lSSN O912−7410

No．6 APRIL1988

澗間∬rア閻JⅣrE月〃AT70〃Aエ エA∬E E〃冊0Ⅳ〟EⅣT CO〟〟JrTEE FOひⅣかArJOⅣ￣For Better Lake Management￣This NewsIetteris aEso availableinJapanese．

UNCRD／ILEC／UNEPJOINT EXPERT GROUP WORKSHOP：

A River／Lake Basin Approach to Environmentally Sound
Management of Water Resources
The Expert Group Workshop on River／Lake Basin
Approach to EnvironmentaIly Sound Management of
WaterResourceswasheLdfrom February8thto19thin
Otsu and Nagoya．Thisworkshopwasthefirstofthree
annualworkshops to be held under a program co−
SPOnSOred by UNCRD（United Nations Centre for Re−
gionalDeve［opment），ILEC and UNEP，
ln a number of reg10nS throughout the world，there
existsan aggravating probIem ofincreasing deteriora−
tionoftheenvironmentwithinand＄urrOUndinglakesand
rivers which provide precious sources offresh water．
The aim of the Workshop is to consider efficientmethods of managlng Water reSOurCeS，and to train
COmPetentPerSOnnelforthis purpose．An emphasisis
Placed on sheddinglight on situation＄in deve10Ping
COuntries jn particular．

1 0utline of the Seminar【PartI】Six separate sessions under the generaJ
theme of Basic PrincIPle and Methods of Water Re−
SOUrCe Management， comprised the first part of theWorkshopheIdinOtsu．Thesessionsconsistedlargely
Ofpresentationsofresourcepapers．andresultsofcase
StUdies conductedinJapan．Nearly40scientists and
POIicy makers frorT114countries and2U，N，Organiza−
tion＄Participated．
Opening Ceremony…Opening address by UNCRD
Director H・Sazanami，lLEC Foundation Chairperson
T．Kira and UNEP Assistant Executive Director G．N．Go−
lubev．
Ses＄ionl：Environmenta y Sound Management of
Water Re80UrCeS（This newsletteris pubIished with support from theJapan ShipbuildingJndustry Foundation）

Topic：Sustainable Management of Water Re−
SOurCeS：ABasin−WideApproach（G．N．Go−
1ubev）：Sustainable Water Development for De−
Ve10Ping Countries（A．K．Biswas）
Session2：WaterResources ManagementinaRiver／
Lake Basin Context
Topic：A ConceptualFramework with Example＄
from Developing Countrjes（M．M．Hufs−
Chmidt）
Session3：EnvironmentalConsiderationsin the De−
Velopment Process
Topic：lntegration of EnvironmentalConsidera−
tionsintoRegionalDevelopmentPlannlng：
Focus on Water Re＄OurCeS Deve10Pment
and Management（C．E．Bauer）
Ses＄ion4：ScientificApproachestoWaterResource＄
Mana9ement
Topic：MonitoringandMeasurablelndicesforWa−
ter Resour（；eS（T．Goda）：Hazard＄ and Health Risks from Lakes

lng￠0Untri￠S．

S8SSion7：Country Case Studie
Topic：EnvironmentalStudyin Amazon，Brazil
り．G．Tundisi，K．Hino）：CaseStudyofSagLIIing Dam，Citarumand
itsUp＄treamArea，lndonesia（H．Hearuman，
E．Brotoi＄WOrO）：Management．DevelopmentandUtilization
OfWaterResource＄inDianch‖∋asin，Yun−nan Province，China（LiLJHongliang）：WaterQualityManagementJssuesinRe（a−tiontoIndustrialLocation and Land Usein
the CatchmentAreaof LakeVictoria：Cas

StudyT−KenyanSideoftheCatchmentArea
Of Lake Victoria−−（M．Omondi）：Basin Approach to Water Resource Man−
agement：The Ca＄e Of the La［guna Lake，
Philippines（E．P．Pacardo，F．Francisco）：Environmentaland SocialEffects of the

Proposed Salinity Barrier Projectin the
SpngkhlaLake（S．Setamanit，S．Sottibandhu）（H．L（川Ier）

Se＄＄ion5：Japanese ExperienceinWaterResource＄Manag◎ment
Topic：Consideration of Management Systems
and Consensus Formlngin River BasinManagement：The Deve10PmerIt Of the
YahagiRiver Methods （R．Naito，R．Har−
ashima）：Comprehensive Deve10Pment Of Lake
Kasum［gaura andits EnvironmentalMan−
agement（K．Muraoka．H．Harasawa）：Lake Biwa Case Study oflst Year−−A
HistoricalReview of ResoLJrCe Conserva−
tionandExp10itationofLakeBiwaEnviron−m◎ntS（K．】mai，M．Nakamura）：− Soft Approach to Water＄hed Manage−
ment：CaseHistoriesinJapanwithSpecial
Focus on the Tran＄ferability of theJapanese ExperierlCe＄（Y．Shimazu）：Basin Approach to Water Resource Man−
agement：The Case of the Laguna Lake，
Philippine＄（E．P，Pacardo．F．Francisco）：Environmentaland SocialEffects of the
Proposed Salinity Barrier Projectin the
Songkhla Lake，ThaiIand（S．Setamanit）
Group Discus＄ionsI
Session6：ReportingoftheResultsofGroupDiscus−
Sion and Round−uP Discussion

2 Case StudytReporls ofSituationsin De−
Ve10Plng Countries
a．Saguling Dam of the Citarum River，
TheSaguling DanlWaSOrlglnallyconstructed aspart
Ofaplantoconstructpowergenerating damsto meetthe growing demand for electricity and to promote
diversificationofpower＄uPPlysourceswithinlndonesia．
Thedam，Witha totalareaof55．2帆wascompletedin
1986．

Oneofthemajorissuespertainingtotheconstruction
ofthisdamwastheproblemofregion墓whichwouldbe
f100dedasaresuIt．ApproximateJytenthou＄andfamlIng
hou＄ehoIdswereforced，eitherdirectlyorindirectly，tO
moveelsewhere．Neverlheless，becausetheStateElec−tricityCorporationinsi＄tedthatthestate．ratherthanthe
COmPany，Should be re＄POnSibreforthosewho hadto
move，nO COmPrehensive mea＄UreS Were taken for
tTlO＄e ten thoLJ＄and or more farming hou8eholds．
Mo＄t Ofthose who fred from their orJglnaIfarrnland
Cho＄etOtreSPaSSandcuItivatenewfarmsonpublicland
locatedinmountainareasoftheupstreambasin．This，in
turn，fur（heracceFeratedalready−Serioussoilerosionin
thebasin，reSU［tinginasharpdeclineofwateraccumula−tion capacity df the dam．
Moreover，raPidindustrialization and a popu（ation
increaseinthethirdlargestcityinlndonesia，Bandung（pop・aPPrOX．2million），［ocated upstream ofSaguling
Dam，CaU＄ed serious deterioration ofthe water qual−ln ParlI，Dr．Kira，Directorof Lake Biwa Researchlnstitute and Chairper＄On OflLEC Foundation，gaVe aity．BecausethedamJocatedattheutmostdownstream
SPeCiallecture titled， Eco10glCalPrincIPle＄OfWater−
Ofthesamebasin，SerVe＄a＄aSOurCeOfwatersupplyfor
Shed Management With Emphasis on Eutrophication
Jakartaanditssurrounding urban districts，WaterCOn−
Control−− ．1nadditjon，theparticipantstouredthe Lake
taminationis presentlya veryserious probIem．
Biwa Work Office of the KinkiRegionalConstruction
8ureauaswe asaproJeCtSitetoob＄erVeerOSionand b・Lake Victoria…Basin on Kenyan side
The worId ＄SeCOndJargest fresh waterlake，Lakef［00dcontro［ofLakeBiwa，Whichhasbeenconducted
Victorla，l岳aninternationallakewithitswatercatchment
formorethanonehundredyearson Mt．Tanakaminear
Ot引」．

【Partl［］Thesecondhalfoftheworkshopwasheldin
Nagoya．Theworkshopproceededwithanempha＄ison
Pre＄entationofcasestudiesofsituationsinthedevelop−2

areaextendingoverfivedifferentcountries．1nitsbasin
Onthe kenyan side，With six riversflowlnginto Winam
Bay，thereis a high density of farmingland and thedensityisexpectedtoincreaseevenfurtherwith more

faTmerS mOVing to upstream regions．
Thereha＄beenaproblemofhcreasingdeterioration

Pre＄entlyfaces the fol10Wing socialproblem8．

OfwaterqualitydLJetOhamfursubstance＄andnut【ientCOntrO inggateconstructedforthepurposeofprevent−

Salts f10Wlng Out from proce＄Sing plants of primaTY

Thefirst ofthese problemsinvoIves the waterlevel

Fngfloodsandjntrusionofseawaterfrom ManilaBay．

PrOductsandca＄hcropfarmingJand，bothofwhichare Wh e＄uCh prevention of counterf10W Of sea wateris
Focatedupstreamandmidstreamoftheriver＄．1nfact．in
beneficiaItothepurposeofirrigationforthefarmer＄，theSOmearea＄，theriverwatercannolongerbeutilizedas fishingindustryi＄SeYerely damaged by the sudden
household water．

di＄tMation ofWater Of what originalry had been a

Winam Bay，Where a small−＄Cale plan forirrigation brackishlake・Furthermore，therearealsoproblem＄Of
U＄inglakewateri＄CUrrentlyunderway，hasatran＄Paren−
COunterf10W Ofindustrialwaste water from the down−
CyrateOfonlyl．1〜2，5mandwith10Cafoccurrenceof StreamindLJ＄trialdistricts and of the relationship be−

Waterbloom，theenvironmentaldeteriorationmayvery

tweenthefarmlandwithintheJake ba＄in and thewater

WeMafFectthefi＄hingindustryintheregion．Moreover，
leve10f the Lake．So far，nO＄yStematic method for
defore＄tration ofthesurroundingarea＄Cau＄ed bythe
COntrO ingandoperatingthegate，hasbeendevjsedto
USeOftimberasasourceoffueI，i＄anOtherfactorwhichmeet such divergent demands．
fuTther aggravates environTnentaIcondltion＄．
Moreover，the conflict between sma‖−＄Cale fishing
hKenya，large−＄Caledamshavebeencon＄truCtedfor
enterprisesandthecapitalinten＄ive［arge−SCalefishingthe▼PurPOSeOfimprovingproductivityofcashcropssuch
indu＄try OVer fishing rightsin thelakeis anotheT
aspeanuts，rice，teaandwheat．Theconstructionofsuch
unresoIved problem，Although the Laguna Lake De−
dams．howover．gaverisetoanumberofproblemsfor
VelopmentAuthority，SLJPPOrledbythegovemment，has
Pettyfarmersinthe surrounding area＄，incIuding des− dividedtheLakeintodifferentzone＄tOPreVentmOnO−
tructionoffarmland．defore＄trationandlos＄Ofwaterby
POlization，SuChameasurehasnotbeenveryeffectivein
evaporation・Undersuchcircumstances，Seriousrecon：＄OJvlng theinherent probrems．
＄iderationofthetraditionalmethodsofwaterrnanage−
menttechno10giesdevelopedindryorsemi−drylandsis
e．Songkhla Lake，Thailand
The basin of SongkMa Lake（lake area：1000kd）is
Pre＄Ontly required．
Iocatedin the south of Tha

C．DianchiBash，Yunnan Province，China
Dianchiisa300k山ake10Cateddownstreamofthecity
OfKunming（pop．1million）inYunnanProvince，SOuthern
CMna・Rapidland erosion dLJe tO Changesin theenvironmentofwatercatchmentareasdueto popula−and，CIose to the Thai−

Malay＄ianborder．ThecitiesofHatYaiandSongkhlain

tMs region，designatedasa Deve10PmentAreabytheCOuntry，have recentlygonethrough rapid urbanization
andindustrialization．

TheAsian Devefopment Bankand the UN Deve10P−

tionincrease，i＄agalnaSeriou＄PrObleminthisregion．

mentPlan＄uPPOrledtheinve＄tigationoftheentirebasin

SiltationofalakemayreduceitsefFectivewaterstorage
CaPaCity，Whichthenwouldadverseryaffecttheamountforfuturedeve10PmentPlans．Thisprojectisuniquefor
havingintegratedenvironmentalconsiderationfrt）mthe

Of water supply．1n addition，POPulatFonincrease andVeryearly＄tage＄Ofdevelopmentpransandi畠drawhg

indu＄trialconcentration witMn the basin mayIead tonuch attention from various related fields．

OVernLJtritionofIakewaterfronlnutrientsaItsaswellas

to water contamination by industrial waste waterand
CherTTjcalmanure from the surroundhg regIon＄．Such
Changesin＄OCioeconomicconditionofthewatercatch−mentareasandresuItantchangesinu＄eOfwater，Ieadto
WaterCOntaminationand＄lgnificantlyimpairtheconven−tionalrole of DianchiaS aVaIuable＄OurCe Ofwaterfor

households，farmingandfisheryanda＄abeautifulsiteof
Picturesque nature．With a growing awarene＄＄Ofthe

impoTtanCeOferNironmentalpreservationandmanage−
ment of Dianchi，the nationalgovernment Launched a
COmPrehen＄ive environrTlentalinvestigationin1987as

Part Ofit＄Planforwater re＄OurCe management，WhiJe
PrOVihcialandmunicipa［governrnentsalsostarledwork−ing on pas＄inglaw＄Pertaining to environrnentalpre−＄en／at宇on．

Presently，the greatestissLJe Of thislake basin de−
Velopment proJeCtinvoIvesit＄SaIt−tO−fre＄h water dis−
EiHationplan（thesaIinitybarrh）rPrOject）．Wh＝etM＄Plan
aimstodistillthebrackishlakeandobtainfreshwaterfor

agriculturalpurposes，theplannedlocationofthebarrier
tobecon＄trUCtedi＄eXPeCtedtocau＄eSeriousdamage
to the bracki＄hlake fisMngindustry of＄hrimp andPa托i￠Ular kind50一触h．

3 Group Discu＄S竜0n

The participants ofthe workshop were dividedinto
three group＄tO engagein their respective group
di＄CuSSions・Thethemesofeachgroupwerea＄fol10WS：
Groupl＝ The necessityofa basin−Wide appTOaChin

developing and managing water resourcesGroup2：Methodologyforengagingin deveIopment
and management of water resources wjth a view tod・Laguna Lake，the PMlipplne＄
environmentaland so￠ial￠0∩＄ideration＄
LagLJnaLake（900k吼thelargestlake轟nthe Philip−
Group3：Training of personnelin the fieIds ofwater
Pine＄i＄10Cated tothe8Outh ofManila，theCOuntry・＄
re＄OurCe development and management
CaPital．Withthe urbanandindustrialdi＄trictstothenorthandno「lh−WeStandexpan5ivetarmlandofpaddyti01d8
andcoconutfore＄t＄tOthe＄Outhandea＄t，LakeBayha＄＄eryedasasourceofwaterforavarietyofpurpo＄e8，
SUCha＄，fishing，farnMg，andtransportation，a＄We as
forhousehold andindustriaJu＄eS．Thelake，however，

lST GENERAL MEETING OF THE SCIENTrFIC COMMITTEE
OF［LEC FOUNDAT10N
The Flr＄tGeneralMeeting oftheScientlficCommitteeoflLECFoundationwasheldFebruary22−24，1988．attheLake
Biwa Re＄earChlnstitute10Cated h Ot＄u，Shiga Prefecture
Japan・TheScientificCommitteeistheFcrundation ＄advisory
body on scientific matteTS．
1ntheOpenhgCeremonyheldonthemorningofthefir＄t
dayofthemeeting．aftertheopenlngaddressbyCha汀PerSOn
Tatuo Kiraandacongratulatoryaddre＄＄byShigeakiAkuta−
gawa，DirectorofDepartmentofCivilLifeand Environment．
Shiga PrefecturalGov8mment，the fo owlngitems on theagenda wore di＄CU＄＄ed．
い）ReporlfromtheSocr8tarlat．
A．Progres＄rePOr（OftheestablishmentofrLECFoLJnda−
t亭0∩．

B．ReportofproJeCtaCtivitiesandstatementofaccoLJnt＄
for fi＄Ca11987．

C・Outline of proJeCt aCt‡vities and bud！letSfor1988．
（2）EIection ofScientific Committee MerTlbersforthe next
term．

（3）rLEC／UNEPJoint Projectin1988．
（4）othorProject＄．
OntheevenlngOfthefirstdayofthemeeting，aCeremOny
WaSheldatBiwako HoteIinhonorof14privatecompanies
WhichcontributedfundstoILEC．Attheceremony，aletterof
appreciationwaspresentedbylLECD蔓rectorKeiYamazaki
to each repre＄entative of the14companles．The total
COntribution from th614pnvate compan妻es amounted toapproximately40m川10n yen（800．000∪＄‡）．

en（；eS．

Prof．」象nos Saほnki（HUNGARY）
Pro†．Jos畠G．Tundi＄毒Director，Balaton Limno10gicalResearchlnstitute．
ProIessor，S象O Pau10Univer＄iけ．

（BRAZIL）

Prof．Robert G．Wetzel Professor，Universityof Michigan．
（USA）

Prof．Gilb◎H F．White

GustaYSOnDistingui＄hedProfes−＄OrEmeritu＄Of（〕eography，CoI−
Orado University．
Dr．N．B．Ayibotelo（＊） Director，Water Resources Re−（GHANA）
5earChln5titute．
Prof．C．H．D．Magadz
Director，Lake Kariba Research（＊）（ZIMBABWE）
lnstitLlt0．
Professor，DepartmentofEco10−
gicalS（：ien￠e，Univor＄iりOfZim−babwe．
Prof．T．N．Khoshoo（＊） Distingui＄hed Scientist−Counci1（lND肌）
0f Scientifi￠andlndu＄trialRe−（∪．S．A）

seir（血．

Prot．Saburo Matsui（＊）（JAPAN）

Prof．Sanga Sabhasri（＊）（THAILAND）（＊）：New members．

Profos＄Or，Department of En−
Vironmentaland Sanitary En−
gine8ri咽，Kyoto U両versi吋．
PermanentSecretaTγ，M仙＄tryOf
Science，TechnoIogyand Energy，〈Meeting HigMight＄〉
Election of Scientific Committee Mem−bers for the next term．
Be10Wisthelistofrnembers ofthe Scientific Committee
elected forthe nextterm．Theirterrnl＄from ApriI．1988toMar（れ1990．
【ScientWic Comnlittee Members ofILEC Foundation）
Prof．Tatuo Kira
Dlrector，Lake Biwa・Researchlnstituto．
（JAPAN）
Prof．R，A，Vo enwe亭der SerTiorScientj＄t．CanadaCentre（CANADA）
forlnland Wa旭rs．
ln！I．Conrado E．Bauer
Honorary Pre＄ident．Comm（ARGENTINA）
On Engineerlng and ErNiron−ment′World Fetlerat妻on of En−
grneering Organizations．
Pro†．G．N．GoIubev Ass［stant ExectiYe Director，（UNEP）
UNEP．
Prof．S．E．」￠rgen＄en Secretary，lnternationalSociety（DENMARK）
Ot E（）O10gi￠alMode＝n！トProf．uu Hongrlang
Pre8ident，Chine＄e Re＄earCh（CHINA）
Academy of EnYironmentalSci−
en（）eS．

Prof．He亭nz L亡椚Ier（AUSTRIA）

Fu Profe＄SOr，UniYerSity of
Vienna；Director，lnstituteofLim−
no10gy，Au＄trianA￠ademyofSci−

ノ等寧 隠
、附

庖

R．G．Wetzel

G．F．White］LEC／UNEPJoint Project

N．B．AyFbotele

C．H，D，Magadza T．N．Khoshoo

Other Project① TheThirdIntemationaILake Conference，Balaton−88① survey ofthe State ofWorld Lakes
CommftteernemberJ．SaIankiofHLJngaryPreSer［tedanoutline
The EditorialComnittee explained the progres＄Of thisPrOJeCtandrepor（edthataninterimreportofdataon631ake＄ Ofthescheduled Conferencewhich．istobeheIdinthecityof
KeszthelyontheshoreofLakeBalaton，Hungary，fromSeptember
is nearlycompleted．Furthermore，tlle Secretariat reported
llthto17ththisyear，Hereque＄tedfinanciala＄SistancefromlLEC
thatTheCatilogueofWorldLakes（acollectionofdataona
numberoflake＄throughouttheworld）andtheLakeEnviron− and UNEPto help defray publication expen＄eS and to sponsor
Participants from the deveIoplng COuntries．In response to thisment Ca＄e Studie＄CO ection arein preparation as sub−PrOjects．SincePhas8loftheproject，COnductedjointlywith reque＄t，theSecretariatexplainedthatiti＄makingapo＄itiveeffort
to provlde the nece＄Sary financialassi＄tanCe．FLJrtherrnore，tO
UNEP，isscheduledtobecompletedinJun8thisyea一，Plans
encouragemaximumparlicipationofCommitteemembersatthe
for Pha＄e E were discussed．Duringthe discus＄ion，itwas
Conference，the Scientific Committee adopted the Secretariat■s
SuggeSted that the present framework of activities be
SuggeStiontoholdthenextGeneralMeetinginHungaryataTOund
COntinued whileintegrating＄UChissues．as：reStOration ofth8Same time as the Con†erence．
WaterquaIity．fishingindustry，Changesinwaterlevel．con−② A＄＄istance to SIL
tamination bytoxic materials，drainlng Of crude petroleum，
ThenextSILConventionisscheduIedtobeheldinMunich，Westflourish亭ng of aquatic plant＄，and theinfJuence of Land
Germany，（n1989．Comnlittee memberJ，Overb8Ck，reqUeSted
Utilization and management of water basin＄a＄ POSSibIe
that［LECcooperateinSfL sworkhggroupsforprov】din9aSSisl−
issues to be considereydin env亭ronmentalcase studies．
ance for research concerning land and water environments of
Thepo＄＄ib‖tyofcreatingadatabaseofthedataonlakes
deveIoplngCOuntries．Furthermore，SfLisdeeplyconcernedabout
CO ected bylLEC，COmPatibrewiththedatabaseofUNEP
thecontamination ofeco10glCa yslgnificantLakeTanganyikaof
and other organizations，Wa＄also con＄idered・Africaandreque＄tedcoopera 0ninitse什0「10fconveneameeti咽㊤ Training Proiects
to con＄iderthe problem．
The Secretariatreported onthe ExperLGroupWorkshop③ uNEPCOM Training Cours
On River／Lake Basin Approach to EnvironmentalIy Sound
UNEPCOM pIansto hold alake managementtrainlng COurSe
Management of Water Resources sponsored by UNCRD，WhichisschedLJledtostartin1989．forexper（＄from deveIoplng
lLECandUNEP，heldpriortotheMeeting，fromFebruary8th
COuntrie＄．SincetM＄trainingcour＄ehasmuchincornrnonwiththe
to19th．TheSecretaTiatannouncedthatthenextwork＄hopIS COurSeSOfferedbyILEC，1hepa血ipantsofthemeetingdecided
to discuss waysin whichlLEC can contribute to this plan．
＄Ch8duted to be he旧in Ban！】kok．
DispatchmentofseveraICommitteemembersaslecturers，a＄We‖
Comm亭ttee member Liu of CMna providedinformation
asproYisiono†variousILECTTainingCourseteaching materials，
regardingtheL8keManagementTrainingCoursetobeheld＄Oftwareandguidefinebooks，W8re＄UggeStedaspossibIemeans
inChinafromJulytoAugustthisyear．withcooperatiollfrom
Ofas＄i＄tanCe tO the scheduled UNEPCOM Lake Management［LEC；and reque＄ted assistanc8．1LEC planstodispatch T・
Training Courきe．
Goda and S．E．J￠rgen＄en aSIecturers to this Seminar．
④ EnvironmentalEducation
Withresp8CttOthe Promotion ofEnvironnentalrySoLJnd
TheCommitteeconsideredanddiscussedaproposalpresented
ManagementofLakes whichisaJOhtproJeCtOfrLECandby Cornmitlee member＄C．E．Bauer，），G．Tundisiand S．E．
UNEP，thedeve10PmentOfteachingmaterials，inadditionto JcIrgenSen．regardingpromotionofyoutheducationaEproJeCt＄On
theactualholdingofwork＄hop＄，i＄COn＄亭dereda＄OneOfits
the subje￠t Oflako environment pre5eⅣa 0∩．
maJOrgOaIs．Variou＄＄ugge＄tions were madeOn Utilization⑤ uNEP Lake B00k
and editing of materials and cur†icula of the above−
ThelnformationUnitofUNEPiscurrentlyseekingfeasibirityof
Publishingani u＄tratedbook．tMedLivhgwithLakesasVoIumcl
menttoned trainl咽￠0Ur＄e for thi＄PurPOSe．
Of UNEP Eco Series．The purpose of the seriesis to pre＄ent
Moreover．1ong−termPrOSPeCtSOfthetrahingproJeCt8fter
Various g10balenvironments to the generar public．1LEC wilI
thecompletionofthecurrenttermoftheproJeCtin1990were
PrOVido necessary assistancoIor publication of VoIumel．
8lso（；OnSidored．
⑥
Ass‡＄tanSe tO Lake Chad Basin Committee③ proparation of Guidelines
Lake
Chad，Eocatedin the ＄emi・arid reglOn Of Africa，isCommitteememberS．E．）即genSenrePOrtedthatGuide一
unde−gOInga＄eriou＄declineinitswaterlevelduetodTOughtand
Iine bookl，Concept＄Of Lake Managementi＄C10Se tO
desert encroachrnent．UNEP has offered to a＄Sist Lake Chad
COmP−et亭On．
BasinCommittee（LCBC）fnperForrningthenecessarystudie＄and
VoILJrr［e20fthesameseries，SocialandEconomicAspects
fornulatTngamasterplantoaddressthi＄i＄＄Ue．Thi＄WOUldbethe
Of Lake Managementand volume3，Managementof Lake
SeCOnd project（ZambeziRiverBasinProjectwasthefir＄t）under
Shores，Were discu＄Sed h terms oftheir editing policies，
the EMINWA Programm8．
Organizat亭On Of content and author of each section．1twas
Thefirstmasterplanformulation meetingwasscheduledto be
decidedthatlLECwouldrequestassistanceandcooperation
heldinApr 1988inN djamena，thecapita10fChad．1nrespon＄etO
fromout＄亭deresearchersandorganization＄fortheprepaTa−
aninvitationfromLCBC，lLECdecidedtodispatcharepre＄enta−tion and editing of the＄e tWO VO［umes．
tive to the rTleethg．

5

LAKES OF THE WORLD
LAKE TANGANYIKA

LakeTanganyikaisariftlakeinEastAfrica，Sharedby
togetherwith the aquatic faunas of severa10ther East
Africanlakes，itis of parallelinterestin bio10gICal．
Burundi，Tanzania，ZambiaandZaire．1tisabout650km
eco10glCalandespecia yevofutionarytermstothegreat
Iong，33，600km2inarea．withamaximumdepthofl，470
m and average depth570m．
mammalian fauna of ∈ast Africa．
TheFakeoffersseveraroutstandingnaturaIresources
Mostlakesareephemeral，geOlogica yspeaking，andfor human utilization．among which are：
Onlytho＄enOtinfluencedbyglaciationorthosethatare
Thepelagicfisherypotentialappearsto be between
Verydeepareold．LakesintheAfrican riftsystem are
O．3 and O．5 million tonnes per year．This make＄it
unusua y old，and Tanganyikais the oldest．A recent
estimateis20mi ionyears，Whichmakesitcomparable POtentia ythelargestfreshwaterfisheryinAfrica，anda
Onlyto LBaikaIin USSR．Age andlongisolation havenaturalfood resource ofimmensevalue（recentwide−
resulted in remarkable and numerous assemblages of
SPread food＄hortagein the Tegion underlines this）．
Thefisheryisfortwosardine＄PeCies（CIupeidae）that
invertebrateandvertebrate＄PeCies（e．g．thereareover
280fish specie＄）that have attracted much scientific arec10SelyrelatedtomarinesardinesandsimiIarinsjze
interest．Themajorityofthespeciesareendemictothe
andtaste，andfourlargerpredatorspecies（Centropomi−lake．Thislacustrinefaunaisoneofthemostscientifical−dae）．Thereisacommercialpurse−SeinefisheryineachOf the fourlakeshore countries，but alarger catchis
1yva（uableintheworld．WearestillatanearIystageof
Studying and under＄tanding jt，but we can＄ay that，
takenbymanythousand＄Of10Ca＝ishermenaroundtheShores using traditionalmethods．The sardjnesin par− enough aboutthecirculationtoestimatehowmuch．1n
ticuIar have a hi9h sustainable yield because of their the stratified upperlayers the（ei＄−evidence oflarge−
ShortIife cyc［esand high productivities．Theyarevery SCale horizontalmotion，the characteristics of which
WOulddeterminethedistributionand ratesofdispersal
nutritious and appreciated byAfrican peoplewho mix
Of buoyantpo utants．Physicaland chemicaldata col−themwithstaplecarbohydratefoods；insun−driedイorm
1ected over a number of years are presentry being
theystorewe‖andaretransportedfarfromthelake（e．g．
totheZambiancopperbelttownsover600kmaway）．As interpretedin thelight of recent theory．Mo＄t theory
relatestoIakesinthetemperatezone，andlargetropICal
CatChes rise，these sardines could probably provide
Sufficientproteinfor2to3m‖ionpeopleintheneedy lakesexhibitcharacteristicdiffererlCeSintheirhydrody−lakeshore countries（based on annualcatch ofO．5m．t． namics．Nevertheless，the date＄hould definethe prln−
C［Palprocesses，inc（udingseasonaJchangeinstratifica−
andlOOg／PerSOn fish protein perday）．
Situatedin the rniddle ofan arid continent，the clean tion，and the form and magnitude ofinternalwaves，
VerLicar mixing and horizontalflow．Theimmediatelake wateris required for many human need＄，and
importanceofthiswouldbetoheFppredictthedispersaI
POPulations aroundthelake are growlng raPid［y．L．
anddilutionofpollutants（suchasoilspills）．［twillaIso
Tanganyikai＄the（argestsInglere＄erVOiroffreshwater
helpLintheunderstandingofmechanismscontroIlingthe
in Africa（18，800km3），and the water qualityis sti
SuPPIyofnLJtrient＄（whichcomemostlyfrombe10Wthe
generally hi！れthermocline（50m）byverticalmixing）thatsupportpela−
Deve10PrnentOftourismisst‖beginning，yetthelake
gic plankton and fi＄h production・
ha＄muCh to offerin scenery andin the LLnderwater
Thereis growlng and wide awareness of the＄eViewlngOfbrilliantlycolouredlittoralfish．Manyofthese
PrObJems．and ofthegreatintrinsicvalueand re＄OUrCe
fi＄h species are exported out＄ideAfricato aquarists・POtentialof Tanganyika，
Various environmentalthreats can be foreseen，and
human activitje＄are alreadylowerin9Water quarityin
GEORGE W．COULTER＄Ome Places．lntensive oilexploration studies are be−
Member of SIL Working Group on the
1ieved to haveindicatedlarge petroleum resourcesin
African Great Lak￠S．
the Lakesediments．Despiteits＄ize，thelakeis．highly＄enSitive to po ution becau＄eitis an a（most c［osedSyStem With animmensely10ng WaterreSidence time，
Thereis only one sma riveroutlet．and over90％of
TRAINING PROGRAMIN CHINA
WaterIo＄＄is by evaporation．Thelakeis thermally
Training program willbe heldin Kunming City by
Stratifiedintheupper300m，anditisoxygenatedonly
CRAES（Chinese Research Acadernyof Environmental
downtOabout200mdepth（75％ofitsvoIumei＄anOXic）．
Science）andlLECformanager＄and decision makers
LtapparentlyneYerl turnsover ，thatis，mixesannual】yto
the bottom as do mostlakes．Nevertheless，Slow With 8Cientific background，and researchers oflake
Circulation evidentlystir＄thedeepwatersufficientlyto 5tUdi◎＄．
1，Time Duration
maintain alarge de！】ree Ot Chemicalhomogenei叶July24th，1988TAugust18th，1988
Estimated refi time（runoffa10ne）isaboutl，000years，
2．Draft p「Ogram
andisotope studies showthatthe deepe＄tWateri＄a（1）Lake
Survey，Research and Management
re［icofacolderdrjerperiodofmoreinten＄eeVaPOration
andcouldhaveare＄idencetimelongerthanl，000years．（FromJuly24toJuly28，1988）byTake＄hiGoda（2）Eco10gicalMode ingin EnvironふentalMana9e−This extraordinary phenomenonl＄，in scale．LJnlqueamonglake＄．

ment（FromJuly31toAugust4，1988）byS．E．Jorgensen
Pollution of the deep water would in eftect be（3）Studie＄0n Lake畠iwa
permanentinrelationtohumanlifetimes．Moreover，the（From August7to Augustll，1988）byTatuo Kira
deePWaterCannOtbe regardedascompletelycutoff（4）principle of LirTlnO10gy and Techniques for Lakefrom the LJPPerWaterS．Upwelling occurs atthe south
SuⅣey
endofthelake．aswellasseasonalmjxingextendingto（FromAugust14toAugust18．1988）byYat＄UkaSaijo
150i・200m．Thereforeif10Wer WaterS are POlrutedit
may be expected thatsome ofthe po utantwi con−tinuaIlybebroughttothesurlace．Wedonotyetknow

Box45l，Hr1372Budapest，Hungary．
Registration fee
Before Apri115After Apri115
CONFERENCE ON THE
active member
CHF300．− CHF350．−
CONSERVAT10N AND
accompanyingperson（s）CHF170．− CHF195．−
MANAGEMENT OF LAKES
2．Date and place of registration
BALATON 88
Septemberll，14．00−20．00
September12， 8．00−12．00
くPRELIMINARY PROGRAMME〉
Monday，12September
Festetics Palace KesztheIy，Szabad＄ag u．1．
8．00−12．00 Registration
3．A（〉COmmOdation
9・00−12．30 0peningCeremony，PlenarySession A particjpantsarea＄kedtousetheRegistrationForm
14．30−18．00 Plenary Session
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Tue＄day，13September
Please sendyourpaymenteitherasacheque made8．30−12．30 Scientific programme
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14．30−18．00 Scientific programme
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toAccountNo・232−90171−24940fMTESZattheHunga−
20．00 Con（）ert
Wedn◎Sday，14September
rian NationalBank．
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8．30−12．30 Sd厄nt椚C PrOgramme（1）Arrivingin Budapest byair
14．15 Scientific excursion
19．00 Dinn8r
A＄PeCialbus servjce operates between Ferihegy
Airport and the city／Deak t色｛．
Thursday，15September
8．15−13．00 Field−trip to Kis−Balaton ■ReseTVior（2）Howto reach KesztheIy
bytrain：Regularexpresstrain＄leaveBudapestDelipu．
14．30−18．00 Scientific programme
THIRDINTERNAT10NAL

Friday，16S◎Pt（〉mber

8．30−12．30 Scientific programme
14．30−17．30 Scientificprogranme，CJosingsession】9．00 FarewdlPa止y

くGENERALINFORMAT10N〉

daily for Ke＄Zthely．

bytransfercoach：Atran＄fercoachwi bearrangedfrom
FerihegyAlrportandCongressBureau MTESZ（Ko＄−Suth ter6−8，Budape＄t），tO Keszthely．
bycar：YoucantaketheM7highwayfromBudapestto
帽a（；h Ko＄Zthely．（192km）

1．Re！】i＄tration

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Registration Form or a copy ofit．
RegistrationFormwi bemadeavailablebywritingto
the foI10Whg address：Congres＄Bureau MTESZ P．O．

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