lSSN O912−7410

Nd・33January 1999

り▲ヽり二 ′．†

〃Jjこ†JJⅣTE月〃ATJOⅣA⊥ エA∬E EⅣVJ尺0〃〟E〃T CO〟〟JrrEE FO【J〃∂ATJO〃￣ForBetterLake Management−
ThisNewsIetterisalsoavaiFabEeinJapanese．

Lake99−Willyoubethere？

サ叫▼ヤーナ′■幹、■ごダ￣ て・鷲、r、，▼

for Denmarkrk

Hi

Ofthehighes【quali［y．Furthermore，inaddi
tiontotheusualalTayOfworkshopsandtechnicalexcursions，払ー仙efirsttimepre−
COnferencecoursesl−aVebeenarrangedto
addateachirlgelementto theConference．
Thesecourseswillbe
taughtmainlyby
lakes and reservoirs．As statedin the
ILEC Scientific Committee Members andSecondAnnouncementfortheConference，
wi11includelectures，COnCePtualmodels
tlleimportanceoflakesandreservoirs氏汀
andcasestudies．Forthosewithaninterest
localclimate，tOurism，reCreation，flShery，
Wildllfe，humansandotherspecies（issuch inmodelling，eCOtOXicologyandreservoirthat）theexchangeofexperienceanddis−
management，tlleSe COurSeS are a rare
ChancetobetaughtbyworldlenOWnedsci−
CuSSionofthelatestfindingsis asvitalas
entis15intbek汽eld．
ever
・TheWorldLakesConferencepro−
videsanidealstageforJuStSuChexchange，
enmarkwasoneoftllefirstcourl−
andILECisfu11ycommittedtosupportlngit．
はiesintheworldtopassanactof
Aswithpreviousconferences，thevariety
lawonenvironmentalprotectlOn，
aI−ditisthereforeappropriatethatthebeau−
andrangeofsubJeCtSupfordiscussion，and
t抗11capitalcityofCopenhagenplaysllOSt
山equalityoftheKeyno【espeakers訂eall
ld every two years，theInternational Conference on the
CollSerVatlOnandManagementof
Lakesispossiblythemos＝mportanteventof the year for all those concerned with

D

lN
THIS
ISSUE

TemporaIy Wetlandsds
・Lake99DrawsNear：

MessagefromProfessorJ＠rgensen
BriefGuidetoLake99
・ProfileonDr．MadhavChitale

to［heConfel・enCeOnthisoccasion・TlleCity

isnotonlystrivlngtOfindcompreheI−Sive
SOlutionstoenvirollmentalproblems，butis
alsofavourablydisposed to sharingits
expel●iences witl】0（11erS．Visitors to theConferencewillhaveampleopportul−1tytO
刀ne七tWi【hmembel・SOftllelocalol・gal−islng

COmmittee；allofwhomareleadinglights
intheirareaofspecialisatioll．
n this editionoftheILEC Newslet［er，We PrOVide a brief guide to theConference，butmore details can befound in the Second Alinouncement whichisavailableoI−〔11eIn【el■1−eL（SeePage4fc廿
access details）．ol・fl・Om the CollferellCe
Secl・etariat・Itis oul・hope111aL仁11e
Conference willbe wellattended and weurgeyoutogo▲Ⅰ・1998BiwakoPrizeforEcology
・1999BiwakoPrizeforEcology●LakesoftheWorld−ShiraLake，Russia● Lakes＆Reservoirs−TheJournal●NewPublicationsandForthcomingEvents

TbmporaryⅥねtlands：NeglectedLakes
W．D．Williams
emporarywe【1ands∈ばeinlandbod−T

ies of fresh or saline water which

are丘equentlydry，eitherseasonal−
1y（intermittentwetlandsinsemi−aridand
Subhumid areas）or forlongerperiods（episodicwetlandsindeserts）LTemporary
wetlands are characteristlC Water＿bodies ofpermanentlakes（e．g．Lake Chad，theCaspianSea，LakeTurkana），tlleyalsocon−
talnlargenumbersofmuchsmaller【empo−
rarybodiesofwater・Noaccurateinvento−
riesareavailableofthellumberandareaof
these−partlybecauselimnologistshave
SOme distance from scientific centres．But
thisrelatlVelackofutllityandinaccessibil− focussed11POllPel■manentWateトbodies orOエ11al■ge tempOl■ary Wetlallds・EvellSO，
ityshouldnotbetakenasindicativeofa
lackofscientificinterest，nOrthattheylack thereis rlOqueStiol−thattlleyarebotll

itedincomparison to ourknowledgeof
permanentinlandwaterrbodies，anOtSurT
PrlSlngfactglVenthesmallerutilityoftem−
POraryWaterS（especiallythosethatare
Saline）andtheir丘equentlocationiIlplaces

drylands，thatis，areaSOftheworldreceivr
lngless【hananaverageof500mmrain
Other wider values．Thatis far from the numerolIS and ex【ensive as a wl101e．Someeachyear，butarebynomeansconnnedto
250，0001akesofarea＜0．1k皿ユhavebeen
CaSe，ThepllrPOSeOfthisartlCleistodraw
them；theyoccurin allma」OrClimatic
attentlOntOatleastpartofthisinterestand notedaspILeSentindryandaridzonesand
reglOIIS．In血ylands，仙eyareoftetlmumer−
thesevalues，andtoarguethatlimnologists， manyoftlleSelakesmaybeexpectedtobe
OuS，SOmuChsothattheymaywellbethe【emporary given their smallsize（Cf・WaterreSOurCemanagerSandconservationL〔lominan【1amdscapefeature，aS，forexam−
260，0000fsimilarsizeintempera【eareas）．
istsneedtotakegreateraccountoftempor
Ple，intllehighveldtofsouthernA丘ica，in
The actual numbers will be in excess of
SOutll−eaStSouth Australia，Orinpartsof rarywetlands・
thisfiguresincetherearemally temPOrary
Texas■InallthesereglOnSandelsewhere
Thefigurebelowindicatesthegeographir
wetlalldsoverO・1km2il−al・eaal−（1mally
WhellWaterispresent，theyof（entakethe
Very Smalltemporary wetlands willllOt
CalextentofdrylandreglOnSOftheworld
formoflarge，turbid，Shallowbodies ofhaYebeenincluded．
（Showninthengureashypeトarid，aridand
Water，COnStantlystiLredbythewind，and
displaylngSlgnificantshort−termVariation Semi−aridregions）・Itcanbeseenthatthey
I arly limnological views collcemillg
are extremely extensive・In total，they
inmanyattributes．Othersortsoftempo−
coverovera tbirdof仙eworld sland sur−rarywetland arealso common：rOadsideface（and the semi−aridregions a（1east
ditches，Claypans，rOCkpooIs，Smallponds
includesomeofthemostdenselypopulatr（VernalpooIs）provideexample5．
edcountries）・Although，Paradoxically．
theycontain someofthe world slargest
Ou、knowledgeoftemfX）raryWaterSislim一E

山escien【ificilltereStOftemporary
wetlands wel・e山ati亡WaS SOme−
Wllatlimitedand［ha［biodiversityL【1Partic−
ularwasdepauperatealld山ebio【apresent
inYOlvedl、atllerFew gl■OUpS a11ddisplayed

TheGeographicalExtentofWetlands

Atemporary，freshwaterwetlandinnorth−eaSternSouthAustrariawhenwaterwaspresen
1iltle汀anyl■eglOllall■eStl●icliollS．Elemellb

OFtlleSe Views persis【eveIl110W．The
Views arequitewrong as ani11CreaSing
amouIlt Ofl・eSeal・Cllhas sl10Wn．Tllis
reseiulCll，amOngS10【hcr fil−dil−gS．illl】S−
11■alesわul●SlglliflCaIl‖bct5．

irst，faunaldiversltylSlligllandF

Ofte∫−1−igllel■111al−il−mal−yperma−

11elltWe仁1ands（incltIdillglakes），
Secol−d▼a Widel・angeOffaunalgroups
OCCurS，仙e particul〜1r aSSemblage aしa
SIVe11timedepen（】inglargelyupon tlle
time from filling・BrallChiopod cl・us−
taceal−S，ねrexample，uSuallyoccuri皿e−
LliatelyaftcrThewetlalldllaSfilledalldal・elllefil■St10（1isappear・TlleyareSuCCeededby a wi〔1c variety ofillSeCt and other
gl▲OupSl−0とall・eadypresel−t・AllmaJOr
invertebrategroupsarefound，eVenthose
Withr．ostageinthcirlife−CyClercsistantto〔1rying（thesesurvivetlledryperiod asa（1ultsilll efuges）・Allthem再OrVertebrategroupsocculL・thoughusuallyasmlgrantS・
Mal−yelementsofLl−efaul−aOCCurinper−

displaydifferencesafterdifferentfillil−g TlleSCielltificin【cres【oftempol■al■yWet−
eveIltS．Theresultisamosaicofcorrununi− 1all（1sisolllyoneor【lleil−Values．ⅥJllils〔ties．Andfourtll，COIISiderablee11（1emismis
theireconomicvalueiscertainlylessthall
PreSenlatbo［h con［inentalalldreglOnal tlla10fpel■mallellti＝】、eSllWatel◆S，i【isbyno
levels，pal 【iculal■1ylntlleCaSeOfilltel、miト
mcans11egligible．Eco110mic value
tellt wetlnnds alid lesJ so in the case oTillCludelhL：fuIIC［ionofしempol■ilryWetlallし】s
episodicwetlands・AfilTth．morespcculaL as gl◆Oull〔lwa〔el■1■eCllal●ge S）′S【ems．ま10r（iveflndillg．Cal−beadded・Duringthedl■y
CILOPPlng and pasLure whclltlle basinis
PhaseillePisodicwetlands，a Smallbut
dry．all（1aspluceswllじ1■elloodsilremOdじrCharacteristic biotais associatcd with tllC
a【ed．NolトeCOI10mic valulさSi】ladしIi【io11t（）
drysediments（alldisnotfourLdilllel◆reS
their scientific valucillCludeileSthetic，
trialsituationsbeyondlhelakeedgc）・This 1 eCrea【iollaliln（1educa【iolほl叩Peal．A oF
iscertainlylrueforlargesa上tlakesiIl【11ethesevalues needcarefulmanagemeLl［ifCeIltralAustralia11〔1esert：the situatioll
Ll】ey al■e；10t【o bc（1egl■a（1e〔1（all（1iIltllis
elsewhere，andinpal■licularinlakeswllich
COnlleCLiolll】0【e tlla†【eml）01■nI■）rWe‖淵（】sCOIltain fl・eSllWater Wllellfull，is mol・e
bytl一山●Vel■yn；ltul−e血■じ（1）01■Lel11■egal、de〔】PrOblematical．
astHlinlpOI●〔川tellVil■011mじ11tSall（＝11Cl ehre
mol■e◆expell（1able、tl】aI−pCl■mi川C−1川′Ct

1−eSefilldillgS山aveconsi（tel■ableT

implications forscielltists．The
maJOrimplicationistl−alalarge
an〔】mostly unexplol、ed segmentol tlle
inlandaquaticenvironmentexistswhelLe：（1）1−iglldiversity・endemismalldmany
adaptationstoenvil◆01−men【alstl■eSSeSqultemallelltWeIlalldsalsoandare111uSnOmOl・e differentfromthoseofpermallentWaterS【11al−OpPOl・tul−isticinoccurrence・butmany
CllaraCterizemucl−Oftllebiota．（21ecosys−
SpeCics arecollfil−e（1to【empoILaryWet−
temfuIICtiorlalldstructurearemarkedly
1al−ds・Third，1ocaldifferencesi11hydroIo一
differenth OmtlleSeatlributesinpel・mか旦y，fl■equeIICyOrrilling，baslnsllapeall（lnentwa【￠rS，and（3）in［￠1・aCtions betweell
Otllel●fact〔一rSOftellglVerisetodislinctdif−
lelTeStrialandaquatic，SurfaceaI】dullder−fel・e▲lCeSintl−eaSSemblageofspeciespre−groull（1，and variousclimaticevents are
Sell†evellil−Lempol■nl・yWetlalldscloseto
likelytobecIosel・tl−allfol・mOS［permilnen［eacl−Otllel∴TlleSameWetlandmayalso
wetlan（1s．

1ands，alld（2）mol■C Se11Si【iveし011unlall
dis【ulもance）．
01■ C（1IISel■Va【ionis【s，t】le mOS【Fimpol■【al−timplica【io11h■Oml−eCeIlt
l・eSeal・Cllis ＝laL mol、e a【relltioIl

Ileeds to hedircctcし1Lo111eCOllSerValionof
biodiversltyllltCmPOrilry WetlnLl（1s．This
rnust certail11y be［11e CilSCifLhc recen【illterlla【ioI−alcollVじ1−tinl1011BiologlCi11
Divel■SltylS［obefullylmP】emeIlte（1．Therela【ivepauc山yor【empol・dl・yWe【1ands
amollgS†山osesi【eslisLedbyRamsal・aS
SitesofinlelL▲一atiol−alimportanceisal−OLhcLL
issue（げcoIICel・I11rol・C（111Sel・VれtionisIs＼VOl・1（1widt】．

3

Lake99DrawsNear−Are％uReady？
ProfbssorJ＠rgensenwrites：

AbriefguidetoLal任99−17−21May1999

Ⅵた1cometoLake99

Sessions

hisis血e8tllCOll托1・enCeinarowofl・Effectsofchangednutrientloadings・
1akedynamicsal−dmanagement．
theWorldLakeConferencesresult−
2・XenobioticsiJllakeloadings，fatealld
11・Managemerl［offishingforrecreatiollal
effects．
ing fromILEC s activities．The
andcoImerCialuse，
COnfererlCewi11beheldinthebeautlfulcity
12，Tllel・Ole oflakesillrivel・basin malト
OfCopenhageninMay，WhentheDanish
eS．
agemt∋nt・
nationaltree，the beechtree，isinits fu11 4・StateoftheartonapplicatlOnOflake
13・ApplicationofGIS ando［helLSPatial
beauty・ManyDanesareoftheoplnionthat
modelsinen血onmentalmanagement・
informationtecllnOlogleSinlakemalト
Mayis the bestmonthofthe yearin
5・Restorationoflakes＝Physical，Chemi−
agement▲
Dt∋mark．
CalandbiologlCalmethods．
14，State oftheartoflake conservatlOnin
El∬Ope．
6L Lakemanagementintropicdeveloplng
Theconferenceischaracterisedbycover−COuntries and temperateindustrial
15・Aims，O句ectivesandresearchprlOritleS
111gaWidespectrumoftopICS：n11trient，COuntries：COmParativestudies，in sustainable management.
toxicsubstances，1ittoralzone，fisll，maCrO−
16．Envi1・Onmentaleducation，
7■ MonitorlngOflakes：StrategleS，eCOlog−
pllyteS，planktonaswellaspoliticalissues，
17・NGOandcitizenpar【iclpation・
icalindicators，methodologyandtecll−
management，mOdels，education，SOCial− niques，
18．Human，SOCialalld economicdimen
economicdimensions，eCOloglCalindicators 8L Urbanlakemanagement，
Sions oflake andreservoil、manage−
alldmonitoring，Therewillbescientific
91Impactofagncultureinthecatchment
ment．
SeSSions，SeSSionsfocusingoneducation∬eaSOflakesandlakemanagement．
19・Politicalissuesinlakemanagement．
andonsocialTeCOnOmicissues．sessionson
10・TheImportanceofthelittoralzonein
managementandsessionsforNGOs．nree
WOrkshops areplannedonharmfulalgae
ELECTRONICALLY
bloom・Onriskassessmentinlakemanage−
polnttypeface▲Media：DisketteorCD−ROM，black／white・ Pic［ures＝Paperphotos，black／wl−ite
ment and on the influence of global
Changesonlakes．lnaddition，threecourses Text：PCformat．Windows95．writ（enill
Fol■mat＝A4，1eftal−drigll〔margllleaClllO
WordorWordPerfect．
havebeenarrangedbe舵〉retheconference：mm，tOPand bottommargln15
Pictures：Allillustmtionsandpicturesmust
modellillgOflakes andreservoil・S，eCOtOXi−
mm. Maximum width per lille isbeintlff／epsformat．
COlogyoflakesandreservoirsandreservoir
lO7characters（i▲一Cludingspace，
Copies：2printedcopiesmustbeenclosed．
management・etc・）alldmaximumhelghtof52
3・L止edvlopmntfraius氾S−T

Guidelinesforabstract（s）andposters

1ines．

AppealingpostconferencetoulLShavebeen
anlangedonwhichitwillbefK）SSibletoseelakeswl−icllhavel・e00Veredafterimprove−mentsinthewastewatertreatme帆1akes
Wllicl−arereCOVerlngbuthaveyettofullyl・eCOVer，1akeswl−icharesdllinallOpelesseutrophied situation．1akes wllich al・e
restoredbyawidespectrumofrestoration
methods．You can choose between a one
dayexcursionclosetoCopenhagen，Where
manybeautifullakesaresituatedoratwor
dayexcursiontoJutlandwhere，inpartlCu−
1al・・manylakeshavebeensuccessfully
I・eStOred．

lam convinced that（his conference will
glVeneWandusefulinformation【oevery−
bodydealingwithlakesandreservoirs．and
IhopetobeableLomeetmanyreadersof
u−eILECNewslettertllereperSOnally・See
youiIIMay．

PRINTED COPYMedia：Printedcopy，black／white
Text：Must be writtenin HelYetica12

Copies＝lorlgll−alandtwocopleSmllStbe
enclosed・Donotbendthepapel・S，

Mai1yourabstract（s）to：Lake99，C／oDISCongressServiceCopenhagenA／S
HerlevRingv亘2C，DK2730Herlev，Denmark

PreNCOnferencecourses−15−16May1999
1・Modellingoflakesandreservoirs▲Tutors＝S・E・J＠rgensenandS飢・enN．Nielsen
2・Ecotoxicologyoflakesandreservoirs・Tu（OrS＝S・MatsuiandS・E・J如・gellSen
3・Reservoirmanagemellt．Tutors：M，StraskrabaalldJ．Tundisi

Workshopsl・Hamfulalgalblooms，
2・Riskass￠SSmel−tinlakemanagement・
3・Illfluenceofglobalchangesonlakes，

TheOrganisingCommit【eeismostwilling
toconsidelLneWideasfol■Othersu切ects．
PleasecontacttheConferenceSecl・etariat．

WWW．1ake99．dk

ProfileonDr．MadhavChitale
ILECScientificCommitteeMember

1998BiwakoPrize
わrEcology

Dr．MadhavChitaleis currentlyheading
Hewasalsoinstrumentalinestablishingln
The8th Biwako Prize foILEcology wastheinterlmSouthAsiaTechnicalAdvisory
1995，theInternationalWater Related
awarded〔o Dr・Cl−Ongrak PoIpraser［aIld
CommitteeoftheGlobalWaterPartnership
AssociatlOrLS Liaison Committee of thelO Dr，Mu【sumiNishida．
andisdeveloplnganetWOrkofwaterrelaト
SCientificandprofessionalworldwideasso−
ed agencies／institutions topromoteinte− ciations related with the water sector，He
1■OFessol■Polpl■aSel■tis tIle Dea【10fgratedwaterresourcesmanagementinthe
wasamemberoftheirBoardofGovernors
the ScllOOl of Envil・Onmellt，
countries of South Asia．One of theirandChairmanoftheirRegionalCentres
ResoulLCeS andDevelopmel−tattlle
Co汀1mittee（1996−1997）．
immediatetasksis todevelop aWater
AsianIrlStituteofTechnoIogyinTllailand，VisionforSouthAsiaand topropose a
Hisawardwasl◆eCOgl11【ionoruleOutふ【al−〔l−n1985．Dr．Chitaleintroduced the 1ngCOn［ribu［iollShe hasmadeillthe field
frameworkforactionbyMarch2000・

P

WaterResoul■CeSDayinIndiatopro−imul【alleOuSly，aS（he Chairmanof

Ⅰ motewa【erawarel−eSSOftllepeOpleat

1argeandfororganislng eXteれSivepublicdebatesonthecritlCalwaterissues facing
thecountry．In1992，【he theme forthe
national debate was
Water ＆
EnYironment and the Water Resources
DaywasorganisedatmorethanlOOOsitesaround thecountry・From1997，National
WaterConventionshavebeenorganisedto
S11muPtheoutcomeof（hedebatesollthe
national themes of the Water Resources
Day・Topopl11arisethe topICOfwate
amongstchildren，Dr・Cllitaleorganised a
FromJ弧ualγ1993toDecember1997，Dr．llationalexhibitiollOn Water for schooI
Chitale was theSecretaryGeneralofthe
Cllildrenin1988．
IIltemationalCommissiononIrrigatlOnand
Drainage（ICID）−the first fulltime
As a chairman of the committee on
SecretaryGeneraloftheCommissionsince
Mumbai swatersupply，hepreparedandits establisllmentin1950．Some80coun−
PreSentedareporttotheGovernmentindi−
trieswithinterestinirrlgationaremembers
Catingthepossiblewaterconservationmea−
Ofthe Commission，ln his capacity as
SureS．demandmanagementmeasuresand
Cllairman，Dr．ChitalewasinvoIvedin thethesequenceofdevelopmentofaddi【iollal
WOrkon the problems oftheAralSea
WaterreSOLH CeSforthefuturerequlrementS
Basin−br whichICID has established a
Of山ecity・nerepOrtWaSrOrmallyaccept
SeParate WOrkteamtoevoIveandpursue
ed by the Governmentin1996，andis
appl■Opriateremedialmeasures．
underimplementation．

Oflow−COStWaSie［reatmenttecllnOIoglL，Sapplicable in tropicnl climatcs. A malor

the Maharashtra State s Water andaccomplishmelltOfhisllaSbeeI＝11ederiva

IrrigatlOn Commission，（POPulatlOn
80millionandgeographicalarea3，008，000km2）Ih・．ChitaleisalsoinvoIvedinflnalis−ing a30yearperspectiveplanforthe
development of the State s Water
Resources（75km3）−andぬー血esystemat−
icdevelopmentandmanagementoftheir
ilTigatlOnfacilities・CulTently，theirngation
areais3mi11ionhectares，Whichisexpectr
edtodo11bleby2030，

tion ofenglneeriIlg design cri【eria fol■S

SeWage pOndsiI11l■0〔luced wi山watel■
上IyaCintllS．

ProfessorNisl−idaisbase〔1attheFacultyof
Biotechnology at Fukui Prefectural
UniversityinJapan．He hasilltrOduce（tmoleculartecl−1−1queS，DNAinparticular，

illtO eCOloglCalstudy，andhis slgnificant
discoveriesinclude tlle fact〔ha【the ayu
SWeetfisl】（PJec（フgJo∫・†〃∫〟／ナノl′どJ′∫）iIILake

Biwahasdifferedfl●Om［11eamPhi（1romous
fol■mOfayu rol mOl■e【11a110Ilellullかe〔1thousandyears．

1999 Biwako Prize
brEcology
Nominations arel−OWbeillgaCCeP［edfor【11e 9th Biwako Pl・ize fol・Ecology・
NominatioIISWillbeaccepteduntil17May
1999・Tl−ePrlZe，Whichwillbeco11ferl■edontwol■esearchers by theGovcrnol■OfShiga
Prefec［ure．willconsis【ofa cel・tificate ofF

Or his contribution to theconserva＿

meritand5milliol−yeI−・T上−ellmeSOf【11etion ofworld s waterresol汀CeS andwinnerswi11be annouIICedillJuly1999，
alld111eaWal■ds ceremolly Willbelleldill

publiceducationprogrammes，he

WaS honoured with the Stockholm Water
Prizein1993，Whichis described as theNobelPrizeofWaterandisawardedbythe
KingofSwedenonrecommendationfrom
theRoyalSwedi51−AcademyofSciellCeS．

Dr．MadhavChitale

Octobel・1999．

Fol、餌1：111erdetails，pleasecolltaC【：Secl■etariatofBiwakoPl■izerol◆Ecolo呈y
C／oPlarmingDivision

DepartmentofPlanl−1ngandPublicLife

Sl−igaPrefec【uralGovel■llmellt
Currently．Dr．ChitaleisinvoIYedinthe
4−l−1Kyomaclli，0［su．Sl−iga520−8577
extensivepromotionofg柑SSrOOtlevelvol−Japan
untaryactiongroupsin thewatersector
SuChasforthedevelopmentandmanage← Tel：81−77−528−3312Fax：81−77−528−4830
Email：pl■ize＠mail・ilec・叫叩
mentofimgationin（hefield arldfortlle
PrOteCtionandmanagementofthe water
WWW・ilec，Or．jp／prlZe／e−il−dex．htm1
qualityoflakesandreselYOil■S．
5

J一．・1人 仁†りFr〃／ごIlイ）〟⊥J）UNIQUESIBERIANMINERALLAKES−SHIRAANDREI DEGERMENDZHYNatural waters and medicative mud of saltlakes have long been among traditional
methods［o heallluman ailments．About
323．000such water bodies that can be
COuntedin Siberia amount toll％oftheirsurfacearea−34・7km2；aVeragedepth−
11．2m，maXimumdepth（1997）−24・7m；

increaseswithdepth andapal■tOfcalLboll−mineralwater volume L about387million

tent of sulfatesin sl，）mmerin the slIrface

ates transformsinto bicarbonates．Tbecorl−m3：na【uralannualnormalrunoffintothe
lakeL21mi11ionm3；anthropogenic（inAbout the Author

totalnumberoverRussia・Largelakes−
addition to natural）annualrunoffl，6mil−
13ele，Shira，Vlasyievo，Uchl】，Tagarskoye，
1ionm3；undergroundwaterexchallge（％
Ulukllkol，Cllel■nOye，Gorkoye，Altaiskoye，Oftotalwatersupply）−9；Waterformula−
TelLSkoye，Tus andUtichyie−meaSurlngtion−alkalescent．sulfate−Chlorlde−SOdiumL

mol・e山anlkm2∬emOSuyinKbakassia・
Actually，theminerallakesofKhakassia
are anundevelopedpowerfulrecreational
POtentialof Siberia with tremendo11S
PrOSPeCtS．ShiraLakeis themostfamous
among theminera11akes withmedicinal
qualities

Biophysicist Professor
AndreiDegermendzhyis
Director of the lnstitute ofBiophysics， Siberian
POtaSSic；tOtalsaltstock−mOrethan9miト
Branch of Russian
1iontons；mineralization−20g／1（1997）；
depthofocc11rrenCeOfmud−9m；1ayer Academy of Sciences．He
thickness−1．5m；mudstock−18，1mi11ion
isaleaderofthebiophysi−m3；mudarea−19・7bn2；mudcomposido爪
Calapproach tointegrate−Silicates andcarbonatesofCa，Mg，Fe；theoretical，eXPerimental
Al，Caoxides；Organicmatter−4％，

hiraLakeislocated at54O34 north−ernlatitude90D12 easternlonglr
tude・ItsmaJOrphysicaland geo−
gl■aphicalfeatures arelocation−120km
from Abakan（thecapitalofKhakassia），
360kmfl、OmK∫aSnOyal■Sk；SOlardaysin
SUmmer−46−52；altitl】deabovesealevel−
354m；1engtll−9km∵吋idtll−5km；Water−Sand fie［d research meth−

erticallythelakeisdividedinto
twolayers：tlletOPlayerwhichis
13−15mdeepwitha salinity of
19−20g／1andmixes during sprlng a11d
autumncirculationperiods，andthebottom
anisotroplClayeTWitbtbesalinityof22−28
g／1・Accordingtomeanyearlydatainthe
Summer Period the chloride corItent

Ⅴ

Odstoforecastwaterqual−
ity on the basis of theSiberiansaltlakesstudy．
1ayeris53％（8・9g／1），magneSium−7．4ワら．
monia−1．55mg／1，ChlorineiollS12乳POtaSSiumandsodiumions−20−21％：mag
11eSiumions−5％；phospllateS7（；mkg／1；
totalphosphorus−uptO200mkg几
Descriptionsandinvestlgationsofthemed−
icative effects of Shira Lake date back aslongas177ト72．To−datethewateror山elakehasbeenprovedtobeefficienttoheal
diseasesofdigestiollduct，Cardio−VaSCular
SyStem，reSPlratOryOrganS andlocomotor
SyStem・AnotherhealirlgfactoristhemedL
icativemudwithanti−inflammatory，desellr
SitlZlngandimmune−COntrOleffects．

∴
romthestandpointofecologyand

FーaunlquenaturalsmallresearchmodeIofamarinesystem

SCienceShiraLakeisaunlquellaト
ul・alsmallresearch modt∋lof amarinesys【emintermsofitsnear−bottomhydrogen sulfide zone tha（StartS atthe
depthof12mandisthehealingcompo
nent，Steady thermalstratification，hemo一，
halo−Clines，etC・Resolutionofproblems
inherent to Shira lake is of fundamental
Slgnificancebothforscientificallysubstan−tiatedmoJlitorlngandcontl■0lofthecondi−
tioIlOflakes with medicative effec［s andわrecologyol−thewl10le．
1・Thelakeecosystemisreducedandpoor

bialpropertiesofShiralakewarersanditsl・eaSOnSinadditionto
inlhenumberofspeciesandtrophiclevels・Algae（25speCies）of
Salinity．Fewindirectfactsindicatetheimportanceofllatural
Cyanophyceae，diatom，Chlorophyceaedivisionsdominatedbythe
microfloraofthelakeand／ororganicmatterR）rthesanitary−medici
blue一名reen（⊥グ〃gムγαC∂′げクけα，〃∫crocγ∫血ク〟ルergα）；ZOOplankton
nalpropertyofwater・Theproblemca11sforfurtl−erde［ailedinvestト（Arcfodf呼わm〃∫∫dJi円〟∫，βJWわわ〃那〆gcαf〟け，〟αd〝ゐr lαMr呵，ga【10n▲anumberoffunctionalbacterialgro11PSわundbringthelakecloser
tolaboratoryecosystems・Theliteratureavai1able（from1771to
4・SlighthbloomlngHofmicroalgaethatoccursatShiraLakeisalsodate）hasnoevidenceofichtyophauna，eVenthoughtheredfishhas
atypICalformineralizedwaterbodies・Thelitera［ureol−Shh・aLake
accommodatedtonearbyBelesaltlake・ThisraisesthequestlOn−
hasnoeYiderlCeOf【hisphenomenon・Thequestionofdevelopment
110Wdoessuchareducedecosystemmaintainmat（erturnover？
Ofthe bloomlng mechanismleavesthematteropen：tllisiseither
anadap（ationofaknownspeciesorcl−angeSillaChemicalenviron−
2．TlleCauSeOfperennialchangesintllemineralcomposltionand
generalmineralizationofwaterisoneofessen（ialscientificprob− mentalfactoiLthat provides favorableconditlOIISfortl】emicroal−
gaetointroduce・
1ems・Hydro−geOloglCalevidencesuggeststhatthecurveofminer−
alizationisinantiphasetothelevelofthelake，i・e・theto（alamountofdissoIvedsaltsisconstant（about9mi11iontons）and，aCCOrding− 5．TherelationshipbetweenmedicatlVePlて）Pertiesofwaterandi【schemicalcomposition．establislledbyecologlCalmathematicalslm−
1y，the totalconcentrationofsaltsisdefinedby theratioof
income−OutCOmebalanceofthefreshwater（ultimately−bythe ulationofthemineralandorganiccompositionofwatercancreate
volumeofthelake）．Inthiscasethesaltpercentageshouldnotvary・ Prereql】1SitestopredictitsllealillgPrOPertleS・However．accordingtoLeman（1890）andGebler（1926）【hesalt
Themainobjectivesofthescientificwork（FederalProgl−amme
COmpOSition substantiallychangedin25years＝COnCentrationof）oftl−eInstituteofBiophysicsul−derway atShira
NaClillCreaSedbylO7％；Na2SO4−by30％，MgSO4−by85％， ■Integratsia
Lakeare：1）toassess thecurl●enteCOIogicalsta［eofShilLaLake，
MgCO3−by45％・Thisphenomenoncouldbeattributedtohydro−
includingassessmen（Ofhydl■0−biologlCal，hydrochemicalal−dloglCalexcllangePrOCeSSeS Withundergroundwaterandbrines，hydrologicalconditlOnSOftllelakeanditshealingpotelltlal；2）tohowever，hydrologlCaldatasuggestthatthisexchangeisnotmore
tllan9％ofthetotalflowintothelake．Thisindicatesplausibleslg− deYelopasys【emtomonitorthestateofthelakeandes（ablish（herelationshipbetween（hestructureofvarious clines oftllelake
nificantcontribution ofother factors，e，g，microbiologlCal（hymoli山oh OPhic）and／orchemicaltransformationsinsaltcompo−andinhomogeneitieswiththeirfunctionalcontributionin［0【hemat
Si（iondynamicswhichalsocallforfurtherprofoundresearch・
terturnover；and3）toanalyzeanddeveloprecommeIldationsbased
Onmathematicalsimulationandcomputer−SLmulatedsequelsofsev−
3．AmongmaJOrSCientificproblemsistheissueofhighanti−micro−
eralscenariosforwa（ermanagemen［oftllelake・

Lakes済Reservoirs
ResearchandManagement

P「8托5憑8FS．Mat！氾†
鉄柵備触診向W嘘細喝

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Laたes＆Resem70irs：Research aTld ManagemeTltis the officialpublication of thelnterIlationalLdkeEnvironmentCommitteeFollndat10n（ILEC）．
TheJournalaimsto promote environmentally sound management ofnaturalandaTtiRciallakes，COmSistent wi紬誓nStaillabledeⅥヨ10pmeflt脚Iieies．1bfaeilitatet壬l管
intefI姐tioJlal￡Ⅹ仁baI鳩e8fresul払托SeafCllpapゼ指，陀Viewar庇1esandnりteSdealiIlgWith
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別椚Ⅷ随加鮨桝∂J由朋／エ廠e新血〃椚洲●Blackw釧ScFenceAsia（ACNOO4901562）●●54UniversiIySt柁郎P8Box37軋CarltonSouth．Vic3053，Australia●●Te‡溌郎孝用錮783？8●Fax＝（613）93475001●．一和emgα托色朗d柁αた亡「止g官長：如㈹尺＆ぎ簸也上li

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地2ranか肋血耶如用血呵触僧．

勒御伽椚渥軸物
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WetlandsinaDryLand：Understandingfor

Interna蜘）nalConferenceon（〕uality，Managementand

Management・WorkshopProceedings，EditedbyWD．
Williams．（EnvironmentAustralia，Departmentofthe
Environment，Canberra，Australia）

AvaihbilityofDataforIIydrologyandWater
ResollrCeSManagement

ISBN：064221412Ⅹ

22−26March1999，Koblenz7FederalRepublicofGermany
Contact：K．Honus，ThisbookconsistsoftheproceedlngSOfaworkshopheld

BundesanstaltFbrGewasserkunde，

inAlblJry，NSW，Australiaon29and30September，1997．
IHP／OIIP−Sekretariat，ItwasconvenedaspartoftheactivitiesoftheNational
Postfach309，D−56003Koblenz，Germally
WetlandsResearchandDevelopment（R＆D）Programboth
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toinformandbeinformedbyallthoseinterestedinandFax：49−2（51−13065422

COnCernedaboutdlemanagementOfAustralia swetlands．

Email：SChroeder＠koblenz．bfg．bund400，deLimnologlCalStudiesontheRioDoceValleyLakes，

19990penMeetingoftheH11manDimensionsof

Brazil，EditedbyJoseGaliziaTundisiandYatsukaSaijo．
GlobaIEnvironmentalChangeResearchCommllnity（Brazilian AcademyofSciences，U11iversityofS．Pau10
SchoolofEngineering atS．Carlos，Cellter forWater
24−26June1999

ResourcesandAppliedEcology）

Contact：19990penMeetingSecretariat

ISBN：85−857（il−07−5

InstituteforGlobalEllVironmentalStrategies（lGES）

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Tel：81−4（娼−55−3720Faxこ81−468−55−3709
This bookis acontribution towards the scieIltificumder−Sta11di11gOfatroplCallakesystemlocatedattheMiddleRio

reportsollthegeomorphologicalcharacteristicsar）dlake
Orlgll一，Climate，VegetationofthereglOl一，physics，Chemistry

alldbiologyoftheapproximately1501akesthatcomprlSe
thissystem．

Email：hdgec（垂iges．or．」p
URL：http：／／www．1geS．Or．jp／

IWRARegio−1alConferenceonRegionalWater
CooperationintheMiddleEast
SttldyReportfortheLakeEnvironmentConservation

inDevelopingCo11ntries・Argentina．
Reported byILEC for the Environment Agency，GovernmentofJapan・WithpermissionoftheAgency，

lLECisplalmingtomakethisreportavailablefromthe

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