lSSN O912−74tO∧b．JJ OCTO8E斤J989

下、二＿了Tて、二ごち
JⅣ7老兄〃Am〃A上エd∬E EⅣ附属0〃〃E〃T CO〟〟JrrEE FOmAmⅣ
一戸8′ 8e亡ね′ Laんe ルね∩8geme／】f−m蓮 〃e〝5／e付e′蓮 abo ∂レ∂他ム／e／n Japane5e・

USSR CIP／UNEP／ILECINTERNAT10NAL TRAINING COURSEON LAKE MANAGEMENT FOR SPECLALISTS FROM LAKE CHAD BASIN
The Lake Chad Basin ManagementTrainingcourse
Organized bythe USSRStateCommitteefor EnvironmentaJ
Protectionandthe UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammein association with USSR Academy of Sciences and theDuringthecourse，queStionsfrom participantstothe
lect＝rerS foc＝Sedin pa「ticu】ar on the problems of Af「icanlakes and practical investigation or management methods
andcounter−neaSureS．Becauseoftheveryactiveresponse
lnternational Lake Environment Committee was held in
Of participants，discussion was often quite prolonged・AplantodivertwaterfromCongoRivertotheLake
lrkutskandLeningrad，USSR，fromAugust29toSeptember
Chad basinwasintroduced attheendofthecoursebyProf，IO，1989．The eleven particIPantS Of the cours占 were
SPeCialistsofwaterresourcesrTlanagenentfromChad，Niger，G．N．GoIubev．Ln response，Participants pointed out that
N庭eria and Cameroon・nlany difficuFtIT［UltinationalprobFems could be forseen・In
CentrallyIocatedintheAfricancontinent，LakeChadorder t00VerCOme the conflicts ofinterest of the col．mtries
is shared by Chad，Niger，Nigeria and Cameroon．Due to COnCerned and execute such a pro」eCt，the merits and de−
PrOlongeddrought，thelake，Whichuntilthe1960soccupied
merits need to be thoroughly analyzed fron both natural
an area of up to25，000sq．kn，hassince been reduced
SCience and5OCio−eCOnOrnic viewpoints・Furthermore，theto an area one−tenth thatsizeleavlngthe northern haIfof
knoふIedge 畠ccumuIated through experiencein diversion
thelake completeFydry．lnviewofthe drasticland alarmlng
PrOjects thr01Jghout the worId wouId need to be provided
Changesintheenvironmentalconditionsofthebasin，UNEP
in fulJer detall．
has been promoting proJeCtS ahlled at the rehabiFitation ofAttheendofthecourse，ParticJPantSbrieflyreported
thelake basin，Within the framework of EMINWA pro」eCt．
on the water re50UrCeS and the socioeCOnOmic conditions
Of their own countries．At the cIosIng，Certificates of the
Thecourse，Whichspanned13days，WaSdividedinto
twosessions，andincluded a cruise ofLake Baykal，aSWell
COurSe Were PreSented to each participant・
as a visit to a breakwater construction site in the Baltic
Lecturersandthetitlesof theirlectures are as foト
Sea．
lows：
The first session of trainlng COurSe WaS Carried out
F行st session
Kozhova．0．M．： The Lake BaykalEccf5yStemin the LimnologlCallnstitute，USSR Academy of Sciences
Iocatedin Listvyanka，aSrnallviIlageontheshore of Lake
Mazepova，G・F・＝ The Lake BaykaE Fauna
BaikaE，70km awayfromthedtyoflrkutsk・Inthe openIng
Kurata，A．（lLEC）： pecuIiaritiesandProblemsofAfrican
Lakesin Comparative AnalysIS With
CeremOny，Dr，SoIolov，T ePreSenting the Centre for
WorFd−Wide Different Lakes
LnternationalProject（CIP）gave a wercoming address，
followed byDT ．EトHabrfrom UNEP，and Dr．A．Kuratafrom
Chebanov，M．S．： The System AnalysIS for the Water
Regime of Delta Lakes
lLEC．The course was chaired by Drs．LV．Sokolov andKusner，Jr．S．： The Hydrodynamics／ModeIs of
A．V．Leonov．andtheofficia11anguagewereEnglish，French
and Russian．

Atthe end ofsession，PLansforthe estabIishmentof
BaikalInternationaICentre for FundamentalEcologlCaL
Research were presented by Dr・Kusner，Jr・S■，Deputy
Director of LimnologlCallnstitute，USSR Academy of
Sciences．The Centrewillbe openforc0OPerative studies
of Lake Baikal problems by scientists from VSSR as wellas the rest of the worFd．AH present were supportive of
the planned research centre，The second session was held at Hote［Morskaya on
the shore of the Baltic Seain Leningrad．
ln the second session，Fectures were grven，Prlmarlly
by scientists of Leningrad Limnologicarlnstitute，USSR
Academy of Sciences．

Lakes：Theory and Case Studies
Naunenko．M．A．： The FrontalZonesin the Large
Lakes

Fiarkov，B．A．： The Geomorph0logy and theUnderwater World of the Lake
BaykaI

Ladeishikov，N，P．： The Climate and Lakes
Kurata，A．
： A Case Study of Lake Shore
・ Managernentin Lake Biwa

Leonov，A．V．： The SirT［ulation Mathematical

Modeling of the Transformation of
Phosphorus CoTTIPOunds in the
Freshwater Sharrow Ecosystems
EトHabr，H．（UNEP）＝ Approachin the Overa Basin
DeveEopment：Preparation of Action

HydrocIynarnicalModels of Lakes＝Theory and Case Studies
Pozdniakov，D．V．： TheStudyofWater Environmentby
the Method of Active Optical
Distance Sound
Tolokontsev，N．P．： The ToxiologICaland HygiencaI
Aspects ofthe Lake and Reservoir
PollutioTlby the Dangerous Com−
POUndsLevchenko，A．8．： TheBiotechnologicarAnalysisofthe
EcologLCal Systems and theDeveIopment of the Technology forlncreaslng t）f the Ecolog■CalEmer−
Filatov，N．N．

gency

Measuremental Sy5temS for
LirnnologICaIStudies
GIushko，E．V．：
The Cosmic Monito「lng Of the
GoIubev，G．N．（！LEC）： The World Experiencein the
Solution of LargeL＄cale Wate「Dynamics of the Deserti†icationin
TraTSPOrtProblems（inrelationwith
the FlowIess HoFlow at the Aridsimllar problem forJake Chad）
Zones（for AralDjstrict as an
Example）
Thelists of participants as follows：
lrivboje，0．Director，WaterResources Divison，Commission du Bassin du Jac Tchad
Second session
Diguera，B・Director，Forestry and F短hery Division・
Petrova，N，A．＝ The Main Principles of the
ComFT［ission du Bassin du Lac Tchad
Jimnology
SIepukhina，G，D．： The Lake Zoobenthos and jts Rore
Mey，M． AgroPaStOralist，Commi5SionduBassindu
in the LimnoIoglCalStudies
Lac TchadRyangin，S．V．： Lake Surface Ternperaturein
Koumbaye，B．Ministere du Tourisne，Ndjamena，Chad
Depending on Lake Latitude andMu5a，S．N．AssistantChief，Irrigation Engineer．Upper
Lake AItitude above Sea Lever
Benue RiverBasinDevelopmentAuthority，
KoplanDiks，l・S・＝ Antrophogenic Redistribution of
Yola，N痩eria
Organic and Biorganic Matter from
Ahmed，G．Assistant Chief，Irrigation Engineer，Upper
Terre5trialEcosystems to Water
Benue RiverBasinDevelopmentAuthority，
EcosysteFTIS： State， Negative
Maiduguri，Nigerla
Cor−SeqUenCeS，Ways of SoIution
Roger，N・Chief Bureau des Programmes，Yaoundel
Drabkova．V．G．：TheAntrophogenic Eutrophicationof
Cameroon
Jakes
Gideon，M．AssistantChief，HydrogeologistDeIegation
ProvinciaFeMines，EauetEnergie，Garoua，Trifonova，I．S，： The Phytoplankton asthelndicator
Of Lake Eutrophication
Cameroon
Alimov，A．F． ： Main ResuJtsofStudiesin the FieFd
BoIomiki．M．Chief Service de L HydraullqueノRurale，
Of BioIoglCaI Productivity of
Direction du Genie Rural，Minister
Freshwater Ecosysterns
Agriculture，Yaounde．Cameroon
Kondratyev，S，A．： The Experience of the Watershed
Yacouba，B．DirectoT・OfWaterRe50urCeS，Niamey，Niger
MathematicalModeIing
Salhatou，H．Director，Departmentdu Plan，Diffa，N厄er
Arefiev，A．V．

P】an

TRAINING COURSE ON LAKE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
As one oflLEC s proJeCtS，Water reS【）UrCeS
basic knowledge about lake management as well as teachmanagement workshop／Seminars for participants fromwatermeasurementtechniquesandoperati。n6fmeasurement
devcIop■ngCOUntrieshavebeenheJdsince L987・Thusfar，equ■Pment，tOStaffinchargeofFakewaterqualitymanagement
1LEC hasdevelopedtrain■ngmateriaIsintheenvironmental
indevelopFngCOuntries，inordertoaidtheirattemptsatwater
POl．cy field，train■ng mOduIes，etC・
qualityprotection・ln cooperation with EMINWA project（UNEP），thisAims：The purpose of thiitrainIng COurSeis to provide
trainlng COUrSe aPPrOaChes，from a technicalstandpoint，
technicar experts（nliddFerT）anagement）with the knowhow
water quality measurement as it relates to the protectionneeded forlake water quaFity managementland with basic
ofwater quaEity■nlakes・In add裾on，lLECIs promotion ofknowledgeaboutlakewaterqualitymanagementaswe asthistrainIngCOurSeisstrengthenedbythesupportfromthe
inrthe−field water qualityIT．eaSUrement teChnique andJapanesegovernment，incooperationwithUNEP，FAO．and
operation of measurement equipment.
0叫ectives：By the end of the train■ng COUrSe・Period，
others．
ParticIPantSW川：1NFORMAT10N ON THE：TRAINtNG COURSE：（1）acquire basic knowledge orllake water quality
management．

RatEonaIe：Lakes aT e VerylmPOrtant aSfreshwater sources（2）learnbasictechniqueson］akewaterqualityanalysis，（3）accumulate the knowledge needed for successfuI
ofdrinkingwater，Waterforfarm■ng，fishery，and recreation・
Thesedays．inITIanyCOUntries，thevalueoflakewaterandtheStanda「d precisjon analysIS，
environments around lakes are degraded by inappropriate（4）learn how to properly operate water quality
deveIopment・Such developmentisinterferl「唱With sociaI
measurement equlPment，
welfare a5a reSult．EspecialIyindeverop．ngcountries，the （5）learnbasicskillsrelatingtolaboratorym釦ntenanCe，
authorities attempt to protect Fake5aS reSOUrCeS，but be−（6）accumulatetheexpertiseneededtoproperlysetlake
WaterqUaEitymonitorIngPOint5，and
CauSe Ofthelackofexperience and techniquesinthefieId（7）learnIakewaterqualitysimuIationtechniques
ofenvironmentalprotection，themeasuresdevisedtodePa［withtheseproblemsareinsufficient・Thiscourseaimstoprovide
Duration：FromJanuary8to March t6，1990

TrainFnglnstitution5：ThistrainEngCOurSeWiIFbecoordinatedbylnternationaILake Environment Committee Foundation（lLEC）in collaboration with the foFFowinginstitutions andO「ganizations：（1）Nationa＝nstituteforEnvironmentalStudies（Japan）（2）LakeBiwa Researchlnstitute（3）Shiga PrefecturalInstitute of Public HealthandEnvironmentalScience（4）Japan EnvironmentaFTechnoFogyAssociation，（5）EnvironmentAgencyofJapan
くCu「「iculum〉

ThefollowlngmaJOrSUbjectswirlbe coveredintheseminar：（l）PresentationanddiscussiononCountryReports［2days］
CURRICUJUMDATESSU8JECTS

Januaヮ

Opaning and Orisnt.tion
910 P・Oblemsandl∬＝eSQ†LakeandRos8ⅣOir．Man8gement且ndCount・y8

R色P8「t（Ⅰ）（」e￠tUre／P「8Sentation）

ll−17 F＝ndamモntalso†ChemFc81／BiologFcalAnal ysi50†Wat8「／Sedim8nt（L8CtUre）

la一之4 Maint（・nanCeOfLaboratoけFacilitiosね「 Wat8「qualityAn抽sis（【）（」ecture／P帽d東風T／さining）

25−7 WatモrSampling且ndAn81咋is（Practica TraininE＝FわほSurveyきnd（Fl∋b．） 」abo「atロⅣWo「k）

Febru釦Y StudyTou卜しak8S．Re50arChlnsti山tes
白一14 Monilori叩F8Cilities（FieldVisit／Practica
15−16 Problim三8ndlssuesofJaklヲandRe5eⅣ
1923 Maint即anC00fJabo「al即YF8Cilities†orWさterQu誹tyAnaly5i5川）（」e仁ture／Practicaltrainir唱）26−2 Computer SiFTuPation for Water Quality Management on Lakes／【Mar．） R8S8rVOirsandUs阜OfWateTQualityData（L8GtL・，e／PracticalTrainrng）
Mき「（；h 5−9 D；scussion（恥po・tW輔ng／DiscussionforEv且山ali加）

12−15 WateトreIat色dCullure王nJapan（StudyTour）
Closin∈16

Participant5 are reqUeSted to present a Country
Repo「ts．

（2）Lectures and practicaltrainjng onIakeWater［32 days］
management
a・ProblemsandlssuesofLake／ReservoirManagenent
b．Fundamentals of Chemical／BiorogicalAnalysisOf
Water／Sediment
C．Maintenance of Laboratory Fac＝ties for Water
Quality Analysis
d．WaterSampl］ngandAnalysrs
e. Computer Simulation for Water Quality Management
OfJakes／Reservoirs（3）FieldT「ip［9days］
Partic■PantSareSCheduledtomakefieIdtriptovisit
institutionsforenvironmentalstudiesandseveralsitesof water monitoring projects.
（4）Reportwriting，PreSentation，and revision［5days］
AJJpartic■PantSShould complete a report on water
monitorIng PrannFng based on Fecturesand f】erd tr】psbytheendofthe trainIngCOur5e．
くMethodoIogy〉
The trainlng COUrSe Wm be conductedin the form of
lectures，discussions，PraCticaltrainlng，fieldtrips，Jetc・
I

く」anguage〉

The trainIng COUrSe Wi11be generalJy conductedin
EngFish．AllreadingmateriaF5／informationforthecoursearealsowrittenin English．
〈Certificate〉

Participants who have successfuIJy completed the
COurSeW‖beawarded acertificateby‖＿EC．
＊NominationofappllCantSand noninee sappFrcation arein
PrOgreSSbyfinancia ysupportingorganizationsandlLEC．

3rd Workshop／Seminar on River／Lake Basir］
Approaches to Environmentally Sound

Management of Water Resources

The3rd・Expert GroupWorkshop／SeITIinaron River／
Ofthis3−yearJOintproJeCtSPOnSOredbylLEC．UNCRDand
Lake Basin Approaches to Environmentally Sound Man−
UNE：P are finarized；（4）to suggest，On the basis of theagement af Water Resources will be held under the joint WOrkshopderiberation5，foFIowrupactivitiesofthis3yearJOintSPOnSOrShip of thelLEC，the United．Nations Center for

PrOJeCt that can be adopted by developlng COUntries andRegionalDeveIoprTlent（UNCRD）and the United Nations
related organizations for promoting environmentalry soundEnvironmentProgramme（UNE：P），from February12to22
management ofwater resources．
1990．in Otsu and Nagoya．Japan．
TheWorkshop／SeminarwiIlbeorganizedintotwosections．
ThisseriesofworkshopsisdesignedasfoIIows：
WorkshopSection：Strategiesandmeansofriver／Fakebasin−tOidentify and analyze water resource management
approaches to envjronmerltalIysound managementofwater
PrOblernsthatneedtobeaddressedlfromlake／riverbasin resources（1217February，atLakeBiwaResearchlnstitutebasihperspectives．（FstWork5hob，1989）
inOtsu）＝Presentationanddiscussjonofresourcepapersand−tO reVie血and anaryze the past and present po［lCyCa5e StUdy reports frorT．Japan and developlng COUntries；
responsestothewaterresourcesmanagerllentPrOblems
group discussion and summary of findings and poF■Cydelineatedinthelstyear・（2ndWorkshop，1988）
irT］PllCations；andfieldvisit．
−tOidentifyandderineatestrategiesaswellaswaysandmeans requiredtoirnprove the poF■CyreSPOnSe5tOth占
SeminarSection＝」ectureanddiscussiononthesubjectof
Water reSOUrCeS manageTTlent PrOblem area．（3rdWo「kshop，＝〕90）

The purpose ofthe3rd Workshopis：n）to reviewthe
fhldingsofthethird−yearCaSeStUdiesand related resource

PaPerSUndertakenbyco aboratingFnStitutionsandexperts；（2）toexaminestrategiesandapproachestowaterresources
d占velopmentandmanagementinriver／Fakebasincontextwith
SPeCialfocusonstrategJeSand neans requiredtoimprove
poJicyresponses；（3）todiscus5theframeworkonwhichresLllts

PraCticarappllCationofthefind妄ngsandresult5derivedfrom
this3Lyear joint project；field visit（19r22February at
UNCRDin Nagoya）
Partic■PantS Of the workshop wiIEincIude resource
PaPerWriters，rePreSentativesofthecasestudytearnfrom5ix
COUntries（Bra＝il，China，Fndonesia．Kenya，Phiiippines andThailand），SenきOradministrato「sandplannersinvolv占dinwater
resources managenentin the developrng countries，and
membersoflLEC，UNCRD and UNEP concerned．

PILOT PROJECT ON LAKEENVIRONMENTAL EDUCAT10N

l・P「oject Ou川ne
Backg「oundIt is widely accepted that the acceleration of thedestruction ofthe naturalenvironmentasaresultofrapid
economic development cannot belgnOred・ Althoughenvironmentaleducationis quiteadvancedinsome nations，
the ca‖forenvironnlentaleducationinbothdeveloped anddevelopIng COuntriesis now being heard．・
ManyoftheenvironmentalproblemsemergIngtOday，
SUCh as the destruction oftropica［rainforests and gIobal
warming are world‑wide problems and can be resolved if
approachedassuch・Similarly，manyOftheprobJemsfoundin the world slakes，SuCh as acidification，eUtrOPhication，and ecoIogICaldestruction caused by soilerosion must be
dealtwithatthenationalFevel，adrainage−basinwide（Often
international）Jever，and frorTltheindividualIeveIas well．
1tis therefore clear that the role oflake environmental
educationi5becom■ng Veryimportant．
Objectives
ILECisinitiating a three−year Pllot proJeCt Onlake
environmenta− education（LE．E．）in three countries
beginning April1989．
Long，term Objective

ILECis responsible for seIecting the pilot countries
forthepro」eCt，Selectinganexecutiveadministratorforeach
COUntry，and assisting economica‖y．Japan，Denmark andBraziEhavebeenseIectedaspilotcountriesandtheproJeCt
PrOgramSOfJapanandDenmarkarealreadyunderway・The
executive administrators are responsible forimplementing
and maintainlng the programin their respective countries，WhichincrudesgainrngthecooperationofthetargetschooIs．
Target schooFs wi incorporate the projectinto theireducation program and approachit as their own schooI
PrOJeCt・lLECw‖＝⊃e reSPOn5ibleforcoordinatingasurvey
OftheeffectivenessofeachschooF sprogramandw川co ect
ムnd summariヱe theresults．1LECwillalsoform a committee
Ofspecia）iststodeveJopguidelinesforalakeenvironmental
education curricuh」m．

WorkplanApril−August，I989Settling theinstitutionaJfrar71eWOrkin
Pilot countries・（App】iedin Brazilin
1990）
Septernbe「，Decernber
CoIIecting and exchanElngirIformation
JanuaryMarch，1990Developng curriculum
March−June
Experimental cla5SrOOm impremen−tationSeptemberPresentation ofthe evaluation reportFebruary，1991Proposalof curricuIum guidelines

To establish environmental education in the school（lLEC）

CUrricuh」m，tOincrease young peopJe，s consciousness
regarding environmentaE problems，and to prepare thelTltO
assumeresponsibiIityforprotectionofthelakeenvironment
in the future．

ember

t

．992∪

Executive administrators ofeach country proJeCtare
as follows：

Short−term Objective

Denmark Prof・Sven E．J＃rgensen、（】LEC Scientific Committee／member）

To develop a curricuIuIT．for pr■mary andjunior highSChooIIevels．andthroLfghtestingthiscurriculumintheclassroon・tOincrease studentinterest and understanding ofenvironmentalproblems and to teach theimportance ofBrazilindividuaEinitiative．

0utputs
Outputs of this proJeCt W‖be as foErows：n）lncrease of environmentaIc占nsciousness amongtargeted p「■mary andjuniorhigh schooIstudents，（2）Cohtinuingextra−CurricuIaractivitiesbythetargeted
PuPils，（3）Modellake environmentaleducation curricuFar，（4）Teaching materials oflake environrTlental，education，（51Exchange ofenvironmentaFinformation among pupils
between different countries，（6）Evaluation reports on the pilot projectsin each
COUnt「y，（7）CurricuIumguideIinesoflakeenvironmentaleducation
On PraCticalbasis
The environmentaleducation curricuFa developedineach of the pilot countries will be made available to theirrespective education systerTLS for usein the crassroom．
Furthermore，theresultsoftheproJeCtWillbeevaluatedand
PrOVided to other countries through international
Organizations．

Prof．）（ise G，Tundisi（lLE：C Scientific CorTlmittee member）
Japan

Prof．Tatuo Kira（lLEC Scientific Committee member）

2・The Outline of PiJot Project on Lake
EnvironmentalEducation：Japan s Case
This pilot projectaimsto examine possibFe teaching
methods and techniques integrating environmental science
into the education program；and to produce teachingrTlaterials and curricuJum for primary schooIand／OrjuniorhighschooIpupirs．Ttle PrimaTyObjectofstudywil＝〕ethe
Lake Biwa basin andits riverlSyStem．
Subjects ofJapan s case willbe as fo 6ws．
（1）Monitoring of acid rain（2）Observation and survey of eutrophicationin rivers
whibh receive dollleStic waste water．
（3）Joint training to promote pup‖s participationin theabot，eitems，（l）＆（2）（PUPiFs experience and mastery
Ofwater quality anarysis）・（4）lnquiryinto pupiIs recognition of，and concern forenvironmentalprobJerTIS．
（51Development of computer graphic technique for
SuPPOrting anaFy51S OfIake basin environmental
COndition，and results of their apprlCation，（6）Environmentalinformation exchange among
CO aboratingschooIsviaaper50nalcomputernetwork・（7）EnvironmentalcuEture exchange between pilot
COUntries by correspo nding．drawing posters／picture5
and desc「ibing essays oftheirirnpression，lnstitutionalFrameworkinJapan

ShiEaProleCt L．E，E，Executive C（〉爪mit e

Outputs ofJapan s case willbe as foIJows：（l）Enhanced knowledge by schooIpupils of the FakeecosysterT．andlakeenvironmentaF probIems，Which wi
SUPPOrttheadoptionofenvironmentallysoundactivities

Researche「†romShiEaUniv．
AdrTlinistratorfromShigaPrefecturaIGovernment（Envi「onmentDivis旧nandBoardく〉†Education）
Administratく）rf「ol¶localgovernment（Bo即do†Educatlon）
Princ・Pa」5fromfourcol】aboratir唱SChooJ5（Public5Ch001）

jn their dailyJives．

（2）Enhancementoftheloc去Ieducatedmanpowerinthe
fierd of Lake EnvironmentaF Education（LE．E．）（3）Teaching materials and」・E・E・CurricuIum prepared
for the execution ofthis pllot proJeCt，（4）Report on the evaluation ofthisproject．
Theprogramw川beimpJementedinfourpartic■Pating

Wo「kingGroup
R8SearCher†「 ）mShig∂Univ．
TechnicalStafffromShigaBoardofEducation
TeachモrS f「omfourc01labor∂ting5ChooIs
TechnicalStafffrく）mOtherpublic5ChooIs
4CollaboratingScho（）】sSChooIsin Shiga Prefecture between r989and the endof1990．

KohokuJuniorH‡ghSch00land OdaniPrimarySchool（NorthernBasin）
WestRittoJuniorHighSchool andDaiho Prlm8rySch00l（Southe川Bas；∩）＊ Ex8CUtiveCommitteedraws叩−りaworki叩PlanforthisprojeGt即−d2）th8Japancase
re叩・t，baseduponthesch・）bl「甲○・t5・＊ Worki咋G・OUP5eⅣeSa5at8Sk†0化e†D「implementingthowDrkplan．andsummariヱ￠th8「OSUlbatthefou「sch00l5†ntotheschoolrepo巧5・＊ Pa「tic■P且tng占Ghoく，lswillcooperateintheimplemenlationロイthewロrkp■an・■BRAIN−STORMING ME：ETING WITH DR．NAY HTUN
Thefirst brain−StOrm■ng rT．eetingbetweenJapaneseexpertsandDrLNayHtun，DirectorofUNEPRegionarOffice
forAsiaandthe Pacific，WaSheldatthelnternationalHouse

UNEP from the viewpoint of Japanese scientists，SUggeStionstoUNEPonitsactivities，POSSibIecooperationand joint pro」eCtS between UNEP and the Japanese

OfJapanin Tokyo on9September1989．

academic worJd．

ParticIPantS Were＝ Nay Htun，HiroyoshiHiguchi（Director，Research Center．Wildbird Society ofJapan）；
HiroshiMatsumoto（Executive Director，APIC）；Mikiyasu
NakayarTIa（Associate Professor，Facurty ofAgriculture，
TogetherwiththeAssociationforPromotionoflnternational
Utsuhomiya Universty）； Shuzo Nishioka （Head，
Cooperation（APIC），lLEC supportedthe meetingasone ofEnvironrTIentalManagement Section，Nationarlnstitute forfew NGOsinJapan working with UNEP．
EnvironmentalStudie5）；HiroakiOchiai（Professor，Toba
Nine experts covered most of the areas UNE：P has NationalCo age of Maritime Technology）；Kazuhikobeen working on：WiFdJife conservatjon，human5ettlement，Ochiai（Professor，Dept，Of Forest Resources，Ehim
Water reSOUrCeS，marine pollution，forestry，remOte Sen5■ng
University）；Rosenqvist Ake（hstitute of EnsustrialScience，
andlandu用izaiion・Discussionwasmadeontheimageof
University ofTokyo）；Motokazu Ando（ILEC Secretariat）．
LnviewofthesituationthatUNEPactivitieshave notbeen werr known to．Japanese scientists and NGOs．thisratherinforrTlaImeeting was arranged to produce u5efu■
inputsintoUNEPIsactivitiesinAsiaandthePacificRegion・

APO−SPONSOREDTRAINING COURSE

Atrain■ngCOurSe，‖protectionAgainstEnvironmental
Damagecausedbylndustria＝⊃ollution汀ISPOnSOredbyAsian
Productivity Organization with support from the Japan
Ministry of Trade andlndustry was coバducted byJapan
Pioductivity Center from May28toJune24，1989．
The object ofthe course wastoteach methbds andtechniques of protecting aga■nSt the sQCialandenvi「onmentaleffects ofindustrialpoJIution・
A portion ofthe course was heldin Otsu．underthe
directionoflLECandShigaPrefecture・Duringthatportion，」ake Biwa s condition and water quality presentation2）Management of the Lake Biwa drainge basin
3）lntroductidn of Lake Biwa Researchln去titute andits

measure5WerelntrOduced，and a field study on thelake8）Visittoafoodproce55ingplant，swastewatertreatment

activities

4）lntroductiorl Of Shiga Prefecture s environrnentar
administration structure5）lntroduction of grass−rOOtS level environmental
PrOteCtionaCtivity6）F ield trip to the soir erosion prevention construction
site at Mt，Tanakami7）Visit to wastewater treatment plantin an a官ricuIturar
V川age

was conducted．

fac‖lties

The Otsu portion ofthe tourse was held frorTIJune
12 to16；and was attended by participants from
BangFadesh，Fiji，HongKong，1ndia，lndonesia，Southkorea，
MaIaysialNepal，Pakistan・the PhilipprnesISingapore，Sri
Lanka，Taiwan and Thailand．A totalof ＝）centraland「eg10naIgovernment technicians，engineerng consuJtants
and private sectar environmental engineers participated.

十、て∴、・ ∴・十■The content of the courseincruded：∴、l）Lndustriar poIJution．problemsin Shiga Prefecture
APO trainrng cou「se5LAKES OF THE WORLD
LAKE KARIBA
Hi＄tOricaIBackground
Lake KaribaJje50n the Zambeziriver，bordered byZambia on the north and Zimbabwe on the south．These

two countrieswereonce merTlber5Ofthe‖トfated FederationofRhode5ia∂ndNyasaJand，早POJiticalc（）nfjguratjon ）fthe
CentraIAfrican British colonies．The territories cornprislng
the Federation were Northern and Southern Rhodesia andthe protectorate ofNyas81即d，reSPeCtiveJy now ca」】ed
ZaTTlbia，Zimbabwe and Malawi．
After the constitution of the Union o†South Africa，
the8「itish Government50Ught8n adminj5tra士ive5！ructu「ethat would uniteits remaimng centralAfrican teTritoバes ofNorthern and Southern Rhodesia and NyasaIand．
ConsequentJyin the ear？y 50 5the British Government
proposedthe Federation ofRhodesia and Nyasaland．
ThetwomaJOraCtivitiesthatweretobetheeconomic

backbone ofthe Fede「ation were to be the expJojtaIion of
Northern Rhode与ia s then vast copper resQurCeS and thewhite settler dorninated agrlCuLture of Southern Rhodesia，
basedonNyas8landche叩Iabour・Thec8Pitalgains♭enbfjts
from this economic base would finance secondary industrial
deveIopmentin Southem Rhosedia and the trickle down
effect5ⅣOUld行一山rn benefit the】e55developed■nOrthern
territories．

With this perspective the British Government wasconvinced汁Iat Under the technicaJleader5hjp（〉fthe whjte
settEersin the reg■On the politica−merger would resultin
econoITlic comp！ementality of the three territories to gLVe
the necessary climate for economic and po t忙aIdevelopment．
ln orderto develop the region sindustriaL potential
the Federa′Government「ealfzed thatitneededtodevelop
the energy resources of the regIOnL Hydroelectric power
was the obvious an5Wer and a survey of the hydroelectric
POte価alof抽eareawa5unde「taken・Thi5SUrVeyidetjfied
the Ka†ue Gorge；on the Kafue River．a tributary of theZambezi「iver，a亨aSUitablesitefordeveloplnghydroeLectric
POWer generation・African Power Corporation．（CAPCO）was forrned，This
COmPany WaSJOintly owned by the participat弓ng countries，
butthebuFkofthecompany7sphysTcaIassetswerelocatedinSouthernRhodesia．Thusatthebfeak−UPtheFederation，CÅpcofounditseIfownedbytwomutuallyho5tiFecountries．
independent Zarnbia with a black popular government andaracialIytomRhodesia，besiegedbyanescaEatingliberation
war．ThispsituationgreatLyreducedCAPCO，占effectiv占ness
as the main execIJtive agency for the hydroelectric power
developrnent Qn the ZanbeziT
In the earEy70 s Zambia，Which then hadinstituted
jtsown agencyfordeveIopingitsenergyrequirements（theZambiaElectricitySupplyConlmission），unilatera ydecided
to deveFop the north bank generating capacity withdeferencetoCAPCO，tOgUardagalnStindustrialblackmailby the Rhodesian rebelgovernrnent・
Insumrrlary．the Lake KaribahydroeIectric pIantnow
consistsoftwopIantsindependentlyownedbyZanbiaand
Zimbabwe，and jointFy administered through the Zambezi
River Authority．
The ZambeziRiver Catchment

The Zambeziriveris the most dorTlinant ecologlCa1
1eature ofsouthern centralAfrica．1tencompassesanaT ea
ofl，193，500km2．Thi畠catchmentpincludes a variety ofclilTlatictypesfromserniarid savannathroし噌hsubhumid tohumjd TT）Ontane tyPeS・lt s main tributaries are the Kafue
RiverandtheLuangwaRiver，bothinZarnbia，andtheShireRiver fronlLake Malawi，and severalother streanlS fromZjF71babwe．The main ZambeziR弓ver starts frorTIa SWamPon the border between Zambia and Zaire，at an elevationof1400mabovesealeveltotrave12，224kmtothelndian
Pcean・A）ongthjscourseittraversesaりUmberofgeologicalformation与．

According to the distribution offish species（Jubb，
J96J）theZambeziRiver二canalsobedividedintothr占e
mainecoIog．calreachesdemarcatedbygeoJogicalfractures
which give rise ta the impressive Victoria Falls

Howeversincethe KafueriverwaslocatedinNorthern

Rhodesia，the white doninated Federalgavernment was
石morous ofinvestingln SUCh8Vitaいe50U「Ce h a country
thatwasbound eventua ytobe undera black government．

？：：正 苫登鱒詳

Thus an alternative site that satisfied both the technicalrequlre汀帽ntS（】fIarge hyd「oeJectrjc po、γer gen即∂ti8n
CaPabi＝ty a早We11a5 a＝aying the apprehensions of the
POliticalinterestsofthewhiteSouthern Rhodesiansettlers

had to be f（】Und．Thu5Wa5bo「n the Karきba HydroeJectrjc
proJeCt，Qn the ZambeziRiver・a boundaryriverseparating
Northern Rhode5ia and Southern Rhode5ia．
丁ロrn∂nage the proJeCとboth h the eon5trUCtきon∂nd
OPerationalphase anintemationa［company，the Central」ake kariva

‖

The Gwembe Va‖ey■
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 −The present Lake Karibalibsin the Gwembe valley
which has been partia ysubmerged by theIake・Likeits
rerTlnant Sister va eyln the Mana Poors area there werea numberofterraceswhich could be recognized，the upperterraceconsisting of dry savanna woodlands，large［y ofColophospermum mopane．while thelowermost terraces
consisted of riverine ga‖eryforest bounded byflood plainsthat were annually inundated by the Zambezi flood waters.
CIimate丁 8 9011121 2 3 4 5 6（m〔〉nth）

Number of「aln days（■） l．R．H．（▲）
Evaporation（○）

Rain（匿ヨ）

The Gwembe valleyliesin an area of centralAfrica
which duelargeLytoits）oweIevationissemiaridL Figuresummarizes thelocalclimate of the■area．1t has a mean
rainfa‖ of 600 mm，nainly confined to the months ofNovember to March，high evapotransp■ration and a coo［season to warm season temperature range of22C to30
C．Duringthe warm season daytemperaturesin excessof
40C are not uncorTImOn．As†igureindicates，formost of
the year evaporation exceeds precIPitation・and the Cabra Bassa gorge rapid5．The three ecoIogICal
ZOneS a「e designated as follows：
l The uppe「Zambezi，COmPr■SIng the headwaters of
the ZambeziRiver to the Victoria FaIrs，
CLH・D Magadza
2．The middreZambezi，COmPr■Slngthe reachbetween
University Lake Kariba Re5earCh Station
Victoria Fa s and Cabora Bassa rapids・
E：xtractedfrom Lake Kariba−CaseStudyofaMan Made Lake
3．TheLowerZambezi，eXtendingfromtheCaboraBassa
by Prof．C．H．D．Magadza
gorge to the Lnd弓an Ocean．

RECENT PUBJICATLONS＿LLEC PUBLICATIONS −L［］ SurveyoftheStateofWorld Lakes・ Lnterim ReportVol．l，1988edited by LBRlandlLEC． US＄70r※ Please remit payment upo
invoice，Which wi beenCIosed with your order．

PIease do notsend payment pr．or to receiptof
yourinvoice．

［］ Guideline50f Lake Management． VoILl＝PrincipIes
ofLakeManagement，1989editedbyS・E：・J＠rgensenand′ US＄10
R．A．Vollenwelder［］ Report of the UNCRD／tLEC／UNEP Expert Group
Workshop on River／Lake Basin Approaches toEnvironmentaIly Sound Management o†Water Resources・N
February1988，Nagoya and Otsu
US＄4［］ Report and SurT．mary O†the UNCRD／lJEC／UNEP
Joint Expert GroLIPWorkshop on E：nvironrTIentalJy Plannlng

ORDER FORM
Prof．／Dr．／Mr，／Ms．Name
Address

City
Date・・・．

Country

Zip・Code‥・・・S厄natuTe・・・

My payment wil］be made by：［］PostalMoneyOrder［］BankDraft（Liftingchargebysender）［］RemittanceCheck（Receivingbankchargeaddedtothepaynant）＊lLECwi］Iacceptneithercreditcardsnorpersonalcheck・

onManagementforJocalandRegionalDevelopment＝F ocus
on Training Aspects Derived from Studies of lnland Water
ManagementL

November1986，Nagoya and Otsu US＄4

−OTHER PUBLICAT10N−［］ lnternational Journal of Water Resources
DeveFopment． VoIL4．No・4 December1989 −Special
l5Sue： River／Lake Basin Approaches to EnvironrTTentarry
Sound Water Resources Management．
Guesteditors：HidehikoSazanarniandTatuoKira，PUb［ished
US＄14
by Butterworth Scientific Ltd・＊lLEC willoffer above pubIications free of charge toqualifiedappl■CantSfromdevelop■ngCOUntries・Postageandbank charges must be covered by the appllCant・＊ Publications mentioned above have been relea！ed andare avaHable from thelnternationalLake Environment
Cornmittee Foundation．A‖pr■CeSare eXCIusive ofpostage
and bank charage．Please completethisform andsendto＝lLEC Foundation Secretariat，
3−4−22Kyomachi，Otsu，Shiga520，Japan．

Guidelines of Lake Management

FORTHCOMLNG MEETINGS

Contact：Dr．E：．Martens，Department of Zoology，
University of Nairobi，P・OTBox 30197，
NAIROBトKENYA．
Tel：′（254）（2）43I8lup to43I92，
Telex：22095KENYALNTERNAT10NAL SE．M−NAR
EDUCATION AND TRAININGIN WATER RESOURCESIN
DEVE：LOPING COUNTRIESThe aim oftheseminaristo assess the requirement
LNFORMAT10N
ofmanPOWer，educationandtrain■nglnthewaterresources
A fu‖tiITle tWO year M・Sc・COUrSe COrnPrlS■ng Of four
SeCtOr UP tO the year2025in the developlng COntries・
semesterinLimnoIogyhasbeenofferedatBhopalUniversity
Date ：12−16 December1989
PFace：Water and Land ManagementlnstitutesinceI980．The outline of the courseis as fo1lows：（WALMl），Aurangabad，MaharashtraState，
1NDIA ■

Contact ：C．V．J．Varma
Organizlng Secreta「ylnternationalSeminar on Education ＆Training
CentT alBoard oflrrlgation and Power
Marcha Marg，Chanakyapuri，New DeIhi
11002l，lNDIA
TeL；（91）（ll）30159B4，Cable；CENBIP（ND），
TeIex；（81）（31）66415CBIPN
THE：SYMPOSIUM ON THE：ECOLOGY OF
MANGROVE：S AND RELATED E：COSYSTEMSThe aim ofthesymposiumisto compare current researchand to review the status of presentday knowledge on
biologlCal，ChemicaIand physicalaspects on mangroves．
related ecosystems and their utilization・Date ：24−30September E990
PEace：TheUniversityofNairobi；MOMBASA〜KENYA

感熱First Year（Pure LimnoIogy）：
Ist semester ：Generar ＆ Phy5icaI LirnnoFogy，
Ecology＆Biostatistics
2st semester ：Limno−Chemistry，LimnoBioIogy
Second year（AppliedJimnology）
3rd semester ：LirnnoMicrobioEogy，Aquaculture
4th semester ：Biochemistry ＆ Waste Water
Treatment，Public Health＆Lake
Management
Contact：Dr．G．P．Bhatnagar
DEPARTMENT OF LIMNOJOGY，
BHOPAL UNlVERSITY
Tel：6715l−54PBX Ext18，19
Res：l15／26， Shivaji Nagar．
Bhopal462016
CALL FOR ARTICLESThose wha wish to contribute ta lLEC Newsletter are
invited to send manuscripts to the secretariat・（lLEC Newsletteris printed on reCyCled paperL）

INTERNATlONAL LAKE ENVIRONMENT COAfAfITTEE FOUNDATION
342Kynmac軋OIsu−Shiga520，Japan
TeI：77525107f，TIx：54648SO7r−ECJ Fax：775231581
Cablc：ILEC OTSU

PRINTED MATTERAJR MAEL