Japanese Water Quality Target andTotal Pollutant Load Control System(TPLCS)
September, 2011
WEPA International Workshop

Nobuo Yoshida
Director, Water Environment Division
Environment Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, JapanContents

1. Water Quality Standard andWater Pollution Control Law
2. Total Pollutant Load Control System (TPLCS)

3. The Great East Japan Earthquake

Ministry of the Environment21

1. WATER QUALITY STANDARD AND
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL LAW

Ministry of the Environment

3

Water Quality Standards (EQS)
Water Quality
Standards (EQS)

Water Pollution
Toxic substance
Mercury,Mercury Arsenic,ArsenicChlorinated organic compound,etc

Organic Pollution etc
Dirtiness and muddiness of water

Effect on people（Drinking/seafood intake）
Effect on
aquatic life

Health Item
Nationally uniform27 substances designatedMonitored substances(No standards for them, butneeded to collect scientific data)

BOD/COD, DO, SS etc

Living Environment
Itemte

Nutrient salts

Designed to conserve theproperties as well as thefauna and flora closely
related to the living of people

Causality of eutrophication
Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Ministry of the Environment

Set targets by categorizing
into classes in accordancewith water bodies
42

Items of Environmental Quality Standard for Water Pollution
Health items

Item
1,1,1‐trichloroethane
1,1,1‐
1,1,2‐‐trichloroethane
1,1,2
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
1,3‐‐dichloropropene
1,3Thiuram
Simazine
Thiobencarb
BenzeneSeleniumStandard Value
1 mg/L or less0.006 mg/L or less0.03 mg/L or less0.01 mg/L or less0.002 mg/L or less0.006 mg/L or less0.003 mg/L or less0.02 mg/L or less0.01 mg/L or less0.01 mg/L or less
10 mg/L or less
0.8 mg/L or less1 mg/L or less
0.05mg/ or less
Sea Area‐ 2 ‐ 8 mg/L
7.0 ‐ 8.3‐
2‐7.5 mg/L 

Item
Cadmium
Total cyanide
LeadHexavalent chromium
Arsenic
Total mercuryy
Alkylmercury
PCB
Dichloromethane
Carbon tetrachloride
1,2‐‐dichloroethane
1,2
1,1‐‐dichloroethylene
1,1Cis‐‐1,2Cis
1,2‐‐dichloroethylene

Standard Value
0.01 mg/L or lessUndetected
0.01 mg/L or less0.05 mg/L or less0.01 mg/L or lessg/ or less
0.0005 mg/L
Undetected
Undetected
0.02 mg/L or less0.002 mg/L or less0.004 mg/L or less0.02 mg/L or less0.04 mg/L or less

Living environment itemsRiver 1 ‐ 10 mg/L‐
6.0 ‐ 8.5
 25 ‐ 100 mg/L etc.
2‐7.5 mg/L Lake‐ 1 ‐ 8 mg/L
6.0 ‐ 8.5
 1 ‐ 15 mg/L etc.
2‐7.5 mg/L  50 ‐ 5,000 MPN/100 mL

 50 ‐ 1,000 MPN/100 mL

 1,000 MPN/100 mL‐‐‐
 0.03 mg/L‐
 0.1 ‐ 1 mg/L
 0.005 ‐ 0.1 mg/L
 0.03 mg/L

Undetected.
 0.2 ‐ 1 mg/L
 0.02 ‐ 0.09 mg/L
 0.01 ‐ 0.02 mg/LBOD
CODpHSSDO
Coliform bacteria
count
N‐hexane extracts
Total nitrogen
Total phosphorous
Ministry of the Environment
All zincNitrate nitrogen & Nitrite nitrogen

FluorideBoron
1,4‐Dioxane

How the Water Pollution Control Law WorksNationwide regulationss o factories
or commercial fa
acilities

Pre‐regulation

Regular
Regulation

Emergency
MeasuresReport installation or
g of specified
pchangefacilityy

Order toChange Plans

On‐site inspections & Reports collected

Order remedy
Order suspension

Measure and log pollution status of effluent
PenaltyEffluent regulations
Prohibition of water containing substancesclassified as toxins infiltrating into groundwater

Order to take measuresrelated to purification

Water Pollution due to abnormalg , etc
water shortage,

Order to takeemergency measures

Emergency measures & report of accidents

Order to takeemergency measures

Water Quality Monitoring Measurement Program
At Public Water Areaby prefectural government

Implementation of regular monitoring
Announcement of monitoring results

Domestic Water
Control

Designation of important areas
by prefectural government

Establishment of plan for promotion of implementationof domestic wastewater measures by municipalitiesTotalpollutantloadcontrolThe government’s “Fundamental Policyfor Reduction of Total Pollution Loadinenclosedcoastalseas

Establishment of “Plan for Reduction of Total Pollution Load”
by prefectural governments and regulations

Ministry of the Environment63

2. TOTAL POLLUTANT LOADCONTROL SYSTEMS (TPLCS)

Ministry of the Environment

7What is TPLCS for Enclosed Coastal Seas?
Concentration of Industry and Large Population
Industrial Discharge

Increased
Pollutant
Sediment
degradation

Increased
Activities
Household Discharge Water Pollution Control Law, The law
Concerning Special Measures forConservation of the Environment of the
Seto Inland Sea (Enacted in 1978) A systems stem in order to prevent
pre ent waterater pollution
poll tionof enclosed coastal seas, where populationand industries are concentrated.
Agricultural Discharge

Loss of Fishery, aquaculture,
sea-lane, etc.

TPLC Area of Japan

Seto Inland Sea

Hyougo Kyoto
Okayama
Osaka
Hiroshima

Yamaguchi

NaraKagawa
Tokushima

Fukuoka

Ehime

Hokkaido

Tokyo Bay

Wakayama

Ooita
Saitama
Sata aH
HonsyuOsakaTokyoTokyo

Chiba

Kanagawa

SikokuKyusyuIse Baynote
Boundary ofPrefecture

Photo: Mass mortality of Yellow-tailby Red Tide (Kagawa prefecture)

Ministry of the Environment

Boundary ofTPLCS Area

Gifu

Okinawa

AichiMie884

Outline of TPLCSTPLCS Policy （Minister of the Environment）•Water Pollution Control Law Article 4.2•Hearing to the Prefectural Governors•Consult to Conference on Environmental
Pollution Control

Basic matters regarding to
reduction schedule,reduction amount, etc.

Total Pollutant Load Reduction Plan
Reduction method andamount for each sources• Water Pollution Control Law Article 4.2• Minister’s agreement with an advise ofConference on Environmental Pollution Control(households, industrial, & others)

Standards of Regulation

Reduction Guidance

Project Execution• Maximum Allowable Loading= Concentration
×Volume of specified effluent• Guidance for small size
and unregulatedfacilities.
• Guidance for agriculture
and livestock industry• Maintain the Sewerage
and Johkaso system.

(for specified facilities that’s
daily volume of effluent ismore than 50m3)• Sophistication projectof Sewage Treatment.

Ministry of the Environment

9

Pollutant Load Reduction from Inland
Targetyear
FY1984

Target
Items
ＣＯＤ

2nd

1987.1

FY1989ＣＯＤ

3rd1991.1

FY1994

1,012

1,000

ＣＯＤM Load （ton/Day）

1stBasic
Policy1979.6

ＣＯＤ

95

OthersIndustrial Discharges
Household Discharges

800

89 83882 746400

1996.4

FY1999ＣＯＤ

5th

2001.12FY2004COD, N, P

200

6th

2006.11

FY2009COD, N, P

07th

2011.6FY2014COD, N, P

72 672

429

67

367

600

4th

Seto Inland Sea

900356477
38 413Ise Bay

Tokyo Bay115 40 355
83 36 286
76 30 247
211
59 28
183 177
52 25
42 23 22324 290
36 36
243
197 167
144 124 119'79 '84 '89 '94 '99 '04 '09 '14561
55309
286

468 472
54 56245

307
286 27237 352462213429186
119 101
97 83 27 22 158 146
76
65 20 1957 56
151 150 141 134 118
99 81 71

193 215488'79 '84 '89 '94 '99 '04 '09 '14444

400 365319

261 221201'79 '84 '89 '94 '99 '04 '09 '14

Pollutant Load (CODMn )Remarks : ‘14 values = Target Amount666

T‐N Load （ton/day）Industrial Discharges
600

300

233

100

221

Ise Bay

333 3196496

200

226 232

Tokyo Bay
364
6764

82 72

280
5550

201 187 183 175

49 208185 18141 43
37 38
2926 25136 122 118

0'79 '84 '89 '94 '99 '04 '09‘14'14

188 185

168 161476
433 440200249 225 223

254

164

Remarks : ‘14 values = Target Amount195 191

259
19111714395 111

129 118115
54 51
52 49 42 39
49 49
29 2622 22
69 73 64 64 60 52 47 44

189 188 201 205 184'79 '84 '89 '94 '99 '04 '09 ‘14'14'79 '84 '89 '94 '99 '04 '09 ‘14'1466 63

62 58

Pollutant Load (N)Ministry of the Environment

63

othersIndustrial Discharges
Household Discharges

60
596

228

400

639

656

Household Discharges

500

70

Seto Inland Sea
697

others700

T‐P Load （ton/day）

800

50

1340
302010159 143 138

Seto Inland Sea
474341Tokyo Bay

720 12Ise Bay30
106 26 23216655 4 4 15
4 3 13 1225
2 3 2
1 118 1514 14
10 9 90'79 '84 '89 '94 '99 '04 '09‘14'14

20

14 13 13

19 1715
7 65 11 9
7 5 5 4 33 2310 7
6 6 7 5 47711 31

1624841 40

12 11830
9234'79 '84 '89 '94 '99 '04 '09 ‘14'14

10

19 17 17 16

28 27
10 10
7 712 11 11'79 '84 '89 '94 '99 '04 '09‘14'14

Pollutant Load (P)105ＣＯＤ

100
9080
7060
50
40
30
20
100N・P窒素・りん
74%
72%
67%
56%

Tokyo
東京湾BayIse Bay
伊勢湾
Seto Inland Sea
瀬戸内海（大阪湾除く）

Osaka
大阪湾BayS49 S51 S53 S55 S57 S59 S61 S63 H２ H４ H６ H８ H10 H12 H14 H16 H18 H20
年 度

EQS Achiev
vement Ratio(%)
環境基基準達成率（ ％）環境基基準達成率（ ％）(%)EQS Achiev
vement Ratio

Achievement rate of EQS and Transition of Red‐Tide incident
10090807060
5040302010097%
86%
67%
50%

Tokyo 東京湾
BayOsaka大阪湾
BayIse Bay
伊勢湾
瀬戸内海（大阪湾除く）
Seto Inland Sea

H７ H８ H９ H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 H20年 度（注）窒素とりんともに環境基準を満足している際に達成とした

Source: Ministry of the Environment
400

Nunber of Red Tide Occcurences

InterimTPLCS startTokyo BayIse Bay

300

Seto Inland Sea
200

100

0'70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06
Year

1982～1984 av.

Number of Red Tide Occurrences
Ministry of the Environment

2006～2008 av.

CODMn Distribution (Tokyo Bay)

11

Project aimed to support Implementation of TPLCS in Asia
Serious water pollution problems in Asia
To improve the water quality

Introduce and Implement the TPLCS
2009～2010 Japan-China collaborative researchon the TPLCS ( N, P )Development of the Guidance for Implementing the TPLCS

Promoting the application to Asian country

Ministry of the Environment126

３．THE GREAT EAST JAPAN
EARTHQUAKEMinistry of the Environment

13

Overview of the Earthquake Mar 11 2011 14:46
 Epicenter:
the Pacific Ocean near Japan
 Magnitude
i d 9.090
 Big shake measured
throughout Japan
LegendIntensity 7
Intensity 6upper
Intensity 6lower
Intensity 5
upper
Intensity 5lower
Intensity 4
Intensity 3
Intensity 2
Intensity 1

Distribution of seismic intensity

Ministry of the Environment

Inside the MoE following the quake

147

Overview of Tsunami
 Observed Tsunami
over 9.3 meters high (at maximum)
 561 kmk 2 flooded
fl d dBefore and after Tsunami（Sendai-city,Miyagi Prefecture）
Ministry of the Environment

A ship run onto the ground（Kesennuma-city, Miyagi Prefecture）

15

The Damages（Otsuchi Town, Iwate）（Miyagi）

Ministry of the Environment

 The dead: The missing:Total:

15,7694,227
19,996

 The injured: Evacuees:

5,929
82,945（As of Sep 6 2011）（Iwaki City, Fukushima）

168

Major Effects
 Lifeline tremendously damaged(electricity, gas, water etc.)

the plannedevacuation zone

 Transportation was largely crippled
 Many areas became isolated
 Widespread tsunami damage
in many areas

the emergency
evacuation
preparation zone

The evacuation zone Damages
g on the nuclear
power plant
Great unprecedented
and complex disaster

The evacuation zone, the planned evacuation zone andthe emergency evacuation preparation zone
surrounding the Fukushima No.1 nuclear power plant

Ministry of the Environment

17

Toward Reconstruction
Catastrophic situation due to the effects of theearthquakes, tsunami

Make best efforts to help victims returnto their normal lives• Reconstruction of lifelines and infrastructure• Assistance to rehabilitate the lives of the victims• Measures against disaster waste• Decontamination
Ministry of the Environment

189