INTRODUCTORY NOTE
It is with pride that the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime andthe Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI) offers to the international community the Resource Material Series
No. 98.
Part One of this volume contains the work product of the 161st International Training Course,
conducted from 19 August to 17 September 2015. The main theme of the 161st Course was Staff Training
for Correctional Leadership. Part Two contains the work product of the 18th UNAFEI UNCAC Training
Programme, conducted from 14 October to 18 November 2015. The main theme of the 18th UNCAC
Programme was Effective Anti-Corruption Enforcement and Public–Private and International Cooperation.
The 161st Course offered participants an opportunity to deepen their understanding of relevant United
Nations standards and norms on offender treatment and introduced practices and measures for thecapacity building of correctional personnel. Standards and norms such as the Standard Minimum Rules for
the Treatment of Prisoners (1955) and the Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Treatment (1990)(“The Tokyo Rules”) encourage UN member states to implement policies and practices that protect thedignity and human rights of offenders and correctional staff, as well as policies and practices that seek toreduce recidivism by promoting offender rehabilitation and social reintegration. A common theme of these
instruments is recognition that full implementation of such policies and practices cannot succeed without
proper training of correctional leaders and staff.
The 18th UNCAC Programme addressed challenges facing anti-corruption officials and encouraged theexchange of best practices to prevent and combat corruption. Corruption is a secret crime, which makes itvery difficult for criminal justice authorities to obtain effective leads and to fully develop and investigate
them. The participants considered measures to address these problems, such as witness protection, protection of reporting persons, mitigating punishment or providing immunity to cooperative persons, special investigative techniques (controlled delivery, electronic surveillance, and undercover operations), criminalization of illicit enrichment and obstruction of justice, and so on. The programme also stressed the importance of international cooperation and cooperation between the public and private sectors for effective anticorruption enforcement.
UNAFEI, as one of the institutes of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal JusticeProgramme Network, held these training programmes to offer participants opportunities to share experiences, gain knowledge, and examine crime prevention measures in their related fields, as well as to build ahuman network of counterparts to further international cooperation, which is vital to addressing theseissues.
In this issue, in regard to both the 161st International Training Course and the 18th UNAFEI UNCAC
Training Programme, papers contributed by visiting experts, selected individual presentation papers fromamong the participants, and the reports of each programme are published. I regret that not all the papers
submitted by the participants of each programme could be published.
I would like to pay tribute to the contributions of the Government of Japan, particularly the Ministry ofJustice, the Japan International Cooperation Agency, and the Asia Crime Prevention Foundation forproviding indispensable and unwavering support to UNAFEI’s international training programmes. Finally,
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all who so unselfishly assisted in the publication of thisseries.
March 2016

YAMASHITA Terutoshi
Director of UNAFEIv