The Winners of the Blue Planet Prize
2011
Dr. Jane Lubchenco (USA)
Barefoot College (Founded in India)

2011
Blue Planet Prize
Dr. Jane Lubchenco (USA)
Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans andAtmosphere
Administrator of the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Barefoot College(Founded in India)

Wish:
The B1ue Planet we live in called EarthIs full of life
Filled with prayers of hope
Woven by life longing for happiness of
being itself
And we ourselves also
Given life on this EarthIntone the melodies of prayer
Passing them overWith full of wishes of all the lives
Bred on this B1ue Planet
Breathed on this B1ue Planet
We ourselves also are fulfilled
By the prayers of hope
Of lives longing for happiness of being
themselves
To know that the film this time
Came to be of help
For you to listen to the melodies ofprayerWoven, filled with hopes by all the lives
Bred and breathed on this planet of life
called Earth
We are more than delighted

Selected from the Slide Show Presented at the Openingof the Awards Ceremony
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Their Imperial Highnesses Prince andPrincess Akishino congratulate the laureatesat the Congratulatory Party
His Imperial Highness Prince Akishino congratulates the laureates
The prizewinners receive their trophies from Chairman Tanaka

Dr. Jane Lubchenco

Mr. Bunker Roy,
Founder of the Barefoot College

Mr. John Victor Roos, Ambassador of the UnitedStates of America to Japan (left) and Dr. Chadaram
Sivaji, Counsellor, Embassy of India, congratulate
the laureates

Dr. Hiroyuki Yoshikawa,
Chairman of the Presentation
Committee makes a toast at
the Congratulatory Party

Dr. Yoshihiro
Hayashi, Chairman of
the Selection
Committee explains
the rationale for thedetermination of theyear,s winners

The prizewinners meet with the press prior to the awards ceremony
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Profile

Dr. Jane Lubchenco
Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere
Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Education and Academic and Professional Activities
1947
Born in USA
1969
B.S. in biology at the Colorado College
1971
M.S. in ecology at the University of Washington
1975
Ph.D. in ecology at Harvard University
1975-1977
Assistant professor at Harvard
1978-1982
Assistant professor at Oregon State University
1978-1984
Research associate, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama
1979
Awarded the George Mercer Award from the Ecological Society of America
for the best paper on ecology published in 1978
1982-1988
Associate professor of zoology at Oregon State University
1988
Full professor of zoology at Oregon State University
1989-1992
Chairperson of the department of zoology at Oregon State University
1992
President of the Ecological Society of America
Pew Scholar in Conservation and the Environment
1993
Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1993-1996
A John D. And Catherine C. MacArthur Fellow
1993-2009
Distinguished Professor of Zoology, Oregon State University
1994-95, 1999-2000, 2002-2003
A visiting researcher, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
1995-2009
Wayne and Gladys Valley Professor of Marine Biology, Oregon State University
1996
Elected to the (US) National Academy of Sciences
1996-2006
Member of the National Science Board (Board of Directors for the National
Science Foundation); nominated by President Clinton and confirmed by the
US Senate
1997
President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1998
Elected to the American Philosophical Society
2002-2005
President of the International Council for Science
2002
Elected to the European Academy of Sciences
Heinz Award for the Environment, Heinz Family Foundation
2003
Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest, Scripps Insitution of
Oceanography
Highly Cited Researcher in Ecology/Environment, ISI
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2004

2005
2007
2008
2009-present
2010
2011

Elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society (UK)Elected Associate Member of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing
World (TWAS)
The Distinguished Scientist Award from the American Institute of Biological
Sciences
The Public Understanding of Science and Technology Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Elected Corresponding Member of the Academia Chilena de Ciencias(Chilean Academy of Sciences)
The Zayed International Prize for the Environment, Dubai, United ArabEmirates
Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere for the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)Peter Benchley Ocean Award for Excellence in Policy, Blue FrontierNewsmaker of the Year, the scientific journal Nature
Public Understanding of Science Award, the Exploratorium(As of June, 2011)

As a biologist and ecologist, Dr. Jane Lubchenco has contributed a legacy of research thatoffers profound insight into the way in which marine organisms interact with one another andadapt to their environments. Her outstanding scientific research has demonstrated that humanactivities have changed the physical structure, chemistry and biology of our planet, and thatthese changes in turn affect human well-being. She has been a leader in encouraging industries
and governments to develop new methods and technologies that will reduce threats to theglobal environment. Dr. Lubchenco is most widely recognized for her efforts to bridge the gap
between scientists and society.
Dr. Lubchenco has left a tremendous impact on the scientific community as well as thegeneral public by showing clearly that while science should be rigorous and objective, scientists
must not ignore their responsibility to communicate their knowledge about how the Earth ischanging and help develop solutions to minimize adverse impacts. She is an excellent rolemodel, a contemporary environmental scientist of great responsibility, integrity, and commitment.
Dr. Lubchenco was born December 4, 1947, in Denver, Colorado. She entered Colorado
College in 1965, where she majored in biology and received her B.S. in 1969. She earned her
M.S. in ecology from the University of Washington in 1971 and completed a Ph.D. in ecology at Harvard University in 1975.
Dr. Lubchenco worked as an assistant professor at Harvard from 1975 until 1977. With
grants from the National Science Foundation, she conducted research in New England andPanama. She was a visiting professor at the Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory in Jamaica,
and a research associate at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama.

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In the early 1970s, she married Dr. Bruce Menge, who is also an ecologist. In 1978, Dr.
Lubchenco and her husband moved to Corvallis, Oregon, to become Assistant Professors at
Oregon State University. They pioneered a novel solution for academic career couples by
splitting a single professorship into two half-time, tenure-track positions. This arrangement
enabled each of them to teach, do research, and spend significant amounts of time with theirchildren. They have two sons. During this period, she did field research in Panama for six
years, which resulted in a number of highly cited papers about the ecology of plant-herbivore
interactions, predator-prey interactions, algal ecology and community ecology.
In 1979, Dr. Lubchenco and her husband won the George Mercer Award from the
Ecological Society of America for the best paper on ecology published in 1978.
In the 1980s, Dr. Lubchenco became a visiting professor in ecology at the University of
Antofagasta in Chile and the Institute of Oceanology in Qingdao, China. From 1982 to 1984,
she also served as a council member of the Ecological Society of America. In 1988, she waspromoted to full professor of zoology at Oregon State University, where she was chairpersonof the department of zoology at Oregon State University from 1989 to 1992. She taught andconducted research at Oregon State University until 2009.
Dr. Lubchenco’s highly influential research contributions include topics such as marine
ecosystem services, the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, causes
and consequences of climatic change, the design of marine reserves, aquaculture, dead zones,
and the interface between economics and ecology. One of her most important contributions toscience is the “Sustainable Biosphere Initiative.” This multi-authored report, published in
1991, highlights climate change, biodiversity, and sustainability science as priorities for
ecological research because of their relevance to solving global problems.
For her pioneering scientific work and social activities, Dr. Lubchenco has won
numerous awards. She was elected president of the Ecological Society of America in 1992 andof the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 1997. In her address
as president of AAAS, Dr. Lubchenco introduced the seminal concept of a “social contract”
between scientists and society in 1997. She outlined the intimate connections between theenvironment and human health, the economy, social justice, and national security. According
to the “contract,” scientists should make a commitment to exert all the power of science todiscover new knowledge, to communicate existing and new understanding to the public andpolicy makers, and to help society transition to a more sustainable biosphere.
Through concepts like the “social contract,” Dr. Lubchenco seeks to incorporate soundand clearly stated scientific ecological principles into responsibly enacted public policy. She
has shown that the environment is too great an issue for partisanship, because its condition
affects us all.
Dr. Jane Lubchenco is now Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphereand the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). She
is the first woman and the first marine ecologist to lead NOAA.
NOAA seeks to understand and predict changes in the oceans and atmosphere, to usethat knowledge to save lives and property and contribute to the economy, and to be goodstewards of oceans and coasts.

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Lecture

The Beauty, the Bounty, and the Power of Oceans:
Achieving a Sustainable Future for our Blue Planet
Dr. Jane Lubchenco
Slide 1※ - Introduction
It is a singular honor to accept the prestigious Blue Planet Prize. I extend my deepest gratitude
to the Asahi Glass Foundation, and I applaud the Foundation’s recognition of the importanceof science-based environmental conservation for our blue planet. I also extend my heartfelt
thanks to the people of Japan for their gracious hospitality, and to all of you for coming today.
Our planet is indeed blue:• The oceans cover 71% of the Earth’s surface and contain 97% of the planet’s water ;• They are the likely origin of life on Earth ;• They support far greater biodiversity -- more different kinds of life -- than exists onland ; and• They regulate our weather and climate and provide life support systems for theplanet.
• In short, oceans sustain life on earth.
The blue parts of our blue planet have long served as grocery stores, pharmacies,
highways, playgrounds, temples and shrines for people on Earth. They inspire us and offer
knowledge for those who choose to listen.
However, misled by their vastness and blinded by their murky depths, humanity hastaken the beauty, bounty, majesty and mystery of oceans for granted. Thus far, we have failed
to safeguard their future—and, therefore, ours. Those who work on and live near the water
have witnessed first-hand the changes unfolding in the places they frequent. But make no
mistake: the scale of change is global. Overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution, climatechange and ocean acidification have taken their toll, disrupting ocean ecosystems and resulting
in depleted fisheries, endangered wildlife, tainted seafood, bleached corals, depauperate coral
reefs, blooms of jellyfish, harmful algae, and pathogens. The result is increasingly vulnerable
coastal communities, economies and societies.
This depletion and disruption affect our economies, our health, the harmony of life, andour future. We are losing the numerous benefits that healthy ocean ecosystems provide suchas food security, jobs, vibrant communities and healthy economies, protection from storms,
climate regulation, recreational opportunities and cultural icons. Healthy oceans are the lifesupport system for the planet. Human societies, economies, and health depend on them.
Few people appreciate the seriousness of the problems. Many people see oceans as※ There are supplement slides at the back of the section.
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infinitely bountiful. It is hard for them to believe that something so immense could be impacted
in severe, and potentially irreversible, ways. Through advances in science, we know that
oceans are NOT infinitely bountiful and resilient. They are fragile and vulnerable to humanimpacts. Those who see the problems may be intimidated by the challenges associated withtransitioning to more sustainable practices and policies.
Moreover, far too many people view environmental sustainability as a barrier toeconomic progress. In reality, having to choose between the economy and the environment isa false dichotomy. Solutions exist to achieve economic growth while maintaining andrecovering the life-support services provided by ecosystems. Scientific information has not
only helped us understand the problems, it is providing solutions.
Now is a pivotal moment. Global population is 7 billion and growing, with consequent
increasing needs for basic goods and services. The environment is changing rapidly andradically. The accelerating pace of environmental change presents serious challenges – andopportunities – for individuals, nations, and the global community to make a transition toward
more sustainable practices and policies.
Fortunately, awareness of the challenges facing our oceans is increasing and sciencebased solutions are readily available. Protecting and restoring healthy oceans is eminently
feasible. Success stories abound, but are not at the scale needed. Now is the time to embrace
the opportunity to chart a new course for oceans and ourselves.
Today, I focus on proven solutions that emphasize local empowerment, provide
opportunities for industry, align conservation and economic incentives, and are grounded inscientific understanding. They enable us to use oceans without using them up. The goal issimple: healthy oceans and healthy people – major ingredients for a healthy blue planet.
Slide 2 - My Perspectives
My focus is influenced by my experiences — as a person, scientist, academic researcher,teacher, and now leader of a federal agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, or NOAA. NOAA’s portfolio includes oceans, coasts, weather and climate.
Through science, services and stewardship, NOAA saves lives, creates jobs and enables
commerce, promotes healthy oceans and coasts and enables informed decision-making. This
last role has given me a keen appreciation for the importance of partnerships in dealing withchallenges, especially those involving oceans.
Little did I know that a year and a month into my job at NOAA, the U.S. would face anunprecedented environmental disaster in our waters and along our shores — the Deepwater
Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Approximately 4.9 million barrels of oil flowed overthree months, affecting much of the Gulf itself and over 1,000 miles of shoreline. NOAA’srole was to provide scientific guidance, ensure seafood safety, protect habitats and wildlife,
assess damage, enable restoration and share information with a wide range of interested
parties.
The generosity and assistance provided by our international partners during the
Deepwater Horizon disaster was extraordinary. We greatly appreciate the containment boom,
oil skimmers, and technical expertise provided by the Government of Japan.

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In the aftermath of this year’s Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, it was our turn to offer
support and kindness to our friends in Japan. NOAA continues to collaborate closely withboth Japanese and U.S. Government agencies to assist with response efforts.
Because we had to address similar issues and use similar tools in response to Deepwater
Horizon, we shared the lessons we learned and the science we developed during that disasterto support Japan’s response efforts. For example, at the invitation of the Japan Agency for
Marine-Earth Science and Technology, NOAA participated in a workshop to compare U.S.
and Japanese ocean plume models. We are also working closely with Japan on the issue of
seafood safety.
Strong partnerships between our countries are critical during times of crisis. Partners
communicate and collaborate, they share information and expertise. And these partnerships
do not end when the acute phase of a disaster has passed. Rather, partners stand by each otherand help each other along the long road to recovery and in determining ways to prevent or
minimize future disasters.
Although the vast majority of the oil in the Gulf of Mexico is now gone, and Japan is
beginning to recover from the havoc wreaked by the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, thesedisasters provide a stark reminder of the interconnectedness of healthy oceans and thecommunities and economies that depend on them. While the effects of these disasters will be
felt for years, we will not rest until the affected communities and ecosystems are made wholeagain. These disasters also remind us of the importance of addressing other serious problems
that emerge more slowly than an acute disaster.
Taking Stock of the Challenges: What Do We Actually Know?
A brief summary of the problems to be addressed sets the stage for considering solutions.
Scientific monitoring tells us that deterioration of our coastal and ocean ecosystems is
substantial and increasing. I summarize key physical and chemical changes first, thenbiological and ecological ones. (Social changes are equally important, but I leave those tosocial scientists.)
Slide 3 - (A) PhysicalCompared to a century ago, oceans are now warmer, higher, stormier, saltier, lower in oxygenand more acidic.
• Global sea surface temperatures have warmed approximately 0.4°C since the 1950s(Levitus et al. 2009) due primarily to the burning of fossil fuels. Sea surface
temperatures are projected to increase another 1.8°C to 4.0°C over the twenty-firstcentury (Solomon et al. 2007). Warmer waters cause coral bleaching, range shifts,
altered productivity, and increases in invasive species.
• Increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (due primarily toburning of fossil fuels) results in increased carbon dioxide in oceans, which causes
oceans to be more acidic. Oceans have become approximately 30% more acidic overthe past 150 years, and are expected to become more corrosive by the end of thiscentury (Feely et al. 2009). Impacts of this “ocean acidification” will be particularly298

severe for calcifying species, including shellfish, corals, and many types of plankton
that serve as critical food sources for ocean life.
Slide 3 - (B) Biological
Coastal and oceanic species and habitats have also been significantly altered. Oceans havefewer top predators, more overfished species and more endangered species. There are more
harmful algal blooms, more outbreaks of pathogens and pests like jellyfish, more dead zones,
more degraded estuaries and coral reefs, and fewer salt marshes and mangroves.
• Fisheries provide food, jobs and opportunities for trade. Although progress is being
made in recovering a number of major fisheries (Worm et al. 2009), historic andcontinuing overfishing on many others puts continued benefits at significant risk.
Over 90% of the large, predatory fish biomass in our oceans is gone (Myers & Worm
2003). Thirty-two percent of the world’s recognized marine fisheries are overexploited, depleted, or recovering—up from 10% in 1974 (FAO 2010), and these figures
do not include the illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing that is suspected of
totaling up to 30% of catches in some fisheries.
• All seven sea turtle species are threatened or endangered (Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), due to a combination of
being caught accidentally in fishing gear and destruction of nesting beaches.
• Half of the world’s salt marshes, and approximately a third of the world’s mangroves
and seagrass beds, are already lost or degraded; coral cover has declined by 80% in
the Caribbean and 50% in the Pacific (Jackson 2010).
• Increased use of fertilizers, loss of native vegetation along streams and rivers andmore concentrated livestock operations have led to increased run-off of nutrients,
especially nitrogen and phosphorus. This nutrient pollution causes increases in
harmful algal blooms and areas of low-to-no oxygen (so-called ‘dead zones’). The
number of dead zones around the world has approximately doubled each decadesince the 1960s (Diaz & Rosenberg 2008). A recent study identified more than 530
dead zones around the world (WRI 2011).
In short, we have inadvertently altered the chemistry, physical structure and biology ofthe oceans. The result is a loss of food supply, water purification, pest control, climate regulationand the buffering of coastal areas from storms and tsunamis.
SolutionsThanks to advances in science, and new partnerships, approaches and policies, creative
solutions are emerging to restore the bounty and beauty of oceans. These solutions offer
models and hope. I wish to highlight five categories of solutions: (A) ecosystem-based
approaches and spatial planning, (B) fisheries management, (C) habitat management andmarine reserves, (D) adaptation to climate change and ocean acidification, and (E) greaterawareness.

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Slide 4 - (A) EcosystemApproaches and Spatial Planning :A New Conceptual Framework
and New Tools.
1. Ecosystem Approaches. Historically, different activities in oceans have been
managed on a sector-by-sector or issue-by-issue basis. Often different agencies regulate
fisheries, aquaculture, oil and gas production, renewable energy production, water quality,
endangered species, marine transportation, marine mammals, and undersea cables, etc., withlittle regard to interactions with other sectors or issues. In the U.S., there are over 140 different
laws and regulations that govern ocean policies and practices at the federal level alone. Thishodgepodge approach has contributed significantly to depleted and degraded oceans, frequent
conflicts among users, uncertainty or endless red-tape for industry, overlapping jurisdictions
as well as gaping holes in responsibility.
Ecosystem approaches provide a more holistic method for minimizing adverse
environmental impacts and bringing greater predictability and cohesion. An ecosystemapproach considers the individual and collective environmental impacts of different activities,
and the importance of maintaining basic ecosystem patterns and processes -- the conditions
required to ensure a healthy, productive and resilient ecosystem.
Ecosystem approaches consider people as part of ecosystems and enable an overarchingfocus on stewardship.
2. Ecosystem Services. An ecosystem approach focuses on the importance of
maintaining the provision of essential ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are the benefits
provided by healthy, resilient ecosystems such as the provision of seafood, nutrient recycling,
climate regulation, protection of shores from erosion and storms, control of pests and pathogens
and more. Each different coastal or oceanic ecosystem – from an estuary to a coral reef, froma kelp forest to the deep sea, from the tropics to the poles – provides a wealth of services.
Ecosystem services are a byproduct of the interactions of plants, animals and microbes in an
ecosystem.
Some uses of oceans impair the continued delivery of ecosystem services, others do
not.
When an ecosystem is converted from one use to another, some services may be lost,and others gained. For example, when mangroves are converted to shrimp ponds, we obtainthe service of food production. However, we lose the natural services provided by thosemangroves, such as protection from storms, filtration of pollutants, trapping of sediment,
production of wood for boats or firewood, and provision of nursery habitat for juvenile fishes
or crabs or adult habitat for birds. Typically, decisions to convert a habitat are made without
consideration of the tradeoffs – what is lost and what is gained.
3. Marine InVEST. Complementing the ecosystem approach are new scientificanalyses to evaluate ecosystem services and trade-offs among different uses. Several tools
have emerged recently that help. One promising tool is called Marine InVEST—which stands
for Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs. Developed by the Natural
Capital Project of Stanford University, The Nature Conservancy, and World Wildlife Fund, in
partnership with NOAA, this tool facilitates scientific understanding and communication of
ecosystem services through the modeling, mapping, and valuation of ecosystem services.

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Marine InVEST allows users to visualize the tradeoffs among environmental, economic,
and social benefits that result from various decisions or management strategies. InVEST
offers a new approach for incorporating scientific information about ecosystem services into
decision-making, spatial planning, and resource management. This tool is particularly
effective in the context of coastal and marine spatial planning.
Successful ecosystem approaches focus on maintaining the resilience of the ecosystem,
not simply on production of one or more services such as production of food. Innovative
efforts are underway to identify indicators of ecosystem health to assist these novel ways ofthinking about policy and management.
Increasing demands on ocean space for diverse uses, including tourism, recreation,
fishing, shipping, national security, oil and gas exploration, and wave and wind energy, have
led to more and more conflicts among users—as well as additional impacts on ocean
ecosystems already stressed by climate change and more. Spatial planning is another new tool
designed to minimize both conflicts among uses and environmental impacts. Spatial planningconsiders the full range of possible activities in an area then identifies the combinations of usesthat achieve the dual goals. Spatial planning enables integrated, forward-looking decision
making. Enhanced certainty and predictability for industry, improved stewardship andsustainable use provide compelling reasons for this more comprehensive approach.
Spatial planning has been practiced on land for centuries but is a relatively new concept
for oceans. The first large-scale comprehensive CMSP effort was developed in the 1980s for
the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia. Under the Great Barrier Reef plan, specificareas are designated for different uses, including fishing and tourism, and other areas aredesignated as fully protected, helping to minimize user conflicts and ecosystem impacts.
Successful implementation of spatial planning depends on accessible scientificinformation, user-friendly tools and a social process for setting goals and choosing options.
Marine InVEST, described earlier, is helping coastal communities understand the trade-offs
among ecosystem services that flow from different management decisions. One example
comes from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, where communities were considering
options for siting a wave energy facility. The communities wanted to evaluate three different
locations for the facility to determine which site would maximize energy yield while
minimizing impacts to existing activities of importance, specifically fishing.
Using data on wave potential along the coastline, Marine InVEST modeled how muchenergy generation was possible at each site, calculated the value of that power in dollars, thenprepared maps showing the major commercial and recreational fishing areas to determine
which site would have the least impact on fishing. The combined findings indicated a specificsite that would achieve the dual goals of maximizing energy potential and minimizing impacts
to fisheries. Tools such as Marine InVEST are helpful for visualizing scenarios and minimizinguser conflicts in spatial planning.
4. Governance policies enabling ecosystem approaches. A number of nations andstates have recently adopted policies that codify ecosystem approaches and spatial planning
into their governance framework. Last year, President Obama signed an Executive Ordercreating the first-ever U.S. National Ocean Policy that outlines a bold vision for more holistic,301

ecosystem-based and science-based management of U.S. waters – management that moreaccurately reflects the scientific understanding of the multiple and interacting impacts ofhumans on coastal and ocean ecosystems. The Policy reflects the interconnected nature ofhumans and oceans – and underscores the fact that our communities, economies, andlivelihoods depend on healthy ecosystems.
A cornerstone of the National Ocean Policy is the notion of partnerships at multiple
scales. Interagency coordination for ocean management across 24 different federal departments and offices has already improved significantly. Spatial planning will be done by regional
planning bodies with membership from local, state, tribal, and regional levels. A number ofstates in the U.S. have embraced the concepts of marine spatial planning and ecosystem-based
management and are in various stages of implementing their efforts.
Slide 4 - (B) Fisheries
Seafood is a critical ecosystem service provided by oceans. For billions of people, seafoodmeans food security. For others and for many coastal communities, fishing is the culture, away of life, and the tradition. For many communities and nations, it is a source of revenue, acommodity to export or trade. But serial overfishing of one stock after another, aided
immeasurably by technological innovation, has rapidly depleted oceans around the global.
And certain types of fishing gear have destroyed bottom habitats and devastated many nontarget species such as sea turtles, sea birds, and marine mammals. These impacts often cascade
through an entire ecosystem, contributing to further depletion and disruption. Even in ‘wellmanaged’ fisheries, overfishing occurs all too often. But recognition of these challen-ges has
stimulated scientific innovations that are revolutionizing fishery management.
Traditional approaches to fishery management often result in a ‘race to fish’ in which
each fisherman, boat or nation catches as much as possible, as quickly as possible, until theentire quota for the year has been landed. In an effort to prevent overfishing in this intense
race, fishery managers use traditional tools that restrain fishing effort: specific seasons or
number of days that can be fished, types of gear to be used, etc. This in turn often results inenhancement of capacity, with larger, faster boats and improved technology to find fish faster.
In extreme cases, the race to fish is so intense that the entire year’s allocation for a fishery may
be caught in a single day. The overall result is often unintended, but nevertheless real,
overfishing , significant ‘by-catch’ of non-target species, unsafe fishing conditions, poor
quality of seafood, low market prices when the market is glutted with a particular species
followed by dry periods when none of that species is available.
Clearly, not all fisheries are the same and some nations have been more successful atmanaging fisheries. In the United States, a law called the ‘Magnuson Stevens FisheryConservation and Management Act,’ amended in 2006, is widely hailed as landmark legislation that mandated strict adherence to scientifically determined annual limits on each fisheryto end overfishing and firm measures to rebuild depleted fisheries. That legislation requires myagency, NOAA, to have in place by the end of 2011 specific limits on and rebuilding plans foreach of the 528 federally managed stocks and stock complexes in US waters. We are on track
to do just that. And many previously overfished species are recovering. Since 2000, 21302

previously overfished stocks have been rebuilt. NOAA estimates that rebuilding all depleted
stocks in US waters could add 500,000 jobs and $32B to the US GNP. Few nations have such
strict rules, and they were put in place following decades of overfishing. Moreover, actually
implementing these annual catch limits continues to be challenging.
Overall, the economics of traditionally managed fishing favors intense exploitation,
overfishing, and negative impacts to other species. Exploitation too often trumps conservation.
A focus on short-term economic gain too often trumps economic prosperity over the longterm.
A very different approach to managing fisheries, called ‘catch shares,’ has been adopted
in a number of developing and developed countries. One example of a catch share programthat is used in the United States, Iceland, Chile, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand is the‘individual transferable quota.’ This alternative approach eliminates the classical race to fishthat plagues traditionally managed fisheries by allocating a fraction (a ‘share’) of the total
allowable fishery catch to individuals, communities, cooperatives, or other entities. The rightto that fraction, let’s say ‘one percent of the total’, persists from year to year. Think of theoverall fishery as a pie. A share holder’s fraction (in our example, 1%) stays the same regardlessof the size of the pie each year. In this system, each shareholder has a vested interest in seeing
the fishery be healthy so the amount of fish they are allocated can grow through time. As thehealth of the fishery increases and the total catch increases (the size of the pie increases), so
too does the amount allocated to each share-holder. In this system, conservation and economic
incentives are aligned, in contrast to traditionally managed fisheries in which they are in
conflict. Catch shares enable a focus on long-term economic prosperity and ecosystem health,
not just short-term economic gain.
Another type of “catch share”—one that has been used for centuries in Japan—provides
an individual fisherman or group of fishermen with the exclusive right to fish in a given
geographic area. Today, we call these types of spatial rights “territorial use rights in fisheries,”
or TURFs. TURFs provide fishermen with the incentive to harvest sustainably and to keep the
habitat within their exclusive fishing zone healthy and resilient. Again, conservation andeconomic incentives are aligned.
A scientific analysis of the performance of catch share fisheries vs traditionally managed
fisheries found that the former are much more likely to result in sustainable fisheries. Catchshare programs are not a panacea, nor are they appropriate for all fisheries, but they are proving
to be a powerful new tool to end overfishing. Based on the scientific evidence, NOAA is
encouraging its fishery management councils to consider catch shares wherever they areappropriate for a particular fishery. NOAA now has a formal policy supporting the use of“catch shares” in appropriate fisheries in the United States.
Efforts are underway to explore ways to use catch share concepts in international fisheries.
Slide 4 - (C) Habitat Management and Marine Reserves
Ecosystem approaches have drawn attention to the importance of protecting habitat andbiodiversity to achieving healthy ocean ecosystems and resilient fisheries. New scientificinformation about the multiple benefits of marine protected areas (MPAs), and especially no-303

take marine reserves, illustrates just how useful these underutilized tools are to protect andrestore ocean ecosystems and achieve sustainable fisheries. An MPA is any area of the oceanthat is managed for some conservation purpose. MPAs vary widely from one to another, e.g.,allowing all activities except one, or allowing few. No-take marine reserves are areas of theocean that are protected from any extractive or destructive activities. They prohibit fishing,mining, drilling for gas or oil or dumping, but allow non-extractive activities such as swimming,
boating, scuba diving, etc.
Although there are thousands of MPAs around the world, and far fewer marine reserves,
most are tiny. Globally, less than one percent of oceans is protected in MPAs and far less thanthat in no-take marine reserves. (In contrast, between 10 and 15% of the land area is protectedin parks.)
Recent scientific analyses of MPAs, but especially of marine reserves, provides powerfulevidence that these tools have much to contribute to recovering depleted fisheries andpromoting healthy and resilient ocean ecosystems. Around the world marine reservesconsistently result in recovery inside the reserve of depleted species, including significant
increases in biomass, density and diversity of many species. Much of this bounty also spills
outside to the surrounding area. As important as this ‘spill over’ effect may be locally, thebiggest potential benefit lies in the increase in size and thus reproductive potential of individuals
within reserves. Larger fish and invertebrates produce many more offspring than smaller
bodied individuals. Reserves allow fish and invertebrates to get large. This large size translates
into immense reproductive potential. The larvae or young are often transported outside thereserve to varying distances and serve to replenish fished areas. Marine reserves are clearly apowerful but underappreciated tool for which scientific evidence is compelling.
Marine reserves are increasingly seen as good options to combine with other tools such
as TURFs or to promote ecosystem resilience in the face of environmental change. Somecountries are experimenting with combining marine reserves with TURFs. Fishermen with
exclusive access to areas adjacent to a marine reserve reap the benefit of spill over from thereserve. Moreover, reserves may provide significant benefit in protecting biodiversity andcontributing to greater ecosystem resilience in the face of climate change and ocean acidification.
Slide 4 - (D) Climate Change and Ocean Acidification
As described previously, climate change and ocean acidification pose some of the greatest
threats to ocean ecosystems and the valuable services they provide. The ultimate solution toboth is a significant reduction in production of carbon dioxide.
Because non-climatic stressors, such as pollution, overfishing and non-native species
can interact with and exacerbate the effects of climate-related stressors on ecosystem services,
strategies to reduce pollution, overfishing and invasive species are a sound approach to help
ameliorate some of the impacts of climate change and ocean acidification in the short term. In
similar fashion, protecting as much biodiversity as possible (for example, in marine reserves)
can enhance ecosystem resilience to climate change and ocean acidification.
The tools described above are complementary to one another. A recent study in Science304

offers some solutions for using local actions to buffer coastlines from the impacts of ocean
acidification. Land-based freshwater runoff can contain fertilizers and other pollutants thatacidify oceans at the local scale. By implementing policies to reduce coastal erosion andrunoff and foster sustainable land use, we can decrease the impacts of non-climatic acidificationand enhance resilience to climate-related acidification.
Working at the local level can also help sustain ecosystem services in another way: by
informing people about how activities in their own backyards affect ocean health.
Slide 4 - (E) Greater AwarenessAs described above, powerful new, scientifically based solutions are available to address manyof the significant problems facing oceans. Ecosystem approaches, spatial planning, tools tounderstand and evaluate tradeoffs in ecosystem services, new governance policies, catchshares, and marine reserves all offer significant hope for restoring depleted and disrupted
ocean ecosystems and providing long-term benefit to people. However, these tools will not beutilized unless there is greater awareness they are needed and greater public and political willto effect change.
While public understanding of ocean issues has grown, it has not grown quickly enough.
Fortunately, new communication tools and champions are emerging. Social media, powerfulvisualization and sharing platforms such as Google Ocean, and fresh voices offer timely
opportunities to raise awareness and share information. Scientists have a key role to play inmaking their knowledge more accessible, relevant and understandable, embracing newcommunication tools and nontraditional partnerships, and devising creative solutions to local
to global problems.
Moreover, scientists can take heart from the knowledge that despite the immensity of
the challenges, meaningful change may be closer than it often seems. Social change is highly
non-linear, often characterized by rapid shifts, or “tipping points.” Seemingly small changes
can trigger abrupt change. Witness the fall of the Berlin Wall, collapse of the Soviet Union or
the recent regime shifts in the Middle East. Witness abrupt changes in social attitudes, e.g.,
toward women’s rights or smoking.
The plethora of efforts around the world – through communities, universities, faithbased groups, businesses, non-governmental organizations, governmental agencies, andconcerned citizens – are building. The question is: what will it take to trigger more rapid
positive change?
Inspiring actions are occurring at local to global scales:• As consumers make more informed choices;• As policies and management more accurately reflect our scientific understanding;• As industries develop commitments to source only sustainably caught or farmed
seafood;• As creative endeavors seek to align economic and conservation benefits.
It is my hope that the Blue Planet Prize can help catalyze more rapid change toward amore sustainable path. Scientists, public servants, citizens, activists, consumers, and305

environmental stewards all have key roles to play.
Slide 5 - Conclusion
To my hosts in Japan today, I offer heartfelt thanks and a few closing thoughts. As coastal
nations, Japan and the United States share a deep and abiding respect for the beauty, thebounty, and the fury of the oceans. We understand the interdependence between healthy
oceans and healthy coastal communities, and we appreciate the need to restore harmony to ouroceans and coasts. We recognize the importance of balance, and we understand the need towork with nature to ensure that this balance is maintained.
As a public servant, I have worked to implement solutions, raise awareness, and provide
people with information to make smart decisions – all grounded in science. As a grandmother,
I passionately want to leave a healthy blue planet for my baby granddaughter.
Restoring the health and bounty of the oceans is one of the greatest challenges of ourlifetime. It is up to us to shape a sustainable future. The scientific knowledge and tools I’ve
highlighted point the way.
I am reminded of the eloquent words of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who inspired asocietal tipping point for civil rights in the United States and around the world. When writing
about this great challenge, Dr. King spoke of ‘the fierce urgency of now’. In his book, “WhereDo We Go From Here, Chaos or Community,” Dr. King said:• “We are now faced with the fact that tomorrow is today. We are confronted with thefierce urgency of now. In this unfolding conundrum of life and history there is sucha thing as being too late. . . The ‘tide in the affairs of humanity’ does not remain at
the flood; it ebbs.
• We may cry out desperately for time to pause in her passage, but time is deaf to every
plea and rushes on. Over the bleached bones and jumbled residues of numerous
civilizations are written the pathetic words: 'Too late.'• We still have a choice today… This may be humankind’s last chance to choose….”
If we delay, we risk being “too late.” Healthy, productive, resilient oceans are possible
with collective and concerted effort. Only by working together as a global community, with asense of purpose, urgency, and hope, can we achieve the goal of a more sustainable future forour blue planet. I sense the ‘fierce urgency of now.” Do you?

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Slide 1
Introduction

Slide 2My Perspectives 1

Slide 2My Perspectives 2

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Slide 3-A
Taking Stock of the Challenges 1

Slide 3-A
Taking Stock of the Challenges 2

Slide 3-A
Taking Stock of the Challenges 3308

Slide 3-B
Taking Stock of the Challenges 1

Slide 3-B
Taking Stock of the Challenges 2

Slide 3-B
Taking Stock of the Challenges 3309

Slide 3-B
Taking Stock of the Challenges 4

Slide 3-B
Taking Stock of the Challenges 5

Slide 3-B
Taking Stock of the Challenges 6

310

Slide 3-B
Taking Stock of the Challenges 7

Slide 4-A
Solution 1

Slide 4-A
Solution 2

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Slide 4-A
Solution 3

Slide 4-B
Solution

Slide 4-C
Solution 1

312

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Solution 2

Slide 4-D
Solution 1

Slide 4-D
Solution 2

313

Slide 4-E
Solution

Slide 5Conclusion

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Profile

Barefoot College
Established in 1972, the Barefoot College has a long history providing basic services andsolutions to problems in rural communities. The ultimate objective of the college is to help
these communities achieve self-sufficiency and sustainability. These‘ Barefoot Solutions’ canbe broad, encompassing solar energy, water, education, health care, rural handicrafts, people’s
action, communication, women’s empowerment, and wasteland development. All Barefoot
initiatives are planned and implemented by a network of rural men and women. Because theCollege believes that it must be based in the village as well as managed and owned by thosewhom it serves. Those who teach and help rural communities are known as ‘BarefootProfessionals’, and they defy social stereotypes as to the ability of rural communities andpeople. It is noteworthy that these Barefoot Professionals have been exemplifying anenvironmentally sustainable and energy-efficient life realized not only in India but in otherdeveloping countries. The most precious and irreplaceable achievement of the BarefootCollege is that it enables people to help themselves and live with dignity and self respect.
History and Values of the College
In the late 1960s, a very small group of individuals in India sought an alternative ways ofliving, thinking about, and looking for rural solutions. After a long and difficult period of trial
and error, the group began a process of re-learning life in remote villages with the villagers
themselves.
By the early 1970s, urban educated persons and professionals started their own search
for working models. However, they were not all successful. While some individuals chose tolive in villages, others thought it better to base themselves in the big towns and cities of India.
At that time, the idea of living and work in villages was considered ‘crazy and daring’. Even
with considerable opposition from their parents, they chose an alternative way of life.
Founder Bunker Roy was one person who came to rural community and chose to live
there. In 1972, he and other educated people were given permission to collectively register as
the Social Work and Research Centre (SWRC), today known as“ Barefoot College”. The nameemphasises the organisation’s commitment to poor, neglected, and marginalized sections ofsociety.
In 1972, forty-five acres of Government land and an abandoned Tuberculosis Sanatorium(consisting of 21 buildings) was leased from the Government at Re.1 a month, to serve as a
campus. The Barefoot College started working in the village of Tilonia in Rajasthan, with apopulation of about 2,000 people.
When it was founded, most people working at the College were geologists, economists,
doctors, medical and social workers, chartered accountants, graduates and post graduatesfrom universities, who were determined to serve in the villages. Local participation was
limited to men, as the College was misunderstood as a missionary organization seeking
315conversions.
Members of the College focused on trying to identify the needs and priorities of village
communities to improve their standard of living and quality of life. The idea was to upgrade
their existing traditional skills and knowledge through training, and to help them take control
over basic services at the grassroots level. The College struggled and campaigned for justiceand the fair application of law, as well as to bring transparency and public accountability torural communities in whose name the funds were received.
Rise of the Barefoot College
The early 1980s saw a substantial change in the nature of the College work force, with locals
forming 80% of the organization. Local people were gradually were taking charge of theactivities and initiatives right from planning to completion, reducing on the need external aid
and learning to self sufficient.
The Barefoot College aimed to adopt a new approach to and understanding of social
work and community development, by using the local skills to achieve sustainable peoplecentric and participatory development. The importance of respect the wisdom of traditional
knowledge was fully understood and moulds it with the involvement of rural communities tomeet their needs. It identified and worked with only poor and marginalised farmers, landlesspeasants, rural artisans, women, children, and scheduled castes and tribes as its target groups.
Barefoot Campus
In 1977, the College acquired eight acres of land for its new campus in Tilonia. The campus
was constructed between 1980 and 1986, and was designed by a team of rural Barefootarchitects, masons, blacksmiths, farmers, and members of women groups, who all worked
together through the difficult basic design of the campus.
One example of the eco-friendly construction of the campus is that all rooftops were
designed to connect one underground water tank with the capacity to collect 400,000 litres ofrain water. This tank was constructed under an amphitheatre to utilise the space more efficiently.
Overflow from the tank was designed to be directed to open wells.
Basic Values
The Barefoot College has been providing simple solutions to rural problems based on fivenon-negotiable values: equality, collective decision-making, self-reliance, decentralization,
and austerity. For example, the salary structure of the organization is set according to basic
values, irrespective of caste and class barriers. People eat in the same mess and wash their own
plates. The Barefoot College has also been very flexible in learning from its own mistakes andadapting to changing times.
Although most of the people involved with the Barefoot College are living on less than
$1 a day, the College trains them to be self-sufficient, which enables them to live with dignity
and self respect. This appears to be the secret and source of the success of the College, with its
impressive history. The most powerful technique that the College has been using is the‘ learn
and relearn’ method that enables people to adopt new ideas flexibly without being afraid ofmaking mistakes. Thus the organization has laid a solid foundation for itself.

316

EssayGrass Root Sustainable Solutions Where the
Rural Poor Come First
Mr. Bunker Roy
Barefoot College
Empowering the rural poor means developing their technical, human and financial capacity to
be independent. It means developing their skills so they become competent decision-makers
with the confidence to act on their choices. The approach that big donors and Westernconditioned experts have taken to reach the poor—forget about allowing the poor to develop
themselves—has been patronizing, top-down, insensitive, and expensive. It excludes themarginalized, the exploited, and the very poor and keeps them from making decisions on theirown. This has left them dependent and hopelessly ill prepared to improve their lives. Sadly,these “patrons,” however well intentioned, have refused to learn from their mistakes. In thename of tackling the serious problems of sustainable development they are stuck in a rut thatwastes money on a process that simply has not worked.
Enough research has been done. There is strong evidence to show the poor are becoming
poorer around the world. This is because alien urban solutions are being imposed on solving
basically rural problems. Fundamental change only comes out of conflict of ideas, approaches
and methods. There are indeed many other ways of empowering the rural poor.
It starts with giving the poor the right to decide for themselves how they want toimprove their quality of life. They must have the right to choose whether they want the urban
experts to come into their villages with “modern” ideas. They must have access to informationand knowledge and the right to decide whether they would like to be independent of advice
and skills from outside when they already have such incredible technical, human, and evenfinancial resources within their own communities. They can even decide whether someknowledge would be useful if they could adapt it to serve their needs. What they need is theopportunity and space to develop themselves.
When provided with that mental and physical space, the poor can achieve wonders
without any outside professional interference or advice. The trouble is that, even thoughestablished approaches have failed to achieve sustainable improvements, people are reluctant
to turn the top-down process on its head and start from the bottom up. Few operational models
provide a contrast that demonstrates the alternatives. But outside the usual box are other morecost effective approaches that draw more on the practical experience of the grassroots. There
are ways to build on local knowledge and skills. And these approaches can be replicated on alarge scale.
Observe the remote inaccessible villages around the world. There is no one left but thevery old, the women, and the very young. The youth have left. The youth have left to look for317

jobs—any job that would take them away from the village—because the predominant value
system denigrates rural life, skills, and traditions and offers little hope of improving the qualityof life. They have certificates in their hands from uninspiring mediocre technical institutes andcolleges located in small towns producing “graduates” by the thousands with high expectations.
These youths thought with a paper degree in their hands they were going to get well-paid,
secure jobs in the cities. Instead, they swelled the ranks of the educated unemployables livingon the pavements and in the slums in the metropolitan cities of India.
When the youth fled, they took with them the dying hopes of their parents—weavers,
blacksmiths, potters, builders, carpenters, farmers—to pass on the traditional skills to the next
generation. They left behind not only their families but also the knowledge their elders hadcollected over the generations to adapt to local conditions, apply low cost sustainable solutions
and provide a “living” example of how to live simply. Remember what Gandhi said, “ Live
simply so that others may simply live.” This is knowledge that no formal educational system
values, but it is critical for developing a community with dignity and self-respect. The formal
educational system as we know it makes them look down on their own roots.
What we have “unlearned” is our gross underestimation of people’s infinite capacity toidentify and solve their own problems with their own creativity and skills, and to depend oneach other in implementing solutions. The empowerment of the marginalized rural poor isabout developing that capacity to solve problems, to make choices, and to have the collective
confidence to act on them.
These people need to assert their identity and demonstrate that their knowledge andskills are not outdated, second-rate, or irrelevant. They need a college dedicated to their specificand special circumstances, and one that is located in a remote rural area. They need a place
where they could feel a sense of ownership, where their self-respect and self-esteem could be
developed gradually over the years.
So is it not time to start thinking of a College only for the poor? Where the teacher isthe learner and the learner is the teacher. A place which is managed, controlled and owned by
the poor who earn less than $ 1/day: where paper degrees and diplomas are a disqualificationand people are judged not according to their degree of literacy or academic distinction, but by
their attributes: honesty, integrity, compassion, practical skills, creativity, adaptability, willingness to listen and learn, and ability to work with all sorts of people without discrimination. The
goal is not to change their lifestyle but to gain the basic skills they need to provide to their own
communities a vital service, one that urban professionals are currently trying to provide, often
unsuccessfully.
If we are to show how to live simply in a sustainable manner what we need is a radical
departure from the traditional concept of a “college” because it encourages a hands-on
learning-by-doing process of gaining practical knowledge and skills rather than written tests
and paper-based qualifications. It promotes and strengthens the kind of informal education
one absorbs from family, community, and personal experience. It deliberately confers nodegrees, with a view to reversing migration. If one can improve the quality of life in one’s
community by providing a vital service, why would anyone in their right mind want to live anunspeakably miserable existence in the urban slums?

318

First, we need to demystify education, taking Mark Twain to heart: “Never let Schoolinterfere with your Education.” Mahatma Gandhi believed that giving more importance, value,
and relevance to practical skills and applying traditional knowledge to solving day-to-day
problems was essential for living a sustainable life style.
Second, give priority to the ideas, thoughts, and wishes of the rural poor. It values
keeping the oral tradition alive from father to son. The focus should be to make the youngmen, women, and children living in the village aware of this precious resource so that eventually
they will stay in their villages and not migrate to the cities to end up living in a slum.
There is a desperate need for a place where no importance is placed on urban experts
with paper degrees and qualifications who want to participate in it. Sadly, thirty years of
exposure and experience in rural India has shown that most people with high-level paper
qualifications are unfit (and misfits) when it comes to living and working in remote rural areas.
They do not have the patience, humility, listening skills, open minds, tolerance, or capacity toshow respect for traditional knowledge and skills.
Third, enhance the self-confidence and competence of the poorest of the poor byproviding them access to learning that develops their ability to serve their own community,
thus making them more confidently self-reliant. The criteria for selection is simple. Select
only those village people—both men and women—who are illiterate, semiliterate, or barely
literate and who have no hope of getting the lowest government job. Train them as educators,
doctors, teachers, engineers, architects, designers, communicators, hand pump mechanics,
and accountants. Let them demonstrate that “experts” from the urban areas with paper
qualifications are not really required to make villages self-sufficient and sustainable because
they can do the work themselves.
Empowering Rural Women
The secret is to recognize the potential of illiterate and semi-literate women to succeed inthose areas reserved traditionally reserved only for men. They have shown an awesome
capacity and confidence to provide a service to their communities and to destroy stereotyped
images and roles in the process.
Today many women in non-traditional roles are serving their own communities. Women
are working as night school teachers, hand-pump mechanics, solar engineers, water engineers,architects, masons, and fabricators of solar cookers. Illiteracy has never been considered abarrier to women developing themselves as professionals. Illiterate women have shown they
are capable of handling computers and training unemployed youth in feeding technical, health,and literacy data.
What is remarkable is that for the first time sophisticated solar technology has been
demystified, and simple village women have demonstrated how effectively they can manage
and control it to improve their quality of life. They now have the opportunity to develop theircompetence and confidence to handle technology, providing services to their own communitythat gives them a new level of acceptance and the respect they deserve.

319

Challenges and Lessons Learned
What is needed is a pioneering and innovative approach to applying the knowledge, skills, andpractical wisdom of the rural poor—which may be the only way to make communities selfreliant and sustainable.
With roots in the village community and a deep-rooted respect for the proper and wiseuse of water, air, earth, and the sun, the rural poor have set an example of how NOT to waste
or overexploit nature resources. They are a living testimony to Mahatma Gandhi’s famous
saying, “The world has enough for every man’s need but not for one man’s greed.”
The approach could have a considerable impact in changing the mindset of urban“experts” and influencing their attitudes toward the idea of having the poor identify and solve
their own problems.Development with dignity means development with less dependence on
urban skills and more self-respect.
Major Challenges
1. Promoting a Different Vision of Sustainable Development
The first challenge has been to convince people that a different vision of sustainable
development is possible. The most formidable of hurdles has been to convince urban people
that semi-literate rural women from any village in India—indeed, any remote village in theworld—can competently provide basic professional services to their own communities. Thistask continues to be a daunting one since it involves changing long-held stereotypes, mindsets,
and attitudes towards the poor.
2. Dealing with Success
The second challenge has been dealing with success. Once it has been demonstrated that any
semi-literate rural woman can solar-electrify remote villages and look after solar units morecompetently than paper-qualified solar engineers this is likely to turn established perceptions
upside down, and debunk the basic assumption that formal education is required for sustainable
development work.
The very idea of semi-literate women being able to manage and control initiatives at thevillage level is almost inconceivable.
3. Learning from Failure
The third major challenge is to learn from successful failures. Taking risks, trying new ideas,
failing and trying again is a process that should be respected. We recognize that we should
learn as much from failure as from success. But the formal education system has no room for
failure. In that system, failure is considered a matter for shame and regret. We should giveeveryone involved the opportunity to make mistakes and learn from them.
What is long overdue is to put into practice an idea first espoused by Mahatma Gandhi:that the resources required to develop poor communities lie within the bounds of thosecommunities. Human, technical, and financial resources need not come from outside in order
for a community to bring about fundamental change and improve its quality of life. Too often,
community resources are neglected, looked down upon, and considered inferior just because

320they have not conformed to the formal requirements of the education system.
What needs to be shown on the ground is that villagers themselves with little or no
educational qualifications, can learn to provide basic services to their own community. To beable to change the mindset of poor rural people who have been made to feel that they cannot
do it themselves is an enormous contribution. Less developed countries would benefit immensely from realizing this inner strength all poor communities have. It can eventually transformthe outlook not only of development officials, but, most importantly, of the rural poor themselvesFirst they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, and then you win—Mahatma
Gandhi321

Lecture

Demystifying Professionalism:
The Barefoot Approach
Mr. Bunker Roy
Founder, Barefoot College
Empowering the rural poor means developing their capacity. It means developing their skills
so they become competent decision-makers with the confidence to act on their choices. Thusfar, conventional approaches to such empowerment have failed. The approach that big donors
and Western-conditioned experts have taken to reach the poor—forget about allowing the poor
to develop themselves—has been patronizing, top-down, insensitive, and expensive. It excludes
the marginalized, the exploited, and the very poor and keeps them from making decisions on
their own. Thus it disempowers them, leaving them dependent and hopelessly ill prepared to
improve their lives. Moreover, these “patrons,” however well intentioned, have refused to learn
from their mistakes. They are stuck in a rut that wastes money on a process that simply has notworked.
Enough research has been done. There is strong evidence to show the poor are becoming
poorer around the world because we have been tackling rural problems by thrusting urban
solutions on the poor. That is not what they need. On the basis of overpowering documentation
what is the need of the hour is implementation. Fundamental change only comes out of conflictof ideas, approaches and methods. There are indeed many ways of empowering the poor. The“barefoot approach” is one such way.
It starts with giving the poor the right to decide for themselves how they want to improvetheir quality of life. They must have the right to choose whether they want the urban experts
to come into their villages with “modern” ideas. They must have access to information andknowledge and the right to decide whether they would like to be independent of advice andskills from outside when they already have such incredible technical, human, and evenfinancial resources within their own communities. They can even decide whether someknowledge would be useful if they could adapt it to serve their needs. What they need is theopportunity and space to develop themselves.
When provided with that mental and physical space, the poor can achieve wonders
without any outside professional interference or advice. The trouble is that, even thoughestablished approaches have failed to achieve sustainable improvements, people are reluctant
to turn the top-down process on its head and start from the bottom up. Few operational models
provide a contrast that demonstrates the alternatives. But outside the usual box are other morecost effective approaches that draw more on the grassroots. There are ways to build on local
knowledge and skills. And these approaches can be replicated on a large scale.

There are supplement slides at the back of the section.
322

Origins of the Barefoot Idea
In 1971, I went to live and work in the rural village of Tilonia in Rajasthan, India, after
receiving the most elitist, expensive, snobbish private education that any Indian could possibly
receive. When I arrived, I remember being shaken by the questions the elders asked me:
Are you running from the police? Did you fail in your examinations? You did not manage to
get a government job? Is there something wrong with you? Why are you here? Why have youcome from the city to this village? There is no one here but the very old, the women, and thevery young. The youth have left.
The youth had left to look for jobs—any job that would take them away from thevillage—because the predominant value system denigrated rural life, skills, and traditions andoffered little hope of improved incomes or quality of life. They had certificates in their handsfrom uninspiring mediocre technical institutes and colleges located in small towns producing“graduates” by the thousands with high expectations. These youths thought they were goingto get well-paid, secure jobs in the cities. Instead, they swelled the ranks of the educatedunemployables living on the pavements and in the slums in the metropolitan cities of India.
Why unemployable? Because their paper degrees had no value. The certified doctors,
teachers, and engineers produced by the thousands every year are paper experts without any
practical experience. They are caught up in a system that is not accountable to the people it is
supposed to serve and produces insufficient jobs to absorb the number of job seekers. Civil
engineers build roads that do not last; water engineers build tanks that collapse or crack andcannot be used; doctors focus on curative approaches and know little or nothing about
preventive health. So in the absence of jobs but still hoping for any job, they live an inhumanexistence in appalling urban slums. The humiliation and scorn they would face on returning to
the village prevent them from going back. Anyone going back to the village is considered afailure and the shame is shared by the whole family.
When the youth fled, they took with them the dying hopes of their parents—weavers,
blacksmiths, potters, builders, carpenters, farmers—to pass on the traditional skills to the next
generation. They left behind not only their families but also the knowledge their elders hadcollected over the generations to adapt to local conditions. This was knowledge that no formal
educational system valued, but it was critical for developing a community with dignity andself-respect. The formal educational system had made them look down on their own roots.
For me, living and working in the villages for five years as an unskilled laborer digging
and blasting wells and meeting with very ordinary poor people was an extraordinary experience. Between 1967 and 1971, I went through an “unlearning” process that provided the seeds
for the humble beginning of the Barefoot College.
Over the last 40 years, what we have “unlearned” is our gross underestimation ofpeople’s infinite capacity to identify and solve their own problems with their own creativity
and skills, and to depend on each other in tackling problems.
What I learned is that empowerment of the marginalized rural poor is about developingthat capacity to solve problems, to make choices, and to have the confidence to act on them.
On a different front, the college understood the specific real needs of the rural poor.
These people needed to assert their identity and demonstrate that their knowledge and skills

323

were not outdated, second-rate, or irrelevant. They needed a college dedicated to their specificand special circumstances, and one located in a remote rural area. They needed a place where
they could feel a sense of ownership, where their self-respect and self-esteem could be
developed gradually over the years.
The Barefoot College acts as a counterpoint both to the incredible ignorance andarrogance the formal system displays and to its belief that it makes an indispensable contribution
to tackling poverty; in reality that approach is counterproductive, even dangerous.
What is Barefoot College?
As an organization, Barefoot College is the only college in India that follows the lifestyle andwork style of Gandhi. It is the only college built by the poor, for the poor, and for the last 40
years, managed, controlled, and owned by the poor. Underlying the Barefoot approach is a
firm belief in the knowledge, creativity, practical wisdom, and survival skills of the marginalized
poor—possibly the only answer to making communities self reliant and sustainable. For an
unemployed and employable semi-literate rural youth to be providing vital services in avillage, replacing an urban, paper-qualified doctor, teacher, or water engineer is a totally
revolutionary idea. And yet, this is what happens at the Barefoot College every day.
It is the only college where paper degrees, diplomas, and doctorates are a disqualification
because people are judged not according to their degree of literacy or academic distinction,
but by their attributes: honesty, integrity, compassion, practical skills, creativity, adaptability,
willingness to listen and learn, and ability to work with all sorts of people without discriminating.
The term “barefoot” is both symbolic and literal. Those who work, teach, learn, and“unlearn” and provide a technical skill without a paper degree issued by the Barefoot College
go barefoot and remain so after they return to their own villages. Their goal is not to change
their lifestyle but to gain the basic skills they need to provide to their own communities a vital
service, one that urban professionals are currently trying to provide, most often unsuccessfully.
Meanwhile they are maintaining a healthy and sustainable lifestyle for themselves and theircommunity.
The Barefoot College is a radical departure from the traditional concept of a “college”
because it encourages a hands-on learning-by-doing process of gaining practical knowledge
and skills rather than written tests and paper-based qualifications. It promotes and strengthens
the kind of education one absorbs from family, community, and personal experience. It
deliberately confers no degrees, with a view to reversing migration. If one can improve thequality of life in one’s community by providing a vital service, why would anyone in their rightmind want to live an unspeakably miserable existence in the urban slums? In any case, because
barefoot professionals do not have paper certificates, no one in the urban areas, sadly, will
seriously value their skills.
The ideology of the Barefoot College four key components: Alternative Education,
Valuing Traditional Knowledge and Skills, Learning for Self-Reliance, and Dissemination.
1. Alternative Education
First, the Barefoot College demystifies education, taking Mark Twain to heart: “Never let

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School interfere with your Education.” Mahatma Gandhi believed that giving more importance,
value, and relevance to practical skills and applying traditional knowledge to solving day-today problems was essential for the development of rural India. Gandhi’s thoughts live on in the
Barefoot College. Living conditions for everyone are simple and down to earth (literally!).
Everyone sits, eats, and works on the floor. No one can receive a salary of over US $150 amonth.
2. Valuing Traditional Knowledge and Skills
Second, the Barefoot College gives priority to the ideas, thoughts, and wishes of the rural poor.
The college respects and emphasizes the importance of traditional knowledge, skills, andpractical wisdom. It values keeping the oral tradition alive from father to son. This type of
education is deeply rooted in long experience facing the challenges of living in particular
circumstances and can never be replaced. The focus of the college is to make the young men,
women, and children living in the village aware of this precious resource so that eventually
they will stay in their villages and not migrate to the cities to end up living in a slum.
This is a major reason why the college places no importance on urban experts withpaper degrees and qualifications who want to participate in it. In fact, people may be disqualified
if they have too many paper qualifications. Sadly, 40 years of exposure and experience in rural
India has taught us that most people with high-level paper qualifications are unfit (and misfits)
when it comes to living and working in remote rural areas. They do not have the patience,
humility, listening skills, open minds, tolerance, or capacity to show respect for traditional
knowledge and skills.
3. Learning for Self-Reliance
Third, Barefoot College enhances the self-confidence and competence of the poorest of thepoor by providing them access to learning that enhances their ability to serve their own
community, thus making them more confidently self-reliant. Over the last 40 years, thousandsof unemployed and unemployable rural poor have been selected and trained as barefooteducators and technologists.
The criteria for selection are simple. We select only those village youth—both men andwomen—who are illiterate, semiliterate, or barely literate and who have no hope of getting thelowest government job. They have been trained as “barefoot” educators, doctors, teachers,
engineers, architects, designers, communicators, hand pump mechanics, and accountants.
They have demonstrated that “experts” from the urban areas with paper qualifications are notreally required to make villages self-sufficient and sustainable because these trained “barefoot”
experts can do the work themselves.
In keeping with the Barefoot philosophy, each operates independently, defining its own
curriculum but keeping a few non-negotiable tenets at the core of their operations:
Equality. All people in the college are equal regardless of gender, caste, ethnicity, age, andschooling. In practical terms, this means the college has no hierarchy. The founder and directorof a college have the same say and status as the new barefoot accountant who has just joined
it and the physically challenged barefoot operator who answers the phone.

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Austerity. Everyone in the college receives a living wage, not a market wage. The maximum
wage anyone can earn is US $150/month; the minimum is about half that at 73 Indian rupees
per day. Living conditions focus on basic needs and are designed to minimize waste.
Collective Decision-Making. Decisions are made collectively, not by individuals in isolation.
For example, the salary each person receives is decided on by everyone in the organization;
the process is based on a points system in which each person evaluates himself and everyone
else according to several criteria.
Barefoot College is also the only fully solar-electrified college based in a village inIndia. Starting in 1989, barefoot solar engineers installed a total of 40 kilowatts of solar panelsand 5 battery banks, each containing 136 deep-cycle batteries. The solar components (inverters,
charge controllers, battery boxes, stands) were all fabricated in the college itself.
Empowering Rural Women
Only in the late 1980s did Barefoot College begin to recognize the potential of illiterate andsemi-literate women to succeed in these non-traditional areas. As we have implemented thisapproach over the last 25 years, the women we have worked with have shown an awesome
capacity and confidence to provide a service to their communities and to destroy stereotyped
images and roles in the process.
Today many women in non-traditional roles are serving their own communities. “Barefoot”
women are working as night school teachers, hand-pump mechanics, solar engineers, water
engineers, architects, masons, and fabricators of solar cookers. Illiteracy has never been
considered a barrier to women developing themselves as barefoot professionals.
Illiterate women are handling computers and training unemployed youth in feeding
technical, health, and literacy data to our organization.
Some programs cover areas such as water and education, where women have traditionallybeen very active, but their role in spreading solar technology is totally new for them, although
it does build on their traditional responsibility to maintain the supplies of kerosene for lighting
and fuel for cooking.
What is remarkable is that for the first time sophisticated solar technology has been
demystified, and simple village women have demonstrated how effectively they can manage
and control it to improve their quality of life. They now have the opportunity to develop theircompetence and confidence to handle technology, providing services to their own communitythat give them a new level of acceptance and the respect they deserve.
What is innovative is involving the whole community in selecting semi-literate womenas engineers to provide a vital and non-traditional technical service in an area not generally
associated with rural women. It also requires them to develop systematic leadership skills,
persuading the community to pay a monthly contribution for the repair and maintenance of thesolar systems they have installed in each house in their own village. Where this system was
first adopted, the household contributions have been coming in regularly for the last four years.

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Empowered Barefoot Women around the WorldThe demystified and decentralized barefoot approach of solar electrifying villages primarily in
the South would not have been possible without PARTNERSHIPS.
Under a unique scheme of the Government of India providing financial support called
India Technical Economic Cooperation (ITEC) over 200 illiterate grandmothers from nearly
30 LDCs have been trained at the Barefoot College. Nearly US $ 700,000 have been spent on
air fares and training costs between 2009-2011.
The hardware (solar equipment) has been provided under a Global Agreement with the
GEF Small Grants Programme of the UNDP covering Uganda, Niger, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana,
Mozambique, Rwanda, Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Kenya.
Profiles:Fatuma Abubker Ibrahim, one of the Barefoot Solar Engineers of Ethiopia, lives in the remotevillage of Beyahile, in Afar state. Fatuma is 20 years old, single, attended primary school, andlives with her parents. She and her family tend to their three cows, 30 goats, and three camelson two hectares of land. Since July 2006, Fatuma has also been looking after 90 fixed solar
units, 90 solar lanterns, and one rural electronic workshop in Beyahile and nearby villages.

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Awatif Abduraheman lives in the remote village of Benishangul in Ethiopia. Semiliterate, she is 25, married, and has three sons. She and her family make their living farming
their four hectares. Awatif also does domestic work, and since July 2006 has been installing,
maintaining, and repairing 80 solar units in her village and others nearby.
Aminata Woulet is 40 and lives in Tinjambane village in Timbuktu in Mali. A widow
since 1994, she has never been to school, but can read and write. She has other skills: dyeing
cloth with indigo, making leather crafts, and looking after goats.
Haja Woulet is 32, a widow with one 10-year-old daughter. She is illiterate and lives
with her parents, also in Tinjambane.
Together Aminata and Haja solar electrified their own village of 92 houses in 10 days;
it was the first village in Mali where rural women installed solar electricity.
Aji Kamera lives in the village of Kafenkeng in The Gambia. She is over 30, married
with four children, and a Muslim. She attended school up to class 7 but then dropped out. She
owns a small plot, on which she keeps three goats, a cow and four chickens. She installed solar
electric units in 40 houses in one week; they have been functioning for nearly a year now.
Nancy Kanu, a Muslim, lives in KontaLine in Sierra Leone. She is 40 years old, has six
children, and is semi-literate. She owns one sheep and one goat. Single-handedly, she solar
electrified her village of 35 houses and was the first women solar engineer in Sierra Leone.
That same kind of empowerment has now spread to women beyond India into otherparts of Asia and Africa. For the past 11 years, the Barefoot College has been training semiliterate and illiterate rural women to assemble, install, repair, and maintain solar photovoltaic
systems. Once selected by their village to undergo solar training for six months at the BarefootCollege, the women come to Tilonia and acquire the competence and confidence to fabricate,install, repair, and maintain sophisticated solar units. They then return to their communities toinstall solar systems in each house in the village, thus establishing their credibility in the eyesof each family that pays a monthly contribution for them to repair and maintain the units.
Never in the history of Afghanistan has an illiterate woman left her house, her village,
and her country for six months to train as a solar engineer in India, but that is exactly what
26-year-old Gul Zaman, from the village of Katasang in Daikundi province, did in 2005. She
and her 30-year-old husband Mohammed Jan came to Tilonia for six months. They have asmall plot of land to feed 10 people, and work as day laborers for over 200 days each year.
Together the couple gently created history by solar electrifying their own village of some 50
houses, and the units have continued functioning since September 2005.
Electrifying houses provides additional income and a new level of confidence andleadership to the women who train in Tilonia as solar engineers and then serve as role models
for young women in their villages. It also opens up other income generating opportunities for
all women, who can then use their evening hours to manufacture handicrafts and other goods
for sale.
Challenges and Lessons Learned
What is pioneering and innovative about the Barefoot approach is the emphasis and respect it
gives to applying the knowledge, skills, and practical wisdom of the rural poor—which may

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be the only way to make communities self-reliant and sustainable.
With roots in the village community and a deep-rooted respect for the proper and wiseuse of water, air, earth, and the sun, Barefoot Educators have set an example of how NOT towaste or overexploit nature resources. They are a living testimony to Mahatma Gandhi’sfamous saying, “The world has enough for every man’s need but not for one man’s greed.”
The approach has had a considerable impact in changing the mindset of urban “experts”
and influencing their attitudes toward the idea of having the poor identify and solve their own
problems.
Development with dignity means development with less dependence on urban skills
and more self-respect. The Barefoot approach has worked. The results are there for everyone
to see and feel.
Major Challenges
1. Promoting a Different Vision of Development
The first challenge has been to convince people that a different vision of development ispossible. Throughout its brief lifetime, the college has worked hard to convince urban people
that semi-literate men and women from any village in India—indeed, any remote village in theworld—can competently provide professional services to their own communities. While theresults of the college’s work speak for themselves, this task continues to be a daunting one
since it involves changing long-held stereotypes, mindsets, and attitudes towards the poor.
Still, a great many people, including many who hold important positions, have learned about
its activities and have traveled to Tilonia to witness its work first-hand. We make progress witheach new person who comes to the campus, as they absorb the spirit of the approach and are
inspired to help disseminate and expand it within their own spheres of influence.
2. Dealing with Success
The second challenge has been dealing with success. The college has demonstrated that semiliterate rural women can solar-electrify remote villages and look after solar units morecompetently than paper-qualified solar engineers. In so doing, it has turned establishedperceptions upside down, and debunked the basic assumption that formal education is requiredfor development work. Unfortunately, in challenging established thinking on development, thecollege has generated hostility and jealousy, and has made many enemies.
Those most hostile to the Barefoot approach are people who have invested a great dealin acquiring an education through the official system and then applying that misguided“expertise.” The very idea of semi-literate women being able to manage and control initiatives
at the village level undermines those hard-earned credentials and credibility and even threatens
the existence of their jobs. Indeed, one result of the Barefoot approach in India, where it ismost widely replicated, has been the replacement of cost-intensive initiatives and jobs by lowcost and intensive initiatives, providing gainful employment within the villages.

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3. Learning from Failure
The third major challenge has been to learn from successful failures. Taking risks, trying new
ideas, failing and trying again is a process that is respected in the Barefoot College because werecognize that we should learn as much from failure as from success. But the formal education
system has no room for failure. In that system, failure is considered a matter for shame andregret. Barefoot College gives everyone involved the opportunity to make mistakes and learn
from them. Any organization worth its salt has to go through crises. The crises can either breakthe organization into little splinters or eventually make it stronger. In the early 1980s, asdecision-making power within the college gradually shifted from the urban professionals to
the rural youth, many of the former left to join other organizations or opted back into thesystem. That was a crisis that led to uncertainty and insecurity. But the college learned two
important lessons that have since guided and influenced future decisions.
1) Do not depend on urban professionals because they will not stay there all their lives. In aworld dominated by materialism, they may be tempted to use the college as a stepping-stone
to secure better-paying jobs. The answer has been to develop the capacity, confidence, andcompetence of the rural poor to provide their own services. After all, they have the knowledge
and the skills that have stood the test of generations before the urban-trained doctor, teacher,and engineer turned up on the scene. Why not, as a policy, move in that direction? That is what
we have done and it has been a key to our success.
2) You do your best work when you are insecure. When your back is against a wall and you
have nowhere to run and no one to turn to, you have no choice but to face the consequences.
When a crisis arises and could possibly lead to violence, urban professionals normally do nothave the staying power. Because they have somewhere to run to, they are not prepared to see
the crisis through.
In many ways, the Barefoot College is a microcosm of a more just and creative world.
Special emphasis is placed on giving the physically and mentally impaired the same
opportunities to work and belong to society as the physically and mentally able. People whoneed medication but cannot afford to pay the market price are charged 10 percent of that priceby the health center; if they are really struggling they are given the medication free of charge.
Waste paper from offices is recycled to make bags, pencil holders, origami, and teachingtools—which are in turn supplied to local night schools. Office equipment, fans, and lights are
powered by solar panels on the roofs of office buildings; living quarters are similarly suppliedwith solar energy. Drinking water and sanitation needs are met by a combination of rooftop
rainwater harvesting and local hand pumps; and the local environment is strengthened by a
network of troughs that harvest rainwater and feed it into a large open well used to recharge
the water table. Discarded intravenous drip bottles and tubes are disinfected and used toirrigate plants on the campus in this semi-desert area.
The Barefoot College has been putting into practice an idea first espoused by Mahatma
Gandhi: that the resources required to develop poor communities lie within the bounds ofthose communities. Human, technical, and financial resources need not come from outside inorder for a community to bring about fundamental change and improve its quality of life. Toooften, community resources are neglected, looked down upon, and considered inferior just330

because they have not conformed to the formal requirements of the education system.
However, just as important, the college has demonstrated to the villagers themselvesthat any one of them, man or woman, with little or no educational qualifications, can learn toprovide basic services to their own community. To be able to change the mindset of poor rural
people who have been made to feel that they cannot do it themselves is an enormous
contribution. Less developed countries would benefit immensely from adopting this Barefoot
approach. It can eventually transform the outlook not only of development officials, but, mostimportantly, of the rural poor themselves, instilling in them a “can do” attitude to improving
their own lives, and replacing the apathy and hopelessness they may feel after so many yearsof coming up against an irresponsive system that does not respect their abilities.
First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, and then you win—
Mahatma Gandhi

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Slide 1
The Barefoot Architects

Slide 2
Built at $1.50/sq.ft by 12 Barefoot Architects in 3 Years

Slide 3
Paving a Village Road

Slide 4
Underground Water Strage

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Slide 5
The First Barefoot Solar Engineer of India:
Fully Solar Electrified the Campus between 1986 and 2000

Slide 6The campus has 40 KWs of solar panels.

Slide 7
Solar Cookers

Slide 8Semi-literate Women Barefoot Dentists

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Slide 9
Handloom-weaving

Slide 10
Soldering Work

Slide 11
Teaching Computer Skills

Slide 12
Reverse Osmosis Membrane Water Filteration

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Slide 13
Night School

Slide 14
Reservoir with Dammed Water

Slide 15
Solar Powered Reverse Osmosis Plants Locations

Slide 16
INDIA: Solar Lighting and Maintenance (1984-2011)335

Slide 17
Assembling Solar Lanterns

Slide 19
Worldwide: Solar Lighting (1984-2011)336

Slide 18
Africa: Solar Lighting (2004-2011)