GROUNDWATER POLLUTIONCURRENT SITUATION IN INDONESIABy :IIM IBRAHIM
Section Head of Water Pollution Control for Processing Industries

THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY, REPUBLIC OF INDONESIAREGULATIONS RELATED TO GROUNDWATER
1. National Constitution No.32 Year of 2009, concern of Environment
Protection and Management.
2. Government Regulation No.121 Year of 2015, concern of Water Resources
Management.
3. Government Regulation No.43 Years of 2008, concern of Groundwater.
4. Government Regulation No.69 Years of 2014, concern of Use Water Right.
5. Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 1451 Year of2000, concern of Technical Guidelines on the Implementation ofGovernment Tasks in Groundwater Management.

GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS
Institutional Problems (Hendrayana, 2003) :1. Many of Institutions / Agencies involved in the handling ofgroundwater and responsible for groundwater.
2. Institutions / Agencies were responsible to in charge ofgroundwater has not coordination yet with stakeholders
3. Groundwater research still not coordinated so well and many
duplications of research results
4. Less of data and information related to groundwater especiallygroundwater pollution.
5. Has not been drawn up of legal drafting for groundwater pollution
standards
6. Lack of community knowledge on groundwater issue, especiallygroundwater pollution
7. Human resource capabilities that address the issue ofgroundwater are insufficientTechnical Problems (Solichin, 2015) :1. In several big cities such as Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya,Medan, Makassar, Denpasar and centers of industrial in Java,extraction of groundwater has been so intense.
2. Many industries or hotels that has a lots of production wells, thereis even a company that has more than 20 wells with extraction
more than 8,000 m3 per day.
3. Decline in quantity and quality of groundwater has occurred in thearea of ground water extraction.
Sources of Groundwater Pollution :1. Domestic activities (Non Point Sources)
2. Industrial activities (Point Sources)

POTENTIAL OF WATER RESOURCES IN INDONESIA
1. Nationally, the availability of water in Indonesia reached 694
billion cubic meters per year. This is basically the amount ofpotential that can be exploited, but the fact that currently only
about 23% that has been utilized for various purposes.
2. About 20% are utilized to meet the needs of domestic raw water,
municipal and industrial activities, the other 80% is used forirrigation needs (Hartoyo, 2010).

GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA

No.
1
23
4
5
6
7
8

Locations (Island)
SumateraJava
Kalimantan
Bali
Nusa Tenggara
Sulawesi
MalukuPapua
Total

Groundwater Basin
Number Area (Km2) Volume (Million m3)
65
80
22847
91
68
16397

Source : Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia, 2008.

270,656
80,936
209,971
4,381
41,42537,76825,83052,662
723,629

109,926
41,334
68,473
1,598
10,13920,244
13,174
43,400308,288

CASE STUDY
Allegations of Groundwater Contamination
Due To Illegal Dumping of Hazardous Waste By Industrial Activities
at Mojokerto District, East Java Province

Complaint Report of Local People and NGOs to The MoEF Minister• There is a local people witnessthat the factory has illegal
dumped of hazardous waste
during constructions activities.
• Itchy skin disease has occured tothe local people.
• Local people accused that a skindisease caused by contaminatedwater come from illegal dumpedby the industry.
• Complaint letter issued by NGOsdelivered to MoEF Minister.
• Local people and NGOs asked
that to the minister in order tofollow up on these issues.

Case Location

ALLEGED LOCATION EMBANKMENTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE REPORTEDBY LOCAL PEOPLE AND NGOs

1. Coordination with East Java Province Local Government, Mojokerto
District Local Government, Laboratory, NGOs, Industry.
2. The initial meeting in the framework of disscussed for field verification(MoEF, East Java Province Local Government, Mojokerto District Local
Government, Laboratory).
3. Field Verification :• Coordination meeting• Collecting of existing secondary data
• Field survey for determination of groundwater sampling sites• Groundwater sampling (2 periods : 3-5 June 2016 and 14-15 June2016)• Records and documentation• Drafting and signing of minutes of meeting related to result ofgroundwater sampling5. Laboratory analysis
6. Analysis and discussed of results of groundwater quality sampling
7. Internal presentation related to results of groundwater quality
sampling analysis
8. Expose of the results of the sampling analysis (letter issued by DG)9. Socialization sampling analysis results to the stakeholders (localpeople, NGOs, Province and District Local Government).

Coordination meeting for
groundwater sampling preparation(MoEF, NGOs, Local People, Provinceand District Local Government,Industry)

Coordination meeting for
determination of groundwater
sampling sites (MoEF, NGOs, Local
People, Province and District Local
Government, Industry)DETERMINATION OF SAMPLING SITES• Based on existing reports, hydrogeologic data, geographic andtopographic situation.
• There are no specific quality standard for groundwaterpollution. In case of the equal water quality, we use thestandard compared to the water quality standard ofGovernment Regulation No.82 Year 2001 (Class 1 for Raw
Water for Drinking Water), Minister of Health Decree No. 416
Year 1990 (Clean Water Quality), Minister of Health Decree
No.492 Year 2010 (Drinking Water Quality)• Test of parameters using the full parameters.
• Full parameters are used in order to find out the possibility ofvarious pollutant sources, so if there is an high concentration ofindustrial parameters (such as Cr+6, Cd, Cu, … ect) , that isindication of groundwater pollution. Then it can be traced thegenerating polluters.

LIST OF PARAMETERS TEST
1. Temperature
2. TDS
3. TSS
4. Turbidity
5. pH
6. BOD5
7. COD
8. DO
9. Total Phosphat (P)10.NO2
11.NH3-N
12.Co

13. Cd
14. Cr+6
15. Cu16. Fe17. Mn18. Zn19. Hg20. Cl
21. F
22. Nitrate (N)23. Sulphate
24. Pb

27. Cn28. Cl2
29. H2S
30. CaCO3
31. KMnO4
32. Fecal Coliform
33. Total Coliform
34. Oil and Grease
35. MBAS (Detergen)
36. Phenol

GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION MAP

Source : PT. Geospasia Wahana Jaya (2014)

ILLUSTRATION OF GROUNDWATER

Source : PT. Geospasia Wahana Jaya (2014)

Remarks :Groundwater Sites SamplingGroundwater Sites Sampling

SITUATION OF GROUNDWATER SAMPLING

SAMPLING METHODE

Methode of sampling use purging system (Joseph F. Keely and Kwasi
Boateng (1987), DHV Consultants BV & DELFT HYDRAULICS (1999), USGS(2006), and SNI 6989.58:2008 concern of Groundwater Sampling Methode.
(pH, TSS, DO, Turbidity)
Purging System or Clean Up of Deep Well Groundwater :• Ensure the well protected and free of water contaminant• Make sure of purging system is free of pollutants• Performed with discharge pumping arranged so that thedecline gradient of water table between 15-30 cm.
Suction point 15 cm below that level.
• Conducted of purging gradually from the top to thebottom (refer to image)• At each position the pumping made up to 1 times purging
as total as volume of well water volume• At No. 3 and 4 make sure the discharge pumping does notturbulence. If there is turbulence.
• In position 4 pumping made up to 2 times the volume ofwater wells. Last volume with discharge of 0.5 liters /minute.

MINUTES OF MEETING SIGNEDLABORATORY ANALYSIS RESULTS
Groundwater Quality (Before Purging)Groundwater Quality (After Purging)
Minister of Health Decree No.416 Year1990 (Clean Water) and Government
Regulation No.82 Year 2001 (Raw Water for Drinking Water)

Minister of Health Decree No.492 Year 2010 (Drinking Water)

ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY
1.

There is a significant difference between the results of theanalysis of the water quality before and after purging
2. Refering to the Minister of Health Decree No. 416 Year 1990(Clean Water) : (Community deep wells and Industry controlwells)– TDS : SBNS1B and SBBI1B– Mn : LB1B and SP1B
– Sulphat : SBNS1B, SBBI1B, SP1B, SP3B
– Hardness : SBNS1B, SBBI1B, LB1B, SBNT2B , LB4B
– Organic : SP2B
– Total Coliform : LB2B, SBNS1B, SBRI2B, SBBRI1B, SBNT2B,
SP1B

3. Refering to the Minister of Health Decree No.492 Year 2010 (DrinkingWater) : (Community deep wells and Industry control wells)– TDS : all of deep wells– Mn : LB1B, SP1B, SP2B
– Sulphat : SBNS1B, SBBI1B, SP1B, SP3B
– Hardness : SBNS1B, SBBI1B, LB1B, SBNT2B , LB4B
– Organic : SP2B
– Fecal and Total Coliform : all of deep wells (LB1B no data)
4. The spatial pattern of parameters concentration which is exceeded
the quality standard at point 2 and 3 do not have a consistent patterncompared to groundwater flow pattern from the industry.
Concentration of parameters tend to increase from the SBNS1B toSBBI1B, whereas in the middle areas of sampling points (SBRI2B andSBBRI1B), concentrations of parameters below the standards.
5. Based on the analysis parameters, skin diseases were reported bylocal people and NGOs are not significant with the effects ofparameters whose concentration exceeded the quality standard.

CONCLUSION• The concentration parameters at the sampling points are
local characters• The existence of Total and Fecal Coliform is a strong indication
came from fecal contamination from humans and animals(cattle, including the use of manure) these are locally.
• Complained locations of contaminated groundwater, itsdifferent hydrological connection compared to the location ofsuspected pollution sources.
• High of result for parameters concentration of Sulphate andChloride, caused by natural factors (Lithology condition).
• Industrial parameters character has not detected from all of
the control deep wells in industry.
• If there are any pollutant in the wells, it takes a long time toreach at the location of the suspect complained, its caused of
the hydrological slope and the permeability of the aquifer inthe sorrounding areas.

EXPOSED OF THE RESULTS OF THE SAMPLING ANALYSIS(LETTER ISSUED BY DG)FOLLOW UP BY THE GOVERNMENT• The government (MoEF, Local Government) needs to proventhe existence of the hazardous waste illegal dumped in thefactory areas beyond of groundwater sampling analysis.
• Currently, the government have been carrying out toinvestigate of the existence of the hazardous waste illegal
dumped in the factory areas.
• If the government can be proven of the illegal dump based on
the result of investigation, it will be continue to theadministrative sanction, and the factory must be clean up /remediation of the contaminated areas.
• If the government can’t be proven of the illegal dumped, thegovernment will be announce / expose to the public that theillegal dumped does not occur.

THANK YOU