How to Make Yourself Understood
English I

Online Materials

Tips for English Speech Sounds
Unit 5Check out Sound Segments

キーワード（key words）[s] / [ ʃ ]Dark LL and R vs らりるれろ

F [f] vs ふ[ɸu][ f ] vs [ v ]TH [ð] / [θ]How to Make Yourself UnderstoodTips for English Speech Sounds
Unit 5Check out Sound Segments- CONTENTS -Scripts and Annotations（スクリプトと解説）[s] / [ ʃ ] Paradigm in Japanese and English

p. 59

Find Differences

p. 61“Dark L” [ɫ] vs る

p. 62

English [æ] and [ʌ] vs Japanese あ

p. 62

Summaryp. 63

Further Tips
(1) さまざまな[ t ]音たち

p. 64

Various disguises of the [t] sound(2) TH の発音、後回しでもよいかも

p. 64

Don’t worry too much about the TH soundEnglish Speech Sound Inventoryp. 66

Satoshi Oku and Jeff Gayman
58Unit 5 Check out Sound Segments

Scripts and Annotations (スクリプトと解説)
Hello everyone. I’m Piers Williamson, from Heswall, near Liverpool, in the United Kingdom, and I’ve beenteaching at Hokkaido University since autumn, 2012. Today, we are going to learn some English soundsegments: namely, consonants and vowels. In particular, we will focus on some English sound segments which
many Hokudai Japanese students are not very good at. Let’s start by looking at the following Japaneseparadigm.

[s] / [ ʃ] Paradigm in Japanese and English

You have pairs like 差[sa] and 社[ʃa], 酢[su] and 酒[ʃu], and 祖[so] and 書[ʃo]. English also has the samepairs. sigh [sai] and shy [ʃai], sue [su:] and shoe [ʃu:], and saw [sɔ:] and Shaw [ʃɔ:]. Therefore, these English
words are very easy for Japanese students both to pronounce and to perceive accurately. So far so good!
Let’s go on to complete this paradigm. In English, there are two more types of pairs. same [seim] and shame[ʃeim], and sea [si:] and she [ ʃ i:]. Now, let’s check if Japanese has the corresponding pairs. There is a word
like 背[se], but there seems to be no word like しぇ[ ʃ e] in Japanese. Furthermore, there is a word like 市 [ ʃi], but there’s no word like [si]; and there is even no Hiragana letter for this [si] sound in Japanese. In otherwords, this [si] sound is completely missing in the Japanese speech sound inventory.
Therefore, it’s natural that some Japanese students have difficulty in pronouncing some basic English words
with this [si] sound, such as sea [si:]; this is not ×シー[ ʃ i:].
sea [si:]×シー [ ʃ i:]scene [si:n]

×シーン [ ʃ i:n]season [si:zn]

×シーズン[ ʃ i:zn]

Or scene [si:n]; this is not × シ ー ン [ ʃ i:n]. Or season [si:zn]; this is not × シ ー ズ ン [ ʃ i:zn]. What’s thedifference?
OK. The first point. When you pronounce the English “she” [ ʃ i:] sound, try not to widen your mouth to thesides. Not something like しー, しー. Rather, the shape of your lips is more like the one when you pronounce
the [u] sound; [u]. She [ ʃ i:], she [ ʃ i:]. Well, the even more important key is the position of your tongue in yourmouth. When you pronounce she or the Japanese し[ ʃ i] sound, the middle of the tongue, as well as the tip,
get very close to the roof of the mouth; she [ ʃ i:], she [ ʃ i:]. Repeat after me. She [ ʃ i:], she [ ʃ i:]. When youpronounce sea, on the other hand, only the tip of the tongue gets close to the front of the roof of the mouth.

Sea [si:], sea [si:]. Repeat after me. Sea [si:], sea [si:].

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How to Make Yourself Understood

Points―――――――――――――――

・日本語にない[s]音差 [sa] 社 [ʃa]sigh [sai]shy [ʃai]? [si]

市 [ ʃ i]sea [si:]she [ ʃ i:]

酢 [su] 酒 [ʃu]sue [su:]shoe [ʃu:]

背 [se] しぇ? [ʃe]same [seim]

shame [ʃeim]

祖 [so] 書 [ʃo]saw [sɔ:]

Shaw [ʃɔ:]「しぇ」という音は現代日本語本来の音としてはないが、発音はしやすい [si]という音は現代日本語にない。それを書くひらがなもカタカナもない。発音も難しい
・英語では[si]は多用される音[ ʃ i]との違いをしっかり認識し、たくさん練習を類例：＜ 語頭 ＞

＜ 語末 ＞

sister [sistər]×シスター

icy [aisi]

×アイシー

seat [si:t]

×シート

juicy [ʤu:si]

×ジューシー

simple [simpl]

×シンプル

taxi [tæksi]×タクシー

since [sins]×シンス

galaxy [gæləksi] ×ギャラクシー

(cf. sheet [ ʃ i:t])

cinema [sinema] ×シネマ

sexy [seksi]

×セクシーcity [siti]

Tracy [treisi]

×トレイシー×シティ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――The same is true for the voiced counterpart. So, easy [i:zi], easy [i:zi]. Don’t say the Japanese じ [ʤi] soundas in イージー [i: ʤi:]. Rather, say, easy [i:zi], easy [i:zi].

Points―――――――――――――――

・日本語にない[z]音[si]の有声音[zi]も日本語にない音：
日本語の「じ」ではないので注意 舌の先頭だけを口の天井に近づける＜ 語末 ＞
easy [i:zi]

×イージー

busy [bizi]

×ビジー

rosy [rouzi]×ロージー

Susie [su:zi]

×スージー

ただし、energy は[enərʤi]：「エナジー」に近い音
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Unit 5 Check out Sound Segments＜ 語頭 ＞
zeal [zi:l]

ただし、jeans、gypsy, gym の先頭音はzipper [zipər]

×ジッパー

zigzag [zigzag]

×ジグザグ

日本語の「じ」に近い音 [ʤ]――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――

Find Differences

OK? These are just a few examples of the difference between Japanese and English speech sound segments.
Understanding the sound difference between your native language and the target language you are trying tolearn is one of the important keys to foreign language learning. Let’s consider some other examples.

F [f] vs ふ[ɸu]Japanese ふ [ɸu] as in ふた [ɸuta] sounds similar to the English F sound as in foot, but they are actuallyquite different. Japanese ふ [ɸu] is pronounced by placing the upper and lower lips close to each other. ふた[ɸuta], ふた [ɸuta]. In contrast, the English F sound is produced by placing the lower lip and the upper teeth
close to each other. Foot [fut], foot [fut]. Try not to use the Japanese ふ [ɸu] sound when you say food [fu:d],free [fri:], fly [flai], and so on in English.

TH [ð] and [θ]: No Japanese counterpart

Next, let’s practice the English TH sound as in they [ðei] or think [θiŋk]. This is another difficult speechsegment for Japanese students. When you pronounce words such as they [ðei], though [ðou], this [ðis], orthat [ðæt], the first segment is pronounced by making the tip of your tongue touch the upper teeth softly.

They [ðei], they [ðei]. With exactly the same place of articulation, the first segment of think [θiŋk], thought[θɔ:t], thank [θæŋk]and so on, is also pronounced. Make the tip of your tongue touch the upper teeth softly
again. Thank [θæŋk], thank [θæŋk].

ラーメン is not “ramen”: L and R vs らりるれろWell, how is it so far? It is not easy to produce and perceive speech sound segments which do not exist in yourmother tongue. English L and R are other notorious examples which are stumbling blocks for many Japaneselearners of English. To tell the truth, it’s not easy for me, as a native speaker of English, to pronounce
Japanese “ra, ri, ru, re, ro” properly, for instance, since they do not exist in English. I love miso ramen, but
it’s difficult for me to say miso ramen exactly the same as native Japanese speakers do. Therefore, it’s very
important to understand how such unfamiliar sounds are actually articulated, and then to practice manytimes, in order to make yourself understood properly in a foreign language.

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How to Make Yourself Understood

Points―――――――――――――――

・[ f ] vs [ v ]：下唇を「噛まないで！」
 噛んでは発音できません。下唇を内側に巻き込んでもいけない ただ、上の歯をそのまま真っ直ぐ下ろして、下唇の内側に軽く触れ、摩擦音を出す――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――“Dark L” [ɫ] vs る
Let’s next take a look at one peculiar instance of the English L sound. In casual daily speech, when an L
sound is the last element or the element right before the last consonant, it’s often realized as a so-called “darkL” or “velar L.” Listen carefully. pool [pu:ɫ], pool [pu:ɫ], or milk [miɫk], milk [miɫk]. When you pronounce
this particular type of L sound, you say a [u] like sound deep in the back of your mouth: [ɫ] [ɫ]. pool [pu:ɫ],pool [pu:ɫ], milk [miɫk], milk [miɫk]. Let’s practice some more examples of this dark L. Repeat after me.
file [faiɫ]beautiful [bju:tifəɫ]
help [hɛɫp]
Good! This dark L sounds quite different from the usual L as in lake [leik], or light [lait]. And of course it’svery different from the Japanese る sound.

English [æ] and [ʌ] vs Japanese あLet’s finally look at two different あ like sounds in English, which are not easy for some Japanese students
to distinguish. The [ʌ] sound in words such as bunk, done, sunk, some, and cut can be said to be almost thesame as the Japanese あ sound. On the other hand, the あ like sound as in bank, Dan, sank, Sam, and cat
is very different. This sound may be characterized as the sound somewhere between the Japanese あ and えsounds. Let’s practice a bit. Listen carefully and repeat after me.
bank [bæŋk]bunk [bʌŋk]Dan [dæn]done [dʌn]sank [sæŋk]sunk [sʌŋk]Sam [sæm]some [sʌm]cat [kæt]cut [kʌt]

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Unit 5 Check out Sound Segments

Points―――――――――――――――

・“Dark L” (or “Velar L”) [ɫ] 少し練習するとできるようにのど奥深くで「ぅ」という感じで
pool [pu:ɫ]は「プーゥ」に近い音
beautiful [bju:tifəɫ]は「ビューティフゥ」に近い音
file [faiɫ]は「ファイゥ」に近い音
milk [miɫk]は「ミゥク」に近い音
help [hɛɫp]は「ヘゥ」に近い音
日本語の「る」とは程遠い音：「る」を忘れて、のどの奥で「ぅ」！
・多くの母語話者がこのように発音  慣れると聞き取り力もアップ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――

Summary

Good! OK, let’s wrap up today’s points. The speech sound inventory is a systematic organization in every
language. The set of Japanese speech segments and the set of English speech segments are similar to someextent, but at the same time, they are very different in several important respects. Therefore, it’s very
important to try to understand the differences between Japanese and English at the sound segment level.
And then, practice many times. Notice also that today’s lesson covers only a small portion of sound segment
differences between Japanese and English. So, I strongly encourage you to learn more differences, as well as
similarities, between Japanese and English sound systems, which I am sure will help you improve yourEnglish pronunciation.
Atsushi: Miso ramen omochi simasita.
Piers: Oh, thank you. It looks so delicious. I LOVE miso ramen.
Well, that’s all for today. I hope you enjoyed the lecture. Good luck, keep practicing, and see you next time!
(Wow, this looks great … )～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～
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How to Make Yourself Understood

Further Tips (1)さまざまな[ t ]音たち
次の日本語と英語の表を見ましょう。
田 [ta]

茶 [ʧa]

time [taim]

chime [ʧaim]

?

[ti]

地 [ʧi]

tin [tin]chin [ʧin]?

[tu] 津 [tsu] 中 [ʧu]two [tu] ? [tsu] chew [ʧu]

手 [te]

ちぇ？[ʧe]tech [tek]check [ʧek]

戸 [to]

著 [ʧo]

top [tɔp]chop [ʧɔp](または[tɑ:p])(または[ʧɑ:p])

日本語の「たちつてと」。実は「ち」と「つ」の最初の子音は、単純な[t]ではないのです。
「ち」の場合は最初の「つ」の場合は最初の子音が[ts]です。また、「ちぇ」[ʧe]は現代日本語に本来ない音です。さらに、[ti]子音が[ʧ]、と[tu]は、それに対応するひらがな・カタカナもありません。この二つの音は、現代日本語の子音体系に全く含まれていないといえます。したがって、外国語に[ti]や[tu]を含む単語があると、その発音は日本語母語話者にとって難しくなります。two [tu:]を「ツー」[tsu:]と発音したり、team [ti:m]を「チーム」[ʧi:m]と発音したりするのは、日本語にはない音を日本語にある似た音で代用するという現象です。外国語を学習するすべての人に起こる現象で、いわゆる「外国人のなまり」の大きな原因のひとつです。同様に、英語には[tsu]という音が基本的にはありませんので、英語母語話者にとって日本語の「つ」の発音には少し練習が必要かもしれません。
tour [tuər]を「ツアー」と発音しても誤解される恐れはあまりないと思われますが、tip (心づけ、チップ)と chip(かけら、切れ端)のように、意味が変わってしまう場合もあるので、注意が必要です。

Further Tips (2)TH の発音は、後回しでもよいかも
they [ðei]や thank [θæŋk]の th の発音は、日本人にとって発音も聞き取りも難しいものの 1 つでしょう。しかし、これは後回しにしてもよいかもしれません。They を「ゼイ」と発音しても、thank you を「サンキュー」と発音しても、問題が起こることはあまり考えられません。TH の発音に苦労をして英語の学習全体が滞ってしまうよりは、割り切って後回しにするのも賢明な選択かもしれません。
後回しにするというやりかたにとって都合のよい情報を 2 つ。

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Unit 5 Check out Sound Segments（１）TH 音は世界的に見ても珍しい
世界の言語の中でもこの[ð]や[θ]は、とても珍しい音です。フランス語やドイツ語でもこれらの音は使われません。世界的に見て、かなり特殊な音なのです。この音を使わずに（つまり、母語なまりで）、英語を話している英語非母語話者は世界中にたくさんいます。できなくても恥ずかしがる必要は全くありません。
（２）母語話者も最後に獲得
英語を母語として獲得する子どもにとっても、実はこの[ð]や[θ]は最も難しい音なのです（無意識の母語獲得ですので、子どもたちが意識的に「難しい」と感じているわけではありませんが）。英語母語話者の子どもは平均して、4 歳までにほぼ全ての英語の子音を獲得し、発音できるようになります。ところが、英語圏の子どももその多くは、4 歳でもまだ、[ð]や[θ]は正しく発音できないのです。5 歳～6 歳になって、自然に正しい発音ができるようになります。つまり、英語を母語として獲得する際に、この[ð][θ]音が一番最後に発音できるようになる音なのです。
（さらに the を[da]と発音する英語の方言もあります！）それだけこの音は人間にとって発音が難しい音といえるでしょう。自分の母語（たとえば、日本語）に[ð][θ]の音がない人が、英語を学ぶ時に、「TH の発音は後回しでいいや！」というのは決して根拠のないことではないのです。
（参考：Ingram, David. 1989. First Language Acquisition: Method, Description,and Explanation. Cambridge University Press）＊うまく通じるかうまく聞き取れるかは、個々の子音の発音以上に、Unit 1 から Unit 4 でやったような、(i)規則にのっとった音変化に慣れることと、(ii) 強弱の付け方、イントネーション、間のとり方など、より大きな単位での英語らしさを意識することの方がより重要です。
「木を見るよりも森を見よう」。これが外国語の発音・聞き取り上達の 1 つのコツです。

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How to Make Yourself Understood

English Speech Sound Inventory
Consonants（子音）Bilabial
両唇音Stops
閉鎖音 [-v][+v]

Libiodental Interdental
唇歯音
歯間音

pb

Alveolar Alveopalatal Velar
Glottal
歯茎音
硬口蓋音 軟口蓋音 声門音td

Fricatives
摩擦音 [-v][+v]

θðfvkgʃʒsz

Affricates
破擦音 [-v][+v]hʧ
ʤ

Nasals鼻音mŋnLiquids
流音

lw(ʍ)

Glidesrɫ

渡り音

jVowels（母音）Lax (short) and reduced vowels

Tense (long) vowels and diphthongs弛緩母音と弱化母音

High
高舌Mid
中舌Low
低舌

緊張母音と二重母音

Front
前舌

Back
後舌ɪʊɛæəʌɑ

ɔ

Front
前舌

Back
後舌Highiu

高舌Mideɪoʊ, ɔɪ(æʊ)(a)aʊ, aɪ

中舌Low
低舌66