日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

Cross-national Social Survey in East Asia:
World Values Survey, ISSP, AsiaBarometer, Asian Barometer, East Asia Value Survey and EASSKunio MINATO
Osaka University School of Foreign Studies
東アジアにおける国際比較社会調査とその課題−世界価値観調査、ISSP、アジア・バロメーター、アジアン・バロメーター、
東アジア価値観国際比較調査から EASS へ−
湊

邦生

大阪大学外国語学部
In East Asia (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China and Hong Kong) in recent years,
cross-national social surveys have started such as the AsiaBarometer, the Asian Barometer (EastAsia Barometer) and the East Asia Value Survey.

These surveys, in contrast with surveys

conducted worldwide like the World Values Survey and the ISSP (International Social Survey
Programme), focus their attention on East Asia, and aim at clarifying issues and features which are
inherent in the region.

This article is a review of surveys with East Asian focus, andcross-national studies based on the result of such surveys, within the range of availability in Japan.
The purposes of the article are: 1) to gain understanding and knowledge of the current situationand problems of cross-national social surveys in East Asia; 2) to discuss the issues which the
EASS (East Asian Social Surveys) project, implemented jointly by the Japanese General Social
Surveys (JGSS) project team and South Korean, Taiwanese, Chinese and Hong Kong teams, has towork on.
Key Words: JGSS, EASS, Cross-national Social Survey
東アジア（日本・韓国・台湾・中国・香港）では、近年「アジア・バロメーター」（AsiaBarometer）や「アジアン・バロメーター（東アジアバロメーター）」（Asian Barometer;
East Asia Barometer）、「東アジア価値観国際比較調査」(East Asia Value Survey)などの国際比較調査が開始されている。これらは世界規模で実施されている国際比較調査である「世界価値観調査」（World Values Survey）や ISSP（International Social Survey Programme）とは異なり、東アジアに焦点を絞り、東アジアに特有の問題や特徴の解明を目指したものである。本稿では、それらの調査や、調査結果に基づく各国・地域の比較分析の結果について検討し、東アジアにおける国際比較調査の現状と課題について述べる。その上で、JGSS
プロジェクトが韓国・台湾・中国・香港のチームとともに実施している EASS（East AsianSocial Surveys）プロジェクトが取り組むべき課題について考察する。
キーワード：JGSS，EASS，国際比較社会調査159

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

1. Introduction
Cross-national social surveys, targeting on people living in plural countries/regions with common
question batteries or questionnaires, have been developed in Europe.
In East Asia, on the other
hand, such survey had been said to fall behind for a long time (Ikeda, 2004; Inoguchi, 2002).
Although there are countries/regions participating well-known worldwide surveys, the “World Values
Survey” and the ISSP (International Social Survey Programme), those surveys are not always suitablefor cross-cultural comparison within East Asia for the various reasons which will be mentioned below.
Recently, however, cross-national social surveys focusing on East Asia have appeared, such as“AsiaBarometer”, “Asian Barometer (East Asia Barometer)” and “East Asia Value Survey”, andseveral studies based on those results have come to be seen. Summary of those surveys are compliedin table 1 and table 2.
Table 1 shows the name of the survey, countries and regions surveyed, target
population, actual sample size in the survey in Japan, and the method of the surveys.
Table 2
contains the Headquarter or organizer of the survey, principal investigator in Japan, and Organizations
conducting the survey in Japan. Out of 5 surveys, the AsiaBarometer and the East Asia Value Survey
are headquartered in Japan, while the East Asia Barometer is organized by Taiwanese researchers.
In addition to those surveys, the EASS (East Asian Social Survey) project was launched jointly
by Japanese, South Korean, and Taiwanese teams which conduct nationwide social survey in eachcountry/region.
Japanese team is the JGSS (Japanese General Social Survey) team, conducting
survey with the cooperation of Institute of Social Science, the University of Tokyo; South Korean
team is the Sungkyunkwan University Survey Research Center; And Taiwanese team is the Institute ofSociology, Academia Sinica.
In February 2005, Hong Kong team (the Survey Research Center atHong Kong University of Science and Technology) and Chinese team (the School of Sociology andPopulation Studies, Renmin University of China) joined the project.
The EASS conducted its firstsurvey in 2006, with the topic of “Family in East Asia”.
The second survey, “Globalization andCulture in East Asia”, will be conducted in 2008, and the third survey “Health” is planned in 2010(1).
Table1Name

Cross-national social surveys in East Asia (1)Countries and regions surveyed

AsiaBarometer 2003

Japan1), South Korea, China, Thailand, Malaisia, Vietnam,
Myammer, India, Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan

Asian Barometer (East Asia
Barometer), 1st wave

Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong,
Philippines, Thailand, Mongolia

East Asia Value Survey

Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China (Beijing, Shanghai,
Hong Kong), Singapore

ISSP2003

34 countries/regions including Japan, South Korea,
TaiwanWorld Values Survey,
4th wave

96 countries/regions including Japan, South Korea,
China

Note:

Target people
(age)

2)

800
(20-59)1,200(20 or over)
1,200(20 or over)
1,800(16 or over)
1,000(17 or over)Respondents(Response rate)2)

857-58.80%−(−)
787-65.60%1,102-61.20%1,362(−)

Survey2)methodInterview
Interview
Interview
Interview
Mailing

1) Countries and regions with underline are participating in the EASS 2006.
2) The number of respondents and survey method are those in Japan, and some difference, which will be mentioned below, can be seen in othercountries/regions.
Source: Websites of the AsiaBarometer, the Asian Barometer, the East Asia Barometer, the East Asia Value Survey, the ISSP, the World Values Survey.

160

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

Table2
SurveyCross-national social surveys in East Asia (2)Headquarter or organizerof surveys in Japan

Principal investigator in Japan

Organizations conducting
surveys in Japan

AsiaBarometer

Inoguchi office, Chuo
University

Inoguchi, Takashi (Professor, Chuo
University)

Nippon Research Center*

Asian Barometer (East Asia
Barometer), 1st wave

Asian Barometer Core
Partners

Ikeda Ken’ichi (Professor, theUniversity of Tokyo)

Central Research Service

East Asia Value Survey

The Institute of Statistical
Mathematics(ISM), Japan

Yoshino Ryozo (Professor, ISM)

Shin Joho Center

ISSP2003

The ISSP secretariat

Aramaki, Hiroshi (NHK Broadcasting
Culture Research Institute)

Central Research Service

World Value Survey,
4th wave

World Values Survey
Executive Committee

Yamazaki, Seiko (Dentsu Institute for
Human Studies)

Nippon Research Center

Note: *2004 and 2005 surveys were conducted by Shin Joho Center.
Source: Websites of the AsiaBarometer, the Asian Barometer, the East Asia Barometer, the East Asia Value Survey, the ISSP, the World Values
Survey.

This article aims at clarifying current situation and challenges of cross-national social survey inEast Asia.
For that purpose, we will first examine worldwide social surveys mentioned above, i.e.
the World Values Survey and the ISSP, and discuss necessity of cross-national survey focusing on East
Asia.
Then we will review such surveys, the AsiaBarometer, the Asian Barometer and the East Asia
Value Survey, and cross-national comparative studies based on the result of those surveys, within therange of availability in Japan.

2. The World Values Survey
The World Values Survey (WVS), headed by Michigan University Professor Ronald Inglehart, isa cross-national comparative research project which aims at grasping change of political culture andsociety of various countries in courtiers and regions all over the world. Up to now five waves(surveys) have been carried out since 1981, and out of these, the summary and data of 1st, 2nd, 3rd
and 4th waves are published.
Table 3 shows outline of those surveys, and table 4 shows
methodology of the World Values Survey in East Asia.
The survey data are deposited in ICPSR(Inter-university Consortium of Political and Social Research), and in the World Values Survey
website, the data of each wave (from 1st wave to 4th) and cumulative data set can be also downloadedin SPSS form.
Table 3

Summary of World Values Survey1)

Wave

Survey years

No. of participant countries and regions

1st

1981

12

Japan, South Korea, China

2nd1989-1992

37

Japan, South Korea, China

3rd

1995-1998

91

Japan, South Korea, Taiwan

4th

1999-2002

96

Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan2)

Participant countries and regions in East Asia

1) Survey years and counting and name of surveys are not unified between literatures. In this table they are based on
Yamazaki (2004) and are different from World Values Survey website or some of other literatures.
2) In Yamazaki (2004), Taiwan is listed as a participant, but in World Values Survey website it is said to haveparticipated only in “WVS-1995” (3rd wave)
Source: The World Values Survey website.
Note:

161

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

Table 4

Methodology of the World Values Survey

Japan (2000)
Respondents
Age
Sampling
Survey Methodology

1362(Response rate: 68.0%)
18 or overMulti-stage stratified
sampling
Mailing

South Korea (2000)

Taiwan (1995)

China (2000)１）

1,200

780

1,000

18 or over
Probability
proportionate sampling
Face to face interview

18 or overThree-stage stratified
sampling2)
Face to face interview

18-65
Probability
proportionate sampling
Face to face interview

Note:1) In China, six remote provinces with very low population density were excluded from the sampling process: Hainan, Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai,
Ningxia, and Xinjiang. These provinces consists 5.1% of the total population and 4.6% of total households of the country. (The World Values
Survey website)2) Confirmed by Dr. Su-Hao Tu, Assistant Research Fellow of the Office of Survey Research, Academia Sinica.
Source: The World Values Survey website.

The main feature of the WVS lies in its scale, which enables us to clarify various aspects ofvalues of diverse people living in various countries and regions. As shown in table 3, the number
countries and regions participating in WVS increased time to time, with various backgrounds of
economic standard, political system and religions.
Especially, the WVS carries out survey andoffers valuable social data in Asia, Africa, the former Soviet Union and Latin America, where survey
data had long been hardly available.
Besides, there are various questions asking respondents’ values
on various topics including family, health, environment, job, politics, economy and religion in aquestionnaire and 4th wave question items reach almost 250.
Acknowledging the merits mentioned above, we have to be aware of problems in the WVS.
First, the sample of the WVS in each country or region is supposed to be at least 1,000, consisting of
men and women aged 18 or over.
Yet actually it is uneven between countries and regions.
In 4thwave, for example, the sample size was the smallest in Puerto Rico with 720 respondents, while thelargest size was 3,401 in Turkey(2), which is about 4.7 times larger than that of Puerto Rico(3).
Another problem is in methodology.
In the WVS conduct and data collection is left to aparticipant of each country or region, and there are not unified survey schedule, sampling
specifications of data collection.
In addition, until 4th wave every country and region was to use the(4)
So we cannot
same questionnaire , but actually not all the questions were asked in each country.
obtain all the data in the original questionnaire in all countries and regions questions.
As for analysis of East Asia, other problems should be point out.
As seen in table 3, Japan,
South Korea, Taiwan, and China have not conducted survey in the same wave.
Moreover,translation from English questionnaire is another issue to be examined. Manabe et. al. (1996) pointed
out two discrepancies between the questionnaire used in the USA and that used in China.
There isan item saying “Trade unions” in the former, English version of the questionnaire, but in the latter theitem was translated as “Organizations of trade”. Also, “lying in your own interest” in the USquestionnaire was changed into “relying on interest” in the Chinese version.
Judging from above, although data of the WVS enables us comparative analysis of various
countries and regions in the world, it is dangerous to use the data unless we examine the data
carefully (5).

3. The ISSPThe ISSP is the cross-national comparative survey which was started in 1984 by West Germany,
USA, UK and Australia.
Since then countries and regions participating in the ISSP had increased,
and number of those reached 39 countries in 2003. From East Asia Japan was first accepted to the162日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

ISSP 1992 and started survey in 1993, followed by Taiwan (accepted in 2001 and started survey in2002) and South Korea (accepted in 2002 and started survey in 2003).
The main characteristics of the ISSP are seen in existence of a certain topic in each survey, suchas “National Identity” (1995 and 2003) or “Role of Government” (1985, 1990 and 1996), andrepetition of the topics after a certain period of time.
This enables researchers to make time-series
comparison between surveys, as well as cross-national analysis at the same survey.
Survey topics
and the countries and regions conducting survey until 2009 are shown in table 5 and table 6.
Another feature of the ISSP is its detailed rules on conduct of survey (ISSP working principles).
The standard questionnaire is decided at the General Meeting held a year before the survey, and it isbound to be written in British English.
The questionnaire is translated into each nationalquestionnaire by non-literal, culturally equivalent translation, but no transformation of thequestionnaire or addition of new question is permitted.
The working principles of the ISSP
establishes that questionnaires should be 15 minutes-long with 60 questions, and At this chance theinsertion of a new question and a change of a turn are not accepted.
Sample has to consist of at least
1,000 person aged 18 years old or over (16 years old or over in Japan and Russia), which represents
each country or region and is chosen by random sampling. It is determined that each participating
nation should conduct a survey and send the archive the result of the survey by definite deadline, and
it is required to report precisely the outline of the survey and sampling method when sending the data.
Besides, it is necessary to answer the questionnaire called Study Monitoring Questionnaires which
regards the method of the survey.
These points shows clear contrast to the WVS, which allows
variations in data collection, survey schedule and specification the data (Yamazaki, 2004:93).
Survey data of the ISSP is released by German data archive ZA (Zentralarchiv für Empirische
Sozialforschung) and the ICPSR.
Table 5 Survey topics of the ISSP
Year

Topic

Countries and Regions Surveyed

No.

1985

Role of Government I

Australia, Austria, Great Britain, Italy, USA, West Germany

6

1986

Social Networks I

Australia, Austria, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, USA, West Germany

8

1987

Social Inequality I

Australia, Austria, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, USA,West Germany, Switzerland, Poland

10

1988

Family and Changing
Gender Roles I

Austria, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, USA,West Germany

8

1989

Work Orientations I

Austria, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Netherlands,
Northern Ireland, Netherlands, USA, West Germany

11

1990

Role of Government II

Australia, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Northern Ireland, Norway, USA, East Germany, West Germany

11

1991

Religion I

Australia, Austria, Germany (East and West), Great Britain, Hungary,
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland,
Norway, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, USA

17

1992

Social Inequality II

Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia,
Germany (East and West), Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand,
Norway, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Sweden, USA

17

Environment I

Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic,
Germany (East and West), Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway,
Philippines, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, USA

21

1993

163

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

Year
1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Topic

Countries and Regions Surveyed

No.

Family and Changing
Gender Roles II

Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic,
Germany (East and West), Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway,
Philippines, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, USA

23

National Identity I

Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic,
Germany (East and West), Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, Latvia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines,
Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, USA

23

Role of Government III

Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France,
Germany(East and West), Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland,Israel (Jews and Arabs), Italy, Japan, Latvia, New Zealand, Norway,
Philippines, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
USA

24

Work Orientations I

Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,France, Germany(East and West), Great Britain, Hungary,
Israel (Jews and Arabs), Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, USA

25

Religion II

Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, France, Germany (East and West), Great Britain, Hungary,
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Northern Ireland, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USA

31

Social Inequality III

Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, France, Germany (East and West), Great Britain, Hungary,
Israel, Japan, Latvia, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, USA

27

Environment II

Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Latvia, Mexico,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway, Philippines,
Portugal, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USA

26

Social Networks II

Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Israel,
Italy, Japan, Latvia, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway,
Philippines, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain,
Switzerland, USA

28

Family and Changing
Gender Roles III

Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, Flanders (Belgium), France, Germany,
Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Latvia, Mexico,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Taiwan, USA

34

National Identity II

Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Israel,
Japan, Latvia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Poland,
Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela

34

Citizenship

Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland,
Flanders (Belgium), France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary,
Ireland, Israel, Japan, Latvia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia,
South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Uruguay,
USA, Venezuela

38

Work Orientations III

Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Dominican Republic, Finland, Flanders, France, Germany,
Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland (Republic), Israel, Japan, Latvia,
Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Portugal, Russia,
Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Taiwan, USA

31

Note: Countries and regions with underline are participating in the EASS 2006.

164

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

Table 6 Survey topics of the ISSP (countries and regions have not been announced)

Year

Topic

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010

Role of Government IV
Leisure Time and Sports
Religion III
Social Inequality IV
Environment III

Note: Survey topics in 2009 and 2010 are under contemplation.
Source: the ISSP website.

The ISSP, with above-mentioned characteristics, has also some problems in methodology.
Survey method differs between countries/regions such as interview, mailing, and distribution
collection method.
Difference is also seen in a sampling method and the degree of usage ofprovisional sample.
Some countries and regions do not use any of it, while the Philippines is said toapproach people 10 times more than the target sample before conducting a survey.
And in France inthe 1999 survey, there were 11,015 persons who are targeted on the survey, but the number of
respondent was only 1,889 (Aramaki and Onodera, 2004; Onodera, 2003b).
On account of thesedifferences, careful examination in required when we are to use data of these countries.
There are also problems as to comparative analysis within East Asia.
As mentioned earlier, it
is 2003 when Japan, South Korea and Taiwan conducted the ISSP survey altogether, and survey has
This imposes strict limitation on the possibility of
not been carried out in China so far(6).
comparative analysis using the ISSP data.
In addition to this, as Onodera (2003b) pointed out,
questionnaires are not free from Western sense of values because most of the participating countries
and regions are Western nations.
For example, in countries and regions participating in the 2003
survey, there are only 4 non-Christian countries and regions: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Israel.
Non-European countries beside those 4 were Chile, the Philippines, South Africa and Venezuela, butthey are still minority in the 34 participants.
Onodera also recollected her own experience as arepresentative Japanese team in the 1998 survey “Religion”; at that time all countries and regions but
Israel were those holding Christianity, so she took some trouble explaining Japanese values toward
religion and religious activities in Japan, which were far different from those in Western culture. (ibid.)
Judging from above, as far as the current ISSP data is concerned, it is difficult to use the data on
comparative analysis between East Asian countries and regions.
Although cross-national
comparative studies using the ISSP data do exist in Japan, they focus on comparison with Japan andWestern countries (Onodera, 2000; 2001; 2003a), or comparison with Japan and other countries andregions all over the world (Manabe, 1999).
Onodera, who has been engaged in the ISSP project in the NHK Broadcasting Culture ResearchInstitute, argues that the ISSP in the future should “be premised that there are countries whose
structure of values differs with each other, incorporate variety of values, and be oriented to the survey
which examines the difference of the structure of value between areas” (Onodera, 2003b:27).
Andshe expects the researcher using the ISSP data to make and analysis on such difference.
Herargument is based on the anticipation that many countries and regions with various backgrounds will
participate in the ISSP in future.
This may apply to the WVS as well, which already includes great
variety of countries and regions.
In other words, when we are going to make a comparative analysis
within East Asia, where some common feature might be observed in values, cross-national survey isnecessary which can capture characteristics of the area.
The following chapters are review of such
survey and studies based on them.

165

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

4. The AsiaBarometer
The AsiaBarometer has been conducting survey since 2003 in various parts in Asia, based on acommon framework with a common standard questionnaire. The countries and regions surveyedvary every year, which are shown in table 7(7).
Table 8 shows the method of the AsiaBarometer in
East Asia, taking 2003 survey for example.
Table 7

Countries and regions surveyed, and target population in the AsiaBarometer

Year

Countries and regions (Number)

Target population

2003

Japan, South Korea, China, Thailand, India, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma),
Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan, Vietnam (10)800 (aged 20-59)

2004

Japan, South Korea, China, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos PDR, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam (13)800 (aged 20-59)

2005

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Maldives,
Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (14)800 (aged 20-59)

2006

Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Vietnam (7)1,000 (aged 20-59)

Note: Countries and regions with underline are participating in the EASS 2006.
Source: The AsiaBarometer website.

Table 8

Methodology of sampling and survey of the AsiaBarometer 2003
Japan

South Korea

China

Sample size

857 (Response rate: 58.8%)

800

800

Sampling

Two-stage stratified random
sampling

Two-stage stratified random
sampling

Choosing 10 individuals from randomly-chosen 10 survey
points in 8 cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chongqing,
Xi’an, Nanjing, Dalian and Tsingtao)

Survey Method

Placement

Face to face interview

Face to face interview

Source: The AsiaBarometer website.

Takashi Inoguchi, the leader of the AsiaBarometer, describes the main subject of the
AsiaBarometer as “daily of ordinary people in Asia” (Inoguchi, 2005a:17). Unlike the WVS or the
ISSP, questionnaires of the AsiaBarometer contain questions regarding life of respondent, which canbe categorized into the following nine clusters: 1) social infrastructure, 2) patterns of economic life, 3)
patterns of daily life, 4) values and norms in daily life, 5) values and norms associated with social
behavior, 6) identities, 7) views on social and political issues and institutions, 8) health conditions, and9) sociological attributes of respondents (Inoguchi, 2006b; Inoguchi and Fujii, 2007:7).
Basically, the survey of the AsiaBarometer is conducted thorough face-to-face interview torespondents chosen by random sampling. However, telephone is used in area where interviews are
difficult, and in Japan 2003 survey was conducted by placement method (Inoguchi et. al., 2005a).
In addition, in 2003 survey people in urban area were focused on, except Japan and South Korea
which conducted a nationwide survey.
The data of the AsiaBarometer is now being released.
In the AsiaBarometer website 2003 and2004 data can be downloaded upon request. 2003 data is also deposited in ICPSR and SSJ (Social
Science Japan) Data Archive and is open to public. Also, a CD-ROM containing data and all thequestionnaires used in each country is attached to the codebook of 2003 survey (Inoguchi, et. al.,2005b), which will be mentioned below.
There are already several cross-national studies covering East Asia with the survey result of the
AsiaBarometer.
Manabe (2004) made three exploratory analyses with 2003 survey data.
First, heinvestigated the condition and process of spread of public utilities such as waterworks, electricity and166

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

city gas (Q1; see «Appendix A» for questions of the AsiaBarometer).
Then, he made twocorrelation analyses, among well-being (Q4, Q5a-o and Q6), trust in people (Q9, Q10 and Q11) andinstitution (Q21a-r) and among frequency of voting (Q24a and b), sense of obligation to vote (Q25a),political cynicism (Q25b-g) and national pride (Q15-2). With his analyses, he revealed that countries
could be divided into two categories according to the correlation between political behavior andnational pride; the one consisted of countries where national pride correlated positively to frequency ofvoting and sense of obligation to vote, as well as negatively to political cynicism (Q25b-g), the otherwas countries where such correlations do not exist. Japan, South Korea and China were included in
the former category.
In addition, in the article he indicated two advantages of the AsiaBarometer.
The one is related on Asian focus of the AsiaBarometer, although cross-national surveys have mainly
focused on North America and Europe.
With its Asian focus, he explains, it becomes possible toproduce hypotheses and scientific knowledge based on Asian reality, and thus to understanddiversified consciousness of Asian people. The other advantage is that the AsiaBarometerencourages reinvestigating and clarifying stereotypes and concepts which tend to be regarded as
self-evident(8).
In Manabe (2006a), concepts of “happiness and satisfaction” were examined by using questions
on happiness (Q4) and satisfaction (Q5) out of 2003 and 2004 data.
The results could besummarized as the following four things: first, happiness cannot be fully determined by economic
development; second, correlation between happiness and satisfaction is weak; third is on therelationship between income and satisfaction.
Income increases as the age of respondents get older,but satisfaction with income decreases at the same time.
And correspondence of income withsatisfaction with income is not necessarily strong; fourth, in Japan, South Korea and China, “public
safety”, “environment”, “social welfare”, “democracy” are loaded in one factor.
Inoguchi (2005b, 2005c) summarized arguments about “the East Asian Community” which was
frequently put on a topic in recent years and produced five theories about driving forces of the East
Asian Community, i.e. functional unification which is based on economic ties, regional identity,
middle class impellers, reorganization of national and regional security, and democracy.
He arguedthat the AsiaBarometer could offer proof and/or disproof to the five theories by presenting data whichshowed consciousness of East Asian citizens.
However, he did not make analysis in the article, andleft concrete image of East Asian Community to be described in future.
Inoguchi (2006a) discussed whether the Japanese lost their law-abiding spirit through across-national comparison.
From the data of AsiaBarometer 2003 and 2004 on how to deal withbureaucracy (Q26) and sense of justice and solidarity (Q11), he argued that in Japan more people tend
to ignore the authority, and to refuse to be taken in on people in trouble.
Based on his argument, healerted Japanese society seemed at stake.
In the series of his analyses, Tanaka (2005, 2006, 2007) argued current situation of Asianinternational politics and Japanese foreign diplomacy with the question asking whether a country has agood influence or a bad influence on respondent’s own country/region (Q20). The result regarding
East Asia, which is our concern, showed that Japan was seen to have good influence in most countries,
except countries including South Korea and China. China also showed good performance in many
countries, which was not the case in Japan and Taiwan.
South Korea was a country which scarcely
thought to have a good influence from other countries.
From these results, he argued that mutual
distrust was prevailing in East Asia and it was the most important challenge Japanese diplomacy wasfacing.
Kawato (2005) discussed on whether “East Asian Civilization” can be formed or not with the data

167

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

of AsiaBarometer 2003.
He argued that there were both encouraging and discouraging factors
found from the result of the AsiaBarometer; the former included high level of trust in others (Q9),middle-class consciousness and satisfaction with life (Q6), indifference to religion (Q17-1), and fineimage of East Asia seen by other Asian countries (Q20); the latter contained relatively low sense ofidentification to Asia (Q16-1), adherence to social group in countries other than Japan (Q16-2),
authoritarianism (Q21) and mutual distrust among East Asian countries (Q20).
Fukushima (2005) made a cross-national comparison on trust in the UN, WTO and IMF among
Japan, South Korea and ASEAN countries (Q21).
The result showed that the UN, although very
few respondents chose the answer of “trust a lot”, garnered trust more than other organizations.
Fukushima attributed it to the lack of an organization dealing with security in Asia. When it comes toeconomic organization, WTO gained almost as much trust as the UN in those countries, while the IMF,
criticized its treatment of Asian currency crisis, turned out to be less trusted than WTO.
Sonoda (2005b) discussed whether newly-emerging “urban middle class”(9) could support theforthcoming “East Asian Community”, by examining their own educational background, ethnic
consciousness (Q15-2), importance of religion (Q21), sense of belonging to a social group within acountry, identification as an Asian person (Q16-1) and trust in central government (Q21). On thebasis of these, he argued that there was a similarity between new middle class and working classwithin a country, so middle class in Asia did not share common value across countries. Althoughusage of the Internet (Q2, Q38) might well show as if cultural exchange and mutual understanding
were prevailing in East Asia, it was not clear whether this was the truth. On the contrary, exchange
of information only within the borders might raise radical nationalism, as seen in Chinese anti-Japandemonstrations in 2005.
Sonoda (2006a) extended his discussion above to a comparative analyses between new middle(10)
and working class in Asia on the following ten items: 1) age, 2) sex, 3) percentage ofclass
university graduate, 4) exposure to globalization (Q2), 5) fluency of English, 6) anti-nepotism (Q13),7) religiosity, 8) support of gender-equal policy (Q23j), 9) support of environmental policy (Q23a) and10) pro-democratic attitude (Q27). He first analyzed difference between new middle class andworking class, both of which consisted of the total number in Asia. The difference was significant inmost variables, but in some socio-political variables (4, 7, 8, 9) it was smaller than in socio-culturalvariables (1, 2, 3, 5), and not significant in others (6, 10). He also analyzed the difference in eachcountry, and found that two clusters of middle classes in countries surveyed. The one was former
Anglo-American colonies, (Malaysia, Philippines, and Singapore), and the other non-English speaking
countries. Compared with the latter, new middle class of the former consisted of more women.
They are equipped with higher educational background and more fluency in English.
In the former
cluster income was influenced positively by the fluency in English, while such influence was notfound in some of the countries in the latter (Japan and China), or if any, very weak effect was seen
(Indonesia).
Hosono (2005) argued the relationship between economic and social development and sense ofhappiness in ASEAN+3 countries. His analysis showed that no correlation could be found between
life expectancy, which was used as a proxy variable of development, and other variables including
happiness (Q4), satisfaction with aspects of life (Q5) and trust in central government (Q21).
Focusing his attention on Japan and South Korea, both of which had developed far more than othercountries surveyed but showed low sense of happiness, he argued that sense of happiness could not be
determine so much by development as by one’s own status compared with others surrounding him/her.
Such comparison created relative dissatisfaction, and it was a background lying in a society with high168日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

standard of living and low sense of happiness. Based on this argument, he suggested to reduce thedisparity in society and thus to restore social integration.
Other than the above-mentioned studies, source books were edited about investigation in 2003
survey, written in Japanese and English (Inoguchi et. al., 2005a; English version, Inoguchi, et. al.,2005b). In the source book case studies of 10 countries were performed based on 2003 survey, which
was appreciated by a book review by Chen (2006) as “largely succeeded in putting together … awealth of information from a timely source on a diverse group of Asian countries” (Chen, 2006:400).
The AsiaBarometer is a cross-national research specialized in Asia, which offers wide variety ofdata about everyday life and consciousness of citizens living in Asia. It also made it possible to makecomparative research within Asian countries and regions. At the same time, however, we cannot put
aside some problems, as Kawato (2006) pointed out in his book review of the source book.
First, some questions about politics are ambiguous so that they may not provoke caution of theauthorities in some countries. Q20, for example, asks whether respondents think countries mentioned
in the questionnaire “have a good influence or a bad influence on your country” (AsiaBarometer 2003
questionnaire). But as ‘influence’ has many aspects such as politics, economy or culture, so answers
might differ depending on which aspect respondent see. Moreover, as Sonoda (2005a) argues, when
consciousness of citizens is surveyed in a socialist country or a country under dictatorship, it would benecessary to add a question to ask whether the respondent is a member of the party in power. Besides,
in countries where citizens are strictly monitored by the authorities, respondents might answer to thequestions taking the authorities’ intention into account.
Sonoda (2006b) also pointed out challenges the AsiaBarometer is facing. As seen before, East
Asia is an area which has short history of cross-national survey. This makes it difficult to explain thesurvey results logically, for in such area framework for logical explanation on survey result does notexist. Besides, drafting a questionnaire is likely to be led by the member of the project. Sonoda
regards calling for a question battery, which JGSS project adopts, as one of the solutions for this.

5. The Asian Barometer (East Asia Barometer)
The Asian Barometer (ABS) is a comparative survey of public opinion on political values,
democracy, and governance around the region. The headquarter of the ABS is at National Taiwan
University (NTU), with the cooperation of the Department of Political Science at the NTU and theInstitute of Political Science of Academia Sinica. Originally, the ABS was launched as the East Asia
Barometer (EABS) in 2000, a survey focusing on democracy and value change in the region. The
EABS merged with the South Asia Barometer in 2003 and became the ABS. Meanwhile, in 2001 theEABS built a partnership with three survey project in other area: Latinobarometro, Afrobarometer andthe Arab Barometer, and together they inaugurated the Global Barometer Survey (GBS).
Table 9 shows countries and regions surveyed in either wave of the ABS. In regards ofmethodology, although it has not been open to public in most countries and regions, we can see
Japanese country report of the 2nd survey of the ABS in Japan. According to the report, the 2nd
wave survey in Japan was conducted in face-to-face interview by Central Research Services. Target
population was 2,500 people aged 20 or over, chosen in two-stage stratified random sampling method.
Out of the samples 1,067 valid responses were obtained, and the response rate was 42.7% (Ikeda et. al.,2007)(11).
Out of two waves of the ABS, dataset of the 1st wave has already been released and can beobtained in the Asian Barometer website. Online analysis is also possible on the website. There ispreliminary dataset of the 2nd wave with the exclusion of countries where data processing are not169日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

completed, but the two dataset has already provided number of cross-national studies concerning
democracy in East Asia, which will be reviewed below.
Albritton et. al. (2003) analyzed determinants of support for democracy (100, 101, 103, 104, 118
and 119 in «Appendix B»; numbers refer to questions in the 1st wave unless otherwise indicated).
The analysis showed that support for democracy is not determined by nationality except Thailand, but
by location of the respondents (urban or rural area), modern attitudes (64-72), trust to other people(24) and economic prospect (6). In this analysis, based on studies of Thailand, it was assumed people
in urban area and with modern orientations tend to give less support for democracy than those in ruralarea and with more traditional backgrounds, and the analysis did support their assumption.
Table 9Countries and regions surveyed in the ABS

Wave

Survey year

1st

2001-2002

Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Mongolia Philippines, Thailand

2nd

2006-2007

Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Cambodia, Philippines, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Mongolia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam

Countries and regions surveyed

Note: Countries and regions with underline are participating in the EASS 2006.
Source: The East Asia Barometer website.

Chang et. al. (2003) made an analysis on how corruption affected trust in political institution(7-10, 12-14) in East Asia. From the result of their analysis, corruption, both perceived (114, 115)
and witnessed (116), eroded trust in political institution, even when they controlled economic
condition in past (2), present (1) and future (3), satisfaction with democracy (104), perceived fairnessof government (106), perceived influence of people on government (107), perceived freedom (105),
gender and age.
Chu et. al. (2003) explored what would lead people in East Asia to detach from authoritarianregime, which is still considered to be a potential alternative to democracy in the area. Pointing out
exceptional generosity to non-democratic regime in East Asia (121-124), they analyzed the impact offactors which previous studies regarded as a source of detachment from authoritarianism: i)socio-economical background such as education, age and income; ii) institutional influences measured
by electoral (27, 29, 30) and non-electoral (73, 75, 76, 78) participation, membership in civicorganizations (19) and psychological involvement in politics (56-58); iii) performance of democratic
regime indicated by satisfaction with it (98), trust in democratic institutions (8-10, 14, 16), level ofpolitical corruption (114, 115) and perceived responsibility of political leaders (128, 129); iv)
economic condition of respondents themselves (4, 5) as well as their country/region (1, 2); v) regime
comparison consisting of perceived democratic progress (99, 100), increase in political rights(105-113); and vi) social and political value revealed in detachment from traditionalism (64-71),
values toward democracy and authoritarianism (132-139) and belief in procedural norm in democracy(145-148). Their cross-national analyses showed that the social and political value, more specifically,
detachment from traditionalism and democratic orientation was the most critical force of detachmentfrom authoritarianism.
Comparison on regime performance came next, while economic condition
did not hold significant effect on democracy.
Another study on the source to orient people toward democracy is Chu and Huang (2007). In
this study not only determinants of detachment from authoritarian regime (121-124) but also support
for democracy (101, 103, 117, 118) was analyzed, but here they used the data of the 2nd wave, while
the previous study used the 1st. Also, variables included in the analysis were somewhat different

170日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

from Chu et. al. (2003). The most striking is that quality of democracy evaluated by the respondents,
consisting of rule of law (43, 104, 112-116, 120 in the 2nd wave), equality (108, 109 in the 2ndwave), freedom (110, 111 in the 2nd wave), and accountability (103 in the 2nd wave), replaced
performance of democratic regime. From their analyses they concluded that culture of detachmentfrom traditionalism and democratic orientation was the main source of detachment from
authoritarianism, which confirmed the argument of Chu et. al. (2003). Meanwhile, support for
democracy, they argued, was determined by perceived democratic progress and satisfactory withdemocracy, rather than cultural factors.
Ikeda et. al. (2003) investigated the patterns of social capital in promoting democracy under
different cultural contexts. For that purpose, they analyzed how political participation was relatedwith social capital and cultural factors. Political participation was divided into two categories, i.e.
election participation (27, 29, 30) and active political participation (73-80). Social capital includes
participation in community-level associations (19s2-s16), social (24) and institutional trust (7-18), andothers related to trust such as perceived corruption (114, 115) and social connections (25). Cultural
factors is represented by collective value (68, 69), which is regarded as a main feature in East Asia,and ideas about political leadership (121, 122, 131, 133-135, 138, 139). Based on the analysis, theyargued that social trust and entry in community-level associations had significant effect on politicalparticipation, especially behavior regarding election.
Cultural factors influenced politicalparticipation indirectly; effect of social trust becomes on political participation becomes larger whenpeople are less collectivistic or more embedded in Asian “tradition” of supporting morally upright
political leaders.
Varying operations of social capital on democracy was also analyzed in Ikeda and Kobayashi(2007). They made the analysis out of the same variables used in Ikeda et. al. (2003), but here tested
was whether cultural factors have effect on political participation on aggregate level, that is, culturalcharacter in country/regional level, as well as personal level. The result verified the findings of theaforementioned study that the less collectivistic, or the more supportive for politically upright leaders,the more effective social trust becomes on participation in political activities.
Park and Shin (2005) discussed how democracy was perceived in Asian new democracies: Korea,
Mongolia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand. They first sorted out respondents by theirperception of democracy, i.e. whether or not they were satisfied with it (98) and how they evaluate it(105-113). The result clarified that the largest number of respondents showed satisfaction and highevaluation to democracy. They also made analyses on relationship between the perception andattachment to democracy (101, 117), detachment form authoritarian regime (121-124), andcommitment to democracy which was made up by combination of the two variables. According totheir analyses, the largest number of respondents both showed satisfaction with their democracies andgave better assessment on current regime than previous non-democratic regime. Moreover, citizens
in these countries support democracy and reject authoritarianism when they are not only satisfied withcurrent democratic system, but also see the system is performing better than previous regime.
Shin (2007a) again argued the perception of democracy in the five emerging democracies. In
his argument he made another index of perception of democracy (98-100), and the analysis assured thefindings of the above-mentioned study. Those who were satisfied with their democracies and gave
better assessment on current regime than previous non-democratic regime dominated the largest sharein the respondents, and satisfaction and perceived better performance of current democratic systemincreases their support for democracy and rejection of authoritarianism.
Albritton and Bureekul (2005) focused on impacts of cultural socialization and interaction with

171

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

government in regards to support for democracy (98, 101, 103, 117-119), pluralist values (135-137,
145,146), regime legitimacy (130, 131, 133, 134) economic situation in country/region (1-3) andpersonal (4-6) level, perceived (114, 115) and witnessed (116) corruption and institutional trust. The
result showed that cultural socialization had contradicting impact; modernization (64-71) influence
negatively on interaction with government, while trust to others (24) did positively. An Interaction
with government also produced differences in other interactions.
Tan and Wang (2007) examined whether or not younger generation in Asia was more proactive todemocracy. First they made intergenerational comparison on pro-democratic variables such as
democratic values (132-139), support for democracy (101, 103, 117-119), and traditional values(64-71), which showed that democratic values increased from older generation to younger generation
as a whole. Then they analyzed effect of age on democratic values and support for democracy,
finding that although age did have effect on pro-democratic variables, the effect reduced when othervariables were included. They also observed that in East Asia, Support for Democracy in democraticsocieties is overall stronger than that in the non-democratic societies.
In Park and Lee (2007), the effect of association in democracy was tested. They madecross-national correlation analyses between the following items: membership in organization or group(19), civic virtue such as social trust (24), reciprocity (30 of the 2nd wave) and citizenship (152, 153 in
the 2nd wave); democratic values and norms reflected in attachment to democracy (117, 118),
detachment from authoritarianism (123, 124) support for political institutional pluralism (136, 137)
and for rule of law (125, 145); and political activism such as political efficacy (127), political interest(50 in the 2nd wave), activities of voting (27), campaign (29, 30), contact with officials ororganizations (73, 75-77) and protest (86-88 in the 2nd wave). From the analyses they found thatmost respondents in each country were not engaged in any of associations, regardless of the country
and region. Moreover, association had little or did not have effect on civic virtue, nor did it promote
democratic values or norms. It only turned out to have correlation with political activism in every
country.
Chang and Chu (2007) focused on two conceptions of democracy (92 in the 2nd wave), i.e.
liberal democracy which regards electoral procedure or freedom of expression as essential to a
democracy, and substantivist notion which places small income gap or satisfying basic necessities as
an essence of it. They elucidated the significant effect on the conceptions of gender, education,
political involvement (56) and detachment from traditionalism (64, 66, 69 in the 1st wave; 64 in the
2nd wave). Age and detachment from authoritarianism (121-123) proved insignificant, while effectof media exposure (57), they argued, might be absorbed in education. They also showed that the twoconceptions made differences in support for democracy (101, 103, 117-119), but did not in evaluationof it (103, 104, 108, 115, 116 in the 2nd wave).
Huang et. al. (2007) assessed quality of democracy and explored its relationship with popularsupport for democracy and belief in liberal democratic values. They argued that quality of
democracy had the following nine dimensions: i) Rule of Law (104, 113 in the 2nd wave); ii)
Controlling Corruption (115 in the 1st wave, 120 in the 2nd wave); iii) Competition (43, 105, 114 in
the 2nd wave); iv) Participation (27, 29, 30); v) Vertical Accountability (103, 106, 112 in the 2ndwave); vi) Horizontal Accountability (107, 115 in the 2nd wave); vii) Freedom (110, 111 in the 2ndwave); viii) Equality (108, 109 in the 2nd wave); and ix) Responsiveness (116 in the 2nd wave).
Their assessment revealed that most of respondents gave low evaluations on their democracy,
especially on rule of law, controlling corruption and horizontal accountability. Lower quality of
democracy led to less satisfaction with democracy (98), less popular support for democracy (103,172

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

117-119) and less belief in liberal democratic values (125, 133-139, 145), according to theircorrelation analyses. They also regressed support for democracy (101, 103, 117, 118) on quality of
democracy which were categorized into four dimensions, that is, rule of law (43, 104, 107, 112- 116,
120 in the 2nd wave), freedom, and equality and accountability (103 in the 2nd wave), as well as onpolitical participation (27, 29, 30), economic condition in both country (2 in the 2nd wave) andpersonal (5 in the 2nd wave), democratic orientation (125, 133-139, 145), priority of democracy (119)and interest in politics (56). According to the result, quality of democracy, especially rule of law
hold crucial effect on support for democracy.
Wu and Chu (2007) examined whether uneven income distribution affected satisfaction withdemocracy. They analyzed the effect on satisfaction with actual condition of democracy (98) andsupport for democracy (101, 103, 117-119) caused by income and subjective social status (SE9, SE9a,
SE19 in the 2nd wave), Gini coefficient in each country/region, satisfaction with basic necessities (109in the 2nd wave), assessment of present government (104), demand for liberal democracy (125,133-137, 139, 145) and current economic condition (1, 4). From the analyses both higher lower
income holder were found to be less satisfied with democratic performance than income holders,which means that income disparity accumulates dissatisfaction with democracy.
Nathan (2007) discussed how political and cultural values affected support for current regime in
East Asia, where there are various types of regimes. In his discussion democratic values (132-139)
and traditionalism (64-72 in the 1st wave, 61-65 in the 2nd wave) were used in order to operationalize
the two values. Nathan made analyses of effect of those variable, as well as perceived regime
performance in democracy (105-107, 112, 113) and policy execution (108-111), on detentions ofsupport for current government (98, 101, 103, 117-119, 121-124, 130). He argued from his analyses
that political and cultural values have effect more on respondents’ support for existing regime thanperformance variables, and of the two values democratic values was the more effective. Yet theeffect was so complicated that Nathan left future task to solve the complexity.
In Shin (2007b) people’s reaction to democratization was focused on. In the study reaction todemocratic change was classified into four categories, according to attachment to democracy (101,103, 117) and detachment from authoritarian alternative (121-123): that is, hybrids; anti-authoritarians;
proto-democrats; and authentic democrats. Then the source of the different types of the reaction was
analyzed, from the result of which they pointed out strong effect of attachment to Confucianism andexperience of democratic regime.
The ABS, as stated above, has been providing data and studies on democracy in Asia. Since
democratic change is still a critical issue in Asia where diverse types of regime exist, the data and thefinding of the ABS will produce various guidelines for the future of the area.
However, we should be aware of the danger in the interpretation of “traditionalism”. The ABS
covers variety of East and Southeast Asian countries and regions, which are different from each otherin regime. And so are they in terms of tradition. The ABS covers the area where variety of
religions is believed (Buddhism, Islam, Catholic, etc.) and where there are diverse way of living fromfarming to nomadic pastoralism. This means that there is no unified “tradition” in the area where theABS is conducted, and careful examination is required when we are to deal with “traditionalism” orcultural factors in the ABS.

6. The East Asia Value Survey(12)The Institute of Statistical Mathematics has been performing various cross-national comparative
researches whose subject is mainly national character and culture, since it started the survey of173日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

Hawaiian Nikkei (Japanese-American) people in 1971. The East Asia Value Survey, which is going
to be discussed here, is one of such surveys, conducted in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China (Beijing,
Shanghai and Hong Kong) and Singapore. The survey is based on the criticism to the WVS and theidea that “Survey in Asia should be done from Asian viewpoint” (Yoshino, 2005a:143). The focus of
the East Asia Value Survey is on the structure of consciousness and sense of values, especially “senseof trust”. Table 8 shows the period of survey, the age of targeted people, sample size and the numberof the actual respondents.
There have already been analyses using the result of the East Asia Value Survey, mainly done byresearchers of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics.
Table 10
Countries andregions

Outline of the East Asia Value Survey

Target population

Sampling method

Japan

Japanese aged 20 or overTwo-stage stratified random sampling

South Korea

South Korean aged 20 or over

Quota

TaiwanTaiwanese aged 20 or over

China (Beijing)

Adults aged 18 or over

China (Shanghai)

Samplesize

Respondents(response rate)

1,200

787(65.6%)

－

1,006

Three-stage stratified random sampling

1,800

734

Multi-stage stratified random sampling

3,6332)

1,062 (29.2%)

Adults aged 18 or overMulti-stage stratified random sampling

1,915

1,052 (54.9%)

Hong Kong

Residents in Hong Kong Aged 18 or over,living in China including Hong Kong,
Macao and Taiwan more than 5 years

Multi-stage stratified random sampling

3,000

1,057

Singapore

Singaporean aged 20 or overTwo-stage stratified random sampling－1037(about 20%）

1)

Note:

1) Confirmed by Dr. Su-Hao Tu, Assistant Research Fellow of the Office of Survey Research, Academia Sinica.
2) Including supplementary sample.
Source: East Asia Value Survey website, Yoshino (2006).

The analysis of “the sense of trust” by Yoshino (2005b) made a cross-national comparison of trust
to person (Q.26-28. see «Appendix C» for questions), trust to institution and society (Q.41a-j),
consciousness on law (Q.35 and 36) and values on society (Q.23 and 50). In addition to this, thecomparative analysis between Western countries and East Asia was also carried out, with the data of“Cross-National Survey of Seven Countries”(13). According to the study, the existing “sense of trust”
is falling down on account of the breakdown of conventional system of society and is changing into a
new system of trust. And from the result of the analysis, Yoshino asserted that the universal value ofhuman relationship, such as family relations, exists in not only the East but also the West. He
proposed that international mutual understanding be based on it, and that national wealth and sense oftrust develop complementarily with each other under the new system of society.
Zheng (2005) analyzed the transition of traditional values. In his study, values on family andmarriage (Q.3, 13, 19 and 20), preference of gender (Q.42a and b) and Confucian thought (Q.50) wereanalyzed, in order to examine whether traditional values was changing, and whether there weredifferences between Chinese including Taiwanese, South Korean and Japanese. The result showed
the difference of current situation of traditional values; in China traditional values was declined; inJapan it co-existed with Western values; in South Korea, among traditional values, emphasis on
superiority of man (e.g. wife should go along with her husband) was found.
Miyoshi and Yoshino (2005) made an analysis of values toward occupation with open-answeredquestions asking respondents what occupation they consider most respected (Q.39a) and what
occupation they actually would like to have (Q39b). The most frequent answers were “a teacher”

174日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

and “a doctor” in all the countries and regions, except for Japan in which “a civil servant” held the firstplace of the occupation Japanese respondents actually would like to have, and for South Korea where“an independent enterprenuer” ranked the second occupation to have actually. With these results,
Miyoshi and Yoshino argued that it was important to analyze such tendency when comparing thevalues toward occupation in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and China.
Kakuda and Suzuki (2006) discussed what are regarded as important thing in East Asia. First,
they paid their attention to the question (Q.38) which asked “the most important thing” of the
respondents in an open-answer form. They categorized the answers into “life, health, myself”,“family”, “love and spirit”, “others” and “Don’t know, no answer”, and the most frequent answer
turned out to be “family and children” in Japan and South Korea, while in Taiwan, Beijing, Shanghaiand Hong Kong it was “life, health, myself”. Then, they examined questions on importance ofmatters in life with 7-point scale for each (Q.12). The category with the most frequent answers was“your immediate family members such as spouse and children”, followed by “Parents, brothers, sisters,
and other relatives”, “Career and Job”. On the other hand, in some categories frequency variedamong countries and regions; in Singapore 40.1% of the respondents scored 7 points for “Religion”,
while in Japan the number of respondents was 8%; the ratio of South Korean who gave 7 points to“Politics” was 21%, in Hong Kong the ratio was only 3%.
Hayashi (2006) made a research on the meaning of religious faith and religious mind for theJapanese, in comparison with other East Asian people. In the study, she first analyzed the result ofquestions asking whether respondents had a religious faith (Q.31a) and religious mind (Q.32). Then,she classified patterns of answers to the questions on respect for ancestors of the respondents (Q.1),
belief of existence of soul (Q.11b) and life after death (Q11c), health condition (Q.5), satisfaction withfamily (Q.13) and life in general (Q.14), values toward science (Q.29b-d), religious mind (Q.32), andattitude toward parents (Q.49a and b). From the result of the analysis, she found that many of theJapanese did not have religious faith but “a religious mind”(14). Similar tendency was found in Hong
Kong, while in Beijing most people did not have religious faith, nor they thought it necessary to havereligious mind. She also noted that in Japan correlation was high between existence of religious faithand respect for ancestors, as well as between interest to religion and satisfaction with life in general.
Hoshino (2006) focused on the questions which asked values of the respondents on law (Q.34),
norm (Q.35 and 36) and contract (Q.24a-b, and Q.55), and the questions on sense of trust in people(Q.26-28). He analyzed those questions and sought what determined those items in each country, andhow they related each other within a person. The analysis showed that sense of trust correlated withdifferent senses in each country. In China it correlated with sense of norm and sense of law(15). In
Taiwan it correlated with sense of norm and sense of contract. In Japan it correlated with sense ofcontract and sense of law. Also, it was shown that sense of trust correlated with educational
background in Beijing and Shanghai, while such correlation was not found in other countries andregions.
Matsumoto (2006) made a research on the sense of trust in organizations. In the research, hemade factor analysis on the sense of trust in organization (Q.41), both in the whole East Asian level
and in each country/region. Then he analyzed relation with sense of trust to other people (Q.26-28).
Based on the results of the research, he pointed out that two common factors were likely to exist
behind the trust in organization; one was “establishment trust” to the media, the administration, thelegislation and the judiciary, and the other was “civil trust” to a religious group, NGO/NPO, a social
welfare facilities and the United Nations, although the two types of trust might not be completely thesame in the whole East Asia. And as the model to explain trust in people couldn’t be applied to trust

175日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

in organizations, he argued that some parts of trust in organization were constructed apart from trust inpeople, and such part demands further investigation.
Yamaoka (2004, 2005) analyzed relation between “sense of health” in East Asia and factors onsociety and culture, by examining respondents’ attributes including self-rated health (Q.4)(16), healthcondition (Q.5), satisfaction with life (Q.13 and 14), sense of trust (Q.26 and 28), uneasiness (Q.10a-c)
attitude toward science (Q.25a) and social classification (Q.6). The result clarified that self-rated
health had strong relation with uneasiness and satisfaction with life, and that women in general tended
to appeal dissatisfaction with their own health more than men do (the average number of subjective
symptoms was higher in women than in men).
Zheng et. al. (2006) analyzed environmental consciousness of people in East Asia. First, they
made a comparison between attitudes toward nature (Q.21) and environment (Q.37). Then they
categorized the pattern of the answers in each country on health condition (Q.5), satisfaction with life
(Q.14), sense of trust (Q.26 and 28), religious faith (Q.31a) and mind (Q.32) and technology (Q.41j.),by sex, age and educational background, and analyzed factors of environmental consciousness in eachcountries and regions. From the analysis, they pointed out that China had strong tendency to choose“conquer nature” rather than “follow nature”, and in the whole East Asia, young people, people withlower educational background and people who received lower incomes tended to prefer “conquer
nature” to “follow nature”. They also found out that factors which influence environmental
consciousness were different between countries and regions.
Yamaoka and Li (2006) examined the stability of international comparative survey data, bycomparing the result of a common question (Q.3, 4, 6, 10, 11a-g, 13, 14, 26, 27, 28, 29a-c, 41a, c, jand 50a-g) of the East Asia Value Survey and “Health and Culture Survey”, which was conducted inSouth Korea and Taiwan in 2003 with the same method as the East Asia Value Survey. The result
verified the confidence of the data, because the ratio and pattern of answers fairly coincided between
both surveys.
As seen in the researches above, data of the East Asia Value Survey is used in various analyses
and offers precious knowledge to the study of Japanese national characters and consciousness ofpeople in East Asia. However, it is a pity that the data of is not open to public. And we saw in table
8, the survey was in China is conducted only in a few large city. The Institute of Mathematic Science
implemented survey in Guangzhou and Kunming in 2002 and 2003 too, and the studies presented
above contain the result of that survey. Nevertheless, we cannot say that the data, with a supplementof the survey result of the two cities, is representative of the whole China.

7. Discussion toward EASS 2008
In this article cross-national surveys focusing on East Asia and analyses based on their results
were reviewed. We first examined the World Values Survey and the ISSP, conducting surveys
worldwide including East Asia. These surveys tend to put together the countries and regions of East
Asia in terms of culture. In the World Values Survey website, for example, Japan, South Korea,
Taiwan and China are collected into “Confucian” culture.(17) Our interest, however, lies insimilarities and differences within East Asia. When we are to make cross-national comparison
between East Asian countries and regions, which are supposed to hold some common features likevalues, it is essential to conduct cross-national surveys incorporating questions which can grasp suchfeatures. So in this article we examined the surveys with East Asian focus, i.e. the AsiaBarometer,
the Asian Barometer and the East Asia Value Survey, and cross-national studies based on the surveys.
On concluding this article, let us consider the role and the significance of the EASS. As

176

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

mentioned above, the EASS is preparing its second survey Globalization and Culture in East Asia”
Culture is a topic which cross-national surveys in East Asia have not taken up. The AsiaBarometer iscentered on daily life of people; The ABS focus on political matter like democracy; and the East Asia
Value Survey holds “Sense of trust” as its main topic. None of them tackles straight on culture in
East Asia, or effect of globalization on culture. The ISSP covered globalization in the survey of“National Identity” conducted in 1995 and 2003, but relation between globalization and culture of East
Asia is out of their sight. Therefore, in EASS 2008, it is required to investigate to cultural features
which are thought to be common to East Asia, cultural practice and diffusion of cultural products
derived from each of East Asian country/region. And based on such investigation, it is necessary to
clarify points in common and points in differences in East Asia which we have been apt to see as
self-evident.
[Footnotes](1) Information released in the website of each survey project was confirmed in January 2008, and are subject to futurechange or revision.

The author would like to ask readers to see the sites to check the latest information.

(2) In Turkey the 4th wave was carried out twice, and the total number of respondents amounts 4,607. Morocco and Spain
are countries which also conducted survey twice in the period of the 4th wave.
(3) According to Yamazaki (2004), the number of respondents of the 2nd wave varied from 304 in Northern Ireland to 2,736
in South Africa.
(4) In 5th wave three different questionnaires are used: non OECD questionnaire, OECD questionnaire A-ballot and OECD
questionnaire B-ballot, all of which derived from the same root version.
(5) In order to solve the problem mentioned above and use the data of the WVS, the series of studies by Manabe et. al. areuseful.

About data of East Asia, see Manabe et. al. (1996; 1997)(6) Aramaki and Onodera (2004) and Onodera (2003b) reported that China once made an application for entry to ISSP every
year, but the vote at a general meeting did not approve it for some reason.
(7) According to Inoguchi (2006c), The AsiaBarometer is planning its 2007 survey in Southeast Asia, i.e. Indonesia, Malaysia,
Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmer, Singapore and Thailand). 2008 survey is planned in Japan, China, India, Indonesia
and Kazakhstan, with extended number of samples.
(8) Manabe (2006b) extended his analyses to India, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Uzbekistan.
(9) Sonoda defined “Urban middle class” as those who answered 2 (business owner in mining or manufacturing industry ofan organization with up to 30 employees), 3 (business owner of a retail organization with up to 30 employees), 4 (vendor
or street trader), 6 (self-employed professional), 7 (senior manager), 8 (employed professional or specialist), 9 (clerical
worker) and 10 (those engaged in sales) in Question F6.

Out of the “Urban middle class”, he classified respondents who

answered 2, 3 and 6 as “Old middle class”, 7 and 8 as “New middle class”, and 4, 9, and 10 as “Marginal middle class”.
He also defined those who answered 11, 12 and 13 as “Working class”.
(10) “New middle class” here was defined as the aggregation of those who answered 7, 8, 9 and 10 in Question F6.
Definition of “working class” was the same as previous discussion of Sonoda (2005b).
(11) Due to difficulties in the implementation of the survey, Japanese team of the ABS conducting additional sampling.

709

cases were collected, out of which 611 cases were used as substitute sample. The response rate including additional
sample was 34.3% (Ikeda, et. al., 2007)(12) In regards to the background of East Asia Value Survey, see Yoshino (2004, 2005a) and Zheng and Yoshino (2003).
(13) The Institute of Statistical Mathematics conducted “Cross-National Survey of Seven Countries” in Japan, the UK,
France, West Germany, the U.S., the Netherlands and Italy from 1985 to 1994 (http://www.ism.ac.jp/~yoshino/arito/).
(14) However, in the data of “the Survey on the Japanese National Character” conducted by the Institute of Statistical
Mathematics, the number of the twenties who do not have “religious faith” but “religious mind” was decreasing from177

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

1980's to 1990's. (Hayashi, 2006)(15) Hoshino (2006) only argued that correlation existed in mainland China, but table 4 in Hoshino(2006) showed thecorrelation was is positive in Beijing and negative in Shanghai.
(16) “Self-rated health” was measured by the average number to subjective symptoms (such as headache and back pain)
complained by respondents (Yamaoka, 2005).
(17) Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map of the World in the World Values Survey website.

[References]
Albritton, Robert B., Thawilwadee Bureekul and Gang Guo, 2003, “Impacts of Urban-Rural
Cleavages and Cultural Orientations on Attitudes toward Elements of Democracy: A
Cross-National, Within-Nation Analysis”, ABS Working Paper Series, 6.
Albritton, Robert B. and Thawilwadee Bureekul, 2005, “Social and Cultural Supports for Plural
Democracy in Eight Asian Nations: A Cross-National, Within-Nation Analysis”, ABS Working
Paper Series, 31.
Aramaki, Hiroshi and Noriko Onodera, 2004, “ISSP kokusai hikaku chosa no gaiyo to data ni tsuite”(Outline and data of ISSP International Comparative Survey), in Manabe (ed.), Kokusaihikaku
chosa no frontier - bunkateki tayosei no shizakara (Frontier of Cross-national Comparative Study- from the Viewpoint of Cultural Diversity), Kwansei Gakuin University Graduate School ofSociology and Social Work: 81-90.
Chang, Eric, Yun-han Chu and Fu Hu, 2003, Regime Performance and Support for Democratization,
ABS Working Paper Series, 7.
Chang, Eric and Yun-han Chu, 2007, “Traditionalism, Political Learning and Conceptions of
Democracy in East Asia”, ABS Working Paper Series, 39.
Chen, Xiangming, 2006, “Book Review: Values and Life Styles in Urban Asia: A Cross-Cultural
Analysis and Sourcebook Based on the AsiaBarometer Survey of 2003”, The Journal of AsianStudies, 65(2):398-400.
Chu, Yun-han, Yu-tzung Chang and Fu Hu, 2003, “Regime Performance, Value Change andAuthoritarian Detachment in East Asia”, ABS Working Paper Series, 8.
Chu, Yun-han and Min-hua Huang, 2007, “A Synthetic Analysis of Sources of Democratic
Legitimacy”, ABS Working Paper Series, 41.
Fukushima, Akiko, 2005, “Higashi Asia ni okeru kinoteki kyoryoku no kanosei -2004 nendo
AsiaBarometer tyosa kekka kara-” (Possibility of Functional Cooperation in East Asia - from theResult of the AsiaBarometer 2004 Survey), AsiaBarometer Project Series, 1:21-25.
Hayashi, Fumi, 2006, “Shukyo to soboku na shukyoteki kanjo” (A Study of Religious Faith andReligious Feelings), Behaviormetrics, 33 (1): 13-24.
Hoshino Takahiro, 2006, “Ninchiteki social capital toshiteno hoishiki, kihan’ishiki, keiyakukan totaijinshinraikan no kanren -Higashiajia kachikan kokusai hikaku chosa data kara”-(TheRelationships between Cognitive Social Capitals - Law-Abiding Spirit, Normative Consciousness,
Attitude Toward Contract and Trust in the East Asia -), Behaviormetrics, 33(1): 41-53.
Hosono, Sukehiro, 2006, “Kofuku ni totte keizai shakai hatten toha nanika? -AsiaBarometer no datakaiseki kara no shiken-” (What is Economic and Social Development for Happiness? - Personal
Opinion out of Data Analysis of the AsiaBarometer) AsiaBarometer Project Series, 2:6-23.
Huang, Min-hua, Yun-han Chu and Yu-tzung Chang, 2007, “Quality of Democracy and Regime
Legitimacy in East Asia”, ABS Working Paper Series, 40.
Ikeda, Ken’ichi, 2004, “Kokusai hikaku data riyo no igi” (Significance of Cross-national Comparative178日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

Data) in Manabe (ed.), Kokusaihikaku chosa no frontier -bunkateki tayosei no shizakara(Frontier of Cross-national Comparative Study - from the Viewpoint of Cultural Diversity),
Kwansei Gakuin University Graduate School of Sociology and Social Work: 61-64.
Ikeda, Ken’ichi, Yasuo Yamada and Masaru Kohno, 2003, “Influence of Social Capital on Political
Participation in Asian Cultural Context”, ABS Working Paper Series, 10.
Ikeda, Ken’ichi, Masashiro Yamada, Naoko Taniguchi, Satoko Yasuno, Yoshitaka Nishizawa, and Gill
Steel, 2007, “Japan Country Report - Second Wave of Asian Barometer Survey”, ABS Working
Paper Series, 32.
Ikeda, Ken’ichi and Tetsuro Kobayashi, 2007, “The Influence of Social Capital on Political
Participation in the Cultural Context of Asia”, ABS Working Paper Series, 37.
Inoguchi, Takashi, 2002, “AsiaBarometer no setsuritsu wo mezase -chiiki seron chosa ga hiraku
gakujutsu, bijinesu no kanosei” (Head for Establishment of the AsiaBarometer -Regional Opinion
Poll Develops Possibility of Science and Business) Central Review, July 2002: 150-155.
Inoguchi, Takashi, 2005a, “The AsiaBarometer: Its Origins, Its Principles and Its Prospects”
Participation, 29(2): 16-18.
Inoguchi, Takashi, 2005b, “AsiaBarometer ni mirareru kyodotaiishiki” (Consciousness toward East
Asian Community Seen in AsiaBarometer), Gaiko Forum, October 2005: 56-61.
Inoguchi, Takashi, 2005c, “AsiaBarometer ni mirareru kyodotaiishiki” (Consciousness toward East
Asian Community Seen in AsiaBarometer), AsiaBarometer Project Series, 1: 6-12. (Reprint of
Inoguchi, 2005b)
Inoguchi, Takashi, 2006a, “Nihon shakai ha jumpo shakai deha nakunatta noka?” (Is Japanese Society
No Longer Law-abiding?) AsiaBarometer Project Series, 2:1-5.
Inoguchi, Takashi, 2006b, “The AsiaBarometer Question and Answers” Paper prepared forpresentation at the World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Fukuoka,
Japan, 9-13 July 2006.
Inoguchi, Takashi, 2006c, “AsiaBarometer” Yoron, 98: 35-39.
Inoguchi, Takashi, Miguel Basáñez, Akihiko Tanaka and Timur Dadabaev (eds.), 2005a,“AsiaBarometer Toshibu no kachikan to seikatu style -AsiaBarometer [2003] no bunseki toshiryo” (Values and Life Styles in Urban Asia: A Cross-Cultural Analysis and Sourcebook Basedon the AsiaBarometer Survey of 2003), Akashi shoten.
Inoguchi, Takashi, Miguel Basáñez, Akihiko Tanaka and Timur Dadabaev (eds.), 2005b, Values andLife Styles in Urban Asia: A Cross-Cultural Analysis and Sourcebook Based on the
AsiaBarometer Survey of 2003, Mexico City: Siglo XXI Editores.
Inoguchi, Takashi, and Seiji Fujii, 2007, The AsiaBarometer: Its Aim, Its Scope and Its Development,
paper presented in the AsiaBarometer website.
ISSP Working Principle, downloaded from the ISSP website.
Kawato, Akio, 2005, “’Higashi Asia bunmei’ ha kano nanoka?” (Is It Possible to Form ‘East Asian
Civilization’?), AsiaBarometer Project Series, 1:17-20.
Kawato, Akio, 2006, “[Book review] Inoguchi, Takashi, Miguel Basáñez, Akihiko Tanaka and Timur
Dadabaev (eds.) [2005] “AsiaBarometer Toshibu no kachikan to seikatu style -AsiaBarometer[2003] no bunseki to shiryo” (Inoguchi, Takashi, Miguel Basáñez, Akihiko Tanaka and Timur
Dadabaev (eds.), 2005b, Values and Life Styles in Urban Asia: A Cross- Cultural Analysis andSourcebook Based on the AsiaBarometer Survey of 2003), Ajia Kenkyu, 52(1): 102-106.
Manabe, Kazufumi, 1999, “National Identity no kozo - ISSP kokusai hikakuchosa no data kaiseki -”(The Structure of National Identity -Data Analysis of the ISSP Cross-national Survey-), Research

179日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

Association Administration Committee School of Sociology, Kwansei Gakuin University School ofSociology Journal, 82:145-156.
Manabe, Kazufumi, 2004, “AsiaBarometer no data kaiseki - hohoronteki kentou to tansakuteki datakaiseki -” (Data Analysis of the AsiaBarometer Survey - Methodological Discussions andExploratory Data Analysis -), Kwansei Gakuin University School of Sociology Journal, .97: 1-24.
Manabe, Kazufumi (ed.), 2004, Kokusaihikaku chosa no frontier -bunkateki tayosei no shizakara(Frontier of Cross-national Comparative Study- from the Viewpoint of Cultural Diversity),
Kwansei Gakuin University Graduate School of Sociology and Social Work.
Manabe, Kazufumi, 2006a, “Ajia ni okeru kofuku to manzoku no bunka -AsiaBarometer chosa no datakaiseki-” (The Culture of Happiness and Satisfaction in Asia: Data Analysis of the AsiaBarometer
Surveys), Kwansei Gakuin University School of Sociology Journal, 100: 55-70.
Manabe, Kazufumi, 2006b, Data Analysis of the AsiaBarometer Survey -Methodological Discussions
and Exploratory Data Analysis-), Kwansei Gakuin University School of Sociology Journal, 101:
25-40.
Manabe, Kazufumi, Maki Kurita, Liu Zhiming, Hiroko Kato, Jong-Hwan Lee, 1996, “R. Inglehart
no ’Sekai kachikan chôsa’ (World Values Survey) data no nijiteki bunseki no tameno junbi sagyo”(Toward a Secondary Analysis of the World Values Survey Data), Kwansei Gakuin University
School of Sociology Journal ,.75: 67-82.
Manabe, Kazufumi, Maki Kurita, Hiroko Kato, 1997, “R. Inglehart no ’Sekai kachikan chôsa’ (World
Values Survey) data no nijibunseki no tameno junbi sagyô (2)” (Toward a Secondary Analysis of
the World Values Survey Data (II)), Kwansei Gakuin University School of Sociology Journal, 76:
157-204.
Matsumoto, Wataru, 2006, “Higashiajia ni okeru soshiki ni taisuru shinraikan -kokusai hikaku notameno shinraikan no bunseki-” (Sense of Trust on Organizations in East Asia -Analysis for a
Cross-National Comparative Survey-), Behaviormetrics, 33(1): .25-40.
Miyoshi, Yoshihiro and Ryozo Yoshino, 2005, “Higashiajia no syokugyokan -Nihon, Chugoku, Taiwan,
Kankoku no hikaku-” (A Comparative Study of Work Value of the East Asian People -Japan,
China, Taiwan, and South Korea-), Behaviormetrics, 32(2): 173-189.
Nathan, Andrew J., 2007, “Political Culture and Diffuse Regime Support in Asia”, ABS Working Paper
Series, 43.
Onodera, Noriko, 2000, “Hitobito wa seifu ni nani wo kitaishite iruka -ISSP kokusai hikaku chosakara-” (What Do People Expect of their Government?: the ISSP International Comparative
Survey), The NHK Monthly Report on Broadcast Research, 50(4): 14-29.
Onodera, Noriko, 2001, “Nihonjin ha ‘kaishaningen’ ka -ISSP kokusai hikaku chosa ‘shokugyo ishiki’kara-” (Are the Japanese Loyal to their Companies?: From ISSP International Comparative
Survey in Attitudes towards Work) The NHK Monthly Report on Broadcast Research, 51(8)90-105.
Onodera, Noriko, 2003a, “Byodo shakai no imeji to jikkan no zure -ISSP kokusai hikaku chosa‘shakaiteki hubyodo’ ni miru nihonjin no ishiki-” (Images and Realities of the EgalitarianSociety: Japanese Views on Social Inequality as Reflected in the ISSP’s International
Comparative Survey), The NHK Monthly Report on Broadcast Research, 53(1): 56-71.
Onodera, Noriko, 2003b, “ISSP no kokusai chosa” (International Survey of ISSP), Yoron, 92: 18-27.
Park, Chong-Min and Doh Chull Shin, 2005, “Do East Asians View Democracy as a Lesser Evil?
Testing the Churchill’s Notion of Democracy in East Asia”, ABS Working Paper Series, 30.
Park, Chong-min and Jaechul Lee, 2007, “Are Associations the Schools of Democracy across Asia?”

180日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

ABS Working Paper Series, 38.
Shin, Doh Chull, 2007a, “Is Not So Bad Good Enough: Retesting Churchill’s Lesser-Evil Notion of
Democracy in East Asia”, ABS Working Paper Series, 44.
Shin, Doh Chull, 2007b, “Why East Asians React Differently to democratic Regime Change:
Discerning Their Routes to Becoming Authentic Democrats”, ABS Working Paper Series, No. 45.
Sonoda, Sigeto, 2005a, “Vietnam: Social Life under Development and Globalization”, in Inoguchi et.
al. (eds.), 2005b, Values and Life Styles in Urban Asia: A Cross-Cultural Analysis andSourcebook Based on the AsiaBarometer Survey of 2003, Mexico City: Siglo XXI Editores:
121-133.
Sonoda, Sigeto, 2005b, “Toshi chukanso no taito to ‘Higashi Asia kyodotai’” (Emerging Urban Middle
Class and ‘East Asian Community’), AsiaBarometer Project Series, 1:27-32.
Sonoda, Sigeto, 2006a, “Urban New Middle Classes in East Asia: Their Socio-cultural Backgroundand Socio-political Orientations in Comparative Perspective”, AsiaBarometer Project Series,
3:23-38.
Sonoda, Sigeto, 2006b, “Chugoku kenkyu kara hikaku kenkyu he -‘toi’ wo toinaosu tameno seido
kochiku to AsiaBarometer no yakuwari”, AsiaBarometer Project Series, 4:14-18.
Tan, Ern Ser and Wang Zhengxu, 2007, “Are Younger People in Asia More Pro-democratic: Lifecycle
Effects or Generational Changes?”, ABS Working Paper Series, 36.
Tanaka, Akihiko, 2005, “Higashi Asia shokoku ni okeru shuyokoku no eikyoryoku ninshiki”(Recognition of Influence of Major Countries in East Asia), AsiaBarometer Project Series,
1:13-16.
Tanaka, Akihiko, 2006, “Higashi Asia shokoku ni okeru shuyokoku no eikyoryoku ninshiki”(Recognition of Influence of Major Countries in East Asia), AsiaBarometer Project Series,
3:1-22.
Tanaka, Akihiko, 2007, “Nihon gaiko no shori to kadai -serontyosa ‘AsiaBarometer’ kara akiraka tonatta Asia kakkoku no shisen” (Triumphs and Challenges of Japanese Diplomacy- Visual Lines ofAsian Countries Revealed by ‘the AsiaBarometer’ Survey) Ronza, Mar. 2007:98-103.
Tsunoda, Hiroko and Tatsuzo Suzuki, 2006, “‘Ichiban taisetsu na mono’ -Higashiajia kachikan kokusai
hikaku chosa data kara ikutsuka no wadai-” (The Most Important Thing -Several Topics from
Analysis of the East Asia Value Survey-), Behaviormetrics, 33(1): 1-12.
Wu, Chin-en and Yun-han Chu, 2007, “Income Inequality and Satisfaction with Democracy: Evidence
from East Asia”, ABS Working Paper Series, 42.
Yamaoka, Kazue, 2004, “Kenko to kokuminsei” (Health and National Character), Gakusai,12: 39-45.
Yamaoka, Kazue, 2005, “Higashi ajia no hitobito no ‘kenko’ to kanrensuru shakai, bunka yoin: ‘Higashiajia kachikan kokusai hikaku chosa Higashiajia kachikan kokusai chôsa’ to ‘Iryo tobunka chosa’ kekka no bunseki” (Helath and Social and Cultural Factors in East Asia- Analysis of
the East Asia Value Survey and the Health and Culture Survey-), Behaviormetrics, 32(2):191-199.
Yamaoka, Kasue and Sangyoon Lee, 2006, “Ｋokusai hikaku chosa no anteisei ni tuite no kensyô-2003 nendo Kankoku to Taiwan ni okeru ‘Kenko to bunka chosa’ oyobi ‘Higashiajia kachikan
kokusai chosa’ data no hikaku-” (A Note on the Stability of International Comparative Survey
Data: Comparison of Survey Data of “Health and Culture Survey” and “East Asian Value Survey”
in Korea and Taiwan), Behaviormetrics, 31(2): 125-135.
Yamazaki, Seiko, 2004, “Sekai kachikan chosa no gaiyo to data riyo no tebiki” (Outline of the World
Values Survey and Guide of Data Utilization) in Manabe (ed.), Kokusaihikaku chosa no frontier -181

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

bunkateki tayosei no shizakara (Frontier of Cross-national Comparative Study- from theViewpoint of Cultural Diversity), Kwansei Gakuin University Graduate School of Sociology andSocial Work: 93-150.
Yonemura, Keiko, 1998, “’Sekai kachikan chosa’ ni miru seikatsu kachikan no kokusai hikaku”(Cross-national Comparison of Values toward Daily Life Seen in ‘the World Values Survey’),Tokei, 49(1): 13-18.
Yoshino, Ryozo, 2004, “’Kokuminsei’ no chosa - keiryoteki bummeiron kakuritsu ni mukete” (Surveyof National Character -toward establishment of Behaviormetric Study of Civilization), Gakusai,
12: 6-12.
Yoshino, Ryozo, 2005a, “Higashiajia kachikan kokusai hikaku chosa -Bunkateki tayotai bunseki[CULMAN] ni motoduku keiryoteki bummeiron kochiku ni mukete-” (East Asia Value Survey-For the Development of Behaviormetric Study of Civilization on the Cultural Manifold Analysis[CULMAN] -), Behaviormetrics, 32(2): 133-146.
Yoshino, Ryozo, 2005b, “Hukoku shinrai no jidai e -Higashiajia kachikan kokusai hikaku chosa ni
okeru shinraikan no tokei kagakuteki bunseki-” (A time to Trust in the East Asia -A
Behaviormetric Study on the Sense of Trust in East Asia Value Survey-), Behaviormetrics,32(2):147-160.
Yoshino, Ryozo, 2006, “Higashiajia kachikan kokusai chosa -Shinraikan no tokei kagakuteki bunseki”(The East Asia Value Survey -Statistical Analysis of ‘the Sense of Trust’-) Report ofGrants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) 2002-2005.
Zheng, Yuejin, 2005, “Higashi ajia no dentoteki kachikan no hensen ni kansuru keiryo bunseki”(Cross-National Comparison of Transitions of Traditional Values in Eastern Asian Countries),
Behaviormetrics, 32(2): 161-172.
Zheng, Yuejin and Ryozo Yoshino, 2003, “Higashiajia kachikan kokusai chosa ni mukete -Chugoku ni
okeru ishikityosa no tameno hyohonchushutsu no jissennteki kento”, Yoron, 91: 16-21.
Zheng, Yuejin, Ryozo Yoshino and Masakatsu Murakami, 2006, “Higashiajia shokoku no hitobito no
shizenkan, kankyokan no kaiseki – kankyoishiki keiei ni eikyo wo ataeru yoin no chushutsu” (AnAnalysis on Attitudes toward Nature and Environment in East Asia -Main Factors in Formation ofEnvironmental Consciousness –), Behaviormetrics, 33(1): 55-68.
URL
The AsiaBarometer (English and Japanese)
https://www.asiabarometer.org/
The Asian Barometer (English)
http://www.asianbarometer.org/
The East Asia Barometer (Chinese and English)
http://eacsurvey.law.ntu.edu.tw/
The East Asia Values Survey (English and Japanese)
http://www.ism.ac.jp/~yoshino/ea/index.html
International Comparative Surveys Data Archive, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics(English and Japanese)
http://www.ism.ac.jp/~yoshino/
The ISSP (English)
http://issp.org
The World Values Survey (English)
http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/

182

2 Electricity

3 Piped gas

Internet or email.

8 Don’t know

4 I often watch foreign-produced programs on TV.

3 Neither happy nor unhappy

4 Not too happy

183

2 Relatives

4 Club, hobby circle etc.

b Japanc Indian Family lifeo Leisure

2 Relatively high

3 Average

2 Can't be too careful in dealing with people

3 Don’t know

2 People mostly look out for themselves

4 Don’t know.

2 I would help if nobody else did.

3 It is highly likely that I wouldn’t stop to help.

1 I would always stop to help.

Q11 If you saw somebody on the street looking lost, would you stop to help? (SA)1 People generally try to be helpful

3 Don’t know

Q10 Do you think that people generally try to be helpful or do you think that they mostly look out for themselves? (SA)1 Most people can be trusted

be wary of people)? (SA)Q9 Generally, do you think people can be trusted or do you think that you can't be too careful in dealing with people (that it pays to

1 HighQ6 How would you describe your standard of living? (SA)a Chinam The democratic systemh South Korea
i North Korea







f Russiag Pakistan



e UK





d USA

9 Don’t know)
1

2

3

4

5

9

(1 Good influence 2 Rather good influence 3 Neither good nor bad influence 4 Rather bad influence 5 Bad influence)l Social welfare system

13 Other (please spicify:

11 Political party

12 Religion

10 Labor union

8 Neighborhood

5 The school / university you attended
7 People who speak the same language or dialect as you

3 Place of work

9 Agricultural cooperative, commercial cooperative or industry group

6 The area where you grew up

1 FamilyQ17-1 Which of the following social circles or groups are important to you? (MA))

k The condition of the environment

6 Don’t know

3 Other group (specify:

closest to your opinion for each country listed. (SA for each country)

5 Low

2 Kantojin

4 No, I don’t identify particularly with any region/group.

1 Kansaijin

within [Japan]? (SA) [Different for each country]

has given them characteristics that distinguish them from other people in the country. Do you identify with any region/group

4 Relatively low)

Q16-2 Also, within [Japan], some people identify themselves with a region or other local group and feel that the region or group

9 Don’t know

j Public safetyg Education

2 Other transnational identity (please specify:

3 No, I don’t identify particularly with any transnational group

1 Asiangroup? (SA)Chinese ethnicity, people who speak the same language or practice the same religion). Do you identify with any transnational

Q20 Do you think the following countries have a good influence or a bad influence on your country? Please select the response

f Health

55 Don’t knowe Household income

44 Not proud at all

d Standard of living

3

6 Don’t know)

3 Not really proud

h Job



2

3 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied

6 Don’t know

2 Somewhat proudQ16-1 Throughout the world, some people also see themselves as belonging to a transnational group (such as Asian, people of

1 Very proud

Q15-2 How proud are you of being [JAPANESE]? (SA)

3 Don’t know

2 Your relative

1 The person with the highest gradei Neighborsb Friendships

c Marriage (if married)a Housing1

5 Very dissatisfied

2 Somewhat satisfied

4 Somewhat dissatisfied(1 Very satisfied
6

5 Very unhappy

Q5 Please tell me how satisfied or dissatisfied you are with the following aspects of your life. (SA for each)

2 Pretty happy

Q4 All things considered, would you say that you are happy these days? (SA)7 None of the above

3 I have friends who are from other countries.

6 My job involves contact with organizations or people inother countries.

1 Very happy

5 Don’t know

5 I often communicate with people in other countries via the

4 None of the above

years, on holiday or for business purposes.

2 I have traveled abroad at least three times in the past three

country

1 A member of my family or a relative lives in another

Q2 Which, if any, of the following statements apply to you. (MA)

1 The public water supply

you employ? (SA)second highest grade, scoring only marginally less than the candidate with the highest grade. In such a case, which person would

Source: the AsiaBarometer website.

Q1 Which of the following public utilities does your household have the use of? (MA)Q13 Suppose that you are the president of a company. In the company’s employment examination, a relative of yours got the

Appendix A: Questions of AsiaBarometer 2003 used in the studies mentioned in this article

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

g Government officials pay little attention to what citizens like me think.

Q26 What should a person who needs a government permit do if the response of the officer handling the application is: “just be patient andg The public education system

h The public health system

184






o The United Nations

p The World Trade Organization

q The World Bankr The International Monetary Fund

2 Spend morec Automobiles
d Politics and the economy
e New trends







f Old-age pensions

g Unemployment benefits

2 Most of the timea National elections b Local elections

1

2

3

4

3 Sometimes

5 Never voted (even though I have the right to vote)(1 Every time

5

6

6 Don’t have the right to vote

4 Rarely
7

7 Don’t know)

Q24 How often do you vote in each of the following elections? Please answer for each type of election. (SA for each election type)

i Culture and the arts

j Improvement of the social status of womenh Public transport, telecommunications infrastructure b Home electrical appliances

3 Radio
7 Magazine advertisements

2 TV advertisements

a General household provisions (food, toiletries, cosmetics etc.)

6 Magazine articles

e The military and defense(1 TV programs（MA）

d Education

6









1

2

3

4











3

4

2

1

5

6

7

8

9

10 Don’t know)

5 Newspaper advertisements
9 Other

8 The Internet

4 Newspaper articles

10

Q38 From which kind of media do you get information about the following subjects? Please select all media that apply for each subject.

d A democratic political system54 Don’t know)

with expertise in a particular field) according to what they think is best for the country.
c Military governmentc Policing and law enforcement

4

3 Bad

b A system whereby decisions affecting the country are made by experts (such as bureaucrats3

5 Spend much less

2 Fairly goodb Health2

4 Spend less

7 Don’t know

3 Wait and hope that things will work out

a Governance by a powerful leader without the restriction of parliament or elections.

(1 Very good

fairly good or bad for this country. (SA for each political system)

1

3 Spend the same as now

6 Bribe an officer

2 Nothing can be done

Q27 I'm going to describe various types of political systems. Please indicate for each system whether you think it would be very good,a The environment

6 Can’t choose/Don’t know)(1 Spend much more

spending in each area. Please bear in mind that more spending may require a tax increase. (SA for each area of spending)

Q23 Listed below are various areas of government spending. Please indicate whether you would like to see more or less governmentn Religious organizations(e.g. environmental, social advocacy groups or other non-profit organizations) m Non-governmental organizations

l The media
5 Act without a permit

4 Write a letterk Trade unions/labor unions

wait?” (SA)
1 Use connections to obtain the permiti Large domestic companies

j Multinational companies operating in [Japan]







f Generally speaking, the people who are elected to the [NATIONAL PARLIAMENT]f Parliament
stop thinking about the public once they’re elected.

6e Since so many people vote in elections, it really doesn‘t matter whether I vote or not.

5



4

e The police

3



2

6 Don’t know)

d Politics and government are so complicated that sometimes I don’t understand what's happening.

1

5 Strongly disagree

d The legal system

4 Disagree

3 Neither agree nor disagree

c Generally speaking, people like me don’t have the power to influencegovernment policy or actions.

2 Agreeb There is widespread corruption among those who govern the country.

(1 Strongly agree



5



4

c The army

3

statement. (SA for each statement)b Your local government

2

5 Don’t know)1

4 Don’t trust at alla Citizens have a duty to vote in elections.

3 Don’t really trust

2 Trust to a degree

Q25 I am going to read out some statements about society and politics. Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with eacha The central government(1 Trust a lot

what to reply or have no particular opinion, please say so. (SA for each institution)

Q21 Please indicate to what extent you trust the following institutions to operate in the best interests of society. If you don’t know

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

Very bad

4
5

A little worse

Much worse

185

will be five years from now? Will it be …?

6. What do you think the economic situation of your family

situation today? Is it …?

5

Bad

Very bad2
3
4
5

A little better

About the same

A little worse

Much worse

1

4

So so (not good nor bad)

Much better

2
3

Good

1

2

4 As for your own family, how do you rate your economic Very good

economic condition five years from now? Will it be … ?
31

3. What do you think will be the state of our country’s Much better

About the same

5

Much worse

A little better

3
4

A little worse…?

About the same

2

5

Bad

1

4

So so (not good nor bad)condition of our country over the past five years? Is it A little better

2
3

Good

1

2. How would you describe the change in the economic Much betterour country today? Is it …?

1. How would you rate the overall economic condition of Very good

Non-governmental organizations or NGOs

The election commission [specify institution by name]

TelevisionNewspapers

Local government

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

of Trust

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

Trust

A Great Deal Quite a Lot of
Not Very

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Much Trust

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

None At All

15( )Sports or leisure club
Others, please specify ____________________________________________________

99

13
14

Alumni association

Political party

12

Religious group

Candidate support organization

10
11

Citizen movement organization

08
09

Volunteer group07

Producer cooperative
Consumer cooperative

05
06

Labor union04
Agricultural association

Trade association

03

Residential association
Parent-Teacher Association or PTA

01
02

Member of any organization or group

Not a member of any organization or group

VERBATIM:

formal groups you belong to. (OPEN-ENDED AND THEN USE CODES BELOW)

19. Are you a member of any organization or formal groups? IF YES: Please tell me the three (3) most important organizations or

18.

17.

16.

15.

14.

The police

13.

Parliament
The military

12.

10.

Political parties [not any specific party]

8.
9.

The Courts
The national government [in capital city]

7.

MUCH TRUST, OR NONE AT ALL?

Source: the Asian Barometer website, Wu and Chu (2007; SE19 in the 2nd wave)

B-1. The 1st wave

I’M GOING TO NAME A NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS. FOR EACH ONE, PLEASE TELL ME HOW MUCH
TRUST YOU HAVE IN THEM. IS IT A GREAT DEAL OF TRUST, QUITE A LOT OF TRUST, NOT VERYAppendix B: Questions of theABS used in the studies mentioned in this article

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

I have enough friends and connections so that I can get help if I need it.

Doesn’t

1

2

3

4

186
3
4
5
6

Once or twice a week

Not even once a week

Practically never6

Practically never

Several times a week5

Not even once a week

newspaper?

4

Once or twice a week2

3

Several times a week

Don’t know
2

9

Not at all interested

Everyday3
4

Not very interested

1
2[Do not read] No answer

Somewhat interested

7
9[Do not read] Not applicable

Very interested

12

9[Do not read] No answer

Yes

7[Do not read] Not applicable

No

2

No

58. How often do you follow news about politics in the daily Everyday

57. How often do you follow news about politics

56. How interested would you say you are in politics?

30. try to persuade others to vote for a certain candidate or party?

29. attend a campaign meeting or rally?

1

8[Do not read] Don't remember

Yes

7[Do not read] Not applicable29-30. Thinking about the national election in [year], did you …

2

No

When a mother-in-law and a daughter-in-law come into conflict, even if the mother-in-law

72.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

SA

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

SWA SWD

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

SD

Contacted

government(administrative)

2

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

No

1

1

1

1

1

Yes

2

2

2

2

2

No

9

9

9

9

9

DONE

2
3
4

Fairly Satisfied
Not Very Satisfied
Not At All Satisfied

1

1

1

1

1

1

Yes

Qs. 89-96
GIFT OR DINNER? NEVER

way democracy works in our country. Are you …?

call-in to radio, TV, etc.)

Contacted media (letter to newspapers,

groups, interests groups).

unions, religious groups, human rights

organizations (farmers’ associations, trade

Contacted non-government/civil society

organizations.

Contacted political parties or other politicalat any level.

Contacted elected legislative representatives

official.

once

More thanQs. 81-88
WITH OTHERS?

98. On the whole, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the Very Satisfied

78.

77.

76.

75.

73.

Once

FREQUENCY

 [Qs. 89-96]: did you ever give gifts or bring them out for dinner?  do not ask this question for Q79. <Optional>

 [Qs. 81-88]: did you do this alone or with others? <Optional>

the next item.

For each question: If the answer is ONCE or MORE THAN ONCE, immediately ask the following questions; otherwise go toNote to Interviewer:

or neighborhood problems, or problems with government officials and policies?

・ In the past three (3) years, have you NEVER, ONCE, or MORE THAN ONCE done the following because of personal, family,is in the wrong, the husband should still persuade his wife to obey his mother.

If there is a quarrel, we should ask an elder to resolve the dispute.

A man will lose face if he works under a female supervisor.

For the sake of the family, the individual should put his personal interests second.

A person should not insist on his own opinion if his co-workers disagree with him.

71.

70.

69.

68.

67.

Wealth and poverty, success and failure are all determined by fate.

1

parliamentary or presidential] held in [year]?

Yes

the other person.

When one has a conflict with a neighbor, the best way to deal with it is to accommodate

given to relatives and friends.

When hiring someone, even if a stranger is more qualified, the opportunity should still be

65.
66.

Even if parents’ demands are unreasonable, children still should do what they ask.

SOMEWHAT AGREE, SOMEWHAT DISAGREE, or STRONGLY DISAGREE?

We would like to know what you think of their views. For each statement, would you say you STRONGLY AGREE,

As you know, there are some people in our country who would like to change the way in which our country is governed.

64.

72.

64-

they were sick or they just didn’t have time. How about you? Did you vote in the election [the most recent national election,

27. In talking to people about elections, we often find that a lot of people were not able to vote because they were away from home,

25.

Applies12very well pretty well apply much apply at all

Applies
Doesn’t

One can’t be too careful in dealing with them

Most people can be trusted

HOW WELL WOULD YOU SAY THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS APPLY TO YOU?

trusted” or “you can’t be too careful in dealing with them”?

24. General speaking, would you say that “Most people can be

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

DK = 99

4

5

6

7

8

9

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

4

187

5

6

7

8

9

3
4

Very Dissatisfied

2

1

Somewhat Dissatisfied

Somewhat Satisfied

Very Satisfied

10

2

1

People like me can have an influence on government.

Corruption in politics and government is under

107.

108.

The gap between the rich and the poor have narrowed.

Preventing crime and maintaining order.

Economic development.

Judges and courts are free from political interference.

You can join any organization you like.

109.

110.

111.

112.

113.

control.

Everyone is free to say what they think.

Everyone is treated equally by the government.

106.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

Better

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Same

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Worse

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

Worse

3

We should get rid of parliament and elections and have a strong leader decide things.
No opposition party should be allowed to compete for power
The military should come in to govern the country.
We should get rid of parliament and elections and have the experts decide everything.

121.
122.
123.
124.

DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY AND PREFERENCE FOR DEMOCRACY

1

1

1

1

SA

2

2

2

2

SWA

3

3

3

3

SWD

4

4

4

4

SD

We would like to know what you think of their views. For each statement, would you say you STRONGLY AGREE,
SOMEWHAT AGREE, SOMEWHAT DISAGREE, or STRONGLY DISAGREE?

As you know, there are some people in our country who would like to change the way in which our country is governed.
124.

They are both equally important (DO NOT READ OUT)

had before ‘reform and opening’ in 1978_._}than Before

1
2

121-

4
5

Democracy is definitely more important{For China: ”We would like you to compare the system of government we have today in China with the one we
Much

3

Democracy is somewhat more important

Somewhat2

Economic development is somewhat more important

Much the1

Economic development is definitely more important

CHINA’S INTRODUCTION

Much better Somewhat

6

5

1

119. If you had to choose between democracy and economic development, which would you say is more important?

Democracy can not solve our society’s problems

Democracy is capable of solving the problems of our society

118. Which of the following statements comes closer to your own view?

For people like me, it does not matter whether we have a democratic or a nondemocratic regime

Under some circumstances, an authoritarian government can be preferable to a democratic one

Democracy is always preferable to any other kind of government

117. Which of the following statements comes closest to your own opinion?

NO ONE I KNOW HAS PERSONALLY WITNESSEDPERSONALLY NEVER WITNESSED

4

3

2

WORSE, or MUCH WORSE?

things are MUCH BETTER THAN BEFORE, SOMEWHAT BETTER, MUCH THE SAME, SOMEWHATof president, etc. having most recent authoritarian rule]. In each of the following areas, would you say that today

We would like you now to compare the present system of government with the one our country had under [name105.

105-113.

you …?

of president, etc. ruling current] government? Are

104. How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the [nameDK = 99

3

suitableunsuitable2

is perfectlyis completely

1

Democracy

Democracy

Told about it by a friend who personally witnessed

Told about it by a family member who personally witnessed

where would you place our country today?

(ALLOW MULTIPLE RESPONSE)

Personally witnessed

WITNESSED

personally witnessed it?

the past year? IF WITNESSED: Did you personally witness it or were you told about it by a family member or friend who

116. Have you or anyone you know personally witnessed an act of corruption or bribe-taking by a politician or government official in4

Almost everyone is corrupt

2
3

Most officials are corrupt

city]? Would you say …?

1

Not a lot of officials are corrupt

Hardly anyone is involved

bribe-taking are in the national government [in capital

115. How widespread do you think corruption and4

Almost everyone is corrupt

2
3

Most officials are corrupt

Would you say …?

1

Not a lot of officials are corrupt

Hardly anyone is involved

bribe-taking are in your local/municipal government?

114. How widespread do you think corruption andmeans that democracy is completely unsuitable for [name of country] today and “10” means that it is completely suitable,

103. Here is a similar scale of 1 to 10 measuring the extent to which people think democracy is suitable for our country. If “1”

DK = 992

Democracy

1

Complete

Complete

10Dictatorship

101.To what extent would you want our country to be democratic now?

3

Democracy

2

Dictatorship

1

Complete

Complete

100.Where would you place our country under the present government?

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

188

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

SD

4

4

4

SD

As long as a political leader enjoys majority support, he should implement his own

148.

4
5
8
9

A little worse

Much worse

Can’t choose

Decline to answer

3

About the same

condition of our country over the last few years? Is it …

4

4

4

4

SD

2

3

3

3

3

SWD

A little better

2

2

2

2

SWA

1

1

1

1

1

SA

2. How would you describe the change in the economic Much better

2. The 2nd wave

agenda and disregard the view of the minority.

A political leader should tolerate the views of those who challenge his political ideals.

regardless of how many people disagree.

If a political leader really believes in his position, he should refuse to compromise

has to ignore the established procedure.

The most important thing for a political leader is to accomplish his goals even if he

DISAGREE?

statements. Do you STRONGLY AGREE, SOMEWHAT AGREE, SOMEWHAT DISAGREE, or STRONGLY

147.

146.

145.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

SWD

3

3

3

SWD

We oftentimes talk about the character and style of political leaders. Please tell me how you feel about the following

If people have too many different ways of thinking, society will be chaotic.

everything.

If we have political leaders who are morally upright, we can let them decidelegislature, it cannot possibly accomplish great things.

If the government is constantly checked [i.e. monitored and supervised] by the145-148.

139.

138.

137.

When judges decide important cases, they should accept the view of the executive

136.

branch.

Harmony of the community will be disrupted if people organize lots of groups.

discussed in society.

The government should decide whether certain ideas should be allowed to be

decisions.

Government leaders are like the head of a family; we should all follow their

135.

134.

133.

highly-educated people.

2

SWA

1

People with little or no education should have as much say in politics as

SA

2

132.

1

AUTHORITARIAN/DEMOCRATIC VALUES

You can generally trust the people who run our government to do what is right.

131.

2

SWA

2

People like me don’t have any influence over what the government does.

129.

1

SA

1

The nation is run by a powerful few and ordinary citizens cannot do much about it.

128.

SUPPORT

CITIZEN EMPOWERMENT, SYSTEM RESPONSIVENESS AND POLITICALSOMEWHAT DISAGREE, or STRONGLY DISAGREE?

I have here other statements. For each statement, would you say you STRONGLY AGREE, SOMEWHAT AGREE,

Decline to answer

Decline to answer

Can’t choose

Practically never

9

8

5

4

Once or twice a week
Not even once a week2
3

Several times a weekeven if they disagree with them.

65. People should always support the decisions of their government

like that between parents and children.

64. The relationship between the government and the people should be

63. Open quarrels (criticisms) among politicians are harmful to society.

relationship.

should be more important than developing a long-term

62. When dealing with others, securing one’s immediate interests

other people think.

61. Sometimes one has to follow one’s own beliefs regardless of what

to answer)

1

1

1

1

1

SA

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

SWA SWD

4

4

4

4

4

SD

7

7

7

7

7

DU

8

8

8

8

8

CC

9

9

9

9

9

DA

somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree? (Do not read: Do not understand the question, Can’t choose & Decline

Please tell me how you feel about the following statements. Would you say you strongly agree, somewhat agree,

government?

61-65.

Everyday8
9

Decline to answer
50. How often do you follow news about politics and4Can’t choose

3

2

1

Not free or fair

Free and fair, with major problems

Free and fair, but with minor problems

Completely free and fair1

8
9Can’t choose

43. On the whole, how would you rate the freeness and fairness of the last national election, held in [year]. Was it: (NEW)4
7

Do not understand the question

2
3

Somewhat disagree

help me when I am in trouble someday.”Disagree1

Decline to answer

Somewhat agree

89Can’t choose

Agree

4
5

Much worse

3

A little worse

About the same

1
2

A little better“By helping people in trouble today, someone else will

30. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:of your family with what it was a few years ago? Is it …

5. How would you compare the current economic condition Much better日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

3
4
5
8
9

Not too closely

Very little

Not at all

Can’t choose

Decline to answer

189

1

1

1

Once

2

3
3

3
8

8

8

CC

8
9

Don’t understand the question
Can’t choose
Decline to answer

answer)Our current courts always punish the guilty even if they are

104.

Everyone is treated equally by the government.

People have basic necessities like food, clothes, and shelter.

People are free to speak what they think without fear.

People can join any organization they like without fear.

108.

109.

110.

111.

system can do.

When the government breaks the laws, there is nothing the legal

government responsible for its actions.

Between elections, the people have no way of holding thethe mass media during the election period.

Political parties or candidates in our country have equal access tohigh-ranking officials.

People have the power to change a government they don’t like.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

SA

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

SWA SWD

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

SD

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

DU

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

CC

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

DA

Decline to answer

Can’t choose

Don’t understand the question

Not at all capable

Not capable

Capable47
8
9

Doing nothing
Don’t understand the question
Can’t choose
Decline to answer

2
3

It is not doing much

1
It is doing something

It is doing its best

120. In your opinion, is the government working to crackdown corruption and root out bribes? (NEW)what people want?

116. How well do you think the government responds to

9

8

7

4

3

2

1

7

Not at all capable

Very capable3
4

Not capable

government in check?

disagree with each of these statements. (Do not read: Do not understand the question, Can’t choose & Decline to

Now I am going to read to you a list of statements that describe how people often feel about the state of affairs in[country name]. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly

9

Decline to answer

1

8

Can’t choose

2115. To what extent is the legislature capable of keeping the

4
7

Don’t understand the question

Sometimes
Rarely2
3

Most of the time

1

9

8

7

4

3

2

1

9

8

7

4

3

2

1

AlwaysDecline to answer

Can’t choose

Don’t understand the question

RarelySometimes

Most of the time

AlwaysDecline to answer

Can’t choose

Don’t understand the question

RarelySometimes

Most of the time

AlwaysCapable9

Decline to answer

real choice between different parties/candidates.

114. How often do your think our elections offer the voters athe law?

113. How often do national government officials abide by

information from the public view?

112. How often do government officials withhold important

Very capable

78

most essential to a democracy?

3
4

Can’t choose

Basic necessities like food, clothes and shelter etc. for everyone

going to read, which one would you choose as the1
2

Don’t understand question

A small income gap between rich and poor

have to choose only one of the things that I am

9

9

9

DA

Freedom to criticize those in power

103.

107.

2
2

Never Donecharacteristic that is essential to democracy. If you

103-111.

106.

More
than once

Opportunity to change the government through elections

Attended a demonstration or protest march

88.

92. People often differ in their views on the

Refused to pay taxes or fees to the government

Got together with others to raise an issue or sign a petition87.

read: Can’t choose & Decline to answer)

personally, have never, once, or more than once done any of these things during the past three years. (New) (Do not

86.

105.

1
2

Somewhat closely

Very closely

Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. For each of these, please tell me whether you,countries / the world?

67. How closely do you follow major events in foreign

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

disagree with them.

Citizens should always obey laws and regulations, even if they

local and national community is not performing his duties.

A citizen who does not actively participate in the affairs of his
1

1

SA

2

2
3

3

SWA SWD

4

4

SD

7

7

DU

8

8

CC

9

9

DA

2 Would not adopt

3 Depends on situation

)

9 DK

190

1
1
1

c. dizzinessd. Depression (feeling down)e. Insomnia (sleeplessness)

7 Do not understand the question

9 Decline to answer

99 Decline to answer

98 Can’t choose

1 Lowest status

10 Highest status

step one stand the lowest status and step 10 stand the highest. Where would you place your family on the following scale?
2 Satisfied

3 Not very satisfied

4 Not satisfied

2

2

2

2

2

No

9 DK

9 DK

9 DK

2 High middle

3 Middle

4 Low middle

5 Low
9 DK

1
1
1

b. Car accident
c. WarA lot
a. Serious illness

following?

2

2

2

Some

3

3

3

A bit

4

4

4

Not at all

8

8

8

Other

9

9

9

DK

Q.10 People feel uneasy about themselves or their family members from time to time. How do you personally feel about the

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

1 HighQ.6 Suppose one categorizes classes in your society as in Card 3, which one of the categories would you say your family belongs to?

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

1 Very satisfied

Q.5 In relation to others of your age, how satisfied are you with your health?

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

1

b. Backache (stiff back)0 Not applicableSE 17 People sometimes think of the social status of their families in terms of being high or low. Imagine a ladder with 10 steps. At

1

Yes
a. Headache/migraines/(head left heavy)

Q.4 Have you suffered from any of the following in the past month?

(

Q.3 In general, what would you say is an ideal number of children for a family?

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

1 Would adopt

line?

Q.2 If you did not have children, would you or would you not adopt a child who is not related to you in order to continue your family

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

3 Average

2 Less than the average Japanese

1 More than the average Japanese

Q.1 Would you say that you respect your ancestors more than average or less than the average?

Source: Yoshino, 2006.

for cross-national comparative survey.

Note: Questions are excerpted from Draft translation of the Japanese questionnaire, which is NOT a standardized English version

Appendix C: Questions of East Asia Value Survey used in the studies mentioned in this article

4 “Our income does not cover the needs, there are great difficulties.”

3 “Our income does not cover the needs, there are difficulties.”

2 “Our income covers the needs all right, without much difficulty.”

1 “Our income covers the needs well, we can save.”

income. Please tell me, which of the following statement is closest to your situation?

SE9a Does the total income of your household allow you to satisfactorily cover your needs? I will read out few statements about your

9 Decline to answer

1 Lowest quintile

5 Highest quintile

Just give the letter of the group your household falls into. (SHOWCARD)

average is, counting all wages, salaries, pensions, dividends and other incomes that come in before taxes and other deduction.

SE9 Here is a scale of household [fill in “annual” or “monthly”] incomes. We would like to know in what group your household on

153.

152.

question, Can’t choose & Decline to answer)

strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree? (Do not read: Do not understand the

How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? For each statement, would you say you

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

1

1

1

1

c. sould. Evile. Hellf. Heaven and Paradise

g. sin

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

May exist

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Does not exist

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

DK

1

1

1

1

d. Friends and people you knowe. Parents, brothers, sisters, and other relatives

f. Religion

g. Politics

191

2 Somewhat satisfied

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

2 Somewhat satisfied

9 DK

3 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied
9 DK

4 Somewhat dissatisfied

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

NA

DK/

5 Dissatisfied

5 Dissatisfied

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

Other

2 No

c. Respect for individual rights
d. Respect for individual freedom
9 DK

Q.28 Would you say we can trust most people or better to be always on look out?

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

2 No, they are not

1 Yes, they are

Q.27 Do you suppose most people would try to take advantage of you if there is an opportunity to do so?

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

2 Looking out for themselves

1 Trying to be helpful to others

Q.26 Would you say that most people are helpful to others or are looking after only their interest?

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

2 Daughter son of person whom you are indebted

1 One with the highest grade

one of them would you hire?

b. In this question, let us suppose the applicant who came in second was a daughter or son to whom you are indebted. Now, which

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

2 Your relative

1 One with the highest grade

highest score. Which one of them would you hire?

section chief asks you to decide between the two applicants with the highest score and your relative who received the second

Q.24a. Suppose that you are a company president. The company conducts a test among applicants to select one employee. The

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

9 DK

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

3 To be happy, we must conquer nature

2 To be happy, we must make use of nature

1 To be happy, we must follow the nature.

Q.21 There are three views on man and nature on the card. Which one of them do you feel is closest to the truth?

2 Better to be on look out
8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

3 Divorce is OK when husband and wife mutually agree to divorce

1 Most people are trustworthy

9 DK

1
1

b. Return favors when needed from whom you received favor in the past

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

1
1

a. Love and respect for parents

Selected

Q.23 If you were asked to select the two important items listed on the card, which would they be?

2 Divorce is OK when it is unbearable

1 One should never, ever divorce

Q.20 Of the three views on the card, which do you feel represent your view the most?

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

1 Yes, home is the only place

Q.19 Some people say that home is the only place where you can totally relax and feel comfortable. Do you feel that way or not?

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

1 Very satisfied

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

4 Somewhat dissatisfied

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

Very
important

Q.14 Now I would like to ask how satisfied you feel about your life in general. Would you say you are?

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

1 Very satisfied

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied

1

Q.13 How satisfied are you with your family life?

1c. Free time and relaxation

1

2

Not importantat allb. Career and Job

spouse and children

a. your immediate family members such as

the following is?

Q.12 By using the scale of 1 to 7, 1 being the least important and 7 being the most important, how important do you feel each of

11b. Life after death

1

Existsa. God, gods and Buddha

Q.11 Do you think each of the following exists?

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)
9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)
9 DK

9 DK

192

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

2 Not important

1 Important

Q.32 Without reference in any of the established religions, do you think it important to be of a religious mind?

2 No → Q.32

1 Yes → Q.31b

Q.31a. Next, I would like to ask you about religion. Do you profess to have religious faith?

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

4 Strongly disagree

3 Disagree

2 Agree

1 Strongly agreeb) What is the occupation you yourself would like to have? (Write down all answers if the respondent gives more than one.)

Q.39 a) What occupation do you consider most respected? (Write down all answers if the respondent gives more than one.)

9 DK

Q.38 What is most important for you? (Write down all answers if the respondent gives more than one.)

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

2 Economic growth comes first, even if it harms the environment

1 Protecting the environment comes first, even if economic growth slows

say represents your view?

Q.37 There are often two different views on environmental protection and economic development. Which one of them would you

2 Closer to B’s opinion

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

d. At some point in the future, we can expect to live on Mars as we live on earth today

1 Closer to A’s opinion

4 Strongly disagree

B “Contracts should be written clearly in detail to avoid the possibility of conflicting interpretations.”

2 Agree

3 Disagree

A “If you were to have contract, it is better to keep the contract simple allowing for its flexibility since it is just formality.”

1 Strongly agreec. We can someday solve economic and social problems we face today with the development of science and technology

Q.36 Which comes closer to your opinion?

2 Closer to B’s opinion

4 Strongly disagree

9 DK

1 Closer to A’s opinion

3 Disagree

B “No matter how much parties trust each other, it is better to have contract.”

trust each other.”A “To have a contract constitutes evidence that there is no trust between parties. There in no need to have a contract if parties

Q.35 As you understand a contract, which one of the following comes closest to your opinion?

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

2 No, we don’t have to abide by under certain circumstances

1 We must always abide by law

law is right, we could not help but break the law.

Q.34 There are two different views on law: 1) We must abide by the law, no matter what, 2) If we think the purpose of breaking the

2 Agree

1 Strongly agree

b. If and when science and technology develop further, someday we should be able to understand the human mind

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

4 Strongly disagree

3 Disagree

2 Agree

1 Strongly agree

a. We have illnesses we can better treat with methods other than modern medicine

Q.29 Using the answers on this card, would you tell me how much you agree or disagree with each one of the following statements:

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4

1

i. The United Nations

j. Science and Technology

2

2

2
3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

Wish to have been born a girl

Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

DK

2

8

9

193

9

Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

DK

2)

3)

4)

9

9

9

9

I couldn’t help but giving up the surgery

Others (PLEASE SPECIFY)

2

8

I will have the surgery done, even if it means spending everything I have

I couldn’t help but giving up the surgery

Others (PLEASE SPECIFY)

1

2

8

b. The last question dealt with a benefactor; what would you do if it was one of your parents who need the surgery?

I will use all I have to save Hiraki’s life through surgery

1have to save Hiraki’s life. What do you think you will do?

Hiraki might live if a special surgery is performed that would also eliminate his pain. However, it will take all the assets you

terminal illness. Although unaware, Hiraki has only three months to live, according to his doctors. You also learned thatof Hiraki’s help, you graduated from collage and live comfortable today. Now, you hear that Hiraki is suffering from a

Q.49a. Imagine the following situation. Your parents died when you were young and your neighbor Hiraki brought you up. Because

Male

Female1)b. Now, looking ahead into the future and could be born again, would you rather to be male or female?

Wish to have been born a boy

1

Q.42a. Looking back the past, if you could have been born again, would you rather have been a boy or a girl?

1

1

h. Social welfare facilities

2

do not approve

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

Agree

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

DisagreeStrongly

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Disagree

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

Other

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

know

Don’t

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

2 I thank him/her for saving my life, and forget about the wrongdoings.

1 While I appreciate his/her help in saving me, I still have to report the wrongdoings.

report, your life was saved. Would you still report the wrong doings of the coworker or not?

office and threatened you and others present with weapons. But thanks to the coworker whose wrongdoings you wanted tohimself/herself by breaking the rules, you decide to report it to his superiors. Then, one day, an armed robber broke into theQ.55 Imagine the following situation. You are working for a firm. After discovering the wrongdoings of a coworker benefiting

9 DK

8 Other (PLEASE SPECIFY)

2 Even it helps to save lives, it is not a good idea to extract an organ from dead people

1 It’s a good thing since it will help people who can recover from serious illness to lead normal life again

treatment now available? Which one of the views best represents yours?

die in car accident and illness to people who are suffering from serious illness. How do you feel about this type of medical

Q.53 As a result of advanced medical science technology, we are able to transplant organs such as heart and liver from people whoshould tend to household chores

1

4

1
1

d. Not to marry someone whom your parents

g. Man should work outside and woman

3

9

1

1

c. Wife should go along with her husband

parentsb. The eldest son should look after his aging

a. We should respect ancestor.

1

2

4

9

9

9

9

1

g. NPO・ＮGO (Non Profit Organization. Non

3

4

4

4

4

f. We need a son to keep our family line going

1

1

f. National Assembly (Diet)

2

3

3

3

3

agree

Strongly

Government Organization)

1e. National government bureaucracy

2

2

2

2

DK

Q.50 How do you feel about each of the following traditional values?

e. We should go along with older people

11d. Police

1b. Law and legal systemc. Newspaper, television

1

a. Religious organization

following response categories: 1) very much 2) somewhat 3) not very much 4) not at all

Q.41 How much trust would you give to each one of the following organizations and systems? Please select one answer from the

日本版 General Social Surveys 研究論文集[7] JGSS で見た日本人の意識と行動 JGSS Research Series No.4