1

Annual
RunoffinAsiaMonthly Runoff
http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/

2

Fresh water balances in Asian countries
Water withdrawal per capita (m3/capita/yr)- Demands and resources -10,000

Falkenmark
Criteria

Economic
growth?

1,000
Population
increase
100

100

1,000

10,000100,000

Renewable water resources per capita (m3/capita/yr)

3

Fresh water balances in Asian countries
Water withdrawal per capita (m3/capita/yr)- Demands and resources -10,0001,000(prepared from Aquastat, FAO (2014data)
Falkenmark
Criteria:
1,700 m3/capita

VNM
THA
PHLLKAJPN
KOR
IDN
CHN
NPL

MMR
LAO
MYS

KHM

1001001,000

10,000100,000

Renewable water resources per capita (m3/capita/yr)

4

Human Activities
and Water

5

Human Activities
Fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides, etc.
and Water
Livestock excreta, growth hormones,●●antibiotics, etc.

● Treated sewages, nutrients, pharmaceuticals● Solid garbage, plastic compounds, etc.

● Toxic heavy metal ions, oils,

organochlorine compounds, waste
organics, waste chemicals, etc.

6Run-offWater

Gross
Domestic
Product
Fertilizer, technologies, etc.

River, Dam,
Ground water

Agricultural Use

Agriculturalvalue added
Industrial structure, efficiencies, etc.

Industrial Use

Industrial value
addedMarket systems, etc.

Domestic Use
Environmental
Water

Services value
added

Ecosystem
Services 7

Per Capita Value Added of each sector
in WEPA countries in 2014
100(unit: US$ (2010))

1,000

Cambodia
China
Indonesia
Japan
Korea, Rep.
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Nepal
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam

10,000100,000

World Development Indicators, WB (2016)

Agriculture

IndustryServices etc.

8Freshwater withdrawal per capita
in DIA sectors in WEPA countries
1(unit: m3/capita/yr)
10100

1,000

Domestics

9Cambodia
China
Indonesia
JapanKorea, Rep.
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Nepal
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
VietnamAgriculture

Industry

Sectoral water utilization per capita(m3/capita/year)

Water utilizations in DIA sectors in WEPA countries
1000≈ 500 m3/yr
400 ℓ/day

100

10Agriculture
Industry
Service vs Domestic

1101001,000

10,000

Sectoral value added per capita (US$, 2010)

100,000
10Sectoral water utilization per capita(m3/capita/year)

Water utilizations in DIA sectors in WEPA countries
1000MYS KOR

100PHL

JPN
CHN

THA
LKA
LAO IDN
VNM

10MMR
KHM
NPL

110

100

1,000

Agriculture
Industry
Service vs Domestic
10,000

Sectoral value added per capita (US$, 2010)

100,000
11

Economic growths in WEPA countries

GDP per capita (current USD)

100,000

10,000

1,000

100(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)
Global Environment Issues:Japan

Global warming, biodiversity,Korea
resources recycling, marine
Malaysia
conservation, etc.
China

Water
Pollution
Control Law(1970)

Urban Environment
Problems: Nonpoint

Thailandsources, air pollution,
Industrial eutrophication, etc.

Sri Lanka

Pollution:

Indonesia

Minamata
Disease,Yokkaichi
Asthma,Itai-Itai
Disease,etc.

Philippines

1960 65

70

Lao PDR
Vietnam
MyanmarCambodia
Nepal
7580859095 2000 05

101512Fresh water utilization and value added in manufacturingindustries in Japan (2014)

Fresh water utilization （million m3）

Prepared from Statistical Chart on Industry (METI), Land/water division (2014)
100,000

Steel

Chemistry

10,000

Total
Manufacturing

Pulp & paper
Petroleum Pulp & paper

Chemistry
Transport Vehicles
Steel Food
Ceramic/stones
Electronics
TextilesFoodMetal, nonFe Plastics
TextilesPlastics
Metal, nonFe Drinks/tobacco
Electronics
Ceramic/stones
RubberTransport Vehicles
Petroleum
Drinks/tobacco

1,000100

Consumed water cost
= About 1% of value added(assuming ¥100/m3)

Fresh water demand

RubberFresh water consumption= Demand - Recycled

100.1110100

Value added （trillion yen）

1,00013

Industrial Water Utilization in Japan (2014)
Fresh Water (1,000 m3/day)
Manufacturing
Industries

SeaWater
Recycle(1,000Raw Processing
water Boiler
OthersCoolingm3/day)material /washing
Utilization

Total

Total

124,974 98,5711,655

740

20,396 97,786 4,397 39,048

Chemical

41,681 35,998

464

184

1,412 38,585 1,035 14,000

Iron & steel

37,053 33,549

116

0

3,067 32,712 1,158 14,959

Pulp & paper

11,636

4,867

313

10

8,948

1,940

425

28

Transportationequipment

6,998

6,348

35

0

2,694

3,985

284

22

6,795

5,984

188

0

45

6,325

237

7,413

3,597

1,081

188

309

1,393

1,493

214

675

2,732

1,957

190

738

1,785

190

-Plastics

2,672

1,813

61

1

135

2,366

109

0

Ceramics & stone

2,533

1,9184441304

2,042

102

485

Textile

2,500

1,121

63

1653

1,689

94

36

Nonferrous metal

2,477

1,836

21-

202

2,187

67

1,411

Top 11 Petro. & coal
Water
Users Food
Electronics

14

Virgin textiles
Water supply

Cotton,(short fiber)

Enzyme desizer, weak acid,oxidizing desizer

Desizing

Weak alkaline, surfactants,
strong base solutions, etc,

Scouring(Desizing)

Bleaching(Bleaching)Dip dyeing

Dyes, surfactants, additives,etc.

Printing

FinishingAlkaline, oils, wax, pectin,
colors, etc.
Chlorines, decomposeddyes, fibers, surfactants,
salts, etc.
Sodium hydroxide, fibers

Mercerizing

Dyes, gum, surfactants, etc.

Finishing chemicals, softener,plastics, starch, etc.

Fiber fragments, starch,
PVA, decomposed desizers,
weak acid, etc.
Oils, starch, PVA, desizers,
weak acid, etc.

Scouring

Sodium hydroxide, surfactants
Hypochlorites, alkaline,
sodium chlorite, acids,hydrogen peroxide, sulfuricacid, salts
Sodium hydroxide

Synthetic fiber
Wastewater(long fiber)

Finishing

Products

Residual dyes,
surfactants, additives, etc.
Cu, Cr film formers,acids, plating wastes, etc.

Excess chemicals,surfactants, etc.

15

Water demands in cotton textile (short fiber)
dyeing factories in Japan

Water used (1,000 m3/day)100

Average unit
= 0.04 m3/m2

Dip dyeing

10Printing

1101001,000

Processing amount (1,000 m2/day)

Asahara, Hayano
16& Suzuki (1975)

Process wastewaters in textile dyeing factory---An example of cotton textile printing---Amount of COD discharged(g/kg product)40

COD: 2,000 mg/l
COD-richemissions3530

1,000 mg/l

2520

Scouring

15100Desizing

Bleach-ing Washing

50Total mixedwastewater
500 mg/l

20100 mg/l
Finishing
4060

Amount of water used (kg/kg product) 1780

Final Remarks
1. Southeast Asian countries benefitting from monsoon
precipitation, are considered to have sufficient water
resources for further development, while seasonal andspatial heterogeneity may retard accessibility to therenewable water resources.
2. For economic growth of a country, development of theindustrial sector is considered as one of the key factors.
3. Water demands in industries grow in parallel with theeconomical development, and it should be noted thatunit demand (consumption per value added) is highly
dependent on manufacturing categories.
4. Main water utilizations in manufacturing industries areprocess water (16.3%, Japan) and cooling water (78.2%, Japan),where recycling use of cooling water is the first to betried and achieved.
5. Water used in unit processes in manufacturers needs
careful consideration from the standpoint ofeffectiveness of wastewater treatment system andenvironmental impacts of effluent water.
18