The State of Water Environment andit Managementits
Mt iin Asian
A i Countries
Cti- from the experience of WEPA

Mitsumasa OKADA, Ph.D.
Professor, Open University of Japan
Chair, WEPA Advisory Meeting
27 August 2012, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Today’s Presentation• Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)• Glimpse of water quality problems• The state of water quality monitoring and issues• Our commitments: Future actions of WEPA

p. 1

3

Threats to the water environment
Economicdevelopment
pPopulation
growthIf current
development trendcontinues,
the pressure to thewater environment
will grow more andmore.

Water Environment

Climate change

For better water
environment
management, regional
experiences should beshared among
countries!

Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)‐A regional partnershipprogram launched in 2004
by the Ministry of theEnvironment, Japan;‐ Aiming for sustainable water
environment in the region
through knowledge‐sharing
and capacity development‐ 13 member countries in Asia
(as of 1st March 2012)‐‐

Sri Lanka became a memberof WEPA since 2009.
CEA is the focal point of SriLanka.

p. 2

Knowledge-sharing and Capacity Development
through WEPA Activities
WEPA Database‐ WEPA Database as an
information platform(policy, technology, NGOactivities)‐ Annual meeting‐ WEPA workshops &symposiums‐ WEPA dialogue‐ Sharing good practices andexperiences accumulated
in Asian region

WEPA action focuses
1st phase (2004-2008)
Establishment of Network and Knowledge Base Development
2nd phaseh(2009-2013)(2009 2013)
Knowledge Sharing for Solutions (WEPA 2nd phase)• 2009-11•••

Review of Water Environmental Management
Starting with Two Fields of Topics• Domestic Wastewater Treatment• Climate Change and Water Environment
Identification of Specific Issues to be discussed• 2012-13•

Experiences Sharing and Knowledge Sharing
among Member Countries through Solution
Findings by:• Workshops, Bilateral meetings,
Annual meetings etc.
• Development of Twinning Programsfor Capacity Empowerment etc.

p. 3

WEPA publication:

WEPA Outlook on Water Environmental Management‐ Published every three year
(at the timing of World WaterForum)‐ Featuring the state of water
quality and recent development ofwater environmental
management in partner countries,
including Sri Lanka.
‐ Serving as an archive of water
environment and its managementin the region.

8

State of water quality in WEPA countries

p. 4

9Specific quality problems identified in the WEPA countries

 High concentration of COD
 Eutrophication (water quality degradation inenclosed water bodies) Non-point source pollution
 Pollution by toxic materials (heavy metal andchemicals) Groundwater quality problems
 Coastal water quality degradation
 Increasing pressure from untreated domestic
wastewater especially in urban areas

Glimpse of water quality problems

State of Water Quality in Nepal

BOD in 5 sites from the headwaters todownstream along the Bagmati River, Nepal.

Water quality in downstream is heavily
deteriorated by untreated wastewater.
(WEPA Outlook 2012)

p. 5

Glimpse of water quality problems

State of Water Quality in Thailand ‐State of river water quality in Thailand (by Water Index)

 Serious water pollution mainly caused by industrial wastewater has been improved, butwater quality has been slightly deteriorated in recent years.
 Untreated or insufficiently treated domestic wastewater is the main contributor towater pollution.
(WEPA Outlook 2012)

Glimpse of water quality problems

State of Water Quality in Malaysia and Thailand
 Serious water pollution has
been improved, but waterquality has been slightly
deteriorated in recent years.
 Insufficiently treatedwastewater from industries is
considered to be a reason of therecent deterioration.
 Malaysian government tried toencourage self-regulation byindustries, in addition totraditional command andcontrol approach.
State of river water quality in Malaysia (by BOD sub-index)(WEPA Outlook 2012)

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13

Glimpse of water quality problems

State of Water Quality in China(above) Monitoring results of major lakes –nearly 40% of lakes is below category V,
heavily polluted.
polluted(left) Groundwater monitoring
results ‐‐‐Untreated wastewater fromindustries and households aswell as agricultural activities
contributed to groundwaterpollution.

Common Challenges :Some of the Issues identified by WEPA Partner Countries
1. Legislation and Organization: Detailed systems andcapacity development required in order to implement a
legislative framework‐ Identification of proper paths for a new form ofdevelopment, leap frog approaches
2. Ensuring implementation of proper monitoring and datamanagement‐ Adequate settings of water quality standards/effluent
standards
3. Coordination among relevant water organizations andregulations‐ Partnership among NGOs, GOs and various stakeholders,
Cooperation between member countries, etc.
4. Water quality management at the basin level‐ Integrated management, upstream/downstream relations,diversified stakeholders, multiphase problems, long range
optimization, etc.

p. 7

Water quality monitoringMeasures to ensure implementation and compliance

Water quality monitoring – providing a basis for water
environmental management• Ambient water quality monitoring• Providing basic information for planning and evaluation• Important,p, but challenge
g is technical and financial capacitypy• Issues- how to monitor water quality in technical and financial capacity?
- strategic monitoring that incorporates climate concerns (e.g. data forprediction)• Effluent (wastewater) monitoring• Providing essential data for enforcement• Could be used for pre-cautional
pre cautional actions or immediate actions against

pollution (e.g. accidents)• Effluent standards – all WEPA partner countries* have effluent standards• Those who discharge effluents should monitor their effluents and report

the status to the authorities.  but not implemented always.

* No national standards, but standards are set by Yangon Special City in Myanmar.

p. 8

Wastewater monitoring in Malaysia• Effluent should be monitored by the owner or occupier of a premises by their expenses.
• Basic structure of wastewater management and monitoring requirement• “Self-regulation” by industries is promoted by government.

Parameter: Flow rate, BOD, COD, SS, Oil and Grease(O&G), NH3-N, NO3-N
Frequency: Once a week*
Reporting: Monthly* Less than 5,000 population equivalent: Once a monthParameter: Flow rate, COD and Selectedparameters from 30 items of the effluent standards.
(only significant parameter will be monitored)
Env.. Quality
Env
Parameter:
BOD, COD, TS, SS, NH3-N, TN
Frequency:
OncepH,a week
Act
Frequency:
Once a week
Reporting:Monthly
1974 Reporting: Monthly

Non‐‐
Non
prescribedentities

SewageExisting(by Jan.
1999)

Industrial
Effluent

New(after Jan.
1999)

Prescribedentities(SolidWaste)

Raw
Crude Palm
NaturalOil
RubberParameter: Flow rate, Temp. pH, BOD, COD, SS,
Oil and Grease (O&G), NH3-N, NO3-N, P
Frequency: Once a week*
Reporting: Monthly* Less than 5,000 population equivalent: Once amonth

Water quality monitoring
Efforts made by the partner countries• Monitoring and reporting

Korea: centralized effluent monitoring (using IT)
Malaysia, Thailand: on-line reporting system of effluent monitoring
results by businesses• Japan: both centralized and distributed monitoring and operation
systems depending on the size of plants••• Inspections and penalties

Penalties of non-compliance of effluent monitoring and recording arestrengthened in the past 5 years: Indonesia
Indonesia, Japan and Viet Nam• Before penal actions, corrective actions by industries are encouraged by
the government in most countries.
•• Not only monitoring, but recording and reporting is also important.

p. 9

Reality of Effluent Monitoring• Effluent from industries are not always monitored properly
though effluent monitoring is mandated by laws andregulations in almost all countries.
countries• Difficulties:‐ in setting effluent standards (too high value to comply with, too complex)‐ in identification of industries to be covered (weak enforcement ofregistration system)‐ in awareness of industries (no incentive to monitor effluents)‐ in financial arrangements by industries(no/less investment for monitoring,monitoring no temporary support from publicsectors)‐ in submission of monitoring reports(submission to different authorities, scattering data among differentorganizations) It is important to identify where the stems of problem exists.

20

To promote compliance of industries…
Indonesia: PROPER PROKASHI
Color-ranking environmental performance of industries (gold, green, blue=compliance), red and black (non-compliance)) and disclosure of the results tomass media
mass-media.

Viet Nam: Targeted Approach
A plan for “thoroughly handling” establishments that cause serious environmental
pollution (The Prime Minister’s Decision No. 64/2003) + Financial assistance forrelocation with the Environmental Revolving Fund and the Development AssistanceFund

Malaysia: Performance Monitoring of IETS
Setting technical guideline “daily
daily walk through inspection”
inspection of industrial effluent
treatment systems (to achieve regulatory compliance by improving performance oftreatment systems). Government provide training for officials to do monitoring.

Thailand: Self-help among Industries
An industrial association provide opportunities to help a member company tocomply with effluent standards – mutual help among industries

p. 10

Water quality monitoring in Japan Why and how to monitor?
 How to improve water management system?
 How to comply with effluent standards?
 Equality?
 Feasibility?

Environmental Water Quality Standards for Rivers
category

water useAA

Water supply class 1 ; conservation ofnatural environment, and uses listedin A-E
Water supply class 2 ; fishery, class l;bathing and uses listed in B-E
Water supply class 3 ; fishery, class 2,and uses listed in C-E
Fishery class 3 ; industrial water, classl, and uses listed in D-E
I d t i l waterIndustrialt classl
2 ; agriculturali lt lwater; and uses listed in E
Industrial water class 3 ; conservationof living e nvironment

AB
CDEpH

standards
BOD
SSDO

CG

6.5-8.5

125

7.5

50

6.5-8.5

225

7.5

1,000

6.5-8.5

325

5

5,000

6.5-8.55505-

6 0 8.5
6.085

81002-

6.0-8.5

10*2-*no floating matters like garbage

p. 11

Water Quality Monitoring: Satisfy with EQS?
Parameters on health more than 1 /month/month, ca.
ca 4 /day more than 1 day: for all the parameters other days: necessary parameters based on the condition ofwater pollution and wastewater discharge
Parameters on living environment
 points for EQS, important points on water use:
more than 1 /month, ca. 4 /day points with little variation in water quality like upstream andoffshore may be reduced
 points with large diurnal variation: 13 /day with 2 hours
interval, at least 2 /year

Water Quality Monitoring in Japanese Waters: 2010
Human
Health

BOD/COD

LivingEnvironment
T-N/T-P

Number ofriverlakes

estuary

total

Water area----

Sampling
points

4,030

395

1,100

5,525

samples

175,018

17,516

31,611

224,145

Number ofriverlakes

estuary

total

Water area

2,561

186

590

3,337

Sampling
points

4,587

458

2,062

7,107

samples

238,173

37,467

94,016369,656

lakes

Number ofriver

Water area

-117

estuary
152

total
269

Samplingpoints-320

1014

1,334

samples-

5,857

16,96622,823

p. 12

PERCENT COMPLIANCE FOR WAETR QUALITY
STANDARDS
Parameters on living environment
PERCENNT COMPLIANCE (%%)

100estuary（COD)
80
60

river（BOD)

40
lake（COD)
（200
1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Water Quality Standards for Lakes and Reservoirs:
T-N, T-P
Categoryg ywater use

IVConservation of natural environment, anduses listed in II-V
Water supply classes -l, 2 and 3 (except for
special types), fishery class 1, bathing; anduses listed in III-V
Water supply class-3 (special types), anduses listed in IV-V
Fishery class 2, and uses listed in VV

Fishery class 3, industrial water; agriculturalwater; conservation of living environment

IIIIII

StandardsT-NTN
TPT-P
0.1

0.005

0.2

0.01

0.4

0.03

0.6

0.05

1.0

0.1

p. 13

NATIONAL MINIMUM

EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDS• Regulate all the effluent discharges into publicwater bodies from the specified facilities (ca.
600 industries).
• Uniform and national minimum criteria foreffluent quality• Parameters• Human health: all facilities• Living environment : daily discharge > 50 m3• Local (prefecture) ordinance

NATIONAL MINIMUM
EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDS
parameters

standard values

pHBOD, COD
SSn-hexane extract
phenols
copperzinc
dissolved Fe,, Mn
chromiumfluorine
number of C.G.
nitrogenphosphorus

5 8-8 6
5.8-8.6
160 (daily average = 120)
200 (daily average = 150)
5.0 (mineral oil), 30 (animal fat and vegetable oil)
5.0
3.0
5.0
10.0,, 10.0
2.0
153,000 (ml-1 daily average)
120 (daily average = 60)
16 (daily average = 8)
(mg l-1 or less)p. 14

MORE STRINGENT STANDARDS• Local (prefecture) ordinance• if the national standards are not enough tosatisfy with the environmental water quality
standards for a specific water body
• All the prefecture governments have put

local standards in force

More Stringent Standards by Shiga Prefectural
Governments : T-N, T-P
industry
Food (except for boxlunch production)

textileOther production
Night soil treatment
JokasoSewage treatment
plant

Daily volume ofdischarge (m3)
10 - 30
30 - 50
50 - 1,000
1,000 10 - 30
30 - 50
50 - 1,000
1,000 10 - 3030 - 50
50 - 1,000
1,000 10 10 10 - 3,000
3,000 -operating
T-NT-P
40
825
420
315
240
615
2121.5
10140
215
15
1.5
12
1.2
80.8
20
220
520
１20
１newT-N
30
20
12
1030
128
820
128
8
1020
20
15

T-P
22
1.5
12
1.2
0.8
0.5
2
10.6
0.5
15
0.5
0.5

p. 15

EFFLUENT STANDARD FOR N,PNational Minimum Standard
T N 120 mg/l
T-N:/l (d(dailyil max.),) 60 mg/l/l (d(dailyil ave.))T-P: 16 mg/l (daily max.), 8 mg/l (daily ave.)daily discharge > 50 m3
closed waters with high possibility of eutrophication

Provisional Standard ← best available technology
specified industries: N:55, P:39
national minimum in 5 years (1993-1998)PROVISIONAL STANDARDS FOR FOOD INDUSTRIES
meat processing
dairy products
other livestock products
fish canning, bottling
seaweed processing
fish ham/sausage
fish paste (boiled)frozen fish products
frozen fish processing
other fish products
soy source and amino acds
synthetic seasoning
beet sugar refinary
fresh cakeveqetable oilanimal oil
grain starchpotato starch production
tufu/tofu derivatives
bean jam

T-Nmax.
ave.
14070
14070
44022018090260
130460230360180460230380190
480
240
480
240
260
13018090
500
250-T-Pmax.
ave.
14070
30
156030
100
5060
30160
80
32016014070
320160
340
170
50
2560
30
10050100503010140
70
30156030p. 16

REVISION OF THE PROVISIONAL STANDARDSPROVISIONAL STANDARDS:
1993 10 1998 9
1993.10-1998.9
REVISION I : 1998.10-2003.9
N: 50 INDUSTRIES
2,851 plants

4 INDUSTRIES
115 plants

P: 34 INDUSTRIES
2,512 plants

3 INDUSTRIES
117 plants

REVISION II : 2003.10-2008.9

2nd (2003.10-2008.9) and 3rd (2008.10-2013.9) REVISIONSOF THE PROVISIONAL STANDARDS
N: 6 INDUSTRIESNatural Gas : 200 (180) → 170 (150) → 160 (150) → 160 (150)
Feedlot :270 (350) → 260 (200) → 190 (150) →190 (150)

Silver Oxide : 560 (370) →350 (300) →240 (210) →remove
Cobalt Oxide:Lead Chromate Paint :→ 1100(880) → 900(750) →550(300)→ 1,500(1,000) → 1,300 (950) →remove

Vanadium & Molybdenum Compounds :26,000 (17,000) → 8,000 (6,000) → 6,000 (5,000) →5,000(3850)

P: 2 INDUSTRIESFeedlot :100 (50) →50 (40) →30 (24) →30 (24)

Phosphorus and Compounds : 640 (280) →90 (40) →40 (10) →40 (10)

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35

Most WEPA partner countries have already set up the basic
framework of water environmental management.
(e.g. framework laws/regulations; standard setting; non-compliance measures,etc )etc.)

However, water pollution is still critical problems inmany areas, especially urban areas.

How tto dH
develop/elaboratel / l btimplementation scheme should be a key
for the improvement of the water
environment.

Time for Q & A

The Seto Inland SeaAkitsu, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japanp. 18