22/09/54

Domestic Wastewater Policy andImplementation in Thailand

Dr.. Wijarn Simachaya
DrInspector General
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

For the 3rd International WEPA Workshop,
21‐22 September 2011, Manila, the Philippines

Overview of the Presentation‐ Policy on Domestic Wastewater

Management‐ Pollution Sources and State of Water Quality‐ Implementation of Domestic Wastewater
Management in Thailand‐Wastewater Discharge Fee‐Constraints and Challenges

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Policy On Water Quality Improvement(1) ensuring better environmental governancethrough institutional restructuring, compliance,and decentralization;(2) introducing a sustainable financing mechanism,
i.e Polluter Pays Principle;(3) promoting more active community participationin water resource management ;(4) improving
ii wastet andd wastewatertt managementtin large cities; and(5) improving water environment of the major riverbasins

Sources of Water Pollution• Point Source Pollution– Domestic wastewater generates by various sources inresidential areas, restaurants, hotel, food markets,
harbor, hospital and buildings. (about 70 %)– Industrial wastewater generates from various types
and process of factory.
– Agriculture point sources generates from pig farms,fish and shrimp pond.

• Non‐point Source Pollution– the pollution of organic waste (fertilizer application),
sedimentation, nutrient (nitrogen and phosphoruscompounds) and pesticides2

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25
Watersheds
in Thailand

Surface Water Quality 2010
The
monitoring
results of water quality in2010, from 48 major rivers
and 4 standing surface water
sources at 366 the Water
Quality Monitoring Stations,
was evaluated using surface
water quality index andstandards .
Theh resultl showedhd
that water quality was still ingood level, fair level, anddeteriorated level by 22%,39%, 39% respectively.

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Surface Water Quality in
Thailand
100%
2090%

18

18
4080%

32

23

1721192232

ดี‐Good
พ‐FairอใชFair

เสื‐Pollutedอมโทรม
่

70%
60%

43

45

40

49
3150%

2553

51

เสื‐V.
อมโทรมมาก
่ Polluted

35
54

3440%
30%
3020%

33
35

10%

70%

2

32

9

3

31
21

65

44

29

34

23

5

3

24

2

25
42 254
3 254425452003
2546 2004
2547 2005
2548 2006
2549 2007
2550 22008
551 22009552 ป พ.ศ.
1999
20012002

Chart of Surface Water Quality Problems in Thailand
in 2010
NH322%%
22DO9%

FCB
30%%
30

BOD
12%%
12TCB
27%%
27

Whole country422/09/54

57 Automatic Water Quality
Stations

5 WQ Parameters: pH, DO,
Conductivity, Salinity, andTemperature

NormalWQ.
Station

Data
Processing

Emergency

WQ.
Station

GPRS
Link

SMS

Alarming

Warning
Data
Dissemination

Network

PublicInvolvement522/09/54

Implementation on Domestic
Wastewater Management

Domestic/Municipal Wastewater
Implementation and Management in Thailand(2,008) Municipalities

MWW~3.8 M m3/d

BMA Pattaya
BMA,P ttCit
City

MWW ~2.7
MWW.
~2 7 M m3/d(5,767) LAOs

MWW~ 8.5 M m3/d

Total MWW~15 M m3/d

The treatment capacity~ 3.2 M m3/d(~ 2121..3% of total MWW)6

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Domestic Wastewater Management inThailand
OVERVIEW

p Wastewater:
Municipal
approximately 14 M m3/day of municipal
wastewater generated by the population aroundthe country in year 2008. Includes : (2,008) Municipalities ~ 3.8 M m3/d
~ 8.5 M m3/d
 (5,767) LAOs
 BMA, Pattaya City
~ 2.7 M m3/d

101 MWF in the country have been constructed(approximately 3.2 millions m3/day of thetreatment capacity or 21.3 % of total wastewater)

Implementation Policy on Domestic
Wastewater Management
C n tr t newConstructnMunicipal Wastewater
Treatment System

Centralized
Wastewater
Treatment

ReduceRdM
Municipal
ni ip lWastewater at
Sources of Pollution

Cluster
Wastewater
Treatment

Grease Trap&Onsite
Treatment

L E
Law
Enforcementf

Strict Law Enforcement&Establish Local
Ordinance

Support the EfficientManagement of Operating& Maintaining7

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Target and Prioritizing the operational areas forManagement of Domestic Wastewater(2010-2041)

 In conducting the prioritizing of theareas, the process involves:

Prioritize the importance of 25 river
basins throughout Thailand by basing
on the deterioration of water quality
parameters as the standards toprioritize the level of deterioration

Target and Prioritizing the operational areas forManagement of Domestic Wastewater(2010-2041) (Cont.)

 Priority of municipal areas in each river basinusing the following criteria:(1) crisis area
(2) deterioration of water quality of thewater resources(3) quantity of municipal wastewater andsludge from municipal wastewater and(4) location of municipal areas especially
if located near the water resources8

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Target and Prioritizing the operational areas forManagement of Domestic Wastewater(2010-2041) (Cont.) Classifying of municipal wastewater
management based on the result ofprioritization of river basins and importanceof the municipal area to help establish theimplementation plan according to urgency
The implementation plan according to urgency
can be divided into 4 phases as follows:Phase 1 : Year 2010-2011 ~ 91
Phase 1 : Year 2012-2016 ~ 574
Phase 1 : Year 2017-2031 ~ 2,578
Phase 1 : Year 2032-2041 ~ 4,333

Wastewater Management Measures Law Regulation and Enforcement Measures
 The Enhancement and Conservation of National

Environmental Quality Act, B.E. 2535 (NEQA 1992)
 Water Quality Standards : Ambient Water Quality Standards
 Effluent Standards
 Other Laws
 Management Measures :-Monitor
M i anddE
Evaluatel
W
Water Q
Qualityli iin Receiving
R i i waters-Pollution Control Zone
- Protected Areas
 Investment Measures :Establish Wastewater Treatment Facilities
189

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Water Quality Standards

Ambient Water quality standards :• Surface Water Quality Standards B.E.
B E 2537 (1994)• Coastal Water Quality Standards B.E. 2537 (1994)• Groundwater Quality Standards B.E. 2543 (2000)

Effluent standard•Buildings Effluent Standards B.E. 2537 (1994)•Housing Estates Effluent Standards B.E. 2539 (1996)•Industrial Effluent Standards B.E. 2539 (1996)•Pig Farm Effluent Standards B.E. 2544 (1991)•Gas Station Effluent Standard and Oil Terminal Effluent
Standards B.E. 2545 (2002)

Municipal Wastewater Tariffs in Thailand The Enhancement and Conservation of National
Environmentalv o e
QuQualityy Act,c , B.E.
. . 2535535 (N(NEQAQ 1992)
99 )Major principals related to municipal wastewater tariffs point ofview in this Act are as following : Polluter Pays Principal : The owner or possessor of
the pollution source must be responsible for all costs ofconstruction/installationand operationof his/her/p/
treatment facilities, or paying the service fee for sending
the wastes to central treatment/disposal plant of thegovernment10

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Municipal Wastewater Tariffs in Thailand Regulations: The National Environment Quality Act (NEQA) (1992)
Wastewater tariffs approval process under NEQA
Development of Draft Tariff Regulations by LGAs
Review and Approval by PCC
i andd Approval
Al byb NEB
Review
NEB Announcement (Government Gazette)
Implementation

Municipal Wastewater Tariffs in Thailand (cont.) Recent Supporting Policy (4 December 2003)‘The resolution of NEB on the Wastewater Tariff
Collection’s Guideline’

Objective: to sue the collected tariffs to fund the LGAs’ expenditures

Goal: having cost recovery and effective tariff rates

Principle of tariffs
Covers polluters in the WWTP service areasCharged base on only O&M costs depending on:- Pond system 2.4 Bt/m3- Aeration systems 3-5 Bt/m3- Activated Sludge 3-8 Bt/m3- RBC, Biofilter and Constructed Wetland base on O&M of each

area11

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The Implementation of Municipal Wastewater Tariffs
The details of 7 LAOs have enacted
tariffs regulations& implementก tariffs
The details of 3 LAOs where received
financial support from Environment
Fund• Hat Yai Municipality• Pattyya City
• Karon Municipality
The details of 4 LAOs where received
financial support from DOPA
• Sriracha Municipality• Sansuk Municipality• Ban Pae Municipality• Patong Municipality

The details of 6 LAOs
where received financial
support from Environment
Fund . The tariff wereapproved by the NEB onJune 18, 2008 & March 16,2009.
• Maesod Municipality•Tarae Municipality• Hungkhang Municipallity• Mungdahan Municipallity• Huahin Municipallity• Patong Municipality( on March 16, 2009)

The Limited Application of Tariff in Thailand
Lack of RTG Commitment to Tariff Implementation : the enactment of the NEQA, existing RTG legislation did not
require the LGAs to implement tariffs.
agencies
i off theh RTG
TG did not actively
i l promote theh iimplementationl
iof tariffs and there was no clear RTG policy regarding user charges.
 Weak Sense of Ownership by the LAOs : many LAOs
possessing wastewater systems do not possess a strong sense ofresponsibility and accountability for the operation and maintenance ofthe facilities
 Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Charge Concerns
 Politicization of the Tariff Setting Process Institutional Separation of Water and Wastewater
Services Capacity Limitations of the LGAs

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Constraints in Domestic Wastewater
Management in Thailand

Many urban communities lack appropriate
ddomestici wastewater ffacilities
ili i andd management
The communities and people still lackunderstanding in wastewater problems andawareness to protect their own environment
Most local administration organizations are still
unable to manage domestic wastewater
L k off b
Lackbudgetdffor construction
i off theh newwastewater collection system and wastewater
treatment facilities as well as operation andmaintenance system
Limitation of the implementation of wastewater
discharge fee’s collection

Challenges in Domestic Wastewater Management inThailand


Proposepand assess technicallyy and economicallyy
feasible options including identification of types, theseparate sewage system, or combined sewer system
i.e. Centralized, Cluster and Onsite of wastewater
treatment systems
Technical assistance e.g. software
The implementation and enforcement of the Effluent
Standards from domestic central treatment plant
Pressure from the public
Water shortage and climate change
Water conservation becomes an issue ….. Water re-useand recycle

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Thank YouContact
Pollution Control Department
http://www.pcd.go.thTel. +66 22982200
Fax. +66 22982211

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