Rikkyo University
From the SelectedWorks of Kayoko Takeda 武田珂代子

2012

日本における通訳者養成に関する一考察（On Interpreter Training in Japan）
Kayoko Takeda, Rikkyo University

Available at: https://works.bepress.com/kayoko_takeda/25/

ISSN 1346-8715

Interpreting and Translation Studies
The Journal of the Japan Association for Interpreting and Translation Studiesᡫᚪᎇᚪᄂᆮ

ᴾ

No. 12, 2012ᛯ૨ᾉଐஜỆấẬỦᡫᚪᎍ᫱঺Ệ᧙ẴỦɟᎋ‫ ݑ‬ᴾനဋྣˊ‫܇‬ᴾ➨ଐஜᡫᚪᎇᚪ‫˟ܖ‬12 ྕ䠘ㄽᩥ䠚㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 JAITS 㻌᪥ᮏ僑傰傷僱㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ僑㛵傿僱୍⪃ᐹ  䢢䢢Ṋ⏣⌃௦Ꮚ䢢
䠄❧ᩍ኱Ꮫ䠅㻌

Interpreter training in Japan is markedly distinct in where and for whom the training is
conducted. While interpreting programs in a number of Western and Asian countries aremainly offered for carefully selected students in higher education, for-profit schools
operated by interpreting agencies, which may not be as selective in admitting students,
are the main providers of interpreter training in Japan. This paper explores historical,
social and cultural factors that may have shaped these different institutional foundations
for interpreter training in Japan and other parts of the world, with the aim of providing
information and analysis that can be used for addressing current issues in interpreter
education in Japan. The factors discussed include: the AIIC “school policy”,
multilingualism in international organizations and the EU, the dominance of agencies in
the Japanese interpreting market, and the academic backgrounds and career orientationsof pioneer interpreters in different countries.
1. 䛿䛨䜑䛻㻌 ᮏ✏䛾┠ⓗ䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾୺䛺ᢸ䛔ᡭ䛜㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛷䛿䛺䛟Ẹ㛫䛾㏻ヂᏛᰯ䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖஦ᐇ䛻ὀ┠䛧䚸䛭䛾Ṕྐ䜔♫఍ⓗ⫼ᬒ䛾ศᯒ䜢㏻䛧䛶䚸㏻ヂᩍ⫱ 1 䛾◊✲䛸ᐇ㊶䛻䛸䛳䛶᰿ᖿⓗ䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛᝟ሗ䛚䜘䜃⪃ᐹ䜢ᥦ౪䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䜜䛿䚸᪥ᮏ䛾኱Ꮫ䛚䜘䜃኱Ꮫ㝔䛷䛾㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᇶᮏⓗ䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛾ᥦ᱌䛻ྥ䛡䚸᪥ᮏᅜෆእ䛾㏻ヂ
ᩍ⫱䛾⌮ㄽ䛸ᐇ㊶䛾ᢈุⓗ⪃ᐹ䜢ヨ䜏䜛➹⪅䛾◊✲䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛾ᑟධ㒊ศ䜢ᵓᡂ䛩䜛䚹㻌
㻌 ㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䛧᪥ᮏ䛸ㅖእᅜ䛾㛫䛻ぢ䜙䜜䜛᭱䜒㢧ⴭ䛺㐪䛔䛿䚸䛭䛾ᐇ㊶ሙᡤ䛚䜘䜃ᑐ㇟⪅䛷䛒䜛䚹᪥ᮏ䛾ሙྜ䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛿୺䛻䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊䛜⤒Ⴀ䛩䜛㏻ヂᏛᰯ䛷㣴ᡂ䛥䜜䜛䚹䛭䛣䛷䛿♫఍ே䜔Ꮫ⏕䜢ᑐ㇟䛻ㄒᏛຊᙉ໬䛻୺║䜢䛚䛟ึ⣭䝺䝧䝹䛛䜙ྠ᫬㏻ヂカ⦎䜢ྵ䜐ୖ⣭䝺䝧䝹䜎䛷䛥䜎䛦䜎䛺䜽䝷䝇䛜ᥦ౪䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹኱Ꮫ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂᩍ⫱䜒ሗ࿌䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛜䚸䛭䜜䛿୺䛻Ꮫ㒊䝺䝧䝹䛷ㄒᏛຊྥୖ䜢┠ᣦ䛩Ꮫ⏕䜢ᑐ㇟䛻䚸እᅜㄒᩍ⫱䛾୍⎔䛸䛧
䛶㏻ヂᐇᢏ䛻ྲྀ䜚⤌䜐ෆᐜ䛜䜋䛸䜣䛹䛰䠄e.g. ᰁ㇂௚ 2005; ⏣୰௚ 2007䠅䚹୍᪉䚸Ḣ⡿䚸㡑ᅜ䚸ྎ‴䚸୰ᅜ䛺䛹䛻䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛜኱Ꮫ㝔䛷㣴ᡂ䛥䜜䜛௙⤌䜏䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䚹䛭䛖䛧䛯㏻ヂ

TAKEDA Kayoko, “On Interpreter Training in Japan,” Interpreting and Translation Studies, No.12,
2012. pages 105-117. © by the Japan Association for Interpreting and Translation Studies105䛄㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲䛅No.12 (2012)኱Ꮫ㝔䛷䛿䚸እᅜㄒᩍ⫱䛜ᇶᮏⓗ䛻ษ䜚㞳䛥䜜䚸㧗ᗘ䛺ゝㄒ㐠⏝⬟ຊ䜢᭷䛩䜛㑅ᢤ䛥䜜䛯Ꮫ⏕䛜䝥䝻㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛺䜛䛯䜑䛾ᑓ㛛ᩍ⫱䜢ཷ䛡䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 䛣䛾ᕪ␗䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ព㆑䛜᪥ᮏ䛾㏻ヂᩍ⫱◊✲⪅䛾㛫䛻Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛾䛿᫂䜙䛛䛰䚹䛂Ḣ⡿䛷䛿እᅜㄒ䛾㐠⏝⬟ຊ䛜ẕㄒ୪䜏䛾Ꮫ⏕䜢ᑐ㇟䛻኱Ꮫ㝔䛷㏻ヂ䛾ᑓ㛛⫋ᩍ⫱䛜᪋䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛜䚸᪥ᮏ䛾≧ἣ䛿␗䛺䜛䛃䛸䛔䛖᪨䛾ゝཬ䜢ྵ䜐ᩥ⊩䛿ᑡ䛺䛟䛺䛔䠄e.g. ᰁ㇂ 1996a; ᑠᯇ
2005; ⏣୰ 2008䠅䚹䛧䛛䛧䛣䛾஦ᐇ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶Ṕྐ䞉♫఍䞉ᩥ໬ⓗ⫼ᬒ䛻↷䜙䛧䛯ศᯒ䜢⾜䛔䚸䛭䛾୰䛷㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛾ᑐ㇟⪅䛸ᐇ᪋ᶵ㛵䛻ග䜢ᙜ䛶䚸⌧ᅾ䛾㏻ヂᩍ⫱ᐇ㊶䛾ಟṇ䜔ᨵၿ䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿᪉ྥᛶ䛾ᥦ᱌䛻ᙺ❧䛶䜘䛖䛸䛩䜛ヨ䜏䛿ぢ䛒䛯䜙䛺䛔䚹㻌 䛭䛣䛷ᮏ✏䛷䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾ᑐ㇟⪅䛸ᐇ㊶ሙᡤ䛻㛵䛩䜛᪥ᮏ䛸ㅖእᅜ䛾≧ἣ䛻↔Ⅼ䜢ᙜ䛶䚸䛭䛾≉ᚩ䛻䛴䛔䛶Ṕྐ䞉♫఍䞉ᩥ໬ⓗ䝁䞁䝔䜽䝇䝖䛸㛵㐃䛵䛡䛯⪃ᐹ䜢⾜䛔䛯䛔䚹䜎䛪䚸
20 ୡ⣖௨๓䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䚸➨୍ḟ኱ᡓᚋ䛾Ḣᕞ䛻䛚䛡䜛఍㆟㏻ヂ⫋䛾ㄌ⏕䛸䛭䜜䛻䛸䜒䛺䛖⤌⧊ⓗ䛺㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾㛤ጞ䚸䛥䜙䛻Ḣ⡿䜔䜰䝆䜰䛷䛭䛾ᚋ㐍ᒎ䛧䛯㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛻䛴䛔䛶㏙䜉䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⫋䛚䜘䜃㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂయไ䛾ᙧᡂ䚸䜎䛯䚸ୡ⏺䛾኱Ꮫ㝔䛻䛚䛡䜛᪥ᮏㄒ㛵㐃䛾㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛾ᒎ㛤䛻ゐ䜜䚸᪥ᮏ䛷㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛜Ⓨ㐩䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯⫼ᬒせᅉ䜢᥈䜛䚹᭱ᚋ䛻䚸኱Ꮫ㝔䛷䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾ព⩏䜢ㄽ䛨䚸᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛾㐍ᒎ䛻ྥ䛡䛯᳨ウ㡯┠䜢ணഛⓗ䛻ᥦ᱌䛧䛯䛔䚹
2. ㏻ヂカ⦎䛸䛧䛶䛾ㄒᏛᏛ⩦㻌 ㏻ヂ䛿␗ゝㄒ䞉␗ᩥ໬㛫䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁䛾௰௓⾜Ⅽ䛸䛧䛶䚸ே㢮䛾Ṕྐ䜢㏻䛧䛶Ⴀ䜎䜜䛶䛝䛯䚹䛭䛣䛷㏻ヂ⾜Ⅽ䛻ᦠ䜟䛳䛯䛾䛿䚸䛭䛾ሙ䛻ᒃྜ䜟䛫䛯஧ゝㄒ䛾ヰ⪅䛷䚸㏻ヂカ⦎䜢ཷ䛡䛯䜟䛡䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䜎䛯䚸㏻ヂ䜢ᑓᴗ䛸䛩䜛䜟䛡䛷䜒䛺䛔䛂അⓎⓗ㏻ヂ⪅䛃䛰䛳䛯ሙྜ䛜ᑡ䛺䛟䛺䛛䛳䛯䛰䜝䛖䚹䛭䛾୍᪉䚸 ⫋ᴗ䛸䛧䛶䛾㏻ヂ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䚸㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛜ไᗘⓗ䛻ᐇ᪋䛥䜜䛯஦౛䜒䛒䜛䚹䛭䜜䛿䚸ᚐᘵไᗘⓗ䛻䛂ᘵᏊ䛃䛜䛂ぶ᪉䛃䛛䜙ᐇᆅᣦᑟ䜢ཷ䛡䜛䚸䜎䛯䚸Ꮫᰯ䛷䛒䜛䛔䛿⩦ᚓ䛩䜉䛝ᑐ㇟ゝㄒ䛜ヰ䛥䜜䜛ᅵᆅ䛻㏦䜙䜜ゝㄒ䛾カ⦎䜢ཷ䛡䜛䚸䛺䛹䛸䛔䛖௙⤌䜏䛾୰䛛䜙⏕䜎䜜䛯㏻ヂ⪅䛰䛳䛯䚹‫‮‬ἑ䠄2010䠅䛻䜘䜛䛸䚸᪥ᮏ䛷⫋ᴗ䛸䛧䛶䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛜グ㘓䛻Ⓩሙ䛧ጞ䜑䜛䛾䛿䠓ୡ⣖ึ㢌䛾䛣䛸䛷䚸 䛄⥆᪥ᮏグ䛅䛸䛄᪥ᮏ⣖␎䛅䛷䛿䚸ᮅᘐ䛜୰ᅜㄒ㏻
ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾ᚲせᛶ䜢ㄆ䜑䠄730 ᖺ䠅䚸኱Ꮫᑅ䠄ᐁ൉㣴ᡂ䛾᭱㧗ᗓ䠅䛷ᮏ᱁ⓗ䛺㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䜢⾜䛖ἲ௧䛜ฟ䛥䜜䛯䠄817 ᖺ䠅䛸グ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䜎䛯ᙜ᫬䚸൲Ꮫ䜔ᩘᏛ䛾Ꮫၥᡤ䛷䛿୰ᅜㄒ఍ヰ⩦ᚓ䜢୰ᚰ䛸䛩䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛜ヨ䜏䜙䜜䛯䛸䛔䛖䚹䛥䜙䛻䚸᪂⨶౵ᨷ䛻ഛ䛘䚸ᑡᖺ䛯䛱䛻᪂⨶ㄒ䜢Ꮫ䜀䛫㏻ヂ⪅䜢㣴ᡂ䛩䜛ἲ௧䠄761 ᖺ䠅䜒グ㘓䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 Ụᡞ᫬௦䛾၈䞉䜸䝷䞁䝎㏻モ䛾౛䛷䛿䚸ୡくไᗘ䛾䜒䛸ᩘ༑ᐙ䛒䜛㏻モᐙ䛾⏨Ꮚ䛜୰ᅜㄒ䜔䜸䝷䞁䝎ㄒ䜢Ꮫ䜃䚸ᖥᗓ䛾බᘧ㏻ヂᐁ䜢ົ䜑䜛䛯䜑䛻ಟ⾜䛧䚸㝵⣭᪼㐍ヨ㦂䜒ཷ䛡䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸ᑐ㤿䛻䛿㞵᳃ⰾὪ䛜 1727 ᖺ䛻タ❧䛧䛯䛂㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂᏛᰯ䛃䠄኱す 2007䠅䛷䛒䜛㡑ㄒྖ䛷ᮅ㩭ㄒ䛾ᣦᑟ䛜⾜䜟䜜䛯䚹Ꮫ⏕䛾䜔䜛Ẽ䜔⬟ຊ䜢㔜䜣䛨䛯㞵᳃䛿ୡくไ䜢᤼㝖䛧䛶Ꮫ⏕䜢ເ䜚䚸⥥ᐦ䛺䜹䝸䜻䝳䝷䝮䛾䜒䛸ᮅ㩭㏻モ䜢㣴ᡂ䛧䛯䛸䛔䛖䠄ibid.䠅䚹ྠ᫬ᮇ䚸䝣䝷䞁䝇䚸䜸䞊䝇䝖䝸䜰䚸ⱥᅜ䚸䝻䝅䜰䛺䛹䛿䚸䜸䝇䝬䞁ᖇᅜᨻᗓ䛸䛾ᑐᛂ䛺䛹䛻ᚲせ䛺㏻ヂ⪅䜢㣴ᡂ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻ⱝ⪅䛻䝖䝹䝁ㄒ䚸䜰䝷䝡䜰ㄒ䚸䝨䝹䝅䝱ㄒ䛺䛹䛾カ⦎䜢᪋䛩䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯䠄Lewis, 2004䠅䚹
106᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䛩䜛୍⪃ᐹ㻌 ᅜᐙ䛜㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䜟䛳䛯䛾䛿䚸እ஺䚸㏻ၟ䚸᳜Ẹάື䚸⣮த䛺䛹䛷㏻ヂ⪅䛜୙ྍḞ䛷䛒䜚䚸᭷⬟䛷ᛅㄔᚰ䛾䛒䜛ேᮦ䜢⮬䜙カ⦎䛧⟶⌮䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ᅜ┈䛻䛛䛺䛖䛸䛔䛖ㄆ㆑䛜䛒䛳䛯䛛䜙䛰䜝䛖䚹䛣䛣䛷㖭グ䛩䜉䛝䛿䚸䛣䜜䜙䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂయไ䛷䛿䚸ᑐ㇟ゝㄒ䛾㐠⏝⬟ຊ䜢䛩䛷䛻ഛ䛘䛯⪅䜢㞟䜑䛶㏻ヂ䝇䜻䝹䜢ᩍ䛘䛯䛾䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ᐇ㉁ⓗ䛻䛿䚸ⱝ⪅䜢ᑐ㇟䛸䛧䛶䚸୍䛛䜙ゝㄒ䜢ᩍ䛘䜛䚸䜎䛯䛿⌧ᆅ䛻ఫ䜎䛫䛶ゝㄒ䜢Ꮫ䜀䛫䜛䚸䛴䜎䜚᪩ᮇ䛾ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ䛻↔Ⅼ䛜䛚䛛䜜䛯䛣䛸䛰䚹20 ୡ⣖௨๓䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸≉ᐃ䛾㏻ヂ䝇䜻䝹䛜ྠᐃ䛥䜜䚸䛭䛾⩦ᚓ䜢┠ⓗ䛸䛧䛯カ⦎ἲ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䛯グ㘓䛿䛺䛔䜘䛖䛰䚹
3. 䝇䜻䝹ᚿྥ䛾㏻ヂカ⦎㻌 እᅜㄒᏛ⩦䛷䛿䛺䛟≉ᐃ䛾㏻ヂ䝇䜻䝹䛻↔Ⅼ䜢䛚䛔䛯㏻ヂカ⦎䚸䜂䛔䛶䛿௒᪥ୡ⏺䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ኱Ꮫ㝔䛜ᚿྥ䛩䜛㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛾㉳※䛿䚸20 ୡ⣖ึ㢌䚸➨୍ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓᚋ䛾Ḣᕞ䛻䛥䛛䛾䜌䜛䚹䛭䜜䜎䛷እ஺䛾ሙ䛷䛿䝣䝷䞁䝇ㄒ䛜౑⏝䛥䜜䛶䛔䛯䛾䛜䚸1919 ᖺ䛾䝟䝸ㅮ࿴఍㆟䛷⡿䞉ⱥ䛾㤳⬻䛜ⱥㄒ䜢౑⏝䛧䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛜ᚲせ䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䚸᪂䛯䛻ㄌ⏕䛧䛯ᅜ㝿㐃┕䜔ᅜ㝿ປാᶵ㛵䠄ILO䠅䛺䛹䛷ከゝㄒ౑⏝䛜ᗈ䜎䜚䚸㏻ヂ䝙䞊䝈䛜ቑ኱䛧䛯䚹ᙜึ䛿䚸ᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵䛾⫋ဨ䛷஧ゝㄒ䠄䛒䜛䛔䛿䛭䜜௨ୖ䛾䠅㐠⏝⬟ຊ䜢᭷䛩䜛⪅䛜㏻ヂ䜢䛧䛯䛜䚸䛭䛾୰䛷⮬↛䛸ᑓ㛛⫋䛸䛧䛶䛾㏻ヂ⪅㞟ᅋ䛜ᙧᡂ䛥䜜䛯䠄Bergerot ఀ⸨ 2005䠅䚹ᙼ䜙䛿㧗ᏛṔ䛷㠀ᖖ䛻㧗 䛔 ᩍ 㣴 䜢 ᣢ 䛱 䚸 እ ஺ ᐁ 䜔 ᅜ 㝿 ᶵ 㛵 ⫋ ဨ 䛸 ྠ ᵝ 䛾 ฎ 㐝 䜢 ཷ 䛡 䛯 䠄 Baigorri-Jalón, 2004;
Bergerot ఀ⸨ ibid.䠅䚹㻌 䛣䜜䜙䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛜≉ู䛺䝇䜻䝹䜢᭷䛩䜛ᑓ㛛⫋䛸䛧䛶ㄆ㆑䛥䜜䛯⫼ᬒ䛻䛿䚸ᙜ᫬ጞ䜎䛳䛯㏻
ヂ᪂᪉ᘧ䛜䛒䜛䚹௨๓䛿Ⓨゝ䜢 1䚸2 ᩥ䛪䛴ヂฟ䛩䜛▷䛔㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛜౑⏝䛥䜜䛯䛜䠄Gaiba,
1998; Pöchhacker, 2011䠅䚸䝧䝹䝃䜲䝴యไୗ䛾ᅜ㝿⯙ྎ䛷䛿䚸Ⓨゝ䛜䜂䛸䛟䛰䜚⤊䜟䛳䛯ᚋ
䛻㏻ヂ䛜⾜䜟䜜䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹ཎⓎゝ䜢⌮ゎ䛩䜛⪺䛝ᡭ䜈䛾㓄៖䜔Ⓨゝ䛾䝟䝣䜷䞊䝬䞁䝇ᛶ䛾㔜ど䛺䛹䛜䛭䛾⌮⏤䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䠄Bergerot ఀ⸨ ibid.䠅䚹䠍ᅇ䛻ヂ䛩Ⓨゝ䛾㛗䛥䛿 5ࠥ10
ศ䠄ibid.䠅䚸᫬䛻䠍᫬㛫௨ୖ䠄Herbert, 1978䠅䛻䛺䜛䛣䛸䜒䛒䛳䛯䛜䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛿䛭䛾㛫䝜䞊䝖䜢ྲྀ䜚䚸䛭䛾䝜䞊䝖䛸グ᠈䜢ᇶ䛻ヂฟ䛧䛯䚹䛧䛛䜒䚸Ⓨゝ⪅䛸ྠ䛨ቭୖ䛛䜙ヂฟ䛧䛯䛾䛷䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛿Ⓨゝ⪅䛸ྠᵝ䛾ྍどᛶ䜢᭷䛩䜛Ꮡᅾ䛷䛒䜚䚸Ⰻ䛝䝟䝤䝸䝑䜽䝇䝢䞊䜹䞊䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛯
䠄Baigorri-Jalón, ibid.䠅䚹㻌 ከゝㄒከᩥ໬⎔ቃ䛷䛾⏕䛔❧䛱䜔Ꮫၥⓗ▱㆑䚸䜎䛯ኳ㈿䛾ᡯ⬟䜢⫼ᬒ䛸䛧䚸䛣䜜䜙䛾ⲡศ 䛡ⓗ ఍ ㆟ ㏻ ヂ ⪅䛯䛱䛿┤ ᥋ ⌧ ሙ 䛷⤒ 㦂 䜢✚ 䜏䛺䛜䜙㏻ ヂ䝇䜻䝹䜢㌟ 䛻䛴䛡䛯䜘䛖䛰
䠄Herbert, ibid.䠅䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ᅜ㝿⯙ྎ䛷ቑຍ䛩䜛㏻ヂ䝙䞊䝈䜢⥅⥆ⓗ䛻‶䛯䛩䛯䜑䛻䛿⤌⧊ⓗ䛺㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛜ᚲせ䛸䛺䜛䚹䛭䛣䛷䚸1920 ᖺ௦䛻䝜䞊䝖䞉䝔䜲䜻䞁䜾䛾ᤵᴗ䛜䝆䝳䝛䞊䝤኱Ꮫ䛷ᥦ౪䛥䜜䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹1928 ᖺ䛻 ILO 䛸䝋㐃䛾䝁䝭䞁䝔䝹䞁䛷ึ䜑䛶ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䛜౑⏝䛥䜜䛶䛛䜙䛿䚸䛣䛾᪂ᘧ䛾㏻ヂ䛻ᑐᛂ䛩䜛カ⦎䜒ᚲせ䛸䛺䛳䛯䚹䛣䛖䛧䛯≧ἣ䜢⫼ᬒ䛻䚸1930 ᖺ௦䛛䜙 1940 ᖺ௦ึ㢌䛻䛛䛡䛶䝗䜲䝒䛾䝬䞁䝝䜲䝮䠄䛾䛱䛻䝝䜲䝕䝹䝧䝹䜽䛻⛣㌿䠅䚸䝆䝳䝛䞊䝤䚸䜴䜱䞊䞁䛺䛹䛾኱Ꮫ䛷㏻ヂ⪅䠄䛚䜘䜃⩻ヂ⪅䠅㣴ᡂ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛜๰タ䛥䜜䛯䚹㻌 1945ࠥ1946 ᖺ䛾䝙䝳䝹䞁䝧䝹䜽⿢ุ䛷ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䛜ᮏ᱁ⓗ䛻౑⏝䛥䜜䚸䛭䛾ᐇ⾜ྍ⬟ᛶ䛸ຠ⋡ᛶ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ㄆ㆑䛜㧗䜎䜚䚸ᅜ㐃䛺䛹䛷ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䛜ጞ䜎䜛䛸䚸఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛾㣴ᡂ䛻䜒ᢿ㌴
107

䛄㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲䛅No.12 (2012)䛜䛛䛛䛳䛯䚹ⴭྡ䛺㏻ヂ⪅䛜⮬䜙䛾⤒㦂䛻ᇶ䛵䛝䚸㏻ヂᐇ㊶䛾䝝䞁䝗䝤䝑䜽䠄Herbert, 1952䠅
䜔㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛾䝜䞊䝖䞉䝔䜲䜻䞁䜾䛻㛵䛩䜛ᩍᮏ (Rozan, 1956/2003) 䜢ห⾜䛧䚸1957 ᖺ䛻䛿䝟䝸➨୕኱Ꮫ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ㧗➼Ꮫ㝔䠄ESIT䠅䛸䝟䝸㏻ヂ⩻ヂ㧗➼Ꮫ㝔䠄ISIT䠅䛜タ❧䛥䜜䛯䚹
㻌 1953 ᖺ䛻䛿఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛾ᅋయ䛷䛒䜛ᅜ㝿఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅༠఍䠄AIIC䠅䛜⤖ᡂ䛥䜜䚸ປാ᮲௳䛻㛵䛩䜛ᇶ‽䜢ᥦ♧䛧䛯䚹AIIC 䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛿኱Ꮫ㝔䛷఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛻䜘䛳䛶᪋䛥䜜䜛䜉䛝䛺䛹䛾䛂䝇䜽䞊䝹䞉䝫䝸䝅䞊䛃䜢ᡴ 䛱ฟ 䛧䚸䛣䜜䛜ᙜ ᫬ 䛾㏻ ヂ 䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛻ᙳ 㡪 䜢ཬ 䜌䛧䛯䠄Pöchhacker, ibid.䠅䚹䜎䛯䚸1960 ᖺ䛻㏻ヂ䠄䛚䜘䜃⩻ヂ䠅⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䜟䜛኱Ꮫ䛜㞟䜎䜚䚸᝟ሗඹ᭷䛺䛹䜢┠ⓗ䛸䛧䛶ᅜ㝿⩻ヂ㏻ヂ኱Ꮫ㐃ྜ䠄CIUTI䠅䜢⤖ᡂ䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䚸EU ᣑ኱䜔䜾䝻䞊䝞䝹໬䛾㐍⾜䜢⫼ᬒ䛻䚸Ḣᕞ䛷䛿⩻ヂ䜔㏻ヂ䛾Ꮫ఩䜢ᥦ౪䛩䜛኱Ꮫ䛜ቑຍ䛧⥆䛡䚸⌧ᅾ
170 ᰯ௨ୖ䛷Ꮫ㒊䜎䛯䛿኱Ꮫ㝔䝺䝧䝹䛾⩻ヂ㏻ヂ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛜㐠Ⴀ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛 2 䚹䜎䛯 2001
ᖺ䛻䛿䚸Ḣᕞጤဨ఍䛸Ḣᕞ㆟఍䛾ᨭ᥼䜢ཷ䛡䚸Ḣᕞ䛾኱Ꮫ 15 ᰯ䛛䜙ᡂ䜛䝁䞁䝋䞊䝅䜰䝮䛜Ḣ
ᕞ఍㆟㏻ヂಟኈ䠄European Masters in Conference Interpreting䠅䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䜢❧䛱ୖ䛢䛯䚹䛣䜜䛿 EU ᣑ኱䛚䜘䜃እ஺䛻䛸䜒䛺䛖㏻ヂ䝙䞊䝈䜈䛾ᑐᛂ䜢ᢸಖ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾䜒䛾䛷䚸≉䛻䚸኱Ꮫ㛫䝁䝷䝪䝺䞊䝅䝵䞁䜢㏻䛧䛶䚸Ꮫ⩦⪅䛾ᑡ䛺䛔ゝㄒ䛾఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻ຊ䜢ධ䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 ⡿ᅜ䛷䛿䚸1949 ᖺ䝆䝵䞊䝆䝍䜴䞁኱Ꮫ䛷䝣䝷䞁䝇ㄒ䞉䝗䜲䝒ㄒ䞉ⱥㄒ㛫䛾⩻ヂ㏻ヂ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛜㛤タ䛥䜜䛯䚹ᣦ᥹䜢䛸䛳䛯䛾䛿䝙䝳䝹䞁䝧䝹䜽⿢ุ䛸ᅜ㐃䛻ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䜢ᑟධ䛧䛯䛣䛸䛷▱䜙䜜䜛䝗䝇䝍䞊䝖䠄Leon Dostert䠅䛰䛳䛯䠄䛭䛾ᚋ㛢㙐䠅䚹䜎䛯䚸1968 ᖺ䛻䛿䝰䞁䝖䝺䞊ᅜ㝿኱Ꮫ䠄MIIS䠅䛜⩻ヂ䞉㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾ಟኈㄢ⛬䜢タ⨨䛧䛯䚹⌧ᅾ䚸⡿ᅜ䛷఍㆟㏻ヂ䛾䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䜢᭷䛩䜛䛾䛿 MIIS 䛰䛡䛰䛜䚸䝇䝨䜲䞁ㄒ䞉ⱥㄒ㛫䛾ἲᘐ㏻ヂ䜔་⒪㏻ヂ䛾ಟኈྕ䜎䛯䛿ಟ஢ド䜢ᥦ౪䛩䜛኱Ꮫ䛿 10 ᰯ௨ୖ䛒䜛䚹ⱥㄒ䛸䝣䝷䞁䝇ㄒ䜢බ⏝ㄒ䛸䛩䜛䜹䝘䝎䛷䛿䚸㐃㑥㆟఍䛷ാ䛟୧ゝㄒ㛫䛾఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䜢㣴ᡂ䛩䜛ಟኈㄢ⛬䛜䜸䝍䝽኱Ꮫ䛷㐠Ⴀ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 㡑ᅜእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ䛷䛿 1979 ᖺ䜰䝆䜰ึ䛾㏻ヂಟኈㄢ⛬䛜๰タ䛥䜜䛯䚹㡑ᅜ䛷䛿䚸఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛸䛧䛶ᕷሙ䛷ᶵ⬟䛩䜛䛻䛿㏻ヂಟኈྕ䛜ᚲせ䛸䛔䛖ㄆ㆑䛜䛒䜚䚸኱Ꮫ䛜㏻ヂ䛾᩷᪕ᴗົ䜒⾜䛖䠄㔠 2008䠅䚹⌧ᅾ䚸኱Ꮫ㝔䝺䝧䝹䛷䛾㏻ヂ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䜢᭷䛩䜛኱Ꮫ䛿 10 ᰯ௨ୖ䛒䜛䚹୰ᅜ䛷䛿䚸1978 ᖺ䚸ᅜ㐃䛸୰ᅜᨻᗓ䛜ඹྠ䛷ᅜ㐃㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䝁䞊䝇䜢㛤タ䛧䚸䛣䜜䛜䚸
1994 ᖺ䛻໭ிእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ⩻ヂ㏻ヂ኱Ꮫ㝔䜈䛸Ⓨᒎ䛧䛯䚹୰ᅜ䛾ᅜ㝿ⓗάືᣑ኱䛻䛸䜒䛺䛖㏻ヂ⪅㟂せ䛾ᛴቑ䜢⫼ᬒ䛸䛧䚸2000 ᖺ䚸୰ᅜ䛾኱Ꮫ䛷ⱥㄒᑓᨷᏛ㒊⏕䛻㏻ヂ䝁䞊䝇ᒚಟ䛜⩏ົ䛵䛡䜙䜜䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸2007 ᖺ䛻ᨻᗓ䛜⩻ヂ㏻ヂಟኈྕ䜢ṇᘧ䛻ㄆྍ䛩䜛䛸䚸⩻ヂ㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛂䝤䞊䝮䛃䛜ᕳ䛝㉳䛣䜚䚸⌧ᅾ⣙ 150 ᰯ䛜኱Ꮫ㝔䝺䝧䝹䛷䛾㏻ヂ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䜢ᥦ౪䛧䛶䛔䜛
䠄e.g. Wang & Mu, 2009䠅䚹㤶䛸ྎ‴䛷䛿 1980 ᖺ௦䛛䜙኱Ꮫ㝔䝺䝧䝹䛾⩻ヂ㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛜ጞ䜎䜚䚸⌧ᅾ䛷䛿䛭䜜䛮䜜 4 ᰯ䚸6 ᰯ䛜㏻ヂಟኈㄢ⛬䜢᭷䛩䜛䚹ྎ‴䛾୺せ኱Ꮫ㝔㏻ヂ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛾㛵 ಀ ⪅䛿䚸㏻ ヂ ᅜ ᐙ ヨ 㦂 䛾స ᡂ䜔ホ ౯ ᇶ ‽ タ ᐃ 䛻䜒㛵 ୚䛧䛶䛔䜛䠄Liu & Chiu,
2009䠅䚹ୖཎ䠄2008䠅䛻䜘䜛䛸䚸䝍䜲䛷䛿ᚑ᮶䛛䜙኱Ꮫᩍဨ䛜㏻ヂ⩻ヂᴗົ䜢ㄳ䜟䜜䛯䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸኱Ꮫ䛜㏻ヂ⩻ヂ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛾ᥦ౪ᶵ㛵䛚䜘䜃ᩍ⫱䛾ሙ䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹2007 ᖺ䛻䛿䝍䜲ึ䛾㏻ヂಟኈㄢ⛬䛜タ⨨䛥䜜䛯䚹

108᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䛩䜛୍⪃ᐹ

4. ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ䛾⫋ᴗ໬䛸㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ㻌 Ḣ⡿䛾㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛜⤌⧊ⓗ䛺㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻ྲྀ䜚⤌䜣䛷䛔䛯➨஧ḟ኱ᡓᚋ䛾᫬ᮇ䚸᪥ᮏ䛷䛿༨㡿㌷⤫἞䜔᚟⯆ດຊ䛺䛹ከ᪉㠃䛷㏻ヂ஦㇟䛜Ⓨ⏕䛧䛶䛔䛯䚹䛭䛾䠍䛴䛜ᮾி⿢ุ
䠄1946 ᖺࠥ48 ᖺ䠅䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ䛷䚸Ṋ⏣䠄2008䠅䛿䛣䜜䜢᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛఍㆟㏻ヂ䛾ඛ㥑ⓗฟ᮶஦䛸䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹㏻ヂ䛻ᦠ䜟䛳䛯䛾䛿እົ┬⫋ဨ䜔୍⯡䛾᪥ᮏேᩘྡ䛷䚸ṇᘧ䛺㏻ヂカ⦎䜢ཷ䛡䛺䛔䜎䜎䛷䛾௵ົ䛰䛳䛯䚹䝙䝳䝹䞁䝧䝹䜽⿢ุ㏻ヂ⪅䛾୍㒊䛜ᅜ㐃䛺䛹䛷䛾ྠ᫬㏻ヂ
䛾☜❧䜔኱Ꮫ䛷䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䜟䛳䛯䠄Gaiba, 1998; Baigorri-Jalón, 2004䠅䛾䛸䛿␗䛺䜚䚸ᮾி⿢ุ䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛜ุỴᚋ䜒୺䛯䜛௙஦䛸䛧䛶㏻ヂάື䜢⥆䛡䚸᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛఍㆟㏻ヂ䛾☜❧䛻㈉⊩䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹㻌 㫽㣫䠄2007䠅䛻䜘䜛䛸䚸᪥ᮏᅜෆ䛷ึ䜑䛶ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䜢ヨ䜏䛯䛾䛿䚸༨㡿㌷ᮏ㒊䛻䛚䛔䛶⮬ᕫὶ䛷䜴䜱䝇䝟䞊㏻ヂ䜢ጞ䜑䛯すᒣ༓䛷䚸すᒣ䛿┦㤿㞷㤶䛸䛸䜒䛻ᅜ㝿఍㆟䠄1950 ᖺ䝇䜲䝇䠅䛷䛾ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䜢᭱ึ䛻ヨ䜏䛯᪥ᮏே䛷䜒䛒䜛䚹䛭䛾௚䛻䜒᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⫋䛾☜❧䛻㛵䜟䛳䛯ே䚻䛜䛔䛯䚹1955 ᖺ䛛䜙ᗈᓥ䛷㛤䛛䜜䛯ཎỈ⇿⚗Ṇୡ⏺኱఍䛷ẖᖺྠ᫬㏻ヂ䜢䛧䛯኱Ꮫ⏕䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱䜰䜔䚸 ྠ᫬ᮇ䚸䛂᫛࿴䛾㐵၈౑䛃䛸࿧䜀䜜䛯᪥ᮏ⏕⏘ᛶᮏ㒊ᾏእどᐹᅋ䛻ྠ⾜䛧䛯㏻ヂ⪅䛯䛱䛰䠄ᑠᯇ 2003; 㫽㣫 2007䠅䚹䛭䛾୰䛻䛿⡿ᅜົ┬䛻䜘䜛⡆␎ⓗ䛺㏻ヂ
カ⦎䜢⡿ᅜ䛷ཷ䛡䛯⪅䜒䛔䛯䛜䠄ibid.䠅䚸䜋䛸䜣䛹䛿≉ู䛺㏻ヂカ⦎䜢ཷ䛡䜛䛣䛸䛺䛟䚸⮬↛⊂⩦ᆺ䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛰䛳䛯䛸ゝ䛘䜛䚹1950 ᖺ௦䛻Ḣᕞ䛷఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛾ඛ㥑⪅䛜㏻ヂ⪅䛚䜘䜃㏻
ヂᚿᮃ⪅ྥ䛡䛻ᩍᮏ䜢ⴭ䛧䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸᪥ᮏ䛷䜒䚸1961 ᖺ䛻⌧ᙺ㏻ヂ⪅䛜⮬䜙䛾㏻ヂ⤒㦂䛻ᇶ䛵䛝䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾㈨㉁䜔ᚰᵓ䛘䜢グ䛧䛯ᮏ䠄⚟஭䞉ὸ㔝 1961䠅䜢ห⾜䛧䛯䚹㻌 ୍᪉䚸㏻ヂ䛾㟂せቑ䛻ᛂ䛘䜛䛯䜑䛾㏻ヂカ⦎䜒ጞ䜎䛳䛯䚹1964 ᖺᮾி䜸䝸䞁䝢䝑䜽䛻ྥ䛡䛯
㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䜟䛳䛯䛾䛿ᅜ㝿ᇶ╩ᩍ኱Ꮫ䛾ᩧ⸨⨾ὠᏊ䠄⡿኱Ꮫ䛾䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁༤ኈྕྲྀᚓ⪅䠅䛷䚸኱Ꮫ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛷䛿᪥ᮏึ䛰䛳䛯䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䚹䛣䛾᫬ᮇ䚸᪥ᮏ䛾㧗ᗘ⤒῭ᡂ㛗䜢⫼ᬒ䛻㏻ヂ㟂せ䛜⇿Ⓨⓗ䛻ቑຍ䛧䚸1965 ᖺ㡭䛛䜙㏻ヂ䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊䛜⏕䜎䜜䚸䛭䛾୰䛻䛿㏻ヂ⪅⮬䜙䛜タ❧䛧䛯఍♫䜒䛒䛳䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸1965 ᖺ䛻᪥⡿఍ヰᏛ㝔䛾୰䛻᪥ᮏึ䛾䛂ྠ᫬㏻ヂ⛉䛃䛜๰タ䛥䜜䚸ISS 䛿 1966 ᖺ䛻㏻ヂ䝇䜽䞊䝹䜢❧䛱ୖ䛢䛯䚹ᣦᑟ䜢ົ䜑䛯䛾䛿⌧ᙺ㏻ヂ⪅䛰䛳䛯䚹1969 ᖺ䜰䝫䝻᭶㠃╔㝣䛾䝔䝺䝡୰⥅䛷ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛㛵ᚰ䛜㧗䜎䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻㏻ヂᚿᮃ⪅䛜ቑຍ䛧䚸䛥䜙䛻 1970 ᖺ኱㜰୓༤䜢ጞ䜑䛸䛩䜛ྛ✀䜲䝧䞁䝖䜔ᅜ㝿఍㆟䛷䛾㏻ヂ䝙䞊䝈䛜ᛴቑ䛧䛯䛣䛸䜒䛒䜚䚸㏻ヂ䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊䛜⮬䜙䛾㏻ヂ⪅䜢☜ಖ䛩䜛䛯䜑䚸䜎䛯ᩍ⫱䝡䝆䝛䝇䛸䛧䛶䚸㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂᴗົ䛻䜒✚ᴟⓗ䛻ᦠ䜟䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯䠄బ⸨
2004䠅䚹䝃䜲䝬䝹䞉䜲䞁䝍䞊䝘䝅䝵䝘䝹䛿 1975 ᖺ䛻䛂఍㆟㏻ヂᩍᐊ䛃䜢❧䛱ୖ䛢䚸1980 ᖺ䛻䛿ᮏ᱁ⓗ䛺㏻ヂᏛᰯ䛻Ⓨᒎ䛥䛫䛯䚹(௨ୖ䛾ヲ⣽䛿ᑠᯇ䠄2003䠅䚸బ⸨(2004)䚸᪥ᮏ㏻ヂ༠఍䠄2007䠅䛺䛹䜢ཧ↷䚹)㻌 ୖグ䛾䜘䛖䛻᪥ᮏᅜෆ䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛿୺䛻Ẹ㛫䛾㏻ヂᏛᰯ䛜≌ᘬ䛧䛶䛝䛯䛜䚸ᾏእ䛻䛚䛡䜛᪥ᮏㄒ㛵ಀ䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛷䛿኱Ꮫ䛾Ꮡᅾ䜢↓ど䛷䛝䛺䛔䚹ඛ㥑⪅䛾 1 䛴䛿 ESIT 䛷䚸
1970 ᖺ௦䛛䜙᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ṇㄢ䛸䛧䛶ᢅ䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸㇦ᕞ䜽䜱䞊䞁䝈䝷䞁䝗኱Ꮫ䚸MIIS䚸ⱥᅜ䝞䞊䝇኱Ꮫ䛷䛿᪥ⱥ㛫㏻ヂ䛾ಟኈㄢ⛬䛜䛭䜜䛮䜜 1982 ᖺ䚸1985 ᖺ䚸1996 ᖺ䛻๰タ䛥䜜䛯䚹(⌧ᅾ䚸䝞䞊䝇኱䛾᪥ⱥ㏻ヂ䝁䞊䝇䛿㛢㙐୰䚹) ௚䛻䜒䚸㇦ᕞ䛷䛿䝰䝘䝅䝳኱Ꮫ䚸䝬䝑䝁䞊䝸䞊109䛄㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲䛅No.12 (2012)኱Ꮫ䚸䝙䝳䞊䝃䜴䝇䜴䜵䞊䝹䝈኱Ꮫ䚸ⱥᅜ䛷䛿䝸䞊䝈኱Ꮫ䛺䛹䛷኱Ꮫ㝔䝺䝧䝹䛾᪥ⱥ㏻ヂ䝁䞊䝇䛜ᥦ౪䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㡑ᅜ䛷䛿㡑ᅜእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ䚸᲍ⰼዪᏊ኱Ꮫ䜢䛿䛨䜑䛸䛩䜛 7 ᰯ䛷㡑᪥
㛫䛾㏻ヂಟኈㄢ⛬䛜䛒䜚䚸୰ᅜ䛷䛿䚸໭ிእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ䛺䛹ᩘ༑ᰯ䛷୰᪥㛫䛾㏻ヂಟኈㄢ⛬䛜タ⨨䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 䛣䛣䛷㖭グ䛧䛶䛚䛟䜉䛝䛣䛸䛿䚸ᐇ䛿᪥ᮏᅜෆ䛷䜒㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛷㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛜᪋䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛
Ⅼ䛰䚹2005 ᖺ᪥ᮏ㏻ヂᏛ఍ဨ䛜ᐇ᪋䛧䛯ㄪᰝ䠄ᰁ㇂௚ 2007䠅䛻䜘䜛䛸䚸㏻ヂ㛵㐃䛾ᤵᴗ䛜㛤ㅮ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛኱Ꮫ䞉኱Ꮫ㝔䛿 105 ᰯ௨ୖ䛒䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ⱥㄒᩍ⫱䛾୍㒊䛸䛧䛶䛾ᤵᴗ䛜䜋䛸䜣䛹䛷䚸㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻ྥ䛡䛯ᑓ㛛ᩍ⫱䜢ᥦ౪䛧䛶䛔䜛኱Ꮫ䛿ᑡ䛺䛔䚹᪥ᮏ䛷ึ䜑䛶኱Ꮫ㝔䝺䝧䝹䛷䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䜢❧䛱ୖ䛢䛯䛾䛿䚸኱ᮾᩥ໬኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔⤒῭Ꮫ◊✲⛉䛾㏆⸨ṇ⮧䛷䚸1995 ᖺ䛾䛣䛸䛰䛳䛯䚹AIIC ఍ဨ䛷䜒䛒䜛㏆⸨䛿Ḣ⡿䛾㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛷⾜䜟䜜
䛶䛔䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䜔㏻ヂ◊✲䛻ゐⓎ䛥䜜䚸㏻ヂᏛ఍䜔㏻ヂಟኈㄢ⛬䛾๰タ䛻⮳䛳䛯䛸䛔䛖䠄Kondo, 2009䠅䚹2000 ᖺ䛻䛿ᅜㄒᑂ㆟఍䛜኱Ꮫ䞉኱Ꮫ㝔䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅䛚䜘䜃㏻ヂ◊✲⪅㣴ᡂ䛾ᮃ䜎䛧䛥䛻ゝཬ䛧䠄㫽㣫 2001䠅䚸䛭䛾ᚋ䚸⚄ᡞዪᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ䛜 2002 ᖺ䛻䚸ᮾிእᅜㄒ
኱Ꮫ䛜 2004 ᖺ䛻ⱥㄒ㏻ヂ䛾ಟኈㄢ⛬䝁䞊䝇䜢タ⨨䛧䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸2012 ᖺ䛻䛿⚄ᡞᕷእᅜㄒ
኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ಟኈㄢ⛬䛻㏻ヂ⩻ヂ㡿ᇦ䛜㛤タ䛥䜜䛯䚹2013 ᖺ䛻䛿᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫ䛾᪂タ኱Ꮫ㝔
䛷㏻ヂᐇ⩦䛾ᤵᴗ䛜㛤ㅮ䛥䜜䜛ணᐃ䛷䛒䜛䚹ᑡ䛧䛪䛴䛷䛿䛒䜛䛜䚸኱Ꮫ㝔䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛜᪥ᮏ䛷䜒ᗈ䛜䜚䛴䛴䛒䜛䜘䛖䛰䚹5. ⪃ᐹ㻌 ௨ୖ䚸㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾୺䛺ᢸ䛔ᡭ䛻䛴䛔䛶᪥ᮏ䛸ㅖእᅜ䛾≧ἣ䜢ㄝ᫂䛧䚸䛭䛾ᕪ␗䜢᫂䜙䛛䛻䛧䛯䚹䛣䛣䛷䛿䚸䛺䛬䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺㐪䛔䛜⏕䛨䜛䛻⮳䛳䛯䛛䜢Ṕྐ䞉♫఍䞉ᩥ໬ⓗ䝁䞁䝔䜽䝇䝖䛻↷䜙䛧䛺䛜䜙ศᯒ䛩䜛䚹
5.1 AIIC䛂䝇䜽䞊䝹䞉䝫䝸䝅䞊䛃㻌 䜎䛪䚸఍㆟㏻ヂ䛻ᚲせ䛺䝇䜻䝹䛾ᣦᑟ䜔఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛾⤌⧊ⓗ㣴ᡂ䛜ᚲせ䛰䛸ㄆ㆑䛥䜜䛰䛧䛯 1920ࠥ1930 ᖺ௦䛾Ḣᕞ䛷䚸኱Ꮫ䛜䛭䛾ཷ䛡─䛻䛺䛳䛯䛾䛿䚸ᣦᑟ䛻㛵䜟䛳䛯఍㆟㏻ヂ
⪅⮬㌟䛜Ꮫ⪅䛷䛒䜚䚸኱Ꮫ䛷ᩍ㠴䜢䛸䛳䛯⤒㦂䜢᭷䛧䛯䛣䛸䛜⫼ᬒせᅉ䛾䠍䛴䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛰䜝䛖䚹౛䛘䜀䚸䝆䝳䝛䞊䝤኱Ꮫ䛷㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䜟䜚䚸๓㏙䛾㏻ヂᩍᮏ䜢ห⾜䛧䛯䜶䝹䝧䞊
䝹䠄Jean Herbert䠅䛿䚸ᮾὒဴᏛ䛾ᑓ㛛ᐙ䛷䝣䝷䞁䝇ㄒ䛾ᩍᤵ䜢ົ䜑䛯⤒㦂䛜䛒䛳䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸䝟䝸ㅮ࿴఍㆟᫬䛾ఏㄝⓗ㏻ヂ⪅䛷䛒䜛䝬䞁䝖䞊䠄Paul Mantoux䠅䛿ṔྐᏛ⪅䛷䚸䛾䛱䛻䝆䝳䝛䞊䝤䛷ᅜ㝿㛵 ಀ኱ Ꮫ㝔䛾タ❧䛻㛵䜟䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾௚ 䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛯䛱䜒㧗Ꮫ Ṕ ⪅䛜ከ䛛䛳䛯䠄e.g.
Roland, 1999; Baigorri-Jalón, 2004䠅䚹ᐇ㝿䚸ᑡ䛧᫬㛫䛿⤒㐣䛧䛶䛔䜛䛜䚸1946 ᖺ䚸ᅜ㐃䛷ึ䜑䛶ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䜢ヨ䜏䛯 20 ྡ䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛾䛖䛱䚸7 ྡ䛿༤ኈྕྲྀᚓ⪅䛷䚸ಟኈྕྲྀᚓ⪅䜒ᩘྡ䛚䜚䚸䠕ྡ䛿኱Ꮫᩍᤵ䛰䛳䛯䠄Baigorri-Jalón, ibid.䠅䚹ᅜ㝿⯙ྎ䛷ᡓᚋฎ⌮䛾஺΅䜔እ஺ၥ㢟䛻䛴䛔䛶㏻ヂ䛩䜛䛻䛿㧗䝺䝧䝹䛾ᩍ㣴䜔ᑓ㛛▱㆑䛜ᚲせ䛷䚸እ஺ᐁྠᵝ䚸㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛿ᙜ↛㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛷⾜䛖䜉䛝䛸䛔䛖⪃䛘䛻ᇶ䛵䛝䚸኱Ꮫ䛷䛾ᩍṔ䜢ᣢ䛴㏻ヂ⪅䛜୰ᚰ䛸䛺䛳䛶䚸኱Ꮫ䜢ᣐⅬ䛸䛧䛯㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛜ጞ䜎䛳䛯䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䚹
110᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䛩䜛୍⪃ᐹ㻌 䛣䛾䛂㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛿኱Ꮫ䛷䛃䛸䛔䛖⌮ᛕ䜢ᐃ╔䚸ቑᖜ䛥䛫䛯䛾䛿 AIIC 䛜 1957 ᖺ䛻Ⓨ⾲䛧䛯䛂䝇䜽䞊䝹䞉䝫䝸䝅䞊䛃䛰䚹䛣䛾䝫䝸䝅䞊䜢㏻䛧䛶 AIIC 䛿㏻ヂカ⦎䛜እᅜㄒᩍ⫱䛸␗䛺䜛䛣䛸䜢ᙉㄪ䛧䚸㑅ᢤᏛ⏕䜢ᑐ㇟䛸䛧኱Ꮫ㝔䛷⌧ᙺ㏻ヂ⪅䛜カ⦎䜢᪋䛩䛸䛔䛖ᇶ‽䜢タ䛡䚸䛣䛾ᇶ‽䜢‶䛯䛩䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䜢ㄆド䛩䜛௙⤌䜏䜢స䛳䛯䠄Pöchhacker, 2011䠅䚹䛭䜜䜖䛘䚸AIIC 䛾Ꮡᅾឤ䛜ᙉ䛔Ḣᕞ䜔ᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵බ⏝ㄒ䛾㛵ಀᅜ䛷䛿䚸䛣䛾䝫䝸䝅䞊䛜㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䝅䝇䝔䝮䛾ᙧᡂ䛻ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䛯䛸ゝ䛘䜛䚹⌧ᅾ䚸AIIC 䛿ୖグ䛾ㄆドไᗘ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛶䛚䜙䛪䚸㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛾ᢸᙜ⪅䛜 AIIC 䛾䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖ㄪᰝ䛻⮬୺ⓗ䛻ᅇ⟅䛧䚸䛭䛾᝟ሗ䛜䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ୖ䛷බ㛤䛥䜜䜛௙⤌䜏 3 䛻⛣⾜䛧䛯䚹䛭䜜䛷䜒䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖ㄪᰝ䛻ཧຍ䛷䛝䜛䛾䛿௨ୗ䛾ᇶ‽ 4 䜢‶䛯䛩䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛾䜏䛷䚸᪥ᮏ䛾䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊䛜⤒Ⴀ䛩䜛䜘䛖䛺ၟᴗⓗ㏻ヂᏛᰯ䛿ᑐ㇟እ䛷䛒䜛䚹䞉㻌 ኱Ꮫ㝔䝺䝧䝹䛾Ꮫ⏕䛾䜏䜢ᑐ㇟䛸䛩䜛䚹䞉㻌 䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛾㛤ጞ๓䛒䜛䛔䛿᪩䛔ẁ㝵䛷㐺ᛶヨ㦂䜢⾜䛖䚹䞉㻌 ᩍဨ䛿఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䚹䞉㻌 䜹䝸䜻䝳䝷䝮䛻䛿㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䚸ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䛾୧᪉䛜ྵ䜎䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䞉㻌 カ⦎ᮇ㛫䛿ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒 2 Ꮫᮇ䠄1 ᖺ䠅䚹䛣䛾 5 㡯┠䛿఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛾䝧䝇䝖䝥䝷䜽䝔䜱䝇䛾ᇶᮏ㡯┠䛸䛧䛶 AIIC 䛜 2010
ᖺ䛻Ⓨ⾲䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛭䛾௚䛻䜒䚸AIIC 䛿䛂ᩍᖌ䛿┠ᶆゝㄒ䛾ẕㄒヰ⪅䠄౛䛘䜀᪥ⱥ㏻
ヂ䛾䜽䝷䝇䛿ⱥㄒ䛾ẕㄒヰ⪅䛜ᩍ䛘䜛䠅䛃䛂䜹䝸䜻䝳䝷䝮䛻䛿⌮ㄽ䚸⫋ົ័⾜䛚䜘䜃೔⌮䛻㛵䛩䜛ᤵᴗ䜢ྵ䜑䜛䛃䛂᭱⤊ヨ㦂䛿බ㛤䛷እ㒊䛾㏻ヂ⪅䜒ᑂᰝ䛻ຍ䜟䜛䛃䛺䛹䚸䝧䝇䝖䝥䝷䜽䝔䜱䝇䛾᥎ዡ㡯┠ 5 䜢ᥦ♧䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䛭䜜䜙䛾㡯┠䛻࿧ᛂ䛩䜛ᙧ䛷䚸ୖグ䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖ㄪᰝ䛾ᅇ⟅䛜
AIIC 䛾䜴䜵䝤䝃䜲䝖ୖ䛻ᥖ㍕䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 䝫䜵䝠䝝䝑䜹䞊䠄Pöchhacker, ibid.䠅䛿䚸኱Ꮫ䞉኱Ꮫ㝔䛷㏻ヂ⪅䜢㣴ᡂ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾䝥䝺䝇䝔䞊䝆䛸♫఍ⓗᆅ఩䛻䛸䛳䛶㔜せ䛰䛸㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䚹AIIC 䛾䜘䛖䛺⫋ᴗᅋయ䛜䚸ᑗ᮶䛾ᵓᡂဨ䛸䛺䜛㏻ヂ⪅䛾㣴ᡂ䛻㛵୚䛧䜘䛖䛸䛩䜛䛾䛿䚸ᑓ㛛⫋䛾ከ䛟䛷ぢ䜙䜜䜛≉ᚩ䛾䠍䛴䛸⪃䛘䛶䜒䜘䛔䛰䜝䛖䚹ᑓ㛛⫋䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䛂䝥䝻䝣䜵䝑䝅䝵䞁䛾♫఍Ꮫ䠄Sociology of Professions䠅䛃䛷ከᵝ䛺㆟ㄽ䛜䛥䜜䛶䛝䛯(䛭䛾㉳※䛚䜘䜃 20 ୡ⣖䛻䛚䛡䜛ᒎ㛤䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿 Abbott (2002)䛺䛹
䜢ཧ↷)䚹䛭䛾୰䛷䚸䛂䝥䝻䝣䜵䝑䝅䝵䞁䛃䛸䛔䛖ᴫᛕ䛜ᅜ䜔ᩥ໬䛻䜘䛳䛶␗䛺䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸䛭䛾ᐃ⩏䜢୍䛴䛻☜ᐃ䛩䜛䛾䛿୙ྍ⬟䛒䜛䛔䛿㠀⏕⏘ⓗ䛸䛔䛖ㄆ㆑䛜⏕䜎䜜䛯䛜䚸ᑓ㛛⫋䛸ぢ䛺䛥䜜䜛⫋ᴗ䛻ඹ㏻䛩䜛≉ᚩ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿ᑓ㛛▱㆑䚸኱Ꮫ㝔䝺䝧䝹䛾Ꮫ఩䚸ᅜᐙ㈨᱁ヨ㦂䚸⫋ᴗᅋ య 䚸 ⫋ ົ ೔ ⌮ 䚸 ฼ ௚ ᛶ 䚸 ⮬ ᚊ ᛶ 䚸 ≉ ᶒ 䚸 ♫ ఍ ⓗ ᆅ ఩ 䛺 䛹䛜 ᣦ ᦬ 䛥 䜜䛶 䛔䜛䠄 e.g. ᫬ ஭
2002; Vallas et al., 2009䠅䚹Ḣᕞ䛻䛚䛡䜛ึᮇ䛾఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛚䜘䜃 AIIC 䛜䚸ᅜ㐃䛺䛹䛾䜽䝷䜲䜰䞁䝖䜔♫఍䛻ᑐ䛧䚸⮬䜙䛾⫋ᴗ䛾ᑓ㛛ᛶ䜔せ௳䜢㞟ᅋⓗ䛻⾲᫂䛧䛯䛣䛸䛿䚸䛒䜛ព࿡䚸඾ᆺⓗ䛺ᑓ㛛⫋ᙧᡂ䝥䝻䝉䝇䛻๎䛳䛯䜒䛾䛸ゝ䛘䜛䚹⫋ᴗᅋయタ❧䛾┠ⓗ䛿ᵓᡂဨ䛾♫఍ⓗᆅ఩䜢☜ಖ䞉ಖㆤ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䜒䛒䜛䚹㏻ヂ⫋䛜䚸ධᏛヨ㦂䛷ཝ㑅䛥䜜䚸㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛷ᑓ㛛▱㆑䞉ᢏ⬟䜢 1 ᖺ௨ୖ䛻ཬ䜆カ⦎䛻䜘䛳䛶య⣔ⓗ䛻⩦ᚓ䛧䚸༞ᴗヨ㦂䛸䛔䛖㛵㛛䜢䛟䛠䜚䛼䛡䛯⪅䛜฿㐩䛷䛝䜛⫋ᴗ䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢୺ᙇ䛩䜜䜀䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ᑓ㛛⫋䛸䛧䛶䛾ᆅ఩䛾♫఍ⓗㄆ▱䛚䜘䜃⥔ᣢ䛻䛴䛺䛜䜛䚹䛭䛾ព࿡䛷䛾䝇䜽䞊䝹䞉䝫䝸䝅䞊䛰䛳䛯䛸⪃䛘䛶䜒䜘䛔䚹111

䛄㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲䛅No.12 (2012)

㻌 AIIC ఍ဨ䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜ᚲ㡲䜎䛯䛿᭷฼䛸䛺䜛㏻ヂ⪅㞠⏝䛾≧ἣ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢⪃䛘䜛䛸䚸AIIC䛾ᙳ㡪ຊ䛜ᙉ䛔䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛Ḣᕞ䜔ᅜ㐃බ⏝ㄒ䛾㛵ಀᅜ䛷䛿䚸AIIC ᥎ዡ䛾䛂኱Ꮫ㝔䝺䝧䝹䛷
䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛃䛸䛔䛖ᴫᛕ䛾ㄆ▱ᗘ䛜㧗䛟ᐇ᪋౛䜒ከ䛔䛸䛔䛖ㄝ᫂䛜ྍ⬟䛰䚹䛱䛺䜏䛻䚸2012ᖺ 7 ᭶⌧ᅾ AIIC ఍ဨ 6 䛾ከ䛔ᅜ䛿䚸䝣䝷䞁䝇䠄400 ྡ䠅䚸䝧䝹䜼䞊䠄347䠅䚸䝇䜲䝇䠄293䠅䚸䝗䜲䝒
䠄287䠅䚸䜲䝍䝸䜰䠄170䠅䚸⡿ᅜ(164)䚸ⱥᅜ(128)䚸䜹䝘䝎(123)䛺䛹䛷䚸䛣䜜䜙䛾ᅜ䛷䛿㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ኱Ꮫ㝔䛜ᐇ㝿䛻Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䚹᪥ᮏᅜෆ䛾 AIIC ఍ဨ䛿 7 ྡ䛧䛛䛔䛺䛔䚹䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊䜈䛾ᡤ ᒓ 䛜㏻ ヂ ⪅ 䛾䛂㈨ ᱁ 䛃䜢ᐇ ㉁ ⓗ 䛻ព ࿡ 䛩䜛䛸䛥䜜䜛䠄బ ⸨ 2004䠅᪥ ᮏ 䛾㏻ ヂ ᕷ ሙ 䛷䛿䚸
AIIC ఍ဨ䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛾䝯䝸䝑䝖䛿ẚ㍑ⓗᑠ䛥䛔䛰䜝䛖䚹AIIC 䛾Ꮡᅾឤ䛜ᕼⷧ䛺䛾䛷 AIIC 䛜᥎ዡ䛩䜛䛂኱Ꮫ㝔䛷䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛃䛸䛔䛖ᴫᛕ䛻䜒䛒䜎䜚ὀព䛜ᡶ䜟䜜䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖ぢ᪉䜒䛷䛝䜘䛖䚹
5.2 㡑ᅜ䚸ྎ‴䚸୰ᅜ㻌㻌 䛭䜜䛷䛿䚸AIIC 䛾ᙳ㡪ຊ䛜Ḣᕞ䜋䛹ᙉ䛟䛺䛔䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛㡑ᅜ䠄఍ဨᩘ 8 ྡ䠅䚸ྎ‴䠄6䠅䚸୰ᅜ䠄30䠅䛷኱Ꮫ㝔䛜㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾୺䛺ᢸ䛔ᡭ䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䛺䛬䛰䜝䛖䛛䚹䜎䛪䚸1979 ᖺ䛻䜰䝆䜰ึ 䛾㏻ ヂ ⩻ ヂ ኱ Ꮫ 㝔 䛜๰ タ 䛥䜜䛯㡑 ᅜ እ ᅜ ㄒ ኱ Ꮫ 䛾≧ ἣ 䜢ぢ 䛶䜏䜘䛖䚹䝏䜵䞉䝸䝮䠄Choi & Lim, 2002䠅䛻䜘䜛䛸䚸㡑ᅜ䛷䛿 1980 ᖺ௦୰ᮇ䜎䛷እᅜ᪑⾜䛜ไ㝈䛥䜜䛶䛔䛯䛣䛸䜒䛒䜚䚸ᙜึ䛿ᑓ㛛⫋䛸䛧䛶䛾㏻ヂ⫋䛜☜❧䛥䜜䛶䛚䜙䛪䚸ᩍဨ䜒㏻ヂ⩻ヂ䛾ṇᘧ䛺カ⦎䜢ཷ䛡䛯䛣䛸䛾䛺䛔ゝㄒ䜎䛯䛿ᩥᏛ䛾ᑓ㛛ᐙ䜀䛛䜚䛰䛳䛯䚹䛭䛣䛷Ḣᕞ䛛䜙ᑓ㛛カ⦎䜢ཷ䛡䛯఍
㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛜ᣍ⪸䛥䜜䚸䛭䜜䛜䜹䝸䜻䝳䝷䝮䜔ᣦᑟἲ䛾ᙧᡂ䛻኱䛝䛺ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䚸㡑ᅜ䛾⤒῭ᡂ㛗䜢⫼ᬒ䛸䛧䚸䜎䛯䚸1980 ᖺ௦ᮎ䛻䛿 ESIT 䛺䛹䛷カ⦎䜢ཷ䛡䛯㡑ᅜே఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛜ẕᅜ䛻ᡠ䜚ᩍ㠴䜢䛸䛳䛯䛣䛸䛷ྠ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛿⦾ᰤ䛧䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸㡑ᅜᨻᗓ䛜㧗ᗘᑓ㛛⫋ேᮦ⫱ᡂ䛾୍⎔䛸䛧䛶䚸ྠ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛻Ⳙ኱䛺㈨㔠᥼ຓ䠄2 ᮇ䛻䜟䛯䜚䛭䜜䛮䜜ᩘ൨෇䛚䜘䜃⣙
10 ൨෇䠅䜢䛧䛯䠄㔠 2008䠅䛣䛸䜒㖭グ䛩䜉䛝䛰䚹䛭䛾⫼ᚋ䛻䛿䚸1988 ᖺ䛾䜸䝸䞁䝢䝑䜽䛸 1991 ᖺ
䛾‴ ᓊ ᡓத 䛷ᑓ㛛 ⫋䛸䛧䛶䛾㏻ ヂ ⪅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ㄆ ▱ᗘ 䛜㧗 䜎䛳䛯䛸䛔䛖≧ ἣ䛜䛒䜛䠄Choi &Lim, ibid.; 㔠 ibid.䠅䚹Ḣᕞ䛾㏻ヂ㣴ᡂἲ䛻ᙳ㡪䜢ཷ䛡䛯㡑ᅜእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ䛾㏻ヂ䠄⩻ヂ䠅኱Ꮫ㝔䛿䚸๓㏙䛧䛯 AIIC 䛾ㄆᐃ䜢䜰䝆䜰䛷၏୍ཷ䛡䛶䛔䛯䚸䜎䛯䜰䝆䜰䛷ึ䜑䛶 CIUTI 䛻ཧຍ䛧䛯䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛷䛒䜛 䠓 䚹ධᏛヨ㦂䛿㡑ᅜㄒ䛸ᑓᨷㄒ䜢ẕㄒ୪䜏䛻㐠⏝䛷䛝䜛⬟ຊ䜢ၥ䛖䜒䛾䛰䚹ⱥㄒ⛉䛾ᖹᆒ➇த⋡䛿⣙ 17 ಸ䠄2004ࠥ2008 ᖺ䠅䛷䚸ྠ኱Ꮫ㝔ཷ㦂䛻≉໬䛧䛯ணഛᰯ䜒Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䠄㔠 ibid.䠅䚹
㻌 ㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻䛚䛡䜛ᅜ㝿ⓗᐇ㊶䛾䛂㍺ධ䛃䛿ྎ‴䛷䜒ほᐹ䛷䛝䜛䚹୰ᅜ⣔䝟䝘䝬ே䛾䜰䝹䝩䝘䠙䝒䜵䞁䠄Etilvia Arjona-Tseng䠅䛿 1960 ᖺ௦䛻䝆䝳䝛䞊䝤኱Ꮫ䛷㏻ヂカ⦎䜢ཷ䛡䚸1970ᖺ௦䛻䝟䝘䝬䛸 MIIS 䛷⩻ヂ㏻ヂಟኈ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䜢ᣦ᥹䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䚸䝇䝍䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗኱Ꮫ䛷
㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䜹䝸䜻䝳䝷䝮䛻㛵䛩䜛ㄽᩥ䛷༤ኈྕ䜢ྲྀᚓ䛧䚸1987 ᖺྎ‴䛾㍜ோ኱Ꮫ䛷㏻ヂ⩻ヂ኱Ꮫ㝔䠄䜰䝆䜰䛷 2 ␒┠䠅䛾๰タ䛻㛵䜟䜚䚸1991 ᖺ䜎䛷㈐௵⪅䜢ົ䜑䛯䠄Arjona-Tseng,
2006䠅䚹㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䜢άື䛾ሙ䛸䛧䛶䛝䛯䜰䝹䝩䝘䠙䝒䜵䞁䛜ྎ‴䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛾ᇶ┙ᵓ⠏䛻㛵䜟䛳䛯䛣䛸䛷䚸䛂㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛿኱Ꮫ㝔䛷䛃䛸䛔䛖䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛜ྎ‴䛷䜒᰿䜢ୗ䜝䛧䛯䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䚹䛭䛾ṇᙜᛶ䜢ᨻᗓ䜒ㄆ▱䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛿䚸⌧ᅾ䚸㏻ヂ⪅ᅜᐙヨ㦂䛾❧᱌䜔ホ౯112᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䛩䜛୍⪃ᐹ䛻䛚䛔䛶㏻ヂ኱Ꮫ㝔㛵ಀ⪅䛜୺せ䛺ᙺ๭䜢ᯝ䛯䛧䛶䛔䜛䠄Liu & Chiu, 2009䠅䛣䛸䛻཯ᫎ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 ୰ᅜ䛾ሙྜ䛿䚸ᅜ㐃䛸ᨻᗓ䛾ᙳ㡪䛜኱䛝䛔䚹๓㏙䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸1979 ᖺ䛻ᅜ㐃䛸୰ᅜᨻᗓ䛜ඹྠ䛷㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䜢໭ி䛻タ❧䛧䛯䚹ᅜ㐃䛷䛾୰ᅜㄒ㏻ヂ⪅୙㊊䛜῝้䛺ၥ㢟䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䛯䛯䜑䛷䚸୰ᅜᨻᗓ䛜㛵୚䛧䛯䛾䛿䚸ᅜᐙ䛻ᛅㄔᚰ䜢ᣢ䛴㏻ヂ⪅䛾䜏䜢ᅜ㐃୰ᅜㄒ䝤䞊䝇䛻⨨䛝䛯䛔䛸䛔䛖ពᅗ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟䠄Baigorri-Jalón, 2004䠅䚹䛣䜜䛿䝋㐃᫬௦䛻䝻䝅䜰ㄒ㏻
ヂ⪅䛜䛩䜉䛶䝋㐃䛾㏻ヂᏛᰯฟ㌟⪅䛰䛳䛯≧ἣ䛸ྠ䛨䛰䠄ibid.䠅䚹ᅜ㐃䛜㛵୚䛧䛯䛣䛸䛷䚸ᅜ
㐃㏻ヂ⪅䛾ከ䛟䛜⤒㦂䛧䛯Ḣᕞᘧ䛾㏻ヂカ⦎䛜໭ி䛷䜒ᐇ᪋䛥䜜䛯䠄Bao, 2012䠅 8 䚹䛣䛾䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛜 1994 ᖺ䛻኱Ꮫ㝔䛷䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ㛤ጞ䛻䛴䛺䛜䜚䚸䛭䛾ᚋ 2007 ᖺ䛻ᨻᗓ䛜㏻ヂ⩻ヂಟኈྕ䜢ㄆྍ䛧䛶௨᮶䚸୰ᅜෆ䛾 150 ௨ୖ䛾኱Ꮫ㝔䛷㏻ヂ⩻ヂ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛜ㄌ⏕䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖≧ἣ䛻⮳䛳䛯䚹㻌
5.3 ᪥ᮏ㻌 ୍᪉䚸᪥ᮏ䛾ሙྜ䚸䛺䛬䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊୺ᑟ䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂయไ䛻䛺䛳䛯䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿బ⸨
䠄2004䠅䛻䜘䜛⪃ᐹ䛜䛒䜛䚹బ⸨䛻䜘䜛䛸䚸᪥ᮏ䛾㧗ᗘ⤒῭ᡂ㛗䛷㏻ヂ⪅䛾㟂せ䛜ᛴቑ䛧䚸㏻
ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛜༴ᛴ䛾ㄢ㢟䛻䛺䜚䚸䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊⮬䜙䛜㏻ヂ⪅䛾㣴ᡂ䜢ጞ䜑䛯䚹⮬♫䛷㣴ᡂ䛩
䜜䜀㏻ヂ⪅䛾౪⤥䝥䞊䝹䜢☜ಖ䛷䛝䚸䜎䛯Ꮫᰯ䛷ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䛯ཷㅮ⏕䛿䛭䛾䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊䛛䜙௙஦䜢ㄳ㈇䛖ᶵ఍䛜䛒䜚䚸୧⪅䛻䛸䛳䛶ᜠᜨ䛾䛒䜛௙⤌䜏䛜☜❧䛧䛯䛸䛔䛖䚹బ⸨䛿⥆䛡䛶䚸䛂฼┈㏣ồ୺య䛷䛒䜛䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊䛜䚸䝇䜽䞊䝹䜢タ❧䛧䚸㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䜢஦ᴗ䛸䛧䛶⾜䛳䛯䛛䜙䛣䛭䚸㏻ヂ⫋䛜ᡂ㛗䛧䚸㏻ヂ⏘ᴗ䛸䛧䛶ᣑ኱䛧䛶䛔䛳䛯㠃䜒䛒䜛䛃䠄p. 52䠅䛸䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䜢฼┈┠ⓗ䛾䝡䝆䝛䝇䛸䛧䛯䛣䛸䛷䚸኱Ꮫ䛺䛹䛾ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䜘䜚䜒䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊䛾᪉䛜㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻䛂⇕ᚰ䛃䠄ibid.䠅䛷䛒䜚䚸ᕷሙ䛸⤖䜃䛴䛝䛾䛺䛔኱Ꮫ䛭䛾௚䛾ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛷䛾
䜏㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䜢䛧䛶䛔䜜䜀䚸㏻ヂ⏘ᴗ䛜ᛴᡂ㛗䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿䛺䛛䛳䛯䛸బ⸨䛿㏙䜉䜛䚹㻌 ☜䛛䛻䚸ᛴቑ䛧䛯㏻ヂ⪅㟂せ䛻ᩄᤩ䛻ᑐᛂ䛷䛝䛯䛾䛿኱Ꮫ䛷䛿䛺䛟䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊䛰䛳䛯䛰䜝䛖䚹᫬ᮇ䛿⤒䜛䛜䚸1990 ᖺ௦ึ㢌䛻኱Ꮫ㝔䛷䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䜢ᶍ⣴䛧䛶䛔䛯㏆⸨䠄2010䠅䛿䚸䛭䛾ᙜ᫬䛂ㅖእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ䛷䛿䛄㏻ヂ䠄㏻ヂ⪅䛷䛿䛺䛔䠅䛾㣴ᡂ䛺䜣䛶䚸኱Ꮫ䛾䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䛿䛺䛔䛅䛸䛔䛖ែᗘ䛜୍⯡ⓗ䛷䛃䚸ᅜ❧኱Ꮫ䛾㛵ಀ⪅䛻䛿䛂⪥䜒㈚䛧䛶䜒䜙䛘䛺䛛䛳䛯䛃䛸ᅇ㢳
䛩䜛䠄p. 221䠅䚹㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛኱Ꮫഃ䛾↓㛵ᚰ䛥䛿䚸㏆⸨䠄Kondo, 2009䠅䛜♧၀䛩䜛䜘䛖䛻䚸᪥ᮏே䛾ⱥㄒヰ⪅䜔㏻ヂ⪅䛜♫఍ⓗ䛻ホ౯䛥䜜䛪䚸኱Ꮫᩍဨ䛜㏻ヂ⪅䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢㞃䛩䜘䛖䛺ഃ㠃䛜᪥ᮏᩥ໬䛻䛒䛳䛯䛣䛸䛸㛵ಀ䛩䜛䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔䚹䛥䜙䛻䚸ᐇົⓗ䝇䜻䝹䛿Ꮫၥ䛾ሙ䛷䛒䜛኱Ꮫ䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ᕷሙ䜔ᐇ㊶⪅䛾㏆䛟䛷⩦ᚓ䛩䜛䜒䛾䛰䛸䛔䛖ぢ᪉䛜᪥ᮏ䛷䛿୍⯡ⓗ䛰䛳䛯䛸䜒ゝ䛘䜛䛰䜝䛖䚹㻌 ᐇ㝿䚸䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊䛜⤒Ⴀ䛩䜛㏻ヂᏛᰯ䛷䛿⌧ሙ䛻┤⤖䛧䛯ᐇ㊶ⓗカ⦎䛜䛷䛝䛯䛣䛸䛿᥎䛷䛝䜛䚹⌧ᙺ䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛜ㅮᖌ䛸䛺䜚䚸⌧ሙ䛷⮬ศ䛜ྲྀ䜚⤌䜣䛰䝇䝢䞊䝏䛺䛹䜢ᩍᮦ䛻䛧䛯ᣦᑟ䜒䛺䛥䜜䛶䛝䛯䛰䜝䛖䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸฼┈㏣ồ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟䛂⇕ᚰ䛃䛥䠄బ⸨ 2004, p.52䠅䛾䛯䜑䛻䚸䛂䝥䝻䛸䛧䛶䝕䝡䝳䞊䛷䛝䜛䛾䛿䜋䜣䛾୍ᥱ䜚䛻㝈䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛃䠄᪂ᓮ 1996, p.59䠅䛻䜒㛵䜟䜙䛪䚸ཷㅮ⏕䜢ཝ㑅䛫䛪䛻䚸㏻ヂカ⦎䜢ጞ䜑䜛䛯䜑䛾ゝㄒ㐠⏝⬟ຊ䜔㐺ᛶ䛾䛺䛔ཷㅮ⏕䜢ཷ䛡
113

䛄㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲䛅No.12 (2012)ධ䜜䚸㏻ヂカ⦎䛾ྡ䛾ୗ䚸ᐇ㝿䛻䛿ㄒᏛຊᙉ໬୰ᚰ䛾ᤵᴗ䛻䛺䜛≧ἣ䜒䛒䛳䛯䛰䜝䛖䚹䛂カ⦎ᑐ㇟⪅䜢䛒䜛୍ᐃ䛾ゝㄒ㐠⏝⬟ຊ䜢ᣢ䛴⪅䛻㝈ᐃ䛩䜛䛃䛣䛸䛿ᚲせ䛰䛜䚸䛂Ẹ㛫䛾㏻ヂᏛᰯ䛷䛿䜒䛳䜁䜙䝡䝆䝛䝇ୖ䛾⌮⏤䛷䛣䜜䛜䛷䛝䛺䛔䛃䠄ᰁ㇂ 1996a, p.47䠅䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛰䚹䛭䛣䛻䛿䚸ཝ䛧䛔ධᏛ䞉༞ᴗヨ㦂䜢䛸䜒䛺䛖኱Ꮫ㝔䛷䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䜢୺ᙇ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶⮬䜙䛾⫋ᴗ䛾㧗ᗘ䛺ᑓ㛛ᛶ䜢♫఍ⓗ䛻ㄆ▱䛥䛫䜘䛖䛸䛩䜛 AIIC ⓗどⅬ䛿ぢᙜ䛯䜙䛺䛔䚹䛰䛛䜙䛣䛭䚸᪥ᮏ
䛾㏻ヂᏛᰯ䛿 AIIC 䛾䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖ㄪᰝ䛛䜙㝖እ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 బ⸨䠄2004䠅䛿䜎䛯䚸Ḣᕞ䛷䛿䚸㏻ヂ⫋䛿䛂බඹ㈈䛃䠄p.129䠅䛰䛸䛾ㄆ㆑䛻ᇶ䛵䛝኱Ꮫ䛜㏻ヂ
⪅䜢㣴ᡂ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛜䚸᪥ᮏ䛿㏻ヂᑓ㛛⫋䛾Ṕྐ䛜ẚ㍑ⓗὸ䛟䚸㏻ヂ䛾ᚲせᛶ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ㄆ㆑䛷Ṕྐⓗ✚䜏㔜䛽䛜୙༑ศ䛰䛸ㄽ䛨䜛䚹䛣䜜䛿ጇᙜ䛺ศᯒ䛰䜝䛖䛛䚹బ⸨䛿䛂බඹ㈈䛃䛾ᐃ⩏䜢᫂♧䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䛜䚸䜒䛧䛭䜜䛜ᨻᗓ䜔බඹ䛾฼┈䛾䛯䜑䛻ാ䛟䛣䛸䜢ព࿡䛩䜛䛾䛷䛒䜜䜀䚸᪥ᮏ䛷䜒ᨻᗓ㛵ಀ䛾௙஦䜢䛩䜛㏻ヂ⪅䛿Ꮡᅾ䛧䚸ᙼ䜙䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ㄆ㆑䛜ప䛔䛸ゝ䛔ษ䜜䜛ドᣐ䛿䛺䛔䚹᪥ᮏ䛻䛿䜸䝷䞁䝎㏻モ䛺䛹ᅜᐙ䛜⟶⌮䛩䜛䛂බඹ㈈䛃䛸䛧䛶䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䛯㐣ཤ䛜䛒䜛䚹ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒୰ᅜ䜔㡑ᅜ䜘䜚䜒㏻ヂάື䛜┒䜣䛺Ṕྐ䜢᭷䛧䚸䛭䜜䛜୧ᅜ䜘䜚䜒᪩䛟᪥ᮏ䛜㏆௦໬䜢㐙䛢䛯せᅉ䛾 1 䛴䛰䛸䛔䛖⪃䛘䜒䛒䜛䠄Choi & Lim, 2002䠅䚹䛔䛪䜜䛻䛧䛶䜒䚸䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊୺ᑟ䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛸䛔䛖௙⤌䜏䛜☜❧䛧䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯⌧ᅾ䚸኱Ꮫ㝔䛷䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛸䛔䛖ᴫᛕ䛜᪥ᮏ䛷ᾐ㏱䛩䜛䛾䛻䛿᫬㛫䛜䛛䛛䛳䛶䛔䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛰䜝䛖䚹㻌 ௨ୖ䚸㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾ᐇ᪋ᶵ㛵䛻㛵䛧᪥ᮏ䛸ㅖእᅜ䛾┦㐪Ⅼ䜢ศᯒ䛧䛶䛝䛯䚹ከゝㄒ䛷㐠Ⴀ䛩䜛ᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵䛾ㄌ⏕䜔Ḣᕞ⤫ྜ䚸᪥ᮏ䛾㧗ᗘ⤒῭ᡂ㛗䛺䛹Ṕྐⓗせᅉ䛜㔜せ䛺䛣䛸䛿ゝ䛖䜎䛷䜒䛺䛔䛜䚸ྛᕷሙ䛷㏻ヂ⫋ᙧᡂ䛾ཎືຊ䛸䛺䛳䛯ⲡศ䛡ⓗ఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛜䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺ᩍ⫱ⓗ⫼ᬒ䜔⫋ᴗⓗᚿྥ䜢᭷䛧䛶䛔䛯䛛䛸䛔䛖ಶே䝺䝧䝹䛾അⓎⓗ䛺せ⣲䜒㔜䜏䜢ᖏ䜃䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛻ᛮ䛘䜛䚹Ḣᕞ䛾ඛ㥑ⓗ఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛿㧗ᏛṔ䛾኱Ꮫ㛵ಀ⪅䛷䚸♫఍ⓗᆅ఩䜔䝥䝺䝇䝔䞊䝆䜢㔜ど䛧䚸ᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵䛷ാ䛟௚䛾ᑓ㛛⫋䛯䛱䛸ྠᵝ䛾ฎ㐝䜢ồ䜑䚸䛭䛾ᩥ⬦䛾୰䛷኱Ꮫ㝔䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䜢୺ᙇ䛧䛯䚹⡿ᅜ䚸㡑ᅜ䚸ྎ‴䛷䛿Ḣᕞ䛷㏻ヂカ⦎䜢ཷ䛡䛯఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛜ᕷሙ䛾Ⓨᒎ䜔㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾ඛᑟ⪅䛸䛺䛳䛯䚹୍᪉䚸ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏ䛾㧗ᗘ⤒῭ᡂ㛗䛷ᛴቑ䛧䛯㏻ヂ䝙䞊䝈䛻ᛂ䛘䛯ึᮇ䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛿䚸ṇᘧ䛺㏻ヂカ⦎䜢ཷ䛡䛯䜟䛡䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸኱Ꮫ䛾⎔ቃ䛸䜒䜋䛸䜣䛹↓㛵ಀ䛾ே䛯䛱䛰䛳䛯䠄㫽㣫 2007 䛺䛹䜢ཧ↷䠅䚹䛭䛾୰䛻䛿㏻ヂ⪅䛾ὴ㐵䛚䜘䜃㣴ᡂ䜢஦ᴗᶵ఍䛸ᤊ䛘䚸䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊୺ᑟ䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛸䛔䛖௙⤌䜏ᙧᡂ䛾㥑ືຊ䛸䛺䛳䛯ே䚻䜒䛔䛯䚹ඛ㥑ⓗ㏻ヂ⪅䛾䛣䛖䛧䛯ಶேⓗ⫼ᬒ䜔⫋ᴗⓗᚿྥ䛜䠍䛴䛾⫼ᬒせᅉ䛸䛺䜚䚸ㅖእᅜ䛸ẚ䜉䛶ၟᴗⓗᚿྥ䛜ᙉ䛔㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂయไ䛜᪥ᮏ䛷ᵓ⠏䛥䜜䛯䛸䛔䛖ㄝ᫂䜒ྍ⬟䛰䜝䛖䚹
6. ⤖䜃㻌 䛭䜜䛷䛿௒ᚋ䚸᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䚸䜎䛯ᗈ䛔ព࿡䛷䛾㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛾ሙᡤ䛻ኚ໬䛿ゼ䜜䜛䛰䜝䛖䛛䚹䜎䛪䚸40 ᖺ௨ୖ⥆䛔䛶䛝䛯䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊ᨭ㓄䛾㏻ヂ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀䚸䜎䛯䛭䛾୰䛻⤌䜏㎸䜎䜜䛯㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾௙⤌䜏䛻ᛴ㏿䛺ኚ໬䛜㉳䛣䜛䛸䛿⪃䛘䛻䛟䛔䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ㅖእᅜ䛻
䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾ᐇ㊶䜢ཧ↷䛩䜜䜀䚸Ẹ㛫䛾㏻ヂᏛᰯ䛷䛿䛺䛟኱Ꮫ㝔䛷㏻ヂ⪅䜢㣴ᡂ䛩䜛฼Ⅼ䛿᫂䜙䛛䛰䚹114

᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䛩䜛୍⪃ᐹ㻌 䜎䛪䚸㑅ᢤ䛥䜜䛯Ꮫ⏕䜢ᑐ㇟䛻 1 ᖺ䛺䛔䛧 2 ᖺ䛻ཬ䜆䜹䝸䜻䝳䝷䝮䛻ᚑ䛳䛯య⣔ⓗ㏻ヂᩍ⫱䠄䝇䜻䝹カ⦎䛰䛡䛷䛺䛟⫋ົ೔⌮䜔⌮ㄽ䛾ᣦᑟ䜢ྵ䜐䠅䛾ᥦ౪䜢┠ᣦ䛫䜛䚹➨ 2 䛻䚸㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛷䛾㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛸䛔䛖䛂ᅜ㝿ᶆ‽䛃䜢ᐇ㊶䛩䜜䜀䚸䛭䛾䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱䞊䛾୍ဨ䛸䛧䛶እᅜ䛾㏻ヂᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛸䛾஺ὶ䜔᝟ሗ஺᥮䛜䛧䜔䛩䛟䛺䜛䚹䠄ESIT 䛸஺ὶ䛾䛒䜛ᮾிእᅜㄒ኱
Ꮫ䛿䛭䛾౛䛷䛒䜛䚹䠅➨ 3 䛻䚸◊✲ᶵ㛵䛸䛧䛶䛾኱Ꮫ䛾ᙺ๭䛻↷䜙䛩䛸䚸◊✲䛾ሙ䛸ᩍ⫱䛾ሙ䛜┤⤖䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䚸㏻ヂカ⦎䛻㛵䛩䜛䝕䞊䝍䛾ධᡭ䛚䜘䜃◊✲⤖ᯝ䛾ᥦ౪䛸䛔䛖ព࿡䛷䚸┦஌ຠᯝ䛜ᮇᚅ䛷䛝䜛䚹➨ 4 䛻䚸኱Ꮫ㝔䛜㛵୚䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸ᑓ㛛⫋䛸䛧䛶䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛♫఍ⓗㄆ▱䛾ྥୖ䛻䛴䛺䛜䜛䚹᭱ᚋ䛻䚸኱Ꮫ㝔䛷㏻ヂカ⦎䜢ཷ䛡䛯༞ᴗ⏕䜢ᑐ㇟䛻䛧䛯䝸䜽䝹䞊䝖άື䜢⾜䛖ᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵䜔ከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ䛾䝙䞊䝈䜈䛾ᑐᛂ䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹౛䛘䜀䚸⡿ᅜᅾఫ௻ᴗ䛜᪥ᮏ䛾㏻ヂ⪅䜢᥇⏝䛧䜘䛖䛸䛩䜛ሙྜ䚸⡿ᅜ䛾ᑓ㛛⫋䝡䝄ྲྀᚓ䛻䛿ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒ಟኈྕ䛜ᚲせ䛺䛾䛷䚸ၥ䛔ྜ䜟䛫ඛ䛿ᚲ↛ⓗ䛻㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䜟䜛኱Ꮫ㝔䛸䛺䜛䚹኱Ꮫ㛵ಀ⪅䛜䛣䜜䜙䛾฼Ⅼ䜢ㄆ㆑䛧䚸✚ᴟⓗ䛻㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵୚䛩䜜䜀䚸᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛾㐍ᒎ䛻㈉⊩䛷䛝䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹ᐇ㝿䚸୺せ䛺㏻ヂᏛᰯ䛾 1 䛴䛷䛒䜛䝃䜲䝬䝹䜰䜹䝕䝭䞊䛾๰タ䛻㛵䜟䜚䚸௒䛷䜒䛭䛣䛷ᩍ㠴䜢䛸䜛ᑠᯇ㐩ஓ䜒㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻䛚䛡䜛኱Ꮫ䛾ᙺ๭䜢ㄆ㆑䛧䚸䛂䜟䛜ᅜ䛾ᅜ㝿άື䜢ᨭ䛘䜛㏻ヂ䛸䛔䛖኱ษ䛺⫋ᴗ䛾㛗ᮇⓗⓎᒎ䛾䛯䜑䛻䜒䚸୺せ䛺ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛸䛧䛶䛾኱Ꮫ䛜䛣䛾ศ㔝䛷䜘䜚኱䛝䛺ᙺ๭䜢ᯝ䛯䛩䛣䛸䛜ᮃ䜎䜜䜛䛃䠄ᑠᯇ 2003, p.174䠅䛸㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 ᑓ㛛⫋䛸䛧䛶䛾㏻ヂ䛚䜘䜃኱Ꮫ㝔䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛾ព⩏䜢ᨻᗓ䛜ㄆ▱䛧(㫽㣫 2001)䚸
ᑵ⫋䛻┤⤖䛩䜛ᐇົᣦྥ䛾䜹䝸䜻䝳䝷䝮䜔䛂䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁ຊ䛃㔜ど䛾ⱥㄒᩍ⫱䛜᪥ᮏ䛾኱Ꮫ䛷᥎㐍䛥䜜䜛ഴྥ䛾䛒䜛⌧ᅾ䚸኱Ꮫ㝔䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛸䛔䛖䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛿㏣䛔㢼䜢ཷ䛡䛶䛔䜛䛸䜒ゝ䛘䜛䚹㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻ྲྀ䜚⤌䜐᪤Ꮡ䛾኱Ꮫ㝔䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛜䛣䜜䛛䜙ᐇ⦼䜢✚䜏ୖ䛢䛶䛔䛡䜀䚸㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ㄆ㆑䛜㧗䜎䛳䛶䛔䛟䛰䜝䛖䚹㻌 ௒ᚋ䛾୺せ䛺᳨ウㄢ㢟䛸䛧䛶䛿䚸Ꮫ㒊䝺䝧䝹䛻䛚䛡䜛䛂㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛃䛾ព⩏䛸ᙺ๭䛾ぢᴟ䜑䠄✄⏕䞉ᰁ㇂ 2005 䛺䛹䜢ཧ↷䠅䚸㏻ヂカ⦎䛸ㄒᏛᙉ໬カ⦎䛾༊ู䠄ᰁ㇂ 1996b 䛺䛹䜢ཧ↷䠅䚸
㏻ヂᩍဨ䛾㣴ᡂ䚸኱Ꮫ䛸䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊䛸䛾༠ຊ䛺䛹䛜⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸኱Ꮫ䛜◊✲䛸ᩍ⫱
ᐇ㊶䛾୧㠃䛷௒䛷䜒ඛᑟⓗᙺ๭䜢ᯝ䛯䛫䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛾䛒䜛ศ㔝䛸䛧䛶䛿䚸䜶䞊䝆䜵䞁䝅䞊䛜䛒䜎䜚㛵ᚰ䜢ᡶ䜟䛺䛔䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛බඹ䝃䞊䝡䝇㛵ಀ䜔䚸᪥ᮏ䛷೔⌮つᐃ䜔㈨᱁ヨ㦂䛺䛹䛜䜎䛰☜❧䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔ἲົ䞉་⒪㏻ヂ䛺䛹䛜䛒䜛䛰䜝䛖䚹௨ୖ䛾㡯┠䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿ᮏ✏䛾⥆⦅䛷ヲ⣽䛺⪃ᐹ䜢䛩䜛ணᐃ䛷䛒䜛䚹.........................................................
䛆ⴭ⪅⤂௓䛇㻌
Ṋ⏣⌃௦Ꮚ䠄TAKEDA Kayoko䠅❧ᩍ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔␗ᩥ໬䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁◊✲⛉ᩍᤵ䚹୺䛺◊✲ศ㔝䛿⩻ヂ㏻ヂ䛾♫఍䞉Ṕྐ䞉ᩍ⫱䞉䝔䜽䝜䝻䝆䞊ⓗഃ㠃䚹ⴭ᭩䛻䛄ᮾி⿢ุ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ䛅䚸ヂ᭩䛻䛄⩻ヂ⌮ㄽ䛾᥈ồ䛅䠄A䞉䝢䝮ⴭ䠅䛺䛹䚹........................................................

115䛄㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲䛅No.12 (2012)䛆ト䛇㻌
1. 䛂 ㏻ ヂ ᩍ ⫱ 䛃 䛸 䛿 䚸 ㏻ ヂ ⪅ 䝁 䞁 䝢 䝍 䞁 䝇 䛾 ᾰ 㣴 䜢 ㏻ 䛧 䛶 Ꮫ ⏕ 䛾 ♫ ఍ ໬ 䝥 䝻 䝉 䝇 䜢 ᨭ ᥼ 䛩 䜛䠄Sawyer, 2004䠅䛸䛔䛖୰᰾㒊ศ䛻ຍ䛘䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ᐇ㊶䜔♫఍ⓗᙺ๭䛻ᑐ䛩䜛⌮ゎ䜢୍⯡䛻ಁ䛩ၨⵚⓗഃ㠃䜢ໟྵ䛩䜛䜒䛾䛸➹⪅䛿ᤊ䛘䛶䛔䜛䚹
2. ヲ⣽䛿 Translator-training Observatory䠄http://isg.urv.es/tti/tti.htm䠅䜢ཧ↷䚹䠄2012 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 25
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3. 4. 5. ヲ⣽䛿 http://aiic.net/page/3420 䠄AIIC 䜴䜵䝤䝃䜲䝖䠅䜢ཧ↷䚹䠄2012 ᖺ䠓᭶ 25 ᪥䠅
6. ヲ⣽䛿 http://aiic.net/directories/interpreters 䠄AIIC ఍ဨྡ⡙䠅䜢ཧ↷䚹䠄2012 ᖺ䠓᭶ 25 ᪥䠅
7. ヲ⣽䛿 http://builder.hufs.ac.kr/user/hufsenglish/gra_2.jsp䠄ྠ኱Ꮫ㝔ⱥㄒ∧䜴䜵䝤䝃䜲䝖䠅 䜢ཧ↷䚹䠄2012 ᖺ䠓᭶ 25 ᪥䠅
8. ྠ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮 1 ᮇ⏕䛾 1 ே䛷⌧ᅾ MIIS ᩍᤵ䛾 Chuanyun Bao 䛸䛾 E 䝯䞊䝹䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁䚹
䠄2012 ᖺ 7 ᭶䠅䛆ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩䛇㻌
Bergerot ఀ⸨ᏹ⨾ (2005)㻌 䛂すḢ఍㆟㏻ヂᑠྐ䛃㻌 䛄㏻ヂ◊✲䛅 5: 255-260.
⚟஭἞ᘯ䞉ὸ㔝㍜ (1961)㻌 䛄ⱥㄒ㏻ヂ䛾ᐇ㝿íึṌ䛛䜙ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䜎䛷í䛅 ◊✲♫✄⏕⾰௦䞉ᰁ㇂Ὀṇ (2005)㻌 䛂㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛾᪂䛧䛔䝟䝷䝎䜲䝮í␗ᩥ໬䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁䛾どⅬ䛻❧䛳䛯㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛾䛯䜑䛾ヨㄽ䛃䛄㏻ヂ◊✲䛅㻌 5: 73-109.
㔠 㟼 ឡ (2008) 㻌 䛂 㡑 ᅜ 䛻 䛚 䛡 䜛 ㏻ ヂ ⩻ ヂ ᩍ ⫱ ࠥ 㡑 ᅜ እ ᅜ ㄒ ኱ Ꮫ ㏻ ヂ ⩻ ヂ ኱ Ꮫ 㝔 䛾 ሙ ྜ 䛃㻌 㻌
䛄㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲䛅㻌 8䠖355-370.
ᑠᯇ㐩ஓ (2003)㻌 䛄㏻ヂ䛾ⱥㄒ㻌 ᪥ᮏㄒ䛅㻌 ᩥ᫓᪂᭩ᑠᯇ㐩ஓ (2005)㻌 䛄㏻ヂ䛾ᢏ⾡䛅㻌 ◊✲♫㏆⸨ṇ⮧ (2010)㻌 䛂኱ᮾᩥ໬኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔䛾㏻ヂ䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮í䛭䛾⌮ᛕ䚸䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䞉䝕䝄䜲䞁䚸ᐇ㊶í䛃㻌 䛄㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲䛅㻌 10䠖219-230
᪥ᮏ㏻ヂ༠఍⦅ (2007)㻌 䛄ᨵゞ᪂∧㻌 ㏻ヂᩍᮏ㻌 ⱥㄒ㏻ヂ䜈䛾㐨䛅㻌 ኱ಟ㤋᭩ᗑ኱す ẚబ ௦ (2007)㻌 䛂Ụᡞ᫬ ௦䛾㏻ ヂ⪅ ᩍ⫱ ㄽ䠖㞵᳃ ⰾὪ䛾ᴗ⦼䜢୰ ᚰ 䛻䛃㻌 䛄ㄽ㞟䛅 54(1):37-50.㻌 ⚄ᡞዪᏛ㝔኱Ꮫబ⸨䛒䛪䛥 (2004) 䛄᪥ᮏ㏻ヂ⏘ᴗ◊✲䛅㻌 ᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫ༤ኈᏛ఩ㄽᩥ
[Online] http://dspace.wul.waseda.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2065/488㻌 䠄2012 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 25 ᪥䠅ᰁ ㇂ Ὀ ṇ (1996a)㻌 䛂᪥ ᮏ 䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ ヂ ⪅ カ ⦎ 䛾ၥ 㢟 Ⅼ 䛸㏻ ヂ カ ⦎ 䛻ᚲ せ 䛺ㄒ Ꮫ ຊ 䛾ᇶ ♏ 䛃㻌
䛄㏻ヂ⌮ㄽ◊✲䛅㻌 10 (6:1): 46-58.
ᰁ㇂Ὀṇ (1996b)㻌 䛂㏻ヂカ⦎ᡭἲ䛸䛭䛾୍⯡ㄒᏛᏛ⩦䜈䛾ᛂ⏝䛻䛴䛔䛶䛃㻌 䛄㏻ヂ⌮ㄽ◊✲䛅㻌
11 (6:2䠅: 27-44.
ᰁ㇂Ὀṇ䞉ᩧ⸨⨾࿴Ꮚ䞉㭯⏣▱ెᏊ䞉⏣୰῝㞷䞉✄⏕⾰௦ (2005)㻌 䛂䜟䛜ᅜ䛾኱Ꮫ䞉኱Ꮫ㝔䛻䛚
䛡䜛㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛾ᐇែㄪᰝ䛃䛄㏻ヂ◊✲䛅 5: 285-310.
Ṋ⏣⌃௦Ꮚ (2008)㻌 䛄ᮾி⿢ุ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ䛅 䜏䛩䛪᭩ᡣ⏣୰῝㞷䞉✄⏕⾰௦䞉ἙཎΎᚿ䞉᪂ᓮ㝯Ꮚ䞉୰ᮧᖾᏊ(2007)㻌 䛂㏻ヂ䜽䝷䝇ཷㅮ⏕䛯䛱䛾ព㆑ㄪ
ᰝࠥ2007 ᖺᗘᐇ᪋䞉㏻ヂᩍ⫱ศ⛉఍䜰䞁䜿䞊䝖䜘䜚䛃㻌 䛄㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲䛅㻌 7: 253.
⏣୰῝㞷 (2008)㻌 䛂ᇶ♏ⓗ䛺㏻ヂカ⦎䜈䛾 L2 䝸䝇䝙䞁䜾䞉䝇䜻䝹䛾ᑟධ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛃㻌 䛄㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲䛅㻌 8: 57.
᫬஭⪽ (2002)㻌 䛄ᑓ㛛⫋ㄽ෌⪃䛅 Ꮫᩥ♫116᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䛻㛵䛩䜛୍⪃ᐹ㫽㣫⋪⨾Ꮚ (200䠍)㻌 䛂➨ 22 ᮇᅜㄒᑂ㆟఍⟅⏦䛻ぢ䜛㏻ヂ䛚䜘䜃㏻ヂᩍ⫱䛃㻌 䛄㏻ヂ◊✲䛅㻌 1:
126-135.
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