DRAFT REPORT OF PANEL DISCUSSIONS
1. THE FIRST PANEL DISCUSSION
The first panel discussion considered the issue of International Cooperation in
Combating Corruption. Mr. Taehoon Lee (Attorney at Law, Korea) acted as the
Chairperson of the first panel of the Commemorative Symposium.
Dr. Ye Feng (Director General of the International Judicial Cooperation
Department of the Supreme People’s Republic of China) explained that the Chinese
Prosecution Service acted at four levels from the central level to the county level. He
stated that there were between 20 and 30 prosecutors who were solely responsible forprosecuting corruption and bribery cases in China. The speaker said that an everpresent relation of corruption was money laundering. Chinese prosecutors often findthat money is laundered by public officials who try to explain that their sudden
acquisition of wealth has been derived from other family members. It was further
explained by the speaker that money laundering at banks has only been brought to theattention of the authorities recently. Before 1999 anyone could put money into
Chinese banks but now the banks are aware of potential money launderers and checks
are in place in the banking system. It was further stated that there have been a numberof cases where government money has been taken by officials and this has been
deposited in foreign countries.
Mr. Bernardo R. Calibo (Director, National Police Commission, thePhilippines) spoke of the partnership between the World Bank and NAMFREL (theNational Citizens’ Movement for Free Elections) in combating corruption. The
World Bank has made arrangements with NAMFREL (which is the umbrellaorganization for the Concerned Citizens of Abra for Good Government or CCAG) toact as a monitoring mechanism in relation to World Bank loans and grants for thesocio-economic development of the Philippines. Corruption is the foundation ofvarious forms of crime. The corporate world faces a much bigger threat from
corruption and bureaucracy than it does from terrorism and organized crime according
to the Economic Intelligence Unit. The speaker gave a case history of CCAGG
whose vision is, “to establish a self-reliant community of a politically mature andeconomically emancipated citizenry who will work for good government.” In effect,when the World Bank saw the potential offered by NAMFREL, it saw that a global
problem could be addressed with a parochial approach. NAMFREL has for many
years now been at the forefront against corruption in elections through its Operation
Quick Count which is government accredited and has acted to prevent manipulation inelections. This expertise in monitoring election results will now be expanded tomonitor corruption and crime. In a way non-governmental organizations such as
NAMFREL now constitute an alternative world government.
Mr. Harry Macleod (Deputy Director of Public Prosecutions, Hong Kong)
considered modern measures to counter corruption. He suggested that the fightagainst corruption is composed of three elements - an effective anti-corruption legal
infrastructure, international partnerships for mutual legal assistance and the political
will to make the first two work. In relation to an effective anti-corruption legal
infrastructure a specialized agency structured to deal with the full ambit of corruption
should be developed. Further, laws must be appropriate to the offences committed ineach individual state. For example, in Hong Kong there is a distinction between civil
1servants, public servants and private sector agents and there are distinct offences foreach group. In relation to civil servants special offences can be very strict - forexample, it is an offence for a civil servant to maintain a standard of living or possess
property out of proportion to his official income. The burden of proof lies upon the
defendant. The speaker also stated that crucial to the effective implementation of acountry’s anti-corruption law is a law enforcement agency that has the politicalsupport of the country’s leaders and public support. In Hong Kong the Independent
Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) has its independence constitutionallyprotected. Independent does however not mean unaccountable. The ICAC isaccountable to the Chief Executive and to various committees that scrutinize it. The
speaker further explained that international cooperation is essential in the fight against
corruption. Countries require modern, comprehensive mutual legal assistance andextradition laws and a wide net of bi- lateral and multi- lateral treaties. Ultimately itmatters not how comprehensive a network of laws a country puts in place but there
has to be the political will to confront corruption.
Dr. Deepa Mehta (Inspector General of Police, Haryana, India) stated that
corruption is a ve ry big problem in India. If corruption in India were to drop by 15%
then GDP growth would improve by 1.3%. Corruption breeds a distrust of public
institutions. In India, various institutions have been established to deal withcorruption such as the Administrative Vigilance Division in the Ministry of Home
Affairs. The Central Vigilance Commission was set up in 1964 and acts as an apex
body for exercising general superintendence and control over vigilance matters in
administrative and probity in public life. The Central Vigilance Commission has
brought out the Citizen’s Guide to Fighting Corruption, which encourages public
participation in the fight against corruption. In this regard education is vital. Ethics
should form part of the education system and children in schools should be mobilized
to create a social climate to make corruption unacceptable.
Professor Atsushi Yamaguchi (University of Tokyo, Japan) considered thelegislation available to fight corruption. The comprehensiveness of the anticorruption laws in Japan is one of the remarkable characteristics. In 2000 a new law
on corruption was enacted. This was the result of a loss of faith in the political system
in Japan as a result of a number of scandals. The concept of a public official and thescope of conduct punished are now defined in the Penal Code. Bribery is defined by
the Penal Code. Professor Yamaguchi talked about how there are still certain
problems with the existing laws in Japan in relation to bribery. For example, in
relation to active bribery this must be committed in Japan for an offence to take place.
The Diet is now considering widening this provision to cover those Japanese nationals
who are outside of Japan.
Ms. Radziah Basir (Section Head, Corruption Prevention Department, AntiCorruption Agency, Malaysia) gave a history of the Anti-Corruption Agency, statingthat it began its formal operations on 1 October 1967. The main objective of the AntiCorruption Agency (ACA) is to prevent and eradicate all forms of corruption, abuseof power and malpractices and focuses on 9 functions, which the speaker outlined.
She further detailed the organizational structure of the ACA. In 1996 the ACA
formulated its vision and mission to help build a corrupt- free society by 2020. In July
1997 a new Anti-Corruption Act was passed, this law provided the ACA with newinvestigative powers and enhances punishment of offenders. The ACA is now

2actively engaged in a three-pronged strategy against corruption, namely; the education
strategy, the preventive strategy and the punitive strategy.
Mr. Dorj Odbayar (Governor, Dornod Province, Mongolia) stated that
corruption had to be combated at the domestic and international level. Corruption is auniversal challenge, no country is free from it. As a country in transition, Mongolia
has a growing problem of corruption. The government of Mongolia recognizes thatin order to combat corruption there must exist certain conditions such as; the politicalwill, strong laws, and a clear, coherent and competent strategy to tackle corruption.
As regards the laws in Mongolia, the Criminal Code and the Anti-Corruption Law
contain the essential offences against corruption. For the purpose of success at theinternational level the speaker stated the following; regional and international
strategies need to be developed to enhance accountability and transparency,
independent organizations’ initiatives should be supported to prevent, control andfight corruption, countries should enter mutual legal assistance treaties, developing
countries should build on the capacity and knowledge of developed countries infighting corruption, and an international criminal intelligence organization should beestablished.
2. THE SECOND PANEL DISCUSSION
The second panel discussion considered the theme of Combating
Transnational Organized Crime. The discussion was chaired by Mr. Severino Gaña,
Jr. (Assistant Chief State Prosecutor, the Philippines) who gave the first presentation.
The speaker stated that the technological advancement and the era of globalization
have made it possible for criminal syndicates to globalize. He explained that theAnti-Money Laundering Law of 2001 is the recent manifestation of the Filipino
government’s commitment to fight money laundering although the Financial Action
Task Force has refused to move the Philippines from the list of uncooperative
countries in the fight against money laundering. The speaker further considered in thePhilippines the position of trafficking in persons, terrorism, drug trafficking, piracy,
intellectual property rights, firearms trafficking and cyber crime. He emphasized theneed to ratify the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crimeand to harmonize and criminalize all forms of transnational crime.
Ms. San Yuenwah (Social Affairs Officer, Health and Development Section,
Emerging Social Issues Division, United Nations ESCAP) looked at the position of
HIV/AIDS, drugs and human trafficking in a globalizing world. The speaker argued
that, with globalization, HIV/AIDS, drugs and human trafficking are interlinked andstand at the core of human insecurity. Over 7 million people in the Asia-Pacificregion are now infected with HIV and projections indicate that the region must act
within the next two years to reduce the spread of HIV or the opportunity will be lost.
With regard to the field of criminal justice and crime prevention it is noteworthy that
HIV is spreading among prison populations. The speaker also spoke of the increasing
abuse of drugs despite tough laws in the region. The Asia-Pacific region faces the“twin epidemics” of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS. The speaker observed that humantrafficking is organized crime’s fastest growing industry. She spoke specifically of
the trafficking of children for sexual exploitation where it is estimated that over 1
million children are engaged in commercial sexual work around the world.

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Mr. Ian McWalters (Senior Assistant Director of Public Prosecutions, HongKong) argued that in the fight against transnational organized crime, territorialboundaries tend to frustrate and hinder the investigation of crime and the pursuit ofjustice. The speaker considered international cooperation to be divided loosely
between informal and formal methods of cooperation. Informal assistance may
include arranging non- intrusive surveillance, providing criminal records and publicrecords and so on. The basic elements of formal international cooperation are; mutual
legal assistance schemes, extradition treaties, money laundering legislation andprovisions concerning the restraint and confiscation of the proceeds of crime. Most
countries with laws and treaties for international cooperation have a central authority
to coordinate requests to and from the country, which is essential to ensure
appropriate and prompt attention for requests for assistance. The speaker stated that
although Interpol has its shortcomings there is great room for this agency to develop
as a criminal intelligence database. The speaker also considered the problems withthe mutual legal assistance process, believing that as a tool of justice MLA often
promises more than it delivers. Further, he argued that states do not only need money
laundering legislation but such legislation must have bite. In this regard the criteria
laid down by the FATF were commended. The speaker also spoke of methods torestrain and confiscate the proceeds of crime.
Dr. B. N. Chatttoraj’s (Professor and Head of Department of Criminology,
Ministry of Home Affairs, India) presentation considered five aspects of organizedcrime; it’s characteristics, its impact, its manifestations, its forms and its control
strategies (including international cooperation). The speaker observed that organizedcrime has become a grave concern the world over in both developing and developed
countries yet its visibility is often low although the dynamics of its operations areoften complex. The major forms of organized crime include; drug trafficking,terrorism, smuggling and mafia type operations, secret flows of money, illicit
trafficking in firearms, kidnapping for ransom, and trafficking in human beings. India
has various laws to deal with the various forms of organized crime. In terms ofinternational cooperation India has recognized that this is essential in the fight againstorganized crime and India has made mutual legal assistance arrangements withseveral countries in the recent past. India is also a signatory to the South Asia
Association for Regional Cooperation Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism.
Mr. Mardjono Reksodiputro’s (Professor of Law and Criminology, Ministry ofHome Affairs, India) paper focused on Indonesian illegal migrant workers who havebeen expelled from Malaysia. Recently 500,000 illegal Indonesian workers opened
the eyes of the Indonesian government to the illegal operation of labor recruitmentcompanies in Indonesia. Whilst recognizing United Nations’ efforts in this regard, thespeaker stated that future ACPF world conferences could concentrate on combatingsuch organized crime with much more of an Asian perspective. The speaker further
stressed that public participation is vital to the control of organized crime and this canbe galvanized by the mass media. The speaker urged UNAFEI and ACPF to establish
a research project to study the phenomena of transnational organized crime not only
from the traditional standpoint but also from different perspectives (e.g. theperspectives of the political economy). It was the speaker’s opinion that laborracketeering in Indonesia stems from a combination of social, political, economic andcultural conditions.

4Mr. Kolitha Dharmawardena (Attorney at Law, Sri Lanka) concentrated on theelectronic dimensions of organized crime. He stressed that criminal responses had totry and keep abreast of criminal activity and with each new era (such as the industrial
revolution and the technological revolution), new forms of crime develop and thesemust be controlled by fresh strategies. The problem is that control strategies tend tocome a long time after new types of crime and so enforcement agencies are always
trying to play “catch up”.
Mr. Richard Hoffman (Assistant Attorney, USA) explained that the U.S.
government is committed to combating transnational organized crime both nationa lly
and internationally. The modern forms of transnational organized crime can only becombated effectively when the affected nations work together. The U.S. government
is now stationing more law enforcement personnel (from the immigration service, theFBI, the DEA, etc.) around various countries throughout the world. Occasions suchas this are very important to international cooperation as they provide forums for law
enforcement personnel from around the world to gather together and exchange ideas.
Mr. Pham Nam Tao (Deputy Director General, General Police Department,
Vietnam) spoke of the dangers that transnational organized crime poses to the securityof nations and how, inevitably, Vietnam is effected by this. There is a need for an
integrated and comprehensive strategy from the international community to combat
international crime. In 1998 the government of Vietnam adopted the National Action
Plan on combating narcotic drug crimes. This is a manifestation of the efforts of thegovernment of Vietnam to mobilize the public and political systems and all public andprivate businesses to take part in the fight against crime. Up until now Vietnam has
signed bilateral treaties with 14 countries on the prevention of crime, specifically forthe prevention of drug offences.
3. THE THIRD PANEL DISCUSSION
The third panel discussion considered the theme of The Treatment of
Offenders in the New Century. It was chaired by Mr. H. G. Darmadasa (Attorney atLaw, Sri Lanka) who gave the first presentation. He presented a brief history ofmodern rehabilitation philosophy to the symposium. The speaker spoke of how
rehabilitation theory suffered in the 1970’s as a result of the “Nothing Works” theory
which gained widespread support and led to ‘tougher’ prison sentencing in the 1980’s.
The speaker stated that in spite of heavier penalties and an increase in the number ofprisoners, crime has still been rising. As the ‘get tough policy’ appears to have failed,
the State should recognize the need to involve the public and achieve greatercommunity responsibility in the field of criminal justice. There is no doubt that forthe majority of convicted offenders the strategy for corrections in the new century
should be more community-based. The new path that should be followed is one
which lies between that of rehabilitation and that of the ‘get tough’ policy.
Mr. Aisea Taoka (Commissioner of Prisons, Fiji) gave a jurisdictional versionof the treatment of offenders. The economic and historic growth of every country
influences the way criminals and punishment are perceived by collective society,which in turn effects government policies. The speaker said that penal reform isnecessary because prisons are of small benefit to society, disrupt the life of prisoners
and give little satisfaction to victims. Penal reform is particularly important in Fiji
due to the disproportionately high percentage of young male offenders in prison.
5Forty-seven percent of prisoners are under the age of 25 and 86 percent are under theage of 40.
Mr. Satoru Oohashi (Assistant to the Director of the Security Division,
Correction Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Japan) gave a presentation of the International
Transfer of Prisoners. He stated that Japan has decided to accede to the Convention
on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons, which was drawn up by the Council of Europe.
He forwarded some of the reasons for Japan acceding to this Convention. The
number of foreign prisoners has been greatly increasing in Japan over the last ten
years. Foreign prisoners (Class F) have increased from 274 in 1991 to 2,315 as at theend of 2001. The speaker explained that penal institutions have made every effort toensure rehabilitation and re-socialization but there are obvious problems in thetreatment of foreign prisoners in Japan (that is, language, customs, religion and theloss of contact with families). At present, the number of prisoners that will be subject
to the convention is small but the effects of transfer are necessary for prisoners’
rehabilitation and re-socialization.
Dr. Kittipong Kittayarak (Director General, Department of Probation,
Thailand) considered new community-based treatment measures and criminal justicereform in Thailand. He said that there is a new era for community-based treatment ofoffenders, which is to be promoted by the criminal justice system in Thailand. There
are a number of reasons for the promotion of community-based treatment. These
reasons are as follows; there is a great backlog in the number of cases in the court
system, there is a changing policy on drug problems looking more at rehabilitationand treatment, there is also a growing interest in the concept of restorative justice.
The speaker spoke of the new Drug Rehabilitation Law, which has been approved andis soon to be enacted. This law introduces “compulsory treatment programmes” tocomplement the voluntary ones. The law is intended to create very large diversion
programmes for those normally charged with drug offences. This year has seen
restorative justice gaining ground at the policy making level and the Correction
Bureau has recently initiated a project where restorative justice methods will beapplied to inmates prior to parole. In conclusion the speaker hoped that communitybased treatment programmes are not only seen as alternatives but also seen as far
better options for the treatment of offenders.
Mr. Md Mortuza Hossain Munshi (Director General, Department of Social
Services, Ministry of Social Welfare, Bangladesh) spoke of how Bangladesh has been
subject to a great increase in crime as a result of rapid economic growth coupled withdiversified social change after independence. The speaker gave a brief summary of
the criminal justice, police, and prisons administrations in Bangladesh. Further, hegave an overview of crime statistics in Bangladesh. The speaker explained how there
has been a Family Court in Bangladesh since 1985 and that mediation is the main tool
used in family proceedings. Village Courts have existed since 1976. Although thesecourts have no powers of imprisonment, if they find a person guilty he/she may beordered to pay a fine. Again mediation and conferencing methods are very frequently
used in these courts. In Bangladesh, non- institutional methods are preferred to
institutional programmes and are seen as the most effective methods for the treatment
and successful rehabilitation of offenders.

6Dr. Norio Takahashi (Professor, University of Waseda, Japan) talked of how
restorative justice had developed extremely quickly. The speaker spoke of the meritsof retributive justice as opposed to restorative justice. Noteworthy points ofrestorative justice are that crime is not seen as an abstract concept but as a harm thathas to be righted. Further, the feelings of the victim are seen as crucial in the criminal
justice process. The speaker gave various definitions of restorative justice saying thatthey fell into two broad definitions – the Purist and the Maximalist Models. The
Purist Model literally realizes restorative justice because the participation of allparties concerned is an absolute condition for restorative justice. The Maximalist
model extends the meaning of restorative justice to include elements of the Purist
Model and looks to attain the restoration of the harm done so coercion from theviewpoint of restoration is acceptable. The speaker stated that he was more inagreement with the Maximalist Model. People often say that restorative justice canonly be used for minor cases but they can be used for more serious offences and havebeen used in this way in the United States. As for using restorative justice in Japan,
he believed that the formal criminal justice system should be used first and thenrestorative justices should be considered and so a hybrid system should be followed inJapan. Each country however should choose to what extent it should use restorative
justice approaches appropriate to its political, economic and cultural conditions.
4. THE FOURTH PANEL DISCUSSION
The fourth panel discussion considered the theme of Poverty and Terrorism.
It was chaired by Dr. Enamul Huq (President of the ACPF, Bangladesh).
Mr. D. P. Kumarasingha (President’s Counsel, Sri Lanka) stated that poverty
lies at the root of the threats to peace, security and democracy. It is the breeding
ground for violence and despair. There is a global consensus that poverty anddesperate conditions breed and catalyze terrorism. The speaker quoted academic
studies that have been conducted into the link between terrorism and poverty. A
feature of terrorism is that although the perpetrators often come from the middle or
upper classes, poverty provides a fertile recruitment ground for the terrorists. The
speaker told the Symposium that Sri Lanka has suffered incredibly from terrorism thathas wrecked the nation’s economy. The world must see the eradication of poverty as
essential to the battle against terrorism and developing countries are making progressin reducing the numbers of people suffering from poverty. Terrorism has to be foughton all fronts by all countries in order to achieve lasting peace.
Mr. Kedal Paudel (Under Secretary, Ministry of Law, Justice andParliamentary Affairs, Nepal) reiterated that terrorism is a serious threat tointernational peace, security and development. The speaker spoke specifically of the
problems Nepal faces in terms of poverty. He considered that while the root cause of
terrorism may be poverty those responsible for terrorism are often from the educatedclasses who commit terrorism in the name of the poor. In Nepal, the country isfighting against terrorism and it has been forced to divert its attention and limited
resources towards this fight.
Mr. Zillur Rahman (Inspector General of Prisons, Bangladesh) presented thechairman, Dr. Enamul Huq’s paper. The speaker told the Symposium that third world
debt and increasing disparities between incomes throughout the world havecontributed to the rise of international crime, particularly terrorism. The definition of7

terrorism is more complicated than is ordinarily realized and the speaker gave
examples of our differing conceptions of what a terrorist is. Article 56 of the UN
Charter of the International Bill of Human Rights should be the guiding principle andthe magna carter for mankind. The speaker argued that the colonial concept of multitier bureaucracy causes a great deal of red tapism and affects the transparency of
public agencies.
Mr. Josaia Naigulevu (Director of Public Prosecutions, Fiji) urged alldelegates to recognize the importance of UN Security Council resolution 1373 incombating terrorism. The attacks of September 11th were attacks not just upon the
USA but also upon the whole world. The speaker urged the Symposium to be vigilant
and diligent in the global fight against terrorism. In the Pacific region island statesrecognize the threat posed by terrorism and the role they must play in the fight against
terrorism. The island states can be particularly vulnerable to the threats of terrorism
as they lack the resources to adequately mo nitor terrorist operations. In the case of
the Pacific islands, the main risk was the laundering of money through the financial
system. The speaker also spoke of the problems of achieving a global definition of aterrorist act. A sectoral approach to the definition of terrorism should be followed
where the elements of a terrorist offence are focused on rather than individual persons
or groups. The speaker concluded his presentation by stating how policies should be
developed that set out to alleviate extreme poverty and thereby prevent themarginalisation of vulnerable groups.
Dr. Hira Singh (International Director of ACPF, India) spoke of three worldconferences which he had recently attended. In all of these conferences there seemed
to be a common theme that poverty is a breeding ground for terrorism and there is astrong opinion that there is a need to analyze the connection between poverty andterrorism. The speaker spoke of the nexus between poverty and terrorism. There are
five points. Firstly, terrorism can be looked at in terms of supply and demand.
Secondly, in a democratic set up, those who do not achieve their will and turn toviolence are seen as irrational to the rest of the populace. Thirdly, terrorism cannot be
eradicated without remo ving poverty. Fourthly, poverty not only destabilizes
societies but also leaves a wide field for terrorism to thrive. The final point is thatmany social activists contend that terrorism has to be viewed as a symptom of social
pathology in which poverty, hunger and disease are major elements. The speaker put
forward five points on an agenda for action. He said there must be a greater emphasis
placed upon development, any drive against terrorism depends upon mutual legal
cooperation, the SAARC Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism is a splendid
example of convergence of thinking on combating terrorist activity in the Asia region,at the national level there must be good governance based on democratic values sothat citizens have a sense of belonging, NGO’s should be seen as a vital resource inthe fight against terrorism.
Mr. Choronox Manek (Chief Public Prosecutor, Papua New Guinea) statedthat he shared the sentiments of his colleague from Fiji in relation to the problems
faced by the South Pacific islands in terms of terrorism and poverty. He reiterated
Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The speaker spoke of theincreasing migration to Papua New Guinea from people in nearby countries and anincrease of asylum seekers. The Symposium was made aware of the strong familybonds that exist in rural Papua New Guinea and how these bonds act beneficially for8society as a whole. The speaker spoke of how corruption was increasing in his
country. In PNG there is an ombudsman commission that makes governing bodies at
a local and national level accountable to the people. The speaker said that the single
biggest problem facing PNG is proper, transparent and even distribution of resources
and the creation of balance opportunities for the populace particularly the youth andwomen to meaningfully realize and participate.
5. THE FIFTH PANEL DISCUSSION
The fifth panel discussion looked at the theme of Criminal Justice Challenges
in the Age of Globalization and was chaired by Mr. Kampree Kaocharern (Deputy
Attorney General, Thailand).
Mr. A.K.M. Shirajul Islam (Executive Director, Bangladesh Association forSocial Advancement, Bangladesh) spoke of the acceleration in the globalization
process that has led to the widening of the gap between rich and poor nations. The
speaker spoke of the close links between trafficking in humans, drugs, arms and crossborder organized crimes. He looked at the major challenges faced by globalization.
Human trafficking is rapidly increasing and can only be combated by international
cooperation. Drug trafficking is said to be one of the most profitable forms oforganized crime. The speaker further talked of the challenges faced by money
laundering and computer and internet related crimes. The speaker also looked at the
global problems faced by international terrorism, corruption and poverty andeconomic inequality. He spoke of the way European states have a concept of
EUROJUST where Europe aims to deal with crimes as a single entity. Such an
approach should be looked at as an example for Asian countries.
Dr. Harkristuti Harkrisnowo (Chair, Department of Criminal Law, Universityof Indonesia) proposed that globalization could be good, bad and ugly. As regards thegood, globalization enables a speedier and more accurate means of communication,
which should be read in context with freedom of information and the right to privacy.
As for the bad, the gulf between developing and developed nations has widened, some
information can be misleading and there has been a spread of pornography, there has
been a certain loss of human interaction. As for the ugly, there has been adevelopment of cyber crimes, there has been a widening of illicit activities committed
by criminal organizations, computer hacking has developed and all these forms ofcrime can be difficult to detect and prosecute. The speaker proposed greater mutual
legal assistance and cooperation among criminal justice agencies, enhancing capacity
building measures for criminal justice personnel, improvement and promotion of laws
on information technology-related crimes, collaboration of the criminal justiceagencies with professional and legal education institutions to conduct research anddraft bills.
Ms. Celia Sanidad Leones (Director III, Crime Prevention and Coordination
Service, National Police Commission, the Philippines) stated that the Symposium had
been given a great deal of information on globalization and so she would look at thesituation in the Philippines specifically. The speaker talked of the Presidential
approaches and policy approaches and in particular she outlined the President’s Stateof the Nation Address delivered on 22 July 2002. The speaker further spoke of theholistic approach followed in the Philippine Criminal Justice System, which follows a
5 pillar approach. She informed the Symposium of how citizens groups and NGOs

9

are forging alliances with the government in the fight against crime. The speakertalked about the Report from the Conference on Globalization and Regional Secur ity:an Asian perspective, which was held in Hawaii in 1999. Finally the speaker spoke
about the international initiatives which the Philippine government have been
following especially at the UN level.
Mr. Liew Thiam Leng (Senior State Counsel, Criminal Justice Division,
Attorney General’s Chambers, Singapore) reinforced the views already expressed by
the panel on the effects of globalization. The speaker spoke of the environmental
aspects of crime and how this can cross borders. He observed that criminals often
make use of information technology to avoid detection. The speaker specificallyconsidered the crime of money laundering. The challenges faced by the globalizationof securities markets were highlighted. The speaker also considered corruption in
Singapore, which can span every level of government. He looked at the issues ofjurisdiction and as a result of the problems faced in the battle against transnationalorganized crime there is a need to go beyond jurisdiction. The speaker also discussed
custody issues in family courts in Singapore and how mediation and reconciliation are
widely used. He concluded by saying that as regards globalization there is a need forinternational organizations to look at the challenges and the UN and ACPF do thisadmirably.
Mr. Sirisak Tiyapan (Executive Director, Attorney General Litigation
Department, Thailand) considered the definition of globalization. He gave an
overview of the benefits and costs of globalization. In addition to the emergence ofmodern crime the advent of globalization has brought a new way of thinking in themodern world. Concepts such as democracy, good governance, transparency, nondiscrimination and so on are now part of the world language. Criminal justice mustalso embrace these concepts. The criminal justice system must have 2 significant
functions; one is to ensure human security and the other is to strengthen and promote
the rule of law. Originally the notion of human security related to the basic need todefend families and the community from outside attack but the enemy is no longer ourneighbors but the traffickers, money launderers, corrupt officials and terrorists. The
speaker concluded by emphasizing the important international role that UNAFEI and
ACPF play.
Dr. Deepa Mehta (Inspector General of Police, Haryana, India) spoke of how
important the community is in the fight against crime. Unfortunately rapid
globalization has caused the breakdown of communities. Although globalization has
provided great wealth, there have been a great number of people, in both developing
and developed countries, who have suffered. The speaker stated that the breakdownof communities meant that they could no longer act as safety nets for vulnerable
people. It is imperative that deve loping countries receive aid to educate and assist in
matters of criminal justice and institutions such as UNAFEI are invaluable in thisregard.

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