Part 1 CCT Classifications
Environmental Technologies

Efforts to reduce CO2 emissions[1] Reduction of CO2 generation by enhancing coalutilization efficiency,[2] Control of CO2 emissions generated through direct
coal burning by utilizing the carbon component in coalfor material production, and[3] Underground CO2 sequestration and storage bydecomposing and capturing CO2 contained in flue gas.
Japan also promotes the reduction of CO2 emissions
through international cooperation using the Kyoto
Mechanisms.

The Kyoto Protocol, which requires Japan to reducegreenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide and alternative CFCs, by 6
percent from the 1990 level between 2008 and 2012,
came into effect on February 16, 2005.
Among these global warming gases, carbon dioxide(CO2) has the greatest impact on the environment. To
reduce emissions of CO2, Japan, with the most highly
advanced clean coal technologies in the world, ispromoting further technological developments, including:
Projection of improvement of generation efficiency

Energy-derived CO2 emission trend in Japan

Source: The Institute of Applied Energy

Source: General Energy Statistics of Japan (2004 edition)

A-IGFC up to65%

2.55

1300.01280.0A-IGCC 1700oC-class
GT 57%

A-IGCC 1500oC-class GT 53%

55

IGFC 55%5045

IGCC 1500oC-class
GT wet gas cleaning 46%
IGCC demonstration
unit 1200oC-classIGCC
A-PFBC 1300oC-class GT 46%
GT dry gas cleaning 40.5%
1500oC-class
GT dry gas cleaning 48%

4020002010
2020
Year of commercialization

2030

2.50
1260.01251.71240.02.45

1220.02.40
1200.01180.02.35

2.351160.0Co-production

Gas engine/GT &DME synthesis

Methane gas

CBM collection

BoilerPower
Synthetic fuel(DME, GIL)

CO2 storage in coal seamPower for consumers
and transportation

CO2Gasification
Synthetic gas(H2, CO)CO-shift,
CO2 separation &collection

Source: IEO 2005

H2 fuel cells,
stationary fuel cells

H2 separation &refining

Nitrogenous fertilizer,
engineering plastic

Ammonia synthesis,
methanol synthesis
Chemical

CO2 capture and sequestration
Transportation
Land: liquefied CO2 pipelines
Marine: liquefied CO2 transport ships

1990

2001

2002

2010

2015

2020

2025

4,989

5,692

5,751

6,561

6,988

7,461

7,981

Canada

473

573

588

681

726

757

807

Western Europe

3,413

3,585

3,549

3,674

3,761

3,812

3,952

Russia

2,347

1,553

1,522

1,732

1,857

1,971

2,063

China

2,262

3,176

3,322

5,536

6,506

7,373

8,133

India

583

1,009

1,025

1,369

1,581

1,786

1,994

Japan

990

1,182

1,179

1,211

1,232

1,240

1,242

U.S.

Fuel cells

H2

BiogasCO2 emissions in major countries (million tons)

Power plants,automobiles, etc.

FT synthesis,
DME synthesis

Methane gas

Separation and capture
Chemical absorption
Physical adsorption
Membrane separation
Oxygen burning

2.25
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
YearSTGT

CoalPretreatment

CO2 emissions/real GDP

1120.0Power,
synthetic fuelFC

Coal seam

1140.0IGCC/IGFC

City gas

2.30

CO2 emissions

Source: JCOAL Journal, First issue

CO2 emissions/GDP (t- CO2/million yen)

60
CO2 emissions (million t- CO2)

Power generation efficiency [%]65

World total 21,460 24,072 24,409 30,201 33,284 36,023 38,790

Capture and Sequestration
Underground: aquifer,coal seam
Ocean: dissolution, diffusion,
hydride (on the sea floor)

CO2 emissions per generated power unit in major countries
Source: Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan

CO2 fixation and CH4 collection
in coal seams

Power plants（kg-CO2/kWh）0.7Transportation
Injection

0.6

CO2 separation and capture(flue gas decarburization)

0.58

0.5
CH4 collection

Bore hole

Bore hole

0.46

0.47

0.43
0.39

0.4

CH4 utilization

0.3
CH4 replacement

0.21

0.2

CO2 fixation

0.1
Coal seam

00.06
U.S.

Germany

U.K.

France Canada

Italy

Japan

（2003）（2003）（2003）（2003）（2003）（2003）（2003）

11Clean Coal Technologies in Japan

Coal preparation technologies

Flue gas treatment technologies

Reducing sulfur oxide emissions during coal utilization is an
important environmental conservation challenge. Coal
preparation is an environmental control technology that removes
iron pyrite particles that may be a source of ash content or
sulfur oxides before coal is used.

Emission reduction technology to remove dust, sulfur oxides, andnitrogen oxides has been developed by treating and combusting
flue gas from coal combustion through a superior process design.
Flue gas desulfurization
unit schematic diagram

Flue gas denitration
unit schematic diagram

Electrostatic precipitator
schematic diagram

NH3(Ammonia)
NO XNO XElectrodeNO X

NH 3

NO X

NH 3NO X

NO X

Clean gas(to stack)

NO X

NH 3

DC high voltage

NH 3NO X

Pump

Catalyst

Discharge
electrode
Collectedcoal ash
Collecting
electrode

Mixed liquid oflimestone and water
H 2O

N2
N2

Flue gas

H 2O
N2

H 2O
H 2O

N2

GypsumFlotation machine

Pump

GypsumFlue gas (from boiler)

Electrostatic precipitator
Flue gas containing ash and dust passes between twoelectrodes that are charged by a high voltage current. The
negatively charged ash and dust are attracted toward anddeposited on the cathode. The ash and dust deposited on thecathode are tapped periodically, and are collected in the lower
section of the electrostatic precipitator and then subsequentlyremoved. The principle is the same as the phenomenon where
paper and dust adhere to a celluloid board electrostaticallycharged by friction.
Flue gas desulfurizer
Limestone is powderized to prepare a water-based mixture(limestone slurry). The mixture is injected into the flue gas toinduce a reaction between the limestone and the sulfur oxides
in the flue gas to form calcium sulfite, which is further reactedwith oxygen to form gypsum. The gypsum is then separated asa product.
Flue gas denitrizer
Ammonia is injected into the flue gas containing nitrogenoxides. The gas mixture is introduced to a metallic catalyst (asubstance which induces chemical reactions). The nitrogenoxides in the flue gas undergo catalyst-induced chemicalreactions, causing them to decompose into nitrogen and water.

Heavy media cyclone

Sludge coal collection and dehydration technologies
Coal preparation leaves an effluent containing pulverized coal.
Releasing the effluent into rivers and streams without treatment
may cause environmental problems. To resolve the issue, and toalso make effective use of this resource, a high-efficiency
sludge coal collection and dehydration technique is now underdevelopment.

Effluent thickener

Reaction formulae

4NO + 4NH3 + O2Dehydrator

4N2 + 6H2O

(Nitrogen(Ammonia)monoxide)(Nitrogen gas)

6NO2 + 8NH3
(Nitrogen dioxide)

Effective coal ash utilization technologies

7N2 + 12H2O(Nitrogen gas)

Ash generated during coal combustion can be effectively used
as a raw material for cement and other products. The use of ash
for multiple purposes is under study.
Effective use of coal ash from power generation or general industries in Japan (FY2003)
Source: Survey report on actual usage of coal ash in Japan (JCOAL)

Emissions of SOx and NOx per generated power in major countries
Source; The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan（g/kWh）
4.5(Thermal power plants)

4.0

3.9

3.7

SOxNOx

3.5
3.0

2.6

2.5
2.0

2.0 2.0
1.7

1.5

1.5
1.0
0.50

Cement raw material
5,876 70.1%
OtherFertilizer, soil improvements, etc.
663
7.9%
172 2.1%
Other building
Other 7.9%
materials 19 0.2%
Agriculture, forestry Total 8,380
and fishery 2.1%
(thousand tons)
Building material
Construction 4.7%
boards 377 4.5%
CementCivil work
75.5%
Civil work materials,
9.8%
etc. 216 2.6%
Road and base
Cement admixture 308 3.7%
materials 160 1.9%
Concrete admixture 143 1.7%

0.7 0.6

1.9
1.7

0.7
0.2 0.3

U.S. Germany U.K. France Canada Italy(2002) (2002) (2002) (2002) (2002) (2002)

Coal mine filler
204 2.4%

Japan(2004)

12Ground improvements 242 2.9%