GRIPS Development Forum Workshop
How can Japan effectively support economic growth in Africa?
Tokyo, 2008.07.25

Japan’s support to Africa’s economic growthin the age of global climatic change- Challenges and opportunities -Prof. Dr. A. K. SANGA-NGOIE
Climate and Ecosystems Dynamics
Health, Environment and Life Science Institute
Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
e-mail: sangank@apu.ac.jp

Self introduction: Prof. Dr. Alfred Kazadi SANGA-NGOIE・Nationality Dem. Rep. of Congo (ex-Zaire), Africa
・1952.04.08 Born in Likasi City, Dem. Rep. of Congo (ex-Zaire)
・1982.04.11 Arrrival in Japan.
Osaka Gaidai (Foreign Students Division)
・1989.03.23 Doctor of Sciences (Geophysics)
Graduate School of Sciences, Kyoto University
・1993.04.01 Associate Professor, Mie University
・1995.04.01 Professor, Mie University (Fac. of Education)
・1996.04.01 Professor, Mie University (Fac. of Bioresources)
Professor, Grad. School of Bioresources, Mie Univ.
・2007.04.01 Professor, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
・2008.06.13 Professor Emeritus, Mie University

・ Dean, International Cooperation and Research Division, APU
・ Vice-Dean, Institutes Headquarters, APU
・ Founder and Chairman: -SAVE AFRICA PROJECT (NPO) (Japan, 1989)- The SANGA FOUNDATION (Legal Status in DRC, 1994)

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Global eco-climatic changes, impacts and risks in Africa
3. Japan’s role in the Global village
4. Africa: the perfect partner for Japan?
5. Concluding remarks

Contents
1. Introduction- End of Cold War- New global order- New issues: socio-economic, eco-climatic- New Geopolitics, for survival

Contents
2. Global eco-climatic changes, impacts and risks in Africa- Global warming- Acid rains- Stratospheric Ozone depletion- Deforestation (rainforests) and lands degradation- Tropospheric Ozone- Costal ecosystems

Changes in Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases
二酸化炭素: CO2

IPCC第三次報告書 (2007)

370ppm

産業革命前：280ppm

メタン: CH4

一酸化炭素: CO

1,745ppb
産業革命前：700ppb

314ppb
産業革命前：270ppb

Global Warming
１．Fossil fuels: >85% of global energy source- production, economy, progress- thermal electricity generation- heating, transportation (cars), petrochemistry…

2．
．Deforestation－forests development: plantations, ranches, timber,city building, golf court, industrial complex…
－shifting cultivation, fuelwood, bushfires－acid rain

Fast increase of atmospheric CO2

Global Warming
Global Mean Temp: 2℃ up

Japan Summer temp.: 3-4℃ up(T)

年(SSL)

年

Sea Level Rise due to Global Warming（IPCC 2007, WG I)

Climate Change and Extreme Weathers

Frequent Typhoons, Severe Storms, Floods and Water Disasters

Land Cover Changes Upland- Natural (fires , landslides, El Nino, foen)- Climatic change and extreme weathers- Land development by human activities

Heat Waves and Forests Fires,
Deforestation
Desertification, Drought and Famine

Global Warming, Air Pollution, Land Cover Change

1. Natural?
Man made?
2. Atmosphere?
・ Pollution
・ Fossil fuel・ Cattle, bogs
3. Land cover?
・ Forests
・ Land dev.
・ Acid rains
・ Snow coverAcid Rains Effects

2006.09.26

Damages related to theStratospheric Ozone Depletion

１．UV radiation increase (ground level)
２．Weathering, skin cancer increase
３．Eye damage/falling eyesight
４．DNA and other biogenetic disorder

Tropical rainforests and climate

African Digital Vegetation Model
Evergreen rainforests
Moist rainforests
Dry rainforests
Grasslands
Arid Lands
Deserts
Sand dune deserts(Nonomura et al., 2002)

Slash and BurnCultivation

(a)

(c)

(b)

Vegetation Map of Congo(1970)

Atlas du Congo (J. Charlier, 1982, Jeune Afrique)

Vegetation Map of Congo (1990)(Calculated from NOAA/AVHRR NDVI 1985-90 data)

(Sanga-Ngoie and Fukuyama, 1996)

DesertificationTropospheric Ozone vs. Stratospheric Ozone

Stratospheric O3

Good Ozone:
Protection from UV

Bad Ozone:- GH Gas- Damge to life
Tropospheric O3

楠Figure 3: Seasonal change of Nox (black) and Ox (grey) pollution levels at Kusu.
(Sanga-Ngoie and Fukuyama, 1998)

Global Distribution of Tropospheric Ozone Pollution

Coastal Ecosystems

・ Estuaries, wetlands, intertidal flats,
・ Mangrove and swamp forests
・ Lagoons, salt ponds, rocks and sand beaches
・ Seagrass, coral reefs, continental shelf

Sustainable land-ocean-atmosphere flow of matter and energy

1. Biochemical cycle of all land-driven material entering the sea
2. Most of geochemical & biological activities in the biosphere- 15% of oceanic primary production- 80% of organic matter burial- 90% of sedimentary mineralization
3. 40% of World ecosystem service value and natural capital
4. Human population (40% within 100 km) and human activities

Increasing human population and man-made transformations(Cape Town, South Africa)

・40% of world population living within 100 km from the ocean coasts
・Deep changes to the shape, contents and functions of the ecosystem
・ Scenic shoreline cities, ports, resort beaches, land reclamation, etc…

Tsunami disaster simulation
Kii-Nagashima, Mie
95% of the Town submerged under a 5mwave- Awareness- Preparedness- Mitigation

Contents
3. Japan’s role in the global village- Global awareness- Environment-friendly technologies- production- communication- transportation- Human capacity building- Professional training- Higher education (Graduate School)

Contents
4. Africa: the perfect partner for Japan?
- Historical background- Mutual needs, mutual profits- infrastructure development?
- untapped natural resources- vast lands favorable eco-climate- young and dynamic population- Political stability and accountability?

African Digital Vegetation Model
Evergreen rainforests
Moist rainforests
Dry rainforests
Grasslands
Arid Lands
Deserts
Sand dune deserts(Nonomura et al., 2002)

Global Warming Mitigation
1．
．Global Approaches
COP3: Kyoto Protocol (京都議定書京都議定書):
京都議定書 1997 Dec

2. Sustainable Energy Sources- Solar Energy- Wind Power- Hydroelectricity

3．
．Envir. Friendly Technology & Lifestyle
４．Enhancing CO2 Sequestration by Forests- Forests Management (森林管理森林管理)
森林管理- Reforestation (植林活動植林活動)
植林活動

CO2 Sequestrationin Oceans
Geosphere
Schematic
diagram ofpossibleand
CCS
systems

SRCCS Figure TS-1

Monthly Rainfall

Nov.
Sep.
Dec.
Aug.
Oct.
May
Jan.
Jul.
Feb.
Jun.
Mar.
Apr.

Contents
5. Concluding remarks- Africa: not only aid receiver, but business partner- Africa: large market where Japan can buy and sell
- Africa needs first hand,environment-friendly technologies- New paradigm for ODA
involving Japan-Africa joint ventures?

Japan + Africa = Win-Win Partnership

The End
Thank you very muchfor your attention!
For any contact: e-mail: sangank@apu.ac.jp
Tel: +81-977-78-1000
Fax: +81-977-78-1043