Industrial Wastewater
Management in Indonesia
Tjandra Setiadi, Ph.D., Prof.
Center for Environmental Studies (PSLH) , Institut Teknologi Bandung,Bandung, Indonesia
tjandra@che.itb.ac.id1Outline

Facts ofIndonesia

Industries
inIndonesia

Regulatory
RegardingIndustrial
Wastewater

IssuesAddressedin WEPAWorkshop

22

FACTS OF INDONESIA

3

INDONESIA & NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES4

INDONESIA
Some facts & statistics:
 17,508 islands
 The biggest moslem country About 261,1 million inhabitants in 2016
 336 different ethnic
 500 languages & dialects lies between two oceans(Indian & Pacific) and two continents (Asia & Australia)
 West-east 5150 km, North-south 2000 km
 81% of Indonesia is sea area
 GDP per capita: USD 3,336 (2015)
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NATURAL BEAUTY OF INDONESIA

Orang Utan

Raflesia hasselti
Comodo dragon

Bird ofParadise

6

NATURAL BEAUTY OF INDONESIA

Tea Plantation

Rice Fields

7

Industrial Development in Indonesia

8The 2025 Indonesia Industry Structure99

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
8312 202025212610261233128 21620

612121196 2313 2113 1723 13125241252328926

I. MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES(Mineral, Coal, Oil & Gas, and Petrochemical)
1. Base Steel Manufacturing and Refining
2. Non Iron base Manufacturing and Refining
3. Metal Forming
4. Metal for Strategic Industries
5. Rare Metal Manufacturing and PGM
6. Petrochemical
7. Organic Chemical
8. Fertilizer
9. Salt
10. Cement
11. Synthetic Resin and Plastic Materials
12. Synthetic Rubber
13. Textile Fibre
14. Chemical Industry
15. Plastics, Rubber Processing and Products of Rubber
16. Pharmaceutical Industry and Medicine

19618 129/25/2017

10II. AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES

17.
18.
19.
20.

FoodFresheners
FeedIndustri Oleo food, Oleo chemical dan Non
Food Chemical Industry
21. Forest products and plantation
Processing

9910

III.HR & TECHNOLOGY BASED INDUSTRIES

22. Machinery
23. Textile and Apparel
24. Laboratory and Medical Device
25. Transportation
26. Leather and Footwear Industry
27. Electrical Equipment
28. Electronics and Telematics

Source: Ministry of Industry

IV. ENHANCING ROLE OF SME’S

Primarily to strengthening industrial
structure by increasing linkages
between large industry and SMEs.
LOCATION: IN ALL INDONESIA.

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THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
ON NATIONAL ECONOMYCONTRIBUTION TO GDP
Industrial sector is the biggest contributor of GDP i.e. 23,93%, with growth rate at
5,78% (BPS-Statistics Indonesia, 2014)

TOTAL INDUSTRY■ 23,941 Large and Medium Scale Industries■ 3.418.366 Micro and Small Scale Industries

JOB OPPORTUNITIESIndustrial sector employs 14,8 million manpower. Micro and small scale industry:
10,3 million (70%), middle scale: 700 thousand (5%) and large scale: 3,8 million(25%) (Ministry of Industry, 2014)
9/25/2017

Source: Ministry of Industry

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Industrial Growth Rate based on Gross
Domestic Product (in %)NoIndustry

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

1 Refinery-0.23 -5.00 -1.89 -0.13 0.92 0.53 1.25 0.53 -1.93 1.14 1.32
2 LNG
-3.22 -6.19 -1.48 -0.01 -1.30 -3.14 0.01 -2.15 -3.53 -4.26 -5.53
3 Foods, Beverage and Tobacco product 1.39 2.75 7.21 5.05 2.34 11.22 2.78 9.14 7.57 3.34 7.24
4 Clothes and Footwears
4.06 1.31 1.23 -3.68 -3.64 0.60 1.77 7.52 4.27 6.06 2.35
5 Wood and forestry-based product-2.07 -0.92 -0.66 -1.74 3.45 -1.38 -3.47 0.35 -3.14 6.18 7.33
6 Paper and Wrapping commodity
7.61 2.39 2.09 5.79 -1.48 6.34 1.67 1.40 -4.75 4.45 6.15
7 Petrochemical
9.01 8.77 4.48 5.69 4.46 1.64 4.70 3.95 10.50 2.21 1.27
8 Building Material
9.53 3.81 0.53 3.40 -1.49 -0.51 2.18 7.19 7.80 3.00 1.52
9 Metal-based product-2.61 -3.70 4.73 1.69 -2.05 -4.26 2.38 13.06 5.86 6.93 4.2110 Vehicles and heavy machinery
17.67 12.38 7.55 9.73 9.79 -2.87 10.38 6.81 7.03 10.54 6.05
11 Others
12.77 2.61 3.62 -2.82 -0.96 3.19 3.00 1.82 -1.13 -0.70 8.91

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2017

Food, clothes and petrochemical industry had a goodand stable growth rate in the recent years1212Regulatory in Industrial
Wastewater13

Policy Tools

POLICY TOOLS

Command & Control
For Medium and Big scale enterprises
Guidance / Technical Assistance
For Small scale enterprises
Effluent Standard
EIA, Economic Instrument
Permit/licencing
Compliance
Supervision,
Law Enforcement
Tecnical Guidelines/assistanceTechnical Guidelines
Dissemination
TechnicalAssistance

Public Service Facility
For Community

Public Toilet &Communal waste waterTreatment Plant
SewerageTreatment
SystemModel/piloting

Solid waste management

Partnership

Community Empowerment1414

INTEGRATED WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
Permit (licencing),supervision, law inforcement ,economic incentive, assistance

Enhancingcompliance ofmedium and big
scale enterprises

Manual&Otoma
tic

Water quality
monitoring

Public services facility, supervision ,community empowerment , partnership , assistance

Increasing the numberand effectiveness offacility for small scale
enterprises andcommunity

Strengthening
effectiveness of non point
source pollution
management

Restoration ofhydrology ,morphology andecology of water body

•Lowering of max/min discharge
rasio rate

Output: Reduction ofwater pollution load

• Decliniing of erosion andsedimentation rate

Conservation
programme:
Civil
Construction andVegetative work

•Lowering of runoff coeffecientrate
Outcome: Water Quality
Improvement

Outcome: Ecosystem Recovery

Impact: Increasing ofcommunity wellfare

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Environmental Impact Assesment (AMDAL)
AMDAL

Cement industry (via clinker
production)“Study about theimpact of anactivity to theenvironment”

Pulp and paper industry with capacity≥ 300.000 ton pulp/year
Upstream PetrochemicalIndustry

AMDALobligatorylist Industry

Decree of Ministryof Environment
no. 5/2012

Industrial Estate

Shipyard industries withgraving dock system
Propellant, ammo andexplosive industry

Every activities
that is in AMDALobligatory-list musthave an AMDAL
document

Other activities
that is not inAMDAL-obligatorylist must have anUKL-UPL document

Black tin smelting industry
Other industries that use ≥ 5
ha area (city) or ≥30 ha (rural)

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Pre-requisite for Industries
Government
Regulation no.
27/2012

AMDAL documentcompilement

Yes

Industry

Every activities that is AMDAL
or UKL-UPL-obligatory musthave an Environmental Permit
AMDAL document, based on Appendix III
Decree of Environmental Ministry no. 16/
2012, consists of:•Reference Framework (KerangkaAcuan/KA) Document•Environmental Impact Analysis
Document (ANDAL)•
Plans for Environmental
Management (RKL) and Plans forEnvironmental Monitoring (RPL)
document

AMDALObligatory?

No17

UKL-UPL
document
compilement

UKL-UPL document, based on Appendix
IV Decree of Environmental Ministry no.
16/2012

Requesting environment
permit by completing:•AMDAL/UKL-UPL
document•
Deed of Industry
Establishment•Company Profile

Environment
Permit17

Some Efforts to Support EnvironmentalFriendly Industries
Green Industry
Mentioned in Indonesian
Law no. 3/2014“Industry has to fulfill therequirement of Green
Industry Standard after it
has been fully
implemented”
There are already 8 industries
that have “Green Industry
Standards” from Ministry ofIndustry:
Portland Cement, Pulp and paper,
Ceramic tile, Textile dyeing, Milkpowder, Crumb rubber, Ribbed
smoked sheet rubber, andInorganic fertilizer

Soft Loan
ProgramFinancial help fromgovernment to support theintention to invest on waste
prevention and management
Targeting local small andmedium-sized enterprisewith assets less than Rp 10billion (excluding land andbuilding)Maximum loan of Rp 5Billion, with repayment
period of 3 – 10 years

Programme forEnvironmental
Performance Rating(PROPER)
Evaluation on complianceand performance level ofindustry beyond therequired level in regardsof waste / environmentalmanagement

Regulation regarding
PROPER programme iswritten on Decree ofMinistry ofEnvironment no.
3/201418 18

Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production(RECP)

RECP
concept

Integrated and continued
application of preventive
environmental practices andtotal productivity techniques toprocesses, products and services
to increase efficiency andreduce risks to humans andenvironment
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RECP Network in Indonesia

PMC

RECP
Indonesia
Kementerian Lingkungan
Hidup dan Kehutanan

Programme Management(UNIDO - PM, CTA, NPO)CRECPICTBICPCCADGIE

Business Services Providers(academia, technical/innovation centres etc)

SCP Resource Pool

Network RECP Indonesia (NRECPI)
2020Milestone of Wastewater RegulationGov Reg No
Government
Regulations no.
20/1990• Obligation tofulfill thewastewater
quality standard• Wastewater mustnot be diluted• Wastewater
standard for every
activities isdetermined by
MoE, however theprovince may add
the parameters
and applied thestricter one )21

Decree of Minsitry ofEnvironment no. KEP03/MENKLH/II/1991•Eff. Standard (Conc.andflow rate/product) mustnot be exceeded; it may
be exceeded if only it isbelow the maximum
pollution load
•Specific Industries
having eff. Standard,
namely: Caustic base,
Metal coating, Tannery,
Refinery, Palm oil, Pulp
and paper, Rubber,Sugar, Flour, Textile,
Fertilizer, Ethanol, MSG
and Plywood industry(14 industries)•Other industries mustcomply to general eff.
standard

82/2001

Decree of Ministry ofEnvironment no.
51/1995

Decree of Ministry ofEnvironment & Forestry
no.5/2014•Basicly, it is an integrationof MoE Decrees on the Eff.
Standard (except for
Mining and Energy
industries are stillseperated)• Eff. Standard (conc &flow rate/product) andpollution load should bestrictly obeyed• Specific Industries having
eff. Standard, namely :•Specific Industries having
Industries mentioned ineff. Standard, namely:
1991 except Refinery;
Industries mentioned inplus Milk-based product,
1995; plus processing ofSnacks, Soap andFruit and vegetable, Fish,vegetable oil-based
product, Beer, Dry cell
Seaweed, Coconut,
battery, Paint, Pharmacy
Soybean, Traditionaland Pesticide industry (21 medicine (Jamu), Cows andindustries)
pigs husbandry, Frying oil,
• However along with theCigarette, Electronic,
years, the number ofCoffee processing,industry having theRafinated sugar, Upstream
specific effluent standard
petrochemical, Rayon,
is increasing… under theCeramic, Tereftalat acid,different MoE Decree no.

and Basic oleochemicalindustry (36 industries)

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Guidelines for local government on water pollution
management (just a few points)
Regulated on Decree of Ministry of Environment no. 01/2010
Mayor of a city (or Head of regency) need to identify and quatify the source of water pollution in its city orregency, and the result of identification need to be reported at least once a year to the governor

Governor recapitulating and analyze the source of water pollution and report it to the Ministry ofEnvironment at least once a year

Aspects to be considered in formulating the effluent standard, if the province government will to amend thenational standard:Practical Aspect: must be able and easy to achieveTechnological Aspect: can be fulfilled by available technology



Key Parameters: generally focus on parameters that are easily monitored, but represent the quality of thewaterPollution load concept: controlling both the quantity and quality of the wastewater by considering thecapacity of the receiving water.

The local government may have their own guideline to monitor the industries’s compliance on wastewater
management, although the general guideline are provided by the MoE.
2222

INDUSTRIAL RATING PROGRAM (PROPER)

23

Programme for Environmental Performance
Rating (PROPER)
5 Class ofPerformance
RatingGold• 12 companies (2015)• 12 companies (2016)

Green• 108 companies (2015)• 172 companies (2016)Blue• 1406 companies (2015)• 1422 companies (2016)

Red• 529 companies (2015)• 284 companies (2016)Black• 21 companies (2015)• 5 companies (2016)

2015

2016

2157
participatingcompanies

1930
participatingcompanies

76,92%
compliance on
wastewater –Effluent Standard

78,26%
compliance onwastewater –Effluent Standard

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Issues address in the WEPA workshop
Industrial wastewater quality monitoring methods (e.g. selfmonitoring by industries, monitoring by public entities)
Every industry has to do the self-monitoring at least once/monthand send to a registered laboratory. The report is usuallysubmitted every 6 month to the local authorities and cc to theMoE.

 Certain industries (usually big and polluted ones may have otherobligation, such as daily monitoring of pH and other parameters).

 The local/national authorities have a right to have an access andcollect the effluent anytime.

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Issues address in the WEPA workshop


Challenges in monitoring: The access to the industry site, if without notice, sometime it ischallenging.

 Limited the registered laboratory, especially outside Java Island.
 The man-power and budget from the local or national authorities

to do the monitoring is limited.

 To find out that the industry do not do a ‘trick’, either to theWWTP facilities or to the compliance point (sometime there is a‘hidden’ pipe for a number of purposes).

 The industry has sometime another trick to discharge the effluent,

for example: in the night time or during the flooding.

 The self-monitoring data: either it is a true one or a cheated one?

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Impact to the environment of wastewater
emitted from the respective industry
Please noted that the industries may not the biggest contributor to the water pollution

27
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The reason for non-compliance of therespective industry and the problematic
pollutant(s)Economic reasons: some industries are trying to reduce the environmental
cost, for this reason; difficulty in access to finance to get the funding for
WWTP.

The capacity of the operators of Wastewater treatment plant is low: usually
the best operators do not assign in a WWTP unit.

WWTP do not meet the load capacity of wastewater generated by theindustries.

Wrong WWTP design, namely: cheated by the consultants, designed by aninexperienced consultant, the inexperience consultant endorsed by the local
authority (for a certain case).

A tight effluent standard for a certain parameter for a certain industry.

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Current mitigation measures and the problems therein:
It has been initiated by MoEF for certain rivers

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Acknowledgment
Part of materials of this presentation is belong to Dr. BUDI KURNIAWAN, Headof Sub Directorate of Inventory and Pollution Load Allocation , Directorate ofWater Pollution Control, Directorate General of Environmental Pollution andDegradation Control , Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia

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