Kawasaki City's
Water Environment
January 24th, 2019
Water Quality Section,
Environmental Policy Department,
Environmental Protection Bureau,
City of Kawasaki

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Table of Contents of Today’spresentation
I History of overcoming water pollutionin Kawasaki city
II Measures for preventing waterpollution based on legislation
III Monitoring and Guidance for Factories
and Workplaces
IV Monitoring of Water Quality of Rivers
and Seas2

Ⅰ History of overcoming water pollutionin Kawasaki city3

Production of Pollutions andCountermeasures against the Pollutions
The period from 1900 to 1945
・Industries produced industrial pollutions・Dirty water from industry and others damaged citizens’
health and fishery industry
The period from 1945 to 1965
・The industrial pollutions became significant due to rapid
economic growth , and pollution control measures wereimplemented.
・in 1960 Kawasaki city enacted its pollution control
ordinance.

Industrial Pollution(Water pollution
resulting from factories)

Regulation against
wastewater from factories

The period from 1970 to 1980
・Situation of the industrial pollutions were improved.
・Pollutions from city life, such as from domestic waste
water and synthetic detergent became evident..

Pollution from city life(Water pollution resulting
from domestic wastewater)

The period from 1985 to 1995
・Kawasaki city government developed its framework ofenvironmental administration.
・In 1993 Kawasaki city enacted its river water quality
management plan.

Dissemination ofsewage systems

Tackling of water pollution(from 1965 to 1975)
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River contamination of Tama River became significant.
Detailed surveys on industrial wastewater based on legislation wereimplemented (in 1964)
Kawasaki city established its pollution control section (in 1965)
The Government of Japan enacted its water pollution control act. (in 1970)
Regulation for wastewater and monitoring of water pollution status wereimplemented.
The pollution control section of Kawasaki city became promoted to thepollution control bureau. (in 1971)
Environmental standards regarding water pollution were notified. (in 1971)
Kawasaki city pollution control ordinance was enacted. (in 1972)
A conference of local governments surrounding Tokyo Bay, which is a semiclosed water area, was convened in Kawasaki city.
Kawasaki city established its research institute for pollution control. (in 1973)5

What is the material floating on the surface of the river?

The surface of the river covered withfoam of detergent! ⇒The river waspolluted by domestic wastewater.

Picture took by Tokyo Environmental Bureau
in December in 1979 at Maruko Sluice in Tama RiverKawasaki Coastal
Area in 1960s

Kawasaki Coastal
Area as of now

7Ⅱ Measures for preventing waterpollution based on legislation

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A system of major regulations
Major regulations
Regulations by
Water Pollution Prevention Act

Regulations by
Sewerage Service Act

Regulations byOrdinances

Effluent Regulation

Concentration regulation on wastewater from specific workplaces

Regulation ofTotal maximum daily loads

Regulation by total maximum daily loads standards (pollution loads
of COD, Nitrogen and Phosphorus) to the specific workplaces
which discharge wastewater more than 50m3 per day as average.

Underwater seepage
control

Regulation by underwater seepage standards, including wastewaterfrom specific workplaces which use harmful substances

Measures at the time ofaccidents

Measures at the time of accidents at specific workplace, oil storage
facilities, and designated workplaces (notification, emergency
operation and others)

Connection topublic sewerage systems

Duties of installing drainage facilities necessary for pumping waste
water from service areas to public sewerage systems

Exclusion criteria ofsewerage service

Regulation by standards of wastewater excluded from publicsewerage systems

Effluent Regulation

Concentration regulation on wastewater from all workplaces which
discharge wastewater by wastewater standards

Underwater seepage
control

Prohibition of underwater seepage of wastewater from production of
specified hazardous substances

Measures at the time ofaccidents

Measures at the time of accidents at workplaces (notification,emergency operation and others)

9Water Pollution Prevention ActPurpose (Summary of Article 1)
The purpose of this Act is to protect public health and to preserve living
conditions. The Act regulates effluents discharged by factories andworkplaces into areas of public waters.

Definition (Extraction from Article 2)
The term "Specified Facilities" in this Act means facilities which discharge
polluted water or wastewater which meets either of the following
conditions, and which are specified by Cabinet Order:
・contains cadmium or other substances specified by Cabinet Order as
substances which may negatively affect public health (hereinafterreferred to as "Harmful Substances");・has a level of pollution which may cause damage that is likely tonegatively affect living conditions as specified by Cabinet Order, such as
chemical oxygen demand10Kawasaki city Ordinance for protecting
living environment from pollution
Purpose (Summary of Article 1 of the ordinance)
The purpose of the ordinance is to safeguard the health of Kawasaki
citizens and to ensure safe living environment. The ordinance defines
standards, with which factories and workplaces shall comply, and items
necessary for environmental protection.

Definition (Extraction from Article 2 of the ordinance)
The “specified workplaces” mean the workplaces which carry out tasks
defined by regulation and could cause pollution by creating air
pollutants, dust, odor, wastewater, noise or oscillation in the workplace
which listed in the appendix
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Measures for improving environment by the ordinance□

Strengthening of regulations

・Add items which are out of regulation by national law (such as color contamination,water temperature and others),
・Impose standards tougher than uniform standards,
・Control emissions of specified harmful substances in the area of water supply, and others.

□Kawasaki city financing system for preventing pollutions (Article 11 of theordinance)
In order to prevent pollutions, Kawasaki city finds small and medium-sized companies
money loan necessary for preventing pollution. Kawasaki city also subsidizes interest of
the money loan to the companies which receive the money loan if the companies submit
application for receiving the subsidies to Kawasaki city.

□Correspondence by pollution control agreements (Article 13 of theordinance)
Kawasaki city concludes the agreements with companies for positively implementing
measures for preventing pollutions and reducing other environmental burdens○Companies which emit large burdens (concentration of wastewater, emission burdenquantities)○Monitoring data transmission by automatic monitoring systems at the sources ofgeneration
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Standards for wastewater discharged
to areas of public water□ Standards under the Water Pollution Prevention
Act○ Uniform effluent standards (concentration regulation)
・Uniform national effluent standards are applied to wastewater from workplaces.
・The uniform national effluent standards are applied the workplaces specified bythe Act.
○ Standards on Total Maximum Daily Loads
・The standards on total maximum daily loads are applied to designated areas
relevant to enclosed coastal seas.
・The standards on total maximum daily loads are applied only to designatedworkplaces which discharge large volume of wastewater to the designated areas.

□Standards under Kawasaki city’s ordinance○Standards on wastewater regulation (concentration standards)
・Kawasaki city’s ordinance includes standard items more than the Water
Pollution Prevention Act, and some standard items in the ordinance sets
standard values stricter than the Act.
・The standard items and standard values set by the ordinance are applied to all
workplaces in Kawasaki city.

13Effluent Standards on wastewater
discharged to public water areas
Water Pollution Prevention Act
Water Pollution Prevention Act sets effluent standards to specific workplaces.

Specificworkplaces••

pH
Harmful substances (28 items)

If there are several discharge outlets,
all of the outlets are subject to the standards.
Kawasaki City’s ordinance
The Kawasaki city’s ordinance sets effluent standards to all workplaces.
Specified harmful substances (28 items as same as the Water Pollution
Prevention Act)Designated effluent substances except the specified harmfulsubstances (8 items, including zinc)Items which indicate contamination of water (9 items, including pH)

If there are several discharge outlets,
all of the outlets are subject to the standards.

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Items of major effluent standards to workplaces
Subject to the Water Pollution Prevention Act
and Kawasaki city’s ordinance

Subject only to Kawasaki city’s ordinance
OthersHarmful substance (Dioxin is subject only to Kawasaki city’s ordinance)

Cadmium and its compounds

1,1,1-TrichloroethanepH

Cyanogen compounds

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

BOD

Organophosphorus compounds

1,3-Dichloropropene

COD

Lead and its compounds

ThiuramSS (quantity of floating substances)

Hexavalent chromium compounds

SimazineN-hexane extract (mineral oils)

Arsenic and its compounds

Thiobencarb

N-hexane extract (plant oils)

BenzeneColiform bacteria countSelenium and its compounds

Odor

Alkyl mercury compounds

Boron and its compounds

Color contamination

PCB

Fluorine and its compounds

Phenolic content

Mercury, alkyl mercury and othermercury compounds

Trichlorethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Dichloromethane
Carbon tetrachloride

Ammonia, ammonium compounds,
nitrous acid compounds, and nitriccompounds
1,4-dioxane

Copper and its compunds
Zinc and its compounds
Iron and its compounds (soluble)
Manganese and its compounds (soluble)

1,2-Dichloroethane

Chrome and its compounds

1,1-Dichloromethane

Nickel and its compounds

Cis -1,2-Dichloroethylene

Dioxins

15※COD, T-N, T-P are added to the workplaces subject to the regulation of total maximum daily loads based on the Water Pollution Prevention Act.

Areas of operating sewerage systems
Seweragepipes
River (areas of public water)

Sewerage

Factories,
workplaces

treatment plant

Subject toSewerage
Service Act

Out of areas ofoperating
sewerage systems

Subject to Water
Pollution
Prevention Act
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Ⅲ Monitoring and Guidance for
Factories and Workplaces

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III Monitoring and Guidance for Factories andWorkplaces
As shown below, Kawasaki city conducts a number of activities to prevent environmental pollution. These include
monitoring of, and guidance to, factories and other potential sources of water pollution in accordance with laws andordinances, and carrying out on-site investigations. At the same time, Kawasaki city also implements environmental surveys
to assess water pollutants.
Visualization of Monitoring/Guidance
for Factories, Other Facilities

・Comply with laws and ordinances (report, invest in equipment to comply with EffluentStandards)
・Reduce water pollutants and properly manage wastewater treatment facilities
・Submit reports
・Provide information to the pollution-source automatic monitoring system (at major
factories only)
Complaints/requests

Factories/Workplaces

Kawasaki city

・Ensure compliance with laws and ordinances (report assessment, confirming compliancewith Effluent Standards, etc.)
・Conduct on-site investigations (verify and measure the location and size of facilities,
wastewater discharge outlets, etc.)
・Collect reports
・Monitor through a pollution-source automatic monitoring system (at major factories only)
・Guidance and penalties for noncompliance・Measures in case of accidents
・Promote voluntary initiatives

Complaints/requests

Citizens
Provideinformation/explanations

Conduct environmental measurements such as regularmonitoring of water pollutants

Provideinformation/explanations

18On-site inspection(Article 22 of the Act, Article 129 of the Ordinance)□ Monitoring of status ofcompliance with effluent
standards○ In order to confirm the status ofcompliance with effluent standards,
Kawasaki city implements the on-site
inspections every year and inspects
water quality at discharge outlets.
○In FY2017, 204 companies,
327samples and 3327 items wereinspected, including night inspections(4 companies and 7 samples).
○In these numbers, 11 companies
violated effluent standards, and therate of violation is 5.4%.
○Analyses of the samples were done by
Kawasaki Environment ResearchInstitute.

□ On-site inspection underapproval and license※FY2016○On-site inspections of workplaces due to lack of
notification of abolishment or changing underthe Act and the Ordinance: 38 inspections○Confirmation inspections of workplaces based on
notification and application: 26 companies,○On-site inspections resulting from water quality
accidents: 4 companies⇒Measures at the time of accidents (Article 14.2of the Act and Article 51 of the Ordinance)【Unusual water quality accidents】 ※FY2017⇒Reporting from citizens (38 accidents)
Death of fish (3), color contamination (12), oil
floating (14), murky water (3), others (6)（Corresponding）⇒ Set a contact system to relevant organizations,⇒ return to the existing status, claim for damages
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Photos on on-site inspection(Inspection on wastewater)

For VOCFor agrichemical

For PCBFor normal hexane

For cyanogen
For phenol

For COD
For metalｐＨ counter

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Guidance for violation of effluent
standards○ Guide a violating company to implement measures immediately on thesite when the violation is violation of pH, which is immediately clarified at
the inspection on wastewater,○ Request the company to confirm the present status, and guide thecompany to clarify the cause and implement measures when the violation isclarifies through analyses,○ Notify the company in writing, which is a guidance for improving
wastewater after results of analyses are clarified (and set a due date forreporting)○ Receive a document on reporting the improvement from the company
and guide the company to fully enforce preventive steps.
○ Implement on-site inspection to the workplace again, and confirm thestatus of improvement.

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Constant monitoring of workplacesby telemeter system○ Kawasaki city has implemented constant monitoring of workplaces, thepollution loads of which is large, by using telemeter system since 1983.
○ The number of the workplaces subject to the constant monitoring is 17 asof 2018.
○ Kawasaki city concludes agreements with the workplaces subject to theconstant monitoring, and operates the constant monitoring based on theoutline of maintenance and management of the constant monitoring system(Kawasaki Environment
Research Institute)（環境総合研究所）

監
視端末
Monitor
Station

Data Processing Device

データ処理装置NTT
phone line
ＮＴＴ回線

データ収集装置
Data Collection Device（中央局装置Device)）(CenterStation

Monitored generation-source
発 factories
生源監視
工workplaces
場・事業場
and（市内 and17 か所）(17 factories
workplacesin Kawasaki city)rd city government building)(The 3（第３庁舎）

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Ⅳ Monitoring of Water Quality ofRivers and Seas

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Monitoring of water quality in rivers and seas

Survey items
・Observation items: 7; Health items: 27
・Living environment items: 12; Special items: 24
7・Items requiring monitoring: 29; Other items: 8c

Example of long-term trends ofwater quality in rivers（mg/L）
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Misawa river,
三沢川・一の橋
Ichino Bridge

Nikaryou river,
二ヶ領本川・堰前橋Sekimae Bridge

Hirosse river,
平瀬川・平瀬橋（人道橋）
Hirose Bridge

30201001971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

20072010

2013

2016 年度

Long-term多摩川水系のＢＯＤ経年変化（年間平均値）
trend of BOD in the water system of Tama River(annual average values)25

Tama River at Chofu diversion weir after improvement of water quality
5.2 million Ayu (sweetfish) run to upstream of Tama River.
Researched by the government of Japan (from 28th March to 24th June, 2014)26

Thank you very much for your listening to mypresentation.
If you have any questions, please send them to thefollowing email address:

30kokuse@city.kawasaki.jp27