10ward Our Future౷‫ݩ‬۷௶၌ဥଔૺΓϋΗȜֳಐ࣎ߗࡄ‫ٳݪ‬อ‫ࢹܥ‬
Earth Observation Researchand application Center
Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency

10.1 ‫࢓ܨ‬་൲͂‫ିמ‬ಿ‫ܢ‬۷௶͈࿨‫ڬ‬Climate Change and the Role of Long-Term Observation by Satellite
20022003

2004

Ice Concentration

100%
98%
94%
90%
86%
82%
78%
74%
70%
66%
62%
58%
54%
50%
46%
42%
38%
34%
30%
26%
22%
18%
14%
10%
< 8%଎ġġġ10.1.1ȁ‫ିמ‬൏शζͼ·υ෨༶ৣࠗ́۷௶̯̹ͦཤޭ֖٬ຕྟ୪ഽȪ‫ܬذ‬ȫ͈ಿ‫ܢ‬་‫*ا‬Fig. 10.1.1ȁLong-term changes of sea ice concentration in the Arctic observed by spaceborne microwave
radiometers*

Fig. 10.1.2ȁYearly variation of sea ice distribution (September) in the Arctic, observed by AMSR-E
Red line indicates average sea ice extent for that month during 1988 and 2000 (produced by the National Snow andIce Data Center).

AMSR-E SST
3220100-10201260

Global remote sensing by satellite has been developing in terms of data quality andquantity since our first glimpse of cloud patterns from space in the 1960s. ThroughEarth. AMSR-type microwave radiometers have advantages in observing cryospherechanges, including decreased sea ice extension due to global warming, and global
measurement of mid- to long-term variability including El Niño events. By accumulating a90

120150180-150-120

Time series of SST anomaly in NIÑO3

2Anomaly [degC]

accumulated data records, satellite observations enable monitoring of long-term changes on

SST [degC]ֳಐ̥ͣ੝͛̀‫ד͈׌‬௨̦௴̢̥ͣͦ̀ͣ40ාոષ̦ࠐ̻Ȃ૽ࢥ‫͈̥ͣିמ‬౷‫ݩ‬۷௶͉ΟȜΗ͈ৗȆၾ͂͜ͅอജ̧̱̱̹̀͘ȃΟȜΗ͈ಇୟฺ̞ͅȂ૽ࢥ‫מ‬ି̥͈ͣ۷௶͜ಿ‫͈ۼܢ‬౷‫͈ݩ‬་‫۬ͬا‬ণ̳ͥ਀౲̱͂̀၌ဥ̯ͦই̞̳͛̀͘ȃ
AMSR͈̈́̓ζͼ·υ෨༶ৣ͉ࠗ́Ȃ౷‫أݩ‬౰‫ฺ̠ͅا‬٬ຕ࿂ୟ͈̈́̓ୱຕ࠷͈་൲͞Ȃ΀σΣȜΣο͈̈́̓ಎȡಿ‫ܢ‬་൲͈஠‫ݩ‬۷௶ͅഐ̱̞̳̀͘ȃً‫͈ݲ‬ಇୟΟȜῌȂAMSR͂AMSR-Éই̹̽͘૧̱̞ଲయ͈ࣞୈഽ̈́ζͼ·υ෨༶ৣࠗΟȜΗͬ‫̢̭̩̞́͂̀ح‬Ȃ‫࢓ܨ‬་൲͈۬ণ࣓͒ࡃ̧̳̭̦̳ͥ͂́͘ȃ଎ġġġ10.1.2ȁAMSR-É۷௶̯̹ͦཤޭ֖٬ຕ໦ືȪ‫ܬذ‬:9࠮ȫ͈ාș་‫ا‬୤̞஌͉Ȃ൳࠮͈1988ා̥ͣ2000ා͈໹޳౵ͬা̱̞̀ͥȪༀ࣭National Snow and Ice Data Centerै଼ȫȃ-90

Latest date : Jan 26, 2005

10-1-2Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

2003

2004

2005

2006

new generation of AMSR data in addition to historical data records, we will be able to better
monitor climate change.

଎ġġġ10.1.3ȁAMSR-Eͥ͢ͅ΀σΣȜΣο۬ণȁġġAMSR-E٬࿂କ‫أ‬໦ື͈႕Ȫષ౲ȫ͂Ȃ۬ণႀ֖Ȫષ౲ࣱ͈ი໐໦ȫ̤̫ͥͅ
AMSR-E٬࿂କ‫࢓ܨ͈أ‬౵̥͈ͣ༊ओশࠏႥȪ‫ئ‬౲ȫȃ* Reprinted with permission from J. C. Comiso and C. L. Parkinson, Satellite-Observed Changes in theArctic, Physics Today, Volume 57, number 8, pp. 38-44. Copyright 2004, American Institute of Physics.

Fig. 10.1.3ȁExample of El Niño monitoring by AMSR-E Upper : AMSR-E SST distribution. Lower : Time series of SST anomaly (AMSR-E minus climatic SST) in the upper part of this area, surrounded by black borders.

5910.2 ౷‫ޏ۪ݩ‬་൲۷௶ηΛΏοϋȪGCOMȫ
Global Change Observation MissionໝତΏΑΞθ̥ͣ̈́ͥ஠‫ݩ‬౷‫ݩ‬۷௶ΏΑΞθȪGEOSSȫͬ৘࡛̳̹ͥ͛ͅȂల3ٝ౷‫ݩ‬۷௶΍ηΛΠ̤̞̀ͅ౷‫ݩ‬۷௶10ා৘ঔْ̦ࠗन఼̯̱̹ͦ͘ȃ̭͈̠͢ͅȂအș̈́૽ࢥ‫͞ିמ‬౷ષ۷௶Ȃ̤͍͢κΟσͬழ̵͙ࣣͩ̀Ȃ௙ࣣഎͅ౷‫۬ͬݩ‬ণ̳࣭ͥषഎ̈́৾ͤழ͙̦ਹါ̧̱̹̈́̽̀͘ͅȃGEOSS͈࣓͒ࡃ͈۪̱֚͂̀ȂJAXÁ͉͙̓ͤΤ͞
Aqua/AMSR-E͈۷௶ͬ਋̫ࠑ̞́‫࢓ܨ‬་൲۷௶࣐̠ͬȂ౷‫ޏ۪ݩ‬་൲۷௶ηΛΏοϋ
ȪGlobal Change Observation MissionȂGCOMȫͬ೹մ̱̞̳̀͘ȃGCOḾ͉Ȃ࿨‫ͬڬ‬໦౜̳ͥ2‫ͬିמ͈ܥ‬3ଲయͅള̽̀‫׋‬ဥ̱Ȃಿ‫͈ܢ‬Ⴒ௽̱̹ΟȜΗαȜΑ͈ࢹಃͬ࿒ঐ̱̞̳̀͘ȃ2‫מ͈ܥ‬ି̱͂̀ȂAMSR͂AMSR-E͈ࢃࠑΓϋ΍͂SeaWinds͈̈́̓ഩ෨Γϋ΍ͬ൏श̳ͥGCOM-WȂGLIࢃࠑΓϋ΍̜́ͥSGLIͬ൏श̳ͥGCOMCْ̱̞̳ͬࠗ̀͘ȃ
GCOM͉Ȃༀ࣭͈NPOESSْࠗȂ؎ਗ͈METOPْࠗ̈́̓ଲ‫͈࣭ڎٮ‬೰ુ౷‫ݩ‬۷௶‫ْ͂ࠗ͜ିמ‬௖༞എ̈́࿨‫̳̱̹͘ضͬڬ‬ȃ̹͘ȂGCOMWͅ൏श̯ͦͥAMSRࢃࠑ‫͉ܥ‬Ȃ஠‫ࣛݩ‬କ۷௶ηΛΏοϋȪGPMȫͬࢹ଼̳ͥζͼ·υ෨༶ৣ͈̱͈֚ࠗ̾͂̀࿨‫ܢ͜ڬ‬ఞ̯̞̳ͦ̀͘ȃ

GCOM-W

GCOM-CDPR / GPM
with NASA

Earth Care

GOSAT

The 10-year implementation plan for Earth Observation was adopted at theThird Earth Observation Summit to achieve the Global Earth Observation System͙̓ͤ㸈ȆAquḁͣGCOM͒ȇಿ‫ܢ‬۷௶͈৘࡛
From Midori-㸈 and Aqua to GCOM : Realization of long-term observationof Systems (GEOSS). International efforts to comprehensively monitor the Earthby integrating various satellites, in-situ measurements, and models are gaining
importance. As a contribution to GEOSS, JAXA is proposing the Global Change

Aqua/AMSR-E

Observation Mission (GCOM) to perform climate change observationsof two different types of satellites over three consecutive generations and will
establish a continuous long-term data record. The two satellites are GCOM-W,with microwave sensors including AMSR follow-on instrument and ascatterometer like SeaWinds; and GCOM-C, carrying SGLI, the successor

GCOM-W #1

Midori-㸈

succeeding the observations of Midori-Τ and Aqua/AMSR-E. GCOM will consist

GCOM-W #2
GCOM-W #3
GCOM-C #1
GCOM-C #2
GCOM-C #3

instrument to GLI on Midori-Τ.
The GCOM mission will complement the worldwide operational Earthobservation missions, including NPOESS from the United States, and theEuropean mission METOP. In addition, we expect the AMSR follow-on instrumentof GCOM-W to be part of the microwave radiometer constellation for the GlobalPrecipitation Measurement (GPM) mission.

60଎ġġġ10.2.1 ౷‫ޏ۪ݩ‬་൲۷௶ηΛΏοϋ‫ٽ‬ැ଎
Fig. 10.2.1 Concept of the Global Change Observation Mission

10.3 ੿ြ̫͒࢜̀Toward Our Futureུॗঊ͉́ȂAMSR̤͍͢AMSR-Eͥ͢ͅ۷௶ࠫ‫̞̀̾ͅض‬အș̈́໦࿤ྀͅત̱̱̹ٚ͘ȃAMSR-E̽̀͢ͅ3ා‫͈ۼ‬ΟȜΗ̦ಇୟ̯ͦࡄ‫͞ݪ‬၌ဥུ̦‫̧̹̱̀اڒ‬౲‫̜ͤ́ٴ‬Ȃུॗঊ͈ນఴ̜́ͥ‫࢓ܨ‬་൲͈͒৾ͤழ͙͉੣̞̹̥̳̾͊ͤ́ͅȃ‫͈࢓ܨ‬་‫͉ا‬শ‫ۼ‬ΑΉȜσ͈ಿ̞࡛ય̯͂ͦȂ̷ུ͈ৗ֚ͬশͅ௴̢̭͉ͥ͂ࣾඳ̳́ȃ̱̥̱Ȃಿ‫ܢ‬എͅಇୟ̧̯̹ͦ̀౷ષ۷௶ΟȜΗ̦౷‫أݩ‬౰‫࡛͈̓̈́ا‬યͬྶ̥̳̠ͣͥ͢ͅͅȂࣽࢃ͉‫ିמ‬ͥ͢ͅ஠౷‫ݩ‬എ̈́۷௶ΟȜΗ͜൳အ͈࿨‫̢̳ͦͣ͘ࣉ̳̹͂ضͬڬ‬ȃ౷‫ݩ‬۷௶‫͛܄ͬିמ‬Ȃֳಐ‫ٳ‬อ͉ఉ̩͈঩߄ͬຈါ̱̳͂͘ȃ̭͈̹͛Ȃ஠౷‫ݩ‬എ̈́ࣞອഽ۷௶࿌ͬົ̩̹͉͛ͅ‫ވ͈࣭ڎ‬൳ैު̵̵̦̥ࠧͭ͘ȃ‫࢓ܨ‬་൲͉஠૽႒͈‫ه‬ఴ̜́ͤȂ঩߄࿂ͅࡠ̴ͣ‫̦ࡃ࣓͈࣭ڎ‬ຈါ̯̞̳͂ͦ̀͘ȃଲ‫ٮ‬എͅࡉ̀Ȃ඾ུ͉‫࢓ܨ‬་൲̞̠͂ఱ̧̈́‫ه‬ఴ৾ͤͅழ͚ୣහ̦̜ͤȂ̷̫̹ͦ࢜ͅ‫ڰ‬൲͜ୟ͙ਹ̧͇̱̹ͣͦ̀͘ȃ
AMSR-Eͬ‫͚܄‬౷‫ݩ‬۷௶‫ٳ͈ିמ‬อȆ‫׋‬ဥ̷͈֚͜໐̜́ͤȂࣽࢃ͜‫ږ‬৘̈́ΟȜΗ͈ಇୟ͂ࡄ‫ݪ‬Ȇ၌ဥ࣐̞̩̭ͬ̽̀͂ͤ͢ͅȂ̭͈‫ه‬ఴ࣓ͅࡃ̧̱̞̹̞̀͂ࣉ̢̞̳̀͘ȃIn this booklet, we introduced the uses of AMSR and AMSR-E observation results for various fieldsof research. Although a great deal of research and many applications are being promoted as AMSR-E
accumulates the data over three years, studies of climate change, the title of this booklet, have only
begun. Full understanding of climate variability in a short time is difficult due to the extended timescale. However, as ground-based observation data, accumulated over a long time, reveal global
warming, the global data from satellite observation will be playing the same role in the future.
Space-exploration activities including Earth-observing satellites require substantial resources.
Deploying a global satellite network for continuous and frequent observation requires teamwork withother countries, not only from the resource point of view, but also because climate change is acommon issue affecting all mankind. Japan has taken on the responsibility of resolving this important
problem and has been maintaining its efforts, including the development and operation of Earthobserving satellites. We wish to continue in our contributions to this effort by ensuring reliable data
accumulation for research and application.

61