9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Activity Report of WEPA 2ndPhase (focusing onaccumulated knowledge)
Tetsuo Kuyama
Task Manager (Water Resource Management)/NRE
Institute for Global Environment Strategies (IGES)

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Water Environmental Partnership in Asia (WEPA)
Recognizing that the improvement of water environmental governance isessential to solve water pollution problems in Asian region, the Water Environmental
Partnership in Asia (WEPA) was launched in 2004 by the ministry of the Environment, Japan.
WEPA conducts its activity on a 5‐year cycle and the second phase stated in April 2009

WEPA consists of partners in

13 Asian countries

1. Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka)
2. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (Nepal)
3. Japan (Japan)
4. Kingdom of Cambodia (Cambodia)
5. Kingdom of Thailand (Thailand)
6. Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)
7. Malaysia (Malaysia)
8. People's Republic of China (China)
9. Republic of Indonesia (Indonesia)
10. Republic of Korea (Republic of Korea)
11. Republic of the Philippines (Philippines)
12. Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (Viet Nam)
13. Union of Myanmar (Myanmar)
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting29th WEPA Annual Meeting

Purpose of WEPA
1st Phase of WEPA：

2nd Phase of WEPA：

Development of Information Platform ofWater Environmental Management

Knowledge Sharing for Solution Finding

Water Environmental
Management Review

3Domestic
Wastewater
Treatment

WEPA database www. wepa‐db.net
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Climate Changeand Water
Environment

Identified Issue for 2nd Phase
21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

39th WEPA Annual Meeting

Basics of 2nd Phase of WEPA
1. Project Duration: April 2009 – March 2014
2. Partner countries: 13 countries (Cambodia, China, LaoPDR, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Nepal*, Philippines, Sri Lanka*, Thailand, Viet Nam, Japan)* new partners since 2nd Phase
3. Main Activities:(1) Literature Review/Survey(Questionnaire, Interview)(2) Bilateral Meeting, International Workshop, ThematicWorkshop(3) Publication/Inputs to the International Discussion
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting49th WEPA Annual Meeting

Organization of International Workshop and Bilateral Meeting

5International Workshop(at Cambodia in 2013)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Bilateral Meeting(at Nepal in 2010)21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

59th WEPA Annual Meeting

Publications

Policy Brief(to be published inFY2014)
6WEPA Outlook
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Policy Brief
21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

69th WEPA Annual Meeting

Accumulated Knowledge in 2nd phase of WEPATopics
1) Water Environmental Management
Framework in Asia
2) Climate Change and Water Environment3) Domestic Wastewater Treatment
4) Industrial Wastewater Management
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

79th WEPA Annual Meeting

Knowledge 1
Outline of Water Environmental
Management Framework in Asia
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting89th WEPA Annual Meeting

Review Points of Water Environmental Management in WEPA
1) Legislation, policies and strategies for water environmental
management‐ Objectives of water environmental management, ambient water quality
standards as the administrative target, strategies or plans for water environment2) Measures to ensure implementation and compliance‐ Effluent standards, inspections and penalties for non‐compliance3) Monitoring of ambient and effluent water‐ Ambient water quality monitoring, Effluent quality monitoring, Recording, maintenanceand evaluation of monitoring results4) Other factors contributing to enforcement and removal ofincorrect practices‐ Disclosure of ambient water quality monitoring results, review cycle of water
environmental policy
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

99th WEPA Annual Meeting

Establishment of Water Environmental Standard in WEPA Countries

MOEJ‐IGES “WEPA Outlook on Water Environmental Management in Asia” (2012)
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting10

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Implementation of Ambient Water Quality Monitoring and Disclosureof the result

Implementation of Ambient Water Quality Monitoring•Ambient water quality is monitored on a project basis or for a
specific benefit (e.g., irrigation and drinking water) such in
Nepal, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Other countries have regularmonitoring systems which differ in number of monitoring
points, parameters, and frequency.

Disclosure of the result•In many countries the state of water quality is mainly reported
to the general public via annually published environmental
quality reports. The following countries enable public access toenvironmental reports giving comprehensive assessments ofwater quality on websites: China, Japan, Republic of Korea,Malaysia, Thailand, and Viet Nam.

Tetsuo Kuyama

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

119th WEPA Annual Meeting

Establishment of Effluent Standard in WEPA Countries
Country

Industry

Domestic

Cambodia〇〇For 67 pollution source

China〇〇

Domestic: for urban wastewater treatment facilityIndonesia〇〇

Japan〇

〇

Korea

〇

〇

Lao PDR〇〇

Malaysia〇〇‐‐

Myanmar

Nepal〇

Philippine〇〇

Sri Lanka〇〇

Thailand〇〇

Vietnam〇〇Remarks

Domestic: For urban area

Yangon has effluent standard. National
government starts discussion for establishment
national standard
Domestic: unknown
Domestic：municipal wastewater

MOEJ‐IGES “WEPA Outlook on Water Environmental Management in Asia” (2012)
Tetsuo KuyamaIGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

129th WEPA Annual Meeting

Situation of Effluent Quality Monitoring in WEPA Countries
Situation of Effluent Quality Monitoring•Despite obligations on the owner of the pollution source andwastewater treatment facility to monitor effluent quality, thisis not comprehensively done in all countries and monitoring
results sometimes do not reach the intended authorities.

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

139th WEPA Annual Meeting

Knowledge 2Climate Change and Water
Environment in Asia
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

14

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Review points for climate change and water environment

 Impact of climate change on water quality andaquatic ecosystem in WEPA countries
 Policy Response: Adaptation policies/strategiesof WEPA partner countries
 Investigation on potential impact of climatechange: potential for climate change impact
study to lead to development of policies for thewater environment
15
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting15

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Changes in the water environment attributed to climate change

16
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

16

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Facts identified through review

Adaptation policies/strategies••

Water storage and natural ecosystems are often addressed innational climate change adaptation policies/strategies
However, water quality aspect is not often mentioned in thepolicies/strategies.

Potential for climate change impact study••

Sufficient data for water temperature and water quality have
NOT been collected in many WEPA partner countries to allow aview of the trends and correlations in changes in watertemperature ad water quality.
In addition, perception survey to local people (e.g. fishermen)is
one way to gain empirical knowledge of potential impacts.

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting17

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Lessons identified in WEPA’s review• Strengthening and improvement of
current water quality management as
an important adaptation action• Utilization of local experience andknowledge
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting18

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Knowledge 3Domestic Wastewater Treatment
in Asia
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

19

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

WEPA’s approach for issues on domestic wastewater treatment

 To accumulate and share the knowledge ofcurrent situation and issue on domestic
wastewater treatment in Asia
 To share “Good Practices”
 Policy Framework as well as technology
20Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting20

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Past Activities in Domestic Wastewater Treatment
Workshop in Hanoi

FY2009• Current situation and issues on domestic wastewater treatment in capital
city were shared
Questionnaire Survey

FY2010• Review of national policy for domestic wastewater treatment• Hot spot identification• Collection of good practices on domestic wastewater management (mainly project‐level)

Workshop in Manila

FY2011• Good practices (Strategic/programmatic level of experience) on domestic
wastewater treatment were shared at Workshop in Manila

Workshop in Siem Reap

FY2012

Tetsuo Kuyama• Good practices of Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asia
were shared at Workshop in Siem Reap.

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Municipal Water Withdraw perperson (m3/person/yr)

Change of Domestic Water Use in Asia

YearSource: FAO, AQUASTAT

Change of water withdrawal per person for domestic purpose
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting22

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Centralized Treatment Facility in WEPA Countries

Beijing

Kathmandu

Urumqi(1 million m3/day :Activated Sludge)(16 thousands m3/day:Oxidation Ditch)(10 thousands m3/day:Oxidation Ditch)

JakartaSuphan Buri

HCMC

(45 thousands m3/day:(11 thousands m3/day:Stabilization pond)(30 thousands m3/day:Oxidation Pond)

Oxidation Pond)

Tetsuo Kuyama

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

23

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Centralized Treatment Coverage in Asian Countries

Sewerage Treatment
Coverage(Black Water and GreyWater)

8060

Less than405%

20
Sri Lanka(2010)

Laos(2010)

Cambodia(2010)

Indonesia(2010)

Nepal(2010)

Myanmmer(2010)

Philippine(2010)

Vietnam(2010)

Thailand(2008)

Malaysia(2010)**China(2010)*Japan(2010)

0Korea(2009)

Sewerage Treatment Coverage （％）

100*Chinese data is only for urban area**Except in Saba h and Sawawak
provinceCountry(Year)

Service coverage ratio of sewerage treatment in selected Asian countries
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting24

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Septic Tank Coverage Population in selected WEPA Countries

Malaysia (2010)
Vietnam (2008)
Indonesia (2012)
Cambodia (2008)
Manila/Philippine (2010)
Tetsuo Kuyama

20%
41%
53%
43%71%

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting25

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Challenge in Centralized Approach

Source：Human Development Report 2006, UNDP

Cost of different domestic wastewater treatment methods
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting26

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Challenges in Centralized Approach
100

Sewerage reatment Ratio(%)

JapanKorea

9080

China70Malaysia

60504030Thailand

2010Range of GOD per Capita in othe
WEPA countries

Phillippine

0Indonesia

010,000

20,00030,000GDP per Capita (USD)

40,000*Coverage ratio of China
is only for urban area

Relationship between sewerage treatment ratio and GDP per capita inselected Asian countries as of 2010(except for Korea (2009) and Thailand(2008))
Tetsuo Kuyama

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

27

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Possibility of Decentralized Approach as Alternative of CentralizedTreatment
Decentralized Approach
CentralizedTreatment
Wastewatercollection andtreatment system for
more than twocommunities(sewerage treatmentplant)

Cluster
Treatment

On‐siteTreatment

Wastewater collectionand treatment system for
two or more households
but less than an entire
community (such ascommunity based
treatment plant)

Treatment system tocollect, treat anddischarge domestic
wastewater fromindividual households
without the use ofcommunity‐wide sewers(such as septic tank,Johkasou)

28
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting28

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Responsible Entity for Construction and Operation

LocalGovernment[Example]••

Construction and operation of decentralized domestic wastewater treatment in China
Construction and operation of cluster domestic wastewater treatment in Thailand[Examples]Privatecompany/developer•

Construction and operation of small scale domestic wastewater treatment facility in
Malaysia (Developer/IWK)• Construction and operation of small scale domestic wastewater treatment facility in
Manila (Manila Water and Manilad)[Examples]
Community

Individual
person (houseowner)• Construction and operation community based domestic wastewater treatment plant inIndonesia(SANIMAS)[Examples]•

Installation and operation of on‐site domestic wastewater treatment (Johkasou) inJapan• Installation and operation of septic tank in Thailand and Manila
29

Tetsuo Kuyama

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

29

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Focus Points

Technology

Management Framework(Obligation/Responsibility)
Management Framework(Governmental Support)
Management Framework(Operation and Monitoring)
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp• Targeted wastewater (Black/Grey)• Methodology for collection and treatment• Removal rate/Effluent water quality• Cost for construction and operation/maintenance• Methodology of sludge treatment/disposal• Responsible body (Who has responsibility forconstruction and operation?)• Obligation and responsibility in legal framework• Subsidy system• Technological guideline• Other support• Methodology of operation and maintenance• Charging system• Monitoring and reporting
21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting30

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Lessons learned on domestic wastewater treatment•

Appropriate technology should be decided considering natural andsocio‐economical condition and level of development,etc. at the site.
•In order to encourage proper installation and operation, regulations alone are
not sufficient. Governmental support in the respect oftechnological standardization, financing, outsourcing
and education is needed.
• Proper Operation and Maintenance including Charging andPeriodical Monitoring is required for sustainable management ofdomestic Wastewater treatment system.
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting31

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Knowledge 4
Industrial Wastewater
Management in Asia
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

329th WEPA Annual Meeting

WEPA’s activity on industrial wastewater management in FY 2012

The survey aiming to identify current

framework, practices andimplementation challenges of industrial
wastewater management in WEPA countries.

Tetsuo Kuyama

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

33

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

General flow of implementation/enforcement

Environmental Awareness ofcompanies/citizens

punishments
Improvement
planLaws, regulations and other legal document to regulate industrial wastewater(permission, registration, EIA, effluent standards, etc)

Application/
Submission
forregistration

Approval

Monitoring
and report ofeffluent
quality＋

Check/
verificationofreport/effl
uents

Maintain/record theinfo.

Guidance tocorrect non‐compliance＋
Maintain/
Maintain/R
ecord theinfo.

record the info.

Inspection

Action bygovernment
Action byindustrial sector

Complaints from local
peopleAction by citizens

Regulatory Authorities (Organization in charge of enforcement)
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting34

Duplication of laws andthregulations/nodetail rules/
weak punishment systemagainst non‐compliance

Low awareness of industries/local
people9 WEPA Annual Meeting

Registration,
permission ofeffluent
discharge

Capacity of person in charge inindustrial estates/economic zones is notalways enough to proceed the process

Weakcoordination
betweenagencies
different sector.

Insufficient number
and capacity of person
in charge

no reporting

Difficult to know
all targetedindustries areregistered(esp. SMEs)

Monitoring
and reporting＋＋
Maintain orrecord the info.

Maintain andrecord theinfo

Improveme
nt planNo systematicrecording of theinfo.

No monitoring,

Appro‐valpunishm
ent

Insufficient number of staff,
technical knowledge of staff,
facility to monitor

No standard/official
methods tomonitor/measure

EIA

Application/
submission

Weakpunishments

Check/
verificationofreport/efflu
ent

Maintainorrecordedthe info.

Guidance fornon‐compliance

Uncooperativene
ss of company
inspection

Not enough staff

No systematicrecord or database

Complaints from local
peopleAction by government
Action by industries

Duplication of responsibility, weak
coordination, etc.
35

Regulatory Authorities (governments)
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

35

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Summary of identified common gap of industrial wastewater
management

Capacity gap
Lack of staff capacity of staff, equipment, and knowledge
to implement legal procedure

Information gap
a.Not enough baseline information for promoting enforcement
b.Hugging of the data (no or less info. sharing mechanisms)c.Doubts on “reliability” of data

Institutional gap
Weak coordination
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting36

9th WEPA Annual Meeting

Overall Summary• Basic water environmental management
framework such as legal system, policy and strategies has
already been developed in most WEPA countries. However, levelof its implementation and enforcement is different indifferent countries. Especially, many counties face implementationand enforcement of wastewater management framework.
• Appropriate wastewater management system (technology andframework) should be decided considering natural andsocio‐economical condition and level ofdevelopment, etc. at the site.
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting

379th WEPA Annual Meeting

Thank you for your listening

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

21 January, 2014 9th WEPA Annual Meeting38