INTERNATIONALJOURNAL
OF THESOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE

General Editor

JOSHUA A.FISHMAN

Offprint

Mouton de Gruyter
Berlin o NewYork

The rnvth of a homogeneous speechcornrnunity:a sociolinguistic studY Of

the speech of Japanese women in diverse
gender rolesキ
SHO」 l TAKAN0

Иbsrrα θ′

比
6α ′
θ
ッ
i ′
″′
ツ
化ルθ
rな ′
θ″θ
ttα ttS′
Й
お′″θ
rα 〃ο
ッ
θ
動θθ
れた ルθげ ″̀θy筋 箭%:S:::::‖ ″器 L
易 硼[胤 ;:鰐 豚ZIT競乳
『席
"ん

̀′

;賜

wr,

46θ 4‑′
4α ″θη 力
ι ″ακO力 ′躍釧 ″力θs′ g′ れ″ ′″οルs ttα ッθγん滋 暉 οれιJ7・ αs′ ′

力′
θα
″α
θ
αε
″
滋′
′
θ
κお″α
α
s̀Sα ツ″zθ ttι′″ Sθ ケ・7物 θS′ ンタ
′
′
‖
ρ
′″
ぴ
″θ
"グ
̀た
J7‑′ 滋θ
′
α
′
′
ノ
ソ
θ
srル
ga″
ι
sθ ι
り
ブ
″
s′ 力
777̀4ル
α
グ
″
ο
sげ
rθ
θ
力
(物
grθ η
げ
ψ
̀′
.′

Jッ

777P′ θ
′ θθ
,κη
zη α
ル rs,プ 4,7/‐ ′カィιノθグ″οzη

S劣

1脱

̀ん

ι力
4
力θ∫
′
たα′′θsノ ″θκs,α κ″′
力
η θ
̀ふ

際
1蹴r蔦″κ 隊 ￡%;・眈 liZ"券 l協 ″
7協 チ藤
κ ′
χθ ι θ
as̀bα グθ:ι

ddic―
7zlsル ″sθんむ″77g"αgθ4′ ク グ′sお ′θグシ̀グ ″θ θ
̀θ
あν
κ
α
′′
″θ
′
θ
′
み
θ 蒻′
rs 24″ ″′力ιJヴ777̀ α
たι
θ
れθ力
SSル ′
̀ぽ4α Sな̀rα rι ッ お ′
"θ
̀滋
力
α
′
う
α
riα b76p r"ル α
g̀κ
ル
s.予
ttr
rθ
α
ソ
″
″
ら
ッ
げ
ノ ̀4′
̀α
̀θ
g′ ル 効″
κ
α
ο
θ
rα ″
α
rs
ar̀″
″
″
α
46ι
ηs
Jα ′
θ
ウ
″
ι
″
控
grα
′
リ
ル
̀̀grθ
S
rι
′
θ
グα
θ
α
κbι れ′
ブ
α′
ノ
θ θ
θ
力 ′
力
α′′
4,α 4″ ′ψttrθ η 妨ルr̀″ ′グ ″θ ι
̀滋
'̀θ
ι
ん
α
ル富
′
力ψ′
ι
グ″ブ
θ
″ ′
κZθ ′
θ 4′ 侶′ι
α′
ノ
θ
′s′ ′
α θ
sθ α
のι
̀r̀′
̀励
̀α
̀′
′
α
′
gθ ″
S Sθ ει′ιs sz̀力 α′θα′
力αιs′ rα θ
Й
α
η″′
′
ノ
ι
s ′
′ ″
4¨ bθ 2κ ′
θ
θ
ノ
θ
θ
″
′α″
̀α ̀gθ
r
グ
′
θ
24′
θ
力′κα
″ら
α
ルα
夕
sθ sル r sγ
ι″ゴ
rs力 ″.Pθ ′ルβss θ ι
作rθ ″′
̀力
̀α β̀あた777Z4夕 れθs 6り θ′乃′ι
″α s″ ノαη θθrs'̀ッ ι力
η 772Sグ ッ たθ
″ふ κ″ヶ′θ
η
̀α
̀′
̀α
̀̀″
′
ノ
θ
4
り
γ
777̀α
″
グ
ι
zr θ 卿 ′″b̈θ ッ′
力′グι,09ι ιθ′ッ lr̀訪4ι s α
こ″
JJ‐

̀ブ

Jθ

7θ

rι

'α

̀rθ
たS
月′′
14θ ″

̀S r77̀θ̀θThis paperis focuscd on ncglected internal hetc■ ogencity in sociolinguistici器誌享篤L詣11樫1鳳 手盤爾滉
:議 讐
∬鷺
黒
I:t:￨」 鷺群

tive idcologics,、 vhich promotè̀normativc/StCrcotypical linguistic usagcs

rather than accurate dcscriptions of actual language practiccs" in the
pccch community(OkamOtO Ct al.1997:140;Endoo 1991;Okamoto‖
1997). Most SOCiolinguistic descriptions of Japanese language usc havc{,16525!6/00/01460043(b Wllitcr dc Gruytcl・

勲′ 、
/Sο
'ノ

̀.ん

g ノイ6r2θ θθノ″
α,ap.イ 3‑3'

44 S.7α たα′ο′″て1'('‖ り″′″
ノ

.ノ

(′

̀′

thus far been f01klinguistic''in largc part rathcr than thc results Of an
oblectivc analysis(Miller 1989:38)As discusscd bclow,this scems to bc
mainly thc cOnscqucncc of a long― standing mcthodo10gical tradition in
Japancse sociolinguistic inquiry,in which nativc speakcrs'intrOspection
has been primary data for invcstigation through sclireport questiOn―naires,informal intcrvicws on languagc usc,and rcscarchers' anecdotal
evidcncc(Shibal12ot0 1985;Miller 1996)iヽ̀ッ,('(ィ 'ノ

ド ・′イ ,, 45

′ノ
′
′て
/7ν

(′

(′

̀'′

̀′

'ノ

1■ 1111〔 (1、 、!111‖11(1lhc col)ll)iCX l｀ calitics ol'thc apparcntly lixcd(livisi()11()1、、く
1:1 10h[tvc bccn ovcrsilllplilicd or grcatly lllisundcl‐ sto()d1.11'11'1 1()￨、tヽ

hilvc bcc:l dclincd variably undcr thc influcncc or such:l ll‖ ,￨￨,11 1()￨(、
t tlい ll'￨￨ヽ￨:￨(1()l、

ヽV011l Cll'S pOsition within thc fanlily,thcir social class,llド

arc typictl‖ y rcstrictcd to a particular sector of the spccch conllllunity,‖It ltllll,()‖ 、1‖ 1(￨ヽ ocitll vとllucs ol｀ thc socicty,and the prcssurc from lcgal,
tt,,￨11)‖ ‖t、 1‖ l(11)Olitictil institutions of thc tilnes ln addition,thc socially.(1 :101l11、
Ⅲ
Ⅲ:11｀(i C WOnlCil's domcstic roles and mcn's public rolcs)
l'Ⅲ:￨‖ y01)、 ci vc(l ollly l)y tl、 lnall nlinority scctor of the population
11い 11ヽ 日::1 lTonl thc uppcr and upper― llliddlc classes),llヽ 1'lt il‖ y, wolll(l11 :1ll(l l〕(l ll(,日 ll l)1に ｀11(litcinpting to enter thc public sphcrc have:lki‖

usually thc cductltcd Tokyo spcakcr(MlllCr 1995),as well as thc intuitions(口 llヽ 1:1‖ llv l)l:lvt・ (l｀ 1,1:lilic:1111「 olcsof thc rcscttrchcl‐ s tllcinsclvcs, typical ̀linguistic lames,'' who arc also

(1()1 ヽll(ll(llvt l、 1ly i11 lhc dennitions of gcnder construction has(￨ ￨￨)( .1)lvlh i11l11 .,apancsc womcn never ̀、 vorkcd' and haveI!'(｀ l l1111、 ・
cl1 lllt'11lCI、 lil、 1(llld foremost''(BernStCin 199 1:12)
ill、 ャ
:lv、 ￨■・・ ｀・llt il いlI I■ n(￨く I(11110「 entiation in Japancsc has bcen caught up in、、lllll lit l llヽ .lt.111(:1‖ 、:lI〕 ly tll:、 vorking Japancsc lncn,typically whitc― collar卜￨￨.,11 .,,Hit ll口 l lk)kyo,そ c COnSidcrcd to bc typical Japallcsc inCn and toⅢ 1:ll(・ llヽ 1:￨11=uttgc,and Tokyo lniddlc― class full― tinle homemakcrs,
lt l'1｀ Ⅲ‖、、ht〕 ・llt tt)‖ ヽ1(lcrc(1 lo bc typical Japancse women playing traditional

Past sociolingLliStic work thatおbascd on naturalistic data,however,still sumers n・ 。nl biascd sampling Speech data in Japancsc sociOlinguistics

part or thc clitc(Ltibov 1972[1: 290 292). It fOHOWS that thc Japancsc
specch col1111ltinity h(ls collsistcntly bccn portraycd as a hOmogcncous
culturc、 vit1l ollc iangti〔 lgc collsistil18 01｀ Linitluc linguistic dcviccs,dcspite、
ocitll、 〔ltilic[ltiOn、 vithin singlc specch、
vcsic「 11 、
ociCtiCs IIIi、 1)rcSCril)tivist scope of investiga―
一tion hそ ls c()n tril)llic(1 lo ll()11lolc1lC011ヽ 、C10ヽ ヽ(:‖ 11‖ :llly l10ncomparablc「
abundant cllll)1l ic(ll cvi(Icllcc lk)1‐

11‐

colla nl u:litics ill

illlagcs ol J:lpa llc、 cl:l‖ ょ‖:11ム Cl)「 :lCtiCc、(Hl(1 11[:、(k:￨ぅ rivC(l :(lp〔 HlcscsOCiO―

l、,lw()lll●

̀l‖

i'(・

it t・

.,1・

11‐

、
vithill thc domcstic sphcrc,arc thc exclusivc focus of rcscarchlinguistics ol vi3o「 oll｀ rc、 c:l「 ch()ll(l、vi(lc lllnlc01 1‖ iCr:1:11(livc「 sity、vithin

it l:￨̀lit l()lti、

the spccch cOnlllll1111lyi)11 :̀ll):lnc、 c、 vo

Thc ovcrttli o,icCtiVC ol lhc l)rcsClll ptlpcr is lo providc cmpiricalevidcncc そlg〔 lillsi tlli、、
vidcsl)rctl(1 11lll:lcy ill l:lp〔 l1lcsc SOCi01inguistics,
cspccia‖ y as rcgtl「 d、 =cn(lcr dilli̲・ rcntitllion, ollc Or thC core faccts ofvariablc usc i:1 、,(l ptl:lcsC /｀ 11long a varicty o「 problcmatic dilncnsionsof sociolingLliStic 、lrtltilictltion ill Japancsc specch colnlllunity, I havesclcctcd gcndcl‐(111lblじ 1lti:11lon tls thc target of iny investigation nlainly

bccausc of thc cxtcll1 01 its socitll signilicancc in the specch community

today

in inlucncing gcnder construction.Ourl,(1lt・nlcll's ianguagc 2 A 1989 demographic survcy,ho、 vever,、v、 111(11 1111卜 tinlc honlcmakcrs constitutc only about 30 pcrccnt of

.111ぃ
l ht・

101:111し 1ll〔 llc

111(ヽ111‖ 1ll)C「

population(InOuc and Ehara 1991:83).In a 1991 Survey,lぃ1.ll)crcClll(S()()ril｀ u1993:329)About()1'「 ti‖―tinlc homcmakcrs llad bccomc cvcn smaller, faning

50 perccnt ofthc fcmale popu―

lilliO:l wOrkC(l i11 1989,、 vith 34 1 percent ofJapancsc women participating
ll1 l hc it11,ol‐
l ll:‖l‖lk)1‐

cc tis third― party cillployecs(i.c.WOrking for a party othcr

l thc llHllily busincss),al〕 d abOut 75 pcrccnt of thosc women bcing‖ li!〕 lc wOrkCrs Thc lた nlalc working population has bccn grOwing

lilllt(｀1989(495(%):50 1 perccnt of Japancsc women workcd in 1990,

IllRIヽ {)7 Pcrccnt in 1991(S00rifl1 1993:100).Ncglccting the possiblc

PIIyths of homogeneity in the grammar(,f Japanese women's languagell,t￢ 1 ,,、r/Jι 771ノ カたα′777θ ′0′ ″力た 埒p″ θζ7̀んノ,■ ″,̀″ 7′ィ̀ゞ―ακ″ θ″qノ6J̀′ グ 771″ r7g̀′ θ
g″ θ
レ″
パノ
/1
″ r/7ソ ど

g′ ′
z″ υ
″ 教

″ ′
滋″ο″
̀″

̀力

、
volllcn's social lnobility and thc dynanlic transformation of!l(lCr rolcs on language usc,past studics have put forward static

11111)iI(l oltitl‖ ‖11()ll、ol Japanesc 、
vomcn's languagc allnost cxcitlsivcly on thel,tl・ ,l・ ,ぃ 1!ht・、l)ccCh Of thc traditional,but thc ctlrrcntly lninority,scctor ofllは:れ .,￨:￨!、A traditional vic、 v of sOcial construction of gcndcr in Japanese socicty￨)()1)tllajon(1.e.fl111‑jmc homcmakcrs)(Uen0 1987).
1、 0「 gcnder and languagc,cspecially thosc in wcstcrn con―￨● !ll:ll●￨￨(ヽ、11, h:lv、 ヽ￨()11=ctlHed for thc ncccssity of shcdding light on thc ncglected‖1)lit｀ 1ltily o「 thc social lllcanings of gender and thcir linguistic lnani―

cmphasizcs mcn's public roles as hcads Of hOuseholds and wOmcn's

1「dOmcstic rolcs as houscwivcs and lllothcrs Bcrnstcin(1991),a hiStOrianhrl、of Japan,howcver,cans this lnonolithic deinitiOn à̀lnyth''Through―￨げ .1:111():1、out Japancsc history,Inalc― malc rclationships have been mOre divcrsc￨￨1111 :)(■and morc suljCCt tO cOnstant dynanlic revision than they havc bccn

:II'￨)11):tt ht'、

fc・

11111〕

c!()cal community(Eckcrt and McConncll―

Ginct 1992).

｀1)CCtiVC Colnpenstltcs 1lor thc prcvalent dcFccts of traditionallo 3cll(lCr〔 in(1 langutigci stcrcotypcs ol｀

wolllCn'S(and lncn's)

46 S.動 たα θフノィ′
' 11'(′ ′
′
('″
ノ ′て
(',ゞ

:ゞ

.ヽ

'̀″

language and overgeneralization of intra一 gcndcr― group divcrsitics. The

1,￨ .̀̀ll,t'ltt)11い

mttOrity Of prcvious studics havc dcalt with womcn(or mcn)aS a lin―.:￨￨￨1111,,t..()1(():l‖guistically homogcncous group,and this colllinOn assumption has creatcd
a myth that all womcn(or men)in a particular comlllunity spcak in thesamc way.A Inorc locaHy constructcd,cnlic analysis of individual cvcry―′力

day social practiccs in thc vcry local collllnunity,howcvcr,has proved thata grcat dcal oF hctcrogcncity cxists within gender groups,as delllonstrated

by such investigation of individual pattcrns of local nctwork structurcs(PIlilrOy 1 980),dcgrccs of participation in thc local markctplacc(Nichols

1980, 1983, 1984:Bortoni― Ricardo 1985;Brouwer and van Hout 1992),
social anlbition (1)ouglas̲Co、 vic 1978), loyalty to local hcritagc andidcntity(Ltibov 1963:Ga1 1978:Thomas 1988),and 10Cally amliatcd actsof idcntity(Lc Pttgc and Tabourct― Kcllcr 1985;Eckcrt 1988,1989)
In hcr pttpcr clltitlcd CtWolncn's language in a groping pcriod,''
Takasaki(1988)1)cgillS lo llccOlinl lk)1・

such intcrnal hctcrogcncity. Shc

clailns that Japancsc Iじ nlillillc、 Pccch iS ill transition(toward̀̀defeminiza―
lo on=,oill=Cllを 1118cs in womcn's gender rolcs,

tion'')を 113(1:ltt「 ibuic、

lhi、

includillg b()th (lt::l:〕lil(1livc tll)(￨(lll:l!il:llivc chall=cs in thcir pattcrns

of particip〔 lli()ll ill tl v:1「 iCty oF n()il(lolllc、 lic tlctivitics i1l rcccnt years

Whcrcas tilc prcscril)c(l vicw ol・ 1111l lC/1し 111:lIC COnl Picnlcilt̀l「 y rclationships
stiH l・ igidly

sur宙 vcs tls〔 11l i(10ology,lhc=「 ct11 111:jOrily o「 J(lP〔 lncSC WOmcn″″(1/2777r/1ッ ピ
s′lHit ilCtivitics tHl(l prcsuinlalbly construct quite distinctivc
li t‖ liCtition

llct、 vorks in thcir cvcryday livcs.

′/′ ′′ 1'ノ ク/■ ,ο 777ぐ ″'S frr″ g αg̀れ Jc′ α″θS̀Sθ

̀̀/̀ル

″
θ/c2s 47

̀々

̀た

″

1110St Signiflcant practical contributions sociolinguistics has￨:1,￨￨1 1()lhc lindcrstanding of social problcms is a rigorous attcmpt
ヽ1:l ll=‖ (l=Cl Clatcd prc」 udicc against speakcrs of nonstandard
ill(￨￨,ll‖ ヽヽ11l I(.11(・ 、 1l 11)lkli118LliStic view of verbal dcprivation or ̀̀restrictcd…(ollCCl lllllメ lllc spccch of social minorities(Bcrnstein 1961,1972)
ttⅢl)l11()￨ ￨lltヽ
hlt〕

l、

卜:lt lv 、ぃ、1()lillll‖ i、 lic work(Labov 1972a; VVolfl・ am and Fasold 1974;/ヽ キ
11‖ (111i!1 1975)that C10SCly cxanlincd thcir actual linguistic.(!(■￢
1lonstrated that vcrbal dcprivation is indecd a mythical￨()ll)1:￨llはl｀｀(1ll｀ コl(1('l lingtlistic idcologics, thc cultural conceptions of colll―̀い￨‖ 11口 11:111、 t' 卜
(hilvior associatcd with particular socioccononlic groups

l:11lol(l lり

11・ ,てI Wi")1.liti lllI(l Schicnblin 1994).
1 1it、it、 v ol lillguistic dencicncics has also representcd a donlinant

tt lt.1,￨(,,iv ill illlcrpl・

ctations of gcnder dimercnccs in language.Beginning、、11h i、 ヽ、1)(11｀ C:1(1922),womCn's spcech has long bccn givcn the status of.1..:ll:ll kc(F'vtlricty(Spender 1980:20).HoWCVCr,since Lako∬'s(1975)

now dcsirc ctl「 ccrS bCy()11(1 lllC ll()11lc(K:l、 llil11(1 1993: 1()6)̲Marriagc
and bcconling:l、 vilc・ :1「 c i101 1lcccsstl「 1ly rccog:lizc(l as a top priority in lifc

l'10V● kini:,、
vork Charactcrizcd women's spccch in AIncrican English as

ill‖ ll:111‖ tl、

110nttsscrtivc, and hypcrpolite(rCprcscnting infcrior status)(S0011「 u1993:293())IIICrcttsing numbcrs oF Japancsc women aCtively

卜:l,It,(1 0n hcr()wn standard― speaking whitc‑lniddle‐ class intuitions,participatc ill l:lbol‑11larkct tlctivitics, cvcn in traditionally malc― hcld
positions of autll()lity tin(l lctldcl・ ship in thc public sphere,in、 vhich thcy
arc cxpcctcd to lllそ l:liptl!:1lc ol‐ cvcn innOvatc particular types of stratcgics

to meet comnlunictltivc rcquirclllcnts flom thcir roles(Reynolds 1990;
Sl13ith 1 992b;Abc 1993i Sullaoshi 1995)
All thcsc thcscs strol131y stlggc、 l thctt the degree to、vhich spcakcrs
are integrated into markctpl[lcc〔 lCtiVitics outsidc the homc can bc an
ilnportant variablc to considcr、 vhcn conducting sound analysis of socio―
linguistic variation.It has bccn hypothcsizcd in sociolinguistics that thc

111)(:「
̀1 1‖ ‖

0「studics in western socictics havc clllpirically testcd thc、.111(111Y O「 thCsc stcrcotypcs,analyzing pcrforlllancc data fron■ a varicty of

111 11lany cascs, thc stcrcotypcs turned out to bc prOblcmatict■ 111̀、 1ヽハ ‖ll111卜 1 0「 linguistic fcaturcs that had bcen presumed to bc thc pro―￨'t.lll｀ ｀()l itlllininc spccch、 vcrc found to be corrclatcd with a variety oft・t()1:ltヽ ￨‖ :tl

lllctors othcr than thc speaker's scx CatCgory pcr se(C■.I:1(I Nγ (lHisl 1977: Brouwcr ct al.1979; Leet―,‖ I(I

Alki11、

OSby

Pellegrini 1980; 0'Barr

19801 Edclsky 1981;Yacgcr― Dror and Sistcr 1987;Cameronti tll l(パ ヽlH()inlcs 1984,1988;Joncs 1992;Takano 1998).

shapc of linguistic bchaviors of individual spcakcrs changcs rapidly as:llt,I11(1(｀ olyl)c(l vic、 v, ho、 vcvcr,still constittltcs mainstrcalll linguistic

thc spcakcr's social pOsition changes in a spccch conllnunity whcrc

ttit t}￨ぃ

linguistic cvolution procccds hand in hand witll thc social changc(Labov!llt il,I(111101l o「1972b) Past Studics have critically ovcrlookcd complcx realities of.1・ (11｀ t(l:1111

womcn's social mObility and gender ■olcs and thcir ilnpact on theiri.II).1‖

1,it,, oll li11=LliStic gcndcr di∬ crelltiation in contcmporary Japan.

prcscliptivisnl lll sociolinguistic inquiry (ie. intro―::11(l CXCItlsivc lk)cus on a nliddic― class,standard varicty of

1 ,t)hil、
socialc11111:l「「iC(lヽ vith cultural conccptions ofthc idcal
1)11.111i v ()l wolllcll(13011「 (lictl 1 977:655):being
llaodcst"in bchavior・￨)(ヽlanguage use in the changing socicty today With no empirical evidencc,
typical charactcristics of homemakcrs' spccch havc automatically been,111(11)￨)l111()lI卜 ,l111(ll)Ci:1ドapplicd to othcr scctors of imale population(c.g̲fl111‑timc employedlりwomen),who WOuld naturally gain cxtcnsivc acccss to a widcr rangc

l'II'tl 111 ,t

lⅢ

l・

̀:り

̀ttpolitc'and・ gcntic'to others''(Mashimo.l(,):'l口 〕
l:1111v ll‖ ()‖ μh t)(11lctltioll(b011l institLItiOnを 1l clnd donlcstic),ヽヽ̀"11(・

ヽ:1l lC(lst ptira(lc such

1l hilv(. 1)t,に 11 1ll‖

=hl lo llc(Itlirc()「

48 S raた α770

.ノ

pcrsonalitics, which have consistently fostered prescriptivc vie、 vs on

hOw thcy(shOuld)talk as wcll as idcalistic imagcs of Japanese womcn.
Politcncss and indirectncss as linguistic lnanifestations of womcn's social

personality havc thus bccome thc culturally recognized norms for thc

̀￨‖llll',日Static,"prcscribed dcinition of how Japanese wolllcn

vomcn's language in Japan is(ShOuld)Speak in the changing socicty: 、
typically blankctly attributed to being indirect, polite, dcfcrcntial, andemotiona‖ y loadcd,but deprivcd of logicality,solcmnity,and authority(see Endoo 1991 for nicc cxamples of such dcinitions)
Serious probicms arisc、 vhcn such biascd charactcrization concerning

11'11いly til、 rcliablc"(SankO∬l",￨い 11()‖ ヽ

community(Ir宙 nc 1989:255‑7).Jugaku's scHcs of work(1979,1984,

W()l偲 on ct al 1983;WolRon 1989:37‑44;Schmidt 1993).

ヽlぃ it'()vt i,￨)()111 1lativc and non― nativc linguists'intuitions and introspcc―
l● ,ll l‖ ll v:11｀ ()1)c tl questionablc source of data bccausc thcir rclatively}り(・(lHc(ltional′ occupatiOnal backgrOund tends to scgrcgate them‖liI卜 )lily o「 vcrnacular speakcrsin the commtlnity(Labov 1972a:1)〕 ('')

口111lICntial studics of Japanese womcn's languagc are nlorc,1lltヽ
ヽ〔ιin ability to llltintigc (liscoLirSC in a sociocconolllicallyor a propcr varicty or stylc of lを inguagc)conヽ 11llins his ol「 hcr accessto econonlic and political rcsourccs tlvel‖ ablc ill ti particular speech

1988: 145)and mOrc likely to rcflect、、h.1l tht'v lllink thcỳ̀should''say rather than what they say in reality{l・ ￨￨ス ,vi｀ ,/)II

judgments rcgarding its practical valucs,lcading to stratiflcd̀̀sylllbolic

l propcrlanguage,

inlucn衝 al studics(whiCh arc done mainly by

11'(l(ヽ l)itc thc wcalth of evidencc that nativc spcakers'reports are

11(1lll ll,(appropritttc way(i.c thC ctbility to spctlk tHld writc inを()111〕 :lillstrcam｀ヽth()￨1日 ヽWOrking、vithin thc Japanese sociolinguistics tradition)
ヽ11,1、「 ￨)tt・ :,(l、 livc(l「「olll thc nrst two types Naturally occurring data(typcl)ll,1.. :,い 1 1)Ccil so ヽ
Videly cxploitcd in Japancsc sociolinguistic investi―

l'lt.ヽ 11,'1()1:卜in acquirillg

″ ″ブ
ッ
θ″
sθ ″
θルs 49,1 ,1Japancse womcn's languagc as a wholc is used to makc superncial
powcr''in polijctll cconollly(130urdicu 1977:51)Onc'S Succcss or failurc

̀cc力

(・

:￨,‖ 111t':￨￨｀

still excmplitt thC.ψ、111リ キlhl(1に ヽlyl)cs ol｀ ｀Otirccs:;(l)rCSCarchers' introspcction onl̀lt,￨!￨￨̀l,'1日ヽ ()l i!111)「 111:11 obscrvaltions and anccdotal evidcncc;::1l c、 11)「 cliciting()tllcr llativc speakcrs'introspectivc data;
1 :}t1l lt..ll● ‖‖11(1)1:1ヽ k()l it,1ltcd ilclturaHy occurring intcractional data Data for

Whilc it is evidcnt that、 vonlen's gcnder rolcs and idcntities havc rccentlyof nlalor language― rclatcd dictionaries and essays publicizcd in Japanlゞ

11ぃ ￨l ll11)、

speech of Japancsc wolllCn in gencral(MaShim0 1969;Endoo 1991)
undcrgone drastic changcs in thc society, dcnnitions from a number′′てィ″″′ '■ 7〃 ′
'″
ノ
̀IVて

11111)口 lt:￨‖ vヽ 01lnd,

using qucstionnaires as a prilnary source of data to・1111,り llt.ntitivc spcakcrs'gralllinar with respect to particular aspccts ofヽヽ
l,1lll,11il11( ‖｀C(C g ldC Ct al.1986;Idc 1990).Although the qtlcstionnairel‖lllt'111('(￨￨、

1)、,1lCliCiそ 1l

in ccrtain respects,such as collecting a large alllountvilhi11(l、 hort pcriod of tilnc and obtaining data for particular、.l'1't'(￨',ぃ 1111:1サ l‖ :lHC tiSC recurring、 vith low frequcncics in natllraly occur―

1985,1986,1990)arguCS that givcn womcn's rcccnt profcssional advance―
mcnt in thc public sphere, the prevalcnt cultural idcology that wonlen
た2)inhibits cquality in commu―
αSカ プ
should talk in felllininc ways(θ ″4α ″t,￨(￨̀￨￨:￨nication bctwccn men and womcn、 vho are supposed to collaboratc or

tl111 1り

women's powerlcssness in communication(deriVCd from prcscribcd

り' HIIヽ ￨:l(11(,11、 、it is nlethodologically risky(Labov 1972c;Brouwer
ヽ
・
/り )ヽ
、
、hl)tittCrns that arc clarined by thC questionnairc method‖ぃ■● 1l l,1(.I:(■ 11 ヽlcrcotypic corrcct, norlllativc rcsponses to prccstab―
11・ ,11● :llions and rarcly mcct descriptivc adequacy in natural￨￨■ ￨卜 11 、￨,(1●

politcncss and indirectncss)and stigmatization against thosc who adopt
vays of spcaking arc both likely to segrcgate Japancse
nonfcnlininc 、

Ч11:11111'￨̀lt11ぃ ￨￨ぃ 11(ヽ :11lkOff 1 988).It dOCS nOt nccessarily guarantee that￨ll・ 11卜 il ｀、ぃ111tl l:に ｀1 1lti‖ y bchavc ac■ oss diVCrsc colllllluniCative settings

COlllpetC With onc anothcr in thc marketplace. Stcrcotypc images of

1‖

1)、

l、

i l11‐

lhtllk lll、 v would SCl「 rcport data obtaincd thFOugh the ques‐

women fl・ om the public sphcrc(Rcynolds 1990).As increasing numbers

Iぃ i lil、of、 vomcn enter into thc marketplacc today,the linguistic idcologies arc

11̀,I‖ 1!ll!1 1‖ t lll()tl :ll、bcginning to connict、 vith how、 vomcn actuaHy spcak in playing their ncw
gendcr roles.This typc of conlict tends to bccomc rllost critical particu‐

t ill,lll,tlllll●

larly for、 vomcn who work in positions of autho■ ity and leadcrship,whichhave traditionally bclongcd to mcn(Moganll 1986;Takenobu 1994)

11ヽ

()icnd to dcpict a highly rcduced picturc of nativcrぃ )1lllヽ Ct CllCC(WOIROn et al.1989).It iS thus unfortunatc

cliptiOn of sociolinguistic gral13inars of Japancsc
曽い111(￨(.11()1(1(、 、ヽ
ミll!:Ⅲ ll′ :￨l1111・ ￨￨'t ilVilil:ll)ic today is likely to bc fraught with thcse biascs
lctcristics prcscntcd so far clcarly necd connr̲
il,11,11!1 ｀1̀1い 、
1,￨ ￨￨￨(・ (h:1「 〔11):1｀ ￨‖ liolls o「 c11lpil・ ical findings bascd on raw nlatcrials
111111卜 ￨￨￨ll・ 11,IIぃ'socitll livcs
i,ぃ ￨‖ ￨￨,: 11,111111,1(}￨ ■ 1llく :ド ヽヽ￨ぃ ,￨lli l l,ぃ ,い lt ill l｀ it'VIllぜ llt il、 pl‐ cvious studics of、 Iapancsc、 vomCn'S. 111tヽ l!(11〕 (llytic:li nlctllods
ヽ
Vhilc thcrc are a nuinbcr
i::￨￨メ 1141: ,1‖'11'‖‐
II11,,「 ￨‖ 11 J II(￨lr、 111:11(1‖ (lntittllivcly antllyzc ntittiraly occurring
̀il lll・｀ ヽ;:lpを
cSCヽVOnlCn'sI[lngtlを lgc
i::lt l・ i:￨￨,:ll,11、 11̀ll̀l it}(￨て 11:1、 111(￨=1l11〕 1111(l「 01｀ 、
llに ,￨ ,1

ll・

1、

1)(｀

αα″″αれα/11″ たα′
PrObた 799Sノ ″″α′θ泳̀r力Data conllllonly used for analysis in prcvious studics of Japancsc
gendcr di∬crcntiation up to now seenl to be gcncrated prilnarily from11、

′″(lVて ' ‖イ
/̀′ ノ
・
̀′

1,

鴇

憶

血

撫

:鐵

礁

職

i観

771'ソ ′ι

′
ソ

̀rs̀″

̀/f r77″

θたs

51｀110‖ h(lvc I)1‐ OVCll 10 bC Supcrior to the usc of bareヽす￨￨￨!￨卜 ￨( 1lt(111、 ｀sociolinguistic studies(SankO∬ 1985,1986,

ll.い '‖ ￨∫ ￨￨'1‐ '￨,v Il 11l1lllhCr O「鮮鮒'′ '7″

Iり 111ヽ

)卜 :‖ ￨￨￨、 1,l11:l l ti:‖ 1(llysis is tt pttrticularly useful incthod for statisticallyThc nrst requiremcnt is thc statistical verincation of frcquencics ofll:1 1)I tll,,￨卜 ￨11、 11(ll‖ y)tilldCl‐

occurrcncc.Any gencralization derivcd particularly froln a large amountl:‖Standing such complcx relationships and｀マ lhci 3cndcr is truly a crucial factor as colllpared、 vith theII(ヽ"11, ll,ヽ

:11111l CXl)lalltltory factors.Until we fllinH thcsc requircmcnts,t,￨lit, ￨)1'1(・ヽヽt ,lllll)い l tl:linl lk)「 surc that thc rcsults truly rcprcsent gendcr―

based,111111̀l111:1111)ll ill l:lnguagc lt is vcry likely to provide a prcmaturc,over―

辮

為

瀾

朧

鸞

ヽ
Ⅲ
ll1llllll̀て 'ti l,く :1に'l:lli7:ltion that simply corrclates thc ratcs of occurrcnce、、1111 111t 、￨)titlkt｀ 、1)lological sex alonc.

鸞￨・■tl∬ 箇?漁 I]∬翼:l島 選認盤富lli脚ξ甜犠糧∬鷲撼li∬I朝藤
警榊鱗苗蕊豊撚And it is not al、 vays idcntinable whethcr skcwedncss in data or bias

involvcd in data coHcction p■ occdurcs may havc had distorting c∬ ects

On thc characterization Thc prcscnt study takcs advantage of proba―bilistic accounts of linguistic variation(CcdCrgrcn tlnd Sankoff 1974)toconnpcnsatc for such possibic ske、 vcdncss ol'ra、 v spccch data,as suggestcd

by Guy(1981).
Another crucial rcquircmcnt of thc quantitative paradigm is concerncd
with the intcrsccting relationships bet、 vccn thc occurrcncc of a variable
undcr investigation and a large numbcr of othcr factors that inay silnul―lttヽ NI・ ;‖.1・li(11ヽ

、1111「 :Ill,IHt̀l‖ Y th:￨‖ 11■ illg thc mainstream homogencous dennition, thc
・l'￨￨￨「 ‖￨ ̀11!(lv :￨口 llヽ 10 FCVCal neglectcd intcrnal sociolinguistic variation、、111‖ ‖￨1lt̀ 111:li'‖ オ
l「 01l Japanese womcn who arc playing incrcasingly
(ヽ

:〕

til、

l)●

11,,1. 11 ntit・ 1「 olCヽ(lぃ !ll‖

l!1111'11V I:::卜tt・ ll(1じ'lk l1111lc
spccch community Biased sampling ofdata(taken frOm｀
く1101l or l■ liddle― class Standard¨ Japancsc speakcls in urbantl)l11‖ ‖:￨‖ llt・ 、)hilヽ illCvitably led to ovcrgeneralizations as to how women
it il)、 ￨)(llk ill thcir cvcryday lives Ho、 vever, oncc we shift thc
l:1‖ (l 口11̀￨￨￨ヽ 1 11111('ヽ ￨ヽ t｀tt̀111111ti11・ ll ,(・contcxt, discursive function of thc uttcrancc, topic, stylc, intcractionaltl、 Ii,‖ ￨￨,(

Or othcr participants)(SankO∬ and Labov 1979). ThC impOrtance ofd lo ignore hetcrOgcncous rcalitics of how womcn(and!1 lt‖ )￨,￨ス

tancously constrain its occurrencc(c.g thC nature of thc grammaticalcontext,and pcrsonal or sociodemographic characteristics of thc spcaker

ill contcmpOrary socicty As discusscd so far,thel:l:11 :lCCcl)ttincc of prescriptivism in Japancse sociolinguistic｀、
lt,(lt,(l、 copc ofinvcstigation to the specch of the currently

i lll ':11):lllCSCヽ VOmCn,linguistic bchaviors of thc innovativc
̀.11い:￨￨1111,1‖、t(,‖ ￨()1111 10ヽ Ornc of the biascd,cven stigmatizcd,charac―
絆￨:‖■Ⅲl l↓ :￨',llit｀ 1't'W()11lCll'S languagc.Thc traditional static dcinition‐｀｀l lil!t・ 11卜 ￨:l113uage is particularly problcmatic in studies of「:,i=(l1 l tiぃ ‖‖‖￨,1l y, whcrc drastic change in thc social construction

1● l iⅢ l:lⅢ

Focusing on thc intersccting rclationships among potential factors has nott,￨ 141!

bcen cxplicitly vcrbalizcd but sccms ObVious in reccnt studics of gendcr
and languagc: apparcnt scx― rclatcd di∬crcntiation in language is truly
a linguistic manifestation of enormously complex social practiccs,whiCh

ilil:

t,1 賛
￨‖ ol,.l hil, ￨,tt l1 1:￨￨、

stcm from thc intcraction ofa varicty of sociocultural factors uniquc to●1111̀￨llt,日 11)￨‖ k、 、il1lo
1111111ヽ ■local community(e.g Eckcrt 1988,1989,1991)In sOrting out thc e

青ll口 IⅢ l".Ⅲ l口 !lht ill()ヽ 1(ly:ltl i〕 lic scctor ofthe rcmalc pOpulation in today's
ヽl ll ・￨,,tll(・ 、 CCl1 0「 「LIH― tilnc homcmakers,、 vho havc becn
苺::1111、 1■ i ヽ
iViOlls studies:(2)focuSes On natural specch
til● t嘗 、 11ぃ ぃ1 1̀III'1・ 1('l l)「 、・

Ofthc speakcr's gcndcr on the occurrcncc of a givcn variablc,rescarchc
are rcquircd to ngurc out thc C∬ ects of various potential factors(botlinguistic and cxtralinguistic)silnultancously influencing the variablc in
qucstion and to takc a more qualitativc look at the interfactor relation‐

ships in tcrms ofthcir ettcctivcncss(Takan0 1998)I)uc tO thC unavoidab
skc、 ving of sociolinguistic data and the nccessity of flguring out thc
cnorlllously complcx intcrsecting rclationships among a numbcr ofpoten・
tial factors,probabilistic accounts of occurrences or nonoccurrenccs.■

ll)￨,￨・

11■ ￨・

・1,ヽ

.lt t):‖、

ini!,plttcc.
t｀lhC 11lcthodological problcms in previous studics,
ヽ
ticcount the speech ofprofessional women,1)(ヽ・￨￨￨￨・ 111.II lilit,I!￨'h .1 1)11:liCIl1ll「 1)rolocol callcd sociolinguistic intervicws
11 1り￨￨￨):1ll(1(ヽ )‖ 、Cヽ そlppropl・ iatc inethods for quantincation
￨:Ⅲ 、
l llノ
̀:鵜
t il 磯1lltlilり l ｀ ltiヽ lictll tcsts 6or icvcls of signincancc and11:￨,￨￨￨￨
￨ll、
l:'1■
1そ

11 ,111ill、 '11.it)￨ ￨l11(・illI:￨11ヽ
̀i11●t■ :￨￨卜￨,i・ '￨￨l1111〔

1111ctor「 cLltionsllips in tcrms of emcctivcness,11い l tlt l)(ヽ l:(￨(,lli v̀l ri(l blcs(ic thC Val・

iablc rulc approach)

1:Jl‖ :,(・ 11111 111,tl :ヽ .111kt,￨￨, ￨り /ヽ ll, lり 7ヽ ￨): Itolissctlll 1 989)・

1｀

hC()LltC0111c o「

′
ノィ
′
′
(1ゞ ″
/,(′

52 S Zαたα77θvill refute the homogencous dcinition of Japancsc
this investigation 、
womcn's language,showing that(1)multivariate analysis of performancedata inds statistically verincd difrcrences、
vithin Japanesc womcn's

l hil、 「citltivc to hcr style ofliving and did not have to bc the‖l t)￨ ‖l l(￨:1、 l oncc per week
11lι try of the suttcCtS' demographic characteristics.
ti‖ 〕
l ill,lt. 1 1、 :￨ 、

denncd as female‐ specinc;(2)the internal hcterogeneity can be identinedcorrelatcd、vith a concrcte social category of speakers'Illcmberships in thc

1 1::1ヽ 1' 11ヽ 1・ (￨ lht: 1「marketplace and rclatc conllnunication nctworks in thcir evcryday livcs

lllt'￨:lit,日 11:'lllヽ

than with such abstract categories as social― class index

ll:IЦ

J/aε

θ
θ
θ
JIJ″
77α ′
′′,rr77′ α
′″
ァ″ ′
Jθ

̀α

̀II(.1●￨l!￨lll「̀slcvel of forlllality of intervic、 v scssions thus alo、 ving spcakers to producc

vernacular― stylc specch to a grcater extcnt(M‖rOy 1980:53).I had ncver

mct any of the sutteCtS prior to thc intcrvicws Six of them(grOup I:
EWM)arC fl111‑timc cmployed womcn in manageHal podtions tradition―
ally held by lllcn.This group can bc assumcd to rcprcsent a leading cdge

y OttCCtiVes in doing(111C S()cial Class lndiccs=SCI)Ⅳ 【‖nlinc thc vallidity ofclass lllembcrship for the analysis ofmy

″ パ
′
￨ ″
た.″ /″ ″ ′11ヽ ￨ '()!￨へ 1 1(￨￨(ヽSCIヽ1 1)1l I)

division chiefat a publishing company

workplacc

divlslon chicf

comcc shop

18

cottcc shop
cofFec shop

17
17

e shop17

workplace

13

1〕

￨:A

company prcsident

'H

l:A

oiccr/educatOr at rcform

schoolお r fcmalc iuVenilc
delinqucntsi{ヽ l i(￨

111く 、
liCtll scllool'ノ

ophthallnologist

coffc・

at a univcrsity hospital

today F市 c ofthcm(grOup Ⅱ:EW)are alSO fL111‑timc employcd women inll,￨ "11,lt l、nonauthoritative roles,mainly omce clerks Thc remaining six spcakers

1‐(grOup HI:HM),acjng as a control group,arc fll11‑timc homcmakcrs w
havc no cmploylltent of any kind outsidc their households.As lllentior
earlicr,this group of、 volncn has becn portraycd as typical''Japa::毎womcn and has consistently bcen thc exclusivc targct of prcvious st

毎 l匈

l rl

:

￨:A

law omcc managcr

11 、、ぃ1,,(1l ilヽ

1ヽ

socioeconollllic class scores(SCI) SecOnd, it also inquircd about

Sctting

nl:11lagcrial positions(EWM)(siX Speakers)4

111111・ ! C()‖ cgc￨̀,￨opportunitics to play innovative gcndcr rolcs in the changing socicty

inforl■ ants detailcd dcmographic qucstions in ordcr to mcasurc thci

Profcssion(husband's)

at a rcscarch institutcof contcmporary Japanese womcn who are f■ nding increasingly morc

After the intervic、 v was done,cvery informant、 vas givcn a qucsti
nairc,which was dcsigncd to f■llnll tw。 。bJect市 es.First,it asked t̀ルit"￨,1● ぃ'11、 vt,111(ll ilヽ￨: )::{ヽ 1)

Of Japancse gcnder dittcrcntiation̲

″ grο lrPS,ノ 71ρ ′
α
た′
ぉノ

̀″

Al■ ' ￨'(111、 11(1()!1

second― order nct、 vorks''(i.e.fl・ icnds or acquaintances of friends or

acquaintanccs of lllinc),、 vhiCh are found to bc efFcctivc in rcducing thё(.ヽ::(litional lltethods to outline the class distribution of'″

A total of 17、 vomen who were born and raiscd in the Tokyo metropoll―tan arcas participated in this study Allthc subjcCtS Were recruited throughmy′ a″ ッθrsθ ″
θ/cps 53
̀̀̀/pl′lt｀

ll綽 illllヽ 111 lvヽ vil卜

̀θ

ψ

1‐

ti:::11111‖

rα
S17けC̀rs,α α0/77で 17む

｀ 1'に lv(・ (,:ll(lct、 l1l ordcr to accommodatc HMs who tended to
ド1:11‖ ｀,:￨「lγ l:￨‖ c11 1ヒ Wcl・ rcgLllar Contacts only in personal tics. The￨l111、
ll11、
fccls''take placetit:蒼 !:'す ぃ￨ ￨:IW il、 itlucllCy ol｀ intcractions cach informant
1■

language in thc uses of two morphosyntactic variablcs that have bccn
as involving social stratincation, but it is the one morc meaningfl11ly

14′,loll11ltlnagcrial positions(EW)(■ vC SpCakcrs)

￨:八
ll,へ

。mcc clerk

co5ce shop

14

at a govcrnmcntal omcc
ofncc clcrk

comcc shOp

15

cottcc shop

14

at a travcl agcncy
l'1

1̀tl‖

口t lll 、 11。 。l(‐￨accountant
at a travel agcncy

円 !MI
l,:匈

￨l lltいl! ヽ
いHclicbank clcrk

cO∬ ec shop

15

oniCC Clcrk at a kindergartcn

workplacc

15

home
homc

16
14

tiSSOClatlon‖:11,￨￨￨￨￨￨lt l!(:1ll lll1lkt:t、 (HM)(SiX Spcakcrs)
tl →1 11口 11'1ヽ ̀)IIり , (cOn,pany prcddcnt)
棒1講 曇

1持 ￨￨::伊informants'social network patterns,moditting BrOuwer and Van Hout'(1992)methOd lt askcd thc numbcr of non― ねmily mcmbers the infor:,￨:1へ 幸 』

1.り

1::ヽ

{i!1(lcpcn(lcrlt architcct)

mants regula■ ly talked to atleast oncc a wcek.Furthcrlnore,it also askeく

ヽ41ヽ 1 11 1

llサ

!1,｀

(coll〕 ￨)ally cnlploycc,￨::ヽ ギ ': 11ヽ

1口 ￨￨￨̀il '● ￨ltり

1′

ll,′

:キ ￨ヽ

1 1:￨ 「 1ll,:11111̀H)￨(1を Iundry owncr)

cach informant to spccifν people shc intcractcd with vcry frequcntly

11)オ

1』

￨｀ 1

11 1

ヽ

l、

̀

111:1ょ Oritilco∬ ee shop

17

homc

16

comce shOp
hollnc16
17

position)((:。 !1〕 I):lny plcsidcnt)
11:ollll)(11ly cll,￨)￨。

ycc,

11lt口 1[11lCtitll l)osili()1))

/″ /,̀″54 S.冗 αたα71ο' 11'て
′て
('、

,′

ツ

71C771.勁 ″̀̀̀/7777bケ ̀rs̀″

θたs

55

ヽ
ヽ,,‖ l,￨ ￨‖ 1111ヽ 11 1)litl)￨、 lo(￨‖ ctioll). 1'CCausc thc groups'social̀̀territorics"
lt'111. : tillc1111)tc(l t()choosc l■ eutral places such as coffec
I卜 til‖data and to comparc nly rcsults with thosc ofprevious studies,whcrc class喪静聯littll批澤!臀鶴捕樹11讐盟{犠 1警 :I鮮 暑憾評脚116[111∬ 1t・̀￨￨1 11●■1,1,￨:■

cc()「 lbl・ 11ltllity of thc intervicw sctting uniforlll￨‖ ilkt'111、 :(￨じ￨口=「WCvcr,coLll(lnOt always bc accolllplishcd,usually duc tot():￨ヽ 11111111、 ol｀ tllc subJccts.Nevcrthcless,whilc thc distri―il:1● it1li l,‖ ,t,hい、lIl it llぃ 11111t・●‖ ぃ1 1‖ it.ivicw scitings rcsultcd in somc discrepancy bctween thc
V｀ ICi〕 l:llic corrclation bet、 vccn the detectcd variability andPIt'￨￨￨).̀ llい ｀l lll‖

l lll‖
Ⅲlll・

notcworthy intragroup diffcrcncc in individual scorcs.As far as group
scores arc conccrned,it is group I(EWM)、 vhiCh had thc highest class

i.雌 鮮

f武

鮮

掛

よ 1罫

IWi聾

驚

l忠
点翼」
∬ 詰∫
∬:∬ ∫ 殿ミ氏li留首
話

e嚇

:‖

il電

:‖

furthcr in rclation to the rcsults of nly analysis in thc follo、

舅i漁 輩

is dcsigncd spccilica‖ y for quantitativc sociolinguistic rescarch (Labov

1972c,1981:7 16)This techniquc was found bcncncial%r thc prescnt

鮒irm:i粘甘1ツ ニ器]1龍 ∵油
叢::l雪L]耽 肝1思 Ъ盤
鶏籍 穏t胤 諄
棚 lPで 1∬ lgr鳳 :=盤 1漁 轟鞠1‖ (ly c1llploys onc of the most rccent versions of thc｀t‖ 11 、

tl l'!'llt lll11,‖●￨lht・ 、1111i、 lictii nlodcl of sociolinguistic variation initiatcd by(1.11t'I P11.‖￨:llti｀ 1111k()11(1974).It cStimatcs the prObability valucs fl・l,1 11111・ ￨￢

om

1｀

11‖ り
1 1‖ llキ lli、 tic

and cxtralinguistic contexts and allows us toc of thc variable tendcncies of a givcn speaker's
・
11‖ 、
11l l,1.11● ll‖ :l ntic
「 he progranl conducts a multivariatc analysis oflll:￨̀￨ ‖、
11り ' ￨ll(・ :ll:lXill〕 uill likclihood tcchnique and yiclds a probabilityl「 ⅢI‖ 11:ltt' t,1 ‖lt,cI〕 tct o「 cach contextual constraint on the application
lll lllt' ￨‖ ・In tl‖ cstiOn in relation to thc other rcmaining constraints.9:〕

t鷲

revcaling thc systcmatic and regular charactcr of grammar(Lab9v ct al.
1972; Labov 1972b, 1981) SccOnd,conducting the sociolinguistic intcr中vic、 v guarantecs a sumcicnt quantity of data for quantitativc analysis olvarious variables with every single subjCCt(Labov 1981,1996)Last andmost crucially, thc sociolinguistic intcrview consists of somc formal
protocols and a1lows us to lllodCratcly cont■ccting intra― gcndcr― groupぃll、 :̀￨ャ t(￨IIt'(lll● 1lt V(Hヽ lributions ofthc factors in thc data across a variety

ving sections:∫

lll t・'lll(11lot bc a mttor faCtOr a∬

VA:く ￨￨:く 111 1)1(,「 1 lllll:VARBRUL 4(Rousscau 1989)It iS a cOmputer

撃lttl∫ i忠 嘲,11織
ieSttΨ 施‖
肌淵l器 ‖
認駄1はヽ;11ì1l111li v
:lltヽ

鮎

ヽ
Vilド 11)‖ 11(￨((liSCussed in Rcsults)ThuS,I COncluded that theIJ,ヽ

it.ヽ VI,t'111:￨サ

i!111.lヽt il;11ll:: 1‖II)ヽ t lilll l)icttl「il』 l夕￨ヽ1‖ ￨￨l lt.i nitlll.￨11(・ otl11)lit Of thC progralal alows us to calculate the lcvcl■l .1lll:‖ ltt i‖ l(■ '01 :l‖ y illctorial effect This can be donc using valucs of
り 1lht.￨￨II(,1)(1 lht・ (111lt・ rcnce in thc log― likelihood bctween two variableヽ、
t'(4'11(l ol・ which ignorcs the constraint to evaluate, isl‖
11‖ l,1 11iヽ

l・

￨=ヽ

::1111111111111 11、).:111(1 lhC rcsult to bc obtaincd is thc chi―square valuc:401).ThCrc is also a way to evaluatc how wcll
lWI言 1::1.::111:11,11)1,vlり 、ヽll;●￨,l:￨・ lil,1.11t)、:￨li11ドIP保 キri:‖ lt・ 、
11‖ 11ltcs

111 t hl'￨￨￨:l:(・of probability nt the observc frcquencics,
Vill uCS(Prcston 1989:15‑6).

olthc contcnt and dircction oftalk(iC.Chain of topics talkcd about)in a uniforlll manncr across thc

舗麟舗
評
醜轍言
劉脚瀧
intcrvie、 vs conductcd by thc rescarchcr as an interactant、vhose socistatus is held roughly constant and ncutral to cvery singlc sublcct shouprovidc supcrior data in tcrms of both quantity and quality
The nnal note about data clicitation through sociolinguistic interv
concerns thc intervie、 v setting lt can be expectcd thatless formalintcrvic
settings(eg・ the homc environment)ten tO have positivc c∬ ccts on

spcakcr's production of thc vcrnacular,and vicc vcrsa(ie thCヽ Vorkp

/1̀ ′
,り
″′
″′
ム ―
w:l ThC variables thc prcscnt study focuses′
fl,lFt,,′ ′姜′̀̀'「ぃ よ￨11(卜 1● 1‖ ￨()!1)1losyntactic phenomcna,which havc widelyt尋 11:￨:れ l:￨・ ￨、 、
:Iロ 111イ 1(￨・ 1,,‖ ￨,‖ kt｀ :、 ol li̲・ nlinillc spccch by previous rcsearch Thc
l:日 自
ll l・
ド
!il彎 1ヽ J:]̀:l,￨￨IⅢ IIlr t.￨lll)、 1、 ()lJ(lpancsc topic markcr― lljα
,′

:

11)

′
卜ll()11、 ‖klll‖・Ll dattan dcsu yo鴇 苺￨:lⅢ lll{111′ )‖ 日ヽ
ci〕 ()()l w〔 ts
COP FPl°litl:'llllヽ 1()11 、
1ヽ

、chool/1 glを lduatcd frolll a nlission school':111,l ll、 、 I111'11卜 ヽヽ ョ・ο01(￨(l市′ο,￨ょ
isi()il chic「 (わ ι
｀
￨
￨(l
vc:‖
)at a mttOr
1塙
1、

ll・

￨￨￨・ ￨・lllll:lllII:lllド(,,l:11',￨:lVI

1()l〕

̀力

56 S.=α たα″ο,呻αJapancsc postpositiOnal particlcs arc frcqucntly olllittcd in thc casual,unmonitOred mOdc Of discOursc、
vithOut any ch〔 ingc ill lっ OpOsitiOnal
1‐

mcaning(HindS 1976,1982b;Peng ct al.1981:1・ sutsui 19ヽ 1,1984)1l Basedon singlc― sex pecr̲group cOnversations inv01villg hO11lcl〕

1:lkcI、 そln(I whitc̲

collar busincssmcn in TOkyo,shibamOtO(1985, ￨(,9o)Ii:1(l、翼IЛ I薦鱗還7ゞ

‖‖∫
嵐
‖器
t hti(、
vonlcn

1犠

l淵 w‖
￨ド
scl‐ loll、 、
vc(lkllじ 、、ol lhc、 l LI(liCs cOn‐
￨ザl糊

ccrns tl、 vidcsprcad prOblcn1 0fて tcI[lssilicttliOn'｀、(:‖「th O:l gcndcr andlangutlgc(iC. ho、 v tO a1locatc wOnlcil 101 nl(ヽ ll1 1()ヽ
oci:ll grOupings in
ordcr 10 arrivc at a fair gcncl‐ :lli/(:lio:1 0「
｀
‖
(l(ヽ
(li、
lillctiOns in lan̲Fに「
in itヽ

gutlgc)(Gradd01 and S、 vann 1989)̀l:1(1〔 :ll int 01111):ttil)lc cOmparison
ofthc grOups Ofspcakcrs in tl(l(liti011 10 1ht・lll(‖ 1:l‖ yl)「 cscribcd,Inythical｀｀、vO111ぜ n it・ !)「 く｀てnllllメ ,〔 lpttncse 、
vOmcn'slanguage usc in cOntcnlp01‐ 11「 y 、oci(・ ly、 lht・ lw()g「 OLilつ ヽof Spcakcrs―
―
tヽ

vic、

v Of hOmcmakers as thc

housc、vives in thc dOnlcstic si)hcl(.::11(l whilt・ (()ll:￨「public sphcre― ―arc nol llllly t():11!、 :l::11)itヽ i‖social lives、 vhcrc thc 、l)c(lkt::、 :￨「

(｀

t｀

l、

￨):l「 licitil:11‐

v〔lriable as｀1 1):01)Icllns is very
ccilit:(k,、 I)il(ヽ 111()、 c ill11、 ヽ
Iに
1〕

likely to pl‐ 0:11()ic li:1311i、 lic、 lc「 colyl)じ ｀SiICh :l、tivc dcviそ ltiOn,()1 111:‖ kc(l l)c11:tviOFヽ

11011(llll()1lictllity. :10rma―.cvcnヽ lol)1)inc、 、 ヽ
vじ ll:lvc 10 1‐ cilnain

cautiOIIs()「 11lc cI〕 11)irictll vclli(lity o「11lcsc cI]を 1「 (lCicri′ :lli()11、StatLIS O「 1llis pll「 tictil:11‐ varitlblc as a lbnlllllllc llltlrkじ
enlpiric̀llly c01111「 :1lcd with thc specch Ofa mttOrity ol｀ヽillcc thc

1101 bccn
Japancsc w()11lcn―
r h〔 l、oJlcr subgrOups Of wOmcn in cOntcmpOrary sOcicty(eg.prOfc・
wo nlcn)ssionalθ々S 57sι ″ノ″グJν ′″

̀カ

htlve charactcrized、 vomcn as conscrvative uscrs of these nativc norms

h Japan∝ c hnguagc utt Reた面
苦cf潔 蹴Iマ laど 1群 :ni堪 路lk)rllls of the prcdiCatc,Japanesc WOltransforl■ atiOns of Canonical structureS(achieved by bOth dCletion andtlddition of grammatical clemcnts)tO a grCater CXtCnt than mcn as

Wゝ 臨
』
Ⅲ:驚 古
;l訛 ■ 鷺

:1:詭

1:∫

1批

[1;lW審蒸よwomcn's registcr in Japancsc. Kindaichi(1994: 211‑213)also pOints
Out that Japancsc inclinations toward indirectncss in languagc use havc
historically creatCd a varicty of transformations of thC forms of thC
prcdicate,and that wOmen havc bcen inore activc than lllen in innovating
and using such Strategies as the attachment of ConncctivcS to thC post¨
prcdicatc position and uscs of StOp― in‐ thc― llliddlc scntcnccs,a1l of whiCh

can rcducc thc degrCCS Of C10quence and cxplicitness
AInong a very few data‐ based studicS donc so far rcgarding variable

uses of thC prCdiCatc in JapanesC, Snlith (1992a)alsO uph01ds thC

C WOmCrs hnguagc一

1、

activities and rolllillcs II A l):11(li(Itヽ 11lilic:1li011()1 lhi、

categorica‖ y'' 1し nl(1lc̲、

1)tisillcssmcn in thc

ヽ
1::l、 0「l)linlttry dOl■ lains Of｀!1ル 1,1(・ (l ill にVC:y(￨(ly colη nlunicativc

θ″θ′'Sy'′ ′̀sa ll柵

I:lЧ 」 R譜 輩 ば ぶ

Slllith inds that iniddlc― class
Japan∝
壕 稀 elfking

homemakers cngage in samc― SCx pecr intcractiOns wcre morc likCly tO″̀C宙 dentialS'modality fOrms(c.gcxploit gα なθ¨θο,ッ οθ″α, sο θ″α)
αα″

associatcd with lower dcgrces of asscrtiveness,denniteness,and factuality

in their statcmcnts(20.6%),whCreas a malc control group was much lcss

品fT鴇 糧胤甘常1翼鰤肌無毬it淵 117憲 柵
脂樋
y胤 捲
‖
tWttll艦 罵
乳電患qu濯 呪熱織eFtr意 ∬!T。

interactional stylcs appropriatc to c乏

ι
々 ″′
′
て
で//77α ノの″777S Thc sccOnd variable tO cxaminc cOnccrns various
ン
/′

̀′

surihcc manifcstatiOns Of uttcrancc― final fOrms l havc choscn thcsc
variables bccausc Of thcir rolc in cOlltrllon charactcrizatiOns Of Japanesc

Thesc gencraliZations,hoヽ Vcver,can be challcnged by Endoo(1992),
rent sOCial
whO invcstigatcd languagc usc by、 vomen、vhO bClong to a diffc・

rttI:蠍

1緊

ン 絣 鮮翼:il鳳 翼艦 暮 胤

li,VLnlinguistic nOrms and thcir c10sc linkagc tO a prcscribcd imagc of wOmen

滞

as cOnscrvativc uscrs of such nativc norms Japanesc language usc is滞:猟 留 ::∬ 龍:鷺 臨 s:寵ζ
‖Ⅷ ‖
L撚
C:篤
11:
犠∬鳳
織 :認:滉 ∬∬官T￡『II』/tl vS.mCn1 69.10%;wOmeni37 2%vsoften charactcrizcd as̀̀vaguc"inv01ving grcatcr tOlcrance fOr alllbiguitics(aS OftCn cOnlparcd with English)(Hinds 1980b, 1982b)and aesthctic
prcfcrencc br indirectncss(Nakttima 1987;Shibatalli 199o:IKindaichi
1994) It is also said tO bc highly contcxt̲dcpcndcnt in a110、

ving a grcat

dca1 0f cllipsis Of undcrst00d clements■ Om surhcc fOrms(shibatani
1990:390)Or bcing̀̀situationaHy fOcuscd"(in COntrast tO English's bcing
actor― focused'')(I― Iinds 1982b: 226)in rclying hcavily oll participants'

cognit市 c abilities tO recOvcr the missing infOrmation(HindS 1980a,1982a,

1987)It sccms that prcviOus studics Of Japancse gendcr dinbrcntititiOn

胤

it is bascd on naturalistic spccch data of lncn and WOmcn froln silnilar

SnIふ Cl」:1°

ll:::ξ

―scXCS in the uSC Of asscrtiVe sentcnccS(ガ たノ″ b1777)and StOp―

in― the― llliddlc4)(wOmCni62.8°
ll,rcspcctiVcly)(Endoo
1992:63).Hcr analysis of suspcnded
1llcni 30 9°

Sα S力 ■bscntcnccS(ブ ブ―わ ″)alS0 0btained countCr―
l11lcranccs(て '力 ν″S力 ′Vヽ

cvidCncc(WOmcn:241%

11lCil:248(/))tO thC Clを lilll that、vomcn tcnd tO ICaVC uttCranccsincom―
ltyl)lclc Iヽ

1()「 C01:icll

thtin nlcn l・ 1lcsc clllpiriCal rcsults Stlggcst thC ncccSヽS̀ll10777̀が S tρJ̀ψ α″θ

押淵 式驚 盤寵盤ふ脳晰ぶ
r管

I盤

θS 59
s̀″ θ′
θ″
ッ
′″ブ
カブ
̀̀σ

θたθ770 Sθ 71Sθ ブ
B: 5ο ′.

(NIlale tcachcr'i‖

61Vヴ IIfr¨ /1αnlu‐ Oku ka,nluu hЖ h g‐ 誼 にヽ
で瀾 。
…
̀/7'.

Ss:窯

shichi dC kite,̀Ah,s00n … HC Camc when he、 vas 28,ah,■ o,he came、

vhCn hc

was 26 or 27,
777θ Z777α S
ima m00 SOrosoro sallJuu ni naru to 7ο
so nov/hC Should soon bc 30,I think.'

れ″′g2″
αrα θ
8Dα た

α′

̀So,abOut the samC age(aS yOu).'

I: Donna scnsei dcsu ka
̀VVhat iS hC likC?'

゛′・
4θ Sカ ブ
B:Sugoku ne,ano 9′ αtSタ ツ

boku da面 iCmO
rli譜 7T響 :,wgoku Ю
胤P凝 独
,Ю

(2) I:

rcigi tadash五 Si nc

Lldan d00 itta k010()shitc,、 likttn sugosを 11・ crun desu ka?
̀USLla‖ y,、vh〔 tt kinds 01｀ thillgs dO you(10 10 spcnd tillnc?'「

B IIRttЪ

惣∫
llli露

d｀

‖
u面
Q ttXЮ Ⅲ

̀UstlaHy, mOstly dOmcstic chOrcs,,劇

tAnd,Hc'S not a City person,SO hc's vcry pure,and very
2たvery cOnsidcrate.'をしnd, LHll, t、 vicc a wcck l dO

(Study)English,sO xxx'

I: Aa,soO dcsu ka?

W鸞1鶉櫨窮織棚lI幕
Italicizcd scgmcntS 3,7,and 9 are classilicd as the nrst typc,thC complete

̀Ah,is that sO?'

B: Eikaiwa lyα r′′′θ
̀I study English cOnversatiOn'.

鴛i:″ 鮮IttIIgfgi〔tt Mル aα″たた∬lioЮ ぉ″獄糖k」 dg0 0

1子 :ζ

ルrississippi'

Tttli篇 懺懲絶I″面″agmental̀(Do you study)With scvcral othcr pcoplc?'lil♂ !1lJ‖

夕〕ル∫:illl群

lilil(君4/777α Sα /7777″

listcncr as asSCrtiVC,eXplicit,and ft

̀Only thrcc?'l:‖[:1潔 ilittI!∬ 淵 W輩1987)As discussCd belovら lCaving thc follo、

lilHl:恐

B: Ec,cc,cc,cc̀Ycs,yes'
I: OtOkO no sensci dcsu ka?
Is yOし lr tcachcr nltllc?'

i‖

‖
‖
IL)1‖

i」

::・

ill二 i鰭漁囀

̀:傷「hilc thC ft111‑forms Of thC pr
hcrc ヽヽ

̀Now,(thCre are)thrCC Of us'

::i籠

16

B: 3Sθ θ″θ
sfr″ ι
̀That's right'

I: Sannin de?

∬『よ
暮lllよ lll:l子 llfi2::lT:lelini:i:[dCd as thC third typ%a fl・

I: Nannin ka isshO desu ka?

ving s10t for the COnclusivc

rRttHiT冊

i富
電
∫出
胤穐
躍lI:■ 累
lll乱 lli∫ TTllliT:::蹴 I;λ 胤:Tll胤 ∬

:lkぶ

illlt‖:

(}｀ 、 ノ,ス
̀″

'〕

￨ll、

lt(￨(ll cs、′J″ α″′s̀″ ο777̀″ 'S,ρ̀′

cC with thc liberty tO gucss, and thus makes thclll sOund1)()｀

ι力れ 訪ッ̀θ̀rs̀rο

ルs 6111)rcdiCatc connectivcs play intcractive rolcs in conllnunicating thcl)CtlkCr's amcct or attitudes to、

vard the proposition、 vith thc addrcsscc and

110gOtiating the lnutual stance for conllnunicativc rapport.In addition,

Iい

1lg ct al's(1981:86‑91)study Of gcnder dimercntiation in thc spcech()i tldolcsccnts providcs supportive cvidencc in interpreting thc post―!kヽ1)Icdicate connectives aslillguistic innovation of gender neutralization led prilllarily by young

with sOmcOnc whO dOes nOt sharci
Thcrc is alsO found anothcr nOtc、
濫 ‰

鴨

覇 IS謂

よ
「

1猟

with thc fOHOwing s10t llnillcd.T

vOrthy pattcrn Of variatiOn in

号胤Su● cct A:(3) a Jilnutckina kOtO ga

00i

ゞ
押

1蝋

響

:帯

n dcsuた θ″θ″ο 。 .…

busincsslike things SUB nlany EP18 though̀I mainly dcal with busincsslikc mattcrs,but'{in hct,I alsO

P…
‖
乳
肺
b弾職憮鮒鵬)oshi

ltsumo Omottcruた α″α…
always think̲sTAT20 s。
̀I al、 vays

ll10 nそ li

lpcHOrそ llsO is NE(〕

itinlalc spcakcrs in today's socicty.

ltcsults

ル″ wa
ノ
ダ
ノ
ノ
,sお ″ r/1̀rの た777α ″ら.rablc 2 showsindividual ratcs ofthC ellipsis ofthc topic inarkcr Thc total
ilしlrnber of tokcns(1.C. thC occurrencc and nonoccurrcncc of thc topic

lllarkcr― ltlα in thc potcntiaHy occurring cnvironment)in thC prcscnt datatO

was 2356.A grand avcragc of cllipsis ratcs turned out to bC 32.9 pcrccnt
vhiCh lics bct、 vccn 24 percent in Shibamoto (1985)and(776′ 2356), 、QuoT

36 perccnt in Shibamoto(1990)
Thc rcsults also show that thcrc arc no consistent relationships betwecn
thc ratcs of particle cnipSiS of intervie、 v scttings For cxample,it is notbclicvc that cvcryOnc in this scctiOn shOuld cOHabOratc

cqually,sO'{I may have maintaincd g00d rapport among thc
pcoplc herc}

llCCCSSarily thc case that the workplacc enhances the lcvcl of formality
O「spcech,in that suttcCt L(EIVM),WhO Clidcd the particlc(300°rⅣ ls,was嶋黛柵批L器胃鮮繊[職卦L燃i偶驚
榊t欄i鼎熙Ittw響灘榊
Ho、 v in the cOntext OfdiscOursc.This

forlllation Often wOrks as a cOlllinOltiti]:f:IttliJi長見;:ll::lttl:『 おprOpOsitiOnal llleanings tO thc addrc≦

own the il10cutiOnary forcc.

Iボ

tiC::II[鰤 :si輩lぶ itよ綿縄:慰 軍
庶ttti:I糧 1蝋Ъmadc On thc basis Of an obscrvatiOn that thc fllnctiOnal status Of the

青蹴fl濤 罵麗きだc枇 lttn島 胤 ::総 lir晩 :lЧ 花:ょ『ncw inal particlcS,''、 vhiCh Stcm fl・ onl socio―

/。

)far

intcr宙 cwcd at hcr(lbovc thc group avcragc(217%)among EⅥ
lthough thcintcrvicws donc at cOmce shops appearto involvc
wOrkplacc ´、rclatively lower ratcs of particlc ellipsis,suttcct E(EttrNII),whO elided it
rclatively morc fl・ cquently than thc othcrs(28%),waS alsO intcrvicwed at

this setting Silnilarly,whilc thc homc environmcnt appcars to Contributc
lo highcr ratcs of cllipsis among HNIs,Suttcct G,who clidcd it 50 pcrcent(8ツ 6 above thc group average),、Vas intervie、 vcd at a co∬ ce shop.Suttccts

i3and E),who wcre both intcrvicwcd at thcir homcs,do not neccssarily

clidc thc particle with particularly higher fl・ cqucncics(ic.39%and 38%,

「cspectivcly).An avcragc ratc of particlc ellipsis for each sctting is calcu―

latcdi Omce=293%(27+30+31=88%′ 3 suttcCtS):COfFcSc shop=317%(14+28+18+17+60+31+36+31+50+32=317%/10 SubjCCts);

H01n c=435% (39+38+52+45=174%げ 4 suttcCtS)・ ThC dimercnccs

tlC10SS thC thrce settings arc found to bC Statistically insignincant(xP=3332:df=2;p>100)

As sccll in Tablc 2,the difFc・ rcnccs among the thrcc groups of womcn

i1lc I〔:キI:ヽ

lrgc:Eヽ VM clidcd the particle an avcragc of 21 7 perccnt ofthc tilllc,

V cli(ic(l it 36 9 pcrccnt,and HⅣ

I clidCd it 42 pcrccnt.Thcre is alsoθたs 63′″′147θ ttι κ1 6ψ ι′ぐ力il1 6/iッ θrsθ ″ノ′
Ir7α ″

62 S.需 αたακθTabに 2.力 り″ッ滋 αノsο

Spk

Agc

̀わ

″

鍔′
″ /77ι ι力αrα

̀̀α

力ι′
α sグ ‐
Wa′ ″″Sおお′訥 α″グ′
̀ι

Class NIarried

Occupationallndex

status

Sctting

placc, the associatcd formation of extcnsive social networks, andGroup I:Six cmploycd womcn in managerial posiJons(EWM)

A
C
E
F

18
17
17

incrcased opportunities for a wider rangc ofinterpersonal conllllunication

omcc
colfcc shop

27(50/186)

company prcsident comee shop
omcer/cducatOr at cottcc shop

28(22/80)

divlslon chief
division chlcf

15

yes
ycs

ophthallnologist
cottce shopla、 v omce lllanagcr
omcc

18(24/135)
17(21/126)

30(42/142)

217(185/854)

Cヒ oup I Averagc

35

14

46

15

K
N
0

28
29
45

14
15
15

。facc clcrk

co価 ec shop

oicc clcrk
accountant
bank clerk。n6cc clcrk

comcc shOp

60(84/139)
31(45/145)

cottee shop

36(45′ 125)comcc shop

31(50/160)
31(67/219)

ofacesociolinguistic variability as a continuunl, which clearly revcals thesystcrnatic, gradual nature of performance grammars across the threeoccupation― bound groups
Table 3 sho、 vs that thc rcsults of variablc rulc analysis conflrln thatthe occupational categories amects thc ellipsis of¨ ″αto a statisticallysigniflcant cxtent o<001).ThC input probability givcn at thc bottom of―″α deletion)Will
thc table represents thc likclihood that this rulc(1.C.
opcratc independently;that is,my analysis shows that thcrc is a tendency369(291/788)

Group II AvcragcGroup III:Six fl111‑■()1｀

ＰＥＲＣ Ｅ Ｎ Ｔ Ｓ

1

︒ ︒
ｎ∞ｎ邸∞

Group II:Fivc cmploycd women in nonmanagcnal positlons(EW)J

should amect colninunicativc competence.Figurc l rccaptures this aspcct14(26/185)

rcfornl school

HL

illcrcasing numbcr of、 vomen who dcsire careers ovcr purcly domcstic‖vcs have bcen ncglected in traditional dennitions of gendcr distinctionsin Japancsc, onc、 vould cxpcct that activc participation in thc market―

me homemakers(HM)

B
D
G
M
P

43
62
39
39
35

16
ycs
14
ycs
17
ycs
16
yes
16
ycs

homcmakcr
homemaker
homemaker
homcmakcr
holllelllakcr

home
homc

Q

47

17

homcmakcr

home

yes

Group IIIノヽvcrage
Ovcrall avcragc

coffec shop

homc
comcc shOp

39(35/89)
38(34/90)
50(46/92)
52(51/99)

32(52/163)
45(82/181)

C HFAELJN O KIPDB Q G M

42(300ノ 714)

329(776/231

SUBJECTSa great dcal of variation among individuals, in that the ellipsis
rangc from 14 percent to 60 perccnt.Possible causes for such indiv
diversitics conccrn thc efFects of generational and social― class dicntiation on the application of thc rulc. I found elsewhereぅ howcthat thcre is no systematic corrclation、

PERCBrS=14.77■ ■2.135☆ RA■ lK
:‖

μぃ
「ol

lhbic 3vith those types of social f(Takan0 1997: 173‑181). ThOugh l concluded that all thc sseemcd to bclong to the same class on thc basis of thc traditional sys

Of mcasurcment in the preccding scction, the relationshipsgο ′θιιlrpα ′わ″α′ια″′
たsα グーwà〃 ″sお′ι
αたgο rJσ α
″
グ‐
waι 〃
rr̀″ ′Jο ″ιιrrpα ″0″ α
ο
ら ″ ″ο
″sお

滋ろ
″′
ク
ルα
″
α
/α ″
ヶsお

cctlpationalHMl'lliC80ries

EヽV

42(300/714)
37(291/788)
22(184/854)

EWM

homogeneity.

behaviors more comprchcnsible stems from an account of morecrete categorics of spcakcrs'participation in thc markctplacc.Whilo::lllill probability:0302
11,IH̀luttrC/CCll: 10206

MI‖ :1%of delction:33(775ノ 2356)
T11● i n0 0ftokens1 2356

̲llα

̀′

unmarkcd

Factors::1lclo「(〕gr6ups0/。

thc cllipsis of the marker and thc individual indices do not rcflcct

What inakcs this quitc hcterogeneous picturc of individual li

̀′

̀/ι

VR wcight

Signiflcancc

06
054
039

56824/2

p<001

64 S.動たαんθ

Jの α

for this rule t0 0peratc(o302)aside frOm the independent hctOrs in
器 鷲 :L鶏 鑑 槻 F精
路 [1鳳 :1:漁The smaller than l.o this ngure is,the surer、麗蹴that rangc.

1蹴 雌

ふ 躍 :需 黒 織
おve can bc thatitis not ncccs̲

httm∴

fitty織lbabtttyI:lgl:(■a value fron■ ot0 1 A wcight Of.50 indicatcs that thc factOr has nO e■

on the prOductiOn Ofthe dependent variablc(ic

な

eight
(「

棚蹴littr龍 聯 i拙
槻
盤 期

ect

―
ll α dclctiOn).The c10ser

胤器諾瑞機よ
1:i:Ⅷ 蹴lttyli謂 認冊忠
the marker that has becn unifOrlnly attributed tO Japanesc wOmcn inn胤‡
遺ⅧFI惣 鶴翼常1淵[官
『

itti∫

:Ll:11:蠍

￨

富
1

ttf輔

鮮 ‖馳a譜 ::l鵬:誕 憑￨『 λft∬ 乳c露ncぶ nI:麗 l誌 l載

analyze stylistic variability in grammar.

Variable uscs arc fOund tO inv01ve dillerential sensitivity to particularphases Of thc intervic、 v(Guy et al 1986),which rOughly cOrrcspOnds withLabov's(1996:5‑10)decisiOn trce fOr stylistic analysis Nヽ

SttCT:晰
『遂肌榊礁蛸信 盤鮮 亀thin thc deci―

辮

鼈
諄 慶躊

薙

arlぷ
魂

剛
&∴ fttspCak釘 詢 ∝面 On p灘 dわ 叩 ∝ Ch

欝輔

In thc present Study,the SOCiolinguistic interviews for data cliCitation需∬:l蹴 LT凛篤鮮:漱灘出∬I鵠 就T聡 品:蹴、vhich thc Spcaker respondS tO my inforl■

ation

W紺揮蕪
熙ゝ
薦
∫

T:l麓 1:I驚
:『 朧
霧
話:鮮離
∬黛
∬∬i硝
翻:::f留 盤i畿 晶λツ港 鵠 鰤W器 野:認棚 鷲 L蹴 露鳳庶『、
111:l苦:と:interactionS bet、 vcen the subicCtS an(:￨し ￨‖ :p‖nch
the rcsults on a VARBRI」 L analysis]iiili‖ IIIIilllill予 IIill:d111[:lsI:覆]織 )ir[=lifllc[11
撃駿藍
1lctti∬認ll紺 t讐

hile narratiVe style has allnosl
ヽ″(.51),thC COnversational phase,in、

vhich both thc speakcr and thC liStellerj̀瑚 ″′
J/″ sお
wa ι
′
″れ―
α′
′
ο
ブ
″
α
ルα
ク
々″
″Sお ̀/Srl′ お′ t″ ′『able 4 /α rJα ι
actor groupS「

Stylcs

Factors

ツ6‑wα unmarkCd

VR wcight

Si[興 incallcc

cOnversational

40(164′ 406)

narratiVe32(438′ 1351)

chi―rcsponsc

29(173/596)

055
051
045

constitute a relatively fOrlllal phase Of thc sOci01inguistic interview wherc

more attentiOn paid tO specch is likely to lead thc speakcr tO producc

11,ptlt probability:0308

高吼柑∬職棚(11li― squそ tre/cell:

湿認Ti」 1::lm翻
胸:需ξ

i靱

∫

llnd subicctiVity of the talk.

)asking and answcring qucstions￨:F翼

いがh tt■ ew∝ ぬa曲 ∝"d:」prcvious studies involves distinct sOcial stratincation suttcCt to the degrcesm

凱∬譜IIh器
1品 f椒 鴛鳳古(l)reSponse stylc, infactOr favOrs it Thc group of IINII
I礎.讐contrast,the group Of Eヽ ヽ/M disfavOrs it strongly at o.39 The cfFcct Of
the grOup Of EW is c10sc tO neutral(.54).21 Thc divisiOns intO thc thrce

;li器

ルS 65
ッ
ι力加 グブ̀rs̀rθ

rvicwer, a talk abOut kids' gamCS,.

‖温

TheVARBRULprogranlcalculil:Si:電in Tablc 3)fOr potential contributìιit, COntributc tO Casual― style speech but tO involvc a relatiVely higher

c present analysis, 1.o206, is within懺″θ777̀れ 'Si′
̀Sι

10658

Mcan%o「 dClcjOn:33(776′ 2356)'「｀

ot̀li no oftOkcnsi 2356

sq=7788/2

pく 025

66 S.7し たακθ

ッ s̀′ οたs 67
Jη ακθsι ″θ θ む1′ ιιθ乃加 ″ブ
̀′

Hc 5

1″

″
滋bJFs
α
力
ι′
/7r̀′ ッ″グ″ α sグ ′rお ′s α
rα α
ι
gr″ 力
たι
力
α
′sο ι
わル〃ο
θ
″
ッ
プ
ルα
̀′
Ａ

cal distance and enhancing sharedness,displayed a prOmoting emcct

T

ｘ
ｃ
いｉ
ｄ
ｎ

are ll10rc emOtiOnally inv01ved in interactiOns,thus rcducing psychol(particlc ellipsis(.55)(TsutSui 1983,1984;ⅣJὶιScting

MaFHed OCcupational

Iasunaga 1988).This tcndcnc
also cOincides with the afOrelnentioned inding that particle cHipsi

nonconclusivc
fragmcntal

is highly prOmotcd by the insistent/asscrtivc Orlnterr。 ative m00ざ
uttcrances, bOth of、 vhich can bc cOnsidcrcd tO be typical cOmpone』of conversational interactiOns(Hasegawa 1993;ル Iatsuda 1992;Taka
1998).It appears that this phase Of the sOci01inguistic interview h施(lroup I:Six cmploycd women in managerial bositiOns(EWM)
dか /ision chief
omcc
A
46
15
yes

a stylistic status distinct frOlll that of thc narrative phase,with a highcr

degrec Of subjcctiVity and inv01vcment encOuraging casual― style spccchl
with mOrc extcnsive cllipsis Of particles(HindS 1976;Tsutsui 1983,1984)￨
In contrast, the specch stylc uscd by speakers iminediately rcspOnding
to my informatiOn qucstiOns is fOund tO disね vOr particlc ellipsis(.45),

In sulll, variable phcnOmena Of Japancse particlc ellipsis arc nOt

unidilncnsionany to thc spcakcr's sex.

研′
θ
′
αθ
′
ジα
ル″ s
Tablc 5 outlines the lllttor sociodemographic characteristics Of eachspeakcr and hcr prOduction rates Of the thrce types of utteranCc― anal

forlns The tOtal numbcr Of tOkcns cOdc was 2119, amOng、
vhich
COlllplete uttcrances werc produced 74 perccnt Of the tilnc, incOInpletc
oncs 7 percent,and fragmenta1 0nes 19 pcrccnt.As is the case with the

C

53

E

42

18

yes

diViSiOn chiefcoffee shop

80(96/120)
6(7/120)

17

yes

COmpany

comee shop

83(116/139)
9(12/139)
8(11/139)
92(108/118)
3(3/118)
6(7/118)
88(80/91)

prcsident

F

28

17

ycs

omccr/cducator

comee shopat reforlll school

H

27

17

ycs

ophthalmolo」 St COmee shop

L

40

13

yes

laヽ

V Omcemanagcr

Omcc

8(57/694)

Group II:Fivc cmploycd womcllin nonmanagcrial positions(Eヽ V)。mce clerkc。 Ce shop
1
35
14
no

46

15

no

oice clcrk

7(8/120)

28

14

no

accountant

COffee shop

72(90/125)
9(11/125)
19(24/125)

K

N

29

COmee shop

66(75/114)

COmcc shop

22(25/114)
82(107/131)
7(9/131)15

ycs

bank clerk

omcc

69(85/12o12(14/1lo

11(15/131)

0

45

15

no

O■

Ce clcrk

2(3ノ 124)of thc sccOnd variant,nOncOnclusive utteranccs(EWM:6%;EWi7%;

29(36/12o

HM:8%).
for in tcrms Of ncithcr systcmatic gelllcrational nor class‐ linkcd

78(93ノ 120)
16(19ノ 120)

only 8 perccnt;HNI1 27 percent;and EW fallin bctwecn、 vith 19 pcrcent.

A c10scr 100k at a great dca1 0f individual variation in thc uscs Of thc
variants again reveals that the individual dist五 butions can be accOuntcd

92(112/122)
2(2/122)7(8/122)6(39/690

usc thc same vaHant 65 perccnt Of the tillle. EW manipulatc thc same

No such nOtcworthy dillercnce among the grOups is Observcd in thc usc

2(2/91)10(9/91)

86(598/694)

Group Iノ ヽveragc

individual divcrsities can be observed in thc rates ofthc thrce subgroups ofvariablc tO a mcdial extent(73%).As fOr uses Of fragmental utteranccs,
the statuscs ofthe twO cxtrcme groups are rcversed:EW]ν l use the variant

13(13/100

14(17/120)

ellipsis Of the topic IIllarker― ″α,striking intragender dil■ crences as well as

womeno While EWM predOminantly use completc uttcrances(86%),HM

83(86′ 1041
5(5′ 104)

as alsO predicted by thc decisiOn trcc.

only cOnstraincd by such sOcial factOrs as occupatiOlllal catogorics but
also inv01vc the dilnensiOn of stylistic dimerentiatiOn,which must also
bc taken into account as an intersccting va五 able. It is quite problem―
atic that previOus sOciolinguistic studies have attributcd this variablc%(#uSC/tOtal)
COl■ llplctc

statusGroup II Average73(450/614)

7(45/61o19(119/614)

68 S.動 たακθJη ακθsθ ″θ̀んむ ψ ιθι力滋 浦νθ/6J∬θttι ″

69

Table 5 ι
ο″′
′

Agc

Class

Marl■ edindcx

Occupational

Setting%(#uSe/tOtal)
complctc

statusnonconclusive
fragmental
Group III:Six full― timc homcmakers(HM)

B

43

16

yes

homemakcr

59(84/142)

homemaker

25(36/142)
81(109/134)

Ｃ ＯＭＰ Ｌ Ｅ ＴＥ

Spk

15(22/142)

home

6(8/134)
13(17/134)

homemakcr

homemakcr

cofFee shophome

66(95/144)
8(12/144)
26(37/144)
62(80ノ 13の6(8/130)

FLHAECNIJO K DPGMB Q
SUB」 ECTSCOMPLETE=94.404 ‑2.169☆ F,さ KZ
Flgure 2 0ι ι
了
ブ
ο
″
α
′ ′
″
おα
″
″
ηα
響ο

hol■■
cmakerhomemakerhome

69(95/138)
6(8/138)
25(35/138)
52(65/124)
6(8/124)
41(51/124)

Group III Average65(528/811)
8(66/811)
27(217/811)

Ovcrall Average

74(1576/2119)
7(150/2119)
19(394/2119)

corrclations(diSCussed in detailin Takano 1997:211‑222).Parallel to thevariability of― ″αellipsis,the speakcrs'uses of thc three uttcrancc― flnal

ι″″αα
ル′
″
ι
′
s

な

̀げ ̀ο ηＦ ＲＡＣＭＥ Ｎ Ｔ

Q

coffcc shop̀ル

̀α32(42ノ 130)

AFLEHCNIJK O DBPGMQ
SUB」 ECTS

F腕3Ⅳ 臣藝r=1.235+1.882'RAIJK」

forms do not renect thcir class‐ bascd homogcncity hypothcsized by the
traditional lneasurcmcnt of social― class index.The individual diversities
can bc better captured in tems of gradient corrclations bctween speakcrs'
occupation― bound catcgories and the t、 vo diffcrcntiating variants(COln̲

speakers];HⅣ l:812 1six spCakcrsI).ThiS is duc to the general tendency ofworking women, espccially thosc in managerial positions, to produce

plete and fragmcntal utteranccs)(Figures 2 and 3).On thC COntinuum,
thc EWM and HⅣ I groups are at the cxtrcme ends with the EW groupwith homemakcrs,whO tendcd to talk with many fragl■ ental utterances.

in bctween.
Accordingly, a variable rule analysis coniコ ms that the occupational
catcgories cxcrt statistically signincant effects on thc production of thevariants in Table 6. Notc that thc total numbcrs of tokens dinbrconsiderably among thc groups(EWⅣ l:693 1six spCakers];EW:614[flveFigure 3 0ι ι
われ
α
たα ο
″S α
力
ι sι げクag4′ ″″
α
′″′
た″ ″
″
ノ′
りα″
jι

̀鱈

"ι

longer strctchcs Of discoursc during the intervicw scssions,as compared
Unlike the casc of the nrst variable(1.e. ―″α ellipsis), thiS dCpendent
variable has three levels:cOlnplete utterances,nonconclusivc utterances,and fragmental uttcrances. lrhcrefore, a、veight of O.33 indicates thc
ncutral cfFect(ie nO cmect).A weight higher than O.33 indicatcs a morc
positivc e∬ cct, and a wcight lo、 ver than O.33 indicates a morc ncgative

ι
ο
″′
グ

Spk

Agc

Class

Marricd

indcx

Occllpational

Sctting%(#uSC/tOtal)
COll■ plctc

statusnonconclusive
fragmental

Group ⅡI:Six ft111‑ime homcmakers(HM)

B

43

16

ycs

homcmakcr

homc

14

yes

homcmakcr

homc

homcmakcr

cottcc shop

16

yes

homcmakcr

homc

35

16

yes

homcmakcr

comcc shop

47

17

ycs

homemakcr

home

̀ノ

25(36/142)
81(109/134)

66(95/144)
8(12/144)
26(37/144)
62(80/130)
6(8/130)
32(42/130)
69(95/138)
6(8/138)
25(35/138)
52(65/124)
6(8/124)
41(51/124)

Group IIIノ ヽvcrage65(528/811)
8(66/811)
27(217/811)

Overall Avcragc

74(1576/2119)
7(150/2119)
19(394/2119)

GMB Q

LHAEC NIJO K DP
sUB」 ECTS

cOMPLETE=94.404 ‑2.■ 69大 RAさ KZグ

Figurc 2 0ι ι17pα ″ο″α′ια gο ″たsα ″ ̀″ι Sι げ εο″ρルι

rα

̀

れεθS

̀̀ι

̀′

ＦＲＡＧＭＥＮＴQycs

κ ル′rsι ′ピιι力′″θ θκ'∫ 刷リ
̀ノ ̀,9 69

59(84/142)
15(22/142)

6(8/134)
13(17/134)

17

̀Sι

ＣＯＭＰＬＥＴＥ

Tablc 5=鱒JKODI

FLE HCB

GMQ

suB」 ECTS

correlations(diSCusscd in detailin Takano 1997:211‑222).Parallel to thevariability of― ″α cnipsis,the spcakers'uscs of the three uttcrance¨ nnal
forms do not renect thcir class― based homogeneity hypothcsized by the
traditional llleasuremcnt of social¨ class index Thc individual diversitics
can be bctter capturcd in terms of gradicnt correlations bct、 Ⅳeen spcakers'

FRAGMEur=1.235+1.882■ mNK」
鱈 οル Sα ″′Figurc 3 θειη α″ο′α′εク′
̀力

αれι′S
′′
′
αJク ′
′ Sι げ ′ 昭 771ι ″′'his is duc tO the gcneral tendency ofl酬糖:
fll需露:盟 鷲

occupation― bound catcgories and the two dinbrentiating variants(com―plete and iagmental utteranccs)(Figurcs 2 and 3)On the COntinuum,
the EWⅣ I and HNII groups are at thc extremc cnds、 vith the EW group断翠 罵脱障ぷ吼糧朧in bet、 vcen.

Accordingly, a variable rule analysis conflrms that thc occupational
categories excrt statistically signif■ cant emccts on the production of thc

variants in Table 6. Note that the total numbers of tokcns difFcr
considerably among the groups(Eヽ VNII:693 1six speakers];EWi 614[livc

anl鮮
pO豆

脳鷺
■

雌ぎ
紺∝}憔爵
糖 減∬
滋子
謝守跳 よ
‖
:」

t盤
ITttilTttn『,and a wdgh bW∝"vc c能

t

:1紺

li:

︱＝＝＝＝︱︱︱︱︱
鱚魃籾雹鱚顆顆揚揚鵬鵬鵬鵬ⅢⅢⅢⅢⅢ＝＝︱ακ

68 S.Zαたα″ο

70 S.動たακθrθ ル∫ 71ツJψ αんθsι ″θ7rr̀が S lρ ιιι力加 ″′̀rsθ

Tablc 6 θ 響α
ガο
″
α
′ι
α ο
′
訥α
れ
グ″″ ″
ι
ι
α
′
l′ ″
ル初 S

VR

%EW

、
veightNonconclusi

Complete

86(597/693)
6(39/693)

Fragmcnta1

8(57/693)

distal style(forlllal,politc style)over dircct style can cfflciently impart

̀rα

̀鱈

%EWM

Variablcs

048
032
02

VR

O/。 HMwcight73(450/614) 03
7(45/614)032
19(119/614) 038

VRweight65(528/812)
8(66/812)
27(218/812)

024
032
045

Signincance:1lo 46/4;p<001
1nput probablity:077(complete uttcrances)006(noncOnclusive uttcranccs)
017(fl agmCntal uttcrances)
Chi‐ squarc/ccl1 0 31

Mcan%:74(complete uttcrances)7(noncOnclusive uttcrances)uttcranccs)

19(fl・ agmcntal

Total■ o oftokcns:2119

cmect on the production Of the dcpendent factors.Table 6 shows highly
signincant efFects Of occupation― linked grouping On the variablc prOduc―tion of the prcdicate at p<001. The lo、 v valuc of chi― square per cell,
0.31,also indicates a high degree Of reliability of the results.

EWヽ ls' speech is characterized bOth by thc cxtremcly frcquent useof complcte uttcrances with a VARBRUL wcight of 0 48 and by therare use of fragmcntal uttcrances at O.20. In contrast,the variability inたs
α gた s α77グ Oι ιlrpα ″ο″α′ια gο ″″s′ ″Tablc 7 ルr力 7gα

̀′

̀′

̀Jο

VR

%EWM

ヽrariablcs

HⅣIs' spccch displays diametrically reverscd characteristics. COmplctc
uttcrances arc inhibitcd at a wcight ofO.24,、 vhcrcas fragmental utteranccs

are highly prOmoted at O.45. Iい 西rs' variability again displays a wcak,
intermediate tendcncy ね1ling in bctween the twO groups(0.30 forcomplete utterances and O.38 for fragmcntal uttcranccs).23
1n the prcceding scctiOn, I describcd t、 vo possibilitics fOr incOmplete

manifcstations ofJapancse utteranccs― ―thc nonconclusive prcdicate,and
as a sccondary variant,the full― fOrm prcdicatc f01lowed imJllediately byconncctives ThOugh thc use ofthe formcr"as itsclf fOund tO involvc nosociolinguistic implicatiOn(TablC 5),thc latter variant secms to lヽ 1■ 11
meaningful f■ lnctiOns fOr linguistic nlitigatiOn differcntiaHy amOng thc%Eヽ V

Nonconclusive
Full prcdicatc+
conncctivcS

24(39/159)
76(120/159)

041
059

VR

VR

%HM

wcigllt

wcightwcight33(45/138)054

33(66/198)

67(93/138)

67(132′ 198)

046

055
045

W翼 1詔 1罵 需露粉lCぶぼ∬霧c…m
Chi― squarc/cell:06635

Mean%:30(nonConclus市 c utterances)70(ft11l predicatc followcd by conncCt市 es)

Total no oftokens:495

thrcc subgroups of wOmen.TO recapitulate,thc tone of continuatiOn in
both variants strikes thc listencr as having reservcd,indircct,and sOfter

TabL 8 Prり を″′″ιθメγ Sケ ルS加

pragmatic efFects.The signiflcant diIFerencc lllade by the choicc Ofthc fl111‑

Distal s,lc%(nO)

Dircct style%(no)217(26/120)

じヽV

783(92/120)
677(63/93)

HM

515(68′ 132)

form predicate← ″ith COnncctives)OVCr the noncOnclusive one,however,conccrns thc cncOding Of a dual pragmatic f■ lnction― 一 propositional(Or 10CutiOnary)CXplicitncss in additiOn to amectivc(。 r il10CutiOnary)
indirectness and brmality.The full― form predicate al10ws the speaker toconvey morc explicit intent. At the same tilrllc, the spcakcr's choicc ofッみι/1r///ar722 prι ′εαた ″ みιO′ れιαノ″S̀げ ′̀sj′

̀ルEヽ VⅣIx'=5534;df=2; 10>p>05

323(30/93)

485(64/132)

72 S rr/た α′。
The intcrpcrsonally fonnal and politc, but propositionally explicit,
alternativc scems to bc an effective stratcgy for EWNIIs to adopt,duc tothe communicativc requiremcnts froln their occupational rolcs.Contrary
to a gcncral■ nding that lllitigated speech is likely to be used by lower―
status people and unlllitigated, forceftll speech by higher¨ status pcople(Ervin… Tripp 1976,1977),several previous studics ofinteractions bct、

vcen

speakers of uncqual status dcmonstrate that a paradoxical coexistenceof thc most direct and the most indircct speech is typical of languagc
use by higher― status peoplc(Xtirsh 1983; Pearson 1988, 1989). Whilehigher― status people need to lnaintain thcir authoritative power by taking

advantage of assertivc,explicit spccch,it is equally important for thcm
to rcsort to negativc politeness stratcgics to savc subordinatcs' facc,
gain thcir、 villing support,and establish good rapport at the、 Ⅳorkplacc.
̀̀Powcrful'' speakers arc also charactcrizcd as skillflli negotiators ofaudience support、 vho are capablc of utilizing thosc complex rcpcrtoircs
of sociolinguistic strategies(OwSley and PIyers― SCotton 1984;NIIyers―

Scotton 1985).It can be assume as to the prcsent indings that EWNIs'
occupational roles and relate languagc usc cxpericncOs in their cvcryday
lives havc a direct ilnpact on how they talk.Individuals、 vho are required

to manipulate a formal rcgister by the naturc of thcir jobs and arc
constantly exposcd to public evaluation maintain this unique lYlixturc ofsociolinguistic strategies, which can be taken as a manifcstation of the
speakcr's social identity fostered through her occupation― bound social

practices(Nichols 1980,1983,1984).
Finally,Table 9 dcscribes the rcsults of VARBRUL analysis of theemccts Of styles on thc production of thc three typcs of utterance― inal

∬響職i鼎∬[舗littI盤:J輩1:樅

・1』 Ⅷ ∬:#λttterOducttl∫′:器 績Wi器 需〕
鰍 器留 胤躙 滉
尊
鷲熱 鳳
翼
禦
‰器織艦1朧 穏∴l∫her cOncl■ lsive statemcnt.The form not only is syntactiCally suitable fOr

the continuatiOn Ofnarrative StOries but Can also lnakC potentiallnoments

締:臨 膜
留盤 T嵐隠甘鮮i鸞7樹鷺肇
鷺響 彗
1著

ui:lli::sIL」 1[rttIII:髯 lel:￨13:n

Variable useS Of utterance― flnal folll・

dep:魁 e∬S are found to be highly cOntext‐

五ili∫ lllilliFi:1翼 :￨:i
also bC taken into aCCOunt as an:

scx.ObviOuSly,it iS an OVersilnplin(

I:識 :讐

777y srlル s
″
仰ο
ι
α′
グ
ルク
″
α
Tablc 9 陶″″らた″″,お グ ″″′
ヂ″力″

Narrallvc

Completc uttcrancc 74(792/1074)
Nonconclus市 e9(99/1074)
Fraglllental
17(183/1074)

VR

Convcrsational VR Rcsponsive

028
046
026

74(309/416)
5(19/416)
21(88/416)

Signincancc:lo 92/2;p<05
1nput probability:077(complCte utteranccs)006(noncOnclusive utteranccs)
017(flagmCntal uttcranccs)
Chi― squarc/ccl1 1 584

Mean%:74(complCte utteranccs)
7(noncOnclusive utteranccs)
19(fragmcntal utteranccs)

Totai nO Oftokens:2119

麟:確跳
f翻 識」

that the rcsCarchcr needS tO take l closer 100k at thC particular types
VR

036 76(475/629)035

027 5(31/629)029

Of interactiOnal Styles involved in conversatiOnal data undCr invCStigationin ordCr to prOVide a legitilnatC Characterization of gcnder diffcrcntiationof this Variable.

037 20(123/629)036
E)iscusS10n

撒
だ
蠅
輔捕

#
∬
[T'選 胤1露 :脚 蹴C鯖s電

74 S.rα たαれθ
variety ofspecch that allo、 vs for a grcat deal ofparticle ellipsis and frequcnt

uses of fragmcntal utterances.In contrast,、 vorking wolncn in positionsof authority and leadcrship, whosc lifestyles and everyday experienccs
are predonlinantly orientcd to thc public spherc(i.e.jOb―

rclated rclation―萄撫蒜∬僻露輔i痺:淵

Ъ
T税 チ
御ξ
躍.財 i棚 穆!lm淵 鮒瀧t織 盤鷺ships),arc aSSOCiated with a more formal,canonical variety of speech
involving less cllipsis and frcquent use of complete utterances andlllitigation.C)flice clerks'spccch patterns arc al、

vays found to be situatcd

in betwecn

stecmed, f■ 111‑urne homcmakers are

specinc pattcrns of variability stcm
from both quantitative and qualitative differcnces in social netヽ Ⅳork
The potential causes of thc group―

structures of the groups of women and thc speakers' collllnunicativc
cxpcricnccs and routincs in thcir unique domains of everyday lives.As
mentioned earlier in Data Collcction,I inforlllally invcstigated thc infor―
mants' social netヽ Ⅳork structures in two respects through the qucstion‐

TⅧ 棚焉 f∬ 導奪疑聰 胴糖

nmctriCal and reciprocal■ 01eS Sup―

nairc and thc sociolinguistic intcrvic、 vs:the dcgree ofopenness or closurcof the nctwork and dcmographic charactcristics of nctwork links. As
a result,difFcrential patterns clcarly emcrged among the thrce subgroups

of women(diSCussed in f■ lrthcr detail in Takano 1997:229‑233).Thc
netヽ ″ork structures of EWⅣ Is seelll to be l■ ost open,involving a larger
numbcr of regular contacts.EWM suttects are far more likely to have15o■ lnore contacts pcr、 veck EW】 vI's nctworks of fl・ cquent contacts arealso found to bc composed of both single― sex and lllixed‐ sex interactions

predominantly injob― relatcd,public ties.The social nctwork of HMs,onthe other hand,tends to involvc a diamctrically restrictcd,closed structurc、
vith ten or fe、 vcr contacts. Thcir frcquent contacts are predonlinantly
colorcd by single― scx intcractions allnost exclusively with peoplc fromrh群

鼎鴻
mttR譜 轟
鰍朧盤lT椒 ‖Ir器 ‖ω∝tthぬ 壷
Ю
m∝ ぬ
dЮ
撃―
・
器l狙 :!Cfili[:lI∬ llil:準
1獣l::選 1肌11棚 f導態
1。

:

expliCit encoding電l?ll蜆

morc Standardぅ

domestic domains(i.e.■ iends,neighbors).And Ews'patterns are again
found to be intermediate in both respects
Bascd on thcse obscrvations,it can be argued that thc noncanonicality
and casualness of f■ 111‑time homemakcrs' spcech are fostered throughtypical colnlnunicativc activities and■ outincs thc speakers are likcly to

cncounter in their evcryday lives in their local communities(Finegan andBiber 1994).Full― timc homcmakers are likcly to bc engaged in interactions

絢購 蝉 滲

￨persons in charge are judged tO〔involving a restricted sct of single― scx,in¨ group locals who share inutual

rapport and tics in linkage to the domestic domain Through thc dense,
peer― orientcd social network rclationships, uses of covcrt, vcrnaculartypcs of variants are likcly to be encouraged(ゝ

/1il■

JS′
Table 10 S″ ′oy 1980).Lcss distan―

1987;B■ own 1980).CommOn background and the greater degrecs ofshare knowledge and assumptions p■ omoted through densc conlmll―
linguistic
nication nctworks tcnd to a‖ ow fcDr a greatcr dcgrcc ofrο
7770″ g̀71e′ た′
Jヶ α
ναガαι′̀s″ j′姥 ″οη Sげ ″ο″′た71g″ お′ブιsο εJο ′̀力

171た rッ たll

cing,informal,and positive― polite uscs oflanguagc tend to bc valued as
intcractional norms in close‐ knit,densc networks(BrOwn and Levinsonjε

ConvCrsatlonal

exchangc
Nctrratives

itcspOnsc

EWM%(nO)

EW%ll■ O)

HM%(nO)

121(84′ 694)

181(111ノ 614)

240(195′ 811)

640(444′ 694)
239(166′ 694)

541(332′ 690
279(171′ 279)

509(413′ 811)
250(203′ 811)

rθ ルs 77
4″ ′ッ;鱒αれaSθ ″θ777ι ″むJψ θ̀̀力 ′̀rsι

76 S.動 α4θ7t‐

spcaking, thus their occupational roles requirc thelll to show off thcir

sOcial identities. This outcome subStantiatcs Eckert and NIIcConncll―

powerfllincss through languagc, spcaking assertivcly and clearly All
these conlllllunicativc requirements fl・

oll■

tじ

thCir occupational r01cs have

謂紺盆』l器 :1:メ [輝 棚

誰 lI獄;tt鍛 ?諸 躙塩rcsultcd in reinforcing a morc forlllal, canonical varicty of specch

fron■ the spcakcr's biological sex per se but is heavily constrained by the(COupland 1983;Finegan and Biber 1994).

sOcial construction of gendcr,which interacts with a numbCr of local

Working womcn in positions of authority tended to be cngagcd in theinteraction mainly through producing narratives(64シ 6)(EW: 54.1° /。
HM:509%)(Table 10)24 1n COntrast to that offt111‑timc homemakers,thc
interactional cthOs of、vorking womcn in charge can bc characterizedfactors:how speakers identitt themSelves in thcir evcryday social practiCcs;

as a sort of̀̀lcading style" (WhiChinvolves retaining contro1 0f the
discourse and casts the addrcsscc in the role of rcspondcnt'')(H01lncs

1984:171).One Ofthe mttor COmmunicative needs that working women

dcternlined by indiViduals'gender roles(both privatc and public)in thC
localcomunity.(livcn、 vomcn's increasing advance into the Fnarketplacc
in recent ycars in the society, further invcstigation of Japancse gendcr
ditterentiation should focus morc on thcsc dynanlic aSpects Of Speakcrs'
practices of gcnder and thcir systematic relationships with linglliStic
variation and change.

in chargc are required tO fulnll in their occupational rolcs is likely tO be

夕sθ ブGα た
Jfaた 夕conccrncd 、vith verbosity, asscrtiveness, pcrsuasivencss, and, at tilncs,
dolninancc.It is likely that thcy arc fl・̀ん

equently rcquircd to maintain thc

じ4ノ

rs′
'ι

̀フ

floor,cxpress thcir opinionsin a pcrsuasive rnanner,and rcspond cxplicitly

to qucstions asked

Notes
Conclusion
I am VCw gratCful to ⅣIalcall Yaegcr― Dror, Killlbcrly Joncs, Jane Hill, andThe quantitativc sociolinguistic apprOach to variations in thc specchof thrce subgroups of Japanesc

Of this papcr l wiSh to thank Pascalc Rousscau and Hiroki lFoshioka for assisting mc
On thc VARBRUL program and thc mainfl・ amc l am grcatly indcbtcd to the anony―、
vomen in cOntemporary socicty has

empiricany demonstratcd that womcn's languagc usc involves a patterncd

mott m● ∝偲 and a nm

hctcrogcncity that has long bcen neglected in thc traditional,intuition―1

l盤 :l蠍 :増internal hetcrogcncity in Japanese womcn's language can be idcntined

2

:i

1琳
洋
ξ
ttCttlfh∬ 篤
胤
簿
爵
嚇 鯖翠

1曇

rea■ cr,thc idcntical dcinition applies

Gendcr diStlnct10ns in」 apanesc denned and circulatcd sO far arc also primaHけ
do not involve malc fcmale distincuons(Kindaicll1 1969:sec Yamaguぬani1991 br an

cxample)Sce Takano(1997:65‑74)for a revic、 v Of Various SOurccS Of data in past studics ofPrevious lnainstrcalll studies,which arc prilllarily concerned with thetraditional Japanese woman,'' scenl to have overgcncr―

Japancse gcndcr dimcrcntiation
As comparcd、 vith group II,group l conl

alizcd the grammar of Japanese women's languagc and stereotyped thc、
vhose professional status is givcn much

way women speak cvcn as they play increasingly diverse gender rolcs inthc changing socicty. It is no、v evident that the negative stereotypcs

Occupation Prcstigc Scorcs establishcd bi

毬::翼 fT
眺ふ∫
器冨器ぷ1‰ 」

about women's languagc usc, such as their ostcnsibly marked, non―standard, sloppy granllnar, are due to scrious oversimpliflcation of
a complcx reality:women's talk rcflects thcir various gender roles andき 畷 [° c焼 翼霞 :urban phcnomenon(ICtagawa 1977)TherC arc,in fact,a number of10Cal dialects that″ith such abstract

catcgories as social― class index̲

spccch of the

濡 rtti思よ槻学if¥器よ猾:樵晶
l魂税:ll,電 盤
乱irtti:i鳳 職[器:隻as involving social stratincation,but the individual stratincation is lnorc、
vith a cOncrcte social catcgory of dcgrees ofmeaningfully correlated

cxperiences and routines in their cvcryday lives than、,wⅧ

Gail Shuck and Florian Coullnas for their invaluablc commCnts on a flnal draft All
rcmaining faults,of COursc,bC10ng to mc

discrepancics are found in variablc linguistic pcrformancc of the

spcakers' integration into the markctplacc and related communicativer」 hm

and tieir falllilics,who hClpcd me cond

bascd approach to gcndcr dimerentiation in Japancsc.Statistically verincd
occupation― bOund subgroups of womcn leading distinct social lives The

ⅣIuricl

Savillc― Troikc for their continuing suppOrt and insightful commCnts On carlicr vcrsions

60̲9 to 82 7(i e prOfessional and managcrialiobS)5

Ⅳl=married,S=Single,#C=the number of children

78 S.rttακ。
67J″ ακιsθ ″θ

ons of idCnJo■intervicwer;(4)FepctitiVC utteralllccS tl■ at consist Of mCre repeti■

to thcir husband's Occupatlons ln the prcscnt study, howcvcr, thc Occupations ofworking wOmen,whcther thcy are lnarricd or not,、 verc rated according tO their Own
rathcr than thcir husband's Or parcnts' Parcnts'occupatlon was ratcd according tOforms;(5)incomplCte uttcranccs Causcd by intCrruptions of the intcrvlowcri

eithcr father's Or ntlothcr's,、

8獄 l盤 翼
澁脚鴛鑑
蓋
鮮富辮
[撮雁
∫

vho graduatcd
iom junior collcgcs, and category 6 for those who rcccived advanced dcgrees after
graduating f10m fOur― year univcrsities Entering junior colleges has been a main―stream option of Japancsc、 vOmCn Who、 vish to prOcccd to postsccondary educatiOn
About twO̲thirds of such women attcnd junior collcgcs and only 14 7シ6 ofthem cntcr
four― year univcrsitics in Japan(InOue and Ehara 19911 116)In thC prcsent data,thc
maJority of thc informants are highly educated Ninc of thcm graduatcd fl・ om four―

Four out of 17 infomants graduatcd from junior collcgcs
Thc housing scalc was bascd On t、 vo diffcrcnt paramcters: rcsidcnce owncrship andrcsidcnce typc lnformatiOn On age of house was not soughtin iny qucstionnairc,thus
A similar progran■

i晃

l∫

I蠍

幾

18

慰

19

The sさ ntence― inal{}indiCates What l as

20of what WOuld have been implied at the momcnt Ofthe intcr、
NEG=∝ 脚 ̀QUOT=quOta由 叩 び:淵 ЪAs the outCOme Of rnultiVanate analysiS,t 鷺 ∬

21

締

‖

漱

I∬ la…

動

g

icw
耐

lle strmま h rCla―

棚官 :鍬∬1購』t‖ lTtttl常 階胤 ti胤 l胤 Iユ凝犠窓ざ
:ち

出農
Ⅷ
鵞
蹄留脚糧鮒
灘灘
l猟 1犠 厳」1‖

to this is ANOVA Algorithms fOr calculating ANOVA,hOwcver,

normally rcquirc balanced numbcrs of tokens in each ccll,which would bc possiblc

same clausc(p<001);(2)prccCding sou

7T踊 乳 乳1燎島骰総f猶 矧星:i胤 111酬朧裏

only with data fronl cOntrolled cxperimcntation(Young and Baylcy 1996)Thus,thC
ヽヽ RBRI」 L programs are the only altcrnative tO succcssfully handlc the cxtremcly
skcwed nature Of sOci。 linguistic data from natural specch

Fl棚

elsewherc(Takano 1997)

10 TOP=topic marker;COP=copula;FP=inal particle

22ll

23 ThCSe VARBRUL wcights WCre calcuated in rclatiOn tO tCXtけThc prescnt analysis is liinitcd to the partlcles of what Shibatani(1990:276‑277)calls

the base― gencrated topics,'' as di crentiatcd frolm ̀̀stylistic tOpics'' The lattcr ispHmarily stylistic scrambling and typically illv01vcs the topicalization of suchgranllnatical clcments as advcrbial phrascs and noun phrases、 vith postpositions As
for stylistic topics,seriOus dimcultlcs arisc in judging whethcr the topic markcr was
undcrlyingly prescnt or thc structurcs rcsulted siinply flom stylistic scrambling whcn
the inarkcr is lnissing

12

1n both studics,the topic markcr and the subJect rnarkcr―

13

0thcr wcaknesscs includc no usc Of statlstical tcsts for signincance of intergroupdi∬ ercnccs,no account of relativc dcgrecs of emcctlvcness among othcr intersccting

gα arc collapscd as a single

variablc

陽 群轟
朧欄 継
2撒ぎ
Sce notc 21 for thc ISt of Such factors that arc found stalsically signincant

pcs(dCSCriptions,nittant o>100;X2=59;di=4)But,
cxchange and narratiVes, arc c10SC to‰:脚 :盟1:∬す留朧滉:盟 露鳳]鷺よ庶i驚 ∬tttstti譜 響紺
bOth
C phお eおtClan∝ s一 Wh∝ ctt iC m饉 市穏蹴
諄 留漁鯛tぶ胤蹴
cOnversauonal phase of intcract10n iS fOund to favor lin.Rlistlc ecolllomy―

factors in additiOn to thc speaker's scx catCgOry,and no treatl■ ■cnt of potcntial cffccts

of gendcr composition of interactions(i C Singlc―

1庶:熙:∬ 織 。
sP鵬 ∬棚 ∬ 糧il輩}鍛鵠肥濫 滞鵠どC∬vhichcvcr、 vas higher
1 added twO cxtra categOrics to IIibiya's systenl:categOry 4 for women、

it was excluded floln cOnsideration
979

νιrsc rθ /6j∬
力滋 グ′
ψ θθθ

Follo、 ving thc tradit10nal prOccdures,homcmakcrs'occupatlons wcrc rated according

ycar univcrsiies,and twO infonnants rcceivcd advanccd degrces(PhD and M D)
8

'S
̀κ

scx vs m破 cd sex interadiOns)―

sc of frattental uttcranccs and has a neutrali∫

ettcct On parucle cllipsis=『(COatCS 1988;Uchida 1992;Takano 1998)14

No furthcr dcscriptlons arc availablc、
vith rcspect to the spcakcrs' demograpluc

backgrounds such as occupatlon, lnantal status, and individual age Thcy arc

15

prcsumably wblte― c01lar businessmcn and hOusc、 vivcs fronl ■liddlc― class ncighbOr―
hoodsin TOkyO,as was thc case in hcr other studies(ShibamOt0 1985,1990)
Endoo's̀̀assertivc sentcnce"is roughly equivalent tO mỳ̀colnplete uttcrances,''andsuspendcd sentencc''tò̀flagmental utteranccs,"and̀̀stop― in― thc― ■liddlc scntencc''

presumably to myincoll■ pletc utteranccs,"tllough hcr cxamples of this typc dO not
include thc partlcular kinds Of fbrms dcscribcd below (c g thC gcrundivc form or thc

ending with thc alternative particlc)

16 The fol10wing types of utterancc werc cxcludcd fl・References

Abe,H (1993)冗 た ψ′ιι″ げ νめα″pr9ル SSJο 4α ′Jttα ″̀S̀lt70〃

ι″ Unpublishcd Ph D

disscrtaion,Arizona Statc lJnivcrsity

Bcrnstein, B (1961)Sodal Structure,languagc and learlllng Eグ
163‑176α′
われαJ Rι S̀α rε 力3,
′ι

ヨ
f嘲 慮よ
眈i器 ,7暢虜嚇趾鰯 脇膠ん:卜Om thc cOding:(1)subOrdinate

clauscs cOncurring、 v■ th surfacc main clauses;(2)embeddCd Clauscs such as relative

clauses and quotcd spccch;(3)nondCClarativc sentcnccs by which the spcaker ailns tO
achicve particular pragmatic emects, such as questions and directives tO、 vard theiЪBernstcin, GL (1991) IntrOduction ln
G L Bcrnstdn odう ,卜 14 Berkdcy U」

NI(1985)=力 ′ υ″ια″易 漱 り 路 )ち ;tttSシノれβrα Zブ ′Call■ bridgei Cambridge UniverSity Press
gッ お S′ め″′

Bortoni― Ricardo,S
̀た

1

′
αたは

И Sο ιか

旧
旧
旧
旧

S 81

旧

Bourdicu,P (1977)Thc cCOnOmics Of linguistic cxchangcs Sο旧rsι rθ た″ツθ
ι6カ 滋 θ44ι 4む ψ θSι lt θJc,α κι80 S Zαたα77θι
as Oxford:Blackwcll

̀ノ

旧

̀″

′ぉαお 滋 Lα 低 ″牲 ι 訥 鱈 aLξCam昴 崚

T協;:￡ :31:∬1胤 PLD d耐 0■Of tag qucsions ln Zο 772

777777′ ノ′易P′ ′οみ Cο ″777″ ″J̀jο s,J

lal andCoatcsand D CamerOn(cdS),63‑73 London:Longman

Cο

777″

″力たS,J Coates

:

=装

″滋″ο″

,

722,

kOtOba:卜(1992)OtokO to onna no hanashi―こ;』hOngO kyooiku to seisa kcnshoO no shitcn

EⅣ in― Tripp,S(1976)Is Sybil thcrc?Thc structllre of somc Amcl■

LttL鮒

勘 確 1鷺 箕l輸
馳yl蒲￨ポ多d∞ xd∝ h a mlagualg織 蹴:蹴フ∫;∫1出 T hngtlarぬm『 加

￨:HS殿

:;22盤

ぬ Ctt

hnguttC and pdid∝′

Yale UniVCrsity PrcSS"″Lα ″gzαgι ,Pα ″οたὶf New Haven:hC Lpallese Languar and WOme可
‰

孟 盤

ana面

:n「

一 (198o Onna Wa jiyuu ni shabcttC iru ka[Are women spcaking frecly?l.⑫
387,14‑20″た:777 SOε たヶ 21(3),427‑445￡ l靴 謬

И

、″Fi需 濯羅ll胤 潔t譜 蹴 n3Lα ″
g昭 ′
鳳
趾、

Jordcn,E:and Noda,M (1987)Jη α″οSι f冗あ S′

Jugtts鳥OnOmIltgο S′

此αお︲

Kcrnan(cds)Ncw York:Academic Press

'あ

dk耐

︱

二α″gク αgι tt Sο ιたヶ 5,25‑66:〕

h宙 ,wh∞can English dircctivcs‑(1977)Wait for mc,roller skate!In C″ 77J'お ιοクrsι ,S Ervin― Tripp and C Mitchell―

Gatふ

撃

︱

■thc viewpOint Of Japancse languagc cducationand the study of scx dimcrenccsl Kο ′
οια 13,61‑88︱

kara[MCn's and womcn's spccchi fro■Omen｀ Dtta B00kl
た
た
グ
ずD 協β
"Ⅳ

︱

一 ―

da」

︱

s″

̀ο

＝

Endo13'(1991)KotOba to jOsdル anguar and womc」

＝

ニ
鮮姿
群凝
盤
霧1群出擁難翡鮮
巌
i脇ο
&磁 α
ゎ 幼″ο

d

＝

卸

＝

斃鶴″慨
∬狙hettc協 皇焼FltteliclT鬼 塊l鷺器。
sttSグ

＝

̀T::響

̀陶

略
滉
l皿 雌}構為朧 」
九 貯lM棚 〕リク激鍔辱評∬鴇Mで 1柵 L.動οコ￨;暑 ?:笛 y留 懲辮常 甜∬軋∴瘍 鰊 胤∬猾
螢群 鮒 《 憲戴′
写鶴鷺1:礁 guagcゎ
靴7鰍ζ

hl'二

＝

(脇

。■ L鴛 電S＝

正 ∝X and gend∝ dttК nc∝ h vaH
りと腕

jι

＝

ad oflng■ suc changQ Lα 昭 ″ば

Prα g

rη

＝

:ル 」メ ll哺 :::VCntS°

and thc sp

149‑178
̲(1988)Paying COmplimentS a sex― prefercnual p。 litcncsS Stratewカ︱︱蹴

dd ttructu

0″

旧

Ecり

iaFla h面 mJ叩

H。

旧

飢
∝m em,HCal stuむ JLよ ors
き晨srt漑嚇,肥 棚BL麗 3К 」
h勝
聾iittЪ ttIギ ;濾 寵Lλ翔鵬 蹴 路r棚
Cr蹴

旧

慮

1:ξ

Lα ″g″ αgι れ Sο ι
たr1712,45%476

１
１

聖冨 母t螺 %濫織 鷺鳳亀
繁∬器1∫ 撃罰孟 審̀漁 熙

ＩＩ
Ｉ

50,333‑355
Coatcs,Jcnnifer(1988)IntrOduction ln zο ″′″ 771 ittι ル 助ク′′¨≡
網鰤II瀞徽 [備i蹴 耽
ぎ
儀
≡
麟鮒鸞毬
i饒 鰐
オ
奪手
戴節∫
葛″
聡
ぬ ]刺 む
∬
潔
梶 「∝
品州
詔螢
′
′
ツα
げ α

Ｉ
Ｉ
Ｉ

re■ cction Of cOlmpctencc ttα ″
g″ λ
g′

Ｉ
Ｉ
Ｉ

and D CamerOn(edS),74‑93 London:Longnaan
Cedcrgren,HJ;and Sank。 二 D (1974)VariablC rulcs:perfOrlllancc as a statlsticalⅢlinguistic f■ lnctiOns

Ⅲ

Camcron,D;McAlindcn,F;and O'Lcary,K (1988)Lakoff in contcxt thc soc・

Ln。

旧

乳 1部

。
Funcions Of
lisi訂 孔
認塩
箕ヤ

旧

慶鶏

&1躙

:Ψ 線 鳳

旧

掘

i抒 i響

駆 僣
鯨
ルの ′S Sο ″′ ぃ

鼈

t服

旧

勲た″α ο
″
α
′力″
′
4α ′
gッ グ ニο
77g″ 彎θα94,99122げ θttι わ′研 )蛛

旧and inen:on thc wrong track?二 α72g″ αgθ ″ Sο ιた″
ッ 8,33‑50‑;and van HOut,R (1992)Gendcr― relatcd va五 atiOn in Amsterdam vcrnacular

旧Brouwer,D;Gcrritsen,M;and de Haan,D (1979)SpceCh dincrenccs betwccn women

旧

り
肥
孵助
写勲
1拶 雅

ιヵ′sθ Jι″ι′ J%あ ″滋α″
われ16(6),645‑668

82 S.rttα ″。

1:乳ウッζθ″θ777ι 4む ψ ιθιあ れ θJc,α ι

ⅣOma面 s h Japancscl G̀昭 ο
4o,Ⅳhat unde■ cs wOmcn's dbnccl̲Gι &溝 α
な″° °mm ttd wecch■ cmm並 試
解盤鳥略
鵬
脇
:器 属
F… Ⅳ
ぶ
Kaま
腎
&∴ ∬
樅l鴛‰1詔‰盤 fttf鮒 館lildW° me■ chanざ h POw∝
nnar¨ hsa b」 hongo hyoOgenn∝(::l:を Yuu― na nO sOko d

s 83

rθ た

̀rsθ

M:酬 l』

9認

ぷ:静 ガ懲:FT笛 盤111:lliettkl露 盟きn、:〔lng述 mc

420,

ttο

c

%)磁

闊

:IH°

ぶ
盤

:了

°ttο

Hapa¨ 呵群
純襦ntagawa,c(1977)A sOurcc of fcmininiサ

IWana面Sh¨ hOん ,TOkyαlwana血h警 椰 灘ち枷
in Japancsel in dcfcnsc Of Robin Lako∬'s

熙翼 1檻箕 ″雛 :rr
腸
胤溺2厳:靴 翼:li躙 ∬イ:腸 :嚇驚:〃 TS器 龍
:よ 簡
雛λ
憲機」
l=Sttif嶽 ,W鴫 :晰 ∬'4胆NC〕

午熙鱗麟翻轟 j聯
Ⅸ

I騨 V螢
:lで
。
ぶ』

tぷ

雷
税潔1ツ 蠍ぷ罵i魚 :雀競:子 」
mt寧 ぷ鶴後
靴卵
:〔

li雪

[[斃
カ
タ
』
F鰭子
静
霧
色
墨
碁
ily=￨[
肇7:F場
;喜

I蔦

n麟

9::鮒

キ

r電

剛ぶ 艦:lddogL and h&対 d

F∝ 0

,I
h

ヽ
驚撼芭獄胤 r
l凝盟
屏 ま
雌よ
碑

i

b鯉

捕 磯煙嚇税 鮮警職r欝事聯 ∵TT批 ″
虎
→脱′
dlil鶴
1乳
あ
IW蹴
稚
k島
瀞￨九:L̀1碗 謂 Ⅷ 高鰐
→揚 み
胤#搬稔ftti3&胤『iオ!∬ ち晴意鷺謂1%[)。

d ttk°;量Press

Sankoユ D(1985)Staustics in linguistics ln

Ncw York:Wilcy― (1986)Variable rulcs ln Sοιブ
οJ77agク お″csf″s,74‑81.
たα/Sι た″ι
rJ7α OF S′ α ′E49ι ″ρ′̀おル SC″ ″οた″ ′励οノ″α′〃α″
″α′
ο
И″ル ″

̀′
g′ α
″グ Sο ι ″,U Ammon, N Dittmar,and K.J MatthCiCr(ods.).
′ α
New York:dc Gruytcr

9′ Lα gJι

84 S.動 たακθJ″ ,α κ̀s̀″――(1988) SOcl。 linguisucs and syntactic variatiOn ln ttJ″ g%7stics

vo1 4: zみιゎ̲c″ ル″′αノ cο ″′′
χ″,F J Ncwmcyer(ed),̀sοCambridge Univcrsity Prcss

動a Cα″ι をr′

140‑161

″

リ
̀助 ッ

,

Call■ bridgc:――; and Labcrgc, s (1978) Thc linguistic market and thc statistical cxplanatiOn ofvaHability ln L潔 ば″75̀Jι ン「α′滋′あ″r MOグθ
お α″グMè力ο法,D Sanko∬ (ed),239‑250

New York:Acadcmic Prcss″g″ αg̀滋 Sο ιたヶ 8,189222.

Schmidt, R (1993)COnsciousncss, learning, and interlanguagc pragmatlcs ln f77̀̀′
1臨渉 喀 ′ P7αg4α ″たs,G Kasper and s BIum― Kulka(edS),21‑42 0xfOrd:oxfOrd―

Univcrsity Prcss(1990)Scx― rclated variatiOn in thc ellipsis Of I12α
Lα ″
g″ α
g′ ,S Idc and N H McGloin eds),8卜

and gα ln И,ρ̀ι
104 TOkyO:KuroshO

̀77む[The Current COndition of WOmen's Livcs and̀οχαs Lttg77お ′た Fο ″″″,34, 175‑188

Departmcnt of Linguistics,Univcrsi″ Of TCXas at Austin
predicatcl Nttο 72gDgα tr 12,18‑26/t‐TakanO,shOJi(1997)7/7ι
g̀″ ′
″ο
ο
ッ滋 グ ク カο
′
′
ι
み れ ″
″ノ
r12r r/7ι Ψ′
′
レ グ
̀ο
Jη α
″
ω
ο′
″ 777″ 0″ ―α′′わ″α′r″ ル″rο ルs"ψUnpublishcd dOctOral disscrtatiOn,̀′――(1998)A quantitatlvc study Of gendcr di∬ ercnccs in tllc ellipsis Of Japancse pOstposi¨tional particles ̲ltα
and ―gα : gcndcr cOlmposition as a cOnstraint On varlability
Zα″g″ αg′ /α ′滋′′
ο″α″グ c力 α″g̀lo(3),289‑323
Takasakl,M (1988)MOsaku̲ki nO jOsei―g。 [wOmen's language in a grOping period]Kο ′οια 9,23‑40

TakenObu,M (1994)Aゥ カο″ (2ろ クs/77/t‐J Gα おみα ″ο θ″″α

CorpOrations]TOkyo:Asahi Shinbun̲shaι″ Ⅳ√
Omcn in」 apanesc
̀αThomas,B (1988)Difお rcnccs Of sex and sects:linguistic variatiOn and sOcial nctwOrks
in a wclsh mining宙 lagc ln%ο ′″ 物 動物
′ 〔力 Cο 777″ ″″′たs,J COates and
シι′ι
77・

点
lttTl童 ずとぶ協岬蹴滞乳 ド話J。器 ∝w∝ h Lμ 4

Tokyo:TOkyo Univcrsity Prcss
Trtldgill,P(1974)=み ιsο σ″′D 々″′″′
力′
われ こ

bzω

s ttШ

Vο rl17た 力 Londoni cambridgc/Eれ g麻 力 ″ ブι″― (1975)И ι
グr71′ sο ヵο
,'7r/た ″,α ●ο′二〇ndon:Edward Arnold̀″

Tsutsui,M (1981)Ellipsis Of″ α in Japanesc lnき びs′ ο771″′Middlcら ″ッ シ崎
ο″J″ α″ωιDぉ σο″パι∠″αクsお ,S Makino(Cd)Tokyo:Toyota FoundatiOn― (1983)EJipsis Of gα )"′ ″s777 Jα ′α″ οム″g″ おli駕̀Jrs Ph
9,199‑244
α″たた ゛の sas滋 ″ α″′sa Unpumshed
D d%c■
慧

On,U

′οS′

t:盤 1lЪ ″閣

∬

監 瞥 懲

ん滋g″ おr7ι s 19,29‑58

α′D滋 ルWolflam,W;and Fasold,Rヽ V(1974)=み θS′ ′̀か げ Sο ι′

げ″E″ g′ おЙ
rs tt И772α たαEnglcwood Cli∬ s,NJI PrentiCe― Hall
たSα ′グ rESOL Boston,MA:Heinle andれg お′
Wolfson,N (1989)P′ ″ψ′ι′ ιSI Sο θJο ′Hcinlc'ソ″グ Lα れg″ α,̀

一 ; ヽ4armor,T; and Jones, S(1989)Problems in the COmparison of Spcech actS
οgJι S,S Blum― Kulka,
れグノ
srs α
υο′
α′P″ αg771α rJι sr R′ ′across Cultures ln C′ οSs‐ C′ ′ ″̀̀″J House,and G Kasper(eds),174‑196 Norwood,NJ:Ablcx
WOolard,KA; and Schicrclin, BB (1994)Languagc ideology

あgッ 23,55‑82
力″
∠″′
9′ ο
Yaeger‐ Dror,M;and Sister,E(1987)

Hebrew Lあ 彎Ч認"おScuSC mc,waitaminutcl'':direcuvc usc in lsraeli″ω 25,H27‑H63

上 電′llysげИ″″ α′R′ ツプ:tcLl盟 s鷺 lよ :Fmrl明麒s∴猟F獅 膀聴朋浦蹴Young,R;and Baylcy,R(1996)VARBRUL analysis for second langua[r aCquisition

Takahashi, T (1993) Sh00ryaku ni yOtte dckita jutsugO kceshiki[Elidcd fonms Of thc

University PressヽV (1983) ConSl

71‑77

Sunaoshi,Yukako(1995)Your boss is your̀̀mOther'':Japanesc wOmcn's cOnstruct10n

T。

Wcincr, EJ; and Labov,

N Wolfson and E Judd(edS),H6‑128 Rowley,MA:Newbury HOusc

ぉ グ Jη α77asι ″4ο

Spender,Dalc(1980)Ma″ Mαグ′んα″g″ αgο London:RouJedge and Kegan Paul̀″sJ■ c wttn ho e餘

UmQC O%)Gm面

jι

Smith,Js (1992a) Linguistic privllegc: ̀lust stating the facts''in Japanesc ln Lο
ι
α′
777g
Pο ″ι
″
IP″ ο αiπgsグ 励ο&ι ο″′ &蔵 ′たッ ″ο″′″α″グZα 昭 ′働 ψ rι ″ὶ̀,v012,
K Hallct al(edS),54(卜 548 Bcrkelcy:Bcrkcley WOmen and Langua『"′Group― (1992b)POlitcness and directives in Japanese wOmen's speech Lα ηg″ αg′ 加 sοク
21(1),59‑82
̀たSooriftl(1993)Jο s̀J″ οGettOο
S力 おα
たク

University Of Arlzonadominance'':a critiquc of thc̀̀anti― power― based"

g′ ′
4 Sο
ク 21,547‑568
cultural approach tO SCx dinbrcnccs Lα ″g″ α
̀j′ο″″gッ お′ S α
in American English: the invitation ln Sο ι′

Shibatani,M (1990)1/7ι Lα れg″ αg′ s OFJ々ηα″ Cambridgei cambridge univcrsity Prcssof an authOl■ tatlvc positiOn in thc wOrkplace ttθ

85

̀力

一 ;D'Amico Reisner,L;and Huber,L(1983)HoW tO arrange for soCial commltlanents
jOれg′ ∠ι 7S力

ShibamOtO,J Smith(1985)ル ψα″ιs′ フZο 777ι ″む五α″g″ αgι New York:Acadcmic Prcss

Policies]TOkyo:Gyoosei

滋 θ〃ッι′sι ′θたS

θ
'θ

C・

― ;and Labov,w (1979)On the uses Of variable rules Lα―

Uclllda,A (1992)ヽ Vhcǹ̀dimcrencc''isθ777̀κ 'S躍"%

vc面 ″ Of″ ″ο77, R Baylcy andrescarch ln S′ ιο77′ Lα″gグ αgι Иι?′ お7rJο ″ α″グ Lj71gク お″ι /αjα

D R Prcston(cdS),253‑306 Philadelphia,PA:BcllJamins