SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION FROM DAY 1
Pham Ngoc Bao, Ph.D
WEPA Secretariat
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

Topic and purpose of the WEPA workshop

WEPA International Workshop on Industrial Wastewater
ManagementPurpose:
To discuss necessary measures to improve water environment conservationin the WEPA partner countries- Pollution load control- Wastewater quality control- Wastewater treatment technologies

2Compliance rate of industrial effluent standards
 There are big differences in the compliance rates between WEPA partner countries.
 In many countries, the compliance rate of industrial effluent standards is not high, and the compliance
rate is not accurately recognized by government agencies.
Compliance rate of industrial effluent standards

No data or not published(source: WEPA Outlook 2018, pp.28-29)3Issues and measures based on efforts up to the 3rd Phase

Main issue
Water environment conservation in the Asian region has
not been achieved.
（Env. water quality standards have not been achieved.)
Domestic and industrial effluent standards are
not complied with.

Wastewater quality control
alone is insufficient.

Effluent standards are notappropriate.
Measures
Measures tocomply withstandards

Review and improvementof effluent standards,
Application of provisional
effluent standards

Introduction of a total
pollutant load control
system (TPLCS)

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History of Water Quality Protection in Japan
Events after the foundation of the Environment Agency (1971)
1973
1978
1979
1984
1989
1990
1993
1994
1999
2001
2001
2003
2005
2010
2013

Establishment of Law Concerning Provisional Measures for Conservation of theEnvironment of the Seto Island Sea
Establishment of Law Concerning Special Measures for Conservation of the Environmentof the Seto Island Sea/ amendment of the Water Pollution Control ActInitiation of total pollutant load control in Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay, and Seto Island Sea
Establishment of Law Concerning Special Measures for Conservation of Lake Water
Quality (Clean Lake Law)
Amendment of the Water Pollution Control Act (Groundwater contamination）
Amendment of the Water Pollution Control Act (Household wastewater)
Establishment of Basic Environment Act
Establishment of two laws concerning drinking water sources
Establishment of Law Concerning Special Measures against Dioxins
Foundation of MOEJ
Initiation of the fifth total pollutant load control, including nitrogen and phosphorus
Establishment of the Environmental quality standard for Water Pollution, with focus onconserving aquatic organisms
Amendment of the Clean Lake Law (establishing areas for effluent control, preserved
areas around lake and reservoirs）
Amendment of the Water Pollution Control Act (reinforcing punishments for notrecording measurements, and/or false reporting)Amendment of the Water Pollution Control Act (omitting provisions which exclude
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radioactive substances as target pollutants)

Effluent Regulations under the Water Pollution Act
 Prof. Hosomi explained how Water Pollution Control Act works?
 Target facilities of effluent control: specified facilities (e.g. steel industries, livestockindustries) and specified factories (that use and treat hazardous substances)
 Regulatory standard items: (i) living environment items that damage to the living
environment (e.g. BOD, COD, nitrogen, etc.) and (ii) health items, which damage
human health (e.g. cadmium, arsenic, etc.)
 Uniform effluent standards for living environment and health items have been
established for specified factories. These factories must comply with uniform effluent
standards at any time.
 Meanwhile, Prefecture governments can (i) set more stringent effluent standard; (ii)
are authorized to conduct on-site inspections into specified factories; (iii) can issues
an improvement order for the structure of specified facilities; (iv) and command tosuspend the operation of the specified facilities.

Effluent Regulations under the Water Pollution Act
 Prof. Hosomi showed an example of success story from provisional standard touniform standard (wastewater from natural gas upstream industry; ammonia
removal from waste brine).
In conclusion, he emphasised that: Setting environmental standards for protecting human health Followed by setting effluent standards to achieve those environmental standards
 Ensuring compliance with those standards
 Monitoring water bodies to confirm their effects

Industrial Wastewater Management in Thailand- Dominated by SME and communities factories, both in term of number/percentile of factories and labor size
- Pollutant loadings have been increased from year to year due to increasing number of industries.
- Main pollution sources are from domestic and industrial sector- As a result, only 9 river (among 59 rivers and reservoirs) meet Surface Water Quality Standard.
- Challenges: including lack of officers for factory inspections (only 3 inspectors per province); accredited laboratory
availability; collaborative monitoring mechanism; insufficient monitoring tools/equipment; lack of data exchangemechanism among governmental agencies and lack of environmental awareness/ethics among factory owners.

Mitigation Measures
Green Industry
Improvement and focus
on social responsibility
which supports
sustainable development
policy.
Permit system
Pollution sources mustregister for discharging
permit.

Control measure for smalland community industry
Using Best PracticalControl Technology (BPT)or specific eff. Std. for thiskind of industry.

Eff. Std. Improvement
Development of industryspecific effluent control
std. such slaughter
industry, power plant etc.

Authorized Third Party
In order to reduce the gapof lacking officers tomonitor, Authorized Third
Party will support thisduty.
Community Network
Monitoring industry
surrounding bycommunity network via
application or othercommunication process.

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL): The Malaysia
100
579

577

600

570

80
464

70
60

59

58
53

477

477

58

58

477

477

400

51

51

47
43
38

36

34500

58504047747732300

39363446433530200201013892008

20091088620112012

2013

7101120162017

Total Number of River

Percentage Number of River (%)

90700

1000020102014

2015

YearClean

Slightly Polluted

Polluted

Total Number of River

The percentage of clean river nationwide dropped from 58% in 2008 to 46% in 2017

Why TMDL in Malaysia?

THE TMDL PROCESS – 9 STEPS
A. Identify Beneficial Uses

C. Assess Water Quality
StatusB. Set Water Quality
Target(s)Eg: Class II

D. Determine Impairments(B-C)

Water Quality Model

E. Identify Polluters(Types & Loads)

F. Develop & Calibrate
Baseline Modela. Normal Flowb. Low Flowc. High Flow
G. Test Water Quality
target Scenarios

J. Distribute Load
Reduction AmongPolluters (I/E)
Stakeholder Consultation

I. TMDL = WLA + LA + MOS

H. Calculate Allowable
Load TO Meet Targets(G-F)

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL): A Case Study at Sg. Semenyih
Catchment, Selangor

Source: DOE, 2019

Challenges for implementing TMDLs (Malaysia & Korea)
1.

Lack of sufficient data to characterize the watershed and pollutant sourcesthrough modelling and/ or monitoring activities (Malaysia)

2.

Lack of monitoring data to reflect water quality improvement (Malaysia)

3.

Lack of communication and coordination between local governments andresponsible agencies (Malaysia)

4.

Lack of commitment/supports from stakeholders and local governments(both Malaysia and Korea)

5.

Lack of funding (Malaysia)

6.

Infrastructure with older technology – not efficient (Malaysia)

The Way Forward Setting water quality targets
 Prescription of WLAs and LA are done right away for
new/upcoming developments
 Inter-agency cooperation and coordination between federal
and state level Water quality standards
 Setting the mechanism
 Development of TMDL implementation strategies

Recent efforts in industrial wastewater regulationin Koreao Framework of water environmental law
 Environment Policy Framework Act
 Water Environment Conservation Act (including regulation if wastewater from the effluent)o Effluent Standards (7 parameters) vs. Permissible Discharge Limit (55 parameters)  Number of parameters have increased from year to by to address emerging pollutants(e.g. EDCs, micro-plastic, etc)
 Number of industries have increasing.
o Recent efforts in industrial wwm
 Introduction of TOC to PDL and Effluent Standards (limitation of COD…challenge tomeasure all organic matters including non-degradable organize substances: COD: 30-60%
vs. TOC: 90%). TOC has been a parameter as Water Quality Standards since 2013.
Meanwhile, COD was applied for effluent standards and permissible discharge limits.
Application of TOC to facilities
 Eco-toxicity: Limitation of current parameters. Toxicity test of wastewater (effluent) Monitoring the amount of emission of hazardous pollutants at targeted facilities
o Future plan
 2nd Framework of Water Environment Management
 Improving the more reasonable regulation about compounds
 Improving shortcomings of uniform permit system
 Taking into account BAT for Permissible Discharge Limit Increasing the various species for ecotoxicity

Recent efforts in industrial wastewater regulationin the Philippines A total of more than 1 million business enterprises operating in the countries…more than
99% is micro-SMEs 60% located in Manila. Meanwhile, sources of water pollution are
mainly from domestic (33%); industrial (27%); agri. and livestock (29%) and non-point
sources (11%)
 WW is pre-treated by industries (centralized wastewater treatment facilities) before
discharging into sewerage systems of industrial park. Industries not located within anindustrial park, effluent must comply with the Philippines Effluent Standard, DAO 2016-08.
 Challenges to remove nutrients from industrial wastewater Industries that are known to generate large amount of wastewater are: food and dairy
manufacturing, pulp and paper products and textile products.
 However, data on the volume of generated ww by industries are still very limited. There isno national database systems.
 In Manila Bay Area alone, 5,228 out of 10,168 industries were served with Notices ofViolation (NOV) for failure to acquire permits to discharge treated wastewater.

KOBELCO ECO-SOLUTIONS- A brief introduction about KOBELCO, business areas and activities in Mekong region.
- He emphasized on the need of not only construction of WWTP but also proper
operation and maintenance of these facilities.
- Introduction of model project for improvement of water environment in Asia:
Promotion of textile dyeing industrial wastewater treatment in Vietnam
 Objective: to promote the industrialization in the dyeing industry andenvironmental protection
 Technology applied: UASB, MBBR, etc. and physical-chemical treatment(Oxidation-reduction, coagulation). Main difficulty is to treat color to meet theeffluent standards.
 Trend of textile dyeing industry in Vietnam: There are 5,000 textile companies;
trading amount account for 8% of GDP and ranked top of export amount.

Discussion Points on Wastewater Quality Control• What are the main reasons for non-compliance with industrial
effluent standards?
 Need to listen to the industries
 Need to complete the database; Roles of regular monitoring and inspection systems
 It is essential to improve/strengthen the enforcement of the laws
and strictly employing penalty system;
 It is important for consider not only concentration-based standard
but also total pollution load-based standard to improve water quality
 Political will is very important

Discussion Points on Pollution Load Control• What are challenges for introduction and successful
implementation of total pollution load control system such asTMDLs?
 TMDLs was first introduced in Korea since 2000…but still facing a lotof problems. At first, only BOD and T-P were considered.
 Take a lot of time to arrange with local governments
 We (the Philippines) consider TMDLS is a promising approach toaddress the water quality challenges. We need data from non-point
sources…For WEPA, we should consider which country is now
advancing in this TMDL regulation… We are looking forward toseeing good practices and examples.

Discussion Points on Pollution Load Control• How to overcome and start efforts to address these challenges?
 Need to set up water quality guidelines and standard Technological guidance is important Beside enforcement from governments, we need improve/raise the awareness(IEC) among local people; we also need continuous monitoring systems…so that
we can use accurate data for implementing TMDL and conduct further study forimprovement.
 Capacity building, improved know-how on efficient and sustainable technologies
and technology transfer. Domestic wastewater is our main issue…appropriatetechnologies is important. Cost-effective technologies should be considered anddisseminated Lacking information on Guidelines, appropriate water quality standards

Thank you for your kind attention!

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