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Summary of Workshop
Tetsuo Kuyama, IGES

Output 1
Networking among Excellent
Experts on Decentralized Domestic
Wastewater Treatment in Asia

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Dr. Suwanna(Mahidol University)

Mr. Mark(Manila Water)

Mr. Wako(MOEJ)

Ms. Su(CRAES)

Ms. Yun(MOE Indonesia)

Dr. Wilasinee(PCD/MONRE)

Ms. Ybhg(Kettha)Ms.Leonor(MWSS)

Ms. Emah(PU)

Mr. Nuth(BORDA)

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Mr.Higuchi(PCD/MONRE)

Dr. Sungpyo(Korea University)

Mr. Phenghkamla
Ms. Khin(MONRE)(Yangon city DC)

ExcellentExperts

Output 2
Knowledge about technology
and management framework ofdecentralized domestic
wastewater in Asia.

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3 On‐site Treatment System
8 clusuter Treatment System

BOD Pollution load (g/cap/day)

Impact of Grey Water to Water Environment

88 %

68 %

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70 % of collected night soil is
disposed to environment

30 %Sewer service area
21 %Wastewater
treatment
facility

No sewer service area

79 %

Night
soil
treat‐
ment
facility

70 %Landfills, agricultural field, waterways

Background(Thailand)

7Septic Tank
(common method as on‐site)
Malaysia (2010)
Vietnam (2008)
Indonesia (2012)
Cambodia (2008)
Manila/Philippine (2010)

20%
41%
53%
43%
71%

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Water Quality : Influent and Effluent

Source: Dulyakasem, S., et. al., 2013. Determinations of Blackwater characteristics and sludge accumulation rates in
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATs) in Thailand

9Removal Rate (BOD) of Septic Tank for Domestic
Wastewater including Black water and Grey water

BOD Pollution load (g/cap/day)

140

6 % reduction

120Black water
Grey Water

1008060
40
200Influent

Outfluent52013/2/19

Diversity in Methodology of Decentralized Domestic
Wastewater Treatment in Asia
Common Facility (There is no toilet and kitchen
in individual households)

Cluster
Treatment(Common facility type)

Examples:
MCK++(Indonesia)

Cluster
Treatment(sewerage type)

Example:Decentalized
domestic
wastewater
treatment(China)

オンサイト処理
On‐site Treatment（合併浄化槽）Example:Johkasou (Japan)(Black and Grey Water)
On‐site Treatment(Black Water)

Example:Septic(Thailand)

Tank

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In addition to Cost and Water Quality/Removal Ratefollowing factors should be consideredRequire d Land Area
Detention timeLifetime of facility
Optimum TemperatureRequired Skills for O&M
others

WEPA’s message(tentative) (1)Appropriate technology should be decided considering

natural and socio‐economicalcondition at the site6

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Responsible Entity for Construction and Operation

LocalGovernment[Example]• Construction and operation of decentralized domestic wastewater treatment in China• Construction and operation of cluster domestic wastewater treatment in Thailand[Examples]Privatecompany/
developer• Construction and operation of small scale domestic wastewater treatment facility inMalaysia (Developer/IWK)• Construction and operation of small scale domestic wastewater treatment facility in
Manila (Manila Water and Manilad)[Examples]
Community

Individualperson (houseowner)• Construction and operation community based domestic wastewater treatment plant inIndonesia(SANIMAS)[Examples]• Installation and operation of on‐site domestic wastewater treatment (Johkasou) in Japan• Installation and operation of septic tank in Thailand and Manila

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Law or regulation for decentralized domestic wastewater treatment
Thailand’s septic tank•Construction: “Building Control Act(1979)”•Effluent Quality Standard: “National Environmental Quality Act(1992)”•Septage Management :”Public Health Act(1992)”
Japan’s Johkasou•People lived in non‐sewerage coverage area must install Johkasou based on “Johkasou Law(1982)”•New installation of Johkasou treating only black water has been prohibited by 2001
・
China
•Standard for urban domestic wastewater discharge (GB18918‐2002)•Rural domestic wastewater discharge standard(D64/T700‐2011)•Technical guideline for rural domestic wastewater treatment (DB64/T699‐2011)
Indonesia•Domestic water must be discharged based on effluent standard (NO.112 2003 established by MOE)
•Water Pollution Control Law (No 82 2001) regulate the responsibility of government and local
government for domestic waste water management
Thailand’s cluster treatment•“Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act(1992)”•The Plan and Decentralization Process to Local Government Organization Act(1999)•State government has concession agreement with IWK on domestic wastewater management
・Philippine•MWSS has concession agreement with Manila Water and Manilad on domestic wastewater management•Based on the concession, 100% domestic wastewater must be treated by 2037
Cambodia•National Effluent Quality Standards: Sub‐decree on water pollution control‐No27 ANRK BK 1999

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Subsidy System
Japan (Johkasou)

40% from Central and Local government (Indivudual type)
90 % from from Central and Local government (Municipal type)
Thailand90 % from Central government
10 % from Local government
Indonesia (SANIMAS)

100 % from Central government

Guideline for Technological Standardization

Japan(for Johkasou)Indonesia(for SANIMAS)

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Outsourcing System for Installation and Management (Japan)
Installation

Installation
WorkerPerformance Inspection

Inspector

Operation/MaintenanceOperator

Desludging

33,593 Companies
83,205 Persons
65 Institutions
1,210 Persons
12,871 Companies
72,521 Persons

Desludging 5,375 Companies
15,117 Persons
Expert65 Institutions
Inspector 1,210 Persons

Annual Inspection

1717Education•SANIMAS FACILITATORSANIMAS Implementation assist by 2 facilitator(Technical & Social)•

Criteria of Facilitator:
 Minimum Education : Diploma
 Healthy
 Having good ability of communicating andspeak local language fluently
 Familiar with the condition of SANIMAS area(geographic & culture)•Facilitator Trained for 7 days on the beginning offiscal year (February –March)•Training material given by various stakeholders(MoPW, Ministry of Health, Ministry of National
Affairs, National Planning & Development Agency)
incooperated with BORDA.
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WEPA’s message(2) (tentative)• In order to encourage proper installationand operation, regulations alone are notsufficient. Governmental support in
the respect of technologicalstandardization, financing,outsourcing and education isneeded.

Responsible Entity for Construction and Operation

Local
Government[Example]• Construction and operation of decentralized domestic wastewater treatment in China• Construction and operation of cluster domestic wastewater treatment in Thailand[Examples]Privatecompany/developer• Construction and operation of small scale domestic wastewater treatment facility in
Malaysia (Developer/IWK)• Construction and operation of small scale domestic wastewater treatment facility inManila (Manila Water and Manilad)[Examples]
Community

Individualperson (houseowner)• Construction and operation community based domestic wastewater treatment plant inIndonesia(SANIMAS)[Examples]• Installation and operation of on‐site domestic wastewater treatment (Johkasou) in Japan• Installation and operation of septic tank in Thailand and Manila

2010

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Charging System
Environmental Tariff (Manila Water)
Sewerage users 50 % to 20%Non sewerage User 0% to 20%

Sewerage service fee

RM 3/month (for low‐cost house)
RM8 /month (for conventional houses)
Fee for SANIMAS

0.5 – 1 USD/month
0.1 USD/ day
Wastewater Fee Collection
Collected :Only 8 plants among 100 plants

Monitoring

87‐93 %

Percentage of Inspected facilities

100%

Performance
Inspection

80%

AnnualInspection

60%
40%

45‐50 %

20%0%
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Historical Change of Inspected Johkasou in Japan
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WEPA’s message(3) (tentative)•Proper Operation and
Maintenance including Charging andPeriodical Monitoring is required forsustainable management ofdecentralized domestic Wastewater
treatment system.

WEPA’s Future Plan
• Summarizing technology and management
framework of decentralized domestic wastewater
treatment in Asia (Documentation)• Strengthening WEPA data to share different
technologies decentralized domestic wastewater
treatment in Asia

• Organizing Small WS/Twining program toshare more specific topics on management ofdecentralized domestic wastewater treatment in Asia

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Discussion• What’s factors should be considered in order topromote decentralized domestic wastewater treatmentapproach to Asian region.

• What’s topic do you like to obtain or share moredetail in the next step .

• What’s activities are needed to enhance
decentralized domestic wastewater treatment system inAsia• Others

Thank you
Tetsuo Kuyama
kuyama@iges.or.jp

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