Polydactylus persicus Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:347, Figs. 5, 7d, 8b [ref. 25783] (Kuwait Bay,
Kuwait, Persian Gulf, 29°30'N, 47°50'E). Holotype: MCZ 60001.
DISTRIBUTION: Persian Gulf.
Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet 1782)
Polynemus plebeius Broussonet 1782:[35], Pl. [8] [ref. 17287] (Tahiti, Society Is.). Neotype:
FMNH 108655.
Polynemus emoi Lacepède 1803:410, 412 [ref. 4930] (Tahiti, Tana I., Tropical America, East
Indies, Gulf of Bengal, Tranquebar, Malabar, Coromandel). No types known.

__________
7

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

Polynemus lineatus Lacepède (ex Commerson) 1803:410, 412, Pl. 13 (fig. 2) [ref. 4930] (Tahiti,
Society Is. [evidently Réunion I., Mascarene Is.]). Holotype (unique): MNHN A-5440 (dry).
Polynemus niloticus Shaw 1804:151 [ref. 4015] (Nile R. [in error]). No types known.
Polynemus commersonii Shaw 1804:156 [ref. 4015] (Indian seas). No types known.
Polynemus lineatus Günther 1860:327 [ref. 1963] (Ambon I., Moluccas Is., Indonesia; GuadalcanalI., British Solomon Is.). Syntypes: BMNH 1858.4.21.85 (1) Ambon, BMNH 1855.11.7.35 (1)Guadalcanal.
Polynemus taeniatus Günther 1860:526 [ref. 1963] (Ambon I., Moluccas Is., Indonesia; Guadalcanal, Solomon Is.). Syntypes: BMNH 1858.4.21.85 (1) Ambon, BMNH 1855.11.7.35 (1)Guadalcanal.
Polydactylus agonasi Jordan & McGregor 1906:814, Fig. [ref. 10634] (Tokyo, Japan). Holotype:
USNM 55608.
Polynemus lydiae Curtiss 1938:43 [ref. 18057] (lagoon near Tautira, Tahiti, Society Is.). No types
known.
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific: South Africa to French Polynesia.
REMARKS: The lectotype of Polynemus plebeius Broussonet was designated by Fricke(1999:306 [ref. 24106]) as the specimen figured in Plate 8 (no pagination: 8th plate, but 7th
species) of the original description. Although Fricke’s (1999) lectotype designation is valid, thespecimen used in the original description is apparently lost; therefore, the neotype designated byMotomura et al. (2001:119 [ref. 25379]) is also valid. The species name is often misspelled asplebejus. The name P. emoi Lacepède is an unneeded new name for P. plebeius Broussonet.
Polynemus niloticus Shaw and P. commersonii Shaw were based on drawings of J. Bruce and P.
Commerson, respectively, and the latter is an unneeded new name for P. lineatus Lacepède as
well. Because the name P. lineatus Günther (1860:327) was preoccupied by P. lineatus of
Lacepède (1803:410), Günther (1860:526) proposed a replacement name, P. taeniatus. Polydactylus plebeius was redescribed in detail with a discussion of its synonymy by Motomura et al.
(2001 [ref. 25379]).
Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier 1829)
Polynemus quadrifilis Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:390, Pl. 68 [ref. 4879] (Senegal).
Holotype (unique): MNHN 0756 (poor condition).
DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Congo.
REMARKS: The holotype is lacking the caudal fin and half of the caudal peduncle.
Polydactylus sexfilis (Valenciennes 1831)
Polynemus sexfilis Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1831:515 [ref. 4881] (Mauritius).
Lectotype: MNHN 9731.
Polynemus kuru Bleeker 1853:600 [ref. 337] (Jakarta, Java, Indonesia). Syntypes: RMNH 6006 (2).
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific: Seychelles and Mauritius to Marquesas Islands.
REMARKS: This species was redescribed in detail with a discussion of its synonymy byMotomura et al. (2001 [ref. 25248]); the authors designated the lectotype of P. sexfilis (p. 84) anddetermined two syntypes of P. kuru from five Bleeker specimens (p. 85). Distributional implications were discussed by Motomura et al. (2000 [ref. 25299]), and speciation and morphologicalchanges with growth by Motomura and Senou (2002 [ref. 26355]).
Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch & Schneider 1801)
Polynemus sextarius Bloch & Schneider 1801:18, Pl. 4 [ref. 471] (Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu,
India). Holotype (unique): ZMB 565.
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific: India to New Guinea.

__________
8

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

Polydactylus siamensis Motomura, Iwatsuki & Yoshino 2001
Polydactylus siamensis Motomura, Iwatsuki & Yoshino 2001:122, Fig. 1B [ref. 25379] (Samyan
market, Bangkok, Thailand). Holotype: URM-P 14050.
DISTRIBUTION: Thailand.
Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus 1758)
Polynemus virginicus Linnaeus 1758:317 [ref. 2787] (America). No types known.
Polynemus naso Walbaum 1793:108 [ref. 12604] (probably Brazil). No types known.
Polydactylus plumierii Lacepède 1803:419, 420, Pl. 14 (fig. 3) [ref. 4930] (no locality stated). No
types known.
Polynemus mango Lacepède 1803:411, 413 [ref. 4930] (America). No types known.
Polynemus americanus Cuvier 1829:155 (footnote 2) [ref. 995] (American seas). Syntypes:
MNHN 5504 (1) Dominican Republic, A-3028 (1) Cayenne, A-3031 (1) Martinique.
Polynemus antillarum Perugia 1896:16 [ref. 14615] (St. Pierre, Martinique I., West Indies).
Holotype (unique): MSNG 6695.
DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic: New Jersey to Salvador, Brazil.
REMARKS: The synonymy of this species was discussed by Motomura (in press [ref. 27210]).
Genus Polynemus Linnaeus 1758
Polynemus Linnaeus 1758:317 [ref. 2787]. Type species Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus 1758.
Type by subsequent designation.
Polistonemus Gill 1861:277 [ref. 1779]. Type species Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel
1843. Type by monotypy.
REMARKS: The type of Polynemus Linnaeus was designated by the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 93.
Polynemus aquilonaris Motomura 2003
Polynemus aquilonaris Motomura 2003:155, Figs. 1 and 3 [ref. 26829] (Chao Phraya R., Thailand[purchased at Samyan market]). Holotype: URM-P 13930.
DISTRIBUTION: Indochina.
Polynemus dubius Bleeker 1854
Polynemus dubius Bleeker 1854:92 [ref. 341] (Banjarmasin, Sampit, or Palembang, Indonesia).
Lectotype: RMNH 6014.
Polynemus longipectoralis Weber & de Beaufort 1922:213 [ref. 4598] (fish market of Bandjermassin, Kalimantan, Indonesia). Holotype (unique): ZMA 112570.
DISTRIBUTION: Malaysia and Indonesia.
REMARKS: Polynemus dubius was based on Bleeker’s (1851 [ref. 325] and 1852 [ref. 16827])
descriptions of a species originally believed by him to represent P. longifilis (now regarded as a
junior synonym of P. paradiseus). Bleeker’s P. longifilis descriptions were based on eight specimens. Accordingly, the eight specimens are syntypes of P. dubius. The eight syntypes were
determined from 11 Bleeker specimens, and the lectotype was selected from the eight syntypes by
Motomura (2003 [ref. 26829]). Bleeker [ref. 341], previously treated as dated 1853, is now
regarded as 1854 (see Kullander and Britz 2002:305 [ref. 26542]).
Polynemus hornadayi Myers 1936
Polynemus hornadayi Myers 1936:376, Fig. 1 [ref. 3112] (Ensengi R., tributary of Sadong R.,
Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia). Holotype: USNM 100632 [ex 35719].
DISTRIBUTION: Western Sarawak, Malaysia.

__________
9

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

REMARKS: Polynemus hornadayi was redescribed in detail with a discussion of its intraspecificvariations by Motomura et al. (2002 [ref. 26494]).
Polynemus kapuasensis Motomura & van Oijen 2003
Polynemus kapuasensis Motomura & van Oijen 2003:458, Figs. 1 and 3a [ref. 27209] (Kapuas R.
Basin, fish market at Sintang, Kalimantan, Indonesia). Holotype: CAS 47198.
DISTRIBUTION: Kapuas River, Kalimantan.
Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes 1831
Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1831:513 [ref. 4881] (Kuching
Bay, Sarawak, Kalimantan, Malaysia). Neotype: ZRC 37829.
Polynemus macronema Bleeker 1852:419 [ref. 16827] (Bandjermassin and Pontianak; Sampit,
Borneo). Syntypes: RMNH 6013 (3).
Polynemus borneensis Bleeker 1857:3 [ref. 13960] (Bandjermassin, Pontianak and Sampit,
Kalimantan, Indonesia). Syntypes: RMNH 6013 (3).
Galeoides microps Steindachner 1869:126 [ref. 20469] (China [but probably erroneous]).
Holotype (unique): NMW 77569.
Polynemus melanopus Sauvage 1881:101 [1 of separate] [ref. 18664] (Saigon, s. Vietnam). Syntypes: MNHN A-3048 (2), A-3049 (2).
Trichidion hilleri Fowler 1905:502, Fig. 11 [ref. 1370] (Baram R., Sarawak state, Borneo, East
Malaysia). Holotype (unique): ANSP 114895 [ex WIAP 2400].
Polynemus melanochir dulcis Motomura & Sabaj 2002:182, Fig. 1 [ref. 26155] (Lake Tonle Sap,
Cambodia). Holotype: ANSP 178011.
DISTRIBUTION: Cambodia, Vietnam, and Kalimantan.
REMARKS: Two subspecies are recognized: P. melanochir dulcis from Lake Tonle Sap and P. m.
melanochir from other localities. Polynemus melanochir was originally described on the basis of adrawing; this drawing was reproduced in Feltes (1991:305, Fig. 1 [ref. 14760]). The neotype of P.
m. melanochir was designated by Motomura and Sabaj (2002:184 [ref. 26155]). Because the name
P. macronema Bleeker was preoccupied by P. macronemus of Pel (1851 [ref. 18526]), Bleeker(1857 [ref. 13960]) proposed a replacement name, P. borneënsis (incorrect original spelling). Subsequently, Bleeker (1858 [ref. 13957]) corrected the name to “borneensis” as a justified emendation. Accordingly, the authorship and date of P. borneensis is rightly Bleeker 1857 [ref. 13960],
because the corrected name retains the authorship and date of the original spelling. Three syntypesof P. borneensis were determined from five Bleeker specimens by Motomura and Sabaj (2002:187[ref. 26155]).
Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel 1843
Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel 1843:29 (footnote) [ref. 4371] (near Banjarmasin,
Kalimantan, Indonesia). Holotype (unique): RMNH 436.
Polynemus quatordecimfilis Pel 1851:10 [ref. 18526] (near Banjarmasin, Kalimantan, Indonesia[“littoribus meridionalibus insulae Borneo”]). Holotype (unique): RMNH 436.
Polynemus polydactylus Bleeker 1852:417 [ref. 16827] (Banjarmasin, Kalimantan, Indonesia).
Holotype (unique): RMNH 6001.
DISTRIBUTION: Thailand and Indonesia.
REMARKS: Authorship of P. multifilis is sometimes attributed to Schlegel (in Temminck andSchlegel 1843 [ref. 4371]). This species was redescribed in detail with a discussion of its
synonymy, authorship of P. multifilis, and determination of holotypes for both nominal species by
Motomura and van Oijen (2003 [ref. 27209]). The species name of P. quatordecimfilis is often
misspelled as quatuordecimalis or quaterdecimfilis. Bleeker’s P. polydactylus is a primary__________
10

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

homonym of P. polydactylus Vahl 1798. Subsequently, Bleeker (1860 [ref. 377]) recognized that
his P. polydactylus is the same species as P. multifilis.
Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus 1758
Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus 1758:317 [ref. 2787] (Gariahat, Calcutta, India). Neotype: NRM
47529.
Polynemus risua Hamilton 1822:228, 381 [ref. 2031] (vicinity of Lukhipur, India). No types known.
Polynemus toposui Hamilton 1822:232, 381 [ref. 2031] (Ganges R. estuary, India). No types known.
Polynemus aureus Hamilton 1822:232, 381 [ref. 2031] (Calcutta, India). No types known.
Polynemus longifilis Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:365 [ref. 4879] (Pondicherry, India;
Ganges R. mouth, India; Manila, Philippines [but probably erroneous]). Syntypes: MHNG
148.24 (1); MNHN 2200 (3) Ganges, A-3045 (1) Manila, A-4803 (1, dry) Pondicherry; SMF
439 [ex MNHN in 1829] (1) Ganges.
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific: India to Thailand.
REMARKS: The neotype of P. paradiseus was designated by Motomura et al. (2002:314 [ref.
26494]), who provided a detailed redescription of the species with a discussion of its synonymy
and distribution.

Summary Lists
Genus-Group Names of Family Polynemidae
Eleutheronema Bleeker 1862 = Eleutheronema Bleeker 1862
Filimanus Myers 1936 = Filimanus Myers 1936
Galeoides Günther 1860 = Galeoides Günther 1860
Leptomelanosoma Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001 = Leptomelanosoma Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001
Parapolynemus Feltes 1993 = Parapolynemus Feltes 1993
Pentanemus Günther 1860 = Pentanemus Günther 1860
Polistonemus Gill 1861 = Polynemus Linnaeus 1758
Polydactylus Lacepède 1803 = Polydactylus Lacepède 1803
Polynemus Linnaeus 1758 = Polynemus Linnaeus 1758
Trichidion Gill 1861 = Polydactylus Lacepède 1803
Incertae Sedis Genus-Group Names
None
Unavailable Genus-Group Names
Trichidion Klein 1776:592 [ref. 4919]. Suppressed. In the synonymy of Polynemus Linnaeus 1758.
Species-Group Names of Family Polynemidae
agonasi, Polydactylus Jordan & McGregor 1906 = Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet 1782)
americanus, Polynemus Cuvier 1829 = Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus 1758)
antillarum, Polynemus Perugia 1896 = Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus 1758)
approximans, Polynemus Lay & Bennett 1839 = Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett 1839)
aquilonaris, Polynemus Motomura 2003 = Polynemus aquilonaris Motomura 2003
artedii, Polynemus Bennett 1831 = Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus 1758)
astrolabi, Polynemus Sauvage 1881 = Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch 1795)
auratus, Polydactylus McKay 1970 = Polydactylus multiradiatus (Günther 1860)
aureus, Polynemus Hamilton 1822 = Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus 1758
bifurcus, Polydactylus Motomura, Kimura & Iwatsuki 2001 = Polydactylus bifurcus Motomura, Kimura &Iwatsuki 2001__________
11

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

borneensis, Polynemus Bleeker 1857 = Polynemus melanochir melanochir Valenciennes 1831
californiensis, Polynemus Thominot 1886 = Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett 1839)
coecus, Polynemus Macleay 1878 = Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw 1804)
commersonii, Polynemus Shaw 1804 = Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet 1782)
decadactylus, Polynemus Bloch 1795 = Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch 1795)
diagrammicus, Polynemus Bleeker 1849 = Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes 1831)
dubius, Polynemus Bleeker 1854 = Polynemus dubius Bleeker 1854
dulcis, Polynemus melanochir Motomura & Sabaj 2002 = Polynemus melanochir dulcis Motomura & Sabaj
2002
emoi, Polynemus Lacepède 1803 = Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet 1782)
enneadactylus, Polynemus Cuvier 1829 = Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch 1795)
gelatinosus, Polynemus McClelland 1843 = Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw 1804)
heptadactylus, Polynemus Cuvier 1829 = Filimanus heptadactyla (Cuvier 1829)
hexanemus, Polynemus Cuvier 1829 = Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier 1829)
hilleri, Trichidion Fowler 1905 = Polynemus melanochir melanochir Valenciennes 1831
hornadayi, Polynemus Myers 1936 = Polynemus hornadayi Myers 1936
indicus, Polynemus Shaw 1804 = Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw 1804)
intermedius, Polynemus Nichols 1954 = Parapolynemus verekeri (Saville-Kent 1889)
kapuasensis, Polynemus Motomura & van Oijen 2003 = Polynemus kapuasensis Motomura & van Oijen 2003
konadaensis, Polydactylus Mishra & Krishnan 1993 = Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes 1831)
kuru, Polynemus Bleeker 1853 = Polydactylus sexfilis (Valenciennes 1831)
lineatus, Polynemus Günther 1860 = Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet 1782)
lineatus, Polynemus Lacepède 1803 = Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet 1782)
longifilis, Polynemus Cuvier 1829 = Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus 1758
longipectoralis, Polynemus Weber & de Beaufort 1922 = Polynemus dubius Bleeker 1854
longipes, Polydactylus Motomura, Okamoto & Iwatsuki 2001 = Polydactylus longipes Motomura, Okamoto& Iwatsuki 2001
lydiae, Polynemus Curtiss 1938 = Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet 1782)
macrochir, Polynemus Günther 1867 = Polydactylus macrochir (Günther 1867)
macronema, Polynemus Bleeker 1852 = Polynemus melanochir melanochir Valenciennes 1831
macronemus, Polynemus Pel 1851 = Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus 1758)
macrophthalmus, Polynemus Bleeker 1858 = Polydactylus macrophthalmus (Bleeker 1858)
malagasyensis, Polydactylus Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001 = Polydactylus malagasyensis Motomura &Iwatsuki 2001
mango, Polynemus Lacepède 1803 = Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus 1758)
melanochir, Polynemus Valenciennes 1831 = Polynemus melanochir melanochir Valenciennes 1831
melanopoma, Polynemus Günther 1864 = Polydactylus opercularis (Gill 1863)
melanopus, Polynemus Sauvage 1881 = Polynemus melanochir melanochir Valenciennes 1831
microps, Galeoides Steindachner 1869 = Polynemus melanochir melanochir Valenciennes 1831
microstoma, Polynemus Bleeker 1851 = Polydactylus microstomus (Bleeker 1851)
mullani, Polynemus sextarius Hora 1926 = Polydactylus mullani (Hora 1926)
multifilis, Polynemus Temminck & Schlegel 1843 = Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel 1843
multiradiatus, Polynemus Günther 1860 = Polydactylus multiradiatus (Günther 1860)
naso, Polynemus Walbaum 1793 = Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus 1758)
nigripinnis, Polydactylus Munro 1964 = Polydactylus nigripinnis Munro 1964__________
12

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

niloticus, Polynemus Shaw 1804 = Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet 1782)
octofilis, Trichidion Gill 1861 = Polydactylus octonemus (Girard 1858)
octonemus, Polynemus Girard 1858 = Polydactylus octonemus (Girard 1858)
oligodon, Polynemus Günther 1860 = Polydactylus oligodon (Günther 1860)
opercularis, Polydactylus Seale & Bean 1907 = Filimanus sealei (Jordan & Richardson 1910)
opercularis, Trichidion Gill 1863 = Polydactylus opercularis (Gill 1863)
paradiseus, Polynemus Linnaeus 1758 = Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus 1758
perplexa, Filimanus Feltes 1991 = Filimanus perplexa Feltes 1991
persicus, Polydactylus Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001 = Polydactylus persicus Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001
pfeifferi, Polynemus Bleeker 1853 = Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes 1831)
plebeius, Polynemus Broussonet 1782 = Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet 1782)
plumierii, Polydactylus Lacepède 1803 = Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus 1758)
polydactylus, Polynemus Bleeker 1852 = Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel 1843
polydactylus, Polynemus Vahl 1798 = Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch 1795)
quadrifilis, Polynemus Cuvier 1829 = Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier 1829)
quatordecimfilis, Polynemus Pel 1851 = Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel 1843
quinquarius, Polynemus Linnaeus 1758 = Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus 1758)
rhadinus, Polydactylus Jordan & Evermann 1902 = Eleutheronema rhadinum (Jordan & Evermann 1902)
risua, Polynemus Hamilton 1822 = Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus 1758
sealei, Polydactylus Jordan & Richardson 1910 = Filimanus sealei (Jordan & Richardson 1910)
sele, Polynemus Hamilton 1822 = Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw 1804)
senarius, Polynemus Gronow 1854 = Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier 1829)
sexfilis, Polynemus Valenciennes 1831 = Polydactylus sexfilis (Valenciennes 1831)
sextarius, Polynemus Bloch & Schneider 1801 = Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch & Schneider 1801)
sheridani, Polynemus Macleay 1884 = Polydactylus macrochir (Günther 1867)
siamensis, Polydactylus Motomura, Iwatsuki & Yoshino 2001 = Polydactylus siamensis Motomura,
Iwatsuki & Yoshino 2001
similis, Filimanus Feltes 1991 = Filimanus similis Feltes 1991
specularis, Polynemus De Vis 1883 = Polydactylus multiradiatus (Günther 1860)
taeniatus, Polynemus Günther 1860 = Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet 1782)
teria, Polynemus Hamilton 1822 = Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw 1804)
tetradactylus, Polynemus Shaw 1804 = Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw 1804)
toposui, Polynemus Hamilton 1822 = Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus 1758
tridactylus, Polynemus Bleeker 1849 = Eleutheronema tridactylum (Bleeker 1849)
uronemus, Polynemus Cuvier 1829 = Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw 1804)
verekeri, Polynemus Saville-Kent 1889 = Parapolynemus verekeri (Saville-Kent 1889)
virginicus, Polynemus Linnaeus 1758 = Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus 1758)
xanthonemus, Polynemus Valenciennes 1831 = Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes 1831)
zophomus, Polydactylus Jordan & McGregor 1907 = Polydactylus microstomus (Bleeker 1851)
Incertae Sedis Species-Group Names
playfairi, Polynemus Day 1876:178, footnote [ref. 1081].
quaternarius, Polynemus Parkinson in Bleeker 1849:57 [ref. 318].
Unavailable Species-Group Names
barakuan, Pogonais Montrouzier 1857:428 [150 of reprint] [ref. 17789]. Nomen nudum.
guichenoti, Polynemus Bocourt in Bleeker 1865:174 [ref. 413]. Nomen nudum.

__________
13

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfinsparadisiacus, Polynemus Walbaum 1792:631 [ref. 4572]. Misspelling.
peli, Polynemus Njock 1990:866 [ref. 18540]. Nomen nudum.
pentadactyla, Sciaena Lacepède (ex Commerson) 1802:310, 316 [ref. 4929]. Nomen nudum.
quadrinarius, Polynemus Solander in Richardson 1846:218 [ref. 3742]. Nomen nudum.
salliah, Polynemus Cantor in Günther 1860:329 [ref. 1963]. The name salliah was used only as a local
common name by Cantor 1838 [ref. 17333]. Later authors cited Polynemus salliah only as a name inthe synonymy of Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw 1804) and attributed to Cantor 1838.

Literature Cited
Bennett, E. T. 1831 (6 Dec.) [ref. 5778]. Characters of new genera and species of fishes from the Atlantic coastof northern Africa presented by Captain Belcher, R.N. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1830–31 (pt. 1): 145–148.
Bleeker, P. 1845 [ref. 312]. Bijdragen tot de geneeskundige Topographie van Batavia. Generisch overzicht derFauna. Natuur. Geneesk. Arch. Neerl.-Ind. v. 2: 505–528.
Bleeker, P. 1849 [ref. 318]. Bijdrage tot de kennis der Percoïden van den Malayo-Molukschen Archipel, metbeschrijving van 22 nieuwe soorten. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. Wet. v. 22: 1–64.
Bleeker, P. 1851 [ref. 325]. Nieuwe bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Borneo met beschrijving van eenige nieuwe soorten van zoetwatervisschen. Natuurkd. Tijdschr. Neder. Indië v. 1: 259–275.
Bleeker, P. 1851 [ref. 330]. Nieuwe bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Celebes. Natuurkd.
Tijdschr. Neder. Indië v. 2: 209–224.
Bleeker, P. 1852 [ref. 16827]. Zesde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Borneo. Visschen van
Pamangkat, Bandjermassing, Praboekarta en Sampit. Natuurkd. Tijdschr. Neder. Indië v. 3: 407–442.
Bleeker, P. 1853 [ref. 12580]. Diagnostische beschrijvingen van nieuwe of weinig bekende vischsoorten van
Sumatra. Tiental V–X. Natuurkd. Tijdschr. Neder. Indië v. 4: 243–302.
Bleeker, P. 1853 [ref. 337]. Nieuwe bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Ternate en Halmaheira(Gilolo). Natuurkd. Tijdschr. Neder. Indië v. 4: 595–610.
Bleeker, P. 1854 [ref. 341]. Nalezingen op de ichthyologische fauna van Bengalen en Hindostan. Verh. Batav.
Genootsch. Kunst. Wet. v. 25: 1–164, Pls. 1–6.
Bleeker, P. 1857 [ref. 13960]. Tiende bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Borneo. Visschen vande rivieren Barito, Kahajan en Kapoeas. Acta Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl. v. 2: 1–21.
Bleeker, P. 1858 [ref. 13957]. Elfde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Borneo. Visschen van
Sinkawang. Acta Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl. v. 3: 1–4.
Bleeker, P. 1858 [ref. 16961]. Zevende bijdrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Sumatra. Visschen van
Palembang. Acta Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl. v. 5: 1–12.
Bleeker, P. 1860 [ref. 377]. Dertiende bijdrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Borneo. Acta Soc. Sci. IndoNeerl. v. 8 (art. 4): 1–64.
Bleeker, P. 1862 [ref. 387]. Sixième memoire sur la faune ichthyologique de l’île de Batjan. Versl. Akad.
Amsterdam v. 14: 99–112.
Bleeker, P. 1865 [ref. 413]. Sixième notice sur la faune ichthyologique de Siam. Neder. Tijdschr. Dierk. v. 2:
171–176.
Bloch, M. E. 1795 [ref. 464]. Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische. Berlin. v. 9: i–ii + 1–192, Pls. 397–429.
Bloch, M. E. and J. G. Schneider. 1801 [ref. 471]. M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum.
Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Berolini[Berlin]. Sumtibus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum. i–lx + 1–584, Pls. 1–110.
Broussonet, P. M. A. 1782 [ref. 17287]. Ichthyologia, sistens piscium descriptiones et icones. Decas I. London.
49 unnumbered pages, incl. i–iv.; unnumbered Pls. 1–11.
Cantor, T. E. 1839 [ref. 17333]. Notes respecting some Indian fishes, collected, figured and described, etc. J. R.
Asiatic Soc. Bengal v. 5: 165–172.
Curtiss, A. 1938 [ref. 18057]. A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands. Guide Printing Company, Inc.,
Brooklyn, New York. i–xvi + 1–193.
Cuvier, G. 1829 (Mar.) [ref. 995]. Le Règne Animal, distribué d’après son organisation, pour servir de base àl’histoire naturelle des animaux et d’introduction à l’anatomie comparée. Edition 2. v. 2: i–xv + 1–406.

__________
14

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

Cuvier, G. and A. Valenciennes. 1829 (Apr.) [ref. 4879]. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome troisième. Suite
du Livre troisième. Des percoïdes à dorsale unique à sept rayons branchiaux et à dents en velours ou en
cardes. i–xxviii + 2 + 1–500, Pls. 41–71.
Cuvier, G. and A. Valenciennes. 1831 (Apr.) [ref. 4881]. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome septième. Livre
septième. Des Squamipennes. Livre huitième. Des poissons à pharyngiens labyrinthiformes. i–xxix + 1–531,
Pls. 170–208.
Daget, J. and J. C. Njock. 1986 (Apr.) [ref. 6216]. Polynemidae. In: J. Daget, J., J.-P. Gosse and D. F. E. Thysvan den Audenaerde, eds. Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa. CLOFFA. ISNB Bruxelles, MRAC
Tervuren, ORSTOM Paris: 352–354.
Day, F. 1876 (Aug.) [ref. 1081]. The fishes of India; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit theseas and fresh waters of India, Burma, and Ceylon. Part 2: 169–368, Pls. 41–78.
De Vis, C. W. 1883 (17 July) [ref. 1088]. Description of new genera and species of Australian fishes. Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. v. 8 (pt. 2): 283–289.
Feltes, R. M. 1991 (16 May) [ref. 14760]. Revision of the polynemid fish genus Filimanus, with the descriptionof two new species. Copeia 1991 (no. 2): 302–322.
Feltes, R. M. 1993 (11 Feb.) [ref. 20316]. Parapolynemus, a new genus for the polynemid fish previously known
as Polynemus verekeri. Copeia 1993 (no. 1): 207–215.
Fowler, H. W. 1905 (14–21 Aug.) [ref. 1370]. Some fishes from Borneo. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 57:
455–523.
Fricke, R. 1999 [ref. 24106]. Fishes of the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius, Rodriguez). An annotatedchecklist with descriptions of new species. Koeltz Scientific Books. i–viii + 1–759.
Gill, T. N. 1861 (Feb.) [ref. 1766]. Catalogue of the fishes of the eastern coast of North America, from Greenland
to Georgia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 13 (Suppl.): 1–63.
Gill, T. N. 1861 (15 Nov.) [ref. 1779]. Synopsis of the polynematoids. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 13:
271–282.
Gill, T. N. 1863 (before 27 Oct.) [ref. 1681]. Descriptive enumeration of a collection of fishes from the western
coast of Central America, presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Captain John M. Dow. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 15: 162–174.
Girard, C. F. 1858 [ref. 1813]. Notes upon various new genera and new species of fishes, in the museum of theSmithsonian Institution, and collected in connection with the United States and Mexican boundary survey:
Major William Emory, Commissioner. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 10: 167–171.
Gray, J. E. 1854 [ref. 1911]. Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow, now in
the British Museum. London. i–vii + 1–196.
Günther, A. 1860 (13 Oct.) [ref. 1963]. Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British
Museum. 2. Squamipinnes, Cirrhitidae, Triglidae, Trachinidae, Sciaenidae, Polynemidae, Sphyraenidae,
Trichiuridae, Scombridae, Carangidae, Xiphiidae. London. i–xxi + 1–548.
Günther, A. 1864 (July) [ref. 13930]. Report of a collection of fishes made by Messrs. Dow, Godman, and Salvinin Guatemala. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1864 (pt. 1): 144–154.
Günther, A. 1867 (for July) [ref. 1988]. Additions to the knowledge of Australian reptiles and fishes. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. (Ser. 3) v. 20 (no. 115): 45–68.
Hamilton, F. [Buchanan]. 1822 [ref. 2031]. An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches.
Edinburgh and London. i–vii + 1–405, Pls. 1–39.
Hora, S. L. 1926 [ref. 2207]. Notes on fishes in the Indian Museum. IX–XIV. Rec. Indian Mus. (Calcutta) v. 27(pt. 6): 453–469, Pl. 11.
Jordan, D. S. and B. W. Evermann. 1902 (24 Sept.) [ref. 2447]. Notes on a collection of fishes from the island of
Formosa. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. v. 25 (no. 1289): 315–368.
Jordan, D. S. and R. C. McGregor. 1906 (4 June) [ref. 10634]. Description of a new species of threadfin (family
Polynemidae) from Japan. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. v. 30 (no. 1470): 813–815.
Jordan, D. S. and R. E. Richardson. 1910 (20 Jan.) [ref. 6598]. Check-list of the species of fishes known from thePhilippine Archipelago. Philippine Is., Bur. Science Publ. no. 1: 1–78.
Jordan, D. S. and A. Seale. 1907 (11 Jan.) [ref. 2498]. Fishes of the Islands of Luzon and Panay. Bull. Bur. Fish.
v. 26 (for 1906): 1–48.

__________
15

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

Klein, J. T. 1776 [ref. 4919]. Neuer Schauplatz der Natur, nach den Richtigsten Beobachtungen und Versuchen,in alphabetischer Ordnung, vorgestellt durch eine Gesellschaft von Gelehrten. Weidmann, Leipzig. v. 3:
1–836.
Kullander, S. O. and R. Britz. 2002 [ref. 26542]. Revision of the family Badidae (Teleostei: Perciformes), withdescription of a new genus and ten new species. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 4): 295–372.
Lacepède, B. G. E. 1802 (6 Apr.) [ref. 4929]. Histoire naturelle des poissons. v. 4: i–xliv + 1–728, Pl. 1–16.
Lacepède, B. G. E. 1803 (11 July) [ref. 4930]. Histoire naturelle des poissons. v. 5: i–lxviii + 1–803 + index, Pls. 1–21.
Lay, G. T. and E. T. Bennett. 1839 [ref. 2730]. Fishes. In: The zoology of Captain Beechey’s voyage; compiled
from the collections and notes made by Captain Beechey, the officers and naturalists of the expedition, during a voyage to the Pacific and Behring’s Straits performed in His Majesty’s ship Blosso m, und er th e command of Cap tain F. W. Beechey in th e years 1825, 26, 27 and 28. H. G. Bohn, London: 41–75, Pls. 15–23.
Linnaeus, C. 1758 (1 Jan.) [ref. 2787]. Systema Naturae, ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae,
secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I.
Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae [Stockholm]. i–ii + 1–824.
Macleay, W. 1878 (June) [ref. 17573]. The fishes of Port Darwin. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. v. 2 (pt. 4): 344–367,
Pls. 7–9.
Macleay, W. 1884 (23 May) [ref. 4932]. Supplement to the descriptive catalogue of the fishes of Australia. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W. v. 9 (pt. 1): 2–64.
McClelland, J. 1843 (July) [ref. 17620]. On East Indian isinglass, its introduction to, and manufacture for, theEuropean market. J. Nat. Hist. Calcutta v. 3 (no. 10): 157–188, 1 pl.
McKay, R. J. 1970 [ref. 19157]. Additions to the fish fauna of Western Australia. 5. West. Austral. Fish. Bull.
v. 9 (no. 5): 3–24.
Mishra, S. S. and S. Krishnan. 1993 (Nov.) [ref. 23743]. Polydactylus konadaensis a new threadfin fish from
India with a key to species of the Polynemidae of India. Rec. Zool. Surv. India v. 92 (nos. 1–4): 285–291,
Pl. 1.
Montrouzier, X. 1857 [ref. 17789]. Essai sur le faune de l’île de Woodlark ou Moiou. Ichthyologie. Ann. Soc.
Imp. Agric. Hist. Nat. Lyon v. 8 (1856): 417–504. [Reprinted, de Barret, Lyon, pp. 139–226.]
Motomura, H. 2002 [ref. 26356]. Revision of the Indo-Pacific threadfin genus Polydactylus (Perciformes,
Polynemidae) with a key to the species. Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Ser. A (Zool.) v. 28 (no. 3): 171–194.
Motomura, H. 2003 [ref. 27186]. An East Asian endemic threadfin, Eleutheronema rhadinum (Perciformes:
Polynemidae); first record from Vietnam. Biogeography v. 5: 33–37.
Motomura, H. 2003 [ref. 26829]. A new species of freshwater threadfin, Polynemus aquilonaris, from Indochina,
and redescription of Polynemus dubius Bleeker, 1853 (Perciformes: Polynemidae). Ichthyol. Research v. 50(no. 2): 154–163.
Motomura, H. In press [ref. 27210]. Threadfins of the world (family Polynemidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of polynemid species known to date. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 3. FAO, Rome.
Motomura, H., A. I. Burhanuddin and Y. Iwatsuki. 2000 [ref. 25299]. Distributional implications of a poorly
known polynemid fish, Polydactylus sexfilis (Pisces: Perciformes), in Japan. Bull. Fac. Agric. Miyazaki
Univ. v. 47 (no. 1–2): 115–120.
Motomura, H. and Y. Iwatsuki. 2001 (25 Mar.) [ref. 25242]. A new genus, Leptomelanosoma, for the polynemidfish previously known as Polydactylus indicus (Shaw, 1804) and a redescription of the species. Ichthyol.
Research v. 48 (no. 1): 13–21.
Motomura, H. and Y. Iwatsuki. 2001 [ref. 25783]. Review of Polydactylus species (Perciformes: Polynemidae)
characterized by a large black anterior lateral line spot, with descriptions of two new species. Ichthyol.
Research v. 48 (no. 4 ): 337–354.
Motomura, H., Y. Iwatsuki and S. Kimura. 2001 (25 Mar.) [ref. 25248]. Redescription of Polydactylus sexfilis(Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831), a senior synonym of P. kuru (Bleeker, 1853) withdesignation of a lectotype (Perciformes: Polynemidae). Ichthyol. Research v. 48 (no. 1): 83–89.
Motomura, H., Y. Iwatsuki and S. Kimura. 2001 (25 May) [ref. 25384]. A poorly known polynemid fish,
Polynemus astrolabi Sauvage, 1881, a junior synonym of Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795). Ichthyol.
Research v. 48 (no. 2): 197–202.

__________
16

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfinsMotomura, H., Y. Iwatsuki, S. Kimura and T. Yoshino. 2000 (27 Nov.) [ref. 25060]. Redescription of
Polydactylus macrochir (Günther, 1867), a senior synonym of P. sheridani (Macleay, 1884) (Perciformes:
Polynemidae). Ichthyol. Research v. 47 (no. 4): 327–333.
Motomura, H., Y. Iwatsuki, S. Kimura and T. Yoshino. 2002 [ref. 25954]. Revision of the Indo-West Pacificpolynemid fish genus Eleutheronema (Teleostei: Perciformes). Ichthyol. Research v. 49 (no. 1): 47–61.
Motomura, H., Y. Iwatsuki and T. Yoshino. 2001 (25 May) [ref. 25379]. A new species, Polydactylus siamensis,
from Thailand and redescription of P. plebeius (Broussonet, 1782) with designation of a neotype(Perciformes: Polynemidae). Ichthyol. Research v. 48 (no. 2): 117–126.
Motomura, H., J. W. Johnson and Y. Iwatsuki. 2002 [ref. 26389]. A taxonomic assessment and redescription of
Polydactylus multiradiatus (Günther, 1860), with a synopsis of other Australian species in the genus(Perciformes: Polynemidae). Aust. J. Zool. v. 50: 267–279.
Motomura, H., S. Kimura and Y. Iwatsuki. 2001 [ref. 25548]. Polydactylus bifurcus, a new species of threadfinfrom Lombok Island, Indonesia (Perciformes: Polynemidae). Ichthyol. Research v. 48 (no. 3): 299–305.
Motomura, H., S. Kimura and Y. Iwatsuki. 2002 [ref. 26500]. Revision of the threadfin genus Polydactylus(Perciformes: Polynemidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Ichthyol. Research v. 49 (no. 4): 358–366.
Motomura, H., S. O. Kullander, T. Yoshino and Y. Iwatsuki. 2002 [ref. 26494]. Review of seven-spined
Polynemus species (Perciformes: Polynemidae) with designation of a neotype for Polynemus paradiseus
Linnaeus, 1758. Ichthyol. Research v. 49 (no. 4): 307–317.
Motomura, H., E. Mikschi and Y. Iwatsuki. 2001 [ref. 25705]. Galeoides Günther, 1860, a monotypic genus of
the family Polynemidae (Perciformes). Cybium v. 25 (no. 3): 269–272.
Motomura, H., M. Okamoto, H. Ida and Y. Iwatsuki. 2001 (Apr.) [ref. 25193]. A rare threadfin (Perciformes:
Polynemidae), Filimanus hexanema, from Indonesia. I.O.P. Div. News v. 12 (no. 4): 5–7. [In Japanese,
English summary.]Motomura, H., M. Okamoto and Y. Iwatsuki. 2001 [ref. 25826]. Description of a new species of threadfin(Teleostei: Perciformes: Polynemidae), Polydactylus longipes, from Mindanao Island, Philippines. Copeia
2001 (no. 4): 1087–1092.
Motomura, H. and M. H. Sabaj. 2002 [ref. 26155]. A new subspecies, Polynemus melanochir dulcis, from Tonle
Sap Lake, Cambodia, and redescription of P. m. melanochir Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831
with designation of a neotype. Ichthyol. Research v. 49 (no. 2): 181–190.
Motomura, H., U. Satapoomin and Y. Iwatsuki. 2000 [ref. 25298]. A new record of the threadfin, Filimanus
perplexa Feltes, 1991 (Perciformes: Polynemidae), from the Andaman Sea, Thailand. Phuket Mar. Biol.
Center Res. Bull. v. 63: 17–20.
Motomura, H. and H. Senou. 2002 [ref. 26355]. Record of Polydactylus sexfilis (Perciformes: Polynemidae)
from Hachijo-jima, Izu Islands, Japan with comments on morphological changes with growth and speciationof related species. Bull. Kanagawa Pref. Mus. Nat. Sci. No. 31: 27–31.
Motomura, H., B. V. Seshagiri Rao, B. Ratnamala and Y. Iwatsuki. 2001 (25 May) [ref. 25385]. Polydactylus
konadaensis Mishra and Krishnan, 1993, a junior synonym of Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes inCuvier and Valenciennes, 1831) (Perciformes: Polynemidae). Ichthyol. Research v. 48 (no. 2): 203–206.
Motomura, H. and M. J. P. van Oijen. 2003 [ref. 27209]. Polynemus kapuasensis, a new threadfin (Perciformes:
Polynemidae) from western Kalimantan, Indonesia and a redescription of P. multifilis. Zool. Meded.
(Leiden) v. 77 (no. 28): 457–471.
Motomura, H., M. J. P. van Oijen, I. J. H. Isbrücker and Y. Iwatsuki. 2001 [ref. 25546]. Redescription of a rarethreadfin (Perciformes: Polynemidae), Polydactylus macrophthalmus (Bleeker, 1858), with designation of a
lectotype and notes on distributional implications. Ichthyol. Research v. 48 (no. 3): 289–294.
Munro, I. S. R. 1964 [ref. 3058]. Additions to the fish fauna of New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Agric. J. v. 16(no. 4): 141–186.
Myers, G. S. 1936 (15 Sept.) [ref. 3112]. Ichthyology.—A new polynemid fish collected in the Sadong River,
Sarawak, by D. William T. Hornaday, with notes on the genera of Polynemidae. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. v. 26(no. 9): 376–382.
Nichols, J. T. 1954 (30 June) [ref. 12660]. A new blenny from Bali and a new threadfin from New Guinea. Am.
Mus. Novit. No. 1680: 1–5.
Njock, J. C. 1990 [ref. 18540]. Polynemidae. In: J.-C. Quéro, J.-C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha,
eds. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic. Paris, Unesco: 865–867.

__________
17

Checklist No. 32. Polynemidae — threadfins

Pel, H. S. 1851 [ref. 18526]. Over eene nieuwe soorte van Polynemus. Bijdr. Dierkd. v. 1 (1848–54): 9–10.
Perugia, A. 1896 [ref. 14615]. Sopra aleuni pesci raccolti alle Antille dal Cap. Giuseppe Capurro. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Stor. Nat. Genova (Ser. 2a) v. 16: 14–19.
Rafinesque, C. S. 1815 [ref. 3584]. Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de l’univers et des corps organisés. Palerme[Palermo]. 1–224.
Randall, J. E. 1966 [ref. 27197]. On the validity of the western Atlantic threadfin fish Polydactylus oligodon(Günther). Bull. Mar. Sci. v. 16 (no. 3): 599–602.
Richardson, J. 1846 (June/July) [ref. 3742]. Report on the ichthyology of the seas of China and Japan. Rep. Brit.
Assoc. Adv. Sci. 15th meeting [1845]: 187–320.
Russell, P. 1803 [ref. 13862]. Descriptions and figures of two hundred fishes; collected at Vizagapatam on the
coast of Coromandel. London, in 2 vols. v. 1–2: i–vii + 78 pp. + 85 pp., 197 pls.
Sauvage, H. E. 1881 [ref. 18664]. Description de quelques poissons d’espèces nouvelles de la collection duMuséum d’histoire naturelle. Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris (Ser. 7) v. 5: 101–104.
Saville-Kent, W. 1889 [ref. 18382]. Preliminary observations on a natural history collection made in connection
with the surveying cruise of H. M. S. “Myrmidon,” at Port Darwin and Cambridge Gulf in . . . 1888. Proc. R.
Soc. Queensl. v. 6 (pt. 5): 219–240, Pl. 13.
Seale, A. and B. A. Bean. 1907 (21 Nov.) [ref. 4002]. On a collection of fishes from the Philippine Islands, madeby Maj. Edgar A. Mearns, surgeon, U. S. Army, with descriptions of seven new species. Proc. U. S. Natl.
Mus. v. 33 (no. 1568): 229–248.
Shaw, G. 1804 [ref. 4015]. General zoology or systematic natural history . . . Pisces. G. Kearsley, London. v. 5
(pt. 1): i–v + 1–25, Pls. 93–132, 43+, 65+, 6+, 74+ and (pt. 2): i–vi + 251–463, Pls. 132–182, 158+.
Steindachner, F. 1869 [ref. 20469]. Eine Abhandlung über neue oder seltene Fische des Wiener-Museums. Anz.
Akad. Wiss. Wien v. 6 (no. 16): 125–126.
Temminck, C. J. and H. Schlegel. 1843 (19 Mar.) [ref. 4371]. Pisces. In: Fauna Japonica, sive descriptio animalium quae in itinere per Japoniam suscepto annis 1823–30 collegit, notis observationibus et adumbrationibus
illustravit P. F. de Siebold. Parts 2–4: 21–72.
Thominot, A. 1886 [ref. 17904]. Sur quelques poissons nouveaux appartenant à la collection du Muséum
d’Histoire Naturelle. Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris (Ser. 7) v. 10: 161–168.
Vahl, M. 1798 [ref. 17848]. Beskrivbelse af Polynemus paradiseus og P. polydactylus. Skrivt. Naturh. Selsk.
Kiøbenhavn v. 4 (no. 2): 158–168.
Walbaum, J. J. 1792 [ref. 4572]. Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium in quibus systema totum ichthyologiae
proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis.
Redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52. Ichthyologiae, pars iii. Ant. Ferdin. Rose, Grypeswaldiae [Greifswald]. Pt. 3: 1–723, Pls. 1–3.
Walbaum, J. J. 1793 [ref. 12604]. J. T. Kleinii ichthyologia enodata, sive index rerum ad historiam piscium
naturalem synonymis recentissimorum systematicorum explicatus. Lipsiae [Leipzig]. i–vi + 1–114.
Weber, M. and L. F. de Beaufort. 1922 [ref. 4598]. The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. IV. Heteromi,
Solenichthyes, Synentognathi, Percesoces, Labyrinthici, Microcyprini. E. J. Brill, Leiden. i–xiii + 1–410.

Acknowledgments
I am grateful to William N. Eschmeyer who invited me to contribute to the polynemid checklist, andWilliam J. Poly and CAS annotated checklist staff who kindly assisted with preparation of this checklist.

Suggested citation format:
Motomura, H. 2004. Family Polynemidae Rafinesque 1815 — threadfins. Calif.
Acad. Sci. Annotated Checklists of Fishes No. 32. 18 pp.

Copyright © 2004 by the California Academy of Sciences
San Francisco, California, U.S.A.

__________
18