HOKUSEI REVIE￢ W
THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIESMarch 2001

Vol.38TheヽVizardヽVorld of Harry Potter:Analyzing the・ Peter GRAY・ …
……………………・
First Four Books of the Harry Potter Series」apanese
Disagreement from a Perspective of Register

Exploring Prosodic Nlodality in

・
・
……………

1

Shoji TAKANO・ … 13

The Essence of Courtroom Drama:An Analysis¨¨……………
・ Katsuyori TAKAHASⅢ ―・ 33

JZθ Arι れθοηsυ ι
αιo/ι んθCα ι
of rん θ77・ ι

A Consideration of F FrObers

・・・………………………………… Reiko SAKAI― ・ 41
Educational Theory in the Ⅳleiji Era ・He堪

殿 1肝 lft糖:'lhomme"…

…

…

…

…

…

MHO KAMYA…

63

The Relationship betv7een Physical Fitness and
Health in University Students(Part 2)1.…
1ntroduction of Silnple Fitness Tests

・ 73… … … …… Yutaka MINOUCⅢ …

The Universal Recognition Process of L71usic and thePOssibility of CultuFal Differences in Ⅳlusic Schema ……… Yasuhiro GoTo・ … 81

Notes&Discussions
Nlarkll:サ

1::]∫ 訛 :Ъ :量 :￡l]」Fttri彙もif:1;:惚

:workshoji TAKANO・・・ 95

Translations

鷺盟tM密濫(5)… ……………Ku血 ko TttRA… 107‰鷺よHomer's Лjα α Bo6k ЖI(a translation)… ………………………・ TOshimitsu TANAKA― ・ 152

HOKUSEI GAKUEN UNIVERSIttY
3‑1,Oyachi Nishi 2‑chome,Atsubetsu― ku,Sapporo,Hokkaido,」 apan

北星論集 (文 )第38号

ゝ/1arch 2001

NIarketplace]ν lembership as a ヽrariable Outranking

Gender:Further Evidence from 1999 Tokyo Fieldwork

ShOji TAKANOINTRODUCT10N
The obiectiVe Of the present report is to provide further supportive evidence fromsupplementary fieldwork for the claims laid in my previous work (Takano, 2000)on
gender― linked differentiation in Japanese and its systematic correlation with speakers'

patterns of participation in the marketplace TakanO(2000), M′
MァhOSe overall research ailn

as to empirically challenge a v′ idespread sociolinguistic fallacy of」 apan as a homoge―

neous speech collllllnunity, demonstrates that statistically verified discrepancies exist invariable linguistic perforrr.ance of the occupation―

vomen leadingbound subgrOups of 、

distinct social livesi full― tilne employed M′ omen in positions of authority and leadership,
full― tirne

employed women in clerical positions,and full―has led to a conclusion that the intra―

tilne homemakers This outcome

gender― group heterogeneity in」 apanese、 vomen's

language involves social stratification, but individual patterns of variable linguistic us―

age are more meaningfully correlated 、/ith a concrete social category of degrees of the
speakers' integration into the marketplace and related conllnunicative experiences androutines in their everyday lives than with such abstract categories as social class index
Conducting systematic, objective analysis of natural speech data in the variationist
frameM/ork, Takano(2000)critiCizes the mainstrealn, intuition― based approach to genderdifferentiation in Japanese, in that it has prescribed normative, stereotypical usage oflanguage for each gender group and perpetuated a "lnythical," homogeneous picture ofgender― linked linguistic behaviors in the 」apanese speech conllnunity today The study

further points out that prior influential studies of natural speech have also been caught

up with a traditional complementary view of male/female relationships:men work in
the public domain as the heads of households,、
vhereas M/omen function in the domesticives and mothers This monolithic, static view on social construction of
domain as 、′
gender has led the llnttOrity of research on 」
apanese M′ omen's language to focus exclu―
sively on the speech of a traditional, but currently rninority, sector of」

apanese women(ie,full time homemakers),whiCh has oversimplified the dynamic realities of the speech′
here gender roles and ideologies are in transition.
cornlnunity in practice、 ハヽVhile Takano (2000)suCCeeds in empirically revealing neglected internar (intra̲
gender― grOup)heterOgeneity of 」apanese women's language in accord with individual

speakers' social lives rather than their gender category per se, one of the maior M′ eak̲vhole collnlnunity
nesses of the study in generalizing the findings for the 、‑95‑北 星 論 集 (文 )第 38号

NIarketplao

research design in 、
vhich speech data froln the male cOunterpart are not taken into ac̲

B :Fυ darcount Adding men's linguistic behaviOrs tO further cOmparative analysis in the present
project a1lo、 vs us to cOnfirm TakanOis(2000)thesis that icOncrete'occupation―bOund cate―gories and related cOInlnunicative experiences and routines tend tO exert much strOngerato′″a taleffects On individuals'language use regardless Of whether the speaker is male Or female;namely, the speakeris lnarketplace membership iOutranks' his Or her gender

The present project also deals with the questiOn On the validity of theAa′ s"sociolinguistic intervie、 v"(Labov, 1981)as a prillllary source Of natural linguistic behav―
L‐

iた aニ

iors fOr analysis Of variation ヽ
Vhile TakanO(2000)adopts the soci01inguistic interview
as an efficient technique for data elicitatiOn in Order tO attain a high degree Of cOmpa―
rability acrOss the three groups Of M/Omen M′

hO presumably pOssess cOmmunicative rep―

ertoires distinctive from One another, there has been an argument that speech data elic̲

ited through interview sessions are stylistically deprived and thus are nOt always

adequate tO reveal a full range Of the speaker's cOmpetence in natural settings(COupland, 1980; RickfOrd & lNIcNair― Knox, 1994)The present project sheds light On

An00
shus(
sens(
(2)

ivannithis clailn by amplifying the data analyzed in TakanO(2000)with different stylistic dimensions and exalnines the obtained analytical results in terms of the argument

S000

丁HE PRO」 ECT

6)■hθ ンlα rjα ιι
θ

Ima s

The cOlllinon variable exaFnined in TakanO(2000)and the present proiect

is utter―ance― final fOrms involving variable manifestatiOns Of the predicate, which have

fined as gender― differentiated in Japanese They are divided intO three brOadに)been de̲
typesi

Sanni

1) Complete utterances with full̲forms Of the predicate;2) Incomplete utterances with nOn cOnclusive forms Of the predicate;3) Fragmental utterances with the entire predicate Or the copula omitted or cOn―sisting of nOun phrases、
vith/、 ァ
ithout the postpositiOns

Prior intuitiOn― based and 'hOmemaker― Orientedi studies Of

Ee′ e,OtOた c」apanese gender differentia―

tion assOciate the first canonical type M/ith male speech and the latter tM′desυ

O nOn―

canonical types with typical female speech. Takano (2000), however, empirically fOund

B:Otο たcthat variable uses Of tw0 0f the types,(1)and(3)in particular, inv01ves highly system̲(励atic cOrrelatiOn with the speakeris iOb̲linked sOcial lives.

IN7■

The f0110wing excerpt from an inter宙 ew with Subject B
hOmemaker)illustrates the three types. Letter l designates the(a43‑year old full̲time(6)

interviewer(the authOr)

A′

asking about her everyday activities(TakanO, 2000: 58‑9)
I :.・ υdan dο ο ittaた οtο ο sh」 をe′̲‐

iた an sυ gο sare.― un'Usually,what kinds Of

desu ka?

jυ し0(nュ 」υunュ 」uしthings dO you dO
to spend tilne?'■ma″ 〈naru l‑96‑

NIarketpla∞ Membership as a Variable outFankhg GendeF:Ful・ th3r E宙 denco fIIom 1999 TOkyO ROldwoFk

Laken into ac―

B'Usu11ly,単 ostけ dOmestiё

′ たa」 ュ ga taュ han dё ′Fυ dann r2nchorё s,lll the prosent)n―bound cate=nuch strOngerato′ anoο ′ slnuu ni kai eigο oAnd,um,twice a week l do

wa taた ushi yatteru nde xxx(study)English,so xxXi

みa′ sο o desti tta?

'Ah,is tlat so?'

EIた aiwa yattete.

I study English

lale or female;ler.

idity of theguistic beha17‑

B

ttic intew,Wconversation」(⇒

Tee of compa―

AnOο mishiSわ ipp■ i nO anο otulLlicative rop‐sわ usshiη ´loeech data dlic―senseュ

'Well,(rm taught English)by an AmeAcan teacher静 om

amerika」 ュn n0

NIlisdsdppi'.

"ュe not always2)

巨r■ sOttings'(Do you Study)With SOvё ral

A7annin ka isshο dest2 ka?

heds light on

OtheF p00ple?'at styh飢 ic di―r̲ent.
B.

desu
Sο ο‐

Thatヽ right,'

ne.

6)
Ima san"ュ
oJectおutteF―'Now,Chere aFe)three of us.
".

(41

have been de‐'Only three7

Sannin‐ de?

Poad types:

B

Eo′ ec′ ec′

tYo。

ee.

,yl∞ .'

Illtted or con―

'Is your teacher male?'

OtOた ο nO sensei

desu ka?

er differenth̲:"r two non‐〕irically found五ghly system‐

B

IMale tetКOtOた 0つ O Sersei.

her'

6)
・28 yeげ s old.lhachi.
Niプ ロ
凛―卜Old full― time(0r(the authOぅ

4′'Ah,sooュ ̀…

m00 sOroSòol...′●ユjυ ●ねacね 」 gurai de kite′ ョ′

Ho came when he was 28,●ユ」●口Fつ たuka sね ichi deた ite′ah,nol,he camo when he、 vas
26.or 27,

ュma mocl so̲rOSOrO san」 uu ni

so now he should soOn be

naru to ο凛oュ

30,I think̀t

"asu.

(71

―‑97‑―.

Daた ara οnaji gυ raュ

星論

集 (文 )第

.

(8)

ゝ
ノ
Iarketplaceゝ /1emt

38号'So,abOut the same age

remaining 5 spec(aS yOu)'

speaker,V(Dataers,W,X(Data l

I :DOnna sensei desυ たa.

'ヽ

satiOn including

Vhat is he like?'of Tokyo dialect,
B i sugο たυ ne′in Takano(2000)'(Hざ S)very,anο tanο shii desu̲/ο

、vell,entertaining'

.

(D
lAnd,

An00′

He's not a city person,sosugο たυsο わοたυ da shi′heis very pure,andとοttemοreigi tadashii si tne.

very polite,andatte

very considerate'

GROUP I:
αたar
Sわ θTο をとemο たi ο tsυ た

A

(10)

Ш
． 縁 一６
４

toた aュ nο hitο ブa naiた ara/

Ｂ

L

北

C

たυretari shite.

Underlined segments 3, 7, and 9 are classified as the first type, the complete utterances

E

42

F

28

Segments l and 10 M/ith the gerundive endings are one of the typical non̲conclusive utter̲

ances observed predollninantly in the data.AnOther relatively frequent ending of this typeincludes an ending with the alternative particle― tari(eg,■ ι
ο″αzα ssん jノ 0ん αθι
αrj,tand I
also read magazines')While the full―forms Of the predicate strike the listener as assertive,

explicit,and formal especially v′ hen used in distal(polite)style,the nOn̲cOnclusive forms of

the predicate bear the tone Of continuation(withOut surface realization of it)(JOrden&

Noda,1987)Lea宙 ng the following slot for the conclusive elem01t Or remark empty renders
the utterances ambiguous to a certain degree, provides the addressee、 vith the liberty toguess and thus rnakes theln sound reserved,indirect,and gentler Underline 2 is regarded as
the third type,a fragmental utterance M/ith the entire predicate(posSibly,れαrα ιιθjれ αsGROUP II:Em
in l

r
αたθ
Sρ θ
1

∠
整姿
35

'I

learn'[habitually])ollnitted Underlines 4, 5,6,and 8 are all regarded as fragmental M′ ithpossibly the copula(― α%イ ごθSa)elided Fragmental utterances,as part of an in― group regis―
28

ter,strike the listener as highly casual,less distancing,straightforM′ ard,but blunt,sloppy,
or even childish in certain situations where the speaker is talking、ァ
ith someone who does

not share in― group solidarity and rapportDα ιαSupplementary data for the present proieCt Were collected through my fieldwork cOn―
ducted in TOkyo in April,1999 1n cOmparison v/ith demographic characteristics of 17 sub―jects analyzed in Takano(2000)(Table l),Table 2 describes 5 rllale and 4 female subieCtS par―ticipating in the present proiect Al1 4 male speakers in the sOciolinguistic interviews(Data

Set l)Were recruited through my second― order networks(ie,friends or acquaintances offriends or acquaintances of IInine)as、vere the 17 subieCtS in Takano(2000),‑98‑ヽVhereas theNOヽ/1arketplace WIembership as aヽ た
ariable Outranking Gender:Further Evidence fron■1999 TokyO FieldwOrk

remaining 5 speakers in casual conversations are all friends Of lnine frOn■ college.The lnale
speaker,V (Data Set 2),is talking with rlle as a conversation partner,and the female speak―ers,W,X (1)ata set 3),ヽ 「,and z(Data Set 4),are all participating in a casual grOup conver―
satiOn including lne as one of the participants.´ゝ
1l of the 9 speakers are regarded as speakers

of TOkyo dialect,being bOrn and raised in the TOkyo llnetropolitan areas,as are the subieCtS

in Takano(2000).

TABLE lGROUP I:

Employedヽ vOmen in ルIanagerial POsitiOns(EWⅣ l)in the SOci01inguistic Interview(6 Speakers)

tplete utterances.

んθ
r
spθ α

Agθ

E∂ しθαιjOれPrげ υSSjο れjれ gLι θrυ :θ ″ &ι ιA

46

」uniOr

Di宙 sion Chief

at a Publishing Company

ヽVorkplace

College

C

53

Ph.D

Division Chief
at a Research lnstituteCoffee ShOp

E
F

42
28

BA
BA

Company President

Coffee ShOp

dhg of this typeαri,'and I
ジοれαθι
ener as assertive,

Officer/Educator at a Refornl Coffee ShOp

Sch001 for Female

conclusive utter―

Juvenile Delinquents

H
L

27

40

}/1edical

Ophthalllnologist

Schoolat a University HospitalBA

Law Office A/1anager

Coffee ShOp
rorkplaceヽヽnclusive forms of

Of it)(JOrden&

GROUP II: Employed WOmen in Non― ⅣIanagerial Positions(EW)rk empty renders
th the liberty to

e2is regarded as
れarα ιιθjれ αsin the Sociolinguistic Interview(5 Speakers)

んar
Spθ α

スgο

I

35

Eご cα ιj072
BAn ln― group regls―〕
ut blunt,sloppy,

omeone、 vho does

ay field、 vork con̲

Office Clerk

at a Governmenta1 0ffice'Ifragmental M′ ith

PrO/aSSjο れ

BA

」

K
N
O

Coffee ShOp

Office Clerk
at a Travelメ ヘgency

Coffee ShOp

Technical

Accountant

Schoolat a Travel Agency

Coffee ShOp

29

BA

Bank Clerk

Coffee ShOp

45

JuniOrOffice Clerk

College

at a Kindergartenたヽヽ
orkplace

28

Association

3ristics of 17 sub―nale subiectS par̲linterviews(Dataacquaintances of)00),Whereas the
―‑99‑

北

星 論 集 (文 )第38号

ゝ/1arketplace 3

GROUP IΠ : Full― time Homemakers(HM)in the sOciolinguistic

Data Set 4:lnterview(6 Speakers)

たθ
r
Spθ α

じSbα 72ご ζ

αたar
助θ

些

B

43

jο
ん
Eごしcα ιD

Pr04θ ssjο れ「」unlor(COmpany

CollegePresident)

High(Laundry Owner)

17oι

j72g
θ″ Sθ ι
ι
θrυ ι

Home

Z

Home

With re(SchoolBA

G

prOieCt anal

Coffee Shop

(Independentsociolinguist

Architect)

M

39

BA

(Company Employee,(2000)afOren

Home

that the obs(

WIanagerial Position)

P

Q

35

47

」unior(COmpany

CollegePresident)

BA

Y

Coffee Shop

is not distra
an artifact c(COmpany Employee,HomeanalysisⅣlanagerial Position)

Regardican be consl(

TABLE 2

tions)in Tal

Profile of 9 SubieCtS in the Present ProieCt

women in cl(

ing 2(Y andData Set l: ヽVhite¨ collar Businessmen in the Sociolinguistic lnterview (4 speakers)
αんθr
助θ

墨墜

R

35

S

37

Eご

jOれ
aCα ι

ⅣIBA

Prげ θSSjο れLι

Staff at a Security

jれerυ jθ ″ Sθ ι
ι

27

BA

Staff at a Security Analysis

Figures
SubieCtS are

Coffee Shop

Takano(200Company
U

36

B´ i

interacting i

FIND!NCS

Coffee Shopat a Governmenta1 0fficeTヽ
V,X,Y and

Coffee Shop

Company
Section ChiefBAgSection Chiefoval Each i

Coffee Shopat a 1/1anufacturing Company

time ernplo)

women in d
Data Set 2: ヽVhite― collar Businessman in Casual Conversation(l speaker)

r
αんθ
助θ
V

些

37

MBA…

ing to his oig

PrO/eSSiο ん

ι
ι
れ
Iれ ι
θrυ jθ ω Sθ ιsion that 』

Staff at an lnsurance

Coffee Shopclasslrnates,

Companybusinessman
c01lege,whe

Data Set 3:Full¨ time Employedヽ Vomen in Casual Conversation(2 speakers)
jれ g
ι
θ
rυ ι
θ
″ Sθ ι
Iη ιtt
Eご しCα ι れ Pro/ass'0れ
αたar
助θ
:ο

ヽ
V

X

37
38

B´i
BA

Staff at a Travel Agency

Coffee Shop

Staff at a Computer

Coffee Shop

Company―‑100‑

for the firstlν

larketplace lvlembership as aヽ Zariable Outranking Gender:Further Evidence froln 1999 TOkyo Field、

vork

Data Set 4:Full― time Homemakers in Casual Conversation(2 speakers)″ sbα んαt

Y

37

Z

38

Ａ
Ｂ

些

jο
Eα acα ι
れ

Ａ
Ｂ

αんar
助ο

PrO/aSSjο れLι θrυ j9ω &ι ι
ιんg

(SeCtiOn chief)

Coffee ShOp

(SeCtiOn chief)

Coffee Shopヽ
Vith respect to the stylistic dilnensiOn of c011ected speech data,nOte that the present

e ShopprOieCt analyzes casual conversations between friends(Data Sets 2, 3, 4)as well as thesociolinguistic interviews(Data Set l)The purpose of this design is tO reinforce Takanols(2000)afOrementiOned thesis(based exclusively on the sOciohnguistic interviews)by shOV′
that the observed strong correlatiOn between occupation―e ShOping

bound categories and language use

is not distracted by stylistic factOrs;in other words,the obtained results are by no means
an artifact Of the research design in which intervie、 v data were the exclusive resource foranalysis.
Regarding occupational categories of the subjects,two of the 5 1nale subieCts(S and u)
can be considered to be comparable to Eヽ VL/1(full― time employed women in rnanagerial positions)in Table l.The remaining 3(R,T,and V)are COmparable to EW(full time ernployed
women in clerical positions).Two of the female subieCts(W and x)are EW,and the remain―ing 2(Y and Z)are full time hOmemakers(HM).Note again that the last five speakers(V,(4 speakers)
jれ g
ソJθ ltl Sθ ιιe Shope ShOpe Shope Shoper)
jれ g
万θttl Sθ ι
ι

ЭShop

量 er→
jθ
jれ g
′
ltl sθ ιιヽ
V,X,Y and Z)are participating in casual conversations as compared with thOse 17 speakers
interacting in the sOciolinguistic intervie、 vs in Takano(2000)

FINDINGS
Figures l and 2 shOM′ the overall patterns of variability in 、
vhich the additiOna1 9
SubieCtS are embedded in the occupation―bound continuum of 17 subieCtS described in

Takano(2000: 69). Male subiects are marked by the square and female subiectS by theoval Each individual is located in one of the occupational grOups(i.e., a grOup of full―time employed women in managerial positions[EWM],a grOup of full̲time employed
women in clerical positions[EW],and a grOup of fulltime homemakers[HM])accOrd̲
ing to his or her types of participatiOn in the marketplace. Note on the stylistic dilnen―

sion that all the female speakers in the oval(W,X in EW;Y,Z in HM)are C011ege
classmates, conducting a casual group conversation. Only one of the male、vhite― collar

businessman(V in Eヽ V)also talks in a casual conversation with me as a friend fromcolloge,whereas the remaining 4 businessmen(U,Sin EWA/1;R,T in EW),whOm l met
for the first tirne, interact with me in the sociolinguistic interviews

)Shop
)Shop

―
‑101‑―

Mttketplace M(

FIGURE l
Occupational Categories and the Use of Cornplete Utterances[三 ]Male Speakers

o FemtteSpeakershCasuJConversalon■00
ＦＲＡＧＭＥＮＴＣＯＭＰＬＥＴＥL

北 星 論 集(文 )第 38号

90
80
70
60
50

FLHAE USC RWXNl丁 」 VOK DPGYMBZQSPEAKERSFCOMPLETE=93.3■ 4 ‑■ .331'SPEAKERS
As for variable uses of complete forms of the predicate(Figure l),we nOtiCe that

Similarく

a11 9 speakers line up on the continuum of correlations with the occupation― bound cate―terances andoT、 ァFigure 2 A」

s belong totional categ(

gories, irrespective of their gender and stylistic dixnensions of analytical data.
businessmen in managerial positions(U, S)in the sOciolinguistic intervievァ

the group of full― tirne EWⅣI who talked in the same stylistic dimension, as expected.

Though the speech of Speaker R,、
vho is a staff member at a security company, shoM/s、ァhereas all

Speaker Z's la relatively higher degree of use perhaps as the only IIninor deviation among the malegroup,the remaining two businesslnen without五 anagerial statuses(T,V)perfectly fit
the Eヽ r category, despite the fact that the former(T)talkS in a sociolinguistic inter―〜

D:SCUSS!ON
The resu

and the latter(V)in a friendly casual conversation.

managerial I

Two female full time homemakers(Y,Z)in a Casual conversation can also be re―forms of thegarded as natural members of the Hン l group, v/ho on the other hand spoke in thelikely to us

time employed women(W,X)in

again invol、

the identical casual conversation are accomlnodated v′ ithin the range of the Eヽ V cate―authoritativ(vie、 vsociolinguistic interviews However,the other two full―gory or even close to the Eヽ Vン r range, irrespective of the stylistic dillnension being theBased oTakano (200samestrongly colnamely,conlterllnined by―‑102‑

Nlarketplace Ⅳlembership as a Variable Outranking Gender:Further Evidence from 1999 Tokyo Fieldwork

FIGURE 2□ Ｏ

0ccupational Categories and the Use of Fragmental Utterances
Male Speakers
Female Speakers in Casual Conversation

ＦＲＡＧＭＥＮＴA FLE UHCSNRWXI」 Vtt KODBPGMYZQSPEAKERSFRACMENr=2.■ 42+1.217'SPEAKERSve notice that)n―bound cate―

Similar observations can be obtained、 vith respect to variable uses of fragmental ut―
terances and their systematic correlations、 vith the occupational categories,as sho、

vn in

遭 data.Two

ll the 5 businessmen marked by the square appear to fit each of the occupa―
Figure 2 ´ゝews belong totional categories(、 vith the relatively high rate of Speaker S as a possible deviation),l, as expected

whereas all the female speakers marked by the oval line up on the continuum (v′mpany,shows

Speaker Z's highly advanced use)in aCCOrd with their occupation―ithbound membership.

oong the maler)perfectly fit
nguistic inter―

DiSCUSS10N AND CONCLUS10N
The results show that full― time employed subieCtS(Only wOmen in Takano[2000])in

managerial positions in the public domain are most likely to use the canonical,complete
an also be re―forms of the predicate, whereas full― tillne homemakers in the domestic domain are more

spoke in thelikely to use the vernacular― type, fragmental forms of utterances This continuummen(W,X)in

again involves full― tillne employed subiects (Only WOmen in Takano [2000])in nOn̲the EW cate―authoritative positions as intermediate users in both types of variables

sion being theBased on both quantitative and qualitative accounts of subiectsi SOCial netM7orks,

Takano (2000)argues that the distribution Of the subiectS a10ng the continuum isvith individuals' degrees of integration into the marketplace;strongly correlated 、
namely, collninunicative experiences and routines in speakers'everyday lives that are de―terlrnined by the types and nature of their participation in the marketplace The former―‑103‑―

北星 論 集 (文 )第38号

ⅣIarketpla

canonical forms, 、
vhich sound more fOrmal and distancing, and deliver information in
an explicit way, belong tO the group of full―

Coupland.

tilne employed subjects in managerial posi̲tions, who are likely to be encouraged to exploit more standard, explicit, at tilnes care―Lα πgυ

ful,encOding of lllllessages with less linguistic ecOnomy in their llnore diffused,job― linked

Finegan, E

open net、 ァorks with a large number of heterOsexual public ties(SankOff & Laberge,

D Bib

1978i Milroy, 1980; Nichols, 1980, 1983, 1984)The latter non― canonical, vernacular― typepp 315‑

forms, M′ hich are Oriented to less distancing, informal, positive―

polite interactional

norms involving a great deal of linguistic ecOnOmy, are heavily exploited by full―tirllehomemakers in particular, M/ho tend to have c10sed single― sex colnrllunication netM′ orks
composed of in― group locals Mァ ith shared knoM″ ledge and high rapport in strong linkage

Jorden, E̲
UnlverLabov, W
lう

石
ο″たjz

to the domestic domain(Finegan&Biber,1994:320;COupland,1983)Full― time employed

NIilroy,L

SubieCtS in non― authOritative positions, whose network content was found in― bet、 veen

NichOls,P

the t、 vo contrastive grOups in Takano(2000), are cOnsistently found to be intermediate4ο zη θ↓石
Лusers in both variables
The present study, M′ hich attempts to compensate method010gical weaknesses of
Takano (2000), Shifts its focus Of investigation to menis linguistic behaviors and theThorneNe、 vbulpossible impact of different stylistic dilnensions on variability and further confirms thevalidity of the thesis put for、vard in Takano(2000)i the superiority of the intilnate link
bet、 veen the occupation―bound category and language use to the speakeris gender cate―

Rickford,Jgory as an explanatory variable for linguistic variation The outcome shov′ s that thetive sOI

speakeris Occupation― bound categories 'Outrank' his or her gender

The speakers,

Rcgじ stawhether they are male or female, talk accordingly to the roles and identities they per―Sankoff,D.

forln in their sOcial lives. 」ob― linked comlnunicative experiences and routines in every―

ity ln i

ヽアariablepp 239‑2

day lives more strongly constrain our linguistic behaviOrs than'statici gender.

uses of linguistic features that have been characterized categorically as female― specificin prior mainstream studies of 'mythical homOgeneity' require re―interpretations from

more dynallnic perspectives

TakanO, S
speech (Lα 72gFurthermore, the analysis of stylistically heterogeneous sets of data in the present
project also reveals that the obtained systematicity is stable acrOss different stylistic di―mensions such as casual conversations Systematic variability inherent in speakers'per―formance granlmars can be revealed thrOugh their"vernaculars‖from the soci01inguistic

interview, regardless of whether the conll■ unicative task itself is ibeing intervie、

vedi Or'participating in casual conversations' This outcome also verifies the utility of thesociolinguistic intervie、 vs as an efficient data elicitatiOn technique for studies Of linguis̲

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%d̀た αんご■々ι
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'sttc

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Of」
gι g̀146: 43・
Lαれ

α

85

in the pFeSent
mt stylisticと ―I speakers per‐,sodolinguistic
htervie、 ved' orutility of thedies of linguis―

ical refbction of―‑105‑―

θr72α ιι
Ottι Joαιo/ι ルθじοιは ソ o/