PAJ Oil Spill Workshop 2017“20 years on from the Nakhodka Incident—
Progress and Challenges in Oil Spill Preparednessand Response”

Necessity of Resident Participation
System in Oil Spill Responses
Shintaro Goto
Faculty of Geo-environmental ScienceRissho University

Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)’s Science and Technology for Society project

Research on Oil Spill Crisis Management Systems (Oct. 2003–Sept. 2006)
Research institutions: Rissho University, Seiryo Women's Junior College, Ocean Engineering Research, Inc., Tokyo Inochi no Portal Site

Given the lessons of the Nakhodka incident, what should we
do in relation to the Sakhalin I and II projects?
■ Improve Japan’s weakness in oil spill prevention and response (e.g., costof environmental damage not currently assessed)■ Create an oil spill response plan that includes Japan
Assess tanker transportation and other risks from the tanker loading
unit onward and create an action plan (not currently assessed)■ Develop better land-sea coordination (In the Nakhodka incident, 80% of
spilled oil washed ashore)

International responsibilities
Pursue energy development in consideration of the natural and social
environment
Determine state involvement and responsibilities in oil and gasdevelopment outside Japan

Protection of domestic industry and environment
Prevent marine industry damage and coastline pollution

Sound development of Japanese society
Proactively utilize cooperative and antagonistic relations between
nonprofits/residents and the state

Focus on coastal area environmental disasters as a grey zone between land and sea
Need to change existing resource management and social system frameworks■ Propose an oil spill prevention and response regime
Comparative analysis of oil spills and response measures in Japan and the world; clarification of issues with Japan’s oilspill prevention and response regime■ Propose an oil spill prevention and response regime and environmental disaster prevention
system based on civilian-government cooperation
Propose a social system in which the necessary improvements are naturally made and in which conflicting positions canbe overcome and harmonized to enable forward progress (a social system capable of transforming itself)■ Establish an oil spill prevention and response system for Hokkaido, where it is urgently needed■ Proposed oil spill prevention and response regime■ Oil discharge prevention and response plan database using ageographic information system (GIS)■ Methods of building, and templates for, local contingency plans■ Coastal management manual for local governments■ Oil spill prevention and response manual for local residents andvolunteers

Realize a social system that enables forming an effective oil spill prevention and response regime
Contact: Professor Shintaro Goto, Department of Environmental Systems, Faculty of Geo-environmental Science,
Rissho University (e-mail: got@ris.ac.jp)

Oil spill response for the incidents:
How management system stands and works• Clarification of government’s role– Creation of a comprehensive system– Unified management system• Clarification of roles of local government,operators, and parties concerned– Clarification of means of execution within thecomprehensive system– Utilization of technical systems, and optimal deploymentof methods, personnel, and other resources• Establishment of a policy-making system– Creation of two-way flow of information– Establishment of a local resident/user participation
systemLocal
disasterprevention
plans foroil spillsIssues in inter-organizational
partnership on the incidents
Prefectures,municipalities

State,
government

CoordinationneededResearchers

Academicsocieties,
researchinstitutes

Communities
Facebook andother social
media

Researchers

Information
management
volunteers

Information
management
volunteers

US example:
Oil spill prevention and response regime—Oil Pollution Act amendment

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90)
Title I. Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation
Title II. Conforming Amendments
Title III. International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal
Title IV. Prevention and Removal
Title V. Prince William Sound Provisions
Title VI. Miscellaneous
Title VII. Oil Pollution Research and Development Program
Title VIII. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Title IX. Amendments to Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, Etc.
■ Titles V and VIII are regional provisions created after the Exxon Valdez incident■ The original idea was to abolish all related legislation and create one unified law→ Existing legislation ultimately left in place but amended to maintain overall
consistency

Prince William Sound Regional Citizens’ Advisory Council

ValdezSite of Exxon Valdez
incident

Whittier
Kenai Peninsula BoroughCook Inlet
Prince William Sound

SewardCordova

Gulf ofAlaska
Local organizations
1. Commercial fishing group
2. Aquaculture association
3. Alaska Native organizations
4. Environmental group
5. Recreational group
6. Alaska State Chamber of Commerce

KodiakKodiak Island Borough

7. Local governments (sevenorganizations)Cook Inlet Regional Citizens Advisory Council

Site of Exxon Valdez
incident

Anchorage
Kenai
Kenai Peninsula BoroughCook InletPrince William Sound

Homer

Gulf ofAlaska

Seldovia

KodiakKodiak Island BoroughLocal organizations
1. Commercial fishing groups
2. Aquaculture associations
3. Alaska Native organizations
4. Environmental groups
5. Recreational groups
6. Alaska State Chamber of Commerce
7. Local governments (sevenorganizations)Cook Inlet Regional Citizens Advisory Council andPrince William Sound Regional Citizens’ Advisory Council
Background
March 1989: Exxon-Valdez oil spill

Request for comprehensive oil spill prevention drawn up
State-run public hearings
At Alaska state’s public hearings, residents and local governments ask the oil industry forparticipation by residents and public bodies in the creation of contingency plans

August 1990: Oil Pollution Act of 1990 enacted
Federal government permission gained; regional citizens’ advisory
councils in Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet established
Promotion of a long-term cooperative arrangement among the oilindustry, government, and Alaskan coastal communities
Council independence guaranteed, committees establishedManagement by residents and public bodies realized
Funding for activities guaranteedOrganizational structure of Prince William and Cook Inlet
regional citizens’ advisory councils (OPA 90)

Localorganizations

Possessing voting rights

1. Commercial fishing groups
2. Aquaculture associations
3. Alaska Native organizations
4. Environmental groups
5. Recreational groups
6. Alaska State Chamber ofCommerce
7. Local government (sevenorganizations)

Government
institutions

Not possessing voting rights

1. U.S. Coast Guard
2. Alaska Department of EnvironmentalConservation
3. Alaska Division of Homeland Security &Emergency Management
4. Environmental Protection Agency
5. U.S. Forest Service
6. Bureau of Land Management
7. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
8. Alaska Department of Natural Resources
9. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration

Comprising representatives from 16 local organizations
and government institutions

Mandates and funding of Prince William and Cook Inlet
regional citizens’ advisory councils (OPA 90)

Prince William Sound
Regional Citizens' Advisory Council

Cook Inlet
Regional Citizens Advisory Council

1. Provide unions with advice and recommendations on policies, permits, andregulations for terminal and tanker operations and maintenance that could have anenvironmenal impact
2．Monitor the environmental impacts of terminals and tankers through respective
environmental monitoring committees
Mandate 3．Monitor terminal and tanker operations and maintenance that could have anenvironmenal impact
4．Review the adequacy of oil spill prevention and response contingency plans forPrince William Sound and Cook Inlet
5．Provide unions with advice and recommendations on port operations, policies andpractices
Up to $2 million per annum
FundingLocation

Up to $1 million per annumContributed every year by oil terminal owners and operators$2.7 million per annum currently contributed by Alyeska Pipeline Service Company
Anchorage, ValdezKenai

Measures needed to utilize a resident
participation system in oil spill responses✓ Establishing an umbrella organization for
civilian participation and cooperation✓ Creating social media–based networking
tool✓ Improving governance through trainingExample:

Set up of umbrella organization for civilian
participation and cooperation• Mounting organization
Okhotsk Environmental Protection Network (OEPN)
Became a voluntary body in 2012; collaborates with Citizen
Cabinet’s disaster support section and smart information andcommunications technology section.

• Widening the organization’s coverageHas held 24 study meetings and workshops in the cities ofMombetsu, Abashiri, and Wakkanai, and in the towns of Shari andRebun in order to expand network to Okhotsk coastal cities.
Meetings held in Rebun and Wakkanai to prepare forestablishment of OEPN branches.
• Action on Great East Japan Earthquake:
Members actually took the lead in Ofunato City, consulting on oil
recovery operations and oil pollution countermeasures.

Oil spill recovery
operations by OEPNmembers
in Ofunato
on June 10, 2011

Oil spill recovery operations by OEPN members
in Ofunato on June 10, 2011

Creating social media–based networking tool
Mashup services

Social media
TwitterFacebook

Location
Photos・･･･

Content• Irregular information
management→ Blogs• Discussion → Forums• Council → Forums• In-group discussion→ Forums• Group information→ Event calendar→ Event reports

Map content• Links to content and maps
• Map management→ Web-GIS• Receiving information via
mobile phone•Content design andcreation•Content management• Public facilities• Child-raising map• Barrier-free facilities• Local lore
• Regional safety map

A safe society offering peace of mind

Schematic of community transition in Sayo
Town when hit by a flood
A disaster countermeasure–oriented community

Interest in Sayo area

Daily
日常

佐用地域への関心（写真・SNS創設）(photos, social media set up)

25

Local
social media
地域SNS

Disaster countermeasures
災害対策（状況、復興）(status, recovery)

3

Daily
日常

20

Photos
写真Photos
写真0

Status
災害状況

12

Recovery
災害復興

23

A disaster assistance–orientedcommunity

21 災害支援

Disaster backing

26

Views expressed
行政への意見to government

Events/ local exchange
イベント・地域交流
Art schools
アートスクール

813

Local地域交流
exchange Photos
写真Photos/events
写真・イベント16

19Off-line meetings
オフ会

29

時間の流れ
Time flow
災害発生
Disasteroccurs

17

Toward information sharing attimes of disaster✓ Provide information generated at times of emergency,
categorizing it by purpose✓ Disclose information that changes over time and space✓ Pay attention to new participants✓ Adapt for use outside emergencies
 Intermediate support organization?

Information exchange space needed that
overcomes time and place constraints→ GIS x Social media

Daily coordination of data distribution:
Functions of cloud-based GIS/information system
Social media x GISFacebookTwitter• Data distribution Based on Web Map Service (WMS) in principle(data conversion and cloud uploading as part of usual interaction)• Easy to use, limited functions, easy to access Use of open-source software• WMS-based distribution

Create and publish
environmental sensitivity index (ESI) maps
reflecting local understanding and knowledge

Hold study meetings and workshops oncoastal oil pollution prevention and response• Use contingency plans and ESI maps
• Bring together relevant personnel who can lead
implementation activities to create a frameworkfor partnership

Necessity of resident participation system
Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime DisasterJapan Coast Guard Commandant: Execute oil discharge prevention and response plans
OPA 90 explicitly states that “local citizens are involved”

A system that adequately reflects the views of residents,
who know their area the best and are most impacted by it
Creation of prevention and response plans for each coastline (equipment, personnel, schedule)

Coordination of
spatial interests using
an ESI map

Coordination of various interests

Regular training on dealing with environmental damage(environmental assessment experience, bird rescue training,
environment observation tours, etc.)
Action manual on dealing with environmental damage

Risk governance
Environment
version offirefighting
brigadesEstablish a unified organization for discussion among interested parties
Study groups, research groups, and councils (e.g., Abashiri City research group to formulate oil spill
prevention and response plans, which met during the JST project period)Improving governance through training

Photos: Mr. Shima, PR teamInter-organizational partnership forrisk information management
Prefectures,municipalities

State,
government

Intermediate support
organization
Civilian participation

Researchers

Academicsocieties,
researchinstitutes

Communities
Facebook andother socialmedia

Researchers

Information
management
volunteers

Information
management
volunteers

Conclusion
Necessity of a resident participation
system in oil spill responses✓ Establishing an umbrella organization for
civilian participation and cooperation✓ Supplementing it with social media–based
networking tool
✓ Improving governance through training