平成 23 年度

大学院博士 (前期) 課程入学者選抜学力試験

英語［90 分］注 意 事 項

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I Reading Comprehension
Read the article below and answer the following questions.（配点 60 点）

Developing entrepreneurs[注 1] : a conﬂicting paradox in Japan
The Wall Street Journal[1] recently reported the story of an American high school
student, Diane Keng, who by day, attends school classes, in the afternoon practices
badminton in her school club, and in between eating and sleeping has launchedthree Internet companies, the latest being MyWeboo.com. Keng said that her age,her gender, and her lack of experience do not deter her from “going after what shewants.”
How diﬀerent this is to the experience of students in Japan.
The World Economic Forum’s annual Global Information Technology Report is
the world’s most comprehensive[注 2] and authoritative[注 3] international assessmentof the impact of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) on the development process and the competitiveness of nations. It covers 133 economies
worldwide. The Report lists Japan as 21st , behind Singapore (1), Hong Kong (8),Taiwan (11), and South Korea (15). The U.S. and the United Kingdom ranked 5thand 13th , respectively.[2]Japan, however, fared much better in the Global Competitiveness Report, placing
8th , with Singapore (3) as the only other Asian country outperforming ⃝1 it on thescale. Simply put, competitive economies are those that have in place factors thatdrive the productivity enhancements[注 4] on which their present and future prosperity is built. Japan scored exceptionally well, either ﬁrst or second, on such measures
as capacity for innovation, company spending on research and development (R&D),
availability of scientists and utility patents.[3][注 1]

企業家，起業家
広範囲にわたる；多くのものを含む，包括的な[注 3]〈資料・方法などが〉権威ある，信頼できる[注 4]
高めること，強化すること[注 2]— 1 —⃝
2 Ironically, Japan did not perform so well across all measures for technologicalreadiness, apart from technology absorption[注 5] , which was ranked 2nd . The ability
for an economy to adopt existing technologies to enhance the productivity of its
industries in today’s globalized world has increasingly become an important element if societies are to compete and prosper. In particular, ICTs have evolved into
“general purpose tools” facilitating important and necessary crossovers into otherareas in society. Therefore, access to and usage of ICT are essential components
of an economy’s overall level of technological readiness. In this context, the levelof technology available to ﬁrms in a country needs to be distinguished from thecountry’s ability to innovate and expand the frontiers of knowledge.
Japan also received a mediocre[注 6] ranking on higher education and training, with
the quality of education being ranked 31st , and quality of math and science at
25th on the global scale. Quality higher education and training is also crucial for
economies that want to move up the value chain beyond simple production of products. Today it is necessary that societies nurture[注 7] the well-educated workers whoare able to adapt rapidly to their changing environment.
Notwithstanding, overall, Japan remained relatively stable (7th to 8th ), mainly because Japan continues to enjoy a major competitive edge in the areas of businesssophistication and innovation at the company level. Furthermore, Japan beneﬁts
from the strong availability of scientists and engineers and high company spending
on R&D (2nd on both measures).
What can we make of this conﬂicting situation? On the one hand Japan’s capacity
for innovation ranks ⃝3 second to none, and yet the education and technologicalmeasures that can enhance the innovation are not performing as well. Althoughmany questions could additionally be asked as to why innovation is not trickling up
or down the societal chain, the data seems to support the evidence that innovation
is not encouraged in formal educational practices in Japan.

[注 5]

吸収；統合，併合，同化並みの，可もなく不可もない，二流の[注 7]〈成長期の青少年などを〉育てる，養育する；〈人を〉育成する；〈計画などを〉助成する；〈感情などを〉はぐくむ
[注 6]

— 2 —

⃝
4 Japan needs to address[注 8] the shortcomings on the technological and educational
measures if it is to keep its strong position on competitiveness measures[注 9] in thefuture. Ninety to ninety-ﬁve percent of all new products fail, so “it is importantthat students must focus on doing their research and solving a real consumer need.”
Education can help to develop the entrepreneurial spirit. However, developing anentrepreneurial mentality is diﬀerent from traditional school activities like clubs orfestivals. Those activities have a role, but “there needs to be a place for those kids
who are entrepreneurs and are a little bit eccentric and who are willing to push theenvelope... If they’re going to fail, they might as well fail when they are young.” [4][1] G. A. Fowler, Teenage Entrepreneurs, The Wall Street Journal, May 11th,2010,
http://ﬁnance.yahoo.com/career-work/article/109472/teenage-entrepreneurs?mod=career-work[2] The Global Information Technology Report,
http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Information%20Technology%20Report/index.htm[3] The Global Competitiveness Report,
http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm[4] C. Schmidt, quoted in [1]

[注 8]
[注 9]

〈問題などに〉取り組む，解決のために努力する
基準，尺度，判断の手がかり；行動，処置；方策，手段— 3 —問 1 What does ⃝1 it refer to? Choose the best answer from the following.
（配点 3 点）（A） the workplace environment（B） Global Competitiveness Report（C） Japan（D） all of the above
問 2 What does ⃝2 ironically suggest in the context of the text? Choose the bestanswer from the following. （配点 4 点）（A） it is no surprise that Japan ranked well on both reports（B） it is a surprise that Japan’s ranking for technological readiness was low（C） it is no surprise that Japan’s ranking for technology was higher than

expected（D） it is a surprise that Japan ranked second for its technology innovation
問 3 What does ⃝3 second to none refer to and mean in the context of thearticle? Choose the best answer from the following:（配点 3 点）
（A） Japan’s capacity for innovation is the best（B） Japan’s capacity for innovation is the second best（C） Japan’s education and technological measures are best（D） Japan’s education and technological measures are second best
問 4 What seems to be the main goal of this article? Choose the best answerfrom the following:（配点 5 点）
（A） To improve Japan’s ranking on the Global Information Technology Report（B） To improve Japan’s ranking over other Asian countries（C） To prove that Japanese students are not as good as American students（D） To highlight the need to change educational practices— 4 —問 5 What conﬂicting dichotomy or dichotomies[注 10] is/are presented in the ar-ticle? Choose the best answer from the following. （配点 5 点）
（A） Japan ranked well on global competitiveness but performed poorly on tech-nology and educational measures.
（B） Japan ranked well for innovation at the company level but there is littleevidence that entrepreneurial practices were being encouraged in education.
（C） Japan ranked poorly on educational quality and technology measures but

still maintained its relative overall ranking in 2009.
（D） All of the above.
問 6 Judge true or false for each statement below, according to the text.
（配点 20 点）（A） From the data provided in the text, the Global Information Technology

Report ranked the United Kingdom ahead of Taiwan but behind SouthKorea.
（B） Japan maintained its competitive edge because of the innovation takingplace in higher education.
（C） Quality higher education is a necessary factor if countries want to moveaway from a product production-reliant based economy.
（D） Countries that adopt existing technologies to improve productivity increase

their potential to compete and prosper in the global market.
問 7 Translate the underlined sentence ⃝4 into Japanese. （配点 20 点）[注 10]

2 分，2 分法 [論]— 5 —II Academic Skills
Using the article and the following data, answer the question below.（配点 40 点）

著作権保護のため図表（“The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010⃝
C 2009 WorldEconomic Forum” の 2.1: Country/Economy Proﬁles の Japan）

は省略してあります（http://gcr.weforum.org/gcr09/より）

Analyze Japan’s global competitiveness and its potential to be a more eﬀective andcompetitive economy in the future. Write your answer in English within 90-120
words.

問題は，このページで終りである．
[注 11][注 12]〈道路・鉄道などの〉基幹施設，インフラストラクチャー；〈経済〉基盤効率的な働き〈をする能力〉；能率— 6 —