Technology Session “Negative Emission Technology”

Technology trends•

Currently, demonstrated DACCS and Bioenergy CCS could potentially reduce cost.

Abatement Potential and Cost of Key Negative Emission Technologies
Demonstration• Highest cost of any major NETtechnology ($100 – $300/tCO2)• Massive input energy (Thermal energy of
440-900 PJ + 16-45 TWh power requiredfor treatment of 100 million tons CO2)

Abatement Cost (USD/t-CO2)

1000

OFLM
100
80260

AR1001027

200

Bioenergy CCS151170

Demonstration• Higher costs following DACC
• Massive land use (100 million tons of
CO2 treatment requires 25,000-33000km2)500Abatement Potential (Cumul. to 2100 G-tCO2)

Source: EASAC (2018) “Negative emission technologies: What role in meeting Paris Agreement targets?”
IEA “Special Report on Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage CCUS in clean energy transitions”。

Commercialization• (SOC) Limit to the amount offarm land available• (Biochar) Not yet available
outside farmland
146830Commercialization• Massive land use (e.g., future5food shortages due to hugeamounts of land conversion toforest)

5012085505511000

13578

10345

DACCS

108100

R&D• Increases in iron and othersubstances could adversely affectdeep-sea ecosystem• Large plankton production cannot
be controlled

1000

AR: Afforestation andReforestation
LM: Land management toincrease and fix carbon insoils
DACCS: Direct capture ofCO2 from ambient air with
CO2 storage
EW: Enhanced weathering
OF: Ocean Fertilization

Technology Session “Negative Emission Technology”

Technology trends••Innovations to solve the challenges of DACCS and Bioenergy CCS.
Development of a new system in business and resource recycling is required.

Key challenges and solutions in Negative Emission Technologies

Challenge
Separation

1

Highly-efficient Absorption Process• To reduce costs• Cost reduction for promotion is necessarySolution
AEnergy Consumption During the Process= CO2 Emission Reduction

2Storage and Utilization• DACCS requires a large amount of heat in the absorption process
and the CO2 emission reduction effect is offset• Use of energy to transport bio-resources and CO2 will defeat thepurpose.

B

Developments on CO2-Utilization

345• An advantage of Bioenergy CCS/DAC is that it "can be
implemented anywhere.“ However, the use of CO2 is not able totake advantage of its strengths in EOR. Development ofapplications other than EOR is required.

Social Acceptability• There are concerns about the safety of CO2 storage• Overcoming is necessary to promote the location of the facilities

E.g. 1: Collaboration with the oil and aviation industry
E.g. 2: Collaboration with the electric power / IT industry

New Process of Carbon Dioxide Separation
E.g. 3: Low temperature process
E.g. 4: Membrane separation process

Combined use of Net Zero/NegativeCAdditional Value• CCS/CCUS certification/methodology has not been establishedeven within the scope of voluntary credit

Economies of Scale Involving Different Industries

DEFG

E.g. 5: Combined use of Geothermal (Heat utilization: DACCS)
E.g. 6: Utilize Waste-to-energy (WtE) (Reduce competition for food: BiCRS)
E.g. 7: Development of a hydrogen-containing surface (used as a CO2utilization medium)

Utilization of CO2 from Chemicals and Cement etc.
Establishment of Evaluation Methods and Methodologies
Safety Verification
Awareness Program