lSSN O912−7410

No．13 JULY1990．ヽ †Jリー．ヾ．†∴ TT．．†J一†J

lⅣTE月〃ArJO〃A上 エd∬E且ⅣVJ月0〃〟E〃T CO〟〟JrrE且 FO乙7〃∂ArJOⅣFor Better Lake Management
Thi＄Newsletteris also avaiIabIeinJapanese．

3RDILEC／UNCRD／UNEPJOINT EXPERT GROUP WORKSHOP（UNCRD）andtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram−
Third ExperE Group Workshop on River／Lake Basin
Approachesto Environmenta ySound Managementof me（UNEP）．Atotalof49po（icy−makers and scientists
WaterResources：lmprovingWaterResourcesManage− ．den札a；ミeirtnuoc51mrf
Thefourmainaimsoftheworkshop／seminarwereas

mentin a River／Lake Basin Context

12−17February1990，Otsu，JapanandTrainlng Seminar on River／Lake Basin Management：
Focus on Water Quality Enhancement
19−22February1990，Okazaki，Japan

fol10WS：（1）Reviewthefindingsofthethird−yearCaSe Studies
and related resource papers unde「taken by the coI一
Iaboratingln＄titutions and experts．
（2）Examine the approaches to water resource de−
Ve10Pment and managementin the river／Iake basin
The3rdExpertQ（OuPWorkshop／TrainingSeminaron COnteXtWith parLicu（arreference tostrategleS required
River／Lake Ba＄竜n Approache＄tO the Environmenta‖ytoimprove pollCy reSPOnSeS．
Sound ManagementofWater Resourceswas he■din（3）Discuss a framework for the finalization of the
Otsu and Okazaki（Japan）from February12to22， re＄ults of the3−yearJOint p【OJeCt．
1990．Theworkshop／seminarwasjointlysponsored by（4）suggest fol10W−UP aCtivities to be adopted bythelnternatinalLakeEnvironmentCommittee（lLEC），thedeveloplng COuntries and related organizationsforthe
United Nations Center for RegionalDevelopment
PrOmOtion of environmenta y sound management ofWorkshop participants at Lake Biwa Researchlnstitute．

managementofwaterresourcesin the river／lake basin
The programme was organisedin two sections．The
COnteXt．
groupworkshopsection（February12to17，attheLake （4）The proiect contributed to the production of a
Biwa Researchlnstitutein Otsu）dealt directly withmanualentitled GuidelinesonLakeManagement ，andriver／lakeappTOaChestotoenvironmenta ysoundman−
PrOVidedmaterialsfortheproductionofthe DataBook
agementofwate（reSOurCeS．Fourteenresourcepapers On World Lake Environments．
andcasestudyreportswerepresentedanddiscussed．
TheTrainingSeminar（February19to22，atUNCRDin RECOMMENDAT10NSFROMTHEGROUPWORK＿
Okazaki）wasconcernedwithriver／lakebasinmanage−
SHOP
Attheconclusionofthe3rdExpertGroupWorkshop
mentwith aparticuFarfocusonwaterquaIityenhance−（12−17February，atOtsu）thefoIFowing recommenda−
ment・Ten papers were presented and discussed fol−tions were made：10Wed by a field visit to the YahagiRiver Basin．
（1）lnitiate fo ow−uP aCtivjties to concFude certain
ParticipantsatthetrainEngSeminarweredivjdedintofour
groups to discuss the fo owlng tOPICS：
aspects of the study programme：＊ Preparation of a book on the case study and＊lntegratingWatershedManagementandWaterRe−
SOurCe Management．
reSOUrCe PaPerS PreSented atthe three woTkshops．
＊ Preparation of audio−Visualmaterials for trainlng．
＊ Managing SociaJConflicts overthe Use of Water＊ Preparationoftrainlngmaterialonspecificaspects
Among CorTIPeting Uses and Users．
＊lmprovlng Policy Responsesto Environmentar andOf water resource rr］anagement．
SociaT Effects of Water Resource Deve10Pment

Water reSOurCeS．

周パー．イり1

Schemes．
﹁＊ PromotingTrain．nginWaterResourceManagementin Specific River／Lake Basin Context．
ヽ■1■−■■■■t●■■■■■−BACKGROUND TO THE WORKSHOP／SEMINARTheJOintlLEC／UNCRD／UNEP proJeCt beganin
NoverTlber1986with the Expert Group Warkshop on
Environmenta＝⊃lannlngandManagementforLocaland
RegionalDevelopment（Focus on Training Aspects
DerivedfromStudiesofFnlandWaterManagement）．The
WOrkshop drew up a three−year PrOgrammeinvoIvlng
nine case studies, in seven countries to examine
StrategleSinordertoimproveplanmngandimplementaT
tionofwaterresourcemanagementin？river／lakebasin
COnteXt．

ら芸芸、旬rJh・こ、J

ニン！ 専
一−・−・1

VisitinganenvironmentaleducationaFboat‖Uminoko
LakeBiwa．

0n（2）promotethedisseminationofmateriaIsproducedin
thethreeyearpTOgrammethroughfo ow−uP Seminars
andtrain．ngworkshops・Tran＄（ationofmater‡almaybe
desirable to ensur畠wider dissemination．
（3）lnitiateaction−Orientedresearchgearedtoimprove
WaterreSOurCemanagementPraCticesandenhancethe
necessary data bases．Sug9eSted areasinclude：＊ EnvironmentaIrr．anagementattheIocalcommunity
fevelwith pa「ticularfocusonwaterresource manageT

MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS
The three year study programme has achieved foLJr
key objectives：（1）Theprogrammebroughttogethertheexperiences
Ofscienti＄tSandpoIicyTmakers，deaIingwithavarietyof
Water reSOurCe and（elated activities，tO COnSider the
COmmOn PrObLem of sustainabIe water resource man−agement・lnsodoing，theprogrammehasdeveIopeda
ment．
network of experLs whose continued cooperation wiIl
＊ Localcommunity participationin water resource
management．
enhancethewaterresourcemanagementcapabilitesin＊ Poficy responses to g10balclimatic change＄With
their respective countries and regions．
（2）Nine muIti−discipIinary case studies on selected
respe（）t tO Water re＄0UrCeS．
river／Iake basinsin seven countries（Brazil，China， ＊ PubJic health and water resource deveIopment
includingsecondary■mPaCtSSuChasendemicdiseases，lndonesia，Kenya，Philippines，ThailandandJapan）were
PrOduced．They were comp（emented by a number of
maFaria controI，SeXUa y−tranSmitted diseases．etc．
resource papers on selected pollCyISSueSin water＊ Development of earlywarnEng SyStemS for water
resource management．The case studie＄and resource
related disasters．
PaPerSrePreSentthebasematerialsfortheproduction（4）strengthentherelationsdeve10Pedoverthethreeyear period between the participating EnStitutions andOf generalguidelines onintegrated water resource
experts so asto facifitate theincreased exchange ofmanagementin a river／lake basin context．
information and researchers．
（3）Theprogrammeidentifiedasetofwaterresourc
management prob（ems andissues common to most
SuggestionsincIuded：
CaSeStudiesandestabIishedaframeworkthedeve10P−＊ Preparation of aninventory of existing relevant
mentof strategIeS tO bring aboutimprovementsinthe
trainlngJnStitutions and programmes．
2

＊ Preparationofadirectoryofexpe「ts／resourceper−
SOnSin River／Lake Basin Management．
Such activities will contribute to the enhancement of
nationaland reg10nalcapabilitiesin resource manage−
mentin a river／lake basin context．
List of Papers
Keynote Address：River／Lake Basin
ApproachestoWaterResourcesManage−
ment：lssues and Prospectus
KeynoteAddress：ManpowerDeve10ment
Michio Hashimotoin the Field of Water Resource and Lake
Saburo Matsui
E【Viro【ment Ma【egement
MaynardM．Hufschmidt StrategleSforlntegratedWaterResourcesDavid S，McCauley ManagementinaRiver／LakeBasinContext
Ken−ichiNakagami Sustai【able Deve10Pmentand River／Lake
Basin Management
Some Problems of Watershed Manage−
Chris H．D．Magadza
mentin UsufructuralLand Use Environ−ments
Training System for Soft Approach to
Yasuo Shimazu
Watershed Management
Conrado E．Bauer
TheFntegrationofWatershedManagement
and Water Resources Management
Lake Dianchi
PracticeofWaterResourcesManagementin Lake Dianchi Basin
Case Study Grouplmproving Water Resources Management
David Msh‖ainaRi〉er／LakeBasinContext：CaseStudy
S．M．Machooka
Ofthe Kenyars Lake Victoria BasinJames E．Nickum
Management of Water Use Conflicts inRiver／Lake Basin：lnsighIs from Transac−
tio【Cost Economics
Surin Setamanit
Proposed Poricy ResponsesToward＄1nl−
Sunthom Sotth弓bandhu
PrOVingWaterResourcesManagemen＝na
Pakta「awimoIRiver／LakeBasinContext：SongkhlaLake
Hidehiko Sazanami

Phien山mple「ti【Brazil
Elisabeth Mo【OSOWSki
Alan D．Poole

A ProposaIforlntegrating RegionalDe−
Velopmentlssuesinthe BrazilianHydro−
POWer Plannlng

Jos色G．Tu【disiOtto Soemarwoto

age ba5i【YahagiRiver StudyTeam
Koichi lmai
Ma＄ahisa Nakamura
Tsukihiko Ko【doYoji Ito
Taichi「o Uda
Takashi Otsuka
M弓Chio Akiyama
Kiyoshi Nomura
Motokazu Andolt5Ukaz】S】Zuki
Jaroslav Balek

Anastacio A．Jura5

Edy Brotoisworo

Te叩mT．Gebremaぬm

Enrique P．Pacardo PolicyResponsesTowardslmprovingWa，
F10rO R．Francisco ter Resources M8nagementin Lagunade
D．M．Nepom】CenO Bay
肌V．0．Espaldon
L．G．Villacorta
RauIP．de G】Zman
Ro［e of Governmentin Water Resources
Management
MichaelM．Cernea
PopuEation Displacement and Water Re−
SOurCeS DeveIopment：Current Practice．
Fssues and Policy Response＄
Jos色G．T】nd弓Si
River／ReservoirApproachestoWaterRe−
T．M8tSUmUraTunjdisi SOUrCeSManagement：TheLobo／BroaRe−
M・C・Calijuri
SerVOir Case Study and the Hydropower
E．M．L．M．Novo
Development in the Amalon and Middle
JoelM．Bra【SkiTiete Basin，Brazil−The Conceptua［
FrameworkforManagementofReservoirs
andTrainlngOfQualifiedHumanResources
JoelM．Branski

Proposed RecommendationsTowardslm−
PrOVingWaterResources Managementin
River／Lake Basin Context：The Sagu＝ng
Case，lndonesia
The Kasumlgaura StudyComprehensive Development of Lake
Kasumlgaura andits EnvironmenlalMan−
Team
ageme【tPart V：Lake comparative studyandits
appFICationtothemanagementofthedrain−
Otto Soernarwoto
Edy Brotoiswo「pMakingDamsWorkforRuralDeveIopment：
The Example of SaguLlng

Part Ⅵ：Comprehensive management
strategy for Lake Kasumigaura
ConsiderationofManagementSystemandConcensus Formlngin River Basin Man−
agement
DeveFopment and Conservation of Lake
BiwaandtheChangingRolesandRespon−
Sibilities of PrefecturalGovemments

PlanningforWaterQualityManagementin
lnternationalRivers and Lakes：Emphasis
On Deve10Ping Countries
EnvironmentalPoliciesasAppliedtoEle−tronorte：The Bras‖ian Northern EFectrical＾uthorityls Enterprisesin the Amaon Re−
gion
CountryExperiencesin River／Lake BasinManagement：Focus on Water Quality−
1ndonesian Case Study
WaterQuarityStatusoftheLiftVaFleyLake
Ba5i【Rokman BinJo【edWaterQualityProblemsinImpoundingReT
SerVOirswithParticularReferencetoWater
Supply Development in Malaysia
WaterQuality Managementin Tha‖and

Paktaraw血0】
Phienlumplert
Surin Setamanit
Community Partic弓Pationin Watershed
Rapeepun
Suwannatachote Management
F10rO R．Francisco A Lake Basin Approachto WaterQuality
Management：TheLagunadeBayExperiT
enCe

A．W．Kudhongania
JoelM．Branski

Water Qualily Management Needsin
UgandaMC］− A Moder to Assess CumuIative
SocioeconomicandEnvironmentaFimpacts
Oflarge−SCale water resources deve10P−
ment Projectsin TropicalAreas
Participants

Conrado E．Bauer（Argentina）；Heinz L8ffler（Austria）；
Jos色G．Tundisi，Anastacio AfonsoJuTaS（BraziI）：Liu
Hongllang，ZhangJiqiang，Zhang Chaohui，Xiong Yue，
Lin Zhendong（P．R．China）；Tequam T．Gebremariam

3

（Ethiopia）；NiiBoiAyiboteIe（Ghana）；EdiBrotoisworo，lNTERNATrONALSYMPOSIUM ON RESOURCE
RubenUmaly（lndonesia）；S．M．Machooka．DavidMshila
USE AND CONSERVAT10N（Kenya）；S．Alimoso（Malawi）；Rokman BinJoned（Malaysia）；PaL．1P・deGuzman，EnriqueP．Pacardo，F10rO
OF THE AFRFCAN GREAT LAKES
RrFrancisco，AdelinaC．Santos−Borja（Phifippines）；Surin
Buiumbura，29November−2December1989
Setamanit，Surlthorn Sotthibandhu，PaktrawimoIPhien−
lumplert．Juthatip Yooen（Thailand）；Maynard M．Huf−bySChmidt，James E．Nickum（USA）；A．W．Kudongania
SIL African Great Lakes Group（Uganda）；ChrisH，D．Magadza（Zimbabwe）；TatuoKira，
Universite du Burundi，Faculte des Sciences
Michio Hashimoto，Saburo Matsui，Ken−ichiNakagami，RECOMMENDAT10NS
Antonio L Fernandez，Hideo Harasawa．Takehiko
Fukushima，TakashiNagai，RenzoNaito，RyojjHarashi−
lnviewoftheexceptiorla（valueoftheAfrican Greatma，Yoshiro Niki，MasashiHara，YosMro Yamamura， Lakestothe welfare ofthe rlParian population and to
TadashiHaTa，KoichiFmai，MasahisaNakamura，Michiomankind as a whole：
Akiyama，KiyoshiNomura，Taichiro Uda．Yojilto， （a）Asamajorsourceofprotein．particularlyinthe
Mikiyasu Nakayama（Japan）；Jaroslev Balek（UNEP）；
form of fish；
Hidehiko SazanamiIFrallCisco Fe izar，Rapeepun （b）Asamajorsupplyoffreshwaterc10SetOSemi−arid
Suwanatachote，KenjiOya，SeijiAoyama，HiroshiMizo− areas，and a＄aVenUeS Of transportation；
guchi，YukariKitamura，RyokoSakuma（UNCRD）；Hiroya（C）onaccountofthegreatgeologicalageofsomeof
Kotani，lstukazu Suzuki，Motokazu Ando，lzumiSaka− theselakes；
guchi，Rieko Sato，Michiko Nakagawa，Christopher （d）on account of their LJnique faunas containing
Rossano．Brendan Barr占恍（ルEC）．
many（oftenhundreds）ofspeciesnotfoundinany

Otherlake and showing great genetic diversity；（e）0n a￠COUnt Otth扇r specialva山e for scientific

WOrkincIuding evolutionary studies；（f）FortheirlandscapevaIuewhichhasahightourism

POtential．
ln view ofthe presentlack of knowIedge on many
aspect＄Of the functionir［g Of theselakes．

lnviewofthevulnerabilityoftheselakestochanges
brought about by man s activities，both within and
OUtSide thelake＄：（a）onaccountoftheextremely10ngWaterretentiontime（e・g Lake Tanganyikais virtualry a clo＄ed
basin）；（b）onaccountofthelowchemica＝）ufferingofthelake water8；（G）onaccountofthelimiteddistributionofmanyof

thefishandinver（ebratespecieswithintheonelake（oftenlimited to about500rTletreS Of shoreIine）．
rn view，Often，Ofthelack ofcoordination at national

andinternationaIlevelofactivities bothofexploitation
and research within thelakes．

1n view of the fact that manyintroduction＄Of non−endemic species of fi＄h have been made to ねkes

Withoutdueregardtothepossibledeleteriouseffectson
indigenous＄PeCies and thelikery consequences of
hYaSion of other parts of she drainage system．
Inviewofthegreatdangersfrom potentialdevelop−
ments，＄uChasoilexploitation，tOthelakeecosy＄temS．
Upe「：OpeningoftheoftrainrngseminarpaTtatOkazaki．
Lower：

rnviewoftheimpact＄fromtheuseofagrochemicals
WMchareaJready＄howjngonthenaturaFresourcesof
tho Great Lake＄；hviewofthefinancialandtechnicalconstraintsinthe

re9ion of the African Great Lakes．
THE SYMPOSIUM RECOMMENDS THAT
l．Thelacustrinestatestake allthe measuresforthe
COnSerVation of the African Great Lakes which are

COmPatible with theirlong−term eXPfoitation，and＼＼

recommends that theinternationalcommunIty pro−Vides technicaland financialsupport，
2．Comprehensive programmes ofscientific research
Should be undertaken on the African Great Lakes，

which should be coordinated on a regional andinterreg10nalscale．andbe＄UPPOrtedbyinternationa10rganizations and agencies of cooperation．
3・lnordert（）COnSerVethegreatnaturalheritageofthe

African Great Lakes，thelacustrine states should（a）carefully manage thelake resources，and their
CatChments；（b）safeguard and monitorthe waterquality；（C）establlshlacu＄trine NationaIParksorReserve＄，
incIudingtheirlandwardcatchments，inareasparti−

Cularly richin characteristic diverse faunas andhabitats：（d）introducebylegislationmeasuresfortheprotec−

tion of endangered species and biotopes．
4．Nationaland regionalfisheriesinstitution＄ areStrengthened and reg10nalmeetings facilitated．
5．Resource surveys and stockassessment methods
Should be standardized，aS We as fishery data

COllecting5yStemS．
6．StrongefforLsshouldbemadetoinformthehuman
POPUlationsontheeconomicandscientificvaluesof
thelake resources：（a）Bysensitizinggovermentdecision−makerstothe
economicvaFue＄andsocialbenefitsoffisheriesandOf fishery managementinstitutions；（b）Through extension coursesforfishrmen；（C）ThroughcoursesatschooIstoinformtheyounger

generation．
7・lfanyfurtherintroductionsofanyorganismintothe

GreatLakessystemsare contemplated，theyshould
bepreceded byintensivescientificresearchintothe
eco10gyOfthespeciesandtheecoIogyofthesystem
into whichit js proposed tointroduceit．
8・Clearguldelines，SPeCificforAfricanin］andwaters．

Shouldbepreparedonhowaproposednewintroduc−tion can be thoroughIy appraised．The Symposium
WelcorロeS the fact that such guldelines are to be

discussed atthe eighth session of CIFAin October
1990and urges thateveryeffortshould be madeto
impIement thisinitiative．
9・EveTyeffortshould be nladeto preventanyintro−

ductionoffi＄horotherorganismsintothedeepRift
Va eylakesTanganyikaand Malawiand theirdrain−
age systems，tO PrOteCt their endemic faunas．

10・AttheinternaionaIlevel．aquarium＄atZoological

Gardensshouldbeusedtomobilisepublicopinionto
SuPPOrt meaSUreS tO ame orate specific problems（suchasthefishpopulationsofLakeVictoria）andto

raise funds to be used to study the situations andinvestigate methods of restoration．
11・Nowpo utionthreatshavebeenrecognisedandit
is real蔓zed thatinformation on po utionis far from
SUfficient，a ＄tate Of the Fake．EnvimomentalAudit

ShouldbecarriedoutforeachoftheGreatLakes．This
WOuld co ate andinterpret existinginformation andidentify gapsin our knowledge as a guide to future

re＄eaCh and action．

12・Bearinginmindrecommendation（11）andrecogniz−ing a trend of increasing population pressure andindustriaIdeve10Pment，infomation aboutthe circuEa−
tionandfateofpo utansinlakesandthetoxictltyof
PO utants to key spesies shouId be obtained．
13．New deveIopments around the Great Lakes andtheir catchment areas should be preceded by an
EnvironmentalimpactAssessment．Theonusisonthe
PrOPOSerOfthedeveIopmenttofinancethe Environq
mentaFimpact Assessment．
Examples of such depe10PrnentS are：（a）oilexp10rattOn．
（b）sewage plants．
（C）Road construction．
（d）constructionofdamsforirrigation．watersupply
br hydroelectricity．
（e）industrialdeveIopment．
14・The Lakes shouId be protected from poteniaI
damagefromagrochemicals．Thisshou［dinvoIvethe
estabIishmentofaneffectivecontroIsystemforiden−
tifying which agrochemicals should be a owed forParticular uses．
15．Account shouM be taken of the fact that same
CUrrentland use practicese．g．forestburnlng，inten−
Sive aguri［ture on steep sIope，and destruction of
WetIands，Which actas a bufferto reduce poIEutans
enterlngtheLakes，areCOntributingtothedegradation
Of water qualityin the Great Lakes，
16．Whereripariancountrie＄areaSkedintheinterests
Oftheinternationalcommunitynottocarryoutparticu−
1armea＄ureS，meanSShouldbeinve＄tigatedwhereby
theinternationalcommunitycpufdcompensatethem．
17．A permanent system formutualconsultation＄and
cOOrdination of action behnreen the states is set up.
Thebestmethodofdoingthisneedshvestigatingbut
it might take the from of a Commission which would
ensureregularmeetingsofscient事st＄andadministra−
torsand ensure af10WOfinformation on GreatLakes
activities. The Commission should incorporate allinterestsinthenaturalresourcesofthelakesandhelp
Set Pr10rities．
The Proceedings of Lake Chad Seminar

The Proceeding＄ Of thelnternationalSe打IinaT On
WaterResourcesoftheLakeChadBasin：Management
andConservation，3rd−5thJune，1987，N Djamena，Chasgonetopressandwi beavailableinApri（1990for
US＄20per copy，
ltis to be availablein English and French version
SeParate！y and can be booked forin advance from：
Executive Secretary
Lake Chad Basjn Commission
B．P．727

N Djamena，Chad，This publication contains 29 papers from various
authorsondiverseaspectsofthewaterresourcesofthe
Lake Chad basin and wiIlbeinvaluable to scientists，englneerS，etC．
5

LAKES OF THE WORLDTHE H］GH DAM LAKE
The storage of the Nile water in the High Dam
Deve10PmentOftheriverbasinsforconservationand
reservoirstartedinMay1964．withawaterdepthoflO6
betterut‖izationofwatersforthebenefitofman−kindhas
m．a．s．l．andthefilFingprocesshascontinuedupto1971，
gainedimportance al10Ver the world．The High Dam
Since that time．this process wasinterrupted and the
Iakeis oneofthelargestman−madelakeintheworld・WaterIevelshowedfLuctuations；thedropwasduetothe
Sincethe beginnIngOfitsfilLlngln1964．itattractedthe
extremely dry weather aIong the blue Nile■ Fig．3A
attention of severalinvestigators．due toits great
PreSentS the annuaIaverage va［ues of waterlevels
importanceinits ultilizationforagncu［ture．powergen−eration．maintapwatersource，fisheriesandnavlgation・ duringIastelevenyears．Theseaveragesshowedhigh−However．its utilization for recreationis not yet welF estlavelsin1978（175．4m．a．s，l），then decreased gra−dually reaching aIowest of158．1m・a・S・L・in1987，

established．

foF10Wed byaslightincreasein1988．The curvesofthe
TheHighDamLakeisunlqueinitsperformance，aSit
monthlyvariationsoftheda yaveragesofwaterIevels
is situatedin the subtropICaF TegEOn Whereitis sur−during1978and1987showasimilarpattern（Fig．3B），
rounded by rocky terrain．To the west．is the great
Thewaterlevelwas10WeStin summermonthsfol10Wed
SahaT・a Desert and to the eastis the Eastern Desert
by a gradualincrease during autumn（f100d period），
extendingtotheRedSea．Therateofevaporationisvery
remained highin winterand then decreased gradua yhigh（aboutlO％ofthelakevolume）andprecipitationis
duringspring，TheTeve10f180m．a．s．l．（fu capacityofthe
negligible．TheonlywatersourceistheriverNilewithitslake）has not yelbeen reached untilnow，
inf10Win the south．The outf10W at Aswanis the
ThegeneraltrendoftheverticaIdistributionofwater
COntinuation of the NiIe towards the north．
temperaturein the lake was the decrease with depth.
Thelake has along narrow shapewith anumberof
Thisismainlyattributedtothehe会tingeffectofthesun
Side areas ca ed khores（Fig．2），The number ofimportantkhores，reaChingonehundred．isexpectedtoon the surFace waters and the transference of heatthroughoutthewatercoIumn bymixlng PrOCeSSeS・The
decreasewith riseofwaterlevel，Wheretheneighbour−
VerticaltemperaturesinMayandAugustshowadistinct
1ngkhoreswi11diffusetoformsIngleones・Thesekhores
thermaF stratification，The maximum average water
differfrom each otherinseveralcharacteristicsand thetemperaturein Augustis accompanied bya high eva−
mostimportantkhoresarethoseofEl−A‖agiandTushka・
POration vaIue．
The High Dam reservoirextendsoveranareaof480
Transparency of the rake water varies according to
km，W附1thenorthern−tWOthirdinEgypt（LakeNasser）
Iocalityandseasonfrom16−350cm・The10WeStValues
andthesouthernthirdinSudan（LakeNubia）．Thislatter
OCCurduringthef100dperiodandhenceresultfromthe
Parttend＄tOhaveretainedmoreoftheorlglnaIriverine
influx of suspended silt and clay particles in the flood
Characteristics．The deepest reg10n Of the High Dam
WaterS and aIsofrom theincreased plankton activities
Lakeisfound nearthe HighDam（about85m）andthe
during the f100d seasonL The highest transparency，Waterdepthdecreasestowardsthesouth．AtfuIIcapac−
however，is recordedin thelacustrine part ofthelake
ityofthelake，i，e．at180meterabovesealevel（m・a・S・L・）
thesurfaceareaandtotalvolumeofLakeNasserwi be towardsits northern side．
Theturbidwaterofthef100dandthedevelopmentof
5237km2and131km8．

View o††heしake

the phytoplankton are the most importantfactors affecting the water colour in thelake．During the f100d period，the turbid
Water has a brownish−greyish coIour・ln
Winter and sprlng，however，the colour
Changes from greenish blue to bIuishgreen，duetotheabundanceofbluegreen
algae．
The High Dam Lakeis a eutrophicIake
COntainlngnatUralN ewaterenrichedwith
nutrients．Thisis one of the causes forintensive photosynthesis resulting in highPHlevels（7．8−8．8）and sometimesas highas9．4．Lightpenetrationandwatertemper−
atureareaIsomostimportantfactorsaffect−
1ngPnmaryPrOduction・Thephotosynthetic
activity at the surFaceisinhibited by thehighlightintensityofsolarradiation．Con−
Sequently，themaximumproductionoccurs

at about one meter be10W the surFace and then de−
TheHighDamLakeisrichjnphytoplanktonbe10nging
CreaSeSgradua ywithdepth．TheIakeisnotsubjected toCyanophyta，Baci‖ariophytaandtoamuchFessextent
Ch10rOPhyta・Oscilla［oria，Anabaenopsis．Phormidium
to anthropogeniclnPutS．
and Microcystisare common arnong the blue green
DuringwintercircuIation，theIakewaterissaturatedornearly saturated with oxygen．The oxygen values arealgae，Whereas Melosira and Nitzschia dominate thefrom5−7mg／l・Atthe begining ofspr■ng，the startof
diatoms．Distribution of zooplanktonin theIakei［lus−PhytopEankton b100mSis associated with a strong■n−trates that Copepoda represents the most dominant
CreaSeinoxygencontentinthesurfacewatersreachinggroup，SuCCeeded by Cradocera and Rotifera．These
up to14 mg／l．However．ther hypoIimnion becomes zooplankton groups represent typical limnoplankton
POOrerinoxygen，duetotheincreasedtherrnaIstability．
COmmunity・The zooplankton populations are repre−
The oxygen consumedin decomposition of the de−Sented byfewspecies，butthey are richin numberof
individualsandmostoftheorganismsaresmaIlinsize．
SCendingorganismspossiblyrepresentsthemainFo＄SOf
SeveralfishspecieshavebeenrecordedintheIakeand
this gas from thelake．
the predom叩antOneSare771apiani10tica，T GaIiIaea，
Based on the annuaIaverage concentrations．bicar−
Lates ni／otjcvs，aS We as Labeo，Synodontis andbonateoccupleSthefirstoTderinabundanceforanions
fo11bwed by suFphate，Ch10ride and carbonate．Forβ叩rV8SPP．
Cations，SOdiumranksfirst，foflowedbycalcium，POtaS−
Massoud A．H．SAAD
Sium and magnesium・The distribution ofmaJOrionsin
Professor of Fimno10gy
Alexandria University，Egypt
theHighDamLakeisaffectedbyphysico−ChemicaIand
bio10glCalfactors．

▼−￣▼￣▼￣▼−−▼−の ⊂⊃▼−NM寸ビ）（ロ「、0ロト ・eO（カく0の∞亡0 ⊃の の の の の の の− ▼− ▼−r・−▼MonthlyvariationsofthedailywaterI8VeIsL

32■加■

5
6

32000・

5
7︷一望﹄冨S聖0＞：gの∈︼310j8■

Fig．3B

155−−・・・・∴・・・・

J F M A M J J A S O N D

32■40・

Fig．2．Mapofthe Lake．

Annualave「agevaluesofwaterlevels．

LZRG− LittoralZone
Research Group
Alittoralzoneresearchgroupisform■ngforfacilitating

Iittoralzoneresearchwhichwi bedistributed amongexchangeofinformationviaworkshopsandnewletters；
PrOmOtingcomparativeresearchonstructuralandfunc−
tionaEpropertiesofthelittoralzoneinlakesofdifferent
Sizesandtrophicstatus；andforpromotinglmPrOVement

Dr・AvitalGasith，George S・Wise Faculty of Life
Sciences，lnstitute for Nature Conservation Research，
TeI−Aviv University，Rarnat−Aviv699781srael．（Fax，972

anddeve10PmentOfmethodo10g■eS・Thefirstgoalisto−3−445518）

PrePare aCOmPrehensiveIistofcurrent

who

swho

in

LZRG members．For furtherinforrnation contact：

November2−3

lLEC ACT］VITIESIN1989
January16−25

Janua「y29−30

May
May13−25

June12−16

July18−25

August3
August8−9

2ndExpertGroupWorkshoponRiver／
Lake Basin Approaches to Environ−menta11ySound ManagementofWater
Resources，under the sponsorship of［LEC，UNCRD，UNEP．ONEBandPSU．
（Bangkok and HatYai，Thailand）
PlannlngandCooperationMeetingfor
the4thWorldLakeConference Hang−
Zhou 90 （Hangzhou，China）
Distribution of GuideIine Book Vol．1
Prin即l）les of Lake Management
ParticipationoflLECrepresentativein
UNEP 15th Session of Governing
Council（山airobi，Kenya）
CooperationtoatrainlngCOurSe Pro−
tectionagalnStenVironmentaIdamage
CauSed byindustrialpollution spon−
SOTed byAsian Productivity Organiza−tion（Otsu，Japa両
Visitof USSR representativesatlLEC
OfficetodiscussILEC／USSRcooperaTtion（Otsu）
Cooperation of rLEC to 7th Water
Festival for Lake Biwa
Joint training seminar of ＄Ch00t
teachers and puplls on board for en−
VironmentaleducationproJeCtirrJapan

Japan（Otsu）
November29−
December 2

December 14

AugustOctober21−22

Cooperation of lLEC to the training
COurSe Onlake managementforSpe−
Cialist from Lake Chad basin（lrkutuk
and Leningrad，USSR）
ParticipationoflLECrepresentativein
SIL Congress（Munich，W．Germany）
River water−quality monitoring by
SChoolteachersandpupIIsforenviron−mentaleducation proleCtinJapan（Otsu）

ParticipationoflLECRepresentativein
SIL Symposium Resource Use andConservation of the African Great
Lakes （Bujumbura，Burundi）
Visitofdelegates atlLEC officefrom
Sichuan Province（China）
ln−hbuse meetings

Janua「ylO
Mar（〕h 25
Mar（）h 29

Ist planning committee meeting fortechnicaF assistance project（Otsu）
2nd planning committee meeting fortechnicalassistance project（Otsu）
6thmeetingofboardofdirectors（Otsu）
5th meeting of board of councilors（Otsu）May17
山Iyl

3rdScientificCommitteebureaumeet−ing of［LEC（Nairobi）
lst executive committee meeting forenvironmentaleducation proJeCtin
Japan（Otsu）

J山y26
September 26

3rd plannlng COmmittee meeting fortechnicalassistance project（Ot＄U）
7thmeetingofboardofdirectors（Otsu）
6th meeting of board of counci10rS（Otsu）

Septemb即30（Ot＄U）

August29−
September 10

Cooperation tolnternationalSympo−Sium− EcoIogyforTomorrow spon−sored by the Ecological Society of

2nd executive comrTlittee meeting forenvironmentaleducation proJeCtin
Japan（Ot＄∪）

Novemb（汀27De￠ember26

4th planning committee meeting fortechnicalassistance project（Otsu）
8th meeting of board of director＄
7th meeting of board of counci10rS

CALL FOR ARTICLESThose who wish to contribute to lLEC Newsletter are
invited to send manuscripts to the secretariat．

JⅣ了二E肌4TTO∧ら4エエA互E且JVlⅦ0爛EⅣr CO肋汀r了、EEダ0こ仇せ）Am∧r34▲22Ky【〉maehj，Otsll．Slliga520、Japa【lTel：0775−25−1076 TIx：54648501LECJFax：0775−23−1581
Cable：ILEC OTSU

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