lSSN O912−7410

No．19 November1992．ヽ Jけ．ヾ−．■J −1 ■1■Jリ￣ ィ′∵ − ′、一 −′ ′上ⅣrE月〃ArJO〃Aエ エd∬E EⅣVJ月0〃〟E〃T CO〟〟汀TEE FOひⅣβArJOⅣ
L For Better Lake Management L
This Newsletteris also availableinJapane＄C．

EnvironmentalEducationand ProblemsinTod？ysThailand

J．
象一 −

−・展＿．
ー．∴ ・・、こ蚤■．−・・：、惣L一

SChooI），enVironmentaleducationishvoIvedinsubjects
Educationin DevefopingCountries proJeCtinThaiIand，
SUChas livlngandexperiences： lnthenextthreeyears
Brazil，Ghana，Argentina，Denmark andJapan since（juniorhjghschool），enVironmentaleducationisdivided
lLEChasbeenrunn［nga［PromotionofEnvironmental

1991，forthepurposesofbuildinganetworkforenviron−intocompuIsorysubjectsandoptionalcourses．Natural

mentaleducation・Asoneofitsactivities，fiveJapanese

resources and environmentaIpreservation，maJOrSub−）eCtOfconcernsinThailand，areincfudedincompulsory
Subjects・The environmentin Southeast Asia，g10bal
environment probEems．nature preservation，Outline ofgeography，demography，the study oftechnology and

Worlting Group Members were sent to Thailand fromMarch 22 to 27・1992，aS anlLEC EovironrTlental
Education Mission．
The state of environmentaleducationin ThaiIand
reported by theJLEC Missionis as fo ow＄．

home environment are subjectsincludedin optional
COurSeS・During the high schoo）period（three years），

environmentalproblemsin Thailand a（e Studied as a
COmPuIsorysubject・OptionalcoLJrSeSincludesubjects

1・StrategLeS for environmental
educationin today s Thailand

such as humans and the environment and Buddhist art.

Through educatjonfrom prlmarySChoolto high school，
the environmentisincIudedin various subjects，butthese are sti problems such asinsuffjcjent materiaIs，ln the six years of compulsory education（primary

andteacherswholackexperienceandbasicknow（edgelUSedin the countrysidewhere natureisstillin abund−On the subject・

Many universitie＄havelectures on environmental
science．Forexample，alectureentitled environmental
management ispartofaMaster，scourse atSongkla

University．
Furthermore，ONEB（Office of the NationalEnviron−
mentBoard）facilitiesenvironmentalactivitiesbymonks，
PrOVides training for schoolteachers，Seminars／
WOrkshopsforcivilservantsandtrain■ngforstudentsfor

the purposes of furlheringintere＄tin environmental
PrOblems・ln1990．aproJeCtOnnatUrearLdenvironment

preservation started in the southern part of Thailand
aimedmainlyatchildren．ThisproJeCtWaSeXtendedto
thenorthempartofthecountryin1991・Concertsonthe

environmentandafolksong campargnhavealsobeen
heldandposters，booklet＄andjournalsontheenviron−ment are published on a frequent basis．
TECDA（ThaiEnvironmentand Community Deve10P−
ment Association），Whichis wellknown forit＄ magiceyes campalgn，PrOmOteS enVironrTlentalactivities
through cteanlng and pIanting・ The maglCeyeSCam−PaignposterscanbefoundinmanypIacesincityareas，
andits activities pIay an active rolein environmentaI

ance．The deve10Ped methodo10gies wiIIthen be ap−
pliedin the cityarea（Bangkok）・

At Songkla University，an enVironmentaL educationcommittee，Whichinc［udestheVicePresidentandDean，
wasestablished．Dr．Prayoonsak（Associate Professor）

WaSChosenastherepresentativeoftheCommittee．The
Songklacaseintendstodevelopmaterialsandresearch
into water quality ofthe PattaniRiverand PattaniBaybasin and the preservation of mangrove forests．Fur−thermore，anir［ternationalexchange program among
Pl10t COuntriesis planned．The Songkla case w川be
imp［ementedin early May1992at the Pilot schooIs．

1n the Songkla reg10n，deforestation of mangrove
forestshasbecomeaseriousproblem．Deforestationis
duetothecultivationofshrimps（blacktiger），andthese
ShrimpsaremainlyexportedtoJapan・Moreover，lnthis
reg10n，PeOPle cultivate rice twice ayear，but have a
POOrharvestbecauseofthe redclay・ Largequantities
offert州ZerS and agrlCultura］chemicals are used andhave also become a serious environmentalproblem．
AtChiang MaiUniversity，the Mission met Professor

Prasit（DeanofEducationaLDeparEment）and Professo〔PreSerVation．Forexample，aIthoughmanyThaipeople Sirm＄ree（Associate Professor），and di＄CuSSed future
Plans．TheEnvironmentalEducationCommitteeconsist＄
eat at street sta‖s，StreetS Were We11cIeaned and thegarbageisararesight・ltishelpedbythefactthatthe Ofmembersoftheuniversityandtheboardofeducation．
Prof．Sirmsee，Who researches the curricuIum andbudgetforCleaningisbothbigandfixedasamatterof
teachhg rTlethodsin prImary and junior h短h schoo（
POllCy Of the Mayor of Bangkok・education，WaS Chosen as the representative of the
SchooIsal＄OPrOmOteCleanlngOftheirpremi＄eSand
COrnmittee．1ntheChiangMaicase，thecommitteeplays
nearbystreets．However，theacc（aimforthesepositive

activities must be tempered by the fact that school
attendance rate of compulsory education（primary

aleadingpartintheproJeCt．Thecommitteeexaminedtheonglnalplansanditw川beimplementedinthepl10t

SChooIsfromMay1992．Thismethodofpromotionoftheschool）isabout80％andthatofjuniorhighschoo10n（yabout40％．Therearea10tOfstudentswhoworkinstead Studyisdifferentfromthatof Shiga Project． inJapan・
TheJapanese caselays emphasis on plannlng bythe
ofattendschoolandmanyeducationalprobIemsremain・
Pl10tSChooIswithpositive＄uPPOrtfromthecommittee・
NearChiangMaiUniver＄ity，theMissioninspectedthe
HudyHongKraiRoyalProject （Projectforthedeve10P−
2．Promotion of the ThaiCasein
mentofwaterresources）．lnthisproject，areSerVOirand

Promotion of Environmental

Educationin Developlng Coun−tries

Project

ditches were constructed to moisten the entire forest

andpreventnaturalforestsf汀e・MorethanonehundTed
Organizations，includingtheChiang MaiUniversity，Par−

ticIPateintheproJeCtregardingeffectiveuseofreser−
This project has beenimpIemented bylLEC since1991，tOPrOmOteenVironmentateducationindeveloplng

voirs，WaterqUality，forests andliving things．

MissionmetProfessorSangaSabhasri，therepresenta−
tive of ThaiCase，tO discuss the plan for1992．Prof・and studyenvironmentaleducation，However，because

Prof．SangaandtheenvironmentaleducationcommitT
teesofSongklaandChiang Maiareeagerto promote
countries．For the promotion of the Thaicase，theSangachose Songkla and Chiang MaiUniversities as
the base for the study to research into methodologies
2

ofthe bigdifferenceinenvironmentbetweenThaiIandandJapan，Japanesecasesarenotalwayssuitablefor
directly transfer to the Thaicase・From now on，furtherJapanese cases witlbeintro−

ShigaUniversity（representative），DepartmentofEducaT

ducedthroughtheexchangeprogrambetweenThailand
andJapan．1naddition，eXChangePrOgramSOfch（correpondence，etC．）are expected to be started・

t弓ondren Mr．HajimelWATA，Head Teacher，Notogawa Town．
Notogawa Kita Primary SchooI
Mr．Shingo HOSOE，Teacher，Kohoku Town Kohoku

April，1992
1LEC EnvironmentalEducation Mission

Junior High ShooI
Mr．Shin−ichiNISHIKAWA，Teacher，Ritto Town Daiho
Primary Schoo】

WorkingGroupMember＄OfLakeEnvironmentaIEduca−tion． Shiga Project Prof．Munetsugu KAWASHIMA，

Mr．1taru NAKAl，Teacher，RittoTown Ritto NisMJunio
High School

TrainingCourseinLakeWaterQualityManagement（ILEC／JICA）‑‑Technology transfer to developing countries‑‑

qualityanalysissuchassampling，＄edimentanalysisand
The TrainingCoursein LakeWaterQualityManage−
waste water treatment through practical training andment fordevelopIngCOuntrieswa＄heldmainlyinOtsu，
Japan fromJanuary 24 to March 26，1992，jointly inspections．AIsoincLudedinthecourseistheLakeBiwa
Case Studies Discu＄Sion．The scientific know−how and
COnVenedbylLECandJICA（Japanlnternat手onalCoop−
techno10gleS
Of universities，institutes and companies
eration Agency）．This was the second time and thisare necessary and usefulfor the progress oflaketrainlngCOurSehasbeen holdingsinceitsinauguration
environmentmanagementandlLECintendstotransfer
as an ODA proJeCtin1991．
this information to developing countries through this
Thecourseincludedlecturesonlawsandregulations
OnWaterPO utioncontrolinJapan，basicknowledgeof trainlng COur5e．
lake water quality management，meaSureS Of water

Alist of participants，atOta111fromlO
COuntrie＄，fol10WS：

COmPanies can cooperate together to preserve theenvironment．lalsolearnedaboutthelLEC Environmen−
tal Education Project which has been promoted inPrlmary and junior high schooIs，

Car10S Alberto Basaldua（Argentina）
GeraId GuihermeJose Eysink（Brazil）
BinghuiZheng（China）
Zhou Su（China）
Syafifah Sofiah Dwikorawati（lndonesia）
Akech Maurice Omondi（Kenya）
Fernando AngelMartinez Martinez（Nicaragua）
HeIen B．Caddauan（the Philippirtes）
Karn Ekabut（Thailand）
LuisaJulia Damia Torres（VenezLJera）
Elizabeth Khaka（Zimbabwe）（LuisaJulia Damia Torres．Venezuera）
rLECintendstoholdthistraimngcourseonanannual
basisforaboutlOtTaineesandhopestorTlakeaglobal
networkofadmjnistrators／researchersinwaterenviron−
ment．

SUPERVISORS OF THE COURSE
TakeshiGoda Vice DirectorGeneraloflLEC Founda−tion，Professor at FacLJIty of Engineering，

Thefo］10WlngareSOmeOfthecomments
made by participants．

Set＄unan University
SaburoMatsuiSecretaryoflLECScientificCommitte
Professor at FacuIty of Engineering，
Kyoto University

11learnedaboutthetechno！ogleSOnPO utioncontroJ
SuChaswastewatertreatment，SeWagetreatment，WaSteLECTURERS OF THE COURSE
disposalandlaws／regulations on environmentaIman−
agementindeveIopedcountrjes．Thiscourseclassifies
Tatuo Kira Chairperson oflLEC Scientific Committee
thedirectionsofmyfieldofstudyc［ear．Al＄0，it＄eemStO
Director of Lake Biwa Researchlnstitute，
beveryusefulforenvironmentalmanagementplannlng
Shiga Prefectural Government
in my（；0Untry．

（Zheng Binghui，China）

C，E．Bauer Vice Chairperson oflLECScientificCom−mi¶ee
HonoraryPresidentofWorrd Federationof

Thistraining course made me considerthe present
StateOfdeve10Pmentfromtheviewpointofenvironment
management（Helen B．Caddauan，the Philippine＄）

Engineering Organization（Argentina）
S．E．Joergen＄en［LEC Scientific Committee Member
ProfessorattheRoyalDanishSchool
Of Pharmacy（Denmark）
HiroshiT＄UnO AssociateProfessoratKyotoUniversity

ltisdifficulttomaintainlakewaterqualitywithouttotal
PaCkage of pfannIng and measures wjth the coopera−
tionsandeffortsofgovernrnentandinstitutes．1thinktheknowledgesthatlgainedfromthiscourseisveryu＄eful．
1think′TheActforSpeciaIMeasurefortheLakeBiwa
Comprehensive Deve10Pment by theJapanese（〕ov−ernmenti＄an aPPrOPriate measure．
（Syarifa Sophia Dwikorawati，lndonesia）

Munetsugu Kawashima Professor at Shiga University
Akira Kurata Head of Research Section of Lake Biwa
Researchlnstitute，Shiga Prefectural
Government
Masahi＄a Nakamura Head of Research Section of
Lake Biwa Research rnstitute，
Shiga PrefecturalGovemment
HiTOtO Maeda Senior Researcher of Lake Biwa Re−
SearChlnstitute，ShigaPrefecturalGov−

ltMnkthatsomeofthe knowledge gainedfromthe
COUrSe COu（d be transferred to theimprovement ofmonitorlngandanalysISmethodsinLakeVictoriabasin，
dataco ectionand decision makinglnadministration．
（Aketch Maurice Omondi，Kenya）

ernment

FumitsLJgUKusano AssistantExecutive DirectorofDe−
Partment Of HeaIth and Welfare，
Shiga Prefectural Government
Takehiko Hobo Professor of Shimane University
ToshiakiKagatsume AssistantSectionChiefofHikone

Hearned to know that administration，Citizens and4

Public Health Center，ShigaPre−fectural Government
Hiroshilshiguro SeniorAdministratorofWasteDispos−monitonngstationonamapdisplayedonthecomputer
SCreen，WeCanimmediatelyaccessthedatacoIIectedat

aIControIDivision，Department of

the station，PrOCeSS the data on a spreadsheet，makeConsumerAffairs，Trafficand Environ−graphs and put the graphs any place on the map．

ment，Shiga PrefecturalGovernment
Shinjilde Programme Coordinator，Shiga Office forConclusion of the Meeting

UNEP／lETC，ShigaPrefecturalGovemment
Afterthe demonstration，athe participants expressed

extremely favourabfe comments on RAISON／GEMS．

GEMS WATER

AIthoughitmaynot，aSyet，beanideaIsystem，itholds
considerable promise and it was agreed that such a

RAISON／GEMS Experts Meeting

COmmOn SyStem WaSindeed necessa†yfoTthe GEMS／WATER programme．ForLunately，Canada has shown

Back⊆IrOUnd

Wi

IngneSStOglVeStrOngSuPPOrttOWardsthedeve10P−

ment，maintenanceanddistributionofRAISON／GEMS．1t
WaS determined at this meeting that GEMS／WATERThe Raison／Gems Experts Meeting was held at the
NationaIWater Researchln＄titute，Canada Centre for
WOuIdadaptRArSON／GEMSasaninformationhandlingsystem and promote its use and dissemination to
lnIandWatersinBurlington，OntariobetweenMayll−15，
developlng nations・
1992．

The RAISON system（RegionalAnalysis bylntelligent
SystemONamicrocomputer）originatedsomesixyears
PUBLlCATlONS
agoinresponsetoaneedforanintegratedsoftwarefor
Canada s acid rain programme．1n Phase11，GEMS／PROCEEDINGS OF THE4THINTERNATlONAL CON−
WATERhasexpandeditsobjectivesbeyondmonitorlng．
FERENCE ON THE CONSERVAT10N AND MANAGE−
to place a greater emphasis upon the provi＄ion ofassessments．Furthermore，aneedforinformationhand−
MENT OF LAKES HANGZHOU 90
Ihg techno10gy has beenincreasing amongits partici−
eds・Liu Hongflang，ZhangYutianand LiHaisheng，654
Pating countries and parLicularIy deveIoplng COLJntries，
PP．
Underthesecircum＄tanCeS，theRAISONsystemisabout Proceedingsofthe4thWorld LakeConference（Hang−
Zhou，China，September1990）is available from：to be adapted and promoted for its use under the
Chinese Research Academy of EnvironmentalScト
GEMS／WAT亡R programme．Raisonitself has many
SPinTOffs．AversiontobeadaptedbyGEMS／WATERhas ences（CRAES），Anwai，BeijinglOOO12
CHINA
beendeveIopedforitspurposesbyCCIWandTeferred
Phone：4232542
Cable：1064
to as RAISON／GEMS．Theaim ofthis Experts Meeting
fax：4231308
telex：210364 CRAES CN
WaS tO discuss technicaland politicalissuesin the＄74．00．
COurSe Of uslng this RAISON／GEMSin the GEMS／WATERprogramme，andfuTlherdiscLLS＄SOme10ng−term
DATA B00K OF WORLD LAKE ENVIRONMENTS
Strategies of GEMS／WATER forits data co ection．
−A Survey of the State of WorId Lakes−Vol．4
RAISON／GEMS

ed．Lake Biwa Researchlnstitute andlLEC

LatestvoIumeofDataBookseries．Containsthedataof
RAISON／GEMS empIoys micro−COmPuter teChno‡ogy，
381akes／reservoirs．2Asian，9European，3African，
requiringanlBMcompatible386／486machine（minimumNorth American and2South Americanlakes／reservoirs
386／20MHzwithmathco−PrOCeSSOr），DOS3．10rhigher
are covered．
andaminimumharddiskcapacityoflOMb，l・44Mb3・5
diskdriveandVGAgraphics（640x480，16coIour），The＄70．00．
main features of RAISON／GEMS areits database，
DataBookofWorId Lake EnvironmentsVoIs．l，2and3
anaIysIS．SPreadsheetandmapplngfunctions・Forexam−
are also availabIe fromlLEC．
Ple by clicking anicon showlng thelocation of a5

LAKES OF THE WORLD㍍昭二 ∈花ぅノ【／三、＼ト「By VadimMelnichuk（lnstitute of Limno10gy，St．Petersburg，Russia）

Sevanproperhastwocoupledpart＄：Major−SevanandMinor−Sevan，ltissituatedhighinthemountainsandis
Verybigforsuchaltitude．A availableinformation may
be taken from Tablel．

Sevan water qLLality hasimproved．Primary production
dropped（Oganesian＆Parparov，1989）and the blue−
greenalgaeweresubstitutedbygreenones．Phospho−
rus budget of Lake Sevan suggests that output of P
Minor−Sevan has the＄ame Characteristic＄instead of
Slgnificantly exceededit slnPut．Theimportance of
Sediment−WaterinteractionforLake Sevan eutrophica−
morphometric one（itssurFace area，VOlume，maXimum
andaveragedepthwere384，19．5，98．8and50．9before
tionwasconcluded．Waterlevel10Wenng hasassumed
the reduction ofthewaterleveland328，12．8，80．3andto be the mechanism of eutrophication（Oganesian＆37．8atthepresenttime）．Dimensionsofthisparameters
Parparov，1989）．
are the same asin Tablel，Butthereistheneedtoansweranotherquestion．Why
Phosphorus and nitrogen budget assessment mas
eutrophication has stopped？Whatis the reason for
takenfrom Oganesianand Parparov（1989）papei．For
Phosphorus retentionin the sediments？Are there any
example，tributary Pinf10W（agriculture and sewage）is
reservoirswhich areableto controIphosphorus redis−
about190andf−uxfromsedimentsisabout960tonsy￣1Ttribution between sediments and water coEumn？Fortu−
FornftrogensirT［ilarvalueis4200whilediffusivenitrogen nately，SuChinformationis available．1ta11owsto reveal
fluxfrom sedimentsis9700tonsy￣1・naturalphosphoruscontrolmechanismsin LakeSevan．
Someyearsagowehavefacedtheprobfem：Whatis
1t salso possibleto provide acertaingeneralization of
to bedonewith LakeSevanwaterlevelfoT・betterwater
SuCh naturaIphenomena．
quality．Thekeyelementforthisproblemwasfound by
rt was noted thatincreased external10ading andChanceand unexpectedanswerwasobtained．Unfortu− aImostconstanttotalphosphorusconcentrationinlake
nateIytilInowneither10Calpeoplenorpoliticiansaren t
Biwa（Japan）forthepastseveralyearsareincontradic−
aware of possibIe soIution of the problem．
tion with we known eutrophicalreIation by R．A．
ThisIakewasoIEgOtrOPhicbeforetheartificia ywater
Vollenweider．ln spite of thelarge external10ading，leveI10WerIng Since1939．Water coIumn was excep−
PhosphoruscontentintheBalticSeadoe＄nOtincreasetiona y oversaturated with respect to calcite（CaCO3）
in corresponding rate．
andconcentrationofdissoIvedorthophosphatewasvery
Lake Sevan pre＄ent＄mOre Strange OCCurrenCefrom
high for an oIlgOtrOPhiclake．When the rate of water
thestandpointofR．A．Vo11enweider s relation．Thereis
levelreduction was the highest eutrophication oflake
ParadoxicaIdiscrepancyln this case．Really，eXternal
had started（inthe1974−1978）．Concentration ofphos−
Phosphorus Foadingintothislake hasincreased aboutphorus decreased significantly during this period in
two times during past20years，but totaIphosphorus
COntraSt tO Other eutrophiclakes．1n1980−1988Lake
COnCentration byevidence ofseveralstudieshas been

decreased more than lO times．The decreasein
rate of precipitation（300−500 times）was estimated（Melnichuketal．，1989）for1976−1986whencompared
Orthophosphateconcentrationwasmoreefficient（Table
With1928−1948．Suchshiftisenoughto remove aImost
2）．Thisalteringwasfo［10Wedbyphosphorusincreasein
upper sedimentlayer（Table3）．
a phosphorus from the water coIumn．
1twas suggested that a phosphorus entering Lake
We believe that phosphorus waterlimitation sincSevanandLakeBiwawastransportedtothe＄ediments， 1976−1983is responsible for oxygen reglmeimprove−mentandtheproductionofbiomassdecrease．Thekey
and fixed there without been recycled．No doubt．themechanismsforLakeSevan actionagaln＄teUtrOPhicか
regulation of the mineralization processes in differenttion are phosphorus−C81cite co−PreCIPitationin water
Sedimentstypesisquitecomplexandourunderstanding
andcarbonatefluorapatiteformationonCAC03CryStaIs
Of theirimportance for phosphate cycIeis stillvery
Within pore water．
incompIete．ButsecondaryreactionofphosphorLJSWith
We may concIude thatit hardly possible toimprove
PreViously precIPitated CaCO3in sediments and co−
PreSentWaterquaIitybywaterlevel書ncreasing，because
PreCipitation of orthophosphate＄ With carbonatesin
WaterCOIumn has beenwelldocumented．TheobservaTalmost a phosphorusis binding nowin the uppertionofcalciteprec（PitationinthedeepmesotrophicIake
Sedimentlayer・ltmeansthatnowthe only problemis
BreiterLucin（Germany）indicatedthatcalciteprecipitaT how to prevent sharpInCreaSein phosphorusinternaI
10ading．
tionisconnectedwith adecreasein dissoIvedandtotal
References
Phosphorus，Phytoplankton biomassandlighttransm手sT
Sion．
Melnichuk，V．l．．S．A．Reznikov＆D．S．Uljanova．
lnfluence of the Rate of Carbonate Sedimentation on
WehaveappIiedthishypothesistoassesstheefficacy
theDecreaseoftheDissoIvedPhosphorusContentin
Ofphosphorusdisplacementfrom LakeSevanwaterto
the＄edimentsduringcalciteprecipitation（Melnichuket．
the Water of Lake Sevan（in Russian）．Dokl．Akad．
aI．，1989）．OversaturationofLakeSevanporewaterswith
Nauk USSR 308：967−970．
respecttocarbonatefluorapatitewasestabfished．This
Oganesian．R．0．＆A．S，Parparov．1989．The Problems
PhaseformationonCaCO3CryStalswasdocumentedfor
OfLakeSevan andWaysofSolution．lnConservation
fine−grainedLakeSevancarbonatesediments．Byusing
and Management of Lakes．J．Salanki＆S．Herodek（eds），Budapest．367−378．
datafromTable2asharpgrowthintherateinCaCO3
Table 1
Some nlOrPhometriG andlimnoIogicalcharacterlstlc5Cf Ma）or−Sevan．Compllatlon by Oganes弓an ＆ Parparov（1989），
1−beforelhe T educlion of the waterlevel，2−at PreSent time．

Altitude，（m）
Surface area（km2）
VoIume（km3）Maxh¶um dl∋Pth（m）
A＞erage depth（m）
HypoIlmnetic02COnC．（mg DLJl）
lnorganic phosphorus（mg 月￣1）lnorganic nitrogen（mg b−1）
Secchidepth（m）
Primary prod．（g C m￣2yJ）＊

1916．2

1897．7

1032

916

39

29

58．8

40．3

39．5

22．8

4＿0

0．0

0．32

0．04

0．00

0．10

14．0

3．0

50

250

＊Algalproductic＞Tlincrea＄edconsidorabry（durlnghrghelJtrOPMcationinlhl）Period1974−1978】to400−600mgCyJlandblue−greenalgalb100mSWereObserved．
Table 2
TrendsincorTIPOnentSOfcarbonat8SyStemandFnorganicpho＄Phoruscortcentratic）ninLakeSevansurfacewater．ThecompiFaliono†Melnichuket．al．（1989）．
Year

pH

HPO宝rpA・kcarb

OvesaaC08

3

8

9

8
7

︵J

9

白

8

7

9

︵U

8

6

2

88

4

q﹀

99

5

︵0

9

5
6

▲8

8

▲8

9

7

9

338−440

33−34

0．32

393−449

34−42

0．12

416−452

36−38

0．23

421−460

23−35

0＿07

385−410

19−22

0．008

404−413

18−22

0．008

3g9−404

13−17

0．008

8

▲

8

Table 3
Trendsin phosphate conlentin Lake Sevan sediments，（P205，maSS％）．The compilation of M01nichuk et．al．（1989）．

Phosphate contcnt

O．08rO．12

O・10LO−33

0．21−0．30

Mean value

O＿09

0．16

0．27

Theme：Toward effective coa＄tar SeaS gOVernanCe：using sciences．poIicy and management tosustain our coastal environments
Sub−themes：Perspectivesoninte9ratedpol■Cymaking
The 2ndlnternationalConference on EnvironmentaJ
andimpIementationinmulti−USe，mLJlti−
Management of Enc10Sed CoastalSeas1993−EMECS 93」Urisdictionalseas
Date：July19−2l，1993
Advancementsin marine and estuarine
Venue：Baltimore Convention Center
SCience andinteraction＄ between sci＿
Baltimore，Maryland，U．S．A．
ence and management
Organizers：OfficeoftheGoverner，State ofMaryland
ExaminationsofcitizeninvoIvementinthe
University of Maryland Sy＄tem，U．S．A．；
stewardship of enclosed coastal seas
Center for Environmentaland Estuarine
For Further rnformation：
Studies
EMECS 93Secretariat
C／O University of Mary［and CEES
Coastaland EnvironmentalProgramme
Co−SPOnSOrS：U．S．EnvironmentalProtection Agency
P．0．Box775
Nationa10ceanic and Atmospheric
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Administration，U．S．A．
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NationalAcademyofSciences，U．S．A．
UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

Forthcomlng Meetihg（UNEP）

OrganizationforEconomicCooperation
and Deve10Pment（OECD）
lntergovernmentalOceanographicCom−
mission，France
The Marine Forum for Environmenta1
1ssues，∪．K．
Hyogo PrefecturalGovernment，Japan

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