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J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
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  *Di#erence in N Transformations in Various Types of Soils,
and E#ect of Applied Organic Materials on N Dynamics
Takashi NISHIO* National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region, . Akahira,Shimo-kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate *,*ῌ*+32, Japan
Abstract
Di#erence in N transformations in . types of soils, and e#ect of applied organic materials on N
transformations were investigated in experiments using +/N as a tracer.

The rates of nitriﬁcation

and N immobilization were conspicuously di#erent by the soil types, and the total amount ofimmobilized N in each soil was predictable by using the rates of nitriﬁcation and immobilization
determined by the incubation experiments.
The organic materials such as dried hog feces and wheat straw enhanced N immobilization by
microorganisms, which resulted in depressing N absorption by crops as well as mitigating the riskof nitrate leaching.

It was demonstrated quantitatively that combined use of chemical fertilizer

and organic materials did not always diminish the amount of nitrate leaching due to comparatively large amount of applied N in comparison with the sole application of chemical fertilizer.
Key words : N immobilization, Nitriﬁcation, +/N, soil type, organic materials

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Nishio, T. and Fujimoto, T. (+33*) : Kinetics of nitriﬁc-!"#$%&'()

ation of various amounts of ammonium added to *+,-./0123 456789

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soils. Soil Biol. Biochem., ,, : /+ῌ//.

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Bergstrom, L. and Brink, N. (+320) : E#ects of di#erentiated applications of fertilizer N on leachinglosses and distribution of inorganic N in the soil.
Plant and Soil, 3- : ---ῌ-./.

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Nishio, T. and Oka, N. (,**-) : E#ect of organic matter
application on the fate of +/N-labeled ammonium

de Willigen, P. (+33+) : Nitrogen turnover in the soil
crop system ; comparisons of fourteen simulation models. Fertilizer Research, ,1 : +.+ῌ+.3.
Jenkinson, D.S. and Parry, L.C. (+323) : The nitrogen
cycle in the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment : afertilizer in an upland soil. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.,.3 : -31ῌ.*-.

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model for the turnover of nitrogen through the

Nishio, T., X. Li and Komada, M. (,**,) : Comparison

soil microbial biomass. Soil Biol. Biochem., ,+ :of fate of nitrogen applied to . di#erent kinds of/-/ῌ/.+.

soils with particular reference to denitriﬁcation.

Maeda, M., Zhao B., Ozaki Y. and Yoneyama, T. (,**-) :Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. .2 : -*1ῌ-+-.

Nitrate leaching in an Andisol treated withPreston, C.M. (+32,) : Availability of residual fertiliz-

di#erent types of fertilizers. Environmental Pol-er nitrogen immobilized as clay-ﬁxed ammoni-lution, +,+ : .11ῌ.21.

um and organic N. Can. J. Soil Sci., 0, : .13ῌ.20.

McLaren, A.D. (+31*) : Temporal and vectoral reac-

Robertson, G.P., Huston, M.A., Evans, F.C. and Tiedje,

tions of nitrogen in soil. Can. J. Soil Sci., /* : 31ῌ

J.M. (+322) : Spatial variability in a successional+*3.

plant community : Patterns of nitrogen mineral-

McLaren, A.D. (+31+) : Kinetics of nitriﬁcation in soil :growth of the nitriﬁers. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.,gy, 03 : +/+1ῌ+/,..
Trehan, S.P. (+330) : Immobilisation of +/NH. in three-/ : 3+ῌ3/.

KLMNῌOPization, nitriﬁcation, and denitriﬁcation. Ecolo-

Q R,**.S : TUVUW*+XY

Z[\]^_`-*+ab cdefghijkZ[lmnop Zqr 1/ : ./3ῌ.0/.

soils by chemical and biological processes. Soil
Biol. Biochem., ,2 : +*,+ῌ+*,1.
Vereecken, H., Jansen, E. J., Hack-ten Broeke, M. J.D.,

Mueller, T., Jensen, L.S., Nielsen, N.E. and Magid, J.

Swerts,M., Engelke, R., Fabrewitz, S. and Hansen,(+332) : Turnover of carbon and nitrogen in a

S. (+33+) : Comparison of simulation results ofsandy loam soil following incorporation ofﬁve nitrogen models using di#erent data sets. In

chopped maize plants, barley straw and blue

Soil and Groundwater Research Report II (CEC

grass in the ﬁeld. Soil Biol. Biochem., -* : /0+ῌ/1+.

+33+).

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J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
 -(
No. +*,, p. +3 -* ,**0

   *Water Flow and Nitrate Leaching in an Andisol Field
Sadao EGUCHI** National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences,
Kannondai -ῌ+ῌ-, Tsukuba, Ibaraki -*/ῌ20*.

T{)/ NO- "#ῌwC-=UV+      [~0X* "" \K]0 !|Y ^_`[ 0Xo Iz/a0X

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20

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Daily precipitationand the changes inthe daily averagestorage water todepths of +** and-* cm during theperiod of +33/ῌ+333.

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6 +** cm ¬­0® s+33/'+333  ¡ ¬­0® ¢£ ¤B   *'+** { | * ' -* cm¬ ­0®6¯S
OQ0°U±E²³´ µl¶´ C¨©ª«7s¡Fig. , Daily average pressure potentials at
depths of 3* and++* cm and volumetric water content at a depth of+** cm during theperiod of +33/ῌ+333.

ihf±²³´µ : ¶·LF ]E3 ¸ S¹º»!¼ῌῌ-Fig. -@A/&HIJKLMS&;< +333  .  ,-  ,/  P  &   D m &HIJKLM S *+**Z, *+** cm Ft  D p &;< t A8/(R tiDp, tDpSE, tnP  tnDp  77 Dp
2 + mm T X /( D p 2¡¢£SE ¤Dp¥ T X /( A2¦$ /(;<2¦$ /(T>
Cumulative amounts of the matrix ﬂow
and the preferential ﬂow across a depthof + m during and shortly after a heavy
rain event.

23

ῌῌ.

@A/ ῌ- efghijk Y3*  Y++*  77 Z, 3*   ++* cm  e  f g h i j kJ3*++* Z, 3*++* cm §(
T$ r+¨ῌ+ ῌ, ῌ-  
77 - R©ª$ «¬h­®¯°>3

Fig. .

Changes in the pressure potentials andthe hydraulic gradient during theheavy rain event shown in Fig. -.

Z, + m Tbc3;< Z, + m defg
hijk ῌ. 2lmno 2* cm 0 .
@2,*+/ cm FG pqrR=s

6

6S Z, + m dFt2uvwT =>30
 ῌ.  ? NO 6STU> >xy $,.-, mm+   !"#$ %;<z%2uvwR S>7{  =|&'  ῌ/ ()*+,- Z, + m 0 ^t SWX873 Z, 3*. /0 1 /2 )*+20 ,-cm efghijk ῌ.  @}~ 

345.r>345 2 Z, ++* cm R !

6789: ;<2 =>3

0?@A/BCDE FGHIJKLMFG NO

5!"PQR 6ST"Q2$r

66S Z, ++* cm 8

2Z, 3* cm S

U$E  ;<2 HIJKLM)*+V

 6STUY$E  ;<T?^t8@+BC *KLM2 6QS SW>3SWX-6STUY>3$$ 6

7 Z, + m  C [\ K ]
)*+TW$ ^R_`a>323

X873
Z, +** cm E3%&'  _+** ῌ/  ;<24

GH» ¼ +*, ¸ ,**0 *.00*.1+ m- m -    *.0/*.1* m- m ῌ,  ! "#$%&'% ()* +,-./01'%/234&
 _+**  5/6%7 +, 89 $%&:;<'.'%-=> ?  @A&BC K 234& _+** DB K
+,-.5EFGH&IJK LM/NOP QRST 0UVF W'/% K _+** ' >X%> YZ[ \]'^_>Q1 `a'b#&cdefT' g

`a' % K _+**  h

[Cijk lEmn=Z+,o ?'pqA&
DprDm  s7tu Dm  +./../ iv $7

wx(> yz{|}~Cijk$
73T> -g 5/7
(> >S' > ()* &cd-efT' > _+** - *.0/*.1* m- m -  K _+**
ῌ/Fig. /

5EF ῌ-  *+** ¡¢ *-* cmG© +** cm ¯>234&K¤ <  /  ° ῌ+ ῌ, ¡ ¢ ῌ-  0 U±U - 'w²³´µ¶·¸ ¹º ῌa ¡¢ῌb  0U±U , 'w²
³´µ¶·¸ ¹º(>¤Changes in the volumetric water contents from the soil surface to depths of+** and -* cm, and at a depth of + m
during the heavy rain event shown in
Fig. -.

% U5/7h>#

%
-- 



}G +** cm >qA&|}~ \ Darcy ''/>yz{|}~-2' gHasegawa and Sakayori, ,*** ;Hasegawa and Eguchi, ,**, qA& -ῌ./ῌ
0 S yz{|}~</' ῌ0 - /UT/0* mmjk.g 05/7> ῌ0yz{|}~¡¢+, Q>£qA&  +33/  +333
¤ y z { | } ~¥¦§¨|z  *+** cmG©£ª& + £fgyz{|}~DB
+331,**-  =Z«¬s­Qg®x¤Fig. 0Daily water drainage from a depthof + m as matrix
ﬂow and preferential ﬂow during theperiod of +33/ῌ+333.

[µ¶·«¸¹ : _` "*1iX <=º»¼ ?f

25

Darcy y(015XzDi!@ {.="|

TDR }j~[\]^(231

89 + m iX1 45 Fp!@ 467l8(
1!@9#45= V /F(01tXQ

:9 ab%<s9UX 45 F "D C@ 3" !Q=(@!X NO-

-.




;;89%<?m@ +: A 89 zp - y 89 +

5X

D]
M+

kg ha
ῌ1

Fig. 1: <0  P =89 + m % <  D #F´
: <   D: <
}j<  OS *M+**  d 89 *'+**cm :9e EX´
Annual drainage from a depth of + m asa function of annual precipitation.

+ 89 +** cm iXBC NO-Ms+=>?T$ ῌ2 fg

 '+330+33/

V=>

@ + 

;EF ,**(Gf=t;89 1./ cm %<  +331

'H89 + m IA  Q

=t89 +** cm iXBC NO-M D( Q Q=  ;EF NO-M =@=>?J3K9)C(;L<Q= V
+331

%UXBC NO-M D t ] 

;  XEFMN5X NO-MO ]

2$C@9U@!XQ=(@!X
QUP@ Z Q(uR NO-M

      -* mm

B¢S)C NO-M , M, NO-M

   /* mm   ῌ++* cm0     Kd, 89 +** cm

 !

)¡

Q(£@ 89 3*'+** V +**'
U,

¡TF

V _+** }j¤WX rd (1   +ῌ0'+ῌ. (  !@PBC NO-M D MῌKdN_+**ῌrd  ¥ ) *+ ,-./012 3# C =>?T$ ῌ2 b QQ1! NO-M ¡45 67ῌ ,**+

TF Kd"#$%&

89 +** cm %: <

:



0;



D 

=<   : <0  P >?@A ῌ1



 +.*0¦+*M- m- kgM+  ¥#)C NO-M ,}jBC NO-M D #F +331',**, §¨tq" D NO-M

Y.

:

 QZQ=(5 Q *1 ;:(ST=  B2 CDE©[45)ªY«C NO-M )¡B0 =

  : #F>=G¢ Q9UX <P@\¬5XQ=]%UHIJ : K L( PMDNOS*M+**

@!X Katou et al., +330  *1­®;

CDP=QR ῌ1  
$%& 1**'2** +33/'+333

0 #S 1-/ mm >?T Q  QUV .!W9U@!XYZ[\]^CX_` "

NO-M 

Y.)¡B Q9U@!X"#$%& 

abc#de^ ;:C=>?T$5X fg h;% +303 % +311

Q=¯9UX

iCj&' +32. CXkYZ[\]^lm (n)
op!@

K

L

S(qX= U

rU 103 +30/'+301

 1,+ +300'+31/

j 12- mm +301'+310  Q Q=% Q

 iC

<P@\¬5XQ= .

;L<@! Q Q=% / 
M
-

NO

5X

(_.K@!

S Q(£BC NO-M D P=¥#>?T$Q= ῌ2 b  V *19M-a +b°±)C NO`,=ac#C

XBC NO-M D #F-! B##F*1ab +,.<st=uf%UX

Q=(5 " *19 )C NO-M ,iCj

:ab-.XQ= v/Twx

BC NO-M D L²t.³Yp. %g c;l » +*, ¼ Z,**0^26
!

/H "0,1 3  &)*+ m  NO--N  ,1* kg N ha+"#$% &'()* + m

%,
)* + m NO-

  NO- 
- .*/0123+ῌ+ ef ', [.\s[1\ ]XY W!453!6789:;<=>?@3 NO--N  (h1  Zῌ,^ ) $%A2B3 NO- 6%,( +C
 !

@01

 

"DEA2,  F N *+

'A,h',( ( C*NO-ῌNchemdh1

D C NO-ῌN Z)* +** cm  -. mg NO- JῌKL

N L+^  +./ -+ Z/* mg N L+^ 01 

M NOEPQA23 7R@S ?T!

&%, W!0,  h1)

UTVW!XY'DE!6 Z[-\ ]^* +** cm 3 D NO--N  -0 mg N L+ @

GHI

-X_ `a NO

6bcῌd73ef NO- J?@3!`>?7

S  D&@01 1 NO--N U ,1* kg N ha+SurplusNchemNOEPQ Darcy ]+C389:;<=

+,1*0 kg N ha+ /ih,( ( ., mg N

@3 g'h,3A2i`3 j0, k

L+ V *` d +., - .h1%,( !67NOEPQ Darcy ]

`i /i "noE/ NO- h,W+C389:;<=@3ia NOEPQ!Kh17 Sno Kn

A2 XY NO- JῌKLM cῌd

0,y0 *`1/ )h,

3Rl7@3

h,3/¡i/A2i`3 h/h ¢£-/ 

NO--N 

mnopq Z+33/  . r +,  s,**,  +,r +1 ^

ῌ+ F  t 3 =uv9wv

xyUz

N {! FNchem |<}uS(&7 Uz~+'¤¥<1d(*`1Knb ZNishio
et al., ,**,^  nopq/iA23 ~ 2¦3¡.* /i Kn3§¨A3"no SurplusNchem =

uv9wvx 7/01` =uv9wvx

ῌ2¤¥<13 Za^ {)* Z1./ cm^ /i6h© 1 ! Z3 4 ª l  «^
 5  ) * z p Z[-\ ]^ Zb^ )* + m 3
 NO-     ¬ Za^­® z p  ¬ ®
¯*° Z- ±6^ { N ~ªh ¯ /i² X N ³,** ῍,** ´  7  -* s -/ kg N
ha+ F ¬ Zb^  C )
* +** cm /iµ¶·h1
  !   NO-   M)* 3*s+** 1 +**s++* cm  NO- 
Kd  NO- ¸89_+** )* +** cm ?T! rd )* +** cm ¹º:  ¬

Fig. 2

Changes in (a) penetration depth of water, zp,
starting from the fertilized depth of 1./ cm, and(b) liquid phase concentration of NO- at a depthof + m.

 t? N T VN 7|<}uS&H
no%,p HIN (.*/011+ SurplusNchem  +,1*0 kg N ha
#

@3
h

D ,** kg N ha+ GHUz $%no7´µ¶·¦¸¹ : 9:;57p" ]6º»¼ 

ῑῌ+Table +\

27]^p" K+33/  .  +, _,**,  +,  +1 _L

Nitrogen balance on the soil surface during the period of +, April +33/ to +1 December,**,4
FNchem(kg N ha<+)FNorg(kg N ha<+)VN(kg N ha<+)HIN

SurplusN(kg N ha<+)SurplusNchem(kg N ha<+)Sweet cornChinese cabbage
Winter crops/Bare soil

+-.+
+/-+
*

1.
+*-3
*

1/3
++./*3

*4.1
*402
*4**

+*/2
+13+
*

32.
1/,
*

Total

,21-

+++-

,.++

*4.1

,2.3

+1*0

;  ` f ¡¢£0./¤ a?b c ./ +33/+330
TU +331+332  a%¥' ¦§1/¨©ª©%£0. «d.=¬­® g¤
FNchem  N, FNorg  N, VN ?-efg N, HIN  N I ¯°N SurplusN ± N h="i² N, SurplusNchem  N h="i² N %]=¤

ῑῌ,

 NO--N W j C kj C*

Table , Measured (C) and estimated (C*) concentrations of NO--N in the soil water4
CNO--NC*NO--N

C*NO--Nchem+** cm(mg N L<+)+/* cm(mg N L<+),** cm(mg N L<+)(mg N L<+)(mg N L<+)

-.

-/

,,

2-

/*

M +** cm j +33/  .  +/ _,**,  +,  ,2 _ [l³j¤ M
+/* TU ,** cm j +331  0  +0 _,**,  +,  ,2 _ [l³j¤
C*NO-ῌN TU C*NO-ῌNchem  NO-< ..l" 345A f ±
/ TU !"6./78 kj¤        !"
)*+



1

I<i1=ῌ>?%@/jAA eW 1jῌBCkDEIZlml no jAOP  

# $ %&'( 

,%

  -./0 " 1/  2%3456./78  9:;

NO-< %="/> ῌ ""

?

@A!"#BC !

DE$%%FG& HI. 

J ' () Kcarbon sequestrationL A0"A *MN OP '+, I - Q. 

/R 0S1TUVWX

Y2Z 3[/ % J()'"B4/A!" %\." <ijAG>A@ !" %\= /g.
eW  IxI18y%./g !
z n{ |KL }~./F

GH  ) * 1/ M
+m

NoO.PxZlFG;

HA NO-<]H%Q>" A '" I R %="A n{ ;H%S=" FGHg%J
Tῌ="U> Vq

FGH'"gh*;

NO-< W2A!" !" 1/ XTU# f
A NO"_ `a%b"/> 9c:deW2

FGHA NO-<]HTr=sP ;Itp uJHvw<-]6R78 ,^" .. :d !" fH q YTUZ[A.ῌ ῍ ῐ ῏ ῎
57XY#p"FG;!"  []HTr=`a%;It="!"A0SZ ] +*, ¼ =,**0>28ῐ

Iq JrK῏

sKtLῌ\u        !"#$%& ' ()*+,-./0  1
  !"#$%234567
89:

v =,**,> : M7Nw?@AOx

OyKBCPyZQz{|RZIJK
0SZ 23 : +/῍,..
T} =+311> : ~UE+,BCy =ῌ>K ]#. A+. pp. +῍+0 VyY W]^(K!"!" y!"X =,**.> : Y\ +/ Z#yPK pp. +2῍,. !"K

ῌ ῒ ῑ ῍;<ῌ

Katou, H., Clothier, B.E. and Green, S.R. (+330) : Anion =,**+> : ?@ABCD

EFGHIJK LM .1 : 0.
;<ῌ

transport

involvingcompetitive

adsorption

during transient water ﬂow in an Andisol. Soil =,**,> : ?@A0N

O!P"#$QRK LM .2 : -.

Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0* : +-02῍+-1/.

[\ῌ%&'ῌK

 =+303> : ST(U%&' =+32.> : ST(UVWX0HYZBCVWX0HYO\!*O)[\!*IJK ST(+],-.

IJiE+,+]^ =] + .> iK  .* : --1῍-.-.

pp. +῍++0 ST(U+ ]^(KHasegawa, S. (+331) : Evaluation of rainfall inﬁltra-

Molz, F. J. and Remson, I. (+31*) : Extraction termtion characteristics in a volcanic ash soil by timemodels of soil moisture use by transpiring plants.

domain reﬂectometry method. Hydrol. Earth

Water Resour. Res., 0 : +-.0῍+-/0.

\uSyst. Sci., + : -*-῍-+,.
Hasegawa, S. and Eguchi, S. (,**,) : Soil water conditions and ﬂow characteristics in the subsoil of a
volcanic ash soil : Findings from monitoringvῌsKtLῌT =,***> : QJ+^BCQz{_y `B/Py[aKbM ,*2 : 0-῍1+.
Nishio, T., Li, X. and Komada, M. (,**,) : Comparison

from +331 to +333. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., .2 : ,,1῍of fate of nitrogen applied to . di#erent kinds of,-0.

soils with particular reference to denitriﬁcation.

Hasegawa, S. and Sakayori, T. (,***) : Monitoring ofSoil Sci. Plant Nutr., .2 : -*1῍-+-.

matrix ﬂow and bypass ﬂow through the subsoil

cῌ ῌd=eῌ%ῌ=

in a volcanic ash soil. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., .0 :=+332> : 6f7 0gh@_yR

K  03 : -20῍-3..

00+῍01+.
Hoogmoed, W.B. and Bouma, J. (+32*) : A simulation
model for predicting inﬁltration into cracked
clay soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., .. : ./2῍.0+.

/_

0ῌ12



Ki¡j =,**.> : ¢£¤yPkl¥¦§¨©mKª7yn +1 : +0῍,/.
Takeuchi, M., Itahashi, S. and Saito, M. (,**/) : A

3 =,**/> : 456`ab*c7

water quality analysis system to evaluate the89de:fK ;<=>g ῌ h?@AB

impact of agricultural activities on N outﬂow inCῌ!"6`Dibj,klmOb*kl

river basins in Japan. Science in China Ser. C., .2,mEi F0Gnop pp. 2*῍3. H

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44of Engineers.

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Jacobs, T.C. and Gilliam, J.W. (+32/) : Riparian losses

Correll, D.L. (+331) : Bu#er zones and water qualityof nitrate from agricultural drainage waters,

protection : general principles, In Bu#er Zones :Journal of Environmental Quality, +. (.) : .1,ῌTheir Processes and Potential in Water Protec-.12.

tion, The Proceedings of the International Con-

Karssies L.E. and Prosser I.P. (+333) : Guidelines forference on Bu#er Zones September +330, pp. 1ῌ,*,Riparian Filter Strips for Queensland Irrigators,

Quest Environmental.

p. ., CSIRO LAND and WATER.

Correll, D. (,**-) : Vegetated Stream Riparian Zones :Lowrance, R. (+33,) : Groundwater nitrate and denitri-

Their E#ects on Stream Nutrients, Sediments,

ﬁcation in a Coastal Plain Riparian Forest, Jour-

and Toxic Substances : An Annotated and Indexed
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nal of Environmental Quality, ,+ (-) : .*+ῌ.*/.

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bu#er strips and interactions with hyporheic  ! 0 "#$%&'zones and ﬂoodplains (+-th ed.) (http : //www.

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unl.edu/nac/ripzone*-.htm).
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01223 Kumar PIYUSH,

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Lanzhou Institute of Desert Research (Institute of
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Cold and Arid Zones), China LIU Xinmin
Numerical simulation using HYDRUS-,D was conducted to discuss water saving irrigation practice forcorn-growing ﬁeld in northwest China.

Convention-

al irrigation is not suitable compared to the watersaving irrigation as it is water saving.

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with that of single layer soil assumption, which is

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commonly used to plan irrigation practice.

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water uptake as well as irrigation e$ciency seemed

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saving irrigation.

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 : QR12 U@ fV z{|}~G jMeasurements of Actual Thermal Propertiesof Takamatsuzuka Tumulus Soil
National Institute of Cultural Properties Tokyo
Magdi KHALIL, Takeshi ISHIZAKI
Environmental and Biological Engineering,
University of Tokyo Masaru MIZUGUCHI
There are several important mural paintings inR  +*, ¼ ,**0

58

templesandintumulusin

Asiancountries.

solute transfer.

Results were : +) Water and NO--N

Takamatsuzuka Tumulus was built with mural

distributions by Ultra Low Microirrigation were wellpaintings in the stone chamber around the end of 1th

estimated by the program, which can make the irri-

century or at the beginning of 2th centaury.

gation planning easy.

Be-,) Ultra Low Microirrigation

cause various fungi has recently appeared on thewas supposed to be appropriate for soils with highlime plaster wall on which precious paintings arewater permeability and limited irrigation water,drown together with intrusion of insects into thewhere utilization e$ciency of water and fertilizer

stone chamber, which seriously has damaged wall

can be higher and outﬂow of fertilizer can be smaller

paintings, It is very urgent to restore and conserve

than usual drip irrigation.

them with the relevant measures.

 : Ultra Low Microirrigation, HYDRUS-,D,

pose

protective

measures

In order to pro-againstfungi,

we

Water and solute transfer

performed a study of the thermal properties of the
Takamatsuzuka soil. Sampling of Takamatsuzuka

Hydrus,D ./0123
456789!:;<=soils powder was carried out to know the thermal
properties as well. Because of its high inside humid-

9:ij ;0k<= \7

ity and high water content of the lime plaster wall,>?@A

we tried to install cooling system to control inside;0k<= \7 lB C

humidity.

DEFmn lGHI : Takamatsuzuka Tumulus, mural paint-

WJ KLMNoN&pqrs7\7t7uvwx

ings, Thermal conductivityy #COP zQ R{&ST$UV$S  Hydrus,D &UVῌῌ
ECH,O 

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ῌ

 ECH,O ῍Decagon    !"$%# &'(#) *+,-.#&  /01&2)%3 4 1
5678

 , cm, 9:; + cm <=) ># % &?)@.&A BC DE+ #) MN ~'l^"_# Hydrus,D ῌ`&~1ab) c"@L#&~_ def"%\"=) gQh# ~
#

i

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nor

j#)

 : rs7\7t7uvwxy  XY~ t ¡v ,D!67F GH,8I7JK q-mV &L=) 4 MN q-mV OP + >Q"R
Decagon #$S$T%Q&#4

UU&$ '&(V%'(#"=)

 ῌ  !" HYDRUS-,D #$%&'()*+,->?@ABCDEFG HIJKLMN OIIPQR1S9TU Drosera rotundifolia
VFW HX Q)GR¢b£Ls .t ¤WX)YZY[ \7)G¥RG ¦quv^ῌw x§ῌ]!*^ῌ+,-_ῌ.`aῌ]!bc¨`©ῌyªz{ῌl?«¬ῌ­?q®

d/ 0123

 Z ¯°|}~R ±=#²

e!f[@g4 5hῌ678^³´ &'(# %'R µ$

Merits of Ultra Low Microirrigation were analyzed¶= # %#V ·¸r ¹º

by HYDRUS-,D simulation model for water andR±=#²

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59

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Decomposition and Nitrogen Mineralizationof Some Crop And Plant Biomass
United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences,
Iwate University Eusufzai Moniruzzaman KHAN
Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
Takeki MAEDA, Atsumi FUJII
It is essential to know the decomposition and nutri-$2D » +*, ¼ B,**0F

60

ent release pattern of added biomass and their inter- : PCR-DGGE  fD 01R  Pg

action with soil physical and chemical properties toobtain a proper management strategy for sustainableagriculture. Thus we are studying a ﬁeld experi-  !
"#$"%&'()*+

ment to quantify the decomposition pattern of ricestraw, sawdust and compost with minimum tillage incompletely randomized blocks amended with plant
residues and compost in andisol with three di#erent&hijkl mnopῌ q
,

rs#t$Du$vw4!x"y$ NH-

application rates.

z{|}b~#b() $%&' : Biomass, Decomposition, N-mineraliza-

Qb,

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tion, aggregate stability, aggregate size s#tx"($ NH- z{

distribution$&M(8 V$WX x"($ NH- z{Ns#t)$ NH.-N 

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61


J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
yNo. +*,, p. 0- 03 ,**0

 *ῌ**ῌ

**Inﬂuence of Water and Salt Stress on Stem Flow Rate of
Soybean Plant (Glycine max Merrill)
Osamu ASAI*, Kengo ITO** and Masateru SENGE*** United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, +ῌ+ Yanagido, Gifu /*+ῌ++3-, Japan** Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, +ῌ+ Yanagido, Gifu /*+ῌ++3-, Japan
Abstract
The objective of this research is to examine the inﬂuence of water and salt stress on the stem
ﬂow rate of soybean planted in sandy clay loam, loamy sand, and rock wool. The experiments ofwater stress in sandy clay loam and loamy sand showed that the daily stem ﬂow rate wasinﬂuenced by soil moisture potential than di#erence of soil texture when the soil water content
changed in the range of available soil moisture. The experiment of salt stress in rock wool
showed that if the electrical conductivity of water in rock wool was the same, the daily stem ﬂow
rates became di#erent due to the history of liquid fertilizer addition. Furthermore, the daily stem
ﬂow was constant under less than ,kPa of osmotic potential, but decreased abruptly whenosmotic potential increased more than , kPa. If the matric and osmotic potentials were low, thestem ﬂow rates became a maximum at 0 hours later after light period started. However, as thematric and osmotic potentials increased, the daily stem ﬂow decreased and the peak of stem ﬂow
rate did not become clear.
Key words : Water Stress, Salt Stress, Heat Balance Method, Stem Flow Rate, Soybean

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68

mote and Stem Flow Gauge Methods in Soybean
Canopies as A#ected by Soil Water StatusB,
Japanese Journal of Crop Science, 0- (.) : 00.ῌ01*.

CDE3ῌFGH 5,**/6 : IJKLMῌNOP pp.
++.ῌ+,- QRST UVW

XYZ[\]P^ 5+3316 : Z[NO_`a pp. ,*,ῌ,*- bcd UVW

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Sakuratani, T., Aoe, T. and Higuchi, H. (+333) : Re῎ῌ0

X!" EC£verse ﬂow in roots of Sesbania rostrata measured using the constant power heat balancemethod, Plant cell and Environment, ,, : ++/-ῌ
++0*.
Sakuratani, T., Clothier, B.E. and Green, S.R. (+331) :Measurements of Sap Flow in the Roots, Trunkand Shoots of an Apple Tree Using Heat Pulse
and Heat Balance Methods, J. Agr. Met., /- (,) :+.+ῌ+./.

 5+33+6 : as0!a'@A JKLM .0 5.6 : ,0/ῌ,02.
Sakuratani, T. (+321) : Studies on Evapotranspirationfrom Crops (,) Separate Estimation of Transpiration and Evaporation from a Soybean Field without Water Shortage, J. Agr. Met., ., (.) : -*3ῌ-+1.
῎ῌ1X!"

Sameshima, R., Sakuratani, T. and Takenouchi, A.

£(+33/) : Relationship between Transpiration Rateof Soybean Plants (Glycine max Merr. Cv. Enrei)   and Soil Water Content Estimated by Stem Heat  !"#$% &'Balance and Heat Probe Methods, J. Agr. Met., /+()#*+,-./ 0 (,) : +/-ῌ+/1.
Senock, R.S. and Ham, J.M. (+33-) : Heat balance sapῌ ῐ ῏ ῍
1234 5,**,6 : 789:

;;<=>? 9

ﬂow gauge for small diameter stems, Plant cell@A ++ 5,6 : /+ῌ/0.
Baker, J.M. and Van Bavel, C.H.M. (+321) : Measurement of mass ﬂow of water in the stems ofand Environment, +0, /3-ῌ0*+.

ῌῌDc 5+3306 : !s078"  JZ 0. 506 : ++3ῌ+,0.

herbaceous plants, Plant, Cell and Environment,  5,**+6 : NO¡¢ pp. .*ῌ.. QRST UVW+* : 111ῌ12,.

Yamagishi, J., Akita, S. and Takanashi, J. (+33*) :Inoue, Y., Sakuratani, T. and Shibayama, M. (+33.) :Time-course of Respiration and its Relation to

Remote and Real-Time Sensing of Canopy Tran-

Water Conditions in Various Plant Species, Ja-

spiration and Conductance BComparison of Re-

pan. Jour. Crop Sci., /3 (+) : +03ῌ+1-.

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ῐ
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
ῐ῎῍ῑῒ῏
No. +*,, p. 1+ῌ12 ῍,**0῎

Population Dynamics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans inDi#erent Soil Moisture Conditions of a Pyritic Soil
Kaoru UENO*, Tadashi ADACHI** and Hajime NARIOKA**** Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University,+,** Matsumoto-cho Kasugai, Aichi .21ῌ2/*+, Japan** Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University,-ῌ+ῌ+ Tsushima-naka, Okayama 1**ῌ2/-*, Japan*** Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, +/11 Kurimamachiya-cho,Tsu-shi, Mie /+.ῌ2/*1, Japan
Abstract
Iron-oxidizing bacteria (e.g. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) are known as an inﬂuential catalyst of soil
acidiﬁcation in primary oxidization of pyritic soils. We have reported that multiplication rate of
the bacteria is inﬂuenced by soil moisture. In this paper, we tried to estimate the conﬁguration of
the microhabitat of T. ferrooxidans under three di#erent soil moisture conditions (ῌ-./ kPa, ῌ-/kPa, and ῌ-*** kPa) to look into the mechanism of bacterial oxidation in detail measuring thenumber of adsorbed and free form of the bacteria (AFT and FFT) using incubation and centrifugation method. At the beginning of the soil incubation, most T. ferrooxidans were counted as
AFT in every soil moisture condition. Multiplication rate of both forms of bacteria under thecondition of ῌ-/ kPa was highest of all conditions. Under the condition of ῌ-./ kPa, the survival
rates of both forms of bacteria were higher especially in AFT. And under the condition of ῌ-***kPa, FFT could not be counted and a small number of AFT remained at the ﬁrst stage of incubation, which did not live long. These data indicate that population dynamics of T. ferrooxidans
in soil matrix is inﬂuenced by soil moisture conditions.
Key words : pyrite, soil moisture, bacterial oxidation, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, population dynamics+.

Introduction

Bacterial activity is an important factor tocontrol natural soil conditions, and this is thesame in pyritic soils. Pyritic soils are one of theworldwide problem soils because of its sulfur
production in the process of water drainage. It
is di$cult to control acidiﬁcation without
using a large amount of water, and the soil
improvement method washing out the acidfrom the soil causes water pollution. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans which is an iron-oxidizing
bacterium is known as an inﬂuential catalystof pyrite oxidation (Silverman and Ehrlich,+30. ; Singer and Stumm, +31*). Pyrite in sedi-ments is produced and piled on the bottom ofsea coast or lakes with brackish water. The
sediments contain a large amount of , : + typeclay minerals (Yoneda, +3/2 ; Fujii and Yasuda,+31+ ; Attanandana et al., +32+ ; Dixson et al.,+32,), and during the drainage, they generatemany cracks and aggregates. These soil structures improve gas exchanges and promote
pyrite oxidation, because the bacteria catalyzing the oxidation are aerobic and chemoautotroph.
Degree of bacterial oxidation in pyritic soils
is inﬂuenced by soil moisture condition(Adachi et al., +33, ; Ueno et al., ,**, a b). A soil
moisture condition of ῌ-/ kPa is suitable for῏ΐῐ῎῔῕ῑ ῒ +*, ῏ ῌ,**0῍

72

Fig. +

Outline of sampling site.

multiplication of T. ferrooxidans (Ueno et al.,,**-). Bacterial activity in soil is also inﬂuenced by soil moisture conditions (e.g.
Tanaka and Sakamoto, +31, ; Mielnich andDugas, ,***), but details about the movementof bacteria or their microhabitats in soil matrix
have not been elucidated. Hattori (+310) suggested that bacterial activity results in a big
di#erence in the adsorption of soil particles.
Soil moisture condition is assumed to havee#ective inﬂuences on the adsorptions of bacteria to the soil. Understanding on the mechanism of bacterial multiplication and their
movement in soil matrix under drying condition contribute in controlling pyritic soils. We
examined changes in the adsorption and multiplication rate of T. ferrooxidans under di#erent
soil moisture conditions, and also the e#ects ofsoil moisture conditions on bacterial microhabitat.
,.

Materials and Methods,. + Soil
Nakaumi-Yasugi soil, a redoxed and a poten-

tial acid sulfate soil in Shimane Prefecture, wasused (Fig. +). The area of the collection was areclamation area, but the sampling point had
never been used as an agricultural ﬁeld but asa material yard. The soil was collected from adepth of +2/ to ,+* cm. Sampling and treatment methods were the same as in the previous
study (Ueno et al., ,**-). Physical and chemicalsoil properties are shown in Table +. As mentioned above, most pyritic soils in Japan contain , : + type clay minerals. We did not analyze the type of clay minerals in the samplingsoil, but have presumed to contain them because .*ῌ of the soil was clay and showed acharacter of swelling and shrinkage. In addition, Fujii and Yasuda (+31+) analyzed sediments of Lake Nakaumi and indicated that thesoil include high rates of montmolilonite andkaorinite. Our sampling point was in a reclamation area of Lake Nakaumi, and the sampled
soil showed similar characteristics as the sediments.
,. , Experiments,. ,. + Soil Moisture Conditions

ῒῑ : Population Dynamics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in Di#erent Soil Moisture Conditions of a Pyritic Soil 73

Table +

Fundamental physical and chemical propertiesof sample soil.

soil texture+῍
density of soil particle (rS, Mg m῎-),῍natural soil moisture content (kg kg῎+)
liguid limit (wL, kg kg῎+)plastic limit (wP, kg kg῎+)
shrinkage limit (wS, kg kg῎+)plasticity index, Ip
pH (H,O ; + : /)pH (H,O,)-῍
EC+ : / (mS cm῎+)
pyrite (mg kg῎+).῍
Feo (mg kg῎+)/῍Fed (mg kg῎+)0῍
sulfate ion (mg kg῎+)SiC (Clay .*ῌ)
,4/2
+4-,
+4/3
*4/0
*4-,
+*,4..
04,/
,4*/
.4.+
.343
*43
,-43
14,

Hydrometer-method (international system), ,῍ Picnometermethod, -, .῍ Murakami (+30+), /῍ Tamm (+3,,), 0῍ Mehra andJacson (+30*).
+῍

Three moisture conditions were prepared bydrying the soil at -*ῐ in an incubator.
+) Matric potential ῎-./ kPa, water content+.-2 kg kg῎+, wet condition over liquid limit,
pasted.
,) Matric potential ῎-/ kPa, water content*.1* kg kg῎+, near the soil moisture condition ofplastic limit, the best condition for the multiplication of T. ferrooxidans (Ueno et al., ,**-),
aggregated.
-) Matric potential ῎-*** kPa, water content *.-* kg kg῎+ῌ near the shrinkage limit,
allows low multiplication of the bacteria (Uenoet al., ,**-), aggregated.
Methods for drying, treatments of the soil
after adjusting moisture condition, and theway of converting water content to matric potential were the same as in Ueno et al., (,**-).
,. ,. , Incubating Conditions
Twenty grams of moisture conditioned soil
sample was put in a sterilized petri dish, 3* mmin diameter and ,* mm in height, and the dishwas wrapped with Paraﬁlm. Samples wereincubated at -*ῐ for six weeks, and bacterial
count, soil pH (H,O), and electric conductivity(EC+ : /) were checked every week from the startof the incubation. We opened the dishes every
three days to exchange air.
,. ,. - Bacterial CountWe took four grams of wet soils in a centrifuge tube (/* mL), added .* mL of sterilized
distilled water, shook one minute by hand, left
it still for ﬁve minutes, and then centrifuged (῏
1/* gῌ Nioh and Furusaka, +31,) it for +/ minutes. The supernatant were collected to countthe “free form of T. ferrooxidans (FFT)”. Weagain added .*mL of sterilized distilled water
to the residue, shook by hand for one minute,and treated with supersonic vibration for threeminutes. All the soil solution was collected tocount the “adsorbed form of T. ferrooxidans(AFT)”. FFT and AFT counts were obtainedby Most-Probable-Number method using
Silverman 3k liquid culture and +./mL tubes(Ueno et al., ,**-).
,. ,. . Soil pH (H,O) and EC+ : /Dishes for measuring soil pH (H,O) and EC+ : /were prepared and incubated as in the bacterial
counting. Ten grams of wet soil were suspended in distilled water and the pH (H,O, + : /)of the suspension was checked with electroprobe (HORIBA F-,-). The soil solution was  +*,74

Fig. ,The number of adsorbed and free form of T. ferrooxidans under three soil moisture conditions.

ﬁltrated using /B ﬁlter paper and EC+ : / wasmeasured using electro probe (HORIBA DS-+.).
-.

Results

Number of adsorbed and free form of
T. ferrooxidans
Changes in the number of T. ferrooxidans areshown in Fig. ,. In every soil moisture condition, a larger number of bacteria were counted
in AFT than FFT at * week of the incubation.
The largest number was counted under the soil
moisture condition of -./ kPa in both forms.
Under the condition of -./ kPa, the di#erencein the population size between the forms was
small at * week. After a logarithmic phase(from the second to ﬁfth week), the population
size decreased in FFT, but remained constantin AFT. Under the condition of -/ kPa, from* week to the second week the counts were lessthan those of -./ kPa, and the di#erence between the two forms of bacteria was larger.
The multiplication rates at the logarithmic
phase were higher than those of -./ kPa in
both forms, especially in FFT. After the logarithmic phase, the number declined in bothforms, and the declining rates were higher thanthose of -./ kPa, especially in FFT. Under the
-. +

,**0

condition of -*** kPa, T. ferrooxidans was notdetectable in FFT, and the number did notincrease throughout the incubation period in
AFT.
-. , Soil pH (H,O) and EC+ : /Changes in the soil pH (H,O) are shown in
Fig. -. Under the condition of -./ kPa, thevalue dropped to ,.12 after a week, gradually
declined to ,.++ from the second to fourth week,
and then slightly increased in the ﬁfth week.
Under the condition of -/ kPa, the value
dropped linearly from the start to the second
week, gradually declined until the third week
and marked a minimum of ,.+3, and then slightly increased. Under the condition of -***kPa, the value declined in the ﬁrst week,reached a minimum of -.**, and slightly increased thereafter.
Changes in the soil EC+ : / are shown in Fig. ..
The EC tended to increase while pH value
decreased. The result was the same as previous
reports and this phenomenon is assumed tocause production of sulfate ion and soluble iron
(Ueno et al., ,**, a b, ,**-).

῎῍ : Population Dynamics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in Di#erent Soil Moisture Conditions of a Pyritic Soil 75

Fig. -

Changes in soil pH in the incubating
period.

..

Discussion.. + Microhabitat of T. ferrooxidans
In order to analyze the relation between
physical condition of soil matrix and microhabitat of T. ferrooxidans in soil matrix, themicrohabitats were modeled considering thenumber of FFT and AFT as shown in Fig. /.
The model is simpliﬁed to indicate only , : +clay mineral, H,O, and bacteria. Although thecomponents are drawn nearly to scale, except
for the distance between clay minerals andmacropore size, the model may not reﬂect theexact microhabitat because it has not been conﬁrmed by a direct way such as by electric
microscope. A more precise state should beresearched by some direct method. In themodel, however, at least the number of FFT
represents that of weakly adsorbed bacteria toclay minerals, and the number of AFT represents that of bacteria adsorbed more tightly
than FFT. From the di#erence in the adsorption rate and their number, we can easily imagine where in the soil matrix the bacteria conceivably stay and multiply in each soil moisture condition.
Under the soil moisture condition of ῌ-./kPa, a large number of T. ferrooxidans wasFig. .

Changes in soil EC in the incubating
period.

observed at the ﬁrst stage of incubation. They
increased during the logarithmic phase regardless of the adsorbed amount. These multiplication rates were lower throughout the soil
matrix than the condition of ῌ-/ kPa, but thesurvival rate was higher in both forms of bacteria. Under the condition of ῌ-/ kPa, themultiplication rates of both bacterial forms
were the highest of all conditions and thenumber of FFT declined at highest ratio.
Under the condition of ῌ-*** kPa, bacterial
activity was very low.
Although factors causing these statuses
should be studied by other experiments, we
may assume that ; under the condition of ῌ-./kPa, there is low stress for bacterial survival
because of the wide space to move aroundbetween the clay minerals ; and under the condition of ῌ-/ kPa, soil forms aggregates with a
lot more macro pores, generating larger speciﬁc surface area than the soil which had nosoil structure as in the condition of ῌ-./ kPa(Fig. /). These physical conditions are supposedly favorable for T. ferrooxidans to acquire
CO,, O,, and nutrients, and to move and spreadin the soil matrix. The signiﬁcant decrease in
FFT under the condition of ῌ-/ kPa may be
explained by the lack of nutrient and space toΐῐ῎῔῕ῑ ῒ +*, ῏ ῌ,**0῍

76Fig. /

Schematic model of microhabitat of T. ferrooxidans in di#erent soil moisture conditions.

῎῍ : Population Dynamics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in Di#erent Soil Moisture Conditions of a Pyritic Soil 77

live after rapid increase in bacterial population.
Under the condition of ῌ-*** kPa, the soil
moisture condition was nearly at the shrinkage
limit, and distances between clay minerals
should be extremely small (Fig. /). In this condition, it is assumed that T. ferrooxidans iscompletely adsorbed to clay minerals and is
not able to move against the molecular force
and the van der Waals force. In addition, molecular di#usion of nutrients, water, and gasses
may be extremely low, and material circulationin this dry and high-pressured condition isalmost impossible that bacteria cannot survive.
.. , Soil Acidiﬁcation and Microhabitat ofT. ferrooxidans
Soil acidiﬁcation nearly stopped with the termination of the logarithmic phase under thecondition of ῌ-./ kPa and ῌ-/ kPa. The minimum pH value was ,.++ and ,.+3, respectively.
These pH values were nearly the level of H,O,
(Table +). On the other hand, the minimum pH
value in ῌ-*** kPa was -.**. This di#erence inthe minimum pH value was presumed to becaused by the di#erence in the bacterial activity. Adachi et al. (+33,) indicate that over the
drying conditin of pF -.* (ῌ32.+ kPa) soil acidiﬁcation is caused mainly by chemical reaction.
Ueno et al. (,**, a) shows that under the condition of ῌ-+.* kPa bacterial oxidation is superior to the chemical oxidation. The present
study revealed that, under the condition of
ῌ-*** kPa, chemical oxidation seems to be themain factor for the soil acidiﬁcation, and thatT. ferrooxidans largely contributes to soil acidiﬁcation under the condition of ῌ-./ kPa andῌ-/ kPa.
/.

Conclusion

In this study, we obtained following ﬁndings.
+) At the beginning of soil incubation, mostT. ferrooxidans lived in the adsorbed form.
,) Under the condition of ῌ-./ kPa and ῌ-/kPa, the bacteria multiplied both in the adsorbed and free form, and the survival rate washigher in the adsorbed form.
-) Multiplication rate of both forms werehigh under the condition of ῌ-/ kPa, andtherefore soil acidiﬁcation seemed to take placein the whole soil matrix under this condition.
.) Under the condition of ῌ-*** kPa, bacteria were adsorbed tightly to the soil and could
not live long, and the entire bacterial activity
was very low.
These data indicate that population dynamics of T. ferrooxidans in soil matrix is seriously
inﬂuenced by soil moisture conditions.
Acknowledgments
Authors sincerely thank Shuji Hamazaki in
Shimane Prefecture for collecting soil samples,and students in the Lithosphere Management
Lab. in Okayama University for lending their
help in the experiments.
References
Adachi, T., Matsumoto, Y. and Hara, T. (+33,) :Process of Acid Sulfate Soil Formation fromthe Viewpoint of Moisture Conditions on
Coastal Muddy Soil. Translations of the Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Reclamation Engineering, +0, : 23ῌ30 (in Japanese).
Attanandana, T., Vacharotayan, S. and Kyuma, K.
(+32+) : Chemical characteristics and Fertility
Status of Acid Sulfate Soils of Thailand, pp.
+-1ῌ+/0, Proc. of the Bangkok Symp. on Acid
Sulfate Soils.
Dixson, J.B., Hossner, L.R., Senkayi, A.L. andEgashira, K. (+32,) : Mineralogical Propertiesof Lignite Overburden as they Relate to Mine
Spoil Reclamation, pp. +03ῌ+3+, Acid Sulfate
Weathering, SSSA Special Publ. NO.+*, Soil
Science Society of America, Wisconsin.
Fujii, N. and Yasuda, T. (+31+) : Preliminary Studyon the Clay Mineral Distribution in the Bottom
Sediments of the Lake Nakaumi and Lake
Shinji-ko West Japan, Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, ,, : /3-ῌ0*, (in Japanese).
Hattori, R. (+310) : Growth and Spore Formation of
Bacillus subtilis Adsorbed on an Anion-Exchange Resin, J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., ,, (.) :,+/ῌ,,0Mehra, O.P. and Jackson, M.L. (+30*) : Iron oxide
removal from soils and clays by a dithionitecitrate system bu#ered with sodium bicarbonate, Clays and Clay Minerals, 1 : pp. -+1ῌ-,1,
Pergamon Press.

789&b » +*, ¼ q,**0r

78

Mielnich, P.C. and Dugas, W.A. (,***) : Soil CO, ﬂux
in a tall-grass prairie. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, -, : ,,+ῌ,,2.
Murakami, H. (+30+) : A method for Semi-quantitative Analysis of Oxidizable Sulfur in Polder
Soils Using Hydrogen Peroxide, Soil Scienceand Plant Nutrition, -, : ,11ῌ,13 (in Japanese).
Nioh, T. and Furusaka, C. (+31,) : Studies on Glycine-percolated Soil IV Fractionation of Bacteria in Glycine-percolated Soil in “Two-layered
Sucrose Solution System”, Soil Science andPlant Nutrition, +2 (0) : ,+3ῌ,,-.
Silverman, M.P. and H.L. Ehrlich. (+30.) : Microbialformation and degradation of minerals, Adv.
Appl. Microbiol., 0 : +2+ῌ+2-.
Singer, P.H. and Stumm, W. (+31*) : Acidic Mine
Drainage. The Rate-Determining Step, Science,+01 : ++,+ῌ++,-.
Tanaka, H. and Sakamoto, M. (+31,) : Studies on
Soil Physical Conditions and the Ecology of
Soil-borne Disease Bacteria (.), Bull. Inst. Agr.
Res. Tohoku Univ., ,- : +.+ῌ+/2 (in Japanese).

Tamm, O. (+3,,) : Eine Methode zur Bestimmung
der anorganischen Komponente des Gelkomplexes im Boden, Medd. Fr. Statens Skogsfoersoekasanstalt, +3 : -21ῌ.*..
Ueno, K., Adachi, T. and Narioka, H. (,**, a) : Inﬂuence of Temperature/Water Condition on the
Acidiﬁcation Process of Sediment in Lake
Kojima. Journal of the Japanese Society of
Soil Physics, 3+ : +/ῌ,- (in Japanese).
Ueno, K., Adachi, T. and Narioka, H. (,**, b) :E#ects of Drying on Bacterial Activity and
Iron Formation in Acid Sulfate Soils. Journalof the Japanese Society of Soil Physics, 3+ : .3ῌ
/1 (in Japanese).
Ueno, K., Adachi, T. and Narioka, H. (,**-) : Inﬂuence of Moisture Content on Soil Respirationin Acid Sulfate Soils, Journal of the JapaneseSociety of Soil Physics, 3- : -/ῌ./ (in Japanese).
Yoneda, S. (+3/2) : A Review on Soil and Nutrition
in Reclamation Areas (II), Soil Science andPlant Nutrition, ,2 : .//ῌ./3 (in Japanese).



Thiobacillus ferrooxidans  *ῌ**ῌ**** .21ῌ2/*+ 
!" +,**** # $%&'  1**ῌ2/-* # # () -ῌ+ῌ+*** *+ ,-  /+.ῌ2/*1 *+( ./"0" +/11

1232456789:;<=>?@ABCD9EFGHIJ=>KL Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
9MNOP78QRP9ST9UVGW<PXB 78QRYZG - [\?]^X_`a<=bῌ=
c789defgGhA ijkl78?mnop_ T. ferrooxidans qAFTr P ijslmnop_
T. ferrooxidans qFFTr Gtuv?ijRwXxyX_z {p|KLy9}~<>| QRYZ9

78?@ KL9Nῌ ?AB^X_z 9 9QRYZfg:;? AFT la{P  -/ kPa mn?STlA{P 
-./ kPa, Pl? AFT A{P -*** kPa  FFT  op¡ fg:;?¢¡?NX
BA_ AFT £lFA{P¤|P¥_z {pij ¦KL9§¨©ª78Q
RYZ?ij{P«op_ MNO9¬^?­®<¯vG°A_w±²³´Pµ¶|p_z : 12324 78QR M<=> Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, §¨©ª·¸¹º : ,**/ ¹ +* º ,/ ·&¹º : ,**0 ¹ + º . 

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
!"
No. +*,, p. 1320 ,**0   *Wettability Indices and Water Characteristics for Sands of Mixed Wettability
Takeyuki ANNAKA** Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, +ῌ,- Wakaba-machi,
Tsuruoka, Yamagata 331ῌ2///, Japan
Abstract
Water-repellent soils have been known to cause ﬁnger-like wetting pattern.

The objectives ofthis study are to measure some wettability indices and water characteristics for sands of mixed
wettablity and to discuss relationships between the indices and the water characteristics.

The

WDPT (Water Drop Penetration Time) indicated the sands to be wettable or water-repellent, but
it did not correspond to the water-entry pressure which is considered to show the degree ofwater-repellency.

On the other hand, apparent contact angles measured by capillary rise method

and sessile drop method showed good correlation with the water-entry pressure.

Cassie’s equa-tion was found to give good estimations of the apparent contact angles for the sands of mixed
wettability. Soil water characteristic curves showed clear transitions from hydrophilic domains
to less hydrophilic or hydrophobic domains corresponding to the apparent contact angles.
Furthermore, it was found that magnitude of soil-water hysteresis for the sand was a#ected by its
wettability.
Key words : water-repellent sand, WDPT, contact angle, water-entry pressure, soil water characteristics+31* ; Bauters et al., +332, ,*** ; Ustohal et al., +332>?

+     

;"Ipqrst"u1 av" Aw
 

xy" z'% ῌ2efg%"{@Z !"#$%&'()*+ !

|I} &"~0 :

,)*+'"-. /0 1 !2345"+[% 0':?

"6%789:;%(</'89: =Wallis and1 "a98 9`A"%

Horne, +33,>? @(A <1B9A"" C

_ `A""cd  &'0"z'D =+3/+> Nakaya et al. =+311 a, b> EF =+32+>% `? &8 z'Nakaya =+32,> G 0 =+330> G"{ |I} z'% %"{ `?

Banyar =,**.>=+333> H ῌ

I78  !"#$(</', 

89:? JK1  !(LMN OPQ1
RNS "+TNPQU:%"VW(XYZ[,+[U: =DeBano, ,***>?

t1"a => UZ  *.-\] ^ IZ_ /'`a%b"_ a

mm*.0 mm, ,.0/gῌcm- U:? ¡¢`

%"cd 98 ( ,2efg ha£7`¤¥R¦ +*/§  ,.

ijk"lm(n@'8o` =Watson and Letey,¨©ª«/¬ ­®Y80 *.2/ mm ¯:9

* °±C]²] ³331ῌ2/// °±´µ¶·¸ +ῌ, : av WDPT ¹º» 2¢¼  OU V +*, ¼ ,**0

80    

Sessile Drop 8ῌE$8 0J950:;< OTS octadecyltrichlorosilane CH- CH,+1 SiCl- ;CD  y B

 !"#$ / kg %&'()* ,**- +,/῎  OTS -./01234

5 + kg 67839 / :;<= +>?

9  +*/@ 9+  Bauters et al.,+332  + > *.2/ mm  A 
OTS 

>3N ?@+ CA ,RSB0J  J5N





> qrmuvn)'



<=

DN Rqrmu319B#J!" OTS 

B <= *῎ ,/῎ /*῎ 1/῎ +**῎ CD EE

ZC Fj j  q῍3*V

 { k h

OTS kgH+**kgGOTS kg

9I JKL <= *῎ B +* ml C Cΐ+ MRSTU q Z 3*VDE { k h<=῎F":!J  MRSTU="9I Bachmann et al., ,*** 0Jlmn49

Fj r !"  EGR ¡NMRSTU=" ῏q¢3*V|= qF+2*V£, a

MC9IN <= +**῎  OTS  MC9I

q῍3*V|= qFbG3*V

sin bF,, 

OP

B Q:; WDPT ;J¤ H +* ml

j
h

ῐ

h£r
r

ῑ

tan aF¥  ,¦§

Water Drop Penetration Time MRSTU ap-ZI¨9{9I E|= 

parent contact angle 3*V NDST ; Ninety-

J{ ©¤ªF©«"

Degree Surface Tension QW water-entry pre-mm, +.1 mm

ssure JXYJPZ[B  \  +31+ ;Wallis and Horne, +33, ; Letey et al., ,***]^9 WDPT MRSTU QW!" 
,,+

gND 8

῍

E$8 !"K­OK BMRSTUZ
3*V J5 JKL 3*V gND 

!" 

WDPT

WDPT O

ZQῌ_`+

cosqFgNDῌgl , £+a9#:;E 9IN b"cP deB y¬Fj +.-Jῒet al.,RMRSTU q ="$89I Watson,*** f$ E:;%&g h'(Sand Letey, +31* ; Carrillo et al., +333 ; Feng et al.,Letey,+303 ; LeteyB )iI King, +32+ ; Bisdom et al., +33- ;,**+ EE gl 9IN gND  WDPT

Bauters et al., +332 ; * ῌBanyar, ,**.

Z/L+j, / cm, k , cm -.lmn4n)o+ Cp)%qrs3 Bt/ 0J > qrmuvn)'

B /* ml J5

BMe

Watson and Letey, +31*
WDPT C®

t/Nlmn4n)o+¯r°9J

>  Y ,p)wx -   EZ1BQ

weight῎ OP 01234 5a9:;!"  y WDPT

 5Z / L9Q



B 

Q  ±R8Sl

4 34²³Z´ B 01234 5,,,,  hµ Cΐ, 

09zRJ5Z9{|= JK
L2}1J|=  ΐ 5~R ΐ 5~

EGRB!U TU  PJ 3e 4ῌ 4 ,***

R  5t/609zR9J  EJTU
"9{J  7KN Y$89 MRST
U Z!"B 

C]^9  - $8

9MRSTU!" B gND ¶" ¡7

B cosq ·῎ T¸¹8E$8 T¸¹kh hµº» B Letey et al., +30, ; Emerson and Bond, +30- ; 4
ῌ 4 ,***©ªe :  5«¬­% p®῏ῌ+Fig. +

81

Sessile drop  ,Bachmann et al., ,***/ 2:;<A?j

Illustration of the sessile drop method developed by Bachmann et al. (,***) for measuringcontact angle.

&89:;<= * 012%>?(@?( B8C-.*+ r "DE23 F"A?( IDE

"A

"GH@

r "GH@&89:;<"JK723
0 HC "DE2
B"GHL72F,Emerson and Bond, +30-/3dxk ῌLMh ῎

M+
῏
dt
e῍ x

῍

 x NOPQRS dxῌdt   k
NOTU VW e  !X h NOPQY92Z [ L \]^_Z [0123 dxῌdt =+ῌx `a72%8C bcdefghQ"D
῏ῌ,


i¡¢%LV ,£¤¥¦§¨2/

Fig. ,

Relationships between surface tension
and weightῌ of ethanol-water solution.

E dxῌdt* %'2 x "DE23 HC i8C
'0
HCxML῎%'2 ,j῏-/3,ῌ,ῌ- ῐ῎ῑ῍HCkH lmn5opqHrZ =:(@s N,gl cosq
rgrῌ

tuv'H=

Z=wx y'z({H|"}~

2% =Nt(E23 ({H|" NtZ%

 HC  gl 



 r  g 

 r 

!"#$%&'(,-.*+/ 0123

)*+4 5672

% {   =  Z % ' 2 =012,Bauters et al., +332 ; Wang et al., ,***/3

h+ , mm "19" + -., cmkH \]""(@º>?B » +*, ¼ $,**0'82

 O1 PQ+ RSITUV WMXYZ
Bῌ[B \]^1 9 :_Z
F+ 5Z17 `abU Ec $ -* cm' 1d+ 1ef gZ7chijklm3 
nop*+ ,. 2qdJ rs  D1 lA :_ZF+ 5Z17 `abU c $ .* cm' 1d+ =>t1^+ 01567g Zc?@

31 PQ+ )uv

qwL -,xvqwy[-zv
Z]+ .* cm 7  , 2q?{|C}~1 1+ hi-}o!

BZ7

3Q+ "-fo @0-

C11^+ P0 #1^$%G . mm ῌFig. -nop¬­®D¸<4Illustration of the capillary rise method
for measuring contact angle.

RU *1 7o!& d+&7c?@ / cm c&

1 ,. 2qdJ rt+ s  D1
&Fnop;<& -'(123) *s  D +&F+
2q,. 2q 1, 2q12, vZ-Z.-/@01 $9 ῌA :X'

&+ (2q,. 2qD1 v;+ 7_Z - 01D + ,*01 ¡&
vC1

- 
-+ ¢0B£2D3l4 $ῌ+ ¤1 WDPT F+
hi *῍ $ ¥ZL7' & * 5+ hi ,/῍& - 5&C1?F+ ¦ -0** 5 §1 WDPTῌ.

,3Dg¹=

Fig. . Schematic illustration of instrument used
to measure water-entry pressure.



B¨

©0** 5Slightly water repellent, 0** 5©-0** 5+ / 567

Wettable, / 5

Severely water repellent, -0** 5 §X

Ex-

tremely water repellent -8ª0Z
$Bisdom et al., +33-' ¨ ?@+ hi,/῍ «c&F Wettable &-+ hi /*῍ «o&Extremely water repellent v L?{¬­®  

_ZF+ DCD3¯-L@01 °  ! "# $+ cmῌmin ±¬­®

%&' ()*+D3F?v9Zl: ¤1-+ gND D3F7

,-./012 !

,31 $4ῌ.'

D sessile drop nop²

q¯-³ , ,´x?C1

,3F,- 

sessile drop nop²D39}µjZ56789 :;< =>?@A : v¶f+ hi ,/῍ «c&F¬­®- 3*·67&B +CD1 7EF+,3F;3&+ hi /*῍ «o&F¬­®-G ..3/ cmῌ ,.* cm HIJ KLMN

3*· § ,3-m3vCZ v;+ hi¸¹º» : l¼§1de

83

ῑῌ+ F=l§1deSTX
Table +

Measured values of wettability indices for mixed sand

F=

WDPT

,LMNO¨
Sessile drop ©
gND ©
ª«©



῍
*
,/
/*
1/
+**

sec

῎῎῎῎῎῎῎ degree ῎῎῎῎῎῎῎
/-­.
®
/2­,
2-­0
3*
2,­+
3,­,
+*,
3-­+
+*/­1
+*.
++0­0
+,0­1
+*0
+-.­0

cm
¯2°
¯+°
+4,
-41
/42

*
¬-0**
¬-0**
¬-0**

¨

{|­e±²¢ W! ³´µ Sessile drop © - gND ©g ª«©F= *῍¶/*῍ & -  1/῍  +**῍ & 0  !
° 6PC/ $%& *.3/ '()·*!

*῍  ,/῍   

 ῌ/  ! "# $
%& *.3/ '()*'+,-./

! 01 23&456789

&:; <= >?@/AB6&/C D)
E !
F= /*῍ 1/῍ +**῍ <= WDPT CG1H-,0** I'() Extremely water repellent 6JK1!  ,LMNOPQRST

 "1A6UK6VC& 0&WK1/C ! XY F=& *῍ PQR ,/῍ Wettable JK1&01MNOPQR

STZ='W/C ! 010

WDPT & wettable  water-repellent VC[\9 & ,LMNO]^;_`
Ua'bc9de/fgC0'Wh

῍ῌ/
Fig. /

/C ! iSjC OTS klmg'9Bozer et al., +303 ; Watson and Letey, +31*

F=l& ,LMNO& 3*nQopq

Cr&s 'W9<=6t6 WDPT
& -,0** I'()

Extremely water repellent uv

K1D)1 !

^ 6 F=&pqg &s~6
/C ! 0<=6  gg./C H&E1 ! 01 PQRw  - xT
yz'{|H 'ῌ/ ῌ0 6W!

 

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precess.

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85



(+33-) : Water repellency of sieve fractions from    OTS 

sandy soils and relationships with organic mate-     ! " 

 "#$%&' ()*"+ OTS ,- 
3rial and soil structure. Geoderma, /0 : +*/ῌ++2.
Bozer, K.B., Brandt, G.H. and Hemwall, J.B. (+303) : Ustohal et al. .+332/ 0%12

Chemistry of materials that make soils hydro-

Bauters et al. .+332/ 456&789phobic. In Proc. Symp. Water Rep. Soils, Univ.

" ):" OTS  ;<"=  Measurement of initial soil-water contact angle.    of water-repellent soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0- :>? .@ *.- mmA*.0 mm/   ./OTS " .OTS / B CD 
E  !FG .WDPT/  wettablewater-repellent H""=IJ#K

D ;$L"

Calif., Riverside, +23ῌ,*-.
Carrillo, M.L.K., Letey, J. and Yates, S.R. (+333) :.--ῌ.-0.
DeBano, L.F. (,***) : Water repellency in soils : a historical overview. J. Hydrol., ,-+ῌ,-, : .ῌ-,.

xyz{|} ῌ ~c ῌ  ῌ B

C D .,**-/ : #*E@Fj+

sessileK PU PG H I(Emerson, W.W. and Bond, R.D. (+30-) : The rate of"P9Q&'R(T

water entry into dry sand and calculation of the %MNOdrop"P9Q&'R

T

 gND!S

+  U )#*P9Q&advancing contact angle. Aust. J. Soil Res., + : 3ῌ'R#K

Cassie V&'R+#K+0.

9 (+W,XY-0%1./Z0

Feng, G.L., Letey, J. and Wu, L. (,**+) : Water pond-

9 1-'2[ \3' P9Qing depths a#ect temporal inﬁltration rates in a&'R'2[4E]56  U C

water-repellent sand. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0/ :^+ _`abc`I+-+/ῌ-,*.



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 45 Ustohal et al. .+332/

Bauters et al. .+332/

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23E&' g hi8j9j:;k< Gl=ῌmno>ῌ)?pqrst@AU u
;vw#U Bachmann, J., Ellies, A. and Hartge, K.H. (,***) : De-JῌKoopal, L.K. .,***/ : C&'RK@

j 9Lj 02 .+/ : 1/ῌ2,.
MῌBanyar, A. .,**./ : hLN'T O23$ F¡$P ¢£P¤¥ ¦§ 9LQ¨ ,-* : 1/ῌ2-.
King, P.M. (+32+) : Comparison of methods for measuring severity of water repellence of sandy soils
and assessment of some factors that a#ect its
measurement. Aust. J. Soil Res., +3 : ,1/ῌ,2/.

©RSªῌ©T«Ueῌ¬?V­ .+330/ : W

velopment and application of a new sessile drop

RL\3'X¦§ Yῌ®¯

contact angle method to assess soil water repell-j 3 .+/ : 22ῌ3+.

ency. J. Hydrol., ,-+ῌ,-, : 00ῌ1/.
Bauters, T.W. J., DiCarlo, D.A., Steenhuis, T.S. and©RSª .+333/ : Z[$

F

L¤1L

 T°±\ 9R²³´µ¶]·^Parlange, J.-Y. (+332) : Preferential ﬂow in water-

235 --/ _¸`a­R'0QLb¹ º

repellent sands. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0, : ++2/ῌ±\ : -/ῌ.,.

++3*.
Bauters, T.W. J., Steenhuis, T.S., DiCarlo, D.A., Nieber,
J.L., Dekker, L.W., Ritsema, C. J., Parlange, J.-Y.
and Haverkamp, R. (,***) : Physics of water repellent soils. J. Hydrol., ,-+ῌ,-, : ,--ῌ,.-.
Bisdom, E.B.A., Dekker, L.W. and Schoute, J.F.T.

Letey, J., Osborn, J. and Pelishek, R.E. (+30,) : Measurement of liquid-solid contact angles in soil andsand. Soil Sci., 3- : +.3ῌ+/-.
Letey, J., Carrillo, M.L.K. and Pang, X.P. (,***) :Approaches to characterize the degree of water
repellency. J. Hydrol., ,-+ῌ,-, : 0+ῌ0/.

 ° +*, ± ,**0

86

Letey, J. (+303) : Measurement of contact angle, water

89!"#$ 9?@A2B + : +ῌ,.-.

drop penetration time, and critical surface ten-

C? D +32* : EFGH p. 1/ IJKL ;M

sion. In Proc. Symp. Water Rep. Soils, Univ.

NOPQRSTUSVW : http : //www.alcohol.or.jp/

Calif., Riverside : .-ῌ.1.

Ustohal, P., Stau#er, F. and Dracos, T. (+332) : Meas- +31+ :   ,1 :urement and modeling of hydraulic characteristics of unsaturated porous media with mixed,.ῌ-/.
Nakaya, N. (+32,) : Water repellency of soils. JARQ,+0 (+) : ,.ῌ,2.

wettability. J. Contaminant Hydrol., -- : /ῌ-1.
Wallis, M.G. and Horne, D. J. (+33,) : Soil water repell- +32+ : "#$% &! '()*!

ency. Advances in Soil Science, ,* : 3+ῌ+.0.

+Wang, Z., Wu, L. and Wu, Q. J. (,***) : Water-entry,-!.$% /012 B-, : +ῌ1..

value as an alternative indicator of soil water-

Nakaya, N., Motomura, S. and Yokoi, H. (+311 a) :Some aspects on water repellency of soils. Soil
Sci. Plant Nutr., ,- (.) : .*3ῌ.+/.

repellency and wettability. J. Hydrol., ,-+ῌ,-, :10ῌ2-.
Watson, C.L. and Letey, J. (+31*) : Indices for char-

Nakaya, N., Yokoi, H. and Motomura, S. (+311 b) : Theacterizing soil-water repellency based upon con-method for measuring of water repellency of soil.

tact angle-surface tension relationships. Soil Sci.

Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., ,- (.) : .+1ῌ.,0.

Soc. Am. Proc., -. : 2.+ῌ2...

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and Clay Content for Lowland Multi-Purpose Paddy Soil
Kazuhide ADACHI*, Hiroshi OBARA*, Shuichirou YOSHIDA*, Tomoki TAKAHASHI**
and Takeshi TANIMOTO** National Agricultural Research Center, NARO +ῌ,ῌ+, Joetu, Niigata 3.-ῌ*+3-, Japan** Shizuoka Agricultural Experimental Station ..--, Goudo, Omaezaki, Shizuoka .-1ῌ+0+-, Japan

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Journal of the Japanese Societyof
Soil Physics
March ῍ῌῌ῎

No. +*,
Contents

Foreword ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌT. NAGASAWAῌ +.1th Symposium, Japanese Society of Soil Physics “Dynamics of Nitrogen in Soils”
ProgramSymposium reviews
Di#erence in N Transformations in Various Types of Soils, and E#ect of Applied
Organic Materials on N DynamicsῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌT. NISHIOῌ 1
Water Flow and Nitrate Leaching in an Andisol Field ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌS. EGUCHIῌ +3
Nitrogen Outﬂow to Groundwater and its Control in Sub-tropic IslandsῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌY. NAKANISHIῌ -+Nitrogen Runo# from Non-point Source and its Control ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌK. UNOKIῌ -3
Discussion in the .1th Symposium, JSSP ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌN. MIKI and K. BANZAIῌ .1
Abstract of Poster session ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ /Original Papers
Inﬂuence of Water and Salt Stress on Stem Flow Rate of Soybean Plant (Glycine max
Merrill) ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌO. ASAI, K. ITO and M. SENGEῌ 0Population Dynamics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in Di#erent Soil Moisture Conditions of a Pyritic Soil ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌK. UENO, T. ADACHI and H. NARIOKAῌ 1+
Notes
Wettability Indices and Water Characteristics for Sands of Mixed WettabilityῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌT. ANNAKAῌ 13
Miscellaneous
Estimation of Carbon Content by Explanatory Variables of Ignition Loss and ClayContent for Lowland Multi-Purpose Paddy SoilῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌK. ADACHI, H. OBARA, S. YOSHIDA, T. TAKAHASHI and T. TANIMOTOῌ 21
Readers’ column ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌM. NANZYOῌ 3/
Book reviewῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌK. WATANABEῌ 31
N. TORIDEῌ 32
M. YOSHIDAῌ+**T. SATOῌ+*,
Announcements ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ+*/Editor’s Postscript ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ++,Japanese Society of Soil Physics
Division of Environmental Resources
Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
Sapporo, *0*ῌ2/23 Japan