Symposium on Reforming Science & Technology Policymaking
and Human Resource Development
Session 2: Interdisciplinary Education for Science & Technology Policy

Th MIT TechnologyTheT h landd Policy
P li Program
PKenneth A. OyeEngineering Systems Division and Department of Political Science
Massachusetts institute of Technology
March 1, 2012
University of Tokyo

Basic Features of Some Technology
gy Policyy Programs
gMIT Engineering Systems Division ‐ Technology & Policy Program• 2 year Masters for students with S&T backgrounds• Core + social sciences + tech concentration + RA + thesis• Dual degree option
Cambridge Judge Business School ‐ Technology Policy Programme• 1 year Masters for students with S&T backgrounds• Professional Practice Stream and Research StreamPrinceton Woodrow Wilson School ‐ STEP Certificate• 4 courses + paper for WWS students• 3 courses + paper for students in other graduate programs
MIT Science and Technology Policy Certificate (Proposed)• 2 core courses + 2 electives for S&T PhD students• Bottom up initiative from School of Science doctoral students

TPP Program Overview
Master of Science in Technology & Policy
 Typical program length ‐‐ 4 semesters /2 years
 Dual degree option with other MIT departments – add 1 semester+ Research‐based
Research based degree with thesis and RA
 Policy oriented internships between years 1 and 2
 Focus on multiple
p pprofessional competenciesp Specialized science/engineering in technical concentration
 Microeconomic‐political‐legal analytics
 QuantitativeQ
tit ti andd formal
fl methods
th dTPP CurriculumCore Integrative• Leadership• Introduction toTech & Policy• Research &Presentation• Thesis
Th i

Policy Analysis
Methods &Frameworks• Science, Tech &y
Public Policy• Tech, Law &Public Policy• Microeconomics• Elective Methods• Engineering
Systems Analysis
for Design• Real Options• System Dynamics

ProfessionalpDevelopment• TechnicalConcentration(> 30 units)• InternshipINTRODUCTIONSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY
Market/PoliticalFailure
AND PUBLIC POLICYPOLITICALPOLITICAL ECONOMYECONOMY
IP
andAntitrust
Political Institutional Failure
Externalities:
Economic Market Failure•IPEnvironment
and Antitrust
Disease•Externalities:•Imperfect
Security Info – risk shield
Imperfect
Info –- risk
shieldAdverse selectinsurance
Adverseselect - insurance
Coordination
Coordination• Technical standards•• technicalstandards
Regulatory
harmonization• regulations
KNOWLEDGE POLITICSKNOWLEDGE
C ti Knowledge
CreatingKl dCreating/Using• Education andKnowledge
R&D
Assessing
Knowledge
Assessing Knowledge••Technocratic
Safety and Heathv Adversarial•• Environment
H lth / M
HealthMedicine
di i / EEnv•• Militarycapabilities
Military and intelligence•• Threatassessment
Emerging
Technologies
EVALUATINGAND
IMPROVING POLICYIMPROVING
POLICY• Designing Indicators• Improving Anticipation•CONCLUSIONS
Improving Adaptation

5

POLITICAL ECONOMY ‐‐ MARKET FAILURE  INSTITUTIONAL FAILURE
Some Sources of Economic Market Failure
Unstable Property
p y Rightsg
Investment / diffusion of innovations
Monopoly‐Monopsony‐
Oligopoly, collusion, entry limits
External Costs and Benefits Environment, security, health, knowledge
Imperfectp
Info and Consent Risk acceptancep
Adverse Selection
Insurance, investments under uncertainty
Coordination Problems
Technical protocols, regulatory harmonization
SSome Sources
Soff Political
P liti l andd Institutional
I tit til Failure
F ilOlson
Collection action and free riding
Stigler
Regulatory capture
MilMilgromandd Roberts
R bB
Bargaining
i i andd influencei flcostsAllison
Organizational processes, bureaucratic politics

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS CASES

7MONOPOLY, OLIGOPOLY, MONOPSONY - ANTITRUST AND STRATEGIC TRADE

8ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES – COMPETITIVE REGULATORY BENEFITSChristine Ng

9TECHNICAL INTEROPERABILITY AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDSTiming? Definition? Extent? By Whom? With what effects on competition?

10

KNOWLEDGE CREATION AND ASSESSMENT
Creating and Applying Knowledge Research and Education
Private vs public research funding of emerging technologies, procurement
Human capital and education
Ethical and economic issues
Controversies over scientific and technical knowledge
Focus on areas with genuine complexity and uncertainty and controversy
Technocratic and Adversarial Methods
Passive Smoking
PM2.5Halcion
BU BSL4WMD Iraq

Transfats
Methyl mercury
Vioxx
Patriot
Korea

Implants
Climate Change
Plan B
TRW/BMD
Iran

11

KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT - PM 2.5 AND DRUG SAFETY

12

KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT - CLIMATE CHANGE

From: Phil Jones <p.jones@xxx.xxx><p jones@xxx xxx>
To: ray bradley <rbradley@xxx.xxx>,mann@xxx.xxx, mhughes@xxx.xxx
Subject: Diagram for WMO Statement
Date: Tue, 16 Nov 1999 13:31:15 +0000
Dear Ray, Mike and Malcolm,… I've just completed Mike's Nature trick of adding in the real temps toeach series for the last 20 years (ie from 1981 onwards) and from1961 for
Keith's to hide the decline.…
CheersPhil
13
University of East Anglia Norwich Email p.jones@xxxx.xxx NR4 7TJ UK

KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT – PATRIOT, MISSILE DEFENSE, IRAQ

14

KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT – PREDICTING NUCLEAR PROLIFERATIONClockwise from upper left:
US USSR,US,USSR UK,UK France,FChina,Chi India,
I diIsraeli plant at Dimona, Pakistan,
North Korea,, Iranian pplant

15

IMPROVING POLICYDEVELOPING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS• US and EU emissions testing procedures• US BSE testing procedures• TRW Missile TestingI

FOSTERING QUICK FIXES AND LONG TERM ADAPTATION AFTER DISASTER• North Sea inundation Netherlands• Kobe and seismic standards• Shuttle Challenger Disaster and National Research Council proposal
PLANNING
G ADAPTATIONO WITH ROUTINIZEDOUOBSERVATIONO SO & FEEDBACKC• Airline accidents and near misses – NTSB/FAA separate functions• Ambient air quality – US EPA NAAQS Harvard Six Cities NIEHS Mercury• BSE and relaxation of controls ‐‐ EU TSE Roadmap• Adaptive drug licensing ‐ HealthCanada /IOM/EMA/HSA proposals

EVALUATING POLICY – GAMING OPERATIONAL TESTSBEFORE ON BOARD COMPUTERSAFTER ON BOARD COMPUTERS

17
Christine Ng

COMMERCIAL AVIATION SAFETY
Exemplary risk governance• FAA cecertifies,t es, NTSB
S investigates
est gates• NTSB examines accidents near misses• Carriers manufacturers cooperate• NTSB recommends actions• FAA accepts (most) recommendations
US Congress in 1975:“NoNo agency can properly perform suchfunctions unless totally separate”

18Research & Thesis
 TPP is a research degree
 Partner with MIT facultyy as a Research Assistant ((RA))
 Thesis topic typically aligned with RA research Technology & Policy Thesis
 Examines p
policyy issue linked to technical concentration
 Identifies technical and social context of problem
 Evaluates options and offers appropriate responses
Examples of Theses
CCS: Assessing Early Investments In Low Carbon Technologies under Uncertainty
Solar‐Driven Water Desalination for Potable Use in Haiti
Comparing Capacities and Delays at Major European and American Airports
Safe, Secure & Ethical: Assessing & Regulating Risks Associated with Synthetic Biology

INPUT / OUTPUT
INCOMING ‐ CLASS OF 201338 students from 32 colleges and universities
Diverse majors in sciences and engineering
13 nations represented
50% male;l 50% female
flDiverse types and years of work experience

OUTGOING – TPP GRADUATES SINCE 1976
Industry 27%

Consulting 25%

A d i 17%
AcademiaGGovernment
t 14%

Finance 7%

Other 10%Matt Silver
C b i IInnovationCambrianti

Kate Martin
Chevron
ChChristine Ng
E iEnviron

OUTGOING – TPP GRADUATES SINCE 1976
Industry 27%

Consulting 25%

A d i 17%
Academia

GGovernment
t 14%

Finance 7%

Other 10%Mark Avnet
M Ki
McKinseyErica Fuchs
Carnegie Mellon

David Reiner
Cambridge

Jessica Stern
NSC / Harvard

OUTGOING – TPP GRADUATES SINCE 1976
Industry 27%

Consulting 25%

A d i 17%
Academia

GGovernment
t 14%

Finance 7%

Other 10%Kate SteelWorld Bank

Tatsujiro Suzuki
Todai - JAEC

Basic Features of Some Technology
gy Policyy Programsg
MIT Engineering Systems Division ‐ Technology & Policy Program• 2 year Masters for students with S&T backgrounds• Core + social sciences + tech concentration + RA + thesis• Dual degree option
Cambridge Judge Business School ‐ Technology Policy Programme• 1 year Masters for students with S&T backgrounds• Professional Practice Stream and Research Stream
Princeton Woodrow Wilson School ‐ STEP Certificate• 4 courses + paper for WWS students• 3 courses + paper for students in other graduate programs
MIT Science and Technology Policy Certificate(Proposed)• 2 core courses + 2 electives for S&T PhD students• Bottom up initiative from School of Science doctoral students