Introduction of Decentralized
Domestic Wastewater Management
System in Indonesia
by:Ir. Djoko Mursito, Dipl.SE, MM
Director of Environmental Sanitation

Presented on:
Workshop Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik
Jakarta, Indonesia, November 14th 2013

DirectorateGeneralof Human
KEMENTERIANPEKERJAAN
UMUMSettlements
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS INDONESIAWASTEWATER MANAGEMENT FOR
WATER RESOURCES POLLUTION CONTROLIN INDONESIA

1

I

Indonesia at a Glance Administrative :- 34 provinces,- 410 regency, and- 98 otonomy city
 Population up to 237
million with 57,86% livein rural areas (StatisticsIndonesia, 2010)
 17,504 islands
1,890,754 km2(Statistics Indonesia,2009)

Impact of Inadequate Sanitation Facilites & Improper
Sanitation Behaviour in Indonesia
The potential economic
loss reaches
USD 6.3 billion perannum (2,3% of GDP)
75 % of the rivers areheavily polluted

70% groundwater ispolluted

140.000 tons of feces
per day is polluting
waterbody

50 of 1000 babies diedof diarrhea

1 mg/L BOD5 increases waterproduction cost of IDR 9.17/m3
 Community pays 25% higher
price for water supply.

3Problem & Challenges4Proportion People Without
Access to SANITATION (WHO/UNICEF, 2012)
Population Density (Billion)

120.0

Around ½ population ofIndonesia

110.2

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

24.4
20.0

21.2
11.3

9.8

4.9

3.0

2.3

1.4

1.2

0.0

At 2012, access to improved sanitation in Indonesia is 57,35%

MDG’s Target Accomplishment Status
TARGET 7C:

To halve the number of people without access to basic sanitation
facilities by 2015
Indicator (Target 7C)

Baselines(1993)

20092011

Latestdata(2012)

MDG’starget(2015)

Gap tobefulfilled
within 2years

24,81%

51,19%

55,53%

57,35%

62,41%

5,06%

7.9.a Urban area

53,64%

69,51%

72,54%

72,7%

76,82%

4,12%

7.9.
b

11,10%

33,96%

38,97%

42,3%

55,55%

13,25%

7.9

Proportion ofhouseholds withsustainability access tobasic sanitation (intotal urban + nonurban)
Non urban area

Source: BPS, 2012

How to accomplished the target???

6POLICY AND STRATEGY OF WASTEWATER SECTOR(Minister for Public Works Regulation No.16/PRT/M/2008)
1. Increase both community and private sectors participation in themanagement of wastewater
2. Strengthening institution and improving operator’s capacity related towastewater management
3. Developing regulation related to domestic wastewater management
4. Increasing and developing alternatives of financial resources forsanitation
5. Increase access to wastewater facilities, both on-site and off-sitesystems, in urban and rural areas to improve community’s health7

Indonesian National Target for Wastewater Management

National Medium Term Development Plan (2010-2014)• Stop Open Defecation• Development of wastewater services throughestablishment of sewerage system in 13 cities• Development of wastewater services throughestablishment of local and communal systems in 210cities

8Wastewater Management Approach
ApproachCommunity Based

Level

Neighborhood

Adequate
Sanitation:
1. Rural
2. Slum area
On- Site sanitationand Small Scale
Community
Sewerage System(SANIMAS)

Institutional Based
City Wide

Wastewater infrastructure services based on
demand responsive approach Metropolitan & Large Cities
Off site/sewerage system
 Medium & Small Cities- Integrated system of existing on-site
and new off-site sanitation- Improved Septage Treatment Plant(IPLT) and sludge services- Shallow/small bore sewer or small
scale sewerage integrated to municipal
sewage system to support revitalization
program for old cities.
 New Town
- Develop small sewage system for Low
Cost Housing area
- Encourage sewerage development for
new town

Regional/National

Wastewater
infrastructuresdevelopment
support intercities/region
coordination toprotect watershedfrom human waste
pollution
Clean River
Program(PROKASIH) orsimilar program

9PROPORTION ARRANGEMENT ON FINANCING THE
SANITATION DEVELOPMENT
CentralizedSystemNational
Budget• WWTP• Primary &Secondary
Pipe
NetworkLocal
Budget• Lateral
Pipes•HouseConnections

Communal System(intermediate)

Could be from:‐National Budget‐National + Local Budget‐Grant‐LoanOn Site System

NationalBudget

LocalBudget• Desludging
Truck
• O&M
• LocalRegulation

Individual•Septictank•Desludging
Truck(private)

Septage Treatment Plant
w/ MoU Local Government:•Regulation•Institutional Development Assistance10Community Based Sanitation
SANIMAS

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COMMUNITY BASED SANITATION PROGRAM
Community based sanitation for urban slums
Focusing on Community Empowerment– Applying Demand Responsive Approach– Government Role: provider  facilitate and provide
information on technology, financing, environment, social,and institutional aspects– Site self‐selection by community competitive based

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COMMUNITY BASED SANITATION PROGRAM(SANIMAS)

Preconditions:- Urban slums with density > 150
pe/ha- Constructed with local andrelatively cheap material- Technology is chosen bycommunity with considering local
needs

Basic Principles:- low cost
- efficient- ease in operation andmaintenance- low energy usage- appropriate technology
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Area Requirement► Area of service for 200 – 800 people.
► Area with physical sanitation problem and slumarea.
► Available space of 80m2 – 150 m2► Area with water source (PDAM, dug well, springresource) and a sewerage/drainage for waste water.
(drainage system, river, etc).
► Willing to contribute in this project (in cash & inkind).
► Interested to implemented the Community Based
Sanitation (SANIMAS).

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3 models of URBAN COMMUNITY BASED SANITATIONCOMMUNALSEPTIC TANKSCOMMUNAL
SHALLOW
SEWERS FOR
100 Households

COMMUNAL
BATH-WASHTOILET Plus ++15

TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECT OF SANIMASNoASPECT
1.
TargetedWastewater
2.
Applied Technology
3.

Sludge Treatment

4.

Reduction ofPollutants

EXPLANATIONBoth Greywater & Blackwater
Usually using Anaerobic BaffledBiorector & Biodigester
Regular desludging & treated atseptage treatment plantfrom above 200 mg/Liter BOD tolower than 100 mg/Liter BOD)

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COMMUNAL TOILET

Consist of:• Upper Unit (toilet, bathroom,washing area)• Wastewater Pipes• Treatment Unit (Usually used
Anaerobic Baffled bioreactor /anaerobic biofilter)
Completed with:• Biodigester (produced gas that canbe utilize for cooking and lighting)
Suitable for:- Community without private toilet- Minimum 55 Houselohld  relatedwith investment cost per households
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COMMUNAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Denpasar, Bali Province
Consist of :• Pipe Network• Treatment Unit (Usually used Anaerobic Baffledbioreactor / anaerobic biofilter)
Completed with:• Private Toilet (not covered on SANIMAS)
Suitable for:• Area with private toilet or the community willing tobuilt private toilet• Area with no space for communal toilet
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TREATMENT UNIT

Anaerobic
BaffledBioreactor

AnaerobicBiofilter
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GUIDELINES FOR SANIMAS IMPLEMENTATION•Guidelines book for
SANIMAS established byMinistry of Public Works.

•The guidelines consist of all
stages of SANIMAS
Implementation•The guidelines distributed
among stakeholders andfacilitator.

20MANAGEMENT ASPECT OF SANIMASRESPONSIBILITIESCENTRAL
GOVERNMENTLOCALGOVERNMENT••••••

Socialization of SANIMAS Program.
Facilitator Training
Assistance for The Community Workplan Formulation
Material & Wage for Construction
Providing Facilitator both Technical & Social
Monitoring of the SANIMAS sustainability•••

Selection of Location
Assistance for The Community Workplan Formulation
Community Empowerment (Training for CBO, Treasurer,Operator, Foreman, Enterpreneurship, O&M training)
Hygiene & Health Campaign
Provision of Land
O&M Support (1st year O&M cost, Influent & Effluent Lab Test
every 6 months, Desludging, Rehabilitation fund)

••
•

•

COMMUNITY••

Community Workplan Formulation (Community Basedorganization (CBO) establishment, technological Choices, DED,BOQ,)
Operation adn maintenance of SANIMAS
O&M Routine Cost (from community retribution)
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SANIMAS FACILITATOR•SANIMAS Implementation assist by 2 facilitator(Technical & Social)•Criteria of Facilitator:
 Minimum Education : Diploma
 Healthy
 Having good ability of communicating andspeak local language fluently
 Familiar with the condition of SANIMAS area(geographic & culture)•Facilitator Trained for 7 days on the beginning offiscal year (February –March)•Training material given by various stakeholders(MoPW, Ministry of Health, Ministry of National
Affairs, National Planning & Development Agency)
incooperated with BORDA.
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FUNDING SOURCE OF SANIMAS

NationalBudget

1. Construction Cost (IDR 400.000.000/location) throughsocial fund account
2. Cost for training of Local Fasilitator;
3. Salary for Local Fasilitator (2 person/location Sanimas)

Local
Goverment
Budget1. Empowerment cost such as: socialitation cost, Rapid
Participatory Assesment (RPA) cost for selection oflocation
2. Detailed Engineering Design (DED) and Community ActionPlan
3. Training of Community-Based Organization (CBO) andconstruction workers
4. Training for operator and users
5. Empowerment for sustainability of Sanimas

Community

1. On Cash, for opening bank account, and
2. in kind , such as : land, food, etc
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MONITORING SYSTEM OF SANIMAS•NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT•

•

LOCAL
GOVERNMENT••COMMUNITY

During SANIMAS implementation Central Government
monitoring the progress from the beginning of SANIMAS
process untill the SANIMAS operated  done by supervisionconsultant and Provincial Working Unit of Environmental
Sanitation Directorate, Ministry of Public Works and also by
the Facilitator hired by MoPW
After SANIMAS established, monitoring of the sustainabilityof the SANIMAS infrastructure done annually by Directorateof Environmental Sanitation MoPW  the results can beaccess by public on the database in the internet.
During SANIMAS implementation Local Government
monitoring the progress from the beginning of SANIMAS
process untill the SANIMAS operated.
After the SANIMAS established monitoring activities
continued (together with the assistace and community
empowerment
Community themselves monitoring the SANIMAS process
through their participation on the process  community
could report to the local or central government if there any
indication of manipulation between the process

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SANIMAS IMPLEMENTATION
 Regular SANIMAS (National Budget)
SANIMAS 2003 – 2012
SANIMAS 2013 (on going)
SANIMAS 2014 (plan)= 572 location at 169 Cities/Regencies= 344 location at 180 Cities/Regencies= 144 location at 85 Cities/Regencies

 SLBM (Special Location Budget)
SLBM 2010
SLBM 2011
SLBM 2012SLBM 2013 (on going)= 491 Cities/Regencies= 428 Cities/Regencies= 884 location at 449 Cities/Regencies= 2.313 location at 447 Cities/Regencies

 Urban Sanitation and Rural Infrastructure/USRI (Loan ADB)USRI 2012
USRI 2013 (on going)
USRI 2014 (plan)= 501 location at 34 Cities/Regencies= 437 location at same Cities/Regencies= 413 location at same Cities/Regencies

 SANIMAS Islamic Development Bank (Loan IDB)SANIMAS IDB 2013
SANIMAS IDB (2014 – 2016)= Socialitation to Cities/Regencies= 1.800 location25

Finding from SANIMAS Studies

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LESSONS LEARNEDSANIMAS tend to be succesful if:
 The appropriate type of system is built well and in the rightlocation.
 The number of users is optimized and sustained Operation and maintenance by CBO is assisted by thegovernment.
 The development forms part of a broader sanitation plan.
 The CBO empowerment needs to be done continually(refreshment every 2 years).
Results of Evaluation by Ministry of Environment:
82 % of SANIMAS established are working well and havegood quality of effluent.
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BASED ON STUDY OF WORLD BANK 2012
Many Sanimas Work Well Day to Day
Most users really like theimprovements:•Clean, less smell, and good looking
facilities (81%)•Reduce Open Defecation (41%)•Reduce diarrhoea (70%)•Better drainage•Social space•Enhances the area
•Cleaner neighbourhoods
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BASED ON STUDY OF WORLD BANK 2012
Effluent Treatment is good

COD of 250 mg/l ≈ BOD of 100 mg / l

Most comply with specifications
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BASED ON STUDY OF WORLD BANK 2012
Utilization is much lower than planned
Post construction

MCK++

Usage declines at half
Median usage: 23 households
Poor site selection!
Simplified sewers and combinedsystems

Retain or increase usage
Median usage: 50 households
Build more of these!

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BASED ON STUDY OF WORLD BANK 2012
MCK++ Utilization Much Lower Because …
• Many already have toilet• Many build own toilet after MCK++ use- Reduces open defecation (41%)• Some revert to old practices• But high MCK++ usage achieved when
– No space to build own toilets– Area prone to flooding or subsidence– Not permanent residents– Many casual users in area
– Provides a good source of water31

THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION32