The impact of pig wastewater towater environment in Thailand

Nintaphan Kulpredarat
Department of Livestock Development
ThailandTopic High Light• Pig information in Thailand• Law & Regulation for pig farms• Main water sources impacted by wastewaterfrom pig farms• Impact of pig wastewater to water environment& Issues from media• Countermeasure• BOD loading to water environment

Pig Information in Thailand
Pig Population Statistics••

The statistics of pig number inThailand recorded from 1995 –2015 showed that number of pig
varied from 6-11 million pigs/year
Year 2015 : 9.9 million pigs(Source : Data from Department ofLivestock Development (DLD))

Pig Density in Thailand

Source: FAO, LEAD Project and OAELaw & Regulation for Pig Farms

Law & Regulation for pig farmClassification of Pig Farm by Size
Announcement from Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)
Pig Farm Size(Livestock Unit)

Pig Number(Fattening pig)

Size (Class)> 6 to < 60

> 50 to < 500

Small Scale> 60 to < 600> 500 to < 5,000

Medium Scale> 600> 5,000

Large Scale

Note: 1 livestock unit of pig = 500 kgs. Live pig weight

Fattening pig = 60 Kgs

Breeder pig = 170 Kgs

Nursery pig = 12 Kgs

Standards for the discharge wastewater from thepig farms
Maximum permitted value
Parameters

units

Large farm

Medium & Small farmpH-5.5-9.0

5.5-9.0BOD

mg/liter

60

100

COD

mg/liter

300

400

SS

mg/liter

150

200

TKN

mg/liter

120

200

Source: Announcement from Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)

Main Water Sources Impacted byWastewater from Pig Farms
1. Tha Chin River Shade (Central)
2. Chao Phraya River Shade (Central)
3. Bang Pakong River Shade (Central)
4. Songkhla Lake Shade (Southern)Tha Chin

Chao Phraya

Bang PakongThailand

Songkhla lakeImpact of pig wastewater towater environment & Issues frommedia

Impact of pig wastewater to waterenvironment• Water fouling; unusable for crop land, fisheryfarm and water supply• Eutrophication or algae boom and lead tofouling• Bad smell and also created air pollution• Economic and social issues

Pig Farm Complaint (Data until 10 Feb 2017)

Year

Numbercomplaint

2014

Pollution problem
Odor
Complaint

Waste waterComplaint191922015

161652016

191962017

330

Total

575713Data from Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)

Issues from media• August 2013, at Petchaburi province• Wastewater from contract pig farms (Under Bcompany and TF company) discharged ww
from pig farm to public run off connect toThachin river.

Source: Petchburi newsIssues from media• December 2014, at Ratchburi province• Wastewater from pig farms discharged ww
from pig farm to pond in recreation area andreservoir for local city water supply• January 2015, at Ratchburi province• Wastewater from pig farms discharged ww
from pig farm to irrigation canal

Source: manager newsIssues from media• June 2015, at Ratchburi province• Wastewater from pig farms discharged wwfrom pig farm to Huay Tab Tai

Source: PPTV 36 news

Countermeasure

Countermeasure Stakeholders
1. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives(MOAC) Department of Livestock Development (DLD) Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) Department of Agriculture (DOA)

2. Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironment (MONRE) Department of Environmental Quality Promotion
 Pollution Control Department (PCD)Countermeasure Stakeholders
3. Ministry of Energy Department of Alternative Energy Development
and Efficiency (DEDE) Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO)

4. Energy Research and Development Institute(ERDI)
5. Local Administrative Organization

Countermeasure
Responsibilities Capacity building by officers to Farmers
 Awareness raising for all stakeholders; officers,farmers and consumers
 COP development to manage and prevent
environmental impact from livestock production
 Law enforcement ; the Environmental Quality Actand Public Health Act

Countermeasure
Activities• Biogas system promotion (Biogas digesterconstruction)

Type of Biogas Systems for Pig Wastewater Large scale – Biogas system by Covered lagoon
and Channel digester (developed since 1995 byEnergy Research and Development Institute (ERDI)
 Medium scale‐ Biogas by Covered lagoon ,Channel digester and open ponds Small scale – almost open ponds and Fixed dome

Funding Schemes on Pig Waste Management
1. Subsidy from EPPO for
Channel digester
construction in mediumand large pig farms(finished in 2010) andchicken farms (on going)
2. Subsidy from DEDE for
Bag digester
construction in small pigfarms (finished in 2009)

Funding Schemes on Pig Waste Management
3. Subsidy from Department of Agriculture Extension
for Fixed Dome digester construction in small pig
farms (finished in 2004 )4. Subsidy from DLD for demonstration farms (ongoing)Countermeasure
Activities• Utilization of pig farm wastewater for croplandUtilization of Pig Farms Wastewater
for CroplandBio-fertilizer Utilization

Bio-fertilizer utilization

Comparing rice aged 70 days; used pig waste as fertilizer shown
better growth and more grain than none used pig waste

Countermeasure
Activities• Environmental friendly farming program• Monitoring discharge from pig farms

Environmental Friendly Farming Program
1. Waste and wastewater management
2. Odor prevention
3. Energy and resources saving
4. The dead animal management
5. Pest control
6. Garbage management
7. Wastes utilization
8. Rain water separation system
9. Public complaint hearing
10. Farm landscape management

Environmental
FriendlyFarming

Monitoring discharge from pig farms• Monitoring wastewater from the pig farms
that directly discharge to the public water
resources
visit to pig farms and gave an advice

BOD Loading to Water
Environment

MOU of 4 Ministries to Solve Impact ofWastewater to Water Sources• Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironment (MONRE)• Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives(MOAC)• Ministry of the interior• Ministry of Industry (MOI)Number of Pig Farms in the Critical
Water Resources Area
Total pigfarms

Possible
pig farms
impacted
to watershadebefore
programPossible
pig farms
impacted
to water
shade
after
program

Chao Phraya River

275

160Tha Chin River

132

8325

Bang Pakong River

125

242

Songkhla Lake

153

222Water Resources Area

Source: DLD report “Critical Water Shade impacted from pig farms”

Pig Wastewater Discharge Characteristics
AverageBOD

Average
COD

AverageSS

Average
TKN

Breeder

800(756-845)

1,700(1,638-1,906)

900(824-1,101)

350(266-536)

Fattening

3,500( 2,763-3,875)

7,400(5,589-8,022)

4,700(5,597-7,400)

700(574-759)

Nursery

2,500(2,433-2,842)

5,400(4,907-6,279)

3,000(2,511-3,474)

350(398-343)

Pig Type

Source: Announcement from Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)

Use Water Rate and Wastewater Rate

Pig Type

Average use water rate
(liter/head/day)Average wastewater rate
(liter/head/day)Breeder92 (83-108)

64 (50-82)

Fattening

48 (45-50)

24 (23-26)

Nursery32 (30-37)

20 (16-21)

Source: Announcement from Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)

BOD Loading Calculation
BOD loading (kg/day)= total pig heads x av. BOD (mg/l) x discharged
ww. per head (l/day) / 1,000,000

Possible BOD Loading from Pig Farms toChao Phraya River
No. of pig
head
beforeNo. of pig
headafter

Possible BOD
loadingdischarge toriver before
programPossible BOD
loadingdischarge toriver after
programBreeder----Fattening

13,667

0

1,148

0

Nursery----Pig TypePossible BOD Loading from Pig Farms to
Tha Chin River
No. of pig
head
Pig Type before

No. of pig
head
after

Possible BOD
loadingdischarge toriver before
programPossible
BOD loading
discharge toriver after
programBreeder

4,200

1,300

215

66.6

Fattening

23,500

7,500

1974

630

Nursery

6,030

1,700

301.5

85

Total

2490.5781.6

Possible BOD Loading from Pig Farms to
Bang Pakong River

Pig Type

No. of pig
headbefore

No. of pig Possible BOD
headloading
afterdischarge toriver before
programPossible BOD
loadingdischarge toriver after
programBreeder

6,092-

312-

Fattening

36,060

3,600

3,029

302.4

Nursery

49,500-2,475-

Total

5816

302.4

Possible BOD Loading from Pig Farms to
Songkhla Lake

Pig Type

No. of pig
head
beforeNo. of pig Possible BOD
headloading
afterdischarge toriver before
programPossible BOD
loadingdischarge toriver after
programBreeder

340

32

17.4

1.6

Fattening

6,380

600

535.9

50.4

Nursery

372

0

18.6

0

Total

571.9

52

Possible BOD Loading from Pig Farms toRiver/Lake
Chao Phraya
BOD
Loading, River
Kg/dayTha-chinRiver

Bang- pakong Song KhlaRiver
Lake

Beforeprogram

1,148

2490.5

5816

571.9

After
program

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