NO.2 OCTOBER 2013

Heat Pump & TES
TES’s current
urrent situation in each country（（China, Japan, Korea）

CONTENT・ABSTRACTS

1

・HEAT
HEAT PUMP MARKET AND TECHONOLOGIES IN REPUBLIC OF KOREA

3・SAVINGSAVING ENERGY BY UTILIZATION OF TES AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

9・OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ON COOL STORAGE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

16

http://www.hptcj.or.jp/e/ahpnw/tabid/571/language/en
http://www.hptcj.or.jp/e/ahpnw/tabid/571/language/en-US/Default.aspx
US/Default.aspx

Republic of KOREA
ABSTRACTSHEAT PUMP MARKET AND TECHONOLOGIES IN REPUBLIC OF KOREAThis paper is to report Korean market situation of and change in technology development ofheat pump which is in the spotlight as an alternative to heating and air conditioning using theexisting equipment used fossil fuel, and to prospect the heat pump market and technology of
Korea to mitigate CO2 emission for the future.

SAVING ENERGY BY UTILIZATION OF THERMAL ENERGYSTORAGE (TES) AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
The nuclear power station accident caused by the great earthquake and tsunami in March2011 had put Japan into a tight electricity demand and supply situation. Even in such situation,
the buildings equipped with TES were fully able to provide cooling, while contributing to“electricity saving (reduction of peak power)” as well as realizing energy saving. In addition,
the advantages of a TES as an effective responsive measure for disaster prevention, thatwater in its TES tank can be used for daily life or fire fighting purpose, begin to be recognized
anew. Now is a good time to publicize the benefits of a “TES air conditioning system which isdesigned to assist the heat pump” as an energy efficient equipment, in terms of higher
efficiency of equipment and systems, energy saving, CO2 emissions reduction, peak load
leveling and disaster response.

OVERVIEW ON COOL STORAGE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA
Advanced in “peak load shifting”, grid load balancing, and operation cost saving by taking
advantage of the price difference between peaks and through, cool storage air-conditioning
system has got wide application in recent years. This article addresses the contribution ofcool storage air conditioning system to both nation and consumer under the current Chinese
energy and electrical situation, introduces time of use (TOU) policy and cool storage
incentives policy of central and local government as well as the industrial standard code. The
application character of cool storage air conditioning technology in China mainly on water
storage and ice storage are presented. Latest achievements and hot point in technology
research are introduced. The existing problems in application and methodology of systemevaluation are summarized. Suggestion for future development in support system andapplication are proposed.

~2~

Republic of KOREAHEAT PUMP MARKET AND TECHNOLOGIES IN REPUBLIC
OF KOREA
Jun-Young CHOI, Republic of KOREA

Abstract
This paper is to report Korean market situation of and change in technology development ofheat pump which is in the spotlight as an alternative to heating and air conditioning using theexisting equipment used fossil fuel, and to prospect the heat pump market and technology of
Korea to mitigate CO2 emission for the future.
Introduction
Recently, International Energy Agency (IEA) is promoting a research to estimate national
performance indicators for heat pumps to quantify CO2 reduction, and based on it there is amove to formulate the amount of energy savings. Also International Organization forStandardization (ISO) is conveying the utility of and fostering the penetration of heat pumps togovernments and consumers by establishing Annual Performance Factor (APF) to define theamount of annual energy consumption.
Residential, commercial and public buildings account for approximately 24% of total energy
consumption in Korea, therefore energy efficient buildings are indispensable to realize agreen developed country as it is strongly required to reduce energy. Air conditioners which
account for the largest energy consumption in buildings have used 28% thermal energy and
13% electricity of total energy consumption in Korea. Because the thermal energy is mostly
consumed in the housing and building sector (housing sector 90%, business sector 8%, public
sector 2%), when the housing and building sector use energy efficiently by making the thermalenergy consumption high efficient, absolute savings of national energy and reduction of CO2
emission are possible.
The heat pump used for high efficient cooling and heating in buildings are recognized as analternative to existing primary heat resource device and needs of technology development
and market of the heat pump are growing as the major means in response to Framework
Convention on Climate Change. With these circumstances this paper is to summarize current
Korean market situation of and change in technology development of a heat pump which is in
the spotlight as an alternative to heating and air conditioning using the existing equipmentused fossil fuel, and to prospect the heat pump market for Korea to mitigate CO2 emission for
the future.
Market
The worldwide market for heat pumps is heating up recently. As the heat pump rises as analternative energy appliance to the fossil fuel, it grows fast with Europe as the center. The
heat pump market which was as large as shipbuilding market with a 61.5 billion dollar
valuation in 2008 is expected to increase rapidly up to 170 billion dollars in 2012. Particularly,
residential heating market using the heat pump has sharply increased by more than 53%
annually in global.

~3~

Republic of KOREA

According to the change in the market, European Union (EU) passed legislation to include theaero thermal, geothermal or hydrothermal energy captured by heat pump in renewableenergy and major European countries such as France, Belgium and Netherland encourage
penetration of heat pumps through various subsidy benefits. Japan boasts the world’s best
technical skills in the heat pump field and with COP of 6 or more heat pump water heater touse natural refrigerant CO2 is already commercialized. Also, Japan takes the lead by showing
a different product family such as residential heat pump water heater called ECO CUTE andheat pump hot water floor heating etc. It is because of Japanese government’s active
supports and businesses’ efforts for technology development.
As a newcomer, South Korea also makes various efforts to expand the heat pump market.
Although the heat pump market continues to expand recently, domestic market is still staying
in the poor level.
As of 2008, the number of sales of air-conditioner in Korea, the fourth producer in worldwide
air conditioning market, was 1.26 million units (residential air-to-air cooling only unit), whereas
the share of heat pumps was around 5%, which is low level. (See [Figure 1]) Even it isconcentrated on the commercial VRF market. (See [Figure 2]) The main reason is that as
most of the population lives in high-rise apartments and condominiums in downtown, they
prefer to room air conditioner for cooling considering installation space. Currently,
technological level does not satisfy demands of consumers, therefore they refuse to use heatpumps psychologically, which is showing different phenomenon from Japan and China. In
addition, owing to Korean traditional Ondol culture, a floor heating system which circulates hot
water from a boiler, a fossil fuel appliance, is chosen for living space.
In domestic heating space market, residential gas or oil boilers have accounted for 60%
traditionally, however the market of heaters using heat pump water heater is growing recently
and it makes up a 62 million US$ market in 2008. But, air-to-air heat pump is dominant in
Korean market, even there are a limited demand for air-to-water, water-to-water, andwater-to-brine heat pump for commercial and industrial sector. This market is not easy toanalyze because of lack of data. With renewable incentive benefit geothermal heat pump hasgrown up steadily every year. (See [Figure 3]) For geothermal heat pump market
water-to-water type is dominant because school, public and commercial buildings adopt
geothermal system.
In case of Korea, electricity bill has increased by 25% for 20 years, on the other hand, theprice of LNG and kerosene has soared sharply. Currently, heat pump have enoughcompetitiveness in the commercial and industrial sector to which progressive stage systemdoes not apply considering electricity and gas bill. Residential heat pumps are expected to becompetitive when stable power supply is possible as electricity dependency gets higher by
nuclear energy for the future.
Moreover, it is anticipated that the market share of heat pumps will increase dramatically as
energy source and the scope such as advancement of development technology for heatpumps, the rise of eco-friendly issues, the increase in fuel price and renewable energy are
getting diversified. The heat pump in domestic market is expected to grow continuously in the
sector of skyscrapers and commercial buildings (restaurants etc.) and to form a market in
residential sector as an alternative to a boiler.

~4~Republic of KOREA

1,600,000

14940001495000

1,400,000

1261000

1,200,000

Shipments (Units)

1224000

1138000
1025000

1,000,000
800,000
Heat pump

600,000

Cooling Only

400,000
200,000

42,000 45000 52,000 65000

89000

157000

0
2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Year
Figure 1.Shipments of residential air-to-air heat pump and cooling only air-conditioner
under 23kW cooling capacity*Source from KEMCO(Korea Energy Management Corporation) annual report 2011

EHP VRFGHP

120,000

110361

Shipments (Units)

100,000
80,00020,00090661

70,08560,00040,000

93426

47249
38,093

5223

5907

4020

3720

1935

1205

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

0

Year

Figure 2.Shipments of EHP VRF and GHP
Remark : EHP VRF is variable refrigerant flow system by electric heat pumpGHP is gas driven heat pump*Source from KRAIA(Korea Refrigeration and Air conditioning Industry Association) statistic data 2011~5~

Republic of KOREA

Installed Capacity (kW)45,00039838

40,00035023

35,00031613

30,00025,00020,52820,00015,00010,000

8,159

5,000
0
2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Year
Figure 3.Installed capacity with geothermal heat pumpRemark : 1RT is 3.5kW*Source from REC(Renewable Energy Center), 2009 report

Technology
Until now, technology development for high efficient and eco-friendly heat pumps has
progressed largely and R&D for compressor technology, improvement of a product structure
and a heat exchanger, microprocessor control method and solution is proceeding actively.
Especially, amid the anticipation of investment on and development for high-technology forheat pump water heaters, systematic production and R&D technology infra of theIndustry-University-Institute are getting larger recently.
In green energy strategic roadmap 2011 by government, heat pump sector is selected as “Thedomestic market expansion and achievement of international competitiveness through thedevelopment of new concept heat pumps”. The goal is to increase localization rate andtechnology level, which have showed 90% and 85% respectively until last year, up to 100%
both of them by 2030, and on the basis of that to raise 8% global market share to 20% in 2030.
Government acknowledges that the heat pump reducing CO2 emission significantly as asingle technology is an energy technology to replace existing primary heat source system,
and recognizes necessity for technology development as a main means to respond toconvention on climate change.
For promoting the heat pump industry, roadmap divides R&D program into commercializationand original technology development. ‘Refrigerating, Air Conditioning and Freezing’ unified ina heat pump system and middle capacity air to water (ATW) heat pump system are focusedon commercialization. Firstly, the project is to promote domestic market and to carve out
international market by developing ‘Refrigerating, Air Conditioning and Freezing’ unified in aheat pump system with high marketing opportunities based on VRF heat pump technology.
This strategy is like killing three birds with one stone in that it encourages a product family
ensuring for export strategy based on domestic supply, improves energy efficiency andreduces CO2 emission in the aspect of market and technology.

~6~Republic of KOREA

A middle capacity ATW product family(See [Figure 4]), is predicted to greatly grow market andtechnology for the future, is fostered in the aspect of environmental protection and energy
conservation according to using renewable energy. This plan is also for commercialization of
ATW heat pumps that replace existing heating and cooling system used along withcombination of a boiler and a chiller which use primary energy. At the same time, it says tofocus on original technology development because technology development for‘Middle-Capacity, Hot-Water Multistage-Compression Heat Pump System’ and ‘Heat Pump
System Using a Latent Heat Storage’ which are available for waste heat recovery and use inindustrial processes get more important in the heat pump market in the long term.
Particularly, roadmap has proposed measurement to improve regulation for boosting heatpump industry. There are inclusion of renewable energy facilities and classification of highefficient appliances, giving incentives for high efficient heat pump products, granting extra
points when adopting design and exception from objective of designating a freezer safety
operator in high pressure gas safety control act etc.

Figure 4. High efficient heat pump water heater with hybrid source*Source from KETEP, “Green Energy Strategic Roadmap for Heat pumps”, 2009 report

Conclusion
Even though Korean heat pump market is comparatively small, recently government isstruggling to deal with climate change and energy problem by expanding the heat pumpmarket as one of products for a dynamic force for new growth in accordance with promoting
green energy industry. In the future, the heat pump market will grow through boiler
replacement demands and it is expected to have great market potential for industrial use as
well as for residential use. Government endeavors to support for technology development andto systemize certification of performance, standard, quality and test regarding devices andsystem of heat pumps by selecting the heat pump as one of 15 green energy sectors of thegreen energy strategic roadmap. If this effort comes to fruition, it can achieve a very large
effect nationally as the major means corresponding to convention on climate change andpromote to be an internationally competitive industry by fostering export-intensive industry.

~7~

Republic of KOREA

Reference
Choi, Jun-Young, 2011."CO2 reduction impact by growing heat pump market”, Journal of
KSME.pp 45-48, Vol. 51, No. 5 May, Seoul, KOREA
Renewable Energy Center, 2009.“2009 Renewable Energy Statistic Report”, Renewable
Energy Center.Yongin, KOREA
Cho, Keumnam, Choi, Jun-Young, and others, 2011. “A study of VRF(Variable Refrigerant
System) for implemting high energy efficient equipment program, SAREK. Seoul, KOREAKETEP, 2009.“Green Energy Strategic Roadmap for Heat pumps”, KETEP. Seoul, KOREA~8~

JapanSaving energy by utilization ofthermal energy storage(TES) air conditioning system
Tadahiko Ibamoto
Professor of School of Science and Technology for Future LifeManaging director of Tokyo Denki University (TDU)
Chairman of Thermal Storage Committee, HPTCJ

Abstract
The nuclear power station accident caused by the great earthquake and tsunami in March2011 had put Japan into a tight electricity demand and supply situation. Even in such situation,
the buildings equipped with TES were fully able to provide cooling, while contributing to“electricity saving (reduction of peak power)” as well as realizing energy saving. In addition,
the advantages of a TES as an effective responsive measure for disaster prevention, thatwater in its TES tank can be used for daily life or fire fighting purpose, begin to be recognized
anew. Now is a good time to publicize the benefits of a “TES air conditioning system which isdesigned to assist the heat pump” as an energy efficient equipment, in terms of higher
efficiency of equipment and systems, energy saving, CO2 emissions reduction, peak load
leveling and disaster response.

Introduction
Please take a look at the photograph (Figure 1).
We can read the following: “We are saving electricity with TES air
conditioning system. By providing cooling load by the cool heatstored at night this building contributes to cutting the peak power
during the day.”This is a sticker proposed by myself, the author of this paper andcreated by HPTCJ for distribution to the buildings equipped withTES.
I would like to explain the background of this sticker and thesituation of TES in Japan.

Figure 1: Saving energy
by utilization of TES air
conditioning system

Occurrence of Great East Japan Earthquake
The largest earthquake around Japan in recorded history occurred at 14:46:18 (Japan
Standard Time) on March 11, 2011, with a hypocenter in a sea bed in the Pacific 70 km east
offshore from Sendai City in the Tohoku region of Japan.
The earthquake triggered the giant tsunami with waves higher than 10 m and the maximum
run up height of 40.1 m recorded in some areas, which devastated the coastal areas. In
addition to the giant tsunami, the earthquake caused strong shaking and damages in greater
areas, including ground liquefaction, ground sinking, and break of the dam, resulting in
breakdown of various utility service systems.

~9~

JapanAs of July 10, 2013, it was officially confirmed that the earthquake caused 18,550 people deador missing and destroyed 398,711 homes totally or partially. At the peak time immediately
after the occurrence of the earthquake, it was reported that the disaster forced over 400,000
people to evacuate, cut power to more than 8 million homes, and cut off water supply to morethan 1.8 million homes. (Compiled from the information of Wikipedia)
Power supply situation in Japan after occurrence of earthquake
The earthquake and the tsunami triggered a nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear
Power Station of Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), which involved a series ofradioactive substance releases, including core meltdown. The accident prompted TEPCO to
implement “planned power outage,” which affected residential houses as well, for a half monthin its service area. Also, in order to avoid power crisis in summer, “Civil Power Consumption
Restriction Code” which mandates large-volume users contracted for at least 500 kilowatts to
reduce their peak power usage by 15%, compared with the last summer, under applicablelaws was implemented for about two months in the service areas of TEPCO and Tohoku
Electric Power Company. As a result, many buildings were put into a situation to restrict
greatly the use of air conditioning systems, not to mention production activities.
(See Figure 2)

20%

Implementation of planned
power outage (a half month)• Tokyo Electric Power
Company supplies
electricity to 42 million
people and 40% of Japan’s
GDP.
• It lost 40% of its generation
capacity just after theearthquake and tsunami.

Restriction of electricity
usage (two months)

Resource: IEA 4E EXCO 10th-17th October 2011

Figure 2: Status of ensuring supply capability of TEPCO after the earthquake
Then, against the background of social circumstances such as safety concerns, nuclear
power stations in Japan stopped their operations one by one when they need to undergo
periodic inspection. In May 2012, all of the 50 nuclear reactors in Japan were out of operation,
leading to a state in which no nuclear reactors were in operation. However, as concerns overpower shortage were rising in the service area of Kansai Electric Power Company, thecompany resumed operations of only Units 3 and 4 of Oi Nuclear Power Station in September
2012, which are scheduled to stop operations in September 2013. Resumption of operationsof the two reactors as well as all other reactors will be decided by the government after thesereactors pass the safety evaluation to be conducted by the Nuclear Regulation Authority.

~ 10 ~

JapanFigure 3 shows the electricity demand and supply and capability margin forecasts ofrespective electric utilities for August 2013.
6000

60

Supply capability
供給力
Prediction of maximum
最大電力需要予測
power demand

4000

50

40

10,000 (kW)capability margin
予備率
3000

30

2000

20

1000

10

0

capability margin (％)

5000

0
北海道 Tohoku
東北
Hokkaido

東京
Tokyo

中部
Chubu

関西
Kansai

北陸
中国
四国
九州
沖縄
Hokuriku
Chugoku
Shikoku
KyushuOkinawa

Resource : Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Homepage

Figure 3: Electricity demand and supply forecast for August 2013 (by electric utility)
Role to be played by TES air conditioning system
Even in a tight electricity demand and supply situation described above, the buildings
equipped with TES were sufficiently able to provide cooling. The people visiting a building
with a TES might have questions: “Why is this building able to provide cooling?” or “Civil
Power Consumption Restriction Code isn’t obeyed?” The aforementioned sticker is createdwith an intention to avoid criticism against antisocial practices that the people might have. It isneedless to say that its true intention is to publicize the fact that such buildings are fully able toprovide cooling, while contributing to “electricity saving (reduction of peak power)” as well as
realizing energy saving.
Figure 4 presents the excerpts from the leaflets which select several buildings withmeasurement data before and after the great earthquake from various buildings equippedwith heat pump and TES, in order to describe the situations “before and after electricity
saving.” The leaflets were created by HPTCJ for distribution to the building owners and otherpeople concerned to let them know the fact (that a building with a TES is able to reduce powerload). Though many engineers understand the benefits of a TES as a theory, the fact is thatthey do (or did) not have opportunities to know the benefits based on data. We believe thatthe advantage of a TES would have a great impact when restriction on cutting the peak poweris actually imposed.

~ 11 ~

JapanPurpose：OfficePurpose：Office
TES Category

Installation case of TES system coupled to heat pump

Peak electricity

Installation case of TES system coupled to heat pump

Chofu city Chofu city hall

Chofu city

◆ Total floor area

City hall◆ Number of floors

14,123㎡
8 floors ,1 basement floor

Overview of heat pump system
Heat pump system configuration
In this facility, two air source brine heat

Space for cooling in the facility

pumps(BHP-1,2) are operated at night to store
cold heat in the tank of internal ice melting

AHP-1

Electric Power consumption on typical summer day
July 19th 2011

heat pump chillers(AHP-1,2) provide cold heat for

500

Electricity consumption［ｋW］

space cooling in day time.

AHP-2

Estimated peak electric power
consumption without TES system

400

system. Cold heat in the tank and two air sourceThis TES system allows to provide enough coldheat without BHP-1,2 daytime operation.

Actual peak electric power
consumption

300

Heat
exchanger

Electricity for lighting, electric appliance etc
照明・コンセント・その他
Electricity for Heat pump system
空調熱源システム
Reduction of electricity due to the effect of TES
放熱による低減分

200

Ice storage tank[Heat pump unit specification]

BHP-1

0
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
[Hr]

BHP-2

Explanation of TES operation coupled to heat pump unit
Cooling load & generated cold heat on July 19 th 2011

Cooling load, Generated cold heat［ｋW］

800

Brine (Supply)
Brine(Return)

Equipment title

Numberof unitair source heatpump chillers
AHP-1～2２

air source brine
heat pump
BHP-1～2

２

Specification

Ice storage tank

205 kW

Heating capacity

236 kW

Cooling
Capacity

Chilled water(Supply)
Chilled water(Return)①Thermal load for cooling

Cooling capacity

１(Night time
operation)

149 kW(day time
operation)

190 kW

Heating capacity

225 kW

Tank capacity/
TES capacity

65 m ３/2,222 kWh

Cooling operation hour is from 8 to 17.

① Thermal load
for cooling②Night time TES operation
Entire cold heat, generated by heat pump night time
operation(22pm-8am) is stored. This system allows
storing about 30% of cooling load of the day

600④Utilizing stored
cold heat③Day time heat pump operation
Air source heat pump chiller is operated to cover baseload. Day time operation mode is determined consideringresidue of cold heat in the tank and cooling load.
In this case the number of the operation unit is decreased
from 14pm.

400

200

③Day timeheat pump
operation②Night time
TES operation④Utilizing stored cold heat

0
22

0

2

4

6

8

10 12 14 16 18 20

Cold heat, generated night time operation, covers certain
amount of cooling load. Consequently, this TES operation
allows decreasing day-time electric power consumption
and decreasing heat pump capacity as well.

Overview of the facility
Lo cation
West part of Tokyo metropolitan.
Mo tivation f o r TES
Chofu city lays emphasis to counter measure for global warming.
This system is introduced as ESCO project.
Rema rks(Incentive, Awa rd etc)
This system got a gold prize ESCO Award in 2007 owing to highsaving energy performance.

[Hr]

Purpose：Office

TES Category

Purpose：Office

J-Power (Electric Power Development Co. ,Ltd)J-Power head quarter office building

Installation case of TES system coupled to heat pump

Peak electricity

Installation case of TES system coupled to heat pump

J-Power (Electric Power Development Co.,Ltd)J-Power head quarter office building◆ Total floor area

34,326㎡◆ Number of floors

16 floors

Overview of heat pump system
Heat pump system configuration

In this facility, two turbo refrigerator and two air
source heat pump chillers are operated.

!!

Indoor Unit
（office , etc ）Indoor Unit
（server room）

TRs are used for cold heat storage at night, while
AHPs are used for server room cooling all day
long in summer.

Electric Power consumption on typical summer day
August 10th 2011

Hot water storage is operated by using TRs waste
heat and AHPs operation in winter.

1,600
Estimated peak electric power
consumption without TES system

1,400

Electricity consumption ［ｋW］

electricity shift to night time is 11% of total
amount of electricity in this facility.

100

22 23

Thanks to this TES system, total amount of

Water tank（chilled
water）

Actual peak electric power
consumption

1,200

Water tank（chilledwater/hot water）

This TES system allows to provide enough coldheat for space cooling except server room owing
to the effect of high storage water temperature

1,000

difference in the tank.

800

TR-1

600

Equipment title

Electricity for lighting, electric appliance etc
照明・コンセント・その他
Electricity
for Heat pump system
空調熱源システム
Reductionof electricity due to the effect of TES
放熱による低減分

200

Chilled water（Supply）
Chilled water（Return）

0
22 23

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21[Hr]

Cooling load & generated cold heat on August 10th 2011

3,000

AHP-1

AHP-2

Explanation of TES operation coupled to heat pump unit

Cooling load, Generated cold heat［ｋW］

Numberof unit

TR-2

400①Thermal load for cooling
Air conditioning system is operated all day for server roomcooling.

2,500①Thermalload forcooling

2,000②Night time
TES operation

Cold heat, generated by turbo refrigerator in night time
operation(22pm-8am) is stored. This system allows storingcold heat in the water tank about 70% of cooling load of theday③Day time heat pump operation④Utilizing
storedcold heat

Air source heat pump chiller is operated all day for serverroom cooling.

④Utilizing stored cold heat500

③Day time heatpump operation

0
22

0

2

4

6

8

Specification
Cooling capacity

Turbo refrigerator（Heat recovery）
TR-1

1

Turbo refrigerator
TR-2

1

Air source heat pumpchiller
AHP-1～2

2

Water tank（chilled water）
Water tank（chilledwater/hot water）

Cooling capacity（heat recovery）
Heating capacity（heat recovery）

1,230.7kW
1,125.2kW
1,411kW

Cooling capacity
At day time

1,266kW

Cooling capacity

315kW

Heating capacity

315kW

１

Tank capacity

1,200m ３

1

Tank capacity

1,300m ３②Night time TES operation

1,500
1,000

[Heat pump unit Specification]

10 12 14 16 18 20

Cold heat, generated night time operation, allows covering
total cooling load except server room load.
Consequently, this TES operation allows decreasing day-timeelectric power consumption.

Overview of the facility
L ocation
Tokyo metropolitan.
M otivation for TES
As a Electric power provider company, J-Power actively works for savingenergy technology and decreasing peak electric power demand

Picture of appearance[Hr]

Figure 4: Example of cutting the peak power in daytime by utilizing TES~ 12 ~

JapanUrgent proposal
Also, HPTCJ officially announces on its website;“Urgent proposal: Effective use of a TES forsaving electricity and energy after the Great East
Japan Earthquake …as well as the basic
principles of preserving a healthy environment.”(See Figure 5)
The proposal consists of “1. Pre requisites from astandpoint of environment engineering for a life ofsaving energy and electricity,” “2. Need torecognize the limit of setting an energy-saving
temperature of 28℃,” and “3. Need to recognize
again the advantages of a TES.”In these descriptions, the following are being
insisted:
1) With the basic principle of maintaining ahealthy living environment, even in a casethat comfort needs to be neglected at thetime of emergency evacuation, policies andpractices should be implemented under the
principle of a healthy living environment,
including adjustments to human actions(adjustments to clothing).
Figure 5: Urgent proposal
2) Although it is needless to say the universal
significance of energy saving and CO2 emissions reduction, it is required to consider thetime of emergency evacuation and the time of daily living separately; and we should
refrain from excessive expectations for natural energy and renewable energy.
3) The advantages of a thermal storage system, which can adjust quantitative or temporalbalance between heat demand and supply, should be appreciated anew.
Utilization for disaster prevention
In addition, the benefits of a TES for non-energy purpose draw new attention after theoccurrence of the great earthquake. In other words, an idea is emerging that we should use
water in TES tanks for lavatory flushing and fire fighting in case of disaster. Figure 6 indicates
an image of utilization of a TES tank in case of disaster.

In case of fire

In case of fire

Utilization of water for firefighting

Utilization of water for daily lifeAir
conditioner

Temporary lavatory

Laundry washing,hand-washing, etc.

Heat pump
Water thermal
storage tank

Filtrationequipment

Figure 6: Image of thermal storage tank utilization in case of emergency~ 13 ~

JapanFigure 7 shows “Linked Vertical TES tanks” installed at the campus of the university where I
work. The tanks are effectively used for heating and cooling purposes, while usually serving
as Linked Vertical TES tanks to reduce electricity demand in peak period by decreasingtransport power for dispersed secondly pumps. But when disaster occurred, the tanks can
supply their water for general purposes only by using gravity to the classroom buildings(which are assumed to be used as a disaster prevention and evacuation site with numerous
lavatory facilities). Furthermore, we have another idea that the other tank (rain water tank)should also be used for sewage water storage if sewer systems become out of service.

After the installation

At the time of transportation

From the window of the hallway

Hoisting of linked vertical
TES tank（ Height=about10m φ2650）
218.1m3 ×２units when five tanks are linked
127.2m3 ×２units when three tanks are linked

From the bottom

Figure 7: Linked vertical TES tanks
Building
No.1

Building No.2 (disaster preparedness center)

Realize water supply
by using hydraulichead pressure causedby difference of altitude(up to 30m)

Electric generator(500kVA)

Drinkable
water tankUtilitywater tank

Linked vertical TES tanks
Realize supply of about
300m 3 water (whichmeets water demand of
4,000 people for about
three days) only by using
gravity

Utilization as
evacuation site inopen space andsupply of powersources inemergency

Lighting and outlet
Classroom ventilation fan
Lavatory ventilation fan
Lavatory flush valve
Water supply and drainage pump
Power delivery to cabinet panels
etc. in open space

Installation of electricity
room on 2nd floor inconsideration of flooding
Electricity
room
Evacuation space (classroom)

Ice

From linked vertical
TES tank in Building No.4

Lavatory

Utilization of waterin thermal storage
tanks for lavatory
flushing

Water tankUtility water tankRain water tank

Figure 8: TES tank utilization scheme in case of emergency (Tokyo Senju Campus of TDU)

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JapanConclusion
As situations at the time of and after the great earthquake are described so far, now is thetime for us to pay more attention to the benefits of a “TES air conditioning system which isdesigned to assist the heat pump” as an energy efficient equipment, in terms of higher
efficiency of equipment and systems, energy saving, CO2 emissions reduction, peak load
levelling or disaster response.
References
1. Materials from examination meeting on electricity demand and supply, Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry
2. Brochures issued by HPTCJ~ 15 ~

People’s Republic of China

Overview on cool storage industry development in China
Wei Xu, Zongyu Sun, Huai Li, China;

Abstract
Advanced in “peak load shifting”, grid load balancing, and operation cost saving by taking
advantage of the price difference between peaks and through, cool storage air-conditioning
system has got wide application in recent years. This article addresses the contribution ofcool storage air conditioning system to both nation and consumer under the current Chinese
energy and electrical situation, introduces time of use (TOU) policy and cool storage
incentives policy of central and local government as well as the industrial standard code. The
application character of cool storage air conditioning technology in China mainly on water
storage and ice storage are presented. Latest achievements and hot point in technology
research are introduced. The existing problems in application and methodology of systemevaluation are summarized. Suggestion for future development in support system andapplication are proposed.

Introduction of China building energy consumption and electrical demandPower consumption and installed electricity capacity grows rapidly with the increasing ofurbanization and industrialization levels in China. Total electricity consumption increases from1.35 trillion kWh in 2000 to about 4.19 trillion kWh in 2010. The total installed electricity
capacity increased from 357 million kW to 792 million kW from end of 2002 to end of 2008.
Annual average production increased from 70 million kW to 2011's 1.05 billion kW.
With the rapid growth of installed electricity capacity, widespread power shortage situation has
been eased to some extent. However, due to the increase of power demand and variation in
the electricity structure, power shortage still exists, in the form of low grid load factor,
electricity deficiency at its peak, and non-fully utilization of electricity at its trough.
Electricity structure analysis reveals that industrial electricity consumes a larger proportion,
which accounts for about 73% in 2011, while building electricity accounts for only 21%.
Although not as high as the industrial one, building electricity consumption occupies a bigger
proportion in the peak electricity load, and we see a growing trend.
With the rapid increase in the domestic construction floor area, together with the proportion of
public buildings (higher power consumption), comfort level and city heat island effect, thedemand for central air conditioning grows accordingly, as well as the proportion of building
cooling power consumption. In the summer peak period, building cooling electricity load
accounts for more than 30% of the city peak load. According to field measurement data,cooling power consumption account for 45-65% for public buildings. The gap between peakand valley period increases gradually, with more serious problem of unevenness in grid
operation.

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People’s Republic of China

Values of cool storage air conditioning
1.

National level

If excessive power facilities were constructed only to ensure electricity for peakenormous costly power facilities would be either at idle state or low load factor for most of thetime, which thereafter carries the cost into electricity rate. In addition, construction of thoseexcessive power facilities would inevitably consume large amount of materials and energy,
putting on negative influence to the environment.
Application of cool storage technology is an alternative to new construction for power plants,
which requires much less investment, and shorter construction period. Through effective“peak load shifting”, the pressure of high electric demand and power facilities could be eased
significantly, and the full use of existing generating capacity could be taken advantage of tomeet user’ needs.
To achieve "peak load shifting" , application of cool storage technology on the user side can
not only reduce the peak electricity demand for electricity production, but also improve theload level in the valley period. This would not only ease the pressure on peak power demand
and unit kurtosis modulation operation, but also stabilize unit load levels of power plant andimprove plant operating conditions.
Stable and efficient operation of generators under economic conditions could reduce units
installed capacity under poor operating conditions or shorten running time and achieve holisticenergy-conservation. Therefore, application of cool storage technology could reduce thenumber of units in use during peak demand period, reducing primary energy consumption,and emission of smoke and dust, CO2 and other noxious substances.
Application of cool storage technology could help save investment, reduce operating
costs, conserve energy and protect environment on the system level..
2.

Consumer level
On the consumer side, advantages of cool storage air-conditioning are:1)

To reduce the operation cost of the air-conditioning system by taking advantage of theprice difference between peak and trough.

2)

To reduce the installed capacity and power for chiller and auxiliary equipment, andimprove equipment operating factor.

3)

To reduce the primary power investment;

4)

To improve the refrigeration system reliability as emergency cold source (sink);

5)

Possibility to obtain subsidies or other incentives, in line with national policies;

6)

Whether a cool storage air conditioning system was adopted, it depends largely on
time-of-use (TOU) pricing, government subsidies and other incentives other than theinherent conditions of the project itself.

The TOU policy and cool storage incentives policy in China
1. The TOU policy and cool storage incentives policy in China
Chinese electrical price mechanism is experiencing the transition from government pricing
to market competitive pricing. Currently, the electricity pricing policy and price levels are
determined mainly by relative administrative government price departments (mandatory~ 17 ~

People’s Republic of China

hearing required to be held by law for residential electricity price adjustment). Electricity priceconsists of Transmission, Distribution price and Sales price from electricity production andmanagement aspects. Sales price catalog system is very complex and sorted by provincial
units usually, and varies significantly by regions and industries.
To encourage consumer taking advantage of peak load shifting, and ease the pressure ofpeak power shortage, after carrying out a number of pilot provincial program since 2002, thecentral government begin to introduce the TOU system gradually. So far, TOU pricing havebeen practiced countrywide with exception of only a few provinces.
Take 1-10kV "general commercial and industrial electricity" TOU for summer as an example,
current peak (Peak), flat, and valley electricity price for some provinces is shown as follows(some provinces has basic tariff).
2.

Cool storage incentive policy

In addition to widespread implementation of TOU in China, some provinces have
implemented a preferable electricity price specifically for thermal storage system. For
example, there is additional price cut of 0.024 yuan / kWh for thermal storage system. There
are also specialized cool storage tariff concessions for major projects in some areas, such as
Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center.
Power companies in some areas have introduced various subsidy policies to encourage coolstorage technology applications. For example, State Grid Beijing Electric Power Company
implemented subsidy policy for peak shift, in the size of 500 yuan / kWh for some cool storage
projects over a certain period of time.
Being a macro policy, cool storage air conditioning system has been advocated by the state.
For example in 2010, National Development and Reform Commission and other fivedepartments jointly developed the "power demand side management approach", which
requires "all levels of administrative pricing department should promote and improve the TOU
system to encourage valley price usage for cool storage."
In addition, China is now vigorously promoting green building demonstration and subsidy, as agreen building energy-saving technology, cool storage technology has received recognitionand promotion in the national standard " Evaluation Standard for Green Building ".
Table 1. Electricity price of some provinces - 1-10kV "general commercial andindustrial electricity (yuan/kWh)
Province
Anhui
Zhejiang
Shaanxi
Hebei
Gansu
Beijing
Tianjin
ShanghaiShandong
Hunan

Peak
1.41251.406
1.19805
1.2082
1.14671.40091.28981.202
1.28384
1.51596

Flat
0.87881.108
0.81230.74330.76830.79950.84430.749
0.80240.8422~ 18 ~

Valley0.54220.596
0.42655
0.33670.38990.34180.41880.285
0.32096
0.37899

PVCR
2.61
2.36
2.81
3.59
2.94
4.10
3.08
4.22
4.00
4.00

People’s Republic of China

Cool storage application and research in China
Application and research of cool storage in China started just recently. Only a few of stadiums
adopted water storage technology in 1980s, the application effect is not ideal. With theintroduction of national electricity policy adjustments and TOU strategy, projects application ofcool storage technology began to increase gradually. During Ninth Five-Year Plan, China
Academy of Building Research organized critical research on ice storage air-conditioning
products and technologies ("Nine Five-Year" national key scientific and technological project),which has played an important role for development of domestic ice storage technology.
In 2008, industry standard "Technical specifications for cool storage air conditioning system"JGJ158-2008, prepared by China Academy of Building Research and other 13 units, wasformally promulgated and implemented. This standard has important guiding and practicalsignificance for the design, construction, commissioning, acceptance, operation andmanagement of cool storage air conditioning.
In recent years, the number of cool storage air conditioning projects in China has madesignificant growth. According to statistics, the number of cool storage project has arrived inabout 400 in 2005; Up to 2012, the projects which has operated and under construction hasreached about 980, with a total capacity of about 17.5 million kWh.
The characteristics of cool storage air-conditioning project in China could be summarized asfollows:
1)

From the point of view of geographical distribution, cool storage air conditioning havebeen well applied in Shanghai, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other southern
regions, and the application in northern areas are mainly concentrated in Beijing, Tianjin
and other densely populated developed regions with electricity shortage.

2)

In terms of application type, although external coil ice-melting system occupy thehighest proportion, a variety of other system have been developed in recent years.
Localization of ice storage devices production has been greatly enhanced, and a numberof domestic manufacturers have developed their own devices and achieved decent
application effect in many projects. Some international manufacturer of ice storage
equipment have also established their production lines in China. In addition, due to theadvantages in overall efficiency and less complexity, water storage system achieved
rapid growth in recent years. As of now, the number of existing water storage air
conditioning project has reached 178, according to statistics.

3)

In terms of project scale, cool storage projects trends towards large-scale. In districtcooling projects, the advantages of cool storage air conditioning become more and moreclear. This can be seen from:a) Based on different cooling load distribution characteristics between buildings,
coincidence factor could be taken in design stage to reduce total installed capacity andimprove the cooling equipment part load ratio;b) The purchase of equipment can follow the region construction development progress;c) Helps to reduce investment in civil engineering, equipment installation and control
system per unit volume;d) High demonstration effect, which is beneficial for application of preferential electricity
price cut or subsidy policies;e) Favor for centralized maintenance and operation, and introduction of professional
operations team, such as ESCO providing energy management contracting service.

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People’s Republic of China

4)

Cool storage projects could be applied widely in conjunction with other energy-saving
technology in compound forms, e.g., the joint application of cool storage and heat pumptechnology.

5)

From longitudinal comparison, though the cool storage technology has experienced asubstantial development in recent years, its overall proportion among all central air
conditioning project is still very low. According to estimates, application of cool storage air
conditioning system only account for only 1% to 2% in new construction of public building
annually. There still lies long road to go for development of cool storage technology, inanother way, there still lies great development potential.

In recent years, domestic cool storage air-conditioning technology has also made significant
progress in research and development, and the related research focuses on the following
aspects:
1) System simulation and evaluation, including load calculations, dynamic system modeling,
estimate of operating cost, and life-cycle evaluation.
2) System optimization;3) Development of cool storage device;4) Research on operation mode, control strategy, and load prediction model;
5) Combination with terminal system with low temperature air supply and large temperature
difference;6) Combination with ground source heat pump system;7) Application of cool storage system in district cooling;8) Combination with combined cooling-heating-power (CCHP)
Problems and Challenges
1. Evaluation of cool storage system
From the perspective of user side, energy consumption of cool storage air conditioning
system has not decreased compared to conventional air conditioning system, but increasedslightly in many cases, which led to the misunderstanding of "economical but not energy
efficiency". As of such, cool storage air-conditioning technology has not been listed for
promotion as an energy saving technology by some domestic policies, norms and technicalguidance.
However, the energy efficiency of cool storage air conditioning system is not reflected directlyon the user-side energy consumption, but indirectly on improvement of power generation
efficiency and optimization of energy structure. From analysis in sector 2.1, the argument of"economical but not energy efficiency" fail to take for following into consideration, to say theleast: saving on energy for power plant construction; improvement on power generation
efficiency, reduction of energy consumption by generators; potential reduction of proportion
for coal-fired power in power grid.
Surely, different with other energy-saving technologies, it is difficult to quantify energy
conservation mentioned above for individual projects. This calls for development of a moreobjective, reasonable and comprehensive evaluation method to assess energy andenvironmental benefits of cool storage system, therefore to advance its further development.

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People’s Republic of China

2. Incentives and support efforts
As mentioned ahead, proportion of cool storage air conditioning system application is still very
low in China. Therefore, it is necessary to build more effective incentive policies and enhance
relative supportive system.
Cool storage air conditioning system depends largely on TOU. Current TOU has played apositive role on user load shifting, balancing between power supply and demand, but there
are still some problems, such as: small difference of peak-valley rate(especially withconsideration of base electricity rate); application scope is limited; great policy differences
between areas, lags of incentive policy implementation in some areas; imbalance of interest
between power generation and distribution enterprise etc. Following measures should betaken to solve the above problems: promotion of market-oriented pricing mechanism; forming
peak and valley price linkage mechanism for power generation and sales; smoothing all linksof the power system to provide incentive to the power company.
From the national macro-policy perspective, China is involved in the adjustment of economic
structure and mode transform. Specifically to the power system, it is necessary to shift fromblind expansion of power generation capacity and excessive investment towards optimizationof grid structure and improvement on operational efficiency. Therefore it is necessary tostrengthen the demand side management, and to greatly improve the application of coolstorage air conditioning technologies through various channels.
3. Application technology of cool storage air-conditioning
Cool storage technology in engineering applications is more matured now in China. Related
standards and code, specifications, and technical manuals are increasingly sophisticated, andthe level of engineering applications has dramatically increased. It in turn improves the abilityof a number of design firms, equipment manufacturers, and installation companies, andpromote the healthy and orderly development of the cool storage industry. However,compared with advanced level internationally, design, operation and control link is still
extensive, leading to inefficient or defective system. This requires a further enhancement of
the technological level of the industry, refinement on all aspects of the technical requirements,
and promotion on reasonable and rational development of cool storage technology.
On the other hand, some projects are still at a poor performance even with a good design,
selection of equipment and well installation due to poor operation; Some other projects withdifferent party of investor and occupant, resulted in disconnection between construction andoperation. Compared with conventional systems, operation and control of cool storage system
is more professional, making a good choice for energy management contracting approach. In
addition, it is also be an effective solution through the improvement of storage air conditioning
control system to reduce the complexity of operations and management.
REFERENCES
Zhang Yong-quan, Application of the cool storage technology in China, POWER DSM, Vol.14,
No.2 Mar., 2012
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/~ 21 ~