UNITED NATIONSREPORT OF THE
UNITED NATIONSSCIENTIFIC COI\IMITTEE
ON THE
EFFECTS OF ATOMIC RADIATIONNOTE
Throughout this report and its annexes cross-references are denoted by a letter
followed by a number: the Jetter refers to the relevant technical annex (see Tableof Contents) and the number is that of the relevant paragraph. \Vithin each technicalannex, references are made to its individual scientific bibliography by a number
without any preceding letter.
Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United
Nations document.

Annex I

LIST OF REPORTS
S U B M I T T E D T O T H E CObIMITTEE
1. This annex lists reports received by the Committee from Governments, specialized agencies, the International
Commission on Radiological Protection and the International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements.
Abstracts have been inserted where appropriate.
2. All those reports are included of which a sufficient number of copies for distribution in the A/AC.82/G/R.
document series were received before 1 March 1958.
3. The list also includes reports received after 1 &larch 1958, preliminary copies of which were submitted to theCommittee prior to that date.
Document
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1.

2.

3.

4.

USITEDSTATESOF AMERICA.The biological efezts of atomic radiation
Summarizes general survey in which committees of experts covered the following
subjects: genetics; pathology; meteorology; oceanography and fisheries; agriculture
and food supplies; disposal and disposers of radioactive wastes.
UETTEDKINGDOMOF GREATBRITAIXAND NORTHERN-~REL.~NI).T h hau~ldsto manof nuclear and allied radiations
General report covers both somatic and genetic hazards associated with radiation,
present and foreseeable levels of exposure, and an assessment of the hazards in termsof associated actual and permissible levels.
BELGIUM.Prelinzinary report on modern methods fur the evaluution of the biological e m t s
of small doses of external radiution or absorbed radioactive materials
Concludes that the most hopeful measurements are those of:
1. DNases and cathepsins in plasma and urine.
2. DNA synthesis in vitro by bone marrow or biopsy specimens.
3. Platelet counts.
4. Antibody synthesis.
and that the Committee should re-emphasize the need of appropriate fundamental
research in radiobiology.
JAPAN.(Report consisting of eight parts, as follows:)(Part 1.) Researches on tlze efects of the H-bomb explosion at Bikini Atoll 1954 on
animal ind~istryand sericzrllure in Japan
Gives negative results of analysis by absorption method of radioactivity in milk,
eggs and agricultural products following the Bikini explosions of hlay 1954. Related
experimental feedings of animals with radioactive ashes were analysed chemically.
(Part 2.) The radioactive contamination of agricultural crops in Japan
Gives results of soil and crop analyses for total radioactivity before and after May
1954 Bikini explosions, after subtraction of K'0 content, and with some radiochemical
analysis. Radioactivity after the explosion was detected in soil, crops and other vegetation which are distributed all over Japan. The possible route of contamination is
discussed.
(Part 3.) A preliminary report of reconzmendations on the modern methods 4 estimating
the biological activity of small radiation dose
Several current hematological findings in Japan are summarized and discussed.
(Part 4.) The airborne radioactivity i n Japan
Analyses of airborne radioactivity by filter and by electrical precipitator are describedand compared. Results of analyses 1954-1956 show poor correlation between peaks ofcontamination and trajectories of high-level air masses.
(Part 5.) Report on the systemtic observations of the atmospheric radioactivity i n Japan
Describes methods of collection and analysis of fall-out in dust, rain and snow, andof airborne radioactivity, as used in a wide survey a t meteorological stations. Resultsfrom April 1954-March 1956 are summarized and discussed and the cumulative depositions of Sr9O is calculated.
(Part 6.) On the distribirtion of natrtraliy radioactive ttuclicdes in Japanese islands
Surveys of the distribution of naturally radioactive nuclides in Japanese waters andminerals are reviewed and summarized.

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JAPAN (coratinzled)

5.
6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

14/Add.l(Part 7.) RadiocIrentual analysis of radioactive fall-out observed i n Japan
21
Present methods and results of radiochemical analyses of ash from the fishing boat
No. 5 fukuryu Maru and of rainwater and soil samples in Japan.
24(Part 8.) Fission prodwts i n water we5 and q u a t u organisms
Describes fall-out distribution and uptake generally, with special reference to waterand aquatic organisms and to the problem of Sr90.
~ ~ E S I C O First.
report on the studies of radwactke fall-out
15
Gives full description and comparisons of sticky paper and pot methods, preliminary
results May-July 1956 for total beta activity and intended expansion of programme.
2
UNIONOF SOUTHAFRICA.Preliminary report on radioactive f&out
The preliminary result of the measurement of total beta activity of fall-out by
porcelain dish method is described and results are given for January-June 1956. Sr90
deposition was estimated by chemical analysis.
UNITEDSTATES.
Radioactive fall-out througlz September 1955
13
Summarizes analysis of daily samples obtained up to end of September 1955 fromtwenty-six stations in United States and sisty-two elsewhere by gummed film method
calibrated against collection in high walled pots (see document A/AC.82/INF.l).
Cumulative deposition of mixed fission products, integral gamma doses and Sr90 deposits are calculated and compared with other findings, including Sr90 content of soils
and milk.
CHINA.Reports by the d t o m u Energy Council of the Executive Y u a n of the Republicof China
8
Briefly notes the radium content of certain Chinese and other waters and the occurrence of radioactive sailfish and dolphin in seas off Taiwan, June 1954.
CANADA.
Report on waste disposal system ai the Chalk River P h n t of Atomic Energy ofCanada Limited
15
Describes procedures and results of ground dispersal of radioactive wastes from anatural uranium heavy water-moderated reactor.
15
The Canadian progranzme for the investigation of the genetic effects of ionizing radiation
Describes a proposal to modify the sy,fem of recording of the national vital statistics
so as to render useful for genetic analysls the information contained in certificates ofbirths, marriages and deaths (see also document -4/AC.82/G/R. 58/Add. 1, annex 12).
UXITEDSTATES.Pathologic effects of atomic radiation
100
Present knowledge of the pathological (non-hereditary) effects of radiation is surveyed extensively by a committee. Includes separate sections by sub-committees orindividual members on: acute and long-term hematologcal effects: toxicity of internal 7
emitters; acute and chronic effects of radioactive particles on the respiratory tract;
delayed effects of ionizing radiations from external sources; effects of radiation on theembryo and foetus; radiation in a disturbed environment; effects of irradiation of thenervous system: radiation effects on endocrine organs.
Levels of strontitrm-90 i n Canada
7
CANADA.
Gives figures for Sr90 and S@ in milk powder a t seven stations, November 1955May 1956. The Sr90 level averages 4.8 ctpc/grn Ca. Cumulative total beta activity andcalculated SrOO content of fall-out analysed by United States AEC from gummed
papers, are summarized annually for 1953 to 1955. Independent Canadian measurements by methods which are not described differ from these by factors 2-5.
NEW ZEALAND.
-Wok by New Z m h d
12Gives brief notes in reply to the questions contained in individual paragraphs ofannexes to letter PO 131/224 of 9 April 1956 (annexes derived from A/AC.82/R.10).
Other sections describe: measurements of radioactivity (only radon found) collectedfrom air a t Wellington by filter and by electrostatic precipitator February 1953-May
1956, also by an impactor method in 1953 and in rainwater on certain dates November
1955-AIay 1956; results of measurements of total beta activities of fall-out by sticky
paper method May-July 1956.
NORW-4~.
Report of three parts
9
Suggests taurine biochemistry and lens opacities as biological indicators for low
doses. Gives notes on disposal of small amounts of radioactive wastes. Describes andgives results of analyses by pot method in 1956 of total beta activity due to fall-out
on ground. in air, in drinking water and accumulated in snow falls. Includes someanalyses for Sr90.
Addetzdum to Part I
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SWEDEN.Report of fifteen parts
The fifteen sections cover: consumption of the doses to the gonads of the populationfrom various sources; thorough survey of natural radioactivity including estimates ofu-eeldy dose-rates; measurements of gamma radiation from the human body; measurements of fall-out (1953-1956) including total beta activity, gamma ray spectrum andmigration of SrgO into soils, plants and grazing animals, content of certain isotopes aswell as research upon certain related physical quantities; considerations of occupational (medical) exposures. Methods used are extensively described throughout.
Corrigendzcm to parts 1 and 9
Corrigendum to part 9
FRA~-CE.
Report of three parts
The report includes three main parts:
1. hlethods of measuring: the radioactivity produced b y nuclear explosions andnuclear industry; natural or artificial radioactivity in living beings; the atmosphericradon.
2. Reports on measurements relative to: natural radioactivity of rocks: radioactivity of soil and water; natural and artificial radioactivity of air, water and soil;
occupational radiation exposure.
3. Studies on genetic effects of radiations and on the descendants of patientstreated with pelvic radiotherapy.
Addendum to above report
Czacaos~ov.-isu.Nalural radioacti-jily of water, air and soil in the Czechoslmak Republic
Briefly draws attention to deviations from reciprocity and to the partiaI reversibilityof many radiation induced phenomena, to the possible use of organisms in a state ofabiosis as integral dose-indicators. to certain specially radiosensitive organisms andresponses, and to questions of threshold. An extensive survey reviews many studies
of natural radioactivity.
KOREA,REPUBLICOF. Report concerning the request for information on natzrral radiation
background
Describes counters used for monitoring radiation background and gives results (cpm)from January 1955 to June 1956.
AUSTRIA.Information prepared by the Austrian Government relating to the effects ofatomic radiation
Describes radioactive warm springs a t Bad Gastein, giving activity levels in waterand air. Outlines wide scope of biological and instrumental research a t Gastein Institute.
UNITEDKENGDOM.
Th8 radiological dose to persons in the United Kingdom due to debris
fronz nuclear test explosions prior to Jantrary 1956
Summarizes measurements of total beta activity and Sr" content of fall-out a t
ground stations, in rainwater and in the air over the United Kingdom during 19521955. Includes calculations of time-integrated gamma ray doses.
Corrigendum to above report
UNITEDSTATES.
Project Sunshine Bulletin No. 12
Presents and discusses results of SrQOanalyses since 1 December 1955. Includes Srw
concentration in human and animal bones, animal products, vegetation, soil, precipitation, other water, and air.
Siunzmary of analytical results from the Has1 Strontium Progranz to June 1956
Summarizes the data of research on Sr9O conducted by Has1 since 1951. Includes the
Srgo content in fall-out, soil, vegetation, human and animal bones, human urine, milk,cheese, clrinking water, and fish. Fall-out measurements and samples cover not only
United States of America but also several other countries.
ARGENTINA.
Preliminary report on possible methods of estimating tlte biological effects ofsmall doses of radiation
Among biological effects of small doses of radiation, emphasizes especially: measurement of DNA synthesis using P32 and Cld radio-autography, histochemical andelectron microscopic examination of changes in lymphocytes and other components ofperipheral blood.
UNITED
STATES.
The effect of exposz~reto the atontu bombs on pregnancy termination in
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Gives full account of survey of pregnancies in Nagasalu and Hiroshima from 1948
to 1954: sex ratio, congenital malformations, still births, birthweights. neo-natal deaths,
certain anthropometric measurements a;t nine months, and autopsies were compared~ i t parentalhirradiation histories. No significant correlations were found.

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HUNGARY.Unztsual radioactivity observed i n tire atmospheric precipitation in Debrecen
25.
(Hungary) between 22 April-31 December 1952
Describes methods and discusses results of measurements of total beta activity offall-out at Debrecen, April-December 1952.
BELGIWI.Report consisting of five parts26.
1. Gives results of clinical observations of patients treated with X-rays, Ra or 1181
and of persons occupation?lly exposed.
2. Gives results of studles relating to: the medical and physical control of persons
occupationally exposed: the absorbing materials; and the radioactive contaminationof the atmosphere.
3. Considers preventive or curative methods of syndromes of acute irradiation.
States results of doses received by the occupationally exposed personnel of the Institut
du cancer of Louvain, Belgium, and of hematological examinations of them.
4. Describes methods for measuring the radioactivity in rain and surface waters.
Gives results of measurements of radioactivity in rainwaters.
5. Describes method for measuring the radioactivity of atmospheric dust by continuous filtering of air.
SWITZERLXSD.
Letler from the "Service fakral de l'ltygid?~publique", Bern
27.
Gives brief description of studies on atomic radiations conducted in Switzerland.
ARGENTINA.Information summary on the preliminary work carried out in Argentina
28.
for the measztremettt and study of radioaciive fall-out
Gives summary description of methods tried in Argentina for measurement of total
fall-out radioactivity and airborne radioactivity.
AUSTRALL~.
(Report consisting of six parts, as follows:)
29.
(Part I.) H u m a n genetics
Report gives recommendation as to the kind of human mutations which could bescored: several dominant autosomal genes should be investigated (gives list of suchgenetical abnormalities).
(Part II.) PIant genetics
Gives plan of research to be organized.
(Part I I I . ) Radio-biological unit in the University of Adelaide
To be established.
(Part IV.) Natural radiation background and environmental contamination
Describes future organization of investigations on natural radiation background andcontamination; radioactivity of food will be determined.
(Part 17.) Occupational exposure i n Australia
Describes monitoring system in application since 1940 and summarizes observations
done by the use of film badges (gives statement of per cent of personnel having received
a specified per cent of the permissible dosage).
(Part VI.) Health and safety precazttio9ts i n uratti2rnz mining and milling i n Aztstralia
Describes health and safety precautions in uranium mining and milling.
30.
UNITEDKIXGDO>I.Radio-strontium fall-out i n biological materials i n Britain
Describes methods for determination of Sr90 in soils and material of the biologicalcycle: gives results of measurement effected in England up to spring 1956.
31.
FEDERALREPUBLICOF GERMANY.
Replies to the questions put by the United Nations
Scienti$c Conzvzittee 072 the Effecls of Atomic Radiation
1. Levels of natural radiation background.
3. Summarizes long-term research in biology and medicine under the direction of
Langendorf (genetic effects, restorations, physicochernical effects); Rajrdski (effects
of natural radioactivity, accumulation of nuclides in tissues); Alarquardt (research on
natural mutation rates and their modification by irradiations): Other institutes(pathological and physicochemical effect). No details given-refers to scientificpublications.
32.
INDIA. Procedure used i n India for collection of fall-out samples and some data on fall-out
recorded i n 1956
Describes methods for measurements of airborne actix-ity by filtration, and of deposited fall-out with daily and monthly collection. The information includes tables
p i n g results.
33.
External radintio7t dose received by the inlzabitants of nzonozite areas of TravancoreCochin , Izzdia
Contains results of a survey to measure the radiation level of the Indian State ofTravancore. The radiation level due to gamma-rays a t about three feet above theground level ranges from 6,000 to 100 mrad/year, approximately. The main contributors are thorium and its decay products.

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t34 and Add.1 $BRUIL. O n tlze intensity levels of natural radioactivity in certai??selected areas of Brazil
States that Brazil has areas of intensive natural background where thorium sands
are present. Gives description of a survey on four sample areas which were selectedwith regard to:( a ) The geological structure and genesis of their active deposits;(b) The extension, configuration and intensity of their radiometric levels:(c) The extent and variety of possible biological observations and experiments.
34/Corr. 1
Corrigendum to above report.
~~'IETEOROLOGICALORGANIZATION.
Summary of comments of W h f O on proWORLD35.
cedures for collection and analysis of atmospheric radioactivity data
Comments on meaurements of fall-out and airborne activity: stresses the importanceof co-operation between meteorologists in selecting sites wherefrom to obtain samples.
BUZIL. ~lfeasurementsof long-range fall-out in Rio de Janeiro
36.
Gives information on measurements of airborne activity done in Rio de Janeiro,
including tables showing decay curves of activity of samples and concentration offission products in air during the period May-July 1956.
37.
UNIONOF SOVIETS O C L ~ I SREPUBLICS.
T
O n the methods of indicating the changes produced i n the organism by small doses of ionizing radiation
Gives an enumeration of many methods which might be used as tests for small
dosages: but these are based on certain symptoms which have not yet been worked
out to give a quantitative response, i.e. vegetative-visceral symptoms, nervous symptoms (like the increase in threshold of gustatory and olfactory sensitivity, etc.), skinvascular reactions, electroencephalogram.
Blood symptoms are also described (alterations of thrombocytes and lack of aleucocptosis response t o the injection of Vit. B-12).
Certain "immunological" symptoms are quoted, like the bactericidal properties ofsaliva and of skin.
38.
BRAZIL.Absorptio?~czrve of fall-out prodrlcts
Is connected with document A/AC.82/G/R.36; gives absorption curve for fission
product of an airborne activity sample obtained by filtration.
39.
USSR. Content of natural radioactive substances in the atnzospkere and in water in the
territory of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republus
Studies content of natural radioactive substances in the atmosphere and in waters;geochemical considerations on mechanism of contamination of waters and descriptionof radio-hydrogeological methods. Gives methods of measurement of airborne activity
and results, and includes tables giving content of natural radioactive products in air
and waters.
40.
Study of the atmospheric content of strontium-90 and other long-lked fissions prodiccts
Gives measurements of airborne fission products (Sr90, CslE, Ce'44 and Ru106):
methods for collection of samples and their radiochemical analysis; results andcomments.
41.
O n the behaviour of radioactive fission prodzlcts i n soils, their absorption by plants andtheir accumulation in crops
Report of two parts:
Part I.-Experiments of absorpuon and desorption by soil of fission products and
Yw, Cs137, Zr95
Nb9j and Ru106
Rh 106 areespecially of isotopes such as Sr9O
described. Theoretical analysis is also described.
Y90 is absorbed through ion exchange reaction, and is
I t was observed that Sr90
completely or almost completely displaced from the absorbed state under the action of
a neutral salt such as CaCl?. Radioactive equilibrium between SrgO and Y9O is destroyed during the interaction with soil.
Displacement of absorbed radiocesium is greatly affected by the potassium ions, but
not highly affected by N a N 0 3 or CaCl2 compared with SrgO
Y90. Zirconium andruthenium absorbed by soil exhibit a much lower susceptibility to desorption into
neutral salt solution, though their absorption is less complete. The disturbance of theequilibrium occurs also by absorption or desorption.
Part II.-The results of experiments on uptake of fission products by several agricultural plants are described. In water culture, the bulk of radioactive isotopes ofcesium and strontium is held in the above-ground organ of plant, while Zr, Rh andCe are mainly retained in the root system. Sr and Cs are likely to accumulate inreproductive organs of plants in larger quantities than Zr, R u and Ce. The plant uptake is affected by the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. Plants' uptakeof fission products from soils is considerably smaller than from aqueous solution, and

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cesium was found to be less absorbable from soil, compared with other isotopes, while
cesium is among the fission products most strongly absorbed by plants in water
culture. These facts can be explained by the absorptive and desorptive capacity of theisotopes of the soil. The properties of soil as well as the application of lime, potassium
or mineral fertilizers greatly affect the plant uptake. When a soluuon of fission
products was applied to leaves of a plant, radio-isotopes were observed to pass toother organs. Radiocesium was the most transmovable among the isotopes tested.
MEXICO.
First studies oft radioactive fall-out
Revised form of UN document A/AC.82/G/R.5.
JAPAN. The effect of momentary X-ray exposure in a s
d dose upon the peri$heral
blood picture
Decrease in lymphocyte number after single 60 mr exposure in humans. Decreasein lymphocyte count varies from 10 to 50 per cent-the maximum drop occurs thirty
minutes after irradiation, and may be followed by an increase in lymphocyte count.
Hematological e J ~ t sof single exposure to small doses of X-ray
Hematological effects during routine chest examinations. Dosages up to 3r. Most
constantly observed are: increase in neutral red bodies and Demel's granules inlymphocytes and late decrease in mitochondria1 index of lymphocytes during thefour-hour period following the irradiation. The cytochemical identification of thesevarious granules and their biological si_gnificanceshould be established unequivocally.
Morphological changes of platelets in chronic radiation injuries
Platelet morphology in chronic irradiation injury in rabbits (chronic 0.115 r/day or
0.231r/day), X-ray workers (dosage not evaluated) and persons exposed to atomic
bomb within 4 km from epicentre (nine years after the exposure).
Even if platelet count is normal, area index (proportional to average area) is increased markedly, and may remain so nine years after irradiation and is not necessarily related to low platelet count. Other morphological changes are also shown.
This observation should be repeated by other groups.
EG~TT.Preliminary report on environnrental iodine-131 measurement in sheep andcatlle thyroids in Cairo, Egypt
Contains measurement of radioactivity of 1131 deposited in thyroids of sheep andcattle which were brought from all over Egypt, Sudan and north coast of Libya.
Sampling was made during the period from hlay to October 1956.
USSR. Preliminary data on the effects of atomic bomb explosions on the concentration ofartiJicia1 radioactivity i n the lower levels of fhe atmosphere and i n the soil
Contains description of methods of measurement of radioactive products in the air
a t ground level and high altitude and gives results of observations.
Also contains the following conclusions:(1) The existing technique for detecting the presence of artificial radioactivity inthe lower atmosphere and the technique for determining the integral activity ofaerosols deposited on the earth's surface makes it possible to estimate the level ofcontamination of the soil by radiostrontium (strontium-90).
(2) The accumulation of radiostrontium in the soil in various areas of USSR territory is attributable partly to the explosion of atomic bombs in USA and partly to
explosions set off in USSR. The lower limit of activity of the strontium-90 which has
accumulated in the past two years (19541955) is as high as about 30 millicuries per
km2 in certain towns (cf., for example, Adler).
(3) Since radiostrontium is readily caught up in the biological cycle, suitable projects
must be put in hand to determine the permissible levels of contamination of the soil
with radiostrontium (strontium-90) and other biologically dangerous isotopes.
Programme of scientific research on the e f a t s of ionizing radiutions on the health ofpresent and futzrre generations
Describes a programme of research intending to study the effects of radiation a t
dosages 1 or 2 orders of magnitude above background intensity, of contamination of
the air and soil and life in areas of high natural radioactivity.
Summaries of papers presented at the Conjerence on tlze remote consequences of injuriescaused by the action of ionizi?zg radiatiolt
34ostly concerned with effects of various radionuclides and external radiation ondifferent mammalian populations (Hematology, carcinogenesis, f~rtility mostly
studied). Twenty-two papers are summarized.
Contribzrtions to the s t l ~ d yof the metabolism of caesiunt, stro?ztit~mand a mixtztre ofbeta-emitters it^ cows

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The metabolism of Csl37, S14989.90 and a number of mixed beta-emitters has beenstudied in cows (milk, urine, faeces, tissues).
Str07ztil~m:about 10 per cent given is absorbed in intestine and 1.45 per cent isretained in bones, and twenty times less in the soft tissues. The rest is excreted bymilk or urine.
Caesizrm: about 25 per cent given is absorbed in intestineone fifth of this is retained in muscle and less than one tenth of this amount in other organs or skeleton;
the rest is eliminated in the milk or urine.
51.

UNITED
IGNGDO~I.
T h e genetically signi$cant radiation dose from the diagnosis use of
X-rays in England and Wales-A prelinzinary sztrvey
Contains an analysis of number of X-ray diagnostic examinations performed perannum in England and \Vales, and a subdivision obtained from five selected hospitals
into types of esaminations. and into age and ses of the patients examined. In addition,
an assessment is made of the minimum dose received by the gonads in each type of
examination, and the probability of reproduction as a function of age. The results showthat it is unlikely that the genetically significant radiation dose received by the population of England and Wales from X-ray diagnosis amounts to less than 22 per cent ofthat received from natural sources and it may well be several times greater than thisfigure. Most of this radiation is received in a few types of esaminations, undergone byrelatively few patients, and by foetal gonads in examinations during pregnancy.

52.

RoM~NI.~.
Organization and results in radiobiological research work in the .RomanianPeople's Republic
Describes the following:(1) and (2) Protective effects of narcosis during irradiation only.
(3) After 325 r, up to eleven days narcosis increases biological effects (does not state
what criteria of biological effect).
(4) Hibernation (25' C) protects. Hibernation between 18'-25' C enhances effect.
Does not state if this is during or after irradiation.
(5) Hematological tests after 350 r.
( 6 ) Caffeine or aktedron during irradiation enhance effect; caffeine or alitedron
after irradiation diminish effect.
Suggests roentgenotherapy under conditions of protection (narcosis). Gives programme for radiobiology research in 1956-1957.

53.

USSR. Report consisting of two articles:
Part 1. The effects of ionizing radiations on the electrical activity of the brain( a ) Grigorev's research work states: gamma-rays depress electrical action of humanbrain. Does not confirm Eldrid-Trowbridge, who do not find effect on monkey.
(b) Describes effects of beta-rays of P32 (0.05 mc/kg up to 1 mc/kg) on electroencephalogram of dogs. This was followed by radiation sickness (if dose > 0.5 mc/kg)
and by hematological effects. A special implantation method of the electrodes is used.
Injection of 0.09 mc/kg gives change in amplitude five minutes after the injection(reduction in amplitude). After 0.5 mc/kg lowering of electrical activity lasts forseveral days. For dosages above 0.1 mc, part of the repression of brain activity isprobably a result of the radiation sickness induced by such high dosages.
Part 9. On the beta-radiation mtirn'ty of human blood
Report on radioactivity of human blood: 100 cc of normal blood have a radioactivity of 1.7 to 3.64.10-10 curies (due to K"). Permits the determination of K
content of whole blood. Same values are found in different pathological conditions.
No data on people working with radioactive material.

54.

UNITED
STATES.
Some efects of ionizing radiation on human beings

55.

A report on the Marshallese and Americans accidentally exposed to radiation fromfall-out and a discussion of radiation injury in the human being. Gives general andclinical symptomatology in relation to the estimated dosage and to internally deposited radionuclides.
Background radiation-A literature search
The results of literature search about background radiations dosage to human beings
are described and classified into three categories:(1) Cosmic radiation; (2) terrestrial radiation sources: and (3) radiation from internal
emitter. The cosmic radiation is important for the evaluation of natural background,since i t is estimated very roughly to contribute about a quarter of total backgroufld
dosage to the human population a t sea level and high latitude. However, its intensity
varies with various factors, such as altitude, geomagnetic latitude, barometric pressure,

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UKITED
STATES(continued)
temperature etc. Facts directly related to biological effects of cosmic rays are also
reviewed.
Radiations from naturally-occurring radioactive isotopes form another importantpart of the natural background. The contribution which comes from land is mainly
due to IC40, Razz6, ThB2 and Urn and the decay products of the last three nuclides.
The radium concentrations in surface water and public water supplies in various
districts are tabulated. The atmospheric concentration of Rn and Tn is greatly dependent on the locality, atmospheric condition and degree of ventilation, if indoor.
The population dose due to the natural background radiation is difficult to evaluate
in general, because of the statistical nature and varying conditions involved in nations.
Operation Troll
Operation Troll was conducted to survey the radioactivity in sea water and marine
life in the Pacific area during the period from February to hlay 1955. The general
conclusions obtained are as follows:
1. Sea water and planlcton samples show the existence of widespread low-level
activity in the Pacific Ocean. Water activity ranged from 0-570 d/min/litre andplankton from 3-140 d/min/g wet weight.
2. There is some concentration of the activity in the main current streams, such as
the North Equatorial Current. The highest activity was off the coast of Luzon, averaging 190 d/min/litre down to 600 m (1 -April 1955).
3. Analyses of fish indicate no activity approaching the maximum permissible levelfor foods. The highest activity in tuna fish was 3.5 d/min/g ash, less than 1 per cent of
the permissible level.
4. JIeasurements of plankton activity offer a sensitive indication of activity in theocean.
5. Similar operations would be valuable in assessing the activity from future tests
and in gathering valuable data for oceanographic studies.
Go7zadal dose i n roentgen examinations-A literature searchContains results of literature research which show the estimated contribution of
gonadal dose by standard medical roentgenographic procedures. Contribution to the
gonadal dose of certain examinations, such as examinations of teeth, skull, chest andextremities, is relatively insignificant, when compared to the case of pelvic and abdominal examinations. I t should be noticed that the dose to the foetal gonad isimportant genetically.
WORLD
HEALTFIORGANIZATION.
Ex't of radiafiotl on human I t e r e d i t p
Report of a Study Group (Copenhagen, 1-11 August 1956).
1. Document A: Reply to a question raised by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation.
2. Report of the study group concerning general questions and recommendations
for future progress and research.
3. Annexes 2-9 and 11-12 of the above report, being papers presented by various
members of the group.
These annexes were:Types of mutation a t known gene loci and possibility of hitherto unrecognized
mutations being induced. Irradiation of animal populations: results and work neededT. C. Carter.
Some of the problems accompanying an increase of mutation rates in Mendelian
populations-Bruce Wallace.
Exposure of man to ionizing radiations, with special reference to possible genetic
hazards-R. M. Sievert.
Detection of induced mutations in offspring of irradiated parents-J. Lejeune.
Gonad doses from diagnostic and therapeutic radiology-W. hI. Court Brown.
lllutation in man-L. S. Penrose.
Possible areas with sufficiently different background-radiation levels to permit detection of differences in mutation rates of "marker" genes-A. R. Gopal-Ayengar.
Comparisons of mutation rates a t single loci in man-A. C. Stevenson.
Effect of inbreeding levels of populations on incidence of hereditary traits due toinduced recessive mutations-N. Freire-Maia.
Detection of genetic trends in public health-Harold B. Newcornbe.
Annexes 1 and 10 of the above report of the WHO Study Group on the effect ofradiation on human heredity.
These annexes were:
Damage from point mutations in relation to radiation dose and biological conditions-H. J. hquller.

37

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Xo. of pages

A/AC.82/G/R.

60/Add. 1
61.

61/Add. 1
62.

63.

64.

65.
66.
67.

Some problems in the estimation of spontaneous mutation rates in animals andman-James V. Neel.
NETHERLANDS.
Radioactive fall-out nzeasurenrents in the Netherlands
Describes methods used for collecting samples of airborne r a d i o a c t i v i ~and of
deposited fall-out, and methods of measurement.
Includes tables of results for 1955 and 1956; calculation of gamma doses andquantity of strontium-90 computed from total activity.
UNITEDKINGDOM.
Genetic research i n the United Kingdom
Relevant programmes of genetic research in the United Kingdom and their investigators concerned are listed under the headings:(i) Fundamental research upon mechanisms;(ii) Population structure;(iii) Quantitative data on human mutation.
Suggestions for research in radiation genetics
General considerations are reviewed and a list of suegested programmes of researchin the fields (i) to (iii) is appended.
JAPAN. Current and proposed progranznzes of research and investigation related to radiation genetics i n Japan
A brief survey of current and planned research in Japan relevant to radiation
genetics, covering both human surveys and experimental work.
Table 1 (2) to abwe report:
Experimental data with beta radiation
Radiochenzual analysis of Sr90 and Csl37
Discusses methods of radiochemical analysis of Sr90 and Csls, including separationof strontium by precipitation and by ion exchange. Experiments for determining thebest conditions for ion exchange separations are reported.
Review of the recent researches on the biological effects of ionizing radiation in Japan
Contains brief abstracts of fifty-five papers from the Japanese literature dealing
with (1) research on biological indicators of the effects of ionizing radiation in small
and large doses, and (2) research on counter measures t o alleviate radiation injury.
Classical and more modern morphological, histochemical and biochemical methodsof observation were used for the assessment of radiation damage. Most studies were
performed on mammals. It is emphasized that it is very difficult t o obtain reliablebiological indicators of damage by small doses and that haematological methods arestill the most suitable in man.
UXITED
STATES.Shortening of life i n the ofspring of nmle mice mposed to neutronradiation from a n atomic bomb
Length of life in the offspring of male mice exposed t o moderate doses of acuteneutron radiation from a nuclear detonation is shortened by 0.61 days for each rep
received by the father over the dose range tested. This figure excludes death before
weaning age. The 95 per cent confidence limits are 0.14 and 1.07 days per rep. p t r a polating t o a proportional shortening of life in man gives twenty days per rep received
by the father as the point estimate and five and thirty-five days as the 95 per centconfidence limits. The offspring were obtained from matings made from nineteen to
twenty-three days after irradiation and, therefore, represent the effect of irradiation
on germ cells in a post-spermatogonial and sensitive stage of gametogenesis. It is probable that irradiation of spermatogonia (the stage that is important from the point ofview of human hazards) would give a somewhat smaller effect. However, since thepresent data show an effect on the offspring which is as large as the shortening of lifein the exposed individuals themselves, it seems likely that, even when allowance ismade for the conditions of human radiation exposure, shortening of life in the immediate descendants will turn out to be of a magnitude that will warrant serious
consideration as a genetic hazard in man.
Gamma-ray sensitivity of spermatogonia of the mouse
Relates the depletion of spermatogenic cells t o killing of spermatogonia, the repopulation being related t o the maturation of surviving cells.
Some delayed efects of low doses of ionizing radiations in small laboratory animals
A quantitative study of the life span, the incidence of leukemia, tumours (lung, liver,overy), and lens opacities as a response to low dosages (less than 100 rads).
Eflects of low-level radiation (1 to 3 r ) on mitotic rate of grasshopper neurobhts
A study of the inhibitions of mitotic rate and of its possible relationship with thealteration of chromosome structure.

213

Document

Coirlitvy and Title_Vumbnber

Approximate
No. of pages

A/AC.82/G/R.

UNITED
STATES(co~tti~zued)
68.
69.

70.
70ICorr. 1
71.
72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

76/Rev.l77.

78.

Effects of low doses of X-rays on enzbryofzic development i n the mouse
Effects of 25 r applied during different stages of embryonic development on skeletal
malformations appearing in the young.
S ~ D E NDoes. there exist mutational adaptation to chronic irradiation?
,haccount of an experiment in which a population of Drosophila heavily irradiatedfor many generations was compared with a control unirradiated population in respectof radiation-induced mutability. NO significant differences were found.
JAPAN. Radiological data i n JapanThe report is a compilation of data on radiation exposures in Japan. Data are arranged as suggested b y the Scientific Committee a t its October 1956 meeting.
Corrigendz~?nto above docu?nent
UXITEDSTATES.
Occupatio~zalradiation exposures i n Atontic Energy projects
A series of five tables concerning yearly exposures from 1947 to 1955 from external
and internal radiation sources.
Worldwide effects of atomic weapons(A comprehensive preliminary report on the Sr90 problem up to 1953).
-4 preliminary report discussing the various aspects of long-range contamination
due to the detonation of large numbers of nuclear devices. An improved methodology
for assessing the human hazard is developed, and an extensive experimental programme is proposed.
maximum pervzissible radiation exposures to man
A preliminary statement of the U.S. National Committee on Radiation Protection
and Measurement. The recommendations given by the Committee in National Bureauof Standards Handbook 59 have been revised and the maximum permissible doselevels have been lowered. The concept of "accumulated" dose for occupational conditions differs from the ICRP recommendations of 1956. For the whole population anannual additional exposure of 2.5 times the exposure from natural radiation sources
is allowed.
Gonadal dose produced by the medical m e of X-rays
A survey of diagnostic X-ray exposure with an attempt to estimate the geneticallysignificant dose in the United States. The estimate has been made under the assumption that patients undergoing X-ray examinations have a normal child expectancy. The
authors have assumed that the genetically significant dose can then be evaluated as
approximately equal to the average gonad dose for patients below the age of 30.
Using exposure data which are considered fairly representative of American practicethey arrive a t 130-140 mrem/year and 50 mrem/year as being the most probableand the minimum figure respectively.
Summary of current and proposed programmes of researclz i n the U.S.A. related toradiation genetics
A survey by investigator and title of current and proposed programmes of researchin the United States related to radiation genetics.
FOODAND AGRICULTURE
ORGAATZATION
OF THE UNITEDNATIONS.Principal calcium
contributors in national diets in relation to effects of atomic radiationfrom Sr90
Gives a general idea of foods contributing to the calcium uptake of human beings invarious parts of the world in relation to the different food habits of these people. Data
still quite preliminary.
FAO. Principal calcium conlributors i n national diets in relation to effects of atomic
radiation from strontium-90
This paper replaces the preliminary note circulated as U N document A/AC.82/G/R.76.
NORWAYAND SWEDEN.Radioactive fall-out over the Scandinavian peninsula between
July and December 1956
In this report, fall-out and rain precipitation figures over the Scandinavian peninsula are discussed. Accumulated monthly fall-out is reported for the period JulyDecember 1956.
BELGIUJL.
Information in eight parts on 1l.unzan getzetics submitted by Belgium
Contains the Belgian memorandum on human genetics prepared for the Geneva
meeting in April 1957 and a preliminary report on radioactive regions of Katanga(Belgian Congo). Besides this several reprints of Belgian contributions to radiobiology
are presented. The topics included are:(1) Steroid metabolism in irradiated rat.
(2) Endocrine response of irradiated animals studied by intraocular grafting.

6
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A/AC.82/G/R.

BELGIUM(contkzced)( 3 ) Doses and hazards due to medical radiology.
(4) hfetabolism and toxicity of cystamine in the rat.
Part 1. Current uncertainties in the field of human genetics.
Part 2. A preliminary survey of vegetation and its radioactive content in the
Katanga area.
Part 3. Influence of irradiation on the blood level of 17-hydrov-corticosteroids
during the 24 hours following irradiation.
Part 4. Skin and depth doses during diagnostic X-ray procedures.
Part 5. General discussion of the need for methods of effective dose reduction indiagnostic X-ray procedures.
Part 6. Chemical protection ( a ) metabolism of cystamine
Part 7. (b) the effectiveness and toxicity of cystamine.
Part 8. Experiments on the ascorbic acid and cholestrol content of the suprarenals of the rat following irradiation of normal and hypophy~ectomi~4
animals.
79.

80.

81.
81/Corr.l
82.
83.
83/Add.l
84.
85.
86.

87.

88.
89.

SWEDEN.A suggested procedure for the collection of radioactive fall-out
Proposes new method for evaluation of the external thirty-year dose due to thedeposition of gamma-emitting isotopes, based upon a single beta measurement foreach sample and one caesium ratio chemical determination in a pooled sample.
A second part of the report describes a collecting procedure using ion exchange resins.
ARGENTINA.
A geological, radiotnetric a d botanic survey of the region "Los Clut+iores"in the province of Mendom of Argentine RepublicRadiometric data on the above-mentioned region are shown on the attachment to
the document.
Measurements of the cosmic ray intensity in three latitudes of Argentine Republic
Data on the intensity of the cosmic rays in three points of observation a t different
latitudes in Argentina.
Corrigendum to above report
On the absorption of the nucleonic cotnponent of the cosmic radiation at -15' geomagnetic latitude
Mt~tationsi n barley seeds induced by acute treatments by gamnza rays of cobalt-60
A report of experiments on the induction of mutations a t a number of loci in barley
by irradiation of seeds with gamma-rays of Cow a t 10 r/min.
Addendum to above report
Mutations i n barley induced by formaldehyde
A report of experiments on the induction of mutations a t a number of loci in barley
by formaldehyde.
Spontaneous mutations in barley
A report of experiments on spontaneous mutations a t a number of loci in barley.
A study of radioactive fall-out i n Argentine Republic
Describes the methods used in Argentina for fall-out collection and measurement.
Value for strontium-90 and total beta activity are given for the first two monthsof 1957.
A research programme i n Argentina on the genetic influence in the plants of the ionizing
and ultra-&let radiatwt~
A brief summary of projected research in Argentina on the genetic effects of ionizing
and ultra-violet irradiations of plants, comprising both surveys of areas of highnatural background and a broad range of laboratory experiments.
Programme of physical oceanography for the International GeophysiGal Year
Information on the general programme to be developed i n Argentina on items of interest
to the Scientific Committee on the Efects of Atomic Radiation
A brief general survey of Argentina research activities related to the effects andlevels of ionizing radiations.

90.

NETHERLLP.~~.
Che?nual steps involved irz the production of mz~tationsand chromosome
aberration by X-radiation and certain chemicals in Drosophila
A survey of comparative studies of X-ray and chemical mutagenesis in Drosophila,
made in an attempt to throw light on possible intermediate chemical steps in the induction of chromosome breaks or mutations by ionizing radiation.

91.

UNITEDSTATES.
Strontiz~m-90in man
Radiochemical analyses of strontium-90 in human bone have been reported. The

I
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11
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19

4
5

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No. of pages

A/AC.82/G/R.
UXITEDSTATES(continued)

97/Corr.l
98.

99.

100.

values are in accord with the predicted levels based on fall-out measurements andfractionation through the food-chains.
Radioactive faldout irt Norway
NORWAY.
Contains information on methods and results of measurements of fall-out in Nonvay.
Summary of analytical results from the H A S L Stro?ttiz~mProgram July throughDecember 1956
Summarizes data on samples collected by the U.S.A. fall-out network since September 1955 up to September 1956. In addition, i t summarizes the data of the samples
collected for the strontium programme during the period July-December 1956.
Environmental radon cotzcentratwns-An interim report
Preliminary data showing ambient concentrations of radon in the metropolitan New
York area are presented. An attempt has been made to define the variability ofconcentration of radon in the general atmosphere with location, time, and weather
conditions. Samples have been analysed from the outdoor air, inside of buildings, andabove and below the surface of the ground. Comparisons with the data obtained byother investigators are also shown.
The radium content of soil, water,food cnd humans-Reported odues
hlari?te biology-EJectsof radiution-A selected bibliography
Twenty-four references concerning investigation on the distribution and metabolism
of fission products in marine organisms.
Sea disposal operatwtt
Some atomic energy activities in the United States have been disposing of radioactive wastes a t selected ocean disposal sites since as early as 1946. It is the purposeof this report to describe the extent of these disposal operations including a summaryof types of packaging used and of places where the wastes are dumped. The status ofrelated oceanographic research (1956) is briefly touched upon.
Corrigendum to the abme report
C-&-~U)A.
Radiochemical procedures for stroniiunz and yttrium
A detailed ion exchange ~rocedureis given for the determination of radiostrontium
in different samples. Methods are described for the treatment of various organic
materials.
Lmels of strontiz~m-90i n Canada u p to December 1956
Reports the results of radiochemical analysis for strontium-90 activity in milk
and milk products and human bone. Natural strontium content determinations in milk
and bone are also reported.
USITED KINGDOM.
The determination of long-lived fall-out in rainwater
Describes radiochemical procedures for the determination of S 9 , Sr90, Cs137 and Cel4J
activities in the rainwater.

101.

DENMARK.
kfeasurenzent of activity of airborne dttst. Measurements of fall-out depositedon the groundResults of daily measured radioactivity in air (electrostatic filter method) and in
precipitations (collection of rainwater) in Copenhagen for rhe period 1956.

102.

AUSTRIA.Radiologicd data. Demographic data.
Contains data on RBE dose rate in the gonad due to both natural and artificial
sources. Demographic data on the whole population and of special groups are given.

103.

UNITEDKINGDOM.
Modifiation of imnzunological pheno7ttena and pathogenic action of
infectious agents after irradiation of the host
Evidence is given that whole body irradiation before the repeated injection of antigen
both diminishes the peak-concentration of antibody and delays in time the appearance of the peak. The lowest efficient dose was 25r. The tolerance of heterogenous skin,prafts or bone marrow cells has been also shown after irradiation; the duration of~nhbltionof immune response is proportional to dose received.
Some data, esti~natesand rejkctions on colzgetzital awd hereditary anomalies i n the
fioPu.ktion of Northern Ireland
Presents an extremely detailed and thorough medico-genetic survey of the population of Northern Ireland using data accumulated over a number of years, together
with very pertinent analyses of the data, the problem of genetic disability and its relation to radiation effects.
Leukemia and aplastic anaemia in patients irradiated for ankylosing spondylitis
The incidence of leukemia and of aplastic anaemia was investigated in patients

101.

105.

Country and Title

A moximate
No. of pages

treated in Britain for ankylosing spondylitis by means of ionizing radiations during theyears 1935-1954.
Relationship behveen radiation dose and incidence of leukemia was evaluated. The
answers suggest the adoption of working hypothesis that for low doses the incidenceof leukemia bears a simple proportional relationship to the dose of radiation, and that
there is no threshold dose for the induction of the disease. The dose to the whole bonemarrow which would have doubled the,expected incidence of leukemia may lie within
30 to 50 r for irradiation with X-rays.

Information on radiological data
NORWAY.
Summary tables on radiological data in Nonvay with an extensive set of data on
X-ray and natural radiation exposures.
Addendum to above report
NEW ZE-UND. New Zealand report to U.N. Scientifi Comnzittee on Atomu Radiation:
E m t s of atomic radiation measured in New Zealand to 31 July 1957
A set of notes on the current status of various programmes in New Zealand 1vi:hin
the field of interest on the Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation,
including preliminary measurement of radioactive fall-out, C" airborne activjty,
natural and artificial radioactivity, and occupational gonad exposures.
USITEDSTATES.Current research findings on radioactive fall-ozct
General survey of the fall-out problem, especially Srw distribution and uptake inthe human body.
Dosages from natural radioactivity and cosmic rays
NETI-IERLANDS.
Four reports on quantitative determination of radioactivity
A group of tables containing figures for the radiation doses from natural and manmade sources in the Netherlands.
NORWAY.
0 1 1 the deposition of nuclear bomb debris in relation to air concentration
Studies the relation between the deposition of fall-out and the airborne activity.
I t appears that in 1956-1957 the fall-out in the Oslo area was roughly proportional tothe product of precipitation and airborne activity a t ground level.
Radioactive fall-out in Norway u p to August 1957
Gives the results of measurement of fall-out materials in air. precipitation, waterand other samples. Measurement of airborne activity a t high altitudes are included.
Srw values are computed from total beta activity, a small number of samples havlng
been checked by chemical analysis. Samples of water, milk and urine have been
analysed for iodine-131.
Radiochemical analysis of f&out in Norway
andDescribes the methods used in Nonvay for determination of Srw, Csln andcontains data of Srw and Csln activities in water and milk and of 1'31 in milk, in the
period February-June 1957.
UNITEDKIXGDOM.The relative hazards of Srw and Ra*
Methods for calculations of the doses received by soft tissue cavities in bone
containing Srw and Ram are presented. Non-uniformity factors are given for the dosefrom Sr90. Calculation of the maximum permissible body burden for radium on thebasis of a given maximum permissible dose-rate to bone gives a wide range of values,
depending on the assumptions made. In the case of radio-strontium, the range of possible values is less. I t is suggested that radium be no longer taken as the basis for the
calculation of maximum permissible body burden of Srw.
Sltortening of life by clzronic irradiation: the experimental facts
A survey of all published experimental results relating to shortening of life-span ofmice due to chronic irradiation.
The comparison of effects between gamma-rays of cobalt-60 and fast neutrons ismade; the R.B.E. factor used for fast neutrons was 13.
A good agreement of experimental results has been found indicating that chronic
irradiation both with gamma-rays and neutrons shortens the life of mice in a reproduc~blemanner. No statistically significant data were found below the weekly doseof lor.
The possibility of extrapolation and the possible dose-effect relationship is discussed.

BELGIUM.
Report on health protection i n uranium mining operations i n Katanga

Document

NumberCounlry and Title

INTERKATIONAL
COX~IISSION
ON RADIOLOGICALPROTECTION
A ~ DINTERNATIOKAL& P o s u ~ ~ of man toCoual1sslo~ON RADIOLOGICAL UNITSAND ~,IEASURE~IENTS.
ionizing radiation arising from medical procedures
Gives a survey of the present exposure of the gonads due to X-ray diagnostic procedures. Some 85 per cent of the diagnostic dose arises from six to seven types of
examinations, which are discussed separately. Estimates of the genetically significant
dose are given for some countries. I t is recommended that the basic studies be extended and that more detailed analysis be obtained through sampling procedures
rather than through the systematic recording of the radiation received by every
member of the population. Methods for dose reduction are discussed.
POL^^. Report on meusurements of fall-out i n Poland
Continuous measurements of global beta activity of fall-out are reported for four
stations in Poland.
Effect of a lethal dose of radiation on the antor~ntof reducing steroids in the
BELGIUM.
blood of the rat
Indicates that lethal irradiation shows, in the blood, an increase of reducing steroids.
This reaction presents a maximum which is not necessarily linked to the variations of
the ascorbic acid and of the cholesterol in the suprarenals.
Action of hydrogen peroxide on the growth of young barley plants
The growth of coleoptiles of young barley plants treated with hydrogen peroxide
is affected in the same way as when the plants are irradiated n-ith X-rays.
Action of cystantine and glutathwne on X-ray irradiated barley seed
The cystamine and glutathione diminish the effects of X-rays on barley grains;
mitosis are still possible after doses which would inhibit them in the absence of theseagents.
Action of X-rays on the growth of internodal cells of tlte alga Chara Vulgaris L.
Irradiation of internodal cells of alga CIzara Vulgaris L. increases the elongation ofthese cells for doses up to 150 kr; above this dosage elongation is inhibited (c.f. document A/AC.82/G/R.156).
UNITEDSTATES.Radioactivity of People and foods
Potassium and caesium activities measured with whole body counters are reported.
The amount of caesium-137 now present in the population of the United States showsno marked dependence on geographical location.
Atmospheric radioactivity along the 80th meridian, 1956
Radioactivity levels a t the various sites during 1956 are reported for three different
collecting systems: air filters, cloth screens and gummed films. Estremely wide variations in the gross radioactivity of fission products in the air have been noted, n-ith
the highest levels occurring in the Northern hemisphere. Preliminary results of radiochemical analyses of a few filter collections are included.
Radioactive co?ztamination of certain areas in the Pacific Ocean from nuclear tests
Contains a summary of the data on contamination levels in some areas of the
Pacific Ocean and results from medical sun7eys of Marshall Islands inhabitants.
Data on gross beta activity, individual isotope contamination and external gammaexposure are included.
UNITED
KINGDOM.
Radwstrontium in soil. grass, milk and bone in the United Kingdom:
1956 results
Results of strontium-90 analysis of soil, grass and animal bone for twelve stationsin the United Kingdom are given. Human bone specimens obtained in 1956 have also
been measured.
- ~ G E N T ~ T ACalcium.
and potassium content of foodstuffs in the Argentine Republic
Describes the methods and results of I< and Ca analysis of food in Argentina.
I t shows that 80 per cent of the dietary Ca is provided by milk.
UNITED
KIXGDOM.
Ionizing radiation and the socially handicapped
Collects available data and calculations concerning the numbers in various classesof handicapped individuals in the United Kingdom and the relationships of thesenumbers to genetic factors, mutation rates and radiation levels.
C-4~-=A.Dose from unsealed radio-nuclides
Calculations based upon information on shipments of radioisotopes show that the
gonad dose to age 30 from unsealed radio-nuclides during 1956 in Canada is about
0.5 per cent of the dose from the natural radiation sources. The main dose arises fromiodine-131.

Documen:
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13O/Add.l
131.

132.

133.

134.

135.
136.

136/Corr.l
137.

138.

138/Corr. 1
139.

2,000
USITEDSTATES.Tlae nature of radioactive fall-out and its eflects on man
An extremely diverse and extensive collection of infomation and expert opinion
given as public testimony before a governmental committee, and presented without
further evaluation.
Index to above report.
51
Radioactive strontium fall-out
26
General survey of the fall-out problem, especially strontium-90 distribution anduptake in the human body.
21
UNITED
KINGDOM.
Tlte determination of long-lived fall-out i n rainufater
A method is described for the determination of long-lived isotopes in samples ofrain water. Some attention is paid to the development of the method, including detailsof the checks to ensure radiochemical purity of the final sources used for counhng.
WORLDMETEOROLOGICALORGANIZATION.
ExcerPt from a letter dated 6 November 1957
received from the Secrehry-General of the WMO-Interinz international reference
precipitation gauge
Brief report of the discussion held by the Executive Committee Panel on Atomic
Energy and by the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observations of the
WMO on subjects related to the effects of atomic radiation.

7

ITALY.Report on genetics 1950-57-A brief report on the research work done i n the jieldof genetics i n Italy
Extensive notes reporting relevant research work in the field of genetics carried out
in Italy during the period 1950-1957.

47

J A P A N . Analysis of Sr90, Csln and Pu239 i n fall-out and contaminated materials

The report gives radiochemical procedures for Sr'Jo,Csln and Pu239 from air filter ash.
The counting equipment is described briefly.
Primary estimate of tlre dose given to tlze lungs by the airborne radioactivity originatedby the nz~clearbomb tests
The report gives method and results of measurement of airborne radioactivity forTokyo from 1955 to 1957. Values are obtained for gross alpha and beta activity andradiochemically determined concentradons of strontium-90 and plutonium-239. A
method for computation of the dose to the lungs is described. The mean dose during
1955-1957 was of the order of magnitude of 10-2 rem/year.
Corrigendum to above report
A measure of future strontium-90 level from earth surface to human bone
Calculation of the future strontium-90 level is made on the basis of present data on
cumulative ground deposit and food contamination.
The cumulative ground deposit (mc/km2) is calculated assuming that:
1. The total amount of fission products from future tests is known.
2. 20 per cent of airborne strontium-90 falls to the earth's surface every year.
3. The distribution of fall-out is homogeneous.
The metabolism of strontium-90 through the food channel and food habit factor
related to calcium and strontium source are taken into consideration.
The future human skeletonal dose and maximum permissible level of ground deposit
are then calculated.
Sufiplemental review of tlte recent researches on tke allwiatio?~of radiation luzards
This is an addition t o G/R 63 and gives abstracts of new developments of radiobiology in Japan. Work on protection by amino acids, cysteamine and some newderivatives of this last compound is reported. Work on the therapeutic effect of aprotein diet and of adrenochrome preparation is also reported.
Corrigendum to above report
Experimental studies on the development of leukemia i n mice with frequent administrations of small doses of some radioactive isotopes (P2, S F , Gel")
The development of leulcemia is described in three strains of mice in which thedisease has not been observed under control conditions. Nine cases of leukemia havebeen observed among forty-six animals surviving tn-enty-one weeks and longer
following the first of repeated administrations of P32 a t three dose levels (0.1, 0.3, and
0.5 pc/gm). Latent periods varied with total dose administered. Larger doses weremore effective than small doses. The leukemia was primarily of the myeloid type.
Radiostrontium (Sr90) and radio-cerium (Cd") were much less and practicallyineffective in producing this disease in these animals. Sarcoma of bone was foundstrontium-treated animals. I t is concluded that leukemia is the result of severe damage

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JAPAN (continued)

to the haematopoietic tissues in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. There are many
tables and figures, including results of radiochemical analyses of various bones a tvarious intervals following injection.
Corrigendum to above report
Experinzental studies on radiation i ~ t j u r yby colloidal radioisotope-liver injury bycolloidal radioactive chromic phosphate CrP:2O4
Describes morphological observations on the liver of rats which mere injected intravenously with various concentrations of colloidal suspensions (particle size 0.1-1.0
micron) of radioactive chromium phosphate (CrPS204). Even wirh high doses (5.5
pc/gm) liver injury did not become manifest until twenty days after injection andcorrespondingly later with lower doses. Changes in the liver are described but notillustrated. They are greater in the liver than in other organs containing reticuloendothelial cells. The lesions are said to resemble those of virus hepatitis. Large dosesof chromium phosphate also produce lesions in the bone marrow with concomitantchanges in the peripheral blood.
Corrigendum to above report
Radiological data i n Japan II-Concentrations of Sr90, C s m , PuB9 and others i n various
nzaterials on earth's surface
Contains data on concentration of Sr90 in rainwater, soil, foodstuffs and human bonein Japan obtained by radiochemical analysis in some cases and by computation fromthe total beta activity in other cases. Besides Sr90, data on Csl37, Pu239, Zns, Fe55 andCdlu are also included.
Corrigendum to above report
Addendunt to above report
U ~ T E STATES.
DRadioactive fall-out
General survey of the fall-out problem, especially Sr90 distribution and uptake inthe human body.
The world-wide deposition of long-lived fission prodztcts from nuclear
UNITEDKINGDOAI.
test explosions
A network of six stations in the United Kingdom and thirteen in other parts of theworld has been set up for rainwater co!lection. Samples are analysed for S F , Srw,
Celn and Cel44, This report contains an account of the results obtained so far, andsome discussion of the present and future levels of SrQ0in United Kingdom soil.
NORWAY.
Radioactive fall-out u p to November 1957
A review is given of the monitoring in Norway of airborne activity and fall-out ofradipactive dust; also radioactive contamination in drinking water is reported.
SI~-EDEN.
Uptake of strontium and taesiunz by plants grm'tt in soils of diflerent textureand different calcium and potassiunt coliteltt
The radioactiue fall-out i n Sweden u p to 1.7.1957
Additional data to the report G/R.l5 for the period up to June 1957 are given. The
total beta activity, accumulated Srw and Csln amount and Srw content in soil aremeasured.
Gamma radialion from some Siiedish foodstufls
Significant increase of gamma radiation from milk, beef, cattle-bone and vegetables
was found during the period 1952-1956. No increase of gamma radiation from children
in the corresponding period could be observed.
Progress report on the metabolism of jission products i n ruminants
The excretion of radioactive fission products (Srw and 113') in milk after per oral
administration is measured.
A method for monthly collection of radioactive fall-out
Describes a collecting procedure using anion and cation exchange resins.
The computatio~zof infinite plane 30-year doses front radioactive fall-out
Proposes new method for evaluation of the esternal 30-year dose due to the deposition of gamma emitting isotopes, based upon a single beta measurement for eachsample and one CslS' ratio chemical determination in a pooled sample.
The control of irradiation of populations from natural and a r t i r n l sources
Describes an automatic system for continuous indication and recording of very low
radiation level. Suggests the use of such instrument for public control purposes.

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No. oj Pages

152.

UXITEDKINGDO~I.
Tlte analysis of low level gamma-ray activity by scintillatio?~
speclrometry
The application of gamma-ray spectrometry enables measurement of the gammaactivity of 10-11curies or less.

153.

USITEDSTATES.The Chicago Sunshine method: Absolute assay of strontiztm-90 i n
biological materials, soils, waters and air filters
Contains a survey of Chicago sunshine research programme on the distribution ofstrontium-90 in the biosphere. Methods of sample treatment, counting and evaluationof data are reported. Detailed description of analytical chemical procedures is added.

154.

ARGENTIXA.
Normal calcium content of Sun Juan wines155.

BELGIUM.
Recent research on the chemical protectors and particularly on cysteaminecystamine. (Document in English)
Discusses the possible mechanisms of action of chemical radioprotectors particularlyof those above-mentioned.
Effect of X-rays on the growth of internodal cells of the alga Chara vulgaris L
A complicated doseeffect relationship is shown when non-dividing internodal cells
are irradiated and their growth tested (cf. document A/AC.82/G/R.122).

156.

157.

ARGENTINA.
Radioactive fall-out from the atmosphere in the Argentine Republic during
1957
Includes tables of results for first three-quarters of 1957. Total activity and strontium-90 content is measured.

158.

159.

Tlte action of various drugs on the suprarenal response of the rat to total body
BELGIUM.
X-irradiation. (Document i n English)
Describes strict difference in action of radioprotectors (cysteamine) or narcotic
drugs (morphine and barbiturate) in preventing adrenal changes of irradiated animals.
Nervous co?ttro2 of the reaction of anterior lzypophysis to X-irradiation as studied i ngrafted and newborn rats. (Document i n English.)
Indicates that the changes of suprarenals after irradiation are consequence of aneuro-humoral chain reaction. The reaction of adrenals seems to have negligible importance in the pathogenesis of radiation disease.

160.

USSR. Draft of Chapter F prepared by tlre delegation of the U S S R to the Scientific Com-

161.

162.

163.

mittee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
A sensitive method for detecting the effect of radiation upon the human bodyJAPAN.
Discovers a new extremely sensitive biological indicator of the effect of ionizing
radiation. The acute dose of 50 mr and even less results in significant changes of thephosphene threshold of the eye. Approximately linear relationship between the effectand the logarithm of the dose from 1 mr to 50 mr is derived. Summation of the effectof repeated exposure is found.
UNESCO/FAO/WHO. UNESCO/FAO/WHO report on sea and ocean disposal ofradioactive wastes, including appendices A , B and C
Summarizes contributions made by different authorities.
Appendix A : R. Revelle and &I. B. Schaefer. General considerations concerning theocean as a receptacle for artificially radioactive materials.
Contains general account of the processes in the oceans and indicates the necessityof research on certain basic problems which would enable the prediction of the consequences of the disposal of large quantity of radioactive material to the sea.
Recommends measures of an international character in order to assure safe liquidation of atomic wastes.
Appendix B: Report prepared by FA0 and WHO. Discusscs the following questions:
1. The geochemical cycle of various elements between the water and the sediments.
2. The affinities of the various species of organisms in the oceans for different
elements which have radioactive isotopes.
3. The possible rate and distance of vertical and horizontal transport of radioactive
isotopes by marine organisms.
4. The distribution, abundance and rate of growth of the populations in the oceans.
Appendix C: Abstracts of eight other contributions to the report on sea and ocean
disposal of radioactive wastes.
USSR. Data on the radioutive strontium fall-out on the territory of the U S S R as to theend of 1955

Courrtry and Ti&

A/AC.82/G/R
164.

MEXICO.
Third report on the studies on radioactive fall-out
Presents fall-out data for thirteen stations in Mexico covering the period fromMarch to October 1957.
Computes approximate figures for infinite gamma dose and Sr90 precipitation.
Gives preliminary results of Sr90 and Csl37 content in milk.

FAO. General considerations regarding calcium availability i n the broad soil groups of
the world in relation to the uptake of radiostrontit~m

165.

Classiiies soil groups with low calcium level. Recommends the investigations of thefactors influencing Srw uptake by plants growing on such soils.
166.
.

167.

IS~IA.,Weasurements on the radiation fields in the Monazite areas of Kerala in India
Presents results of measurements in the monazite area with high thorium content.
As this area is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, the study of therelation between high level radiation background and eventual biological effect would
be of great value.
The average dose is 1500 mrad per year, exceeding three times the maximum permissible dose recommended by NCRP (USA).
UXITEDKINGDOM.Measureme?ats of Csl37 in human beings i n the United Kingdom
1956/1957~ e s k i b e sthe method of determining the Csln content in the human body using
gamma-ray spectrometry.
~ ~g potassium.
~
The average present value is 34.0 f 7 . 6 perJAPAN. An enumeration of future Sr90 concentration in foods and bone

Gives amendments and corrections to the report A/,'iC.82/G/R.137 based upon
new available data.
BRUIL. On the nature of long-range fall-out. (Document in English.)Describes one surprisingly high value of daily collected fall-out activity due to asingle big and highly active particle.
Corrigendum to above report
UXITEDKINGDOM.
The disposal of radioactive waste lo the sea during 1956 by the United
Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
Summarizes the discharges of liquid radioactive wastes to the coastal sea fromWindscale Works during 1956.
The results of monitoring indicate that the average activity of the samples remains
well below the permissible level.
A summary of the biologital inoestigaiions of the discharges of aqueous radioactioe
waste to the sea from Windscale W m k s , Sellafield, Cztmberland
Summarizes the results of preliminary hydrographic and biological studies and of
regular monitoring of the marine environment in the period 1952-1956. About 2,500
curies of radioactive wastes monthly has been discharged during this period. Due tothe favourable local conditions, the upper limit for safe liquidation is determined tobe more than 45,000 curies per month.

The estimation of the amount of Sr" deposition and fhe external infinite gamma
dose in Japan due to man-made radioactivity
SWEDEN.Transfer of strontizrm-90 from nzother to foetus at various stages of gestationin miceShows that no significant fixation of SrQoby the foetus can be detected before thefifteenth day of gestation. The increase of radioactivity corresponds to the intensityof ossification processes.
The recovery phenomenon after irradiation i n Drosopltila melanogaster
I. Recovery or diferential sensitirdy to X-rays
Experimental results-lon-er rate of chromosome aberrations induced by X-ray jf
irradiated in anoxia in comparison with irradiation in air-support the hypothes~sof recovery.
The recovery phenomenon after irradiation i n Drosopkila melanogasterIndicates that both the spontaneous recovery and the differential sensitivity inspermatogenesis in Drosophila are responsible for the changes in the rate of chromosome breaks under different corlditions of irradiation.
The recovery phenomenon after irradiation in Drosophila melanogaster
Chromosomes breakage per se or their rejoining by recovery seems to have no
genetic consequences.
JAPAN.

Documeni
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SWEDEN (continued)
Reports on scientiJic observatio7zs and experiments relevant to the effects of ionizing
radiation zbpon ma?z and his environment already under way in Sweden
Report on experiments on the in3uence of selection pressure on irradiated populationsof Drosophila melanogaster
Attempts to determine the influence of high selection pressure in a population on
the spread of radiation-induced genetic changes. No results are as yet available.
Studies on the mutagenic efect of X-rays
Summarizes the results of the work on.radiation-induced chromosome breakage
under various conditions (I<. G. Liining).
Does there exist mzctational adaptation to chronic irradiation?
The results do not confirm the assumption that under the increased radiationbackground mutational adaptation occurs due to incorporation in the population of
mutational isoalleles with lower mutability.
Some results and previews of research in. Sweden relevant to human radiation genetus
Summarizes the present state of knowledge and recommends:
1. Large-scale international investigation of genetic consequences in females who
have been controlled by means of X-rays due to congenital dislocation of the hlp.
2. The study of genetic effects of radiation on human cell cultures.
Summary of papers of Lars Ehrenberg and co-workers with regards to the questionsof the U.N. Radiation Committee
Summary of papers of L. Ehrenberg and co-workers on genetic effects of radiation.
Studies on the eflects of irradiation on plant material carried out during recent years
at the Institute for Physiologic Botany of Uppsala University
Swedish mutation research i n plants
Dr. Gunnar Ostergren and co-workers
Study on experimentally induced chromosome fragmentation (G. Ostergren).
Investigations carried out by Dr. C. A . Larson (human genetics)
Some notes on skin doses and bone marrow doses in mass miniature radiograplzy
Investigations into the health and blood picture of Swedish women living i n lzouses
representing different levels of ionizing radiation
No difference was found either in general health-state or in blood picture among
thevarious groups of individuals (over 2,000women) living in different types of dwelling.
Other haemopoetic functions: Read-off metlwds i n radio-huematological control
Proposes a statistical method of evaluating total white-cells count as a control
test of radiation damage;

FR~NCE.
Atomic Energy Commission. Centre of Nzbclear Studies at Saclay, Gf-surYvette (Seine et Oise), France. Ilfeasurenzent of environ?nental activity: Methods andresirlts
Gives results of measurements of both natural and artificial radioactivity in theenvironment.
Corrigendum to above report
Biologual methods available for use in the quantitative detection of ionizing radiatwns
Surveys and evaluates the biological methods usable for the quantitative estimationof absorbed dose.
SWEDEN.Bone and radiostrontium
The local radiation dose to the bone tissue and to the bone marrow after adrninistration of bone-seeking isotopes is discussed. The figures are compared with the maximum
permissible body burden.
Radiation doses to the gonads of fitients in Swedish roentgen diagnostics. Summeryof studies on magnitude and variation o; the gonad doses together with dose reduczng
measures.
THE NETHERLANDS.
Report of the Committee of tlze Royal Netherlands Academy of
Sciences concerning the dangers which ntay arise jroln the dissemination of radioactive
products through nuclear test explosions
Report on the amount of radioactivity, its world-wide spreading and its biologicalrisk as a consequence of test explosions.
Radioactive fall-out measurements i n the Netherlands until December 31, 1957
Corrigendum to above report223

Docir ment

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NumberCountry and Tiile

185.

NEW ZEALAND.
Report on some aspects of radiation protection work in New ZealandContains :1. Description of radiation protection measures in New Zealand.
2. Results of routine monitoring of radiation workers.
3. Preliminary results of statistical study on genetically significant gonad dosefrom X-ray diagnosis.

186.

FRANCE.Doses received by the genital organs of children during X-ray examinations
Suggests the improvement of the radiological techniques and certain protective
measures for decreasing the gonad dose from radiography.

187.

~IESICO.Summary of radioactive fall-out data recorded i n i k k o

188.
189.

BRAZIL.Su~?zntarptro?1tiunz-90
analysis i n dry milk and h u ~ n a nurine
On the cotnposition of long-range fall-out particles
A single fall-out particle of large dimensions and relatively high activity was foundby daily monitoring of fall-out. A detailed investigation of the nature and activity ofthis particle is presented.
On the uptake of M s T h I in naturally contaminated areas
Gives preliminary results of an investigation on the uptake of natural radioisotopes
by plants and animals in thorium-bearing area.

190.

191.
192.
193.

UNITED
A R ~ RREPUBLIC.
Radioactive fall-out i n Egypt: December 1956-February 1957
Radioactive fall-out i n Egypt: ~Varch-December1957
Sonze somatic changes obsmed in Culex ,%tolestus Forskal 1775
Shows differences in the uptake of P32in dependence upon the development stage
and sex. The explanation of sex-difference is discussed.

194.

FRANCE.
Gofzad doses i n radiodiagnosis
Summarizes the systematic study on the gonad dose due to diagnostic examination
by means of X-rays.

195.

ITALY. Data orr radioactive fall-out collected i n Italy (1956, 1957, 1958)

196.

USSR. Draft chapter on "Genetic Effects of Radiation" for the report to be transmitted by
the Scientifi Committee on the Effecis of Atomic Radiation to the General Assembly
i n 1958
Draft chapter on "Conclusions and Recommendations" for the report to be transmitted
by the Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation lo the General Assembly
i n 1958
Contanzination of the biosphere i n the vicinity of Leningrad by the products of nuclear
exp'losions
Contains the description of methods used for monitoring the fall-out deposition.
Results for the period 1953-1957 are given. Data on specific activity of water fromthe river Neva, the sea and the water supply system are also included. Accumulated
radioactivity on the ground and external dose from radioactive deposit are thencomputed. Special attention is given to the contamination of the biosphere by SrgO.
Data are based on Hunter and Ballou's calculation.
Study of the strontium-90 content of the atmosphere, soil, foodslufis and hunzan bones
i n the U S S R
The strontium-90 content of the air, soil, milk and cereals in various districts of the
USSR was determined by radiochemical analysis. Preliminary results on the Srw
content in bones from children in the hiloscow district give the average value of 2.3
S.U. in the second half of 1957. A few data on Cs137 concentration in the air are attached.
Uptake of radioactive strontium by plants and its accumulation i n various agricultural
crops
Detailed analysis of SrgO uptake by plants in relation to their biological characteristic (plant species, vegetative period) and the properties of the soil.
Both factors can influence to a large extent the incorporation of Sr90 during thebiological cycle.
Some results of a study of the bone system after injury by radioactive strontium
Revi$n.s the experimental results obtained in the studies on the effect of bone-seeking radloisotopes. The progressive pathological changes leading to the developmentof bone tumours are described. The disturbances in the osteogenetic processes during

197.
198.

199.

200.

201.

Document
NumberCminlry and Title

Approximate
No. of pages

USSR (coj~tinued)
the initial stages after contamination are marked pretumorous changes; their histological characteristic and their pathogenetic significance are discussed.
Blasto?nogenic efecfs of strontiz~m-90
Summarizes and evaluates the results so far published on the cancerogenic effect ofstrontium-90 in bone. In particular, the minimum and optimum tumour-producing
doses, the latent period and the distribution of strontium-90 are discussed. The
connexion between the blastomogenic effect and the development of leukemia isbriefly mentioned.
The radiation hazards of explosions of pure hydrogen and ordinary atomic bombs
Compares the hazards of the long-lived radioactive substances dispersed throughout
the world after the explosion of a fission and a pure fusion bomb. Radiation doses to
the gonads and bones are calculated and the number of persons affected (hereditarydiseases and leukemia) then computed. The conclusion is drawn that a pure fusionbomb cannot be regarded as less dangerous to mankind than a fission bomb.
Towards an assessntent of the hazard from radwactit~efall-out
An attempt to assess the various forms of hazard involved in the contamination of
the earth's surface with long-lived radioactive fission products. The particular importance of strontium-90 is stressed. Effects of small doses of radiation and theconcept of maximum permissible dose are discussed.
Nature of the initial e f a t of radiation on the hereditary structz~res
A survey of the present knowledge of the nature of the primary mechanisms throughwhich ionizing radiation damages the hereditary structures.
Radiation and human heredity
Emphasizes the importance of the basic scientific principles of radiation genetics
for the assessment of radiation-induced changes in human heredity. The natural
mutation rate for various hereditary abnormalities is compared with the observations
so far available on irradiated human population. The comparison of natural and induced mutagenesis both in experimental organisms and in men is the basis on which
the doubling dose for man was estimated as approximately 10 r. The lack of exact
knowledge and the urgent need for it is stressed.
The effect of radialion on the histological structure of monkey testes
Presents the results of histological analysis of monkey testes two years after cxposure to a dose of 150-450r. While the recovery process proceeds rapidly and is apparently complete in animals irradiated after the attainment of sexual maturity,
harmful disturbances have been found in young animals even avo years after exposure.
The cytogenetu efects of radiation exposure on spernultogenesis i n monkeys
Presents the results of cytological analysis of monkey testes two years after exposure to a dose of 150-450r. Ex~ensivedamage to the spermatogenesis was found.
The frequency of chromosome re-arrangements in mammals considerably exceedsthat in Drosophila after exposure to the same dose, being 65 per cent and 1.6 per centafter 500 r respectively.
B E L G I ~Radioactive~.
fall-out measured at the C E N during 1955-1956 and 1957
Describes methods and results of fall-out measurements in the period 1955-1957.
Average dose received by the personnel of CEN, dfOL,front 1954 to 1957
Summ,arizes the results of monitoring the professiorlal exposure in nuclear energy
education centre in Belgium. Film strip enables the differentiation of the proportionof the exposure between beta, gamma and neutron radiation. Only average doses ofthe personnel are given.

FUNCE. Study of the gonad dose during systematic X-ray exantinations (Preliminary
note dealing only with the irradiation of male gonads)
Measurement of the gonad dose resulting in males from systematic standardized
X-ray examination of the chest indicate that the exposure is very low. An average of
9 mrem for a period of 30 years is computed. The dose to the lungs is discussed withrelation to the increase in frequency of lung cancer.
Determination of the absorbed dose/exposz~redose ratio i n bone and niziscle by theequivalent-gases ,method. Principle of the metltod and preliminary results
Describes the method for determination of the dose absorbed in various tissues
using ionization chambers filled with gas mixtures of equivalent density.

Document

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A/AC.82/G/R

FRANCE(continued)
213.

Recovery folZuwing the uctwn of ionizing radiation
The authors first discuss the problem of recovery which they consider hypothetically.
They attempt to show that it is a phenomenon which, although appearing very
complex a t first glance, can be simplified by relating the recovery to a definite effect.
They contribute a series of experiments showing that recovery is a very general
phenomenon, common t o all living things, and related t o the metabolic activity ofliving matter.
They report a new method of experimental analysis which greatly facilitatesinterpretation of the results. They believe that the study of recovery should be developed on a much larger scale.

26

Appendix

LIST O F SCIENTIFIC EXPERTS
The scientific experts who have taken part in the preparation of the report while attending Committee sessions
as members of national delegations are listed below. The Committee must also express its appreciation to the many
individual scientists not directly connected with national delegations whose voluntary co-operation and good willcontributed in no small measure to the preparation of the report.
ARGENTINA:
Dr. C. Nuiiez (Representative)
Dr. D. J . Beninson
Professor E. Favret
Dr. N. Nussis
Dr. J. A. Olarte
AUSTRALIA:
Dr. C. F. Eddy (Representative-first
Mr. D. J . Stevens (Representative)
Dr. A. R W. Wilson

Dr. A. Halawani (Representative)
Dr. H. T. Daw

session)BELGIUM:
Professor Z. Bacq (Representative)
Mr. R. Boulenger
Dr. M. Errera
Professor F. Twisselman
BRAZIL:
Professor C. Chagas (Repesetrtative)
Dr. B. Gross
Professor N. Libanio
Professor C. Pavan
Father F. X. Roser, S.J.
CANADA:
Dr. E. A, Watkinson (Representative)
Dr. R. K . Appleyard
Dr. P. M. Bird
Dr. W. E. Gnunmitt
Dr. Colin Hunter
Dr. G. H. Josie
Dr. C. A. Mawson
Dr. H. B. Newcombe
Dr. F. D. Sowby
CZECHOSLOVAKIA:
Professor F. Hertik (Representative)
Professor F. BEhounek
Dr. M. HaSek
Dr. L. Novik
Professor V. Sobek
Dr. I. Ulehla
Dr. V. Zelenf

Professor L. Bugnard (Representative)
Dr. A. Allisy
Dr. J. Coursaget
Dr. H. Jammet
Dr. J. Labeyrie
Dr. J. Lejeune

INDIA:
Dr. V. R. Khanolkar (Representative)
Dr. A. R. Gopal-Ayengar
Dr. A. S. Rao
JAPAN :

Dr. M. Tsuzuki (Representative)
Dr. Y. Hiyama
Dr. D. Moriwaki
Dr. K. Murati
Dr. M. Nakaidzumi
Mr. S. Ohta
Dr. N. Saito
Dr. E. Tajima
MEXICO:
Dr. M. Martinez Baez (Representative)
Dr. F. A. Andrade
Dr. H. Zalce

Professor R. M. Sievert (Representative)
Dr. B. A. A. Aler
Dr. R. G. Bjarnerstedt
Professor G. Bonnier
Professor T. 0. Caspersson
Professor C. A. T. Gustafsson
Dr. A. G. A. Nelson* Now in the United Arab Republic.

UNIONOF SOVIETSOCIALISTREPUBLICS:
Professor A. V. Lebedinsky (Representative)
Professor K. K. Aglintsev
Professor B. M. Isaev
Professor P. M. Kireev
Professor A. N. KraevsLy
Professor A. bZ. Kuzin

UNITEDKXNGDOM
OF GREATBRITAINAND
NORTHERNIRELAND
Professor W. V. Mayneord (Represetltativefirst session)
Dr. E. E. Pochin (Represelztative)
Dr. T. C . Carter
Mr. A. C. Chamberlain
Dr. W. G. Marley
Mr. N. G. Stewart

Dr. Shields Warren (Represe~rtative)
Professor G. W. Beadle
Dr. A. M. Brues
Professor J. Crow
Professor Th. Dobzhansky
Dr. C. L. Dunham
Mr. Merril Eisenbud
Professor Sterling Emerson
Professor G. Failla
Dr. J. H. Harley
Dr. J. S. Laughlin
Professor J. V. Nee1
Dr. M. Zelle