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ｄｄ０■１ＩＩＩ１Ｉ４ｌ４ｌｌＩＩｌＩ１１ＩＩＩⅡｄ170−−laneStuart‑SmithandIchiroOta■

Stuart･Smith,jane,CiaireTimminsandFionalWeedie2006:ConservationandinnoVationina

traditiona1dialect:LPvocalizationinGiaSwegian.即g"sﾉ7WorldMde27:71‑87b
Stuart‑Smith,lane,ClaireTimminsandFionaTWeedie2007:"Talkinlockney?":Accentchange
inG!aswegian.ﾉoumalofSociolinguis"cs11:221‑261.
Stuart‑Smith,jane,ClaireTimmins,GwilymPryceandBarrieGunter2013:Tblevisionisalsoa
factorinlanguagechange:Evidencefromanurbandialect.Ldnguage89:1‑36.
Stuart‑Smith,jane,EIeanorLawsonandjamesScobbie2014:DerhoticizationinScottish
English: lessonswecanlearnfromsociophoneticdata. in:ChiaraCelataandSiIviaCalmai(eds.),AdvdncesinSodOp加"e"cs,57‑94.Amsterdam:Beniamins.
StuartSmith,lane,RacheISmith,1amaraRathcke,FrancescoLiSantiandSophieHoImes2011:

Respondingtoaccentsafterexperiencinginteractiveormediatedspeech.PIDceed/"gsof
thel7thﾉ"remq"onolCOngﾉ弓essofPhone"cScie"ces(ICPﾉ7S),Hongl<on9.1914‑1917.
Stuart‑Smith,jane,Timmins,Claire,GwilymPryceandBarrieGunterinpreparation:Medﾉα""gIchiroOtaandShojiTakano

Themediainfluenceonlanguagechangeinjapanesesociolinguisticcontexts
1 introduction

Inthisarticle,wewillconsidertheinnuenceofmediaonthelanguagechange

Trackinganewchangethroughthegenerations.Lo"gudgeVbrio"o〃｡"dd70"gel9:

thathastakenplaceinmostoftheregionaldialectsofJapanesewithinthepast
severaldecades.WewillcriticallyreviewtheresUltsofpreviousstudies(Section2),demonstrateourresearchresultswhichaffbrdthepossibililyofamediaimpact
onlanglage(Section3and4),andputfbrwardasuggestionfOrfurtherresearchinthefUmre(Section5).Bytheword$media',wemainlyhavemmmdthosethat
haveaudioandvisual(moving)imagessuchastelevisionorvideocontent,We

199‑217．

willstartourdiscussionwithwhatmakesusbenevethatourlanguageisunderthelocdi:7hem/eofrelel'isﾉo""rqc加"g/"￨g"rbα"vgmfJcukIr.OxfOrd:OxfordUniverSity
Press.

1agliamonte,Sali2012: Im"difOniStSociolinguis"cs:d7Q"ge,obSerVq伽",ﾉ"telplemt/o"・
OxfOrd:Wiley‑Biackwell.

Tagliamonte,SaliandAlexD'Arcy2007:Frequencyandvariationinthecommunitygrammar:

Tagliamonte,SaliandChrisRoberts2005:Soweird;socooI;soinnovative:Theuseof
intensifiersinthetelevisionseriesFifends.Ameri""SPeecﾉ780:280‑300.

1akano,ShoiiandichiroOta2007:AsociOP加"e"cstUdyof"7eleve/""gOfse"に"cep/虻h(Imo"gyo""gerspedkeKsof/opd"ese:'egiste';pe'tep伽"｡"dsocid/med""79s, FinaltheinnuenceofmediainJapanesesociolinglisticcontexts.Figurelshowsthe

regions(inboxes)andtheresearchsitesthatwnlbementionedinthearticle,and
weencouragereaderstorefertothismapfbrthelocationswhenneeded.

Report,16520284,lapanMinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports,Scienceandlbchnology.
1anaka,Yukari2010:S伽わke""jokerugengodoom/"oke"kyuuj4St"dyo〃ﾉ"gutis"cDdyndmismm7bkyoMetmpok"q"AIEqﾉ,1bkyo: l<azamaShoin.

.ibrrance,Karen2002:LOngUdgeOt"t"deSq"dldngUdgeC加"geil7GldSWeg/fmSpeech.MPhil
Dissertation・DepartmentofEnglishLanguage・UniversityofG1asgow.
Trudgill,Peterl986:Djolerrg/〃Cb"m"Oxford:BlackweⅡ、Trudgill,Peterl988:Norwichrevisited:RecentlinguisticchangesinanEnglishurbandialect.
即gljS/7Wo"d‑Mde9:33‑49.
WelIs,johnl982:AcCe"tSofa7gliSh.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPresS.
Williams,AnnandPaul l<erswili1999:DiaiectLevelling:ChangeandContinuityinMiltonKeynes

ReadingandHull. ln:PaulFoulkesandGerardDocherty(eds.),"rbqn伽ﾉCes:Acce"t
Studﾉesm肋eB""shIsles,141‑162.London:Arnold

Yokoyama,ShoichiandHarukoSanada2010;Gengonoshoogaishuutokumoderuniyoru
kyootsuugokayosoku[Predictionsofdialectstandardisationbythe"Life‑longAssimilationofLanguageChange"model],Ⅳ/加"go"oke"kyu"ISt"dies伽坊eﾉap@meseLq"gudgeﾉV0,6(2),3Z‑45.〃"70"goGqkkqﾉ(777eSoCiely/brﾉﾛpd"ese""guis"cs).

1.1Standardjapanese,televisionjapanese,andthemedia

It isfrequentlysaid,perhapseverywherethathastelevision, thatTVmakes

peoplesoundthesame(Chambersl998)orthatTVweakensregionaldialects.
SimilarideasaboutlanguagechangearegenerallysharedinJapanaswell,such
as:"childrenthesedaysonlyspeakStandardJapaneseanddon'tspeakourdia‑
lectsbecauseofTVB"Suchcommentsindicatethatregionaldialectshavebeen

losingtheirlinguisticcharacteristicsandincreasmginhomogeneitylmderthe
in/Yue"ceqfmediqkmguqge/tI"加g伽加肋esb/.Infact,weshouldnotethatthere
aretwoaspectstothesecomments.OneisaboutthelanguageChangeofregional
dialectstowardthestandardvarietyiandtheotherisonanationwidediffUsionof
televisedlanguagefeatures.

Thefbrmertypeoflanglagechange,calledhyoqjuimgo‑kqor@standardiza‑tion,'representsahuge,nationwidelevellingofdialectstowardthestandard
variety6'Therearetwonotionsabout @thestandardvariety'"ofJapanese.First,−

1This$standardizationydoesnotdenoteahistoricalprocessliketheemergenceofStandard

172−−にhiroOtaandShoii .1akano

Themediainfluenceonlanguagechangeinlapanesesociolinguisticcontexts−−−173

V−

ー〜

画〃伊

Ｅ︑

Japanesewithanemphasisoncomprehensibnityamongspeakerswithdifferent
regionalbackgrounds・Preciselyspeaking,theyaredifferent,buttheirdisdnction
isnotalwaysclear;peoplehaveonlyvaguenormativeideasaboutthem.
ThestandardvarietyisanessentialUnguisticdevicefbranationtoestablish
thefbundationofcommunicationamongpeoplewithlinguisticdiversityblnorder
tobunduptheregimeofamodernnation, theconceptofthestandardvariety(i.e.StandardJapanese)wasfirstintroducedintoschooleducationinJapaninthe
earlyl900s(Leel996),butitsimpactwasnotsignificantenoughtocauselargetransfOrmationsofdialects‑theeffectofeducationwasslowandverylimited(cf.
Sibatal958).2However,duringthepost"warperiod,fromthel950stothel970s,

therewasarapiddifilsionofthelinguisticfeatures,grammarandlexicalitems

イ

inparticular,ofthestandardvarietyintomostregionaldialects.Consequentlyj

ユ

bi‑dialectalism‑theco‑existenceofaGstandardized',orde‑dialectized,regionalｑＩＵ向varietyandthestandardvariety‑hasemerged.Thisdiffusionofthestandard
varietyisgenerallyregardedasaresultoftheinnuenceofTVjbecauseitsrateand
geographicalrangearefarbeyondthoseofface‑to‑faceinteraction.
Anothertypeofnationwidediffusionistherapidspreadoflinguisticfeamres
thatareusedparticularlyonTVGHereinafter,wecallthesefeatureslもlevisionJap‑
anese(orTVJapanese).TVJapanesecanbeobservedataUlevelsofthemguistic
system,suchaspitch‑accentpatterns(e.g.anewtypeoflexicalaccentfbrku加α，or:bear',illustratedinSection3),natpitchpattemfbrfOreignwordsmdexmga
particularmeaning(e､g. ,specialist'; Inouel998), lexicalorgrammaticalitems(e､g.adoptingdialectalfeaturesofsociallydominantareaslikeKansai,thearea
thatincludesKyotoandOsaka),andintonationfeatures(e.9.arapidspreadof

吟翻，；
〃

夢

tobihtme,or"hoppmg'', intonationmnegativemterrogativesmTanaka2010).
、O〃

Figurel:Mapofjapanandtheresearchsites

thenotionofﾉZyo蜘測go,orStandardJapanese,whichwasofficiallyestablishedinl916,basedonthelanguageofwell‑educatedpeopleinTokyo.Second,there
isanewnotion,bﾉooisuugoorCommonJapanese,whichreplacedStandardJap‑
aneseaftertheSecondWorldWar.ThisisalessprescriptiveversionofStandard

Thesemaybeoriginallylocalfeatures,butoncetheyarepickedupbythemass
mediatheirrateofdifUsionisextraordinarilyfast・Forexample,thehoppmg

intonation,whichwasoriginallyusedintheTbkyoareaintheearlyl990s(Tanaka
2010),startedappearmg@onair'aroundthelatel990sorearly2000s,andittook
onlyafewyearsfbryoungpeopleinKagoshima(almostl,400kilometresaway

fifomTokyo)tostartusingthisfeature・Theseareclearly[offthe･shelf'typesofchanges(Eckert2008;Milroy2007),and,whentheyarelmguisticanysalient,
peoplearewellconsciousthattheyareadoptedfromTV(cfTifudgml986).

−−

Japanesebutratherthefactthatdialectsofdifferentregionshavebecomede‑dialectizedandare
acquiringunifbrmitybWeappreciateJannisAndroutsopoulos'shelpfUlcommentonthis.

2Sibata's(1958)reportgivesusanintriguingexampleofhowpooracommandofiheStandard
JapanesethatprimaryschoolpupilshadinaruralareaofKagoshimainthemid‑1950s,whichis
thetimebefbretheadventofTVIHedescribestheirstandardvarietyas@dried,'‑i.e｡thereisno
livelinessinit.

一●．●●●．．．．Ⅶ．．︐．︐．●．・・・︲

174−− lchiroOtaandShojilakano

ThemediainfluenceonlanguagechangeinlapaneseSociolinguiSticcontext5=-175．︲︲

approveoftheinnuenceofmediaonstandardization.3

80
60
40

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olinguisticsandleftamassiveamountofmsightfUlachievements,argued(1978a,
1998)thatdialectcontactisthemajorreasonfOrstandardizationofregional
dialects.Althoughthebroadcastingmedia-TVandradio-couldpresentreal,oranimate,examplesofthespeechofthestandardvarie"Sibatahesitatedto

100

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Despitethesechanges,TakesiSibata,whofbundedthesmdyofJapanesesoci-

昌二圏α筐彦◎二岸﹄︒①函喝﹄匡のど①ユ

Thesenationwidelinguisticchangestookplaceafterthearrivalandduringthe
proliferationofTVatanextraordinaryspeed,somostpeoplesmplyascribe
thesechangestothisbroadcastingmedia,Theperiodoftherapidproliferationof
TValsocoincideswiththelargescalesocialchangeaftertheSecondWoddWarb
TVbroadcastinginJapanstartedinl953,andTVownershipbegantomcrease
explosivelyaroundl960,reachingthehighestpercentageml970(seeFig.2).
Duringthisperiod,theestabnshmentofthenewsocialsystemwasahnostcom' pleted,andtheeconomyhadnlllyrecoveredhomthedamageofthewar,whichmadepeoplemuchmoregeographicallymobilemrbusmess,commuting,mgration,etc.Asaconsequence,thesechangesofsocialconditionshelpedtopromote
dialectcontact(Tmdginl986).

楓︲６０■■■■■Ｊ日日ⅡＪ０ｒｌＩ０Ⅱ４︐１凸ｑＩ１４ＩｌＩ１ｌｌ

1．21sthemediaimpactasociolinguisticmythinjapan？

20

9夢謬寂寂寂寂蚕寂寂寂寂寂寂雨季示寂両Warngure2:Thespreadoftelevisioninlapanesehouseholds(Ono1993:57)

Here,hemakesaspecialmentionofTV,implyingthatTVisoneofthekeyfactors
ofstandardization.SimilarviewshavebeentacitlyacceptedamongJapanesedialectologistsandareprevalentinthenteraturesonlanguagestandardization
andlanguagechange.Butthiskindofviewisgenerallypresentedmerelyas
anassumptionorpremse,andhardlyanyeffbrthasbeenmadetoestablisha
filrtherjreliableconfinnation.TherefOre, theimpactofthemediaonJapanese

Sibata'sreluctanceprobablycomesfromtheresultsofresearchstudiescon･ductedbytheNationallnstitutefOrJapaneseLanguage(NIJIJ,thepredecessor
oftheNationallnstituteofJapaneseLanguageandLinguistics(NINJAD,inl950
andl971.Theresearchgroupscouldnothndaclearcorrelationbetweentheuse
ofthestandardfOrmsandthetimespentwatchingTV,asclaimedbyWestemsocionnguists(cf.Chambersl998).
However,thereareqUiteafewscholarswhoassumetheinnuenceofTVon
language・Forexample,Kuno(1999:63),aJapanesedialectologist,makesthefOl‑

dialectsisstinanopensociolinguisticquestion.

lowingcommentabouttheinnuenceofTVonyoungpeople.

Japaneselanglage.

TT'ey li､e. youngpeople]nvetheir livesunderthestronginnuenceofthestan‑
dardvarietyhomthetimeoftheirbirthbecausethestandardvarietyisavanable
tothemeverywherelhml焔hTVoranyofhermedinandmeveIydaymteraction.
(OurtranslationandemphasiS)

Actuallyitherearesomelinguisticreportsthatmentiontheimpactofmedia(Mase1981,1996;NationallnstitutefOrJapaneseLanguagel953,1974,2007;Ono
1993;seeSection2).AlthoughtheyarenotastheoreticallyandmethodologicallyelaboratedastheGlasgowMediaProject(Stuart･Smith2011,2012;Stuart‑Smthet

a1.2013),theyaresuggestiveenoughtoassureusthatthemediaiscloselyrelated
tolanguagechangeinsomeway6Thus,wewillreviewtheresultsofthesestudies
inthefOnowingsectionandseewhatcanbesaidaboutthemediaimpacton

2Evidencefromsurveyresults:Theapparent‑timeparadigm
andthereal‑timeparadigm
Surveysoflanguagechangearegenerallycategorizedintotwotypes:appar‑−

3AccordingtoTakehiIoShioda(personalcommunication),anacademicresearcherattheNHK
BroadcastingCulmreResearchlnstimte,Sibatahimselfseemedtobelievemthemediamnuence
onstandardizationatleasttosomeextent.Althoughhecouldnotgiveadecisivecommentonthe
impactofmediabecausethereseax℃hesofthemnnerNINJALfbcusediustonpeople'scomma"dofthestandardvarietyinotontheircomprehensionabilityCibatal978b),heseemedtobesure
thatmedialanguageissomewhatrelevanttolanguagechange.

entFtimesmdiesandreal‑timesmdies.ThefbnnerprovidesawholepiCmreofthelmguisticconditionofaspeechcommunitywithasynchromcperspective.Inthelatterparadigm,wecanfbnowwhat泥αI"happenedtothelanguagewithacom‑parisonbetweenthepresentandthepast・Theoreticallyitheyarenotopposed
butrathercomplementarytoeachother,andifwehadresearchresultsmbothparadigmstheycouldgiveusthebestillustrationofhowourlanguagehasbeen176−−lchiroOtaandShojiTakano●●

authors,Mase(1981,1996),Ono(1993),andNIJL(1953,1974,2007).Whilethe’
１■ｑ■ＩＩ４ｐ１

innuencedbythemedia・HerewewnlreviewsomepriorstudiesdonebythreemostexamplesthatwewillcitefromMase'sandOno'sreports(in2.1)arepre‑
sentedmainlymtheapparent‑timeparadigm,thereportsofNIJLprovideempir‑
icalevidencemthereal‑timeparadigm.Ⅷththeevidenceofthesereports, itwouldbenotunreasonabletoclaimthatthebroadcasmgmediacanbeaninflu･Themediainnuenceonlanguagechangeinlapanesesociolinguisticcontexts‑‑177

Pattern

Tbne

Meaning

HLL(+L)
LHL(+L)
LHH(+L)
LHH(+H)crow(-NOM)
mindfNOM)
man(NOM)(+case‑markingparticlJ
Initialbll
Mid伯Ⅱ
Endfall

NoFall(orFlat)entialfactoronlanguageofalocalcommumtyb

Wordkamsu(egq)kckom(Lgq)oわkD(Lgq)
sdkum(Egqノ

cherry(-NOW

mblel・AccentpatternsofTbkyolapanesefbrthree‑morawords

2.1SurveysofYOshioMaseandYOneichiOno

fall,asmki:rSU.NE(LHH)(｡fbx')orwithapitchriseatthennaltoneumt,asm
ki・tsu.NE(LLH)msomedialects,thetypeiscallednmQcCe"蛇d・2.1.1AccentualchangesurveysofMase(1981,1996)

TheMihanaccent,mainlyspokenmtheOsakaandKyotoareas,alsohas
n+1pattems,buttherearetwobasictonemelodies,onebeginningwiththeH(high)toneandtheotherwiththeLOow)tone.Anwordscanbedividedinto

Mase(1981,1996)istheonlyreportsofarthathasdirectlyaddressedthethemeofTV'sinnuenceonJapaneselanguage・Hetriedtoshowtheevidenceofitsinnu‑
encenotonlybyfbnowingthecourseofstandardizationoflexicalaccentsinthe@accented'or@unaccented'mtheTbkyo‑andKansai‑typesystems.
Inaddition, thereisanothertypeofdialectwithnodistinctionoftone

appmenttimeparadigm,butalsobyrefemngtotheresultofhisownprevious
researchdoneatthesamesitewithareal‑timeperspective.Hisreport,whichis

arrangement・ThisiscalledtheaccenUesstypedialect,whichismamyfbund

basedontheresear℃hinl978andl972doesnotuseanyconceptofcontemporary

innorthernKanto,southernTbhoku,andKyushu・Peoplewiththisaccenttype

sociohnguisticsintheWest,buthedevelopsacarehllandelaborateddiscussion
comparablewiththatofcurrentvariationtheoryb

aregenerallynotverysensitivetoaccenmaldiHerences・Wewinseethistypeof

2.1.2Thepitch‑accentsystemoflapanesedialects
Befbregoingintothedetails,itwouldbehelpfUltointroducethebasicsofthe

2.1.3StandardizationofaTblWotypeaccentarea,Odagiri,Nagano
Mase(1981)assumesthat,ontheconditionthatpeoplegrowupwithTVbythe●

dialectinSection2.1.4.

pitch‑accentsystemofJapanese・AccordingtoShibatani(1990),intheJapanese

endofthelinglisticallycriticalperiod,itwouldbepossiblethatthelanguage

accenmalsystem,thearrangementoftonesfOrawordislexicallyspecined・mrhomTVcouldbemoreinnuentialthanothervarietiesavanabletothem・髄srea‐

example,two‑morawordswiththesamephonemcsetscanbedistinguishedby

somngisbasedonthecause‑and･effectlogicthatisgenerallyemployedinthe

theirtonestructures.

theoreticalmodelinthevariationtheoryialthoughhemerelyreportstheresearchame(LH),candy'

outcomeswithoutanyvariationisttypestatisticalconhrmation．Howeveri theresultsareconvincingenoughtoprovideevidencethatTVlanguagehashadame(HQ,rainP

aninfluenceonstandardizationofdialectsinhisresearchareas,0dagiriand

Chibataml990:177)

Sakurae･choinNagano(thissection),andlkawainShizuoka(2.1d4).

TherearesometypesofaccentualsystemsinJapanesedialects.OneistheTbkyo

First,wewilllookattheresultsofthesmdiesperfbrmedattwositesof

type,whichhasn(thenumberoftoneunits)+1pattemsandonebasictone

NaganoCitybOdagiriusedtobeasmallvillage,butnowitisasuburbanarea
ofthecitybTheresearchtherewascarriedoutinl978・Theotherresearchsiteis
Sakurae.cho,aninner‑cityarea,anditsresearchwascarriedoutinl971These
twoareashadtheTbkyo‑typeaccentualsystem,buttheaccentualpatternsfbr
lexicalitemswerenotalwaysidentical(seeTable2).SinceMaaehaddonestudies

melodyjH(orhigh)tone;fOrawordwiththreetoneunits,ithasfburpattems,
withthehightoneasitsbasictone,asshowninThblel.

Exceptfbrthelastone,theotherthreepattemshavean0accent',orapitchall,

withintheaccentdomain,consisting,fbrexample,ofanounandacase‑marking
particle・Thesetypesarecanedacce"ted・Ontheotherhand,ifthereisnopitchI

inbothareasoncebefbreinl961,hechosethemagaintoseewhetherhisargu‑

一但咽︒●ね︐●●︐︲●〃8−−lchimOtaandShojiTakano︐囮︲︲︐︐︲

Themediainnuenceonlanguagechangeinlapanesesociolinguisticcontext5--179，

ロ

一一一一一一

6

的釦飢加０

ロ

④︑①巨︑旦里声戸図ﾛ①ｍ⑳筐甸旦両一屋︒︽屋一屋Ｃｕ﹄︒①﹄ｏＵｍ

groupsachievedhigherscoresfOrbothvarieties.Inparticular,therearebigleaps
ofthescoresfOrbothareasinthegroupsbombetweenl946‑1957andafterl958.

一一一一一一accentualchangeprogressedintheapparent‑timeparadigm・Asawhole,younger①晩①二両且里夛陰画①︑①匡甸ユ甸一色︒︹筐Ｆ屋︒︺﹂︒①﹄︒︺ぬｆウトーｊｌＬ７９ｌ１﹂︒５０︐Ｉ︐

Theparticipants'responseswereelicitedbyaword‑readingtaskonlyiand
theywereclassinedonthebasisoftheiraccentpattems､4Figures3and4show
thescoresofCommonJapaneseandTVJapanese,whichdemonstratehowthe

IIIIIUII 」dト
ノ1頁目洞p弓P叩加︲冊︲︲︲︲︲

mentinthel961research,whichappearedinhisl965paperiwasstinvalidby
employingthereal‑timeparadigm.

■

■

ロ

ロ

I

TheyareexactlythegroupswhohavegrownupwithTVduringtheperiodoffirst' languageacquisition・TherefOre,itisconceivablethattheywereabletoaccessthelanguagebmadcastedonTVasasourceoflinguisticinput.
Mase(1981)assumedthattherewerethethreepotentialfactorswhichwould

BirthWar

impactheavilyonachild'sacquisitionoflexicalaccent: thelocaldialect,theprestigiousdialectofaneighbouringcityjandTVlanguage・Amongthem,heFigure38TheCommonlapaneseandWlapa･
nesescoresfOrOdagiriinl978(thefullscore
isl82)(MaSel996:17)

hypothesizedthatthemedialanguagewasmoreinnuentialthanapresdgious
dialectofaneighbouringarea(andprobablytheirownlocaldidectaswell).His
conclusioninthel965studywasthatthestandardizationofaccentobserved
amongtheyoungergenerationofOdagiriwasimportedhomitsurban(i.e.
urbanareafUnctionsasthekeybctorfbrlanguagechange(standardizationin

thiscase)msurroundingareas・HoweveriMasesurmisedthat,consideringthe
quickspreadofTVinthel960s,asshowninFig､2,TVcouldbeamorepowerfulpromotingfOrceoflanglagechange.

｡‑9p

6bubble･NOM'

AccentPattems

LH+L

luniorHighStudents luniorHighStudents
inOdagirim
inSakurae‑chomneseScoresfOrSakurae‑choinl979(thefull

SCoreiS182)(MaSel996:17)

33.3%inl961).ConsideringthefactthatthisistheveryPattemthatlOO%ml961
and75%ml978oftheoldergenerationproduced,thisaccentnotonlyisidenti‑

1978

19

1978

1961

calwithCommonJapanese,butitwasalsooncethelocalpattem・Howeverithe

96．5

33．3

78．1

11．4

youngestgeneration(theprimaryandsecondaryschoolpupils)ml961seemed

3．5

66．7

21．9

88．6

⑩lderpatteminOdagiri)
HL+L

FIgure4:TheCommonlapaneseandWlapa‑

Hecomparedthedegreeofstandardizationoflexicalaccentmthesetwo
areaS・ Ifthelanglageoftheurbanareaisstillinfluentialasadesirablemodel
oflanglagechangefbrsurroundingareas,asMase(1965)concluded,Saku‑
rae‑cho,theurbanarea,shouldbeaheadofOdagirimitsscoresfbrthestan‑
dardorCommonJapaneseaccents.Howeverithel981resultshowedthat,withrespecttoiumorhighsmdents'adoptionoftheCommonJapaneseaccents,
Odagiriwasaheadinsomelexicalitems・Forexample,asshowninTable2,theaccentpattemofawagga｡bubble‑NOM'inOdagiriusedtobeaWA+ga(LH+L,

sociallyprestigious)area,Sakurae･cho・Thismeansthatthelanguageofthe

恥『。

BirthYear

tomovetowardthelocalprestigioustype,A.wa+ga(HL+L,66.7%),whichwas

thepattemofSakurae‑cho.Theyearofl961ismthepre‑TVage・Thestandard
mnnsoflexicalaccentswereunlikelytobeavanablefOrpeoplehvinginaruralarea,sothatyoungerpeopleseemtohavebeenattractedtotheprestigious,orTable2:Accentualchangeofiunior･highStudentSintworeSidentialareasofNagano(MaSel981）

perhapsstylish,urbanaccent・About20yearslateritheyoungergenerationof
thel978researchcamebacktotheLH+Lpattem(96.5%)whichwasnkelyto

befrequentlyheardonTVbroadcastasanaccentpattemofthestandardvarietyb
Ontheotherhand,thepercentageofSakurae･choisbehind(88.6%).TherefOre,■■■■■■■■■■■■■

thisresultindicatesthatTVlanguagebecamemoreinfluentialthananeighbour‑

4ThereisnodetaileddescriptionoftheresearchmethodmMase(1981),butoneofhismf
mersmdents,YaSueNakato,kindlyinmnnedusaboutit･ThesourceoftheinmrmationisMase
himself(Nakato,personalcommunicaUon).

ingprestigiousdialectinthelatel970s・Thiswillbethepresumptiveevidenceto
supportourclaimfOrmediainfluenceonlanguagechange.
Ｉｒ４Ｇ１０Ｉ■Ⅱ上180-1chiroOtaandShojiTakano

Themediainnuenceonlanguagechangeinjapanesesociolinguisticcontexts-181

Theresearchmlkawa,aruralareaofShizuokaCityjwasdoneinl980・Itisa(1996)cansfbrmorecomprehensive,mterdisciplmaryresearchontherelation‑
shipbetweenlanguagechangeandthemedia,butwehavenotyetseensucha

gmall,̲isolatedvinageatthefOotoftheSouthernJapaneseAlps・Thedistancereporthereinlapan.

transportationservices,itisdifficulttoimaginethatpeoplewouldhavehadfre‑
qUentinteractionsoutsidethevinagethatcouldhaveledtodialectcontactsim･

2.1.5StandardizationoflexiCalaccentinSappom,Hokkaido
Ono(1993)investigatedthestandardizationofSapporoJapanesebasedonrandom

2.1.4Standardizationinanaccentlessarea,Ikawa,Shizuoka

fromth¥itygentreofShizuokaisonlyabout55kilometres,bui,consideringiiS
SeographiCJlocadOn,sunoundedbymountainsandwithinsufficientpdblic

ations.

samplingofl28inhabitantshomeightagecohorts・Anofhisdatawerederived

Thetr"qnJaccentUalsystemofthelkawadialectwastheaccenUesstype.

homthetasksofreadingaloudanumberofcarehlllyconstructedsentencesas
wenasafewlongerpassages.Althoughthisisasmdyinprogress,Ono(1993)dis‑
cussessynchronicvariationinaccenmalpattemsofnounsacmssgenerations.
TheaccenmalpattemsofHokkaido(Sapporo)JapanesebelongtotheTbkyo
type・Two‑moranouns,whichhavebeenacommonmcusofpriorsmdies,canbeclassifiedintothenvetypes(inconiunctionwithtonesalignedtotheimmem‑

HoweveIbthebigleapoftheCommonJapanesescoreinFigure5demonstrai""theyoungergenerationhaveacquiredtheCommonJapanesetypeofa&gng
Walsyst"despitethefactthattheyscarcelyhadcontaEtoutsidbrthevillage.

nlepeoplebomaroundl960couldhavehadaTVsetintheirhouseholdssinCg6f＋＋〃L"+LDLHw+L

Ｈ叩何

ＬＬ

十＋

"L+L

"L"+L,LHw+L

ＨＨ
ＬＬ

TypelV〃L＋L

Ｌ″

Hokkaido

lypeiII

ＬＬ

m町O

Typell

＋＋

6:1鋤

TypeV

TypeI

ＨＨ

l

atelyfOnowingcase‑markingparticlessuchasthenomnalgn)showninTable3.
ＨＨ
ＬＬ

甸旦︑一匡○声筐声匡︒Ｊ︼回Ｕ﹄包凹︑

岨
０４
ｔ２
ｏ０
５６

Figure5:TheCommonlapanesescorefOrlkawainl980(thefullscoreis96)(Mase１１shortlyaftertheirbirth,whichleadsustopresumethattheymaywellhavebeen
underthemfluenceofTVduringtheperiodoftheirlanguageacquisition.

mble3.CompariSonSbetweenTbkyoandHokkaidolapaneseaccentualpatterns(two･mora
nounS)

Thetableindicatesthetonaldiscrepancies(italicized)betweenTbkyoandHoIG

kaidoJapaneseinTypesll(e､g・kamiggn$paper‑NOM'),WandVaccentualpat
ternS・TypeslVandVaccentpattemsinHokkaidoJapanesearenotconstrained
systematicallybythetypologyofnounspersebutbythekindsofvowelsinthe
secondmora: ifitisnarrowvowels(i,u),theaccentpattemisidenticaltothe

BirthWarTbkyotype,HLN+L(e.g.hashign@chopsticks‑NOM'),andifitisopenvowels(a,e,o),itfbnowsthediffrentpattem,LHw+L(e､9.,soagn･skyeNOM').

Thereisnodoubtthatdialectcontactininteractionisoneofthemajorfbrcesof
languagechange・HoweverpMaseturnsdownthispossibnityfOrthecaseoflkawa
becallsetheCommonlapanesescoreoftheolder(preW)generationiSimi""eyerliftheyhadexperiencesoflivinginotherplac"InspiteofthefaEf"tthey"diladmorechancesofdialectcontactthaiitheyoungbrgeneraml;!jisgrouphadnotacquiredtheCommonJapaneseaccentsPiopeMiaddifi6ii;
iheCommollJapanesescoresoftheyoungergeneration, iiiclddingpupilSMii

Figure6demonstratesthatthegenerationofspeakerswhowerebomduring
theperiodl951‑1960begantoshiftdrasticallytowardtheCommonJapanese
accentpatternswithrespecttoallofthesethreeaccenttypes,andthistrend
increasedsteadilywiththesucceedinggenerations.
Ono(1993)arguesfOrthelmguisticeHectsoftelevisionasapotentialcause
ofthislarge‑scalestandardizationofHokkaidoJapanese.Aswecaninferhom･

fewerexperiencesoflivingoutsideofthevillage,arehigherthanfii6s5ofof

surroundingareaswiththeTbkyo‑type(i､e. thesameasCommonJapanese)

Fig.6,thegenerationofspeakerswithrapidstandardization(boml951F1960)
compriseasociolinguisticallydistinctgroup,whichsignincantlydiffersfromthe

languageasthemostlikelydrivingfbrcebehindthislanguagechihge.Magg

precedinggenerationsintermsoftheirexposuretolanglagevarietiesthroughtelevision.Thisgenerationofspeakersgrewupvirtuallywiththenewi4excidng'

accentsystem(Masel981:16).Therefbre,itwouldbereasonabletoregardmedia

１１182−−lchiroOtaandShoiiTakano

ThemediainnuenceonlanguagechangeinlapaneSeSociolinguiSticcontexts-=183

０
０２
００
８０
６４

alongimdinalstudy(e､g.107inl971,and53inl991).6AlthoughTSumokahas

patternsoftwo‑moranouns

becomebiggerwithsomeadministrativeconsondationssmcel924,thesamples
comparabletothisonewithareal‑timeperspective.

ロ回

夕ロ

り心ｕ

一画

Thennguisticaspects investigatedarephonologicalsegments, lexical
accent,grannnar,andlexicalitems,andthedatawerecollectedthroughinter‑viewswithaqUestionnaire・TheinfbrmationontheinfOnnantscollectedmthe
1991surveymcludeddemography;residentialhistory;birthplacesofparticipant,

＋Ｌい
仙佃Ｈ
Ｉｌ
ＶＶ
ｆ
Ｉ
ｅ
ｅｅ
Ｄ．ｐ︑ｐ︑

令一一

口

Figure6:GenerationalvariabilityinaCcentual

wereselectedhomahnostthesameresidentialareas・Thereisnoothersurvey

叩叩叩屋︒Ｐ匡Ｅ◎︒﹄︒①︑回﹈筐のＵ﹄の己めＥ①担両竺芒①廿迂①︑①匡画巨星

100

spouse,andparents;commumcationbeyondTburuoka;exposuretomassmedia;
andlanglageattimde・Sincethissmdytriedtotakeageneralpictureoflanguagechangeinalocalcommumtybthemediainnuenceisjustoneoftheirinterests.But
theresultsaresuggestiveenoughfbrustoargueabouttheinteractionofmedia、国

BirthWar

andlanglage.

TheresearchresultsshowusthestagesmthemovementtowardCommon

Japanesethatthelocalvarietyhasfbllowed.Intheprefacetothesecondsurvey
report,NIJL(1974)suggestedthatpotentialfactorsfOrthestandardizationwere
mobilityieducation,andthemassmedia(especiallyTV).Interestinglyjitwasless
than20yearsfromthefirstTVbroadcastthattheresearchersassumedTVtobe
acrucialfbrceoflanguagechange・Probablythisassumptionwasmade,based

arrivaloftelevisionsetsintheirhouseholds,andnomatterwheretheylivedit
waspossibletoreceiveCommonJapaneseaspartofthennglisticinputonwhich
theirlanguageacquisitionwasbased.

ontheirobservationsoflinguisticsimationsinlocalcommunities・Theymust

2.2Standardizationinthelealtimeparadigm:NIIL(1953,1974,2007)

havewimessedrapidanddrasticchangestowardCommonJapanesetakingplaceinmostregionaldialects.Itistruethatgreatermobilityandhighereducational
standardscouldhaveplayedimportantroles,butthediffUsionofCommonJap‑
anesewassoquickthat,eventhoughlanglagechangecouldbecausedbytheinteractionoflinguisticandsocialfactors,theresearcherscouldnothelpsus‑
pectingapowerfulfactorthathadnotexistedinl950,i､e・television.

2.2.1TheTSuruokasurvey

TheNationalInstituteofJapaneseLanguageandLinguistics(NINJAIJanditspre‑
decessorTheNationalInstimtefbrJapaneseLanguage(NIIIjhavecarriedout
consecutivesurveystogainanoverviewofstandardizationinalocalcommunityb
TheresearchsiteisTburuokaCityiYamagataPrefecture,about450kmnorthof

Tbkyo・聡uruokaisatypicallocalcitymtheTbhokuRegion(thenorth‑eastern

partofJapan)withapopulationofaboutl35,000in2012・TheTbhokuRegion
iswenknownfbritsheavilyaccented,orstigmatized,dialectcalledzuuzuu‑ben

2.2.2TherelationshipbetweenphonologicalchangeinTSuruokaandthe
media(zazadialect)(Sibatal998).

Fromhere,wewillfOcusonthephonologicalchangetakingplaceinsegmental
phonemesandlexicalaccent,andwewillconsiderhowTVisinvolvedinstan‑

Thefirstsurveystartedinl950,andsincethen,threemnow‑upsurveyshave
beencarriedoutapproximatelyevery20years, inl971,1991,and2011.5Thisis
acarefilllydesignedandlarge‑scalesocial･surveyatypestudybTheinfOnnantsconsistofrandomsampleschosenfromtheresidentialregisterfbracross‑sec‑

dardization・TherateofstandardizationisnotthesamefbrallUnguisticitems,

yetthemorerecentthebirthyearand/orthesurveytime,themoreCommonJap‑
anesefOrmswefind.

tionalstudy(e.g.577inl950,457inl971,405inl991),andpanelsamplesfbr■■■■■■■■■■■■■

6Thel991surveyalsoincludes261sampleshomthel971surveyasthesecondgroupofpanel■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■

5The2011reporthadnotyetbeenpublishedatthetimeofwritingthisartide.

samples.
1184−−IchiroOtaandShoiiTakano

Themediainnuenceonlanguagechangeinlapanesesociolinguisticcontexts‑‑185

一・

１１

15

■■ーー1■■一一一

0

一一

０７
１
５
９１
９
１

四﹄︒︺由①四面﹄の夛阿のニト︑↑匡①一廷︑の︑①晩①匡呵ユ飼一臣◎一匡一廷︒︺﹄○

crucial.Therefbre,thegapsinscoreamongthesethreesurveysareregardedasa
renectionoflinguisticsituationsatthetimeofeachsurveybWepresumethatthe
nnguisticsituationofthel950surveydidnotorersufficientlinguisticinputsfOr
abettercommandofCommonJapanese,butthatofl971andl991didsosuccess‑hlllybThishappenedpresumablybecausethelinguisticsimationswerealteredby

2gq■■ I■■一一一一■■■ q■■ I■■ー

÷1991−一一一一thechangeofsocialcondition.
Then,whatcausedthechangeofthelinguisticsimationfbrlanguageacquisi‑

甲tion?Asmentionedabove,NIJL(1974)referstothreepossiblefactorsfOrlanguagechange:(1)increasingoccasionsfOrdialectcontactduetothegrowthofmobil･
ityb(2)higherstandardsofeducation,and(3)rapiddevelopmentofmassmedia.
ActuallyithepercentageofyoungpeopleinTburuokawhowentontofUrtheredu‑
cationaftersecondaryeducationroseremarkablyfrom34､3percentinl950to
78.2percentinl971・Thechancesfbrdialectcontacthadalsoincreasedconsider‑ー一一一日■■一一ーq■■−−1■

Oagecohort。

■

全

紗伊ふふ獣〆
Age

Figure7:CorrelationbetweenCommonlapa‑
nesescoreofphonologicalsegmentsandage
inTSuruokasurveys(NIIL2007:23)

BirthWar

ablybecauseofthedevelopmentofcommunicationstechnology(e､g・thespread

Figule8:CorrelationbetweenCommonjapa‑

oftelephones)andimprovedtransportation.However,thegreatestchangethat

neseScoreoflexicalaccentsandagecohort

happenedinthefirst20years(betweenl950andl971)wastheemergenceofa

inTEuruokasurvey5(NIIL2007:23).

newmedia,television・BytheendofMarchl972,94．9percentofthehouseholds
inTburuokaownedatelevision.Itistruethattheothertwofactorscontributed

tothediffUsionofCommonJapaneseaccent,butNIJL(1974:111)arguesthatTV
hadthebiggestinnuenceonthechangeofdialect・Theirdiscussionwasrather
impressionisticanddidnotpresentanyspecificevidenceasmightbefbundina

figuxe7shpwstheCommonJapanesescoresofphonologicalsegmentsdescribedm哩呼唖ge.jhescoregdisplayedonthev@rticaldinnensio壺壺碇孟遜
●WlberpftheCOmmonJapanesefbnnsthateachagegroupprod"JM5

correlationalanalysis,butitisnoteasytorejecttheirviewifweadmtfromour

differentsurveytimes・Themaximumscoreis31.7Asweexpectedabove,themostrecent(i､e.1991)sUrveyachievedthebestscoresfbreabhagegroup;thesecond‑mostrecentone(i､e1974)comesnext,andthel950onelast.HoWever,ownexperiencethatTVisapotential(andthemostprobable)factorinaltering
ourcreal'langlageusage(cfSmart‑SmithandOtainthisvolume).
AnotherresultwouldconstitutebetterevidencefOrtheinnuenceofTV.Figlre

eachagggohort,designatedbyacircleinthefigure,achieved司応i碇壺扉scoresqfPommonlapaneseevenatthedifferentsurveytimes､8Forexample,thescoreofthe26‑36agegroupinthel950surveyis20.8,andtheyachieved2Z､3in
1971.Thisindicatesthatthelinguisticcommandfbrphonologicalsegments,once

8showstheCommonJapanesescoreoflexicalaccentthateachcohortachieved

inthethreesurveys・Themaximumscoremrthislinguisticitemis5・Interestinglyi
thescoresdiHerateachinterval,whichcontradictstheresultsshowninFig.Z

Thesescoregapsarebiggerthanthoseofsegmentalphonemes,whichindicates
thattheinformantscouldhavebeenacquiringabettercommandofConnnon
JapanesefOrlexicalaccentevenafterthelinguisticallycriticalperiod.Thisispre‑sumablybecausethelinguisticsituationcanbechangedalongwithsocialcon･ditions,andanewsimationoffersanewsetoflinguisticinputsfOrlocalpeople.
TherefOre,thegapsinFig､8shouldbeconsideredaconsequenceofsomesocialchanges・YOkoyamaandSanada(2010)presumethatthemostconceivb
ablechangeofsocialconditionbetweenl950andl971thatisrelatedtolanguage

2W"winhardVCllangefbralifetime,andthatfbraciuisitioii5EEEM
talphonemes,linguisticinputsbefOrethelinguisticallycriticaiPEM5EIHBg{−

Z聖空"29UeF"9peticreangationofsegmentalphonemes,picturedescnptiontaskSwer@

雪空岬jbr25outof31items,andanswexinganmterViewer'sq,i罰応fm鮭§鮒孟懸
2f"alacgentswereobtainedbypictured@Scriptiontask61ilf

鯉緊Z陛§ER唱｡?5‑2595egr91J"thel950surveyisifiegularlylowA1thoughtheyaro
thepre‑TVgeneration,theyachieved玉.7in1971,20yearsafterthefirstsulveytDuringtheSe20",lWWWleirnpguistiQabilityasbninguals.ThisisbecaE"IimEMM
iWWWgl9YY"emtoacq"thestandara yeveiiamHEMEHMMI■operiod･Inotherwords,bymeansofthealrivalandspreadbfTM｜

acquisitionisthespreadofTV.Thereisalsoagapofscoresbetweenl971and1991,butitissmanerjprobablybecausetheimpactofTVlanguagemayhavebeen
reducedsinceTVwasnolongera@new'tecmologyh186−−lchiroOtaandShojiTakano

Themediainfluenceonlanguagechangeinlapanesesociolinguisticcontexts=‑187

2.3Whatdothesesurveystellus？

1950s)toCommonJapaneseinputbutalsohascontributedtothetransmissionof
innovativefeaturesthatdonotnecessarilycorrespondwith6standard'Con皿onTbsummarizethissection, itwouldbebetteronceagaintothinkaboutthe

meaningofthemediaimpactonstandardizationofregionaldialectsmJapanese
SoCioUnguisticcontexts.Whenwesay"standardizationofdialect'', itusually
includestwodifferentaspectsofstandardization・Oneisthesystematicchangeof

Japanese・Inthefbllowingsections,weempiricallydemonstrate,bymcusmgpar‑
ticularlyonlexicalaccentsandsententialpitch,thatthoseinnovativefeamres
aretransmittedbyyoungerspeakersofdifferentdialectsaroundthecountryas.supra‑local'variables.

dialecttowardthestandardvarietyjorCommonJapanese,Theotheristhedevel‑

opmentofanmdividualspeaker'scommandofthestandardvarietybThetenn@standardization'referstothefbnneringeneralcontexts,butitseemsthatmost

3.1Emergenceofade‑StandardizedversionoflexicalaccentsUrveysinJapanhaveinvestigatedthelatterbifwemterpretcarefullythequality
ofsurveyresponsesandwhattheresponsesreflect・Inmostofthesurveyscon‑

Linguisticinnovationstowardde‑standardizationbytheyoungergenerations

ductedthusfarwithdialectologicalinterests,thespeechdatahavebeencOllectedhavebeenwell‑knownasthefOrmationofsh加‑hoqgen(@newdialect')inJapanesebyelicitationthmughquizzesordescribingpictureSinaninterviewsetting,The
quantyoftheresponsesisratherdifferentfromthatofthespontaneousspeech
datacollectedinasociolinguisticinterviewiwhichIepresentsthelanguaggactu･

socionnguisticcontexts・ Inoue(1983), fOrexample,clamsthattheemergenceallyusedbyspeakersindiscourse(cfLabovl984).
Hence,theresultsofstandardizationsurveysshouldnotbeconsideredasthe

actualuseofthestandardvariety(orCommonJapanese)butratherastheproiec‑
tionoftheindividual'sconnnandofit,whichcoexistswiththatoftheregionalvarietyinhisorherlinguisticsystemasabi‑dialectalspeaker(cfNIJL2007).The
impactofthemediaondialectsdoesnotsimplyleadtoasystematicchangeofのthelanguageofboththeindividualandthecommunityBThebettercommandof
CommonJapanesethatindividualshave,themorelinguisticresourcesareavaila‑
bletothemfbrstylingorstylizing(cfCoupland2007).Also,weshouldmsistonce

ofnewdialectsischaracteristicofbothinitialandintermediatestagesoflan‑

guagechange(i､e・standardizationinthiscontext).Referringspecificallytotheroleoftelevision,InouefUrtherpointedoutthatthenationwidetransmissionof
TVJapanesehadprogressedbecausethecasualstyleofspeechthatpeopleareconstantlyexposedtoonTVprogrammesismoreappmachablethanstandard
Japanese,whichisassociatedwithfOnnalityandliteracyb

Figures9andlO,whichpresentexamplesofdiffusionofade‑standardized
accentfrompastsmdies(Masel981;Onol993),provideempiricalevidencefbr
thenationwidetransmissionofanidentical,innovativeTVJapaneseaccentfOr

thewordkuma(Gbear')mOdagiri(seeSecdon2､1.3.)andSapporo(Hokkaido)(seeFig.1,themapofJapan).

againthat,nomatterwhichtheoreticalpositionsinSection2ofStuart.SmithandDespitegeographicaldistanceandthelackofdirectmutualcontact, theOta(inthisvolume)youtake,itisanobviousfactthattherapiddevelopmentof
thecommandofCommonJapaneseco加cideswiththespreadofTV.

lexicalaccentku.MA(LH)fbrkuma(@bear'),whichwastheCoⅡⅢnonJapanese

3Similaritybeyondgeographicaldistance:De‑standardization

inlexicalaccentandsententialpitchtraiectory
Thusfarbwehavediscussedthepotentialeffectsofthemedia,especianygiven
theproliferationoftelevisionsetsinlapanesehouseholds,onfirst‑langUage

1ypeaccent,hasbeenreplacedbyanon‑standard,innovativeTVJapaneseaccentpattern,KU.ma(HDbothinOdagiriandSapporo・TheinnovationinOdagiri(Fig.9)startedinthegroupbomduringtheperiodl947‑195ZandtheTVaccentexceededattheyoungestgroupbornafter1958.Similartothispattemofchange
inOdagiri,thegenerationofSapporoJapanesespeakerswhogrewupwithtelevi‑sion(1958‑1969)mitiatedthereplacementoftheCommonlapaneseaccent(LH)bytheTVJapaneseaccent(HD(Fig.10).Inthesegeographicallydistantplaces,
whereitisveryunlikelythatinhabitantswnlhavedirectmumalcontact, theacquisitionandtheresultinglarge‑scalestandardizationoflocaldialectstowards
ConnnonJapanese.Incontrast,thepresentsectiondiscussesthecoexistenceof

courseofstandardizationofthelocaldialects(towardsCommonJapanese)has

linguisticvariationandchangeintheoppositedirection(i､e､, dde‑standardiza‑

inthecontextofchildren'sfirstlanguageacquisition.

tiOn'orthefbnnationofnewdialects),whichiscommonlyobservedinthespeechofyoungergenerationsanoverthecountryBAsexplamedearlier(1.1),TVJapanese
hasnotonlyeXposedtheTVgenerations(thosewhowerebornroughlyafterthe

AnotherrObustpieceofempiricalevidencecanbeobtainedftomNnrs(2007)Tburuokadialectsurvey(Fig.11),whichalsoshowshowanewerTV‑typeaccentmrc伽Fmen4(･[TV]channel')replacesanolderone,alongwiththequick

beendrasticallyalteredinanidenticalfashionsincethepropagationoftelevision188 -lchiroOtaandShoiilakano

Themediainfluenceonlanguagechangeinlapanesesociolinguisticcontexts--189

ーーー ･ ･ .

ーー . ･ーー. ｡. ･一 ..ー･判

一一一』■■一一−一一一一

7
認−q■■ q■■一一一一q■■ーq■■ q■■q■■ I■■一一一■■■一一一日■■I■■一一一■■■一一一

一−1■■

Ⅱ■■一一一一q■■一一一一q■■‑‑q■■一一一一q■■ q■■一一一q■■一一︑一屋①Ｕ﹄①ユ,ommon
令‑LH(Common
japanese)'ese)‑HL(TVlapanesJ
VlapanesJ

100

０
０４
０２
００
８６

一ーーーI■■一一一■■■ーq■■一一一ー■■■ーロー△､一一
一一・■■ーq■■一一一一q■■−〜−−Ⅱ■■−Ⅱ■■一晩①ニエ︾﹄屋①ＵＵｍ﹄◎①

０
０４
０２
００
８６

３ユご旨８局宕島巴匡ｇ缶垈

100

TheseresultsclearlyindicatethatTVJapaneseexertedGSupra-local'effects
onfirstslanglageacqUisitionofchildrenregadlessofwheretheywerebornor
grewup.TheimpactoftheaudioavisualmediasuchasTVandvideocontentonーlanguageseemsrelativelysmallerthesedaysbecausemanyregionaldialectshave
alreadybeenlevelledoutandhaveincreasedthehomogeneityoftheirnnguisticq■■matllres,However,itistruethatthemediaarestnloneofthepowerfUlfactors■■■

inthesensethattheyareconstantlychanginglinglisticsituationsbyintroducI■■

ingnewnnguisticmaterialsasinputsfbrlanguageacquisition.Ofparticularsig
nifirnncearethefactsthatthemediaanowthosenewmaterialstobeadopted

夢
BirthWar

Figure9:Replacementofkumd(@bear9)in

０６
０４
０２
０
８

３１言芒ｇ蔦ち品巴５ピ＆100

simultaneouslybytheyoungergenerationsalloverthecountrywithoutdirectcommunicativecontactandthattheseunifOrmitarianinnovations6.e.de-stan-

dardization)coexistwithlarge-scalestandardizationoflocaldialectsinJapan.9
ThefbnowingsectionpresentsfUrtherempiricalevidencefbrthisunifbrmitarian
impactofthemedia,fbcusingonsententialprosodyb

BirthYear

FigurelO:Replacementkuma(.bear')in
Sapporowiththenon･standardWaccent①nol993).

１１

Odagiriwiththenon‑standardWaccent(Masel981:12)

駅

Figurell:Systematiccorrelationbetween

Speakers'birthyearandtheaccentfOrthe
wordc加""eru(@channel')intheTSuruoka
surveys(NIIL2007:141)

3.2Sententialpitchlevellingasasupra･localinnovationanditssocial
meanings

Morethanthreedecadesago,Sibata(1978a)firstpointedoutthatpitchinJapa-

nesehadincreasinglybeenlevenedinthespeechofyoungergenerations･Sibata
restrictshisobservadonstothespeechofyoungerpeopleinTbkyo,whilesug

gestingthenecessitytolookintootherlocaldialectsfOrfurtherconfinnationof
thispotentiallinguisticchange.Itiscertainlyanintriguingquestion:Isthelevel･mgofsententialpitchsmplyalocalizedphenomenonspecifictoTbkyo,orisit
anationwidelmguisticchange‑in‑progressobservedinthespeechoftheyounger0

generationsthroughoutthecountry？

夢ダダ紗鮮渉Age■■■■■■■■■■■■■■

9Thelinguisticeffectsoftelevisionarealsoevidentmthe｡supra‑local'adaptationofKansai(westernJapan)dialectfeamresbytheyoungergenerations.InthevolumeJinnouchiandTb‑

spreadofTVstartingfromaroundl960.Theinitialhighaccentpatternhasbeen

mosadaCOO5),whichinvestigafsthecurrentstateofreceptionofKansaidialectsmvarious

replacedbythenataccentpattern・BothareconsideredtobeCommonJapanese
one,whichisusuallyheardonTVbisdiffusingamongyoungerpeople.Thelines
intersectatthe25‑34cohort‑peoplebombetweenl957andl966,whoarethe
firstcohortsurroundedbytheTVaccentduringtheirperiodoflanguageacquisi‑tion.FOrthecohortsbornafterl966,thescoreofthenataccentgreatlyexceeds
●

●

１１１

inthefburtheditionoftheNHKaccentdictionarypublishedinl998,butthenat

theother=regionsofJapan,anumberofChapters(e.g.coveringOkinawa,Hiroshima,Okayama,Tbkyo,
andSapporo)pomtoutthattelevisionisresponsiblefbryoungerspeakers'adoptionofKansai
dialertgineachlocalcommum呼皿ofthechapCrs,thoughwithoutanyscientificevidence,shareanmterpretationofsocialmeaningsofKansaidialectsassociatedwiththepopularcul･
mreofKansai‑stylecomedies・ComedianshomKansaiarenotexpectedtoshifttheirdialectsto
ConmonJapanese(andiftheydoso,theyusuallysoundstrangel).TheirrigoroususeofKansai
dialertscontributestotheireffectivenessinmakingpeoplelaugh,andisweU‑acceptedbyyoung

１１peoplealloverlapan.

190一一にhiroOtaandShojiTakano

ThemediainnuenceonlanguagechangeinlapaneseSociolingui5ticcontexts--191

Inthissection,weinustratethelevellingofsententialpitch(FO)asanotherexampleofasupra･local(i､e.de･standardizmg)innovation,whichwehypothe･sizeresultsfromtheunifOnnitarianfbrceofthemediaoperatingontheTVgen‑erations・Aseriesofourstudiesshowthatpitchcontoursinthespeechofthe
youngergenerationsinJapanhavebecome(atleaststylistically)Simnarona
nationwidescale,despitelargediscrepanciesintheaccenmalsystemsofdifferb
entdialectsandthescarcityofspeakers'directmumalcontacts(TakanoandOta

Table4showsthedemographicinfbnnationontheparticipantsandthe
numberoftokens(i.e.numberofsentencesreadaloud)analyzedfbreachof

2005,2007;OtaandTakano200Z2008a,b,c;Otaetal.,2012).

setof6vediHerentde‑contexmalizedsentences.'zTheHokkaidoparticipantsin

FOrourneldworksites,wechosetwodialectregionsatoppositeendsofIapan(HokkaidoandKagoshima)thatdiffertypologicallyhomeachotherinaccenmal
systems(Hirayamal960)andthatcanalsobeassumedtolackdirectmumal

particularreadeachsentenceatleasttwice,andwedecidedtomcludeallofthe

thespeakergroups・Notethatourdatadonotmcludetheoldergenerationof
Kagoshima‑dialectspeakers・Inthecourseofourheldwork,wedecidednotto●

takeintoconsiderationolderKagoshimaspeakersfbrourregion/agecompari‑
sonsbecauseevenintheread‑aloudtasktheirsententialpitchcontourswerefartoodistincttobecomparablewiththeremaⅢnnggroups・Eachparticipantreada●readingsastokensfOranalysis.
ＩＩＩｌＩ

contact(seeFigurel).DataonHokkaidodialects,whicharegenerallydivided
intotwosubgroups(i､e.mlandandcoastal),wereconectedmtwoplaces,thecity

ofSapporo(inland)andtheruraltownofShin‑HidakaonthesouthcoastofHolC

kaido(coastal).KagoshimadialectdatawereconectedinthecityofKagoshima.
Giventhegeneralfactthatdescriptionsofprosodyarestylisticallydeprived
inpastsmdies,weaimedtoexaminethisvariableasdemonstratedinmultiple
registersderivedfromthreespecificspeech‑productiontasks:(1)readingaloudartificialsentencesinisolation,(2)newspassagereading,and(3)spontaneously

describmgacartoonstory;TheywereconsideredtodiffermthecontimmmOf●

SpeakerGmups

No｡ofSPeakers

No.ofmkens

SapporoYbung(20to23yearsofagd

16(1males,15females)l49

SappomOld(51to77)
Shin･HidakaYCung(14to21)

10(10femalej

105

10(7males,3females)15(6males,9female5)7(2maleS,5femaleS)

166

Shin‑HidakaOld(57to77)

KagoshimaYOung(19to2D

98

35

Table4,Participantsinthetaskofreadingde･contextualizedsentences,andthenumberof
tokensanalysed1

contextofuse,withTask(3)atthemostnamralisticend・ Inthesucceedingsec‑

Tbmeasuredegreesofmagnitudeofpitch(FO)movement,wefOcusedonfive

tionS,wewilldiscussthefindingsmainlyfromthefirsttwotasks(i.e・sentenCeg
andnewspassagesreadaloud),basedonourrecentre‑analysesofthedata.'o
AsinustratedinSection2.1.2.,Japaneseisapitch‑accentlanguage.Eachword

aspectsofmovement(Fig.12):Shiftl[S1:thefirstAPpeaktoitsbottom],Shift2(S2:thefirstAPbottomtothesecondAPpeald,Shift3[S3:thesecondAPpeak
toitsbottom],Shift4IS4:thesecondAPbottomtothethirdAPpeamandShift5[S5:thefirstAPbottomtothesecondAPbottom](Fig.12).Shift5inparticularisisspecifiedaseitheraccentedO'uu‑kaku)orunaccented(mu‑knkM),although

thereisagreatdealofdialectalvariation.Asthestimuli,weconstructednWe
artificial,de･contexmalizedsentencesthatconsistedonlyofaccentedwords・mrexample,asentence"o"ﾉ＠kIVん賊蛇流"""ign/"Q'"(@Itismeamnglesstomakeeffbrts')consistsoffburaccentedaccentualphrases(APhereinafter),''meanttomeasurethedegreeofpitchdeclination.

Measurementsofpitchvalues(i､e.Hz)wereexecutedatO､0ﾙsintervals

automaticallybyPitchWorksfbrPC(SciconRandDIncinBeverlyHills,CA).We
convertedthoserawHztoz‑scoresfOrnormalization,andthenwemanually
identifiedeachofthefbllowingscores:firstAPpeak,6rstAPbottom,secondAP

andeachAPcontainsoneaccentedword・Weconstructedseveralsetsofhve4･AP
sentenceslikethisandaskedeachparticipanttoreadthemaloud.

peak,secondAPbottom,andthirdAPpeak・Finallyiwecalculatedthedifference
betweentwoscores(e､g.AP1peak‑AP1bottomfbrShiftl)asanindexfbreachof
theabove･mentionedshiftsinpitch(Shiftslthrough5;seeTable5).

■■■■■■■■■■■"mSptpcesshasbeensupportedbytheNINIALConaborativeResearchPlioiect(organized
byyOshiyukiAsahi), @nconstructionofatypologicaltheoryonnnguisticchangeandVariati‑
onbasedondialectcontactphenomena.''Thethirdtaskmcusesonage･relatedvariabmtyin
Gde‑4ccenmation'orde･phrasmgofaccenmmphrasesinamorenamransticcontextfbrsp"chproduction・Ourre‑analysesofthedataareunderwaybandtheresultswillsoonbepresented.
11AnAPisdemarcatedby/x'x/,where@x'indicatesthelocationofalexiE副la"ent｡

I■■■■■■■■■■■

12 Itwasnotnecessarilythecasethatalloftheparticipantsreadtheidenticalsetofde‑con‑text''21izedsentencesbecausewemodifiedatwofthestimulisentencesinthecourseofour
neldwork.

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二一一

140
宙6

−−Shin‑HidakaOld

Figu祀画:SchematicrepreSentationofpitch
shiftsacroSSnveage/regiongroups(read･一

04‑Shin･HidakaYbung

︒↑
一一
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一一
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麺 侯

漁 唾 回

Themediainfluenceonlanguagechangeinlapanesesociolinguisticcontexts‑=193

一一
一一一一
・一
一
一一
５０５０５０５０５０５
２２１Ｌｕ乱乱乱ユユ

汀 個 Ｉ Ｉ Ｉ Ｉ Ｉ Ｉ Ｉ １ １ ︐ １ ｉ 鱗 １ １ や ︑ ．Ｉ １

192一一 lchiroOtaandShojilakano− 一一一一 ■rig"12;MeasUringpitchmovementwithoneofthestimuli(/Yb'meba/(AP1)/yo'muhodo/(AP2)/yu'kaina/(AP3)/hanashi'da/(AP4))readbya22･year･oldSapporOWomah'3

bydottedlines),whichcreatestwohomogeneousagegroups・TTleyoungergroupshowsrelatively6levelled'realizationsofpitchascomparedwiththeoldergroup,
whichshowsgreaterdegreesofriseandfallinpitchcontours.Thepattemof

Sapporoyoungerspeakersisrathersimilartothatoftheoldergroups,butitis
stillconsistentwithsmallerindicesofriseandfanthanthoseoftheoldergroups.

Ofparticularsignificancearethefactsthattheyoungerparticipantsfrom
HokkaidoandKagoshimaspeakinalmostidenticalpitchcontoursdespitethe

infrequencyoftheirmumalcontactaswellaslargedifferencesintheiraccentualShin‑HidakaOld

KagoshimaYbung

0．61
0．91
0．30
O.90

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0．36

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1．39
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1．85

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９５
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●０
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−一一一一

SaPPomOld

Shin‑HidakaYbung

Shift2

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●８
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●０
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−１
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一一

SpeakerGmups

O.70

systems.

Aseriesofstatisticalanalyses'4connrmedsignificantdifferencesbetween

thetwoagegroupsofHokkaidowithrespecttoallthepomtsofmeasurement・おAmongthethreeyoungergroups,nostatisticallysignificantdifferenceswere
fbundbetweentheShin‑HidakaandKagoshimagroupsfOranyoftheindices,

buttheSapporoyoungergroupsignificantlydifferedfrombothShin‑Hidakaand
KagoshimainShiftl(S‑1.71,SH‑0.93,K‑0.94)andShift5(S‑0.82,SH‑0.52

Table5.Prchmovementindices(basedonz.scores)acmssfiveage/regiongroups(read･aloudsentences)

ItisevidentinTable5anditsschematicrepresentation(Hg.13)thatthetwo
youngergroups(Shm‑HidakaandKagosmma)showalmostidenticalpatternsof
pitchmovement,asdothetwooldergroups(SapporoandShm･Hidalla,marked■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■

14Duemthelackofdatamthengoshimaoldergroup,statisticalanalyseswereconducted

throughtwosteps:hrstlytotestthedifrencesbetweenthefburregion/agegroupsonlyfrom
Hokkaido(SappomYOungeriSapporoOlderbShm･HidakaYOungerbShin･HidakaOlder),andse･
condlytotestthedifferencesamongthethreeyoungergroups(Sapporo,Shin‑Hidaka,Kagoshi‑ma).

−130uridelltificationofeachAPpeakisbasedonanacmaltraiectoryofpitchregardlessofthe

percepmalalignmentofpitchaccent,usuallywithavowel.

15ANOVA(regionxagexgenderipく0.05)wasused,anditrevealedtheわuowmgage‑groupdifrences:S1Fyoung‑1.4"old‑1.76;S2･youngO.4WoldO.90;S3･yDImg‑1.22/old‑1.49;S4‑
youngl.23/oldl.86;S5･young‑0.73/old‑0.58.

194−lchiroOtaandShojiTakano

Themediainnuenceonlanguagechangeinlapanesesociolinguisticcontexts‑=195

K‑0.39),andfromShm‑HidakaaloneinShift2(SO.61,SHO､30).'6Statisticalanalysesalsodemonstratedthatregardlessoftheirregionoragecohorts,womenconsistenUyshowgreaterdegreesofshiftsmpitchthanmen・ThisparticularfindingmaysuggestthatSapporoyoungerspeakers'deviationsfrom theother
twOyoungergroupsareduetotheskewedcompositionofgenderinthedata(i､e、●15femalesandlmale).

’thennore,Sibataconiecturesthatthelevenmgofintonationor"anoverallpitchofspeaking"imtiatedthelevemngoflexicalaccents(pp､185‑186),alongwith

youngsters'generalpreferencefbr"non‑promnence''.Thiscanbemterpreted
tomeanthatthelevellingofsententialpitchhashelpedthelevellingoflexical
accentstoactasareinfbrcer.'9

OtaandTakano(2007)conductedanexperimenttoexaminethesocial

Declinationofpitch(Shift5inTable5)isalsofbundtobestatisticallysignifi‑
can!betweenthetwoagegroupsinHokkaido,asrenectedintheyoungersPeak‑ershavingasteeperdeclination(‑0.73)thanthatoftheolderspeakers(‑0.58).
IIoweveI;thethreeyoungergroups(Sapporo,Shin‑Hidaka,andKagoshhna)afe
fbundnottobehomogeneous.ShnilartothepattemsofpitchshinsdiscuSsed
3bove,theSapporoyoungergroupdemonstratesagreaterdegreeofdeclination（‑0.82),toastatisticallysignificantextent,thantheremaininggroups,Shin･Hi‑●

Gdaka(‑O.59)andKagoshmla(‑O.39).Hereagain,itisconnnnedthatwomen's

yalue.mrShift5(declination)areconsistentlylargerthanthoseofmenregard‑
lessoftheregion/agegroupmgs,andthusitmghtalsobethecasethatSaPPoro●

youngerspeakers'divergentbehaviourstemsfromtheskewedsamplingilifela‑tiontogenderb

Moreoverlourrecentinvestigationofvariablefbnnationofaccenmalphrases

mlapanese(Otaetal.2012)involvedtwoadditionalresearchsites:FUkuoka(northernKyushu)andTbkyo(aswellasSapporoandKagoshima)(SeeFigure

1,themapofJapan).Ascomparedwitholdercountemarts,'7greaterdegreesof
whatwecall"prosodicsubordination'''8havebeenconsistentlyfbundinthe
speechofyoungerspeakersnvingaloverthecountryiregardlessofthespeech
prOductiontasks(isolatedsentencereadmg,perfbrmingrolesinscriptedc6nver‑sations).TheseresultsfUrtherconfirmedIhore.levelled'realizationsofpitchas
nationwideinnovationsprevalentamongtheyoungergenerations.

3.sedonpastsmdiesandourowninvestigation,weareinsistentthatpitch

meaningsoflevelledpitch,adaptingthematched‑guisefbnnat.Theexperiment
includedl56conegesmdents(Sapporo7ZKagoshima79),whowereaskedto

guessthespeaker'sagefromhearingread‑aloudsentencesthatcontainedthepairsofsentences‑oneofthepairbeingmitsoriginal, .levened'pitchandthe
otherbemgasynthesizedversionwithgreaterdegreesofpitchshifts(althoughbothwereproducedbythesamespeakers).Theiudgestendedtoperceivethe
speakerswithasynthesizedversionwithmoredynamicpitChcontourstobe
olderthantheoriginals.Thisistosaythatlevenedpitchstruckthelistenersas｡youthfUlness'ofthespeakerbPartofSibataPsabove‑mentionedmsightsmto
socialmeanmgshasbeenconhrmedempmcallyb

Althoughwelacksubstantialdirectevidenceatthispoint,wearetempted
tomterpretthisinnovationaslinguisticallyexempnfyingyoungerspeakers'
positiveattimdestowardtheyouthcultureormdexicalizingoftheiryouthiden‑
titybMoreover,ifitcanbeassumed,asSibata(1995)claims,thatthisparticularinnovationoriginatesinTbkyo,themediaareaverynkelyve賊defOrdelivermg
suchsocialmeaningsas@novelty'or｡metropontanism'associatedwiththecityto

youngerspeakersaroundthecountryW,regardlessoftheirdialectaloriginsandthe
scarcityofdirectcommumcativeinteractions.

4Stylizedpe巾rmancebasedonthemediamodels●

ryeUixlgcarriespardcularsocialmeaningsamongyoungerpeopleinJaPan.
Sibaia(1995:178‑187),fbrexample,arguethatamongyoungersPeakersofibkyo,th.leveningoflexicalaccents"isexplosivelydiffinsingasari ,ingroupcode';whichconveystheimagesofbeing[novel', @youthfill',and@metropOlitail"'・Fur･

Asmentionedin2､3.,dialectologicalsurveysonJapanesestandardizationhave

fbcusedprimarilyonthedevelopmentofcommandofthestandardvarietywithin
individualspeakers・Insuchamethodologicaltraditionofsocionnglisticresearch
inJapan,themedia,especianytelevision,havebeengivenspecialoperational
meanings・ Inanumberofpaststudiesthatprimarilyusequestionnaire‑based■■■■■■■■■■■■■

16ANOM(regionxgenderbp<O.05)wasused.

1mleseoldergroupsincludeonlythespeakershomFUkuokaandSapporo.
18GiveqmultipleaentenceSproducedbythetasksofreadingaloudandperfbrmingmscripted
foPversa#ong,thedegreeOiprosodicsubordinationwasbasedonthedepthofaPitchvalley
betweeJIth@"andsecOndAPs.Theshallowerthepitchvaneyis,thegreaierarethbdegreeSdf

prosodicsubordmationthatareidentified,whichmlpliesthatpitchcontoursaremoreiEvelled(asfarastheinitialpartoftheutteranceinquestioniSconcemgd).

I■■■■■■■■■■■

19Thelevellingoflexicalaccentsorqde･accentuationFamongyoungerspeakersmJapanisano‑thercommonexampleofsupra‑locallinguisticinnovationsrunnmgcountertothelarge‑scale
standardizationofIapanesedialects.Thisparticularinnovationhasbeenreportedmanumber

ofpreviousstudiesthatdealwithstandardizationofdifferentlocaldialects,indudingHokkaido
andTbkyo(e.g.,Sibatal959;Nomoto1960;Hagal961;NIIL1965;Inouel981;NIJL1997).

196−−lchiroOtaandShojiTakano

ThemediainfluenceonlanguagechangeinlapanesesociolinguisticcontextS−−197

elicitationtechniquesminterviewsettings, Ctelevision'representsthedomainof

nanslationg

dnlissurveyaimstoinvestigatethebackgoundtotherecentpmblematicissueofchildren
whoappearmUd‑mannered,thensuddenlystarttoexhibitviolentbehaviour.'sociallivesthatrequiresthespeaker'smostfbnnal,standardizedstyleofspeech.
Researchersoftentookadvantageof@television?toencitfbnnal‑stylespeechftom
theirinfbnnants,askingthem:"Howwouldyousayitlavariantinquestionlif
youhadachancetosayitappearingontelevision?"(e､9.HokkaidoHoogennn‑●

kyuu‑kail978;Inouel983).InfonnantswhohadabettercommandofCommon

Japanesewereexpectedtobeableto｡perfbnn'theirfbnnal‑stylespeechwiththe

SpeakerGmups

No.ofSpeakers

No.ofnkenS

SappomYbung(20to23yearsofagg

10(5male5,5females)
10(5males,5females)
11(5males,6female5)20

Shin･HidakaYbung(17to29)
KagoshimaYOung(19to20)

wordqtelevision?asthesituationalcue.

18
22

Suchprescribedeffectsoftelevisionasavirtualsociolinglisticdomainare

atteStedtointhevaryingJapaneseusesofprosodyBSugitou(1983),fOrexample,
analysesregionalvariadoninle>dcalaccentsfromapassage‑readingtaskinalab･
oratOrysettingandpointsoutthattheresearcher'sovertinstructionstoconege

mble6･Participantsinthetaskofnews‑passagereading,andthenumberoftokensanalysed

Wehrstidentifiedasmglemtonationunit(IUhereinafter)basedprimarilyonthe

smdents(informants)engagedinthetaskseemtoheavnyaffecthowwordsafe

JapaneseTbBIsystemfOrprosodictranscriptions(Venditti2005),andthenwe
brokedownthepassagemtosegmentsastheunitsofanalysis・Wedetennined
thebeginningofabrandnewmbasedonBreaklndex3(i.e.themtonationphraseboundary), thelargestiuncturetypicallyaccompaniedbypitchreset,
pause,andfinalsyllablelengthening.23Consequentlyithepassageshownabove

accented・Aninstructionsuchaso@readasifyouwereatelevisionannouncer''significantlycontributestotheirproductionofstandardJapaneseaccentsascom･
paredwiththespontaneousreadingofanidenticalpassagemtheirnativedia‑

lects.AlthoughitwasquiteunUkelythattheparticipantshadhadanychanceto
talkonTVbefbreorwereacmallyannouncers,theysucceededinstylizingtheir
linguisticperfbrmancetowardtheCommonJapanese(orStandardJapanese)that

asanexamplewasdividedintothreelUs.

Basedontheidenticalproceduresinouranalysesofpitchleveningdiscussed
above(Section3.2.),Figuresl4‑16comparepitchshiftsbetweenthethreeyounger

Aspartofourresearchproiect(Section3.2),weexaminedpitchvariability
inyoungerspeakers'newsreadingsmtermsofsimlarityordissimnaritytolan･
guageemployedmthemedia.Weaskedtheparticipantstoreadthefbnowing

groupsandtheNHKnewscasterwhoactuallyreadthepassageontheair.
Thehomogeneityofthethreeyoungergroupsisfbundtoberobustinthis
productiontask,andthepattemsofpitchshiftsareverysmilartothatoftheNHK
newscasterbOurstatisticalanalysesmdicatenosignincantdiHerencesamongthe
threeyoungergroups,exceptfOrtheSapporoyoungerspeakers'highvaluesin

excerptofanewspassagefromanevemngnewsprogramonNHK(March28,
2002).zoMostparticipantswerenewlyrecruited(seeTable6).
●

ｌⅡ１１９︲１１１１１４Ⅱｆｌｌ

isconsideredappropriatetothesocialdomain.

(如随Om00巻αw口)/om兇α鋤股umibteirnkD"mogn/CU1)z'
thissurveyTOP/tptsuzenboo"oku

obedient

look

chnd

SUBzz

o hlmlimru"""(m2)suddenly violence OBJ

do･begin PAT/sniki施肥o如血噸ornmi

noreCentGEN

GEN

childrentelevision,thesupra‑regionalsimnarityindicatesthatpeoplehaveacquiredthe
competenceofstylizingtheirnnguisticperfOnnancefbnowingthementalmodels

say

−
●

ZONHKisthesenu･govemmentalbmadcastingcompanylocatedmTbkyo.

21Thephraseatthebeanning,k｡〃ochoo巻αwq,wasoRenpronouncedasaseparatemtonati‑
onphrasebythesubiects.Therefbre,itwasdisregardedmtheanalysis.
2ZOBJ=ObiectCaseMarker;IWT=PostpositionalPartide;GEN=GenitiveCaseMarkPr=

1■■■■■l■■■■■■■■

︐ｒＰ６０ｌ０Ⅱｐ６ｒＩｆｐｉｒ０８Ｉ４とりｌｌｂｌ１︑ｒＬＵ■７６■■９口日ⅡⅡｆＢ６ｆ日日ⅡＨｇⅡⅡＰ０ａｇＢ０ｌ０■ワ皇ＵＵＧＬⅡ甲ｌ噸on"imoaoo no
hq'股cio s""D0' "/(IU3)...、
pmblembehaviourGENbackgmundOBJ investigate
PAT

2AP‑topinlU2(Sapporol.48,vs・"goshimaO､82cf,Shm‑Hidakal､20)andm
IU3(Sapporol.40vs.S‑HidakaOd76,KagoshimaO､68).24WhileitisquiteunUkely
thattheseyoungerspeakersacmallyheardthisparticularnewsbroadcaston

230thercriteriabrdetermininganintonationumtcomehomCruttendenPsnotionofGintona‑

tiongroupboundaries'(1986:37)andChaie'sdiscoursenotionof@mtonationunit'(1993:57).In
thefbrmeriaumtisbasedonanidentincationofsuchmarkersaspause,anacrusis,analsynable

lengthening,andpichlevelchange,whereasthelattermdudesawiderrepertoiremduding
suchdevicesasbothpre･andpostpauses,acceleration/decelerationmsyllableduration,over･
allpitchdeclination,andvoiceqUality(e.g.creakyvoiceattheend).
24Comparisonsbetweentwoagegroupsmdicateastatisticallysignincantdifferenceonlym
ShinlmlU2:oldergroup‑1.26,yolmgergroup‑0.81.ThisresultmeansthatitisUkelythatthe
olderspeakers'linguisticperfonnanceisalsosubiecttothemediamodels.

198-lchiroOtaandShoiiTakano

Themediainnuenceonlanguagechangeinjapanesesociolinguisticcontexts--199‑SapporoYOung‑SapporoYOung

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spreadofnon‑Standard,innovativefeaturesisattributedtotheyouthcultural
normsortheyouthidentitysharedbyyoungerpeoplemthesocietybAfternnding
nosystematiccorrelationbetweenthehoursofexposuretotelevisionandthe
adaptationofinnovativevariantsamongindividuals,Mase(1996),fOrexample,
suggestedtheimportanceofindMdualpersonantyfOradoptingthefeamresof
TVlanguage.ThepupilsatOdagiriJuniorHighSchoolweredMdedintermsof
theTVIapanesescoreintothreegroups,themoreTVJapanesegroup,thelessTV夢惑●幕尋叡袋餓Japanesegroup,andthemiddlegroup・MasefOundthatinthemoreTVJapaneseprovidedbythemedia・Beingexposedequallytoanews‑readingregisterintheir
dailylives,thespeakersseemtosomewhat:know'orhaveacquiredinfbrmation
abouthowtoenunciatenewsinGproper'pitchcontours,regardlessoftheirdia‑

I

groupthereweremorepeoplewithhigherscoresmactiveandpositivepersonal‑
itybThisindicatesthatTVcannotchangelanguagebyitselfThechangeneedsto
becausedbyspeakerswhentheywantsomethingmorethanwhattheyhave.Itis
vitalfbrfumreresearchtopursuemorequalitativeinvestigationsintothespeak‑ers， identitywork inlocalcomnunitiesanditsrelationshipswiththeadaptationlectalorigins.

oflanguageuseavanableinthemedia.

I
I

Finallyjwealsoinustratedthattheeffectsofthemediasometimessurfacein
thespeaker'sconscious,stylisticmanipulationsoflinguisticperfOnnancebased
onhisorhermentalmodels.InJapanesesociolinguisticcontextsinparticularb@television'isaspecialpublicspace・Ithashadaspecialstatusasthetriggerfbr

Themediainfluenceonlanguagechangeinlapanesesociolinguisticcontexts-201

200-lchimOtaandShojilakano

DOO"qru"肋onnokDfobqIM7drisgoinglohdppenmﾉdpd"eseI｡"gudge",60‑64.

theultimatefbnnalspeech・Thismdingimphesthatthemedialanguagehashad
aumfOnnitarianimpactonlapaneselanguagesocializationwithoutanyregional
discrepanciesandthatlanguageusemthemedia,atleastmlapan,couldbe
regardedasanintegralpartofspeakers'competence‑oratleasttheirknowledge

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aboutthelanguage・Wesuggestthathlmreresearchersshouldnotconsiderthe

Lee,Yeonsukl996:kbkUgoloy"shisooI"kbkugo"(Me"qfio""qng"ge)dsdnideologMI.

vemacularastheonlyresourcefOrinvestigatinglmguisticchangeandvariation
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