lSSN O912−7410

No．15 December1990

り■．ヾ．リソTて1′J†？
JⅣ相月〃ArJOⅣAエエd∬g E〃17月0〃〟E〃r・CO〟〟汀TEEダ0【′ⅣかATJOⅣ￣For Better Lake Management
This Newsletteris also availableinJapanese．

4thlnternationalConference on the Conservation andManagementof Lakes

Hangzhou90

The4thWorldLakeConferenceNHangzhou 90 took （Mayor of Hangzhou City），Mr．S．Yamada（Vice−
Placefrom5−10September1990atShangri−1aHotelir［
GovernorofShigaPrefecture）．Thefo owingtechnicalHangzhou，China，10CatedontheshoreofXi−Hu（West SeSSions were held during5th−9th：Lake）．1tbroughttogethermorethan422participants，Of−Water resource managementinlake basin context
Which120werefromoutsideChinarepre＄entingsome− Siltation and toxic contamination andlother health30nations．Ninety−nine papers weTe PreSented ora y，
PrOblems−lntegrated Lake Management
and more papers were also submitted to poster ses−
−StrategIeS for the controlof po utant sources−Cit妻zen participation and environmentaleducation−Choice of adequate technologleS

5ion＄．

Organiz◎r＄：

China NationalEnvironment Protec−
tion Agency（NEPA），The Chinese
ResearchAcademyofEnvironmental
Sciences（CRAES），1nternational
Lake Environrrlent Committee（lLEC）．

Co−hosts：
Zhejiang Provincial Environmental
ProtectionAgency．Hangzhou MuniT
CIPalEnvironmentalProtection
Agency，ZhejiangPTOVincialhstitute
Of EnvironmentalSciences，The
Nanjing lnstitute of Geography and
Lake．
Spon＄OrS：
United Nations Environment Prog−
ramme．United Nations Centre for
RegionalDevelopment，lnternationaI
Water ResourcesAssociation，lnter−

Opening of Hangzhou 90 at shangrL−Ia HotelnationalAssociation ofWaterPo＝ution Reservation andContro！，China NationalNature Science Foundation，lntemationalSociety of Limno10gy，Shiga Prefecture．

−Lake eco10gy and compatibiIity between different
lake uses−Eutrophication and water resources economy−Modeling and Plannlng
On5thSeptember，the conference commencedwith−lnstitutionalandIegalaspects and management
keynoteaddres去esbyProf．QuGeping（Administratorof−Rore and protection ofaquatic bio−COmmunitiesand
China NEPA），Dr．M．K，Tolba（Executive Director Wetlands．
ofUNEP），Prof．T．Kira（Chairperson oflLEC），Prof．H．
Sazanami（Director of UNCRD），Mr．ChaiSongyue
Inthec10SIngSeSSionintheafternoonof9th，COnVen−（DeputyGovernorofZhejiangProvince），Mr．LuWenkeing ofthe5th ConferenceinltaIyinOctober1992wa＄

announced．The outcome＄of the conference was we
Summarizedin the c10Slng rePOrt Of Prof．T．Kira．

Summary Report of Hangzhou 90
Tatuo Kira

This and an Austrian repor（On the behaviorand trans−
foTmation ofheavymetalsin the riversediments oftheDanube are expected to help10Calresearchers，SinceSim‖arcontamination seemsto be widespread alsoin
China．ln additon，Otherchangesin chemicalenvironT
ments ofIakes such asacidification and salinization

Enriched information on world lakes
Were「ePO「【ed．
One of the most rernarkabIe achievements of thisconference was no doubt a vast input of sciantific
Modellingknowledge to the present environmental state of
SeveraIpaperswerepresenteddeallngWithdifferent
Chineselakes and reservoirs．The big voIume，Eu−
aspects oflake system mode川ng，demonstrat〒ng thetrophication ofLakesin China．which was edited andSteadifygrowlnglmPOrtanCe Of mode ing approachin
Published by Chinese colleagues prior to the confer−the management planning and prediction of environ−ence，aSWe asanumberofpapersdailypresentedto
mentaIchangeinIakes and reservoirs．Some new
relevantses＄ions，COVered almostaltthe provinces ofattemptswere presented；e・g・，an aPPrOaChthatcould
China，Whereonlylirr］itedjnformationonlakeshadsofar
account for the shift of＄PeCies c9mPOSition and the
been available．
Changein properties of component organisms，APreliminarysyntheseswereaIsoreportedonthedata
Chinesepaperalsoproposedaninterest‡ngnewmodel
CO ected bytheJointlLEC／UNEPProjectontheStatetobeusedforoptimizmg monitorlng PrOgTamTanarea
OfworldLakes．Particu！arlylmPOrtantWaSthereporton
thatdeservesmoreattention，becauseitmaybeableto
its Canadian part，Since about one−half of the totalsgueeze more information out of a data collection
numberoflargefreshwaterlakesoftheworldover500
PrOgTam Whichis always economicalryIimited．
kn＝n＄urFaceareaisfoundinthecountry．Reportscame
also from Egypt and a few other African countries，Plannlng and management
Amazonian countries，lndia，Korea，Bulgaria，and so
SeveralChine＄e PaPer＄On P（anning，dealing withlakesundercompletelydifferentclimates，agalnemPha−
Sized the role of ecotechnological methods such as
EutropMcation and use of ecotechn、OIoglCalmeasuresreforestation，improved management of agnculturalagalnStlake po＝ution
lands，etC・tO COPeWith the watershortage and water
EutrophicationwasthemostimportanttopICWhichthe
quality deterioration prevailingin China．Expensive
localorganizersintendedtodealwithinthisconference．
environmentaltechnologyhastobeavoided．thoughit
We realizedthatmostChineselakesindense（ypopu− seemed to be a necessary element in water quality
lated parts of the eountry tended to become hyper−
managementforthe abatement of particuIarindustrial
trophic．Xi−hu（West Lake）in Hangzhou was not an
POllution．
exception．Wewereimpressedbytheintegratedcoun−
Anattempt，qUantitativelyevaluatingtheenvironmen−
termeasurestakenbytheIocarenvironmentagenciesto
talcapacityoflakes，PrOPOSedbytheJapaneseNational
PreVenttheprogressofeutrophicationandtoprotectthelnstituteofEnvironmentalStudieswasnoteworthy弓nits
WOrldTfamous beautiful（andscape ofthelake．
implication to the sustainable development of lakefor【h．

OneofthemeasuresnotadoptedinXi−huwastheusebasins and their resources．
Ofwetlandforremoving nutrientsfrominflowingwater．
The effectiveness of this kind of ecotechnology was
Emergtng ethnolimno10gy
demonstratedbythereportonLakeBalatoninHungary，
TwopapersrespectiveIyfromNigeriaandlndiawere
a detailed fo ow−uP StUdy on Kis−Balaton Reservoir OfspeciaIinterestformeinthattheyrepresentedanew
Whichtheparticipantsofthelast3rd conferencehada
fieldofstudyonman／watersystems．1twasreportedthat
Chance to observe．The＄ame method was aIso effec−
different tribaltradition and ways oflife resultedintively usedin Yuqiao Reservoirin Tianjin，HobeiPro−differentlakeenvironmentsinNigeria．Therewasalsoa
Vince，and some otherlakesin China．Wetlands werePreSentationontheprocessoftemporaryeutrophication
arsofoundto removeheavymetaIsas reporLedfrom afewlakesin China and Kis−BaIaton．
Besidesthe useofwetIands，OtherecotechnologlCal
approaches to eutrophication controIwere al＄Ointro−
duced・The recycllng Of harvested Microcystjs andSubmerged macrophyte＄aS anima（foddersin China
represented aninteresting trialalong thisline．
Toxic contarninat妻on and chemicalenvironment
A report from the Great Lakes of North America
ShowedthattheanalysISOfsedimentcoresampleswas
a usefultoolfor eTucidating the past history of con−tamination，andcould bewidelyappliedtootherlakes．

2WeIl−maintainedlakeshore of Xihu−LakeOfapondinlndia，CauSedbya10CalwaterfestivaI．Such The audience heard wlth sympathythe repoprlfrom
relationships betweenthelakeand humanlifenotonly
HangzhouthatemphasizedtheroIeofcitizens affection
forXi−huin theireffortto protectthelake・The repre−
Offeraunlque areaOflakestudybutmayaIso provide
importantsuggestionstoreasonabIelakemanagement．
Sentatives of theIadies union of Shiga Prefecture，These reports reminded me of the ethnobotany，anengagedinthevoluntarymovementtosave Lake Biwa
already we −eStabEished branch of botany which hasfrom po utfon，WereSOimpressed bythe reportthat thitherto contributed much to the deveIopment of new
led to the discussion and conver＄a山on between the
CitlZenSOfthetwocountries，nOtWithstandingthedifficul−
Plantresourcessuch asnewcropsand medicaldrugs．
ty with simu舶爪eOU＄interpretat10n．
Maywesim‖arlyexpecttheadventofethno／imnoIogy■nthe future？
Thepapersanddiscussionsinthissessionseemedto

havearousedfreshinterestsamongtheparncipantsand
attending citizens by suggesting a new horizon in
envlrOnmentalstudies．Therefore，WeeXPeCttOeXtend
thisILECsessionintothefo owingwor［dlake confer−

UNCRD session onwaterresources managementin a
Iake basin ctInteXt
The UN Centerfor RegionaE Deve10Pment（UNCRD），
lnternationalWater Resources Association（lWRA），and en￠e堰．
lLEC organized such a specialsessionin this confer−ence・TheUNCRDsessionwasdevotedtothepresenta−tion and discussion ofthe maJOrfindingsinthe expert
WOrkshops on River／Lake Basin Approaches to Water
声
Resources Management，aJOintthree−year PrOJeCt by
UNCRD／lLEC／UNEP．1tconsistedofthereportsoffive
CaSeStudiesinChina，thePhilipplneS，Thailand．1ndone−
Sia and Brazilas we a＄tWO reSOurCe PaPerS and a
PaPer COntributed by UNEP．
竺通好・j
Thesessionidentifiedandreaffirmedseveralheedsof
ParticuIarimportanceintheeffo「ttofurtherenvjronmen−ta y sound and socialIy acceptabIe management of
眉宇・・・−こ一Water reSOurCeS：Viz，for a basin−Wide perspectivein
deallng With environmentalproblems and water re−Eutrophication of Lakesin China．
SOurCeSmanagementjssues；forabroaderperspective
OVerandgreatersensitivitytothecomplexpolicyissues
Edited byJin Xiangcan，Liu Hongliang，Tu Qingving，Stemmlng from theinteraction of social，eCOnOmic，
ZhangZongsheandZhuXuan；Published bytheFourLh
Culturaland politicalfactors concerned；foralternativelnternationalConferenceontheConservation and Man−
institutionaland organizalionalarrangementsto ensure
agement of Lakes NHANGZHOU 90N；Beijing；
COnCerted efforts among scientists．administrators and652pp，（1990）．
lbcaIcommunities：and for deve10Plng effective and（AIIinquiries to：Jin Xiangcan，Water Environmental
PraCticalapproachestonecessarymanpowerdeve10P−
ln＄tituteoftheChinese ResearchAcademyofEnviron−
ment．
mentalSciences，Be童yuan，Beijing，100012，China．Prjce−Book Review一

30US＄）

1LEC session on environmentaleducation and citizen s
Participation＜gEutrophicationofLakesinChina＞＞WaSPublishedinln the first half of the session on enviTOnmental
1990bythe4thInternationalConference on the Con−
educatjon，three speakers from Denmark，Braziland
SerVation and Management of Lakes． Hangzhou90N，Japan reported their experiences with experimental
under the support oflnternationalLake Environment
Classesin elementary and／OTJUnior high schooIsin
Committee（lLEC）and Chinese Research Academy of
Which education programs on waterandlake environ−
Environment＄ciences（CRAES）．
mentswere conducted示ithintheframeworkoflLEC，sThis bookis a specia10ne On the eutrophication of
Educat‡onProject．AlthoughtheproJeCtisstiIlgolngOn， lakes and reservoirsin China．1tis thelatest achieve−
COrreSPOndencebetweenschooIchildren，teaChersand
ments of years studies and researchs of dozens of
theadvisersofthreecountrie＄hasalreadystartedwith
limno10gists，enVironmentalists．andsciectificworkers．1t
use仙 mutualstimufi．A report fromJianxiProvince
COntainsthemaincontentsoftheresearchprogramson
Showed that similar efforLsin environmentaleducation
eutrophication of mainlakes and reseNOirsin China
between1986 and1990 and those summlng−uP s，Were also activeIyln PrOgreSSin China．
TheIaterhalfofthesessionconsistedoff‡vepapers
ChineseIimnoIoglCalandenvironmentalscientistshave
PreSentedthisbookasaspeciaIgifttothe4thlnterna−
deallng With citizens participationin coplng With en−
Vironmentalproblems．One of the papers was ationalConference on the Conservation and Manage−
ment of Lakes to be heldin September，1990in
Japanesecasereportinwhichsalt−barrierconstruction
PrOJeCtin a brackishIakewas discontinued atthelast
Hangzhou，China，andtotheirco‖eaguesoftheworld．I
ishopedthatthepublicationofthisbookwouldenhanc
moment of its completion owing to the opposition
movement by the10Calresidents．
internatjonalacademic exchange，help scientists ofthe3

WOrld to have a better understanding of China slakes
and their eutrophication，and provide some technicalba＄isforinternationalco−OPerationandexchangeinthe
field oflake environment protection．
This book coverslarge areas and aboundsin first−
handinformation．1tisthefirstcomprehensiveintroduc−tiontotheenvironmentalcharacteristics，StatUSOfeut−
rophicationofIakesinChinaandthetrendandreguIarity
Ofchanges oflakesin Chinaas awhole．Atthe sametimeitintroducesmanyfamouslakesand reservoirsin
Chinaandforthefirsttimeshowstotheworldthe result
Ofa＄eriesofresearchesOntheeutrophicationofIakes
and reservoirsin China．
The book con＄ists of two parts．

networkofabout350monitorIngStation＄inrivers，lakes，
reservoirs and groundwaters on a continents．A firstassessmentofg10balfreshwaterqualitywaspublishedin
1989．
A Meeting of UNEP／WHO Government−designatedExpertsin Geneva，September1988，reqUeStedathor−
OUghreviewoftheprogrammeconcerningvalidityofits
Objectives，aChievements to date and future direction，lnresponse，ithasbeenpropo＄edinphasetwotoshift
its emphasis from monitoring to interpretation of data
and assessment ofwater qualityissues and trends，A
restructuredglobalnetworkof20−30baseline station＄，
150−200trendstationsand50−60g10ba＝lLLXmOnitonng
Stationsi＄PrOPOSed．A new Standing Committee ofPart One te s about the characteristics of the eut−
Exp即慮onFreshwaterQualityvqi‖overseetheprojectrophicationofChineselakes，Withtheemphasisontheand pFePare g10balassessments．
nation−Wide reguIarity，SUCh asthe naturalenvironment
Thiswasthefirstsession ofthe Committeeto outIine
Of China slakes andits changEng trend，theirstatus of
implementation plans for phase two with operational
eutrophication．their source of nLJtrient，the community
PrOCedures，meetings and publications．
StrUCtLJreOftheiraquaticlife，thedistributioncharacteris−
ILECrepresentativespointedoutthatlLECwillextend
ticsofnitrogenand phosphorusintheirsediments，and
thesupporttoQEMSthroughassessmentactivitiessuch
theharm，Characteristicsofeutrophicationoflakesandas propos占Is of monitoring oflakes．water quality
reservoirsin China and the methods ofits assessment．
Variables and socio−eCOnOm妻c aspects．To this end，
PartTwocontainscasestudiesoflakeeutrophication
descriptiveinformation should be co ected for under−
inChina．］tintroduces331akesandreservoirsIocatedinStanding both the basic structure＄Oflake／reservoirs
thefivelakereg10nS：theEastChinaPlain．theMongoト
environment and annualchanges oflimno10glCaland
XinjiangPlateau，theNortheastChinaPlain，theYunnanT
SOCioTeCOnOmicfactorsonthisenvironment．Descriptive
GuizhouPlateau．Urbanrakesandre＄erVOirsaretreated
information on the basic structures oflakes／reservoirs
as two major types．Among the we −knownlakes environments should be co ected during country mis−

introducedaretheBoyangLake，theDongtingLake，the ＄ions．
TiahuLake．andtheChaohuLake．Thelakesintroduced
alsoinclude some world famous＄CeniclakesIike theWest Lakein Hangzhou，the Xuanwu Lakein Nanjing，The Ist Meeting of Working Group for the
UNEP／UNEPCOM proJeCt Assistanceinthe
the Dianshan LakeinShanghai，the ErhaiLakein Dali，
theDianchiLakeinKunmlng．theFuxianLakeinYunnan， Deve10Pment Of an Action Plan forthe Re−
habilitation of the AralSea
and the TianchiLakein the ChangbaiMountains．
The bookwas completed underthe guidance ofthe
Ahing at a＄Sisting the USSR governmentin the
Organizing Committee of4th rnternationalConferenc
PTeParationofanactionplanfortherehabilitationofthe
OntheConservationandManagementofLakes．Profes− AralSea and setting up ofa mechanism foritsimple−
SOrTatuoKiraofJapan，ChairmanoflLEC，alsoshowed mentat‡on，UNEP and USSR Commission for UNEP
greatconcerntothewritingandpublicat［onofthebook（UNEPCOM）startedaprojectentitIed Assistanceinthe
and wrote the foreword of the book．Environment
Deve10PmentOfanAction Planforthe Rehabilitation ofProtection departments of various provinces，leaders
theAralSea ．1LEC，thelnstituteofGeographyandthe
andscientificworkersofmanylnStitutionsgavegener−
CentreforAralSea（Moscow，USSR）areto beassoci−OuSSuPPOrtforthewritingandpublicationofthebook．
ated with toirY］Prement the project．
（Xu Nan両）

ThefirstexpertgroupmeetingoftheproJeCtWaSheIdlLEC Participationin
GEMS／VVATER

in Moscow（16−18September1990）and Nukus（18−23
September1990），Whichis sitLJatedin the Amudarya
basin，about200kmsouthofAralSea．Partic‡pantswere：−Dr・J・Balek，Senior Programme Officer，UNEP−Dr．NikitaF．Glazovsky，FirstDeputyDirector，lnstitute
Of Geography，Moscow（USSR）．

ThefirstsessionofGEMS／WATER（UNEP／WHO／
UNESCO／WMO projecton g10balfreshwaterquality
monitoring and assessment）Steering Committee took
Placein Leningrad during13−18 August1990．The −Dr．RichardAbbou：PresidentoflnternationalAssociaT
meeting was attended by representatives from UN−tion of EnvironmentalMedicine and BioIogy，Paris
ESCO，WHO，GEMS／MARC，UNEP／GEMS，GRDC，（France）
WMO，NWRl，USEPA，Japaneselnstitute of Public−Prof・Philip P・Micklin：Qeography Dept．，We＄tern
HeaIth andlLEC．
Michigan University，Kalamazoo（USA）
TheGEMS／WATERprograrnmewasthefirstofitskind−Madame MoniqueMainguet：Professor，Univer＄ityof
to address g10balissues of water quality through a
Reim＄，PhysicalGeography Laboratory，Reims
4

（France）

一Prof．Janusz Kindler：lnstitute of EnvironmentalEn−
gineering，WarsawTechnica＝Jniversity，Warsaw（Po−
Iand）−Prof・GilbertM．White：lnstituteofBehavioralScience，
University of Colorado（USA）−Prof．TakeshiGoda：Deputy Director，lnternational
Lake Environment Committee Fdundation（Japan）
ln addition，about25USSR scientists have partici−
Patedin the discussion and outdoorinspection．The
PreSentation，discussion and outdoorinspection were
COntinued unti128September，mainlylnthe Amudarya
basin，With the followlng PrOgramme：
19September（Wed．）
am − Opening ceremony，SCientific reports and

For the time being．1LEC has to contribute to thefo ow蔓ngS urgentIy；l）publicrelationconcerningtheactivitiesandresults
OfUSSR／UNEPWorkingGrouponNAssistanceinthe
DevelopmentofanAction Planforthe Rehab itat‡on
Of the AralSea〝，
2）setting newmonitoringspotswithintheAralSea
andits basinin connection with GEMS／Water Prog−
ramme．

d‡scussion；Prr［−FieId excur＄ion to the suburb
20September（Thurs．）
am−Pm，Field excursion to Muinak and AralSea；
hearlng from Karakalpak peopEe
2l−22September（Fri．−Sat．）
am−Pm，Scientific report＄and discussion
23September（Sun．）
Nukus to Urgench（Khorezm District，Uzbek SSR）；
familiarizationwithirrlgatedfarmlnglntheUzbekpartof
lower Amudarya
24September（Mon．）
am − Pm，Scientific reports and discussion：field
excursion to the reservoirs，Waterintake facilities
25September（Tues．）
am−Urgench to Tashauz．Turkmen SSR；hearlng
from Taschauz people；
Pm−ScientificreportsandproposaIbothfromUSSR
and†orelgn eXPe「t Sides
26September（Wed．）
arT［−Pm，Field excursion to various districts
27September（Thur．）
am−Fie】d excursion，
Pm−Discussion ontheconstitution ofthe reportof
First USSR／UNEP Work Group？8September（Fri・）

amTScientificreportsandproposaIbothfromUSSR
and foreIgn eXPerlsides；
Pm−Discussion onthe manuscriptofreportoftheFirst USSR／UNEP Work Group

IAWPRC15th ConferencelAWPRC15th BienniaIConferencewasheldin Kyoto
from29Julyto2ALJguSt，1990．Somel，800participants
gathered atthe conference，and60exhibition boothsand250postersession＄attendedattheever）thall，lLEC
activitiesandpublicationswereintroducedataboothof
theexhibitioncorner，and300peopIesvisiteddurjngthe
Period．

There weTe Valuable presentation，discussfon andinformationconcernlngtheproblemsofAralSeaandits
basin・As the result of diagnostic survey，the official
reportofthisFirstMeetingwilIbeissueduntilFebruary，
1991・Thi＄Meetingwasfocussedonthediagnosticstudy
and survey for the state of AraISea andits basin．
However，theinte汀elationsbetweenthosefactorssuch
as po＝ticaI．economical，SOCiaF，limno10glCal，geOg−
rapMcal，geOIoglCaE，hydrologlCal，hydraulical，agrlCultu−
ral；ePidemio10glCalandpublichealthseemtobequite
COmPIICated，andthedamageonhumanlivIngS，indus−
tries，agrlCulture and reg10naleconomyare so severe，
that we shallneed we −balanced comprehensive sur−
VeyS and ana［ysis hereafter．

at dAWPRC ConferenceLAKES OF THE WORLDWest Lake（Xi−hu）
The West Lakeis alittle shallow fresh waterlake，
SituatedclosetothewestsideofHongzhouCityinthe＄OUtheast coastalarea of China，and the other threeSidesofthelakeare＄UrrOUndedbyhi s．Thesceneryof
the Lakeis beautiMwiththeinterfusion ofpicturesquehiIIs and Lake and has been famous since Tang
Dynasty（618−907AD）．
Main Character of the West Lake
ltem

ControSurface Elevation（mトSurrace Area（kn弓）Average Depth（m）
Max．Depth（m）
Vo山me
Catchment Area
（lncIuding Lake SurFace）

ed LeveI

7．15m
5．593k【弓

1．97m
3．10m

扇601×9．Ol
26．63kn弓The West Lake was evolved from shallow estuary to
fre＄hwaterlake，afterwhichtherehadhappenedmany
timesofswamplngOrdrying−UP，DTedginghadalsobeen
COnductedmorethan23timesaccordingtotherecord
Location of Lake Xihu Diversion VVorks
Ofit＄history；thushuman activitiesplayedanimportanteastoftheWestLakedischargedtodownstreamarenot
roFein the protection of the We＄t Lake．
inthescopeofthebasin．Thepopulationdensitylnthe
TheWestLakeisdividedbyman−madedamsintofive
ba＄ini＄1，536person／kn弓．1nrecentyears，thenumberof＄eCtions．Outerlakeisthemainbody，OCCuPyIng82．42％
Of totallake voIume．The catchment area of the Westnosrep601×4・7dehcarsekLt＄Wehnitsruo／timeノa．
Lさkeisverysma ，With an annualnaturalrunoffinfIow
Onlyl．5timesofthelakevolume；SOitswatersuppIylS 1n1983，anOVera p［anofthecitywasadopted，Wh‡chdefined tourism as the functton．
notenoughand rett）ntiontimeoftheIakewateris10ng．
The relative height differenceis405min the basin，
DEVELOPMENT OF
Whichismainlycomposedoferodedandkarsthills．The
THE
EUTROPHICAT10N
FatitudeofHongzhoucityis30●N．belongingtosubtro−
OF THE WEST LAKE
PICalmonsoonclimatereg10n，Warm，andhumidaffluent
in rainfall．
1nthebasin，eVergreenbroadleaftreesofsubtropICal
ZOneandconiferousanddeciduoustreesoftemperate
ZOne are the main naturalvegetation；and the rate offorestcoverageisupto70％withgoodconservationof
Water and soil．
Touri＄mis the main economyln the basin and the
traditionalteaplantationtakesthe mostpartin agncul−
ture．

Therainwaterandwa＄teWaterOftheurbanareatothe

NaturaIswamping−tyPe Of eutrophication had taken
Placein ancient West Lake withlarge amount of
nutrients accumulatedin the＄ediment．
According to the report of1940 s a number ofphytoplankton species indicating water eutrophication
hadappearedatthattime；butthefactthatmanybenthic
algaspeciesexistediLlustratesthatthetransparencyof
lake water at that timeis better than that at present．
Althoughin1950 slargescaledredgeengineeringhad
been carried out，the eutrophication proce甲 WaS
acceleratedbecauseoftheincreasementofpopulationand tourists，aS We as the development of public
facilities andindustries，ln1979−1980，thelnstitute ofEnvironmenta］Sciences of Hongzhou City made a
SyStematicinvestigationontheenvironmentalqua！ityoftheWest Lake，and concludedthattheWestLakewas
Seriously eutrophicated by organic pollution，With themain features as fo ows：
（1）HeavyartificiaI10ad On accountoftheimperL
fectness of urbum drainage system，large amount of
WaSteWaterWaSdischargedintotheWest Lake，UPtO．aりn601×5．3

View of Xihu La†くe（2）organicpoIlution Causedbyofthepollutionof
domesticsewage，theannualavera9eValueofCODMn
WaS9・4lm9／J2 and BOD5WaS6．55m9／J2in the West

Lake，COrreSPOndingtothepo‖utedwaterofClassVin （2）Diversion of riverγater Clean wateTWaS di−
VertedfromQiantangRiveriTltOtheWestLake，througha
theNNationaIStandムrd ofSurface Water QualityN．
diversionlineof3・137k印inlength，inchJdingatunnelof（3）concentrationofnutrientin［akewater TheconTl・605km・Thetotalpowerofpumpingsystemwas720kW
centrations of main nutrients like N and P are muchwithmaximumdiversioncapabilityof300，000ni／d；andhigher than the standards of eutrophic water body．
the projectwas putinto usein September；1986．
（4）primaryproductivity TheamountofphytopIank−（3）Controlofpollutionsourcelndustrialenterprise＄
tonwasverygreat，Withaveragevalueofalgaeinmost
blindlydeve10Pedduring1960 sand1970 sinthebasinyramiphgCUS，L／・dn501×6evostck
PrOductivity，rCSultsin the annualaverage pH value of Were gradua y removed out or cIo＄ed upL（4）DredgingofbottomsoilTheamountofbottom
8．99，DO of9．99m9／L，andfrequencyofsaturation andsoildredgedwas7・2×106ni ntheperiodfrom1954toOVer−＄aturation o雷44％．

During the period from1978to1981，the alga
biomass had beenincreasing every year，and NbIack
WaterPhenomenonhadbeenreporLedformanytimes
Whenalgae（waterbloom）grewrapidlyhsprir［g．1nthe
lasttendaysofMarch，1991algabiomasshadincreased＝PtO7233×105indi・′L・（5）super−eutrOPhicated ecosystem Higher hy−
drophytein mo＄tIake sections has disappeared andthereformsalrTlOStaSinglecommunityofphytoplankton．
1n1980，itwasdeterminedthattherewerel17speciesof
Phytoplankton，With green algae dominantin the com−
POSitionofthecomunity；bLJtmOStOfthesespecieswere
SeaSOnaIorsectionalchancespeciesinthelake．1nthe
numbers ofindividuaI，the blueaIga phylumwasyear−
PeriQdically dominant岳PeCies，OCCUPying83％of the
annLJaltotal，and over70％eveninwinter，thuscontroll−ing the wholelake ecosystem．
COMPREHENSIVE RENOVAT10N
AND CONTROL OF THE WEST LAKE
TocounterthetendehcyoftheWestLakeeutrophicaTtion，aSeriesof￠OmPrehensive mea＄ureSOfrerIOVation

1958；and the dredg宇ng was continuedin smallscope．iTr601×82Ofodeglshtw97m（5）BuiIding of protection bank 30km of thelakebankwasbuiItorrebuiltwithb！ocksofstonetoprevent
theinf10W Of soiL，Sand and nutrients by storm runoff．

（6）Renovationofpleasure boatslnthe70′s，mOSt
PIeasure boats u＄ed dieselenglne for drive；but thisPO ution source of power fac＝ties was replaced by

StOrage batteries sirICe1978．

（7）Reseasonab［efishery AnannualfisheryproductOf272．5t，CanremOVeNandPfromtheIakewaterabout

3andO．5ton respectivery：SOitisanimportantwayfor
theoutputofNandP．Ontheotherhand，itwasinhibitedto put baitinto thelake．

（8）strengtheningofmanagementtopreventthelake
from po ution by alarge number of tourist．

Remove of factories and limit of construction projects
have effectivelycontro11edthe growth ofnutrientload．

Mostofwastewaterinthe basinwascaughtintothe

sewage plantinthecity（an ual y2．0−2．5×106ni／d）．

The artificial10ads of N and Pinputare reduced by

71．3％and73．9％respectively，andthereductionofCOand controlhave been taken．

Mn toadis more．

（l）lnterception ofwaste water Units with greater
discharge ofwastewaterin the basin drained a their
WaSteWaterthroughmainpipelineintotheurbanwaste
Water WOrks．which was putinto operationin1982．

Theinterception ofwaste waterand the diversion of
Cleanwaterhavefundamentallychangedthebalanceof
both N and Pin the West Lake．

（excerpted from Eufrophicafion of Lakesin China ）Forthcomlng Meetings
SYMPOSFUM ON AQUATIC BIRDS
IN THE TROPHIC WEB OF LAKES
Theaim ofthe symposiumisto bringtogetheraquatic
SCientistsinterestedintheroleofaquaticbirdsininland
Waterbodies・Def弓netheTOleofaquaticbirdspIayinthe
fIowofenergylnlakes．Rerateaquatic bird production
and the utilization of lakes by birds to limnologicalfeatures．
TheproceedingsoftheSymposiumwi bepublishedina SpeciaIVoIume of theJournalHydrobioIogla．
Date：
August20−22．1991
Place：
Mount A ison University
Sackvi e，New Brunswick
CanadaContact： Dr．）．Kerekes
Canadian WiEdlife Service
P．0．BoxlOO6
Dartmouth，Nova Scotia
Canada B2Y 4A2
Telephone：1（902）426−63561（902）426−7827

Telex

O19−31552
SECOND ARGENTINA LIMNOLOGICALMEETING（RAL 91）

The Argentine Association of Limno10gy（ASSOCIA−
T10NARGENTrNADELIMNOLOGIA，A．A．L）i＄Orga−nizingtheSecondArgentinaLimno（ogicalMeeting（RAL91）aimingatemphasizingregional［imno10gyinwarm−
temperatedwater＄．Theorganizingcommittee（Honorary
President，Dr．ArgentinoA．Bonetto；President，Dr．Hugo
L．Lopez）is planning activities such as Symposia．
Conference，Oralpresentations and poster displays．
Date：
November4−8，1991．
Place：La Plata city，Buenos Aires Province，Argentina
Contact： Organizing Committee President of
RAL 91，

lnstituto de Limnologia Dr．RauIA．Rin9−
Uelet ，

Univ．Nac．de La Plata．
51−484−1900LaPIata−ArgentinaTC．C．712
Telephone：（021）3−9125／21−9066／21−8217．lntemo30

7

LaboratoryforControIofEnvironmenta＝uicropo u−tants（LCEM）
THEME
Lake Biwa ResearchIn岳titute（LBR］）
Water for sustainable deve10Pmentin the 21stlnternatinaf Association on Water Po ution Re一
CentUry：1．Water Resources policy．2．Water Re−
声earCh and Control（lAWPRC）
SOurCeS Management，3．1nstitutiona］and Financial Sponsor5
COnSideration for water deve10Pment
JapanSocietyonWaterPo‖utionResearch（JSWPR）
SpecialSession
Japan Society of Civir Engineers
SustainabIelake management（organized bylLEC）＄re止opuS
Date
1ntemationalLake Environment Committee（lLEC）
May13−18，1991
Chemicalslnspection andTestinglnstitute，Japan
Venue
Environment Agency，Japan
Rabat，Morocco
Contact
Organizers
Prof・Saburo Matsui，Kyoto University，Laboratory
lnternational Water Resources Association
forControIofEnvironmentalMicropollutants（LCEM），
Sponsors
1−2Yumihama，Otsu，Shiga，Japan520
UNDP，UNEP，UNESCO．UNICEF，FAO，WMO，WHO，World Bank
1nternatinaIConference on
Contact
Land−Waterlnteractions
Administration de］ Hydraul］que Direction dela
Recherche et dela Planification del EaLJ，
Theme
Rue Hassan Benchekroun，Agdal−Rabat−Morocco＊A kindsofactivitiesandprocessesonlandwhich
impinge on the aquatic ecosystems＊EcoTSyStem PrOCeSSeSin theland−Waterinter−
IstlAWPRClnternationaISymposiumonHazardta（；e（e（：OtOne）
Assessmenl：and Contro10f EnvironmentalCon−
Date
taminants in Water
December7−14，1991
Theme
Venue
l・Contaminationofwaterbychemicalsubstance：2．
New De‖1i，lndia
NewmethodsofanalyzlngandmonitorlngmicropoIT
Organizer＄
lutants，and their application to various waters＝3・Nationallnstitute of EcoIogy．lndia
HazardoLJS aSSeS＄ment Of xenobiotics on ecosy−lnternationaISociety for TropicaIEcoIogy
StemS：4．Risk a＄SeSSment Of toxic substances on＄pon＄Or
man：5．Controland decontamination of hazardous
SocietaslnternationalLimno10giae（SIU
Substancesin fhe water environment by new en−
Conta￠tgineering methods：6．Po［icies and strategies forDr．Brij Gopal，Schoo（Of Environmentaf Sciences，
COntrO10f hazardous substances．
JawaharIaINehru University，New Delhi110067
Date
】ndia
November25（Mon．）−28（Thu．）．1991
CALL FOR ARTICLES
Venue
Those who wish to contribute toILEC News‡etter are
Lake Biwa Researchlnstitute，Ot＄U City，Japaninvited to send manuscripts to the secretariat．
Organizers
Kyoto University
7th World Congress on Water Resources

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