Kobe University Repository : Kernel
Title

The Story of Raga : A man's Ethnography on His Own
Society (III) Marriage

Author(s)Yoshioka, Masanori

Citation

国際文化学研究 : 神戸大学国際文化学部紀要,20:47*-95*

Issue date2003-09

Resource Type

Departmental Bulletin Paper / 紀要論文

Resource Version

publisher

DOI
URL

http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/81001268

Create Date: 2017-02-13

47

The

StoryofRaga:AMan'sEthnographyon

HisOwnSociety(皿)Marriage

MasanoriYOSHIOKAINTRODUCTION

ThisisthethirdpartofanEnglishtranslationofaharld‑copied
bookwhichwaswritteninthe"Raga"1anguagebythelateRev.
DavidTevimulein1966."Raga"isalarlguagespokenbythepeopleofNorthRaga(northernpartofRagaorPentecostIsland)in
Vanuatu.Theworkconsistsoftwentychapters,whichcovervarious
aspectsofNorthRagaculture:itsoriginmyth,kinrelations,gradedsystem,chiefs,initiationriteandcustomsrangingfrombirth,mar‑riage,todeath.InthispaperItranslateChapters8and9inwhich
Rev.DavidTevimuledescribescustomsconcerningmarriage.(DAIthoughhestartshisdescriptionfromthebirthofagirlandrefers
tothecustomofso‑calledinfantbetrothal,hismainconcernison
themarriageceremony.

1

HereIpresentsomematerialsconcerningmarriageceremony
whichwerecollectedduringmyfieldresearches.Marriageceremony
isclassifiedintotwokinds,oneofwhichiscalledん

tommarriage)inBislama(Vanuatupidgin)andtheotherofwhichis/osmαrit(churchmarriage).。Kαstornmαritisusuallyreferredto
aslαgiαnαinRagalanguageandisthoughttobebasedonhα1αnαs亡ommαrit(cus‑48

1αgiαnα(theroadofthemarriage)whichhasbeenpracticedfrombe‑
fore.1「willdescribethiskindofmarriageceremony,whichItenta‑

tivelycalltraditiorlaLItisequalinmajorpointstotheceremony
whichisdescribedbyRev.Tevimulebutisdifferentinsomeminor

polnts.
Atraditionalmarriageceremonyiscomposedofthreestages.The

firststageisheldonthedaybeforemarriageinthevillageofthebrideandthebridegroomrespectively.Thisisthepre‑stageofthemarriageceremony.Ineachsidetheyprepareforthedayofmar‑
riage.Thesecondstageisheldinthevillageofthebrideontheday
ofmarriage.Atthisstage,peopleofthebridegroorn'ssidetakethebrideandherbelongingstothevillageofthebridegroom,Afterthe
secondstage,alltheattendantsmovetothevillageofthebride‑

groom,wherethethirdstageisheld.Herethebridewealthisbe‑
stowedtothebridegroom.(2)Inthisway,thepeopleofthebridelssideaswellasthoseofthebridegroomlssidelastlycometogethertothevillageofthebride‑

groom,wherethebigbanquetisgiven.Thepeopleofthebridewhichiscalledα亡α 亡unひαひine(thesideofthewoman)arecomposedofthetαmα(father)ofthebride,herびω αひω α(father'ssister),thebridels

clusterrnembers,andhermoietymembersotherthanthebride‑

groom「s亡αmαandび

ω α びω α.(3)Thesameclassificationisalsoapplied

tothepeopleofthebridegroom(αyoungboy).Thosepeopleareentertainedwithalotofkavaand
mealscookedintheearth‑oveninthebanquet,whichismanagedby
therealfatherofthebridegroom.

Kavaisabeveragepreparedfromtherootsoftheplantwiththesamename(!)ipermethys亡icum).Kavaisusuallyplantedinthefield

亡α 亡unrnω

α1αgelo:thesideofthe

49

farawayfromthevillage.ItisnotaneasyworktQbringalotof

kavarootsfromthefieldtothevillage.Thisis,however,justanini‑tialsteptoproduceakavadrink.Thereremainstheprocesstopre‑

pareabeveragefromitsroots.First,kavarootsarecutintosmall
pieces.Thenyoupickahandfulofthesepieceswiththelefthandandaserratedstonewiththerighthand.Thekavapiecesarethus

groundedandtwistedbybothhands.Alittlewaterisaddedtothesmashedkavarootsandtheyarekneaded.Someamountofliquidcomesoutfromsqueezingthesekneadedroots.Itisnotdrinkableyet.Itbecomesdrinkablewhenitisfilteredbyasheetofcoconut
fiberandisservedinacoconutcup.(4)Thefoodintheearth‑oveniscalledびω αびwαligi.Whenひω αvω αligiismade,firstofal1,youhavetohavemanystones

burnedbyfirewoodintheearth‑oven.Afterthestonesarewellheated,theyareremovedfromtheoven.Thenleavesofheliconia(.Heliconiαindicα)arelaidontheheatedbottomoftheearth‑oven,

andrawfoodswrappedupinthesameleavesareputonthem.Aftertheovenisfilledwithfoods,theyarecoveredagainwiththeseleaves,
Finally,theheatedstones,whichhavebeenremovedfromtheovenin

thepriorstepareputontheseleaves(Photo1).Whenthestonescool
downafterseveralhours,thecookingisfinished.Vωkindofbakinginacasserole.Inthisway,vω

stonestobeburned,alotofpiecesoffirewoodwhichburnstones,
andleavesofheliconiabywhichtheingredientsarewrapped.The
classificatoryfathersandfather'ssistersofthebridegroornareasked

tofetchfirewoodfromthefield,tobringstonestobeburnedfrom

thestonegroundonecanfindsuchkindofstones,tobringleaves
fromthefield,andsoon.

αvω αligiisa
αvω αligirequiresmany

50

Photo1

Hereisanexampletoillustratethisprocedure.Supposethatthe
marriageceremonyisheldatAvillag已andamanofBvillage(whoisaclassificatoryfatherofthebridegroom)isr已questedtofetchfire‑

wDodforearth‑oven.Thedateof七heworksisfixedbytherealfa‑

therofthebridegroom.Ontheday,thismansetstoworkwiththe
assistanceofthepeopleofBvillage,Thefirewoodiscutdownfrom
thefieldownedbythepeopleo.「Bvi/lage.Thefieldwhichhasalot

ofpiecesoffirewoodandisnearAvillageisselected.Theystartto

workinthernDrning.ThelunchisservedinAvillage,Sincethe
otherworkssuchascollectingleaves,bringingston已s,andsoonare
alsodoneonthesameday,aloしofpeoplewhecomefromseveralvil‑lagesinNor七hRagaeatlunchinAvillage.Afterlunch,theywork

againtillev臼ningwhentheygobacktoAvillage.Inthevillage,kava
andsupperarepreparedbythepeopleofAvillage.Peoplewhofin‑ishedworkingareservedtodrinkkava.Afterdrinkingkava,eachQf

themisgivenabasketfilledwithmeals(tarooryamandmeatsetc.)

51

forsupperandtheygobacktotheirownvillagewiththesebaskets.

Throughthemarriagecerernony,therearetwokindsofNorth

Raganwealth,whichplayimportantroles,thatis,bigredmatand

pig.TherearefourkindsofmatinNorthRaga,Oneisabigwhite
rnatcalledbω

αnmαitαwhichiswovenofpandunusleaves.Anotheris

abigredmatcalledbω

αnrnemeαwhichisthebω

αnmαi亡αdyedred.

Bwαnmemeαisoftenreferredtoassimplybwanα.Anothermatisa
smallwhitematcalledbαrimαi亡

αwhichisalsowovenofpandanus

leaves.Theothermatisasmallredmatcalledbαrimemeαorsimplybαriwhichisbαrimαi亡

αdyedred.Bω

αnαQrbigredmatisakindof

traditionalmoneyandplaysanimportantroleinthelifeofNorth
Raga.Bαriorasmallredmatisusedforasupplementofbigredmatinthecaseofexchangeorpayment.Smallredmatisalsoused

asatraditionaldress,WomenuseditasaloinclothandmenasaG‑

strlng.
Pigsareclassifiedintothreekinds,thatis,sows(durα),bisexualpigs(ravωe),andboars,ThereisnospecialRaganameforaboar
anditisusuallycalledboewhichisthegeneralnameforapig,Bothofbisexualpigsandboarshavetusksbutnowwecannotfindbisex‑

ualpigsinNorthRaga.Boarsareclassifiedaccordingtothesizeof
thetusk(Figure1).Boarswhichdonothavetusksyetarecalled

udurugu.Boarswhosetusksarejustcomirlgoutfromthelowerjaw

arecalledうololvαgα.Youcanknowthatithassmalltusksonlywhen
itopensitsmouth.WhenitstuskscomeoutoftheInouthpiercing
theupperlip,thepigiscalled̀αひsiri.Boarswhosetusksarecurving

andreachcheeksarecalledbobibiα.Boarswhichhaveroundedtusks

arecalledmα

ろα,themeaningofwhichistorest,Itiscalledmα

becausethetipsofthetuskcomesbacktotheboneofthelowerjaw

ろu

52

加鋤 競

tavsrt耀α動bololvaga

lewerjaw
jivaaia

Figure1aregrowingmoreandstartto

andstopsthere.Boarswhosetusks
drawsecondarcarecalledlivoα1α.

1[(1)Firststageinthevillageofthebridegroom

Onadaybeforemarriage,peoplecometogethertothevillageof
thebridegroom.Theyareαtαtunrnω

α1αgelo.Today,akindofうwα1αi亡oα(jokingbehavior)isoccasionallyheld.Snakehasanimportantrolein

thisjokingbehavior.Theclassificatorymothersofthebridegroom
dancesαびαgorodanceinthemeetinghouse(gαmα1のwhileoutsidethe

meetinghouse,thefather'ssistersofthebridegroomdancetigodancewithlongbamboosintheirhandsinwhichsnakesarepacked.Thenthelattergroupgoesintothemeetinghouseandtheystrikethe
bambooonthefloorofthemeetinghouseinorderthatthesnakes
maycomeout.Agreatuproaroccurs,Theygraspthesnakeandtear

off,Thefather「ssistersblockthedoorofthemeetinghousewith

53

flamesofpalm

torchesin

orderthattheclassificatory

notgooutside(Photo2).

Afterthat,thefatherlssistergoesout..ゴ...

..灘

rnotherscan

r . 黙 騨 を.
鞍
難P
鹸 歯.

..
「.ヒ.隔.:of∵;::{:1欝
…1レ

ドド

亀 ,

2.・
ズ....

'r

.・1..綴1,

騒操

黙

議︑

噸

,嘗
.

籍

擁礫

.欝

≡..11

:.:;漆

重
・ 魅

..1憂1腹.鷺1ゼ
.理

τ.町1

三舗
..

門 ﹄
.
讃 .

m⁝

』

璽

嶺3∫
≧
田.ノ

.

蟻墜緊 簿

.ド.一

ノ

サ

ン

.ピ

∫.唾
繕
.㌔

.」

コ

り

ドゆ

螺

.....1;!灘..「YhQtoとthemeetinghousewithSheisgivena
bigredmatinthehavebeenth已

originalcustomofthetheNorthre‑cently,〔5〕AfterthiskindQfbwα1αitoα,comeshunhttniinwhiehしhebride‑

groomputstheendofanunfoldedbigredrnaもov已rhisheadandgivesitもohisclassificatoryfatherDrfather'ssisterwhQwerkedfor
thepreparationofthebanque七〇fthefQllowingdayorwilldQsome

kindofwDrkinit(seePhQto3),ThemenwhowererequestedtD
fetchfirewood,stonesfor七heearth‑oven,leavesforcooking

plantfromthefieldareallgivenbigredmatsinhunhuni,Theman
ofBvillag已intheabQveexanlplewhDisrequestedtofetchfirewood
isgivenabigredmatinしhismanner.ce}ThemenwhQarerequested,andkava

ヨ

蝿…

54

Photo3tQmakekavabeverage,carrybucketsofwaterforkavamaking,peal
しarosoryams,killacattleinordertopreparesidedishesintheban一quetofthefollowingday,andtedosava80rodanceafterfQ!lewing
daゾsceremonyarealsogivenbigredmatsinthisscene.
AswasmentiQnedabov∈,amanwhoisrequestedtofetchfire‑
woodcutstherndownfromthefieldoftheIandofapersQnQfthesamevillageashirn,AsfortheleavesforcQoking,therealfatherof

thebridegroomusual/ysays,"Youtakethemfrornmyfieldormy
son'sfield".Inspiteofsuchasuggestion,theman,whDwasasked
forthework,oftentakesthemfrQmhisownfieldsincetheseleaves

growquicklyandarenotsovaluable.Butkavaisusuallycutdown
fromthefieldoftherealfatherofthebrldegroom.Asforstonesfor
theearth‑oven,everyplaceisaccessibleforthistask.
Therearesomedifferencesbetweenhunhunitothefathersand

thattothefather「ssisters.Intheformercase,abigredmatisg三ven

55

toeachmanwhileinthelattercasesomesmallredmatsareadded

toabigredmat.Suchsmallredmatsareusuallygiventothefa‑

ther'ssisterofthebridegroomwithnoexpectationofreturninggift.
Thiskindofgiftiscalled亡α ろθ侃

α.Inthecasethatseveralsmallmats

aregiventothefatherlssister,thesematsaresometimesregardedas

vuro,whichmeansadebt.Thisisofteninformedtothemat‑receiver

orally.Ifamatisgivenasvuro,amatofthesamevalueshouldbe

givenbackinfuturetothemat‑giverwhoisbasicallytherealparents
ofthebridegroom(thereturngiftiscalledsobωesobωe).(7)Inthisway,manymatsarenecessaryfortherealparentsofthebridegroom,towhommanymatshavebeengiveninadvancebytheirrelatives.Onthedayofhunhuni,thefather'ssistersaswellastheclassificatorymothersandsistersofthebridegroorncometohisvil‑

lagewithalotofmats.Thematsoftheformeraregiventohisreal

parentsasvurowhichshouldbegivenbackinthefuturetothefa‑
ther「ssisters,whilethoseofthelatteraregivenastαbeαnαwhichmeansthatthereisnoobligationtodoareturngifttothem.

Thebigredmattransactedinhunhuniisregardedasrnωernωeαruvω

Mwemωeαruvω

αisanintermediarycategorybetween亡

vurointhesensethatareturngiftisnotneededwithtαbeαnαanditisamustwithvurowhileitis"expected"withrnωernωeαruvwα.In

theotherwords,althoughamat‑giverisnotabletodemandareturn

gifttothemat‑receiver,thelatterisexpectedtodoitinthefixedmanner.SupposeaclassificatoryfatherAisrequestedtofetchfire‑
woodandisgivenabigredmatinhunhunifrorntherealfatherB

ofthebridegroomD.AisexpectedtogivebackabigredmattoB

inthecaseofthemarriageceremonyofA'ssonCinwhichAasks
Bforcuttingfirewoodortheotherworkandputsabigredmat

α.

αbeαnαand56

overtheheadofCandgivesittoB(Figure2).
AB
o△

△

＼/

△
CD

〆嘱

＼

Figure2(2)Firststageinthevillageofthebride.

Inthevillageofthebride,thingswhichthebridebringswithher
onthedayofthemarriageareprepared.Theyconsistoftwobig
sackswovenofpandanusleavescalledtαhbuniαanddailycommodi‑

tiessuchasanalcohollarnp,abushknife,asuitcase,dishes,seats,

cups,dressesandsoon.
Sacksarefilledwithmats.Oneofthetwosacksisfilledwithone
bigwhitemat,manybigredmats,andrnanysmallredmats.These

arebasicallypreparedbythebride「srealmotherandrealfatherand

aretobeownedbythebride.Thisactioniscalledんoんogoniび
thedayisalsonamedhohogonivω

bride).Theothersackwasfilled,aswasobservedinamarriagecere‑

monybymein!981,withonebigwhitematandsixbigredmats.
Thesearepreparedbythebride'sfathersandareputinthesackby
herfather「ssisters.Herrealfatherpreparestworedmats,oneclas‑
sificatoryfatherpreparesonewhitemataswellasoneredmat,andthreeclassificatoryfathersprepareoneredmatrespectively.Theseω αandαofso‑and‑so(thenameofthe

57

fivefathersofthebrideincludingherrealfatherplayimportantrolesinthemarriageceremonyaswellashermarriagelife。Irefertothemhereasthebride'sFATHERS.
FATHERSarethereceiverofthebridewealth,whichconsistsof

pigs.Theinformatiorlaboutthenumberandstatusofpigsisan‑
nouncedinadvancetothepeopleofthebridelsside.FATHERS,con‑sideringhowmanymatsareequaltowhatstatusofpig,puttheirownmatsinthesack.Inthismarriagecase,thebridewealthconsists
offivepigs,thatis,bobibiα,亡αひsiri,2bololvαgαs,andudurugu.Realfatherofthebridewhoputstwobigredmatsinthesackwillget

bobibiα,theclassificatoryfatherwhopresentsabigwhitematanda
bigredmatwillget亡

αひsiri,andeachofotherthreeclassificatoryfa‑

therswhogiveabigredmatwillgettheremainingpigsrespectively.

SixredInatstheFATHERSofthebrideputinthesackwillgoto

thebridegroomalthoughthewhitematwillbeownedbythebride.
Someofthedailycommoditiesandmoneyaregiventothebride
byherkin.Thebride'skininthiscontextmeansthemembersofher

moietyandher亡αmα(fathers)andひω αひω α(father'ssisters)who

areintheothermoiety.Themoietymemberswhoareher亡

αrα わθ

(rnotherlsbrothers),hertuα(sisters),orherんogosi(brothers)mainly

givemoneytothebride。Suchapresentiscalledtαbeαnαbutsome
menthinksuchagiftisakindofmωeアnweαruびsificatoryfatherswhogiveheranalcohollamp,abushknife,ora
suitcasearedifferentpersonsfromherFATHERSmentionedabove.
Thosethingsgivenbythemorthebride'sfather「ssistersshouldbe
reciprocatedbybigredmatsinthesceneofhunhuniwhichisheld

lateronthesameday.
Inhunhunimanyclassificatoryfathersorfather'ssistersofthe

ω α.Thebride「sclas‑

58

bridebesidesthosementionedabovearegivenbigredmats.Althoughthebigbanquetwillbeheldinthevillageofthebridegroomthefol‑
10wingday,today'sbanquetinthevillageofthebrideshouldbear‑

rangedbytherealfatherofthebride.Classificatoryfatherswhoare

askedtocutdownfirewood,ordotheotherworksarealsogivenbig
redmatshere.Theclassificatoryfathersorfather'ssisterswhoprevi‑
ouslygavebigredmatsasvurototheparentsofthebridewilltake

soわ ω θsoωわθ(returngift)inthishunんuni.Personswhoalwaysgive

assistancetQthebrideorFATHERSandtheirwivesmayalsobecomethemat‑receiverhere,whilethemat‑giverisbasicallylimitedtothe
FATHERSandtheirwives.

皿(1)Secondstage

Onthedayofthemarriageceremony,firstofall,thebridewith
thingssuchasbigsacksandcommoditiesistakenovertothepeople
ofthebridegroom'sside.Inthehouseofthebride,peopleofthebridelssideareseentocry.Thenthemothers,sisters,andfather'ssistersofthebridegroomgowithmakingabignoise.Thisisakind
ofbwα1αitoα,thatis,ajokingbehavior.Inthisscene,thefatherlssis‑
terspourmuddywateronthemothersandsistersortheformer

ticklesthelatter(seePhoto4).Afterthat,thebrideledbyoneof

herfather'ssistersgoesoutofherhouse.Theyputanunfoldedbig
redmatovertheirheadssothatthebridemaynotvisibleclearly(seePhoto5).Insomemarriages,hunhuniisheldnearherhouse.
Althoughinoldendays,thebridekilledatuskedboaratthistime,

"隆.

噸囎 識

59

睡.

。

撫 鞍

}

.
%,.

胴
魯 ⁝⁝

耀磁

.繋

.垂:、

驚

.,… 触

酸....

ヤ、

...興
PhQto4

Photo5

nowsheonlytapstheheadorskul正ofthetuskedpigbyawalking
stick.Thiswasandisoneofoccasionsforawomantogetapig一

.
幅

雇.
.
.
矯田

嶺

...・ 蝉 廟...

熱

L轟

＼.

60

name.
ThereisagradedsystemforwomaninNorthRaga.(8)Women
enterthegradedsystembykillingpigsofprescribedstatusandnum‑
ber.Seefigure3.WhenshekillsatuskedboartQenteranewgrade,

Pigtobekilled
Nameofthegrade
statUS.

πLωα

膨伽rμ9α1うoZoん α9α

1.Pm乙̀α πnumber,「れ ὼsαZθ

亡α りS乙r̀1

れ̀亡αzα6うob弼 α1mαbμor麗UOαZα1.

ηLOむαr己Figure3

shegetsanewnameafterthenameofthegrade.Thisisthepig‑
name(ihαboe).Forexample,awomanofthelowestgrademwei

maybenamedMωeimαiαnαwhileawomanofmo亡

grade,maybenamedMo亡

αri,thehighest

αriα1α.Asmentionedabove,nowadaythebridedoesnotreallykillapigbutusuallytaptheheadofthepigby
awalkingstick.Howeverthisisenoughtogetanewpig‑name.

Aftersuchascerle,thebrideledbyherfatherlssistermovesto

themiddleof七heceremonialground(sαrα)inthevillage.Thebride's

thingssuchastwobigsacksandcommoditieswhicharebroughtto
thevillageofthebridegroomareputthereandthebridewithherfa‑
ther'ssisterwhoiscoveredwithanunfoldedbigredmatandthereal

fatherofthebridestandbythesethings.Thepeopleofthebride‑

groomaregatheringintheendoftheceremonialgroundandmake
hunhuniinwhichsomeoftheclassificatoryfathersandfatherlssis‑

tersofthebridegroomaregivenbigredmats.Thesepersonswill

61

playaroleofしak主ngthebrideaswellasthebride「sthings.Afterhunh"ni,theアwalkovertothosepeoplestandinginthemiddleofthe
ceremonialground,circulatethem,andtouchthehemoftheclothes
oftherealfatherofthebrideiDturn.Thismeansthattheyreceive
thebrideandthebride'sthingsfromhim(seePhoto6),、鶴 嘉 鷺徳
.麟...

.
﹁'‑

.

. ‑
審
㎏⁝
.
3

繍

肇欝整

麹

噛.
己...

転

摯 ミ 将
r..
..
.
欝
﹁

罵 囎騰騒 賑

灘憲

卵

箏ド

窒:

tt.3験

Photo6

Arawyamispuしononesackinwhichmaもswerepackedby
FATHERS.Oneofth∈moth已rsofthebridegToDmbringsthissack
whiletheothersack玉scarriedbyoneofthemothersofthebride.

Oneofthesistersofthebridegroom(notnecessarilyhisrealsister)

gnawsabit.ofth已rawyamandspitsitout,This三ssaid七
thatherbrother(thebridegroom)"spitsout"hissementQthebride.
ThisyamiscQQkedaIldeatenonlybythesis七ersofthebridegrDom.

Then,alloftheattendantsrnovetothevillageofthebridegroom.On

thewaytothevillag已ofth已bridegroorn,akindQfbwalaitoawas
heldbefDrebutisnotheldinrecentrnarriageceremonies.Iobserved

〇mean

画灘

t.t1

幽

客 ⁝奪 ︑

・
ノ

.群

〆澱

黛 奪

塞

畿.

}・

62

onlyonecasein1974inwhichamanhitpersonswithislandbroom.(9)(2)Thirdstage

Inthevillageofthebridegroom,thebridewealthisgiventothe
FATHERSofthebride.Priortotheopeningoftheceremony,many

postshavebeensetontheceremonialgroundintwolines.Oneline
iscalled9αinboe(postofpig)andtheotheriscalled9αinlihilihiαnα(postoflinilihiαnα).Pigsfastenedtothepostsintheformerlinearethebridewealth(びo伽ひavine=thepaymentofthewoman)andtheygototheFATHERSofthebride.

Thebridewealthissometimespreparedonlybythebridegroom

andsometimesbyhisrelatives.Whenhisrealfatherpresentspigsas
thebridewealth,thesepigsareregardedastαbe侃

αtohim.Inthis

case,thematstheFATHERSofthebrideputinthesackareall

ownedbythebridegroom.Whentheotherrelativesofthebridegroom

suchashisclassificatoryfather,hisbrother,hissister「ssonorany
relativespresentpigsasthebridewealth,thesepigsareregardedto
becompensated.Usuallythesegiftsarecompensatedbythematsof

theFATHERSofthebride.Forexample,inthecasethatthebride‑

groompresentshisownbobibiαandbololvαgα,hisrealfather亡andudurugu,andhisclassificatoryfatherうololvα9αandsixbigredmatswereputinthesackbytheFATHERSofthebride,fivemats

willbeownedbythebridegroomandonebyhisclassificatoryfather.

Ontheceremonialground,bigredmatsthenumberofwhichis
thesameasthatofpigsareputbesidesthem.Thesematswhicharecalledrαunlogo(1eafoflaplap;laplapisakindofpudding)gotothe
father'ssistersofthebride.Thepigsfastenedtothepostsinthe

α びsかl63

latterlirleareusedinti.niltftianawhichisthescemoftheexchange

ofpigsandbigredmats.

TwQmQrepostsarebuiltonthegroundbetwe臼nしhesetwolines
ofposts,Anoteof1QOOvatuigattachedtooneofしhesetwoposts∫L①
Thisiscalledtavwenうibiliana(しhepaym已ntfDrもhedirtyworks)

whichisgiventotherealInotherorparentsofthebridefromthe

parentsQfthebridegroom.Thisissaidtobethepaymentforthe
personalneedsofthebridewhenshewasababy,Toもheotherpostof
thesetwoisfastenedasowcalleddurαnvaりine(asowQfthewoman),

whichisgiventotherealmotherofthebridefromtheparentsofthebride言room.

蟻.卵1耳...・
㌧1;『
三ザ.昌

..∵ 蹄.…
.、

冗ガ...「:二 上.織・《llt∴・/、

tt.達・..寝.・・1…
…1響認.・ …,//,,・/田㌧..田写;.壕....::1・..・/;......㍉.....∵
喚1窒『..ぎ.田
㍗
.継
::島
∴1:に.
..1..∫.滋1辱
醤:1慰lll∵.醤
曇 こ な:11∵
・
Photo7

NDwthebridegroomgivesabigredmattohisclassificatorアfa‑
therwhoisalBochief(ra亡

αhigi)inthehunhunimanner.ωThenthe

bridegroonlsしandsbythepoststowhichmanypigsarefastened.The
chiefm已ntionedabov已givesthebridegroomadvic巳sal〕outlif已inabig

64

voice(seePhoto7).Afterthat,theFATHERSofthebrideandtheirwiveswalktothebridegroomontheceremonialground,circlearourld
himandallofthepigs,andtouchtheherrlofhisc王othesrespectively.
TheybringallQfもhepigsandbigredmats.Thisisthescenein

whichthebridewealthisgiventothefatherofthebride.Pigsas
bridewealtharethosefastenedtothepQstsinonehne,thenumber
ofwhichisusuaHyfive.Theothermanypigsaretheobjecしofthe

exchangeinliiiili泥ianα,Inlinitihiana,eachofthernotherofthebrideputssornebigredmatsovertheheadofthebrideandsaystothebridegroom,forex
amp[e,"Faしher,yourしhreebigredmatsandtensmallredmatsare
there(Bwananzwa,tatα,gaitolumαimαIOtnwαha元vul")."㈲The

motherofthebridereferstothebridegroomasfatherbecausesheis

hisdaughter(nitu)(Figure4).(13)Thenthebridegroomcomestothe
brldeしoしakethesemaしs(seePhoto8),

ご捕 漏:
爵

瓢

「
岬

≧ .

補

垂
幽

蔓一
.

.唇..
PhotD8.琶..1己
己
岬 ・.磁

65

Thosewomenpreparethesematsassumingthatthesematsmay
haveequalvaluetosoandsostatusofpig.Theexchangeofmats

andpigsinlihliniαnαisroughlybasedontheequivalenceruleshown

inFigure5.Inonemarriageceremony,twentythreepersonspre‑sentedmatsinZ̀㍊

statusofpig

戯

αη α.

mats

ω(加彫8昆1bigredrnat

わoZoん α9α2bigredmatsand50r10smallredmats,,

̀αひs乙π3bigredmatsand10smallredmats

うoう謝 α4bigredmatsand10smallredmats㎜ αわα

5bigredmatsand10smallredmats

伽oαZα

6bigredmatsarld10smallredmats

Figure5
Thenumberofpersonswhopresentmatsissometimesoverthat
ofpigs.Inthiscase,somepersonswhocannotfindpigstobe

)

r
8
t
h
岩
U
a
d
(

)

r
ε
t
h
留
口
a
d
(

1

躍

e
h
土
a
f
' ︑

⊇

)
r
e
﹄
t
a
f
(

f

Figure4

66

exchangedwithmatsgobackhomewiththeirmats.Sometimestheownerofthepigdoesnotagreethatthepresentedmatshaveequalvaluetohispig.Inthiscase,theexchangeisnotsettled・Incertain

marriageceremony,althoughawomanpresen七edthreebigredmats

andtensmallredmatsinordertogettαvsiri,thereremainedno
亡αvsiri.Thenthewomanlastlydecidedtoexchangetwobigredmats
andtensmallredmatswithbololvαgα.Inananothermarriagecere‑mony,awomanpresentedfourbigredmatsandfortysmallredmatstogetlivoα1α,Theexchangewassuccessfullytransactedinthis
case.
After醗IZ戯α ηα,thebridegoestothehouseofthebridegroom.

Oneofhissistersputsagreenleafofcoconutonthefloorasthesit‑

tingplaceofthebride.Sheisgivenasmallredmatforthisaction.
Therealfatherofthebridesays,"Thisisyoursittingplace,mydaughter,foreverforever(Tαnornwαhαgegehimωeivαi亡uαiひThenbeginsろω αnlailαi.Heretherealmotherofthebridegivesbig

redmatstothesistersorbrothersofthebridegroomwhoassisted
meals,kava,matsinthemarriageceremony・
Whilebwαnlαilaiisperformedinfrontofthehouseofthebride‑

groom,threeearth‑ovensaresetinthemeetinghouse,wherevω αvwaligisaremade.Inthefirstovennamed"theovenforall,"tuberclessuchastarosoryamsandthemeatsofthebeastssuchas

pigswhichwerekilledforthetoday'sbanquetorrecentlycattlearecooked.Thesemealsareforalloftheattendantstotheceremony.

Themealscookedinthesecondovennamed"theovenforthefather
ofthebride"areonlyforthefathersandthefather「ssistersofthebride.Thethirdovennamed"theovenforthemotherofthebride"

suppliesthemealsforthematernalkinofthebridesuchasthe

αituai)・"

67

bride'smothers,motherlsbrothers,brothers,sisters,andchildrenetc,

Themealscookedirlthethirdovenisspeciallycalledumuwhichcon‑
tainscookedsow.Thesowcookedinthisovenisusuallypresentedby
theparentofthebridegroom,sometinlesbyhismother'sbrotherbigredmatcalledspeciallyう.Aω αnαnumu(abigredmatofumのaswellasfiveortensmallredmatsaregiventothepersonwhopre‑
sentsthesowbythemotherofthebride.Iobservedinacertain
marrlageceremonythattherealmotherofthebridepresentedabig
redmatandaclassificatorymothertensmallredmats.

Beforetakingumufromtheoven,oneoftheclassificatorymoth‑
ersofthebridetreadsonstoneswhichwereputonleavesof
heliconiacoveringumu。Thismeansthatachildofthiswomanwill

marryinthenearfuture.InthecaseoftheInarriagecerernonyabove

mentioned,awomanwhopresentedtensmallredmatsforumu
treadedonthestones.
Inoldendays,afterthemarriageceremony,theattendantswent
backtotheirownvillageexcepttheFATHERSofthebrideandtheirwives,whosleptinthevillageofthebridegroom.Thefollowingday,

theywentbackhomewithtαnmosi,whichwasaspecialvω

αvwaligi

madebythebridegroomallnight.Hekilledafowlforeachcouple

andcookeditinvωavω

αligi.Nowmanypeopleofthebride'sside

sleepinthevillageofthebridegroom.Nextday,allofthemgohome
withmealsinbasketswhicharealsocalledtαnmosi.

68

NotestoIntroduction(1)IalreadytranslatedChapterslto5intoEnglishin"TheStoryofRaga

I"(Yoshioka1987),andChapters6to7ir1"TheStoryofRagaII"(Yoshioka1988).AsforthevocabularyofRagalanguage,seeYoshiokaandLeona
1992.IamgratefultomycolleagueMasayukiKatoforhishelpfulcom‑
mentsonanearlierversionofthispaper.

(2)Aftersuchatraditionalmarriageceremony(orinsomecasesbeforethe
ceremony)youngcouplehasachurchmarriage.Nowmostpeopleof
NorthRagaareChristian.Iobservedthetraditionalmarriageceremony
ninetimesduringmyfieldresearchesin1974,1981‑1982,1985,1991,1992,

1996,andin1997.HereIdescribethetraditionalmarriageceremony

mainlybasedontheobservationofthatwhichwasheldon25thin
Septemberin1981.Itissupplementedbythedataofothermarriagecere‑monieswhicharebasicallysimilartothatof!981inspiteofthegapof

time,(3>NQrthRagahasmatrihnealmoietieswhicharethemselvesdividedinto
fourgroupswhichInamedcluster.Asforthekinterms,seeYoshioka
1985and1988.

(4)ThisishowtomakekavabeverageinNorthRaga.Inthesouthernis‑
landsinVanuatu,kavarootsarechewedinsteadofbeingsmashedbya
stone.

{5)Themeetinghouse(gαmαli)hasbeendescribedintheanthropologicaldocumentsasthemenlshouse.Itiscalledmen'shousebecausewomen
havebeensaidtobeprohibitedtoenterintoit.InNorthRaga,however,aspecialwomanwhofinishedcertainritualshasbeentraditionallyal‑
lowedtoenterintoit.SeeYoshiQka1994.

(6)Howeverthepeopleofhisvillagewhoassistedhimaregivennothing.For

69

them,thelunch,thesupper,andkavaare亡avωe(payment)fortheirworks.Butthetarosoryamswhicharecookedforlunchorsupperare

giventothepeopleofAvillagefromthoseofBvillageinadvance,Inthis
way,thepaymentforthework(亡αひω θ)inthiscaseisconsistedmainly

oftheworkforcooking.SeeYoshioka1998.

(7) Abigredmat(わsmallredmat(うbwαnmosiisoftencaUedわω 侃 α)givenasvuroisoftencalledbω
αri)givenasvuro,bαrimosi

αnmosiwhilea.Thereturngiftfor

ω αnひ ω αlvω αliu,whilethatforbαrimosi,

ろαri〔ノω αliひω αliu,(8)Thegradedsystemformenwillbediscussedin"TheStoryofRagaV(9)

Inthiscase,ahittingmanmightbetαmα(father)ofthebridegroom."

whilehitpersonswerethoseofthesideofthebridegroomsuchashis

rαtαhi(mother),his̀αrαろθ(mother「sbrother),his亡uα(brothers),and

hisんogos̀(siste「s)etc'

qo)

VatuisacurrencyofVanuatu.

(ll) Rαtαhigiisatraditionalpoliticalleaderwhoisinthehighestgradeひ
inthegradedsystemofNorthRaga,Rαtαhigiistranslatedasノかαヴ(chief)

inBislama.SeeYoshioka1998andalsoNariandYoshioka2001,(12) Asmallredmatiscalledmαlo(G‑string)whenitisgiventomen(13) Today,notonlythemotherofthebridebutalsohermother'sbrothers
participateinlihiliniαnαasmat‑giver,Theyalsocallthebridegroomtheirfather,,70

ReferencesNari,RandMYoshioka

2001"LaefStoriblongViradoro:WanLongOlLasHaeJifb1QngVanuatu."
Kindαi88=1‑71(FacultyofCross‑CulturalStudies,KobeUniversity)

Yoshioka,M1985"TheMarriageSystemofNorthRaga."Mα
Vo1.1;27‑54.
1987"TheStoryofRaga:AMan'sEthnographyonhisOwnSociety(1)The

OriginMyth."ShinshudαigαhuKyoyoうu、K加21:1‑66(FacultyofLiberal
Arts,ShinshuUniversity)
1988"TheStoryofRaga:AMaゴsEthnographyonhisOwnSociety(II)Kin
Relations."SんinshudαigαleuKyoッoわuKiyo22:19‑46(FacultyofLiberal
Arts,ShinshuUniversity)
1994"TabooandTabooed=WomeninNorthRagaofVanuatu."K.Yamaji(ed.)
GenderandFθr亡ilit)2inMelαnesiα,Dept.ofAnthropology,Kwansei
GakuinUniversity.pp.75‑108

1998MerαnesiαnoIhai1(αiteiseiShαhai'H()huうuRα9αnioheruShinzoんt↓,1(ouhαn,Ridashipρu(TheGradedSysteminMelanesia:Kinship,
ExchangeandLeadershipinNorthRaga)inJapanese,Tokyo:Fukyosha.

Yoshioka,MandR.Leona!992"AVocabularyQftheNorthRagaLanguage;OlgetaToklongLanwis
blongNotPentekQst."Kindαi72:1‑39.(FacultyofCross‑Cultural
Studies,KobeUniversity)

πandCultureinOceαniα

71

72

VEVHURINRAGA

Tavaluna81)Beduranuvahuhuatamaniivavine,samwatanuvahuhunituna
atamaniivavine.Keragekiranlagirambaviranitura.Ramivusi
mainitunhountalaiimatmaita.Tanaturivavinekeagaiviha,

naturiatamanihenivusi.(1)Iralagigairuararubavnituramwalagelo

ramurugitavavinevwatenurosatatu.Ramurulainituboesa
bwana,ramurulainituramwaiagelomentaimansimaho.Ikea
mwadaisimafioginboesabwana(2)mwaengivuronvavine(3).Niu

mwahavvorateniumwasigitaihanabebinihimarahi,benaturト

givivoratabwativunnonginauboesabwanakea.Vavineros
atatuhavanmwala喜elo.(4)Nuha喜onituna.

2)Naturigiatamani,iragitagororamuloiwagabeUU.Benaturi
vavine,gita言ororambevginsilogaivuabeimwaduluairav

rofioebetasalanaataUtetaragaiana.(5)lraheiramiloebevavine.

Ramlaibari,naturiginuhunia(6)lalaibilanvwavwagogonai,

bwatunabebinihimarahi.Mwahavanavavinemwahagoatatu,
aloantamanaabenaatamani.Hogisintamanavilaidamuviwehi
toavivaliniavivugeavilaiagiganvavine,gabenitunanuvorata

vavine,vwavwabilanvavinehagoatatunitunaatamani.Atatu

73

TheStoryofRaga

Chapter81)Asowgavebirthtoaboyandagirl,andaseasnakehada

malechildandafemalechild.Theygotmarriedtoeachother
andhadtheirchildren.Theyarenumeroustogetherwithth・ede‑
scendantsofagiantclamandawhitebuttonshell.Althoughthe
numberofferllalechildrenwasnotknown,themalesslightly

outnumberedthefemales(D,Amarriedcouplewhohadababyboyseeksforapregnantwoman.Theytwogiveapigletorabig
redmat(tothiswoman),andtheylettheirbabyboycuthis

youngcoconut.Inthisway(itissaid)hecutsayoungcoconut
withapigorabigredmat(2).Apigorabigredmatgivento
thepregnantwomanbecomesherdebt(3).Thecoconut(mentionedhere)isnotarealonebutsuchaphrasehasadeepmeaning,

thatis,thestartingpointofeverythingofanewbornwasfrom

suchapigorabigredmat.Thepregnantwomanisarelativeof(this)boy(4).(Now)shehasgivenbirthtoababy

2)Ifanewbornisaboy,themidwivesshout"Uasonecallsacanoe.Ifagir1,theysaythat亡.

,U"inthesameway
αsα1αnαα亡α

σ 亡θtαrαgaiαnα(5)insuchabigvoicethatpeopleinallhousescanhear
it.Everybodyknowsthatanewbornisagirl.Theybringasmallredmatandachildhasitoveritsheadandgivesittoherfatherlssister(6)se‑

riouslybecauseithasaseriousmeaning.Supposethatwhenawoman

givesbirthtoababy,thereisherfather'ssisterlsson.Herfatheゼssis̲
terwillbringyams,willkillafowl,willcookthemintheearth‑oven,74

duluairamiloebenaturivavinekeaaloantamananuvangoroe
huba,raruviIagivaino臼oiha.(7)Tuhubavavineha喜oatatuvieno

gubwehhahvuluvigaruhibibilinvoroana.Naturivavinemwa
daulatogatauluna10sahahvuldoma,ratahindaulatovi
higebilanvwavwavivugeri(巳>bwanana,gabenulaimahalei喜oro
daulato.(9)Takemwala言eloidaulatoramuruhavlagiteradu.Be
daulatonuilobwananonratahinatakevimataguviIalagi(1D)radu.

3)Tamanmwalageloiratahinararuvigitaboegaitolusagailima,

muanboelivonanuenlolilunasabobibia,bwanmemeagailimasa
hahvulu.Nituramenlagi.Kuniamuleitabwalugu(IDvi【ihilihi.(12)Vilai
bwanmemealalaibilanvwavwasahavanavwatevavinelavoainon
lavoanonvavinevilolnonlihilihi.Keavilihiginauhahvuludoma

sa20.Benitunratahigi,㈹liu50.TamanavwateviIaiboe,boelivo

keaviwehiavilolginaganiana.Betabwalugunitunratahigiviwehi
boemabusalivoala.(14)Bo6iiravavineravlolsihisiゐiravtigovi
rani.lrabilanvwavwaravlaitabwalugubevigagaruantahi.Rav

hamainintahiigemwehiboebahaelolgamaii(15)igemlihiginau

duluaimatbofiongamali.Kekihurinitunratahiginano.

75

willtakethemoutoftheoven,andwillgivethemtoherasherfoods

inthecasethatthiswomanhasgivenafemalebabyandthechildof

herfather「ssisterisaboy.Everybodyknowsthatthefather'ssister'ssonofthewoman(whohasjustgivenbirthtoafemalebaby)hasse‑

curedthisfemalebabyandthattheytwowillmarrysomeday(T).Well,thewomanwhohadachildwillliedownfortendaysand(onthe

tenthday)shewillwashdirtythingsfromherchildbirth.Thefemale
childgrowsintoagirlcalled(iαulα亡owhensheistenyearsoldor

more,(then)hermotherfirldsoutherfatherlssisterandunfolds(8)abigredmatinordertogiveittoher,whomademαthisgirl(9).Buttheboyandgirldonotmarryyet.Eventhoughthe

girlhasknownthemeaningofthebigredmatgivenbyhermother,sheisafraidoftheboyandislα1αgi(tohim)(10)yet.

3)Thefatherandmotheroftheboypreparethreeorfivepigs,thefirstofwhichhastusksgrowinguptoitssideburnsi.e.わoわibiα,andfive
ortenbigredmats.Theirchildisgoingtomarry.Inthesideofthegirl(11),sheperformsaceremonycalledliんiliん1(12).Shegivesabigred
mattoherfatherlssisterorahighlyrankedfemalerelative,andthis
highlyrankedwomanoperatesherlihilihi.Shepurchasesmorethan

tenortwentythirlgs(inthisceremony>.Ifsheisachildofachief(13),morethanfifty.Oneofherfathersbringsatuskedpigwhichshekills

forameal.Ifsheisachildofachief,shekillsmαbuorlivoα1α(14).At
nightwomenbeattheslitdrumsandtheymakeatigodancetillday‑
light.Thefather「ssistersofthegirlletherbatheinthesea.Aftercomingbackfromthesea,shekillsapiginordertoenterintothe

meetinghouse(凪5),andshepurchaseseverythinginfrontofthemeetinghouse.(But)thisisthecaseofadaughterofachiefonly.

んαleiandsecured

764)Nitunatatuhivhivoramlollala9()vananafianlaimwantamanavi
lihi①sori②barisabarigairua③uli④lalau⑤bunbunesa
bunbunegairuasagaitolu⑥livonboevitagaraesalivogairuabe

nuwehiboegaivihavitagaralivoha言ekunia.Nitunratahigivita‑

garalivohafivulu.Livokekivitagaraebatenairatamanaravlolisairahavanaravlolbolololi.(16)Benitunatatuゐannuhirugagin
bwanmemeaiboetakebilanuteloloaradumiginauduluaikekinu

vahalnituna,bwatunanuhavloltedidinirovogaIoltalusanuhav

laitebilandura.

5)Hagetamanamwahoranonnituna.Noramahaleibwanmemea、toa
nuwehiagabetabwalugunuvora.Tamananuhabweboelivohuba
iboegtiivihamuleigivolinvavine.Tamanavifiisgubwengaionosagaivwelu,(17)hohovlala露ovahuriginaganianaikeanuhaharanituna
hubalolgubwefiiduluaihurihalanginauduluai.Kekigahavihora

nitunavaiabentamaragaivwatebevihaharaeginmataisao.Kunia

hanmuleitabwalugu,tamananuhaharaesatamaragaivavinesa
tamaragaiatamani.Lagiaranwehiboegibiginvwavwaiiginuwehi
duraranvaliniaIaimwa.Duravwaligikeaihanaumu.

774)InthecaseQfadaughterofthelowerrankedmen,theyprepare

everythinginthehouseofherfatherandshepurchases(thefol‑

10wingthings),①ornamentleavesattachedinthebackcalledsori,②asmallredmatortwosmallredmats,③adye,④afeather,⑤one,twoorthreedriedleafumbrellascalledbunbune,⑥atuskofapigwhichsheputsaroundherarm,ortwotusks,thenumberofwhichdependsonhowmanypigsshekills.Adaugh‑terofachiefputstentusksaroundherarm.Sheputsthemin
thiswaywhenherfathersorherrelativesholdbolololi

ceremonies(16).IfsheisadaughterofanordinarymanwhQis

poorforredmatsandpigsbutwhohasonlyhisgarden,hecan
notgiveherachancetotakethesethings.Thisisbecausehedid
notworkhardinhisgardenorhedidnothavehissow.

5)Thenthefatheroftheboysendsamessengerforhim(tothefa‑
therofthegirl).Theirmαhαleiisaredmatandafowlwhichwaskilledwhenthegirlwasborn.Thefatheroftheboyalreadyfoundatuskedpigandsomeotherpigsforabridewealth,Hetakessixorsevenleavesoutfromthestemofcycad((]ycαs

circinnαlis)(17),andhebeginstoprepareforabanquet.Healreadytaughthischildabouttheroadofeverythingonapastday。Nowhesendshischildtoanoldpersonwhowillconferknowledgeon

him.Sameisfoundwiththecaseofagirl.Herfatheroranold
femalepersonoranoldmalepersontaughtittoher.Orltheday
ofmarriage,theywillkillpigsforthemeatcookedintheearth‑oven(inthemeetinghouse)andasowwillbekilledwhichwas

cookedintheearth‑oveninthehouse.Asowwhichiscookedin

theearth̲oveniscalledumこt.

786)Ha喜eiratamanvavine,ninoviranlalagogo,bekeragaivasirav
ha喜ovolinniturabuluitamana.Keragaivasirammaimai
bwanmemeagaivasigibuluinnontamananu喜olnitunaginia.lra

bilanvwavwaranlaitabwaluguramhivantahisahalabehemwa

haviloetebevaigougovilagi,taravIavavaraivotukeavigita
batoiatasih白vhudaligitehe.Amuatamaragainuhaharaetanu
vevdauhuriutevainofioiha.Mwaranitamanmwalagelomai

ratahinararulaibwanmemeagaituvwabariivusi.Tahogosin

mwalagelo,behogosinasibonasahogosinanituntamanavwate,keavilaibwanmemeavihagoe,ihogosinavwatevilaibarimemea
vihag()e.Bwanmemeagairuagai喜olenvavinlagivwate.Mwalagelo

vihuniagibwananiheigaituvwaninirahavantamana,(18)tataman

mwalagelomairatahinaituaniraratahinmwalagelorantomare
ranha琶obwanaivusigole言olegaibwalbwalohuritabwalugu,teltele
hurimwala喜elo.(19)7)Ha喜eiraatatunmwala喜elorambotuivanuantabwalugu,lraratahinmwalagelomaiirahogosinarambanramdumatbononImwa.

TamantabwaluguviharoroIaimwanaabentabwaluguviuloiniabe
mweinamenliゐigogarigigomlagininimwadaru.Ha喜ehuintabwalugu
mwarurumwadei.(20)Irahogosinatamanilagiramlaibarigaituvwa

ramdeteltabwaluguginia,ivwavwabilantabwaluguvwatevi

796)Thenthefour(classificatory)fathersofthegirlwhocameto‑
gethertohervillagethepreviousdaywillgetthebridewealthof
theirchildwithher(rea1)father.Thesefourmencameherewith
fourbigredmatswhichweresupplementedtothatofher(real)
father,whopreparesfor(themarriageof)hisdaughterwith
thesemats.Thefather'ssistersofthegirltookhertotheseaor
anyplaceand(atthattime)shedoesnotknowthatshewill
marrythefollowingday.Theywalkoutandreach(thesea),thensheunderstandshercircumstances.Butshedoesnotaskaboutit.
(Because)theoldpersonalreadytaughtheraboutsuchahappen‑
inginthefuture.Nextday,thefatheroftheboyandhismotherbringonebigredmatandmanysmallredmats.Asisteroftheboy,whoishisrealsisterorasisterofthechildofhisanotherfather,willbringabigredmatwithherarldanothersisterwill
bringasmallredmatwithher.Oneoftwobigredmatsisused
foranoutfitofthegirlwhoaregoingtomarry.Theboywill
puttheotherbigredmatoverhisheadandgiveittooneofhis
classificatoryfathers(18).Thefather,mother,andmQther'ssisters
oftheboybringmanybigredmatswhichareusedfor(thepay‑
mentto)theperformanbeofwhipsofthegirrssideandthatof
snakesoftheboylsside(!9).

7)Nowthepeopleoftheboyarriveatthevillageofthegirl.The
boゾsmothersandsistersgototheentranceofthe(girl「s)house.
Thefatherofthegirlentersintoherhouseandhesays,"Mydaughter,Iletyougotoday,youmarryoutfromourhouse."

Thenshetremblesandcries(20).Sistersoftheboywhoisgoingto
marrybringonesmallredmatandtheyputittothewaistof

80

tagahidagaibarintabwalugugabenutomaia.Vwavwakeamwa

頭halairamunbarigaralagaontabwalugu.Gaontabwalugumwasin

gaowasibeunusagaovufia.Hagehogosinmwala喜elovihagai
bwanmemeagabenuhagoe.Vwavwabilanvavinevivugeribwanakeavwavwaitabwaluguramuruduatenbwanarammaivailoi
sara.

Tavaluna91)Ha喜etamanvavinevilaitaivavihagainiaberamenuvia.Taman
tabwaluguviIaiboe,nitunaviwehiaviwareihanabemitalaisa
mwisalesamitarihanobeihanbilanvwavwasaihantamana,①Mitalaihuhu,kuniaihantamanaMolhuhu,②Mwisaleliliu,tamana
Moliliu,③Mitaribani,tamanaMolbani,saviwareihanhavana
vwatenumatehubatuaigabevavine.Besimotarikeanitunratahigi
Motariala,tamanaViraala.(21>Tamanamwaavomwahaharanituna

mwadoabenboemateitahbuniagabeiratamanagailimaran

hogonbwananinovialolona.Gairuantahbunianonratahintabwalugu
keanutauamwa.hentodagaimau.Ha琶enogonanavoanataman
tabwalugubenomvavineimasantasalamwanomtanamwaeno.

Tatafiageadamugaituvwanuenaluna,hogosinmwalagelovilai
damuvigasia.

81

thegirLAndonefather'ssisterofthegirltakesoffthe(01d)small

redma七whichhasbeentheloinclotheofthegirl.Thisfatherlssis‑
terofthegirlputsthefringesofthenewsmallredmatintoher
waistbelt.Thisbeltofthegirlisreallystrongvine,thatiscalled

unuoranothervinecalledgαovungα.Thenasisteroftheboywill

submitabigredmatwhichshehavehad(tothefather'ssisterof

thegirl).Thefather'ssisterofthegirlunfoldsthebigredmatandputsitoverherheadaswellasthegirl'shead.Withthisbigred
matbeingputovertheirheads,theygototheceremonialground.

Chapter91)Nowthefatherofthegirlbringsatrumpetshellandhanditto

thosewhoblowit.Hebringsapigandhisdaughterkillsit,which
resultsinhertakinganameof瓶

亡α1αiorMωisαleorMitαrisoandso

namedafterherfatherlssisterorherfather(forexample;)①M̀亡
ifherfather'snameisMolhuんu,②Mωisα③Mi亡

α1αihuhu
励liuifherfatherisルfoliliu

αriろaniifherfatherisMolbαni,orshewilltakeoverthename

ofafemalerelativewhowasdeadlongtimeago,If(awomanofthe

gradeof)motαriisachildofachiefandhernameisMo亡therisVirαα1α(21).(Aftershekillsapig,)thefatherspeakstoandad‑

visestohisdaughterwhoisstandingnearthedeadpigaswellasa

bigsack(wovenofpandanusleaves)intowhichherfivefathersput
bigredmatsthepreviousday.Thesecondbigsackwhichisofher
Inotherisplacedalittleawayfromthefirstone.Thenintheendof

hisspeech,thefatherofthegirlsays,"Yourwoman,apigwhich

yourwifehaskilled,andyourbigsackarethere."Onthebigsack,therehasbeenayamwhichthesisteroftheboywilltakeandgnaw.

αriα1α,herfa‑

,

82
2)

Ratahinmwalagelonulaibwana,mwalagelovihunialabwatunavi
uloiihanhavantamanavwatevivevebebwanamwatata.lra
ratahinmwalagelorambugeribarivatahabilanvwavwa(22)Vwavwa

ramgaisigoginariubwaroramhuriatamanigabemwalagelonu

hunbwanana.Rambano,tamanmwalagelovihagobwanavitomuaimwala喜elo,vwavwaramhurimwala言elo.Ravdalistabwalugumai
tamana,ta6a,damu,boemate,ravladalisiavaruaravharavbu‑

gintamantabwalugu.(23)Hogosinmwalagelovilaidamuvigasi
aluna.Ratahinmwalagelovwatevirostafibunia.Ratahinvavine,ira
tuanaramrosnontafibunia,keanonvuvugerialolona.Lolovono
ialaiiratuantabwalugu,gabedaulatododoluaramlalagimwalagelo

lagimairatuanadodolua.

3)Ha喜ekekhadogahatatanatatugailimaramsamaralahala.Vwavwa
bilanmwalageloramsamaramainoratelteleberavwehiira

ratahinmwala塵lomairahogosina,saravgaruhiraginwaisabiiisa

taniavu.lraratahintabwalugugabeiratasalantamanadodolua
bandagairamdoronberavbulbultagainiraravvevebekekea,
beramenganbwahontabwalugusaravha奮ohuhuna.Tavwavwa

bilantabwaluguramduldagaiiraratahinaitabwalugumabutu
alunbilaniravwavwa.lraratahinaramgeleavoananontabwalugu
nutogogivavintogo(24)radunuavleileiiratasalantamanamai

getmarahisarovogahahavwanisavwafiavwafianboe.Ratahin
tabwalugurambugeribwanmemealalaivwavwabilanmwalagelo

832)Themotheroftheboybringsabigredmatwhichtheboyputs

overhishead.Hecallsthenameofoneofhisclassificatoryfathers

andsays,"Yourbigredmat,myfather,"Themothersoftheboy
unfoldasmallredmatforeachofhisfather'ssisters(22).Thesefather'ssisterswalkwithgreenreedsastheirsticksafteramanto

whomtheboyhasgivenabigredmatbyputtingitoverhishead

Theywalk.Theboy'sfathercarriesabigredmatunderhisarm
whoiswalkingaheadoftheboy,afterwhomhisfather「ssisters
walk.Theyturnaroundthegirl,herfather,bigsacks,ayam,

andadeadpig.Theyturnaroundthemtwiceandtheylightly

touchthehemoftheclothesofthegirrsfather(23).Thesisteroftheboytakesayamandgnawit.Onemotheroftheboyshoulders
onebigsack.Themotherandsistersofthegirlshouldertheirownbigsackinwhichtheirbigredmatsandsmallredmatsare

placed.Thegirrssistersareseizedwithsorrows.Allofthemare
lα1αgitothemarryingboyaswellasallofhisbrothers.

3)Nowfivegroupsofpeoplearemischievousontheroad.Fatherlssis‑

tersoftheboyaresomischievousthattheybeatmothersandsisters

oftheboybysnakes(beinggraspedintheirhands)orthattheformer

pourswater,mudorashesontheIatter.Thegirllsmothers,whoare
wivesofthegirl「sdistantlyrelatedfathers,trytQbrirlgtheirfaces

closetothefaceofthegirlshoutingheheαinordertokissher,ortheytrytograspthegirl「sbreasts,Butfather'ssistersofthegirl

pushthemawayandthegirlsomehowgQestoherfather'ssisters.
Hermothersthrowbackher(own)wordswhichwereutteredtothem,

whenshewasstillalittlegirl(24),thatshewouldnotdosuchathing
ascarryingaheavybasket,wQrkinghardorfeedingpigs.

.

84

huriteltele.(25)lratamantabwaluguramlaigaiviviligihuhugavei

dame,iheinona50saIOOmwadulahalabeviwehiheininiraho‑gosinvavinelagia.Ratahinmwalagelovivugeribwanaha喜eviravae
naatatugabetamantabwalugu(26)hageravsivlagao.lramwalagelo

rituaihavanlagirambosarau(27)mwadabahuvavaravvotu.

4)Hageiravavineramsamaraliuranvotulavanua.Mwalagefiovi

tainongai,tamanavwatevivahoelolsara,gaigailimagainboe,

gainlihilihianavaranavwate.Ravuvtaivahurilivonmuanboe(28)gi
matanboegabetabwalugunuwehia.Lavaranboegaivasibilan
atatugaivasiranhogonbwananinovibuluitamantabwalugu,iraunlogogailimasagaivihagabebwanmemea.Atatulagimwa

doroituanmwalageloginbwatunboemategabetasalananuwehia,
vitoroi(29)tuanabandagaininmwasintuansibona、

5)Hagemwala喜elovituvitaulimanaalungaimuanboealuna,tamanavwatesanonratahigigabemwasinhavana(3。)viavoaluna
vihaharaeginhalanginaurituai,sobemwalagelobwatigorugavi

85

Hermothersunfoldbigredmatswhicharegiventothefatherls

sisteroftheboyfortheperformanceofthesnake‑beating(25).Her

fathersbringwhip‑likebranchescalledhuhugαbeand(iαme.Each
ofthemwhohasfiftyoranhundredwhipsstandsontheroad
inordertobeatanyoneofbrothersofthegirlwhohasjustmar‑

ried.Themotheroftheboyunfoldsabigredmatandthefather

ofthegirltakesit(26).Thentheypassby.Someofyoungmen
whoarerelativesofthemarriedboymakeanoise(27)byhitting
leavesontheirroundedhandsuntiltheyreach(theboy'splace).

4)NowWomenaremoremischievous.Apartyreachesthevillageof
theboy.Theboycutsoffbranchesandoneofhisfatherssets
themintotheceremonialground(asposts).Fivepostsmakeone

rowwhichiscalledthepostofthepigandtheotherrowis

calledthepostoflingilingiαnα.Theyblowtrumpetshellsin
ordertoshowthestatusofthefirstpig(28)whichisthesubstituteofthepigthegirlkilled.(Theother)fourpigsarefastenedto

thepostsofthe(first)row,whicharegiventofourmenwho

packedbigredmatsinthegirl'sbigsackwithher(rea1)father
thepreviousday,and(besidesthem),therearefiveorsobigredmatswhicharecalledleavesoflaplap(rαunlonggo).Themarriedboygivestheheadofthepighiswifekilledtohisbrother.He

gives(29)ittohis(classificatory)brotherwhoisinaremoteposi‑
tionfarawayfromhistruebrother.

5)Thentheboystandsbyandputshishandontheposttowhich
thefirstpigisfastened.Oneofhisfathersorhischiefwhois
histruerelative(30)speakstohimandteachessomemora1

86

bwatigorugavihuluvagahialolmatansinobubekeavososabuguranasavonosleoanasanuhavrohtetamanamairatahina.
Avoanavinogotamantabwalugugailimamairatahinaramaloboe
maidura,lihilifiiana,raunlogo.Ravaloevarua,ravharavbugin
atatulagi.Tamantabwaluguvivatahakeragaivasiginboe,vivatahavwavwabilantabwaluguginbwanarauniogo.lraratahin
vavine,muanamwabugeribwanagaituvwasagairuaibarigailima
sahafivulu,vitaualabwatuntabwalugu,viuloiahoantabwalugu
bebwanamwatatamalomwagailimasahafivulu,lraratahinarituai
ravvugerinorakuniaravtataduluailamwalagelovilifiiratasalanbwaligana(31)ginboeidura.

6)Hagevavinevivaniaimwanahoana.Hogosinahoanavivorarau
niubwaro,vivohainiatabwaluguvitoalolona,taratahintabwaluguvi
laibarihurirauniukea.Ratahintabwaluguvivugeribwananiratuanmwala露elomaiirahogosina,kerahangaberambuluimwala喜elo

ginbilaraginaganianasamalogusabwanasereserememea.Logo
vimanogo,mwala喜elovihunbwananatatuntamanavwateraruvi
vanlaimwavivorologo.Ratahintabwaiuguvwatevivarahivatun

umutakeagabenitunamwadogovisivlagivainofioiha.Ta

varahivatumwaduhurinitunviramaimotaribemotarinu
vugerisereseregailimaibarimemeavudolua,viranuhogon
sereserehafivulu.Keahageamotarivihigemotarivwatevivarahi

87

principlestohim.Iftheboyislazy,thismanscoldshiminthe
publicsayingthatheisidle,heislikeashell,heisnoisy,orhedoesnotlistentohisparents(buteverythingisfinishedtoday).

Afterhisspeech,fivefathersandmothersofthegirlcomeandturnaroundpigs,asaw,lingilingiαnα,andbigredmatscalled
rαunlonggo.Theyroundtwiceandtheytouchthehemofthe

clothesofthelnarriedman.Thefatherofthegirldis七ributes

pigstothesefourmenandbigredmatscalledrαunlonggotofa‑
ther'ssistersofthegir1.Thefirstwomanamongthemothersof
thegirlunfoldsoneortwobigredmatsaswellasfiveorten

smallredmats,andputsthemovertheheadofthegirl,thencallsthehusbandofthegirlandsays,"Yourbigredmats,myfather,yourg‑stringsarefiveorten."Someofhermothersun‑
foldtheirbigredmatsinthisway,toallofwhomtheboyisre‑

1atedastheirfather.Theboyletsgothesewivesofhisbwαligα31)

withpigsandsaw.

6)Thenthegirlgoesintothehouseofherhusband.Thesisterof
herhusbandbreaksoffagreencocorlutleafandthrowit.The
girlsitsdownonit.Themotherofthegirlbrings(andgives)asmallredmat(toher)forthiscoconutleaf.Themotherofthe
girlunfoldsbigredmatsandgivesthemonlytothosebrothersor
sistersoftheboywhohelpshiminpreparingkava,food,orbig
redmat.Whenthelaplapisfinished,theboyputsabigredmat
overhisheadandgivesittooneofhisfathers.Theytwogointo
thehouseandtheypourcoconutmilkonthelaplap.Oneofthe
mothersofthegirltreadsonthestonesoftheearth‑ovenofumu.
Thisrneansthatachildofthiswomanwillmarrysomeday.

88

vatu,binihivabemotarivilolkuniabatenanituna.vilagivai
nohoiha,keavilolkunia.Sinoburambisalsalaninirabwaligan
mwalagelogailimaitasalaragailimarammaturuvairani.Gabivi
odaviwehigaratoagailimaravvugea.lralagiravtauralahalaravavoduleinira,

89

Butinthecaseoftreadingonthestones(inthemarriagecere‑mony)ofafemalechildofvirαandmotαri,motαriunfoldsfive
bigredmatsandonehundredsmallredmatsandひか α(already)packedonehundredbigredmatsinabigsack(inthedayof
hohogonivω

α.)Inthisway,mo亡

αriwillsearchanothermo亡whowilltreadonthestonesoftheearth‑ovenofumu,Thismeansthatmo亡

αriwilldothesamethingwhenherchildwill

marrysomeday.Peoplegohomeleavingfivebwαligαoftheboy

andtheirfivewives,whosleep(here)untilmorning.Theboy
makesfireandhekillsfivefowlsfortheirfoodsandhecooks
themintheearth‑oven.(Then)themarriedcouplewillseethemoffontheirwayandsaygood‑bytothem.

αri

90

NotestoVevhurinRaga&TheStoryofRaga(1)Fromthebeginningtothispoint,thestoryismythic.In"TheStoryof
RagaI':Rev.Tevimuledescribedtheoriginmyth,inwhichagiantclam
andawhitebuttonshellplayimportantroles.ItisnotclearwhyhestartedthestoryofChapter8withthechildrenofsowandseasnake.

(2)Thisisanidiomaticphraseconcerninginfantbetrothal.Thephraseofmω

α(iαi8̀ノnαho8inboesα

うwαnα(rnwα=he,(iαi=tQcut,simα厄o=ayoungcoconutwhichisfilledwithcoconutjuice,gin二with,うoθ=apig,
sα=or,bwαnα=abigredmat)isusedwhentheparentofababyboy

givesapigorabigredmattoapregnantwoman,whocallsthemotheroftheboyひω αひω α(father「ssister),withintentionthatifshegivesbirth

toagirl,theyletmarrytheirchildtothisgirl.SeealsoNote7.

(3)Thisalsomeansthatifthepregnantwomangivesbirthtoagir1,sheshould"give"herchildasawifetotheboywhocutdownayoungcoco‑nut,whichresultsinthepayoffofherdebt.

(4)Thepregnantwomanisnitu(lnother'sbrother'sdaughter)oftheboy.See
FigureinNote7.

(5>Themeaningof亡αrαgαiαnαisnotclear.Uteisanameofplaceandischangeabletoanotherplacenameinthisphrase,suchas̀α8α♂απα α亡αα んα9θ 亡αrα9αiαnα.

(6)Themeaningofhuniαis"toputtheendofanunfoldedbigredmatover
one'sheadandgiveittoQnelsfatherorfather「ssister".Thisisper‑
formedinhunhuni.SeeSectionHofIntroduction,(7)InNorthRaga,amancanmarryhisπ

乙αう̀whileawomanhersibi.The

situationisexplainedbythefollowingfigure.Aisawomanwhohasjust

givenbirthtoafemalechild.Bisherfather'ssisterwhohasamalechild.
BandherhusbandalreadygaveAapigletorabigredmat(mω

αdai

91

simαhoginboesαbω

αnα).Thistime,BpresentsmealstoAandC,The

fatherlssisterlssonofAisDwhocallsCmα

うi,

△

o

A

1〕

c

(8)

Vugeri(orbugeri)means"tounfold",whichisusedwhenoneunfoldsa
bigredmatinordertoputtheendofitovertheheadofsomeonetogive

ittohis/herfatherorfather「ssister,Thisisasceneofhunhunidescribed

intheIntroduction.

(9)

Intheabovefigure,BgivesmealstoAwhenAgivesbirthtoafemale
child.Th童smeaユiscalledmαhα〜ei.

(10)Lα1αgi(1α1α=tobeafraid)isakindofkinshipterm,Itisappliedbya
womantohersibi,thatis,herpotentialhusband.

(ll) ThemaleandfemalecateforiesinNorthRagaareshowninthetableof
thenextpage.Rev.Tevimuleusesdifferentcategoriessuchasdaulα

亡αうω αluguandvαvinetoindicatethebridewhilemwαlageloorα

indicatethebridegroom.Inthispaper,however,Itranslatedaulαto,
亡αうω αluguandび
sameway,rnω

αvineasagirlifthesetermsrefertothebride.Inthe
αlageloandα亡αtuusedforthebridefroomaretranslatedas

aboy.

(12) L掘means"topurchase".Lihilihiisawoman'sceremonywhichseemsto
bedonebeforemarriage.Iwillpresentadetaileddescriptionoflihilihi
in"TheStoryofRagaV".

亡o,

亡α亡uto92

malecategOry

femalecategory

glossary◆baby

π αむμr乙77Lθη⑦θα
,.

child

ηα亡膿9乙ん読 μ9α8δorαηzω α1L砒 わoαmalechildwhosevoice
beginstobreakandfemale
childwhosebreasts
beginstogrow.

肌 ωαzα
解oぬ 認 α亡oboyandgirl

肌 ω αrα飼0

亡αわω αzμ9α

boywhobeginstohavea

0rmω

beardandgirlwhobeginstoα♂α9θZ伽亡ωrμhavethemenses。
.

α亡α加びαひ̀ηθ

generaltermformanandwoman
01dpersonwhosehairbω α亡α ひω θ

becomeswhite「

亡αmαrα9α⑬Rαtαhigiistranslatedasノveryoldperson

乙ゲinBislama,whichmeans"chief"inEnglish.

Itisnotahereditarychiefbutamaninthehighestgradeinthegradedsystem.

のα
SeeFigurelinIntroduction.

励qThisisalsowoman'sceremonycalledhαroroαgαmαli(ん=intoαroro=toenter,α,gαmαli=meetinghouse),Awomanwhofinishedthisspecialcere‑monycanenterintoameetinghousefreelyintowhichwomenaregener.

allyprohibitedtoenter,Iwilldescribeitin"TheStoryofRagaV".

(16) Bolololiisaceremonyconcerningmen'sgradedsystem,Mencanenter
intoahighergradebykillingpigsandpurchasingseveralemblemsin

bolololiceremony,Thiswillbedescribedin"TheStoryofRagaVI".

〈1D

Thisisatraditionalwayofcounting,Theliteraltranslationof亡

αmαnα

93

vi沌̀sgubωαngαionosαgαivωeluis"hisfatherwilltakeoffsixorsevendays",α8)Themeaningofhαvαnαis"one'srelative"andalthoughitisusedfor
onelsmoietymembersinsomecases,itisusuallyusedforone'scluster

members.Havαn亡αmanαisthususuallyusedforthemalenlembersof

thesameclusterasone'srealfather.Thesepersonsarealsocalledtαmα(father).Inthisway,hαvαntαmαnαistranslatedastheclassificatoryfa‑
ther.

(19>InSection30fChapter9,Rev,Tevimulewritesthatthethefatherlssis‑

tersofthebridegroombeathismothersorsistersbysnakeswhilethefa‑
thersofthebridebeatherbrothersbywhips.Thisisakindofbω

α1αitoα(jokingbehavior),
2e)Huin亡αうωalugumω

αrururnωαdeiliterallymeans"thebonesofthegirl

trembleandshecries".
⑳Therearefourmen'sgradesinNorthRaga,Thefirstgradeis亡

αri,next

moli,thirdlivusi(oruduorgarai),andthelastひ̀rα.Amanwhogotto

ひirαgradeiscalledrαtαhigi,whichistranslatedhereaschief.Amanwho

isinanygradeisgivenanamecontainingthenameofhisgrade,Forex‑
ample,thenameQfamaninmoliisMolmemeαonwhilethatofarnaninvirαisVirαdoro,Virα,Molture,Molhuhuandsoω αhαi,Virαα1αandso

on.

⑳Inthiscase,smallmatsareunfoldedontheground,whicharegivento
thefatherlssistersoftheboy.Howevertheyarenotputontheheadof
theboy,ThesmallredmatisnotgivenirltheformQfhuniαexceptthat
itisgiventogetherwiththebigredmat.Inthesamesceneoftoday's

marriageceremony,theboy'sfather'ssistersaregivenbigredmats

smallredmats,inんunhuni.SeeSection皿inIntroduction.
⑬Whensomethingisgivenintheceremony,thereceivermakesthisaction.

,not

94

Sameisthecaseofhunhuni.Amat‑receiverwhoisthefatherorthefa‑
ther「ssisterofthemat.givergoesaroundthegiverafewtimesand

touchestheedgeoftheclotheofhim/her.

⑳AlthoughItranslateひαびin亡ogoasalittlegirlhere,びαviǹogo(vavin=

りavine=woman,亡ogo=tostay)exactlymeans"alittlegirlwhodoesnot
haveanexperienceofbeinginloveyet".

㈱AswassaidinNote8,thetermうugeri(tounfold)isusedinthesceneof

hunhuni.Inhunhuniinthemarriageceremony,itisusualthatifthebig
redmatisgiventothefatherlssisterofthebridegroom,thebridegroom

putsthematoverhishead,whichisunfoldedbyhisparents,hismothers
orhissisters,SothedescriptionofRev.Tevimulethatthematisun‑

foldedbythemotherofthebrideiscurious.Thisdescriptionisalsoin‑
consistentwiththewritinginSection60fChapter8thattheparentsand
themotherlssistersofthebridegroompreparemanybigredmatstQgive
themtotheperformersofthesnake‑beatingaswellasthewhip‑beating.

⑦6)HereRev.Tevimulewritesthatthemotherofthebridegroomunfoldsa
bigredmatwhichisgiventothefatherofthebride.Samecurioussitua‑
tionasinNote25appears.Becausethematwhichisunfoldedbythebridegroom'smotherisputontheheadofthebridegroom,whichshould

begiventohisfatherorfatherlssister,nottothefatherofthebride・It
isnotclearwhetherthecustomsdescribedbyRev.Tevimulehereareof
olddaysandarenotfoundtoday,orhisdescriptionissimplymistaken.

⑳、BosαrauisanactionthatonehitsaleafagainsthispalmbytheotherhandinordertornakeanexplQsivesound.

⑱Theliteraltranslationofrαmuひ

亡αivαhurilivonmuαnboeisthat"theyblowtrumpetshellsforthetusksofthefirstpig".Therearemanykinds

ofrhythmsandsoundsofatrumpetshellaccordingtothestatusofpig,

thatis,thegradeofitstusks.Inthiscase,thestatusofpigwhichis

95

fastenedtothefirstpostisindicatedbytheblowingofthetrumpet

shell.

⑳

Toroi(ordoroのmeans̀̀togivesomethingtoeatinthesamewayasmωernωeαruvω

αwhichisagivingwithexpectationofreturngift(seeIn

troduction)."Inthiscase,thebrotherofthebridegrQomwhogetsthe

headofthepigisexpectedtogivebackthesarnethingtothisbridegroorn

inthefutureinhisownmarriageceremony.Althoughthereceiverofmωemωeαruりω αshQuldbethegiver'sfatherorfatherlssister,thatof

̀oroごisnotlimitedtospecialrelatives.

㊤ω

Sincehavαnα(relative)usuallymeansone'sclustermember,mωαsin

んαひαnα(truerelative)isusedforgenealogicalrelativesorveryclosekin
inthesamecluster.

(31) ThemothersofthebridecallthebridegroQmfather(古αmα),whilethelat‑tercallstheforlnerdaughter(nitの.Thesewomenarethewivesofthefa‑

thersofthebride,whomthebridegroomcallsう

ω αligα.