Mar.SPARC-WS,
1st 2023 ISCO2023@Okinawa
2013.Oct.28., Jena

AMO Physics:
its diversity and specialty to bridge the gap between
physics, biology and medical sciencealwaysToshiyuki Azuma

東俊行

Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Lab.
Collaboration
RIKEN

Two lessons

Lesson I : Physics and Medical Science
Lesson II : Interdiscplinary ScienceJan. 31, 2017 RIKEN

one year before ….
requested from Japanese Quatum Medical Science Society
to provide a public lecture:
the title was“what is quantum, andwhat is quantum beam?”curing cancer by “quantum”

expected audience ?

Jan. 31, 2017 RIKEN

QuizIs the electron a wave or a particle?
1) wave2) particle3) both4) neither

HIMAC: heavy ion medical accelerator
Dedicated for cancer therapy
at National Institute of Radiological Science ＠Chiba

100-500 MeV/amu
C, Si, Ar, Fe, Kr … beam

Cancer irradiation
Cancer behind eye(before / treatment planning / after)

Horizontal CTHorizontal
Beam Port
Beam

Pitching
Rolling

Collimator

Rotation

beforeafterHIMAC: heavy ion medical accelerator
14,000 patients @2022.3

HIMAC: heavy ion medical accelerator
Ion beams at HIMAC are fast and heavy.
Are they “quantum beam” ?
290 MeV/amu (65% of the speed of light)
Carbon beam (炭素)so... total energy is 3.5 GeV
de Broglie wavelength = 3.2x10-16 m

fast ion - matter interaction
Bragg peak
Body skinSite of Cancer

Doses are concentrated
at the end point

Small effectat the entrance pointfast ion - matter interaction
Complicated issues on radiation damage ?

Electronic and nuclear stopping powerfor Al ions in Alfast ion - matter interaction
Complicated issues on radiation damage ?

NO ! at the higher energy regionsElectronic and nuclear stopping powerfor Al ions in Al

10GeV

fast ion - matter interaction
Bragg peak
Body skinSite of Cancer

Let’s replace the body skin witha tiny thin Si crystal

1 micron-thick
10mm diameter

Virtual photon picture in high energy ion collision
target ionsprojectile ion

Resonant Coherent Excitation (RCE)・atom/ion irradiated by photon

oscillating electric field

Photon energy→ Atomic internal energy

・ion moving in the periodic potential

projectile-flame: oscillating
electric fielddAtomic translational energy→ Atomic internal energy

Crystal irradiation
Silicon crystal• “virtual photon” source• spectrometer• strong electric field<110> axisqf~400MeV/u
H/He-likeHCI(220)plane(004)planeOkorokov-eﬀect vs. resonant coherent excitation
Okorokov effect

JETP Lett. 2, 111(1965)

V. V. Okorokov(Russia)from 1 eV to 100 MeV
Radiospectroscopy

predicted

Resonant coherent excitation vs. Okorokov-effectMotion of a Fast Ion in Periodic Potentials
J. Phys. Soc. Japan 36, 1406(1974)

J. Kondo(JAPAN)
described

avoided level crossingbehaviorresonant coherent excitation vs. Okorokov-eﬀect
RCE

N6+ through Au crystal under axial channeling

S. Datz(US)
ION ENERGY (MeV)

measured

Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 843(1978)

RCE of high energy ionsE ~ 400 MeV/u, b ~ 0.7
HIMAC@Japan

Si crystal( d ~ 1Å )frequency
vn=dhigh-energy ion( v ~ 108 m/s)

~ 1018 Hz

light source in the x-ray region

XFEL in Japan
SACLA
1-10keV XFELSOR: Spring-8

25eV proto-type FEL
40-150eV FEL

3D-RCE2 parameters to vary theinteraction frequency keeping(1D)v
ionAxisvelocity
Plane (2D)v,θ3D-RCEv, θ, ΦSi(220)planeinteraction frequency in 3D-RCE→ frequency traversing the atomic planes
the atomic planes are specified by corresponding toreciprocal vector of with Miller Index (k,l,m)
* **g klm = kA + lB + mC

Atom

Highly charged atomic ion
after stripping most of the bound electrons,

1 e−Hydrogen-like Ar17+
Excitation of n=1(1s) electron to n=2 states

RCE17+

Energy levels of hydrogen-like system
391 MeV/u H-like Ar17+
1s → 2p2p3/24.82 eV2s
2p1/2
2E1(M1)E1
E13318.2 eV

1s
1.15 eV

1s Lamb shift3323.0 eV

3D-RCE conditions

E trans = hν k,l,n (θ, φ )So many resonance conditions in random incidence !

f [deg]€q [deg]electronic excitation process
ionization

Observation Methods
n=2resonant coherent
excitation

de-excitation
emitting photon ionization

1s
resonant coherent
de-excitation

Scanning the crystal angle with respect to the beam,
charge state distribution of ions are monitoredelectronic excitation processionization

Observation Methods
n=2resonant coherent
excitation

de-excitation
emitting photon ionization

1s
resonant coherent
de-excitation

Scanning the crystal angle with respect to the beam,
de-excitation X-ray yields are monitoredexperimental set up
scan:
incident angle θobservation:
x-ray yields
charge state distribution

2D PSD

Si crystal

Si(Li) x-ray detectorq

Ar Kαf@ HIMAC
416 MeV/u Ar16+

x-ray spectrum

3D-RCE resonance profile
391MeV/u H-like Ar17+
φ=0
φ=0.1
φ=0.08φ=0.06
φ=0.05φ=0.04φ=0.03
φ=0.02φ=0.012φ=0.007channeling critical angle
planar channling（quasi-channeling）

oscillating field by crystal periodic fieldg321

Pol.
ionFreq.

Multi-color Light
Linearly-polarized Light

g: reciprocal vector

PLANE WAVE
No trajectory-dependence

real photonhn

RCE photonhnexperimental setup
Si(Li) Vertical@HIMAC, NIRS

Si(Li) Horizontal

xzyanisotropic x-ray emission depending on polarization
He-like Ar16+ ions (1P): Large anisotropy !
X-ray detector(Vertical)

xreflecting
polarization directionof oscillating fieldsyX-ray detector(Horizontal)zdouble resonance / 3D-RCE
Simultaneously, 2 oscillating fields of different
frequencies are applied for 2 transitions(k,l,m)= (1,-1,2)(k,l,m)= (0, 0, 2)

x,y,zxxzy

XFEL in Japan
SACLA
1-10keV XFELSOR: Spring-825eV proto-type FEL
40-150eV FELDouble resonance: dressed-atom picture
Consider L system (3 level atom ):Si crystal
1s2p

Ar16+|3>(0,0,2) coupling wc
1s2s|2>(1,-1,2) probe wp
1s2|1>

2s-2p: for coupling
1s-2p: for probeAvoided level crossing (charge state)

21P

hdc

Coupling
21S

Probe

11S

f(fix)q(scan)probe freq. q(scan)

Avoided level crossing (charge state)

Equiv.P= 2.5x1016W/cm2

hW0 = 3.27 eV
Rabi frequency = 8.2 x1014 Hz

coupling freq. f(fix)Asymmetric doublets
dressed state
11+ = cosθ S + sinθ P− = −sinθ 1S + cosθ 1 P
|+〉

|-〉

Periodic potential of (k,l,m)=(0,0,2)

v

xz
y

Electron density

Oscillation of wave functions at frequency of coupling fieldAsymmetric doublets
|+ 〉

|-〉

low electron density
in the neighborhood of
atomic planes

high electron density
in the neighborhood of
atomic planes

ionization：decrease⇩deexcitation: increase⇧ionization： increase ⇧deexitation: decrease ⇩HIMAC: heavy ion medical accelerator
Ion beams at HIMAC are fast and heavy.
Are they “quantum beam” ? Yes !
heavy ions are described by the plane-wave,
and experience diffraction by a crystal.

inelastic ion diffraction
Can we observe diffraction of high-energy heavy ions ?

inelastic ion diffraction
Can we observe diffraction of high-energy heavy ions ?
70% of the speed of light and 40Ar
de Broglie wave length of the ion : 10-17 m
crystal periodicity : 10-10 m

diffraction angle : 10-7 rad…. hard to be detected !

RCE: inelastic ion diﬀraction with internal excitation
with a momentum transfer hg

Using the high-energy heavy ions,in the day-time of the week days, medical doctors enjoy cancer therapy
in the night and the week end, physisists enjoy quantum physics.
Physics and Medical Science coexist happily .

Two lessons

Lesson I : Physics and Medical Science
Lesson II : Interdisciplinary Science
astrophysics vs atomic physics

Jan. 31, 2017 RIKEN

Grand-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2018-2022)

Toward new frontiers :Encounter and synergy of state-of-the-art astronomical detectors
and exotic quantum beams

Area manager : T. Takahashi (髙橋忠幸)
宇宙観測検出器と量子ビームの出会い。
新たな応用への架け橋。

新学術領域研究 (2018-2022)- 原子物理から高精度3D非破壊元素分析まで。 -Encounter and Synergy of different fields
J-PARCASTRO-H(Hitomi)

×muonQuantum beamState-of-the-art
astronomicaldetectors

CdTeto break barriers between disciplinesTES

μ- (J-PARC)e- (JLAB etc.)
RI (RIKEN)

Superconducting Transition-Edge-Sensor (TES) calorimeterTransition-Edge-Sensor microcalorimeter
Microcalorimetertiny thermometer

X-ray

measuring temperature risewhen x-rays are absorbed in a material(superconduc8ng state)

AMO Physics and Astrophysics
X-ray satellite HITOMIElectronic spectra of atoms (Fe)clarified“Gentle” Winds of a Galaxy Cluster

The Hitomi collaboration
Nature 535, 117–121 (2016)

X rays fromHighly charged Fe ions

intense muon beam at J-PARC
another quantum beam

Muonic AtomZ+
nucleusµ-Muonic Atom
negative muon = “Heavy“ electroncompared with normal atoms;- a Bohr radius: 207 times smaller- transition energies: 207 times larger- muonic X-ray energies: 207 times largercf.
H atom 1s-2p 122nm = 10eVvs.
muonic hydrogen = 2keV

Z+
nucleusµ-Bohr model : muonic atom vs highly charged ion

Umuonic Ne n=1 ofe ionsgrahcyghlH-like hi

Bound State QED under strong ﬁeld(Quantum ElectroDynamics)

Bound State QED (Quantum ElectroDynamics)

Self Energy (SE)muonic atom

Vacuum Polariza=on (VP)

VP > SEmuon and electron dynamics in muonic atomMuonic Atommuonic x-raymuonNe gas

Members: total 26 researchers from different fields
from Atomic Physics, Nuclear Physics, Astro Physics, Muon Physics

Members: total 26 researchers from different fields
from Atomic physics, Nuclear Physics, Astro Physics, Muon Physics

核原
核

原

原

核

ミ

宇
原

宇
宇

核

ミ

核
宇宇ミ
ミ

10 min. measurement setup (present version)

But the story never ends…
more interdisciplenary ﬁnding

Muonic Atom!!
ytipidnSere????? x-raymuon

Cu / Femetal foil

SPARC-WS, 2013.Oct.28., Jenaelectronic x rays from muonic atom

red: negative muon
white: electronX ray energy spectrum for negative muon / Featomic number
Fe: 26
Mn: 25

20.5 MeV/c negative muon

muonicelectronic?
electronic
electronic
electronic?

Muonic AtomFor electron,nucleus is screened bynegative muon

Z-1

207 x

X ray energy spectrum for negative muon / Featomic number
Fe: 26
Mn: 25

20.5 MeV/c negative muon

muonicelectronic
electronic

electronicelectronic
electronic
electronic

electronicmuon and electron dynamics in muonic atommuon and electron dynamics in muonic atom
negative muon

Fe metal
Side feeding

valence band4s
3d3pn=25

3s
n=15
2p
n= 7KaX-ray emission

2s
1s

muon and electron dynamics in muonic atom
negative muon

Fe metal
Side feeding

valence band
4s
3d3p

n=25

3s
n=15
2p
n= 7

Ka satellite
X-ray emission

2s
1s

L-holesmuon and electron dynamics in muonic atom
negative muon

Fe metal
Side feeding

valence band4s
3d3pn=253sn=152p
n= 7

Kb satellite
X-ray emission

2s1sL-holesmuon and electron dynamics in muonic atom
negative muon

Fe metal
Side feeding

valence band
4s
3d3p

n=25

3s
n=152pn= 7

Ka hyper-satellite
X-ray emission

2s1s2 K-holesMuonic Atom
Screening is reduced
when negative muon isaway from nucleus

Z-0.?

207 x

Muonic Atom
Screened also by otherbound electrons(screening is reduced forsmaller number of boundelectrons)

Z-0.?

207 x

energy levels of electron K X-ray lines of µFe

n: muon statemuon stataes ~ 30,000( shown only fot the case of l = n-1 )We understand levels, and dynamics are simutatedSimulation of muon cascade process
Assuming an unchanged number of M-shellelectrons.
Infinitely fast M-shell refilling from metal band
Muon orbital: 𝑛" ′"Muonorbital: 𝑛" ′X-ray emission
Electronic Auger: 𝑛!" , 𝑙!": 𝑛!" , 𝑙!"

LLKK

Γ! (𝑛# ′, 𝑙# ′)𝑛! > 𝑛"Γ$ (𝑛# ′, 𝑙#% ): 𝑛! , 𝑙!

: 𝑛! , 𝑙!

: 𝑛! , 𝑙!

LLLKKK

X-ray emission
Electronic Augersimulated dynamics of energy distribution of K X-rays
Dynamics in 10 fs !

comparison: experimental data vs simulation
side-feeding
ΓMSummary from two lessons

Lesson I : Physics and Medical Science
Lesson II : Interdisciplinary Science
astrophysics vs atomic physics

We can find something new and excitingby encounter of different fields of scienceJan. 31, 2017 RIKEN