【欧州】【海事】
Maritime Issues – Introduction of alternative fuel vessels:
Towards the use of sustainable fuels and alternative propulsion
in maritime transport – CINEA presents EU funded projects inthe area of green shipping

Andrea Antolini

Former Researcher JTTRI【概要：Summary】

carbonMaritime transport is a vital part of global

propulsion

trade and commerce, but it is also a significant

basically three alternative fuel options undercontributor to GHG emissions, although it is one

consideration, including biomass-derived fuels,ofmodes,hydrogen, and synthetic non-carbon fuels, like

especially in comparison to freight transport on

ammonia. Moreover, also electric propulsion canroads. In 2018, maritime transport generated

play a role in certain environments.

around 3-4% of the EU‘s total CO2 emissions.

However, hydrogen and ammonia, although both are

Based on the European Green Deal (COM/2019/640

considered

final),

Europeanmaritime transport, they will need special safety

transport sector is a key target and its GHG

measures and related legislation, as well as

emissions should be reduced by 90% by 2050, based

extended testing.

on

The testing of alternative fuels and propulsion

theclimatethe1990

transport

friendliertransport

decarbonisationlevels.
will

Therefore,

have

to

be

of

the

also

maritime

decarbonisedtomarinesystemsininfuels.

Regardingalternative

maritimetransport,

therepromising

maritime

alternativetransport

fuels

are

key

are

in

to

contribute to this target.

individualise the most practicable solutions and

To reduce GHG emissions in maritime transport,

their

the “Fit for 55” package not only includes aalternative

proposal to cover the maritime transport’s GHG

Climate Infrastructure and Environment Executive

emissions in the EU-ETS (COM(2021) 551 final).

Agency (CINEA) has showcased some selected CINEA

It

EU funded projects in the area of green shipping

also

includesa

proposalonthe

FuelEUfeasibility
fuels

as

propulsion

systemsforvessels.

The

towards

thedecarbonisation

increase the demand for sustainable alternative

sectorandhas

fuels in maritime transport. The FuelEU Maritime

available. These green shipping projects show

initiative will require ships to progressively

different approaches regarding the application

switch to sustainable marine fuels and it isof alternative ship propulsion systems and fuelexpected to stimulate demand for low and zero-alternatives in maritime transport.

海外の最新事情・トピック

relatedtheEuropean

Maritime initiative (COM(2021) 562 final), to

made

of

and

shipping

presentations

2023 年 3 月 3 号｜JTTRI｜p. 1

【記事：Article】

n.d.a). The EU-ETS will be extended to cover GHG

1. “Fit for 55“ package: The extension ofemissions from ships with a gross tonnage of overthe EU-ETS to maritime transport

5,000t calling at EU ports for voyages on intra-

Maritime transport is an essential element ofEuropean routes as of 2024 and 50% of GHG

global trade and almost 90% of the global freight

emissions from extra-European routes to and fromis seaborne. 75% of the EU’s external trade andthe EU as of 2024 until end of 2026, and emissions

36% of intra-EU trade of freight is shipped bythat occur when ships are at berth in EU ports

maritime transport (SWD(2022) 214 final). In 2019,(European Parliament n.d.a, European Parliament

the EU Maritime sector generated a Gross Valuen.d.b). From 2027 onward, 100% of GHG emissions

Added2023).

from all trips should be covered with possible

Furthermore, more than 400 million passengers

derogations for non-EU countries where coverageeach year use ferries at EU ports. Considering

could continue to be reduced to 50%, subject tothemaritime

certain conditions (European Parliament 2022a,

transport is one of the transport modes with low

European Parliament 2022c). Thereby, the GHG

CO2 emissions, in particular in comparison toemissionsfreight

Nevertheless,included in the existing EU-ETS, based on themaritime transport generated around 3-4% of the

proposal COM (2021) 551 final (COM (2021) 551

EU‘s total CO2 emissions in 2018 (around 140

final, Erbach 2023). A reporting and review

million tonnes of CO2) and 13.5% of the transportclause is proposed to monitor the implementation

sector’s GHG emissions (EEA/EMSA 2021a). Asof the applicable rules and to take account ofreported in EMSA’s THETIS-MRV database, in 2020,

relevant decisions by the International Maritime

almost 11,700 ships with more than 5,000 GT

Organisation (IMO) (European Parliament n.d.b).

of

EUR

distance

34.3

and

billionweighttransport

on(CINEA

carried,roads.

frommaritimetransport

will

be

emitted around 126.1 million tonnes of CO2 within
the scope of the EU Maritime MRV Regulation (EMSA

2. Towards the use of sustainable fuels in

2022, SWD(2022) 214 final).

maritime transport: The FuelEU Maritime

Considering the targets set in the European

proposal (COM(2021) 562 final)

Climate law and in the European Green Deal, toAt present, the maritime transport sector relies

reach a general reduction of GHG emissions of 55%

almost entirely on fossil fuels, mainly heavy

by 2030 and by 90% for the transport sector by

fuel

2050, also maritime transport needs to shiftanthropogenic CO₂ emissions in 2018 (COM(2021)

towards

to562 final). To change this situation, the “Fitcontribute its share to achieve these targets

for 55“ package of legislative proposals also

(European Commission 2022). The decarbonisation

includesof maritime transport will play a pivotal role in(COM(2021) 562 final) on the use of renewable andthealarming

low-carbon fuels in maritime transport to reduce

projections of an estimated increase of +250% of

GHG emissions in maritime transport (CINEA 2023).

GHG emissions by 2050 (European Commission 2022).

The main target is to increase consistent use of

Therefore, to mitigate GHG emissions in maritime

renewabletransport, the “Fit for 55“ legislative packagetransport across the EU, in line with the EU’sof 14 July 2021 also contains proposal COM (2021)

objective of reaching climate neutrality at the

551 final on the revision of the EU-ETS with anlatest by 2050 and the goals of the Paris

extension of the EU-ETS to maritime transport

Agreement (European Parliament 2022b).

years

sustainableahead,

also

alternative

due

to

fuels

the

oil

and

the

and

it

Fuel

low

generatedEU

carbon2.9%ofMaritime

fuels

globalInitiativeinmaritime(European Commission 2021, European Parliament
海外の最新事情・トピック

2023 年 3 月 3 号｜JTTRI｜p. 2

The proposal (COM(2021) 562) supports the shift

Currently, the FuelEU Maritime proposal is still

towards low carbon maritime fuels by changing theon its way through the adoption procedure andapproach from using heavy fuel oil to the use oftrilogue negotiations.

sustainable, renewable, and low-carbon fuels in
the fuel mix of international maritime transport

3. Possible

alternative

fueloptionsinmaritime transport

without creating barriers to the single market(COM (2021) 0562). The proposal also mandates theRegardinguse of onshore power supply (OPS) in EU ports fortransport, there are mainly three alternative

ships at berth. From January 2030, freight andfuelpassenger ships staying at berth at EU ports forbiomass-derived fuels, hydrogen, and synthetic

more than two hours will have to connect to shore-

non-carbon fuels, like ammonia. Each of theseside electricity supply (OPS) (COM (2021) 0562,

alternative

Kiss 2022). Until the end of 2034, exemptionshydrogen and other synthetic non-carbon fuels

would be allowed for cases when ships cannot

like ammonia seem to have the highest potential

connect to OPS due to unavailable connection

as an alternative fuel solution for maritime

points in port or because the port installationtransport

is not compatible with the on-board OPS equipment

discussed potential alternative fuels that the(COM (2021) 0562).

shipping industry could switch to in medium and

The increasing demand for and consistent use oflong-term.

renewable and low-carbon fuels in the maritime

In maritime transport, the European Commission

sector in the EU is expected to drive the maritime

has so far pointed out the important role of LNG

transport

andas alternative maritime fuel and LNG at maritime

sustainability (COM (2021) 562 final). Given theports should be available by 2025. However, therange of technologies used in the maritime sector,

European Parliament also considers to improving

also the Council underlined the importance ofthe role of hydrogen and ammonia. Although theytechnology neutrality and therefore to focus on

admitted that “…in the short term, LNG is likely

fuel demand to meet the EU’s 2030 and 2050

toclimate targets (Council of the European Union

transport“ ,“the sustained use of liquefied2022). While the Council of the European Union

natural gas (LNG) is not compatible with the

adopted its position for negotiations in June

Union's climate neutrality objective…Therefore,

2022, the European Parliament adopted the report

LNG in maritime transport should be phased out as

in Plenary with 451 votes to 137, with 54

soon

abstentions, amendments to the proposal on 19

sustainable alternatives.“ (European Parliament

October 2022 (Soone 2023). A dedicated Ocean Fund

2022d). This MEPs’ viewpoint has gained moreshould be established to improve the energy

supporters with the Russian war in Ukraine andefficiency of ships and support investment aimed

its consequences for energy security in the EU.

at helping decarbonise maritime transport.

In 2022, the European Maritime Safety Agency

The proposed Regulation should apply to all ships(EMSA)

above a gross tonnage of 5000 and encompasses

alternative

100% of their intra-EU voyages and 50% of their

including biofuels and ammonia to support thevoyages between EU ports and ports located inEuropean Commission in the ongoing work on thethird countries (European Parliament 2022b).

FuelEU Maritime proposal.

sector’s

海外の最新事情・トピック

decarbonization

alternative

options

fuels

and

play

as

under

a

they

propulsion

consideration,

has

its

are

released
fuels

and

maritime

includingchallenges,

currently

transitional

possible

in

role

in

substituted

the

but

most

maritime

by

more

two

reports,

analysinginmaritimetransport,

2023 年 3 月 3 号｜JTTRI｜p. 3

The EMSA report on biofuels entitled “Update on

challenge for ammonia as a marine fuel is thepotential of biofuels in shipping“ examines alllack of a commercial technology and the need to

types of biofuels and their potential for thedevelop large-scale production infrastructures

maritime sector. The EMSA study identifies thefor green or blue ammonia (EEA/EMSA 2021b).

key advantages of biofuels in shipping and the

The EMSA report concludes that ammonia hasremaining challenges, technology, and regulatory

advantages,

gaps (EMSA 2022b). Biofuels produced from biomass

alternative fuel to support the decarbonisation

could in theory be considered carbon neutral.

of shipping (EMSA 2022c). To realise the large-

Marine biofuels may be produced using existingscale

biofuelmaritime

technologies

that

are

technicallywhich

production

make

of

shipping,

ita“greenits

promisingammonia“

productionforcapacity,

compatible with marine engines (EEA/EMSA 2021b).

along with that of renewable electricity and

The EMSA report concludes that while the current

green hydrogen, would need to grow tremendously.

use of biofuels in marine-engine applications is

Accordingvery limited, biofuels have significant potential

promising potential and challenges would be

for biofuels to capture a larger share of the

manageable.

total maritime fuel consumption and to achieve

Regarding the utilisation of hydrogen (H2), one

GHG emission reductions in the maritime industryof(EMSA 2022a).

implementation of fuel cells in the marine sector

Ammonia is another alternative fuel, consideredis the hydrogen supply infrastructure (EEA/EMSA

suitable for maritime transport. Although ammonia

2021b).

presents

indesigns have yet to emerge and considering thecomparison to hydrogen, it requires less complex

lifetime of vessels of 25 to 30 years, the newstorage and transport solutions. Its widespread

generation of vessels that utilises hydrogen or

use in industrial and agricultural processes

other CO2 emission neutral fuels need to be

could also facilitate its distribution, using thedeveloped now to be available for deployment byexisting

infrastructure2030 and to achieve the 2050 targets in GHG(EEA/EMSA

2021b).

certaintechnical

The

challenges,

andsupplyEMSAreportchains
on

the

to

the

EMSA

major

(2022c),obstacles

Finally,ammoniatocommerciallytheviable

shows

wider

vesselemission reduction.

alternative fuel ammonia, entitled “Potentialof Ammonia as Fuel in Shipping“, underlines
that

green

ammoniaislikelytomake

4. CINEA presents experiences from EU funded
projects for green shippingthetransition to a marine fuel, which could offer

Considering the wide range of technologies, anda zero or near-zero carbon solution (EMSA 2022a,

the

EMSA

identifies

transport, there are several different approaches

several advantages that ammonia would have overin new projects in maritime transport for testingother2022c).

TheEMSA’slow-flashpoint

technology

and

fuels

regulatory

reportneedtofurther

decarbonise

maritimeorgases,

but

alternative fuels or ship propulsion technologies.

gaps

prevent

its

On

8

December

2022,

European

Climateimmediate application (EMSA 2022c). On board

Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency

ships, NH3 could be used in combination with

(CINEA)

internal

cells

funded projects in the area of green shipping to(EEA/EMSA 2021b). The main challenges for ammonia

discuss the contribution of some selected EU

are its flammability and toxicity. However, EMSA

funded projects to the decarbonisation of theconsiders the related risks as “significant

shipping sector (CINEA 2022). The workshop was an

while

opportunity

combustion

manageable“

engines(EMSA

海外の最新事情・トピック

and

fuel

2022c).

Anotherorganised a workshop to showcase EU

forsharingknowledge

between2023 年 3 月 3 号｜JTTRI｜p. 4

organisations implementing solutions for green

society, technology providers and vessel owners

shipping, and EU policy makers CINEA (2022). The

for demonstrators. Therefore, close interaction

presented projects are funded under EMFF, Horizon

with2020, CEF Transport and the Innovation Fund as EU

workshops between partners are important for the

initiatives addressing green shipping and mostapproval procedure and for capacity built-up

recently, CINEA published presentations on these(WielandEU funded green shipping projects (CINEA 2023).

implementation

The first example for a green shipping project isinstallation timeslots on vessels is very narrow,calleddistance

partnersn.d.).

and

The
of

regularthird
themeetings

andchallengeisthetechnology,

as

the

with

the

full

title

depending on dry dock periods, while dry dock cantechnologies

forfuturelong-be

ENGIMMONIA,“Sustainableallshipping

decarbonisation“.

towards

The

project

complete
scope

is

to

at

variousworldwidelocations.

Turn-keysolutions for vessels as retro-fit measure arealmost impossible (Wieland n.d.).

investigate the use of ammonia as a carbon-

Theneutral fuel for the marine sector (Wieland n.d.).

FirstBio2Shipping low-carbon LNG for the marine

It received funding under the EU’s Horizon

industry (FirstBio2shipping, FB2S) project. It is

programme H2020-EU.3.4. SOCIETAL CHALLENGES -the first Bio-LNG production plant for marine

Smart, Green And Integrated Transport. The total

shipping (Gooren n.d.). The project received EUR

project budget is EUR 9,500,000 with an EU

4.3 million

contribution of EUR 9,500,000, covering the wholefund programme, out of the total project budget

projectof EUR 7.2 million.

budget(Wielandn.d.).

The

project

secondproject

exampleistheunder the EU Small Scale Innovation

duration is from 1st of May 2021 to 30th of April

The project started on 1st January 2022 and the2025. The project investigates the use of ammonia

operational production is expected to start in(NH3) as energy vector in 2-stroke and 4-stroke

March 2024. With the FirstBio2Shipping project,engines. Supply of NH3 is less energy intense

partners

when compared to carbon-based fuels and therefore,

decarbonize the maritime sector by demonstrating

the technology will be applied in large-scale

the first industrial plant producing renewable,

engines. The challenges are that during highlow-carbon bio-LNG in a standardised and scalable

combustion temperature, NOx species can be formed,

fashion, enabling a cost-effective substitution

which contribute to global warming and impact theof heavy fuel oil (HFO) (Nordsol n.d.). It isacid dew point. Flue gas cleaning and abatement

expected to reach a GHG emission avoidance of 92%

strategies of engine operation and flue gas

with an absolute GHG avoidance over 10 years oftreatment is important based on research on

87.764 tons (Gooren n.d.). The project solutions

potential catalysts for flue gas aftertreatment.

are expected to contribute to climate neutrality.

Furthermore,

A more energy efficient process to convert biogas

Clean

EnergyTechnologies

areAttero,Nordsol

and

Titan

aim

to

integrated to demonstrate existing clean-tech

into bio-LNG has been developed (Gooren n.d.).

solutions on board (Wieland n.d.). The use of

The third project example is called TrAM -

waste

The

Transport – Advanced and Modular on electricallytechnology will be applied to VLCC, Ferry andpowered vessels. The project received EU funding

Container ship. Modular approaches allow seamless

under the Horizon 2020 programme. The projectscale-up and down-sizing, as well as adaption to

duration was from September 2018 to February 2023.

actualsecondOut of the total project budget of EUR 15 million

challenge regards the technology qualification,

the EU contribution was EUR 11 million. The

including the complex interactions between classproject’s contribution to climate neutrality is

heat

and

potential

solar

is

(Wieland

海外の最新事情・トピック

investigated.

n.d.).

The

2023 年 3 月 3 号｜JTTRI｜p. 5

related to energy-, cost- and time-efficiency andmaritime sectors with a novel Aspiring Wingsaildesign and production methods. It is the world’s

solution, suitable for vessels, which do not

first fully electrical fast ferry, based onrequire a foldable solution, while offering up to

renewable energy supply. It cuts CO₂ emissions by

30% savings in fuel use, reducing hardware costs

1500t/year and will be transferable to otherand thereby making the solution accessible toshort-sea segments (Tvedte n.d.). TrAM’s main

more vessels (Aleixendri n.d.).

challenges are related to balancing research and

The fifth project example, outlined by CINEA is

industry. Furthermore, the design basis for thethe project entitled On-shore power supply TWIN-

vessel needed early conclusion. The technology is

PORTchallenging as weight is key on fast ferries. At

Tallinn-Helsinki maritime link TWIN-PORT (Mürk

the same time, the project experienced challengesn.d.). The aim is to reduce the environmental

due to the pandemic-related supply chain problems,

impact of ferry traffic and to improve thedelays, and lockdowns (Tvedte n.d.). However, theHelsinki-Tallinn

project was a successful European collaboration

project duration is from 2018 to 2023 with a total

and the world’s first zero-emission fast ferrybudget of EUR 49 million, and the EU contributed

is

The

EUR 14.7 million (Mürk n.d.). The aim is totechnology won an award as Ship of the year 2022

convert two existing vessels Silja Europa andat&Megastar for port electricity and construction oftechnology international trade fair Hamburg) and

one new generation LNG vessel (My Star) with On-

Best climate action 2022 at the Zero Conference

shore power supply (OPS) capability (Mürk n.d.).

Oslo, among others (Tvedte n.d.).

The technology is the 11kV high-voltage shore

The fourth project example represents a low-costconnection switchboard with high-voltage power

wind

-

connector, a 11kV high-voltage shore connection

Aspiring Wingsails for the fishing and maritime

breaker field at propulsion switchboard, a 11kV

transport sectors. ASPIRING WINGSAILS, is a full-

main

scale

switchboards and remote and local connectioninoperation

SMM

Hamburg

propulsion

from

September(Shipbuilding,systemdemonstration

2022.

machinery

Aspiring

project

Wingsails

of

a

wing

sail

III

-

cabling

Infrastructuretransport

andcablingThe

betweenoperations

emissions in maritime transport through wind-synchronization functionality (Mürk n.d.). TheenergyThe

results are a CO2 emission reduction of 230 tons

duration of the project was from October 2019 tomonth/per vessel (6h/per day), fuel economy of

May 2022. The Aspiring Wingsails for the fishing

15%-16% fuel reduction, an improvement of air

and maritime transport sectors project was co-quality in ports, which suits all vessel types.

funded by the EU with a 65% contribution of

EUR

The main challenges, solution and lessons learned

647,138 of the overall budget of EUR 995,598

of the project were that the retrofit with this(Aleixendri

specific

technology is nearly twice as expensive as a new

objectives, these were the design of an up-scale,built solution. There is also a need to check thecustomised full-scale demonstration eSAIL system

capacity of onshore grid power with the power

and its construction. The turn-key solution had

network operator. Another challenge is that thetointernationalised

onshore voltage fluctuation amplitude could be(Aleixendri n.d.). The system uses wind to propel

higher (+ - 10%) than tolerable onboard (Max 2-

the ship, thereby reducing fuel consumption and3%). Moreover, the port grid up-grade must be

pollutant emissions. The specific objective of

made first, and a well experienced high voltage

the project was to provide the fishing and theelectricity company needed to do works (Mürkben.d.).

(Aleixendri

Regardingstandardised

海外の最新事情・トピック

andn.d.).

thenecessaryconnection.

onsolution, which reduces fuel use and pollutant

co-propulsion

withcontroldevelopmentsinterlocking

and2023 年 3 月 3 号｜JTTRI｜p. 6

n.d.). While the legal issues were no problem,

andpositiveenabling

conditions

liketransport (CINEA 2022).

thinking“

portmanagement

is

a

a

“greensolutions

towarddecarbonising

maritime

necessary

precondition to facilitate such a project (Mürk

Referencesn.d.).

Aleixendri,

Cristina(n.d.):

Lost

cost

wind

propulsion system Aspiring Wingsails – Aspiring

5. Conclusion

Wingsails for the fishing and maritime transport

The maritime transport was responsible for aroundsectors.

3-4% of the EU‘s total CO2 emissions in 2018 andhttps://cinea.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-

13.5% of the transport sector’s GHG emissions.

02/Aspiring%20Wingsails%20v4%20public%20version.

At the same time, the decarbonisation of thepdf, no date, accessed 7 March 2023

maritime transport sector is more difficult than

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funded projects. In:will

https://cinea.ec.europa.eu/news-needsystemsalternative

that

go

fuels

beyondtheandpropulsion

replacement

of

In:

events/events/green-shipping-experience-eu-

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electric

fundedpropulsion

forcertain

tasks

are

projects.

In:

considered alternative solutions, suitable inhttps://cinea.ec.europa.eu/news-

maritimetransport.

significant

However,

preparation

they

work

will

need

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COM (2019) 640 final: COMMUNICATION FROM THE

astestingandintroduction

of

new

propulsion systems. Commercially viable vessel

COMMISSION

TO

designs for hydrogen or ammonia powered vessels

EUROPEAN

COUNCIL,

have yet to emerge and considering the long

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE

lifetime of vessels of 25 to 30 years, the newOFgeneration

COM/2019/640

ofvesselsthat

utilises

those

THE

THE

REGIONSEUROPEANTHE

PARLIAMENT,COUNCIL,

The

European

final.

In:

THE

THE

EUROPEAN

Green

Deal.

https://eur-

alternative fuels or propulsion systems need tolex.europa.eu/legal-

be developed in the next years to be available

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for deployment by 2030 and to achieve the European

accessed 3 March 2023

Green Deals 2050 target of reaching net-zero GHG

COM (2021) 551 final: Proposal for a Directive ofemissions. Therefore, it is important to testthe

now different approaches for propulsion systems

amending

and alternative fuels in maritime transport.

system for greenhouse gas emission allowance

The CINEA workshop on green shipping was an

trading within the Union, Decision (EU) 2015/1814

opportunity to exchange experience and knowledge

concerning the establishment and operation of abetween organisations, implementing solutions

market stability reserve for the Union greenhousefor green shipping, and EU policy makers.

gas emission trading scheme and Regulation (EU)The presentations of EU funded projects in green

2015/757“(COMshipping share knowledge on some technologies

https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/re

海外の最新事情・トピック

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Directive

and2003/87/EC(2021)

551

of

the

Councilestablishing

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