URBANISATION AND WATER QUALITYCONTROL FOR THE SOURCE OF WATER INKUALA LUMPUR CITYMEERA MUNUSAMY
National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
MALAYSIA
08 March 2010

PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1. Socio‐economic condition of KL City
2. Scenario of quantity and quality ofwater
3. Effluent Load to the water source
4. Current measures on quality control
5. Issues on quality control

1. Socio‐economical and natural conditions of Kuala Lumpur

Area : 243 km2
Population : 1,655,100
Population Density : 6,811/km2
Districts around Klang Valley : Gombak,
Hulu Selangor,Klang, Petaling

Peninsular of Malaysia

Population around Klang Valley
State/District
SelangorPopulations

Annual Average Precipitation

1980

1990

2000

2009

1,515,536

2,413,567

4,188,876

GombakKlang
Ulu Langat•Equatorial•Average annual rainfall
2500mm a year and the averagetemperature is 27 °C (81 °F)

688,700
840,700
1,170,900

4000
3500

KL Federal
Territory

977,1021,226,708

1,379,310

1,655,100

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Peninsular

Population Density, 2009
State/District

Selangor
GombakKlang
Petaling
Hulu Langat
KL Federal Territory

Sarawak

Sabah

Area (sq.
km)

Population (‘000) Population
Density (per sq.
km.)

Average Annual Sex Ratio
Population
Growth Rate (%)
2008‐2009Median Age(years)

628
636
501
840
243

688.7
840.7
1,547.1
1,170.9
1,655.1

1.9
1.9
2.2
2.5
1.6

26.1
27.0
27.1
26.7
29.0

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia

1,097
1,822
8,088
1,394
6,811

103
110102103
103

y The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Kuala Lumpur (at purchasers’ value in 1987prices) has increased from RM21,157 million in 1995 to RM25,968 million in 2000,
an average annual growth rate of 4.2 percent. Malaysia’s GDP average annual
growth rate during the same period was 4.7 percent
AreaGDP (in RM million)

Average Annual
Growth Rate (%)

1995

2000

KL

21,157

26,968

4.2

Malaysia

166,625

209,269

4.7

Source: 8th Malaysian Plan• The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur during the period 1995 to 2000 rose from
RM22,799 to RM30,727, an average annual growth rate of 6.1 percent. The percapita GDP for Kuala Lumpur was more than twice that of the national average
AreaPer Capita GDP (in RMMillion)

AverageAnnualGrowth Rate(%)

Ratio of Per Capita GDP TO
Malaysia Average
19952000

1995

2000

22,79930,727

6.1

2.12

2.11

Malaysia 10,756

14,584

6.3

1.00

1.00

KL

Source: 8th Malaysian Plan

Industry Players in Water Resources Management

Public Access to Tapped Water System
State

Populat‐ion
servedSelangor 6,560,306% Population servedYear 2007
Urban

Rural

100

99

Population
servedStatetotal (%)
99.9

6,694,775% Population servedYear 2008
Urban

Rural

10099

Statetotal (%)
99.9

Public Access to Water Supply Treatment Plants in Kuala
LumpurWater
treatment
plant

Actual Design
Capacity (m3/day)

Bukit Nanas
Sg Langat
Wangsa Maju
Source: SPAN

2008

2009

Actual Total Production(m3/year)

Actual Total Production(m3/year)

145,000

44,600,394

50,086,538

386,400

173,141,058

169,404,599

45,00016,975,080

16,675,514

% people who can access domestic wastewater treatment systems
1998

2000

2004

2008

Proportion of commercial properties 16,843
with access to an urban sanitation
system19,021

30,51848,038142,303

157,159

221,285

197,182

Proportion of residential properties
with access to an urban sanitation
systemSource: IWK

Commercial: residential = 1: 4
1994: Federal Government appointed a concessionaire > design,
implement and manage a unified sewerage scheme for Kuala Lumpur
The concessionaire implemented a sewerage master plan : divides Kuala
Lumpur into 7 catchments, each of which has been provided with aregional waste treatment plantFigure: Location of sewerage treatment facilities, 2000

LEGEND
CATCHMENT BOUNDARY
BDR. TUN RAZAK STP

ORIGINAL STP
TAMAN
TONG LIAN
BANDAR
TUN RAZAKM

EXISTING LANDUSE

2RR

TAMAN MIDAH

TAMAN
MUTIARA BARATTAMAN MULIANEW STP UNDER JBIC PROJECTTAMAN
TAYNTON VIEW

KLR 129

MRR2GENERAL FLOWDIAGRAMBANDARTUNRAZAKSEWAGETREATMENTPLANT

TakeOverDate
TAMAN
HIJAU
DLPDateVolumeCapacity
LEBUHRAYA TIMUR ‐ BARAT
DesignPE
TAMAN CONNAUGHT
UltimatePE
SludgeProduced(Actual)
EffluentStandard
Process
PowerConsumption
CapitalCost

17-Jul-06
17-Jul-08
25,000m3/day
100,000
200,000
8tonne/day
CategoryB,BODSS(SludgeDrySolidMin20%)
SequencingBatchReactor(SBR)

1,760kW/h(Max)RM95.2MillPUCHONG SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
Take Over DateDLP Date
Volume Capacity
Design PE
Ultimate PE
Sludge Produced (Actual)
Effluent Standard
Process
Power Consumption
KG. PASIR
Capital Cost PANJANG

16-Sep-06
16-Sep-08
37,000 m3/day
150,000
1,000,000
25 tonne/day
Category B, BOD SS (Sludge Dry Solid Min 20%)
Advance Activated Sludge

1,523 kW/h (Max)RM 90 MillORIGINAL STP (AL)

EXISTING LANDUSESERI PETALINGPHASE 3&4
TAMAN
SERI SENTOSAPRLAM EXSHAH AKLR 142ESSWAY

TAMAN
O.U.G

SERI PETALINGPHASE 1&2

PUCHONGPOND

NEW STP UNDER JBICPAK SIONGNATIONAL
SPORTSCENTRE

T. BUKITKUCHAIBUKIT JALIL
ESTATEBANDARKINRARATAMAN TECHNOLOGYMALAYSIA PHASE 1

GENERAL FLOW DIAGRAMLEGENDCATCHMENT BOUNDARYPUCHONG STP

2. Scenario of quantity and quality of water
Name

Volume of available Volume ofwater (m3)
abstracted water(m3)Beneficial use
Water quality(domestic,industry,agriculture) (%)

Klang Gate
Dam

25,104 million
liter

Water supply dam
and is one of themajor suppliers ofdrinking water toresidents of Klang
ValleyBatu Dam

Holding capacity is36.6 Mm3. The
Sungai Batu water
treatment plant
produces 114 million
litres per day oftreated water

Reservoirs:

Water abstracted fordomestic andindustrial watersupply to some partsof Kuala Lumpur

Flood control andwater supply dam
constructed under
the Kuala Lumpur
Flood Mitigation
Project
Monitoring stations

Rivers:AMPANGBATU
BUNOS
DAMANSARAGOMBAKJINJANGKERAYONG
KEROH
KLANG
KUYOH
PENCALASEMELA

SP
SPSP
P
SP
PPSP
PSP
PC Natural drainage system in KL‐ 3 primary rivers : total length of 32.8 kilometres and 8other rivers with a combined length of 40.6 kilometres

Figure: Rivers, drainage and retention pond system,

Groundwater usage by sector in Langat Basin
District

Totalusage
m3/hour

Usage (m3/hr)
Domestic

Industry

Hulu
Langat110.1

125.16235.26

Kuala
Langat1128.01295.52506.19

Sepang103.270103.27

Distribution of wells in the Langat Basin

Details

District
Hulu Langat

Kuala Langat

SepangDomestic

27

1118

Industry960

Observation

641

Test Well

0140

Unknown

510
Figure: Rivers, 2000

3. Effluent Load to the Water Source

Figure: Composition of water pollution sources
by sector, 2007

Land use by category, 2000

Figure : Trend of Pollutant Parameter at Klang River, Year 2005 – 2007

As recorded in theMalaysia Environmental
Quality Reports of 2000,
Water Quality Index(WQI) showed thatwater quality for Sungai
Klang and Sungai
Gombak is still polluted(WQI Class III 51.9‐ 76.5)
which requires extensive
treatment

Pollutant Load to the receiving water course around KL City

From wastewater effluent discharge into Klang River
BOD (kg/day)

COD(kg/day)NH3‐N(kg/day)

O& G(kg/day)SS(kg/day)

13,548.44

35,348.92

7,131.57

2,521.50

15,663.83

From Septic tank & Pour Flush Systems
BOD (kg/day)

COD(kg/day)

NH3‐N(kg/day)O& G(kg/day)SS(kg/day)

3,431.00

13,724.10

13,724.10

688.206,882.10

Total BOD load (kg/day)from Sewage Treatment Plants,
Environmental Quality Report 2007

4. Current Measures on Quality Control for Water
sourceA. Water Quality Index Standard
The Department of Environment is responsible for standards of effluent discharged
from municipal sewerage treatment plants and all associated environmental matters.

B. Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia
y Contemplates on eco‐friendly stormwater management practices based on:
9 Stormwater Quantity Control – Flash Flood
9 Stormwater Quality Control‐ River pollution
9 Erosion and Sediment Control Plany Used by:y Consultants, local authorities, housing developers,

public and DID
C. Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)
y Promotes legislation processy Engineering and technology Æsupport decision making in river basin management

D. CASE STUDY: KLANG RIVER CLEAN UP PROGRAM
yyyyyyy

Construction, maintenance, desilting, beautitification
Relocation of squatters
Treatment of pig waste
Rehabilitation of aquatic lifeEducation
Water pollution control
Enforcement

E. River water quality monitoring programme by DOE

y 1978 ‐ establish baselines and detect water quality changes
in river water quality and extended to identifying ofpollution sources
y Water samples collected at regular intervals fromdesignated stations for in‐situ and laboratory analysis todetermine
itsphysico‐chemicalandbiologicalcharacteristics.
(a) Manual Water Quality Monitoring (MWQM) Programme‐ In 2006 : 1,064 manual stations in 146 river basins weremonitored‐ 30 Manual Water Quality monitoring stations around Klang
Valley‐ Sampling Frequency = 4 to 12x/yr/station.
(b) Continuous Water Quality Monitoring (CWQM) Programme‐ 1 CWQM station at Klang River

MANUAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING MWQM
PROGRAMMEy Parameter for in‐situ measurement–DO (%), DO (mg/l)‐
Turbidity (NTU)‐
Conductivity (Us/cm)‐
Salinity (ppt)‐pH‐Temperaturey Parameter for lab analysis
BOD, COD, SS, NH3‐N, pH, DS, TS, NO3‐N, Cl, PO4‐P, O&G,MBAS, E.coli, Coliform, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na.
[ 24 chemical and biological parameters ]ALAM SEKITAR MALAYSIA SDN BHD CONTINUOUS WATER QUALITY MONITORINGSTATIONS THROUGHOUT PENINSULAR MALAYSIA-13 STATIONSPerai River

Kuala Terengganu
George Town

Terengganu River

Ipoh
Perak River

KuantanSelangor River

Klang River,Keratong River,

Kuala Lumpur

Shah Alam
Langat River

Batang Benar River,SerembanLabu River

Linggi River

Malacca River

Putat River

Malacca

Skudai River,

Johore Bharu

225. Current Issues on Quality Control for Water
SourceWhat Are The Sources
Of Sewage Pollution?

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS FROM SEWERAGE ACTIVITIES ?
EFFLUENT FROM TREATMENT PLANTS& OVERFLOW DISCHARGESSLUDGE DISPOSALHEALTH AND SAFETY

VISUAL AND AESTHETICSNOISE FROM PLANTSBUFFERODOURISSUES AND PROBLEMS
1.

IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

Legislative and Institutional Issues Regarding to Water Resources:
 Matters pertaining to water – State Government jurisdiction
 Fragmentation in the management of water resources – many institutions
involved
 Some laws: relatively oldÆ review
Enforcement Activities:
yCoordinated approach by each StateyDepartment of Irrigation and Drainage and DOE as secretariat
yMaximum fine RM2,000 : Solid waste dumping
yMaximum compound RM250,000

Eg :Challenges faced with USMMM:y
MaintenanceyWorkload, expertise, fundsyLand

2. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTy

About 50 tons of solid waste needs to be removed
from the Klang River basin dailyyBetween 500‐800 tones entered the river systemdaily with only 80 tones (15%) picked out by existing
trapping and removal mechanismy2006: Alam Flora – “fish out” 50,000 tonnes ofrubbish from Klang River dailyySolid waste composition in 2006 : reported at36 %factories, 25 % squatters, 17 % hawkers, 10 %debris,and 18%from individuals

3. WATER QUALITY

4. SEWERAGEy 1998: 46 % Wastewater treatment plants comply with
DOE discharge standards
y 2005: DOE expected 85% plants comply standards

5. SQUATTERS
y1998: Population in squatters 130,000ySquatter settlements presently occupying
approximately 571 hectares or 2.4 percent of total landuse
Composition of illegal immigrants was reported high :30%Average consumption of 150 l/day/person*(based on aUS survey projection) Æ total sullage and sewerage
generated and channeled directly to Klang River Æ 4.5
million litres daily
Poorly managed solid waste and rubbish thrown atcommon dumping area beside river
2011: 80% improvementÆ KL squatter free areayyyy

6. SULLAGE WATER/ ILLEGAL FACTORIESyyyyy

Year 2000: No of licensed hawkers and petty traders: 35,120–
mainly at markets, night markets, kiosks, secured stalls andattachments outside buildings‐ 65 % stalls located in City
Centre> discharge sullage water
Water usage : 100l/stall/day Æ total output of sullage water
generated: 2.2 million cu. Litres/dayLarge number of residents – have 3rd kitchen connected tostorm water drainage system rather than to the seweragesystemEstimate total residence in KL about 1.6 Million andconsidering 2% of these houses discharge kitchen and laundrywater into storm drainsÆ 8 million litres of sullage water
discharged into rivers daily (based on average daily household
use of water of 250 litres/family/day)
Pollutants from factories comprises chemicals and metals
which are discharged into the rivers