Energy Security with Decarbonization Forum 2023

Green and Low-Carbon Development and Utilization
Technology of Coal in China and its Prospects
Dr. Hongpu Kang
Academician, Chinese Academy of Engineering
China Coal Technology & Engineering Group (CCTEG)
September 6, 2023

Preface
Green Development Technologies
and Practices in Coal

CONTENTS

Clean and Low-Carbon Utilization
Technologies and Practices in Coal
Prospects of Green and Low-Carbon
Technologies in Coal
Prospects for Cooperation in Greenand Low-Carbon Technologies
between China and Japan1
Preface1. Preface
Coal is a crucial global energy and main energy in China
 The global proven reserves of coal are 1.07 T.tn., making coal one of the most abundant, widespread, andeconomical energy resources in the world.
 Coal has long accounted for >50% of China's energy production and consumption. In 2022, China produced
4.56 B.tn. of coal and consumed 4.85 B.tn., accounting for approximately 54.8% of the world's coal production
and 60.6% of consumption.
45

25

40

20

35

15
10

25

5

20

0

15

Increase Rate（%）

Coal Production（109t）

30

10

-5

5

-10

0

20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022

Production
煤炭生产量

Growth增速

China's coal production and growth since 2000

-15

30.0

60

25.0

50

20.0
15.0

40

10.0

30

5.0

20

0.0
-5.0

10
0

Increase Rate（%）

30

Coal Consumption（109t）

50

-10.0
20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022

Consumption
煤炭消费量

Growth增速

China's coal consumption and growth since 2000

-15.0

1. Preface
China Continues to Promote Safe and Efficient Coal Production
 Coal mining has gradually shifted from comprehensive mechanization to intelligentization.
 4,400 coal mines, including > 360 open-pit mines; 85% large mines with annual outputs > 1.2 M.tn; 79 mines with aproduction capacity of 10 M.tn., contributing 1.28 B.tn.
 Coal production has shifted towards the Western Region, with the raw coal of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia andXinjiang being 3.3 B.tn, accounting for 79.9%. The top eight companies produced 2.026 B.tn, accounting for 49.1%.

China's Haluusu Open Pit Mine, 35.0M.tn./a

World's first 8.8 meter ultra-high mining face
(Shangwan Coal Mine, China)

1. Preface
Coal Mine Intelligent Construction Accelerate Deep Integration of Modern Information
Technologies (IoT, 5G, Big Data, Cloud Computing,AI, etc.) with Coal Mining Multi-level Linkage, Data Integration, and Intelligent
Control of Equipment Clusters More than 1000 intelligent mining faces have been
established

Unmanned Driving

Robot Inspection

Remote Operation

1. Preface
China Rapidly Promotes Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization
 Coal utilization has shifted  Large-Scale Centralized Utilization.
 Ultra-low emission coal-fired power generation, high-efficiency coal powder boilers, and modern coalchemical technologies have reached international leading levels, and large-scale coal gasification
technology has been domestically produced.
16.72 M.tn.
9.31 M.tn.
11.55 M.tn.

6.125 B.m3

Coal-to-oil

Coal-to-natural gas

Coal-to-olefins

Coal-to-ethylene
glycolTypical coal conversion industry capacity in 2022

Coal powder boiler burner

1. Preface
Establishing the World's Largest Clean Coal Power Supply System
 Completion of ultra-low emission retrofitting of 1 billion kilowatts of coal-fired power units, exceeding
conventional pollutant emission standards of gas-fired units, and leading internationally.
 Heat-to-power conversion efficiency of supercritical CO2 cycle power generation experimental unit has increasedby 3-5 percentage points compared to steam units.

Datang Dongying Power Generation Co., Ltd
Million-kilowatt ultra-supercritical coal-fired power unit

China's first large-scale 5-megawatt supercritical CO2 cycle
power generation experimental unit

1. Preface
Establishing Ultra-Low Emission Projects for Coal-Fired Industrial Boilers
 Highly efficient coal powder combustion technology and the coal powder industrial boiler system have improved
thermal efficiency of industrial boilers to over 90%.
 Pollutant emissions of coal-fired industrial boilers have reached ultra-low emission standards.

Gansu Qingyang 4×70MW Heating ProjectInterior view of efficient coal powder industrial boiler

1. Preface
Establishing most comprehensive modern coal chemical technology system globally Coal Gasification: 4000 tn./d slurry coal gasification and 3500 tn./d dry powder fluidized bed gasification.
 Coal-to-Oil: 1.08 M.tn./a for direct coal liquefaction and 4 M.tn./a for indirect coal liquefaction.
 Coal Chemicals: Industrial production of coal-to-olefins and ethylene glycol, with methanol-to-olefins technology
leading internationally.

Multi-nozzle opposed jet slurry coal gasification unit
Largest single furnace scale water coal gasification unit globally

Direct Liquefaction Demonstration (1.08 M.tn/a)
World's only M.tn level coal direct liquefaction project1. Preface In the context of peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, coal carries criticalmission of ensuring China's energy security and supporting the development of newenergy sources.
 It is urgently necessary to undertake breakthroughs in green coal mining and low-carbon
clean utilization technologies.

2
Green Development Technologies andPractices in Coal

2. Green Development Technologies and Practices in Coal Coal mining industry towards Greener practices
 Extraction methods are becoming more eco-friendly, causing less harm andproducing fewer carbon emissions, with aim of minimizing disturbance toecological environment and achieving harmless mining； Reduce discharge of mine water and solid waste, while aiming to recycle andutilize water, solid waste, and subsidence land resources.
Surface EcologicalProtection

Co-Development of
Associated Resources

Coal-fired
power plant

Oil displacement

Groundwater
Resource
Conservation
Intelligent
Safe Mining

Gas displacement
Sealingsaltwater layer

Chemicalutilization

2. Green Development Technologies and Practices in Coal Green Mining - Reducing Surface Subsidence and Ecological Damage
 Established rock layer control and subsidence reduction techniques: strip mining, thickness-limited
mining, coordinated mining, backfill mining, and layered intermittent mining technology, andoverburden strata grouting technology.
 Ensured safety of buildings and structures over coal mining areas: high-voltage power lines,
highways, oil and gas pipelines, and high-rise buildings passing, etc.

回风顺槽
条
带
工
作
面

条
带
工
作
面

实体煤
条

条

煤
柱

煤
柱

2

1

⑵ 带 ⑴ 带

运输顺槽

边
界
煤
柱

隔离煤柱

Strip Mining

Backfill Mining

Coordinated Mining

2. Green Development Technologies and Practices in Coal
 1 M.tn/a Continuous Mining and Filling Technology & Equipment
 Coal mining in irregular sections and under three circumstances  Developed a “continuous
mining, continuous transportation, and continuous filling process and equipment”. Built aworking face for continuous mining and filling with an output of 1 M.tn./a, and process 0.9
M.tn./a of gangue at Guojiawan Coal Mine of National Energy Group.

Guojiawan Continuous Mining and Filling Process

Continuous Mining and Transportation Equipment

2. Green Development Technologies and Practices in Coal Green Mining—Water Conservation Mining Water conservation in mining is a priority. We've developed techniques to protect water bodies,conserve water resources, and address environmental challenges.
 According to different water bodies and geological mining conditions, 3 major categories ofwater conservation mining techniques have been developed: natural water conservation, limited
mining for water conservation, and water resource reuse.

2. Green Development Technologies and Practices in Coal
No measures are taken against protected water

Natural
Water
Conservation

body. Mining-induced damage does not change
original water-resisting performance of aquiclude,
realizing natural water conservation mining.

Limited Mining

Limited Thickness
MiningReconstructionof Aquiclude

Water Resources
Reuse

Strip Mining

Backfill Mining

Grouting reinforcement andstrengthening
surroundingrock structure of mined-out
areas

Underground Reservoir
Technologies for treating mine water inthe underground mined-out areas
Circulation systems and water resources
utilization technology

Aquife
弯曲下沉带
r
裂缝带
垮落带

2. Green Development Technologies and Practices in Coal Green Mining—Collaborative Management for Subsidence Areas Based on subsidence prediction theories and control technology, a complete technical system for
managing mined-out areas is developed, integrating "exploration, design, evaluation, andconstruction," and a comprehensive technical system for managing subsidence areas with surface
and subsurface methods.
Point-based Filling Management in
Mined-out Areas
Stability Assessment of
Subsidence Areas

Ecological Restoration of
Mining Areas

2
1

Grouting Management in
Mined-out Areas

3

4

6

Reinforcement of
Existing Buildings

5Anti-deformation Structural Design for New
Buildings

Grouting Effect2. Green Development Technologies and Practices in Coal Green Mining - Ecological Restoration for Mining Areas Development of ecological restoration technology for mining areas with high potential waterlevels, ecological restoration of open-pit coal mine geological disasters, and ecological restoration
for large coal-electricity bases in the eastern grassland area.
 Comprehensive management of key technologies in Fushun West Open-pit Mine. Demonstration
projects for mining pits and slag mountains in cold highland region, providing support forecological management of open-pit mines.

Demonstration project in Jiangcang mining area ofMuli coal field.

3Clean and Low-Carbon Utilization
Technologies and Practices in Coal

3. Clean and Low-Carbon Utilization in Coal
Coal Processing & Conversion
Gasification

Coal Gas

Clean Gas

Synthesis Gas

Hydrogen Production

Liquefaction

Liquefaction Reactor

Coal Slurry Preparation

Coal

CokingCoke Oven Gas

Separation

Coal Tar

Processing

Ammonia
Methanol

MethanolOlefins, acetic acid, formaldehyde

Methanol

Mobil Process

Gasoline

Fischer-Tropsch

Liquid fuels, chemicals

Acetic Anhydride

Acetic anhydride, formaldehyde acetic acid

Oil Processing

Liquid fuels, chemicals

Coal Gas

Town gas

Crude Benzene

Benzene, toluene, xylene
Naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, phenol

Asphalt, carbon products
Coke
Limestone

Metallurgical coke
Calcium Carbide Furnace

Coal Gas
Low Temperature
Dry Distillation

Low-Temperature Coal Tar

Semi-coke
OthersSynthetic ammonia Olefins

Calcium Carbide

Acetylene chemicals
Fuel gas

Processing

Liquid fuels, phenol
Smokeless fuel, reducing agent, gasification raw materials

Lignite wax, activated carbon molecular sieve3. Clean and Low-Carbon Utilization in Coal
 Direct Coal Liquefaction
Phenol863 Nanometer Iron-based Catalyst

Pilot Scale Setup

Direct Coal Liquefaction Catalysts andLiquefaction Products

In 1979, CCRI established a team to direct coal liquefaction technology, progressing from 0 to 1.

Refinement of Coal-Based
Fine Chemicals

 Developed 1st generation of nanoscale high-efficiency catalysts for direct coal liquefaction and world's first basic process
for M.tn. level demonstration projects.
 Technology for refinement of coal tar phenol and techniques for coal-based high-energy fuels and fine chemicals derived
from coal is ongoing.

3. Clean and Low-Carbon Utilization in Coal
 Efficient Combustion Technology for Pulverized Coal Industrial Boilers
 Technologies are developed, including dense phase feeding of pulverized coal, central reverse jet twin cone
dense phase combustion, shell-type and membrane-type water wall boilers, and pollutant control.
 Furthermore, mixed combustion technologies of pulverized coal with natural gas and biomass realized largescale, modular, and serial production of industrial boilers. Thermal efficiency is >90%, achieving ultra-low
pollutant emissions.

3. Clean and Low-Carbon Utilization in Coal Upgrade and Renovation of Fixed Bed Gasifier
To address issues, e.g. low processing capability, high wastewatercontent, low effective gas output in Lurgi gasifiers, fixed bed gasifier
has undergone an upgrade and renovation：
 Continuous slag removal technology was upgraded to resolve issues
with lifespan of parts like nozzles and slag tanks, achieving longcycle operation.
 Upgrades to technology for co-gasification of dust-laden tar
returned to furnace allow for the conversion of dust-laden tar into
raw gas inside furnace.
 Upgrades to full recycling technology of phenol-containing
wastewater enable complete re-utilization of such wastewater, truly
solving problems of dust-laden tar and phenol-containing
wastewater in fixed bed gasifier.

3. Clean and Low-Carbon Utilization in Coal
 Low-Concentration Coalbed Methane Concentration Utilization
 Developed industrially applicable technology and equipment for
deoxygenating and concentrating low-concentration coalbed methane,
and independently developed coal-based carbon molecular sieves Concentrate low-concentration coalbed methane of about 10-30% toover 90%, with a CH4 recovery rate of over 90%. Concentrated gas
can be processed into CNG or LNG. A demonstration base with anannual processing capacity of 18 million Nm3/a has been built inYangquan.
 Chongqing Research Institute has developed cryogenic liquefaction andconcentration technology and equipment for low-concentration coalbed
methane, forming a process technology package. In Guizhou Panjiang,a project was established for the cryogenic liquefaction of oxygencontaining coalbed methane with a daily raw gas processing capacity of
100,000 Nm³, producing 25,000 tons of LNG per year.

3. Clean and Low-Carbon Utilization in Coal New Five-Bed Exhaust Gas Heat Storage Oxidation Device
 In response to the technical difficulties in utilizing
exhaust gas oxidation, a new five-bed exhaust gas
heat storage oxidation device has been developed,with a single device capable of processing up to
100,000 Nm3/h, and methane oxidation rate
reaching as high as 98%.
 An industrial test system for 100,000 Nm3/h exhaustgas heat storage oxidation has been built, which can
produce 9 tons of superheated steam per hour using
residual heat. This provides advanced and reliable
technology and equipment for the utilization of
exhaust gas.

4
Prospects of Green & Low-Carbon
Technologies in Coal

4. Prospect of Green & Low-Carbon Technologies
 Green Coal Mining Technology
 Green development of coal: Achieving ultra-low damage, Environmentally friendly,and Ecological protection.
Harmless Mining• Low-Damage• Intelligent & Efficient• Source Control• Energy-saving, Consumption
Reduction and Efficiency
Increase

Coal
Resources

Green
Development
Ecological Protection• Water Protection• Ecological Restoration of
Mining Areas• Environmentally Friendly• Land Function Reconstruction

4. Prospect of Green & Low-Carbon Technologies
 Technologies and Equipment for Coal and Gas Co-Mining Coal Seam
Technology;

Gas

Parameter

Drilling

Measurement

 Efficient Drilling Technology and Equipment for Ultra-Long
Directional Holes; Large-Scale Pressure Relief and Permeability Enhancement
Technology and Equipment for Long Drill Holes, HydraulicCutting, High-Power Regionalized Ultrasonic Fracturing
Permeability Enhancement Technology and Equipment;
 High-Flow Dry Fracturing Technology & Equipment;
 High-Efficiency Gas Extraction Technology for Up- andDownstream Regions Under Complex Conditions.

4. Prospect of Green & Low-Carbon Technologies
 Comprehensive Development of Coal and Associated Resources Coordinatedassociateddevelopment
resources

hasof

coal-related

great

potential

economic benefits.
 Accurate exploration of coal, oil, unconventional
natural gas, rare metals, water, and otheroverlapping resources in coal formations canreveal their distribution conditions. Conducting
researchon

comprehensive

multi-resource,
development

3D,

and

patterns

andtechnologies can lead to effective development ofcoal and its associated resources.

4. Prospect of Green & Low-Carbon Technologies
 Clean and Low-Carbon Utilization of Coal
Reduce Carbon Emissions in Coal Utilization
Energy Conservation and Efficiency
Improvement Reducing Total Coal
Consumption

Clean, Efficient, Flexible, and LowCarbon Coal Power Technology

High-End, Diversified, and LowCarbon Coal Chemical Industry

Coupled Utilization of
Coal and New Energy

CO2 Capture, Storage, andUtilization（CCS、CCUS）
Ecological Carbon Sink
in Coal Mining Areas4. Prospect of Green & Low-Carbon Technologies
 CO2 Separation, Purification, Capture and Recycling Coal-fired power generates 40% of country's total
carbon emissions. Separation, purification, capture,and recycling of CO2 in coal combustion flue gas are
significant to "peak carbon and carbon neutrality".
 Study characteristics of CO2 adsorption anddesorption subject to gas pressure, gas flow rate,
and gas concentration, and their impact on CO2
adsorption penetration curve. Develop CO2
purification processes and pressure swing
adsorption processes for capturing CO2, anddevelop an integrated technology for efficient CO2
separation, purification, capture, and recycling.

Adsorption Separation Device

Skid-mounted Separation
Device4. Prospect of Green & Low-Carbon Technologies
 Exploring Use of High-Alkaline Fly Ash Slurry for CO2 Solidification
 Underground coal mining carbon sequestration is
one way to achieve carbon reduction.
 Power plant high-alkaline fly ash and mine water
are made into slurry, which is then introduced into asolid-liquid-gas coupling reaction device to capture
CO2 from power plant's flue gas. Slurry istransported to empty mining areas via pipelines, andwater from slurry is transported back to surface toserve as water source for making more slurry. This
process achieves multiple goals: solidifying CO2 withfly ash, using fly ash grout to prevent fire, and filling
mined-out areas to reduce subsidence.

烟气（CO2）
燃煤电厂
粉煤灰

固液气
耦合反应
系统

制浆站

煤炭

矸石、矿井水
采空区泌水
井筒

煤炭开采

地表

钻孔

采空区

Underground Coal Ash Slurry Injection System

4. Prospect of Green & Low-Carbon Technologies
 Deep CO2 Sequestration Technology
 Deep geological bodies (>1km), such as coal seams, basalt, andsaltwater layers, serve as storage layers, and injection of CO2
easily achieves a supercritical state. Supercritical CO2 has asmall volume and a large diffusion coefficient. Deep burial of
CO2 is realized through mechanisms such as adsorption
sequestration, geological structure sequestration, trapped gas
sequestration, dissolution sequestration, and mineralization
sequestration.
 Utilizing geological strata of mining area  Explore
technologies such as deep stratum CO2 geological sequestration,
CO2 displacement for coal seam CH4, solidification of CO2 forunderground backfilling, to create a coal mine "Carbon
Capture, Utilization, and Storage" (CCUS) technical pattern.

Variations in CO2 Volume and Densitywith Geological Depth

CO2 Geological Sequestration Mode

4. Prospect of Green & Low-Carbon Technologies
 Carbon Neutral Mine Construction for Coal Development and Utilization
 Integration technology of gas extraction and utilization
during coal mining, energy storage and multi-energy
complementarity technology in coal mine areas, and smart
mine and mine IoT technology  Establish models for lowcarbon development in coal mine, "Coal Development +Coal-Fired Power Generation + CCUS"。

Zero-carbon energy coupling with CO2transformation and utilization

 Construct a technological pathway for carbon-neutral coaldevelopment & utilization, and reasonably layout directionof key technical breakthroughs for coal carbon neutrality.
 Build demonstration area for carbon-neutral coal mines.
Technical roadmap of CO2 sequestrationin mined-out areas.

5
Prospects for Cooperation in Green and LowCarbon Technologies between China and Japan

5. Cooperation between China and Japan
Cooperation for the Clean Transformation of Coal-fired Industrial Boilers andCoke Ovens


China's technological edge in coal-fired industrial boilers and coking processes enables it to offer cleantransformation services to Japanese fuel, power, steel, and metallurgical enterprises, enhancing
pollution control standards for coal utilization equipment.

Coal Powder Boiler Burner

Coal Powder Silo for High-Efficiency Coal Powder Boiler

5. Cooperation between China and Japan
Collaboration in the Development of Clean and
Low-Carbon Coal Utilization Technologies

Analyzing clean coal conversion technical directions and needs
for markets in China, Japan, and international chemical
products and carbon-based materials.
Coal-to-Synthetic Ammonia
and Urea

High-Pressure Fluidized Bed Gasification

Deep Processing of CoalDerived Oil Products

Coal-to-Olefins and Other High-Value
Chemicals

Coal Liquefaction Products

Through profound integration of coal with renewable sources,
we elevate energy utilization quality, paving the way for a newera of low-carbon coal development.
Accelerate the Reduction of
Carbon Contribution Ratio

Synergize with Solar Power Generation,
Wind, and Hydropower Development"

Integrated Hydrogen
Production and Conversion

Providing a Foundation for Smoothing
Renewable Energy Fluctuations

863 Nanometer Iron-based Catalyst

5. Cooperation between China and Japan Ourcollaborative efforts withJapan symbolize our dedication toa sustainable future.
 Together, we're pioneering newtechnologies,
setting
industry
standards, and championing green
and low-carbon energy.
 I believe that through international collaboration and a shared vision, we canachieve a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable future for all.

Energy Security with Decarbonization Forum 2023

Thank you for your attention!