REPORT OF THE
UNITED NATIONSSCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
ON THE
EFFECTS OF ATO~IIC RADIATIONGENERAL ASSEMBLY

OFFICIAL RECORDS : TWENTY-FIRST SESSIONSUPPLEMENT No. 14 (A/ 6314)

UNITED NATIONSGENERAL ASSIEMBLY

OFFICIAL RECORDS : TWENTY-FIRST SESSIONSUPPLEMENT No. 14 (A/6314)....,...,, ..,,..
'II:;>• ..
t·•'<I/ 7 7
UNITED NATIONSNew York, 1966

Annex B
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATIONCONTENTSParagraplr.sl.

Aul.BORNE AND DEPOSITED ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY ••.•••••...••.•••...••.•••••• • • •Introduction .............................. .
Atmospheric injections .................... .
Tropospheric tests ....................... .
Underground tests ....................... .
Stratospheric injection of plutonium-238 ..
Inventories ............................... .
Stratosphere ............................ .
Troposphere ........................... .
Deposition on land ...................... .
Deposition in the oceans ................. .
Concentrations of strontium-90 in surface
water .............................. .
Concentrations in deep water ........... .
Comparison of terrestrial and oceanic
fall-out ............................ .
Conclusions .......................... .
Summary ................................ .

Quantitative relationships between deposition
89-95
of strontium-90 and dietary levels ... .
Caesium-137 ............................. .
96-117
Food chain mechanisms ................. .
96-101
Metabolism in man .................... . 102-107
Levels oi caesium-137 in food ........... . 108-110
Levels of caesium-137 in man ........... . 111-114
Quantitative relationships between depositionof caesiurn-137 and contamination oi milk 115
Quantitative relationships between depositionof caesium-137 and human body burden 116-117
Iodine-131 ................................ . 118
Other nucEdes ............................ . 119-122
Radio-nuclides in the respiratory tract ..... . 123-125

1-66
1-&

9-17
9-12
13
14-17
18-61

18-24
25-29
30-38
39-41
42-45
46-51

!II. DOSESFROM EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL COK·TAMINATION .••.•••••••••.••••••••••...•.

52-59
60-61
62-66

Introduction .............................. .
External dose rates ....................... .
Internal doses ............................ .
Strontiurn-90 ........................... .
Caesium-137 ............................ .
Strontium-89, barium-140 and iodine-131 ..
Carbon-14 .............................. .
Conclusions ............................... .

I!. ..l\.RTIFICIALRADIO-ACTIVITY
IN
FOOD
AND
TISSlJES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • · ..

Strontium-90 and strontium-89 ............ .
Food chain mechanisms ................. .
Metabolism in man ...................... .
Levels of strontium-90 in food .......... .
Strontium-90 in human bone ........... .
Geographical distribution and time trends

67-125
67-95
67
68-74
75-82
83-85

126-151
126-129130-137
138-147
138-143
144-145146
147
148-151Paae

TABLES ...•..•.............••.••..••.•••.••REFERENCES ..•..•.............•......•.••.

86-88

L Airborne and deposited artificial radio-activity

70
86

faces. This is a new subject and is therefore treated insome detail in this report.
5. Space activities can also be a potential source ofaccidental contamination. as shown by the unplanned
re-entry into the atmosphere of a spacecraft carrying
a power source containing Pu238 • As a consequence ofthe burning up of this device, Pu238 was released into
the atmosphere. Its distribution will be dealt with later.
6. Local contamination took place in Spain in January 1966 when, as a result of an air collision between
an aircraft carrying nuclear weapons and a refuelling
plane. fissionable materials were scattered over a limitedarea by the unexploded devices. 3
7. Industrial, medical and research applications of
nuclear technology contribute only to a very limited
extent to environmental contamination and to the attendant exposure of populations. Some gaseous wastes
are discharged in limited amounts directly into theatmosphere from reactors and fuel reprocessing plants,
while. as discussed in the 1962 report. some low activity
liquid wastes are diluted in sea and rivers during normal operations.
8. Doses to the world population from either accidental or controlled releases of wastes have been
negligible so far in comparison with those due to nuclear
explosions, particularly those carried out above ground.
Vlhile it is realized that. if large-scale atmospherictesting is not resumed, other sources of contamination

INTRODUCTION

1. There have been no major weapons tests between
the end of 1962 and the date of the present report(June 1966). The atmospheric tests in central Asia
in October 1964 and in May 1965 and the several
accidental releases from low-yield underground tests thathave occurred are known to have contributed negligibly
to human exposure. Data on an additional Asian test
explosion in May 1966 are still not sufficient to permit
complete evaluation.
2. Fall-out. however, still provides the major contribution to radio-active contamination of the environment. The purpose of the present report is to update
the evaluations of fall-out from the earlier major seriesof tests made bv the Committee in 19641 and of thedoses to which man has been thereby committed.
3. The cessation of injections of fission products
into the stratosphere since the end of 1962 has facilitated the study of the transport mechanisms of nuclear
debris and of the depletion process of the stratosphericreservoir that the Committee had discussed at somelength in its 1962 and 1964 reports. 1 · 2 The reader isreferred to these reports for a general outline of the
problems oi transfer and distribution of radio-activity
injected into the atmosphere.
4. There have been indications that fall-out over
the oceans may be greater than on equivalent land sur-44•

samples collected at an altitude of 33 km in January
1965.H By June 1965, it was found in samples fromaltitudes exceeding 28 km, at 35°N and higher northernla ti tu des. 47
15. By May 1965, the Pu 238 attributable to the
SNAP-9A power source had descended into the lower
stratosphere of the southern hemisphere. None was
detectable in the lower stratosphere of the northernhemisphere by June 1965.4 M 0from the peaceful uses of atomic energy may in the
future contribute comparatively more to environmental
contamination, the present review will mainly be devoted to contamination from nuclear e..xplosions.
ATMOSPHERIC INJECTIO)<S

Tropospheric tests
9. Two fission devices were exploded above groundin central Asia on 16 October 1964 and on 14 May
1965. The debris of the first device reached Ja pan twodays after the e.xplosion. was detected in North America
and Europe about one week later and persisted insome locations for about three weeks. Most of thedebris was limited to the band from 20°N to S0°N by
the time it reached 80°W.4-21
10. Short-lived fission products such as Sr89 , Zr9is.
p31, Ba-La.Ho and Ce141 were identified at several
sampling sites and 2-10 mCi/km:! of short-lived debris
were deposited in the United States of America during
October-December 1964. 22 Half removal times from thetroposphere of five to over twenty days were reported
for barium-140. 4 • 17 • 23 The first evidence of BaH 0 at
Gracefield. New Zealand (41°S 175°E), was found in
the monthly sample of December 1964. six to ten weeks
following the detonation. 24
11. According to preliminary data, debris of thesecond nuclear device, detonated on 14 May 1965, followed tropospheric pathways similar to those followed
by debris from the first test and with comparable
activity concentrations. Traces of short-lived activity
were detected in the United States and elsewhere eight
to twelve days after the shot. 16· 17· 20 • 25•30 Relatively
high concentrations of N p239 and some activity due
to U 237 were observed a few days after each detonation in Japan 19 • ~ 1 as well as in high altitude samples
collected by Indian aircraft.16

120,00011"'T'"-.-...--.--.--r----.--..----.---.---.----.,.........,........,........... km~------ ::25

80,000
I-

UJ
UJ

20

u..
UJ
0

:::>

...-'!::-<

40,00010

20,000so......."'-:-..__,__.__....__.__..___.__..___.___,,--''-'_,..... o
9fP

12. These two explosions were estimated to havecontributed about 2 per cent of the long-lived activity
in the troposphere that was measured in the monthly
samples immediately following each e.xplosion. The
contribution became practically insignificant thereafter. 17

60"

30"

NORTH

r:P

300

6(JO 9(1>

SOUTH

Figure 1. Global atmospheric distribution of Pu238, SeptemberN ovember 196564 (pCijl,000 kg air)

16. Figure 1 shows the global atmospheric distribution of SNAP-9A Pu 238 a year and a half after its
injection, in units of 1 X 10--a pCijkg air.64 Integrating
the concentration pattern obtaining one year after the
injection indicates that about 104 Ci Pu 23B (approximately 60 per cent of the total) were then present in
the stratosphere between 22 and 36 km. 48 Part of theunaccounted for 7 X 103 Ci were probably still above
36 km in the southern hemisphere. Data available sofar«· 47 • 48 • li-0, 51 confirm the general trend predicted
by Harley 42 and Machta43 concerning Pu 238 concentrations expected in the atmosphere. These predictions
were based on the information gathered from thefollow-up of the radio-active tracers Rh 102 and Cd10 9that were introduced into the stratosphere by highaltitude explosions at about 17°N and 43 km in
August 1958. and at 17°N and 400 km in July 1962,
respectively.42, 43, 48, :10, 112

Underground tests
13. Some accidental releases of fission products
into the troposphere occurred from at least three lowyield underground tests since :March 1964.17• 20 • 31-38 A
relative enrichment of volatile radio-isotopes and theirradio-active daughters in surface air was expected. 3 ~•30 40•
The contribution of these events to the radiation
doses received by the world population is negligible.
Doses in the proximity of the vented tests are notknown with any precision.
Stratospheric injection of plutonitttn-238
14. The only stratospheric injection of radio-active
material since December 1962 has consisted of the
17,000 Ci Pu238 (alpha emitter. half-life eighty-six
years) from a radio-isotope power source (SNAP-9A)
which burned up on 21 April 1964 above the Indian
Ocean upon re-entry of a spacecraft into the atmosphere. The nuclide was probably released at an altitude
of about 50 km. mainly in the form of submicronparticles. 41 -44 Pu238 from this burn-up was first detected
in high altitude balloon samples collected at 33 km and
34 ° S in August 1964, and was also found at 28 km
and 34°5 in September 1964. 4:1• 46 In the northernhemisphere (35°N) Pu238 was first identified in

17. Average concentrations of Pu 238 oxide of theorder of 10-5 pCi/m 3 are e.xpected to persist in surface
air during 1965 to 1968.50 corresponding to about one
alpha disintegration due to Pu238 per month per m 3 •This is well below the detection limit of most samplingstations; however, concentrations ten times as great
may be reached at some locations. Further predictions
should await additional data.
45km

I N\"ENTORIES

120,ooo..........-...--....--r--....--....--ir--.-r--r--r11111

Stratosphere
18. Stratospheric sampling by aircraft between the
tropopause and 21 Ian was continued during 1964 and1965.49, 5l, 53.50 Higher altitudes up to 35 km were
sampled by balloons.eti·60 Because of sampling li.mitations the inventories obtained from these data by interpolation and integration may not be better than ± 25
per cent.61
19. Recent data refer mainly to C1\ Sr90 and Cs13 ;which are relevant to population dose estimates, as wellas to certain tracer elements such as Cd109 , :Mn 54 or
Pu23 s the movement and distribution of which might
contribute to our understanding of stratosphericmotions.
20. The distribution of Sr90 in the stratosphere
during January 1964 and January 1965 is shown infigures 2 and 3. The corresponding distribution of C14
is shown in figures 4 and 5. Integration of the distributions show 51 • 112 that the stratospheric burden of Sr00
decreased from about 4 + 1 MCi in January 1964 toabout 1.6 : 0.4 MCi by January 1965, while the C14
e.xcess in the stratosphere decreased from about 25 ±5 X 102; atoms to 15 ± 3 X 1027 within the same
period.

35

3(

25
80,000-.... __ ..

20......
w
w

....
I

15

w
Q

:::i

II..J

et

10

5

0

ILL..L...L.......L--3L0-.-1---1-~0"L--....L--'--~3~0°:--"'__.~6~0=0~90°

NORTH

SOUTH

Figure 3. Distribution of SrBO in the stratosphere, January
196502 (dpm Srll0/1,000 SCF)a• 1 dpm/I,000 SCF= 13 pCi/1,000 kg air.

100,000
25

80,00020...[j.... 60,000
...c

100

AUSE50~'-~::tri ...: ............

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....
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o......__.__._......___.,_.....___.,_......__.___.__..___.__.__._......, 090" 6lJO
300
00
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60" 90"NORTHo ......._._....._.....__.___,,__....___,.___.__.__...._._.___.-1....J...11090• so•30•
oo30°
so 90•
NORTH
SOUTH

SOUTH

0

Figure 2. Distribution of SrDO in the stratosphere. January
196464 (dpm SrD0/1,000 SCF)a1

1 dpm/1,000 SCF= 13 pCi/1,000 kg air.

Figure 4. Distribution of 04 in the stratosphere. January
196464 (105 atoms of excess 04/g air)

21. The mean residence time of particulate radioactive debris in the stratosphere. as derived by integration of the results of the stratospheric sampling network
for Sr90 , was aprroximately fourteen months during
1963 to 1964. 51 • 6 The mean residence time of C14 0 2
in the stratosphere was about twenty-five months during the same period 51 (about seventeen months for thenorthern stratosphere alone). These differences in residence times. as well as the different distributions ofthese two nuclides in the str~tosphere, may reflect thefacts that some settling of particulates may take placein the atmosphere and that tropospheric air. rich in
C 14 0~ relatfre to Sr 90 , re-enters the stratosphere. 64

22. Provisional results since October 1964 of total
gamma counts on high altitude samples. when expressedin activity per unit standard volume of air. suggested
some accumulation of nuclear debris above 20 km at
equatorial latitudes. 5 i• 58 Balloon samples taken during
the period January-April 1965, at 9°N and 20 km also
contained activity per unit standard volume of air about
two to three times higher than samples collected at 31 °,45° and 65°N at similar altitudes. 80 No final results
are available yet from the few samples taken by aircraft in the lower stratosphere at equatorial latitudes
during the first half of 1965.
46

>less pronounced. This type of presentation gives amore direct picture of the activity distribution but does
not permit simple calculations of the movement andmixing of air masses. Figure 7 is the corresponding
figure for C14 concentrations in the stratosphere using
the same data as those in figure 5.

25

20

....w

w

....
I

............

w

c

15

::>

....

~

10

5

30°

30°

NORTH
SOUTH
Figure 5. Distribution of CH in the stratosphere, January
19656!? (105 atoms of e.""<cess CH/g air)

23. These findings are summarized in figure 3,
which reveals two regions of high activity concentrations, one at about l0°N and the other at about 65°N,
some 7 km above the tropopause. However, the ma.ximum concentrations above equatorial regions as shownin the figure, rather than reflecting the actual stratospheric distribution of the nuclear debris, are an artifact
due to the unit chosen to express concentrations(SCF-1 ).
24. Figure 6 depicts the same data as figure 3, but
expresses concentrations in terms of activity per actual
volume of space rather than per unit mass (standard
volume) of air. 64 The concentration gradients become
steeper above altitudes where the maximum concentrations occur and less steep at lower altitudes. The
apparent piling up of activity over the equator is much

Troposphere
25. Strontimn-90. Figure 8 shows the average Sr90
concentrations in surface air at the United Stateswestern hemisphere stations. 1 • 62 • 6 ~ Average Sr 90 concentrations for the fourteen stations sampled in thenorthern hemisphere ranged from about 15 pCijl.000
m3 to 70 pCi/1,000 m3 in 1963, from about 7 pCijl,000
m3 to 50 pCi/1,000 m3 in 1964 and continued to decline
in 1965. The decrease in Sr90 concentrations in thenorthern hemisphere during 1964 and 1965 is compatible with a fourteen-month mean residence time inthe stratosphere.
26. The average concentrations in surface air atseven stations of the southern hemisphere were lower
than those encountered in the northern hemisphere bya factor of ten to twenty during 1963 and ranged fromabout 1.5 to 4 pCifl,000 m3 • They ranged from about
2 pCijl,000 m 3 to 5 pCijl,000 m3 in 1964 and declined
during the first half of 1965. Air concentrations
throughout the first half of 1965 were about five times
lower than the values for the northern hemisphere. 66
27. An isopleth representation of Sr90 concentrations
in surface air as a function of latitude is shown in figure
9, which was derived from results at twenty western
hemisphere stations for the years 1963-1965.67 The
data from Chacaltaya, Peru (16°S 68°W). were notincluded, because the altitude of this station ( 5,200 m)
is such that the results cannot be considered as representative of the surface air concentrations at this latitude. An approach to symmetry between the concentration patterns in each hemisphere is evident >vhen asix-month shift is allowed for between hemispheres.
.......-....--.---r--.--r.......,,

120,000-~-.-~.....--,.....;.....,....-..--

km

35

100,000

5-----------10----------=

25

30

25

20
20

....
ltJ
UJ

LJ.

15

I
ltJ

15

c

::>

....
i=

10

__J

"°

et

10

5
5
I

30°

30°

NORTH

SOUTH

0

60° 90°llL1-L_1-..L-1.._L-.....L-L--L--1.~L--.l.-l~O

30°

Figure 6. Distributior. of Sr:Jfl in the st:-atosphere. January
196564 (dpm SrfiO/l,000 ambient cubic feet)a

NORTH

0°

30°

eo 90°
0

SOUTH

Figure 7. Distribution of excess CH in the ~trato~phere.
January 196564 (105 atoms CH/Q.8 litres ambient air)

• 1 dpm/l,000 cubic feet = 15.9 pCi/1,000 m'.

47

20 .....~~~~.....~~~~"""T~~~~--r~~~~~~~~~~........~~~~""""I~~~~--,,...-~~~~.., 20

I..

-

...
·c;

..
0

Northern hemisphere
Southern he,.;,isphere

10

C>

I..

5

'ii

E

8
missing
Tdata

, I
\i

1958

1959

1960

1961

196'.2

1963

1965

1964

Fig1we 8. Average Sr90 concentrations in surface air (80°W), 1958-196565

tered throughout a large part of the land area of theearth's surface.16-19, 22, s1, 6~-10, 12, ;s, s2-1os Total beta
activities and deposition rates of Sr90, Cs 137 and otherradio-nuclides have been systematically analysed.
31. Stro11ti1m1-90. The monthly Sr90 deposition in
New York City since 1954106 and in Buenos Aires
since 1959102 are given in figures 13 and 14, respectively, as examples of rates of deposition in the northern and southern hemispheres. As the rainfall throughout
1964 and 1965 was exceptionally low in the New Yorkarea, deposited Sr90 levels after August 1964 were
somewhat lower than predicted on the basis of a normal
precipitation pattern.101
32. An isopleth representation of global Sr90 deposition rates per month from 60°S to 80°N for theperiod 1963-1965 is shown in figure 15, based on thesampling network operated by the United States
Atomic Energy Commission. 65 • 86 The deposition pattern follows closely the surface air concentrations
shown in figure 9. Sr90 peak deposition values wereencountered in the period April-July 1963 between
40°N and 60°N. Comparable values were encounteredduring the period April-June 1964 at the same latitudes.
33. A general decrease in the yearly deposition
rates for the northern hemisphere has been evident since1963, total Sr90 depositions being 2.32, 1.47 and 0.69

28. Caesi.mn-137. Figure 10 shows the averagemonthly Cs137 concentrations in surface air in Norway68· 69 and Sweden70 · 71 since January 1962. Cs 137
concentrations in the United Kingdom 17• 72 and at
Argonne, Illinois. United States, 23 • 73 • 74 are shown infigure 11. The spring maxima and autumn minima
evident in figures 8 and 9 are also obvious in figures
10 and 11. Cs137 concentrations were highest at Argonne
and of comparable magnitude in Norway, Sweden andthe United Kingdom. A decrease in concentrations
during 1964 and 1965 as compared to 1963 levels isevident. Measurements in India show similar trends. 15 , 76
29. Carbon-14. Excess C14 concentrations in the
troposphere for each hemisphere are shown in figure
12 for the years 1956-1965.G2 Concentrations in bothhemispheres tend to equalize, and they follow closely
earlier predictions. 1 • 77 Over-all average values of excess
C 14 concentration in the troposphere for 1963 were 60
per cent above the natural level of 74 X 105 atoms C14
per gramme of air' 8 that obtained before nuclear tests
were conducted. The e.xcess of artificial ea continued toincrease until mid-1964. Average excess values wereabout 85 per cent for 1964 and 1965.62 • 7 s-s 1

Deposition on land
30. Samples of deposited activity have been collectedin the period under review at more than 200 sites scatN

7r:P
6rP

5ff'
400
I.Li
0
::;)

300

200

I-

-

I-

10"

<

...J

200
30"

J=MAMJJASONDJFM

MJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND

1963

1964

19:55

Figure 9. Isopleth representation of SrDO concentrations in surface air, 1963-196565, 67 (dpm Sr90/1,000 m3)

48

110

peifl ,000 m3

100.......

!: !:
:

90

80

:

r: ~..l~!

- - Norway._ ..... Sweden

I!
:

70

40

30

20

10

J FM AM J J A S. 0 N D J FM AM J J A S 0 N D J F M AM J J A S 0 N D J FM AM J ·J A S 0 N D J F MA
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966

Figure 10. Average monthly Csl37 concentrations in surface air for Norway6S. oo and Sweden,70, 71 1962-1966

to the stratospheric inventory of Sr00 as of the end of
1963.1, 73, 77, 109

MCi for 1963. 1964 and 1965, respectively.65 Corresponding Sr90 deposition values for the southern hemisphere were 0.29, 0.38 and 0.31 MCi, respectively. 65
The annual deposition rates in the two hemispheresare expected to be about equal by 1967. Figure 16
shows the world-wide monthly deposition of Sr90 since
1958 as derived from the United States Atomic Energy
Commission data. 62• 86 The Sr90 cumulative deposition,corrected for radio-active decay, is shown in figure 17
for each hemisphere.86
34. These global annual deposition rates of Sr90
and the cumulative deposition since 1957 as estimatedby the United States Atomic Energy Commission arecompared to the United Kingdom Atomic Energy
Research Establishment estimates 17 • 72 in table I. The
United States estimates are derived by simple arithmetic
averaging of the deposition sites in each 10° latitude
band. The United Kingdom estimates. which are basedon a smaller number of sampling stations and weighted
by regional precipitation, 108 systematically show somewhat higher values. Considering the incomplete
coverage of the land surface of the earth by either
network. some discrepancy between the two sets of
estimates must be expected.
35. The deposited Sr90 activity during 1964 and1965 was close to former predictions based on the application of previously observed deposition patterns

36. Caesimn-137. No comprehensive information on
global Cs137 deposition comparable to that on Sr90 isavailable. Some networks include Cs 137 determinationsin their routine as a supplement to Sr90 data. 2 2. 9l, 99 • 100
Others, applying nominal values of Cs 131/Sr90 ratios,
use Cs 131 results to estimate Sr90 values, 11 • 72 • lO-i thus
saving considerable radio-chemical efforts, as Cs 137 distributions in the atmosphere must parallel Sr 90 distribution patterns. Figure 18 shows the monthly Cs137
deposition at Argonne, Illinois. United States, since
196223 and the monthly average Cs 137 deposition rates
for Australia during 1964 and 1965.104
37. Some recent estimates of Cs 131/Sr 90 ratios as
obtained from deposited activity. rain-water concentrations, ground level air concentrations at various sites
and stratospheric samples since 1963 are shown intable II. These ratios are in general higher than 1.5.
The variations in Cs 137/Sr 00 values probably reflect
inconsistencies in the radio-chemical determination ofCs131 at many laboratories.
38. Some evidence suggests that the averageCs 137/Sr9 0 ratios for the large scale stratospheric tests
during 1961 and 1962 was about 1.45 rather than
1.7.62 • 110 Experimental errors preclude any conclusion49

dilution of Sr90 and other fall-out products by the large
volume of the ocean at present suggests minimal doses
to man.
40. The oceans cover 70 per cent of the earth's
surface, and sampling them presents a different, and•as to a shift in Cs137/Srfl0 ratios towards lower values
since 1963.

Depositwn in the oceans
39. Deposition of Sr90 in the oceans is mainly ofimportance in relation to the inventory of Sr90• The

...,

160

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Figure 11. :Monthly Csl3; concentrations in surface air for Chilton. United Kingdom,17, 72 and Argonne, Illinois, UnitedStates,!!3. 78, 74 1962-196650

from some points of view. a more difficult problem thansampling the continents. The depth of the oceans,averaging almost 4.000 metres. and the movement ofwater are major complicating factors.
41. The radio-chemical analysis of SrllO in ocean
water is difficult, particularly the analysis of samples
from great depths, since levels are low and large
amounts of reagents are required. Blank samples are
frequently found to show detectable levels, often of thesame order as the measured values. 11 1-1 17 This increases the uncertainty of measurement and has cast
doubt on some of the results for deep water.

10090_,,.--·

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/

30

,,.,.-"--_...-

20__.,,.,,.. /

/

/

7

/

I

I

I

I
I

Concentrations of strontium-90 in surface water
42. The Sr90 concentration of surface water in theseas and oceans as reported by various investigators
has varied greatly as a function of both geography andtime. Figures 19 to 22 summarize most of the reported
surface water Sr90 results through 1961. The variationof Sr 90 concentrations with latitude in the oceans andcertain seas for 1960 and 1961 clearly illustrates that,even under the best circumstances. as in the southern
Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the values have a variabilityof at least a factor of two. Pacific Ocean values haveeven greater variability, probably reflecting "hot spots"

//

JO

----

_.,... .,....,.,.... Southern hemisphereo'-:-:::7T7:":=+:-=::~:--:-+---lf---t-~-t-~+-~1--_J1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965
' Taking as normal the alr concentration in 1954 (74 X 10" atoms ofo• per gra=c of air).""Figure 12. Tropospheric inventory of carbon-1464

C'I

E.

-"

3

....

0..

~

'-

..

"'
"'
·;::

"'

.~

~

2

0
1963

Figare 13. Monthly deposition of Sr9G in New York City, 1954-1966106

51

1964

1965

1966

o.a.
0.7.

0.6.

"'c

0.5

..

ff.<!...

<.n
l'V

"'
~

0.4

0.3.

0.2 ..

J I' MA M J J A S 0 N D' J FM A M J J A. S 0 .N 0 1 J FM AM J J A S 0 N 0 1 J F MAM J J A S O N pi J F M A.M. J J" A S 0 N pi J FM AM J J A S 0 N DI J" FM AM. J J A. S 0 ND
0

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

Figure 14. Monthly deposition of Sr90 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1959-1965215

r

-

1964

1965

30°

400

sD°
s,_....-=~L-...___._~___.___,'--..__~_.___._+-1~'--.l.---'--'--'----'~L-.l.---'--'---3.-+-'1--.l.---'--'-..L..l..---'~L-.l.---'--'--L---'~JFMAMJJASONDJ1963

FMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONO
1964
1965

Figure 15. Sr90 deposition integrated according to zonal belts as a function of time, 1963-196565 (mCi/km2 per month)

due to greater local fall-out. 325 • 326 • 338•3 .U For inventory
purposes, however, only data from the north Atlantic
Ocean have been considered.
43. From the data used in these graphs, Popov andPatin tabulated the average concentrations of Sr00 for
1960 and 1961 shown in table III. Very few measurements have been reported after 1%1 e..'<cept from thenorth Atlantic Ocean. 112• 113 • 115 • 118 These (table IV)
indicate an increasing trend of Sr00 concentrations insurface water until the end of 1964. The data fromthe first half of 1965 suggest that the level of Sr90 inthis region has started to decline.
44. For the western Pacific Ocean in the vicinitv of
Japan. surface water in the years 1963 and i964
averaged about 0.43 pCi/litre and ranged from 0.25
to 0.53, 119 while, for the eastern region of the Pacific
Ocean, concentrations from about 0.04 pCi/Iitre112 in
1963 to 0.5 pCijlitre in 1965 111 were reported.
45. The now well documented latitudinal variationof deposition of Sr00 on land (figure 15) is not observable in surface ocean water. However, in table III
and figures 19 to 21 the generally higher values for thenorthern hemisphere presumably reflect the fact thatmost nuclear tests have so far been carried out in thenorthern hemisphere. 120.128

Concentrations in deep water
46. Measurements of fission product concentrations
are consistent with more rapid contamination of deeper
water with strontium-90111, 113, 111, no, 121-123, 129, 130
than some investigators believed possible. 112• 118• 131
Bowen et al. lJ.3, 115 • 120 found mid-depth ( 1,000 to 3,000
metres) concentrations of Sr90 in the Atlantic Ocean
consistent with the flow rates of intermediate depth
currents derived from hydrographic considerations.
Belyaev et al. 130 used observed turbulent diffusion
coefficients and mean current velocities to solve thecomplete transport equation. The calculated distribution of Sr00 with depth in the Atlantic Ocean was foundto be in agreement with observed data. 325 • 3 27 • 33s.au
47. Ozmidov and Popov122 pointed out the slower
increase of Sr90 concentration with time in the northAtlantic Ocean surface water compared to that on
adjacent land and concluded that these data indicatedintense vertical turnover of ocean water above andbelow the thermocline.

0,1
.c

~...

......~..·...:·:-. ....

q)

c..

0

o:-,_ 0.01
Vl

0,001

I

I

I

J MM J S N J MM J S N JM M J S N JM M·J S N J MM J S N JM M J S N J MM. j S N J M.M J S N
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965

Figure 16. Hemispheric deposition rates of Sr90, 1958-196565, 86

53

IO
9

,.........~·······-················

8

TOTAL WORLONORTH ERH HEM I SPHERE ..............

7••l···

SOUTHEP.N HEMISPHERE·-·-·-/ ......···

6l...·····••

:

:

i

=

°"
.....

0

~······

4..

/,../'-- ··---··- ····----·····--·

32_......................

,,,_
0..•.//.........··•··._,:E..•···

I 9 S5·--·-----· ·-·-·-·-·
I 956

I 957

I 95 8

I 95 9--·-·-·-· ·-·-·-·-·
I 96I

I 960

------·- -------·I 962

I 963.---·-· .-----·
1 9 64

I 96S

Fig11re 17. Cumulative Sr90 deposit, 1955-196565, 86 (corrected for radio-active decay)

48. In 1962, north Atlantic water samples at depths
from 1,000 to 3.000 metres or more had Sr90 concentrations averaging about 0.03 pCi/litre with values ranging
from 0.01 to 0.07. 113 Equatorial Atlantic samples fromsimilar depths averaged about 0.04 pCi/litre in
1963.113 Figure 23 illustrates average profiles of Cs137
and Sr00 for the equatorial Atlantic Ocean in 1963 and1964.
49. Broecker112 reported much lower values formid-1963, generally less than 0.01 pCi/litre, for deep
water from both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This
lack of agreement in deep water samples probably
relates to the problem of corrections for blank samples.
50. The dating of deep water samples by natural
pre-test radio-carbon shows a very slow rate of exchange between deep and surface water which is incompatible with the appearance of Sr90 in the deep
ocean. Ostlund, 139 moreover, found water with little
or no tritium in certain areas of the deep Atlantic
Ocean where Bowen detected appreciable amountsof Sr90 •51. Several investigators 111• 119 • 120 · 132 have also
reported measurements of other nuclides from atomic
explosions. such as Cs 137 , Zr95 , Nb 9 5, Ce144 , Ru1os,
Ru 106 and Pm147 . at considerable depths in the oceans.
It must be recognized, however, that the mechanism oftransport of some of these nuclides may be different
from that of Sr 90 •1960-1961 data in 10° latitude bands, found ocean/landdeposition ratios ranging from 1 to 8, with the averagefor the entire 70°N to 30° S region being about 2.
53. Integration of observed Sr 90 values in the mixed
layer down to the thermocline yields a value for accumulated Sr90 deposited which is approximately thesame as that expected from observations on land. Accordingly, in so far as the presence of Sr90 in water
below the thermocline can be demonstrated, the fall-out
over the oceans must be greater than that measured
over land.
54. Enhanced Sr90 deposition over the ocean compared with land areas would help to explain the
disparity between the change in atmospheric content,
and that in land fall-out. The annual reduction in theobserved atmospheric content of Sr90 is found to be
1.5 times the total world-wide deposition estimatedfrom land-based stations since 1963.63, 64, iu. 124, 137
55. Calculation shows that this corresponds to adeposition factor over the oceans, per unit area, of about
1.8 times that which has been estimated over land. It
must be remembered that our knowledge of deposition
over the entire land surface is far from complete, little
information being available, for example, regarding
heavily forested areas. Heavier deposition in. suchregions could partially explain the apparent discrepancy.
56. Chesselet et al.132 • 138 measured concentrations of95
Zr
Nb 95 , Ru 103 and Ru 106 in waters of the western
Mediterranean and the Bay of Biscay in late 1963 byin situ gamma spectrometry. Comparing the results ofthese measurements with observations made simultaneously at continental sea shore stations. they concluded
that the deposition had been two to seven times greaterover the oceans.

+

Comparison of terrestrial and oceanic fall-out
52. Several investigators111, n:>, 120-12-!, 129, 133·13S foundthat deposition of Sr 90 in the oceans was higher thanon the adjacent land bodies, generally by a factor of
between 1.5 and 5 per unit area. Karol et al .. 1u studying

54

.
"

.

10.8

rnCijkm2
6- - - - Argonne, Illinois, Uni~ed Stoles.............. Australia

5

3

2-

:••o;
:................
:~. ~··-:
••••:

~

..

:

••• ,,. ........-!'J F MAM J J A S 0 N D J FM AM J J A-5 0 N D J FM AM J J
1962
1963
1964

J A S 0 ND J F MA
1965
1966

Figure 18. Monthly deposition of Csl37 at Argonne, Illinois, United States. for 1962-1966,23 and the average monthly depositionof CslS7 in Australia for 1964-1965104

SSshowed that, in almost all latitudes tested, the concentration of artificial radioactivity is lower above thesea than above the land.

I

0.6-

0

0

0.5

•

0

0.4

~"

0

0
0

s. 0.3

0

0
0

Ii,

0

0,2

O
00

O·

0

0

0

0

0

0

..

0
0

o oo 0 8
0oO

oo oooo o °a:>

0.1

0Conclusions
60. The presence of Sr90 in the deep waters of theoceans and seas appears to be confirmed by several
investigators, although the low levels of the radioactivity may in some cases preclude the accuracy in theradio-chemical analyses that would be necessary for
unambiguous interpretation. Other information, suchas C14 and H 8 measurements, is in conflict with this.
61. On balance, it appears that more Sr90 has been
deposited over oceans than over land per unit area.
The precise amount of the excess has not yet been
determined but the average ratio of ocean deposition
per unit area to that measured on land may be between
1.5 and 3. The mechanisms which bring about this

0

0

0

0

oo&,
0

0

0

00

0

0

~

400

SOo

•

0

()0

200

20°

400

North

South

Figure 19. Sr90 concentration in Pacific Ocean surface waterin 1960 and 1961125, n• Different symbols indicate results of different investigators.11l1, 3.2S, ._.,.

Baltic Sea

0.5Black Sea

.

0.4'

r·-1

A

I
I
I

(

L1>

I.·

I

I

\!)

·~

ua.. 0.2

0

Gy

G

0.1.

0

...• •• f " .....

Q

Q

0

"

60°

40°

...

20°

,

Q Q

.

•

g •"

<>

. ~\J·•Qj00

1~ o 00 •o0

I
I
I

I

""

.

I

IQ

0

o<>

tP .

20°

0

I
I

I
I
I

G

4 ~·

I
I

I

a c><>~"'f oO

It.

I
I
I

l,.

0

o'

I
I

I

..... 0.3
t..

I

__ .;
I

..

0

40°

.
80°

60°

South

North
Figure 20. Sr90 concentration in Atlantic Ocean surface water in 1960 and 1961125, a• Different aymbols indicate results of different invcstigators,llB• 1110, .,....,

57. Broecker et al.134 utilized the Sr90 concentrationof shallow water on the Bahama Banks which was
also dated by its content of artificial C14 • These parameters permitted a comparison of fall-out in that region
with land sites. The data suggested that fall-out 011 theBahama Banks was not systematically higher than thatobserved on land masses in the same latitude belt.
The sensitivity of this experiment, however, could not
distinguish differences of less than about a factor of two.
58. Machta et al. 140 studied the Sr90 distribution in
Lake Michigan and found that the deposition over thislarge lake was not higher than that extrapolated fromnearby land stations. The relevance of this observation
will depend upon many factors such as absorption by
sediments and general similarity to ocean conditions.
59. Karol et al. 124 have shown that neither higher
concentration of Sr90 in oceanic rain 342 • 343 nor higher
precipitation are likely mechanisms of enhanced deposition over the ocean. since no increased deposition wasobserved on island stations. confirming the conclusion
reported in the 1964 report. They suggest that the majormechanism is related to the air-sea interface, andconsists of "scrubbing" of the surface air by sea-water
spray and salt particles. and of irreversible absorptionof the aerosol by the water surface. These conclusions
were tested by comparing Sr90 and other radio-nuclides
in surface air taken over land and sea areas. The result0.~ 0.2os'{ 0,1

0 0

00

•o

0

Q

400

Ooo

c

oo

oo o

oo c

o

0

g =-oo oo :

0

0

60°

0

0
ci

0 0

c130

0

20°

South

o0

20°
North

Fig11re 21. Sr90 concentration in Indian Ocean surface waterin 1960 and 1961125, a• Different symb<>ls indicate results of different investigat01's.l.l!B, ._...

enhanced oceanic deposition are not clear. but evidence
suggests that it is related to phenomena at sea-air interface rather than to precipitation.
Sm.orARY

62. Table V shows the changes in the global Sr90
inventory since 1960. The estimate of cumulative
deposition is based on the assumption that deposition
per unit area is the same over oceans as that measured
on land.
63. The obsen ed stratospheric mean residence timeof fourteen months for particulate radio-activity in theyears 1963-1965 is shorter than the assumed value oftwenty-four months used in the 1964 report. No single
1

56

0.5
Cl)

c

0.4

!....

~·

0.3

0
0

ua.. 0.2

0
Q)

0.1

c
l(

0

1955

1954

lt~

1956

••
· S ~! a1957 1958

0

00

1959

0
0

elf}'

1960

1961

Fig11re 22. Sr90 concentration in northern hemisphere Atlantic Ocean surface water,
1954-1961125, a• Different symbols indicate results of different investigators.:na• ""· •r.-r.o,Ul•l.fT

0

Sr

90

,
,,

;:r--

c;f
I

....

I

~

I

0

I

I

ii

d

.§. 1,000
-"

0..
.,

0

2,000

0

o.os

0,1 .

0

o.os

pCi/litre

0.10

0,15

pCi/litre

0---- 1963

e--1964

Figure 23. Vertical profiles of concentration of Sr90 and Csl37 in the equatorial Atlantic
Ocean, 1963 and 1964121

1963.62• 64 Values in the northern stratosphere declined
gradually, while little change occurred in the southern
stratosphere or in the troposphere where peak valuesof C14 concentrations were reached by the end of 1964.
Tropospheric C1 4 will decline steadily, since oceanic
uptake rates already exceed transfer rates from thestratosphere. No measurements of tritium concentrationsin the atmosphere have been reported recently.

value for the mean residence time can be applied overlong periods to describe the depletion of the stratosphericreservoir. The estimates of the residence time must
be adjusted to conform with the temporal changes ofthe distribution of the nuclear debris in the stratosphere.
64. In the absence of further large scale injectionsof fresh radio-activity into the atmosphere, the radioactive decay of already deposited Sr90 and Cs 137 willmore than offset any subsequent deposition rates starting in the current year, so that the amount present over
the whole surface of the globe will begin to decrease.
However, some further increases in deposited activity
are expected in the southern hemisphere.
65. Strontium-90 observations in deep oceans, though
in conflict with C14 and IP findings. suggest thatbetween 1.5 and three times more Sr90 has been
deposited per unit area over oceans than measured overland. This enhanced oceanic fall-out helps explain the
disparity between changes in atmospheric content andglobal fall-out derived from land stations.
66. Carbon-14 and tritium. Table VI shows thechanges in the global inventory of excess C14 since July

II. Artificial radio-activity in food and tissues

STRONTIUM-90 AND STRONTIUM-89
Food chain -mechanisms

67. The principal factors which control the entryof Sr90 into human diet were reviewed in the earlier
reports of the Committee. More recent information
supports the general conclusions advanced therein.
However, as is shown in a subsequent section, becauseof the larger body of survey data which is now available,
quantitative relationships between the deposition of Sr90

57

74. The distribution of Sr90 and calcium in skeletonsof adults in 1963 was re-examined in a recent study. 141
The
Sr90/Ca single bone
Sr90/Ca total skeletonand dietary levels can now be predicted somewhat
more confidently.

Metabolism in man
68. Attempts have been made to explain in kinetic
terms the discrimination between strontium and calcium
in metabolic processes. The experiments of Walser
and Robinson141 and of Marcus and Wasserman1{2show that the degree of discrimination against strontium
during its tubular re-absorption from the glomerular
ultra-filtrate is inversely related to the efficiency of
calcium re-absorption. A similar relationship holds withregard to absorption of both elements from the gastrointestinal tract. Quantitative analysis of the data suggests that the ion transfer across the relevant biologicalmembrane is in both cases a first order process and thata constant ratio obtains between the rates of absorptionof calcium and strontium.
69. It follows from these experiments and fromtheoretical considerations that the body /diet ORn mustvary slightly with the efficiency of calcium absorption
in the gastro-intestinal tract and be higher when agreater fraction of calcium is absorbed. In early infancy, however, the limited discrimination between
calcium and strontium is due not only to high absorption
efficiency but also to the lack of difference in the absorption rates of both elements in the gut.
70. Average values, however, are little affected byindividual variations and an average OR of 0.25 will
still be used in this report, since:(a) Recent studies,143• 144 carried out in apparent
metabolic steady-state (using stable Sr/Ca ratios inbone and diet) have yielded OR values very close
to 0.25;( b) Higher OR values in the first year of life1411 areoffset by additional discrimination at the placental
barrier during foetal life and by a very rapid turnoverof bone mineral in early infancy ( 1964 report, annex A,
paragraphs 94-97).
71. Investigations of the metabolism of strontium inchild:ren and adolescents (one to nineteen years old)
are m progress. Preliminary results indicate that nochanges in the over-all estin1ate of the bone/diet OR
used to calculate dose commitments from Sr90 are
warranted.
72. Analysis of recent data from various countries
on the empirical relationshipSr 90/Ca infant bone (0-1 year)
Sr 90/Ca milkshows that the values reported cluster around onequarter (tables VIII and X) .
73. Marei et al.14 6 on the basis of extensive investigations established a relationship between theSr90/Ca ratios in human teeth and in the skeleton in
all age groups. The
Sr90 /Ca teeth
Sr90/Ca skeleton
ratio was higher in infancy and childhood than in
adults (table VII), and remained relatively constantover a period of two to three years. The authors concluded. that te~th may . be used for monitoring Sr90
levels m man, if the ratios between dental and skeletalvalues are corrected for age and changes in time.
.

ratios were as follows: vertebrae/skeleton= 1.7;
rib/skeleton= 1.0; femur shaft/skeleton= 0.4. These
results are in essential agreement with data reported
earlier ,14 s.15o showing that changes in these ratios overthe last three to four years did not exceed some 20
per cent.

Levels of strontium-90 in foods
75. The levels of Sr90 in milk in the period 19631965 are presented in table VIII. In the northernhemisphere the Sr90/Ca ratios in milk in 1964 remainedroughly at the level of 1963, when yearly mean values
are compared. In 1965 a significant decline was observed
which amounted, on the average, to about 20-30 per centof the 1964 values (based on results of widespread,systematic studies). Time trends in milk concentrationsof Sr90 in a few countries are shown in figure 24.
76. In the temperate zone of the southern hemisphere(Argentina, Australia, New Zealand), the absolutelevels of Sr90 in milk were lower by a factor of three
to four than those in the northern temperate zone. They
were similar, however, to the levels reported fromequatorial regions, reflecting roughly the latitudinal
distribution of past fall-out levels in both hemispheres.
The time trends in the two hemispheres were somewhat
different: the increase in concentrations in the southernhemisphere continued from 1963 to 1964, but the yearly
average levels remained unchanged in 1965.
77. In some areas, such as the Faroe Islands,
Iceland, western Norway and the mountainous regionsof many countries, the levels of Sr-90 in milk weresignificantly higher than the average values typical for
most of the northern temperate zone. As already indicated in previous reports, these elevated concentrations of Sr90 in milk are mainly due to high rainfall
and poor pastures.
78. The levels of Sr8D in milk declined in 1964
below detection limits. In the summer of 1965, transientlevels of this nuclide in milk were reported1111, 1112 fromsome countries of the northern hemisphere following
the atmospheric nuclear test conducted in May of that
J:ea:. A~ 0e levels declined again below detection
hm1ts w1thm three to four months, Sr 89 will not be
further considered in this report.
79. ~nfoT?Jation oi; ~he average Sr90/Ca ratios of
total diets is more hm1ted than for milk but seems
t? disclose similar time trends and geographical distribution. The available information is presented in table IX.
80. New information on Sr-90 levels in total diet andin milk shows that theSr90/Ca total diet
Sr90/Ca milkratio has remained at about 1.5 in the United States,
western Europe, Argentina and Australia (tables VIII
and IX). Information now aYailable from the USSR
indicates that this ratio ranged from 2 to 3 in 1963 and1964: this result is similar to that found in Poland
from 1961 to 1963. These higher ratios found in the
USSR and in Poland are due to greater consumptionof whole-meal cereal products.

Sr/OJ. sample" OR = obsei:ved ratio = _____:__

Sr/Ca precursor

58

..-············- Canada

00.

- - - - Denmark.- · - ~, New Zealand· · - · - · - Norway

50

-

I

- - United Kingdom.i.............. United States

i· '

•.

l~···· \

.I

.

I

_[i

\ • ...--•

,*

.•A••

•••••...

\\

...

~

10

\\

\"···~·-7·\·····-... .
~'....
.. __.. ...·-'····....•......
·····.
~·\...........
·...... ·
.....
.. _
.... ......
.
,
.
.
-.
.
1·
·
.
......___,' .. ,. ·········...
. --- .---·-.. ------"":·/ . ' ""v ~.-.--.·.,.,-r·-·
1..-·
/..
. . . . .-.. . . . . . . . ...../;'/.1,... . .
. ., , . . ,..""t'.- /'..
~
'

20

.

., t'~~{

.40

30

,_.,

~

~

------·-·

1960~...:::=-;. ~-_/

1961

---~

-~·'

1962

~............

~

~,_.,

1963

1964

1965

Figure 24. SrllO in milk (time trends). Quarterly averages from country-wide surveys, 1960-1965

Geographical distribution and time trends

81. The relative constancy of the ratio
Sr90/Ca diet
Sr90/Ca milk

86. In the northern hemisphere, bone levels werehigher by a factor of two to four than those reported
from Argentina and Australia. There was a tendency
for a marked increase in bone levels in all age groups
from 1963 to 1964, the highest relative increase beingin youngest infants. In the zero to one-year-old age
group, the increase amounted on the average to some
30 per cent over the 1963 values, as compared to thefactor of two or three by which the latter rose above
tl:e 1962 values. Although only limited results areavailable for 1965, it may be provisionally concluded
that, in the zero to one-year-old age group, levels may
have reached their peak in 1964 and started decreasing
in 1965. In the one-year-old age group, bone levels in1965 seemed either the same as or slightly higher thanin 1964. As expected, levels in adults are still increasing.

1

at least for a few years, supports the conclusion reachedin the 1962 report that in many areas the Sr110/Ca ratio
in total diet can be reasonably inferred from analysesof milk.
82. Studies in Argentina, 145 Austria, 153 the UnitedStates1 M and the United Kingdom 155 have shown that
the Sr90 /Ca ratio in the diets of infants who w~renot breast-fed in the first year of life falls between thevalues determined for milk and those for a typicaladult's diet. As the ratio of Sr 90/Ca in human milkequals about one-tenth of the adult diet, the effective
contamination of infant food depends very much on theextent of breast feeding.

87. On the basis of available data, it seems that in
the southern hemisphere, in the period under review,the time trends of Sr90 levels in human bone were notmarkedly different from those in the northern temperate
zone.

Strontimn-90 in human bone

83. Levels of Sr90 in human bone in 1963, 1964 and1965 are presented in table X.
84. The age distribution of the Sr90/Ca ratios inhuman bone remained essentially unaltered from that
previously reviewed. The highest levels are still encountered in the zero to one or in the one-year-old age
group (figure 25).
85. The data for adults are reported in table X,
both in original values and as normalized skeletal
averages, calculated by applying the normalization
factors given in paragraph 74. In the years of highfall-out rate. the average skeletal levels in adults werelower by a factor of four to ten than the highest values
in young infants. This difference is expected to diminish
with decreasing dietary levels of Sr90 , because theskeletal contaminations in infants will change faster thanin adults. and trends in these two age categories may
be in opposite directions.

88. The frequency distribution of the Sr90/Ca ratios
in adult bone-where levels are age-independent-has
been repeatedly studied and recent data156 • ui 7 confirmed
earlier findings, 158• 159 indicating that the distribution
was positively skewed and might be described as lognormal. If data from individual locations are considered,
the probability that the Sr90/Ca ratio in a single sample
will exceed the mean value by a factor of three is of
the order of 1 per cent.

Q11antitative relationships bel"UJeen deposition ofstrontium-90 and dietary levels

89. In earlier reports of the Committee, fall-out
rates and accumulated soil deposits of Sr 90 were related
to the concentrations of this nuclide in foodstuffs to
59

2.

1957

1956

•

:.

4

....

1959

1958

3
2

•

•

•

0

0

u
Ol

1961

1960

3

6-- 2

°'

L.
Vl

uQ.
5

1962

4
3
2
0

•

.

__,
10

5

20A

15

5

10

15

20A

Age in years

Age in years

9

8
7

6
0

u

5

Ol

6' 4
°'

L.
Vl

G
a..

3
2

5

JO

15

20A

Age in years
Figure 25. s.reo concentrations in bone, plotted according to age (A= adult): United Kbgdom
results, 1956-1964272

Fr= yearly fall-out rate of Srll 0 in mCi/km 2 in giveyear,
Pd and Pr = proportionality factors also called "soiand "rate" factors.
Although data from many parts of the world rema
meagre, it is now possible in a number of countries
derive soil and rate factors for milk by appropria
regression analysis.

predict future levels of contamination. The basic equation applied with respect to milk was:C = P~d p,-Fr,
where
C =yearly average Sr90/Ca ratio in milk,
F 11 = total accumulated deposit of Sr90 in soil in
mCi/km 2 ,+60

CAESIU~-137

90. In some extensive regions, factors such as stored
fodder for cattle justify the introduction of a third termin the equation which takes into account the contribution
to milk levels of Sr90 which was deposited when crops
and grass were growing in the second half of theprevious year. The inclusion of this "lag-rate factor"
may lead to a significant improvement in the predictionof year to year trends, especially \Vhen the rate offall-out is changing markedly. 112 • 160 However, theseparate evaluation of rate and lag-rate factors is notnecessary for the calculation of dose-commitment.

Food chain mechanisms
96. Cs 137 which is deposited from the atmosphereis retained on vegetation in a manner similar to Sr90,
but the two nuclides contrast markedly in their behaviour in soil. In mineral soils which contain appreciable quantities of clay and moderate or low quantities
of organic matter, the entrapment of Cs 137 in the clay
lattice structure causes it to be little absorbed byplants. 161 The process of fixation may not be complete
until several years have passed; thereafter, Cs 137 may
be absorbed to not more than about one-fortieth ofthe extent of Sr90 •162 In contrast, when soils containmuch organic matter, and especially when their clay
content is low, Cs 137 enters plants considerably more
freely.111a-105
97. Soils in which organic matter is present in large
concentrations throughout the entire rooting depth aremainly important in moist. temperate regions; this circumstance appears to explain, at least partially, why
the average levels of Cs 137 in diet from northern regions, e.g. Scandinavia, exceed those in lower latitudes.161 A more transient effect of organic mattersoccurs commonly in the permanent pastures of temperate regions. Appreciable quantities of organic matterform in the superficial soil layers, and, until Cs 137 has
penetrated into the underlying mineral soil, it is readily
absorbed by plants; enhanced uptake due to this cause
has been shown to continue for one to two years inthese circumstances. 161• 163 In the 1964 report, it wasnoted that Cs 137 may also readily enter plants whensoils are lateritic in type.
98. In its 1964 report, the Committee discussed a
special food chain mechanism, whereby in some populations living in subarctic regions unusually high activities of Cs 137 are transferred to man from lichensthrough reindeer or caribou meat. Results of a detailed
dietary study of Finnish Lapps which became available
recently166 show that about 75 per cent of their total
intake of Cs137 comes from reindeer meat and meatproducts, while fish and milk contribute about 11-12
per cent each. It has since become evident that othernuclides in fall-out, such as Na22 and Feli5 , or of natw-al
origin (Pb 210 and Po 210 ), also show unusually highlevels because of similar mechanisms of transfer. 161-172
99. Lichens constitute the main fodder of reindeer
and caribou during the winter season. In the summer,
however, almost only grass and herbaceous plants are
consumed. The Cs137 body burden of the animals therefore shows a marked seasonal variation, particularly
some years after the peak deposition, when Cs 137 levelsin the grass have decreased while the levels in thelichens remain high.
100. Lichens on which these animals graze entrap
almost all the Cs 137 deposited per unit area of ground.
It has been shown that the levels in grazing animals
have increased up to 1965 in proportion to the lichen
levels which are closely related to accumulated depositof Cs137 (table XI). The levels are expected to decreaseduring the coming years when the fall-out rate will not
be sufficient to compensate for the Cs137 loss due tograzing and possible wash-out. A number of estimatesof the total elimination rate have been published, 173"176
and although there is a wide divergence between theseestimates, it seems likely that at least some 5-10 per
cent of the Cs 137 is eliminated annually.
101. Other mechanisms have also been shown tocause elevated levels of Cs137 in foodstuffs in northern

91. An analysis of survey results from Argentina,
Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Japan, New
Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United Statesindicates that the averages of the rate and soil factors
for milk fall within the range of 0.8 to 1.0 and 0.2 to 0.3,
respectively. These values do not differ sufficiently fromthose formerly estimated (0.8 and 0.3) to necessitate arevision of the proportionality factors previously adopted
for milk nor for the three major types of total diets
consumed by the world's population (1962 report,anne.x F, par~o-raphs 108-119).
92. In a number of countries, the annual averagelevels of Sr90 in diet, and especially in milk, have
hitherto agreed satisfactorily with those predicted fromthe proportionality factors. While this encourages confidence in the use of this procedure, it must be bornein mind that assessments of the situation many years
hence is subject to considerable uncertainty. This is
so largely because absorption by plant roots is usually
greater from the upper layers of soil where so far thelevels of Sr90 have been highest. When downward
penetration of Sr90 leads to its more uniform distribution throughout the rooting zone, lower values of thesoil factors are to be expected. However, there is atpresent no basis for predicting how the soil factors
will change with time in the majority of areas.
93. Because at the present time Sr90 is more concentrated in the upper layers of soil in permanentpastures than in the ploughed land on which othercrops are grown, the decrease in the soil factor formilk is expected to be larger than for other foodstuffs.
This should lead to a gradual increase in the ratio of

Sr90 /Ca dietSr 90/Ca milk
which will approach the relationship obtaining for stablestrontium and calcium.
94. A further problem in predicting absorption fromthe soil in the distant future arises from uncertainties
as to the fraction of the total Sr90 in the soil which
will be removed annually by crops or lost from therooting zone by leaching. The Committee previously
assumed that those processes might decrease the content of the soil by about 2 per cent per annum. leading
to a total decrease of 4.5 per cent per year when radioactive decay is taken into account. It is recognizedthat this figure will lead to an under-estimate of thelosses in many countries, but the data are insufficient
to justify its revision.
95. Because it is e.xpected that the soil factor for
total diet \Vill decrease with time and that the rate ofloss of Sr90 from the soil may be greater than 2 per centper year, estiniates of the integrated quantities of Sr90
which will enter diet over long periods, based upon
the methods adopted here, should be regarded as upper
limits.
61

latitudes. Unusually high levels (10 or more nCi Cs 137/kg) have been reported in fresh ·water fish from someScandinavian lakes. 176•178 This has been attributed to
the low mineral content of the water which enhances
the absorption of Cs137 and other fission products.
Similarly. aquatic plants which are sometimes importantin the diet of cattle in these areas contain higher levelsof Cs137 than normal pasture species. 179
lit[ etabolism inman

107. Static and dynamic distribution studies wereconducted by Yamagata et al. 192 on caesium in humanblood. When the dietary Cs 137 levels changed slowly
with time, the concentrations in blood reflected the total
body contents of Cs137 • Whole blood samples collectedfrom urban areas in the Far East and the Pacific region~ave estimates of body burden ranging from 56 pCi/g K
m Rangoon, Burma. to 110 pCijg K in Manila, thePhilippines, in April 1966.193

Levels of caesium-137 in food
108. Concentrations of Cs 137 in milk in the northernhemisphere (table XIII) in 1964 were essentially thesame or only slightly higher than in 1963. In 1965,
average values were-with only a few exceptionsmarkedly lower. Time trends are presented in figure 26.
In the southern hemisphere, the 1964 yearly averagele\iels rose over those observed in 1963 and remained
unchanged in 1965. However, quarterly values in New
Zealand and Australia (figure 26) showed a clear decrease in concentrations at the end of 1965.
109. Time trends in the total dietary content of
Cs 137 were basically similar to those for milk, but thedat~ are more limited, especially with regard to the196:> levels (table XIV). There is, however, a wellestablished correlation between the Cs 137 contents inbeef and milk. the ratio of the concentrations

102. Investigations of the metabolism of caesium in
pregnant women and in new-born children180 haveshown that the turnover of this element becomes accelerated in the course of pregnancy, with a resulting
biological half-life of the order of about thirty to seventy
days as contrasted with the usual value in adults ofseventy to 140 days. There seems to be no placental
barrier for Cs137 in its movement to the foetus, fornew-born children revealed practically the same Cs137/
weight ratio as their mothers.
103. That the Cs137 turnover is generally faster ininiants than in adults has been further confirmed. suggesting a biological half-life in the first month of lifeof only seven to ten days ("Wilson and Spiers, quoted
by Vennart181 ), or twenty-one to twenty-five days.180
Both the lower intake and the faster turnover of Cs137
in children explain that they show lower levels thanadults, as has already been indicated in the 1964 report.
This obsen•ation was recently confirmed by radiochemical analysis of skeletal muscles obtained fromhuman beings of all age groups. 182 The levels of Cs 137
per gramme of potassium were lowest in still-born androse with age, reaching the highest values in adults.
104. Newly reported data on the biological half-life,
characterizing the long-term retention of caesium inadults, 183•188 fall in line with the information alreadyreviewed in the 1964 report (table XII). The remarkably shorter average half-life in the inhabitants of someScandinavian countries has been tentatively explainedby elevated potassium intakes 189 which may lead tofaster turnover of both caesium and potassium in thebody.
105. The distribution of Cs137 in human tissues wasstudied by Nay et al. 100 who showed that concentrations
in compact bone and bone marrow were lower by afactor of twenty than in skeletal muscle. This implies
a dose rate from internal Cs137 to bone marrow, toosteocytes and to cells lining the marrow cavities. twoto three times lower than to muscular tissue. Although
the data are preliminary. refer only to compact boneand may reflect a non-steady-state situation, they suggest that the dose commitment to bone marrow andbone-lining cells due to internal Cs 137 radiation may
have been somewhat over-estimated in the 1964 report.
However. the evidence is not conducing enough to· warrant a re-evaluation of the dose-rate factors inestimating dose commitments. The changes \vould inany case have a trivial effect on the total dose commitment because of the relatively low contribution ofinternal Cs137 irradiation.
106. The frequency distribution of the Cs187 concentration in human tissues (muscles) was studied by
Ellett and Browne111n and appeared to be non-normal
with positive skewness. By fitting a particular form of
gamma function to their data, the authors estimatedthat the probability that an individual might e..-..;:ceed
the population average in a given locality by a factorof three was 1.5 X 10-s.

pCijkg meat
pCijl milk
averaging ,.._, 4 19 4-1 96 (figure 27). Since meat and milk
together are the main dietary sources of Cs 137 . it isevident that trends in dietary contamination can beadequately inferred from the monitoring of milk alone.
llO. Cs137 levels of up to about 100 nCi/kg were
measured in reindeer meat during the winter of 1964
and 1965. According to Liden,1 74 the proportionality
factor of Cs 137 in fresh lichen to that in fresh reindeer
meat in northern Sweden averaged 4.9 : 0.4.

Levels of caesium-137 in man
111. Levels of Cs 137 in man continued to increasein the n.orthern hemisphere until mid- or late 1964,and declmed thereafter. In early 1966 the levels werereduced by about 30-40 per cent as compared to thepeak values in 1964. As shown in table XV andfigure 28, the ratio between the lowest (Japan) andthe highest (France) values reported from the northerntemperate zone was between 1 : 2 and 1 : 3 (with the
exception of Norway where unusually high levels of
rainfall and particular grazing conditions prevail).
112. In the southern hemisphere (southern Australia), the levels rose until late 1965 and appear tohave been declining since. The highest levels reachedin Australia were lower by about a factor of three whencompared with the average 1964 peak levels in normal
areas of the northern temperate zone (figure 28).
113. As already discussed in the 1964 report (owing
to the factors mentioned in paragraph 111), the levels
in Norway, in particular on tl1e western coast, weremuch higher than those usuallv encountered in these•latitudes.
114. The levels of Cs 13 ~ in man also rose until 1965
in the majority of those areas where this nuclide follows
the lichen-reindeer-man food chain. e.g. Finnish Lapland. Swedish Lapland and the far north of the USSR.
Some decrease was. however. reported in Alaska. For
reasons explained in par~oraph 100 it was ex-

62pCi/litre-..--. Australia
CanadaDenmark
11111 SlNew ZealandSweden500

United Kingdom
United States

400

300

200

100
-·---·~

1960

Figure 26.

1961
Csl37 in milk

1962.. --- -·-·

1963

1964

1965

(time trends). Quarterly average values from country-wide surveys, 1960-1965

x: the monthly average concentration of Csl37 in meat (beeOo = calculatec meat octivity derived by multiplying thepCijkgconcentrations of Cs 137 in milk in the preceding month by 4.3

1,500

On the ordinate - concentration of Cs 137 in pCijkg

0 n the abscissa - ea lender year

1,000.."·•«".· ....

500

1962

1963

1964

1965

l'
1966

Figure 27. Relationship between concentrati.:m of Cs 13 7 in beef and milk in Sweden, 1962-19663«

63

Year

pected113 • iu that levels in man in those areas in 1966
would be the same as. or slightly lower than, in 1965.
This is supported by the data for Finnish Lapps(table XV), which show a slight decrease in Cs 137 bodylevels (by 5-10 per cent) from April 1965 to Marchand April 1966.
Quantitative relationships between deposition of
caesium-137 and con~amination of milk
115. The relationships between fall-out rates and thecumulative total of Cs 13 i in soil. on the one hand. andthe contamination of milk on the other, have beenfurther studied in the United Kingdom160 and in
Sweden.194 In the United Kingdom, it has been shownthat levels of Cs137 in milk hitherto have depended
predominantly on the current rate of deposition andon that observed in the last half of the previous year.
Estimates based on tracer experiments indicate thatthe cumulative deposit in soil has not so far contributed
more than about 1 per cent of the total Cs 137 in milk.
Thus, under conditions which have prevailed hitherto,
absorption from the cumulative deposit can be ignored.
In Sweden, it appears that the transfer of Cs13 ; to milk
from the deposit in the current and previous years isabout twice194 that estimated in the United Kingdom.160
Quantit.ative relationships between deposition of
caesium-137 and Jmnia.n body burden
116. In the 1964 report, an empirical relationshipbetween rates of deposition of fall-out and Cs13; in man
was used in calculating dose commitments. The Cs 13;/K
ratio ( Q) in human beings was related to the current
yearly fall-out and to the deposition over the preceding
two years by a formula:

Q = PrFr + P2cF2c,
where

Q = yearly average concentration of Cs137 in man
in pCi Cs137/gK,

Fr =fall-out rate of Cs137 in a given 12-month
period in mCi/km2,F 2 • =total Cs137 accumulated over the previous two
years in mCi/km2,
P, and P2c =proportionality factors.

in central Asia in 1964 and 1965. Average levels of
the psi detected in milk in J apan199· 200 between 18
October and 12 November 1964 were of the order of
100 pCi/Iitre and nearly the same during one week of
May 1965. Only traces of psi were found in milk, atthe end of 1964 in Canada151 and in the United Arab
Republic,201 and at the end of .May and in early June
1965 in the United States102 and in Israel. 26· z42 pai
was also observed in human thyroids (0.02-1.3 pCijg
fresh tissue) 202 and in urine2° 3 in October and November l 964 in Ja pan.
OTHER NUCLIDE$
55

119. Fe has been detected in foodstuffs, in cattle
and in human beings.16 '· 172 Fe55 is an emitter of low
energy x rays due to electron capture. and at present
levels of contamination the radiation dose from thisnuclide to man is insignificant.
120. Na22 has been measured in rain, in grass andin foodstuffs. 168• 204• .::o:; This nuclide was also detectedby means of whole body counting in Alaskan Eskimos.168 The sources of Na22 and Cs 137 in human dietare similar. So far, the activities of the first nuclide
do not exceed a few per cent of the latter.
121. Mn54 was detected in human food206 • 207 but
no observation was reported on its presence in humanbeings, except for possible traces detected in liver atpost mortem. 208 The radiation dose from both Na2 !
and Mn 54 may be neglected at present.
122. Three recent studies209-211 have confirmed that,as expected, the C14 specific activity of plant foodstuffs
and milk follows with a slight delay that of tropospheric air. vVith the exception of adult cartilage, inwhich .thespecific activity remained essentially unaltered since the pre-test period, the specific activityof human tissues follows the specific activity of air
with a delay of the order of one to two years. Until
1964, individuals from the southern hemisphere showed
little increase in C14 content as compared with the pretest levels (before 1952), consistent with the small riseof C14 specific activity in the air in that hemisphere.
Results of C 14 measurements in biological materials
haYe been presented in table XVI and figure 29.

cu

RADIO-NUCLIDES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

123. Data subsequent to those reviewed in the 1964
report on the contamination of the human respiratory
tract by fission products from nuclear tests have been
published. Thus, Rundo and Newton 212 reported levelsof Zr 9 ~Nb 95 in the range 79-161 pCi in 1962 and1963 in England, while Wrenn et al.213 reported valuesof 210-460 pCi in the respiratory system of people deceased in the United States in the first half of 1963.
Assuming a homogeneous distribution of the nuclide,these levels would lead to an annual dose rate of a few
millirads at a constant level of contamination. However,the levels of Zr 9 ~::\b 95 in the air decreased in the
period 1963-1965 by two orders of magnitude.
124. A study of the contamination of the humanrespiratory tract by Ce144 revealed214 average yearlylung burdens of 105, 160. 268 and 182 pCi of thisnuclide in 1961, 1962, 1963 and 1964, respectively. The
authors calculated the average annual dose rate to thewhole lung tissue from Ce144 and all other fission
products over the period of im·estigation to be 24 mrad/year. with 10 per cent of the population e.xceeding the117. The proportionality factors have been revised,using the sunTey results now available from Belgium,
Germany. Sweden. the United Kingdom and the UnitedStates. The resulting values Pr= 2.5 and Pzc = 4.0
are larger than those used in the 1964 report ; this isdue in part to inclusion of data from Sweden, 194 where
the factors are approximately twice as high as for theother countries. Since present evidence suggests thatfactors similar to those in ScandinaYia may affect onlya small fraction of the world population the above valueof the factors may well lead to an over-estimate of theworld situation. No allowance has been made for the
expected small contribution of the cumulative depositof Cs 137 in the soil. as its effect should be very slightin comparison with other sources of uncertainty.

++

foDIXE-131

118. P was detected in rain and in the air in
J apan197· 195 follo"·ing the atmospheric tests carried out
3164

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1?66

Fi911re 28. Cs1S7 levels in mrm during the period 1956 to early 1966 (shaded area indicates the yearly average values cakulated according lo the formula given in paragraphs 116-117,
using average proportionality factors P,. and P •• of 2.5 and 4,0, respectively).

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Figrire 29. Time trends in CH in Scandinavia, 1%3 and 1954210

value of 43 mrad/year. In view of the author's assumptions, the dose-rate estimate may be accepted as apossible upper limit.
125. The concentrations and the doses from Ce 1 ~in bronchial lymph nodes appear to be higher by one
order of magnitude than those in the respiratory system
as a whole.2 H The same proportionality has been ol:rtained for the concentrations, and therefore for thedoses, from other nuclides that are retained in the
respiratory tract and that show similar affinity for thelymphatic tissue (e.g. Pu~a 9 ).

127. This concept has been used because it would
permit the calculation of the total expected number ofindividuals eventually showing certain radiation effects
as a result of any given test series, if the size of the
population to which the dose commitment applied andthe appropriate proportionality factors characterizing alinear dose-effect relationship with no threshold werevalid and known. The number of affected individuals
would then simply be the product of population size.
proportionality factor and dose commitment. For further details regarding the general method of computation. see paragraphs 147-155 of annex A of the1964 report.
128. To estimate dose commitments, the world-wide
cumulative deposition of Sr9° uncorrected for decay is
obtained from the annual deposition figures up to theend of 1965 given in table I and from the cumulative
deposition before 1958 assumed to be 2 ~1Ci. The
results from the United States and from the United
Kingdom networks are weighted according to the number of sampling stations in each network and yield atotal figure of 12 MCi. Estimates of future deposition
are based on the stratospheric inventory of 0.8 MCi
Sr90 as of January 1966 (table V) and a mean residence
time of fourteen months. Taking into account. as inearlier reports of the Committee, the area of the earth

ill. Doses from external and internal
contamination!N"TRODUCTION

126. In this annex, most of the doses are expressed
as dose commitments. For the purpose of this report.
the dose commitment to a given tissue is defined as theintegral over infinite time of the average dose ratesdelivered to the world's population as a result of a
specific practice. e.g. a given series of nuclear explosions.
The actual exposures may occur over many years after
the e>..-plosions have taken place and may be received
by individuals not yet born at the time of the explosions ( 1964 report. annex A. paragraph 147).
66

r
I
between 80°N and 50°S (448 X 106 k:n 2 ), in which
over 97 per cent of the deposition takes place, 65 gives
an average expected deposit of
12·8~s
6 c·;1 .,0.448=~ . m i ,:m-.
This figure \vill be used for the purpose of estimating
the Sr 90 dose commitment. The figure differs slightly
from that obtained in the 1964 report (31.7 mCi/
km2 ), as a consequence of a revision in the estim'.lte of the global inventory of Sr90 •129. Cs 137 deposition is derived from the depcsitionof Sr90 by means of a Cs 137/Sr 90 ratio of 1.6. Thisratio is representative of measurements carried out atvarious sites. as sho\vn in table II. The total integrated
expected deposit of Cs 137 is therefore 20.5 MCi. The expected deposit in each hemisphere is derived from thisfigure by using the ratio of the estimated cumulative
deposits in either hemisphere as of January 1966
(table V). This gives integrated Cs137 deposits of 16.3
MCi in the northern hemisphere (0°-80°N) and 4.2
MCi in the southern hemisphere (0°-50°S), corresponding to 64.5 mCi/krn 2 and 21.4 mCi/km 2 • respecively.
ExTERNAL DOSE RATES

130. External dose rates from all deposited fission
products may be determined by means of ionizationchamber measurements, by converting to dose rates
directly from results of gamma-ray spectroscopy obtained in the field. or by calculating the rates fromradio-activity measurements in soil cores.18, 346, 349-364
Reasonable agreement is found when results obtainedby these different methods are compared.
131. Figure 30 shows the external gamma air doseas measured outdoors 1 m above ground at Grove.
Berkshire, United Kingdom 346 and Chiba, Japan. 31
These doses are obtained by subtracting a constantnatural background from the measured dose rates. Thus,
the net fall-out dose rates include an error due tofluctuations in background. Such fluctuations may beconsiderable, particularly where snow cover reduces theradiation from the ground during the winter. This is
illustrated by figure 31, which shows the total external
exposure rate in central Sweden during the years 19621965.348
132. At Argonne. Illinois, United States, the fall-out
doses have been calculated from gamma spectrometricanalyses of soil cores. 23 • 74• 353 In 1963. the dose ratefrom fall-out was as high as 30 per cent of the e.xternal
natural radiation.351 • 353 • 356 Its contribution decreased
in 1964, owing to the decay of Zr 95 , Ce144 and Ru 106 •Dose rates during 1965, due mainly to deposited Cs 137 •were somewhat lower than the 1964 levels.
133. Beck 364 comparing actual field measurementsof dose rates to calculations based on deposition data
at Westwood, New Jersey, United States, concluded
that the best agreement with regard to Cs 13 T was obtained by assuming an exponential decrease of activity
with depth having a 3 cm relaxation length. Measured
soil profiles always reveal some penetration of deposited fall-out depending on the type of soil. on climaticconditions and on the fall-out history.365-369 This exponential distribution in soil would imply a gamma-ray
67

dose-~onversio1! facto~ o~ 0.034 mr~d/year per mCi/km2
deposited Cs 13 '. A similar study m Japan gave 0.050
mrad/year per mCi/km 2 •370 For calculation. a i:alue of
0.040 mrad/year per mCi/km 2 will be used in thisreport.
134. A higher dose-conversion factor (0.12 mrad/year per mCi/km 2 ) was used in the 1962 and 1964 reports. Su_ch a value was obtained on the assumptionthat Cs 13 ' \Vas deposited on an infinite plane. In estidosemating •dose • commitments. the effect of this hiaherbconversion tactor was offset by assuminO' that Cs 1 3 7
disappeared from the ground w1th an effective mean
life of fourteen years, whereas calculations based on
the e,"(ponential distribution assume disappearance byradio-active decay alone (mean life forty-three years).
These two approaches, therefore, lead to about the same
numerical estimate of the external dose commitment
from Cs 137 , but that discussed in the previous paragraphis probably more realistic at present and is followed
here.
135. From the expected integrated deposits per unit
area in each hemisphere as given in paragraph 129. adose-rate factor of 0.04 mrad/year per mCi Csl37/km2,
a physical mean life of forty-three years. and geographical factors 1.2, and 1.0 (1964 report, annex A.
paragraphs 147-155) the external dose commitmentsfrom Cs 137 in the northern and southern hemisphereare 133 and 36.8 mrads. respectively. Weighting thesefigures by the relative size of the populations involved(91 per cent in the northern hemisphere) gives aworld-wide external dose commitment of 124 mrads.
By applying the same combined reduction factor of 0.2
that was used in previous reports to allow for shielding
by buildings and screening by body tissues, a final estimate of the external dose commitment from Cs 137 of
25 mrads is obtained, as compared to 29 mrads estimated in the 1964 report.

136. In the case of short-lived radio-nuclides suchas Zr 95 , Ru106 and Ce144, accounting for the roughnessof the ground would involve reducing by a factor of about
two the dose rate estimated from deposition figureson the assumption that the nuclides constitute an infinite
plane source.371 The factor of about three suggested
for Cs 137 for the reduction in dose rate over a long
period of time would be too high for short-lived radionuclides, since these may decay before substantial redistribution to deeper layers of soil can occur.
137. In the 1962 report. dose commitments due toshort-lived nuclides were estimated from actual measurements of external doses after deduction of an estimated contribution of Cs 137 • The same approach was
followed in 1964, except for that fraction of the dose
commitment from short-lived nuclides that had not yet
been delivered and which was estimated from deposition figures. The correction factor discussed in the previous paragraph can be applied to this fraction whichamounts. therefore. to 5 instead of 10 mrads. On theother hand, the measured values of external dose rates
from short-lived nuclides must now be somewhat increased in the light of the new estimates of Cs131 deposition. thus leading to values of 109 instead of 92
mrads. Adding the 5 mrads estimated above gives a
total dose commitment of 114 mrads instead of 104 as
obtained in the 1964 report. Applying the combined
conection factor for shielding and screening (0.2) leads
to an estimated dose commitment from short-lived radioactive nuclides of 23 mrads that has now been essentially delivered in full.

I
I
I

J'R/h
7

6

- - - Chiba, Japan........_. Grove, Berkshire, United Kingdom

s

....

j ~- l43·······=·~. ....

: i i...

!. .J "···t ••

I

..
..
!

.:

r

!

!
! ,...:.....

1

i..'t••··-·.-

2

J FM AM J J A S 0 N DJ FM AM J J A S 0 N DJ FM AM J J A S 0 H DJ F·M AM J J A S O H ·o J F M A

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

Figure 3(). External gamma cxJlOSure raites· due to fall-out, 1962-196631, 340, UT

140. The estimates of mean Sr90/Ca ratios in diets
are obtained from the relationship,

INTERNAL DOSES

Strontimn-90

C(t) = PaFd(t)138. The dose commitment D to the world's population from Sr90 will be calculated by using the formula
as derived by Lindell345 and used in the 1964 report(annex A, paragraph 171):

D = OF,,.

+ ...

f _,.

c(t)dt+ PrFr(t), pCi Sr /g Ca
90(2)

where Fa(t) =cumulative mean deposit of Sr 90 (mCi/h.'1112 ) ; Fr(t) =mean annual deposition rate (mCi/
km 2 X y) at time t; pd and Pr = proportionality factors
discussed in paragraphs 89-91. It can be shown ( 1964
report, annex A. paragraph 167) that the infinite integral of the Sr90/Ca ratio in the total diet can be expressed in terms of the effective mean life of Sr00 in thesoil in years (Trn), of the proportionality factors pd andPr and of the integrated deposition of Sr 90 per unit area,F, as follows:(1)

where D =dose commitment in rnrads: F,,, =dose increment factor: fJ = dose-rate constant in bone ( mrad/yper pCi Sr 90/g Ca); c(t) =OR X C(t) = Sr90/Ca
ratio in bone mineral deposited at time t (a bone/diet
OR of 0.25 is used here).
139. As in previous reports, the integrated dietary
Sr90/Ca ratio is calculated by taking into account differences in the contamination patterns for three broad
diet categories. Diet type I is that diet for which thepredominant sources of calcium are milk or other dairy
products. This diet type is generally consumed bypeoples of North and South lunerica. Europe andOceania. Diet type II applies to the Middle East andto India where milk provides less than half of the total
calcium intake. In diet type III, which is consumed
predominantly in Japan and the Far East, milk provides only a minor source of the total calcium intake.

J"'c(t)dt = (pdT,,.

+ p,)F, pCi years

0of Sr 90 per g Ca

(3)141. The integrated Sr90/Ca ratios in each diet as
calculated from equation ( 3) must be combined bymeans of appropriate weighting factors to take into
account differences in the size of the populations represented in each diet category and differences in fall-out
deposit over the regions where the different types ofdiet are consumed. These weighting factors (Z) were
calculated in the 1962 report (annex F III, table VIII)
and are tabulated below together with the corresponding
pd and Pr factors used in equation ( 3).
68

l

14

13

.12
11

1

10
9
8

Averagenetural radiationfrom the ground

7
6

5
4
3

------------------- -- ---·-·-- -· -- -·-· ---·-·

2

Cosmic: raycontribution

0 '":"""":"':'"~'--1..~"'-:-'"_._~-r-'-L-L-L-J........!....J.....J.....L-L-L--J--l....l.....l......iL...L....L...Ll....L..L.L.+....L...L.J....L..L.L...L-1-.Ll...J....JJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND

1962

1963

1964

1965

Figure 31. External exposure rates in central Sweden, 1962-1965348

Diet type

Pr

z
0.7
0.5
0.7

................................ .

0.4

1.3

II ................................ .
III ................................ .

0.6

2.6
2.0

I

0.7

be (as in the 1964 report) twenty-one years. The integrated deposition of Sr90 per unit area (F) is now
estimated to be 28.6 mCi/km 2 (paragraph 128). By
substituting successively in equation ( 3) the values of
Pd and Pr for each diet type and the integrated Sr00
deposition, and by adding the contributions from individual diet types weighted by the Z factors, the world's
average integrated dietary intake is estimated to be

Sr90 from142. Assuming losses ofthe soil of 2 percent per year due to leaching etc. (paragraph 94), theeffective mean life of Sr90 in the soil (Tm) is taken to

x

x

(21
0.4 + 1.3)
28.6
years of Sr90 per g Ca.

x 0.7 + (21 x 0.6 + 2.6) x 28.6 x 0.5 + (21 x 0.7 + 2.0) x 28.6 x 0.7 = 746 pCi=

J::c(t)dt =186 pCi years of Sr90 per g Ca.

143. The evidence produced since the last report does
not warrant changes in the parameters Fm and () usedin equation ( 1) relating the integrated dietary Sr90 /Ca
level to dose commitments. The factors applied in theprevious report will therefore be used again ( Fni 0.6;
8
1.4 and 0.7 mrad/year per pCi Sr9°/g Ca for bonelining cells and bone marrow, respectively). The dose
commitments from Sr00 are thus
D = 1.4 X 0.6 X 186 = 156 mrads to cells liningbone surfaces
D = 0.7 X 0.6 X 186 = 78 mrads to bone marrow==ality factors Pr
2.5 and P 1 a4.0. The total integrated body burden for the northern hemisphere( Qn) will therefore be :The average integrated dietary intake multiplied by theobserved ratio (0.25) gives the average integrated
bone level

where Fca is the total expected deposit of Cs137 (mCi/
km2 ) in the northern hemisphere. The total integrated
body burden for the southern hemisphere, Qs, is computed in a similar manner. The estimates of total
expected deposition of Cs137 per unit area as obtainedin paragraph 129 were 64.5 and 21.4 mCijkm2 in thenorthern and in the southern hemisphere, respectively,
giving Q,. = 677 and Q,
225 pCi years of Cs 137 per

=

=

g K.

145. The world-wide average integrated body burden ( Q) is obtained by weighting the values for thenorthern and southern hemispheres by population (91and 9 per cent. respectively) and correcting for thefall-out deposition pattern by means of the geographicalfactors of 1.2 and 1.0
Q = (677 X 0.91 X 1.2)(225 X 0.09 X LO) =760 pCi years of Cs1 37 per g K.
Using the same dose-rate factors a• in the 1964 report(0.02 mrad/year per pCi Cs 137/g K) and assuming

Caesium-137
144. The method of calculation of the dose commitment from internal irradiation due to Cs 137 is the sameas used in the 1964 report of the Committee. It is
assumed that the yearly average Cs 137/K ratios in the
body ( Q;) can be related to the deposition of Cs 137 by
the formula given in paragraph 116, with proportion-+

69

approximately uniform tissue distribution of Cs 137 , thisburden corresponds to 15 mrads to gonads, bone marrow and cells lining the internal surfaces of bone.
Strontiinn-89. bari11111-l40 and iodine-131
146. As there has been no appreciable deposition of
Sr 89 , Ba140 and !131 since the Committee prepared its
report in 1964, there is no need to increase the estimates of doses from these nuclides which were madeat that time.
Carbon-14
147. C14 data have so far followed quite closely
the 1964 report predictions, and no re-evaluation of
the corresponding dose commitment is necessary. By
the year 2000, the doses deJiyered to bone marrowand gonads will each be 13 mrads and the dose delivered
to cells lining the internal surfaces of bone will be 20
mrads, some 7 per cent of the total dose commitment
due to C14•
CONCLUSIONS

148. The dose commitments to be received by theworld population by the year 2000 from the radioactivity released into the atmosphere as a consequenceof nuclear explosions carried out to the end of 1965
are summarized in table XVI!. They are given for
specific tissues for the most important of the radioactive substances released into the environment throughnuclear tests.

TABLE

I.

149. Differences between the present figures and the1964 estimates are due to minor modifications in
the numerical factors used in the computations. They
do not reflect any basic change in approach. Ex-ternalradiation accounts for about two-thirds of the total
close to gonads and for only one-fifth of that to cells
lining bone surfaces; in this respect, bone marrow isintermediate. The contribution of the 1964 and 1965
tests and of the burn-up of the Pu 238 power source
to the over-all dose commitments of the world population has been negligible. No information is available toassess the exposure of populations living in the proximity of the test sites.
150. The dose commitments, based as they are ona series of assumptions and on measurements which
may not be entirely representative of the whole world
situation, are subject to uncertainties discussed in thepreceding sections of this annex. The values given intable XVI! are considered more likely to be an overrather than an under-estimate of the actual dose commitments.
151. An alternative to presenting dose commitments
as such is to express them. as in the 1964 report, in
terms of the periods of time during which naturalradiation would have to be doubled to give a dose
increase equal to the dose commi-tment. For all tests
carried out up to the end of 1965, these periods are. approximately three-quarters of a year for the gonads,
two and a half years for the cells lining bone surfaces
and one year and a half for the bone marrow.

'\TORLD-WlDE DEPOSITION OF SrllO JN MEGACURIEsl7. 113, 115, GS

Amrnal deposilion

Year

1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965

CHmulotive deposition•

United States
netu ork
1

0.66
0.84
1.46
0.40
0.56
-Z.01
2.87
2.20
1.1

0.90
1.13
0.38
0.46
1.53
2.59
1.84
1.0

United States
network

United Kinqdom
network

2.0
2.84
3.89
4.17
4.52
5.93
8.35
9.95

2.1

2.89
4.28
4.58
5.02
6.90
9.61
11.58
12.4

10.7

n Corrected for radio-active decay.

TABLE

II.

SOME AVERe\GE (;IS'i'/Sr!lO RATros•T;ype of sample

1963

1964

1965

1.7 (!2)
1.i
1.7 (288)
1.6 (204)
1.4 (144)
1.7 (i4)
1.5
1.5
1.5 (28)
1.6 (23)

1.7 ( 12)DEFOSITIOX

Argentina!!l5 ............................. .
Australial03, 104 . • • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Canada91, 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... .
Finland216 ........................... .
Japan31, ioo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....
New Zealand!!4 . . . . . .................... .
Union oi SoYiet Socialist Republics!!t7 . . . .
United Arab Republicllio .
United Kingdoml7, •~ .................... .
United States~~. b........••....••

70

LS ( 144)

1.9

1.6 (288)
1.6 (204)
1.6 (144)
1.8 ( 17)1.5 (14)
1.3 ( 12)ITABLE II. So~E ."-VERAGE CsI31 /SrOO RAnosa (co11tinued)
TJ•Pe of sample

1963

1964

1965

SURFACE AIR
linion of Soviet Socialist Hepublics2l 7
United KingdomI•, 72 Chilton, Berkshire
United State:; network59, 62, 66, 21s. 219
Northern hemisphere ....... , ................ .
Southern hemisphere. . . . . . . . . . .......... .

1.4
1.7 l 12)1.4
1.7 ( 12)1.7 (6)

1.3 (98)
1.5 (78)

1.4 ( 107)
1.4 (83)

1.4 (75)
1.4 ( 40)

STRATOSPHERE
Northern hemisphere (15-21 krn)59, 60, 62, ns .. .
Southern hemisphere ( 15-21 km) . . . . . . ....... .
Northern hemisphere (22-34 km)49, 62, 21s, ~20 ..
64' S (22-34 km) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. · ..

1.7 (38)
1.5 (11)
1.5 ( 48)
1.5 (35)

1.6 ( 14)
1.5 (8)1.4 (8)1.3 ( 4)
1.5 (50)
1.4 (23)

1.5 ( 47)

1.4 ( 37)

a Figures in parentheses indicate the number oi samples.
New York City, New York and Weshvood, New Jersey data only.

b Based on

TABLE III. Sr90 IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE WORLD'S OCEANS AND SEAS, 1960-1961(Based on reference 125)
Average concffltra#ons(pCi/litrt)

Number ofsamples

0.26
020
0.20

2

0.23
0.08
0.26

42
24
41

South China Sea ......... .
Sea of Japan ............. .
Sulu Sea ................. .
Pacific Ocean
N orthem hemisphere ..... .
Southern hemisphere ..... .
Black Sea ................. .

(pCi/litrc)

Number ofsamples

Baltic Sea ................ .

0.30

5

Red Sea .................. .

0.11

3

Indian Ocean ............. .

0.11

38

Atlantic Ocean
Northern hemisphere
Southern hemisphere

0.07
0.01

81
24

A~·eragc concentrations

2

TABLE IV. Sr90 IN NORTH ATLANTIC SURFACE WATER, 1960-1965
Sampling year

Avcraoe val11e(PCi/litrc)

Range(pCi/litrc}

Nrwrbcr ofsamplts

R•f<rcnces

1960-1961 ················ .....
1962 ... ················ ......
1963 ............. ······ .......
1964 ..........................
1965 (January-June) ..........

0.07
0.10
0.15
0.18
0.14

0.03-0.14
0.05-0.15
0.06-0.30
0.09-0.26
0.07-0.19

81
6
27
19
20

113, 118
112. 115
115
115

TABLE V.

GLOBAL INVEXTORY OF Sr90 (INl-~r

MEGACURIES)61, 62, 65, 86
Jan11at'J'

May

1960

May

A~ril

1961

1962

STRATOSPIIERE
Northern hemisphere ..
Southern hemisphere ..

0.50
0.44

0.34
0.38

2.1
0.7

1966

September

lanuar)']an nary

1964

1965

( esti"'4ted)

6.2
0.8

4.1
1.0

3.1
0.9

1.10
0.54

0.45
0.35

January

1961

1961

TOTAL stratosphere

0.94

0.72

2.8

7.0

5.1

4.0

1.6--l0.80

TROPOSPHERE
Northern hemisphere ..
Southern hemisphere ..

0.05
0.01

0.04
0.01

0.03
0.02

0.24
0.03

0.19
0.03

0.24
0.02

0.08
0.04

0.06
0.04

ToT.-1.L tropcsphere

0.06

0.05

0.05

0.27

0.22

0.26

0.12

0.10

CUMUl.ATITE WORLD-\VIDE
DEPOSITIONa, b, c
Northern hemisphere ..
Southern hemisphere ..

3.13
0.92

3.25
1.04

3.85
1.23

4.57
1.36

6.39
1.54

6.74
1.61

8.01
1.94

8.48
2.20

TOTAL deposition

4.05

4.29

5.08

5.93

7.93

8.35

9.95

10.68

TOTAL ACCOUNTED FOR

5.05

5.06

7.93

13.20

13.25

12.61

11.71

11.58

n Based on conti11ental sampling.
b Corrected for decay.
•Does not include local fall-out, estimated as 2.6 MCi in 1960.61

71

TABLE VI. GLOBAL EXCESS C14 IN\'ENTORYG:?, 64(1()21 atoms)
I anuary 1966

STRATOSPHERE
Northern hemisphere ...........
Southern hemisphere ...........
TROPOSPHERE .....................
OCEANIC UPTAKE
Assuming 20 per cent of tropospheric content per year
Assuming 25 per cent of tropospheric content per year
TOTAL

July 1963

Jan11ary 1964

July 1964

J an11ary 1965

July 1965(utimated)

24.2
5.9
25.3

20.3
5.3
27.1

13.4
5.8
29.9

10.2
5.4
25.9

8.8
5.5
28.1

8.5
5.0
28.5

13.5

17.ll

18.9

21.7

24.4

27.2

16.0
68.9-71.4

19.3
69.7-72.0

24.9
68.0-72.0

26.4
63.2-67.9

29.8
66.8-72.2

33.3
69.2-75.3

TABLE VII. RATIOS BETWEEN CONCENTRATIONS OF Sr90 (Sr90/Ca) IN TEETH AND IN THE
SKELETON (WHOLE SKELETON AVERAGES) IN HUMANS OF DIFFERENT AGE IN 1962 AND 1964146
Age groupYear

5.13 years> 30 years&

0.60
0.47

0.34h
0.30

1962
1964

n Values above thirty years were found to be independent of age.
b The values estimated for seven urban areas of the USSR vary between 0.33 ancl 0.37.

They are based on 124 bo_ne samples and 2,390 teeth samples pooled in fifty-four analyses.

TABLE VIII. Sr&o TO CALCIUM RATIO IN MILKThe values are given iii pCi/g Ca and repi·tsent ,•early aiieroges 1111/ess othei-..oise indicatedType of study A- Systematic widespread survey
B - Systematic local survey
C- Irregular sampling
Region, area or country

Latilllde

1964

1963

1965

Type uf study

Rqercnces

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
Narth America

Canada ....................... .
United States
conterminous ................ .
Alaska ................ · .. · · ·Chicago, Ill. ................. .
New York City, N.Y........ .
San Francisco, Cal •...........

40-55°N

288

310.

z3a

A

151

25-48°N
-62°N
-40°N
-40°N
-40'N

19h
17
14
26
10

19b
13
16
23
9

14b
14
13
19
9

A
B

221
221
222,223
222,223
222, 223

47-49°N-so N
48-51 GN

25-12dc

BcEuropeAustria ....................... .
Belgium ....................... .
Czechoslovakia ................ .
Denmark ..................... .
Faroes ........................ .
Federal Republic of Germany
Finland .....
France ........................ .
Iceland ..
Ireland ....
!\orway ..
Switzerland .. .
USSR ........................ .
United Kingdom

0

5~0°N

60-70°N
43-55°N
60-67'~

42-50°N
66-7.3°N
50-55°N
58-70°N
46-4-i'N

32-70°N
50-60°N

zoe

27
2oc
24r, i:154

2Ic
24!,::
131
28!
221:
27"
8oa
41
3ga
55'1
30n
261:

zst
231:
35
65 11
43
soa
55a
.)Jn
2~

72

1sc
17r, i:
115
21r
1~

29
8oa
4Qa

191:

A
A
B
A
A

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

153
224,225226
206,207,227?27-229230
231
232-234
235
1~:i
i:;-

69,236237,238
239
155,240TABLE VIII. SrOO TO CALCIUU RATIO IX MILK (co11tin11ed)
The •values are givc11 in pCi/g Ca and represmt :yearly averages 1mless otlterm'se indicatedType of st11dy A - Systematic widespread survey
B - Systematic local survey
C - Irregular sampling
Latitude

Region, area. or co:in:-ry

1964

1963

1965

Type of rt•dy

References

3.3

c241,242

Near East
Israel ...... ············--······

-32'N

9

Asia
India

.............................

8-35'N

!()a

sa

6&

A

243

Far East
Japan ......... ·············· ...

30-SO'N

15

15

13

A

244-248

161

13k

6k

B
B

221
221

8
4k

B
B

221
221

A

201

7

B

221

Middle America and Caribbea11
Jamaica ·······················.
Panama ........................
United States
Puerto Rico ······ ............
Venezuela ......................

-13'N

-7'N
18°N
5-12'N

12
4

10
6m

AfricaUnited Arab Republic ............

20-30'N!61

171

Oceania
United States
Hawaii ......................

21°N

8

10

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
Oceania
Australia ··············-······.
New Zealand ···················

10-40'S

6&

35-47'5

711

8.9'1
1111

9.2a
12&

A
A

103, 249
87, 98, 250, 251

South America
Argentina (littoral area)

35-ss=s

3.7

6.2

6.5

B

215, 252

a Unweighted mean for all stations.
mean weighted by population.
c Dried milk from sevei:'!l factories, unweig:hted mean.
d Range of average values reported for three zones of different
rainfall, covering the country.
e Ann_ual average for three farms and three dairies,t Dried milk country-wide mean weighted by production.
i: Fresh milk country-wide mean weighted by production.

h January-August, unweighted mean for seven collecting
stations.
1 Cairo area only,
j Average for Delta region and Upper Egypt.
k January-August.
I April-December.
m January-November.
0 Means for the European and Asian parts of the USSRb Country-wide

TABLE

IX. SrllO AND CALCIUM I)( TOTAL DIET AND ITS COMPONE:\'15

Calcium in grammes per day in parentheses: SrOO ill pCi pl!'1' day; SrDO/Ca ratio fo total diet in pCi/g Ca iii colum11 10(all vallles have bee11 roimded out to two si_qnifica1it fim1res)
Types of study: A- Survey of individual foodstuffs
B-Total diet analyses
C - Widespread regular sampling
D - Local regular sampling
E - Irregular sampling

Region, area or C()11.ntry

Latitude

Ytar

Milk
and milk
products

Cereals

Fr11its
and leafy

vtgtlables:>egetablts

Root

Miscel·lanetniS

0.4
0.4

8.0
8.0

Total
Type of di.tin
st11dy pCi/g Ca

Refer·
ences

NORTHER." HEMISPHERE

N orlh America
Greenland .................. .
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alaska (institutional dietsampling) .............. .

>60°N

1963
1964
1965

23
69

7.5
7.8

0.9
0.7

AC
AC

26
56

253

BD
BD
BD

24

37

221
221
221

254

25-62°N
1963
1964
1965

73

21•

TABLE

IX. Sr90 A?-."1> CALCIU:ll IN TOTAL DIET AND ITS COMPONENTS (continued)

Calci11m in grammes pcr day fo parentheses; Sr90 ill pCi pe1· day; S1·90/Ca ratio ill total dfrt in pCi/g Ca iii column 10(all values have been rounded out to two si_qni/ica11t fi_q11res)
Types of study: A - Survey of individual foodstuffs• B -Total diet analyses
C - Widespread regular sampling
D - Local regular sampling
E - Irregular sampling

Region, area or counlry

Latitude

Year

Milk
and milk/'roducts

1963
1964
1965
1963
1964
1965
1963
1964
1965

(0.64)
8.4
9.7
7.9
18
15
11
6.9
5.5
5.5

Chicago, Ill. . ...........•..

New York City, N. Y.
San Francisco, Cal ........
United States
diet sampling)

Fruitsand leafy
Certols vegetables(0.16)
6.4
8.4
5.7
6.6
8.5
6.2
3.9
4.7
2.6

(0.10)
2.0
3.9
3.7
2.6
5.2
4.6
0.9
1.8
1.6

Root
t·egetablcs

Miscel-(0.04)
1.1
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.7
0.7
0.9
1.3

(0.11)
1.5
0.9
0.9
2.8
1.0
1.3
1.6
0.7
0.6

lanemu·············

Ettrope.....................

Denmark

1963

BC

1964

···················>30°N
47-49°N

55-60°N'···-··················

60-70"NFederal Republic of Germany

43-55.N

France ............... ......

42-50°N

Faroes

AD
AD
AD
AD
AD
AD
AD

19
r
19
30
32
24
13
14

Refer·
encc.s

222

-:l

2"23

11

223
222
223
223
222
223
223

(institutional

1965

Austria

Total
T;ype of diet;,.
study pCi/g Ca

USSR (rural population) ....

35-70°N

1963
1964
1965
1963

(0.75)
26(0.06)
16(0.05)
4.5(0.01)
0.7(0.21)
1.0

18

28

4.4

0.9

2.0

1964

19

48

3.8

0.9

1.8

1965

13

22

2.3

0.8

1.1

1963
1964
1965
1963
1964
1965

54
63
46
14
12

28
48
22
9.9
11

2.2
1.7
1.0
3.0
5.4

5.0
5.0
9.0
1.8
2.4

7.1
8.9
13.4
0.9

(0.54)
15(0.07)
7.2(0.08)
1.8(0.05)
1.3

1965
1963

22
8-41

221

BC

26

221

BC

14-54
z2e
ll-43e

221

AC

45

153

AC
BC
AC
BC
AC
BC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

31
31
43
39

206
206
207
207
2Z'l
227
228
229
2Z'l
255
255

AC
AC

1964

23

23
58

77
56

.J4
62
46-994

88

234
239

239

73-14Qa

USSR (urban population)
United Kingdom............

35-70°N

1965
1963
1964
1965

Far East
Japan ........... ············

67
94

239
239

256
155
257

1963
1964
1965

(0.63)
15
17
12(0.04)
3.4
4.3
2.8(0.05)
2.2
1.6
1.4(0.03)
1.3
1.2
1.4(0.35) 8
3.2
4.0
1.8

AC
AC
AC

23
26
18

1965

(0.37)
11(0.23)
15.5(--0.11--)0.5
0.5(0.17)
4.5

AE(0.8E)
r_:J
241,242

AD

30

143

BE
BE
BE

28
33

258
258
258

50-60°N

Near East
Israel . ····· .................
Caribbea11
United States ...... ..........
San Juan, P. R. ...........

AC
AC

18°N
1963
30-50°N
1963
1964
1965

(0.05)
1.7
2.1
1.8

0.9
1.0

74

(0.31 )b
9.4
7.2
3.0

(0.07)
3.5
3.0
2.3(020)<

0.8

'2.9
-·:J

,-

-:l

TABLE IX.

Sr90 AND CALC!Ul! IN TOTAL DIET AND ITS COMPONENTS (continued)

Calcium in grammes per day ill parentheses; Sr90 in pCi P•r day; Sr90/Ca ratio in total diet i11 pCi/g Ca iii column 10(all values have bem roiinded out to two significa11t figures)

T·:;,ipes of st11dy: A-Survey of individual foodstuffs
B - Total diet analyses
C - Widespread regular sampling
D - Local regular sampling
E - Irregular sampling
Milk
and milk
Region1 area or country

Ocea11ia
United States
Hawaii (institutional dietsampling) .............. .

Latit:ide

Ye"'

21°N

1963
1964
1965

1>roducts

Fr11its
and leaf;•
Cereals rJegetables

Root
vtgetables

Total

Miscel·laneous

T11>• of diet instudy pCi/g Ca

BD
BD
BD

References

221
221

221

SOUTHERN EEMISPHERE

Oce1tt1ia
Australia··········· ........

(0.64)

10-40°S

South America
Argentina (littoral area) .... - 35-55°s

1963
1964
1965

3.9

1963

(0.45)

1.7

1964
1965

(0.4)
2.3
2.8

(0.05)
0.5(0.02)
0.5(0.07)
2.1
2.1(0.07)
0.5(0.11)
1.2(0.09)
0.9
0.6(0.01)
0.1(0.05)-o.3(0.02)
0.4(0.09)
0.8(0.06)
0.5(0.05)
0.4

02

0.4

o.4
9.0

249

AD

6.5

252

AD
AD

92
8.7

215
215

AC

103

4 Range of average values reported for sixteen republics of
the USSRe First half of the year 1965.

a Including creta /mupar_ata.
b Including seaweeds.
c Including fish and shellfish, dairy products, eggs and meat.

i5

TABLEx. SrDO IN HUMAN DONE

pCi SrD 0 per gramme of calci11111•(Numhcr of samples in parentheses)

H~oim1, country or arra

l'tar

New-born and/or still·born 1

0-I yrar•

1. year2 )'ears

J yearslJonc typestudied(adults)

Averooc
Sr/Ca ratio for
adult sktltton•

Reftr-

4 years

5·19 years> IP ycal's

3.1
(9)

2.6
(48)
3.8
(94)

1.7
(34)
3.1
(59)

v

1.0

2S9

v

1.8

260

1.1

v

0.65

261

(12)
1.4
(43)
1.3
(16)

v
v

0.85

223,262

0.76

263

ence.1NORTHERN IIUHSl'llERE

Nortlr //111crica (30-60°N)
Ca11;ula ................. , ........

1963
1964

2.3
(15)
4.3
(35)

6.0
(40)
8.4
(46)

5.4
( 12)
9.5
(27)

4.8
(9)

3.4
(5)
5.8
(47)

1965
U11itcd States
Cl1icago, Ill.

......... ' .........

1963

3.5
(2)

3.7
(2)

1964

2.8
(3)
2.0
(1)

2.4
(2)
3.1
(5)

1965
New York City, N. Y ...

......

1963
1964

'-t

°'

1965
San Francisco, Cal. . _...... _. _.

All regions ····· ...... ·········

2.1
(26)
3.2
(30)
3.5
(39)

L6
(23)
2.0
(28)
2.1
(16)

0.94

261

1.2

223,262

1.2

263

2.7
(2)
3.2
(8)
3.8
(6)

1.7
(7)
2.4
(4)
3.1
(1)

1.1

1.7
(5)

0.9
(22)
1.4
(14)
1.2
(30)

v
v
v

261

0.82

223.262

1.8
(5)

1.4
(27)
1.6
(24)
1.7
(19)

0.53

(5)
1.8
(2)
3.0
(3)

0.68

263

4.8
(3)
5.4

3.0
(141)
3.2
( 160)
2.8
(66)

v
v
v

221

1.3

221

1.1

221

(6)

4.2
(14)
4.1
(15)
3.2
(10)

1.3

3.6
(3)

5.3
(11)
4.6
(16)
4.2
(6)

2.2
(55)

(7)

5.7
(8)
5.7
(10)

2.2
(69)

1.7
(26)

v

1.0

143

3.3
(36)

1.8
(04)

v

1.1

226

6.9
(.1)
2.8
(6)

2 "}

2.1
(32)
2.9

( 1.1)
1965

2.2
(1)
4.4
(2)
4.1
(2)

6.9
(2)
4.9
(4)

1963
1964

2.8
(3)
3.2
(3)
6.7
(6)

v
v
v

(3)

3.7
(6)
6.0
(4)
7.2
(2)

6.8
(10)
7.9
(7)
5.0
(5)

1.6
(13)

(l.S)
3.3
(13)
1.7
(4)
4.3
(4)

1963
190·1

1965

5.5
(6)

7.0

5.5

2.2
(46)
1.9
(19)

Ca,.ib/J1·a11 ( I0--20"N)
Unitctl States
San Juan, P.R. ...............

1963

Europe (45-70"N)
Czcclioslovakia ................ _..

1964

4.6
(15)

7.1
(42)

8.3
(6)

3.0
(4)

3.9
(4)

4.0
(J)

TADLE~x. Sr90 JN HUMAN BONE (coiilinucd)~Ci SrllO Per _qra111111e of ca/ci11111n.
(. umber of samples in parentheses)

Rcoio11, co1rntry or arta

Dc11111ark ........................

Year

19<13
1964
1965

Federal Republic of Germany .....

1963
1964
1965

Norway .........................

1963
1964
1965

'l

'-l

Poland ....... , ..................

1%3
1964

New-bor11 a11d/
or still·/Jorn'

0·1 year•

2.8
(12)
3.8
(11)
2.7
(14)

4.2
(13)
6.5
(44)
6.1
(17)

2.3
(1611)
3.1
(172)
2.5
(92)

4.0
(21)
4.9
(20)
6.2
(10)

2.5
(14)
4.8
(7)
5.7
(13)

6.9
(2)
8.9
(6)
15.0
(6)

5.0"
(53)
4.8h
(44)

(55)
5.6 1
(49)

5.61

1 year

4.9
(2)
5.9
(2)
8.5
(3)

6.1
(3)
3.9
(3)

Z years

3 years

4 years

5·19 year·•

3.9
(1)
6.5
(2)

2.3
(1)
5.1
(3)
8.4
(2)

5.1
(2)
9.1
(5)

2.2
(13)
3.9
(46}
4.1
(.H)

1.2
(44)
2.4
(77)
2./
(23)

2.9
(9)
6.0
(16)
. 5.5
(9)

1.4
(27)
2.8
(28)
2.7
(13)

0.5
(46)
0.8
(47)
I.I
(43)

5.3
(1)
9.2
(4)
12.0
(1)

3.2
(5)
4.2
(8)
5.3
(4)

1.7
(1)

-4.8(2)-6.0-(4)

3.3
(2)
.3.1
(I)

···-········ .........

3.2
(23)
3.8
( 10)

Bone typestudied(adult•)A'<Jcragc
Sr/Ca ratio for,ulult skclrtour-

Ucf•r·

v

0.71

20<.i

v

1.4

207

v

1.6

227

T

_d

264,265T_tl

264,2ti5

T

_•I

264

v

1.0

2u6

CUCi.'S

266

26(>

1.6

v

0.94

267

(66)
2.5
{56)

v

1.5

267

v

0.59

237,238R

0.70

237,238

v

1.5

238

R

1.4

238

~r

1965
Switzerland> 19 )'cars

1.0
t4i)
0.70
(40)
2.5
(15)
1.4

1963
1963
1964
1964

(4)
1965
USSR"

.........................

3.5
(68)

5.0
(6)
5.9
(33)

2.4
(167)
1.8
(20)
3.0
(92)

5.2
(104)
4.5
(17)
8.6
(80)

1963
1964

4.2
(7)
6.9
(9)

1.9

1.oc

1.0

156

(1,56'l)2.!;(5,425)(4,142)
1.4(18,694)

1.4

1:l7

F

-~

~r.s. 269

v

051

270

F

-~

271,272

1965
United Kingdom................

1CJ6JI:
19fiJ1
1964"

5.1
(24)

4.1
(12)

2.2
(11)

2.3
(14)

4.9

(11)
4.6
(13)

2.6 111
9.2
(21)

6.4
(7)

(9)

0.6
1.6
(22)
(74)
- - 1 . 3 " - - 0.86
(15)
(47)
2.2 11
0.5
(46)
(9)

TABLEx. SrOO rn HUMAN DONE (co11/i111ud)
pCi SrOO per gramme of ca/ci11111n(Number of samples in parentheses)
Jlmw t1•/>cl~t(lioH, country or area

Y1.•ar

1%41
19l5k
Jan.-June

New-born and/or still-born t

3.3
(15)
3.0
(102)

0·1 year·•

8.1
(12)
7.2
(53)

1 year

2 years

11.0
(16)

8.4
(8)

8.5
(2)

2.0
(38)
5.1
(14)
11
(1)

J l'Uars

4 years

7.1(3)

4,911'
(14)
5.3
(4)

3.6
(1)

/JVcrll(/C> 19 yc<11·sstudied(adults)

Sr/Ca ratio for
adult skelctow/fr/er•

--2.
(13)
2.8
(41)

1.5
(44)
1.3
(5)

v

o.~8

270

1.4
(44)
2.8
(58)
2.5
(27)

0.4
(47)
0.9
(39)
1.0
(20)

5·19 years

c11ccs270

Di ff.

Far /{as/ (30-50°N)
Japan...........................

1963
1964
1965

1.4
(17)
2.0
(J6)
2.2
(12)

3.6
(8)

6.0
( 1)

R

0.4

Li3

[{

0.9

274

R

1.0

275

SOUTIIERN IIEMISl'llERE

America (- 35°5)
Argentina (littoral area)

So11l/1.........

1963

145

0.8
(23)

1964

,,

1965

1.6
(12)

2.0
(3!i)

2..1
(8)

2.0
(5)

--1.7-(4)

l.5l
(12)

1963

0.78
(80)
0.86
(60)
1.2
(21)

1.2
(315)
1.9
(15.1)
2.9
(68)

2.1
(22)
2.2
(35)
3.0
(12)

1.7
(9)

1.2
(15)
1.8
(20)
2.0
(9)

1.3
(5)
1.3
(13)
2.8
(6)

1.0
(247)
1.0
(119)
1.3
(48)

00

215

Ocea11i11 (10-40"5)Australia ......... ' ..............

1964
1965
Ja1111.ary-Junc
Na11•:

V-Vertcbrae.
R-Ribs.
T-Tihiae.
F-Femora.
11
All values have been rounded out to two significant figures.
h Average values for all areas investigated in the European and Asian territory of
the USSR. Values in [larcntbescs indicate number of indivicl11al samples collected, composed
mainly of teeth in 5-19 aml
19 year groups (usnally analyzcd as pooled samples).
0
Skeletal average for adults obtained by applying normalization factors detcnninc<lin 11J6J by M.arci et 111., the ratios vertebrae/skeleton, ribs/skeleton, femur shaft/skeleton
and teeth/skeleton being 1.7. 1.0, 0.4 and 0.3. respectively.

>

2.0
(25)
2.7
(8)

0.61
(57i')

0.69
(494)
0.76
(225)

v

0.36

l49

v

0.41

103

v

0.45

103

cl No direct normalization factor determined: skeletal averages may be a~snmcd
to be higher by a factor of ,..., 2.
e Vertical hemisections of fcmora analyzed; no recent normalization factors available.
t Still-born children ancl children of the age between zero and fourteen or zero andthirty d.ays.
i: Age between two weeks ancl one year or one month and one year.
h Age between zero ancl two months.
l Age between two and twelve months.
J Age betwecn five ancl ten years.
l< Country-wide survey, inclmling England. Wales and Scullaml.
l Limited survey in \II/est London area.
m One to nine years of age.
0 Ten to nineteen years of age.

TADLE XL DEPOSITION OF Csl37 IN FINLAND
Al\D Csl37 co:XTENTS OF LICHE1' AND REINDEER MEAT, 1961-65175
LichenD~position

Cs= mCi/km•
Date(mean ± ,,)Number ofsamples

8/61

19.4c

24.Qb, c
24.7
34.7
53.3

7/62
7/63

16 ± 3.522±3
37 :± 0.5

(15)
(3)

10.2

63.3

7/64

64±8

(3)

4.3

66.l

8/65

56±3

(3)

A1rn11al

}'tar

1960
1961
!962
1963
1964

Reindur meatnCi/k11dry "1eicht.J..J"cJQ.6C

Cunzulath t:r.
1

(5)

c Calculated(mean±,,)

10/61
2/6?.
J/63
3/64
12/64
4/65
12/65

1965

a Corrected for decay to the end of each year.
b For the 1960 value (end of year) that of SrFO for Leningrad ( 15 mCi/krn!!) is used.

11Ci/kp
fresli W<'•11l1t

Date

15.8
172
48.0
50.0 ±460.l ± 572.3 ± 955.3 ± 9

Melandri
Oberhausen
Van DillaN"mber ofcases studied

Locality

Bologna, Italy ---····· ..........
Landstuhl, Germany .........
Los Alamos, N. Mex., U.S.A.

Richmond

Los Alamos, N. Mcx., U.S.A.

McNeill

Chalk River, Canada

Average half·lifc 1'n days
(ra11ge fo parentheses)

1
1
4
4

References

165
144

276

183

128

184

(113-150)
126( 110-146)

277

115

2i8

...... ······

3

TaylorLondon, U.K. ...... ..... .......

4

Jeanmaire
Jordan.........
Paris. France
Bethesda, Md., U.S.A. ..........

I
3

ColardRun doMo!, Belgium............
Harwell, Berks., U.K. ..........

2

14

Miller

Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.

.. . ····--···

4

Hesp

Windscale. West Cumberland, U.K.

2

Naversten

Lund, Sweden...... ... ........

6

77(63--89)

186

RasanenHelsinki, Finland

6

63(42-93)284(110-119)109(79-123)
100

99

Z79

188
187

(76-126)99
98(58-149)94(82-100)
92(68-116)280
281
282,283
185

TABLE XIII. Cs137 IN MILK

Values are given ii~ pCi/litre and represent yearly averages unless otherwise indicatedType of study: A-Widespread systematic survey
B-Local sys,crnatic sun·ey
C-Irregular sampling
RegWn,, arta or tomitry

1963

1964

1965

Type ofstudy

References

NoRTHER:i HE:\IISPH.E.RE}\forth America
Canada (40-55"N) .........
United States (25-48"N)(conterminous) ..... ....
United States
Alaska (62'N) .. .. ...... ...

..

EuropeAustria ( 47-49°N) ...... ·Belgium (- 50°N).........
Denmark (55-60°N)........

1/0a

210"

110"

A

151

llOb

lJQb

5/!J

A

221

120

120

57

B

221

}6Q-290C
3QQg
llOd

A

11()4
llQd

56<!

B
A

153
224,225
206.207,227

79

(2)
(2)
(12)
(60)
(6)
(4)
(4)

from Sr90 data using Cs137/Sr~o ratio of 1.6.

TABLE XII. THE VALUES OF BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE OF CAESIUM IN ADULT MAN

Autluw

Number ofsamplesTABLE XIII.

Csl37 lN MILK(continued)

Values are given fo pCi/litre and represent yearly averages miless otherwise indicatedType of study: A - Widespread systematic survey
B - Local systematic survey
C - Irregular sampling
Type ofRegion, area or co;uitry

1963

1964

1965

st1LdyReferences

Faroes (60-70''N) . , ......... .
Federal Republic of
Germany (43-55'N).. , .. ,Finland (60-67'N) . , ........ .
France (42-50°N) . , . , ...... .
Iceland (66-73'N) ........... .
Ireland (50-55°N) . , ... , _... .
Italy (37-47°N) ............. .
Nonvay (58-70'N) .......... .

79Qb, rl,40Qb:r

1.10Qh, rA

227-229

130d
2401
24Cd
580r
190
16Qb
540•• •· r330•· t, r
1801

llQd

110"'

A

2501
220i
870•
170
200
600•• c, r
43Qn, !, r1721

s2on. e, r

A
A

230
285
232-234235
155
286, 287A

2S8360•• !, r1101

A

69,236
289

2JOm
130d
21oa

180
150d
160•

Sweden (55-70'~) ........ _..
Switzerland
Geneva (- 46°N) .. ,, ..... .
United Kingdom (50-60°N) ..
USSR (35-70':!\) ........... .

Middle America, South America
and Caribbean
Jamaica (,_, l3°N) ...........
.Panama (-' 7°N) ············
United States
Puerto Rico (l8°N) ········
Venezuela (5-12°N) ..........

350Jl

88

1901
130i
750r

A
A
A

A
B
A

237, 238
155,240,256
239

c

280t

B

40~

c

152
152
221
152

22P

70
26

42
21i.:

B
B

···········

29•

Isa

11a

A(C) 243..............

35"

25"

c

241, 242

Japan (30-50' N).. ···········

120

95

59k

Co

244-248,290

Oceania
United States
Hawaii (21'1'<)·············

73

77

51

B

221

Asia
India (8-35°N)
Near East
Israel (- 32°N)•·.

Far East

SOUTHERN HE!»ISPHERE

Oceania
Australia (10-40°S) . ·········New Zealand (35-47°S) .......
South America
Argentina(littoral area, 35-55°S)

.....

3Jn
56•t, n

49a
90a

47a

96 9

A
A

291. 292
98,250

13

20

20

B

102,215

a Unweighted mean for all milksheds surveyed.
mean weighted by population.
c Average values for three zones oi different yearly rainfall, covering the whole country.
d Country-wide mean weighted by production.
e Unweighted mean from the survey of thirty milksheds.
r Unweighted mean from the survey of ten milksheds.
i: Simple average of values obtained from three farms and three dairies.
h Locally produced.
! Non-weighted average of three milksheds for the period October 1962-July 1963.
i Unweighted mean of representative samples from all departments of France.
& January-August only.
1 Country-wide mean weighted by consumption.
m June-December only.
n July-December only.
° Kon-systematic widespread sampling.
P April-December only.
r Unusually high levels due to heavy rainfall and particular grazing conditions.
b Country-wide

80TABLE

XIV. Csl3T rn TOTAL DmT

Yea1·!)' ai•erage c·'alties are given ill pCi/day 1111/ess otherwise ii:dicatca (all t'aliie.r
have beeii rormded 011t to two sigttificanl figures)Type of st11dy: A-Survey of individual foodstuffs

B-Total diet analyses
C-Widespread sampling
D-Local sampling
E-Irregular samplingYear

North An1erica
Greenland (> 60°N)

United States
Chicago, Ill. (42cN) . . . . . . .

United States
contermin-0us (25-48°N)(institutional diet sampling)

Uilk andmill: p..od11ets

1963
1964
1965

24
24

1963b
1963C
1964b
1964c
1965b,d1965t-, d

58
88

69
120
51
82

Miscellaneoii.s

Total

3108

95
230

300
560

34
5
43

58
6
90

150
99
200

9

13
64
12

140

1808

38

5

1963

T;;pe ofstud;;

Remarks

RefermusAC

Area of poor grazing
conditions and highrainfall

253
254

150
99

140
(14-270)f
150(70-JOO)t

1964
1965

100

AC

AD
AD
AD
AD
AD
AD

293
294
293

BC

221

BC

221

BC

221

ED
ED
ED

221
221
221

AC

206
206
207
207
227
227
228
229
227

294

294,295
294,295(40-220)f. t

Alaska (62°N) (local
institutional diet sampling). .

1963
1964
1965

140
160
65t

EuropeDenmark (50-60'N) . . . . . . . . .

1963

50

130

94

270
(250)

26

64

100

(320)
190
(240)

Faroes (60-70°N) . . . . . . . . . . . 1963

280

170

1,000

1964
1965

430
340

570
210
290

BC
AC
BC
AC
BC
AC

250
250

890

AC

880

AC

200
260

AC

150

AC

255
255
296

260g

AC

194

250
(130-450)j

AC

239

330

AC

239

210
290

AC

239
239

51

180

160

AC
AC

256

36

92

AE

242

1964
1965

53

91

180

320

Area of high rainfall
and poor grazing
conditions

Federal Republic of Germany(43-55°N) . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ..

1963

50

60

90

1964

62

110

88

1965

Sweden (55-70°N) ........ .

1964

90

100

75

AC

USSR (rural population) (35700N) .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .

1963
1964

(190-550)i
1965

USSR (urban population) . . . .

1963

1964

AC

1965

United Kingdom (50-60°N) . .

1963
1964

57
66

70
59

Near East
Israel (- 32°N) . .. .. . .. .. .. . 1965

81

155

T ADLE XIV. Cs137 IN TOTAL DIET (continued)
Yearly a·uerage vailles arc given in pCi/day unless other..t-ise indicated (all values
have bec11 ro1111ded out to t"dlo significant figures)Type of study: A-Survey of individual foodstuffs
B-Total diet analyses
C-Widespread sampling
D-Loc:al sampling
E-Irrcgular sampling
Total

Type of
study

1963
1964
1965

65
64
41

BC
BC
BC

299,300
299,300

United States
Hawaii(institutional dietsampling) (21 'N) ..... . 1%3
1964
1965

97
120
120k

BD
BD
BD

221
221

Regi*on, area. or country}"car

Milk a11d
t11ilk prodi:cts

Meat

M isulla11eo:rs

Remarks

Referersces

Far East

Japan ...................... .

~7,298

Oceania

Including eggs and fish.
diet.
c Infants' diet during the first year of life.
d January and April sampling only.
e Widespread dietary survey in twenty-one boarding schools
in the l:nited States, based on composite diets of childre:iand adolescents of six to eighteen years of age.
t Range of yearly averages reported for individual schools.
0b Average adults'

82

g January221

1964 sampling.
products, eggs, meat, fish and shellfish.
I Data for 1963 include three series of sampling at four
locations in the period January-July.
J Range of values calculated for daily average intake by therural population of sixteen republics of the Soviet Union.
t January-June only.
h Dairy

T ABU: xv. CAESIUM-137 IN MAN
All vallles art gro11p averages in pCi Cs1B1/g K 1111/ess otherwise illdicaltd(Figures in parentheses indicate the number of measurements performed)
1963

R1.•uiou, country or areaof resi<lence

II

1964
lll

IV

I

II

1966

1965
II!

!!

IV

Ill

IV

l<e/erenr.es

NORTHERN HEJ\IISPHERE

Nor/It America

Canada (northern) (H) ..
CanadaOttawa ...............

70

(10)

72

Los Alamos, N. Mex ...

00

36~9,100•· b

24.1-4,500•· b

(IO)

VJ

- 2,800-9,000b. c

301,302
303

170
(63)

United States
Alaska (Eskimos) (H)Alaska (Eskimos)
Anaktuvuk Pass (H)Ilrookhaven, N.Y• . . . . .... 60

(86)

....

Los Angeles, Cal.

_, 1,400-2,BOOb, c-· 1,00011••

120
(10)
95

95
(10)
92
(80)
59
(14)

95
(36)

3,400b
(50)
130
(10)

140
(10)

8,200b
(51)
180
(10)

-31~7.500•· b5,600b(30)

4.600b(25)

304-306307

4,600b
(25)

308
309

93
(36)

114
(25)

99
(15)

91
(34)

91
(50)

86
(40)

84
(51)

76
(50)

63
(23)

310

105
(167)

280

Eurof't and Asia

. . ........

Belgi11111--73--

-117-

(507)

(529)

Denmark
Wso ..................

-146(552)-169(623)-144(407)- - 125 - (381)

195
(10)

176
(10)

191
(20)

170
(15)

153
(20)

206,207,227

(10)
163
(40)

152
(40)

148
(40)

131
(40)

119
(40)

104
(40)

101
(40)

311

205h

200
(78)

160
(27)

173, 28•1, 312, 313

89
(14)

132
(14)

54
(42)

83
(40)

120
(40)

141
(40)

120
112
(49)
(49)
1,430-4,420•

175
(49)

200
(49)

204
218
(24)
(49)
2,260-8,360ft

70(- 60)

103( _, 60)

132
(-60)

168
( _, 60).. ············

74
(13)

81
(13)

124
(13)

Norway (western) (R) ..

332t

150
(13)
651
(169)
338
(23)
1,430
(10)

Federal Republic of
Germany ..............
FinlandHelsinki........ ' ' ...

La.pland (I-I).........

France (northern)
Italy
Bologna

Oslo" .................
1fasfjorrlcn (R)PolandLodz......

··········· ......

47
(42)

(11)
178
(23)
870
(II)
133
(23)

143

197
(- 60)

240( .... 60)

2,370-10,640•
273(- 60)

198
(-60)

242
( _, 60)

220
(-60)

159
(- 60)

155(-60)

2,000-8,ZOOa( 121)
103(-60)

173, 312, 314:115,316
183
288, 317357(23)

288,317

337
(25)
2,000
(10)

181

128

(23)

(22)

200
(22)

1,230
(10)

288, 317

318

TAm,E XV.

CAESIUM-137 IN MAN(co11li1wcd)

All values are gro11p averages in pCi Cs131 /g K 1111/ess otherwise indicated(Figures in parentheses indicate the number of measurements performed)
196J

Rwiou, country or areaof' esi,lcncc

I

SwedenStockholm

II

IV

60
72
122
151
(13)
(22)
(9)
(8)
- - - - l,700-2,90{}a----La1>land (H)

(105)

I

111

II

1966

1965

1964
Ill

191
235
(20)
(10)
{13)
----2,600-5,400---(94)

Ill

II

IV

IV

I

194

182

174

----3,000-6,400---(96)Switzerland

Gc11cva .............. .
USSR {far north)(H)

United Kingdom
Berkshire . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Cumberland

~

74
107
151
(,..., 15)
(-15)
(-15)
---3.570-23,600b, d _ __
(60)
54

64

(10)
107
(14)

(12)

180
188
196
184
(15)
(17)
(14)
(22)
----7.140-25.700b, d - - -237,238---1,400-34,000b, d _ __

115

138

150

162

170

166

160

149

124

(13)

(13)

(13)

(15)

(17)

(18)

(21)

(19)

(21)

249

255
(14)

256

272

(14)

(14)

96

101
(42)

138

90
(11)
198

(14)

(14)

(14)

591r
(68)

66B
(74)

40
(23)

175,319

(30)

104
(24)

320,321322

Par East
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

641t
(68)

(20)

107
(41)

90
(29)

(54)

71
(16)

66
(29)

(11)

82

275,323

SOUTHERN llEMISPHEltE

Ocea11fo
Australia
Adelaide

36

33

(24)

(19)

33
(22)

21
(21)

32

.16

31

45

(29)

(6)

(4)

(4)

Nole:
(H) =IIigh levels of Csl37 due lo operation of the lichen-reindeer (caribou) foodchain mechanism (paragraphs 9S-IOI ).
(R) = Ili.i::h levels of Csl37 due to very high average rainfall in the area and .poor
grazing conditions for callle.
n A vcrage values for cliff erent groups of lOl:al population (Lapps or Eskimos only).
h Approximate values calculated only for adults from reported total body burden
assuming 140 g of potassium in the body, or from data on caesium-137 body weightratio assuming approximately 1.9 g K/kg in females and 2.3 g K/kg in males.

67

(7)

67

62
(11)

324

e Approximate values calculated from excretion of Cs137 in urine in groups of
population subsisting to a varying degree on reindeer meat in their diet.
d Range of concentrations observed in individual reindeer breeders.
e Group of schoolboys sixteen lo eighteen years old in 1963 and eighteen to twenty
years old in 1965.
t Masfjor1len residents.
g Estimated from radio-chemical analysis of muscles.
h Calculated from total body burden assuming 140 g K in an average adult male.

,...
TABLE

XVI. CH CO:STENT OF SOME l'00DSTUFFS AND HUMAN TISSUES COLLECTED IN VARIOUS PLAas209-2ll
Tlie ;;alues are expressed in per cent increase of CH specific activity aboz•e pre-test le:•els(Number of samples in parentheses)
Year:
Arta or kcaJity

Quarltr:

1962

1963

IV

Ill

I

II

1964

111

IV

I

11

Ill

IV

Foodstuffs

Cereals, Xonvay

64°N

Milk, Norway ...

64'N
30-50'N

Milk, United States

84

71

(1)

(2)

94
(.3)
91
(3)

71
(1)

40
(1)

Meat, poultry and eggs,
United States ......... 30-50'N
Fruits, linited States ....

30-so 0 N

12
(1)

28

16

(4)

(2)

18
(3)

0

30-so N48

Total diet, United States 30-50'N

26
(7)

33
(6)

34

34

41
(3)
16
(3)

43
(3)

46

53

53

(4)

(2)

(2)

38

54

Potatoes, United States ..

(2)
(1)

Human tissues

Soft tissues and blood
Norway ..............

64'N

United States . .......

30-so·N

Australia, Melbourne ..

38°S

(2)

24
(2)

33
(1)

TABLE XVI!.

GonadsBone marrow

stayed in the United States for two weeks prior to death

DOSE COMYIT:MENTS FROM NUCLEAR E...XPLOSIONS

Dose commitm1N1ts(mrad)
for perrodof testit1g
1954-1965

Source of radi•tiot1

CHa ................. .

23
25
15
13

ToTALl>76

External, short-lived ............ .
Internal, Sr90 .................. .

23
25
156

Csl37 ........ - - . . . . . . .

15

Q4n ...... , ...... _... .
SrSD ................. .

20
0.3

External, short-lived ............ .
Internal,

Ce Us liningbone surfaces(1)

S7a' 14&"a Data for a subject from Melbourne, Australia, who(a' -plasma; a" -erythrocytes).

Tissue(14)

Cs137 .. - ... - - - - - .. - .
es1a1 ................. .

Csl37 ..••... - - - - ... - - ..

ToTALb240

External, short-lived ............ .
cs1a1 . __ . . . . . _..... __ .
Internal, Sr90 .................. .
cs1a1 . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .
CH a . . . . • . . . . . . . • . .
Sr89 ........... - . - - - -

23
25
78

TOTAI.b150

15

Paragraphs

137
135
145

147

137
135

143
145
147
146

137
135
143
145

13

147

0.15

146

•As in the 1964 report, only the doses accumulated up to year 2000 are given for CH; atithat time, the doses from the other nuclides will have essentially been delivered in full. The
total dose commitment to the gonads due to CB from tests up to the end of 1965 is about
180 mrads.
b Totals have been rounded off to two significant figures.

85

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