The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA )International Workshop

Existing Challenge in
Domestic Wastewater
Treatment in WEPA Countries
Tetsuo Kuyama
Researcher, Freshwater Subgroup/NRM
Institute for Global Environment Strategies (IGES)

The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Contents

1. Background of WEPA project
2. Current situation and existing challenges ofdomestic wastewater treatment in WEPA
countries
3. Focus points for Today’s Workshop

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

22 Sep 2011 The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

21The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

WEPA (Water Environment Partnership in Asia)
WEPA aims to p
promote ggood ggovernance in water environment
management by providing, sharing and discussing necessary
information and knowledge of water environment management in theAsian region through the activities.
Three Main Themes of WEPA
1)Domestic Wastewater Treatment2)Climate Change and Water Environment3)Water Environmental GovernanceTetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

22 Sep 2011 The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

3The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

WEPA Partner Countries
WEPA has Partners in 13 Asian Countries
1. Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka)
2. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (Nepal)
3. Japan (Japan)
4. Kingdom of Cambodia (Cambodia)
5. Kingdom of Thailand (Thailand)
6. Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)
7. Malaysia (Malaysia)
8 People's
8.
P
l ' RepublicRbli off Chi
China (Chi(China))
9. Republic of Indonesia (Indonesia)
10. Republic of Korea (Republic of Korea)
11. Republic of the Philippines (Philippines)
12. Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (Viet Nam)
13. Union of Myanmar (Myanmar)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Past Activities on Domestic Wastewater Treatment
FY2009 Workshop in Hanoi
 Current situation and issues on domestic wastewater treatment
in capital city was shared

FY2010 Questionnaire Survey
 Review of national policy for domestic wastewater treatment
 Hot spot identification
 Good practice on domestic wastewater management (mainlysingle project-level of practice)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

22 Sep 2011 The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

BOD Pollution Source by Sector in Selected WEPACountries/Areas
100%

Others% of BOD Load80%

Industrial
Domestic

60%

40%

20%

0%
Japan
Korea
[Tokyobay/Tokyo] [Han River and(2004)
Paldang
reservoir/Seoul]

Malaysia(2007)

China(2007)

Thailand(2006)

Indonesia[Brantas RiverBasin/East Java](1994)

Phillippine(1998‐2000)

Vietnam[DongNai
River/HCMC](2005)County[area](Year)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Methodologies of Domestic Wastewater Treatment
in WEPA countries
Treatment MethodologiesgCategory

Anaerobic/
Aerobic

No Treatment―On-site

Off-site/Centralized

Discharge fromhouseholdSewerage without
treatment facility

Treatment of Only
Back Water

Anaerobic

Septic tankCommunity septic tank

Aerobic

Individual night soil
treatment tank

Septict tank + Septage
planttreatment p

Treatment of Both
Black and GreyWaterAnaerobic

Septic tank

Sewerage treatment
plant (Anaerobic)

Aerobic

Individual seweragetreatment tank

Sewerage treatment
plant (Aerobic)

Typical Treatment Methodologies identified in Asian Cities
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

22 Sep 2011 The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Septic Tank in WEPA countries
Septic Tank Coverage Ratio
Vietnam (2008)
National Average: 41 %Urban Area: 79%, Rural Area: 26%

Philippine (2010)
Manila: 71%

Sri Lanka (Year unknown)
Kandy: 87%
Septic Tank in China
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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1008060
Sewerage Treatment(Black Water and GreyWater)

4020

No data

NepaalSri Lankaa

Myanmmaar

Lao PDRR

Vietnamm

Cambodi a

Indonesia (177)Thailand(900)Phillippine(377)

China(2738))*

Korea（357）

Malaysia (5,2222)

0Japan（78677)

Sewerafe Treatment Coverage (%)

Sewerage Treatment Coverage Ratio in WEPAcountries* Chinese data is onlyfor urban area

Country (Number of Sewerage Treatment Plant)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Sewerage Treatment Facility in WEPA countries

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

ThailandPhilippine(Suburban area)(Manila)NepalChina(Kathmandu)(Chongqing)
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National Plan and Legal System on Domestic Wastewater
Treatment in WEPA countries
CountryJapanNational Plan

Law/Regulation• Basic Policy for Preparation of Local Prefectural Governments
Governments’ Vision• Sewerage Service Act
of Domestic Wastewater Treatment• Private Sewerage System Act• Integrated Development Plan of River-basin Sewerage SystemKorea• 4 River Restoration Project• Sewerage Act

Malaysia• National Sewerage Development PlanChina• National Five- Year Plan of Environmental ProtectionThailand• Domestic Wastewater Management Plan

• Sewerage Services Act• Law of the People's Republic ofChina on Prevention and Control ofWater Pollution• TheEnhancementandConservationofNational
Environmental Quality Act, B.E.2535• Domestic Wastewater Law (UnderPreparation)• Clean Water ActIndonesia• National Domestic Wastewater Management Development Plan

Philippine• National Program on Sewerage and Septage Management• Development Policy and Vision of Wastewater Management andSewerage(Development Policy until 2025 and Vision until 2050)• Law on Environmental Protection• Master Plan for Environment Protection in Three River Basins

Vietnam
CambodiaNepal
Sri Lanka
LaosMyanmar
Tetsuo Kuyama(Bagmati Action Plan)(Greater Colombo Wastewater Management Project)

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Current Issues of Domestic Wastewater Treatment
in WEPA countries
Plan of domestic wastewater treatment has been alreadyprepared in most of WEPA countries/cities except countries/cities
without serious water quality degradation. However, many WEPA
countries/cities have difficulties in implementation of the plan.

1)I1)Issues
i area uncoveredind byb sewerage treatment
t tt2)Issues on development of sewerage treatment plant3)Issues on operation of sewerage treatment plant

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Issues in Area uncovered by Sewerage Treatment
In the most of urban area without access to sewerage treatment, domestic
wastewater (only black water) is treated by individual septic tank.
tank However,
However
there is difficulties in treatment of septic tank such as improper installment of
septic tank. In addition, grey water untreated by septic tank has negative
impact to water environment.
Reported from Indonesia, Thailand, Philippine and Vietnam (HCMC)
Sanitary Condition in HCMC (1997)
Toilet inponds
8%

No sanitary unknwon
9%facilities
5%

Sludge pit
0%
Improperseptic tank
25%

Proper septictank
53%
Source: Preventive
Public HealthCenter, 1997

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

22 Sep 2011 The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Issues on Development of Sewerage Treatment
Plant
Sewerage treatment plants are planed to be developed especially in the urban
area, butb t many countries/cities
t i / iti havehdiffi lti indifficulties
i theth construction
t ti phase.
h100
80
60
Sewerage Treatment(Black Water and GreyWater)

40
20

No data
Nepal

Sri Lanka

Lao PDR

MyanmmarVietnam

Cambodia

Indonesia (17)Thailand(90)Phillippine(37)China(2738)*

Malaysia (5,222)

Japan（7867)

0Korea（357）

Sewerafe Tre
eatment Coverage (%)

Sewerage Treatment Ratio in WEPA countries* Chinese data is onlyfor urban area

Country (Number of Sewerage Treatment Plant)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

22 Sep 2011 The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Issues on Operation of Sewerage Treatment Plant
There are some difficulties in operation of constructed sewerage treatment
plants such as less household connections than designed ones, and no fee
collection from households.
Reported from Indonesia and Thailand% of actual inflow/deesign capacity

Percentage of Actual Inflow to Treatment Capacity of Plants in Indonesia (2011)
10080gNational Average:

604046％200Source: Ministry ofPublic Work (2011)
Swerage Treatment Facility

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

22 Sep 2011 The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

How to improve the domestic wastewater treatment?
-Typical Pathway
Pathway-Treatment Methodologies
gCategoryAnaerobic/Aerobic

No Treatment―On-site

Off-site/Centralized

Discharge fromhouseholdSewerage without
treatment facility

Treatment of Only
Back Water

Anaerobic

Septic tankCommunity septic tank

Aerobic

Individual night soil
treatment tank

Septict tank + Septage
planttreatment p

Treatment of Both
Black and Grey
Water

Anaerobic

Septic tank

Sewerage treatment
plant (Anaerobic)

Aerobic

Individual seweragetreatment tank

Sewerage treatment
plant (Aerobic)

Typical Pathway to Upgrading of Treatment Methodology
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Obstacles for Upgrading to Sewerage Treatment
Plant : Financial Aspects

Source：Human Development Report 2006, UNDP
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

22 Sep 2011 The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Obstacles for Upgrading to Sewerage Treatment
Plant : Financial Situation in WEPA countries
Relationship between Sewerage Treatment Ratioand GDP per capita in WEPA countries
100Sewerage reatment Ratio(%)

JapanKorea

9080

China

70

Malaysia

60504030

Thailand2010Range of GOD per Capita inother WEPA countries

Phillippine

0Indonesia

010,000

20,00030,000GDP per Capita (USD)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

40,000*Coverage ratio of China
is only for urban area

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How to improve the domestic wastewater treatment?
-WEPA’s focuses
focuses-To share “Good Practices(Strategic/programmatic level of experience)” on domestic
wastewater treatment among WEPA countries in order to improve the situation of water
environment
Depredated
Situation ofWater
Environment
Improved
Process of Domestic Wastewater Treatment
PurposeMeasures

Tetsuo Kuyama

Solution for Public Human
Health Problem

Conservation ofWater Environment

Planning and establishment oflegal system for domestic
wastewater (black water and greywater) treatment

Treatment ofBlack Water

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Implementation of preparedplans (Treatment of blackwater and grey water)

22 Sep 2011 The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

19The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

How to improve the domestic wastewater treatment?
- WEPA’s focuses
focuses-1) Strengthen of existing sewerage treatment plant2) Alternative pathways to upgrading from septic tank to sewerage treatment
3) Alternative options to large scale of sewerage treatment plant
Treatment Methodologies
Category

Anaerobic/Aerobic

On-siteOff-site/Centralized―

Discharge from household

Sewerage without treatment
facility

No Treatment
T tTreatmentt off OnlyO lBack WaterAAnaerobicbiS ti tank
Septict kCCommunity
it septicti ttank
kAerobic

Individual night soil treatment
tank

Septict tank + Septage
treatment plant

Treatment of BothBlack and Grey
WaterAnaerobic

Septic tank

Sewerage treatment plant(Anaerobic)

Aerobic

Individual seweragetreatment tank

Sewerage treatment plant(Aerobic)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

22 Sep 2011 The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Today’s Session
Obj tiObjective
To share “Good Practice(Strategic/programmatic level ofexperience)” on domestic wastewater treatment in WEPA
countries and learn from WEPA partner’s experience
Topic 3-1:Implementation Issues in wastewater treatment
Topic 3-2: Alternative options to large scale of seweragetreatment plant

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Today’s Session (Morning)
Topic 3-1:Implementation Issues in wastewater treatment
Policy of household connection and domestic wastewater
treatment fee collection from the following countries areto be shared
1)Thailand (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment)
2)Cambodia (Ministry of Environment)
3)Republic of Korea (National Institute of Environmental Research)4)Philippine (Manila Water)5)Malaysia (KETTHA: Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Today’s Session (Afternoon)
Topic 3-2:Alternative options to large scale of seweragettreatmenttt plantl t
Alternative pathways to upgrading from individual septic tank tosewerage treatment and alternative options to large scale ofsewerage treatment plant
1) Indonesia (Department of Public Works)2)) Philippinepp ((MetropolitanpWaterworks and Sewerageg System)y)3) Vietnam (Institute of Environmental Technology)4) Thailand (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment)
5) China (Ministry of Environmental Protection)6) Japan (Ministry of the Environment)
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 3rd Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)International Workshop

Questions After the Presentations
For Presenter-Clarification on the unclear points-Uniqueness and its reason

For Audience-Policy/practice interested-Factors to be considered when thepolicy/practice in other country will beapplied in your country

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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Thank you

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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