NO.1 November 2012

APPROACH TOWARD ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING～Special
pecial focus on Zero Energy Building～
Building

CONTENTONTENT・ABSTRACTSBSTRACTS

1・A POLICY FOR NET ZERO ENERGYENE GY BUILDINGS IN KOREA

3・APPROAACH
CH TOWARD ZEB IN JAPAN8・TOWARDSTOWARDS NET ZERO ENERGYENE GY BUILDINGS IN CHINA

12・APPROACHAPPROACH TOWARD ZEB IN INDIA
INDIA

18

・PROMOTINGPROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION FOR BUILDINGS IN VIETNAM 24

http://www.hptcj.or.jp/e/ahpnw/tabid/571/language/en
http://www.hptcj.or.jp/e/ahpnw/tabid/571/language/en-US/Default.aspx
US/Default.aspx

ASIAN HEAT PUMP & THERMAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES NETWORK
ABSTRACTS

POLICY FOR NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS IN KOREA
The policy fulfillment of countries for reduction of global greenhouse gases is speeding rapidly.
Their response on the reduction of greenhouse gases in the past were mainly progressed up for
defensive side, whereas recently countries are announcing their long-term goals and reinforcing on
specific fulfillment plans competitively. The most important thing for actual fulfillment of greenhousegases is to set the goal, construct policy which can fulfill the goal and provide ways for thesepolicies to be fulfilled. These ways can move markets properly only when connected with definite
economic indicators. This article introduces the existing policies on zero energy buildings in Korea,
and the ultimate goal of greenhouse gases reduction of buildings, and through this, finds
implications of Korea’s furtherance direction.

APPROACH TOWARD ZEB IN JAPANZEB (Net Zero Energy Building) is a building that emits zero CO2 on annual net basis by
reducing the energy consumption through enhancement of the energy efficiency performanceof the building envelop and facilities, networking on neighboring buildings, on-site utilization ofrenewable energy and so on. In Japan in order to examine the roadmap to realization and thedissemination of the ZEB a “Committee on Realization and Dissemination of ZEB” has been
held and a report has been published in 2009. Focusing on the trends of final energy
consumption, business & residential sector accounts for more than 30% and compare totransportation and industrial sector it has been increasing rapidly so the energy saving in this
sector is most important. By introducing energy saving measure system for the buildings they
proposed to realize ZEB as the standard for the new buildings by 2030.

TOWARDS NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS IN CHINA
A common view of the building energy efficiency work is that the net zero energy building is aneffective solution. China government at present has a series of policy in the building energy
efficiency and reduces the GHG emission. Retrofitting the heating system, promote thecompliance of the building energy efficiency standards, the huge public building energy usage
metering, renewable energy application, all these measures toward to achieving a higher goalof building energy efficiency of China. This article introduces the contribution of China’s
building energy efficiency work up to now, then give the short term national plan of the next
five-year period. The policy and technical road map to reach the goal are also introduced.

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ASIAN HEAT PUMP & THERMAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES NETWORK
ABSTRACTS

APPROACH TOWARD ZEB IN INDIAIn India, Buildings in Residential and commercial sectors account for approximately one-third(33%) of total electricity consumption and this percentage will increase to 37% by 2021 due torapid urbanization. Considering the amount of electricity consumed and its growth in building
sector, it becomes quite evident that energy efficiency across the building sector is of utmost
concern and is of prime importance. Net zero energy building is one of the solutions to combat
this increase in electricity consumption. Currently in India, Government has many policies (likeenergy codes, star labeling of equipment, star rating of existing buildings and rating system fornew buildings) which promote energy efficiency in buildings. However so far there has notbeen any specific policy or a well-defined government program to integrate these initiatives
and promote a common NZEB strategy for the country.

PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATIONFOR BUILDINGS IN VIETNAM
During the past ten years, electricity consumption in the residential and public commercial
buildings in Vietnam has been in the order of 38-43% of the total final electricity use in the
country. Within the framework of Vietnam National Energy Efficiency Program (VNEEP) for theperiod of 2006-2015, a number of policies and measures are recognized that aim at
minimizing waste of energy in the industry, agriculture, transportation and construction
sectors. However there has not been yet any specific strategies or policies to promote a
so-called Zero Emission Building (ZEB) in the country. Instead, the Government and Ministries
concerned has attempted to promote energy efficiency and conservation (EE&C) for thebuilding sector.

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Republic of KOREA

POLICY FOR NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS IN KOREA
Jun-Young CHOI, Republic of KOREA

Abstract: The policy fulfillment of countries for reduction of global greenhouse gases is
speeding rapidly. Their response on the reduction of greenhouse gases in the past weremainly progressed up for defensive side, whereas recently countries are announcing theirlong-term goals and reinforcing on specific fulfillment plans competitively. The most important
thing for actual fulfillment of greenhouse gases is to set the goal, construct policy which canfulfill the goal and provide ways for these policies to be fulfilled. These ways can movemarkets properly only when connected with definite economic indicators. This article
introduces the existing policies on zero energy buildings in Korea, and the ultimate goal ofgreenhouse gases reduction of buildings, and through this, finds implications of Korea’s
furtherance direction.
Introduction
The policy fulfillment of countries for reduction of global greenhouse gases is speeding rapidly.
Their response on the reduction of greenhouse gases in the past were mainly progressed up
for defensive side, whereas recently countries are announcing their long-term goals andreinforcing on specific fulfillment plans competitively.
Kyoto Protocol (’08-’12) on global convention on climate change were lead by developed
countries centering on OECD countries, but Post Kyoto Protocol from 2013 onwards,
participation from almost all countries including China is expected. Although still thedifferences of their opinions between developed countries and developing countries for thesettings and allocations of reduction goals is acute, important thing is regardless ofinternational commitments, almost every countries choose greenhouse gases reduction as
their first priority policy and are expanding on their specific plans. Greenhouse gases
reduction from 2013 onwards is expected to work out new agreement on international
reduction goals (For instance, in the range below 2℃ for global temperature rise, 450ppm forconcentration of greenhouse gases) and countries to fulfill their duty on emission reduction
from national dimension. Also the trend for carbon emission trade is switching its plan toactivate carbon emission credit trade, not only a traditional trade between countries, but
subdivided into industrial and local trade unit within countries. This means carbon emission
will become essential factor in everyday industry acts.
The most important thing for actual fulfillment of greenhouse gases is to set the goal,
construct policy which can fulfill the goal and provide ways for these policies to be fulfilled.
These ways can move markets properly only when connected with definite economic
indicators. This article introduces the existing policies on zero energy buildings in Korea, andthe ultimate goal of greenhouse gases reduction of buildings, and through this, finds
implications of Korea’s furtherance direction.

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Republic of KOREA

Fundamental law on Low Carbon Green Growth and buildings
For greenhouse gases reduction, Korea turned national policy direction from passive
response to active response, Low Carbon Green Growth, and the real promotion is expected
to begin from taking effect of 2010 fundamental law on low carbon green growth. The past
concept on greenhouse gases reduction focused on ‘Low Carbon’, but by adding another goal
‘Green Growth’, now carbon emission is becoming the most prior national goal, controlling thewhole society including corporations and lives of nations.
‘Fundamental law on Low Carbon Green Growth’ which has been confirmed to be performed
from April 2010, is the most significant law taking the charge of taking steps for Korea’s
greenhouse gases reduction. The followings are its main content.
 Policy for green industry support and promotion (Article 23)
 Establish technology and system for acceleration on recycling of resource (Article 24)
 Standardization of green technology and green industry (Article 32)
 Introduction to sectored energy goal management such as household and business(Article 42 Section 4, and Section 5)
 Introduction to carbon statistics, statistics management, and emission in response to
climate change (Article 49)
 Responding to basic principles of green land, constructing energy and resource
self-standing type carbon-neutral city (Article 51)
 Management on green building design criteria relevant to green building expansion,
rating system, and emission (Article 54)
Fundamental law on Low Carbon Green Growth contains previous political points, and fromthose what should be focused is introduction to goal management. Goal management has twomeanings; one is that it is individual goal management on corporations using lots of energy,
and the other is managing thoroughly on the goal the country allocated industrially. For
buildings, in order to manage effectively on allocated goals, monitoring on carbon emission onbuilding’s field or individual building is needed, and this is point connected with construction ofenergy statistics and management system organization.
The economic meaning of reduced carbon emission from emission introduction systemmeans it is given by the nation or markets. Later on the markets will be formed in such a way
to add on financial burdens, and this will be the most powerful cause on the effect on energy
efficiency of buildings, directly but indirectly.

Figure 1.Strategy of Net Zero Energy House~4~

Republic of KOREA

Figure 2.Goal
Goal of GHG reduction for Building Sector
Ways for Zero Energy Implementation and Roadmap
The ultimate goal of carbon emission reduction is zero energy building, but at this time
countries are reporting similar conclusions on their report that it is still not cost-efficient.
cost efficient. Also,
as low-carbon
carbon emissions of existing buildings are more difficult , the importance of developing
cost-effective
effective ways is being emphasized. The view that it is more advantageous for carbon
emission reduction in the dimension of power or local heat production, not only seeking forsolutions to reduce carbon emission within buildings, is also being suggested. Neverthelessenergy economic specialists are expecting carbon emission reduction in buildings will bemuch advantageous than other industries or transportations. The United Kingdom announced
their goal to reduce 80% on greenhousegreenhouse gases from every house until 2050, and this goal isbeing considered for other industries or transportations cannot achieve. Although their goal
can be seen unrealistic, by looking at mid
mid-term
term challenging goals the United Kingdom issuggesting, w
we
e feel the need to focus on the possibility of realistic promotions for innovativechanges of houses and building industries. Previously, the increase of energy efficiency has
been made progressively and there were no clear and visible goals. The policy suggestion
su ggestion
from British government that they will construct zero carbon home to all new housings in 2016,
with different speed from the past, it is leading building industry conversion. In most countries,
low energy buildings are being implemented as a short
short-term
term goal previous of zero energy, butsome countries aim for positive energy buildings or surplus buildings which produce additionalenergy more to how much buildings use annually. France is announcing that they will try their
new constructions in 2020 toto be energy positive buildings.
The full meaning of zero carbon buildings should aim that the building itself other than energy
usage like heating and cooling, lighting, and hot
hot-waterwater supplies to not have a negative impact
on the environment. Zero energy buildings being suggested by countries nowadays do notalways include ‘green’ section which includes waste reduction and using recycled materials.
The three forms of national program for carbon emission reduction of buildings can be divided
into low energ
energyy buildings, zero energy buildings, and green buildings. When considering thecurrent technology and the market costs, several cases other than domestic are being
reported that zero energy buildings are not cost efficient, but from long-termlong term dimension,counties
nties are suggesting various scenario analysis for its realization and technology and policy
road map.

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Republic of KOREA

Figure 3.Steps to Net Zero Energy House
Some assumptions should be accompanied, but reports from developed countries show thatin long-term analysis, the economic efficiency of zero energy buildings is high in comparison
with investments, but in short-term, it is not an easy thing for all European countries torecommend low energy or zero energy, and problems such as expensive costs, lack of skilled
specialists, and lack of preparation from construction industries is being pointed out for thecauses. Looking at analysis results from the aspect of costs, it expected that there will beapproximately 7%-15% cost rise for low energy buildings in European Union. This expectation
does not contain all variables, and it is surely not a generalizing numerical as it did notconsider distinct characteristics of individual countries (Government policy on carbon
emissions, costs, and etc). Therefore at this time, it is urgent and important for countries toestablish stable ways to make a roadmap to supply long-term low energy or zero energy
buildings which fits one’s country’s state.
Conclusion
In order to fulfill greenhouse gases reduction properly, the first thing is the setting of national
reduction goals. As there were no specific goals, it can be seen that ‘Low-speed low carbon
policy’ were performed until now. Korea has announced their carbon emission goals for thenation, and fundamental law on low carbon green growth has also been confirmed. Now, theonly thing left is to find clear and deliberate ways to fulfill it.
The carbon emission reduction goal of buildings is set to a higher level than other industries,
and for houses, it presented to obligate zero energy houses from 2020 and zero energy
building dissemination from 2025 onwards. This goal is almost the same level with Europe
and other developed countries. It is obviously a difficult thing to implement every zero energy
buildings after 10–15years from now on, but goal setting is important. It is because if the goalis set, progressive goals will be made, and progressive plans, priorities of required skills andrequired budget can be set. Due to properties of the technology development, it is a definite
fact that zero energy buildings will sometimes be generalized in markets. The problem is its
speed. Decision making on shortening time on what will be done after 50years to 30, 20,
10years, and policy to make it work and budget support are the roles of policy. In order for~6~

Republic of KOREA

zero energy buildings to be implemented autonomously, from the dimension of consumers,
economic feasibility and reliability should be secured. If not, specific ways and plans on how
to resolve that gap cost efficiently in a fast time should be set in details.
Reference
LEE, S. E.,2011. “Technology and Policy Goals for Zero Energy Buildings”, Architectural
Institute of KOREA, 1002
DO, E. J., 2009 July/August, “Green Innovation, Zero Energy Buildings”, LG Business Insight,
KIM, M. K., No. 79 of 2010, “How to reduce Building Energy ?”, Seoul Institute~7~

JapanAPPROACH TOWARD ZEB IN JAPANYuriko Terao , Japan

Abstract: ZEB (Net Zero Energy Building) is a building that emits zero CO2 on annual net
basis by reducing the energy consumption through enhancement of the energy efficiency
performance of the building envelop and facilities, networking on neighboring buildings,
on-site utilization of renewable energy and so on. In Japan in order to examine the roadmap
to realization and the dissemination of the ZEB a “Committee on Realization and
Dissemination of ZEB” has been held and a report has been published in 2009. Focusing on
the trends of final energy consumption, business & residential sector accounts for more than
30% and compare to transportation and industrial sector it has been increasing rapidly so theenergy saving in this sector is most important. By introducing energy saving measure system
for the buildings they proposed to realize ZEB as the standard for the new buildings by 2030.
Introduction
The 4th Assessment report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) has concluded that global warming, which today calls for urgent response, is “verylikely” to have been caused by an increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide(CO2) that accompanies mass consumption of fossil fuels as a result of human activity. To
prevent the global warming Japanese government has set a mid-range target to reduce CO2
emissions by 25% by 2020(compare to 1990). In order to achieve this goal higher energy
saving measures of the new buildings and energy saving renovation of the existing building in
the business & residential sector is definitely needed. Moreover Japan has long-range target
to reduce CO2 emission by 60 to 80% by 2050. The building average life span is about 40
years so if most buildings are assumed to be rebuilt by 2050 energy efficient building is a
must.
Actions plan
In order to achieve energy efficiency performance the strengthening regulation is highly
needed. Below is the figure which explains what revision was made in the Energy
conservation law recently.
<Before amendment of energy conservation law in 2008>
Those who plan to construct large-scale house/building (2,000 m2 or more) are
obligated to submit a report concerning approach toward energy saving.

amendment<After amendment in 2008>
1. Reinforcement of security measures→ Introduced order and penalty for large-scale
house/building (2,000 m2 or more)

2. Expansion of object obligated to report→ Middle and small- scale house/building(300 m2 or more) is added.

3. Introduction of “top runner program”→ Applied to a single house supplied byhouse makers, etc.
4. Promotion of labeling system of energy-saving
performance for house/building* 2 was enforced in 2010.4, others were in 2009.4.

~8~

Large-scale
house/building(2,000 m2 or more)

Instruction
Publication
Order(Penalty)

Middle & small-scale
house/building(300 m2 or more)

Recommend-ationCustomhousesBuilding houses
for saleAnnualsales of150 ormore

Recommend-ationPublication
Order(Penalty)* Red letters are amended parts in 2008

JapanTechnologies to realize ZEB
Annual CO2 emissions and energy consumption could be reduced by 30-40% even with theexisting technologies. But to realize ZEB(100% reduction), progress in individual technologies,
as well as comprehensive design and integrated control to effectively combine suchtechnologies, is needed. Overall cost analysis, including cost-up at design stage andcost-down at operation stage, is another challenge.

Reduce the load
thru building
envelope

Use of PV generation
Use of solar heatAir-flow
window

Louvereaves

Glass roof

High efficiency lighting

Cool roof
Radiant coolingHigh efficiency air-conditioning

Task ambient lighting

PV panel for window(see-through)Reduce theinternal load

Reduce the load from outdoor air
Total heat exchanger

PV panel for wall

Use of daylight

Use of daylight

LED lighting
Organic EL lighting

Task ambient air-conditioning

Natural ventilation
Outdoor air coolingNight purge

Blast with large temperature difference
Desiccant air-conditioning
Use of underground or well water

Geothermal heat pump
Use of energy from river
Use of thermal energy
from sewage
Use of urban thermal energy

High efficiency heat pumpHigh efficiency boiler
Cogeneration
High efficiency pumpHigh efficiency equipment

Networking of neighboringbuildings

Use of waste heat fromincineration plant
Local energy network

Figure 2. Technologies of realizing ZEB
Analysis on the potential to realize ZEB
Our initial estimate is that it should be possible to realize ZEB by around 2030 in medium andlow-rise office buildings with certain technological progress as outlined below. Furthermore,
possibility of achieving ZEB should become even greater, if potential for area network ofneighboring buildings is taken into account.
[Assumptions]
1. Office building with about 5,000 m2 per floor
2. Primary energy consumption: 2,000 MJ per square meter per year
3. Technological progress by around 2030 written below
・Passive architecture: high thermal insulation, solar shading
・Use of natural energy: outdoor air cooling, night purge, and outdoor air intake control
based on indoor CO2 concentration
・High-efficiency heat sources: development of heat sources with about 20% higher
efficiency than at present (raising the current COP 6.4 turbo chillers to around 8.0)
・Low energy consumption conveyance: thorough use of inverters, high-efficiency motors,
pumps and fans, low friction loss piping and duct size・High-efficiency lighting: development of high-efficiency lighting equipment andbrightness setting with one-third of the current level of power consumption, and thoroughuse of variable light and blinking control
・Low energy consumption OA equipment: development of low-consumption OA equipment,
security and disaster prevention equipment, and standby power equipment with one-thirdof the current level of power consumption
・Electric power emission coefficient: 2030 energy supply and demand estimates・Photovoltaic power generation: installation of panels with conversion efficiency that is
double the current level on two-thirds of rooftop area

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Japan[Result]
Low-riserise buildings with three floors or less will achieve ZEB, and buildings even with around
10 floors will be able
abl to reduce emissions by about 80%.

Figure 2. Various Energy Efficiency Technologies for ZEB and Their potential
Action plan of ZEH
Future shape to be aimed as below◆ZEH
ZEH (Net Zero Energy House) to be the standard as for new single houses by 2020.
◆To double the number of renovating energy
energy-efficientefficient houses by 2020.
◆To
To realize ZEH as for new single houses on average by 2030.
To FY 2015

To FY 2020
Making ZEHs available

Making standard achievement
compulsory

To FY 2030
Relaizing ZEHs on averageof all new houses

Establishing energy efficiency stantards for whole houses including not only heatinsulation but high efficiency water heaters, lightings, PVs and other facilities
Strengthening enforcement of the Energy Saving Act(Increasing achievement rate of the standard)
Promoting energy efficiency with residential Eco-points
Eco
Supporting technology innovations
Enhancing budgetary supports and tax incentives packaged with tightened regulations~ 10 ~

JapanAction plan of ZEB
Future shape to be aimed as below◆To realize ZEB as for new public buildings, etc by 2020.
◆To realize ZEB as for new buildings on average by 2030.
To FY 2015

To FY 2020

Making standard achievement Realizing ZEBs in new public
compulsory
buildings (eg. schools)available

To FY 2030
Relaizing ZEBs on averageof all new buildings

Enhancing energy efficiency standards for buildings
under the enery Efficiency Act.
Introducing labeling for building evaluating energy efficeincy
Supporting technology innovations
Enhancing budgetary supports and tax incentives packaged with tightened regulations
Promoting area-wide energy usage
Standardizing and diffusing control interfaces for lightings, air conditions, and data
specs for energy efficiency in small and midium sized buildings

Conclusion
To promote market transformation for realization and dissemination of ZEB, it is essential tocarry forward 1) regulations, 2) supportive measures and 3) information dissemination to andenlightenment of the society in a balanced manner. And cooperate with the United States andEurope countries are definitely needed.
References
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. 2009. “Research toward the realization andexpansion of ZEB”
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. 2010. “Present and future action
toward low-carbonization in the residential building”~ 11 ~

People’s Republic of China

TOWARDS NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS IN CHINA
XU WEI, CHINA

Abstract: A common view of the building energy efficiency work is that the net zero energy
building is an effective solution. China government at present has a series of policy in thebuilding energy efficiency and reduces the GHG emission. Retrofitting the heating system,
promote the compliance of the building energy efficiency standards, the huge public building
energy usage metering, renewable energy application, all these measures toward toachieving a higher goal of building energy efficiency of China. This article introduces thecontribution of China’s building energy efficiency work up to now, then give the short term
national plan of the next five-year period. The policy and technical road map to reach the goal
are also introduced.
Introduction
To respond to the climate change, the Chinese government attaches great importance toenergy conservation and emission reduction, has promulgated the Law of the People's
Republic of China on Conserving Energy, the Law of the People's Republic of China on
Renewable Energies, and the Regulation on Civil Building Energy Conservation.
During the 11th-five year plan, building energy efficiency work is promoted nationwide throughvarious national policies and got a good result. Further, the requirement of building energy
conservation has been claimed in the Twelfth Five Year Plan for the National Economy andSocial Development, the Long-term Planning on Renewable Energy Development, and theTwelfth Five Year Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Comprehensive Work Program, etc.
As the important part of the national energy saving and emission reduction strategy, theenergy conservation of buildings is valued highly by the whole society.
The building energy efficiency work status in quo
From the mid 1980’s, China has been finishing 1.7-1.8 billion m2 new constructions every year,
which includes 700-800 million m2 urban buildings and 1 billion m2 rural buildings. In the urban
area, there are 500-600 million m2 are residential buildings and 200-300 million m2 are publicbuildings. At the present, China is in the period of rapid urbanization, the scale of new
construction will continue increasing. In 2010, the urban construction finished 1.8 billion
square meters; in 2011 the urban construction finished 2.2 billion square meters. And there
are nearly 45 billion square meters existing buildings. The building energy conservation
potential is huge. From the situation of developed countries, building energy consumption in
general accounts for the whole society end-use energy more than 40%. Thus in China, thetotal amount of building energy consumption and the building energy consumption proportion
will continue increasing.
At present the building energy consumes about 27.5% of the whole society end-use energy
consumption in China. Public buildings’ (nonresidential buildings) electricity power
consumption intensity is 50-120 kilo Watts hour per square meter each year, except thecentral heating energy consume. As the progress of the building energy conservation work,
northern urban heating energy consumption from 24.3 kilogram standard coal equivalent per
square meter in 1996 drops off to 16.6 kg standard coal equivalent per square meter in 2011,
but the thermal comfort level is low in these old buildings. In Shanghai, as a representative of~ 12 ~

People’s Republic of China

the hot summer cold winter zone, the air conditioning energy efficiency is low, as the movablesunshade, passive energy saving measures not in use. The indoor thermal comfort is poor
during winter, with the room temperature below 10 Celsius degree in general. In this area, thedecentralized heating or local heating is widely used, which consumes 2-5 kg standard coalequivalent per square meter, neither reasonable nor effective. In Guangzhou, as arepresentative of the hot summer and warm winter zone, the passive energy saving measures
such as sunshade, ventilated measures are not used widely effectively either. It results in thebad indoor thermal comfort in summer and low energy efficiency. In the north area of China,
the winter average indoor temperature is 8-16 celsius degree in the rural area, which is 7-9
celsius degree lower than in the urban area of the same climate zone. People in the rural area
have less domestic hot water to use than in the cities and towns.
Contribution by the end of the 11th Five Year Plan
During the 11th Five Year Plan period, with the former policies and programs, China madegenuine progress in energy conservation, emissions reduction, ecological improvement andenvironmental protection. Energy consumption per unit of GDP fell 19.1%, chemical oxygen
demand by 12.45% and sulfur dioxide emissions by 14.29%. This saving equals to 630 million
tce and 1.46 billion CO2.
By the end of 2010, the compliance ratio of energy efficiency standard on construction stageof new buildings achieved 95.4%; MoHURD has promoted 217 demonstrated projects of low
energy consumption and green building; finished the heating system retrofitting andmonitoring on 182 million m2 in north area. The output of new wall material is above 55% of
the total output of wall material.
With the development of economy, China continues increasing the working force of building
energy conservation. Set up the building energy regulation system, basically completed abuilding energy efficiency standard system, and has promulgated the mandatory building
energy conservation design code for the main climate zone, the national Public building
energy conservation design code, and the Code for acceptance of energy efficient building
construction, etcetera. To expand the renewable energy building application, by the end of
2011, over 580 demonstration projects have been implemented national wide; nearly 200
cities and counties have appraised as demonstration district, including the demo program insolar heating, solar photovoltaic, geothermal heat pump for heating and cooling, using ofIndustrial waste heat and city sewage, etc. Vigorously promote heating measurement andenergy efficiency retrofitting of the residential buildings in north China, by the end of 2011, thenorthern 15 provinces have complete the retrofitting area of 316 million square meters.
Steadily promote national office buildings and large public building (over twenty thousandsquare meters) energy efficiency supervision system, by the end of 2011, 34 thousand and 59
office buildings and large public buildings have done their energy consumption statistics,
more than 1500 buildings implement the energy consumption dynamic monitoring. Organize
114 Resource Saving Campus pilot. Promote the green building and low energy building
demonstration, by the year 2011, a total of 353 projects get the green building certification.
The compliance ratio of building energy efficiency standard keeps increasing. By the end of
2011, 23% of the urban existing buildings are energy efficient buildings, the mandatorybuilding energy standards are in a relative low level. Below the table shows standards
compliance status in the 11th five-year plan.

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People’s Republic of China

Table 1：Compliance of Energy Efficiency Standards of New Buildings in the 11th five-year plan
Accumulative
energy Compliance Ratio Compliance Ratio onStage
YR
efficient building structure on Design Stage Construction
area (bm2)
（%）
（%）

2006

1.06

95.7

53.8

2007

2.12

97

71

2008

2.85

98

82

2009

4.08

99

90

2010

4.86

99.5

95.4

The Goal in the 12th five-year plan
As the National Plan of the 12th five-year plan, the energy consumption per unit of GDP by2015 fell 16% of the 2010 level. The chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions
reduce 8% of the 2010 level separately. The emissions of ammonia nitrogen and nitrogenoxide reduce 10% of the 2010 level separately.
By the end of twelfth five-year (2015), building energy conservation comes into 116 million
tons of standard coal equivalent energy-saving ability, reduces carbon dioxide emissions
about 300 million tons. Among them, green building and new buildings energy conservation
comes 45 million tons of standard coal equivalent energy-saving ability; deepening theheating system reform, the full implementation of the heat metering and charging, promote thenorth area heating area heating system and energy saving renovation, comes 27 million tonsof standard coal equivalent energy-saving ability; Strengthen the public building energy
efficiency supervision system, promote energy saving retrofitting and operation management,
comes 14 million tons of standard coal equivalent energy-saving ability. Promote renewableenergy and building integrated application, comes 30 million tons of standard coal equivalentenergy-saving ability.
Technical Roadmap towards NZB
A. Heat metering and energy efficiency improvement in existing residential heating
systems in North China.
The State Council requires that "metering and energy efficiency improvements in existingheating systems shall be started with 150 million square meters of residential buildings inNorth China". The Ministry of Construction (now called the Ministry of Housing and
Urban-Rural Development, MOHURD) has broken down the target to 15 provinces and cities
in the north. The Ministry of Finance, together with the Ministry of Construction, has put
forward a fiscal policy of using central budget funding as incentives for such renovations. A
total of RMB 900 million was earmarked for subsidising installation of heat metering devices in2007. From 2006 to 2008, the number of buildings in which heat was metered doubled every
year. By 2009, the total number of buildings with heat meters was three times as great as in2008.

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People’s Republic of China

B. Substantial percentage increase of new buildings conforming to the energy
efficiency standards.
As long ago as 1986, the central government required that all the new buildings should
comply with the energy efficiency codes, which means 50% or 65% energy efficiency(depending on where in the country that the province or city was) in comparison with the same
type of building and type of construction in the 1980s. Statistics collected from different
localities show that 99% of all the urban new-builds across the country in 2009 conform toenergy efficiency codes in terms of their design, and 90% of them in terms of theirconstruction stage; improvements of respectively 46 and 69 percentage points over 2005.
In the future, the government will regard energy efficiency as one of the most important
requirements to be met before acceptance of designs etc., and will extend the energy
efficiency codes and green building standards to small cities and rural areas as well.
In the future, China will gradually improve energy efficiency in new buildings. In 2015, newly
issued energy-saving design standard will fully implement in the severe cold and cold zone,
hot summer and cold winter zone. Urban new buildings energy efficiency will raise more than
30% compared to the end of eleventh five-year (2010). Megacity such as Beijing and Tianjin
will executive higher level building energy efficiency standards, the building energy efficiency
level of new buildings will reach or approach the developed countries in the same climate
condition. Finish a batch of low energy consumption and extra-low energy consumption demobuildings. By 2020, the green building will account more than 30% of new buildings; theenergy efficiency level of construction and operation process will reach or approach thedeveloped countries current level.
C. Energy-saving regulatory system for state-owned office buildings and large publicbuildings.
The State Council proposes that "demonstration projects shall be initiated for energy-efficient
operation, management and transformation of large public buildings, with experiments to bemade in 25 demonstration provinces or cities to put large public buildings under the control ofan energy consumption monitoring and energy auditing scheme, with public notification ofenergy efficiency and energy consumption quota system". In the energy consumption quota
system, the owner of a building pays a higher price for energy above a certain threshold ofenergy consumption. The Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Finance has identified
24 provinces and cities for the first group of demonstration localities where action plans havebeen developed for establishment of an energy-saving regulatory system for state officebuildings and large public buildings, and investigations made into the basic conditions andenergy consumption data of such buildings. Energy auditing of state office buildings and large
public buildings has been started in some provinces and cities. So far, energy use has beenmeasured in over 30,000 buildings, with continuous measurements being made in 700
buildings. The on-line building energy monitoring system has been established in Beijing,
Tianjin and Shenzhen.
D. Promotion of overall decorated house and fabricated constructions
It is estimated that compared with the traditional construction method, green construction
methods can reduce energy consumption by about 20 % per square meter, water
consumption by 63 %, timber formwork consumption by 87 %, and general construction waste
can be reduced by 91 %. This means that if we are greatly to reduce energy consumption in
the construction stage, the only way is to include overall fitting-out, in combination with pre~ 15 ~

People’s Republic of China

fabricated construction. In this context, the term ‘fitting-out’ refers to most interior necessities
of a house, which are not normally provided with new houses in China.
China will adopt three main counter-measures. Firstly, implement residential prefabricatedfitted-out house-building by a group of large enterprises, in turn influencing small andmedium-sized enterprises. For example, large enterprises such as Vanke have announced
that they will deliver overall fitted-out houses and pre-fabricated buildings in all the real estate
projects in which they are involved throughout the country. Second, provide incentives. Beijing
has encouraged developers to choose overall fitted-out houses and prefabricatedconstruction by volume bonuses and partial refund policies for municipal construction. Third,
accelerate the publication of standards; make more new materials, new technology and new
construction methods, all of which can be adopted by the vast number of small andmedium-sized enterprises.
E. Renewable energy application in buildings
China has published regulations and announced incentives for renewable energy use inbuildings. According to (incomplete) statistics, total world solar collector area for water heating
amounts to nearly 150 million m2, of which China accounts for about 60-70 %, with an annual
growth rate of about 30% for solar water heater applications for buildings.
The next major work area includes acceleration of publication of regulations and standards,
aiming for issue of the relevant standards in the next two years, and raising the profile ofdemonstration of renewable energy application in buildings, aiming to choose 20 cities as
renewable energy demonstration cities each year, with the central government giving 60-80
million RMB (about USD 10-12 million) subsidies to the selected cities. The demonstration
cities for renewable energy demonstration must deliver 3 million m2, and have establishedrenewable energy utilisation policies for construction etc. In addition, input is needed in suchareas as tax reduction, partial refunds for municipal construction etc., and we need also to
speed up the promotion of renewable energy applications in rural housing.
By the end of 2010 the solar heating apply in 1.48 billion m2 area national wide, the GSHP
apply in 0.57 billion m2 area national wide, the PV installation capacity is 1727.5 MW(including under construction).
For each demonstration city of renewable energy building application area above 3 million m2
in China, the central government provides 60-80 million RMB allowance; for thedemonstration county with application area above 0.3 million m2 area, the central government
provides 1.8 million RMB allowance
The renewable energy building application will keep promote in the 12th five year plan. It isplanned to have new application area 2.5 billion m2 by the end of the 12th five year plan, which
replace the fossil energy 30 million ton equivalent of coal.
F.

Demonstration and promotion of green building

The Green Building Initiative in China started in 2008. By the end of 2009, 56 buildings had
achieved the China Green Building Evaluation Label. In 2010, 200-300 large buildings willachieve the China Green Building Evaluation Label. Green building is of great significance, as
it can make a valuable contribution to energy conservation, water conservation and material
conservation in buildings, while also improving efficient land use. It can also improve indoor
environmental quality and reduce external environmental impact, and is an importantmeasure for fighting climate change. Green building must be combined with green design andconstruction. At present, the China Green Building Evaluation Label is achieved mainly by~ 16 ~

People’s Republic of China

public buildings, as there is increasing awareness of energy consumption in public buildings,
which should be a model of energy efficiency. It is planed to have new constructed green
building 800 million m2 during the 12th five year plan, 20% of the urban new buildings
achieved the requirements of green building.
In view of the above difficulties, there are four measures to be implemented. First of all,perfect the relevant incentives policy. All buildings fulfilling green building star standards
should receive preferential policy treatment. Second, accelerate publication of green building
standards, matching the standards to the requirements of all climate zones and different typesof buildings and residences. Third, promote integrated innovation of materials and systems.
Fourth, strengthen the training of assessors, and extend training to architects.
Conclusion
In order to fulfill the emission reduction goal in the building industry, China need to impellent
step by step. As discussed above, China government has not claim a specific goal of net zeroenergy buildings or near zero energy buildings as there is no clear technical roadmap for that
so it might be too hard to achieve for the real estate developers. However, the policies of thebuilding energy efficiency substantially move the country forward to the zero energy building.
Meanwhile, it is also necessary to balance the energy reduction goal of other industries of thenational economy. As China is a developing country, the increasing requirement of thepeople’s life quality is also a very important factor to be considered in the building energy work.
We are looking forward to see the more advanced building energy efficient target promulgate
and more stimulate from the government.
Reference
The 12th five-year building energy efficiency Plan. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural
Development. 2012.

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INDIA

Approach toward ZEB in India
MrPradeepKumar, India
MrTarunGarg, India

Abstract: In India, Buildings in Residential and commercial sectors account for approximately
one-third (33%) of total electricity consumption and this percentage will increase to 37% by
2021 due to rapid urbanization. Considering the amount of electricity consumed and its
growth in building sector, it becomes quite evident that energy efficiency across the building
sector is of utmost concern and is of prime importance. Net zero energy building is one of thesolutions to combat this increase in electricity consumption. Currently in India, Government
has many policies (like energy codes, star labeling of equipment, star rating of existingbuildings and rating system for new buildings) which promote energy efficiency in buildings.
However so far there has not been any specific policy or a well-defined government program
to integrate these initiatives and promote a common NZEB strategy for the country.
Introduction
India is facing formidable challenges in meeting its energy needs. As per the Planningcommission’s Integrated Energy Policy Report (Planning Commission 2006), if India
perseveres with sustained growth rate of 8% per annum, its primary energy supply will needto grow by 3 to 4 times, and electricity generation capacity / supply by 5 to 6 times compared
to 2003-04. It is estimated that by 2031-32, the country’s power generation capacity of
800,000 MW would be required as against the installed capacity of 160,000 MW inclusive of
all captive plants in 2006-07. Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has estimated that thecountry is currently facing electricity shortage of 9.9% and peak demand shortage of 16.6%(CEA 2009).
Domestic and commercial sectors account for approximately one-third of total electricity
consumption and these sectors are likely to consume around 37% of electricity in 2020-21.
The residential buildings consume 24% of total electricity consumption in the country which
can be attributed to higher disposable income and better access to finance for purchasinghome appliances among the households. The commercial buildings sector which comprisesof the office buildings, hotels, hospitals, educational institutes, retails malls, etc., consumes
9% of total electricity consumption in India. This sector has experienced electricity
consumption growth rate of 12-14% in recent years which is attributed to the increasing
electricity consumption in the existing buildings as well as increasing energy intensity of newly
constructed commercial buildings.
It is therefore, critical that policy interventions are put in place to improve energy efficiency inboth new as well as existing buildings in these sectors.India has already identified buildings
as one of the sectors in its fight against climate change. However, a long term policy
initiative that encourages the development of cutting edge research and cost effective
technologies can bring about step changes in the energy use in building.
Government Initiatives on Building Energy Efficiency
To give impetus to energy conservation in the country, Government of India enacted theenergy Conservation Act (EC Act), which came into force on 1st March 2002. Under the Act,
Government of India established the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in March 2002, a
statutory body under the Ministry of Power, Government of India. The EC Act directs BEE to~ 18 ~

INDIA

spearhead improvement in energy efficiency through various regulatory and promotional
measures. The EC Act has empowered the Government both at the Central as well as at theState level to put in place a legal framework that could help in creating an institutional set-up
that promotes energy conservation in the country, and also helps in monitoring the efforts tomeet the energy saving targets and energy intensity of the economy.
Under the Prime Minister’s National Action Plan on Climate Change, the Government haslaunched eight national missions, out of which following three missions can promote higher
energy efficiency levels in the buildings.
•
National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency•
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission•
National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
There have been landmark initiatives by the Government of India for improving energy
efficiency in commercial buildings.
· The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) launched by the Government of India
under the Energy Conservation Act 2001, for voluntary adoption in the country, setsminimum energy performance standards for commercial buildings.
· BEE has also developed a Star Rating Program for existing commercial buildings, which isbased on actual energy performance of the building, expressed as an Energy
Performance Index (measured in terms of annual electricity consumption per unit of built
up area).
Figure1showsthe steps taken by Indian government for promoting energy efficiency in newand existing buildings.

Figure 1: Steps taken by Indian government for promoting energy efficiency in buildings~ 19 ~

INDIA

Designing NZEBDesigning of a NZEB typically requires successful integration and optimization of several
architectural concepts and strategies such as building orientation with respect to sun path,natural ventilation, solar shading, day lighting, solar heat gains, thermal comfort as well as
deployment of well proven insulation practices, energy efficient glazing, air conditioning andlighting system, and incorporation of renewable energy technologies for on-site power
generation.
Annual CO2 emissions and energy consumption could be reduced by 30-40% even with theexisting technologies. But to realize ZEB(100% reduction), progress in individual technologies,
as well as comprehensive design and integrated control to effectively combine suchtechnologies, is needed and is shown in figure 2.

Offset by
Renewable
EnergySystemFigure 2: Comprehensive design approach for buildings
1. Building design and envelope optimization· Planning site orientation preferably with longer axis of the buildings to be in east-west
direction, as far as feasible· Designing building fenestration with low window-wall ratio (preferably less than 40$)
having lesser window on south and West.
· Adoption of horizontal shading devices (overhangs and louvers) on windows on south
side, and vertical shading devices (side fins and louvers) on east and west side ofbuilding façade.
· Energy efficient Wall and roof having lower heat transfer coefficients.
· Energy efficient glass having lower heat transfer coefficient and solar heat gain factor.
2. Building lighting system optimization· Integration of day lighting with artificial lighting using appropriate controls (For e.g,
dimming sensors)· Optimization of artificial lighting system by installing energy efficient lighting lamps(CFLs, LEDs, etc) and fixtures.

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INDIA

3. Building air conditioning system optimization· Optimization of cooling demand (TR) of the building by designing air conditioning at
higher inside temperatures.
· Precooling of fresh air with energy recovery wheels.
· Installation of low energy design features like geothermal system and radiant coolingsystem.
· Installation of energy efficient chillers(higher COPs for e.g., Variable refrigerant volume
systems, heat pumps), pumps and motors.

NZEB Targets
Commercial buildings can be classified into number of categories depending upon what
functions are being carried out in the building. Broadly these can be categorized as officebuildings, hotels, hospitals, shopping malls, etc. Energy consumption in each one of these
could vary significantly from others, Also within the same category, energy consumption indifferent buildings, can also vary substantially depending upon the energy intensiveness offacilities deployed and services offered, and to what extent the working space in the building
is air conditioned.
For instance, the energy consumption per unit built up area of a multi-specialty hospital could
be many times that of an un-conditioned or partially air conditioned government hospital.
Same is true for office buildings. Well organized compilation of buildings’ energy date in the
country is still infancy. Thus fixing a specific NZEB energy consumption targets for eachcategory of the buildings becomes a complex task.
Barriers on NZEB Path
The following barriers on NZEB path have been identified·

Policy and Program on NZEB:
Government has taken a number of initiatives (include development of ECBC and EnergyStar Rating Program for commercial buildings and renewable energy systems including
technologies for electricity generation from wind power, solar energy and bio-mass byproviding several financial subsidies in India.) to improve energy efficiency in commercial
buildings. However so far there has not been any specific policy or a well-defined
government program to integrate these initiatives and promote a common NZEB strategy
for the country.

·

Nonexistence of Market for commercial NZEBs:
Building constriction cost is a very important factor for construction companies.
Financial benefits of NZEB are mainly for the building users. Building developers andconstruction companies do not see this as a specific advantage for them for developing
NZEBs. There is also no demand for NZEBs from the Government for the constructionof their own and public sector buildings.

·

Absence of public awareness on NZEBs:
The developers of commercial building complexes and individuals who intend to build
their homes are not aware of energy efficient architectural guidelines and renewableenergy opportunities which can fit effectively into their buildings’ functional requirements.
Therefore such efficiency measure does not get incorporated at the design stage.

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INDIA·

Higher costs of EE and RE technologies for NZEB:
A range of advance energy efficient technologies and systems for buildings, initiallydeveloped in other countries, are being made available by a few vendors for theindigenous construction industry. However their higher first cost over the conventionalbuilding material and system impedes their penetration in real situations.

·

Limited design expertise in the market:
There is inadequate knowledge and expertise on NZEB concepts amongst majority ofbuilding designers and architects on upcoming energy efficient building materials andtechnologies, solar passive architecture, and lack of knowledge and working experienceon renewable energy systems.

·

Lack of specialized energy simulation and modeling skills:
Designing of a NZEB typically requires successful integration and optimization of several
architectural concepts, deployment of energy efficient technologies and renewableenergy technologies using computerized energy simulations software. A number ofenergy simulation software are available in the market but there are a very few
professionals in India who have the requisite energy simulation expertise.

Recommendations on Roadmap for NZEBs
·

·

·

·

·

·

·

Government of India should constitute an international coordination mechanism, a unified
policy and a national program and targets on NZEFs involving Bureau fo Energy Efficiency,
Ministry of Power, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy as well as the Ministry of Urban
Development.
A national level NZEB Consortium with an overall objective of promoting NZEBs needs tobe created in India to actively involve and encourage architects, consultants, builders,technology providers and other stakeholders.
Government of India needs to review the existing fiscal incentives on advanced renewableenergy technologies for power generation as well as energy efficient technologies
pertaining to buildings primarily with a view to promote newer time bound polices andschemes to give impetus for the construction of NZEBs in India. The Government should
gradually withdraw these when the cost of these technologies’ come down due to higher
off take in the market and paybacks on investments on such technologies and system
become commercially attractive.
The Government (Centre/State), to demonstrate its commitment towards NZEB path, andacquire firsthand experience, should initiative 4-5 pilot projects in the on-going 5 year span(ending 2015) in different cities /states possibly in different climate zones for constructing
government building.
Programs should be initiated to build capacity of building construction companies to equipthem with specialized project management and execution services for effectively
implementing NZEB projects in real situations.
For public awareness, mainstreaming of well-established architectural guidelines and bestpractices for net zero energy residential buildings and complexes should be promoted
widely through awareness campaigns.
Large pool of professions and young architects should be identified in the country andtrained to run building energy simulation tools so that their services can be fruitfully utilizedby building designer community in designing NZEBs.

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INDIA

Building close to NZEB in India(1) PimpriChinchwad New Town Development Authority (PCNTDA) Building

Features:
PCNTDA Building is located in Pune which falls under warm and humid climate zoneof India. The Building is oriented towards 45 deg to north. The total area of the building
is around 110000 sqft. 95% of the building area is non-air conditioned and 5% of thebuilding area is air conditioned and is equipped with unitary air conditioners. Two typesof glasses have been provided. Single glaze windows across all thenon-air
conditioned spaces and double glaze windows across all the air conditioned spaces.
All the windows are properly shaded with horizontal shades above the window. The
overall window wall ratio of the building is lower than 40% and is sufficient to provide
adequate daylight in almost 80% of the living spaces across the building. The non
air-conditioned spaces are provided with ceiling fans (BEE star labelled) and with aprovision of opening up the windows to maintain adequate air changes per hour inside
the spaces. The airconditioned spaces areequipped with BEE star labelled split ACs
and Inverter ACs. It was found using computerised simulation that for almost 63% of
the occupied hours in the non -airconditioned spaces of the building, the dry bulb
temperature is lower than 33 deg C. The artificial lighting at the building is provided
using compact fluorescent lamps, Light emitting diodes (LEDs) and fluorescent tube
lights. Daylighting has been properly integrated with artificial lighting using adequate
controls.
The details of the total electrical load and consumption of the building is given below:
Total Lighting load

: 57 kW

Total ceiling fan load

: 21 kW

Total unitary air conditioners load

: 36 kW

Building total electrical load

: 114 kW

Simulated annual energy consumption of building: 170173 kWh

Solar photovoltaic (PV) system details
Total peak load

: 100 kWp

Simulated energy units generated by 100 kWp PV: 145985 kWh% building energy offset by PV: 86%

Offset of 86% of the building energy by solar photovoltaic system.

References
Strategy roadmap for netzero energy buildings in India, USAID Eco III Project~ 23 ~

VIETNAM

PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANDCONSERVATION FOR BUILDINGS IN VIETNAM
PHAM Hoang-Luong, Vietnam

Abstract: During the past ten years, electricity consumption in the residential and publiccommercial buildings in Vietnam has been in the order of 38-43% of the total final electricity
use in the country. Within the framework of Vietnam National Energy Efficiency Program(VNEEP) for the period of 2006-2015, a number of policies and measures are recognized that
aim at minimizing waste of energy in the industry, agriculture, transportation and construction
sectors. However there has not been yet any specific strategies or policies to promote a
so-called Zero Emission Building (ZEB) in the country. Instead, the Government andMinistries concerned has attempted to promote energy efficiency and conservation (EE&C)
for the building sector.
Introduction
Since 2000, Vietnam has enjoyed a steady Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate ofabout 7.2% per annum that leads to an increasing demand for the final energy consumption
from all the nation’s economic sectors. For the period of 2004-2006, the industrial andcommercial & residential sectors were the first two dominant electricity consumption sectors
with the former consuming approx. 42-47% of the total electricity consumption while the latter
38-43%. In June 2006, the Government of Vietnam endorsed the Vietnam National Energy
Efficiency Program (VEEP) aiming at reducing 3% to 5% and 5 % to 8 % of the energy
consumption for 2006-2010 and 2011-2015, respectively compared to the business as usual
scenarios for these two periods. In June 2010, the Vietnam National Assembly passed theLaw on Energy Efficiency and Conservation which took effect from January 1st 2011. In thisLaw, major responsibilities of designated energy using units from industry, construction,transportation and agriculture sectors are clearly addressed which include establishing anenergy management action plan (EMAP) with an every-3 year energy audit reporting.
Buildings in Vietnam can be categorized into three groups depending on their flooring surface
areas as below.
···

Small-scale construction: from 300m2 to 2,449m2;
Medium-scale construction: from 2,500m2 to 9,999m2;
Large-scale construction: from 10,000m2 and above.

For Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City only, there are hundreds of large-scale construction projects
each consumes approx. 1 to 2 million kWh per annum. On the other hand, recent surveys
have shown that in most of small-scale three-star hotels in Vietnam, electricity consumptions
from electric water heaters and split-type air-conditioners account for 30% and 50% of thetotal electricity use in the hotel, respectively. The remaining 20% is for lighting and otherauxiliary equipment or devices.

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VIETNAM

Government initiatives to promote EE&C for Buildings
On the 3rd September 2003, the Government issued Decree 102/2003/ND-CP on energy
efficiency and conservation that officially paved the way to the promotion of energy efficiency
measures in all economic sectors of the nation. In Chapter 3 of this Decree, major energy
efficiency options were identified such as : i) making use of favorable natural geographic
conditions and architecture measures to reduce the use of electricity for lighting, ventilation,
cooling and heating, ii) use of insulation materials to minimize the heat flux through building
envelope and ii) utilization of high energy efficiency equipment and devices for the buildings.
On June 17, 2010 the National Assembly approved the Law on energy efficiency andconservation. Finally, on March 29, 2011 the Government issued Decree 21/2011/ND-CP
addressing clearly responsibilities of key energy using entities in getting regular energy audits
done as well as in implementing energy efficiency measures to ultimately reduce their energy
consumption volume.
Current status of energy use in the building sector
Pattern of energy use
For large-scale commercial buildings or big hotels, electricity, diesel oil (DO) and LPG arenormally used for energy provision. Electricity is for Air-conditioning (AC) system, lighting, lift.
DO is, on the other hand, used for running emergency generators and operating thermal
supply system. Finally, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is normally used for cooking. On
average, share of these three types of energy is approx. 63%, 29% and 8%, respectively.
Building architecture
Before the Decree 102/2003/ND-CP was enacted, most buildings in Vietnam were not welldesigned and constructed from energy efficiency point of view. Insulation materials were not
yet used in the buildings which were then equipped with relatively low-energy efficiency
appliances. Recently, new constructions were made with glass windows and interior curtains.
Roof of these constructions were, in addition, made from waterproof and insulation materials.
With such improvements, energy consumption in new buildings were significantly reduced.
Air-conditioning system
For small-scale residential and office buildings, split-type Air-Conditioners are normally usedwhile in most large-scale commercial construction, a chilled water system is employed. Use of
inverter AC system has not yet been popular in Vietnam.
Lighting system
Lighting normally accounts for 15-20% of the total electricity consumption in the buildings. A
strict regulation for turning on/off of the lighting system is normally applied in most hotels andcommercial buildings where LED and CFL are widely used to save energy.

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VIETNAM

Thermal system
For 4 or 5-star hotels and newly constructed commercial buildings, a centralized thermal
system is made to provide both low pressure steam for sauna, massage, washing and ironing
as well as hot water for cooking and other heating/drying purposes. In these places, oil-fired
boilers are often employed in which no-cost and low-cost energy efficiency measures arecommonly applied such as modulate control of oil burners with load variation, heat recovery
from the boiler blowndown, use of steam traps. However, for small hotels and existing
constructions, individual electric water heaters are still in use.
Barriers to the promotion of EE&C for buildings
Three major barriers which have been identified are as follows.
·

Institutional / policy barrier
Although lots of initiatives to improve energy efficiency in commercial buildings werealready made which include application of solar water heater, energy efficiency
labelling of fluorescent lamps and and home-type Air-Conditioners, so far there has
not been yet any specific policy to integrate these initiatives and thus promote EE&C
buildings for the country.

·

Financial barrier
Use of insulation materials and advanced high energy efficiency appliances forbuildings normally increase the initial cost of the building that most of indigenousdevelopers try to avoid.

·

Technological barrier
There is inadequate knowledge and expertise among the local building designers andconstructers on waterproof and insulation materials for buildings as well as on
integration of solar and wind energy technologies into conventional energy system of
the buildings.

References···

Hoang-Luong Pham, Viet-Dung Nguyen, Ngoc-Anh Lai, Nguyen-An Nguyen, Shogo
Tokura and Satoshi Nakamura. Development of Energy Performance Comparison
Method for Residential Electric Appliances - Application to Air Conditioners.
Proceedings of the 11th International Heat Pump Conference, Tokyo 16-19 May, 2011,
Japan, Session 5 - Application 1, 13 pages.
Hoang-Luong Pham, Tokura Shogo, Viet-Dung Nguyen, Nguyen-An Nguyen andNgoc-Anh Lai. Conmparison in Power Consumption and Coefficient of Performance of
Air Conditioners in Vietnam, Proceedings of the 6th Scientific Symposium of theSouth-East Asian Technological University Consortium (SEATUC), March 6-7, 2012,
Bangkok, Thailand, 4 pages.
Hoang-Luong Pham. Promoting efficient and clean use of energy in the building sectorof Vietnam. Project final report submitted to Ministry of Education and Training, June2012 (in Vietnamese).

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