2010/12/14

2010.12.14 Kathmandu

Motoyuki Suzuki*
The Open University of Japansuzuki@ouj.ac.jp

DEVELOPMENT AND WATER MANAGEMENTJAPANESE EXPERIENCES AND FUTURE OF NEPAL

N 60°
N 50°
N 40°
Tokyo

N 30°
Kathmandu

N. Tropic
N 20°
N 10°

Equator

自然生態系に対する人間活動の影響

S 10°

1

2010/12/14

COMPARISON OF NEPAL AND JAPAN
Items

unit

Nepal

Country

year

Landlocked
km2

Area
Population

10Population Density

147,181625.89GDP/capita

Island377,835

05/06

127.41052175

10 $Official(108$PPP)

102(290)07

43,767(42,835))

07

US$PPP

1,120

07

33,62007％

7001

59779(m)86.1(f)

0505104.2

08

person/km
8GDP

Japan year

People engaged inagriculture/fishery336

63.2(m)Life expectancy

64.2(f)％

Unemployment

4205--100504

MONTHLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE

Temperature (degTgC)

30
2520

Kathmandu
Pokhara15

JomsomJiri

10Tokyoy50123456789 10 11 12Month2

2010/12/14

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRECIPITATION
Prec
cipitation (mm/mmonth)

1000
900
800
700

Kathmandu

600

Pokhara

500

Jiri

400

Jomsom

300

Tokyo

200
100012345678910 11 12Month

Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Relations
Prec
cipitation (mm/mmonth)

1000
900
800
700

Kathmandu

600

Pokhara

500

Jiri

400

Jomsom

300

Tokyo

200
1000-5051015

202530Temperature (degC)3

2010/12/14

WATER RESOURCES AND WITHDRAWALS
Nepal Japan

Total renewable
water resources(km3/year)

210.2

Total
T t l withdrawal
ithdl(km(k 3/year)/)10.18
10 18 88.43
88 43(m3/year)

8084

3385

(m3/year)

375

690

Domestic withdrawal
I d t i l withdrawal
Industrial
ithdl(m3/year[%])( /year[%])(m/[%])

11[3] 138[20]4[1] 120[18]Agricultural withdrawal(m3/year[%])360[96] 428[62]Per capita waterresources
Per capitawithdrawal

3Irrigated Land Area (km )2Per capita Irrigated Land
Area

2

(m )

430

11,700 25,920
450

204

Date of Information: 1999 for Total water resources & 2000 for withdrawals
World Factbook

http://www.karnadhar-school.org/map.htm

42010/12/14

GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS
Nepal occupies one third of Himalayan arc.
 Northern 77% of the land is mountainous while therest 23% makes up the alluvial plain of the Ganghis
River drainage basin.
 The north-south width of the land varies from 130km
to 255km while the sea level varies from 65m to8848m, forming a rugged land with steep slopes.
 Climate belongs to South-Asian summer monsoon
type and yearly precipitation varies from place toplace with the average of 1400 mm.
 Most of precipitation, 70-93%, is observed from Juneto September. Snow falls during the winter time atabove 3000m while at above 6000m snow isobserved even during the summer monsoon season.
5

2010/12/14

LAND USE IN NEPAL
Total Area: 147,100 km2
100-200 km (north to south)

8848m

Glacier 3.6%
6000m
Farmland
16%

23%

5000m

35%

4000m
3000m

57%
23%

43%
77% Hills & Mountains

1400m Kathmandu
1400m-Kathmandu

775m
65m above
Sea Level

Japan’s average slope

62010/12/14

Patan

7

2010/12/14

1950

1960

1970

1980

Johannesburg WSSD

N,P Controol

Shift of Environmental Problems

Urban Env.
Industrial pollution

01940

Kyoto Conference

Rio UNCED, Agenda 21

Basic Law of Environment

Osakka Expo

Basic Law on Pollution

Korrean WarWorld War 2ndW

1Unnited Nations

2Tokyo Olympic

Income doubling Plan

4

Water Polluttion Control Law
Stockholm UNCHEGNP(106yen/capita)

3

Oil Crisis

Energy(107kcal/capita)

Total Efflue
ent Control

5

End ofCold War

Trends of Japan Economy and Energy Consumption, 1940-2007:
Experience of Japan

Climate Change

1990

2000
M. Suzuki, UNU

Population with City Water Work Service and Sewerage Service
Population (million)

5

Energy(107kcal/capita)120

GNP(106yen/capita)

Total Population

4100

Non-sanitary
Treatment

1
2000
1940

1950
1950

After Magara(2003)

1960
1960

1970
1970

1980
1980

SSewerageService1990
1990

N,P Controol40SanitaryTreatment ofHumanWastes
Basic Law of Environment

2Total Efflue
ent Control

60

Basic Law on Pollution

City Water
Service

Water Polluttion Control Law

380

2000
2000
M.
UNU
M. Suzuki,Suzuki, UNU

8

2010/12/140
1940

1950

60,000
3,000
Polio
(ref)

2,000

40,000Paratyphoid

1,000
Typhoid

20,000

0

1960

1970

01980

1990

N,P Contro
ol

4,000

Basic Law of Environment

180,000

Number off Dysentery Patients perp year2

GNP5,000(106yen/capita)
Dysentery

Total Efflue
ent Control

3100,000

Water Polluttion Control Law

46,000
Energy(107kcal/capita)

Basic Law on Pollution

5

Number of Pa
atients per year (Except Dysentery)

Incidence of Infectious Diseases of Digestive Systems(1960-1975)

2000
M.
UNU
M. Suzuki,Suzuki, UNU

5

Non-complia
ance of Environmental Standardsof H
Hazardous Materials (%)(Improvement of Water Qualities Related to Hazardous
Materials in Public Water (1970-1992)
1.4
Energy(107kcal/capita)

Pb

GNP(106yen/capita)1.201940

1950

1960

Org-P

Cr

PCB

N,P Controol

0.4 As0.2

Basic Law of Environment

10.6

CdTotal Efflue
ent Control

20.8

CNWater Polluttion Control Law31.0

Basic Law on Pollution

401970
1970

1980
1980

1990
1990

2000
M.
UNU
M. Suzuki,
Suzuki, UNU

92010/12/1401940

1950

1960

50
40
30

20
10Lakes

N,P Controol

1Rivers60

Basic Law of Environment

270

Total Efflue
ent Control

3

Coastal Water

Water Polluttion Control Law

4100
Energy(107kcal/capita)90
GNP(106yen/capita)
80

Basic Law on Pollution

5Achievement of Environmental Standards (%)

Compliances of Environmental Standards(BOD/COD) in Three Categories of Water Bodies(1974-2006)

01970

1980
1980

1990
1990

2000
2000
M.
UNU
M. Suzuki,
Suzuki, UNU

20Energy(107kcal/capita)

10
1940

1950

16432101960

Lake and Dam

1210Ground Water

Bank Water

N,P Controol

218

14
Basic Law of Environment

3River Water

Total
Amount5Total Efflue
ent Control

4Water Polluttion Control Law

GNP

6(106yen/capita)

Basic Law on Pollution

5Source of C
City Water Supply (109 ton/year)

Trends in Sources of City Water Supply（1965-2000）

86
4
20

1970
1970

1980
1980

1990
1990

2000
2000
M.
UNU
M. Suzuki,Suzuki, UNU

10

2010/12/14

LESSONS LEARNTConstruction of city water services
 Accelerated from 1960 and was almost
completed at the end of 1970s.
 Drastic
off incidence
off infectious
Dti decrease
di id
i f tidiseases of digestive systems
 Excess use of city water caused newenvironmental deterioration in public waterways
 Also increase of water demands created needsof construction of number of dams inmountainous areas, creating other problems
such as destruction of lives of people inconstruction area, deterioration qualities ofstored water in dams etc.
 Huge waterworks systems require large
construction cost, considerable maintenancecost, non-negligible energy consumption perwater supply and reconstruction every thirty tofifty years

WATER BALANCES IN
JAPANPrecipitation
650

Evaporation during uses 25
Direct Evaporation
250

Average resources：420
Drought
Dro ght year：280
ear：280

Industrial
Use
9.4

55.1
AgriculturalWater
Fish Culture 3.9
4.8
1.7
Outflow
175

Unit: 109 ton/year

12.6

4.3

Domestic
4.8
Use
Groundwater withdrawal147

Flood
200

Ocean

11

2010/12/14

FACTORS INFLUENCINGWATER QUALITIES IN
BASIN AREA

Water Quality Model in Eutrophicated Water Body

Sun Light
PrecipitationSun Light
Volatile OrganicsAerationIC
OxygenDissolvd Orgaanics FlowFlowForest,
Mountainous Area

Algae
Organincs, N, P, IC, SS

Sources

Heterotrophs
Metabolites

IC, N, P

Organics IC, Metabolites
Sedimentation
Metabolites, IC, P
Algae
Metabolites
recurrence

Sediment,

Aerobic/Anaerobic

Agriculture,
Stockbreediing.
Anthropogenic Sphere

Sedimentation

Evaporation

RiversWater supply

Receiving water body

M. Suzuki, UNU

Trends in GDP per Capita in Asia:
Compressed Development Pattern

GDP//Capita (USD, 2000))

100,000

Global Climate
10,000Urban Environment

Industrial Pollution
1,000USAJapanKorea
PRChina
India
Bangladesh
Nepal

100
1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year12

2010/12/14

COMPRESSED PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT INVITESNEW APPROACHES TO PROBLEMS----ASIAN EXPERIENCES
World-top economic growth in Asia
1960s-70s: Japan
1970s-80s:
Korea andTaiwan
1970 80 K
dTi
 Late80s to 90s: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia
 2000s- China, …., Nepal

Rapid urbanization, materialization, massconsumption, high energy consumption, migrationof people to urban area, etc.
 Combination ofIndustrial pollution, urban pollution, rural degradation
Traditional culture and modern lifestyle Domestic problems and global/international problems


Need of Integrated Approach to EnvironmentalProblems-----------Asian countries have many in common.

M. Suzuki, OUJ

INTERLINKAGE OF ISSUES
GlobalWarming

Precipitation

Change of Water
Cycle

Ecosystem

Land Use
FooddemandWater quality

Water Use
Greenhousegas emission

Watermanagement

Population, Life
Style, Economy,
Industry13

2010/12/14

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY INDEX, ESI

Environmental SystemsReducing StressesEnvironmental health, Basic human sustenance and Reducing
environmental related natural disaster vulnerability

S i l andSociald Institutional
I tit til CapacityCit



Reducing Air pollution, Reducing ecosystem stress, Reducing
population stress, Reducing wastes and consumption pressures,
Reducing water stress, and Natural resources management

Reducing Human VulnerabililtyAir quality, Biodiversity, Land, Water quality and Water quantity

Environmental governance, Eco-efficiency, Private sector
responsiveness, Science and technology

Global StewardshipInternational collaborative efforts, Greenhouse gas emissions, andReducing transboundary environmental pressuresCIENS:Univ. Columbia, Yale University

Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI)
Environmental Systems
With Development
100
Air Quality, Biodiversity, Land,
International Collaborative Efforts, 80
Greenhouse Gas Emissions,60
Reducing Transboundary Env. Pressure

GlobalStewardship40
20

Environmental Governance,
Eco-Efficiency,
Private Sector Responsiveness,
Responsiveness
Science and Technology

Social andInstitutional
Capacity

Water Quality and Quantity

Reducing
Stresses

Reducing
Air Pollution, Ecosystem Stress,
0Population Stress, Waste & Consumption
Pressures, and Water Stress,
Natural Resources Management

Reducing
Human
Vulnerability
Environmental Health, Basic Human
Sustenance,
Reducing Env.-Related Natural Disaster Vulnerability

Yale University and CIESIN: 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index

142010/12/14

NepalJapan

Environmental Systems
100

GlobalStewardship

32707839

Reducing
Stress03739

Social andInstitutionalCapacity

4064

8963

Reducing
HumanVulnerability

IN PLACE OF CONCLUSION Nepal and Japan have some topics in common:

High population density in a limited space, hilly
areas to be developed, and limited water
resources for human activities, etc.
 Nepal has an advantage of late development.
Leap-frog design of a sustainable society
should be tried by integrating policies onenergy, water, environment and food security.
 For development off a new sustainable society,development of societal and institutional
systems including social technologies should
be focused on achievement of a sustainablevision of Nepal.

15