Tracking Innovation
through the COVID-19 Crisis

14th Edition

GlobalInnovation
Index 2021

In partnership with

Academic network members

Tracking Innovation
through the COVID-19 Crisis
Soumitra Dutta, Bruno Lanvin,
Lorena Rivera León and Sacha Wunsch-Vincent
Editors

14th Edition

GlobalInnovation
Index 2021

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Suggested citation: WIPO (2021). Global Innovation Index 2021: Tracking
Innovation through the COVID-19 Crisis. Geneva: World Intellectual
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World Intellectual Property Organization34, chemin des Colombettes, P.O. Box 18
CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
ISBN (print): 978-92-805-3249-4
ISBN (online): 978-92-805-3307-1
DOI: 10.34667/tind.44315
ISSN (print): 2263-3693
ISSN (online): 2788-6972
Attribution 4.0 International(CC BY 4.0)
Cover: Getty Images / CROCOTHERY

Table of Contents

Figures and tables

iv

GII 2021 at a glance

2

Index to Economy profiles

v

Global leaders in innovation, 2021
Global Innovation Index 2021 rankings
Innovation performance at different
income levels, 2021
Key takeaways 

3
4

Global Innovation Tracker

8Forewordvi
Acknowledgmentsviii
Advisory Boardx

The GII Partners

xii

5
6

Science and innovation investments
10Technological progress
17
Socioeconomic impact
17
Conclusion18

GII 2021 results

20

The GII 2021 innovation leaders
21
A changing global innovation landscape 21
Innovation overperformers
25
The persistent regional innovation divide 25
Creating balanced and efficientinnovation ecosystems
32
The GII top science andtechnology clusters
35
Conclusion36

GII 2021 Economy profiles

38

How to read the Economy profiles
Economy profiles

40
42

Appendices174
Appendix I: The Global Innovation Index rationaland origins, its conceptual framework anddata limitations
175
Appendix II: Joint Research Centre (JRC)
statistical audit of the 2021 Global
Innovation Index 
179
Appendix III: Sources and definitions
183
Appendix IV: Global Innovation Index scienceand technology cluster methodology
202

iii

Figures and tables

Global leaders in innovation, 2021
Global Innovation Index 2021 rankings
Innovation performance at different income
levels, 2021
Global Innovation Tracker – DashboardFigure 1 – Fastest growing significant research fields
by number of publications, 2020
Figure 2 – R&D and GDP growth, 2001–2022
Figure 3 – Government budget allocations for R&D,
growth in 2020
Figure 4 – Share of firms reporting R&D expenditure
increases, 2020
Figure 5 – Corporate R&D expenditure, selected
top R&D spenders worldwide, 2020 growthFigure 6 – Percentage point changes in share of PCT
applications in 2020
Figure 7 – Number of VC deals by region,
three-point moving average, 1997–2021,
and growth in VC deals, by region, 2019–2021
Figure 8 – Movement in the GII top 15, 2017–2021
Figure 9 – Global leaders in innovation, 2021
Figure 10 – The positive relationship between
innovation and developmentEconomies with the most top-ranked
GII indicators, 2021
Figure 11 – Innovation input to output
performance, 2021
Map 1 – Top 100 clusters worldwide
Framework of the Global Innovation Index 2021

iv

3
4
5
9
11
12
12
13
14
15

16
22
23
26
28
33
35
39

Table 1 – 10 best-ranked economies
by income group
Table 2 – Innovation achievers in 2021,
their income group, region, and years as aninnovation achiever
Table 3 – GII 2021 rankings in Asia
(excluding Western Asia)
Table 4 – GII 2021 rankings in Latin America andthe Caribbean
Table 5 – GII 2021 rankings overall and by pillar
Table 6 – Top S&T cluster of each economy orcross-border region, 2021

24

27
29
29
30
34

Annex Table 1 – Changes to the GII 2021 framework 176
Annex Table 2 – GII 2021 and Input/Output
Sub-Indices: Ranks and 90 percent
confidence intervals
181
Annex Table 3 – Top 100 clusters, 2021
203
Annex Table 4 – Ranking of S&T intensity,
2015–2019204
Annex Table 5 – Summary of geocoding results
205

Index to Economy profiles

Albania42
Algeria43
Angola44
Argentina45
Armenia46
Australia47
Austria48
Azerbaijan49
Bahrain50
Bangladesh51
Belarus52
Belgium53
Benin54
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)55
Bosnia and Herzegovina
56
Botswana57
Brazil58
Brunei Darussalam
59
Bulgaria60
Burkina Faso
61
Cabo Verde62
Cambodia63
Cameroon64
Canada65
Chile66
China67
Colombia68
Costa Rica
69
Côte d’Ivoire
70
Croatia71
Cyprus72
Czech Republic
73
Denmark74
Dominican Republic
75
Ecuador76
Egypt77
El Salvador
78
Estonia79
Ethiopia80
Finland81
France82
Georgia83
Germany84
Ghana85
Greece86
Guatemala87
Guinea88
Honduras89
Hong Kong, China
90
Hungary91

Iceland92
India93
Indonesia94
Iran (Islamic Republic of)95
Ireland96
Israel97
Italy98
Jamaica99
Japan100
Jordan101
Kazakhstan102
Kenya103
Kuwait104
Kyrgyzstan105
Lao People’s Democratic Republic 106
Latvia107
Lebanon108
Lithuania109
Luxembourg110
Madagascar111
Malawi112
Malaysia113
Mali114
Malta115
Mauritius116
Mexico117
Mongolia118
Montenegro119
Morocco120
Mozambique121
Myanmar122
Namibia123
Nepal124
Netherlands125
New Zealand
126
Niger127
Nigeria128
North Macedonia
129
Norway130
Oman131
Pakistan132
Panama133
Paraguay134
Peru135
Philippines136
Poland137
Portugal138
Qatar139
Republic of Korea
140
Republic of Moldova
141

Romania142
Russian Federation
143
Rwanda144
Saudi Arabia
145
Senegal146
Serbia147
Singapore148
Slovakia149
Slovenia150
South Africa
151
Spain152
Sri Lanka
153
Sweden154
Switzerland155
Tajikistan156
Thailand157
Togo158
Trinidad and Tobago
159
Tunisia160
Turkey161
Uganda162
Ukraine163
United Arab Emirates
164
United Kingdom
165
United Republic of Tanzania
166
United States of America
167
Uruguay168
Uzbekistan169
Viet Nam
170
Yemen171
Zambia172
Zimbabwe173v

© Emmanuel Berrod/WIPO

Forewordvi

Global Innovation Index 2021

It is my great pleasure to introduce
this year’s Global Innovation Index(GII), now in its 14th edition, presenting
the worldwide innovation landscapeand annual performance rankings ofsome 130 economies.
This year’s edition is being released in
the middle of a continuing COVID-19
pandemic, which has taken a grim toll
on lives and livelihoods, but also
given us many examples of humaningenuity, resilience and adaptability.
Indeed, the GII 2021 finds that theinnovative sectors of the global
economy have remained strong,
despite severe disruptions.
To overcome the pandemic and build
back better, we will need to continue
supporting the translation of greatideas into game-changing products.
How do we do this? This is theultimate goal of the GII: to discoverwhat works best in producing an
ecosystem where people can achieve
their highest potential, innovating andcreating to improve lives everywhere.
The GII 2021 finds that governments
and enterprises in many parts of theworld have scaled up theirinvestments in innovation during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Meantime,scientific output, expenditures in
research and development,
intellectual property filings andventure capital deals continued to
grow in 2020, building on strong peakpre-crisis performance.

But much more effort will be needed
to vanquish the pandemic – and the
GII can help. The GII’s overall formulafor measuring an economy’s
innovative capacity and output
provides clarity for decision-makers
in government, business andelsewhere as they look forward tocreating policies that enable theirpeople to invent and create more
efficiently. That’s key to overcoming
the pandemic and building backbetter.

Daren Tang
Director General,
World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO)

In the last decade and a half since its
inception, the GII has supported
countries around the globe as they
improve their innovation investments
and related policies. Dozens ofcountries from all regions and income
groups already actively use the GII
framework in the construction of theirpro-innovation policies. It has charted
the rising understanding of how
important innovation is to growth in
an interconnected but competitive
worldwide economy.
As we look toward the exit of thecurrent crisis, let us focus on using
innovation to deepen thetransformation of our economies andsocieties for the good of all. The
pandemic has already accelerated
digital ways of working, living andplaying, while boosting technology
trends all over the world. In this futureworld where technology, innovationand creativity are even more
important for the global economy, it is
my hope that the GII will continue tohelp guide policymakers and others
so that we can build back better.

Forewordvii

Acknowledgments

The Global Innovation Index 2021 was
prepared under the general directionof Daren Tang, Director General, in
WIPO’s IP and Innovation Ecosystems
Sector led by Marco Alemán,Assistant Director General, and in the
Department of Economics and Data
Analytics led by Carsten Fink,
Chief Economist.
The report and rankings areproduced by a core team managed
by Sacha Wunsch-Vincent, Head of
Section, comprising Vanessa
Behrens, Project Manager, Jack
Gregory, Innovation Data Analyst,
and Lorena Rivera León, Economist,from the WIPO Composite Indicator
Research Section, and the following
consultants: William Becker, Rafael
Escalona Reynoso and Antanina
Garanasvili.
Soumitra Dutta (Cornell University
and Portulans Institute), Bruno Lanvin(Institut Européen d’Administration
des Affaires, INSEAD and Portulans
Institute), Lorena Rivera León (WIPO)
and Sacha Wunsch-Vincent (WIPO)
serve as co-editors of the GII.

The following WIPO colleagues
provided substantive inputs:
Hao Zhou, Director of Statistics, andKyle Bergquist, Data Analyst, from theStatistics and Data Analytics Division,as well as colleagues from the External
Relations Division, the Information
and Digital Outreach Division, theIP and Innovation Ecosystems Sector,
the Language Division, the News andMedia Division, the Printing Plant, theRegional and National Development
Sector, the WIPO Office in New Yorkand China, WIPO’s External Offices,
as well as WIPO’s Special
Representative on the UN Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).

We are grateful to the following
individuals and institutions for theircollaboration with data requests, andwithout whom the Index would not be
what it is:

A special thank you goes to the GII’s
Advisory Board, Corporate Network
and Academic Network for their
participation, as well as to theCompetence Centre on Composite
Indicators and Scoreboards (COIN)
team from the European
Commission’s Joint Research Centre
that conducted the statistical audit.
The report was edited by Richard
Cook and Andy Platts. Gratitude isalso due to the creative production of
the GII website carried out by
StratAgile PTE Ltd.

Eurostat, European Commission:
Jose da Silva Paredes andSorina Vaju

App Annie: Donny Kristianto andLexi Sydow
Brand Finance: David Haigh andParul Soni
Bureau van Dijk , Moody Analytics:
Santhosh Metri and Petra Steiner
Clarivate Analytics: Bastien Blondin
and Joseph Brightbill

Gallup: Kiki Papachristoforou,
Andrew Rzepa and Christine Sheehan
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM): Niels Bosma, Jonathan
Carmona, Aileen Ionescu-Somers
and Forrest Wright
IHS Markit: Mohsen Bonakdarpour
and Karen Campbell
International Energy Agency (IEA):
Nicolas Coënt, Taylor Morrison,
Roberta Quadrelli and
Céline RouquetteInternational Labour Organization(ILO): Yves Perardel
International Monetary Fund (IMF)International Organization forStandardization (ISO): Laurent
Charlet and Cristina Draghici

viii

Global Innovation Index 2021

International Telecommunication
Union (ITU): Thierry Geiger,
Esperanza Magpantay andMartin Schaaper

UNESCO Institute for Statistics(UIS): Maria Helena Capelli Miguel,Lydia Deloumeaux, Talal El Hourani,
Rohan Pathirage and José Pessoa

Joint Research Centre of theEuropean Commission:
Giulio Caperna, Giacomo Damioli,
Valentina Montalto, Ana Rita Nevesand Michaela Saisana from COIN;
and Nicola Grassano and
Héctor Hernández

United Nations Commodity Trade
Statistics Database

National Science Foundation(NSF): Derek Hill
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development(OECD): Frédéric Bourassa, Miyako
Ikeda, Caroline Paunov, Andreas
Schleicher, Fabien Verger andVerena Weber
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC):
Angela Suh and Ashley Worley
QS Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd:
Selina Griffin, Andrew MacFarlane,
Ben Sowter and Dennis Yu

United Nations Industrial
Development Organization(UNIDO): Fernando Cantu Bazaldua,
Martin Haitzmann andValentin Todorov
United Nations Public
Administration Network
Wikimedia Foundation:
Dan Andreescu, Diego Sáez-Trumperand Leila Zia
World Bank: Robert Cull, Frederic
Meunier, Jorge Rodríguez Meza andChristina Wiederer
World Economic Forum:
Sophie Brown and Roberto Crotti
World Federation of Exchanges:
Mihaela Croitoru

Refinitiv: Cornelia Andersson,
Richard Blachford, Sylvain Freneat,John-Philippe Lalive andPaul Metcalfe

World Trade Organization (WTO):
Barbara D’Andrea Adrian, Christophe
Degain, Florian Eberth and Ying Yan

SCImago: Félix de Moya Anegón

Yale University: Zachary Wendling

Statista: Jon Nielsen andFriedrich Schwandt

ZookNIC Inc: Matthew Zook

The Conference Board:
Klaas de Vries
Trade Data Monitor LLC: C. Donald
Brasher Jr., Adam McCune, John
Miller and Altan Yurdakul

Acknowledgementsix

Advisory Board

In 2011, an Advisory Board wasestablished to advise on the strategic
direction of the GII, to help emphasize
the role played by innovation ineconomic and social development,
and to assist with the disseminationof GII results. The Advisory Board is aselect group of international
policymakers, thought-leaders andcorporate executives. Members are
drawn from diverse geographical andinstitutional backgrounds andparticipate in a personal capacity. We
extend our gratitude to all Advisory
Board members for their continued
support and collaboration.
As departing members of theAdvisory Board, we thank Dongmin
Chen, Yuko Harayama, Beethika
Khan, Chuan Poh Lim, Mary O’Kane
and Sibusiso Sibisi for theircontribution to previous editions of
the GII.

Advisory Board members
Clare Akamanzi
Chief Executive Officer, Rwanda
Development Board, Rwanda
Robert D. Atkinson
President, Information Technology
and Innovation Foundation (ITIF),
United States of America (U.S.)
Audrey Azoulay
Director-General, United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)
Amy L. Burke
Program Director, Science andEngineering Indicators Program,
National Center for Science &Engineering Statistics, National
Science Foundation (NSF), UnitedStates of America (U.S.)
Fabiola Gianotti
Director General, European
Organization for Nuclear
Research (CERN)John Kao
Chair, Institute for Large Scale
Innovation and former Harvard
Business School Professor, UnitedStates of America (U.S.)
Victor Zhixiang Liang
Senior Vice President, Baidu, China
Raghunath Anant Mashelkar
President, Global Research Alliance;
National Research Professor,
National Chemical Laboratory; former
Director General, Council of Scientific& Industrial Research (CSIR) andformer Chairperson, National
Innovation Foundation, India
Philippe Kuhutama Mawoko
Professor, Université du Kwango,
Democratic Republic of the Congox

Global Innovation Index 2021

and former Executive Secretary, The
African Observatory for Science,
Technology and Innovation (AOSTI),
African Union Commission
Michael Miebach
Chief Executive Officer, Mastercard
Inc., United States of America (U.S.)
Sergio Mujica
Secretary-General, International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)Monika Schnitzer
Member, German Council of
Economic Experts and Professor,
Ludwig-Maximilians-University
Munich (LMU), Germany
Vera Songwe
Executive Secretary, Economic
Commission for Africa (ECA),
United Nations
Heizo Takenaka
Professor Emeritus, Keio University,
Japan; former Minister of State for
Economic and Fiscal Policy; former
Minister of State for Financial
Services and other Ministerial
positions and World Economic Forum
Foundation Board Member
Ming-Kian Teo
Chair, Vertex Venture Holdings
Ltd, Singapore
Blanca Treviño
President, Softtek, Mexico
Pedro Wongtschowski
Chair, Board of Directors, Ultrapar
Participações S.A. and Member ofthe Board of Directors, Embraer S.A.
and Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira
S.A., Brazil
Houlin Zhao
Secretary-General, International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Advisory Board

xi

The GII Partners
Foreword

Soumitra Dutta and Bruno Lanvin
Co-editors of the Global Innovation Index
Co-founders of the Portulans Institutexii

Global Innovation Index 2021

In more than one respect, the yearthat has elapsed between the 2020
edition of the Global Innovation Index(GII) and the present one has been
eventful and disruptive. The sudden
outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic
has fundamentally altered the ways inwhich the world lives, works andlearns. Innovation is changing in the
post-pandemic era and the GII willcontinue to seek data-based
validation of these changes.
As recovery packages continue to be
deployed across major world
economies, the fields of health, green
and digital technology are attracting
increased attention and funding.
Advances and innovations can be
expected in critical areas, such as
health (for example, genetic
engineering), pharmaceuticals(especially vaccines), energy
production (with a focus on
renewables), logistics and urban
design, all powered by breakthroughs
in artificial intelligence and quantum
computing. The last edition of the GII
laid out specific needs forentrepreneurship financing andmeasures to integrate innovation into
post-crisis strategies. However, thejury is still out on the adequacy andeffectiveness of the recovery
packages and economic stimulus
measures recently announced.
It is likely that innovation divides will
be accentuated in the coming years,
across economies, sectors andcompanies. Innovation ecosystems inmany emerging economies havebecome fragile and will need to besupported by targeted policies. While
sectors such as ICT, software andpharmaceuticals have increased
spending on R&D in 2020, otherssuch as hospitality and automobiles,
have reduced their R&D investments
over the same period. This imbalance
will need to be corrected as the future
winners in all sectors will have to beinnovative in terms of both newtechnologies and business models.

We look forward to a fruitfulcollaboration in growing the global
impact of the GII under the newleadership of WIPO’s Director
General, Daren Tang, and creating
new programs that focus on
corporate innovation and young
entrepreneurs.

The GII report is now published by
WIPO in partnership with thePortulans Institute, with the supportof our corporate network partners,
the Confederation of Indian Industry(CII), Brazilian National Confederationof Industry (CNI), Ecopetrol Group(Colombia) and the Turkish Exporters
Assembly (TIM). The GII will continue
to provide factual evidence andreliable data to inform the many
essential debates around innovation.
Indeed, the 2021 edition of the GII
proposes the use of a novel GII
Global Innovation Tracker to monitor
some of the issues mentioned above.
This new effort is fully in line with theGII’s goal of advancing a data-based
understanding of innovation.
An important new element of the GII
ecosystem this year is the creation ofan Academic Network comprisingnine important global academic
institutions: American University in
Cairo (Egypt), Cornell University(United States of America), EGADE
Business School (Mexico), Higher
School of Economics (RussianFederation), INSEAD (France/
Singapore), Lagos Business School(Nigeria), Peking University (China),
Universidad de Los Andes (Colombia)
and University of São Paulo (Brazil).
The GII Academic Network will play a
key role in creating new innovation
programs for faculties andstudents globally.

The GII Partners

xiiiCorporate Network
Innovation in a new world:
Lives, livelihoods and an
economic reboot

Chandrajit Banerjee
Director General
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)The unprecedented global crisis that
resulted from the outbreak of
COVID-19 has propelled us intoreinvigorating the importantdimension of innovation in order tomitigate the pandemic’s profoundadverse effects on the economy andrestore growth, calling for nations toembrace innovation as never before.
While the crisis has naturally
stimulated interest in innovative
health-care solutions, it has also
catalyzed other areas, such as
remote working, distance learning,
e-commerce and mobility solutions.
India is well known for its close
relationship with innovation, fromdeveloping low-cost vaccines tofrugal space programmes, andsafeguarding millions of lives throughthe development of effective warning
systems for cyclones. In thesechallenging times, the Confederationof Indian Industry (CII) has beenworking around the clock alongside
the Indian Government and industry
to combat the impact of thepandemic through policy advocacy,
production and dissemination of
appropriate technology by industry,creation and augmentation of medical
infrastructure, and numerous
other interventions.

xiv

Global Innovation Index 2021

Over the years, the Global Innovation
Index (GII) has been instrumental inallowing India to shape its policies
and design an actionable agenda forinnovation excellence. It is indeed
both a privilege and an honour for the
CII to host the Indian launch of the GII
every year and the historic global
launch in 2019. The GII launch is aclear indicator of the phenomenal
recognition of India’s standing
in innovation.
As nations formulate appropriate
strategies for saving lives and design
economic growth trajectories, the GII
2021 report will provide a significant
reference point, allowing countries toassess their innovation capabilities,
potential, readiness and resilience,
not only to fight the current and future
crises, but also to seek economic
recovery and to create businessmodels that will survive and thrive in
the new post-pandemic world.
I appreciate the tireless efforts of the
GII team in producing this latest
edition of the Index during the crisis.
The CII is privileged to have been
associated with the GII since its
inception and we believe it willcontinue to aid the global
innovation journey.
I congratulate the GII team and wish
them all the very best.

Innovation: A vaccine to boost
Brazil’s competitiveness
The COVID-19 pandemic has
triggered severe health and economic
crises that will have lasting impacts.
Vaccine research and scientificinvestigation to prevent the spread ofcoronavirus have increased
awareness of the pivotal role ofscience, technology and innovation(STI) in economic and social
development.
Robson Braga de Andrade
President
Brazilian National Confederation ofindustry (CNI)

Brazil has yet to put STI at the heart ofits long-term development strategy.
The necessity of prioritizing theprovision of public services is often
used to justify a lack of focus on STI
spending. Difficulties in public budget
management, combined withdeep-seated structural economic
problems and a lack of long-term
vision further exacerbate this situation.
The Entrepreneurial Mobilization for
Innovation (MEI), a group coordinatedby the Brazilian National
Confederation of Industry (CNI),
comprising 300 of the top businessleaders in the country, advocates that
innovation is fundamental inpromoting sustainable growth andaddressing chronic problems,
including the provision of basic
services. MEI operates as a space forpublic–private dialogue, allowing
public policy proposals to improve
the national innovation ecosystem tobe presented and debated.

MEI has many achievements to show
for its 13 years of existence, yet much
still remains to be done. For Brazil tobecome a truly innovative economy,
we need to be among the top 30
economies in the Global Innovation
Index (GII) and the government’s
policy, launched in 2020, pledges tomake concerted efforts towardachieving this goal.
MEI contributes to this national
endeavor by means of specificagendas on STI policy andgovernance; regulatory framework;
financing; strategic human resources;
open innovation; sustainability; anddigital transformation. The GII andother international benchmark
studies are fundamental inputs onthese fronts, providing an
understanding of our strengths andidentifying gaps.
CNI believes that the GII provides animportant annual reference oninnovation progress in different
nations and, as such, offers excellent
guidance to policymakers andcompanies in Brazil, contributing to
the national debate, informing
public–private dialogue andstrengthening joint efforts toward a
globally competitive Brazilian
innovation ecosystem.
Have a great read!

The GII Partners

xv

Committed to “making theimpossible possible”

Felipe Bayón Pardo
Chief Executive Officer
Ecopetrol Group

Ecopetrol began three years ago an
unprecedented reinvention process.
Digital transformation has played afundamental role in making theCompany what it is today: more
efficient, more solid and more
resilient to crises. In response to theenergy transition, we have based ourstrategy on sustainability. In fact, at
Ecopetrol we talk about TESG,
whereby technology and innovation
act as catalysts for the environmental,social and governance dimensions(ESG). We define TESG as making along-term contribution and being avalue generation model that aims forresponsible, safe and efficient
operations, harmonizing relations
with the environment and our
stakeholders under a transparent andethical governance framework andusing technology to develop
innovative solutions to current andfuture challenges. In this way, we put
technology and innovation at theheart of sustainability.
As an integrated business group,
Ecopetrol is addressing the energy
transition in four ways: i) by increasing
the competitiveness of existing
assets, ii) by diversifying into
low-emissions businesses, iii) byaccelerating decarbonization toachieve the goal of net zero carbon
emissions by 2050, and iv) bydeepening our TESG agenda. This isunderpinned by the development of
talent, knowledge and innovation. A
key principle of our corporate cultureis “Making the impossible possible,
implementing innovative solutions
with anticipation and technology,”
thereby enhancing Ecopetrol’s goal of
becoming the energy thattransforms Colombia.

xvi

Global Innovation Index 2021

Our 2021–2023 Business Plan
includes investments in technology
and innovation of between US$100
and US$150 million. For this financial
year, around US$20 million has been
allocated to the research anddevelopment of technologies forenergy transition and carbon
neutrality.
We at Ecopetrol are aware that wecannot do it all on our own, which is
why we have been strengthening ourworking in partnership with bothpublic and private entities, including
Microsoft, IHS Markit, Plug and Play,
Israel’s Innovation Authority,
Colombia’s Ministry of Science,
Technology and Innovation, andiNNpulsa Colombia. We have also
created strategic alliances with young
entrepreneurs to better face themultiple challenges that confront our
industry.
We also require disruptive solutions.
This is why we joined the Global
Innovation Index’s (GII) Corporate
Network. We are convinced that byworking jointly with the best, we cancontinue to make the impossible
possible for the benefit of thecompany, its stakeholders and an
innovative Colombia.

Innovation: A crucial indicator for
Turkey’s value-added export
Innovation is an instrument ofdevelopment that plays an
increasingly important role in global
trade. Particularly over the past two
decades, the arena of global trade
has been changing, with economies
of scale gradually being replaced byan innovation economy focused onhigh value-added products
and services.
İsmail Gülle
Chair
Turkish Exporters Assembly (TİM)

This shift in focus is why Turkey
attributes great importance toinnovation programs and monitoring
tools, such as the Global Innovation
Index (GII). Turkish exporters aremaking rapid progress toward theirgoal of becoming pioneers ofinnovation in every field. Over100,000 exporting companies want to
add innovation to their products
and services.

With these long-establishedinitiatives, TİM aims to improve
Turkey’s GII ranking and to realize thegoals set out in the Turkish Global
Innovation Index 2023 Roadmap,
generated by TİM and the Ministry ofIndustry and Technology under the
auspices of the Presidency of the
Republic of Turkey. Inspired by theGII, a digital platform reports themonthly developments of
24 institutions for 69 GII indicators,
and eight separate GII working
committees have been set up to
create medium- and long-term
actions for the national roadmap. In
this context, I would also like to thankthe TİM Innovation Committee for
their GII-focused efforts.
We wholeheartedly believe that, withthe vital contribution of the GII, Turkey
will continue in its endeavors toincrease exports of innovative, highvalue-added products and services ina sustainable fashion.

The Turkish Exporters Assembly (TİM)
is maintaining its support for
innovation programs like InoSuit, tostrengthen university–industry
cooperation, InovaLEAGUE, designed
to identify innovation champions,
InovaTİM, which educates students
from 176 universities on the subject ofinnovation, and TİM-TEB Global
House, which empowers 20 percent
of all tech startups in Turkey and has
raised more than 1,200 entrepreneurs.
Additionally, we organize annual
innovation events, such as Turkey
Innovation Week – the largest
gathering of the innovation
ecosystem, coordinated by the
Ministry of Commerce. Thanks tothese programs, the number of
Turkish exporters, specifically thosewith high value-added products, isgradually increasing.

The GII Partners

xviiCorporate Network Partners

Academic Network partners

Since its inception in 2007, the GII has been supported by
Knowledge Partners drawn from the private sector; more
specifically, firms, consultancies, or industry associations
keen to promote innovation and spur competitiveness.
Their contribution is an important source of influence for
the GII – firms and private sector entities are, after all, at theheart of innovation. As of 2021, these partners constitutethe GII’s Corporate Network, supported by the Portulans
Institute. In 2021, the GII Corporate Network comprises theConfederation of Indian Industry (the longest-standing
corporate partner since 2008), the Brazilian National
Confederation of Industry (a partner since 2017), as well as
the Turkish Exporters Assembly and Ecopetrol Group,
which both joined this year. We extend our gratitude to all
corporate partners for their invaluable support.

In 2021, an Academic Network was established to engage
world-leading universities – faculty members andgraduate students included – in GII research and support
the dissemination of GII results within the academic
community. The Academic Network welcomes thecontribution of researchers and institutions active indiverse fields, including business management, law,
public policy and science. We extend our gratitude to all
Academic Network partners for their support.

Brazilian National
Confederation ofIndustry (CNI)
Robson Braga de Andrade,
President; Gianna Sagazio,
Innovation Director;
Cândida Oliveira,Innovation Executive
Manager; Julieta Costa
Cunha, Industrial
Development Specialist.
Confederation of Indian
Industry (CII)
Chandrajit Banerjee,
Director General;
S. Raghupathy, Deputy
Director General; Ashish
Mohan, Principal Counsellorand Head, Technology,
Design, Research,Innovation& Intellectual Property
Creation; Namita Bahl,
Deputy Director, Technology& Innovation; Divya Arya,
Executive Officer,
Technology & Innovation.
Ecopetrol Group
Felipe Bayón Pardo, Chief
Executive Officer of theEcopetrol Group; Ernesto
José Gutierrez de Piñeres
Luna, Digital Vice Presidentof Ecopetrol; William Jose
Mora Villamizar, Head of
department of digital
factories.
xviii

Global Innovation Index 2021

Turkish Exporters
Assembly (TİM)İsmail Gülle, Chair; Kutlu
Karavelioğlu, Deputy Chair;and the following
Innovation Committee
Members: Orhan Sabuncu,
Birol Celep, Melisa Tokgöz
Mutlu, Hüseyin Memişoğlu,Feyyaz Ünal, Jak Eskinazi,
Ahmet Şişman, Mustafa
Ertekin. Belma Ünal,Corporate Communication
Director; Senem Sanal
Sezerer, Deputy Secretary
General; Kübra Ulutaş,Deputy Secretary General;
Meltem Demirtaş, Chief;
Gökhan Ezgin, Chief; andthe following experts:
Gülçin Yekin, Çağrı Köse,
Burak Günaydin, Nebile
Mercan.
Past corporate partners
include Alcatel-Lucent, A.T.
Kearney, Booz & Company,
the Brazilian Micro andSmall Business Support
Service (SEBRAE), Canon,
Dassault Systèmes, du (atelecommunications
company), Huawei,
IMP3rove – European
Innovation Management
Academy,PricewaterhouseCoopers(PwC), and strategy&.

Brazil: University of São
Paulo (USP), School of
Economics, Management,
Accounting and Actuarial
Sciences, Moacir deMiranda Oliveira Júnior,Head, Business
Administration Department
China: Peking University,
Office of Science andTechnology Development,
Weihao Yao, Director
Colombia: Universidad
de los Andes, School ofManagement, Veneta
Stefanova Andonova
Zuleta, Dean; and Carolina
Davila Aranda, International
Office Director
Egypt: The American
University in Cairo (AUC),
School of Business, Sherif
Kamel, Dean
France: Institut Européend’Administration desAffaires (INSEAD), Bruno
Lanvin, Distinguished Fellow
Mexico: Tecnológico deMonterrey EGADE
Business School, Osmar
Zavaleta, Dean

Nigeria: Lagos Business
School Pan-Atlantic
University (LBS), Chris
Ogbechie, Dean
Russian Federation:
Higher School of
Economics (HSE),
Institute for Statistical
Studies and Economics ofKnowledge, Leonid
Gokhberg, Director andFirst Vice-Rector
United States of America:
Cornell SC Johnson
College of Business,
Soumitra Dutta, Professor
and Former Founding Dean

GII 2021

1

GII 2021 at a glance
The Global Innovation Index
2021 captures the innovation
ecosystem performanceof 132 economies and tracks
the most recent global
innovation trends.

2

Global leaders in innovation, 2021

Top three innovation economies by region

Northern America

1. United Statesof America
2. Canada

Northern Africa
and Western Asia†
Europe1. Switzerland
2. Sweden
3. United Kingdom

1. Israel
2. United ArabEmirates
3. Turkey

Latin America
and the Caribbean

Central and Southern Asia

1. Chile
2. Mexico
3. Costa Rica

1. India
2. Iran (Islamic
Republic of)
3. Kazakhstan

South East Asia,
East Asia, and Oceania
Sub-Saharan Africa*

1. South Africa
2. Kenya
3. United Republicof Tanzania

1. Republic of Korea
2. Singapore
3. China

Top three innovation economies by income group
High-income

Upper middle-income

Lower middle-income

Low-income

1. Switzerland
2. Sweden
3. United States ofAmerica

1. China
2. Bulgaria
3. Malaysia

1. Viet Nam
2. India
3. Ukraine

1. Rwanda
2. Tajikistan
3. Malawi

Indicates the movement of rank within the
top three, relative to 2020, andindicates a new entrant into the top three
in 2021.

†

Top three in Northern Africa and Western
Asia (NAWA) – excluding island economies.
The top four in the region, including all
economies, are as follows: Israel (1st), Cyprus(2nd), United Arab Emirates (3rd) andTurkey (4th).

* Top three in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)– excluding island economies. The top five inthe region comprise Mauritius (1st), South
Africa (2nd), Kenya (3rd), Cabo Verde (4th) andthe United Republic of Tanzania (5th).

Source: Global Innovation Index Database, WIPO, 2021.
Notes: World Bank Income Group Classification (June 2020). Year-on-year GII rank changes are influenced by performance and methodologicalconsiderations; some economy data are incomplete (see Appendix I).
At a glance3

Global Innovation Index 2021 rankings
GII
rank

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

EconomySwitzerland
SwedenUnited States of America
United Kingdom
Republic of Korea
Netherlands
FinlandSingapore
Denmark
Germany
FranceChina
Japan
Hong Kong, China
IsraelCanadaIceland
Austria
Ireland
NorwayEstonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Australia
New Zealand
Malta
CyprusItaly
Spain
PortugalSlovenia
United Arab Emirates
Hungary
Bulgaria
Malaysia
Slovakia
LatviaLithuania
PolandTurkeyCroatia
Thailand
Viet Nam
Russian Federation
India
GreeceRomania
UkraineMontenegro
Philippines
Mauritius
Chile
SerbiaMexicoCosta Rica
BrazilMongolia
North Macedonia
Iran (Islamic Republic of)South Africa
BelarusGeorgia
Republic of Moldova
Uruguay
Saudi Arabia

Source: Global Innovation Index Database,
WIPO, 2021.
Note: For an explanation of classifications,
see Economy profiles, note 1.

4

Global Innovation Index 2021

Score

Incomegroup
rank

Region
rank

GII
rank

Economy

65.5
63.1
61.3
59.8
59.3
58.6
58.4
57.8
57.3
57.3
55.0
54.8
54.5
53.7
53.4
53.1
51.8
50.9
50.7
50.4
49.9
49.2
49.0
49.0
48.3
47.5
47.1
46.7
45.7
45.4
44.2
44.1
43.0
42.7
42.4
41.9
40.2
40.0
39.9
39.9
38.3
37.3
37.2
37.0
36.6
36.4
36.3
35.6
35.6
35.4
35.3
35.2
35.1
35.0
34.5
34.5
34.2
34.2
34.1
32.9
32.7
32.6
32.4
32.3
32.2
31.8

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
2
3
34
35
36
37
4
38
5
1
6
2
39
40
3
7
4
41
42
8
9
10
11
5
12
13
14
15
16
6
43
44

1
2
1
3
1
4
5
2
6
7
8
3
4
5
1
2
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
6
7
17
2
18
19
20
21
3
22
23
8
24
25
26
27
4
28
9
10
29
1
30
31
32
33
11
1
1
34
2
3
4
12
35
2
2
36
5
37
5
6

67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132

Colombia
Qatar
Armenia
Peru
Tunisia
KuwaitArgentina
Jamaica
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Oman
MoroccoBahrainKazakhstan
Azerbaijan
JordanBrunei Darussalam
PanamaAlbania
Kenya
Uzbekistan
Indonesia
Paraguay
Cabo Verde
United Republic of Tanzania
Ecuador
Lebanon
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Sri Lanka
El Salvador
Trinidad and Tobago
Kyrgyzstan
Pakistan
Namibia
GuatemalaRwandaTajikistan
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)SenegalBotswana
Malawi
HondurasCambodia
Madagascar
Nepal
Ghana
Zimbabwe
Côte d’Ivoire
Burkina Faso
Bangladesh
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Nigeria
UgandaAlgeria
ZambiaMozambique
Cameroon
Mali
Togo
Ethiopia
Myanmar
Benin
Niger
GuineaYemen
AngolaHigh-income
Uper middle-income
Lower middle-income
Low-income

EuropeNorthern America
Latin America and the
Caribbean

South East Asia, East
Asia, and Oceania
Central and Southern
Asia

Score

Incomegroup
rank

Region
rank

31.7
31.5
31.4
31.2
30.7
29.9
29.8
29.6
29.6
29.4
29.3
28.8
28.6
28.4
28.3
28.2
28.0
28.0
27.5
27.4
27.1
26.4
25.7
25.6
25.4
25.1
25.1
25.1
25.1
25.0
24.8
24.5
24.4
24.3
24.1
23.9
23.9
23.4
23.3
22.9
22.9
22.8
22.8
22.5
22.5
22.3
21.9
21.0
20.5
20.2
20.2
20.1
20.0
19.9
19.8
19.7
19.7
19.5
19.3
18.6
18.4
18.0
17.8
16.7
15.4
15.0

17
45
18
19
7
46
20
21
22
47
8
48
23
24
25
49
50
26
9
10
27
28
11
12
29
30
31
13
14
15
51
16
17
32
33
1
2
18
19
34
3
20
21
4
22
23
24
25
5
26
27
28
6
29
30
7
31
8
9
10
32
33
11
12
13
34

6
7
8
7
9
10
8
9
38
11
12
13
3
14
15
13
10
39
3
4
14
11
4
5
12
16
13
17
5
14
15
6
7
6
16
7
8
17
8
9
10
18
15
11
9
12
13
14
15
10
16
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
22
23
17
24
25
26
19
27

Northern Africa andWestern Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa

Innovation performance at different income levels, 2021

Performance above
expectations forlevel of development

Performance inline with level ofdevelopment

High-income group

Upper middle-income group

Lower middle-income group

Low-income group

Switzerland

China

Viet Nam

RwandaSwedenBulgaria

India

Malawi

United States of America

ThailandUkraineMadagascar

United Kingdom

BrazilPhilippines

Tajikistan

Republic of Korea

Iran (Islamic Republic of)Mongolia

Burkina Faso

Netherlands

South Africa

Republic of Moldova

UgandaFinland

Peru

Tunisia

MozambiqueSingapore

Malaysia

MoroccoMali

Denmark

Turkey

Kenya

Togo

Germany

Russian Federation

United Republic of Tanzania

Niger

FranceMontenegro

Uzbekistan

Ethiopia

Japan

SerbiaCabo Verde

GuineaHong Kong, China

MexicoEl Salvador

Yemen

Israel

Costa Rica

Kyrgyzstan

CanadaNorth Macedonia

Pakistan

IcelandBelarus

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)Austria

Georgia

SenegalIreland

Colombia

Honduras

NorwayArmenia

Cambodia

Estonia

Jamaica

Nepal

Belgium

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Ghana

Luxembourg

Azerbaijan

Zimbabwe

Czech Republic

JordanZambiaAustralia

Albania

Egypt

New ZealandIndonesia

Sri Lanka

Malta

Paraguay

Côte d’Ivoire

CyprusEcuadorBangladesh

Italy

Namibia

Lao People’s Democratic

Spain

GuatemalaRepublic

Portugal

Argentina

Nigeria

Slovenia

Kazakhstan

Algeria

Hungary

LebanonCameroon

Slovakia

Dominican Republic

MyanmarLatviaBotswana

Benin

PolandAngolaCroatia
Mauritius
Chile
Uruguay
All other economies

United Arab Emirates
Lithuania
GreeceRomania
Saudi Arabia
Qatar
KuwaitOman
BahrainBrunei Darussalam
PanamaTrinidad and Tobago

Source: Global Innovation Index Database, WIPO, 2021.

At a glance

5Key takeaways
The state of innovation throughout the COVID-19
crisis
1. The GII 2021 finds that investment in innovation
has shown great resilience during the COVID-19
pandemic, often reaching new peaks, but that it
varies across sectors and regions
Investment in innovation reached an all-time high prior to
the pandemic, with research and development (R&D)
having grown an exceptional 8.5 percent in 2019.
When the pandemic hit, the big question was what its
effect on innovation would be. Historical evidence
suggested a severe cutback in innovation investments.

However, despite such cutbacks, available data suggestthat innovation investments overall proved resilient in theface of the pandemic; and especially so when comparedto the depth of the economic downturn.

2. Technological progress at the frontier holds
substantial promise
The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines powerfully
fulfills the promise of technological progress. Progress
also continues apace in other technology fields – forexample, ICT and renewable energy – with the potential toraise living standards, improve human health and protect
the environment.

Results of the Global Innovation Index 2021
However, despite the human toll and the economic shock
resulting from the pandemic, scientific output, R&D
expenditure, IP filings and venture capital (VC) deals
continued to grow in 2020, building on peakpre-crisis performance:• Publication of scientific articles worldwide grew by 7.6
percent in 2020.
• Government budget allocations for the top R&D
spending economies that have already disclosed their
R&D budgets continued to grow in 2020. The top global
corporate R&D spenders, for which data is available,
grew overall R&D expenditure by around 10 percent in
2020, with 60 percent of R&D-intensive firms reporting
an increase.
• International patent filings via WIPO reached a new
all-time high in 2020. An increase of 3.5 percent
was driven by medical technology, pharmaceuticals
and biotechnology.
• VC deals grew by 5.8 percent in 2020, exceeding
the average growth rate for the past 10 years.
Strong growth in the Asia Pacific region more thancompensated for declines in Northern America andEurope. Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean
also registered double-digit increases. First quarter
figures suggest VC activity will be even more vibrantin 2021.
Firms whose innovation was at the heart of measures tocontain the pandemic and its fallout – notably (i) softwareand information and communication technology (ICT)
services, (ii) ICT hardware and electrical equipment and(iii) pharmaceuticals and biotechnology – amplified theirinvestments in innovation. Firms in sectors heavily hit by
the pandemic’s containment measures – such astransport and travel – cut back their innovation outlays.

6

Global Innovation Index 2021

3. Only a few economies have consistently delivered
peak innovation performance• Switzerland, Sweden, the U.S., and the U.K. have allranked among the top 5 in the past three years, while
the Republic of Korea joins the top 5 of the GII for the
first time in 2021.
• The majority of the GII top 25 most innovative
economies continue to be from Europe.
• Five Asian economies feature among the top 15 – theRepublic of Korea (5th) and Singapore (8th) are in the top
10, followed by China (12th), Japan (13th) and Hong Kong,
China (14th).
4. Selected middle-income economies are changing
the innovation landscape, starting with China, Turkey,
Viet Nam, India and the Philippines are now pulling
their weight• China remains the only middle-income economy
among the top 30 most innovative economies globally.
Few other middle-income economies have managed tocatch-up in innovation.
• Turkey (41st), Thailand (43rd), Viet Nam (44th), theRussia Federation (45th), India (46th), Ukraine (49th) andMontenegro (50th) make it into the GII top 50 this year.
• The TVIP economies alone (Turkey, Viet Nam, India andthe Philippines) are systematically catching up. Beyond
China, these four particularly large economies together
have the potential to change the global innovation
landscape for good.

5. Several developing economies are performing
above expectation on innovation relative to their levelof economic development

7. New science and technology (S&T) clusters are
emerging, with the majority located in only a handfulof countries• India, Kenya, the Republic of Moldova, and Viet Nam
hold the record for overperforming on innovation relative
to their level of development for the 11th year in a row.
• Brazil, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Peru
overperformed in 2021 for the first time ever.
• Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the largest
number of overperforming economies.

• Tokyo–Yokohama is the top performing
S&T cluster once again, followed by
Shenzhen–Hong Kong–Guangzhou, Beijing,
Seoul and San Jose–San Francisco.
• The U.S. continues to host the highest numberof clusters, followed by China, Germany,and Japan. Clusters in China recorded
the largest increases in S&T output.
• Brazil, China, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran,
Turkey, and the Russian Federation are all middleincome economies hosting top S&T clusters, with
big growth seen in Delhi, Mumbai and Istanbul.

6. The geography of global innovation ischanging unevenly• Northern America and Europe continue to lead far infront of other regions for innovation.
• The innovation performance of South East Asia, East
Asia, and Oceania (SEAO) has been the most dynamic
in the past decade, and is the only region closing
the gap.
• Northern Africa and Western Asia, Latin America andthe Caribbean, Central and Southern Asia, and subSaharan Africa then follow in that order, albeit – despite
strong performances by the Islamic Republic of Iran,
Chile, the United Arab Emirates and South Africa – theyremain stubbornly a long distance behind.
• In Latin America and the Caribbean, only Chile, Mexico,
Costa Rica and Brazil rank among the top 60. Except
for Mexico, few economies in this region have managed
consistently to up their ranking over the past 10 years.
• In sub-Saharan Africa, only Mauritius and South Africa
rank in the top 65; and only Kenya and the United
Republic of Tanzania have remained firmly in the
top 100 and improved their performance over time.
Rwanda regained the lead position among low-income
economies in this year’s edition of the GII.

At a glance7

Global Innovation Tracker
What is the global state ofinnovation? Has the pandemic
slowed or accelerated
investments in innovation?
How fast is the rate oftechnological progress?
How do new technologies
change the world?
This new segment of theGII provides a perspective
on global innovation
performance, drawing ona select set of indicators.

8

Global Innovation Tracker
Dashboard

Science andinnovation investments
R&D expenditures

Short termLong term

Scientificpublications

Total

Business

International
patent filings

Venturecapital deals

2019 → 20202018 → 20192018 → 20192019 → 20202019 → 2020

7.6% 8.5% 7.2% 3.5% 5.8%
5.4% 4.9% 5.2% 5.3% 3.6%
2010 → 2020
(annual growth)

2009 → 2019(annual growth)

2009 → 2019(annual growth)

2010 → 2020
(annual growth)

2010 → 2020
(annual growth)Technologicalprogress
Costs of renewable energy

Short termLong term

Microchip transistor
count

Solar photovoltaic

Onshore wind

Drug approvals

2018 → 20192018 → 20192018 → 20192019 → 2020

90.5% −13.1% −9.2% 10.4%

32.3% −6.9% −3.7% 9.7%
2009 → 2019(annual growth)

2010 → 2019(annual growth)

2010 → 2019(annual growth)

2010 → 2020
(annual growth)

Socioeconomic
impactShort termLong term

Labor productivity

Life expectancy

Carbondioxide emissions

2019 → 20202018 → 20192018 → 20194.0% 0.2% 0.06%
2.2% 0.3% 1.48%
2010 → 2020
(annual growth)

2009 → 2019(annual growth)

2009 → 2019(annual growth)

Notes: See the Data notes section below for a definition of indicators and their data sources. Long-term annual growth refers to
the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) over the indicated period.
Global Innovation Tracker

9Monitoring the pulse of innovation is no easy task.
Transforming an idea into a new good or service can takemonths, if not years. It takes even longer for technologicaladvances to be widely adopted, create new jobs, enhance
economic productivity and improve people’s health andwell-being. Today’s progress is the result of pastinnovations; today’s innovations, in turn, sow the seeds for
progress in the years to come.
No single indicator captures the full spectrum of
innovation performance from idea inception to impact.
This is precisely why the GII relies on a wide set ofindicators to measure the innovation performance ofeconomies. Similarly, to capture key innovation trends, theGlobal Innovation Tracker looks at a variety of data points.
It does so for three broad stages of the innovation journey:science and innovation investments; technologicalprogress; and socioeconomic impact.

Science and innovation investments
The global pandemic has had a profound effect on
economic activity. Global output declined by 3.3 percent
in 2020, as containment measures to tackle the pandemic
caused overall demand to decline and supply chains to fail
(IMF, 2021). Financial market uncertainty soared.
Historical experience would suggest that such adverse
conditions would prompt a cutback in innovation
investments. In many ways, however, this crisis differsfrom previous macroeconomic crises. Certain sectors– from personal protective equipment and consumer
electronics to bicycles and home delivery services –actually experienced increased demand. Innovation, inturn, has been at the center of the fight to combat the
pandemic and contain its impact.
The key indicators of global science and innovation
investments – scientific publications, research anddevelopment (R&D) expenditures, international patentfilings and venture capital deals – reflect this mixed impactof the pandemic.

10

Global Innovation Index 2021

Scientific publications
The pandemic has left no obvious mark on overall
scientific output. The publication of scientific articles
worldwide grew by 7.6 percent in 2020 – lower than the2019 growth rate, but faster than the 10-year average
growth rate (see Dashboard). The top five origins ofscientific output – China, the United States, the United
Kingdom, Germany and India – all saw lower growth in2020 than in 2019, bearing in mind that the 2019 growth
rates were exceptionally high.
The top five fields of scientific publishing in 2020 remained
the same as in 2019: multidisciplinary materials science,
environmental sciences, electrical and electronicengineering, multidisciplinary chemistry andapplied physics.
Looking at the fastest growing scientific fields, someinfluence of the pandemic appears visible. Health and, inparticular, the field of public, environmental andoccupational health saw record growth in 2020
(19.1 percent, Figure 1). The latter field covers topics suchas virus transmission and measures to prevent the spreadof diseases, as well as the psychological distress resulting
from the pandemic. That said, other non-pandemic
related fields, such as cancer research, also contributed
to the fast growth in health-related scientific output.
Overall, environmental topics continue to register fast
growth in scientific output (see Figure 1). Environmental
sciences grew by 21.2 percent in 2020, overtaking
electrical and electronic engineering as the second mostactive publication field. Twenty years ago, less than
1.8 percent of scientific publications related toenvironmental sciences, compared to around 5.1 percent
in 2020. Artificial intelligence stands out as another fieldshowing strong growth in 2020.

30

Figure 1
Fastest growing significant research fields by
number of publications, 2020

25
10

15

60

5

40

Growth rate (%)

20

80

Geosciences, multidisciplinary

Microbiology

Environmental studies

Public, environmental andoccupational healthEngineering, civil

Engineering, environmental

ArticlesEnvironmental sciences

Engineering,
multidisciplinaryComputer science,
artiﬁcial intelligence

0

20

Green and sustainable
science and technology

Scientiﬁc and technical articles (th)100

Growth 2019 to 2020
CAGR
Source: Web of Science (Clarivate) (WoS) articles published in the Social
Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and Science Citation Index Expanded(SCIE), restricted to science and technology fields and fields with morethan 20,000 publications in 2020 (so all the fields in the top 30 percent).
Fields represent the WoS categories [accessed on April 16, 2021].
Notes: CAGR values are computed using 2010 as the base year. If an
article is published in more than one field (i.e., under more than one WoS
category), then the article is counted once in each field. Hence, summing
all fields would result in some double counting.

Global Innovation Tracker

11

The top five R&D spending economies in 2019 were theUnited States (+10.9 percent), followed by China(+11.1 percent), Japan (−0.4 percent), Germany(+2.3 percent) and the Republic of Korea (+4.8 percent).
These five economies have consistently been the world’s
major R&D spenders since 2011. Business R&D
expenditure – the largest component of total global R&D– grew by 7.2 percent in 2019, up from 4.6 percent in 2018.
How did R&D expenditure fare in 2020, as the pandemic
upended economies around the world? Unfortunately,2020 data do not yet exist. Given the delays in R&D
reporting, nationwide data documenting any pandemic
effect will not be available until 2022. Historically, R&D
expenditures have moved in parallel with GDP, slowing
markedly during the economic downturns of the early
1990s, early 2000s and late 2000s (Figure 2). Revenue
declines, cash flow shortages, cost-cutting measures,
falling tax revenues and increased risk aversion are someof the key transmission channels through which falling
output reduces R&D investments.
If the pandemic’s impact were to mirror historicalexperience, 2020 R&D expenditure growth would be hard
hit – possibly declining by as much as 2.8 percent.2
However, there are reasons to be optimistic that R&D
expenditures will have turned out be more resilient overthe course of the pandemic. The first reason for such
optimism is the nature of the crisis itself: as pointed out
above, the impact of the crisis has been highly unevenacross industries and innovation was at the heart of the
response to the pandemic. Second, the limited available
R&D data points for 2020 do not suggest pronounced
declines. In particular, government budget allocations forthe top R&D spending economies that have alreadydisclosed their R&D budgets continued to grow in 2020(see Figure 3).3

8
COVID-19
crisis642
Dot-com crisisof 20010−2−4Subprime crisisof 2008/9
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Over the past decades, investments in R&D haveconsistently grown faster than economic output. Theyreached an all-time high before the onset of the pandemic,
growing at an exceptionally high rate of 8.5 percent in2019 (see Dashboard). In comparison, global GDP grew
by only 2.4 percent that year. With already high growth in
R&D expenditures in 2017 and 2018, the pre-pandemic
years have seen one of the most pronounced increases in
the world economy’s R&D intensity on record.1

Figure 2
R&D and GDP growth, 2001–2022

Growth (%)

R&D expenditures

Total R&D
Business R&D
GDP
Sources: Authors’ estimates based on the UNESCO Institute for Statistics
database, OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators, Eurostat, andthe IMF World Economic Outlook.

Figure 3
Government budget allocations for R&D,
growth in 2020
Australia
United States
Austria
Germany
MexicoDenmark
Netherlands
Japan
NorwayCzech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
−5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Growth (%)
Source: Joint OECD–Eurostat data collection on resources devoted
to R&D.

12

Global Innovation Index 2021

60
40

Automobiles

Travel, leisure & personal goods

Industrial engineering & transportation

Other

Pharmaceuticals & biotechnology

0

ICT hardware & electrical equipment

20

Construction & industrial metals

These cross-industry patterns broadly correspond to thedifferential impact of the crisis. This is also borne out
when looking at the R&D performance of individualcompanies. Generally, companies which stood to gainfrom pandemic-induced shifts in demand increased their
R&D efforts. These include Alibaba, Netflix, Nintendo,
Nividia and many of the large pharmaceutical companies(see Figure 5). In contrast, those companies whosebusiness models rely on in-person activities or travel
decreased expenditures, including Trip.com, Airbus,
Boeing, Uber, Lyft and most automobile manufacturers.

80

Software & ICT services

Interesting patterns emerge across industries. In thepharmaceuticals and biotechnology industry, around
62 percent of companies reported an increase in R&D
spending. This share rises to 65 percent within the ICT
hardware and electrical equipment industry and to80 percent within software and ICT. The industries with amajority of companies reporting R&D investment declines
include the automobile as well as the travel, leisure andpersonal goods industries, with shares of 68 percent and65 percent, respectively (see Figure 4).

Figure 4
Share of firms reporting R&D expenditure
increases, 2020

Percentage

On the corporate side, some information is available fromcompanies’ financial reporting. R&D investment data are
available for 1,707 of the top 2,500 largest corporate R&D
spenders worldwide. Overall, this sample of firms
increased their R&D expenditures by around 10 percent in
2020, with 60 percent of companies reporting an increase.

Data availability

Source: Data sourced from the Bureau van Dijk Orbis database, whereannual 2019 and 2020 data were utilized.
Note: Percentage changes were calculated as the difference between the2020 and 2019 financial results over the 2019 results.

A fuller assessment of corporate R&D performance in lightof the crisis will need to await the availability of more
complete data, including data from small andmedium-sized enterprises that may have experienced
more curtailed access to finance in 2020. However, thedata available so far indicate that 2020 R&D expenditures
were more resilient in the face of the economic downturn
than historical experience would suggest.

Global Innovation Tracker

13

−80

14

Industrial engineering &transportation

Global Innovation Index 2021

China State Construction Engineering

Construction &industrial metals

Travel, leisure &personal goods

Other

Nestlé

BoeingAirbusAutomobiles

Philips

BASF

Procter & Gamble

Petrochina

Medtronic Public Limited

Raytheon Technologies

Netflix

Sega Sammy

Software & ICT
services

Central Japan Railway

Trip.Com Group

Panasonic

L’Oreal

Nikon

Kao

GarminLG Electronics

Nintendo

East Japan Railway

Nippon Steel

Thyssenkrupp

Pharmaceuticals &biotechnology

PPG Industries

Saint-Gobain

Baoshan Iron & SteelGree Electrical Appliances

China Railway Construction

China National Chemical Engineering

POSCO

China Energy Engineering

Shanghai Construction

China Railway

Power Construction Corporation of China

ICT hardware & electricalequipment

China Communications Construction

Lyft

Cummins

JTEKT

Volvo

Deere

Caterpillar

ABB

HexagonKomatsu

CNH Industrial

CRRC China

NvidiaApple
Qualcomm
Samsung Electronics
Dell Technologies
Intel
EricssonHon Hai Precision Industry
Broadcom
Nokia
Cisco Systems
Canon
Siemens
Bristol Myers Squibb
Merck US
Bayer
AbbvieGilead Sciences
Johnson & Johnson
AstraZeneca
Roche
Amgen
NovartisTakeda Pharmaceutical
GlaxoSmithKline
Sanofi
Facebook
Alibaba Group Holding
Salesforce.com
Electronic Arts
Adobe
Microsoft
Baidu
SAP
Alphabet
WorkdayIBM
OracleHewlett Packard Enterprise
Uber Technologies
Peugeot (PSA)
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
Robert Bosch
Hyundai Motor
Denso
BMW
Ford Motor
Toyota Motor
Nissan Motor
Daimler
General Motors
Honda Motor
Continental
Volkswagen
Renault−60

Sany Heavy Industry

Percentage change 2019−2020
Percentage change 2019−2020

Figure 5
Corporate R&D expenditure, selected top R&D spenders worldwide, 2020 growth

30

0

−30

Industry mean

40

0

−40

Industry mean

Source: Data sourced from the Bureau van Dijk Orbis database, where the most recent eight-quarter period in local currency was utilized.

Note: Percentage changes were calculated as the difference between the most recent four-quarter period (t0) and the next most recent (t-1) over the
next most recent (t-1). Thus, results in Figure 5 are not directly comparable to those from Figure 4.

International patent filings
Notwithstanding the decline in global output, international
patent filings reached a new all-time high in 2020. They
increased by 3.5 percent, fueled by particularly fast
growth from China (16 percent). The Republic of Korea
and the United States also saw solid growth, whereas
Japan and most European economies registered declines.

Figure 6
Percentage point changes in share of PCT
applications in 2020
Pharmaceuticals

Biotechnology

The most dynamic technology fields in 2020 were medical
technology, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. This
contrasts with previous years when digitalcommunications, computer technology and audiovisualtechnology were the fastest growing fields. Most of theinventions underlying international patent filings in 2020
predate the pandemic. The strong patenting performanceof health-related technologies does not, therefore, reflect
an invention response to the crisis. Rather, it indicates thatthe pandemic has led innovators in the health-care sector
to upgrade the commercial potential of theirrecent inventions.

Organic ﬁne chemistry

Medical technology

Semiconductors

IT methods for management

Computer technology

Digital communication

Telecommunications

Audio-visual technology

Electrical machinery,
apparatus, energy
−1.50

−1.00

−0.50

0.00

0.50

Sept. 20

June 20

Mar. 20

Aug. 20

May 20Feb. 20

July 20

Apr. 20

Jan. 20

1.00

1.50

Source: WIPO, 2021.
Note: The percentage point changes are relative to the corresponding
months in 2019.

Global Innovation Tracker

15

4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

Q1 1997
Q1 1998
Q1 1999
Q1 2000
Q1 2001
Q1 2002
Q1 2003
Q1 2004
Q1 2005
Q1 2006
Q1 2007
Q1 2008
Q1 2009
Q1 2010
Q1 2011
Q1 2012
Q1 2013
Q1 2014
Q1 2015
Q1 2016
Q1 2017
Q1 2018
Q1 2019
Q1 2020
Q1 2021

Number of VC deals, 3-point moving average

Figure 7
Number of VC deals by region,
three-point moving average, 1997–2021 (top), andgrowth in VC deals, by region, 2019–2021 (bottom)

Quarter
World

Northern America

Latin America and the Caribbean

Asia Paciﬁc
Africa40
20

Q1 2021

Q4 2020

Q3 2020

Q2 2020

Q1 2020

Q4 2019

Q3 2019

Q2 2019

0

Q1 2019

Quarterly year-on-year growth (%)

60

Quarter
Asia Paciﬁc

EuropeNorthern America

Source: Refinitiv, Eikon (private equity screener), accessed May 20, 2021.
Note: Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean are omitted from thegrowth charts because low numbers caused high volatility.

16

Global Innovation Index 2021

The number of venture capital (VC) deals grew by
5.8 percent in 2020, exceeding the indicator’s 10-year
average growth rate of 3.6 percent (see Dashboard). The
exceptional resilience of innovation financing is even more
remarkable considering the fact that VC deals declined inEurope and Northern America in the second quarter of2020 when overall financial market uncertainty soared(see Figure 7). Strong growth in the Asia Pacific region
more than compensated for this decline.
Aside from the rapid growth of VC deals in the Asia Pacificregion (+26.6 percent), both Africa and Latin America andthe Caribbean also registered double-digit increases(+82.7 percent and +12.1 percent, respectively) – albeit
from significantly lower levels (see Figure 7). Northern
America and Europe ended the year with declines of−3.1 percent and −0.7 percent, respectively.
First quarter figures for 2021 suggest even more vibrant
VC activity this year, with the Asia Pacific region reachingan all-time high with 1,260 deals. In funding terms, firstquarter 2021 VC activity in all regions already equates tonearly half of total funding in 2020, setting a strong pace
for the rest of the year.

Europe80−20Venture capital deals

Technological progress

Drug approvals

Technological progress usually occurs gradually over anumber of years. The development of the COVID-19
vaccines has defied this pattern. They were developed,
clinically tested and manufactured at unprecedented
speed. As of July 2021 – within 16 months of thepandemic’s onset – more than 3.5 billion people
worldwide had already received at least one jab. Much
remains to be done to achieve equitable access tovaccines worldwide but the achievements so far arguably
rank among the most spectacular episodes oftechnological progress.

Beyond the COVID-19 vaccines, there is broader progressin finding treatments for various diseases. After
experiencing a decline in the 2000s, the number of new
drug approvals has been trending upward. It has grown by
9.7 percent over the past 10 years. The latest 2020 data
are in line with this trend. These figures only concern the
U.S. economy, which spends the most on pharmaceutical
R&D. In addition, the health impact of newly approved
drugs varies. Nonetheless, the upward trend in drug
approval mirrors broader optimism about advances in thebiosciences to further improve human health(The Economist, 2021). One example is the recent
publication of promising clinical trial results for a vaccine
against malaria, following many years of failed efforts(Datoo et al., 2021).

Fully tracking the speed of progress across all areas oftechnology is not possible. However, monitoring progressin a few important areas, such as those detailed below,
does provide useful insights.

Microchip transistor countOne popular way of tracking progress in digitaltechnologies is to count the number of transistors on
cutting-edge microchips. Moore’s law famously holds that
this number doubles every two years – a prediction thathas proved roughly true since the 1970s. The transistor
counts for the latest microchips commercialized in 2019
– AMD’s Epyc and IBM’s Power9 – continue to follow
Moore’s exponential growth path. They contain more than
twice the number of transistors of the cutting-edge 2017
models. Since 2009, microchip capacity has increased bymore than 30 percent per year.

Socioeconomic impact
What impact does innovation have on people’s daily lives?
Historically, technological progress has been a key force
behind sustaining economic growth, improving living
standards and offering better health outcomes. Even
though innovation’s track record on the environment ismixed, new technologies have also contributed to lowering
pollution levels and promoting greater sustainability.
What do the latest data tell us about the socioeconomic
impact of innovation?

Labor productivity
Costs of renewable energy
Technological progress has prompted dramatic falls in thecost of renewable energy. Between 2010 and 2019, thecost of solar photovoltaic energy declined by 6.9 percent
per year and that of onshore wind energy by 3.7 percent
per year. The 2018–2019 trends show even faster declines
in cost of 13.1 percent and 9.2 percent, respectively.
Importantly, in most places, power from renewable energy
sources is now cheaper than power from fossil fuels. This
marks a significant milestone in the drive toward cheaperenergy that supports the achievement of CO2 reduction
targets.

The impact of the pandemic on labor productivity has
been mixed. Output per hour worked jumped by 4 percent
in 2020. This increase mainly reflects the curtailment of
economic activities with low productivity, often as a direct
result of the containment measures introduced to tackle
the pandemic. By contrast, output per worker actually
decreased by 0.9 percent, as companies retained theirworkforce on furlough schemes, often with government
support (The Conference Board, 2021).

Global Innovation Tracker

17Between 2010 and 2020, labor productivity grew by
2.2 percent per year – a slower pace compared toprevious decades. Other measures of productivity– notably, total factor productivity – show similar
long-term declines, especially in developed economies(Moss et al., 2020). This has prompted economists to ask
whether the ability of technological innovation to raise
productivity and foster long-term economic growth has
diminished. While this remains an open question, otherfactors besides technological progress may explain
slower productivity growth – notably, demographic
change, a growing share of services in economic output
and stagnating levels of educational attainment. In
addition, productivity trends could well change, as
economies adopt the latest technologies.

Life expectancy
Life expectancy in the world stood at 72.7 years in 2019, up
from 70.2 years in 2009 and 52.6 years in 1960.
Technology has been a key contributor to longer life spans.
Scientific advances have promoted healthier lifestyles;
medical and pharmaceutical innovations have led to more
effective treatments against a wide range of diseases.
Worldwide life expectancy data for 2020 are not yet
available. In the United States, preliminary data for 2020
suggest that excess mortality due to COVID-19 has
caused life expectancy to fall by one whole year (Arias etal., 2021). Similar declines have been reported for theUnited Kingdom (Public Health England, 2021). It is
important to note that these declines do not mean that a
newborn baby can expect to have fewer years of life. They
mainly capture the current – and hopefully temporary– increase in mortality rates.

Carbon dioxide emissions
Steps to limit global warming rely on the reduction ofgreenhouse gas emissions. Global carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions – accounting for more than half of all
greenhouse gases – continued to increase up to 2019. For
2020, CO2 emissions are projected to fall, as the COVID-19
pandemic slowed the social and economic activities thatare responsible for such emissions.4 As those activities
have started to rebound in 2021, CO2 emissions are set torise again. Technological progress – particularly the falling
costs of renewable energy (see above) – has alreadyenabled the reduction of CO2 and other greenhousegases. Future innovation is bound to expand this potential.
At the same time, harnessing the potential of technology
requires coordinated policies and long-term investments.

18

Global Innovation Index 2021

Conclusion
The GII Global Innovation Tracker provides a data-driven
perspective on the latest innovation trends. It offers thefollowing insights:• Overall, investments in science and innovation havebeen remarkably resilient in the face of the greatest
economic downturn for decades. Scientific output, R&D
expenditures, international patent filings and venture
capital deals continued to grow in 2020, building on
already strong pre-crisis performance.
• Nonetheless, the global pandemic has left its mark on
the global innovation landscape. Sectors which saw
collapsing demand – such as transport and travel –had to cut back their innovation outlays. By contrast,
companies whose innovations were at the center ofmeasures to contain the pandemic and its fallout –notably, pharmaceuticals and ICTs – redoubled theirinvestments in innovation.
• The pandemic has accelerated the long-term
geographical shift of innovation activities toward Asia,
even if Northern America and Europe continue to hostsome of the world’s leading innovators.
• Technological progress at the frontier holds substantial
promise. The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines
powerfully demonstrates this promise. There is also
continued progress in other technology fields – suchas ICTs and renewable energy – that has the potential
to raise standards of living, improve human health andprotect the environment.

NotesReferences

1

Arias, E., M.S. Betzaida Tejada-Vera and M.P.H. Farida Ahmad(2021). Provisional Life Expectancy Estimates for January
through June, 2020. National Vital Statistics System Report
010. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/VSRR10-508.pdf.

This result mirrors findings for industrialized countries
covered by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD). See the latest data, published on
March 18, 2021, in the OECD Main Science and Technology
Indicators (MSTI) database, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.
aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB. For a more in-depth analysis of
COVID-19 and innovation, see Paunov and Planes-Satorra (2021).

2

The estimate of a 2.8 percent decline is based on theassumption that R&D to GDP ratios at the country
level stay the same as in 2019, so that the 2020 GDP
decline is passed on to R&D expenditures in full.

3

Government R&D budget indicators for the OECD area
present the amounts that governments agree to allocate
to R&D as part of their budgetary processes, rather thanactual expenditure reported by R&D performers.

4

For further details, see the Carbon Monitor,
https://carbonmonitor.org.

Data notes
Scientific publications captures the number of peer-reviewed
articles published in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI)and Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE). Source: Web of
Science (Clarivate), https://apps.webofknowledge.com.
R&D expenditures captures R&D expenditures worldwide in PPPadjusted constant 2015 prices. The 2019 values were calculatedusing available real data of gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) andbusiness enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD) at the country levelfrom the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) online database, theOECD’s Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI) database(March 2021 update) and Eurostat. For those countries for whichdata were not available for 2019, the 2019 data were estimatedusing the last observation carried forward (LOCF) method.
International patent filings refers to the total number ofpatent applications filed through the WIPO-administered
Patent Cooperation Treaty. Source: WIPO IP Statistics
Data Center, https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats.

Datoo, M.S. et al. (2021). Efficacy of a low-dose candidate
malaria vaccine, R21 in adjuvant Matrix-M, with seasonal
administration to children in Burkina Faso: A randomised
controlled trial. The Lancet, 397(10287), P1809–1818. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00943-0.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2021). World
Economic Outlook: Managing Divergent Recoveries,
April 2021. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/
Issues/2021/03/23/world-economic-outlook-april-2021.
Moss, E., R. Nunn and J. Shambaugh (2020). The Slowdown in
Productivity Growth and Policies That Can Restore It. Framing Paper
for the Hamilton Project. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/
uploads/2020/06/Productivity_Framing_LO_6.16_FINAL.pdf.
Paunov, C., and S. Planes-Satorra (2021). Science, technology andinnovation in the time of COVID-19. OECD Science, Technology
and Industry Policy Papers, February 2021 No. 99, OECD
Publishing. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/234a00e5en.pdf?expires=1631264468&id=id&accname=guest&che
cksum=7455B523C723DCA0EC570A30B4E62F3E.
Public Health England (2021). Wider Impacts of COVID-19
on Health (WICH) monitoring tool. https://analytics.
phe.gov.uk/apps/covid-19-indirect-effects.
The Conference Board (2021). Global Productivity Brief
2021. https://conference-board.org/topics/globaleconomic-outlook/global-productivity-brief-2021.
The Economist (2021). Why a dawn of technological optimismis breaking. January 16, 2021. https://www.economist.com/
leaders/2021/01/16/why-a-dawn-of-technological-optimism-is-breaking.
WIPO (2021). PCT Yearly Review 2021: The International Patent System.
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_901_2021.pdf.

Venture capital deals refers to the absolute number of VC deals
received by companies located in the region. Source: Refinitiv, Eikon
data on private equity and venture capital, https://www.refinitiv.
com/en/products/eikon-trading-software/private-equity-data.
Microchip transistor count refers to the number of transistors
on the most advanced commercially available microchips
in a given year. Source: Karl Rupp, data available at https://github.com/karlrupp/microprocessor-trend-data.
Costs of renewable energy captures the global weighted averagelevelized electricity cost of solar photovoltaics and onshore wind.
Source: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), https://www.
irena.org/publications/2020/Jun/Renewable-Power-Costs-in-2019.
Drug approvals refers to the number of new drug approvedby the US Federal Drug Administration (FDA). The data
include both small molecule drugs and biologics. Source:
FDA, https://www.fda.gov/media/135307/download.
Labor productivity refers to the world total of output perhour worked, as estimated by The Conference Board. Source:
The Conference Board Total Economy Database™, https://
conference-board.org/data/economydatabase.
Life expectancy refers to the number of years a newborn infant would
live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to staythe same throughout its life. Source: World Development Indicators,
https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.
Carbon dioxide emissions refers to fossil emissions,excluding carbonation, for the world, measured inbillion tons of CO2 per year. Source: The Global Carbon
Budget 2020, https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2020.
Global Innovation Tracker

19GII 2021 results
The GII helps create anenvironment that evaluates
innovation factors continuously.
In 2021, it provides
detailed innovation metrics
for 132 economies.

20

The following sections present the results of the GII 2021.
Appendix I provides details on how to interpret andanalyze the results, in particular regarding year-on-yearcomparison of the GII ranks, which requires
cautious interpretation.1

The GII 2021 innovation leaders
Only a few economies have consistently
delivered peak innovation performance.
Only Switzerland and Sweden have remained in the top
three of the innovation ranking for more than a decade.
Switzerland, Sweden, the United States of America andthe United Kingdom have ranked in the top five for the
past three years, while the Republic of Korea joins the top
five of the GII for the first time in 2021 (Figure 8).
The top 25 of the most innovative economies are mainly
from Europe, with France (11th) and Estonia (21st) making
notable progress. Five Asian economies shine in the top 15– the Republic of Korea (5th) and Singapore (8th) in the top 10,
with China (12th), Japan (13th) and Hong Kong, China (14th)
following. Singapore has been among the top 10 mostinnovative economies consistently for the past 14 years.
China is still the only middle-income economy to make itinto the top 30. China reaches the top three in the South
East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania (SEAO) region for the
first time and remains top of the upper middle-income
group (Figure 9).
Bulgaria (35th) and Malaysia (36th) are the only othermiddle-income economies close to the top 30 of the GII(see Table 5), but with no consistent increase in rank overtime. Indeed, Malaysia has been hovering close to the top
30 for the past 11 years but has not yet reached the mark.
Japan ranks 13th, up from 16th in 2020. The United ArabEmirates (UAE) (33rd) remains in the top 35 this year andmoves up one place. The UAE has been moving up the
rankings since 2018, when it ranked 38th. Turkey (41st) makes
a big jump into the top 50 and Brazil (57th) moves closer.
Since 2013, China has moved up the GII ranks
consistently and steadily, establishing itself as a global
innovation leader and getting closer to the top 10 every
year. The performance of China is at the frontier ofachievement, notably in innovation outputs. For instance,

China’s levels of patents by origin, scaled by GDP, arehigher than those of Japan, Germany and the UnitedStates, and are even more impressive when considered inabsolute terms. The same is true with regard to the levelsof Trademarks and Industrial designs by origin as apercentage of GDP. However, China is still behind,relative to Germany and the United States, in Human
capital and research and in indicators such as
Researchers (45th) and Tertiary enrolment (57th). China
also trails the United States in Market sophistication andBusiness sophistication, and is even further behind in
Institutions (61st).
The Republic of Korea (5th) made notable advances in the
Innovation Output Sub-Index (5th) and, in particular, in theindicators Trademarks by origin (8th), Global brand value(5th) and Cultural and creative services exports (40th). It
also ranks 3rd worldwide in the new GII output indicator
Production and export complexity. In terms of innovation
inputs, the Republic of Korea moved up the rankings in
two pillars: Institutions (28th) and Infrastructure (12th). It
also comes top in the sub-pillar ICTs (1st) and, notably, in
Government’s online service and E-participation.

A changing global innovation landscapeSelected middle-income economies arechanging the innovation landscape, startingwith China, Turkey, Viet Nam, India and thePhilippines are now pulling their weight.
It is challenging for emerging economies to consistently
improve their innovation performance and systems tomatch high-income, more prosperous economies. Only alimited number of middle-income economies havemanaged to catch up in innovation, by complementing
successful domestic innovation with international
technology transfer.
In addition to China, Bulgaria and Malaysia, which lead the
middle-income group rankings, only Turkey (41st), Thailand(43rd), Viet Nam (44th), the Russian Federation (45th), India(46th), Ukraine (49th) and Montenegro (50th) make it into the
top 50.
However, besides China, only the TVIPs (Turkey, Viet Nam,
India and the Philippines) are systematically catching up.
All four Asian economies have romped up the ranks by anaverage of 22 positions in the past decade: Turkey from
GII 2021 results

21

Figure 8
Movement in the GII top 15, 2017–2021

Am

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Fr
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Fi
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es
at

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2021

1

2

3

4

of

d
ng

5

om

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

I re

The Republic of Korea
enters the top five in 2021.
Turkey jumps into the top
50 at 41st place.
la n

d

2020

France breaks into the top
15 and ranks 11th in 2021.
India and the Philippines
reach the top 50.

China breaks into the top
15 in 2019; it is 12th in 2021.
Israel makes it to top 10.

2019

L

em
ux

bo

ur

g

2018

Ic

2017

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

e la

13

nd

14

15

Source: Global Innovation Index Database, WIPO, 2021.
Note: Year-on-year comparisons of the GII ranks are inﬂuenced by changes in the GII model and data availability.

22

Global Innovation Index 2021

Sweden has been in the
top 3 from 2011 up to 2021.
Chile moves into the top 50.

Switzerland has ranked firstfrom 2011 up to 2021.
Malaysia gets closer to the
top 35.

Figure 9
Global innovation leaders, 2021

Top three innovation economies
by region

Top three innovation economies
by income group

Europe1 Switzerland
2 Sweden
3 United Kingdom

High-income
1 Switzerland
2 Sweden
3 United States of America

Northern America
1 United States of America
2 Canada

Upper middle-income
1 China
2 Bulgaria
3 Malaysia

Latin America and the Caribbean
1 Chile2 Mexico
3 Costa Rica
Central and Southern Asia
1 India
2 Iran (Islamic Republic of)
3 Kazakhstan

Lower middle-income
1 Viet Nam
2 India
3 Ukraine
Low-income
1 Rwanda
2 Tajikistan
3 Malawi

South East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania
1 Republic of Korea
2 Singapore
3 China
Northern Africa and Western Asia†
1 Israel
2 United Arab Emirates
3 Turkey
Sub-Saharan Africa*
1 South Africa
2 Kenya
3 United Republic of Tanzania
Indicates the movement of rank within the top three, relative to 2020, andindicates a new entrant into the top three in 2021.
†

Top three in Northern Africa and Western Asia (NAWA) – excluding island economies. The top four in the region, including all economies, are as follows:
Israel (1st), Cyprus (2nd), United Arab Emirates (3rd) and Turkey (4th).

* Top three in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) – excluding island economies. The top five in the region comprise Mauritius (1st), South Africa (2nd), Kenya (3rd),
Cabo Verde (4th) and the United Republic of Tanzania (5th).
Source: Global Innovation Index Database, WIPO, 2021.
Notes: World Bank Income Group Classification (June 2020). Year-on-year GII rank changes are influenced by performance and methodologicalconsiderations; some economy data are incomplete (see Appendix I).
GII 2021 results

2365th in 2011 to 41st in 2021; Viet Nam from 76th in 2012 to44th this year; India from 62nd to 46th; and the Philippinesfrom 91st to 51st. It is noteworthy that these are particularly
large economies, which have the potential to radicallychange the global innovation landscape for good.
Turkey makes it into the top 50, gaining 10 ranks this year
to reach the 41st position. Viet Nam is overtaken by
Thailand, as it declines by two ranks, from 42nd to 44th.
This is nevertheless a considerable improvement on its
average rank of 68th during the period 2013–2015.
Viet Nam continues to lead the lower middle-income
group (Table 1).
India (46th) moves further ahead, by two spots (48th in GII
2020), after making it into the top 50 last year. It takes
2nd place in the lower middle-income group. India held the
3rd position in its income group in 2019 and 2020 having
entered the top three in 2019. India has also been
portrayed as successful in developing sophisticatedservices that are technologically dynamic and can be
traded internationally (Aghion et al., 2021). It continues tolead the world in the ICT services exports indicator (1st)and holds top ranks in other indicators, such as Domestic
industry diversification (12th) and Graduates in science andengineering (12th).
Aside from the TVIPs, there are other economies thatmove up the rankings this year. Among the most notable
movers are the Islamic Republic of Iran (60th), Oman (76th),
Uzbekistan (86th), Paraguay (88th), Cabo Verde (89th) and
Sri Lanka (95th).
Outside the top 100, Guatemala (101st), Tajikistan (103rd),Madagascar (110th) and Zimbabwe (113th) have made themost progress through the ranks, improving by between
five and seven positions overall.
Rwanda (102nd) regains the 1st position in the low-income
group after being 2nd in 2020. It ranked 1st in 2019, 2016
and 2015 and has been consistently in the top three of its
income group since 2014.
Tajikistan (103rd) and Malawi (107th) make it into the top
three in the low-income economies group (see Table 1).

Table 110 best-ranked economies by income group
Rank

Global Innovation Index 2021

Rank

Global Innovation Index 2021

High-income economies (51 in total)

Upper middle-income economies (34 in total)

1

Switzerland (1)1China (12)2Sweden (2)2Bulgaria (35)3

United States (3)3Malaysia (36)4

United Kingdom (4)4Turkey (41)5

Republic of Korea (5)5Thailand (43)6Netherlands (6)6Russian Federation (45)7

Finland (7)7Montenegro (50)8Singapore (8)8Serbia (54)9Denmark (9)9Mexico (55)10

Germany (10)10

Costa Rica (56)

Lower middle-income economies (34 in total)

Low-income economies (13 in total)

1

Viet Nam (44)1

Rwanda (102)2India (46)2

Tajikistan (103)3

Ukraine (49)3Malawi (107)4

Philippines (51)4Madagascar (110)5Mongolia (58)5

Burkina Faso (115)6

Republic of Moldova (64)6

Uganda (119)7

Tunisia (71)7

Mozambique (122)8

Morocco (77)8Mali (124)9Kenya (85)9Togo (125)10Uzbekistan (86)10

Ethiopia (126)

Source: Global Innovation Index Database, WIPO, 2021.
Note: The overall Global Innovation Index rank is reported in brackets next to the economy.
24

Global Innovation Index 2021

Innovation overperformers
Several developing economies are performing
above expectation on innovation relative totheir level of economic development.
For several years, the GII has demonstrated the positive
relationship between innovation and economic
development: the more developed an economy is, themore it innovates, and vice versa (Figure 10). However,some economies break out of this pattern. Some performabove or below expectations, relative to their predictedperformance and level of development.
In the GII 2021, 19 economies are performing above
expectations relative to their level of development– termed innovation achievers (Table 2).
India, Kenya, the Republic of Moldova and Viet Nam arestill record holders for being innovation achievers for
11 consecutive years. India’s innovation performance isabove the average for the upper middle-income group in
five of the seven innovation pillars (it scores below averagein the pillars of Infrastructure and Creative outputs). Kenya
keeps its 3rd place in sub-Saharan Africa and scores above
its income group in Institutions, Market and Businesssophistication and Knowledge and technology outputs. It
also scores above the average for its region in Human
capital and research and Creative outputs. Viet Nam
continues to score above the lower middle-income groupaverage in all pillars and scores even above the average ofthe upper middle-income group in Market and Businesssophistication, as well as in both output pillars.
However, there is change too this year. Brazil (57th), theIslamic Republic of Iran (60th) and Peru (70th) are innovationachievers in 2021 for the first time ever. In the case of
Brazil, this distinction coincides with an upward move inthe rankings to gain the 57th place.
Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest numberof economies performing above expectations (six in total).
South East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania is 2nd (with four
economies), Europe is 3rd (three economies), and Northern
Africa and Western Asia, Latin America and the
Caribbean, and Central and Southern Asia tie in 4th place(with two innovation achievers each).2
Conversely, 31 economies are performing below
expectations on innovation. In the high-income group,
three are European Union economies – Greece, Lithuania
and Romania. In the upper middle-income group, there
are two Latin American and Caribbean economies– Argentina and the Dominican Republic. In the lower
middle-income group, 11 economies are performing below

expectations for their level of development, notably fivefrom sub-Saharan Africa – Angola, Benin, Côte d’Ivoire,
Cameroon and Nigeria.3
Relative to 2020, 30 economies changed performancegroups. Fifteen economies changed their performancestatus from below expectations to matching expectations.
The majority of these cases (six economies) are from Latin
America and the Caribbean – the Plurinational State of
Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay and Uruguay.

The persistent regionalinnovation divide
The geography of innovation is changing
unevenly. South East Asia, East Asia, andOceania is closing the global innovation
divide with Northern America and Europe.
Despite some innovation “catch-up,” divides still exist withrespect to national innovation performance in the world
regions. This year, there are no changes in terms of whichworld regions perform best in innovation. Northern
America and Europe continue to lead, followed by South
East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania (SEAO), and, moredistantly, by Northern Africa and Western Asia, Latin
America and the Caribbean, Central and Southern Asia,and sub-Saharan Africa, respectively.

Northern America
Northern America, composed of the United States andCanada, is the most innovative world region. The UnitedStates keeps its 3rd place in the GII ranking, and Canada
goes up one spot to reach the 16th place. The region is thehighest performer in all GII pillars compared to all otherworld regions. The United States performs best in
Business sophistication (2nd) and Knowledge andtechnology outputs (3rd), while Canada comes top in
Market sophistication (1st) and fifth in Institutions.

EuropeEurope is still the second most innovative region in theworld. It hosts a large number of innovative economies:
16 European economies are innovation leaders (i.e., in the
top 25). A total of 10 economies move up the ranks thisyear: France (11th), Iceland (17th), Austria (18th), Estonia(21st), Hungary (34th), Bulgaria (35th), Slovakia (37th),
Lithuania (39th), the Russian Federation (45th) andBelarus (62nd).

GII 2021 results

25

Figure 10
The positive relationship between innovation and development60

50

GII score

Bulgaria
40

India

Thailand
Viet Nam
Philippines
UkraineMongolia
South Africa
Tunisia

30

BrazilIran (Islamic Republic of)
Republic of Moldova

Peru

MoroccoKenya
United Republic of Tanzania
MalawiRwandaMadagascar

20

7

8

9
GDP per capita (PPP$ logarithmic scale)

Performing above expectations for level of development

Source: Global Innovation Index Database, WIPO, 2021.
Note: Bubbles sized by population.
26

Global Innovation Index 2021

10

11

Table 2Innovation achievers in 2021, their income group, region, and years as an innovation achiever
EconomyIncome group

RegionYears as an innovation achiever (total)

India

Lower-middle income

Central and Southern Asia

2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019,2020, 2021 (11)Kenya

Lower-middle income

Sub-Saharan Africa

2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020,2021 (11)

Republic of Moldova

Lower-middle income

Europe2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020,2021 (11)Viet Nam

Lower-middle income

South East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020,2021 (11)Malawi

Low-income

Sub-Saharan Africa

Mongolia

Lower-middle income

South East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 (9)2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 (9)RwandaLow-income

Sub-Saharan Africa

2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 (9)UkraineLower-middle income

Europe2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 (9)ThailandUpper-middle income

South East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania 2011, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 (7)Bulgaria

Upper-middle income

Europe2015, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021 (5)Madagascar

Low-income

Sub-Saharan Africa

2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021 (5)South Africa

Upper-middle income

Sub-Saharan Africa

2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 (4)MoroccoLower-middle income

Northern Africa and Western Asia

2015, 2020, 2021 (3)Philippines

Lower-middle income

South East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania 2019, 2020, 2021 (3)Tunisia

Lower-middle income

Northern Africa and Western Asia

2018, 2020, 2021 (3)United Republic of Tanzania

Lower-middle income

Sub-Saharan Africa

2017, 2020, 2021 (3)BrazilUpper-middle income

Latin America and the Caribbean

2021 (1)

Iran (Islamic Republic of)Upper-middle income

Central and Southern Asia

2021 (1)PeruUpper-middle income

Latin America and the Caribbean

2021 (1)

Source: Global Innovation Index Database, WIPO, 2021.
Notes: Income group classification follows the World Bank Income Group Classification (June, 2020). Geographic regions correspond to the United
Nations publication on standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49).

On average, Europe is the second best performer
worldwide, behind Northern America, in all GII pillars,
except for Market sophistication, where it is also behind
the average of the SEAO region. Finland has the mosthighly performing Institutions in the region (2nd worldwide).
Sweden leads in Human capital and research (2nd) andBusiness sophistication (1st), Norway comes top in
Infrastructure worldwide (1st), while the United Kingdom
leads in Market sophistication (4th). Switzerland is theregional leader in innovation outputs: it ranks 1st worldwide
in Knowledge and technology outputs and 2nd in Creative
outputs.

South East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania (SEAO)
The innovation performance of the SEAO region has been
the most dynamic in the past decade, closing the gap with
Northern America and Europe. Five SEAO economies areworld innovation leaders: the Republic of Korea (5th),
Singapore (8th), China (12th), Japan (13th), and Hong Kong,
China (14th). Among these leaders, China, the Republic ofKorea and Japan have made the greatest advances up the
rankings in the past 10 years (see Table 3).

Thailand (43rd), Viet Nam (44th), the Philippines (51st) andIndonesia (87th) have moved up between 5 and 40 GII
ranks over the past decade. Thailand and Viet Nam rank
among the top 30 worldwide in Market sophistication, as
does the Philippines in Knowledge and technology
outputs. They are now leaders in key innovation
indicators, too. For instance, Thailand ranks 1st in R&D
financed by business; and Viet Nam and the Philippines
are world leaders in High-tech exports.

Northern Africa and Western Asia
In Northern Africa and Western Asia, the United ArabEmirates (UAE) remains in the top 35 and moves up toachieve the 33rd rank. Turkey makes a big jump into the top
50, reaching the 41st spot. An additional eight economies
in the region move up the ranks, including Egypt (94th) and
Algeria (120th).
Cyprus is the regional leader in Institutions (26th) and Creative
outputs (20th), while Israel leads in Knowledge andtechnology outputs (6th), Market sophistication (8th), Businesssophistication (8th) and Human capital and research (19th).
The UAE tops the region in Infrastructure (14th).

GII 2021 results

27

The United States leads in several key innovation indicators.
Hong Kong (China), Israel and Singapore follow

The economies at the top of the rankings are world
leaders in key innovation indicators. This year, theUnited States is the absolute leader in this regard;
holding first place in 13 indicators out of the 81 used,
including metrics such as Global corporate R&D
investors, venture capital deals received, the quality of
its universities, the quality and impact of its scientificpublications (H-index), the number of patents by origin
and E-participation.

Hong Kong, China follows the United States in 2nd place,with world-topping performances in indicators such as
New businesses, High-tech imports and Global brandvalue. Israel and Singapore tie in 3rd place, attaining the
top rank in R&D expenditures and Regulatory quality,
respectively. They are followed by China and theRepublic of Korea in joint 5th place, leading on High-tech
exports and Researchers, among other indicators.
Luxembourg comes 7th with the top performance inKnowledge-intensive employment; and Switzerland andJapan are equal 8th, leading in Patent families, andProduction and export complexity.

Economies with the most top-ranked GII indicators, 2021
Innovation indicators in which economies score best worldwide
EconomyInputs

Outputs

Total

6

United States of America

7

Hong Kong, China

13

7

11

4

Israel6410Singapore

6

4

10

China

3

Republic of Korea

5

Luxembourg

6

8

2

2

4

Japan

2

4

Source: Global Innovation Index Database, WIPO, 2021.
Note: The GII methodology allows multiple economies to rank first in an indicator; see Economy profiles and Appendix I.
Global Innovation Index 2021

9

4

Switzerland

28

9

6

6

6

Table 3
GII 2021 rankings in Asia (excluding Western Asia)
Rank Top 15

Rank

Top 50Rank Top 60

Rank

Top 100

Rank Top 130

5

Republic of Korea

36

Malaysia

51

Philippines

79

Kazakhstan

103

Tajikistan

8

Singapore

43

Thailand58

Mongolia

82

Brunei Darussalam

109

Cambodia

12

China

44

Viet Nam

60

Iran (Islamic Republic of)86

Uzbekistan

111

Nepal

13

Japan

46

India

87

Indonesia

116

Bangladesh

14

Hong Kong, China

95

Sri Lanka

117

98

Kyrgyzstan

Lao People’s Democratic
Republic

99

Pakistan127

Myanmar

Source: Global Innovation Index Database, WIPO, 2021

Table 4
GII 2021 rankings in Latin America and the Caribbean
Rank Top 60

Rank

Top 80Rank Top 100

53

Chile

65

Uruguay83

PanamaRank Top 110
101

Guatemala55

Mexico67

Colombia

88

Paraguay

104

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)56

Costa Rica

70

Peru

91

Ecuador108

Honduras

57

Brazil73

Argentina

93

Dominican Republic

74

Jamaica96

El Salvador

97

Trinidad and Tobago

Source: Global Innovation Index Database, WIPO, 2021

Latin America and the Caribbean
In Latin America and the Caribbean, no economy makes it
into the top 50. Chile (53rd), Mexico (55th), Costa Rica (56th)
and Brazil (57th) are the only economies in the region in the
top 60 (see Table 4). Moreover, with the exception of
Mexico, these Latin American innovation pockets have not
improved their rankings consistently over the past 10
years. However, Brazil makes a strong advance this year,
improving by five positions and achieving its best ranksince 2012.
Chile has the most balanced innovation system, ranking
highest in the region in Institutions (40th) and Infrastructure(47th) (Table 5). Conversely, and relative to theirperformance in all GII pillars, Mexico is still behind in
Institutions (77th) and Infrastructure (67th), while Costa Rica
and Brazil are lagging in Infrastructure and Market
sophistication. Brazil is the only economy in the region forwhich expenditures on R&D are above 1 percent of GDP
and comparable to some European economies, such as
Croatia and Luxembourg. Brazil also ranks highest in theregion in the indicator Global corporate R&D investors(26th), above Mexico (31st) and Argentina (36th).

Colombia still has a relatively unbalanced innovation
system, performing less well in Human capital and research(78th) and in the innovation outputs pillars, in contrast to its
relatively good performance in Market sophistication (42nd)
and Business sophistication (50th). Peru achieves its best
ranking this year in Market and Business sophistication(38th and 37th, respectively), but still struggles to translate its
innovation inputs into outputs. It is also an innovationachiever for the first time this year, highlighting its potential
for further improvements in the future (see Table 2).

Central and Southern Asia
In Central and Southern Asia, India leads in 46th position,
having consistently risen up the ranks since 2015, when it
ranked 81st. The Islamic Republic of Iran is 2nd in theregion, going up to 60th place. Kazakhstan ranks 3rd at the79th position (see Table 3). Uzbekistan continues to move
upward, by seven places, and achieves the 86th rank in
2021. The innovation performance of Kazakhstan (79th)
and Tajikistan (103rd) improved in 2021 but has been lesssteady over the past years.

In the top 80, Uruguay (65th), Colombia (67th), Peru (70th) andArgentina (73rd) all moved up the ranks in 2021. Over the
past 10 years, Colombia and Peru have improved theirrankings, but not at a steady pace and with some difficulty.
GII 2021 results

29

Table 5
GII 2021 rankings overall and by pillar
Country/Economy

Switzerland
SwedenUnited States of America
United Kingdom
Republic of Korea
Netherlands
FinlandSingapore
Denmark
Germany
FranceChina
Japan
Hong Kong, China
IsraelCanadaIceland
Austria
Ireland
NorwayEstonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Australia
New Zealand
Malta
CyprusItaly
Spain
PortugalSlovenia
United Arab Emirates
Hungary
Bulgaria
Malaysia
Slovakia
LatviaLithuania
PolandTurkeyCroatia
Thailand
Viet Nam
Russian Federation
India
GreeceRomania
UkraineMontenegro
Philippines
Mauritius
Chile
SerbiaMexicoCosta Rica
BrazilMongolia
North Macedonia
Iran (Islamic Republic of)South Africa
BelarusGeorgia
Republic of Moldova
Uruguay
Saudi Arabia
Colombia
Qatar
Armenia
Peru
30

Global Innovation Index 2021

Overall
GII

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

Institutions

Human
capital andresearch

13
9
12
15
28
6
2
1
8
17
19
61
7
11
34
5
14
16
18
3
22
23
27
32
10
4
37
26
36
31
25
20
30
42
47
41
39
29
33
38
93
46
64
83
67
62
51
53
91
48
90
21
40
50
77
66
78
76
52
124
55
85
35
81
44
101
56
57
65
70

6
2
11
10
1
14
4
9
5
3
15
21
20
25
19
18
23
7
27
13
34
8
40
33
12
17
41
42
31
30
24
28
22
36
65
39
58
46
43
37
26
47
63
79
29
54
16
76
44
59
80
71
51
62
56
61
48
81
73
49
67
38
60
77
64
32
78
75
94
53

InfrastructureMarketsophistication

Businesssophistication

2
3
23
10
12
16
11
15
5
21
17
24
9
6
40
30
25
7
4
1
8
35
33
19
20
22
18
28
26
13
31
27
14
32
36
51
39
55
42
41
48
29
61
79
63
81
45
37
94
60
86
65
47
44
67
71
69
91
49
70
83
59
85
82
53
54
57
34
80
78

6
11
2
4
18
31
19
5
7
20
17
16
15
3
8
1
25
40
48
21
10
33
53
50
9
14
63
46
43
32
56
71
26
65
72
30
73
45
35
60
49
67
27
22
61
28
70
76
88
41
86
29
66
58
55
85
75
13
12
82
23
101
34
74
108
39
42
83
99
38

4
1
2
21
7
5
6
3
11
12
19
13
10
24
8
20
18
15
17
23
29
16
9
25
26
30
14
28
32
35
41
27
22
31
42
39
43
40
45
38
46
55
36
47
44
52
60
54
53
67
33
111
48
63
56
49
34
71
65
115
51
69
61
87
81
89
50
96
98
37

Knowledge
Creativeand technology outputs
outputs

1
2
3
10
8
7
5
13
14
9
16
4
11
62
6
23
25
19
15
28
22
17
38
12
42
39
44
21
18
26
34
32
59
20
27
31
30
45
49
36
50
47
40
41
48
29
52
35
33
78
24
93
58
43
53
56
51
85
57
46
61
37
75
54
63
69
72
79
64
87

2
5
12
4
8
7
16
17
13
11
6
14
18
1
30
19
10
27
29
25
15
36
3
22
24
23
9
20
34
32
26
38
40
47
21
37
43
39
41
50
35
54
55
42
56
68
69
72
48
33
65
31
60
76
52
45
66
28
83
46
79
93
74
53
64
78
82
63
49
77

Table 5
GII 2021 rankings overall and by pillar (continued)
Country/Economy

Tunisia
KuwaitArgentina
Jamaica
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Oman
MoroccoBahrainKazakhstan
Azerbaijan
JordanBrunei Darussalam
PanamaAlbania
Kenya
Uzbekistan
Indonesia
Paraguay
Cabo Verde
United Republic of Tanzania
Ecuador
Lebanon
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Sri Lanka
El Salvador
Trinidad and Tobago
Kyrgyzstan
Pakistan
Namibia
GuatemalaRwandaTajikistan
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)SenegalBotswana
Malawi
HondurasCambodia
Madagascar
Nepal
Ghana
Zimbabwe
Côte d’Ivoire
Burkina Faso
Bangladesh
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Nigeria
UgandaAlgeria
ZambiaMozambique
Cameroon
Mali
Togo
Ethiopia
Myanmar
Benin
Niger
GuineaYemen
AngolaOverallGII

Institutions

Human
capital andresearch

75
86
102
43
82
71
74
49
45
58
63
24
69
60
80
94
107
110
88
103
126
112
96
114
119
98
72
95
99
73
117
54
118
131
68
59
105
121
111
108
115
120
129
79
92
122
130
109
89
104
125
127
113
106
87
116
123
84
97
100
132
128

35
69
50
86
68
45
82
83
66
89
84
52
99
90
92
72
91
98
95
125
97
87
102
93
118
106
100
70
117
57
120
114
85
55
104
130
122
96
109
116
115
101
88
124
103
128
113
121
131
74
107
112
105
123
110
126
108
111
129
132
127
119

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132

Source: Global Innovation Index Database, WIPO, 2021.

InfrastructureMarketsophistication

Businesssophistication

89
43
64
104
52
56
84
38
58
88
102
46
50
62
114
72
68
77
66
105
74
100
75
92
73
99
90
87
117
112
122
101
126
106
108
93
127
116
107
132
98
97
128
109
111
95
123
120
103
96
119
76
115
124
110
121
113
118
130
131
129
125

98
94
110
116
51
84
91
78
80
36
47
106
97
79
54
24
57
89
128
109
44
90
104
96
118
105
119
52
120
92
77
93
37
59
107
113
81
62
69
122
68
115
64
117
114
95
103
102
111
132
87
126
129
121
112
130
124
123
100
131
125
127

114
100
57
58
99
94
105
90
78
92
85
84
103
68
77
123
110
66
74
119
97
64
86
106
62
80
104
107
88
112
79
82
129
75
131
73
95
72
117
125
59
108
101
91
120
122
70
76
118
124
83
127
93
109
128
126
132
113
116
121
102
130

Knowledge
Creativeand technology outputs
outputs

55
60
73
95
66
107
67
82
86
115
76
130
113
103
65
77
74
117
122
100
97
91
108
70
68
124
83
102
71
119
90
96
80
112
88
101
84
118
111
99
121
104
109
110
106
92
127
123
105
125
120
116
98
94
128
81
89
131
114
132
126
129

80
89
73
51
99
71
70
106
110
67
88
85
58
81
95
113
91
62
59
44
86
92
84
104
100
57
103
120
87
105
75
117
107
111
109
112
97
102
98
61
108
94
101
121
129
123
90
116
126
118
125
115
124
122
119
127
131
128
132
96
114
130

4th quartile (best performers, ranks 1st to 33rd)
3rd quartile (ranks 34th to 66th)
2nd quartile (ranks 67th to 99th)
1st quartile (ranks 100th to 132nd)
GII 2021 results

31Overall, the region performs best in Market sophistication.
In terms of innovation inputs, Kazakhstan leads the regionin Institutions (45th rank overall) and Infrastructure (58th),
the Islamic Republic of Iran leads in Human capital andresearch (49th), Uzbekistan in Market sophistication (24th)and India in Business sophistication (52nd). India is also at
the top of the region in the Knowledge and technology
outputs pillar (29th), while the Islamic Republic of Irancomes top in Creative outputs (46th).

Sub-Saharan Africa
In sub-Saharan Africa, only Mauritius (52nd) and South
Africa (61st) rank in the top 65; and only Kenya (85th) andthe United Republic of Tanzania (90th) have remained
firmly within the top 100 and have improved theirperformance over the past five years. No economy has
steadily improved its rankings over time. A total of 10
economies in the region move up the GII ranks this year,
including Kenya (85th), Namibia (100th), Malawi (107th),
Madagascar (110th), Zimbabwe (113th) and Burkina Faso
(115th). Cabo Verde reaches 89th place this year, aconsiderable increase from its position at 103rd placein 2013.
On average, the region performs best in Institutions, evenranking above the average of the Central and Southern
Asia region. Mauritius ranks highest in the region in
Institutions (21st), Infrastructure (65th) and Creative outputs(31st). Namibia comes top in Human capital and research(57th), and South Africa in Market sophistication (23rd),
Business sophistication (51st) and Knowledge andtechnology outputs (61st).

Creating balanced and efficientinnovation ecosystems
Innovation leaders have balanced andhigh-performing innovation systems.
However, efficiency in translating innovation
inputs into outputs is still eluding several
high-income economies
Innovation leaders and the economies that haveconsistently advanced up the GII ranks over the past
decade have dynamic innovation systems and combine
efficiency in translating innovation inputs into outputs witha balanced and strong performance across all GII pillars.
Translating an economy’s investments in innovation – inthe form of R&D, education, and solid infrastructure andinstitutions supporting innovative activities – into
innovation outputs is not an easy feat.
32

Global Innovation Index 2021

Some economies excel in efficiently converting innovation
inputs into outputs. Among the high-income groupeconomies, Switzerland (1st) produces considerably
higher levels of outputs than other high-income
economies, such as Sweden (2nd), the United States (3rd)and Singapore (8th), at comparable levels of innovation
inputs (Figure 11). The Czech Republic (24th) produces thesame levels of outputs as Japan (13th) or Singapore (8th) atmuch lower levels of innovation inputs.
Among the upper middle-income group economies, China(12th) ranks 7th overall in the Innovation Output Sub-Index,
and its levels of outputs are comparable to those ofhigh-income economies like the United Kingdom (4th), theNetherlands (6th) and Germany (10th), even though its
overall level of innovation inputs is lower. Bulgaria (35th)
has outputs comparable to high-income economies, suchas Norway (20th) and Italy (29th), with fewer inputs.
The United Republic of Tanzania (90th), among the lower
middle-income group economies, performs on innovation
outputs at levels comparable to high-income Latin
American economies Chile (53rd) and Uruguay (65th). In
addition, Viet Nam (44th) and the Philippines (51st) do thesame, relative to other high-income European Union
economies, such as Latvia (38th), Lithuania (39th) and
Poland (40th), with a lower level of innovation inputs.
Low-income sub-Saharan Africa economies Malawi(107th), Madagascar (110th), Ethiopia (126th) and Guinea(130th) are also efficiently transforming their limited
innovation inputs and resources into innovation outputs.
However, there are also several high-income economies
that struggle to obtain a better balance between their levelof investments and their level of innovation results, to thedetriment of their overall innovation performance and GII
ranking. This group includes, notably, oil and natural gas
producers and exporters Canada (16th), Norway (20th), theUnited Arab Emirates (UAE) (33rd), Bahrain (78th) and
Brunei Darussalam (82nd). All these economies rank
considerably lower in the Innovation Output Sub-Index,
relative to their ranking in the Innovation Input Sub-Index.
For instance, the UAE ranks 23rd in innovation inputs
overall, and 47th in outputs. The economy’s ranking ininnovation outputs has, however, improved this year
relative to 2020, moving in the right direction to achieve
greater balance in the innovation system.
Peru (70th), despite being an innovation achiever, it is also
struggling to effectively utilize its innovation inputs (ranked
52nd in the Innovation Input Sub-Index) into innovation
results (82nd) and more effort is needed to achieve a betterbalance in the innovation system.

Figure 11
Innovation input to output performance, 2021

Switzerland
60

China

Singapore

Czech Republic

Canada40

Bulgaria

NorwayOutput score

New Zealand
UkraineIran (Islamic Republic of)Armenia

Australia

Viet Nam
Philippines
United Arab Emirates

Republic of Moldova

United Republic of Tanzania
20

Pakistan

Madagascar

Guatemala
Malawi

Myanmar
Yemen

20

Peru

Sri Lanka
BahrainEthiopia

Kazakhstan
Brunei Darussalam

Guinea

30

40

50

60

70

Input score
Efﬁcient
Inefﬁcient
Not labeled
Fitted line

GII 2021 results

33Moreover, innovation leaders have complementarity andbalance across the different areas of their innovation
system. A successful innovation system balances
knowledge creation, exploration and investments – theinnovation inputs – with the production of ideas andtechnologies toward application, exploitation and impact– the innovation outputs.
A balanced and strong performance across all sevenpillars is most clearly evident among the innovation leaders(top 25). Only 15 economies – including Switzerland,
Sweden, the United States, Singapore and France, or
11 percent of all economies ranked this year, have strong
performances across all seven GII pillars (Table 5).
However, certain economies that are ranked lower overall
in the GII are also leaders in specific areas. Examples
include Turkey, highly ranked in Human capital andresearch (26th); Thailand, Viet Nam and Uzbekistan, with
their relatively high ranking in Market sophistication (27th,
22nd and 24th, respectively); and Mongolia, ranked in the
top 30 in Creative outputs (28th). These discrepancies in
performance within economies also hint at innovation
systems that are changing and dynamic with the potential
for increased overall performance in the future.

Table 6
Top S&T cluster of each economy or cross-borderregion, 2021
Rank

Economy1

Tokyo–Yokohama

JP

0

2

Shenzhen–Hong Kong–Guangzhou

CN/HK

0

3

Beijing

CN

1

4

Seoul

KR

−1

5

San Jose–San Francisco, CA

US

0

10

Paris

FR

0

15

LondonGB

019

Amsterdam–Rotterdam

NL

−1

20

Cologne

DE

−1

27

Tel Aviv–Jerusalem

IL

−3

28

Taipei–Hsinchu

TW

−1

29

Singapore

SG

−1

31

Melbourne

AU

4

32

Moscow

RU

035

Stockholm

SE

−2

36

Eindhoven

BE/NL

−2

40

Toronto, ON

CA

−1

41

TehranIR243

Brussels

BE

−2

46

Madrid

ES

−1

48

Milan

IT

0

49

Istanbul

TR

2

50

Zürich

CH/DE

−1

56

Copenhagen

DK

−2

62

Bengaluru

IN

−2

66

São Paulo

BR

−5

71

ViennaAT−174

Helsinki

FI

−6

92

Lausanne

CH/FR

−3

100

Warsaw

PL−1

Source: WIPO Statistics Database, April 2021.

34

Global Innovation Index 2021

RankchangeCluster name

The GII top science and technology
clusters
New science and technology (S&T) clusters
are emerging. Clusters in China made themost consistent rank improvements. Delhi,
Mumbai and Istanbul also advanced strongly
this year.
Divides also exist in the ranking of the global science andtechnology (S&T) clusters. The top 100 S&T clusters are
hosted by 26 economies, of which six – Brazil, China,
India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Turkey and the RussianFederation – are middle-income economies (Table 6).
Tokyo-Yokohama is the top-performing cluster again,
followed by Shenzhen–Hong Kong–Guangzhou, Beijing,
Seoul and San Jose–San Francisco (see Annex Table 3,
Top 100 clusters). The top 10 clusters remain the same aslast year with only minor shifts. Beijing overtook Seoul tooccupy the 3rd spot, and Shanghai switched with New York
City, NY in 8th position. The largest increases in rank camefrom three Chinese clusters – Qingdao (+16 positions),
Shenyang (+14) and Dalian (+13). Shenyang and Dalian,along with the Korean cluster Daegu, make up the three
new entrants into this year’s top 100 clusters (Map 1).
The United States continues to host the largest number ofclusters (24), followed by China (19), Germany (9) andJapan (5). Chinese clusters experienced the largest
increases in S&T output, with the median increase
equating to +14.4 percent, and China hosts the fastest
growing clusters with Qingdao (+33.1 percent) andSuzhou (+21.7 percent).4 Other middle-income clusters
besides China also experienced strong growth, including
Delhi (+6.6 percent), Mumbai (+6.3 percent) and Istanbul(+5.5 percent). High-income economy clusters grew at a
slower pace than clusters in middle-income economies. A
decline within clusters in the United States accounted formost of this slower growth. There were some notable
exceptions, namely Kanazawa (+12.1 percent) in Japan,
Daejon (+9.0 percent) in the Republic of Korea andMelbourne (+7.8 percent) in Australia.
Many European and U.S. clusters show more intense S&T
activity than their Asian counterparts do. The UnitedStates has nine clusters in the top 25 by S&T intensity,
followed by Germany and Sweden (with three each).
Cambridge in the United Kingdom and Eindhoven in the
Netherlands/Belgium, emerge as the most S&T-intensive
clusters. Ann Arbor, Michigan (United States), Oxford(United Kingdom) and San Jose–San Francisco, CA(United States) follow (see Annex Table 4, Ranking of S&T
intensity, 2015–2019). As was the case in the previous
year’s ranking, S&T intensity was higher if patenting
activity drove a cluster’s output, with 15 out of the top 25
clusters deriving the majority of their output from patents.

Map 1
Top 100 clusters worldwide

S&T clusters
Noise (non-cluster points)
Source: WIPO Statistic Database, April 2021.
Note: Noise refers to all inventor/author locations not classified as being in a cluster.
GII 2021 results

35

Conclusion
In conclusion, the GII continues to support and foster
innovation through changing times. The aim of the GII is toprovide insightful data on innovation and, in turn, to assist
policymakers in evaluating their innovation performanceand making informed innovation policy decisions. The
2021 edition of the GII – with its informed conclusions on
innovation developments both generally and in thecontext of the COVID-19 pandemic – makes a significant
contribution to this end.
Two key insights emerge from this year’s report.
• The global innovation landscape is changing too
slowly. The GII has been warning of this for several
years now, as high-income economies, notably from
Northern America and Europe, continue to lead the
GII ranks and have the strongest and most balanced
innovation systems. There is an urgent need for thisto change, particularly in the context of the COVID-19
crisis. Confronted with an unprecedented crisis, it isimportant to fully leverage the power of innovation tocollectively build a cohesive, dynamic and sustainable
recovery. The short-term and longer term impacts ofthe pandemic on science and innovation systems haveto be monitored and findings acted up on.
• There are a few middle-income economies, notably
the TVIPs, that are catching up with the leaders.
However, the pandemic’s effects on R&D investment– the uneven reduction of R&D expenditures in some
sectors and the fact that governments have not madeinnovation and R&D a priority in current stimulus
packages – will hamper convergence. It is therefore
crucial that support for innovation becomes broader
and that it is conducted in a countercyclical way(i.e., as business innovation expenditures slump,governments strive to counteract that effect with theirown expenditure boosts to innovation, even in the faceof higher public debt).
Future editions of the GII will track these developments
closely and continue the journey toward enabling policy
and business leaders by fostering a better understanding
and measurement of innovation.

36

Global Innovation Index 2021

Notes1

It is important to remember that various factors, includingchanges to the methodology for the calculation ofindicators, data availability and changes to the GII modeland measurement framework, influence the year-on-yearcomparisons of GII ranking. See Appendix I for more details.

2

Nine economies are no longer innovation achievers in
2021, relative to 2020: three economies from Europe (North
Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia); two from Latin America
and the Caribbean (Costa Rica and Jamaica); two from
Northern Africa and Western Asia (Armenia and Georgia); andtwo from sub-Saharan Africa (Mozambique and Niger).

3

Angola (132nd) rejoins the innovation ranking in 2021,
thanks to improved availability of innovation data. The
last time Angola was included in the GII was in 2015.

4

S&T output growth refers to the net S&T output over time,
which is the difference in total patents and publications
for each cluster, for all points that were located inside
the same cluster compared to the previous year.

Reference
Aghion P., C. Antonin and S. Bunel (2021). The Power of Creative
Destruction: Economic Upheaval and the Wealth of Nations.
Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

GII 2021 results

37GII 2021 Economy
profilesThe following tables
provide detailed profiles
for 132 economies

38

Framework of the Global
Innovation Index 2021

Institutions
Political environment
Regulatory environment
Business environment

Human capital and research
Education
Tertiary education
Research and development (R&D)

Infrastructure
Information and communication
technologies (ICTs)
General infrastructure
Ecological sustainability

Market sophistication

Innovation
Input
Sub-Index

CreditInvestment
Trade, diversification, andmarket scale

GlobalInnovation
Index

Business sophistication
Knowledge workers
Innovation linkages
Knowledge absorption

Innovation
OutputSub-Index

Knowledge andtechnology outputs
Knowledge creation
Knowledge impact
Knowledge diffusion

Creative outputs
Intangible assets
Creative goods and services
Online creativity

Source: Global Innovation Index 2021, WIPO.

GII 2021 Economy profiles

39

How to read the Economy profiles

provided on condition that only the normalized scores
were published), meaning that 56 indicators are reported
as values. Normalized scores in the 0–100 range areprovided for the 25 other indicators (which often consist of
survey data or indices) as well as for the overall index,
sub-pillars and pillars.

The following tables provide detailed profiles for each of
the 132 economies in the Global Innovation Index 2021.
They are composed of four sections.

1|
2|

The top section provides the overall Global
Innovation Index (GII) rank for each economy.

The next section provides eight key metrics at the
beginning of each profile that are intended to put
the economy into context. They present theInnovation Output Sub-Index rank, Innovation Input
Sub-Index rank, the income group towhich the economy belongs, its
Albania
geographical region,1 population in
millions,2 GDP in billion US$ PPP, andGDP per capita in US$ PPP.3 The last
metric provides the GII 2020 rank forthe economy.
Output rank Input rank
92

71

IncomeRegionUpper middle

EUR

GII 2021 rank

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)2.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

56.1
69.6
49.3

71
60
76

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

58.9
50.7
35.9
20.8

82
58
85
90

79.7
91.8
67.7

34 ● ◆
47
36 ●Human capital and research

Because economies may drop out ofor enter the GII, and due toadjustments made to the GII
framework every year and othertechnical factors not directly related
to actual performance (missing data,
updates of data, etc.), the GII rankings
are not directly comparable from one
year to the next. Please refer toAppendix I for details.

22.7 90

2.1 Education
2.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP
2.1.2 Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
2.1.3 School life expectancy, years
2.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths and science
2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

39.8
3.6
8.0
14.8
419.8
10.7

95
79
96 ○ ◇
57
56
36

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

28.3
59.8
18.8
1.6

79
51
81
81

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.0 [123]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure
3.1
Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
3.1.1 ICT access*3.1.2 ICT use*
3.1.3 Government’s online service*
3.1.4 E-participation*
3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

43.0

62

66.6
45.4
52.3
84.1
84.5

66
98 ◇
77
31 ●
36

23.4
2,984.3
28.5
22.6

91
66
86
61

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %40.3 [42]18.4 85
46.2 22 ●n/a n/an/a n/a12.9 55

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

16.4 101
49.0 4125.9 127 ○ ◇n/a n/a
0.0 67
0.0 100 ○ ◇

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade18.3 100
0.4 73
2.0 130 ○ ◇1.4 52
7.9 11 ● ◆n/a n/a12.0 103
3.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
7.2
2.9

120
106
86
66
100
123 ○

19.8 106−1.2 89
1.5 66
0.1 86
8.9 30 ●4.1 103 ○ ◇12.7 79
0.3 35 ◆36.5 75
0.0 130 ○1.9 59Creative outputs

20.3

19.5 10334.5 65
0.0 80 ○ ◇0.5 8739.5 114 ◇Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

44.1

79

34.6
70.0
34.4
0.5

89
44
90
37

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

27.2 [75]46.0 97n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 51

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

70.6 61
1.0 12 ●93.7 3639.1 112 ◇

81

19.5
1.2
3.3
n/a
2.5
0.2

57
21 ●
56
n/a
8●◆
83

22.5
6.8
3.3
56.6
n/a

53
48
61
56
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
30

The TheGlobalGlobalInnovation
Innovation
Index
Index
20212021

3|

Pillars are identified by an illustrative icon,
sub-pillars by two-digit numbers and indicators by
three-digit numbers. For example, indicator 1.3.1,
ease of starting a business appears under sub-pillar 1.3,
Business environment, which in turn appears under thepillar, Institutions .
The 2021 GII includes 81 indicators and three types ofdata. Composite (or index) indicators are identified with anasterisk (*), survey questions are identified with a dagger(†), and the remaining indicators are all hard data series.
As far as possible, we provide the original value of theindicators (frequently scaled in our index). This has beenachievable for all hard data (with the exception ofindicators in sub-pillar 7.3, for which the raw data were
Global Innovation Index 2021

25.0 68

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Market sophistication

83

Business sophistication38
16 ● ◆
59
25 ●4.1
Credit4.1.1 Ease of getting credit*
4.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
4.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

GII 2020 rank

13,651

38.9
16.1
49.0
3.6

The Innovation Input Sub-Index rank
is computed based on the simple average of the scores in
the first five pillars, while the Innovation Output Sub-Index
rank is computed based on the simple average of thescores in the last two pillars. Scores are normalized values
to fall within the 0–100 range.

40

GDP per capita, PPP$

39.1

Score/
Value Rank

64.9 60

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

When data are either not available or out of date, “n/a” isused with a cutoff year of 2011, with a few exceptions. To
the right of the indicator name, a clock symbol is used toindicate that the economy’s data for that indicator are
older than the base year. For information on data
exceptions and limitations and a detailed explanation of
the GII framework, see Appendix I.
For further details on the indicators’
84sources and definitions, see
Appendix III.

4|

On the far right-hand side ofeach column, strengths ofthe economy in question are
indicated by a solid circle ● andweaknesses by a hollow circle ○.
Strengths within the economy’s
income group are indicated by asolid diamond ◆ and weaknesses bya hollow diamond ◇. The only
exceptions to the income groupstrengths and weaknesses are the
top 25 high-income economies,
whose strengths and weaknesses
are computed within the top
25 group.4

All rankings of 1, 2 and 3 are highlighted as strengths,
except in particular instances at the sub-pillar level wherestrengths and weaknesses are not signaled when thedesired data minimum coverage (DMC) is not met for that
sub-pillar.5 For the remaining indicators, strengths andweaknesses of a particular economy are based on thepercentage of economies with scores that fall above or
below its own score (i.e., percent ranks).
For a given economy, strengths ● are those scores withpercent ranks greater than the 10th largest percent rank
among the 81 indicators in that economy.
For that same economy, weaknesses ○ are those scoreswith percent ranks lower than the 10th smallest percent
rank among the 81 indicators in that economy.
Similarly, for a given economy, income group strengths ◆are those scores that are above the income group averageplus the standard deviation within the group.

For that same economy, income group weaknesses ◇ arethose scores that are below the income group averageminus the standard deviation within the group.
In addition, economies with a sub-pillar that does notmeet the DMC requirement will show the score for that
sub-pillar within square brackets. Those that have morethan one sub-pillar that fails to meet the DMC requirementin the same pillar will also show the ranks of the pillar
where these are located within square brackets. For thesepillars and sub-pillars, strengths/weaknesses are
not signaled.

Notes
1

Economies are classified according to the World Bank
Income Group Classification (June 2020). Geographic regions
correspond to the United Nations publication on standard
country or area codes for statistical use (M49), as follows:
EUR = Europe; NAC = Northern America; LCN = Latin America
and the Caribbean; CSA = Central and Southern Asia; SEAO
= South East Asia, East Asia, and Oceania; NAWA = Northern
Africa and Western Asia; SSF = Sub-Saharan Africa.

2

Data are from the United Nations, Department of
Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division,
World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision.

3

Data for GDP and GDP per capita are from the International
Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook 2020 database.

4

As the only economy in the top 25 that does not fall within
the high-income group, China’s income group strengths andweaknesses are computed within the non-top 25 group.

5

Data stringency requirements are used in the attribution ofstrengths and weaknesses at the sub-pillar level. These levels wererevised in 2019. When economies do not meet a DMC requirement
at the sub-pillar level (for sub-pillars with two indicators, the DMC
is 2; for three it is 2; for four it is 3; and for five it is 4), no strength or
weakness is attributed to them at the sub-pillar level. Furthermore,
if the economy in question does not meet the DMC requirements
at the sub-pillar level, but it still obtains a ranking higher than orequal to 10, or a ranking equal to or lower than 100 at the sub-pillar
level, for the sake of caution this rank is shown in brackets. This is
to ensure that incomplete data coverage does not lead to erroneous
conclusions being drawn about strengths or weaknesses,
or, particularly, about strong or weak sub-pillar rankings.

GII 2021 Economy profiles

41

Economy profiles

Albania

GII 2021 rank

84

Output rank Input rank
92

71

IncomeRegionUpper middle

EUR

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)2.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

13,65183

39.1

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

56.1
69.6
49.3

71
60
76

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

58.9
50.7
35.9
20.8

82
58
85
90

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

79.7
91.8
67.7

34 ● ◆
47
36 ●Human capital and research

22.7 90

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

39.8
3.6
8.0
14.8
419.8
10.7

95
79
96 ○ ◇
57
56
36

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

28.3
59.8
18.8
1.6

79
51
81
81

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.0 [123]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

43.0

62

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

66.6
45.4
52.3
84.1
84.5

66
98 ◇
77
31 ●
36

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

Business sophistication

25.0 68

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %40.3 [42]18.4 85
46.2 22 ●n/a n/an/a n/a12.9 55

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

16.4 101
49.0 4125.9 127 ○ ◇n/a n/a
0.0 67
0.0 100 ○ ◇64.9 60

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

23.4
2,984.3
28.5
22.6

91
66
86
61

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade18.3 100
0.4 73
2.0 130 ○ ◇1.4 52
7.9 11 ● ◆n/a n/a12.0 103
3.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
7.2
2.9

120
106
86
66
100
123 ○

19.8 106−1.2 89
1.5 66
0.1 86
8.9 30 ●4.1 103 ○ ◇12.7 79
0.3 35 ◆36.5 75
0.0 130 ○1.9 59Creative outputs

20.3

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

89
44
90
37

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade19.5 10334.5 65
0.0 80 ○ ◇0.5 8739.5 114 ◇4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

27.2 [75]46.0 97n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 51

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

70.6 61
1.0 12 ●93.7 3639.1 112 ◇3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

38.9
16.1
49.0
3.6

38
16 ● ◆
59
25 ●Market sophistication

44.1

79

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

34.6
70.0
34.4
0.5

81

19.5
1.2
3.3
n/a
2.5
0.2

57
21 ●
56
n/a
8●◆
83

22.5
6.8
3.3
56.6
n/a

53
48
61
56
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
42

Global Innovation Index 2021

Algeria

GII 2021 rank

120

Output rank Input rank
128

109

IncomeRegionLower middle

NAWA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)43.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

11,041

121

488.3

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

52.5 104

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

44.6 10655.4 11239.2 100

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

49.4 108
9.4 12925.2 11317.3 69

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

63.6 92
78.0 114
49.2 73

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

Human capital and research

29.8

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

41.2 [91]n/a n/an/a n/a14.3 64361.7 77n/a n/a◇74◆

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

43.2
52.6
34.2
0.5

31 ● ◆
59 ● ◆
8●◆95

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

5.1
819.3
0.5
0.0
0.0

76
54 ●
62 ●
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

31.8 96

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

39.1 11260.2 75 ◆53.0 76 ◆27.6 127 ◇15.5 131 ○ ◇3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

32.4 50 ●
1,815.5 86
18.6 10937.5 10 ● ◆
24.1
10.2
44.8
0.3

83
64 ●
74 ◆
99

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

14.7 124◇

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %13.3 116
17.9 88n/a n/a0.0 78
6.7 82
8.1 78◇5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

15.2
37.1
48.3
0.0
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

15.6 115
0.3 85
8.9 49 ●0.6 97
0.8 112
0.5 82

107
93
57 ●
101 ○
119
100 ○ ◇

Knowledge and technology outputs

8.1 125

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

7.4
0.2
0.0
n/a
9.3
10.2

94
96
83
n/a
89
76

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

13.7
−0.6
0.4
0.0
1.2
4.1

119
76
105
123
103
104

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

3.3
0.0
13.6
0.0
0.4

125
112
115 ◇
129 ○
106

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◇
◇

Creative outputs

10.3 118

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †16.6 113
14.3 101
0.0 80 ○ ◇2.7 40 ●41.3 111

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

1.0 128
0.0 104
0.4 99
1.3 56
0.3 990.0 124

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

7.1
0.5
0.1
30.4
0.0

Market sophistication

23.7 132 ○ ◇CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

9.4 129 ◇10.0 129 ○ ◇25.9 102n/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

10.0 [131]20.0 130 ○ ◇0.2 75 ○ ◇n/a n/an/a n/a

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

51.7 115
10.0 11745.8 108 ◇488.3 42 ●

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

◇

114
108
116
103
100

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

43AngolaGII 2021 rank

132

Output rank Input rank
131

131

IncomeRegionLower middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)32.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

6,978

n/a

216.6

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

42.2 128◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

36.9 126
58.9 10025.8 128◇

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

50.0 105
20.1 124
18.9 125 ◇17.9 75 ●Institutions

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

39.7 131 ○ ◇79.4 111
0.0 129 ○ ◇◇Human capital and research

12.3 119

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

29.9 [113]
3.4 88 ●n/a n/a9.6 109 ◇n/a n/a26.8 111 ◇2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◇

6.7 119
9.3 11612.0 103n/a n/a◇Infrastructure

22.3 125◇

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

33.0
26.1
12.0
48.8
45.2

◇

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP◇◇

13.0 123 ◇380.9 113
0.0 125 ○ ◇21.5 74 ●20.9 94 ●12.2 47 ●29.7 121
0.1 129◇15.9 [109]11.1 10723.5 66 ●n/a n/an/a n/a1.6 108

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

12.5
0.6
2.9
0.5
−5.7
n/a

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◇

127 ◇
126 ○ ◇
125 ◇
n/a
106
100 ○ ◇

129 ◇
62 ●
125 ◇
103
128 ◇
n/a

Knowledge and technology outputs

4.7 129

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.3

◇

132 ○ ◇
127
98 ○ ◇
71
131 ○ ◇
130 ◇6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %12.4 [121]−4.1 116n/a n/an/a n/a0.4 127
3.4 105

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

1.3
0.0
4.4
0.2
0.1

◇

◇

130
83 ●
120 ◇
108
127

Creative outputs

8.1[130]

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †8.1 [131]11.7 108n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/aCreative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

11.4 [75]n/a n/a0.3 103n/a n/a2.3 10 ● ◆0.0 127

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

5.1
0.0
0.0
19.5
n/a

27.6 127

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

3.5 131 ○ ◇5.0 131 ○ ◇14.4 120
0.0 72

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

32.0 [63]32.0 120n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

47.3 119
6.5 96 ●33.3 110 ◇216.6 62 ●◇Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

11.0
17.4
27.1
n/a
0.0
0.0

Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

13.1 130

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP◇

0.1 11918.8 106
0.0 113 ◇0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

121
125
126
109
108

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

124
132 ○ ◇
128
124
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
44

Global Innovation Index 2021

Argentina
Output rank Input rank
71

77

GII 2021 rank

73

IncomeRegionUpper middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)45.2

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

20,37080924.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

52.8 102

Score/
Value Rank◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

53.9
64.3
48.7

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

44.4 117 ○ ◇30.6 103 ◇35.4 8930.3 119 ○ ◇1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

37.0 50

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

48.3
4.9
17.5
17.7
395.0
n/a

71
43
63
14 ● ◆
69 ○
n/a

34.8
91.6
16.0
2.8

62
6●◆
94
68

28.0
1,210.5
0.6
44.0
42.8

39 ◆
49
61
36 ◆
29 ● ◆

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

Infrastructure

42.5 64

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

75.8
70.3
62.6
84.7
85.7

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

60.2 10680.4 10940.0 97

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

81
80
79

46
60
59
30 ●
29 ●

21.7 100
3,096.3 65
39.0 60
17.3 102
29.9
10.8
52.2
1.5

60
62
52
56
◇

Market sophistication

37.5 110

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

21.8 121 ○ ◇50.0 94 ◇16.0 117 ○ ◇0.0 75 ○4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

17.1 124 ○ ◇62.0 60
11.5 67 ○0.0 82 ○0.0 86 ○

73.6
7.3
86.6
924.5

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

26.7

57

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

29.4
24.6
40.2
0.2
17.8
15.2

71
60
28
57
69
49

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

15.7 10537.6 91
41.0 98
0.1 52
0.0 109 ○0.1 635.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

35.1
2.6
9.0
1.8
1.9
9.7

41
9●◆
45
38 ◆
82
63

Knowledge and technology outputs

18.7

73

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

12.7
0.4
n/a
0.1
11.2
27.5

70
82
n/a
52
76
36

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %26.1 82−2.2 105 ○0.2 111 ○0.2 63
6.4 4428.1 45

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

17.2
0.4
39.0
0.8
2.7

65
28 ● ◆
72
80
42

Creative outputs

21.9

73

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

27.4
47.5
12.3
1.0
50.6

76
47
56
68
80

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

14.2
1.2
7.4
5.2
n/a
0.3

66
22 ●
26 ● ◆
46
n/a
72

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

18.5
3.0
6.3
55.6
8.4

63
62
46
57
52

50
99
64
28 ●

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

45Armenia
Output rank Input rank
56

85

GII 2021 rank

69
IncomeRegionUpper middle

NAWA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)3.0

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

13,73561

40.8

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

64.1 65

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

53.6
62.5
49.2

82
89
77

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

68.4
50.0
43.3
13.0

56
59
70
40

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

70.3
96.1
44.6

70
10 ● ◆
86

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Human capital and research

21.7 94

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

37.6 98
2.7 104 ○ ◇14.6 78
13.1 81n/a n/a9.9 27 ●2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

26.2
51.5
17.1
5.5

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

1.2 103n/a n/a0.2 92
0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

38.1 80

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

68.0
69.4
57.5
70.0
75.0

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

82
61
89
42

63
61
67
69
57

25.2 80
9.4 7552.3 51
0.1 130 ○40.4 99

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

39.4
70.0
59.9
0.6

19.9 98

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

30.1
29.5
27.5
n/a
16.7
6.3

◇

73
44
55
33

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

23.5 [97]42.0 102n/a n/a0.0 58n/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

58.4 98
4.1 7571.5 95 ○ ◇40.8 110 ○ ◇

◇

69
51
56
n/a
71
86

◇

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

14.9 10935.7 9643.6 82
0.0 780.0 100
0.1 625.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

14.7 119 ○ ◇0.0 123 ○ ◇5.9 980.6 100
2.0 77n/a n/a

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

21.4 64

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

19.6
2.8
0.1
0.9
21.3
11.0

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

21.0 104
2,639.2 72
26.0 88
20.9 80

Market sophistication

Business sophistication

53
28 ●
64
25 ●
43
70

22.0 94
3.1 15 ● ◆3.1 47
0.1 82
0.8 114 ○4.7 102 ○ ◇

22.6
n/a
34.8
0.8
4.2

50
n/a
78
81
21 ● ◆Creative outputs

30.6 49

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

37.9
92.9
0.0
0.9
52.8

44
11 ● ◆
80 ○ ◇
73
67

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

19.9
0.4
13.2
n/a
1.4
0.8

54
55
12 ● ◆
n/a
29 ●
53

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

26.7
3.0
5.2
88.9
4.4

44
63
54
2●◆
58

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
46

Global Innovation Index 2021

Australia
Output rank Input rank
33

GII 2021 rank

25
IncomeRegion

High

SEAO

15

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)25.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

50,84523

1,307.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

88.3

10

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

85.0
83.9
85.6

15
13
14

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

92.3
92.5
92.4
12.0

10
4●
13
38

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

87.7
96.6
78.9

11
7●
19

Human capital and research

57.4

12

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

59.6
5.1
15.4
20.5
499.0
n/a

29
35
74 ○ ◇
1●◆
20
n/a

54.3
107.8
17.4
26.5

6●◆
3●◆
88 ○ ◇
4●◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

58.3
4,532.4
1.8
65.3
77.9

17
21
20
18
7●

Infrastructure

55.7 20

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

88.3
80.6
81.5
94.7
96.4

13
29
20
7●
9

42.4
10,435.2
79.1
22.0

22
13
18
66 ○

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

36.4
9.3
74.9
1.9

41
77 ○
13
47

Score/
Value Rank

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %52.2 [24]46.1 17n/a n/a0.9 22n/a n/a22.6 22

◇

44.6
53.4
55.3
n/a
0.2
1.0

19
33
34
n/a
10
27

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

32.2
1.1
10.2
1.1
3.6
27.9

52 ◇
33
30
67 ○ ◇
37
43 ◇Knowledge and technology outputs

29.1

42

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

42.9
2.0
1.3
0.7
52.2
66.6

20
38 ◇
25 ◇
28
6●
9●

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

31.6
−1.2
14.5
0.2
5.7
24.6

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

12.8
0.3
31.6
2.0
1.1

◇

◇

◇

59 ◇
87 ○
9
61
49
50 ◇
78 ○ ◇
29 ◇86 ○ ◇
58 ◇78 ○Creative outputs

39.6

24

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

41.7
58.2
77.1
2.3
67.3

37
38
26
43
25

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

22.4
0.3
3.2
62.4
2.0
0.7

43 ◇
66 ○
58 ○
6
15
57

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

52.9
62.3
54.6
75.8
15.1

17
9●
15
21
33

66.4

9●

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

75.8
95.0
135.8
n/a

5●◆
4●◆
13
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

38.2
64.0
102.7
0.1
0.1

39
56
12
23
19

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

85.2
0.8
94.0
1,307.9

13
8●
35
18

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

43.0 26

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

47

Austria
Output rank Input rank
24

GII 2021 rank

18
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

16

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)9.0

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

55,40619493.2

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

86.2

16

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

83.8
83.9
83.8

17
13
16

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

94.5
81.6
96.3
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

80.3
83.2
77.4

6●
17
7●
1●◆

32
98 ○ ◇
21

Human capital and research

59.9

7●

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

62.5
5.4
27.1
16.1
491.0
9.3

19
26
12
35
27
22

58.8
86.7
31.0
17.5

4●◆
14
14 ◆
10

58.3
5,868.6
3.2
55.5
43.5

16
8●
5●
25
25

Infrastructure

60.0

7●

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

89.5
87.3
78.2
94.7
97.6

11
14
26
7●
6●

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

46.8
7,979.3
91.9
26.2

14
23
4●
38

43.8
14.2
79.6
2.0

26
30
6●
40

◆

52.3

15

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

60.4
42.0
n/a
2.2
53.6
17.7

17
24
n/a
7
22
37

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

54.7
62.7
65.0
0.5
0.0
3.8

11
17
14
4●◆
43 ◇
11

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

41.9 25
0.8 47
7.8 61 ○2.7 13−1.6 126 ○
63.0
7

◆

◇

Market sophistication

51.9 40

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

44.9
55.0
85.8
n/a

50
88 ○
35
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

28.5
70.0
30.6
0.1
0.0

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

82.2
1.8
99.2
493.2

71 ○ ◇
36
46 ○ ◇
28 ◇41 ○ ◇

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◇

Knowledge and technology outputs

40.3

19

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

46.5
8.5
3.1
0.6
37.1
44.1

18
12
11
34 ○
24
18

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

38.5
−1.3
0.6
0.5
6.5
45.4

29
91 ○
91 ○ ◇
16
43
16

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

36.0
0.6
85.7
6.7
3.3

26
25
6●
26
26

Creative outputs

39.0

27

◇

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

41.1
53.7
52.6
7.4
64.9

38
41
35
17
29

◇

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

26.2
1.2
7.0
61.8
1.0
0.9

34
23
30
7
52 ○
48

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

47.3
35.5
63.3
73.8
13.4

24
19
11
26
40

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◇

22
25
5●
41

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
48

Global Innovation Index 2021

Azerbaijan
Output rank Input rank
91

74

GII 2021 rank

80

IncomeRegionUpper middle

NAWA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)10.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

14,49982

146.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

65.5 58

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

54.9
69.6
47.6

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

61.6 7737.6 8931.5 10013.7 51

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

79.8
96.2
63.5

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

42.7 84
2.5 106 ◇n/a n/a13.5 78402.2 65
7.8
8●◆
28.7
31.5
25.9
2.2

76
83
35 ●
74

1.2 104n/a n/a0.2 93
0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

35.1 88

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

66.6
68.6
58.0
70.6
69.0

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

33 ● ◆
9●◆43

24.2 89

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

77
60
83

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

67
64
65
65
73

12.0 127 ○ ◇2,537.6 73
n/a n/a14.4 118 ○ ◇
26.8
11.8
46.5
0.4

75
51
66
90

Market sophistication

53.2 36 ●CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

49.7 33 ● ◆
100.0
1●◆
23.1 110 ◇1.9 13 ●4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

Score/
Value Rank

50.0 [19]50.0 92
n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

20.7

92

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

29.0
23.1
33.9
0.0
30.8
12.9

75
67
43
85 ○
58
56

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

20.6 6659.5 23 ● ◆58.3 27 ● ◆0.0 100 ○0.0 87
0.0 81

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

12.6
0.0
3.9
0.5
4.4
n/a

Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

128 ○ ◇
124 ○ ◇
118
109
25 ●
n/a
◇

10.5 115
7.5 92
1.3 56
0.0 76
0.4 395.9 106
5.6 97

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

21.0
0.9
1.7
0.1
1.6
15.1

99
47
62
96
94
74

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

3.0
0.0
12.3
0.1
0.3

126 ○ ◇
113 ○ ◇
117 ○ ◇
114
112

Creative outputs

23.5

67

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

34.3
26.0
n/a
0.9
63.4

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

54
80
n/a
74
35 ● ◆

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

9.4 83
0.1 86
7.4 27 ●n/a n/a1.1 490.0 122 ○

15.7
0.9
1.4
59.3
0.0

72
96
77
53
96

59.8 95
12.0 125 ○ ◇83.8 71146.5 73

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

49

Bahrain
Output rank Input rank99

GII 2021 rank

78
IncomeRegion

High

NAWA

63

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)1.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

49,0577974.2

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

69.4 49

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

60.8
67.9
57.3

56
71
55

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

73.4
56.2
59.7
13.6

40
51
45
49

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

73.9
89.6
58.2

56
57
55

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

◇
◇
◇
◇

◇

Human capital and research

26.3 83

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

44.1 81 ◇2.3 108 ○ ◇17.5 62
16.3 28 ●n/a n/a10.4 32 ●
73 ◇
53
96 ◇
12 ●

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

30.5
55.6
15.6
14.2

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

4.2 82 ◇369.0 73 ◇0.1 105 ○ ◇0.0 41 ○ ◇10.9 64

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

50.5 38

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

77.7
83.4
71.3
78.8
77.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

50.3
18,831.1
41.2
33.6

41
23 ●
45
45
51
10 ● ◆
3●◆58 ◇15 ● ◆

23.5 84 ◇4.9 116 ○ ◇51.0 54 ◇1.8 48

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %19.9 [101]21.9 72 ◇n/a n/a0.0 82 ○ ◇21.8 65 ◇n/a n/a
33 ●
87 ◇
33 ●
74
9●◆
76

30.5
38.2
56.3
0.0
0.2
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

12.9 126 ○ ◇n/a n/a5.2 109
0.4 113 ◇1.4 98
0.4 83 ○ ◇Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

15.8 82
3.4
0.1
0.0
n/a
4.7
4.4

◇

121 ○ ◇
113
85
n/a
113 ◇
112 ◇
80 ◇
71
44
30 ●
48
89 ◇

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

26.2
−0.2
3.1
0.3
5.7
9.8

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade17.8 61
0.0 114 ○ ◇50.9 48
0.4 94 ◇3.1 33 ●◇Creative outputs

14.8 106

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †18.8 107 ◇4.5 125 ○ ◇17.0 51
0.1 110 ○58.2 51

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

6.7 [95]
0.0 113 ○ ◇n/a n/a8.1 39 ◇n/a n/a0.8 50Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

14.9 74
4.2 57
0.4 10154.5 58
0.0 9344.3

78

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

42.3
55.0
73.9
n/a

58
88
44
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

29.3
66.0
63.0
0.1
0.0

70
50
25
33
40

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

61.4
3.5
70.9
74.2

88
68
96
92

◇

21.1 90

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◇

Business sophistication◇◇◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
50

Global Innovation Index 2021

Bangladesh
Output rank Input rank
113

121

GII 2021 rank

116

IncomeRegionLower middle

CSA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)164.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

5,139

116

864.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

45.5 122

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

41.9 11157.1 10634.2 113

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

39.5
19.2
30.0
31.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

55.3 117
82.4 10128.1 123

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◇

10.1 128 ○ ◇Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

15.2 129 ○ ◇1.3 114 ○ ◇8.6 9412.0 92
n/a n/a38.6 122 ○ ◇2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

10.7 11224.0 9311.1 106 ○ ◇n/a n/a4.4 [80]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇8.8 67 ●Infrastructure

32.0 95

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

46.3 9742.1 10324.7 10861.2 86
57.1 91

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

122
125
104
121

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Score/
Value Rank

24.5 86487.2 10924.6 9627.7 29 ●25.1 81
16.0 17 ● ◆29.0 124 ◇0.2 109

Market sophistication

40.9 95

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

30.0 10645.0 10145.3 76
1.4 22 ●4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

23.7
60.0
31.5
n/a
0.0

96
71 ●
44
n/a
91 ○ ◇

69.1 65 ●8.6 108
79.9 80
864.9 30 ● ◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

15.4 122

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %12.9 [119]8.3 11321.9 70n/a n/an/a n/a1.3 1125.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

17.0 9625.9 123 ○ ◇42.4 91
n/a n/a0.0 86
0.0 100 ○ ◇

16.3
0.1
8.1
0.2
0.7
n/a

109
107
59 ●
128 ○ ◇
113n/aKnowledge and technology outputs

13.7

92

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

6.3 [99]
0.1 115n/a n/an/a n/a4.7 11211.8 65 ●6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %27.8 71 ●6.9
2●◆
0.0 120 ○0.2 74
0.7 117
9.4 91

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

7.0
0.0
23.5
0.2
1.0

111
104
105
105
83
◇

Creative outputs

9.6 123

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †15.0 1199.3 114
1.0 791.7 51 ●42.1 108

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

1.6
0.2
0.3
n/a
0.2
0.1

121 ◇
73
102
n/a
101 ○
108

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

6.9
0.4
0.0
29.4
0.7

115
113
122
107
76

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

51

Belarus

GII 2021 rank

62

Output rank Input rank
62

68

IncomeRegionUpper middle

EUR

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)9.4

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

19,75964

185.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

57.8 85

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

50.1 89
57.1 106 ○46.6 85

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

50.2 10329.3 104 ◇25.8 112 ○ ◇21.7 93

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

73.2
93.5
52.9

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

42.1 38

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

63.2
4.8
35.7
15.4
472.3
8.6

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

54.0
87.4
33.2
4.3

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

9.1
n/a
0.6
0.0
15.3

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

7●◆
12 ● ◆
11 ● ◆
55

64
n/a
57
41 ○ ◇
58

43.4 59

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

77.1
86.5
76.3
70.6
75.0

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

26.6
4,110.3
24.5
26.3

◆

16 ● ◆
47
5●◆
46
36 ◆
17 ● ◆

Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

58
28
68

44 ◆
16 ● ◆
33 ◆
65
57
74
55
99
37

◇

Market sophistication

39.8 101

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

24.1 118 ○ ◇50.0 94 ◇29.4 960.0 83 ○ ◇20.6 112 ○58.0 77n/a n/a0.0 86 ○0.0 69

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

74.7
2.8
93.1
185.9

45
60
41
67

Business sophistication

24.4 69

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

47.7
40.6
31.5
0.4
45.0
32.6

28 ◆
26 ◆
49
42
34
1●◆

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

5.3 [128]n/a n/an/a n/a0.1 44
0.0 111 ○0.1 525.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

20.2
0.4
6.4
1.0
2.2
n/a

91
74
91
81
73
n/a

Knowledge and technology outputs

30.3

37

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

16.9 61
2.2 33
0.1 70
1.5 16 ●7.0 10210.6 72

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %43.6 16 ● ◆1.2 38
1.3 74
0.0 103 ◇34.1
3●◆
28.4 44

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

30.3
0.2
64.4
1.8
5.7

◇

26.5 77
6.7 103 ○ ◇53.0 47
2.0 41

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

34 ◆
44
29 ◆
62
11 ● ◆Creative outputs

17.0 93

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †9.8 129 ○ ◇26.1 79
0.0 80 ○ ◇1.7 52n/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

6.0 100
0.4 56
0.1 106 ○ ◇n/a n/a0.5 90 ○ ◇0.5 62

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

42.6
1.7
5.8
61.4
100.0

26 ◆
83
49
49
1●◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
52

Global Innovation Index 2021

Belgium
Output rank Input rank
26

GII 2021 rank

22
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

21

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)11.6

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

50,11422575.8

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

75.8
80.4
73.6

32
29
31

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

78.4
77.2
82.7
19.7

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

88.2
92.3
84.1

32
22
21
83 ○
8●
44
9●

8●

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

82.0
6.4
n/a
19.6
499.9
8.9

2●◆
9●
n/a
4●◆
19
20 ◆

36.6
78.9
17.0
10.5
60.4
5,425.4
2.9
65.6
53.2

52
22
90 ○ ◇
20
13
12
10 ●
17
17

Infrastructure

52.0 35

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

74.0
83.3
81.2
65.9
65.5

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

17
21
3●
50

36.2
10.0
73.3
1.6

44
68
15
53

Market sophistication

54.1 33

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

46.5
65.0
70.1
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

◇

51 ◇
25
23
76 ○ ◇
77 ○ ◇

45.8
8,089.5
92.5
24.7

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◇

59.7

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◇

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %Business sophistication

51.7

16

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

69.3
47.6
57.8
2.0
63.5
25.4

6●
13
9●
9
9●
14

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

47.1
70.1
64.3
0.3
0.1
2.5

16
7●
16
7●
27
14

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

38.7 31
0.8 51
9.0 44
2.4 24−6.9 129 ○ ◇56.7 1780.8 23

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

42.3

17

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

50.5
5.3
2.3
n/a
40.0
53.8

15
17
17
n/a
19
14

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %37.1 34−2.0 100 ○3.4 400.5
6●
4.9 5640.4 26

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

39.2
1.0
71.1
9.5
3.3

22
20
21
16
27
◇

Creative outputs

35.1 36

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

34.5
32.3
54.6
2.2
72.2

52 ◇
72 ○
33
44
16

45
61 ○
47 ◇
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

29.0
1.3
10.9
51.7
0.9
1.5

27
19
16
15
59 ○
36

35.4
68.0
75.2
0.1
0.1

48
44
22
24
26

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

42.2
21.1
63.1
78.0
2.8

80.3
1.8
93.0
575.8

27
25
42
36

27
27
12
14
66 ○ ◇NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

53

BeninGII 2021 rank

128

Output rank Input rank
132

113

IncomeRegionLower middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)12.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

3,443

126

41.8

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

58.5 84

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

47.5
60.7
40.9

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

62.1 76 ●33.7 9729.2 10611.6 37 ●1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

33.1 109
2.9 997.9 97 ◇12.6 86n/a n/a11.0 39 ● ◆19.0 9712.5 10920.9 68 ●4.5 52 ● ◆0.0 [123]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

25.1 118

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

37.4
31.6
12.0
51.2
54.8

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

114
122
127
104
94

◇
◇

25.1 81 ●17.6 124 ○ ◇32.7 75 ●26.6 36 ●

13.0
5.0
30.0
0.1

131 ○ ◇
115 ◇
120
126

Market sophistication

33.6 123

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

19.5 124 ◇30.0 122 ◇17.6 116
1.5 19 ●4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

42.0 [28]42.0 102n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

39.2 126
9.9 116n/a n/a41.8 107

Business sophistication

17.0 113

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %13.5 [115]n/a n/a20.0 78n/a n/an/a n/a0.8 116

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

81 ●
55 ●
95

17.3 111

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

65.8
90.6
41.0

96
97
96

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Score/
Value Rank◇

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

17.7 89
39.0 83
38.8 106n/a n/a0.0 95
0.0 100 ○ ◇19.7 93
0.0 121 ○ ◇3.3 123
2.9 10 ● ◆1.5 93n/a n/aKnowledge and technology outputs

2.7 131 ○ ◇Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

4.8 1130.1 104
0.0 87
0.0 76 ○ ◇10.5 82 ●4.7 109

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %3.1 [130]n/a n/a0.5 94
0.1 98
1.1 104n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

0.3
0.0
n/a
0.0
0.1

132 ○ ◇
100
n/a
127 ○
128 ○

Creative outputs

8.5 128 ○ ◇

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

11.9
5.0
0.0
0.0
39.2

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

0.3 [131]
0.0 98n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.0 130 ○

127 ◇
122
80 ○ ◇
117
115

9.8 94
0.6 103
0.0 126
31.5 99n/a n/aNOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
54

Global Innovation Index 2021

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

GII 2021 rank

Output rank Input rank

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

8,342

105

111

95

IncomeRegionLower middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)
11.7

97.8

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

37.8 131 ○ ◇1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

40.1 11950.0 123 ○ ◇35.1 112

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

17.4 132 ○ ◇17.5 127 ○ ◇17.2 128 ○ ◇n/a n/a1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

55.8 116
69.4 126 ○ ◇42.3 92

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

34.0 [55]

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

67.5 [10]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a18.5 90

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

n/a [n/a]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.6 110163.8 82n/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

29.1 106

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

51.6 9442.4 101
46.0 89
58.2 9059.5 87

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

12.5
870.5
14.5
16.0

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

23.1
9.0
44.3
0.5

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

126 ○ ◇
101
117
110 ◇
85
81
77
83

◆

Market sophistication

48.4 59 ●CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

45.4 47 ●35.0 118 ◇71.2 46 ●28.5
1●◆

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

38.0 [40]38.0 115n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

61.7
4.7
72.3
97.8

104

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

23.7

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %37.4 [48]15.8 92
49.9 18 ● ◆n/a n/an/a n/a7.7 8175

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

13.4
24.1
32.0
n/a
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

20.3 90
0.8 60 ●10.8 24 ●0.7 91
0.7 116
0.4 84 ○

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

117
125 ○ ◇
120 ◇
n/a
107
100 ○ ◇

Knowledge and technology outputs

11.1 112

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

4.6 114
0.6 76n/a n/a0.1 54
3.1 121
6.7 93

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

22.0
0.5
0.5
0.3
2.2
7.7

93
57 ●
98
44 ●
86
94

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

6.6 112
0.1 51 ●19.8 111
0.4 93
0.8 88Creative outputs

13.4 111

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade17.7 11037.0 63 ●0.0 80 ○ ◇0.2 105
31.7 122 ○ ◇

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

9.5
0.2
0.8
n/a
1.0
1.0

82
72
88
n/a
54
44 ●

8.8 102
1.8 82
0.5 9835.1 93
0.0 95

87
81
93
85

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

55Bosnia and Herzegovina
Output rank Input rank
80

70

IncomeRegionUpper middle

EUR

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)3.3

GII 2021 rank

75
GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

14,89574

48.8

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

59.5 82◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

45.8 10264.3 80
36.6 106

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

68.5
38.4
40.6
9.2

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

64.1 88
60.0 131 ○ ◇68.2 34 ●

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

31.4 68

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

60.7 [25]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a402.6 63
8.8 18 ●2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

54
84
74
24 ●

31.2
40.2
23.5
7.1

2.2
460.2
0.2
0.0
0.0

71
74
49
36 ● ◆
91
71
91
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

45.7

52

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

59.3
71.3
51.6
53.5
60.7

84
58
79
97
85

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

25.3
5,733.8
35.4
19.8

◇

◇

78
38 ● ◆
71
88

52.4
5●◆
6.0 106 ○ ◇45.4 70
16.2
1●◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

18.8 99

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

29.2
21.8
37.9
0.1
36.1
6.2

74
73
34
65
53
89

◇

◇

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

12.4 122 ○ ◇26.8 119 ○ ◇35.4 114 ○ ◇0.0 72
0.0 83
0.0 825.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

14.9
0.1
5.6
0.5
2.6
12.0

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

118 ○ ◇
104
104
108
68
61

Knowledge and technology outputs

20.7 66

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

9.3 83
0.9 680.1 58n/a n/a13.1 67
5.0 105

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

33.4
−0.8
1.1
0.1
27.0
14.2

50
78
83
92
5●◆
77

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

19.3
0.2
59.4
2.6
1.7

56
39 ◆
37 ●
51
65
◇

Creative outputs

15.9 99

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade16.4 115 ○ ◇19.1 93
0.0 80 ○ ◇1.6 5339.0 116 ○ ◇

12.2
0.1
8.4
n/a
1.1
0.4

73
75
24 ● ◆
n/a
44
66

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

18.6
2.8
2.9
66.5
0.1

61
68
62
43 ◆
88 ○

Market sophistication

49.3

51

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

37.6
65.0
58.1
0.7

79
61
59
29

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

56.0 [15]56.0 82n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

54.3 110 ◇17.9 132 ○ ◇97.7 13 ●48.8 103

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
56

Global Innovation Index 2021

Botswana
Output rank Input rank
109

98

GII 2021 rank

106

IncomeRegionUpper middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)2.4

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

16,15389

39.1

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

65.1 59

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

66.9
80.4
60.2

44 ● ◆
29 ● ◆
47

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

66.1
53.2
59.9
20.3

62
54
44 ● ◆
86

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

62.2 95
76.2 11748.2 76

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

8.3 130 ○ ◇Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondaryn/a [n/a]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %13.5 10725.1 91
n/a n/a2.3 73

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.2
185.2
0.5
0.0
0.0

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◇

86
81
63
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

33.4 93◇

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

43.3 10355.2 8544.5 9336.5 11936.9 116◇29.9
1,401.1
n/a
31.7

◇
◇

62
92 ◇
n/a
22 ● ◆

Business sophistication

24.0

73

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

33.7
24.2
51.9
0.1
17.7
18.8

59
63
16 ●
64
70
35 ●

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses◇

Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

18.5 7740.0 76
39.1 103
0.1 36 ● ◆0.0 61
0.0 100 ○ ◇
19.9
1.5
6.0
0.6
1.5
1.0

92
24 ●
96
99
94
79 ◇

Knowledge and technology outputs

12.1 101

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

7.5 930.0 121 ○0.0 98 ○ ◇0.4 4012.4 69
5.4 100

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %22.2 92−4.4 118 ○ ◇20.1
3●◆
0.1 85
0.4 126 ○n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

6.5 113
0.0 9632.7 83
0.3 100
0.2 121 ○◇Creative outputs

12.6 112

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

82
74
93
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

15.1 118 ◇14.2 102 ◇0.0 80 ○ ◇0.4 9441.9 109 ◇4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

32.5 [59]60.0 71n/a n/a0.0 59n/a n/aOnline creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

42.1 123 ○ ◇1.0 10 ●22.3 111 ○ ◇39.1 113 ◇

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

26.9 73
14.0 31 ●40.4 87 ◇0.3 101

Market sophistication

36.8 113

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

35.9
60.0
32.8
n/a

◇

1.7 [120]
0.1 93n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.2 87

18.6
1.1
1.3
53.0
n/a

62
94
80
60
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

57

Brazil

GII 2021 rank

57

Output rank Input rank
59

56

IncomeRegionUpper middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)212.6

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

14,56362

3,078.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

60.6

78

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

53.0
66.1
46.5

85
74
86

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

62.8
38.9
42.0
15.4

74
82
72
60

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

65.9 80
81.3 106 ○50.4 69

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

37.5 48

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

55.4
6.3
21.8
15.7
400.0
16.6

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

25.1 85
53.3 58
18.4 83 ○0.2 104 ○ ◇

31.9
887.7
1.2
52.7
40.9

36 ◆
53
34 ◆
26 ● ◆
31 ◆Infrastructure

41.2 69

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

74.5
58.9
61.5
87.1
90.5

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

48
11 ● ◆
35
42
68 ○
81

49
77
60
20 ● ◆
18 ● ◆

20.5 107 ○
2,967.7 67
43.6 55
14.7 116 ○ ◇
28.6
11.1
51.2
0.9

64
56
53
68

Market sophistication

44.9

75

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

30.5 103 ○ ◇50.0 94 ○ ◇63.7 53
0.1 584.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

23.2
62.0
53.1
0.0
0.0

99 ○
60
33
57
55

80.8 26 ●8.0 102 ○94.8 28
3,078.9
8●◆

Score/
Value Rank

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

36.0 34

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %46.1 [30]25.2 58
n/a n/an/a n/a43.5 35
15.3 46◆

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

21.4
39.0
49.4
n/a
0.0
0.1

61
81
49
n/a
89 ○
56

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

40.4
2.1
10.5
2.2
3.7
26.6

28 ● ◆
14 ● ◆
28 ●30 ● ◆
34
46

Knowledge and technology outputs

25.3

51

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

23.0
1.7
0.2
0.9
18.8
37.6

46
41
47
26
47
24 ● ◆

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

35.5
1.3
1.3
0.3
5.6
36.3

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

17.4
0.3
48.8
3.7
1.0

40
35
76
29
54
32

62
33
49
44
82

Creative outputs

23.5 66

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

35.3
67.9
36.1
1.3
52.6

51
27 ●
41
59
69

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

6.8
0.5
1.1
7.8
0.5
0.3

94 ○
48
84 ○
40
86 ○
70

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

16.7
1.6
8.6
42.8
15.0

69
87
42
81
37

◆

◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
58

Global Innovation Index 2021

Brunei Darussalam
Output rank Input rank
115

IncomeRegion

High

SEAO

51

GII 2021 rank

82

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)0.4

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

61,81671

28.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

80.7

24

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

84.8
94.6
79.9

16 ●
2●◆
23

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

80.7
60.1
62.9
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

76.6
94.9
58.2

30
42
38
1●◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

35.2

52

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

50.7
4.4
23.6
14.1
423.1
8.2

66
59
21
71 ◇
53 ◇
11 ● ◆

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

45.6
31.5
40.1
3.4

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

9.4
n/a
0.3
0.0
22.8

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

20 ●
84 ◇
4●◆
64
62 ◇
n/a
84 ◇
41 ○ ◇
46

Infrastructure

48.0 46

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

64.9
69.4
71.9
63.5
54.8

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

51.9
10,009.3
30.6
48.4

70
62
43
80
94

◇
◇
◇
◇

8●◆
14 ●
79 ◇
3●◆

70
82
44
70

◇

Market sophistication

37.8 106◇

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

56.5
100.0
35.7
n/a

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

43
15 ●
54

27.1
8.9
54.8
0.9

21 ●
1●◆
87 ◇
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

23.9 [94]40.0 110n/a n/a0.0 46n/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

32.8 130 ○ ◇0.02●◆
0.0 112 ○ ◇28.5 123 ○ ◇

◇

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◇

Business sophistication

22.0 84

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %32.4 [63]38.6 30n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 102 ○ ◇12.8 58
92 ◇
80 ◇
80 ◇
96 ○ ◇
42
57

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

17.4
39.4
44.2
0.0
0.0
0.1

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

16.0 114 ◇0.3 783.4 121 ○ ◇1.0 77
3.5 40n/a n/a

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

4.5[130]

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

6.4 98
0.2 900.0 78n/a n/a11.1 78
3.6 117

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade◇◇◇

5.7 [126]n/a n/a2.4 53n/a n/a3.0 77
3.3 107 ○ ◇1.4 [129]n/a n/an/a n/a0.7 85
0.0 130 ○ ◇◇Creative outputs

18.7 85

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

21.5 94 ◇9.5 113 ◇n/a n/a0.0 115 ○47.5 90 ◇

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

2.6 [114]
0.0 110 ○ ◇n/a n/an/a n/a0.5 88
0.1 90

29.2
7.3
0.9
75.8
n/a

36
45
88 ◇
22 ●
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

59Bulgaria
Output rank Input rank
27

46

GII 2021 rank

35
IncomeRegionUpper middle

EUR

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)6.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

23,74137

164.1

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank
◆

69.8

47

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

62.0
69.6
58.2

53
60
53

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

75.7
57.4
47.7
8.6

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

71.6
85.4
57.8

36 ◆
46 ◆
62
16 ●

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

31.7 65

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

47.4
4.1
21.6
14.2
426.7
12.6

74
65
36
69 ○
50 ○
54

34.8
71.5
19.3
6.4

61
28
77 ○
38

12.9
2,420.0
0.8
0.0
6.2

52
35 ◆
43
41 ○ ◇
70

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

64
86 ○
56

Infrastructure

51.7 36◆

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

77.4
71.4
72.0
77.1
89.3

◆

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

27.5
6,282.1
45.8
18.7
50.2
7.8
57.0
12.2

42
57
42
47
23

◆

69
32 ◆
51
97 ○
15 ● ◆
92 ○
39 ◆
2●◆

Market sophistication

45.1

72

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

33.7
65.0
49.8
0.0

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

24.6
74.0
14.5
0.0
0.0

93 ○
61
71
82 ○

86 ○
24
63 ○
43
45

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

76.9
1.8
97.1
164.1

38
25
15 ●
71

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◆

Business sophistication

32.6

42

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

36.1
31.1
20.0
0.6
43.1
18.8

54
45
78 ○
37
36
34

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

29.1
46.4
55.3
0.3
0.0
0.3

36 ◆
51
35
13 ● ◆
41 ◆39

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

32.7
0.5
7.2
1.3
2.9
50.1

49
68
73
59
55
23

Knowledge and technology outputs

36.0

27

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

27.1
1.3
0.3
2.7
15.4
15.9

36
57
40
7●◆
55
52

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

51.4
1.6
10.1
0.2
38.0
22.9

6●◆
33
14 ● ◆
68
1●◆
56

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

29.5
0.2
56.7
5.0
4.2

36
40
41
37
20

Creative outputs

41.1

21

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

57.9
84.8
n/a
8.5
53.7

7●◆
18 ● ◆
n/a
13 ● ◆
64

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

21.7
1.7
4.7
n/a
1.1
1.0

46
13 ● ◆
45
n/a
43
42

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

26.8
23.7
3.8
69.5
7.3

43
24
59
39
53

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◆
◆

◆
◆
◆

◆
◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
60

Global Innovation Index 2021

Burkina Faso
Output rank Input rank
123

GII 2021 rank

115

IncomeRegion

Low

SSF

108

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)20.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

2,203

118

46.1

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

56.2

92

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

39.2 12150.0 123 ○33.8 115

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

64.8
33.7
35.5
10.5

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

64.5
88.2
40.8

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

66 ●
98
88
33 ●

85
71 ●
96

Human capital and research

18.4 103

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

36.7 100
5.4 24 ● ◆15.7 71
9.3 110n/a n/a22.2 102

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %15.4 101
7.1 120
20.3 71
2.3 72

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
47.6
0.6
0.0
0.0

87 ◆
95
56 ● ◆
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

27.4 111

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

36.6
33.0
15.9
46.5
51.2

117
120
119
111
99

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

26.1
n/a
26.7
21.8

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

76 ●
n/a
87
71 ●

19.4 104n/a n/a38.3 93 ◆0.1 125 ○Market sophistication

36.8 114

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

21.1 122
30.0 122 ○28.4 98 ◆1.5 21 ●

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Score/
Value Rank

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

42.0 [28]42.0 102n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

47.3 118
5.8 94n/a n/a46.1 105

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

16.0 120

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %12.2 [121]13.3 99n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.8 115◆

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

14.2
30.2
28.7
0.0
0.0
n/a

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

21.5 83
0.0 118
7.0 802.1 32 ● ◆1.0 107n/a n/a

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

111
111
124 ○ ◇
60 ●
117
n/a

Knowledge and technology outputs

11.8 106

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

5.1 111
0.0 128 ○ ◇0.0 98 ○ ◇0.1 5510.2 85
5.6 986.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

20.6
1.8
0.3
0.0
0.6
n/a

102
29 ●
107
110
118
n/a

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

9.7
0.0
31.2
0.7
1.2

95
89
87 ◆
82 ◆
75 ●

Creative outputs

8.3 129 ○

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

12.0
4.5
0.0
0.3
39.5

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

2.1 [118]
0.2 690.5 98n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 117

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

7.1
0.1
0.0
24.7
n/a

125 ○
123 ○
80 ○ ◇
100
113

113
126 ○
124
114
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

61Cabo Verde
Output rank Input rank
88

96

GII 2021 rank

89

IncomeRegionLower middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)0.6

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

6,980

100

3.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

57.0 8849 ◆37 ● ◆
56 ◆1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

63.7
76.8
57.2

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

65.2
37.6
60.3
17.4

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

42.2 130 ○ ◇84.5 93
0.0 129 ○ ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

64 ◆
87
43 ● ◆
73

Human capital and research

21.1 95

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

47.9
5.2
19.7
12.7
n/a
15.4

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %14.9 10223.6 95
16.1 93
1.4 82

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.6 108
123.5 85
0.1 109
0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

42.3 66

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

49.0 95
57.9 80
46.5 85
50.0 10641.7 111

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

60.0
n/a
n/a
42.2

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

17.8 113
n/a n/a32.8 112
0.5 87

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

23.9 [74]Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %23.6 [89]17.1 89n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a7.6 83

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

73
31 ●
49
84
n/a
75

Infrastructure

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◆
◆

[4]
n/a
n/a
5●◆

Market sophistication

26.6 128 ○ ◇CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

29.0 111
35.0 11858.7 58
n/a n/a◇4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

24.0 [91]24.0 128 ○ ◇n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

26.7
11.6
49.2
3.9

132 ○ ◇
124 ◇107 ○ ◇
132 ○ ◇

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

26.7 [40]41.1 72
46.3 67
n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 100 ○ ◇21.4 84
0.8 503.0 124 ○ ◇1.4 55
5.7 17 ●n/a n/aKnowledge and technology outputs

8.6[122]

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

9.2 [85]
0.8 70n/a n/an/a n/a14.4 59
0.0 132 ○ ◇6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %13.7 [118]n/a n/a4.0 36 ● ◆n/a n/a7.5 36 ● ◆7.2 97

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

2.9 127 ○0.0 98n/a n/a0.0 131 ○ ◇0.9 86Creative outputs

25.7 59

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

32.5
22.1
n/a
8.1
44.6

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

11.0 [77]0.3 61n/a n/an/a n/a
1.8 20 ●0.1 110

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

26.8
1.9
2.0
73.3
n/a

59
90
n/a
16 ● ◆
98

42 ● ◆
79
71 ◆28 ● ◆
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
62

Global Innovation Index 2021

Cambodia
Output rank Input rank
104

106

GII 2021 rank

109

IncomeRegionLower middle

SEAO

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)16.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

4,441

110

74.3

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

50.5 111

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

49.6 9173.2 44 ● ◆37.8 103

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

51.4 10228.6 10622.1 118
19.4 82

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

50.5 127 ○ ◇52.4 132 ○ ◇48.5 74

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

17.6 109

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

27.6 [120]2.2 110 ○ ◇n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a21.7 100

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %24.6 86
14.7 10223.2 52n/a n/a2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.6 11230.4 101 ○0.1 102
0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

28.9 107

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

44.9 10046.5 9446.3 8645.3 113
41.7 111

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

23.6 89502.9 10724.7 9426.6 35 ●18.2 112
8.2 8933.6 108
0.3 94Market sophistication

45.8 69

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

70.9
80.0
114.2
38.4

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

Score/
Value Rank

6●◆
23 ●
19 ● ◆
1●◆

23.2 10040.0 110n/a n/a0.1 39 ◆0.0 32 ● ◆43.3 122 ○ ◇9.8 115n/a n/a74.3 91

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

16.2 117

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %11.9 122 ○ ◇5.5 117 ○ ◇22.2 68
0.0 84 ○19.4 66
2.2 105
51 ● ◆
82
70
56
39 ● ◆
n/a

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

24.0
39.0
45.7
0.0
0.0
n/a

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

12.6 127 ○ ◇0.1 105
2.4 129 ○ ◇0.6 95
13.1
7●◆
4.3 73Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

11.2 111
3.6 117
0.1 120 ○0.0 94n/a n/a4.7 111
5.6 986.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %22.6 90
2.7 19 ●0.7 900.0 109 ◇1.1 107n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

7.4 106
0.0 9030.9 89
0.7 83
0.4 103

Creative outputs

16.3 98

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

26.5 82
39.5 59
0.0 80 ○ ◇0.2 10460.6 41 ● ◆

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

6.2 [99]n/a n/a3.2 57n/a n/an/a n/a0.4 69

6.0
0.8
0.1
25.0
1.7

117
100
118
113
71

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

63Cameroon
Output rank Input rank
117

124

GII 2021 rank

123

IncomeRegionLower middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)26.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

3,710

119

97.0

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

40.2 11855.4 11232.6 119

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

48.0 11021.9 120
17.2 127 ○ ◇19.9 84

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

61.4 10386.3 80
36.6 110

Human capital and research

18.2 105

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

35.7 103
3.1 9317.8 60 ●12.1 91
n/a n/a19.3 94

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %19.0 9614.3 10421.3 66
2.8 692.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.0 [123]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

25.8 115

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

34.2
34.4
13.5
47.1
41.7

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

120 ◇
117
124 ○ ◇
110
111

24.1 87
342.1 114
25.5 91
27.2 32 ●19.2 108
9.4 76
33.6 108
0.2 118

Market sophistication

26.1 129 ○ ◇CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

28.2 112
60.0 74
15.2 119
0.7 28 ●4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$Business sophistication

20.4 93

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %23.7 [88]10.9 10837.6 35 ●n/a n/an/a n/a2.0 106

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

18.6 76 ●40.0 75
42.0 96n/a n/a0.0 102
0.0 91

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

18.8 99
0.0 117 ○5.7 102
1.6 45 ●2.3 71 ●n/a n/a49.9 113

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

15.6 [127]28.0 124 ○ ◇n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 7334.5 128 ○ ◇15.5 131 ○ ◇n/a n/a97.0 86

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

12.9 98

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

7.2
0.3
0.0
0.0
14.3
7.4

95
85
90
62
61 ●
89

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %26.1 [81]1.3 37 ●n/a n/a0.1 81
0.7 116n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

5.5 118
0.0 71
6.8 119 ○ ◇0.2 107
1.3 70 ●Creative outputs

9.6 124 ○ ◇

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †13.3 122
6.3 118 ○0.0 80 ○ ◇0.4 9342.4 107

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

5.3 [103]
0.6 45 ●n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.0 121

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

6.2 1160.2 119
1.2 81
21.2 118n/a n/aNOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
64

Global Innovation Index 2021

CanadaOutput rank Input rank
23

GII 2021 rank

16
IncomeRegion

High

NAC

8

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)37.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

47,56917

1,809.0

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

90.1

5●

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

87.4
83.9
89.1

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

93.4
88.4
93.1
10.0

10 ●
13
10 ●

8●
10 ●
12
29

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

89.6
98.2
81.0

4●
3●◆
12

Human capital and research

52.4

18

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

58.9
5.3
18.3
16.2
516.7
9.9

33
29
58 ○
32
7
28

42.1
70.1
22.4
13.8

35
34
56
14

56.2
4,325.6
1.5
63.4
79.2

18
23
23
21
6●

Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

53.7 30

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

84.9
80.3
81.1
84.1
94.0

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

48.1
17,655.8
78.0
21.4

84.7

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

85.0
85.0
n/a
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

81.9
84.0
128.9
0.4
0.3

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

◇

21
31
24
31
16
13
5●◆
20
75 ○

87.2
1.5
97.9
1,809.0

1●◆
[3]
14
n/a
n/a

◆

3●◆
7 ◆
7
1●◆
1●◆

9●
18
11
15

50.1 20

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

48.0
43.7
n/a
0.8
41.0
19.0

27
21
n/a
30
42
33

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

56.1
67.9
62.5
0.2
0.4
2.0

9●
10
22
30
1●◆
21

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

46.1
2.1
10.6
1.0
2.2
56.7

19
13
27
72 ○ ◇
74 ○
18

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

28.1 66 ◇5.7 111 ○ ◇71.0 20
0.4 89 ○ ◇Market sophistication

Business sophistication
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

38.3 23

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

48.7
2.2
1.4
n/a
39.6
79.8

◇
◇
◇

16
32 ◇
23 ◇
n/a
20
4●◆

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %37.8 32
0.2 61
0.2 113 ○ ◇0.6
5●
2.4 82 ○ ◇37.6 31

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

28.3
0.9
58.8
6.6
1.6

41
21
39 ◇
28
67 ○

Creative outputs

41.9

19

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

46.3
47.8
138.2
0.4
77.0

24
46
13
92 ○
11

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

24.1
1.0
3.4
59.1
1.4
1.0

40
29
54
9
32
45

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

50.8
78.6
33.2
73.2
15.0

20
6●◆
21
29
36

◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

65ChileOutput rank Input rank
61

GII 2021 rank

53
IncomeRegion

High

LCN

44

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)19.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

23,45554456.4

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

73.9
73.2
74.2

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

68.4 55 ◇75.5 25 ●75.0 26
27.4 110 ○ ◇1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

35
44
29

75.7
91.4
60.1

46
50
48

Human capital and research

35.2

51

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

53.5
5.4
18.7
16.6
437.8
18.0

55
22 ●
57
22 ●
46 ◇
87 ○ ◇

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %38.8 4490.9
8●20.9 67
0.5 100 ○ ◇

13.4
491.5
0.3
0.0
41.0

51 ◇
68 ◇
76 ◇
41 ○ ◇
30

Infrastructure

47.4

47

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

78.3
72.3
70.0
85.3
85.7

37
56
46
24
29

31.9
4,385.3
59.0
22.1

53
51
33
64

31.9
10.9
55.3
2.0

52
60
42
43

Market sophistication

46.4 66

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

45.1
55.0
122.5
0.8

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

25.9
66.0
87.5
0.0
0.0

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

68.3 68
0.4
4●
61.4 103 ○ ◇456.4 43

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

30.6 48

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

39.5
31.9
57.5
0.1
29.9
11.9

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

17.4
39.7
44.8
0.0
0.0
0.2

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

34.8
2.2
8.5
0.7
3.0
27.5

72.7 40

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

◇
◇

48
88 ○
16 ●
26 ◆
82
50
16
61
67 ○

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

43
44
10 ● ◆
60 ◇62
63 ◇93 ○ ◇
77 ◇
78 ◇
70
60
43

43
12 ●
56
88 ◇
51
44

Knowledge and technology outputs

22.3 58

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

17.4
0.9
0.6
0.2
23.6
24.3

58
67
33
45
39
37

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

39.9
1.4
10.3
0.5
6.8
23.9

24 ●
34 ◆
12 ●
7●
40
54

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

9.6 96 ○ ◇0.1 6739.7 71 ◇0.8 760.6 100 ○

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Creative outputs

25.3 60

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †36.5 47
68.7 25
39.1 40
0.1 108 ○57.8 54

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

8.1
0.3
3.7
13.8
0.7
0.1

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

20.2
2.1
14.7
60.4
2.3

◇

89 ◇
63
51
32 ◇
78 ○
92 ○
57
76
33
51
68

◇
◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
66

Global Innovation Index 2021

ChinaGII 2021 rank

12

Output rank Input rank
725

IncomeRegionUpper middle

SEAO

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)1,439.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

17,20614

24,162.4

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

64.4

61

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

65.3
71.4
62.2

47
54
43

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

49.9 106 ○37.1 91
39.5 7727.4 110 ○1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◆
◆

78.1
94.1
62.1

39
25
46

◆

Human capital and research

50.6

21

◆

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

66.7 [12]n/a n/an/a n/a12.4 88 ○ ◇
579.0
1●◆
13.3 56

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %25.2 83
53.8 57
n/a n/a0.4 101 ○59.8
1,471.3
2.2
92.5
84.2

14 ◆
45
13 ◆
3●◆
3●◆

Infrastructure

54.6

24

◆

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

79.4
63.0
67.7
90.6
96.4

34
71
52
12
9

◆

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Score/
Value Rank

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

54.4
5,332.3
72.3
43.9

◆
◆
◆

5 ◆
40 ◆
26 ◆
4●◆

29.9
7.5
37.3
5.8

59
97 ○
98 ○ ◇
17

Market sophistication

61.5

16

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

51.7
60.0
164.7
0.0

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

35.9
72.0
58.6
0.1
0.1

26 ◆
74
5 ◆
74 ○

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

96.9
2.5
99.4
24,162.4

44
27
28
29
17

◆

◆
◆

1●◆
58
2●
1●◆

◆

Business sophistication

54.3

13

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

77.7
n/a
79.2
1.7
76.3
n/a

[2]
n/a
1●◆
12 ◆
4 ◆
n/a

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

31.3
70.5
73.1
0.0
0.0
1.4

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

32 ◆
6 ◆
3●◆
94 ○
63
26 ◆

53.9
9 ◆
1.3 2922.8
5 ◆1.0 73
1.4 101 ○57.7 15 ◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

58.5

4●◆

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

70.5
53.2
2.8
96.6
21.3
58.6

4●◆
1●◆
13 ◆
1●◆
42
13 ◆
◆

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

52.2
5.2
n/a
0.3
12.0
48.5

5
6
n/a
39
24
14

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

52.9
0.2
74.9
27.8
2.1

9 ◆
36 ◆
18 ◆
1●◆
53

Creative outputs

46.5

14

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

70.9
324.1
118.0
29.6
59.7

2●◆
1●◆
16 ◆
1●◆
46

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

40.0
0.5
0.8
10.4
0.7
11.2

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

11 ◆
46
91 ○
37 ◆
76 ○
1●◆

4.3 [125]
2.2 74
6.3 47n/a n/an/a n/a◆◆◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

67Colombia
Output rank Input rank
75

58

GII 2021 rank

67

IncomeRegionUpper middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)50.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

14,13768

719.3

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

55.7
62.5
52.2

72
89 ○
67

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

63.8
53.9
35.7
16.7

70
53
86
65

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

79.2
87.0
71.4

36
74
30

Human capital and research

28.4

78

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

42.4 87
4.5 5819.1 56
14.5 62405.5 62 ○26.1 107 ○ ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◆

32.7 67
55.0 55
24.6 41
0.2 106 ○ ◇59
91 ○ ◇
82
41 ○ ◇
35

Infrastructure

44.9

57

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

68.3
60.9
48.9
76.5
86.9

61
74
82
49
27

23.0
1,610.6
41.5
19.7

93
89
57
90

43.4
18.2
52.9
4.0

27 ● ◆
11 ● ◆
48
23 ●Market sophistication

50.8

42

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

50.4
90.0
51.5
1.8

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

24.1
80.0
37.0
0.0
0.0

32 ◆
10 ● ◆
66
15 ●4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

78.0
2.9
88.0
719.2

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

29.4 50

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

44.4
n/a
63.0
0.1
43.0
14.4

36
n/a
7●◆
61
37
52

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

16.8
45.2
45.0
0.0
0.0
0.1

98 ○
53
77
69
84
61

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

27.0
0.8
13.9
1.4
4.1
2.4

64
55
15 ●
54
27 ●
75 ○ ◇

Knowledge and technology outputs

19.2

72

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

9.6
0.5
0.2
0.2
9.8
17.8

80
78
53
49
87
45

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

35.5
3.6
2.0
0.2
13.5
20.0

39
13 ● ◆
55
70
21 ●
63

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

12.4
0.2
46.2
1.3
0.7

82
45
56
69
90

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

10.2
88.0
0.3
0.0
34.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

Business sophistication

66.2 56

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

90
13 ● ◆
41
84 ○
72 ○

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Creative outputs

19.8 82

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

27.1
36.8
30.2
0.4
54.5

78
64
43
89 ○
62

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

7.7
0.2
1.4
7.5
1.2
0.2

90
70
76
42
35
74

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

17.2
2.8
21.7
43.1
2.0

66
66
29
80
70

35
61
60
31

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
68

Global Innovation Index 2021

Costa Rica
Output rank Input rank
49

66

GII 2021 rank

56

IncomeRegionUpper middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)5.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

19,30956

99.0

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

63.2
69.6
60.1

51
60
48

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

68.8
56.5
61.1
18.7

52
50
42
77

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

57.3 112 ○ ◇79.9 110 ○34.6 114 ○ ◇◆◆Human capital and research

32.4

61

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

62.5
7.0
24.1
16.5
414.8
13.3

18 ● ◆
6●◆
19 ◆
24 ◆
59
58

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

28.2
57.7
15.1
n/a

80
52
99 ○
n/a

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

6.6
345.0
0.4
0.0
15.1

72
74
72
41 ○ ◇
59

Infrastructure

40.7

71

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

67.7
69.4
67.8
68.2
65.5

64
63
51
72
77

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

30.0 49

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

29.3
27.4
54.7
0.1
1.3
12.2

73
56
12 ●
58
93 ○ ◇
62

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

16.9
42.3
49.2
0.0
0.0
0.0

97
68
51
81
85
83

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

43.7
2.8
8.9
1.3
4.5
n/a

22 ● ◆
7●◆
46
58
24
n/a

63.1 66

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*◆

18.2 115 ○2,268.5 77
34.6 72
15.4 114 ○
36.3
17.2
52.5
1.1

43
14 ● ◆
50
65

Market sophistication

43.0 85

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

43.5
85.0
58.8
0.1

54
14 ●
57
64

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

17.0 125 ○ ◇48.0 96
4.4 72 ○0.0 73 ○n/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

68.4
1.6
80.2
99.0

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

22.9 56

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

6.1 100
0.2 101
0.1 63
0.0 63
9.0 9210.8 71

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

27.4
1.6
2.6
0.3
2.8
13.3

73
32
50
31
78
83

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

35.3
0.0
51.6
5.7
6.6

27 ◆
79
47
32
7●◆

◆

Creative outputs

31.3 45

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

38.5 4285.8 16 ● ◆0.0 80 ○ ◇0.1 109 ○63.0 36 ◆

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

31.3
5.1
3.6
n/a
2.2
0.1

22 ● ◆
1●◆
52
n/a
13 ● ◆
93

17.0
11.2
1.5
51.0
4.1

67
37
76
63
60

◆

67
20 ●
77
84

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

69

Côte d’Ivoire
Output rank Input rank
121

107

GII 2021 rank

114

IncomeRegionLower middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)26.4

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

5,360

112

144.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

60.6

79

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

48.6
66.1
39.9

93
74
98

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

62.2
37.1
31.8
13.1

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

70.8
93.7
47.9

75
90
99
46 ●

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◆

69 ●
27 ● ◆
77

Human capital and research

11.1 124 ○ ◇Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

26.7 122 ○ ◇3.3 8913.6 80
10.5 104n/a n/a28.9 116 ○ ◇2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Score/
Value Rank

6.3 121 ○ ◇10.0 115n/a n/a2.2 76
0.4 114n/a n/a0.1 110 ○ ◇0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

28.0 109

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

40.0
39.4
34.7
45.3
40.5

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

110
107
102
113
115

26.9 73 ●401.3 11248.1 49 ● ◆23.7 55 ●Business sophistication

20.9

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %21.7 [98]10.3 11035.5 41 ●n/a n/an/a n/a1.3 111

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

18.3 8138.1 8943.8 81n/a n/a0.0 123 ○0.0 100 ○ ◇

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

91

22.6 78
0.1 111
5.9 992.6 15 ● ◆1.6 92n/a n/a11.5 110
2.6 124 ○0.1 109
0.0 98 ○ ◇0.0 703.1 120
6.1 95

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %23.3 88
3.1 16 ●0.7 890.0 119 ○ ◇1.6 95n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

8.6 100
0.0 9221.7 107
1.1 71 ●1.2 74Creative outputs

9.9 121

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †16.1 116
6.7 117 ○3.6 71
0.5 8850.3 8131.1 101
70.0 44 ●19.6 114
0.2 49

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

1.4 [123]
0.1 77n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.0 118

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

25.1 [83]42.0 102n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 53

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

5.9
0.4
0.2
21.1
n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

51.7 114
7.7 101n/a n/a144.5 74 ●3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

17.1 114
9.6 7225.8 129 ○ ◇0.3 100

Market sophistication

36.0 117

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

118
112
113
119
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
70

Global Innovation Index 2021

Croatia
Output rank Input rank48

GII 2021 rank

42
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

41

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)4.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

27,68141

112.0

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

69.8 46

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

66.6
80.4
59.8

45
29
49

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

71.8
58.9
56.4
15.1

45
44
48
59

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

70.9
85.3
56.5

68
87 ○ ◇
58

Human capital and research

37.6

47

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

59.1
3.9
n/a
15.2
471.9
6.4

32
71
n/a
48
37
1●◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

39.8
67.7
26.3
3.0
14.0
2,135.4
1.1
0.0
8.4

50
38
35
41 ○ ◇
68 ◇

53.8 29 ●Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

78.2
79.0
69.3
75.3
89.3
30.8
3,109.1
49.1
25.2

◇

40
37
32
66

Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

◇

39
38
48 ◇
52
23 ●

58
63
48
45

27.7 55

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

37.0
37.1
26.2
0.5
33.2
17.6

53
33
60
38
56
38

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

18.3 80 ◇29.4 113 ○ ◇30.2 123 ○ ◇0.2 21 ●0.0 590.1 535.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

27.8
1.1
6.4
1.6
1.6
24.8

62
37
89 ○
46
90 ○
51

Knowledge and technology outputs

26.9

47

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

22.5
1.8
0.2
0.5
37.4
17.3

48
40
52
37
23 ●
49

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %33.5 49−2.4 108 ○ ◇5.9 28 ●0.1 97 ○ ◇22.4
6●◆26.2 47

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

24.7
0.2
64.0
3.0
3.1

48
37
30
48
34

28.2 54

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

30.2
52.2
8.5
3.4
51.9

69
44
62
31
73

86
94 ○
60
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

25.2
1.7
2.0
n/a
2.7
0.8

38
15 ●
67
n/a
5●◆
51

28.0
70.0
37.1
0.0
n/a

73
36
40
76 ○ ◇
n/a

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

27.2
14.8
11.5
70.5
9.2

41
32
39
35
49

74.8
1.8
95.8
112.0

43
25
23 ●
79

6●◆
43
34
6●◆

Market sophistication

46.1

67

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

35.6
50.0
54.4
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

Creative outputs

52.3
12.5
63.1
9.8

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

71

Cyprus
Output rank Input rank
21

GII 2021 rank

28
IncomeRegion

High

NAWA

31

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)1.2

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

39,07929

34.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

74.7
78.6
72.7

33
34
34

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

84.2
70.0
66.7
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

82.3
92.0
72.5

22
32
35
1●◆

26
45
29

Human capital and research

38.7

42

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

65.9
5.8
37.4
15.4
438.0
8.1

14
18
3●◆
47
45 ◇
10 ◆

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

42.8
81.3
15.1
23.9
7.4
1,432.8
0.6
0.0
0.0

34
19
98 ○ ◇
5●◆

66 ◇
47 ◇
55
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

53.9 28

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

88.3
87.9
83.0
87.1
95.2

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

14
11
14
20
14

26.3 75 ◇
5,842.0 36
51.3 44
16.2 109 ○ ◇42.6 28

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

42.2
35.5
39.7
0.3
34.8
25.5

40
38
30
50
55
13

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

39.9
43.9
49.1
0.2
0.2
2.0

25
59
54
28
14
19

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

45.6 20
1.5 26
3.6 120 ○ ◇
11.1
1●◆
44.2
1●◆
33.5 39

47.0
13.9
64.8
6.2

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

39.4

21

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

32.2
1.4
1.2
n/a
51.1
12.4

30
53
26
n/a
8●◆
62

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

38.6
−1.6
17.6
0.2
21.4
19.2

27
95 ○
5●◆
75
9 ◆
64

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

47.3
0.9
48.1
0.9
16.3

17
22
50
72
1●◆

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Creative outputs

41.3 20

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

45.4
89.6
0.0
15.3
47.3

22
74
20
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

14.4
0.2
6.9
n/a
1.9
0.2

65
68
32
n/a
16
75

56
21
64 ○
36
14

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

60.1
72.3
5.8
60.8
100.0

8●◆
8●◆
51
50
1●◆

21
32
31
16

Market sophistication

50.0 46

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

53.2
60.0
112.3
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

33.0
76.0
14.2
0.1
0.1

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

63.8 79
1.8 2580.3 7634.6 117 ○ ◇

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

80.4 26

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

27
13 ◆80 ○ ◇
7●◆
93 ○ ◇NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
72

Global Innovation Index 2021

Czech Republic
Output rank Input rank
15

IncomeRegion

High

EUR

30

GII 2021 rank

24
Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)10.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

40,29324

430.9

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

76.9 32◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

74.3
82.1
70.3

34
24
35

◇

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

75.5
76.0
74.3
20.2

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

37
24
28 ◇
85 ○

81.1 2982.1 103 ○ ◇80.1 15 ●Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

43.0 33

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

55.1
3.9
23.5
16.3
495.5
11.5

49
72 ○
23
30
23
45

44.5
63.8
26.1
13.6

22
44
33
15

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

29.5
3,976.0
1.9
0.0
31.5

56.0

19

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

73.9
73.2
77.2
72.4
72.6

53
53
29
61
65

42.6
8,047.2
75.8
25.9

21
22
22
40

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

51.4
9.4
71.0
9.7

◇

37 ◇
26
18
41 ○ ◇
38 ◇Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

◇

◇
◇
◇
◇
◇

13 ●
74 ○
20
7●◆
◇

Market sophistication

49.5 50

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

44.8
70.0
50.6
n/a

51
44
68
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

24.2
62.0
n/a
0.0
0.0

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

79.4
1.8
93.6
430.9

89 ○ ◇
60 ○
n/a
44 ◇
82 ○ ◇

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◇

Business sophistication

43.5 25◇

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

45.4
37.7
43.6
1.2
38.2
12.3

31
31
24
17
47
61

◇

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

36.4
53.7
47.3
0.5
0.0
0.6

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

48.5
0.8
20.7
1.3
4.1
51.1

26 ◇
32 ◇
62 ◇
3●◆
77 ○ ◇
30 ◇

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◇
◇
◇

15 ●
53
8●◆
57
28
22

Knowledge and technology outputs

48.2

12 ●

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

39.4
2.1
0.5
2.8
35.1
30.3

22
34 ◇
35 ◇
6●◆
25
31

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

53.1
−0.1
4.4
0.2
27.4
61.1

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

52.2
0.3
85.6
21.0
2.6

4●◆
65 ○
34
54
4●◆
3●◆

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

10 ●
30 ◇
7●
7●◆
44

Creative outputs

40.3 22

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

36.2
53.7
26.0
3.3
66.3

49
42
47
33
26

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

46.7
0.6
7.0
25.6
0.9
11.0

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

42.1
16.8
54.2
76.4
17.3

4●◆
44
29
26 ◇
63 ○
1●◆

28
30
16
18
29

◇
◇
◇

◇

30
25
37
46

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles73Denmark
Output rank Input rank
11

GII 2021 rank

9

IncomeRegion

High

EUR

5

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)5.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

57,7816

335.8

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

88.8

8

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

92.8
91.1
93.7

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

84.6
84.4
96.7
18.8

2●◆
5●◆
3●◆

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

88.9
92.7
85.1

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

6
42
6

Human capital and research

62.3

5●◆

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

74.2
7.8
22.9
18.8
501.1
9.9

5●◆
3●◆
27
9
17
26

43.3
81.2
22.2
10.7

30
20
58 ○
19

69.5
7,739.4
2.9
69.1
58.1

7
2●◆
9
16
15

Infrastructure

60.8

5●

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

91.0
80.2
90.4
97.1
96.4

3●
32
2●◆
3●◆
9

39.6
5,073.2
90.3
21.2

31
42
8
77 ○

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

20
16
5●
78 ○

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

51.7
18.6
82.5
3.0

Score/
Value Rank

Business sophistication

55.2

11

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

65.8
48.8
n/a
1.8
60.4
22.9

8
11
n/a
11
13
21

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

58.6
66.3
63.1
0.3
0.2
4.8

7
12
20
9
16
9

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

41.1 26
0.9 43
5.8 100 ○3.4
6
0.4 120 ○58.5 13

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

47.6

14

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

61.5
10.8
4.6
0.2
62.2
51.0

10
9
7
46 ○
2●◆
15

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

45.1
−0.1
10.0
0.5
7.2
48.8

13
69 ○
16
13
38
13

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

36.2
1.9
69.2
5.2
2.8

24
13
24
34
39

Creative outputs

47.7

13

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

11
10
1●
28

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

47.2
34.0
131.7
6.8
78.9

23
67 ○
15
20
7

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

32.1
0.8
13.4
76.5
0.9
1.5

21
36
10
4
60 ○
35

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

64.3
49.9
100.0
72.0
32.1

6
16
1●◆
32
16

Market sophistication

68.0

7

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

68.5
70.0
159.7
n/a

8
44 ○
7
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

58.6
72.0
n/a
0.3
0.1

13
27
n/a
11
11

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

76.9
1.8
90.0
335.8

37
25
50
51

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
74

Global Innovation Index 2021

Dominican Republic
Output rank Input rank
98

93

IncomeRegionUpper middle

LCN

GII 2021 rank

93

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)10.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

18,78390

196.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

51.7
69.6
42.7

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

51.9 101
42.1 7437.6 8326.2 106

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

61.7 9985.4 8538.0 108

88
60
91

◇
◇

Human capital and research

18.5 102

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

35.4 105 ◇n/a n/a13.1 82
14.2 68
334.1 79 ○ ◇17.7 86
20.1 9459.9 50 ●11.6 104 ○ ◇1.7 792.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.0 [123]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

39.6

75

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

63.1
46.3
52.3
76.5
77.4

76
95 ◇
78
49 ●
51 ●

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

20.9 105
1,849.2 84
28.6 85
20.9 8134.6 47 ●19.4
9●◆46.3 68
0.2 121◇Market sophistication

39.5 104

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

24.2 117 ◇45.0 101 ◇28.2 99
0.6 31 ●4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

21.8 86

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %24.7 [86]16.7 91
23.4 67
n/a n/an/a n/a9.5 73

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

19.4 73
33.0 102
50.0 47 ●n/a n/a0.0 125 ○0.0 795.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

21.4 85
0.8 48 ●6.5 870.3 120 ◇3.6 35 ●n/a n/a

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Business sophistication

55.1 96

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

34.0 [53]34.0 118n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

60.3
4.2
n/a
196.5

94
77
n/a
65

◇

Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

11.7 108
1.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.1
2.8

128 ○ ◇
111
75
56
130 ○ ◇
124 ○6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %21.3 96
1.9 28 ●1.5 690.0 116 ○ ◇1.0 109n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade12.2 83n/a n/a39.7 69
1.8 63
0.4 104

Creative outputs

19.0 84

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †23.1 9038.3 60
3.2 730.0 118 ○48.9 85

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

20.8 [49]n/a n/a
3.5 53n/a n/an/a n/a2.2 28 ●8.8 103
2.4 73
1.3 7833.8 95 ◇0.0 98 ○NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

75

Ecuador
Output rank Input rank
94

92

GII 2021 rank

91
IncomeRegionUpper middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)17.6

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

10,61799

185.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

44.1 126 ○ ◇◇1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

45.1 10351.8 11941.8 94

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

39.8
22.0
31.5
31.8

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

47.3 128 ○ ◇69.1 128 ○ ◇25.5 126 ○ ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◇
◇

121 ◇
119 ◇
101
122 ○ ◇◇

Human capital and research

20.5

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

41.6 89
5.0 39 ●6.7 100 ○ ◇14.8 56n/a n/a20.6 97

97

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %13.6 106 ◇47.6 66
9.4 110 ○ ◇0.8 93

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

6.4
399.5
0.4
0.0
12.4

73
72
70
41 ○ ◇
62 ●Infrastructure

39.6

74

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

63.7
51.3
42.6
81.2
79.8

73
90
97 ◇
40 ●
49 ●

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

24.8
1,859.1
38.8
22.4

85
83
61
63

30.3
13.0
51.0
0.8

57 ●
38 ●
54 ●
72

Market sophistication

50.3 44 ●CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

44.5 52 ●45.0 101 ◇42.8 78
6.1
1●◆

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

44.0 [26]44.0 98n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a◇Business sophistication

19.9

97

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

28.5
13.9
73.7
0.2
0.1
8.7

78
95 ◇
2●◆
55
99 ○ ◇
76

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

13.0
31.3
39.7
0.0
0.0
0.0

118 ◇
108 ◇
102
77
121 ○
84

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

18.2 101
0.5 67
6.4 900.4 112
0.9 108n/a n/a

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

13.2

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

7.6 91
0.1 107
0.0 890.2 44
11.6 72
9.3 81◇97

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

27.2
0.2
n/a
0.2
5.6
13.3

75
62
n/a
64
52 ●
82

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

4.8
0.0
21.4
0.3
0.2

121
73
109
104
117

Creative outputs

18.5 86

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

29.4
59.6
0.0
0.4
52.9

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

4.6 108
0.0 109 ○2.1 64n/a n/a0.9 62
0.0 114

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

10.7
1.9
1.1
40.9
0.2

◇
◇

74
36 ●
80 ○ ◇
91
66

90
78
84
83
86

62.6 85
8.1 104
77.5 85185.9 66

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
76

Global Innovation Index 2021

EgyptGII 2021 rank

94

Output rank Input rank
86102

IncomeRegionLower middle

NAWA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)102.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

12,71996

1,292.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

47.1 9958.9 100
41.2 95

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

35.8 124 ○ ◇21.9 121 ○35.6 8736.8 125 ○ ◇1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

65.0
87.8
42.2

84
72
93

Human capital and research

21.8 93

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

40.7 [93]n/a n/a11.8 85
13.6 75
n/a n/a15.8 78

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %13.9 10538.9 76
11.2 105 ○ ◇1.8 782.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

10.7
686.7
0.7
0.0
20.4

55 ◆
60
49 ◆
41 ○ ◇
52 ● ◆

Infrastructure

33.5

92

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

52.5
58.8
43.1
57.1
51.2

92
78
95
94
99

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

26.7
12.1
43.3
0.8

76 ◆
48 ●
81 ◆
73

40.9 96

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

29.5 10865.0 61
24.0 109
0.1 624.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

19.6 117 ○64.0 56
17.0 62
0.0 67
0.0 60

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$◆

21.4 102
1,971.8 81
36.1 66
19.0 96

Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

18.0 106

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %13.9 11329.6 50 ◆7.9 96 ○ ◇0.0 79 ○3.9 86
5.8 925.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

20.7 6544.3 56
67.2 12 ● ◆0.0 87
0.0 101
0.0 95

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

19.6
0.3
9.3
1.0
3.1
6.3

96
80
40 ●
80
44 ●
68

Knowledge and technology outputs

19.4

70

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

13.8
0.8
0.0
n/a
15.9
17.7

68
69
77
n/a
54
46 ● ◆

49.3 114

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

73.6 49 ●10.4 119 ○92.2 45 ●
1,292.5 19 ● ◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

33.0
4.5
n/a
0.2
1.9
21.8

53 ● ◆
9●
n/a
72
90
58

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

11.3
0.0
42.5
0.5
1.2

90
99
66
90
73

Creative outputs

15.5 104

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

21.3
18.7
3.1
1.4
56.0

95
95
75
58
57

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

8.2
n/a
0.6
0.8
0.5
1.3

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

87
n/a
94 ○
61 ○
84
40 ●

11.4 87
1.2 92
0.0 123 ○45.1 76 ◆0.2 85NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

77

El Salvador
Output rank Input rank
89

100

GII 2021 rank

96

IncomeRegionLower middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)6.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

8,401

92

54.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

54.5 98

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

48.3
64.3
40.3

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

53.0 9944.1 69
26.6 11122.9 97

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

62.1 9678.6 11245.6 83

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

94
80
97

Human capital and research

18.1 106

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

31.2 112
3.6 8014.2 79
11.6 94n/a n/a27.6 113
22.0
29.4
21.4
0.5

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.9 105
71.2 92
0.2 94
0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

30.5 99

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

52.1 9349.4 9133.7 10357.6 9367.9 75

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

14.0 121 ○941.9 98
24.6 9714.7 115 ◇
25.3
11.7
43.1
0.3

79
53 ●
82 ◆
93

Market sophistication

39.1 105

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

42.0
80.0
54.0
0.4

61
23 ●
61
38

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

19.9 [115]36.0 116n/a n/a
0.0 62n/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

55.6 107
2.0 56 ● ◆n/a n/a54.5 101

Business sophistication

22.4 80

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %29.3 72
12.3 10353.8 13 ● ◆0.1 7135.2 54
4.3 97
126 ○ ◇
121 ○ ◇
116 ○ ◇
80
124 ○
88

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

11.0
26.2
33.9
0.0
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

26.9 66
1.1 35 ● ◆8.9 47 ●0.5 102
2.1 76n/a n/a◇2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

92
86
64
96

◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

8.3 124 ○Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

1.3
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.1
2.6

131 ○ ◇
126 ○91
58
129 ○ ◇
125 ○6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %4.6 [128]n/a n/a0.6 930.0 100
2.7 80n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

18.9
0.3
47.0
2.2
2.4

57
34 ● ◆
53 ◆
53 ●
47 ●

Creative outputs

26.0

57

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †44.6 31 ● ◆82.3 20 ● ◆n/a n/a0.1 10742.7 103

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

4.9 [106]
0.0 106 ○n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.6 58

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

9.9 93
2.5 72 ◆0.6 9638.2 87
0.0 101 ○◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
78

Global Innovation Index 2021

Estonia
Output rank Input rank
20

GII 2021 rank

21
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

24

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)1.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

37,03325

49.1

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

79.1
83.9
76.8

23
13
25

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

86.5
85.1
80.5
12.9

16
15
22
39

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

77.7
95.4
60.1

41
13
49

◇

Human capital and research

42.9 34◇

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

58.2
5.0
19.1
15.9
525.5
9.7

36
40
54 ○
38
4●
24

45.9
70.4
27.7
9.6

19
32
26
24

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

Infrastructure
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

24.6
3,765.7
1.6
0.0
21.3

59.8

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) 90.7
ICT access*82.1
ICT use*81.3
Government’s online service*
99.4
E-participation*
100.0

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

Business sophistication

39.9 29

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

52.0
46.6
40.7
0.9
40.8
27.0

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

32.9
48.8
46.4
0.2
0.1
0.9

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

34.8
0.3
8.5
2.8
6.6
39.1

81.1 2239.0
9,370.7
58.7
25.2

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◇

42 ◇
28 ◇
22
41 ○ ◇
48 ◇

8
5●
26
21
2●◆
1●

33
16
35
44

◇

25 ◇
14
27
25
43 ◇
7●

29 ◇
43 ◇
65 ○ ◇
20
20
28 ◇
42 ◇
82 ○ ◇
53
11
15
33 ◇

Knowledge and technology outputs

38.4 22

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

30.9
1.6
1.1
1.3
43.5
17.4

32
46
27
19
14
47

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

48.1
2.2
23.6
0.1
19.5
32.2

9
25 ◆
2●◆
78 ○ ◇
13 ◆40

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

36.0
0.1
66.2
8.4
4.6

25
61 ○ ◇
28
21
19

Creative outputs

45.3

15
33
21
80 ○ ◇
30
5●

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◇

◇
◇

◇
◇

49.7
8.8
65.3
10.1

16
83 ○
30
4●◆

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

44.3
80.7
0.0
3.5
79.3

Market sophistication

66.4

10

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

46.6
70.0
59.0
n/a

44
44
56
n/a

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

36.5
2.0
19.5
n/a
1.9
1.0

17
7
5●◆
n/a
17
43

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

80.6
58.0
n/a
0.4
0.2

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

56.1
10.4
44.0
88.7
75.8

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

4●◆77 ○ ◇
n/a
8 ◆
5●◆

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

71.9 56
1.8 2596.9 1849.1 102 ○ ◇

14
39 ◇
17
3●◆
8 ◆

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

79Ethiopia
Output rank Input rank
107

GII 2021 rank

126
IncomeRegion

Low

SSF

129

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)115.0

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

2,772

127

272.0

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

48.4 116

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

41.6 113
51.8 11936.5 107

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

52.6 100
20.3 123
34.2 9319.1 81

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

51.0 126
71.7 122
30.3 119

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◇
◇
◇

10.5 126

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

24.8 124
4.7 49 ●16.8 67
8.4 116n/a n/a43.7 123 ○ ◇2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

5.1 [125]
8.1 118n/a n/an/a n/a1.6 100
90.5 89 ◆0.3 85
0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

24.6 121

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

25.6
21.7
10.9
36.5
33.3

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Score/
Value Rank

127
132 ○ ◇
129
119
120

34.0 43 ●124.3 121n/a n/a36.7 11 ●
14.1
4.8
34.4
0.0

127
118
105
132 ○ ◇

Market sophistication

26.1 130

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

10.1 128
15.0 127n/a n/a
0.0 66

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$◇◇

4.0 132 ○ ◇10.0 132 ○ ◇n/a n/a0.0 87
0.0 87 ◇64.3 76 ◆12.1 126 ◇89.1 54 ●272.0 58 ● ◆Business sophistication

14.5 126

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %5.4 130
4.5 119
20.8 74
0.0 88
1.5 92
0.3 123◇

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

15.0
39.6
37.7
0.1
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

23.1 75
0.1 10315.2 12 ● ◆0.9 83
3.8 30 ●2.2 76

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

108
78
110
51 ●
105
100 ○ ◇◆

Knowledge and technology outputs

16.2

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

18.0 57 ● ◆0.1 119n/a n/a1.7 13 ●13.0 68
8.6 84 ◆81

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %23.5 875.3
5●◆
0.5 97
0.0 125 ○ ◇0.2 130
13.6 79

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

7.1 109
0.0 7828.7 960.3 97
0.6 97Creative outputs

8.7 127

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †13.0 124
2.3 127 ○ ◇2.9 76n/a n/a38.2 117

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

8.7 [85]
0.0 105n/a n/an/a n/a
1.8 21 ●0.0 116

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

0.0
0.0
0.0
6.1
0.0

132 ○ ◇
130
131
131 ○ ◇
104 ○ ◇NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
80

Global Innovation Index 2021

FinlandOutput rank Input rank
9

GII 2021 rank

7
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

6

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)5.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

49,3347272.7

Score/
Value Rank

93.3

2●◆

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

90.9
85.7
93.5

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

95.9
91.9
100.0
10.1

5●
11
4●◆

5●
6
1●◆
31

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

93.1
93.5
92.7

1●◆
29
1●◆

Human capital and research

62.4

4●◆

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

69.6
6.4
22.7
19.5
516.4
13.8

9
10
32
6 ◆
8
65 ○

Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

51.1
90.3
28.1
8.1

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

66.6
7,227.6
2.8
75.5
48.7

12
9
22
30

10
4●◆
11
11
20

Infrastructure

59.5

11

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

86.8
73.6
81.2
97.1
95.2

17
50 ◇
22
3●◆
14

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

48.8
12,435.1
89.2
24.6

12
10
10
51

Score/
Value Rank

Business sophistication

61.0

6

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

66.0
48.8
n/a
1.8
54.3
28.0

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

70.1
72.5
63.1
0.4
0.2
5.7

7
10
n/a
10
21
4●◆

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

46.7
1.0
7.2
4.4
2.9
57.2

17
39
74 ○
3●◆
54
16

Knowledge and technology outputs

56.5

5●

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

62.5
10.8
6.1
1.0
52.1
43.2

9
10
1●◆
23
7
19

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

39.2
−1.0
4.3
0.4
9.4
40.4

26
82 ○
35
21
29
25

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

67.9
3.3
79.6
4.3
11.3

3●◆
1●◆
12
38
5●◆

Creative outputs

42.9

16
32
62 ○
18
32
3●◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

42.9
7.5
78.9
5.4

30
99 ○
7
20

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

44.4
38.2
111.4
3.4
80.4

Market sophistication

58.7

19

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

49.4
60.0
95.1
n/a

34
74 ○
26
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

24.1
0.9
10.7
54.8
0.9
0.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

48.2
62.0
n/a
0.2
0.1

22
60 ○
n/a
18
10

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

58.8
29.2
40.0
83.8
77.7

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

78.5
1.8
96.0
272.7

32
25
21
57 ○

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

3●◆
4●
19
5
11
1●◆

41 ◇
33
17
11
56 ○
61 ○
11
21
18
7
7

◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles81France
Output rank Input rank
10

GII 2021 rank

11
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

17

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)65.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

45,45412

2,954.2

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

83.4

19

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

79.9
76.8
81.4

22
37
19

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

86.3
81.1
83.9
13.0

17
18
19
40

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

83.9
93.1
74.6

22
35
24

Human capital and research

55.4

15

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

60.5
5.5
25.9
15.8
493.7
13.3

26
20
15 ◆
39
25
59 ○

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

42.0
67.6
25.4
8.8

38
38
36
28

63.7
4,687.2
2.2
86.1
68.8

12
20
14
7●
11

Infrastructure

57.1

17

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

87.7
86.5
85.5
88.2
90.5

16
17
10 ●
18
18

42.2
8,392.9
83.4
22.7

23
18
16
60 ○

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP◇

Business sophistication

50.4

19

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

61.0
46.4
n/a
1.4
56.7
23.4

16
15
n/a
16
16
19

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

40.9
54.1
58.2
0.2
0.1
3.2

23
31
28
25
29
13

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

49.3
1.7
9.9
2.5
1.9
62.8

13
17
35
18
80 ○
8

Knowledge and technology outputs

44.3

16

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

44.8
7.5
2.7
0.1
25.9
78.9

19
13
14
57 ○ ◇
36
5●◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◇

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %41.5 22−2.0 103 ○ ◇4.8 310.5
9●
6.7 4151.4 10

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

46.7
1.8
75.6
13.4
2.1

18
14
16
10 ●
50 ○

Creative outputs

52.6

6●

41.4
12.0
80.0
2.0

33
49 ○
5●
42

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

68.9
99.4
171.1
13.0
70.9

3●◆
7●◆
6●
8●◆
19

Market sophistication

61.0

17

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

47.2
50.0
107.6
n/a

43
94 ○
21
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

27.5
1.1
6.8
49.5
1.0
1.8

30
26
33
17
53 ○
31

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

48.2
68.0
92.7
0.2
0.1

21
44
14
17
9

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

45.3
41.2
24.9
78.8
32.2

25
18
27
12
15

87.6
1.8
95.0
2,954.2

8●
25 ○
25
10 ●

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
82

Global Innovation Index 2021

Georgia

GII 2021 rank

63

Output rank Input rank
74

49

IncomeRegionUpper middle

NAWA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)4.0

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

15,142

63

56.1

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

76.2 35◆

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

69.3
69.6
69.1

40
60
38

◆

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

81.3
72.8
54.9
8.6

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

77.9
99.6
56.2

28 ◆
28 ◆
51 ◆
16 ●

Institutions

Business sophistication

25.6

61

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

35.7
33.6
32.0
n/a
1.7
22.5

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

20.2
40.4
49.3
0.0
0.1
0.0

56
43 ◆
46
n/a
89 ○ ◇
23 ● ◆

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

20.9
0.3
6.2
0.8
8.9
n/a

88
77
94
86
9●◆
n/a

Knowledge and technology outputs

18.1

75

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

17.4
1.5
0.1
1.3
15.1
10.6

59
51
62
18
58
72

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

25.5
2.2
10.4
0.1
3.1
9.8

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

11.4
0.0
43.0
0.8
1.1

83
24 ●
11 ● ◆
90
74
90 ○ ◇

88
97 ○ ◇
65
79
80

Creative outputs

21.8

74

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

29 ◆
14 ●
48
17

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

27.3 77
51.0 45
8.3 63
3.2 3443.6 101 ○ ◇4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

44.8 [24]84.0
7●◆n/a n/a0.0 50n/a n/a

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

66.4
0.7
78.4
56.1

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

32.5 60

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

52.0
3.5
n/a
15.6
386.7
7.2

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

39.6
63.9
24.6
8.1
5.7
1,463.8
0.3
0.0
0.0

60
85
n/a
44
70 ○
3●◆
43
43
42
29

36.3 85

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

64.0
70.4
62.7
58.8
64.3

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

◆

75
46
83
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

40
2●◆
59

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

◆

72
59
58
88
80

23.5 903,256.2 62
18.4 111 ○ ◇25.4 4221.3 92 ◇8.7 8441.3 86 ◇0.3 102 ○Market sophistication

53.9 34

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

50.6
85.0
67.7
1.6

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

68
73
50
61
32
67

◆

11.3 76
0.1 806.7 34n/a n/a
1.5 26
0.1 104 ○
21.1
1.7
4.5
73.1
2.1

55
84
56
30
69

◆

73
5●
82
99

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

83Germany
Output rank Input rank
8

GII 2021 rank

10
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

14

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)83.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

53,57194,454.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

84.3

17

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

85.2
83.9
85.9

14
13
13

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

81.1
88.5
89.4
21.6

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

86.7
83.7
89.8

29
9
14
91 ○ ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

62.7

3●◆

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

60.1
4.9
23.4
16.9
500.4
11.8

27
44
25
18
18
49

54.7
70.3
35.3
10.0

5●◆
33
6 ◆
21

73.2
5,381.7
3.2
94.1
70.4

6●
13
6
2●◆
10

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

14
96 ○ ◇
4●◆

Infrastructure

55.6

21

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

80.2
90.8
81.5
73.5
75.0

32
6●
19
59 ◇
57 ○ ◇

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

44.2
7,259.6
100.0
21.4

Business sophistication

54.5

12

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

65.0
46.1
n/a
2.2
66.0
14.0

12
16
n/a
8
7
53

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

54.2
68.5
69.9
0.2
0.1
5.5

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

44.3
0.9
10.0
2.5
3.1
60.7

12
9
5●◆
23
31
6 ◆

21
41
33
19
45
12

Knowledge and technology outputs

53.3

9

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

69.5
15.7
4.2
1.8
25.9
87.0

5●
1●◆
9
12
35
3●◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◇

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

43.8
−1.4
1.4
0.5
11.0
57.1

15
94 ○
73 ○
19
26
7

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

46.5
1.4
92.1
12.3
2.5

19
16
4●◆
12
45

Creative outputs

50.0

11

32
34
10
44

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

58.4
60.5
145.9
12.0
78.0

6●
34
12
11 ◆
8

Market sophistication

57.8 20

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

51.2
70.0
80.2
n/a

27
44 ○
37
n/a

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

25.6
0.9
4.0
52.8
0.9
2.1

36
31
49 ○
12
66 ○
29

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

32.5
62.0
53.4
0.1
0.1

60 ○ ◇
60 ○
32
25
24

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

57.9
52.1
84.8
77.5
13.3

13
14
6●◆
15
41

89.8
1.8
96.5
4,454.5

2●◆
25
19
5●◆

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

42.3
13.8
77.2
1.9

20
28
1●◆
76 ○

Score/
Value Rank

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
84

Global Innovation Index 2021

GhanaGII 2021 rank

112

Output rank Input rank
103

114

IncomeRegionLower middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)31.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

5,707

108

175.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

52.7
66.1
46.0

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

30.8 128 ○ ◇40.6 78 ◆48.0 61 ◆49.8 127 ○ ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

87
74
88

55.2 11885.0 89
25.4 127 ○Human capital and research

18.9 101

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

41.2
4.0
19.3
11.9
n/a
15.2

92
68
52
93
n/a
73

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %13.4 10817.2 101
16.4 92
1.4 84

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

2.1
89.1
0.4
0.0
0.0

93
90
73
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

31.7

97

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

53.7 9142.2 102
46.0 90
63.5 80
63.1 82

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

19.2 114
411.9 11124.1 101
21.7 72

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

22.1 86
13.6 36 ●27.6 125 ○ ◇0.3 98Market sophistication

36.7 115

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

27.2 115
60.0 74
12.4 123
0.6 32 ●

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

17.8 108

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %19.2 10312.2 10440.1 29 ●n/a n/a0.1 100 ○ ◇3.5 995.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

21.9 60
47.6 45 ● ◆51.7 42 ●0.1 35 ●0.0 690.0 100 ○ ◇46.2 120

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

Score/
Value Rank

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

18.4 11960.0 71
8.5 700.0 75
0.0 48

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

64.5 75
10.0 118
88.2 58
175.6 69

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

12.2 [130]n/a n/a2.9 126 ○ ◇n/a n/a5.3 19 ●1.0 80Knowledge and technology outputs

11.9 104

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

6.0 1020.1 114
0.0 98 ○ ◇0.0 72
11.6 73
8.9 83

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %21.2 97
3.8 11 ●0.9 85
0.0 122 ○ ◇0.5 124
11.0 86

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

8.6 [101]n/a n/a25.4 102
0.0 125n/a n/aCreative outputs

16.9 94

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †25.8 85
5.3 120n/a n/a5.0 24 ●49.7 84

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

10.2 [78]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a1.6 25 ●0.0 120

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

5.8
0.6
0.1
20.7
n/a

119
105
121
120
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

85

Greece
Output rank Input rank
60

GII 2021 rank

47
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

39

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)10.4

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

29,04543

310.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

69.2

51

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

63.6
71.4
59.7

50
54
50

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

69.5
57.3
52.0
15.9

51
47
54
64

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

74.6
96.0
53.1

53
11 ● ◆
66

Human capital and research

54.3

16 ●

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

66.2
n/a
21.5
19.5
453.5
8.5

13 ●
n/a
37
5●◆
43
15 ● ◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

63.4
142.9
28.3
3.4
33.4
3,827.2
1.3
41.4
21.2

◇
◇
◇

34
27
30
37
49

48.5 45

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

77.4
84.2
76.3
70.6
78.6

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

◇

1●◆
1●◆
21
63

Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

◇

43
21 ●
35
65 ◇
50

22.5 94 ◇
4,961.0 44
53.7 41
11.9 121 ○ ◇
45.4
13.8
69.1
4.7

23
35
25
21 ●

Market sophistication

45.2

70

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

38.5 7645.0 101 ○ ◇79.2 38n/a n/a4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

21.7 104 ○70.0 3622.7 56 ○0.0 48
0.0 81 ○

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

75.4
1.8
87.0
310.7

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

25.9 60

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

35.7
30.1
21.6
0.6
41.6
18.3

◇

55
47
73
36
40
36

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

20.1 69 ◇31.0 110 ○ ◇32.8 118 ○ ◇0.2 22
0.0 51
0.3 385.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

21.8 80 ◇0.4 72
5.1 110 ○1.0 74
2.0 7925.6 49

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

25.2

52

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

23.7
1.5
0.3
0.0
38.0
33.2

41
50
39
61 ○
21 ●
29

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade36.3 37−2.1 104 ○ ◇1.4 71
0.5 10 ●19.4 14 ● ◆14.1 78 ◇
15.5
0.1
46.4
2.2
1.5

69
57
55
55
69

Creative outputs

22.9 69

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

21.1
n/a
4.9
2.8
44.6

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

21.8
0.7
11.5
24.2
1.1
1.3

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

27.5
13.2
19.8
70.5
3.8

◇

96 ◇
n/a
68 ◇
38
97 ○ ◇
45
38
14 ●
27
50
41
40
34
30
34
62

42
25
63
53

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
86

Global Innovation Index 2021

Guatemala
Output rank Input rank
83

112

GII 2021 rank

101

IncomeRegionUpper middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)17.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

8,267

106

148.6

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

48.3 117◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

42.2 10955.4 11235.6 109◇

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

45.4 115
37.6 8819.0 124
27.0 107◇

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

57.2 113
86.8 7727.6 124◇

Human capital and research

12.2 120◇

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

28.5 119 ◇3.2 905.5 102 ○ ◇10.8 101 ◇n/a n/a12.2 51 ●Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

◇
◇

◇

◇

7.9 116 ◇21.8 96 ◇9.8 107 ○ ◇n/a n/a0.1 120
12.9 108 ○ ◇0.0 115 ○ ◇0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

23.7 122◇

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

42.5
48.1
20.8
51.2
50.0

105
93
114
104
103

◇

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

9.4
818.8
17.1
11.6

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

130 ○ ◇
102 ◇
114 ◇
122 ◇

19.2 107
9.9 7031.8 115
0.2 113

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Market sophistication

44.4

77

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

39.7
85.0
34.3
0.2

72
14 ●
91
48

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

30.0 [69]30.0 122n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

63.6
1.4
n/a
148.6

80
16 ●
n/a
72

◇
◇
◇
◇

◇
◇

◇

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

22.9

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %27.9 79
9.3 111 ◇55.7 11 ● ◆n/a n/a12.5 74
2.7 102 ◇79

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

14.8
37.3
47.3
0.0
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

26.1 67
1.3 30 ●10.2 31 ●1.8 36 ● ◆1.3 102
1.4 78 ◇Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

110
92
61
102 ○ ◇
126 ○100 ○ ◇

14.2 90
1.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.8
4.5

◇

127
122
93
60
127
111

◇

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %22.3 91
2.6 20 ●0.5 96
0.0 120 ◇1.5 98n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

18.4
0.1
33.4
1.4
3.7

59
59
81
67
22 ● ◆Creative outputs

21.7

75

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †38.0 43 ●46.7 50 ●n/a n/a0.0 11657.0 56

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

2.8 [111]
0.1 88
1.2 80n/a n/an/a n/a0.2 76

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

8.1 108 ◇4.0 59
0.6 9730.5 102 ◇0.0 102 ○NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

87Guinea
Output rank Input rank
126

GII 2021 rank

130
IncomeRegion

Low

SSF

130

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)13.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

2,516

130

35.1

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

53.6 100

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

41.9 11058.9 100
33.3 116

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

57.5 88 ●23.4 118
14.9 12910.1 30 ●1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

61.5 102
84.5 94 ●38.6 103

Human capital and research

7.0 132 ○ ◇Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

15.0
2.3
8.2
9.0
n/a
33.1

130 ○ ◇
109 ◇
95 ◇
113
n/a
120

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %5.9 12211.6 110n/a n/a0.9 902.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.0 [123]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

17.8 131 ○ ◇Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

25.2
33.3
15.0
21.8
31.0

129
119
121
130 ○ ◇
124

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

14.3 119n/a n/a7.2 12217.1 103

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

13.7 130 ○n/a n/a26.4 128 ○ ◇0.2 111

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

25.1 131 ○ ◇CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

13.3 12730.0 122
9.0 129 ○0.2 51 ●4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

26.0 [80]26.0 126n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

36.0 12710.9 121n/a n/a35.1 115◇

15.8 [121]Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %9.6 [125]
7.4 11416.0 89n/a n/an/a n/a2.2 104

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

26.3 [44]46.9 48 ● ◆42.2 93n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 100 ○ ◇11.4 132 ○ ◇0.0 114
2.4 128 ◇0.7 92 ●3.1 47 ●n/a n/aKnowledge and technology outputs

2.5 132 ○ ◇Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

1.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.9
2.3

130 ○ ◇
128 ○ ◇
98 ○ ◇
76 ○ ◇
122
128

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %1.8 [132]n/a n/a0.4 102
0.0 106
0.4 125n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

4.4 122n/a n/a10.8 118 ◇0.0 128 ◇0.7 93 ●◇Market sophistication

Business sophistication

Creative outputs

16.6 96

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade27.1 79 ●7.2 116n/a n/a
1.4 57 ●60.0 45 ● ◆

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

2.8 [112]
0.3 65 ●0.9 86n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 129 ○9.3 990.1 125
0.0 132 ○ ◇30.6 101n/a n/a◇NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
88

Global Innovation Index 2021

Honduras
Output rank Input rank
106

101

GII 2021 rank

108

IncomeRegionLower middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)9.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

5,538

103

55.1

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

45.8 121

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

44.9 10460.7 9737.1 105

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

40.6
30.6
20.1
30.3

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

52.0 123 ○71.4 124 ○ ◇32.6 116

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

120
102
121
119

◇

Human capital and research

20.7 96

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

47.3 75
6.1 15 ● ◆20.3 48
10.3 106n/a n/a14.6 70

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %14.7 10325.5 90
15.7 95
0.9 882.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.2 11634.7 98
0.0 112 ○ ◇0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

25.8 116

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

41.2
39.2
30.2
46.5
48.8

107
108
104
111
105

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

16.1 117993.5 9725.9 8916.9 104

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

20.0 100
7.8 9337.8 960.7 74Market sophistication

47.9

62

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

48.7
80.0
63.9
1.9

38 ●
23 ●
52 ●
14 ●

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

42.0 [28]42.0 102n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

53.1 112
3.4 66n/a n/a55.1 100

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

24.0

72

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

27.3
13.9
47.7
n/a
10.4
4.9

81
96
20 ● ◆
n/a
76
95

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

14.0 11327.6 118 ◇42.6 89
0.0 95 ○0.0 71
0.0 86

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

30.9
1.1
7.7
1.8
4.6
n/a

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

54
36 ● ◆
65
41 ● ◆
22 ●n/aKnowledge and technology outputs

9.8 118

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.2
2.4

129 ○ ◇
128 ○ ◇
98 ○ ◇
76 ○ ◇
118
126 ○

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %15.3 [116]n/a n/an/a n/a0.3 47 ●3.0 76n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

12.7 80n/a n/a28.5 97
0.1 115
2.0 57Creative outputs

15.6 102

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †26.6 8146.1 51 ●0.0 80 ○ ◇0.1 11255.3 59

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

1.8 [119]
0.0 102
2.0 68n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 119

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

7.6 110
0.5 107
0.4 103
32.0 97
0.1 89NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

89

Hong Kong, China
Output rank Input rank
17

IncomeRegion

High

SEAO

10

GII 2021 rank

14

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)7.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

58,16511

439.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

88.1

11

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

86.3
80.4
89.3

12
29
8

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

96.1
95.3
89.0
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

81.9
98.2
65.7

4
2●◆
15
1●◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◆
◇

Human capital and research

48.6 25

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

58.1
3.8
22.7
17.2
530.7
11.0

37
76 ○ ◇
30
17
3●◆
40

51.1
81.0
n/a
14.3

11
21
n/a
11

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

28
5
41

36.4
4,026.6
0.9
0.0
80.5

30 ◇
25
42 ◇
41 ○ ◇
5

Infrastructure

60.3

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

89.6 [10]94.3
2●◆84.9 11n/a n/an/a n/a3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

635.4 39 ◇
4,905.9 45
86.9 1217.4 101 ○ ◇
55.7
32.2
n/a
1.9

4 ◆
1●◆
n/a
46

Market sophistication

78.7

3●◆

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

87.5
75.0
235.7
n/a

2●◆
34
1●◆
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

75.2
84.0
1,223.5
0.7
0.0

6 ◆
7 ◆
1●◆
1●◆
33

73.5
0.0
73.6
439.5

51
1●
92 ○ ◇
45

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$Business sophistication

45.2

24

◇

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

44.6
39.0
n/a
0.4
49.2
15.9

35
29
n/a
43
29
44

◇

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

40.8
61.3
68.3
0.0
0.2
0.8

24
21
10
58
7
29

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

50.1 12
0.3 81 ○ ◇51.6
1●◆
0.3 119 ○ ◇26.1
4 ◆35.6 37 ◇

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

21.6

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

24.2 [40]0.7 72n/a n/a
1.1 21n/a n/a37.3 25

62

◇
◇
◇

◇
◇

◇
◇

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

38.4
−0.3
28.6
0.4
4.6
18.1

31
74 ○
1●◆
25
57
66 ◇

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

2.3 128 ○ ◇0.1 54 ◇n/a n/a0.1 121 ○ ◇0.4 102 ○Creative outputs

64.7

1●◆

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

64.7
62.3
307.2
3.2
67.6

4 ◆
32
1●◆
35
23

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

63.7
0.1
9.3
47.1
5.0
11.0

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

65.7
74.0
12.2
86.8
84.9

1●◆
78 ○ ◇
22
19
1●◆
1●◆
5
7
37
4
6

◇
◆
◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
90

Global Innovation Index 2021

Hungary
Output rank Input rank
31

GII 2021 rank

34
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

34

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)9.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

32,43435

316.3

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

71.7

42

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

69.1
83.9
61.7

42
13
45

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

74.4
59.3
59.7
13.4

38
43
46
48

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

71.6
88.2
55.0

63
70
61

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

42.5 36

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

54.3
4.7
21.1
15.1
479.3
10.0

51
53
42
49
33
29

35.4
50.3
22.5
11.4

59
63
55
17

37.8
4,057.4
1.5
51.6
21.6

29
24
24
28
47

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

52.6 32

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

72.6
79.0
69.1
74.7
67.9

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

37.4
3,495.8
63.7
28.3
47.6
11.6
63.7
7.9

35
59
30
25

19 ●
55
33
11 ● ◆

46.6 65

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

43.5
75.0
33.5
n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

◇

55 ◇
39
49 ◇
55
75 ○ ◇

Market sophistication

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

Score/
Value Rank

53
34
92 ○ ◇
n/a

17.7 122 ○ ◇54.0 88 ○ ◇20.1 59 ○0.0 56 ○0.0 65 ○

78.5
1.8
94.5
316.3

Business sophistication

37.5

31

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

44.7
35.1
29.3
1.1
52.4
15.7

33
39
53
21
25
45

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

24.4
44.1
45.6
0.2
0.0
0.3

48
57
71
17
81 ○
34

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

43.5 23
1.2 3115.0 13 ● ◆1.4 53−9.8 130 ○ ◇58.0 14

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

39.5 20

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

23.0
1.6
0.4
0.7
25.7
29.4

45
44
36
29
38
33

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

49.8
1.2
3.7
0.2
21.7
56.7

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

45.7
1.3
82.3
14.1
2.1

7●◆
40 ◆
38
53
8●◆
8●◆

20
17 ●
9●
9●◆
54

Creative outputs

30.9

47

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

25.9
28.3
9.5
2.1
60.3

84 ○ ◇
76 ○
61
47
42

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

39.0
0.9
5.2
14.3
0.8
7.2

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

32.6
10.4
34.5
76.1
5.8

12 ●
35
43
31 ◇
70 ○
7●◆

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

33
40
19 ●
19 ●
55

33
25
31
52

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

91IcelandOutput rank Input rank
16

GII 2021 rank

17
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

20

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)0.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

54,48221

19.8

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

86.8

14

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

86.0
89.3
84.4

13
6
15

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

88.2
79.4
93.3
13.0

15
19
11
40

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

86.3
90.6
82.0

15
54
11

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

49.7 23

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

72.2
7.7
20.6
19.2
481.4
9.4

7 ◆
4●◆
46
7 ◆
30 ◇
23

35.4
73.1
18.6
8.0

58
26
82 ○ ◇
32

41.6
6,088.3
2.4
46.6
0.0

24 ◇
7
12
33
74 ○ ◇

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

54.5 25

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

84.7
92.8
89.2
79.4
77.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

50.8
56,175.6
54.7
20.9

23
4●◆
4●◆
42
51 ◇
9
1●◆
39 ◇
82

27.9 67 ◇3.1 123 ○ ◇72.3 17
1.5 57

Score/
Value Rank

Business sophistication

50.4

18

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

58.9
50.4
n/a
1.6
38.9
25.9

19
8
n/a
13
45
11

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

58.5
58.8
50.3
0.7
0.2
2.3

8
26
45 ◇
1●◆
17
16

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

33.9 46 ◇1.1 34
5.8 101 ○3.1
8−11.0 131 ○ ◇42.7 31

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

37.0 25

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

50.9
4.6
2.6
n/a
65.0
19.8

13
19
15
n/a
1●◆
42 ◇
69 ◇
55
17
48
69
75 ○ ◇

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

28.4
0.5
9.9
0.3
3.4
15.0

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

31.8
2.4
n/a
2.9
3.6

30
10
n/a
49
24

Creative outputs

50.7

10

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

51.3
61.9
n/a
0.8
75.5

17
33
n/a
76
13

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade
Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

27.6 29
0.4 5455.3
1●◆n/a n/a
1.3 330.1 105 ○Market sophistication

56.8 25

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

46.0
55.0
90.6
n/a

46
88 ○
29
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

64.8
72.0
n/a
0.2
0.2

12
27
n/a
14
6

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

59.7 96 ○ ◇1.5 1975.6 88 ○ ◇19.8 129 ○ ◇

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Knowledge and technology outputs

◇

72.5
100.0
94.5
85.5
5.0

1●◆
1●◆
5●◆
5●◆
56 ◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
92

Global Innovation Index 2021

IndiaGII 2021 rank

46

Output rank Input rank
45

57

IncomeRegionLower middle

CSA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)1,380.0

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

6,284

48

8,681.3

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

64.4 62◆

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

57.7
64.3
54.5

66
80
60

◆

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

63.6
39.3
45.9
15.8

71
81
65
61

◆

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

71.8 6281.6 10562.0 47

Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

34.1 54

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

35.9 102
3.8 7416.9 66
11.5 95 ○n/a n/a21.5 99 ○2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

◆
◆
◆
◆

33.8 64 ◆28.6 88
32.2 12 ● ◆0.1 108 ○

32.5
252.7
0.7
69.2
44.9

35 ◆
78
52 ◆
15 ● ◆
23 ● ◆

Infrastructure

36.8

81

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

58.1 8638.2 111 ○23.2 110 ○85.3 24 ◆85.7 29 ◆2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◆

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

32.1
1,198.1
52.4
27.8

52
94
43
28

◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◆

50
65
72
n/a
35
49

37.1
1.4
10.6
1.7
1.6
34.0

34
27
26
43
88
38

34.5 29

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

21.0
2.0
0.2
n/a
10.3
40.8

◆

◆

◆
◆

◆

◆
◆

51 ◆
36 ◆
48 ◆
n/a
84
21 ● ◆

33.3 51 ◆2.8 17 ●0.1 115 ○0.3 51
3.6 6834.1 36 ◆
49.1
0.1
56.3
4.0
11.7

13 ● ◆
46
42 ◆
39
1●◆

23.1 68

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

31.9
33.8
70.3
1.0
59.6

61
68
28
72
47

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

19.8
1.5
2.2
0.9
0.5
2.7

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

55 ◆18 ● ◆
63
59 ○
83 ○
24 ◆

8.6 105
0.9 97
0.7 9523.4 117 ○13.3 42CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

43.1
80.0
50.2
0.9

56
23
69
25

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

35.9
80.0
80.2
0.1
0.1

45
13 ● ◆
19 ◆
38 ◆
22 ◆

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

7●◆
97
12 ● ◆
3●◆

24.1
42.7
45.6
n/a
0.1
0.2

Creative outputs

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

87.7
6.6
97.8
8,681.3

52

Knowledge and technology outputs

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade55.5 28

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

26.4 83
17.0 9035.9 38
0.2 51 ◆36.8 51
2.3 103 ○6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses◆

20.3 98
10.8 63
27.6 125 ○ ◇0.9 6929.2

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◆

Business sophistication◆◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

93Indonesia
Output rank Input rank
84

87

GII 2021 rank

87

IncomeRegionUpper middle

SEAO

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)273.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

12,34585

3,328.3

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

51.2 107

Score/
Value Rank◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

58.5
66.1
54.7

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

20.4 131 ○ ◇41.1 7637.7 82
57.8 129 ○ ◇1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

74.6 52
81.2 10868.1 35

Human capital and research

22.4

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

35.4 106 ◇3.6 8210.5 90 ○13.6 74
381.9 72 ○15.2 74

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

64
74
59

91

21.5 9336.3 78
19.4 76
0.1 109 ○ ◇

10.4
216.0
0.2
0.0
34.9

57
80
89
41 ○ ◇
34 ●Infrastructure

41.4 68

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

60.9
55.4
45.1
68.2
75.0

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

36.1
1,090.5
51.2
33.0
27.2
14.4
37.8
0.6

80
84
92
72
57
36 ◆
96 ◇
45 ◆
17 ● ◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

8.0 126 ○ ◇11.3 106 ◇7.7 97 ○ ◇0.0 83 ○8.0 806.3 87 ◇5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

23.9
0.9
8.9
1.6
2.0
7.5

73
44
48
48
78
65

Knowledge and technology outputs

18.3

74

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

9.5 81
0.9 65
0.0 96
0.7 27
1.5 128 ○ ◇14.5 56

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %31.8 58
1.3 36
0.3 106
0.4 27 ● ◆2.0 8831.9 41

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

13.7
0.0
44.2
3.1
0.6

74
72
61
47
95

Creative outputs

17.5

91

24.3 88
12.2 106 ◇30.0 44
0.5 8365.4 27 ● ◆

69
28 ●
96 ◇
78

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade
Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

57

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

33.6
70.0
37.8
0.0

95
44
84
67

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

24.0
70.0
48.2
0.0
0.0

92
36
35
65
59

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

87.8
2.0
94.8
3,328.3

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %20.7 64
58.4 27 ● ◆61.9 23 ● ◆0.0 99 ○0.0 113 ○0.0 9948.5

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

17.5 110

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

6●◆
55
27 ●
7●◆

◇

Business sophistication

12.0
0.0
0.6
3.1
0.9
2.2

9.3
1.5
0.7
32.9
4.5

74
94
95
50 ◇
65
27 ●

98
89
94
96
57

◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
94

Global Innovation Index 2021

Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Output rank Input rank
44

86

IncomeRegionUpper middle

CSA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)84.0

GII 2021 rank

60
GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

11,96367

1,006.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions
1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

45.3 124

Score/
Value Rank◇

41.0 114 ◇46.4 129 ○ ◇38.3 102 ◇1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

43.4 119 ◇6.3 130 ○ ◇27.0 110 ◇23.1 98

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

51.4 125 ○ ◇67.8 129 ○ ◇35.1 111 ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

37.3 49

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

44.5
4.0
17.5
14.8
n/a
19.0

80
69
61
58
n/a
93

52.9
62.8
40.2
0.6

9●◆
46
3●◆
94

14.6
1,474.9
0.8
0.0
24.2

48
44
45
41 ○ ◇
44

Infrastructure

40.9

70

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

60.1 8379.2 37 ● ◆56.0 69
58.8 88
46.4 107 ◇2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

41.5
3,787.8
37.4
40.7

25 ● ◆
56
63
6●◆

21.2 93
5.9 108
48.0 61
0.7 77

Market sophistication

43.4 82

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

38.1
50.0
66.1
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

78
94
49
n/a

24.6 [85]40.0 11027.6 50n/a n/an/a n/a

◇
◇

◇

◇

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

16.5 115

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %18.1 [104]19.8 80n/a n/a0.2 53n/a n/a7.9 80◇5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

16.2 10226.7 120 ○ ◇42.9 87n/a n/a0.0 127 ○ ◇0.0 74

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

15.1
0.2
3.8
0.5
0.8
19.2

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

117
97
119
107
110
55

Knowledge and technology outputs

26.9 46

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

50.6
11.1
0.3
n/a
46.2
20.5

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade◇◇

14 ● ◆
7●◆44
n/a
11 ● ◆
40 ●24.9 85−4.9 119 ○ ◇0.4 101
0.3 38
2.1 8738.6 28 ● ◆
5.2
0.0
27.6
0.1
0.1

119 ◇
95
100 ◇
117
125 ○

Creative outputs

31.3 46

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

53.8
418.9
1.0
16.7
47.4

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

2.8 113 ◇0.1 81
1.7 73
3.0 51 ◇0.3 98 ○ ◇0.1 106

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

14.9
1.8
6.2
50.7
0.8

13 ● ◆
1●◆
78
4●◆
92

75
80
48
64
75

67.5 71
15.4 130 ○ ◇93.5 38
1,006.7 25 ●NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles95IrelandOutput rank Input rank
19

GII 2021 rank

19
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

22

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)4.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

89,38315447.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

84.3

18

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

80.1
82.1
79.1

20
24
24

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

85.9
85.4
83.5
14.3

18
14
20
54

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

86.8
94.4
79.2

13
21
18

Human capital and research

48.5

27

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

49.2
3.5
11.0
19.8
504.6
n/a

69 ○ ◇
86 ○ ◇
89 ○ ◇
2●◆
10
n/a

43.7
77.3
24.1
9.6

27
23
45
23

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

52.5
5,282.4
1.2
75.0
47.5

20
15
32 ◇
12 ●
22

Infrastructure

62.1

4●◆

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

81.1
83.3
78.1
77.1
85.7

28
24
27
47
29

44.8
6,226.4
67.9
32.9

19
33
28
18

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

60.4
30.8
72.8
2.2

Business sophistication

51.5

17

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

55.8
43.8
n/a
0.9
51.7
26.2

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

42.0
64.8
57.3
0.3
0.1
2.0

22
20
n/a
23
26
9●

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

56.7
20.6
7.9
1.2
7.7
50.0

5●
1●◆
60
61 ○
12 ●
24

Knowledge and technology outputs

47.6

15

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

23.3
2.1
1.8
0.2
21.4
34.9

43 ◇
35 ◇
21
48 ○
41 ◇
27

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

46.8
−1.3
7.1
0.6
5.7
58.5

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

72.6
2.9
75.3
8.5
27.3

10 ●
92 ○
23
3●
50
6●

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◇

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◇

◇

◇

36.7 29

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

37.2
n/a
59.3
1.2
70.8

46 ◇
n/a
32
63 ○
20

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

22.2
0.5
8.9
52.1
0.4
1.4

44 ◇
51
23
14
95 ○
38

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

50.0
58.8
27.0
75.9
34.9

22
12 ●
25
20
13

Market sophistication

49.7 48

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

41.8
70.0
37.0
n/a

62 ○ ◇
44
85 ○ ◇
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

43.7
80.0
37.4
0.2
0.1

27
13 ◆
39 ○ ◇
15
13

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

63.5 81 ○ ◇1.8 2553.6 106 ○ ◇447.7 44

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

1●◆
7●◆
17
20
1●◆

Creative outputs

◆

1●◆
2●◆
16
37

22
15
31
11
21
22

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
96

Global Innovation Index 2021

Israel
Output rank Input rank
12

GII 2021 rank

15
IncomeRegion

High

NAWA

18

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)8.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

39,12613361.0

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

76.2 34

Score/
Value Rank◇

28 ◇60 ○ ◇
22

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

76.6
69.6
80.1

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

68.6 53 ◇77.0 2374.3 27 ◇27.4 114 ○ ◇1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

83.4
94.1
72.7

24
26
27

Human capital and research

51.6

19

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

58.1
6.1
19.4
16.1
465.2
14.4

38
14
50
34
39 ◇
68 ○ ◇

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

28.6
61.5
18.1
2.8

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

68.0
n/a
4.9
64.2
39.9

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

77 ○ ◇
47
85 ○ ◇
70 ○ ◇

8
n/a
1●◆
20
32

Infrastructure

50.2 40

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

76.6
81.6
78.4
74.7
71.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

33.7
7,757.5
58.5
20.7
40.3
15.0
65.8
2.1

◇

45 ◇
27
25
55 ◇
66 ○ ◇
45 ◇
25
36 ◇
84 ○
35
22
29
38

Market sophistication

66.8

8

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

48.0
70.0
65.4
n/a

39
44
50
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

74.4
78.0
58.7
0.6
0.5

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

77.9
1.8
91.7
361.0

7 ◆
18
26
1●◆
1●◆

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◇

Business sophistication

58.7

8

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

61.2
48.4
18.6
4.4
36.6
22.4

15
12
81 ○ ◇
1●◆52 ◇25

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

82.1
79.2
56.9
2.5
0.3
5.3

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

33.0
0.6
10.9
2.2
5.1
n/a

1●◆
1●◆
32
1●◆
3●◆
8 ◆

48 ◇
64 ○
22
28
20
n/a

Knowledge and technology outputs

55.9

6

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

53.8
3.6
5.4
n/a
41.6
47.4

12
23
1●◆
n/a
15
16

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

42.2
1.0
3.3
0.2
21.7
33.0

21
45
42
56
7
37

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

71.8
2.1
71.7
11.4
15.3

2●◆
12
20
14
1●◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◆

◇

Creative outputs

36.3 30

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †27.5 75 ○ ◇11.3 109 ○ ◇19.9 49 ◇2.2 4677.0 12

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

31.2
2.9
5.3
35.6
1.2
1.4

23
5●◆
41
22 ◇
38
37

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

59.0
21.9
14.3
93.9
100.0

9
26
34 ◇
1●◆
1●◆

36
53
46
48

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

97

ItalyGII 2021 rank

29

Output rank Input rank
25

IncomeRegion

High

EUR

33

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)60.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

40,06628

2,415.4

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

◇

63.8
69.6
60.9

48
60
46

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

80.6
68.5
54.1
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

82.1
86.8
77.5

31
39
52 ◇
1●◆

27
76 ○ ◇
20

Human capital and research

46.0

31

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

54.8
4.0
22.9
16.2
477.0
10.1

50
67 ○
28
33
34
30

37.9
64.3
24.2
5.6

49
42
44
40

45.4
2,652.7
1.4
72.1
48.9

22
34
25
13 ●
19

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

54.2 26

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

78.3
76.4
71.6
82.9
82.1

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◇
◇

38
44
44
36
41

32.3 51
4,763.4 49
78.6 19
16.3 108 ○ ◇
52.0
15.8
71.0
6.5

7●◆
18
20
14 ● ◆

Market sophistication

50.7 43

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

37.4 80 ○45.0 101 ○ ◇74.3 43n/a n/a4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$Business sophistication

36.7 32

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

38.9
36.5
12.6
0.9
54.5
13.2

44
34
93 ○ ◇
24
20
54

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

35.4
51.2
73.5
0.1
0.0
1.7

27
38
2●◆
31
55
24

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

35.8
0.8
7.5
2.0
1.4
48.6

38
49
69
34
96 ○
27

Knowledge and technology outputs

41.7

18

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

41.8
5.1
1.4
0.7
33.0
68.6

21
18
24
31
27
8●◆

75.5 36

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

26.2
66.0
n/a
0.0
0.0
88.6
1.8
99.4
2,415.4

79 ○
50
n/a
54 ○
56 ○

4●◆
25
3●
12 ● ◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

54.0
3●◆
−2.4 106 ○ ◇3.0 490.5 12 ●35.9
2●◆40.9 24

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

29.3
0.8
77.2
6.0
1.5

38
23
14 ●
31
68

Creative outputs

35.8 34

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

45.2
44.6
90.2
15.8
54.6

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

20.8
0.4
4.1
28.4
1.1
2.3

48
52
48
24
48
26

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

32.0
23.1
23.9
74.6
3.1

34
25
28
24
65 ○

28
52
22
6●◆
61 ◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
98

Global Innovation Index 2021

Jamaica
Output rank Input rank
66

82

GII 2021 rank

74
IncomeRegionUpper middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)3.0

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

10,22172

27.9

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

71.6 43◆

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

65.5
73.2
61.7

46
44
44

◆

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

65.7
47.9
38.5
14.0

63
60
79
52

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

83.7
97.4
70.1

23 ● ◆
6●◆
32 ● ◆

Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◆

Human capital and research

25.0 [86]Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

56.5 [45]5.2 3328.6 10 ● ◆n/a n/an/a n/a15.7 77

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %18.5 [100]27.1 89n/a n/an/a n/a2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.0 [123]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◇

◇

Infrastructure

29.9 104

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

43.6 102 ◇56.0 8342.8 96 ◇38.8 118 ○ ◇36.9 116 ○ ◇3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

19.2 113 ○
1,499.8 91 ◇21.9 106 ○ ◇21.2 78
27.0
9.2
48.2
1.7

72
79
60
52

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

26.0 58

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %29.6 [70]21.6 74
25.9 61n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

26.7 41 ◆44.8 55
46.5 64n/a n/a0.1 24 ● ◆0.0 100 ○ ◇21.7 81
0.8 57
4.2 115 ○1.2 64
5.0 21 ●n/a n/a13.5 95
5.9 [103]
0.5 81n/a n/an/a n/a6.2 105
5.2 103

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %23.2 89−2.8 111 ○1.6 640.4 23 ● ◆1.4 101n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

11.4 89
0.1 6430.5 91
0.2 111 ○2.0 55Creative outputs

29.6

51

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

50.1
97.6
67.6
6.8
55.2

20 ● ◆
9●◆
29 ◆
21 ●
60

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

1.4 [124]
0.1 92n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.1 96

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

16.9
1.8
1.0
48.2
n/a

Market sophistication

36.0 116 ○ ◇CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

40.9
85.0
41.3
0.2

65
14 ●
81
52

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

32.8
62.0
95.8
0.1
0.0

57
60
13 ●
27 ◆
38

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

34.4 129 ○ ◇10.8 120 ○ ◇n/a n/a27.9 124 ○ ◇

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

68
81
85
69
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

99

JapanOutput rank Input rank
14

GII 2021 rank

13
IncomeRegion

High

SEAO

11

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)126.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

41,63716

5,236.1

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

88.8

7

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

87.0
89.3
85.9

11
6
12

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

91.4
78.2
87.2
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

88.2
86.1
90.2

11
21
17
1●◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

50.8 20

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

54.1 [53]
3.2 91 ○ ◇n/a n/an/a n/a520.0
511.0 38
24.1
n/a
19.7
4.7

87 ○ ◇
n/a
74 ○
49

74.3
5,374.6
3.2
90.0
77.6

4●
14
4●
5●
8

Infrastructure

59.8

9

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

90.1
88.5
82.4
90.6
98.8

8
9
16
12
4●

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

9
82 ○ ◇
3●◆

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

Business sophistication

57.3

10

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

65.2
25.2
n/a
2.6
78.9
22.4

11
59 ◇
n/a
3●
2●◆
24

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

46.4
60.1
63.2
0.0
0.0
14.1

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

18
22
18
68 ○ ◇
40 ◇
1●◆

60.3
3●◆
2.6 1013.9 16
2.2 27
0.5 118 ○
74.4
3●◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

48.3

11

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

58.3
45.0
9.6
0.7
16.8
69.0

11
1●◆
1●◆
30
50 ◇
6

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %35.1 43−2.0 102 ○ ◇0.4 103 ○ ◇0.3 46
6.1 4655.1
9

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

51.5
5.0
100.0
11.6
0.8

11
1●◆
1●◆
13
89 ○

Creative outputs

42.1

18

46.0
8,307.1
91.8
24.9

16
19
5
47

43.2
12.7
75.1
3.3

28
40
12
27

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

56.9
86.5
150.9
4.2
67.8

9
15
11
28
22

Market sophistication

62.1

15

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

64.2
55.0
174.7
n/a

11
88 ○
3●◆
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

29.6
0.4
6.9
71.5
1.7
1.8

25
58
31
5
23
33

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

34.3
64.0
118.9
0.1
0.0

51
56
9
31
36

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

24.9
15.5
5.8
63.5
12.8

46
31
50
46
43

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

87.9
3.5
94.7
5,236.1

◇

5●
70 ○
30
4●◆

◆

◇
◇
◇
◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
100

Global Innovation Index 2021

Jordan

GII 2021 rank

81

Output rank Input rank
81

79

IncomeRegionUpper middle

NAWA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)10.2

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

10,00781

102.2

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

64.4 63

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

57.3
66.1
52.9

69
74
65

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

73.7
44.4
50.5
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

62.1
84.5
39.7

39 ● ◆
68
56
1●◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

26.2 84

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

32.9 110 ◇3.1 97 ○15.5 72
10.6 103 ○ ◇416.0 58
14.4 67

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

36.3
33.1
26.4
14.0

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

9.5
596.0
0.7
0.0
17.0

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

97
92
98

54
81
31 ●
13 ● ◆

60
62
51
41 ○ ◇
56

30.1 102

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

41.4 106 ◇45.9 97 ◇50.4 80
35.9 121 ○ ◇33.3 120 ○ ◇3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

20.5 108
2,057.2 80
29.8 83
19.8 89

Business sophistication

21.9 85

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %23.1 [92]21.4 75
16.9 87 ○ ◇n/a n/an/a n/a7.6 8242 ◆50
30 ● ◆
n/a
47
72

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

26.5
46.8
57.6
n/a
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

16.2 112 ◇0.1 100
7.0 790.2 126 ○ ◇3.0 49n/a n/aKnowledge and technology outputs

18.0

76

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

16.6
0.2
0.2
n/a
29.2
10.0

63
98
50
n/a
30 ● ◆
78

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

26.8
−0.8
0.5
0.3
5.6
22.1

78
79
95
42
53
57

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

10.7 93
0.1 5247.8 51
1.4 66
0.1 129 ○

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Creative outputs

18.3 88

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

22.0
25.7
7.9
0.7
52.6

25 ● ◆
4●◆
40 ●
40

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

13.8 68
0.0 108 ○n/a n/a
1.8 54 ○ ◇2.4
9●◆
0.9 46

76
92
34
30 ◆
30 ● ◆

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

15.4 73
4.8 540.2 10845.5 74
11.6 44

28.5
9.8
53.4
1.2

65
71
46
62

Market sophistication

49.7

47

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

51.7
95.0
76.9
0.4

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

26.3
50.0
52.7
0.1
0.0

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

71.2
4.4
94.8
102.2

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◇

Infrastructure

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◆

92
81
64
80
68

58
79
29 ●
83

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

101

Kazakhstan
Output rank Input rank
101

61

GII 2021 rank

79

IncomeRegionUpper middle

CSA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)18.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

26,58977

501.8

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

69.8 45

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

58.8
69.6
53.4

62
60
63

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

69.9
47.1
35.3
8.7

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

80.6
94.4
66.7

49
62
90
18 ●

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

31 ● ◆
20 ● ◆
39

31.7 66

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

45.8 78
2.9 101 ◇21.2 4115.8 40402.4 64
8.3 12 ● ◆2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

38.3
70.7
24.1
3.3

48
31 ●
46
65

10.9 54666.9 61
0.1 103 ○ ◇0.0 41 ○ ◇33.8 36

Infrastructure

44.4 58

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

80.5
76.6
64.9
92.3
88.1

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◆

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Score/
Value Rank

32.6
5,887.8
35.4
28.3

29 ● ◆
43 ◆56
11 ● ◆
26 ●
49
35 ◆
70
24 ●

20.1 99
6.4 10444.7 75
0.4 88

◇
◇

52
40 ◆
71
74
31
29 ● ◆

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

19.0
0.3
7.4
0.7
1.6
n/a

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

97
87
70
93
91
n/a

Knowledge and technology outputs

15.0 86

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

14.9 66
1.9 390.1 73
1.6 14 ●3.2 119 ○ ◇5.3 102

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %19.1 110 ◇0.9 48
2.0 56
0.0 118 ○ ◇1.0 11113.5 81

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

11.0 91
0.0 102 ○ ◇30.2 92
3.9 420.2 122 ○Creative outputs

14.3 110

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †19.2 10522.6 87
3.8 700.2 10348.2 88

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

6.5
0.1
6.1
n/a
0.4
0.2

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

12.4 83
0.3 115
3.7 6044.8 77
1.5 72CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

35.9 8180.0 23
24.3 108
0.2 47

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

23.0 10184.0
7●◆23.4 54
0.0 89 ○ ◇0.0 94 ○ ◇

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

72.6
2.3
76.3
501.8

78

37.1
34.3
21.8
0.1
47.4
20.7

12.9 120 ○ ◇36.0 95
32.8 117 ○ ◇0.0 900.0 82
0.1 5443.8 80

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

23.0

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

Market sophistication

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

Business sophistication

◇

96
89
38
n/a
96 ○ ◇
80

53
57
87
40

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
102

Global Innovation Index 2021

KenyaGII 2021 rank

85

Output rank Input rank
76

89

IncomeRegionLower middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)53.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

4,993

86

243.1

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

59.9 80

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

47.1 98
57.1 10642.1 92

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

60.1
36.3
34.8
15.8

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

72.6 60
82.7 10062.4 45

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

80
94
91
61
◆
◆

21.9

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

49.4 [68]5.3 27 ●n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a30.7 119 ○ ◇2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

92

11.6 11111.5 111
16.5 91
0.9 89

4.5
221.4
0.8
0.0
0.0

78
79
48 ◆
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

25.9 114

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

47.7 9641.8 10521.7 11267.6 75
59.5 87

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Score/
Value Rank

14.0 120 ○229.0 116 ○35.7 67
12.3 120 ○ ◇
16.1
6.1
34.7
0.3

120 ○
105
103
103

Market sophistication

48.8 54

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

56.7 20 ● ◆95.0
4●◆
27.5 101
4.2 10 ● ◆4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

32.2
92.0
26.2
0.0
0.1

61
1●◆
51
53
23 ◆

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

57.6 102
11.5 123 ○ ◇71.8 94243.1 61

Business sophistication

23.4

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %14.8 112n/a n/a37.4 36
0.1 67
4.3 84
1.5 110 ○

77

35 ◆
49 ◆
53
6●◆
65
85

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

29.4
46.8
49.1
0.4
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

25.9 68
1.7 16 ● ◆8.2 580.4 111
1.6 87
11.4 62

Knowledge and technology outputs

21.1 65

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

14.6
1.3
0.0
0.9
11.1
15.9

67
58
82
24
77
52

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

23.7
2.7
1.5
0.1
1.9
11.1

86
18 ●
68
77
91
85

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

25.0
0.6
36.0
0.5
5.3

45
27 ● ◆
7689
14 ● ◆

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Creative outputs

16.7 95

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

24.1
24.6
11.2
0.7
60.0

89
82
59
81
44

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

16.5
0.0
n/a
2.0
3.9
0.1

62
99 ○
n/a
53
3●◆
94

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

2.3 131 ○ ◇0.9 98
0.9 8712.5 129 ○ ◇0.0 103 ○◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

103

KuwaitOutput rank Input rank
73

GII 2021 rank

72
IncomeRegion

High

NAWA

73

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)4.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

41,73578

203.8

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

57.7 86◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

54.9
62.5
51.1

◇

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

54.5 97 ◇45.2 67 ◇52.4 53 ◇28.1 116 ○ ◇Institutions

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

63.8 9088.4 67
39.2 101◇◇◇◇

Human capital and research

31.4 [69]

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

52.9 [57]n/a n/a17.3 6414.7 59 ◇n/a n/a
7.6
4●◆

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %38.4 [47]55.3 54n/a n/an/a n/a

2.8 89 ◇513.9 67 ◇0.1 111 ○ ◇0.0 41 ○ ◇4.4 71 ◇2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

78
89
73

Infrastructure

49.6 43

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

80.4
79.3
67.6
84.1
90.5

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

41.4
17,912.3
37.8
25.1

31 ●
35 ●
53 ◇
31 ●
18 ●

27 ●
4●◆
62 ◇
46

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◇

Business sophistication

18.7 100

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %17.4 [105]22.7 70 ◇n/a n/an/a n/a
1.0 94 ○ ◇n/a n/a5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

25.1
42.2
54.9
n/a
0.0
0.0

45
69
37 ●
n/a
45
93

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

13.7
0.0
5.5
0.6
0.2
n/a

124 ○ ◇
125 ○ ◇
105
96 ◇
122 ○
n/a

Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

22.1 60
5.8 108 ◇0.1 116 ○0.1 72n/a n/a6.9 103 ◇9.1 82 ◇6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

29.0
−1.1
5.9
0.4
2.7
23.9

67
86
27 ●
26 ●
79
53

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade31.4 31 ●n/a n/a27.6 99 ◇0.3 103 ◇7.4
6●◆

Creative outputs

18.0 89

◇

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

26.8
16.6
53.3
n/a
50.9

◇

40.7 66
45.0 101 ◇89.3 30 ●n/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

4.7 107 ◇n/a n/a1.9 70 ◇10.6 36 ◇0.3 97 ○ ◇0.1 884.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

26.2
66.0
n/a
0.0
0.0

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

13.6 78
7.6 44
0.3 105
46.3 72
0.8 74

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

57.4 104 ◇4.5 8053.6 105 ○ ◇203.8 64

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

74
87
45
64

◇

Market sophistication

41.4 94◇

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

26.9
8.4
53.6
1.2

78
50
n/a
41
84 ○

◇

80
98
34
n/a
79

◇
◇

◇
◇
◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
104

Global Innovation Index 2021

Kyrgyzstan
Output rank Input rank
119

81

GII 2021 rank

98

IncomeRegionLower middle

CSA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)6.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

4,824

94

31.4

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

40.3 11750.0 123 ○ ◇35.5 111

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

55.2 9334.4 95
23.4 116
17.3 69

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

71.5
93.0
50.0

66
40 ●
70

Human capital and research

30.6

70

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

62.7 [17]6.0 16 ● ◆n/a n/a13.0 82n/a n/a11.7 46 ● ◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◆

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

28.5
42.3
19.7
9.0

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.6 111n/a n/a0.1 106
0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

35.3

87

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

60.3
56.8
48.4
64.7
71.4

82
82
83
79
66

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

78
70 ◆
73
27 ● ◆

Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

Business sophistication

17.9 107

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

22.4
18.8
41.4
0.0
6.9
10.8

94
82
26 ●
80
81
66

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

11.7
28.3
35.5
0.0
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

125 ○
117
112
84
108
100 ○ ◇

19.7 95
0.1 101
9.2 42 ●0.5 106
1.7 86n/a n/a55.7 95

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*◆

29.3 632,458.0 76 ◆23.2 10231.7 21 ●16.4 1195.1 114 ◇39.8 89
0.1 122 ○Market sophistication

49.2

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

52.7 23 ● ◆85.0 14 ● ◆25.8 103
4.3
9●◆

52

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

40.0 [35]40.0 110n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

55.0 108
3.1 6262.9 101
31.4 120

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

12.1 102

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

11.0 76
2.8 27 ● ◆0.1 61 ◆0.5 36
7.4 993.4 120

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

16.0 115
0.5 59
1.3 77
0.1 91
0.5 122 ○2.4 109 ○ ◇9.2 97
0.0 8744.7 59
0.7 84
0.3 114Creative outputs

10.2 120

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

13.1 123 ○ ◇14.0 103
0.0 80 ○ ◇0.4 9534.8 121 ○ ◇

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

5.5 102
0.6 430.2 104 ○n/a n/a0.5 85
0.1 98

9.3 970.2 117
0.8 9338.1 88
0.0 92◆◇NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

105

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

GII 2021 rank

Output rank Input rank

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

8,221

113

112

123

IncomeRegionLower middle

SEAO

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)
7.3

59.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

37.9 130

Score/
Value Rank◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

46.5 10073.2 44 ● ◆33.2 117

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

35.8
24.9
21.9
34.2

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

31.3 132 ○ ◇62.7 130 ◇0.0 129 ○ ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

125
114
119
123

Human capital and research

16.3 113

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

29.2 116
2.9 9812.5 83
10.5 105n/a n/a17.3 84◇

19.8 95
14.5 10323.1 53 ●0.5 992.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.0 [123]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

22.7 123

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

25.4
35.6
25.3
19.4
21.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

24.0
4,872.4
30.4
n/a

88
47 ● ◆
81n/aMarket sophistication

39.5 103

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

29.3 110
60.0 74
20.9 113
0.7 27 ●4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

◇

128 ◇
115
107
131 ○ ◇
130 ○ ◇

18.8 110
8.7 8534.8 102
0.2 119

20.0 [114]20.0 130 ○ ◇n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

69.2
0.8
85.2
59.7

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

24.3 [70]Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %25.8 [84]21.3 76
24.4 63n/a n/an/a n/a5.4 94

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %Infrastructure

117

63 ●
7●◆
66
96

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

29.0 [37]44.9 54 ●50.1 46 ●n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 100 ○ ◇18.1 [102]n/a n/a3.4 1220.2 125 ◇7.3 14 ● ◆n/a n/aKnowledge and technology outputs

6.8 127

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

2.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.3
4.0

◇

126
125
98 ○ ◇
68
117
114

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %2.5 [131]n/a n/a0.0 121 ○ ◇n/a n/a0.8 113
4.7 101

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

15.6 67
n/a n/a29.4 95
5.1 35 ●0.4 105

Creative outputs

17.6 90

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †19.4 104
4.5 124
11.7 58
n/a n/a52.5 71

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

18.7 [59]n/a n/a1.3 78n/a n/a0.1 102 ○ ◇3.1 20 ● ◆

13.0
1.9
2.5
36.4
n/a

80
77
64
91
n/a

◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
106

Global Innovation Index 2021

Latvia
Output rank Input rank
39

GII 2021 rank

38
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

38

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)1.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

30,57936

58.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

77.5
82.1
75.2

26
24
27

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

82.1
74.7
73.4
13.0

25
26
30
40

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

77.0
94.1
59.8

42
24
50

Human capital and research

37.7 46

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

57.6
4.4
23.6
16.2
487.4
8.4

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

43.5
93.0
20.2
9.3

28
5●◆
72 ○
26

12.0
1,891.7
0.6
0.0
12.8

53 ◇
41
54
41 ○ ◇
60

45.1 55

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

66.5
72.5
76.9
58.2
58.3

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

34.1 40

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

44.7
41.8
52.9
0.2
22.3
25.2

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

27.4
50.0
48.3
0.3
0.0
0.2

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

30.1
0.3
12.7
2.1
2.7
20.9

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

39
60
22
31
28
14 ● ◆

Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

Business sophistication

78.9 29

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

25.8
3,370.7
35.4
23.0
42.9
12.4
61.6
5.5

◇

68 ◇
55 ◇
31
90 ○ ◇
89 ○ ◇
77
60
69
58

◇

58
86 ○
18 ●
31
65
53

27.8 45

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

16.4
1.7
0.5
n/a
20.1
9.5

64
42
34
n/a
45
80

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

33.7
1.1
8.0
0.1
14.5
20.6

46
42 ◆
20
84 ○ ◇
20
61

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

33.4
0.1
60.2
7.2
4.6

29
68
34
24
17 ●

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Creative outputs

33.8 39

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

29.9
42.9
0.0
3.0
62.7

70
55
80 ○ ◇
37
37

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

42.7
1.7
15.4
n/a
2.5
2.9

9●◆
16 ●
8●
n/a
7●◆
22

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

32.8
10.0
29.4
74.0
14.4

32
41
23
25
38

Market sophistication

50.1 45

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

48.8
85.0
34.6
n/a

36
14 ◆
89 ○ ◇
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

32.5
68.0
n/a
0.1
0.0

58
44
n/a
32
43

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

69.0
1.8
87.8
58.6

66
25
61
97 ○ ◇

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

39
39
56
10 ●
54
48

Knowledge and technology outputs

◇

29
45
36
19 ●

34
25
15
56 ○
64 ◇
15 ●

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

107LebanonOutput rank Input rank
97

94

GII 2021 rank

92
IncomeRegionUpper middle

NAWA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)6.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

11,56287

78.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions
1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*
1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal
1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◇

33.3 129 ○ ◇35.7 131 ○ ◇32.1 121 ○ ◇63.5 72
32.4 9924.1 115 ◇8.7 18 ●53.6 121 ○ ◇78.2 11329.1 121 ○ ◇Human capital and research

24.9

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

24.8 123 ○ ◇2.4 107 ○ ◇6.4 101 ○ ◇n/a n/a376.8 73 ○7.7
5●◆

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

50.1 112

Score/
Value Rank

35.7
n/a
23.4
9.6

87

56
n/a
50
25 ● ◆

14.3 [49]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇28.6 42◇

Infrastructure

30.4 100

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

45.4 99 ◇62.8 72
43.7 94 ◇41.8 116 ◇33.3 120 ○ ◇3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

21.2 103
3,100.6 64
31.1 78n/a n/a

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

25.4 64

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %34.0 [58]27.6 54
20.8 74
n/a n/an/a n/a14.6 51

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

21.3
42.6
47.5
n/a
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

21.0 87
0.1 108 ◇4.0 117
2.5 17 ● ◆4.6 23 ●n/a n/a

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

63
66
59
n/a
79
68

Knowledge and technology outputs

14.1 [91]Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

21.5 [49]1.1 62n/a n/an/a n/a28.4 31 ● ◆12.8 60

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %5.7 [125]−10.0 120 ○ ◇n/a n/a0.0 108 ◇5.7 47n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade15.2 70
0.1 6652.1 45
0.2 112
2.1 52Creative outputs

17.2

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †18.7 10812.7 10514.6 55
n/a n/a42.4 10634.1 9140.0 113 ◇
106.3 23 ● ◆0.2 54

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

13.7
1.6
3.3
0.9
n/a
0.6

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

26.2
44.0
18.0
0.1
0.1

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

65.7
3.3
80.7
78.9

17.6 65
5.9 51
0.3 10744.4 78
20.5 27 ●3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

24.6
9.9
45.4
0.6

82
69
70
80

Market sophistication

42.0 90

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

77
98 ◇
61
22 ● ◆
25 ◆

74
64
75
89

92
◇
◇

69
17 ● ◆
55
60 ○ ◇n/a
60

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
108

Global Innovation Index 2021

Lithuania
Output rank Input rank
43

GII 2021 rank

39

IncomeRegion

High

EUR

35

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)2.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

38,60540

106.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

77.2
83.9
73.8

27
13 ●
30

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

81.9
73.8
73.7
13.0

27
27
29
40

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

70.0
93.3
46.7

71
32
81

Human capital and research

38.7 43

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

52.4
3.8
16.9
16.6
479.7
7.8

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

43.4
73.7
26.8
5.3
20.2
3,446.4
1.0
0.0
19.8

◇

29
25
29
46

44
29
40
41 ○ ◇
54

49.9

42

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

77.8
75.8
76.5
85.3
73.8

40
47
32
24
64

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

31.5 45

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

44.2
42.6
27.5
0.4
38.0
28.9

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

26.3
55.4
42.2
0.2
0.0
0.2

43
28
94 ○ ◇
14 ●52
40

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

24.1
0.2
6.6
1.0
2.7
32.7

71
95 ○
84 ○
76
62
40

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

58
75 ○
65 ○
23
32
6●◆

Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

Business sophistication

76.4 33

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

20.0 110 ○ ◇1,207.5 93 ○ ◇45.1 53 ◇15.5 112 ○ ◇
51.9
12.6
62.9
9.5

8●◆
41
35
8●◆

Knowledge and technology outputs

25.8 49

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

19.4
1.1
0.4
n/a
28.1
13.0

54
63
37
n/a
32
58

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

33.3
2.4
3.3
0.1
15.3
20.8

52
22 ◆
41
93 ○ ◇
19 ●60

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

24.9
0.1
63.7
6.2
1.9

47
62
31
30
60

Creative outputs

33.6

41

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

31.3
41.8
4.0
2.4
68.4

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

19.2
0.7
5.4
n/a
1.1
1.8

62
57
69 ◇
42
21 ●

58
37
40
n/a
51
34

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

52.6
14.1
33.3
73.7
86.0

18 ●
33
20 ●
27
5●◆

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Market sophistication

53.7 35

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

42.2
70.0
38.9
n/a

60
44
83 ○ ◇
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

44.6
70.0
n/a
0.1
0.1

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

74.4
1.8
95.0
106.9

25
36
n/a
26
12 ●

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

37
23
56
41
48
3●◆

48
25
26
80

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

109Luxembourg
Output rank Input rank
18

GII 2021 rank

23

IncomeRegion

High

EUR

26

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)
0.6

70.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

112,875

18

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

79.8

Score/
Value Rank

90.4
92.9
89.2

6
4●◆
9

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

81.9
87.9
94.0
21.7

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

67.2
88.8
45.5

26
11
10
93 ○ ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

77
61
84

◇

Human capital and research

40.0 40◇

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

48.3
3.6
19.4
14.3
476.7
8.9

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

70 ◇
83 ○ ◇
51
65 ◇
35 ◇
19 ◆

31 ◇
16
33 ◇
23
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

52.5 33

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

82.1
95.1
86.4
76.5
70.2

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP◇

35.8 55
18.6 100 ○ ◇18.8 80
47.7
1●◆

36.0
5,128.9
1.2
59.2
0.0

◇

26
1●◆
8
49 ◇
70 ◇

28.6 66 ◇1,719.4 87 ◇73.5 24
16.8 105 ○ ◇
46.7
16.8
82.3
1.6

Business sophistication

57.8

9

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

65.4
60.7
66.1
0.6
49.6
24.3

9
1●◆
5
35 ◇
27
16

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

59.2
65.8
67.2
0.1
0.2
5.4

6
13
11
47
8
7

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

49.0 14
4.51●◆
1.6 131 ○ ◇4.4
1●◆−16.8 132 ○ ◇37.7 36 ◇27

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

22
15
2●
54

◇

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

30.1 38

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

39.1
7.3
4.5
n/a
18.7
11.6

24
14
8
n/a
48
66

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

27.0
−1.7
17.2
0.2
3.3
16.4

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

24.3
2.1
n/a
0.6
3.0

76 ◇
97 ○
7 ◆
73 ◇
71
69 ◇

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

49
11
n/a
86
35

◇
◇

◇
◇

Creative outputs

54.4

3●◆

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

52.2
69.2
112.3
6.9
72.2

15
24
17
19
15

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade
Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

42.8
8
6.6
1●◆
29.6
1●◆
n/a n/a0.7 730.1 102 ○49.0 53

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

29.6 107 ○ ◇15.0 127 ○ ◇107.3 22n/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

49.0
54.0
79.6
1.2
0.0

20
88 ◇
20
1●◆
35

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

68.3
1.8
84.2
70.7

69
25
68
93

◇

◇

Knowledge and technology outputs

Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◆

70.1
84.3
68.7
78.8
44.8

2●◆
4●◆
9
13
11

◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
110

Global Innovation Index 2021

Madagascar
Output rank Input rank
78

GII 2021 rank

110

IncomeRegion

Low

SSF

127

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)27.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

1,647

115

45.4

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions
1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*
1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal
1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

51.1 10837.1 12560.7 9725.3 129 ○

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

54.5 9624.4 116
20.1 120
14.7 57 ●61.6 100
88.5 65 ●34.8 113

Human capital and research

14.4 116

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

24.5 125
2.8 103
7.2 9810.2 107n/a n/a18.1 88◇

18.5 99 ◆5.4 12323.8 47 ● ◆1.4 83

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.1 12134.0 99
0.0 116 ○ ◇0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

17.6 132 ○ ◇Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

22.4
24.4
6.8
28.8
29.8

131 ○ ◇
129 ○131 ○ ◇
126
127 ○

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

16.5 116n/a n/a15.9 115
16.4 106

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

13.8 129 ○n/a n/a26.5 127 ○ ◇0.2 108

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Market sophistication

34.2 122

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

22.7 12040.0 113
14.2 121
1.5 20 ●4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

36.0 [43]36.0 116n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

44.1 121
7.5 100
n/a n/a45.4 10614.6 125

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %5.0 [131]
3.7 123 ○ ◇12.7 92 ◇n/a n/an/a n/a1.9 107

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

16.5
32.3
39.1
n/a
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

22.2 79
0.4 75
4.1 116
2.2 29 ● ◆3.8 32 ●n/a n/a◆2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %Business sophistication

Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

100
104
104
n/a
112
78

◆

12.4 99
4.3
0.0
0.0
n/a
7.1
4.7

115
128 ○ ◇
98 ○ ◇
n/a
101
109

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %19.8 105
1.1 43 ●0.1 116
0.0 112
1.6 96 ◆n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

13.1 77 ◆0.1 58 ◆20.6 110
0.2 110
3.2 32 ● ◆Creative outputs

24.9 [61]

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †45.9 [25]63.6 31 ● ◆n/a n/a
6.8 22 ● ◆n/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

2.2 [117]
0.1 83
0.8 90n/a n/an/a n/a0.1 91

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

5.4
0.1
0.1
20.3
n/a

120
123
119
121
n/a

◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

111

Malawi
Output rank Input rank
93

GII 2021 rank

107
IncomeRegion

Low

SSF

118

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)19.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

995

111

20.8

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

41.7 11257.1 106
34.0 114

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

57.2 8925.2 11238.0 8116.7 65

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

56.4 115
77.9 11534.9 11211.8 122

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

34.2 107
4.7 5124.0 20 ●10.9 100n/a n/a68.1 123 ○ ◇2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

1.0 129 ○ ◇0.8 128 ○ ◇n/a n/a
1.1 86

0.1 11750.4 93n/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

21.1 127

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

30.5
22.8
15.2
42.4
41.7

124
131 ○
120
115
111

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

13.1 122n/a n/a25.0 9310.7 123

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

19.6 102n/a n/a38.3 930.2 114

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◆

◆

43.7

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

38.6 74
90.0 10 ● ◆10.5 128 ○0.5 36 ●4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %15.3 [111]3.7 122 ○ ◇32.9 45 ◆n/a n/an/a n/a0.6 119

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

22.4 57
31.7 10635.5 113
n/a n/a0.1 22 ● ◆0.0 100 ○ ◇81

37.9 [41]58.0 77 ◆n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 31 ●54.8 109
4.2 7870.2 97
20.8 128

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

22.7
0.2
9.8
1.1
1.4
n/a

77
96
38 ●
70
99
n/a

◆

Knowledge and technology outputs

15.8 84

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

18.0 56 ● ◆0.2 100
0.0 98 ○ ◇n/a n/a35.1 26 ● ◆8.0 85 ◆6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total tradeMarket sophistication

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

20.1 95

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Human capital and research◆Business sophistication

51.8 105

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

17.5
1.2
0.1
0.0
0.9
8.6

114
39 ●
119 ○
107
112
93

11.8 85n/a n/a18.0 113
0.2 106
2.3 48 ●Creative outputs

16.4 [97]

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade25.4 [86]28.0 78n/a n/an/a n/a28.7 124 ○ ◇

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

7.5 [91]
0.1 76n/a n/an/a n/a1.2 36 ● ◇0.2 85 ◆

7.4
0.2
0.0
25.5
n/a

111
118
125
112
n/a

◆
◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
112

Global Innovation Index 2021

Malaysia
Output rank Input rank
34

36

GII 2021 rank

36
IncomeRegionUpper middle

SEAO

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)32.4

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

27,28733

900.4

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

72.3

41

◆

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

76.5
83.9
72.8

29
13
33

◆

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

65.1 65
61.1 41 ◆62.3 39 ◆23.9 103 ○Institutions

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◆

50
97 ○
37

◆

Human capital and research

40.6 39

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

46.0
4.2
19.2
13.7
430.9
11.4

77
63
53
73
48
43

49.6
43.1
39.2
6.7

15 ● ◆
69
5●◆
37

26.3
2,184.7
1.0
0.0
58.3

40 ◆
37 ◆
37 ◆
41 ○ ◇
14 ● ◆

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

75.2
83.3
67.0

◆

Infrastructure

46.7

51

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

79.2
79.2
66.6
85.3
85.7

35
36
55
24
29

31.3
5,406.7
54.5
21.6

55
39
40
73

29.6
10.2
47.9
2.5

61
65
62
34

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

◆
◆

◆

◆

55.3 30

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

50.5
75.0
120.9
0.1

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

35.2
88.0
121.5
0.0
0.0

49
2●◆
8●◆
52
58

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

80.2
4.0
94.4
900.4

28
74
32
29

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

34.1 39

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

30.2
27.5
18.5
0.5
38.2
12.5

68
55
82 ○
39
46
59

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

28.8
58.8
65.2
0.1
0.1
0.2

38 ◆
25 ◆
13 ● ◆
48
25 ◆51

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

43.3
0.9
25.5
1.6
2.6
15.8

24 ◆
42
4●◆
49
67
59 ○

Knowledge and technology outputs

33.4

31

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

12.8
1.1
0.3
0.1
15.3
20.1

69
61
43
53 ○
56
41

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

38.5
−0.3
2.4
0.3
10.7
44.4

30
75
52
36
27
20

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

48.9
0.1
67.7
38.6
1.3

14 ● ◆
53
26 ◆
1●◆
72

Creative outputs

34.5

37

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

40.5
23.8
153.2
0.6
71.9

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

41.1
0.3
3.8
12.2
0.8
8.8

39
86 ○
10 ● ◆
82 ○
17 ◆

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

15.8
6.3
4.0
49.7
3.3

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◆

Market sophistication

31 ◆34
17 ● ◆
56 ○◆Business sophistication

◆

◆

◆

◆

10 ● ◆
64
50
33 ◆
69 ○
1●◆
71
50
58
65
64

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

113

Mali

GII 2021 rank

124

Output rank Input rank
114

IncomeRegion

Low

SSF

126

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)20.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

2,421

123

47.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

51.3 106

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

32.4 130 ○42.9 130 ○27.2 126

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

57.7 85
28.5 10724.7 114
13.6 50 ●1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

63.8
84.3
43.4

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Human capital and research

11.3 123

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

29.6 115
3.8 7725.4 16 ●7.5 118 ○ ◇n/a n/a29.7 117
3.0 126 ○5.5 122n/a n/a0.9 91

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

1.5 101
32.9 100
0.3 800.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

30.0
36.9
16.3
34.7
32.1

125
113
118
122
123

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

22.0
n/a
25.2
18.5

98
n/a
92
98

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

15.4 124
n/a n/a29.4 123
0.3 104

Market sophistication

34.5 121

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

16.5 12530.0 122
24.5 107
0.4 41 ●

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

42.0 [28]42.0 102n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

45.0 120
7.2 98n/a n/a47.6 104

5.5 129 ○ ◇4.3 120 ○17.7 85n/a n/a0.8 950.5 121 ○5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

Knowledge and technology outputs

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %22.5 124

17.7 109

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

89
95
91

Infrastructure

Business sophistication

◆

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

20.0 70
41.1 7143.5 83 ◆0.1 32 ●0.0 76
0.0 100 ○ ◇27.6 63 ● ◆0.0 116
6.8 81
2.6 16 ● ◆3.1 46 ●31.4 41 ● ◆13.6 94
3.6
0.1
0.0
n/a
4.9
5.1

118
117
98 ○ ◇
n/a
109
104

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

18.5
0.7
0.3
0.0
0.5
n/a

112
51 ●
108
115
123
n/a

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade18.6 58 ● ◆0.0 10832.6 84 ◆0.1 123
4.6 18 ● ◆Creative outputs

9.6 122

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †13.9 121
5.6 119
0.0 80 ○ ◇0.3 9645.0 96

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

1.0 [129]
0.1 790.1 108 ○ ◇n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 126

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

9.7 950.1 122
6.7 45 ● ◆25.7 111n/a n/aNOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
114

Global Innovation Index 2021

MaltaOutput rank Input rank
22

GII 2021 rank

27
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

29

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)0.4

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

43,08727

21.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

73.9

37

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

73.3
80.4
69.7

36
29
37

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

85.1
68.5
71.8
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

19
38
32
1●◆

63.3 93 ○ ◇88.2 69
38.3 105 ○ ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

39.3

41

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

62.2
4.8
29.2
16.8
458.8
7.1

21
46
9 ◆
19
42
2●◆

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

36.5
64.9
20.6
10.0

53
41
69 ○
22

19.2
2,116.4
0.6
40.1
0.0

45
39
59
39
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

56.4

18

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

85.0
92.2
83.2
81.2
83.3

20
5●◆
13
40
38

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

26.9
4,152.0
35.6
23.4
57.4
28.7
70.7
2.2

71
54
68
56

◇

Business sophistication

53.7

14

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

52.9
44.6
49.9
0.4
59.6
16.0

23
19
18
45
14
43

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

48.6
43.8
53.5
0.1
0.5
2.0

14
60
40
50
1●◆
18

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

59.5
4●◆
4.0
4●◆
5.4 107 ○1.8 4028.5
1●◆52.0 19

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

21.5
2.6
1.9
n/a
20.4
6.8

50
30
20
n/a
44
91 ○ ◇

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

25.9
2.8
n/a
3.9
0.6

44
9 ◆
n/a
41
96 ○

Creative outputs

52.0

9

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

54.5
104.7
86.2
4.4
64.4

12 ◆
5●◆
24
26
31

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

45.4
12.6
15.7
14.9
6.7
0.2

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

53.8
95.8
18.5
76.5
20.6

5●◆
1●◆
7 ◆
30 ◇
1●◆
79 ○

47.0 63

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

32.8 98 ○ ◇35.0 118 ○ ◇75.9 41n/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

41.4
66.0
36.4
0.2
0.1

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

66.9 72
1.8 2593.4 40
21.6 127 ○ ◇

33
50
42
13
16

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

37.6 33−3.7 115 ○ ◇17.5
6 ◆0.3 34
9.5 2838.4 30

Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

28.3 44

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

◇

3●◆
3●◆
23
36

Knowledge and technology outputs

◆

16
3●◆
31
17
26

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

115

Mauritius
Output rank Input rank
58

GII 2021 rank

52

IncomeRegion

High

SSF

48

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)1.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

20,71952

26.3

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

81.2

21 ●

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

76.4
89.3
70.0

30
6●◆
36

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

83.2
69.5
66.8
8.9

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

84.1
94.5
73.8

24
35
34
23 ●

Institutions

21 ●
19 ●
26
◇

Human capital and research

30.6

71

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

58.6
4.7
30.4
15.1
n/a
12.2

35
50
6●◆
51
n/a
50

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

30.1
40.6
23.3
5.4

75
72
51
45

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
473.9
0.3
0.0
0.0

88 ◇
70 ◇
77 ◇
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◇

42.4 65◇

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

68.6
76.2
63.9
70.0
64.3

59
46
57
69
80

◇

23.2
2,475.9
31.9
21.9

92
75
77
69

◇

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

35.3
19.6
45.1
0.6

◇
◇
◇
◇

Market sophistication

55.5 29

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

48.7
65.0
80.2
n/a

37
61
36
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

56.6
78.0
68.1
0.9
0.1

14 ●
18 ●
24
1●◆
20

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

61.3 89 ◇1.1 13 ●75.1 90
26.2 125 ○ ◇

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %15.9 110 ○ ◇24.1 64 ◇n/a n/a0.0 81 ○ ◇4.1 85 ○ ◇9.2 74 ◇5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

17.9 85 ◇31.1 109 ○ ◇47.4 60
0.0 86 ○ ◇0.0 380.2 4617.5 105 ◇0.2 89
6.0 97
1.8 37
3.2 42
4.4 72 ○ ◇13.6 93◇

5.9 [104]
0.1 108 ○n/a n/an/a n/a8.9 94 ◇3.5 118 ○ ◇21.4 95 ◇−1.9 99 ○9.3 18 ●0.2 76 ◇6.6 42
3.3 106 ○ ◇
◇

13.5
0.0
39.9
0.4
2.2

75
93
68
95
49

Creative outputs

36.3

31

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

53.3
85.0
n/a
3.8
53.2

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

19.6
0.6
9.5
n/a
1.8
0.7

14 ●
17 ● ◆
n/a
29
65 ◇

56
42
21
n/a
19
56

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

19.2
13.0
2.4
59.7
0.4

59
35
65
52
81

◇

46
8●◆
73 ◇
81 ◇

17.1 111 ○ ◇5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP◇

Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

◇
◇

◇
◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
116

Global Innovation Index 2021

MexicoGII 2021 rank

55

Output rank Input rank
51

62

IncomeRegionUpper middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)128.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

18,80455

2,424.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

61.0

Score/
Value Rank

49.9 90
55.4 112 ○ ◇47.2 84

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

55.0 9446.2 65
29.4 10522.0 96

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

78.2
86.1
70.3

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

33.2 56

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

43.6
4.5
13.3
14.9
416.2
17.0

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◆

82
57
81
54
57
83

30.4 74
41.5 71
26.0 34
0.2 107 ○ ◇

25.6
327.2
0.3
49.9
43.2

41
76
81
31 ◆
27 ● ◆

Infrastructure

41.8

67

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

70.0
58.4
57.2
82.3
82.1

58
79
68
38
41

24.9
2,693.7
46.6
19.3

84
70
50
92

30.6
13.0
52.6
0.7

56
39
49
75

Market sophistication

48.8 55

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

42.2
90.0
36.6
0.2

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

37
83
31

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

59
10 ● ◆
8645

19.1 118 ○62.0 60
33.4 43
0.0 80 ○0.0 79
85.1
1.2
88.9
2,424.5

Business sophistication

27.2 56

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

28.7
20.2
50.8
0.1
18.2
9.8

76
79
17 ●
68
68
71

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

17.5
38.7
55.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

90
84
36
91 ○
99
64

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

35.5 40
0.1 110 ◇18.2
9●◆0.0 130 ○ ◇2.7 6143.7 3077

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

14 ● ◆
15 ●55
11 ● ◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

24.8 53

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

11.3
0.5
0.1
0.2
7.8
29.1

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

74
80
68
47
96
34

◆

29.6 64−2.7 110 ○1.0 84
0.2 65
3.0 7548.9 12 ● ◆33.5 28 ◆0.0 107 ○ ◇73.7 19 ● ◆15.3
8●◆0.0 131 ○ ◇Creative outputs

28.5

52

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

32.8
43.0
63.9
0.5
57.9

56
54
30
86
53

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

36.9 16 ● ◆0.0 111 ○2.1 65
8.5 38
0.4 93 ○ ◇
10.4
1●◆
11.6
2.6
4.1
39.7
1.4

86
70
57
84
73

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

117

Mongolia
Output rank Input rank
55

65

GII 2021 rank

58

IncomeRegionLower middle

SEAO

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)3.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

12,25958

41.1

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

61.2

76

◆

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

55.3
73.2
46.3

76
44
87

◆

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

70.1
43.2
39.7
8.7

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

48 ◆
73 ◆
76
18 ● ◆

58.4 11086.7 7830.1 120 ○Institutions◆

Human capital and research

27.7

81

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

45.4
4.1
15.4
14.6
n/a
13.3

79
66
73
61
n/a
57

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

37.0
65.6
25.3
1.1

50
40
37
87

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.6 109n/a n/a0.1 104 ○0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

33.7

91

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

55.8
54.2
55.2
52.9
60.7

89
86
72
98
85

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

◆

◆

◆

28.6 67
2,061.5 79
15.2 116 ○33.8 14 ●16.6 118
7.2 100
32.2 114
0.3 9563.4

13 ● ◆

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

59.6
80.0
49.6
12.9

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

74.0
74.0
n/a
n/a
n/a

15 ● ◆
23
72
1●◆

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

56.5 105
5.3 8870.1 98
41.1 108

[8]
24
n/a
n/a
n/a

◆

Business sophistication

24.2

71

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

37.3
26.2
66.2
0.0
8.1
23.4

50 ◆
57 ◆
4●◆
87 ○
79
18 ● ◆

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

12.4 123 ○33.3 98
36.1 111
0.0 85
0.0 114 ○0.0 75

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

22.8 76
0.2 885.2 108
1.2 6215.1
6●◆n/a n/a◆Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

15.0 85

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

30.5 33 ◆2.0 37 ◆0.0 98 ○ ◇5.4
1●◆
11.5 74
4.8 108

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

8.7 124 ○ ◇n/a n/a5.5 29 ◆0.1 801.5 97
5.0 99 ○5.9 114
0.0 8523.6 104
0.5 92
0.5 101◆

Creative outputs

37.5 28

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †55.1 11 ● ◆
261.5
1●◆
0.0 80 ○ ◇20.7
1●◆42.8 102

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

27.3 [31]n/a n/a26.1
3●◆
n/a n/a1.1 42
0.0 115

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

12.6 82
0.6 102
2.3 6747.6 70
0.1 90◆◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
118

Global Innovation Index 2021

Montenegro
Output rank Input rank
53

53

GII 2021 rank

50

IncomeRegionUpper middle

EUR

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)0.6

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

19,93149

12.4

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

69.6 48

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

59.9
71.4
54.1

59
54
61

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

72.4
53.0
49.2
11.2

42
55
58
35

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

76.4
86.7
66.1

44
79
40

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

Human capital and research

32.7 59

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

58.8 [34]n/a n/an/a n/a14.9 53
421.9 55
14.4 69

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

63
56
70
n/a

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

4.7
763.0
0.5
0.0
0.0

77
56
67
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

63.6
78.2
67.1
54.1
54.8

75
40
54
96
94

27.6
6,127.0
32.5
23.0

68
34
76
57

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

67

33.1
36.4
15.8
0.2
37.8
17.4

61
35 ◆
90 ○ ◇
54
50
39

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

34.5
54.2
20.5
n/a

43.2 60

25.3

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %Infrastructure

Business sophistication

◆
◆

◆

38.6
10.9
46.3
6.7

39
61
68
13 ● ◆

Market sophistication

50.9

41

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

45.0
85.0
49.0
1.0

49
14 ●
73
24

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

44.9 [23]62.0 60
82.6 18n/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

62.8 84
1.0 11 ●87.5 6212.4 131 ○ ◇

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

18.2 82
45.5 52
43.0 85
0.0 57
0.0 480.0 100 ○ ◇
24.6
0.2
6.4
2.3
9.6
15.9

70
92
92
25 ● ◆
8●◆58

Knowledge and technology outputs

17.1

78

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

16.8 62
1.2 600.0 98 ○ ◇n/a n/a31.2 28 ◆2.3 127 ○ ◇6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

26.9
n/a
11.3
0.4
11.7
10.3

77
n/a
10 ● ◆
28 ◆
25 ●
87 ○

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

7.5 104
0.0 86n/a n/a0.1 113 ○2.1 51◆Creative outputs

35.9 33

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †30.5 66
29.8 75
n/a n/a0.1 113 ○52.6 70

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

24.3
0.5
13.3
n/a
3.0
0.1

39
49
11 ● ◆
n/a
4●◆
95

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

58.4
1.4
100.0
70.9
n/a

12 ● ◆
90
1●◆
33 ◆
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

119Morocco
Output rank Input rank
67

84

GII 2021 rank

77
IncomeRegionLower middle

NAWA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)36.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

7,609

75

273.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank
◆

61.6

74

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

54.0
66.1
48.0

80
74
82

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

57.7
38.0
43.1
20.7

86
86
71
88

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

73.0
93.0
52.9

59 ◆
41 ●
67

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

27.5 82

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

53.2
n/a
36.4
14.0
367.9
18.8

56
n/a
4●◆
72 ◆
75 ○
92

22.6
38.5
19.0
2.0

91
77
79
77

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◆

6.7
1,073.5
0.7
0.0
0.0

71
50 ◆
50 ◆
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

36.3 84

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

54.8
66.6
49.1
52.3
51.2

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

90
67
81
99
99

◆

25.0 83
1,131.3 95
22.9 103 ○28.1 27 ●Business sophistication

18.1 105

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %22.1 97
6.9 115 ○ ◇35.7 40
0.2 5229.9 61n/a n/a5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

14.0 112 ○29.2 114 ○42.9 88
0.0 76
0.0 97
0.0 875.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

18.0 103
0.3 798.5 54
0.7 902.3 72
7.0 66

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

20.1

67

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

11.3
0.7
0.2
n/a
14.4
11.4

75
74
56
n/a
60
67

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

31.6
0.1
1.9
0.2
3.7
38.5

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

17.4
0.0
30.9
2.1
3.3

60 ◆
63
57
57
66
29 ● ◆

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◆

63
91 ○
90
56
30 ●

Creative outputs

22.8

70

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

38.7
58.7
17.8
12.5
51.3

41 ● ◆
37 ●50
10 ● ◆
7733.1 9745.0 101 ○87.8 32 ● ◆0.2 46

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

5.1 104
0.4 57
1.5 75
1.1 58 ○0.7 770.1 101

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

23.3
70.0
55.8
0.0
0.0

98
36 ●
30
81 ○
70

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

8.8 104
1.5 88
1.1 8331.8 98
3.3 63

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

69.2
3.6
77.5
273.5

64
72
84
56

29.1
14.5
42.3
0.8

62 ◆
26 ● ◆
8571

Market sophistication

41.9

91

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
120

Global Innovation Index 2021

Mozambique
Output rank Input rank
118

GII 2021 rank

122

IncomeRegion

Low

SSF

122

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)31.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

1,279

124

40.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

40.0 12055.4 11232.4 120

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

31.9
24.6
19.8
37.5

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

58.5 10869.3 12747.8 78◇◇◇17.3 112

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

48.0 72 ● ◆5.5 19 ● ◆40.1
2●◆
10.0 108n/a n/a36.5 121 ○
2.2
7.3
9.6
0.4

128 ○ ◇
119
108 ○ ◇
103

1.6
43.0
0.3
0.0
0.0

99
96
78
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

38.9

76

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

35.4
24.7
12.9
51.8
52.4

119
128
125
102
97

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

126
115
122
126

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

Business sophistication

13.8 127

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %6.4 128
3.9 121 ○ ◇20.7 76n/a n/a0.5 970.7 117

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

18.0 83
34.0 9735.0 115
0.1 34 ●0.0 46 ●0.0 100 ○ ◇43.5 127

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

◆

67.3
1●◆
564.8 106n/a n/a66.0
1●◆13.9 128
3.9 121 ○33.9 106
0.5 84 ◆
◇

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

6.0 101
0.6 77 ◆0.0 98 ○ ◇0.0 67
11.4 75
5.4 101

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

3.8
0.0
15.0
0.3
0.3

◇

124
101
114
99
108

Creative outputs

12.0 115

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †20.3 9940.8 58 ●0.0 80 ○ ◇1.0 7135.8 120

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

2.3 [116]n/a n/a2.0 66n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 125

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

5.2
0.0
0.2
19.7
n/a

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

13.4 126
25.0 126
21.7 111
0.2 53

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

20.3 [113]32.0 120n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 50 ●

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

49.6 116
4.2 76n/a n/a40.9 10910.3 116

21.1 [98]0.0 64 ●n/a n/a0.0 111
1.5 99 ◆n/a n/a27.8 126

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

Knowledge and technology outputs

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

16.9 106
0.5 70 ●4.3 114
0.9 8516.6
5●◆0.3 86 ○

123
129 ○
109
122
n/a

◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

121

Myanmar
Output rank Input rank
120

128

GII 2021 rank

127

IncomeRegionLower middle

SEAO

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)54.4

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

5,179

129

275.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions
1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*
1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal
1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

45.6 11323.6 11718.7 126
23.1 98

20.1
1.9
10.0
10.7
n/a
27.2

127 ◇
113 ○ ◇
92
102
n/a
112 ◇

32.7 66
18.8 9933.7
9●◆
0.0 110 ○0.1 118
29.1 102
0.0 114 ◇0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

26.3 113

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

32.3
38.0
38.9
25.9
26.2

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP◇

54.9 11989.3 58 ●20.4 128 ◇Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

35.8 127 ◇57.1 10625.1 130 ○ ◇17.7 108

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

Business sophistication

8.7 132 ○ ◇Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %3.3 132 ○ ◇4.9 118 ◇5.9 98 ○ ◇n/a n/a0.0 102 ○ ◇6.0 91

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

1.6 [131]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 82
0.0 900.0 100 ○ ◇45.4 123

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %Score/
Value Rank

122 ◇
112
99
128 ○ ◇
129 ○ ◇

25.1 79457.2 11011.7 119 ◇32.4 20 ●21.6 91
14.3 29 ● ◆25.1 130 ○ ◇0.1 127◇

Market sophistication

29.8 124

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

8.6 130 ○ ◇10.0 129 ○ ◇25.7 104
0.3 42 ●4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

10.1 130 ○ ◇22.0 129 ◇n/a n/a0.0 72
0.0 57

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

70.8
1.8
76.4
275.5

60 ●
24 ● ◆
86
55 ●

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

21.1
0.2
7.3
1.1
4.0
n/a

86
90
72
68
29 ●
n/a

14.4 89
2.7 [123]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a1.9 126
3.2 122

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %33.5 48 ● ◆7.3
1●◆
0.4 104n/a n/a0.8 115
12.4 84

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

7.1 110
0.0 8821.4 108
1.3 68
0.6 99Creative outputs

7.9 131 ○ ◇

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †10.6 [128]24.2 83
7.6 65n/a n/an/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

7.2
0.2
0.9
n/a
0.4
0.9

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

3.0
0.1
0.0
16.5
0.0

92
67
87
n/a
94
47 ●

129
127
127
127
91

◇
◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
122

Global Innovation Index 2021

Namibia
Output rank Input rank
110

88

GII 2021 rank

100
IncomeRegionUpper middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)2.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

9,537

104

24.1

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

61.9

73

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

59.0
71.4
52.8

61
54
66

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

72.2
40.7
54.9
9.7

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

43 ●77
50 ● ◆
28 ●

54.6 120 ○ ◇72.2 120 ○ ◇36.9 109 ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

32.9

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

82.5 [1]8.3
1●◆n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a25.9 106 ◇2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

14.0 104 ◇24.1 92 ◇12.9 101 ○ ◇6.1 39 ●

2.1
149.5
0.4
0.0
0.0

92
83 ◇
75
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

27.2 112◇

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

46.0 98
46.0 9635.8 101
52.3 99
50.0 103◇

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

57

◇
◇
◇
◇

9.7 129 ○ ◇488.6 108 ◇n/a n/a14.6 117 ○ ◇
26.0
12.5
40.2
0.7

78
42 ●
88 ◇
76

Market sophistication

41.8 92

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

35.6
60.0
72.0
0.0

85
74
45 ●
65

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

31.5 [66]56.0 82
20.8 58
n/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

58.4 99
1.1 13 ●68.7 99 ◇24.1 126 ○ ◇

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

17.0 112◇

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %17.3 10718.1 87
25.4 62
0.0 77
11.1 75
7.4 85◇

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

19.1
42.8
44.6
0.1
0.0
0.1

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

14.6 120 ○ ◇0.0 115 ○ ◇7.4 71
0.6 980.8 109 ◇6.9 67

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

74
64
79
49
50
55

Knowledge and technology outputs

9.4 119

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

7.9 890.4 84
0.2 490.3 4312.0 71
4.9 107

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade◇

13.0 120 ○ ◇−3.1 113 ○ ◇1.2 790.1 88
1.7 92
4.7 100 ○ ◇7.4 105
0.0 9433.9 80
0.9 730.2 124 ○◇Creative outputs

15.2 105

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †19.6 101
18.9 94
0.0 80 ○ ◇3.1 36 ●46.7 95

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

2.3 [115]
0.1 90n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.2 77

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

19.4
8.9
0.9
52.6
15.0

58
42 ● ◆
90
62
34 ●NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

123NepalGII 2021 rank

111

Output rank Input rank
116

99

IncomeRegionLower middle

CSA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)29.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

3,586

95

103.4

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions
1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

37.9 123 ◇58.9 10027.4 124 ○ ◇45.4 114
25.2 11332.6 9727.2 108

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

64.4 86
81.7 10447.2 79

Human capital and research

15.2 115

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

37.9 96
5.1 36 ●10.5 9113.2 79
n/a n/a28.3 114 ◇2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

2.0
n/a
0.3
0.0
0.0

96
n/a
79
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

30.7 98

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

35.8
41.9
24.5
40.0
36.9

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

5.9 123 ○ ◇13.3 106n/a n/a0.0 111 ○ ◇Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

Business sophistication

25.9 [59]Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %23.2 [90]13.8 9731.9 48 ●n/a n/an/a n/a3.0 101

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

24.1 [49]33.1 10038.1 109n/a n/a0.0 73n/a n/a5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

30.3 [56]n/a n/a11.4 21 ●0.2 124 ○ ◇0.5 117n/a n/a49.3 115

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

118
104
109
117
116

41.3 28 ● ◆174.9 118 ○21.7 107
49.1
2●◆
15.0
5.9
32.7
0.2

126 ○ ◇
109
113
110

Market sophistication

45.8 68

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

50.5
75.0
88.1
1.7

30 ● ◆
34 ●31 ● ◆
16 ●4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

30.5 [68]58.0 77n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 75

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

56.5 10614.2 129 ○ ◇85.3 65
103.4 82

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

8.7[121]

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

10.3 [78]0.2 92n/a n/an/a n/a14.1 64 ●7.9 86

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %3.8 129 ○ ◇n/a n/a1.3 75
0.0 117 ○ ◇1.1 108
6.7 98

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

11.8 [84]n/a n/an/a n/a0.1 122
2.7 40 ●Creative outputs

14.5 108

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

21.8 9346.8 49 ●0.0 80 ○ ◇0.2 10237.9 118 ○ ◇

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

3.8 [109]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.4 920.2 7310.5 91
0.5 110
1.0 86
29.6 10613.7 39 ●NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
124

Global Innovation Index 2021

Netherlands
Output rank Input rank
3

GII 2021 rank

6

IncomeRegion

High

EUR

12

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)17.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

57,1015986.8

Score/
Value Rank

88.9

6●

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

88.4
83.9
90.6

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

88.9
92.1
94.4
15.8

9
13
7●

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

89.4
94.3
84.4

Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

5●
22
7●

Human capital and research

55.9

14

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

62.4
5.2
21.9
18.6
502.5
14.3

20
32
34
10
15
66 ○ ◇

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

14
5●
9
63 ○

40.1
87.1
17.5
11.7

39
13
87 ○ ◇
16

65.0
5,796.1
2.2
82.4
65.1

11
9
15
9
13

Infrastructure

57.7

16

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

90.8
87.3
88.7
90.6
96.4

4●
12
6●◆
12
9

41.1
6,642.8
91.5
20.9

29
30
6●
79 ○

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

Score/
Value Rank

61.0

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

61.4
48.9
n/a
1.5
56.7
21.1

13
9
n/a
15
16
28

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

54.8
72.4
69.0
0.2
0.1
4.7

10
5●
7
15
23
10

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

66.9
2●◆
8.4
1●◆
11.6 20
2.4 22−2.9 127 ○
70.4
6 ◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

54.8

7●

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

67.7
8.9
4.1
n/a
41.3
68.8

6●
11
10
n/a
16
7●

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

43.1
−1.2
6.4
0.5
7.9
50.3

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

53.5
7.7
66.5
11.2
3.6

8
1●◆
27
15
23

Creative outputs

52.2

7●
16
56 ○
7
25
4●◆

41.3
13.2
75.3
2.1

34
37
11
39

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

51.4
42.7
164.6
4.8
80.2

Market sophistication

55.2

31

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

43.0 57
45.0 101 ○ ◇100.0 25n/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

36.0
1.9
7.6
48.9
0.9
3.2

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

39.5
58.0
110.0
0.2
0.0

37
77 ○ ◇
10
16
29

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

70.1
78.9
100.0
81.1
16.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

83.0
1.8
94.3
986.8

20
25
33
26

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

5●

Business sophistication

18
88 ○
25
15
34
11

18
9
25
18
57 ○
18

3●◆
5●◆
1●◆
9
30

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

125New ZealandOutput rank Input rank
32

GII 2021 rank

26

IncomeRegion

High

SEAO

19

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)4.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

41,07226

205.5

Score/
Value Rank

90.7

4●◆

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

90.1
94.6
87.8

7●◆
2●◆
11

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

97.3
92.7
96.4
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

84.7
100.0
69.5

2●◆
3●◆
6●◆
1●◆

19
1●◆
33

Human capital and research

54.2

17

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

66.9
6.3
21.3
18.9
502.9
13.6

11
12 ◆
40
8 ◆
13
63 ○

Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

47.9
83.0
21.4
19.7
47.6
5,529.5
1.3
48.0
49.8

17
17
65 ○
6●
21
10
27
32
18

Infrastructure

55.5 22

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

90.6
87.9
82.9
92.9
98.8

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

41.5
9,126.1
84.9
20.7

6●◆
10
15
10 ◆
4●◆

26
17
15
85 ○

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

37.7 30

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %42.2 [41]n/a n/an/a n/a0.8 2846.4 33
19.5 32

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

33.6
59.0
46.0
0.1
0.1
1.5

28
24
69 ○
37
19
25

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

37.4 32
1.6 2010.8 25
1.7 44
1.2 103 ○31.2 42

Knowledge and technology outputs

29.7 39

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

39.4
1.5
1.5
n/a
50.6
34.8

23
49
22
n/a
9
28

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

32.5
0.5
17.8
0.3
4.5
16.0

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

17.3
0.7
46.9
1.7
1.2

56
58
4●◆
45
60
71 ○ ◇

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

39.8 23

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

45.6
83.8
46.0
1.5
71.3

26
19
37
56
18

4●◆
1●◆
6●◆
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

20.1
0.4
6.1
52.5
1.5
0.5

52
59 ○
37
13
27
64

34.1
86.0
46.6
0.1
0.1

52
3●◆
36
35
27

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

47.9
32.2
64.6
80.8
9.7

23
20
10
10
46

71.2
0.9
78.0
205.5

57
9
83 ○
63

48
73 ○
19
60

Market sophistication

63.0

14

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

83.5
100.0
160.0
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

◆

64
24
54
65
77 ○

Creative outputs

34.3
9.5
71.3
1.3

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Score/
Value Rank◆◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
126

Global Innovation Index 2021

NigerOutput rank Input rank
130

GII 2021 rank

129
IncomeRegion

Low

SSF

125

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)24.2

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

1,253

128

30.3

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

54.8

97

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

40.4 116
55.4 11232.8 118

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

58.7 83
26.0 11032.7 9614.0 53 ●1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

8.5 129

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

18.1 128
3.5 8411.7 87
6.4 119 ○ ◇n/a n/a29.7 118

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

7.4 118
4.2 125
12.3 102
5.4 43 ●0.1 12226.5 104n/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

19.6 130

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

21.3
23.0
3.1
29.4
29.8

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

65.4 83
91.5 49 ●39.3 100

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %132 ○ ◇
130
132 ○ ◇
125
127

22.1 9727.0 123 ○1.1 124 ○ ◇32.4 19 ●Business sophistication

16.2[116]

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %20.4 [100]15.3 9327.5 56n/a n/an/a n/a0.7 118

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index◆

1.2 [132]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.0 1100.0 100 ○ ◇27.0 65 ◆0.0 120
9.5 39 ●2.4 23 ● ◆3.7 33 ●n/a n/a10.8 114
2.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
4.6
3.5

125
112
98 ○ ◇
76 ○ ◇
115
118

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

18.6
0.9
0.1
0.0
0.3
15.3

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

111
50 ●
118
114
129
72 ◆

11.5 87
0.0 111n/a n/a0.2 109
3.3 29 ● ◆4.5[132]

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †5.6 [132]
12.1 107n/a n/a0.0 119 ○ ◇n/a n/a29.3 109
70.0 44
11.2 126
0.1 59

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

1.3 [125]
0.1 87
0.7 92n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 12333.3 [55]42.0 102n/a n/an/a n/a0.1 21 ● ◆

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

5.4 1210.9 990.0 12924.1 115
0.0 94Market sophistication

40.2 100

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Creative outputs

123
102
118
120

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

Score/
Value Rank

15.4
6.8
30.8
0.2

◆

58.0 100
9.3 11288.2 57
30.3 121

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

127

Nigeria

GII 2021 rank

118

Output rank Input rank
124

115

IncomeRegionLower middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)206.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

5,066

117

1,044.2

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions
1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*
1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal
1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

51.0 10933.7 128 ○ ◇48.2 127 ○ ◇26.5 127 ○ ◇61.0 79
21.0 122
23.1 1178.0
1●◆

58.4 10986.2 8130.6 118

Human capital and research

11.9 [121]Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

29.0 [118]n/a n/an/a n/a8.7 115 ○ ◇n/a n/a23.2 104

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %6.6 [120]10.2 112n/a n/an/a n/a2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.0 [123]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

24.6 120

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

36.7
31.7
14.5
51.8
48.8

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

116
121
123
102
105

◇
◇
◇

21.8 99185.2 11722.5 10425.4 43 ●
15.4
7.0
31.0
0.1

122 ◇
101
117
128 ○

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

34.7 [57]28.4 52 ● ◆30.7 50 ●n/a n/an/a n/a6.2 9076

17.8 87
26.0 122
45.4 75
n/a n/a0.0 92
0.0 985.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

17.8 104
0.4 76
7.1 76
0.3 1140.7 114n/a n/a

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

8.3 123

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

5.8 107
0.1 110
0.0 97n/a n/a5.1 10812.2 63 ●6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %18.2 113−1.0 83
0.8 87
0.1 830.3 128 ○n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

1.0
n/a
0.0
0.1
0.2

◇

131 ○ ◇
n/a
121 ○ ◇
120
116

Creative outputs

11.7 116

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †16.7 11210.5 111
3.5 72
1.1 64 ●47.5 89

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade
Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

9.8 [80]n/a n/a11.3 15 ● ◆1.5 55n/a n/a0.0 131 ○ ◇39.7 102

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

35.2 8885.0 14 ● ◆10.5 127 ○ ◇0.1 60

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

20.7 11072.0 27 ● ◆9.2 69
0.0 700.0 61

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

23.4

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

3.7 127 ○0.5 109
0.4 9918.1 126 ○ ◇0.4 8263.4 82
8.5 106
n/a n/a1,044.2 24 ● ◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
128

Global Innovation Index 2021

North Macedonia
Output rank Input rank
69

40

IncomeRegionUpper middle

EUR

GII 2021 rank

59

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)2.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

16,60957

34.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

68.9

52

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

58.1
73.2
50.6

65
44
74

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

67.9
56.8
40.3
14.4

58
49
75
55

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

80.7
88.6
72.7

30 ● ◆
63
28 ● ◆

Human capital and research

30.2

73

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

55.6 [47]n/a n/an/a n/a13.5 77
400.1 67 ○8.3 13 ● ◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

31.0
43.1
23.6
5.2

72
68
48
48

4.1
786.7
0.4
0.0
0.0

83
55
74
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

46.9 49

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

71.2
67.4
60.1
74.1
83.3

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

◆

56
65
61
58
38

20.1 109 ○
2,691.8 71
30.6 80n/a n/a25.4 65

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

32.5
29.9
39.0
0.1
23.6
15.3

62
48
31
62
63
48

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

13.5 116 ○30.2 112 ○ ◇38.6 108 ○0.0 65
0.0 94 ○0.0 71

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

30.2 57
1.6 21 ● ◆5.7 103 ○1.1 66
4.3 26 ●26.6 47

Knowledge and technology outputs

22.7

57

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

11.5
1.6
0.2
n/a
13.4
6.2

73
43
54
n/a
66
94

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

36.8
−1.1
3.6
0.1
15.5
42.4

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

20.0
0.1
45.5
2.9
2.7

35
85
39
79
17 ●
22 ● ◆

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

55
47
57
50
41

19.5 83

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

64
23 ●
65
43

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade18.4 109 ○n/a n/a0.0 80 ○ ◇2.0 4841.1 112 ○ ◇[2]12 ● ◆
n/a
n/a
n/a

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

18 ● ◆
5241 ◆5●◆Market sophistication

63.7

12 ● ◆

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

41.0
80.0
51.5
0.3

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

82.0
82.0
n/a
n/a
n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

68.1 70
1.9 5491.5 47
34.5 118 ○ ◇

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

Creative outputs

49.2
11.8
55.4
9.9

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

17.9
0.9
5.1
n/a
2.2
0.2

60
30
44
n/a
12 ● ◆
84

23.2
6.8
5.6
68.6
9.3

52
47
52
41
48

◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

129Norway
Output rank Input rank
28

GII 2021 rank

20
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

13

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)5.4

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

64,85620

349.5

Score/
Value Rank

92.6

3●◆

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

91.1
89.3
92.0

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

96.8
90.7
99.0
8.7

4●
6
5●

3●
7●
2●
18

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

89.9
94.3
85.4

3●
23
5●

Human capital and research

56.8

13

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

75.3
7.9
26.1
18.1
496.9
8.5

3●◆
2●◆
14 ◆
12
22
16 ◆

Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

39.7
83.0
21.8
4.2

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

55.5
6,673.7
2.1
56.1
42.9

42
16
62 ○
57 ○
19
6
16
24
28

Infrastructure

64.8

1●◆

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

86.0
76.3
89.3
87.6
90.5

18
45 ◇
3●◆
19
18

61.2
27,518.4
76.6
26.7

3●◆
1●◆
21
34

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP◇

Business sophistication

45.7 23

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

57.6
51.7
n/a
1.1
42.0
25.9

21
5●
n/a
19
39 ◇
12

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

42.6
61.7
64.6
0.2
0.1
2.1

20
20
15
27
18
17

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

36.9 35 ◇0.5 69 ○7.0 78 ○3.2
7
1.1 106 ○48.9 26

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

35.4 28

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

46.7
4.5
2.0
n/a
45.4
41.7

17
20
18
n/a
12
20

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

39.5
−0.2
8.6
0.5
7.8
32.9

25
72 ○
19
18
35
38

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

20.1
0.3
54.0
3.2
1.8

54
31
43
46
62

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◇

◇
◇
◇

Creative outputs

39.3 25

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

37.4
33.2
73.2
1.3
77.4

45 ◇
69 ○
27
60 ○
10

16
88 ○
9
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

27.1
0.5
10.1
82.8
1.1
0.5

37.1
76.0
69.0
0.1
0.0

42
21
23
21
34

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

55.5
50.6
63.0
84.3
19.5

32
50
19
3●◆
45
63 ○

76.5
2.6
90.6
349.5

40
59
48
49

47.2
13.9
77.7
4.1

20
33
9
22

Market sophistication

57.6

21

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

59.2
55.0
151.4
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Score/
Value Rank

15
15
13
6●
28

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
130

Global Innovation Index 2021

Oman
Output rank Input rank
90

GII 2021 rank

76
IncomeRegion

High

NAWA

67

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)5.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

29,90884

129.2

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

62.3

71

◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

62.0
73.2
56.4

52
44
57

◇

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

56.2
51.1
61.3
n/a

91
57
41
n/a

◇

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

68.7
93.5
44.0

73 ◇
30 ●
88 ◇

Institutions◇◇

Human capital and research

37.9 45

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

56.6
5.0
27.0
14.3
n/a
10.6

44
41
13 ● ◆
66 ◇n/a
35

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

52.8
40.4
44.5
2.8

10 ● ◆
73 ◇1●◆
67

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

4.3
281.2
0.2
0.0
9.7

81 ◇
77 ◇
90 ◇
41 ○ ◇
65

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◇

Infrastructure

45.1 56

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

79.7
80.3
69.8
85.3
83.3

33
30 ●
47 ◇
24 ●
38

33.5
7,801.0
53.4
22.0

46
24 ●
42
68

21.9
7.5
38.5
1.7

87
98
91
50

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

◇
◇

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

20.2 94

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %22.4 [95]18.5 84
n/a n/a0.1 6631.8 57
n/a n/a◇◇◇5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

23.7
51.5
62.5
0.0
0.1
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

14.5 121 ○ ◇n/a n/a5.5 106 ○0.3 117 ○ ◇5.4 18 ●0.3 85 ○ ◇

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

52
37
21 ●
88 ○ ◇
30
97

Knowledge and technology outputs

11.7 107 ○ ◇Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

7.1
0.2
0.1
n/a
9.9
7.5

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

96
94
67
n/a
86
87

◇

◇
◇

19.4 107 ○ ◇−1.7 96
1.4 72
0.0 102 ○ ◇4.5 5917.5 67 ◇8.8 99 ◇n/a n/a32.7 82 ◇0.8 780.3 113 ○◇Creative outputs

22.5

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade34.5 5378.2 22 ● ◆10.4 60
0.1 114 ○52.5 72 ◇Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

Market sophistication

43.2 84

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

32.6 99 ◇35.0 118 ○ ◇75.1 42n/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

24.4
56.0
25.4
0.0
n/a

88
82
52
45
n/a

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

72.5
1.7
88.0
129.2

54
23 ●
59
76

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

71

5.0 105 ◇n/a n/a
1.1 82 ◇5.0 48 ◇0.5 89 ○0.4 6515.8 70 ◇1.6 86 ◇0.3 106 ◇39.3 85 ◇23.7 23 ●NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

131Pakistan
Output rank Input rank
77

117

GII 2021 rank

99
IncomeRegionLower middle

CSA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)220.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

5,160

107

1,076.3

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

54.0 99

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

42.8 10757.1 10635.6 110

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

44.9
26.7
29.1
27.2

116
109
107
108

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

74.1
89.3
59.0

55
59
53

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
◆
◆

Human capital and research

14.0 117

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

27.0 121 ○ ◇2.9 100
16.0 70
8.3 117 ○ ◇n/a n/a16.3 79

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Score/
Value Rank

5.7 [124]
9.0 117 ○n/a n/an/a n/a
9.2
335.6
0.2
0.0
28.4

63
75
88
41 ○ ◇
43 ● ◆

Infrastructure

25.4 117

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

43.0 104
39.0 10917.9 11762.9 82
52.4 97◇

125 ○ ◇
104112 ○113 ○ ◇

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

12.5
703.0
17.3
15.4

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

20.5 9610.1 67
33.1 111
0.5 85

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

25.1 69
0.4 71
10.3 29 ●1.0 790.7 115n/a n/a

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

78
42 ● ◆
55
89
57
94

Knowledge and technology outputs

19.2

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

15.6 [65]0.3 88n/a n/an/a n/a18.1 49 ● ◆17.2 50 ● ◆6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade71

27.4 74
0.7 52
0.1 117 ○0.3 33 ● ◆2.3 84n/a n/a

14.6
0.0
28.2
1.3
2.8

71
84
98
70
36 ●

Creative outputs

18.4

87

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

30.8
30.7
n/a
0.4
51.6

64
74
n/a
90
76

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

1.1 126 ○ ◇0.1 840.1 107 ○0.1 62 ○ ◇n/a n/a0.1 107

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

11.2 89
0.5 106
0.2 11019.6 123 ○28.5 19 ● ◆CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

20.9 123 ○45.0 101
18.1 115
0.2 50

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

21.1 10772.0 27 ● ◆29.2 49
0.0 88 ○0.0 78

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

63.2 83
8.7 109n/a n/a
1,076.3 22 ● ◆20.8 [99]11.6 105
32.0 46n/a n/an/a n/a1.6 109
18.4
49.0
48.6
0.0
0.0
0.0

35.1 120 ○4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

21.4 88

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
132

Global Innovation Index 2021

Panama
Output rank Input rank
79

GII 2021 rank

83
IncomeRegion

High

LCN

83

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)4.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

30,03473

128.5

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

62.8 69◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

58.5
71.4
52.1

63
54
68

◇

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

64.1
53.0
43.6
18.1

68
56
67
76

◇

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

65.8
92.0
39.5

82
46
99

◇

Human capital and research

19.5 99◇

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

31.6 111 ◇3.2 92 ◇9.2 93 ○ ◇12.9 83 ◇364.8 76 ○ ◇13.6 62

Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◇
◇
◇
◇

◇

25.1
47.8
15.4
n/a

84
65
97
n/a

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

1.7
39.1
0.1
0.0
3.7

98 ◇
97 ○ ◇
96 ◇41 ○ ◇
72 ◇◇Infrastructure

46.8 50◇

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

60.8
64.9
57.7
62.4
58.3

◇

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◇

39.7
2,740.2
57.1
33.8

81
70
66
83
89

◇
◇
◇
◇

30 ●
68 ◇
37
13 ● ◆

39.8 36 ●23.5
5●◆
47.3 64 ◇0.2 105 ◇Market sophistication

40.7

97

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

47.6
80.0
86.8
0.4

40
23 ●
33 ●
39

◇

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

16.9 126 ○ ◇56.0 82
24.5 53
0.0 79 ◇0.0 77

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

57.7 101 ◇5.4 93 ◇61.5 102 ○ ◇128.5 77

18.6 103

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %17.4 106 ◇24.0 66 ◇11.0 95 ○ ◇n/a n/a
1.5 91 ◇10.5 67 ◇

18.6
37.1
47.5
0.1
0.0
0.3

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

19.7 94 ◇0.2 94
7.7 66
0.3 118 ○ ◇8.2 10 ●n/a n/a

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

75
94
58
53
78
37

◇

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP◇

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◇

Business sophistication◇◇

Knowledge and technology outputs

10.9 113

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

5.0 112 ◇0.2 91
0.2 55
0.0 73 ○4.8 110 ◇12.2 63

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

11.1 122 ○ ◇n/a n/a4.8 32 ●0.2 67
1.6 93 ◇7.3 96 ◇

16.7
0.0
38.3
5.1
1.1

66
74
73 ◇
36 ●
81

Creative outputs

25.8 58

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †25.0 87 ◇33.0 70
12.2 57
0.0 119 ○ ◇57.4 55

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

25.3 37
0.4 53
0.4 100 ○ ◇n/a n/a2.5
6●◆
2.9 23 ●

28.0
56.4
1.3
48.6
6.0

38
13 ●
79 ◇
68 ◇
54

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

133

Paraguay
Output rank Input rank
87

90

GII 2021 rank

88

IncomeRegionUpper middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)7.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

12,50397

90.7

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

50.9 110◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

47.3 9764.3 80
38.8 101◇

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

46.4 11138.2 85
32.1 98
29.4 117◇

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

59.0 10776.0 11842.1 94

Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◇

Human capital and research

19.8 98◇

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

33.8 108
3.4 87
11.9 84
12.2 90n/a n/a18.4 89◇◇23.8 [88]34.6 80n/a n/an/a n/a2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

1.8
139.7
0.1
0.0
3.0

97
84 ◇
97
41 ○ ◇
73

Infrastructure

38.9

77

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

59.2
45.0
46.2
70.6
75.0

85
99
88
65
57

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

30.4
7,013.9
34.2
24.8
27.1
12.4
46.4
0.3

◇

61 ●
29 ● ◆
73
48 ●

71
46 ●
67
92

Market sophistication

42.0 89

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

38.5 75
40.0 113 ◇46.7 754.3
8●◆

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

34.0 [53]34.0 118n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a53.6 111
5.0 84n/a n/a90.7 87

25.4 66

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

27.7
18.6
46.4
n/a
0.4
9.5

80
83
21 ●
n/a
98 ○ ◇
72

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

12.7
24.5
40.4
0.0
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

121 ◇124 ○ ◇
99
67
118
100 ○ ◇

35.7 39 ●0.1 9822.8
6●◆
0.0 131 ○ ◇1.2 104n/a n/aKnowledge and technology outputs

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Business sophistication
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◇

◇

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

10.0 117◇

3.0 [122]
0.3 89n/a n/an/a n/a2.4 123 ○ ◇4.0 114

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %19.4 108−0.7 77
0.2 1100.0 105 ◇4.5 61 ●15.0 76

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

7.6 103n/a n/a31.1 88
0.6 870.1 126 ○Creative outputs

24.8

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

41.7 36 ●119.2
1●◆
0.0 80 ○ ◇1.7 50 ●41.8 110 ◇

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

62

6.4 [98]
0.0 107 ○n/a n/an/a n/a
1.3 34 ●0.1 111

9.5
1.7
1.5
36.7
0.0

96
85
74
90 ◇
97 ○

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
134

Global Innovation Index 2021

Peru

GII 2021 rank

70

Output rank Input rank
82

52

IncomeRegionUpper middle

LCN

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)33.0

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

11,51676385.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

62.5

70

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

53.6
62.5
49.1

83
89
78

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

69.6
58.2
33.9
11.4

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

50
45 ◆
95
36 ●

64.3 87
82.1 10246.6 82

Human capital and research

34.3 53

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

42.7
3.8
14.8
15.0
401.5
13.5

85
73
77
52
66 ○
60

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

53.5
70.7
29.6
n/a

8●◆
30 ●
17 ●
n/a

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

6.8 69n/a n/a0.1 101 ○0.0 41 ○ ◇18.1 55

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

38.8

78

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

62.5
52.1
46.3
75.3
76.2

77
88
87
52
55

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

19.8 112 ○
1,717.9 88
30.0 82
19.2 93
34.2
17.2
44.0
1.5

49
13 ● ◆
79
58

Market sophistication

52.2 38

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

56.8
75.0
45.0
5.8

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

19 ● ◆
34771●◆

21.1 10668.0 4444.2 37
0.0 83 ○0.0 90 ○

78.6
0.7
89.6
385.7

31 ●
6●
52
47

Score/
Value Rank◆

Business sophistication

34.3

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %58.0 [20]24.4 6265.9
6●◆n/a n/an/a n/a17.4 40

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

16.5 99
31.4 107 ○ ◇39.8 101n/a n/a0.0 120 ○0.0 65

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

28.3
0.7
8.6
1.8
3.4
n/a

60
61
52
39
41
n/a

Knowledge and technology outputs

14.9

87

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

9.4 82
0.3 87
0.1 65
0.6 33
5.4 107 ○14.3 57

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

37

◆

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

29.5
3.3
3.8
0.3
4.0
13.6

66
14 ● ◆
3750
64
80

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

5.9 116 ○0.1 7025.2 103 ○ ◇0.3 980.3 107 ○Creative outputs

21.2

77

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

30.3
66.1
6.5
0.3
48.6

67
30 ●
67
98
86

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

9.9
0.1
1.1
7.6
2.1
0.3

79
85
83
41
14 ● ◆
71

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

14.1
5.1
1.7
49.3
0.5

76
53
72
67
79

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

135

Philippines
Output rank Input rank
40

72

GII 2021 rank

51

IncomeRegionLower middle

SEAO

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)109.6

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

8,574

50

933.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

55.4
62.5
51.8

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

50.2 10443.7 71 ◆34.1 9427.4 114 ○1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

74
89
69

◆

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*◆

63.2 94
71.3 125 ○ ◇55.1 60

Human capital and research

27.9 80

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

37.9 [97]n/a n/an/a n/a13.1 80349.7 78 ○25.2 105

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

39.8
35.5
28.7
n/a

41 ◆
79
19 ●
n/a

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

6.1
105.7
0.2
0.0
20.3

74
87
95
41 ○ ◇
53 ◆

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

36.1 86

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

58.1 87
44.1 100
40.2 98
72.9 60
75.0 57

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

21.5 101930.1 100
39.8 59
19.1 95

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

28.9
15.1
38.4
1.0

◆
◆

36.3 33

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

38.1
21.1
59.8
0.1
38.0
12.4

47 ◆
77
8●◆
70
49 ◆
60

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

17.1
43.7
42.3
0.0
0.0
0.0

94
61
92
92 ○
44 ◆
80

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

53.8
0.8
26.8
1.2
2.7
51.8

10 ● ◆
58
1●◆
63
66
20 ◆

Knowledge and technology outputs

37.1

24 ● ◆

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

19.1 55
0.5 79
0.0 802.5
8●◆
2.1 124 ○14.8 55

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade◆

63 ◆21 ● ◆
92
67 ◆

58.7
0.0
59.5
32.3
5.4

5●◆
80
35 ◆
1●◆
13 ● ◆

24.2 65

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

29.9
34.0
40.3
1.1
61.7

71
66
39
65
39

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

27.0
0.2
0.8
4.0
0.5
6.3

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

33 ◆
74
89
49 ◆
87 ○
10 ● ◆

10.0 92
1.1 93
0.4 100
37.5 89
2.8 6742.9 86

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

23.4 119 ○40.0 113 ○48.0 74
0.0 70

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

22.7 102
60.0 7178.6 21 ◆0.0 77 ○0.0 74

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

82.6
1.7
93.4
933.9

21 ● ◆
22 ● ◆
39
27 ● ◆

33.6 47 ◆1.6 31
0.3 109 ○0.2 59
4.2 6340.3 27 ◆Creative outputs

Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◆

Business sophistication

56.3 90◆◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
136

Global Innovation Index 2021

Poland
Output rank Input rank
42

GII 2021 rank

40
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

37

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)37.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

33,73938

1,280.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

68.3
76.8
64.0

43
37
42

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

71.5
70.0
58.6
18.8

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

79.7
82.9
76.5

47
31
47 ◇
78 ○

35
99 ○ ◇
23 ●Human capital and research

42.3

37

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

57.0
4.6
20.9
16.0
512.8
10.5

43
56
43
37
9●
34

35.1
68.6
21.7
3.6

60
35
63
58

34.7
3,187.8
1.3
45.4
29.1

33
30
28
35
40

Infrastructure

50.1

41

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

82.7
75.7
72.9
85.9
96.4

24 ●
48
38
22 ●
9●◆

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

31.0
4,253.2
69.3
18.1

Market sophistication

48.3 60

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

38.3
75.0
50.8
0.1

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

36.5
11.7
60.9
2.9

57
52
27
99 ○

40
54
37
30

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

Business sophistication

34.2 38

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

45.1
39.9
21.7
0.8
53.2
21.6

32
27
72 ○
26
23
27

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

20.0
38.3
46.7
0.1
0.0
0.3

71 ◇
86 ○ ◇
6342
68
35

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

37.4
1.2
8.8
1.4
2.6
47.9

33
32
50
56
69
29

73.2 38

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

77
34
67
57 ○

20.8 108 ○66.0 50
30.3 47 ○0.0 63 ○0.0 68 ○

85.7
1.8
98.6
1,280.7

11 ●
25
7●
20 ●

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

30.6 36

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

27.2
3.3
0.3
0.7
27.0
36.5

35
25 ●
42
32
34
26

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

35.3
2.3
1.4
0.2
8.8
32.6

41
23 ● ◆
70
60
31
39

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

29.3
0.2
69.3
6.3
2.8

37
42
23 ●
29
37

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Creative outputs

29.6 50

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

29.5
32.0
33.8
n/a
51.9

73
73
42
n/a
74

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

29.4
1.2
1.8
12.1
1.2
4.5

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

30.1
7.1
26.9
68.5
15.5

26
24
71 ○ ◇
34 ◇37
12 ● ◆

◇

35
46
26
42
32

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

137Portugal
Output rank Input rank
30

GII 2021 rank

31
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

32

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)10.2

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

33,13131

339.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

78.2
82.1
76.3

25
24
26

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

77.5
68.8
76.6
17.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

85.5
90.9
80.2

34
37
24
67 ○

49.3

24

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

63.9
5.0
29.6
16.7
492.0
9.3

15 ●
38
8●◆
21
26
21

43.8
65.7
27.9
7.9

26
39
24
33

40.3
4,905.6
1.4
45.6
29.0

27
18
26
34
41

Infrastructure

52.6

31

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

81.2
86.0
73.0
83.5
82.1

27
18 ●
37
35
41

33.8
5,032.0
74.1
19.2

44
43
23
94 ○

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

18 ●
53
14 ●

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %Business sophistication

33.6

41

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

42.5
36.3
29.0
0.7
48.3
17.1

39
36
54 ○
31
30
41

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

25.1
55.1
54.1
0.1
0.0
0.6

46
29
39
40
64
31

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

33.3
0.8
9.9
1.1
3.8
38.3

47
45
37
71 ○
31
34

80.4 25

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

42.8
15.7
67.0
2.8

31
20
27
31

Market sophistication

48.6 56

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

41.0 6345.0 101 ○ ◇90.7 28n/a n/a4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

23.9
62.0
29.2
0.1
0.0

93 ○
60 ○
48 ○
40
39

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

81.0
1.8
100.0
340.0

25
25
1●
50

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

31.9 34

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

31.2
2.6
0.8
0.1
50.2
32.7

31
29
30
51 ○
10 ● ◆
30

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

43.3
−1.2
6.5
0.5
18.1
29.7

17 ●
90 ○
24
8●
15 ●
43

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

21.0
0.1
62.4
3.4
1.8

52
49
33
45
61

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Creative outputs

39.3 26

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

50.1
91.7
50.7
7.3
64.8

19 ●
12 ● ◆
36
18 ●
30

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

20.1
0.6
5.2
36.1
1.1
1.3

53
41
42
21
47
39

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

36.7
19.6
55.9
64.9
4.4

30
29
14 ●
45
59 ○

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
138

Global Innovation Index 2021

QatarOutput rank Input rank
70

GII 2021 rank

68
IncomeRegion

High

NAWA

64

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)2.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

91,89770

257.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank
◇

66.0

57

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

69.2
75.0
66.3

41
40
39

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

66.8 6161.3 40
66.1 3623.2 100◇

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

62.0 98
86.1 84
38.0 107

◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◇
◇
◇

Human capital and research

29.8

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

40.1 94 ◇2.7 105 ○ ◇n/a n/a12.3 89 ◇413.5 60 ◇11.8 47

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

42.0
18.9
24.2
35.3

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

7.4
577.3
0.5
0.0
12.6

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◇

75

37
98 ◇
43
1●◆

67 ◇
63 ◇
66
41 ○ ◇
61

Infrastructure

52.3 34

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

70.8
79.8
72.1
65.9
65.5

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

64.4
17,222.5
66.3
n/a
21.7
7.7
37.1
1.7

57
34
41
76
77

◇
◇
◇

2●◆
6●◆
29 ●
n/a
89
94
99
51

◇
◇

Market sophistication

43.2 83

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

43.2 55
45.0 101 ○ ◇100.9 24 ●n/a n/a4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

15.6 128 ○ ◇28.0 124 ○ ◇87.0 17 ●0.0 600.0 89 ○

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

70.8
3.5
81.8
257.5

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◇

Business sophistication

19.9 96

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %12.9 118 ○ ◇18.1 86 ◇n/a n/a0.1 69 ◇9.3 77 ◇4.5 96 ◇5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

22.8
65.4
54.1
0.0
0.1
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

24.1 72
0.1 102 ○ ◇7.5 682.9
9●−0.7 123 ○16.1 57 ◇

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

55
14 ●
38
93 ○ ◇
34
69

Knowledge and technology outputs

16.8

79

◇

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

8.7 870.2 102
0.1 66n/a n/a12.2 70
10.2 76◇◇

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %30.0 62−2.6 109 ○ ◇6.3 26 ●0.3 32
3.1 7334.7 35

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

11.8
n/a
36.7
0.3
1.1

86
n/a
74
96
79

◇

Creative outputs

24.7 63

◇

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †32.7 58
5.0 121 ○ ◇97.5 20 ●n/a n/a63.9 33

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

20.4
0.3
23.0
19.6
0.7
0.2

50
62
4●◆
28
72
82

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

12.9
3.4
2.6
45.8
0.4

81
60
63
73
83

◇
◇

◇
◇

59
67
72
59

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

139Republic of Korea
Output rank Input rank
5

IncomeRegion

High

SEAO

9

GII 2021 rank

5

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)51.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

44,29210

2,293.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

82.1
83.9
81.2

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

68.2 57 ◇71.5 29 ◇78.2 23
27.4 110 ○ ◇1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

10
31
10

Human capital and research

67.4

1●◆

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

61.5
4.6
28.4
16.5
519.7
12.6

22
55
11
26
6
53

51.0
95.9
29.3
2.7

13
4 ◆
18
71 ○ ◇

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

Infrastructure
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

18
13
21

88.1
93.4
82.9

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %89.8
8,407.8
4.6
90.2
74.9

59.2

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) 94.8
ICT access*
90.0
ICT use*89.1
Government’s online service*
100.0
E-participation*
100.0

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

49.4
11,358.9
72.7
31.3

◆

1●◆
1●◆
2●◆
4●
9

12
1●◆
8
5 ◆
1●◆
1●

11
11
25
23

50 ◇
95 ○
28
33

Market sophistication

60.0

18

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

64.2
65.0
151.7
n/a

12
61 ○
8
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

31.5
74.0
91.6
0.1
0.0

65 ◇
24
15
34 ◇
63 ○ ◇

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

60.1

7

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

78.1
39.1
n/a
3.7
76.9
20.2

1●◆
28 ◇
n/a
2●◆
3●◆
30

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

48.3
62.5
61.6
0.1
0.0
11.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

15
18
24
46
37 ◇
1●◆

54.0
8
1.5 2515.9 11
0.5 104 ○ ◇0.8 111 ○
82.3
1●◆

84.2
4.8
97.3
2,293.5

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

54.5

8

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

66.1
74.5
8.7
2.2
30.0
45.1

7
1●◆
1●◆
11
29
17

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

40.0
1.1
2.6
0.2
6.2
59.1

23
41
51
66
45
5

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

57.2
1.2
92.6
24.1
0.9

7
18
3●◆
1●◆
85 ○

Creative outputs

52.1

8

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

74.1
99.1
191.6
26.6
64.0

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

1●◆
8 ◆
5
1●◆
32 ◇

32.4 20
0.6 4012.5 1351.7 16
0.3 100 ○ ◇3.6 14

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

28.1
8.2
8.2
61.8
32.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◆

33.4
7.7
66.5
2.6

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

Business sophistication

79.5 28

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

37
43
43
48
14

◇

◇

◇

◇
◇

16
82 ○
14
14

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
140

Global Innovation Index 2021

Republic of Moldova
Output rank Input rank
54

80

IncomeRegionLower middle

EUR

GII 2021 rank

64

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)4.0

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

13,25359

34.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

59.8

81

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

49.5
64.3
42.1

92
80
93

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

54.6 95
43.8 70
36.9 84
23.7 101

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

75.2
95.7
54.8

49 ◆
12 ● ◆
62

Human capital and research

28.8

77

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

51.7
6.1
24.2
11.4
424.4
10.3

63
13 ● ◆
18 ●96
51
31 ● ◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

31.5
39.2
24.8
5.6

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.2
696.1
0.3
0.0
0.0

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

70
75
40
41

◆

◆

84
59
87
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

36.5 82◆

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

68.0
66.4
54.2
75.3
76.2

◆

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

62
68
73
52
55

22.2 95
1,520.3 90
19.0 108 ○25.5 41

◆
◆
◆
◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

21.7

87

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

30.5
31.1
38.1
0.0
15.5
16.4

67
46 ◆
33
76 ○
72
42 ◆

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

13.0 119 ○28.7 116 ○26.1 126 ○ ◇0.0 75n/a n/a0.2 45 ◆
21.6
0.5
7.6
1.9
2.8
6.2

82
66
67
35
60
69

Knowledge and technology outputs

24.2 54

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

30.2
2.4
0.1
3.8
7.4
6.0

◆

◆

34 ◆
31 ● ◆
59 ◆
1●◆
98
96

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %19.9 104−1.1 84
1.9 590.1 87
2.6 81
16.2 70

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

22.4
0.1
39.7
0.9
5.0

51
63
70
74
15 ● ◆◆Creative outputs

28.5 53

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

43.3
87.8
0.0
12.5
48.3

33.6 9470.0 4424.8 105
0.7 30

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

8.2 880.9 32 ◆0.3 101 ○n/a n/a0.7 74
0.1 97

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

39.1 [38]68.0 44n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 42

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

19.1
2.1
2.3
45.2
27.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

61.8 86
3.5 7180.1 7834.9 116 ○3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

19.3 105
6.0 107 ○44.4 76 ◆0.3 97

Market sophistication

44.9

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

74

34 ◆
14 ● ◆
80 ○ ◇
9●◆
87

60 ◆
75 ◆
66 ◆
75 ◆
20 ● ◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

141Romania
Output rank Input rank
50

GII 2021 rank

48
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

54

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)19.2

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

30,141

46

584.9

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

68.1 53◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

52.8
69.6
44.4

86
60
89

◇

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

78.0
55.6
56.3
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

73.4
87.7
59.1

33
52 ◇
49 ◇
1●◆

Institutions

◇
◇

57
73
51

◇

Human capital and research

28.9

76

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

41.5
3.1
16.4
14.3
427.8
11.8

90 ◇
95 ○ ◇
68 ◇
67 ◇
49 ◇
48

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

38.5
51.0
28.1
5.4

46
62
23
44

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

6.8
896.0
0.5
0.0
7.1

70 ◇
52 ◇
68
41 ○ ◇
69 ◇Infrastructure

51.5

37

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

73.9
73.4
68.9
72.4
81.0

52
51
50
61
46

29.0
3,309.2
49.8
22.6

65
61
47
62

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

◇

51.7
14.9
64.7
7.9

9●
23 ●
32
10 ● ◆

Market sophistication

44.7

76

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

35.3 87
80.0 23
24.7 106 ○ ◇0.0 73 ○3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◇

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

17.4 123 ○ ◇62.0 60
10.4 68 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇0.0 76 ○

81.5
1.8
95.7
584.8

23 ●
25
24
35

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

28.0 54

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

33.4
24.0
20.5
0.3
57.1
11.4

60
65 ◇
77 ○ ◇
48
15 ●
64 ◇

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

16.1 103 ○ ◇38.2 88 ◇42.4 90 ◇0.0 55
0.0 93 ○0.0 66

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

34.5
0.9
10.0
2.6
2.9
26.5

44
40
34
14 ●
52
48

Knowledge and technology outputs

31.8 35

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

12.0
1.5
0.1
0.1
14.2
18.8

71 ◇
48
71
59 ○
62
44

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

45.3
2.1
7.3
0.2
16.3
44.1

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

38.0
0.1
69.0
6.6
5.9

12 ●
26 ◆
21 ●
58
16 ●
21 ●

23 ●
60
25
27
10 ●

Creative outputs

22.2

72

◇

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

26.1
38.2
20.7
1.6
50.0

83
61
48
55
82

◇

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

16.1
1.8
2.0
7.1
0.9
0.8

63
12 ●
69 ◇
44 ◇
58
54

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

20.6
4.5
13.5
54.3
9.6

56
56
36
59
47

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◇

◇
◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
142

Global Innovation Index 2021

Russian Federation
Output rank Input rank
52

43

IncomeRegionUpper middle

EUR

GII 2021 rank

45

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)145.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

27,39447

4,021.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

63.1

67

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

57.4
64.3
54.0

67
80
62

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

55.7 9232.2 100 ○27.7 109 ○ ◇17.3 69

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

76.1
93.1
59.1

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

47.9 29

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

57.6 [40]4.7 52n/a n/a15.7 41481.3 31n/a n/a2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

35.2
2,746.7
1.0
39.0
48.4

32 ◆
33 ◆
38
40 ◆
21 ● ◆

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

78.5
72.8
72.5
81.8
86.9

36
54
39
39
27

29.0
7,705.0
33.0
22.9

64
26
74
59

48.0

61

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

40.1
80.0
52.4
0.0

70
23
63
78 ○

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$◆◆◆

19.9 101 ○ ◇4.8 117 ○ ◇50.5 56
0.2 107 ○Market sophistication

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP◆

14 ● ◆
15 ● ◆
13 ● ◆
51

42.5 63

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

◆

50.8
84.6
31.1
4.5

Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

45
38
52

19.8 116 ○60.0 7140.9 38
0.0 55
0.0 92 ○

83.9
5.3
92.5
4,021.7

17 ● ◆
91
44
6●◆

Business sophistication

31.8 44

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

38.2
44.9
11.8
0.6
30.2
26.2

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

17.7
44.0
45.5
0.0
0.0
0.2

88
58
73
63
72
50

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

39.5
1.6
9.1
1.3
1.4
48.0

29 ◆
23 ●
43
60
97 ○
28 ◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

46
18 ● ◆
94 ○ ◇
34
60
10 ● ◆

Knowledge and technology outputs

26.7 48

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

35.8
5.7
0.3
2.3
10.6
37.7

26 ◆
15 ● ◆
45
10 ● ◆
80
23 ● ◆

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %28.6 68
1.1 44
3.3 43
0.3 43
1.1 105 ○25.7 48

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

15.6
0.2
43.0
2.6
1.3

68
38
64
52
71

◆

Creative outputs

26.4 56

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

35.6
59.7
44.8
1.1
58.4

50
35
38
67
49

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

9.7
1.0
1.2
7.0
0.6
0.4

81
27
79
45
80 ○
68

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

24.8
3.4
14.1
58.8
21.6

47
61
35
54
25

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

143

RwandaOutput rank Input rank
108

GII 2021 rank

102
IncomeRegion

Low

SSF

91

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)13.0

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

2,393

91

30.3

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

67.0 54

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

61.5
75.0
54.8

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

64.4
45.5
48.7
17.3

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

75.2
93.2
57.2

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank◆

55 ◆40 ● ◆
58 ◆
67
66
59
68

◆
◆

48 ● ◆
33 ● ◆
57 ◆Human capital and research

15.5 114

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

35.6 104
3.1 9621.4 38 ●11.2 99n/a n/a20.1 95

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %7.6 117
6.2 121 ○13.0 100
3.6 592.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.2 85 ◆13.9 107 ○ ◇0.6 53 ◆0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

30.4 101

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

43.6 101 ◆28.3 123 ○21.4 113 ◆61.8 85 ◆63.1 82 ◆3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

30.5
n/a
43.1
20.8

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

17.0 115n/a n/a33.8 107
0.1 131 ○Market sophistication

41.7 93

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

60.7 14 ● ◆95.0
4●◆21.4 112
6.7
1●◆

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

24.5
44.0
31.0
n/a
0.1

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

39.9
9.6
43.6
30.3

60
n/a
56
83

87
98
45
n/a
28 ●

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

22.0 82

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %12.9 117
8.9 11235.9 38 ◆0.0 75 ◆0.6 96 ○4.0 98 ◆5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

32.4 31 ● ◆33.0 101
46.3 66 ◆0.2 18 ● ◆0.1 26 ● ◆n/a n/a5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

20.8 89n/a n/a
8.5 550.5 101
3.5 39 ●5.6 70

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

13.4 96

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

8.0 88
0.2 93
0.0 98 ○ ◇0.3 41
14.1 63
4.0 114

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %28.2 70 ◆5.8
4●◆
1.5 67 ◆0.0 101
0.5 119n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

4.0 [123]n/a n/an/a n/a0.5 91
0.7 91

◆

125 ○
114
109 ○ ◇
122◆

Business sophistication◆

Creative outputs

11.5 117

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †16.7 11110.8 110
0.0 80 ○ ◇0.1 106
51.0 78

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

3.3 [110]
0.0 101
3.2 59n/a n/an/a n/a0.1 100

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

9.1
0.1
0.1
29.9
n/a

◆

100
121
114
105
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
144

Global Innovation Index 2021

Saudi Arabia
Output rank Input rank
72

GII 2021 rank

66

IncomeRegion

High

NAWA

59

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)34.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

46,27366

1,608.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

53.3 101

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

57.6 87
41.7 75
51.2 55
23.7 102◇◇◇◇46.6 129 ○ ◇93.1 36
0.0 129 ○ ◇1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

Human capital and research

45.7 32

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

59.6 [30]n/a n/an/a n/a16.0 36386.2 71 ○ ◇13.6 61

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

36.6
70.9
22.0
4.4

51
29 ●
61
54

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

40.9
n/a
0.8
62.7
43.7

26 ●
n/a
47
22 ●
24 ●

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◇

55.6 73 ◇51.8 119 ○ ◇57.5 54 ◇1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank◇

45.1 54

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

74.5
81.5
76.3
68.8
71.4

48
28 ●
34
71 ◇
66

39.1
11,221.2
44.8
27.6

32
12 ●
54 ◇
31

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

21.7
8.3
44.0
0.3

90
88
79
96

◇
◇
◇

34
35
8●◆
n/a
70
36

Knowledge and technology outputs

19.6 69

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

17.1
1.0
0.6
n/a
15.9
22.7

◇

60
64
32
n/a
53
38

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %27.5 72−2.0 101 ○0.5 99 ◇0.3 37
1.3 102 ◇35.6 33

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

14.3 72 ◇n/a n/a59.4 36
0.1 118 ○ ◇0.7 92◇Creative outputs

20.9

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †30.9 63
14.0 104 ◇110.9 19 ●0.2 101 ○61.5 40

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

8.3 86 ◇0.0 100 ○ ◇n/a n/a15.9 29 ◇1.2 400.2 81

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

13.3
2.7
0.8
49.4
0.5

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

40.5
60.0
54.0
n/a

67
74
62
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

35.7
86.0
144.1
0.0
0.0

46
3●◆
6●◆
49
80 ○

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

29 ●
83 ◇
53
17 ●

◇

16.3 110 ◇0.0 122 ○ ◇7.1 77
0.7 89 ◇0.4 119 ○n/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

79.6
4.8
89.5
1,608.6

16.6 [108]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a5.5 935.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

51.9 39

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

◇

30.5
52.9
68.5
n/a
0.0
0.3

Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

21.1 89

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

78

79
69
92
66
80

◇

◇
◇

◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

145

Senegal
Output rank Input rank
102

105

GII 2021 rank

105
IncomeRegionLower middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)16.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

3,463

102

58.1

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

63.0 68◆

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

57.3
73.2
49.4

68
44
75

◆

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

63.8
40.6
41.7
14.8

69
79
73
58

◆

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

67.7
91.2
44.3

76
51 ●
87

Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◆

18.2 104

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

37.3 99
4.8 45
20.5 47
8.8 114 ○ ◇n/a n/a20.4 96

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

12.9 10913.1 107n/a n/a7.6 34 ● ◆

4.5
564.3
0.6
0.0
0.0

79
65
60 ◆
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

28.8 108

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

39.5
36.0
28.5
49.4
44.0

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◆

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◆

111
114
105
108
110

25.1 80
306.6 115
9.6 121 ○ ◇33.1 16 ●21.8 88
12.4 44 ●30.7 1190.2 106

Market sophistication

37.7 107

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

35.7
65.0
29.3
1.6

84
61
97
18 ●

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

17.8 12144.0 98n/a n/a
0.0 64
0.0 62

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

59.6 97
9.1 11184.8 67
58.1 98

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

12.5 131 ○ ◇Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %6.9 127 ○ ◇6.4 116 ○ ◇17.4 86 ◇n/a n/a2.1 880.6 120 ○5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

15.3 10640.0 74
41.2 97
0.0 54
0.0 122 ○0.0 100 ○ ◇15.3 116
0.1 994.9 113
2.0 33 ● ◆3.5 38 ●0.1 87 ○ ◇14.6 88
5.3 110
0.2 95
0.0 79
0.0 64
9.5 88
6.8 91

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %25.2 84
2.4 21 ●0.5 100
0.2 71
1.4 100
16.6 68

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

13.4 76
0.1 6529.4 94
0.1 116
2.8 38 ●Creative outputs

14.4 109

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †20.2 100
9.6 11216.4 52
0.3 9758.1 52

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

8.9 84
1.0 28 ● ◆0.2 105 ○n/a n/a0.8 670.1 109

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

8.4 106
1.0 950.2 11227.2 109n/a n/a◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
146

Global Innovation Index 2021

Serbia

GII 2021 rank

54

Output rank Input rank
57

50

IncomeRegionUpper middle

EUR

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)8.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

18,84053130.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

69.3 50

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

57.3
69.6
51.1

70
60
72

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

72.5
46.5
43.6
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

78.1
89.3
67.0

41
64
68
1●◆

38
60
38

Human capital and research

32.3

62

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

43.2
3.6
11.1
14.7
442.5
7.9

83
81
88 ○
60
44
9●◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

10.6
2,087.2
0.9
0.0
0.0

32
36
20
50

56
40 ◆
41
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

48.7 44

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

74.1
75.2
59.8
79.4
82.1

50
49
62
42
41

27.1
5,252.4
36.9
22.1

70
41
64
65

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

43.1
67.8
28.4
4.6

45.0
7.6
55.2
10.1

◆
◆

25 ◆
96 ○
43 ◆
3●◆

Market sophistication

48.4 58

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

33.2
65.0
42.0
0.2

96
61
80
44

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

35.6 [47]70.0 36
3.7 74 ○n/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

76.4
1.4
96.9
130.7

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

25.5 63

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

28.7
28.0
38.3
0.4
9.1
15.0

77
53
32
46
78 ○
50

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

19.8 72
38.5 8538.6 107 ○0.2 24 ◆0.0 800.1 585.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

27.9
1.0
7.2
2.4
7.6
9.6

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

61
38
75
21 ◆
13 ● ◆
64 ○Knowledge and technology outputs

29.1 43

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

23.4
1.3
0.2
0.6
41.0
14.9

42
54
51
35
17 ● ◆
54

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %34.8 45
0.7 53
1.9 580.0 104 ○ ◇21.4 10 ● ◆25.4 49

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

29.1
0.2
59.3
1.8
5.5

39
41
38
64
12 ● ◆Creative outputs

21.4

76

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

20.8
24.2
0.0
1.0
51.7

98 ○
84
80 ○ ◇
70
75

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

20.2
1.8
5.6
n/a
1.0
0.6

51
10 ● ◆
39
n/a
55
59

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

23.8
1.3
5.5
69.8
15.8

51
91
53
36
31

◆

41
17 ●
17 ●
75

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

147

Singapore
Output rank Input rank
13

GII 2021 rank

8

IncomeRegion

High

SEAO

1

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)5.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

95,6038551.6

Score/
Value Rank

Score/
Value Rank

95.1

1●◆

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

100.0
100.0
100.0

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

99.1
100.0
96.2
8.0

1●◆
1●◆
1●◆

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

86.3
98.2
74.3

17
4●◆
25

Human capital and research

58.7

9

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

54.0 54 ○2.9 102 ○ ◇21.4 3916.5 25556.5
2●◆
11.3 42

Institutions

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

63.1
88.9
33.5
19.2

1●◆
1●◆
8
1●◆

2●◆
10
10 ◆
7

59.1
6,821.1
1.8
50.0
68.1

15
5
19
30
12

Infrastructure

57.8

15

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

90.5
90.5
77.4
96.5
97.6

7
7
28
5
6

46.7
9,556.1
90.5
24.8

15
15
7
49 ○

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

36.3
14.4
58.1
1.8

42
27
38
49

Market sophistication

75.9

5

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

62.5
75.0
120.8
n/a

13
34
18
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

88.4
86.0
200.6
0.7
0.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

76.6
0.4
80.1
551.6

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◇

◇

◆

1●◆
3●◆
4 ◆
1●◆
1●◆

39
3●
79 ○ ◇
37

Business sophistication

62.7

3●◆

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

65.3
58.3
n/a
1.1
53.1
27.1

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

52.0
69.8
69.4
0.1
0.2
2.4

10
2●◆
n/a
20
24
6 ◆

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

70.7
2.8
22.2
2.4
27.1
51.5

1●◆
8
7 ◆
20
3●◆
21

Knowledge and technology outputs

48.1

13

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

35.5
3.0
2.3
n/a
27.6
38.4

28
26
16
n/a
33
22

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

46.7
−0.3
10.0
0.3
5.5
76.2

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

62.1
1.4
86.7
25.3
2.5

11
73 ○
15
52 ○
55 ○
1●◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

13
8
6
33
5
15

◆

◇

4●◆
15
5
1●◆
46

Creative outputs

42.9

17

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

40.2
19.2
153.8
0.7
74.6

40
92 ○ ◇
9
79 ○
14

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

39.0
3.5
2.8
38.8
0.5
3.5

13
1●◆
61 ○
20
91 ○
17

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

52.1
24.5
11.8
69.6
100.0

19
23
38 ◇
38 ◇
1●◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
148

Global Innovation Index 2021

Slovakia
Output rank Input rank
35

GII 2021 rank

37
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

42

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)5.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

32,18439

175.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

71.1
82.1
65.6

39
24
41

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

72.1
69.8
61.4
18.8

44
34
40
78

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

75.1
84.8
65.5

51
91 ○ ◇
42

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

32.8 58

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

49.5
3.9
20.7
14.5
469.4
11.2

67
70
45
63
38
41

31.5
45.4
22.1
8.0

69
67
59
31

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

73.1
73.3
77.1
71.8
70.2
26.9
4,899.4
45.5
19.6
51.4
11.0
68.3
9.3

54
52
30
63
70

◇

43.6
34.2
43.3
0.5
46.8
15.3

38
41
25
40
32
47

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

23.2
37.7
46.2
0.1
n/a
0.2

54
90 ○ ◇
68
41
n/a
42

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

30.7
0.8
12.1
1.1
2.9
24.8

55
59
19 ●
69
53
50

73

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

47.4
70.0
62.9
n/a

41
44
54
n/a

◇

◇
◇
◇

15.2 129 ○ ◇56.0 82 ○5.1 71 ○ ◇0.0 69 ○ ◇0.0 88 ○

72.0
1.8
84.2
175.6

Knowledge and technology outputs

34.3 30

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

24.2
1.3
0.3
1.5
25.8
17.4

39
55
41
15 ● ◆
37
47

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

49.7
−0.1
5.3
0.3
21.0
60.1

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

29.0
0.0
76.5
8.1
1.7

8●◆
68
30
41
11 ● ◆
4●◆

◇

12 ●
59
26 ●
9●◆

44.9

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

◇

72 ◇
46
52
91 ○

Market sophistication

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

32.5 43

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

46
31
46
41 ○ ◇
57

50.5 39

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

17.5
3,111.0
0.8
0.0
16.5

Infrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

Business sophistication

72.8 39

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

40
75
15 ●
22 ●
63

Creative outputs

33.0 43

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

32.7
54.2
1.7
1.9
65.0

57
39
77 ○ ◇
49
28

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

38.9
0.3
6.6
n/a
0.6
6.8

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

27.7
3.0
31.4
63.2
11.5

14 ●
60
35
n/a
81 ○
9●◆

39
64 ◇
22 ●
47
45

55
25
69
68

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

149

Slovenia
Output rank Input rank
36

GII 2021 rank

32
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

27

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)2.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

38,50632

79.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

76.0
78.6
74.7

31
34
28

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

83.9
69.9
76.2
10.7

23
33
25
34

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

88.7
93.0
84.4

7●◆
39
8●

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

48.3 28

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

59.6
4.8
22.8
17.6
503.7
15.1

31
48
29
15
11
72

44.3
77.1
27.2
4.5

23
24
27
53

41.1
5,052.3
2.0
51.9
11.3

25
17
17
27
63

Infrastructure

53.9

27

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

82.1
84.8
72.5
85.3
85.7

25
20
40
24
29

34.6
7,605.7
58.9
21.9

41
27
34
70

45.1
11.1
72.0
5.6

24
57
18
18

Market sophistication

45.1

71

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

Business sophistication

42.8

27

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

59.2
43.2
44.0
1.5
62.6
21.8

18
22
23
14
11 ●
26

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

32.6
49.6
45.4
0.3
0.0
1.7

30
40
74 ○
12 ●
49
23

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

36.6
0.6
6.6
1.5
2.8
60.7

37
63
86 ○
50
56
11 ●

82.9 20

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◇

Knowledge and technology outputs

33.0 32

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

33.9
4.4
1.1
0.2
56.1
19.2

29
21
28
50 ○
4●◆
43

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

38.5
−0.9
3.1
0.1
21.0
41.2

28
81 ○
45
89 ○ ◇
12 ● ◆
23

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

26.5
0.2
81.3
5.4
1.7

43
43
10 ●
33
66

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Creative outputs

34.3 38

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

36.3
68.4
6.7
2.7
61.9

48
26
66 ○
39
38

30.5 102 ○ ◇45.0 101 ○ ◇42.5 79 ○ ◇n/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

23.6
0.9
14.1
n/a
1.5
0.8

42
34
9●
n/a
28
49

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

30.5
78.0
13.7
n/a
0.0

67
18
65 ○
n/a
49

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

41.1
20.9
28.5
74.9
36.7

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

74.4
1.8
98.2
79.7

47
25
10 ●
88 ○

29
28
24
23
12 ●

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
150

Global Innovation Index 2021

South Africa
Output rank Input rank
68

55

GII 2021 rank

61

IncomeRegionUpper middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)59.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

11,91160

710.8

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

60.6
64.3
58.8

57
80
51

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

71.8
47.6
44.7
9.3

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

46
61
66
25 ●

67.9 75
81.2 107 ○54.6 63

Human capital and research

31.4

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

51.9 626.5
8●◆
22.9 26
13.5 76n/a n/a28.6 115 ○ ◇

67

18.6
23.8
18.3
3.6

98 ○ ◇
94 ◇
84 ○
60

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

23.7
517.7
0.8
40.7
31.4

43
66
44
38
39

Infrastructure

36.3 83

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

63.6
51.5
53.2
74.7
75.0

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

◆

74
89
75
55
57

25.0 82
4,227.6 53
61.7 32 ◆13.2 119 ○ ◇20.4 97 ◇5.6 112 ○ ◇43.1 82
1.3 61Market sophistication

57.0 23 ● ◆CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

47.3
60.0
139.5
0.0

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

51.0
80.0
295.9
0.1
0.0

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

72.7
5.4
81.7
710.8

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

29.3

51

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

32.2
24.5
n/a
0.3
41.5
11.1

64
61
n/a
47
41
65

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

23.4
52.5
49.1
0.1
0.1
0.2

53
36
52
43
36
41

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

32.3 51
1.8 15 ● ◆10.1 32
1.2 65
1.1 105 ○18.6 56

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Business sophistication

66.8 55

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Score/
Value Rank

42
74
11 ● ◆
69 ○18 ● ◆
13 ● ◆
1●◆
37
44

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◆

Knowledge and technology outputs

21.9

61

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

20.5
0.7
0.4
n/a
21.6
30.1

52
71
38
n/a
40
32 ● ◆

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

32.7
0.3
10.2
0.4
4.6
20.5

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

12.5
0.1
43.3
2.2
0.6

81
55
63
54
98 ○

Creative outputs

20.6

79

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

32.2
28.3
88.3
1.3
58.7

60
77
23 ● ◆
62
48

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

6.5
0.2
0.6
7.5
n/a
0.8

97
71
96 ○
43
n/a
55

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

11.3
3.0
9.7
34.2
0.6

88
65
41
94 ◇
78 ○

52
92
73
32 ●

55
60
13 ● ◆
24 ● ◆
58
62

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

151SpainOutput rank Input rank
29

GII 2021 rank

30
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

28

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)46.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

38,14330

1,773.4

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

77.5

31

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

73.0
73.2
72.8

37
44
32

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

76.6
71.0
72.5
17.4

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

83.1
86.9
79.2

35
30
31
73 ○

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

47.4 30

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

56.0
4.2
19.1
17.8
482.3
11.5

46
61 ○
55 ○
13 ●
29
44

42.1
91.1
22.3
3.5

36
7●
57
61 ○

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

25
75 ○ ◇
17 ●

44.1
3,080.5
1.2
71.5
43.4

23
32
31
14 ●
26

Infrastructure

58.2

13 ●

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

85.3
85.7
82.1
88.8
84.5

19
19
17 ●
17
36

37.6
5,820.4
82.8
20.3

34
37
17
87 ○

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

51.7
14.7
74.3
6.4

10 ●
24
14 ●
15 ● ◆

Market sophistication

54.2 32

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

49.3
60.0
94.7
n/a

35
74 ○
27
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

28.0
72.0
58.6
0.0
0.0

72 ○
27
27
42
47

85.2
1.8
94.1
1,773.4

12 ●25
34
16 ● ◆

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

Score/
Value Rank

Business sophistication

35.5 35

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

47.3
33.8
n/a
0.7
49.5
23.1

29
42
n/a
32
28
20

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

25.0
41.8
57.8
0.1
0.0
0.6

47
70 ○
29
39
53
32

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

34.3
1.3
6.7
1.7
2.5
38.1

45
28
82 ○
42
70
35

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

36.2 26

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

38.1
1.6
0.8
1.3
37.7
60.0

25
45
29
17
22
11 ●

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %42.6 20−2.4 107 ○ ◇3.1 460.6
4●◆
15.4 18
35.3 34

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

28.0
0.6
63.0
3.8
3.2

42
26
32
43
31

Creative outputs

36.2 32

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

44.6
47.2
95.4
9.6
63.4

30
48
21
12 ● ◆
34

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

21.2
1.2
7.3
31.0
1.2
0.8

47
25
28
23
39
52

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

34.3
28.3
17.7
73.0
15.0

31
22
32
31
35

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
152

Global Innovation Index 2021

Sri Lanka
Output rank Input rank
85

103

GII 2021 rank

95

IncomeRegionLower middle

CSA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)21.4

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

13,114101

287.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

47.5 119 ○1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

54.7
67.9
48.1

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

21.3 130 ○ ◇38.7 83
46.4 63 ◆58.5 130 ○ ◇1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

79
68
85

Human capital and research

13.5 118 ○ ◇Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

29.6 114 ○2.1 112 ○ ◇6.7 99 ○ ◇14.1 70 ◆n/a n/a17.5 85

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

66.6
88.2
45.0

79
71
81

9.9 11321.1 97n/a n/a0.5 97 ○0.9 106
106.4 86
0.1 100
0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

39.7

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

57.4 8849.1 92
37.4 10071.8 63
71.4 6673

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

22.1 96711.5 10325.6 90
24.4 53

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

39.5
23.7
39.0
1.4

◆

◆

37 ● ◆
4●◆
90
59 ◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

25.6

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %23.7 8723.0 68
18.4 83
0.1 7340.3 44
3.2 10062◆

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

21.3
48.7
50.4
0.0
0.1
0.0

62
44 ● ◆
44 ●79
28 ● ◆
73

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

31.7
n/a
7.7
2.3
1.4
20.0

53 ◆
n/a
64
26 ● ◆
95
54

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

19.7 68

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

7.7 901.2 590.1 69n/a n/a4.7 114 ○10.6 72

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

26.3
1.0
0.7
0.4
4.2
7.7

79
46 ●
88
22 ● ◆
62 ◆95

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

25.0
n/a
35.6
0.9
4.8

46 ●
n/a
77
75
16 ● ◆Creative outputs

15.8 100

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

21.1
22.5
15.7
1.6
47.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

13.9 [67]n/a n/a
1.0 85n/a n/a2.3 11 ● ◆0.4 67

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

7.4 112
0.7 101
0.9 8930.0 104
0.7 77

Market sophistication

35.8 118 ○CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

25.5 116 ○40.0 113 ○49.8 70
0.5 35

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

20.7 10972.0 27 ● ◆19.3 60
0.0 78 ○0.0 71

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

61.1 90
13.3 127 ○ ◇84.0 70287.7 54

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

97
88
53
54
91

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

153

SwedenOutput rank Input rank2

GII 2021 rank

2
IncomeRegion

High

EUR

2

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)10.1

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

52,4772

551.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

88.8

9

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

89.4
85.7
91.3

8
11
6

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

90.5
90.6
97.0
14.4

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

86.3
93.1
79.5

13
8
4●
55 ○

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

64.1

2●◆

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

74.3
7.6
23.4
19.7
502.5
12.6

4●◆
5 ◆
24
3●◆
14
52 ○

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

43.9
72.5
26.6
7.2

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

16
37
16

25
27
30
35

74.1
7,734.8
3.4
77.9
57.8

5
3●◆
3●
10
16

Infrastructure

62.6

3●◆

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

84.8
80.0
87.2
90.0
82.1

22
33
7
15
41

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

53.3
16,383.0
93.1
24.5

6 ◆
7
2●
52 ○

Score/
Value Rank

Business sophistication

68.1

1●◆

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

77.3
54.4
70.3
2.4
60.8
26.4

3●◆
3●◆
3●
4
12
8

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

70.3
67.1
60.2
0.3
0.3
6.7

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

56.6
2.4
8.2
3.4
3.0
71.5

2●◆
11
25
8
4●◆
1●◆

6
11
57 ○
5
48
5 ◆

Knowledge and technology outputs

60.3

2●◆

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

78.4
10.8
7.9
n/a
54.4
59.4

2●◆
8
1●◆
n/a
5 ◆
12

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

44.1
−0.1
7.2
0.5
7.5
48.3

14
70 ○
22
11
37
15

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

58.4
3.2
83.1
7.2
6.4

6
6
8
23
8

Creative outputs

52.9

5
8
53 ○
3●◆
27
2●◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

49.6
11.0
78.7
6.7

17
58 ○
8
12 ◆

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

57.3
43.9
221.3
4.3
82.7

Market sophistication

64.6

11

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

57.6
60.0
132.7
n/a

17
74 ○
15
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

33.0
1.8
10.0
57.1
0.9
1.8

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

54.8
72.0
n/a
0.2
0.1

16
27
n/a
12
15

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

63.7
43.1
69.6
81.6
56.2

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

81.4
1.8
96.2
551.5

24
25 ○
20
38

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◆

19
11
20
10
61 ○
32
7
17
7
8
9

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
154

Global Innovation Index 2021

Switzerland
Output rank Input rank
1

GII 2021 rank

1

IncomeRegion

High

EUR

4

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)8.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

68,3401

590.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

87.3

13

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

92.4
89.3
94.0

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

93.9
87.0
97.0
10.1

3●◆
6
2●◆

7
12
3●
31

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

75.5
88.4
62.6

47 ◇
66 ○
44 ◇

Human capital and research

60.7

6

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

61.3
5.1
24.7
16.4
498.2
9.7

24
34
17
27
21
25

45.1
61.4
25.2
17.7

21
49
38
9

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %75.8
5,450.5
3.2
90.0
83.9

3●◆
11
6
6
4

Infrastructure

62.7

2●◆

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

87.8
87.2
90.4
82.9
90.5

15
15
1●◆
36
18

42.1
8,222.5
86.1
22.0

24
20
13
67 ○

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

58.1
23.4
81.5
3.7

2●◆
6 ◆
3●
24

Score/
Value Rank

62.6

4

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

71.4
51.0
n/a
2.3
68.6
20.0

5
6
n/a
6
6
31

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

63.9
77.1
70.6
0.2
0.2
8.5

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

52.4
3.1
6.2
3.7
1.9
49.7

4
2●◆
4 ◆
26
12
1●◆

11
6 ◆
93 ○
4 ◆
81 ○
25

Knowledge and technology outputs

63.9

1●◆

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

86.6
15.6
8.3
n/a
56.6
66.1

1●◆
1●◆
1●◆
n/a
3●◆
10

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

55.4
−0.1
4.5
0.7
12.7
68.5

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

49.7
5.9
94.0
7.2
2.6

2●◆
67 ○
33
2●◆
23
2●◆

12
1●◆
2●◆
25
43

Creative outputs

60.2

2●◆

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

63.4
66.2
236.0
5.4
77.4

5 ◆
29
2●◆
23
9

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

47.5
0.6
19.4
97.4
1.1
3.7

3●◆
39
6 ◆
2●◆
41 ○
13

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

66.3
59.2
100.0
76.6
25.8

4
11
1●◆
16
22

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Market sophistication

71.5

6

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

69.2
65.0
174.6
n/a

7
61 ○
4 ◆
n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

70.6
50.0
237.8
0.4
0.1

10
92 ○ ◇
3●◆
7 ◆
8

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

74.6
6.1
90.5
590.9

46
95 ○ ◇
49 ○
34

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◆

Business sophistication◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

155Tajikistan
Output rank Input rank
96

GII 2021 rank

103

IncomeRegion

Low

CSA

104

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)9.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

3,560

109

33.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

47.7 118

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

37.9 124
58.9 10027.3 125

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

44.3 11817.1 12814.4 130 ○21.7 93

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

60.8 10593.2 34 ● ◆28.4 122 ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◆

Human capital and research

25.2 85

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

51.5 [64]5.2 30 ●n/a n/a11.4 97n/a n/a15.4 76 ◆
89 ◆
85 ◆
60 ●
92

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

23.4
31.3
22.0
0.8

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.6 113n/a n/a0.1 107
0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

21.7 126

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

30.7
41.4
15.0
31.8
34.5

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

123
106
122
124
119

14.9 118
2,169.2 78
13.6 11817.8 100
19.6 103
8.5 8638.2 95
0.1 124◆◆◆

37 ● ◆

Market sophistication

52.5

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

57.1 18 ● ◆90.0 10 ● ◆11.8 1255.7
1●◆

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

40.0 [35]40.0 110n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

60.3 93
5.0 8480.8 74
33.7 119◆Business sophistication

13.2[129]

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %13.6 [114]n/a n/a24.3 64n/a n/a1.6 90n/a n/a5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

13.7 11547.2 47 ● ◆32.5 119
0.0 98 ◇0.0 75
0.0 100 ○ ◇12.2 [131]0.0 119n/a n/a0.3 121 ◇2.7 64 ●n/a n/a◆Knowledge and technology outputs

16.6 80

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

23.1 44 ● ◆0.4 83
0.0 98 ○ ◇3.6
5●◆
4.3 116
1.1 131 ○ ◇6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

20.7
4.7
0.2
0.1
0.2
2.8

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

5.9
0.0
18.7
n/a
0.3

100
7●◆
114
95 ◆
132 ○ ◇
108 ○
115
105
112
n/a
111

Creative outputs

14.8 107

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †16.5 114
18.1 960.0 80 ○ ◇0.0 119 ○ ◇44.4 99

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

12.3 [72]
0.0 103
1.8 72n/a n/a1.6 24 ●n/a n/a

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

13.9 77
0.0 128
0.4 10442.3 82n/a n/a◆◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
156

Global Innovation Index 2021

Thailand
Output rank Input rank
46

47

GII 2021 rank

43
IncomeRegionUpper middle

SEAO

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)69.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

18,07344

1,261.5

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

61.7
67.9
58.6

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

46.3 112 ○ ◇46.5 6349.4 57
36.0 124 ○ ◇1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

84.6
92.4
76.8

54
71
52

20
43
22

◆
◆

Human capital and research

31.7 63

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

42.4 86
4.1 6418.0 59
15.4 45412.4 61
26.2 109 ○ ◇2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

35.4
49.3
27.9
1.3

17.4
1,350.3
1.0
0.0
33.4

57
64
25
85

47
48
39
41 ○ ◇
37

Infrastructure

43.0

61

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

68.4
57.8
59.2
79.4
77.4

60
81
63
42
51

33.1
2,738.5
63.3
24.0

48
69
31
54

27.6
9.2
45.4
2.4

68
78
70
35

Market sophistication

55.6

27

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

52.0
70.0
143.4
0.0

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

31.8
86.0
108.0
0.0
0.0

24 ◆
44
10 ● ◆
81 ○

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

34.7 36

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

37.3
13.8
18.0
0.8
80.8
9.9

51
98 ○ ◇
84 ○
27 ◆
1●◆
70

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

20.2
54.4
52.2
0.0
0.0
0.1

67
30 ◆
41
83 ○
56
60

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

46.4 18 ● ◆1.7 18 ◆14.2 14 ●0.3 116 ○ ◇1.8 8560.8 10 ● ◆

83.1
3.5
97.0
1,261.5

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

29.7 40

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

22.9
0.6
0.1
2.4
8.9
21.2

47
75
57
9●◆
93
39

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

35.0
−0.1
1.1
0.2
6.8
45.1

44
66
80
55
39
17

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade31.2 33 ◆0.1 6970.9 22 ◆13.4 11 ● ◆0.2 118 ○

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◆

◆

64
3●◆
11 ●
66
85 ○

19 ◆
69
16 ●
21

◆

Business sophistication

64.2 64◆

Creative outputs

27.3 55

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

30.2
24.2
62.5
2.6
60.3

68
85
31
41
43

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

37.1
n/a
1.5
10.7
0.8
6.9

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

15 ● ◆
n/a
74
35 ◆
71
8●◆

11.9 84
5.5 52
0.4 10239.3 86
3.9 61◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

157

Togo

GII 2021 rank

125

Output rank Input rank
129

IncomeRegion

Low

SSF

110

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)8.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

1,640

125

13.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

57.1

41.0 115
62.5 8930.3 123

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

59.1 8125.7 11131.2 10313.1 47 ●

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

71.1
95.1
47.0

67 ◆
14 ● ◆
80

Human capital and research

17.5 110

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

41.7 88
5.4 25 ● ◆15.3 75
12.7 85 ◆n/a n/a26.2 108
9.3 [114]
14.0 105n/a n/an/a n/a2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

1.4 10248.1 94
0.3 86
0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

27.5 110

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

38.4
34.3
18.0
50.0
51.2

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

13.5[128]

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %23.1 [91]14.1 94 ◆33.7 44 ● ◆n/a n/an/a n/a0.9 114

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

3.0 [129]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 73
0.0 66
0.0 100 ○ ◇

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Business sophistication87

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

Score/
Value Rank

113
118
116
106
99

◆

31.5 54 ●50.2 122 ○18.6 11038.3
8●12.7 132 ○4.0 11929.5 122
0.6 79 ◆Market sophistication

36.9 112

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

40.2
70.0
35.1
2.0

69
44 ●
88 ◆
12 ●

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

42.0 [28]42.0 102n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

28.5 131 ○ ◇11.0 122 ◇n/a n/a13.6 130 ○ ◇5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

14.3
0.0
5.1
0.8
0.3
n/a

122
113
111
87
121
n/a

Knowledge and technology outputs

6.1 128 ○ ◇Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

4.3 116
0.1 103
0.0 98 ○ ◇0.0 76 ○ ◇11.0 79
1.7 129 ○ ◇6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

4.8 [127]n/a n/a0.6 92
0.1 94
1.9 89n/a n/a◆◆9.1 980.0 110 ○25.8 101
0.0 126 ○ ◇1.7 64 ●Creative outputs

10.3 119

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †8.3 130 ○ ◇14.9 10026.8 46 ● ◆0.5 85n/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

12.7 [71]1.7 14 ● ◆0.7 93n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 113

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

11.7 85
0.6 104
0.1 11736.4 92
n/a n/a◆◆◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
158

Global Innovation Index 2021

Trinidad and Tobago
Output rank Input rank
95

IncomeRegion

High

LCN

97

GII 2021 rank

97

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)1.4

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

25,96498

36.4

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank
◇

62.0

72

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

59.1
71.4
52.9

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

58.4
39.6
43.6
20.5

60 ● ◇
54 ● ◇
64 ◇1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

68.5
88.6
48.4

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

74
64
75

◇

19.2[100]

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

36.3 [101]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a423.0 54n/a n/a2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

◇

◇

◇

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

64.1
77.7
55.6
61.2
61.9

18.3 104

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

25.1
29.8
28.0
0.0
13.6
12.8

◇

71 ◇
41 ●
70 ◇
86 ◇
84 ◇

20.6 106 ◇
6,636.7 31 ●17.1 113 ◇n/a n/a16.8 117 ◇2.5 124 ○ ◇47.5 63 ◇0.5 86 ◇◇Market sophistication

35.8 119

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

32.0 100 ◇65.0 61
40.1 82 ◇0.0 76 ○4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

34.8 [50]64.0 56 ●n/a n/a0.0 51n/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

40.5 124 ○ ◇8.6 107 ◇n/a n/a36.4 114 ◇

◇

85 ◇
49 ●
55
86 ○ ◇
73 ◇57 ●5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

15.9 104 ◇33.3 99 ◇43.0 86 ◇0.0 66
0.0 58 ●0.0 775.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

14.1 123 ○ ◇0.6 65
6.5 880.5 105 ◇−1.4 125 ○1.4 77 ◇Knowledge and technology outputs

2.0 94 ◇567.0 64 ◇0.1 108 ○ ◇0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇33.8 90

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP◇

n/a [n/a]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/aInfrastructure

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◇

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

84
80
69
87

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

15.8 83
3.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.7
4.9

◇

119 ◇
124 ○
84
65
104 ◇
106 ◇

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %33.0 [54]0.5 56n/a n/an/a n/a2.2 85n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

10.9 92 ◇0.0 8145.1 58 ◇2.0 59 ●0.2 123 ○◇◇Creative outputs

15.6 103

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade19.5 102 ◇22.4 89 ◇0.0 80 ○ ◇0.5 8449.8 83 ◇

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

1.5 [122]
0.0 97n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.1 89

21.9
4.2
1.5
58.8
n/a

◇

54 ● ◇
58 ●
75 ◇
55 ●
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

159

Tunisia

GII 2021 rank

71

Output rank Input rank
64

78

IncomeRegionLower middle

NAWA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)11.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

10,38265

123.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

61.4

75

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

53.1
62.5
48.4

84
89
80

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

56.7 9032.1 101
48.4 60
21.6 92

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

74.4
94.6
54.2

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◆

54 ◆
18 ● ◆
64

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

71.2
6.6
52.4
15.1
371.4
13.6

8●◆
7●◆
1●◆
50 ◆
74 ○
64

48.6
31.8
43.3
2.2

16 ● ◆
82
2●◆
75

8.2
1,771.6
0.6
0.0
0.0

65
42 ◆
58 ◆
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure34.2 89

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

61.7
61.5
53.8
62.4
69.0

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◆

42.7 35 ● ◆2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

78
73
74
83
73

◆
◆
◆

11.0 128 ○ ◇1,816.7 85
24.3 100
10.3 124 ○ ◇
30.0
12.0
46.7
1.9

58
50
65
45

Market sophistication

40.7 98

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

35.9
50.0
86.6
0.5

◆
◆
◆

83
94
34 ● ◆
34

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

22.3 10362.0 60
21.8 57
0.0 47
0.0 37

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

63.9 78
9.4 113 ○88.5 56
123.6 78

Business sophistication

16.5 114 ○Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %19.6 10220.9 78
19.1 80
0.1 5918.9 67
8.8 75

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

13.9 114 ○32.8 103
39.0 105
0.0 62
0.0 98
0.0 705.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

16.1 113 ○0.1 106 ○9.3 41
0.4 110 ○2.2 75
5.2 71◆

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Score/
Value Rank

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◆

Knowledge and technology outputs

24.0 55

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

24.2
1.4
0.0
n/a
40.9
11.2

38 ● ◆
52
81
n/a
18 ● ◆
68

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

29.7
−1.4
1.7
0.3
8.6
24.3

63
93
60
35 ● ◆
32 ● ◆
51

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

18.0
0.1
51.6
4.0
1.2

60
56
46 ◆
40 ●
76

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Creative outputs

20.6 [80]

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade30.5 [65]n/a n/an/a n/a
1.3 6142.7 105 ○

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

12.9 [70]n/a n/a1.4 77
1.2 57 ○n/a n/a2.0 30 ●8.3 107
2.8 67 ◆1.7 7331.1 100
0.1 87 ○NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
160

Global Innovation Index 2021

Turkey

GII 2021 rank

41

Output rank Input rank
41

45

IncomeRegionUpper middle

NAWA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)84.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

28,29451

2,381.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

56.0 93

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

55.3
62.5
51.7

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

49.1 109 ○43.3 72
39.3 7829.8 118 ○1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

63.6 91
88.8 6238.5 104 ○◆48.5 26

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

73.0
n/a
n/a
18.2
462.5
16.4

[6]
n/a
n/a
11 ● ◆
41
80

44.0
113.2
19.4
1.7

24 ◆
2●◆
75
80

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

28.4
1,624.3
1.1
50.2
23.1

38
43
36
29
45

Infrastructure

47.0 48

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

75.4
67.3
59.1
85.9
89.3

47
66
64
22
23

34.4
3,744.2
51.0
28.2

42
57
46
26

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

75
89
70

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Score/
Value Rank

31.2
15.8
42.6
1.1

49.7 49

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

40.4
75.0
65.4
0.0

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

◆

◆
◆
◆

10 ● ◆
63
4●
13 ● ◆

30.8 46

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

37.3
22.8
30.7
0.7
56.3
10.1

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

49
69
50
33
18
69

◆

18.4 7943.3 6249.7 48
0.0 71
0.0 115 ○0.4 33 ◆36.8 36
0.8 56
7.8 62
0.9 841.4 100 ○61.8
9●◆Knowledge and technology outputs

25.3 50

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

25.6
3.4
0.7
1.2
16.0
28.3

37
24
31
20
52
35

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

36.0
3.6
1.6
0.5
3.3
23.5

38
12 ● ◆
65
20 ◆
70
55

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

14.3
0.0
58.7
1.8
0.7

73
76
40
61
94

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◆

68
34
51
77 ○

21.6 105 ○76.0 2123.3 55
0.0 85 ○0.0 83 ○

87.0
3.1
99.2
2,381.6◆

54
19 ● ◆
84
66

Market sophistication

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP◆

Business sophistication◆◆

Creative outputs

35.3 35

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade50.2 18 ● ◆
100.6
6●◆
27.9 4515.9
5●◆44.2 100 ○

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

16.7
0.1
2.6
5.0
0.7
3.1

23.9
11.4
2.2
52.8
29.0

61
82
62
47 ○
75 ○
19 ●

50
36
68
61
18

◆
◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

161

UgandaOutput rank Input rank
122

GII 2021 rank

119
IncomeRegion

Low

SSF

119

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)45.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

2,585

114

106.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

56.5 89

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

44.7 10558.9 10037.6 104

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

67.4
33.7
38.4
8.7

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

57.5 111
71.4 12343.6 89

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◇

8.1 131 ○ ◇Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

11.5 [131]2.1 111 ○ ◇n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

12.0 110
4.8 124 ○n/a n/a10.7 18 ● ◆0.7 10727.8 103
0.1 98
0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

30.0 103

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

40.0 109 ◆25.4 127 ○19.2 115 ◆58.2 90 ◆57.1 91 ◆3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

59 ● ◆
96
80
18 ● ◆

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Score/
Value Rank

31.1
n/a
24.6
26.9

56 ●
n/a
98
33 ●

18.9 109n/a n/a35.6 101
0.4 91Market sophistication

37.2 111

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

30.5 10460.0 74
13.9 122
1.4 23 ●4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

32.2 [62]56.0 82n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 52

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

49.0 117
8.1 103n/a n/a106.6 81

◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

16.1 118

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %12.4 120
10.3 10934.7 42 ● ◆0.0 89 ○ ◇3.4 87 ◆0.1 124 ○ ◇
56 ●
63 ●
84
45 ●
96
n/a

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

22.6
43.1
43.3
0.1
0.0
n/a

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

13.5 125 ◇0.3 84
6.1 95
0.3 123 ◇3.1 43 ●4.0 74

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

11.9 105

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

9.1 86
0.1 118
0.0 95 ◆n/a n/a13.8 65 ●10.6 72 ◆6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %19.3 109
0.9 49 ●0.9 86
0.0 121 ○ ◇1.1 106
n/a n/a6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

7.3 107
0.1 50 ● ◆32.4 85 ◆0.3 102
0.3 110Creative outputs

9.0 126

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †15.6 117
15.2 99
0.0 80 ○ ◇0.3 9942.7 104

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

1.0 [127]
0.0 96n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.1 103

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

3.7
0.2
0.1
15.6
n/a

128 ○
116
120
128 ○
n/a

◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
162

Global Innovation Index 2021

Ukraine

GII 2021 rank

49

Output rank Input rank
37

76

IncomeRegionLower middle

EUR

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)43.7

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

12,71045527.9

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

56.2

Score/
Value Rank

91

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

46.0 101
50.0 123 ○ ◇44.1 90

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

61.3 7836.7 92
28.3 10813.0 40

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

61.2 10491.1 52
31.4 117 ○

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

38.2 44

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

61.3
5.4
30.3
14.9
462.7
7.8

◆

23 ◆
23
7●◆
55 ◆
40
7●◆

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

42.8
82.7
25.1
3.5

33 ◆
18 ● ◆
39
62

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

10.4
988.1
0.5
0.0
20.6

58 ◆
51 ◆
69
41 ○ ◇
51 ◆

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

32.3 94

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

64.9
65.0
45.5
68.2
81.0

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

69
69
91
72
46

◆
◆
◆

12.8 124 ○ ◇3,546.9 58 ◆36.4 65
6.9 125 ○ ◇19.2 106
4.0 120 ○ ◇49.5 57 ◆0.6 82Market sophistication

42.3 88

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

34.3
75.0
30.1
0.0

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

90
34
94
79 ○

17.9 120 ○68.0 44
4.0 73 ○ ◇0.0 68
0.0 93 ○ ◇

74.8
5.3
89.8
527.9

44
89
51
39

◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

28.9 53

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

38.9
37.5
24.3
0.3
30.5
30.2

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◆

45 ◆
32 ◆
64
49 ◆
59
2●◆

18.0 8442.3 67
40.3 100
0.1 380.0 116 ○0.2 47 ◆

29.7
0.8
9.9
1.0
3.6
27.3

59
46
36
78
36
45

Knowledge and technology outputs

32.3 33

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

35.7
3.7
0.3
14.9
9.1
17.0

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

31.4
0.7
1.7
0.5
3.3
18.4

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

29.8
0.1
52.4
1.9
6.3

◆

27 ◆
22 ◆
46 ◆
1●◆
90
51 ◆
61 ◆
54
61
17 ● ◆
72
65

35 ◆
48
44 ◆
60
9●◆
◆

Creative outputs

30.9 48

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

45.0
96.8
3.1
8.3
55.6

29 ◆
10 ● ◆
74
15 ● ◆
58

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

7.0
0.5
0.6
n/a
0.8
0.2

93
47
97 ○
n/a
68
78

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

26.4
4.5
5.1
65.0
29.1

45 ◆
55 ◆
55 ◆
44 ◆
17 ● ◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

163

United Arab Emirates
Output rank Input rank
47

IncomeRegion

High

NAWA

23

GII 2021 rank

33

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)9.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

58,46634647.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

78.6
73.2
81.2

24
44
20

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

84.5
69.1
68.9
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

72.0
94.8
49.3

21
36
33
1●◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

61
16
72

Human capital and research

49.9 22

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

52.0
3.1
n/a
15.7
433.5
10.5

61
94 ○ ◇
n/a
43
47 ○ ◇
33

59.2
52.6
31.0
48.6

3●◆
60
15 ◆
1●◆

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

38.6
2,378.9
1.3
64.9
35.8

28
36
29
19
33

Infrastructure

58.1

14 ●

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

88.8
87.3
83.7
90.0
94.0

12 ●
13 ●
12 ●
15
16

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

52.9
14,120.8
88.6
27.7
32.7
10.1
55.6
2.8

7●◆
8●
11 ● ◆
30
51
66
40
32

Market sophistication

56.7 26

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

50.6
70.0
77.6
n/a

28
44
39
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

41.1
80.0
58.0
0.1
0.1

34
13
29
20
18

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

78.4
3.9
92.9
647.7

34
73
43
33

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Business sophistication

47.2 22

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

51.4
36.0
n/a
0.8
74.3
8.6

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

42.5
62.1
68.5
n/a
0.2
0.1

21
19
9●◆
n/a
15
59

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

47.7
0.8
13.0
1.0
2.8
77.9

16
54
17
75 ○
57
2●◆

78.4 30

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

26
37
n/a
29
5●◆
77 ○ ◇

Knowledge and technology outputs

22.2 59

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

5.9 105 ○ ◇0.1 105 ○0.1 600.0 75 ○7.7 97 ○ ◇12.8 60

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

29.5
−0.8
3.0
0.3
5.6
26.3

65
80 ○
48
40
51
46

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

31.3
1.1
43.6
9.4
2.0

32
19
62
17
58

◇

Creative outputs

33.8 40

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †33.1 55
8.1 115 ○ ◇133.4 140.1 111 ○67.3 24

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

50.5
n/a
10.6
25.9
1.4
7.2

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

18.4
10.6
7.8
46.4
9.1

2●◆
n/a
18
25
30
6●◆
64
38
44
71
50

◇
◇

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
164

Global Innovation Index 2021

United Kingdom
Output rank Input rank
6

IncomeRegion

High

EUR

7

GII 2021 rank

4
Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)67.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

44,28842,978.6

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

86.6

15

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

80.0
75.0
82.6

21
40
18

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

92.4
86.0
88.9
9.3

9
13
16
25

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

87.4
94.6
80.3

12
17
13

Human capital and research

58.2

10

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

59.7
5.4
20.8
17.2
503.5
16.7

28
21
44 ○
16
12
82 ○ ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

47.4
61.4
26.9
18.3
67.7
4,701.2
1.8
84.5
94.9

◇

18
48 ○
28
8

9
19
21
8●
2●◆

Infrastructure

59.7

10

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

93.4
93.9
86.2
95.9
97.6

2●◆
3●◆
9
6●
6●

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

34.7 40 ◇4,804.5 48 ○90.1
915.7 111 ○ ◇
50.9
17.2
81.3
3.6

14
12
4●
26

Market sophistication

78.1

4●◆

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

65.3
75.0
133.6
n/a

10
34
14
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

80.0
84.0
n/a
0.3
0.2

5●◆
7 ◆
n/a
9
7

89.1
1.8
98.6
2,978.6

3●◆
25 ○
6●
9

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$Business sophistication

49.7

21

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

61.2
50.6
n/a
1.2
54.8
24.1

14
7●
n/a
18
19
17

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

47.0
63.7
59.7
0.2
0.2
2.0

17
16
26
16
13
20

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

40.7
1.7
10.8
1.5
2.8
41.9

27
19
23
51 ○
59 ○
32 ○

Knowledge and technology outputs

52.3

10

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

65.0
5.6
2.0
n/a
43.7
100.0

8●
16
19
n/a
13
1●◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %43.1 19−3.0 112 ○ ◇15.6
8 ◆0.5 14
8.3 3344.9 18

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

48.9
2.8
78.7
8.6
3.3

15
8
13
19
28

Creative outputs

54.0

4●

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

56.0
53.8
160.7
8.5
79.1

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

44.8
2.5
6.2
61.8
1.9
3.5

10
40
8
14
6●

6●◆
6●◆
36
8
18
16

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

59.0
60.1
69.4
80.0
22.4

10
10
8●
11
24

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

165

United Republic of Tanzania

GII 2021 rank

Output rank Input rank

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

2,851

88

65

120

IncomeRegionLower middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)
59.7

165.3

90

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

52.7 103◇

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

38.0 122
51.8 11931.1 122

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

63.2 73 ◆26.7 10831.5 102
9.3 25 ● ◆1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

◇

56.7 114
74.4 11939.1 102

Human capital and research

10.9 125

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

29.1 117
3.7 7814.9 76
9.1 111n/a n/a22.1 101◇◇

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %1.0 130 ○ ◇3.1 127 ○ ◇9.5 109 ○ ◇n/a n/a2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

2.6 9019.2 105
0.5 65
0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

29.9 105

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

37.1 11527.7 124 ◇9.6 130 ○ ◇55.3 95
56.0 93

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

35.6 38 ● ◆128.4 119n/a n/a
38.1
9●◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

16.0 119

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

9.8
3.4
30.7
n/a
0.1
0.4

124 ◇
124 ○ ◇
50
n/a
101 ◇
122 ○

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

22.1 59 ●47.2 46 ● ◆50.7 43 ●0.2 29 ● ◆0.0 104
0.0 96

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

16.2 111
0.1 112
7.8 63 ●0.2 127 ◇1.8 84n/a n/a

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

12.2 100

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

5.5 109
0.2 99
0.0 98 ○ ◇0.0 74
9.0 9110.0 79

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

20.7
4.1
0.2
0.0
0.5
8.7

101
10 ●
112
124 ○ ◇
121
92

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

10.4 94
0.0 10941.7 67
2.0 57 ●0.2 120

Creative outputs

31.4 [44]

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †47.2 [22]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a47.2 9427.6 114
65.0 6112.1 124
0.1 55

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

27.4 [74]50.0 92
n/a n/an/a n/a
0.0 64

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

28.7 [28]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a1.7 22 ●2.3 25 ●4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

57.6 103
8.4 105
67.0 100
165.3 70

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

16.9 116
8.0 91
31.1 116
0.2 115

Market sophistication

37.5 109

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

2.5
0.2
0.2
12.4
n/a

130 ○ ◇
120
111
130 ○ ◇
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
166

Global Innovation Index 2021

United States of America
Output rank Input rank
4

IncomeRegion

High

NAC

3

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)331.0

GII 2021 rank

3
GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

63,051

3

20,807.3

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

87.6

12

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

80.8
75.0
83.7

19
40
17

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

91.0
78.7
85.2
8.0

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

91.0
91.6
90.5

12
20
18
1●◆

2●◆
48
2●◆

Human capital and research

58.1

11

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

57.6
5.0
22.7
16.3
495.3
14.6

41
42
31
29
24
71 ○ ◇

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

Infrastructure
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

38.6
88.3
19.0
5.2

45
11
78 ○
47

78.3
4,408.2
3.1
100.0
98.8

2●◆
22
8
1●◆
1●◆

55.3 23

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) 90.1
ICT access*83.5
ICT use*82.1
Government’s online service*
94.7
E-participation*
100.0

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP◇

45.1
13,284.9
85.3
20.3

9
22
18
7
1●

18
9
14
86 ○

30.8 55 ◇9.1 80 ○69.3 24
0.2 117 ○ ◇Market sophistication

81.5

2●◆

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

88.0
95.0
191.8
n/a

1●◆
4 ◆
2●◆
n/a

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

73.2
71.6
152.9
0.3
0.3

9 ◆
35
5
10
1●◆

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

2●◆

Business sophistication

63.0

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

73.5
52.0
n/a
2.3
63.1
28.0

4
4
n/a
5
10
5

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

59.9
74.4
73.7
0.2
0.2
3.4

5
3●◆
1●◆
19
6 ◆
12

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

55.7
1.6
16.9
1.6
1.6
72.5

7
22
10
47
89 ○
4 ◆

Knowledge and technology outputs

59.2

3●◆

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

72.9
13.3
2.8
n/a
18.9
100.0

3●◆
1●◆
12
n/a
46 ◇
1●◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◆

◆

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

56.9
1●◆
1.6 30 ◆n/a n/a1.1
1●◆
1.0 110 ○ ◇44.9 19

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

47.7
4.3
79.7
8.8
2.0

16
1●◆
11
18
56

Creative outputs

47.8

12

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

48.8
21.5
209.5
1.1
83.7

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

43.0
1.9
2.9
100.0
1.4
3.0

21
91 ○ ◇
4 ◆
66
1●◆

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

50.4
100.0
2.1
69.5
27.4

7
8
60 ○
1●◆
31
21

21
1●◆
70 ◇
40 ◇
21

83.4 18
13.8 128 ○ ◇98.6
820,807.3
2●◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

167

Uruguay
Output rank Input rank
63

GII 2021 rank

65
IncomeRegion

High

LCN

69

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)3.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

21,33869

75.3

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

72.0
83.9
66.1

38
13 ●
40

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

67.3
56.8
63.1
20.8

60
48
37
89

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

71.6
89.6
53.6

65
56
65

◇
◇

◇

Human capital and research

31.7 64

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

52.3
5.0
16.1
16.8
423.5
12.7

59
37
69 ◇
20 ●
52 ◇
55

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %

33.4
63.1
17.5
n/a

65 ◇
45
86 ○ ◇
n/a

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

9.4
696.4
0.4
0.0
21.2

61 ◇
58 ◇
71 ◇
41 ○ ◇
49

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

45.4 53

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

80.5
77.7
74.4
84.1
85.7

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

◇

30
42
36
31
29

20.0 111 ○ ◇4,653.2 50
29.6 84 ◇16.3 107 ○ ◇
35.8
14.6
49.1
2.9

45
25 ●
58 ◇
29 ●

Market sophistication

37.6 108 ○ ◇CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

27.9 113 ○ ◇60.0 74
28.1 100 ◇0.0 68 ○4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

23.9 95
30.0 122 ○ ◇n/a n/a0.2 19 ●0.0 66

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

61.1
5.3
75.1
75.3

91 ◇
89 ◇
89 ○
90

◇

Business sophistication

22.4

81

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %

27.0
22.3
53.3
0.1
4.6
10.4

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

17.0
39.5
45.2
0.0
0.0
0.2

82 ◇
71 ◇
14 ●
63 ◇
83 ○ ◇
68 ◇

95
79
76
59
88
44

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

23.1
0.8
6.6
2.8
3.0
0.6

74 ◇
52
85
12 ●
50
81 ○ ◇

70.3 44
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◇
◇

Knowledge and technology outputs

21.4 63

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

11.7
0.3
n/a
0.3
16.2
11.2

72
86
n/a
42
51
68

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

32.2
2.1
1.3
0.2
13.2
15.3

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

20.3
0.3
44.4
0.8
3.6

57
27 ◆
78
62
22 ●
73 ◇

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

53
32
60 ◇
77
25 ●

Creative outputs

24.5 64

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

29.5
52.6
0.0
0.7
58.4

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

14.4 64
1.3 20 ●4.7 46n/a n/a1.1 46
0.0 112 ○

24.7
6.4
11.5
69.8
8.6

◇

◇

72
43
80 ○ ◇
77
50

48
49
40
37
51

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
168

Global Innovation Index 2021

Uzbekistan
Output rank Input rank
100

75

GII 2021 rank

86

IncomeRegionLower middle

CSA

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)33.5

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

7,378

93

250.2

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

55.8 94

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

47.6
64.3
39.2

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

49.9 10717.5 126 ○ ◇19.1 123 ◇17.3 69

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

69.8
96.2
43.5

72
8●◆
90

Human capital and research

30.4

72

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

57.3 [42]5.3 28 ●n/a n/a12.5 87n/a n/a10.9 37 ● ◆

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◆

32.0 68
12.6 10834.5
7●◆0.2 105 ○

2.0
476.2
0.1
0.0
0.0

95
69
99
41 ○ ◇
74 ○ ◇

Infrastructure

40.4

72

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

66.9
60.1
48.3
78.2
81.0

65 ◆
76 ◆
84
46 ● ◆
46 ◆3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

95
80
99

35.7
1,908.6
24.6
39.5

37 ● ◆
82
95
7●◆

18.7 111
5.8 11044.3 77
0.2 116

56.9

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

30.2 10565.0 61
30.0 95
0.0 80 ○4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$◆

24 ● ◆

Market sophistication

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP◆

70.0 [11]70.0 36 ●n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a70.4 62
8.7 11095.9 22 ● ◆250.2 60

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

14.8[123]

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %22.8 [93]n/a n/a16.9 87
0.1 7242.4 38n/a n/a◇◆5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

2.6 [130]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 97 ○0.0 62
0.0 905.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

19.0 98
0.3 83
8.8 51
0.3 115
2.8 5812.9 60

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

17.9

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

10.6 77
1.5 47
0.0 98 ○ ◇1.1 22 ●2.1 125 ○4.4 11277

42 ● ◆
8●◆
63
n/a
83
52

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

35.1
4.6
1.6
n/a
2.3
24.0

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

8.0 102
0.0 10334.4 79
0.1 119
0.8 87Creative outputs

12.3 113

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †19.0 [106]32.8 71n/a n/a
1.0 69n/a n/a

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

5.9 101
0.0 95
4.2 47n/a n/a0.7 790.2 86

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

5.3 1220.0 131 ○ ◇1.1 8223.7 116
0.0 99 ○NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

169

Viet Nam
Output rank Input rank
38

60

GII 2021 rank

44

IncomeRegionLower middle

SEAO

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)97.3

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

10,75542

1,047.3

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

58.8 83

1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

60.5
78.6
51.5

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

54.3 9836.6 9346.3 6424.6 104

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

61.6 101
85.1 88
38.0 106 ○

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

28.1

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

54.2 [52]4.2 62n/a n/an/a n/a502.0 16
18.6 91

2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

◆
◆
◆

◆

79

◆

23.2 90
28.6 87
22.7 54
0.4 102 ○

6.9
707.7
0.5
0.0
8.9

68
57
64
41 ○ ◇
66

Infrastructure

38.2

79

◆

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

61.0
52.8
55.6
65.3
70.2

79
87
71
78
70

◆

33.1
2,521.9
57.0
26.2

47
74
38
39

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

58
34
71

Human capital and research

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %Score/
Value Rank

57.2 22

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

66.1
80.0
137.9
3.1

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

◆

◆

9●◆
23
12 ● ◆
11 ●20.6 111 ○54.0 88
55.8 31
0.0 71
0.0 54
85.0
1.7
98.3
1,047.3

15 ● ◆
21 ◆
9●◆
23 ◆

30.8

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %31.0 66
13.2 100 ○22.2 68
0.4 44 ◆64.1
8●◆
8.0 7947

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

22.1
53.0
63.6
0.0
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

39.2 30 ◆0.2 9125.7
3●◆
0.1 129 ○ ◇6.3 16 ●24.1 52

58
34
17
64
74
92

◆
◆

◆

Knowledge and technology outputs

29.4

41

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

9.8
0.7
0.0
0.4
10.4
13.0

79
73
88
38
83
58

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

36.4
5.8
1.1
0.3
3.8
29.9

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

36 ◆
3●◆
81
49
65
42 ◆

41.9 21 ◆0.0 106 ○47.2 52 ◆32.1
1●◆
0.3 115 ○

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

◆

20.5 95
8.1 9033.4 110 ○1.5 55 ◆Market sophistication

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

◆

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

◆

Business sophistication

Creative outputs

33.4

42

◆

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

41.9
73.3
80.8
2.2
54.4

35
23
25
45
63

◆

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

26.0
0.1
1.2
2.8
0.9
5.8

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

23.9
2.5
2.1
44.0
47.9

35 ◆
91 ○
81
52 ○ ◆
64
11 ● ◆

◆
◆

49 ◆
71 ◆
69 ◆
79
10 ● ◆NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
170

Global Innovation Index 2021

YemenOutput rank Input rank
125

GII 2021 rank

131
IncomeRegion

Low

NAWA

132

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)29.8

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

1,931

131

62.7

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions
1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

27.6 132 ○ ◇0.0 132 ○ ◇0.0 132 ○ ◇0.0 132 ○ ◇127 ◇132 ○ ◇
132 ○ ◇
110 ◇1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

30.8
0.0
0.0
27.4

1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

51.9 124
76.8 116
26.9 125

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

Human capital and research

10.1[127]

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

22.0 [126]n/a n/a11.8 86
9.1 112n/a n/a26.8 110

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

Score/
Value Rank◇◇

8.4 115
10.2 113
n/a n/a4.3 56 ●0.0 [123]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇Infrastructure

19.8 129

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

25.2
25.7
11.7
32.4
31.0

130
126
128
123
124

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

2.6
126.6
10.2
6.4

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

132 ○ ◇
120
120
126 ○ ◇

31.5 53 ● ◆21.1
7●◆n/a n/a0.1 123

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

18.6 102

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %11.4 [123]12.4 102
14.3 91
n/a n/an/a n/a1.1 113◇

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

12.1
17.0
31.0
n/a
0.0
0.0

5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

32.5 50 ● ◆3.3
5●◆
2.4 127 ◇0.3 122 ◇−1.3 124 ◇n/a n/a

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

124
127 ○ ◇
122 ◇
n/a
103
100 ○ ◇◇

Knowledge and technology outputs

7.2 126

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

6.6 97
0.9 66 ● ◆n/a n/a
0.0 6910.6 81 ●3.3 121

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %

10.1
−3.7
n/a
0.1
0.2
1.2

123
114 ◇
n/a
99
131
110 ○ ◇

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

5.1 120
0.0 82
13.6 116 ◇0.1 124
0.9 84 ●Creative outputs

12.2 114

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †0.3 132 ○ ◇0.0 132 ○ ◇5.6 130 ○ ◇0.1 61

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade22.4 91 ●66.5 28 ● ◆0.0 80 ○ ◇0.7 78 ●21.7 125 ○ ◇4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

26.0 [80]26.0 126n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

60.6
5.0
75.1
62.7

Market sophistication
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

29.0 125

92 ● ◆
87 ●
91
94 ●

0.0 [132]n/a n/an/a n/a
0.0 63 ○n/a n/a0.0 128

3.8
0.4
0.0
19.1
0.2

126
114
130
125
84

◆

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

171

Zambia

GII 2021 rank

121

Output rank Input rank
127

111

IncomeRegionLower middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)18.4

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

3,302

122

62.4

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions

Score/
Value Rank

44.4 125 ○ ◇1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*

42.2 10855.4 11235.6 108

1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal

23.8 129 ○ ◇29.0 10534.5 92
50.6 128 ○ ◇1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

67.1
84.9
49.3

78 ●
90
71 ●

Human capital and research

17.9[107]

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

51.4 [65]4.6 54 ●n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a21.1 98

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %2.3 [127]
4.1 126 ○ ◇n/a n/an/a n/a2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.0 [123]n/a n/an/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

24.9 119

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

28.5
35.3
22.1
25.9
31.0

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP◇

126 ○ ◇
116
111
128 ○ ◇
124 ○ ◇

30.7 59 ●933.0 9922.3 10535.3 12 ●Business sophistication

22.0 83

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %31.5 [65]19.1 8136.6 37 ●n/a n/an/a n/a
6.2 885.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP

17.8 8632.2 10542.1 95
n/a n/a0.0 91
0.0 895.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

16.6 107
0.2 93
5.1 112
0.9 82
2.7 63 ●n/a n/a

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

Knowledge and technology outputs

9.0 120

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

5.8 106
0.0 123 ○0.0 92n/a n/a8.8 95
6.9 906.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %14.1 117−1.8 98
1.1 82
0.0 113
0.5 120
10.1 88

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

7.1 108n/a n/a29.6 93
0.3 101
0.2 119◇◇

Creative outputs

9.5 125 ○ ◇

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †40.0 71 ●95.0
4●◆
15.6 118
0.1 63

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

14.8 120
16.8 97
0.0 80 ○ ◇0.9 75 ●37.3 119 ○ ◇4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

24.6
60.0
13.6
n/a
0.0

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

64.0
3.4
79.1
62.3

15.3
5.5
34.7
0.2

125 ○ ◇
113
103
112

Market sophistication

42.9

87

CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

84
71 ●
66
n/a
46 ●
77 ●
65 ●
81
95

0.8 [130]
0.0 112 ○n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.1 99

7.7
0.1
0.1
26.2
n/a

109
124 ○
115
110
n/a

NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe e conomy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
172

Global Innovation Index 2021

Zimbabwe
Output rank Input rank
105

116

GII 2021 rank

113

IncomeRegionLower middle

SSF

Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ (bn)14.9

GDP per capita, PPP$GII 2020 rank

2,583

120

39.2

Score/
Value Rank

Institutions
1.1
Political environment
1.1.1 Political and operational stability*
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*
1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*
1.2.2 Rule of law*
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal
1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

40.7 129

Score/
Value Rank◇

32.0 131 ○ ◇48.2 127 ◇23.9 131 ○ ◇
37.6
5.2
13.6
25.3

123
131 ○ ◇
131 ○ ◇
10552.4 122
72.0 12132.9 115◇

Human capital and research

24.6 88

Education
Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap
School life expectancy, years
PISA scales in reading, maths and science
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

46.8 76
5.9 17 ● ◆22.2 33 ●11.4 98n/a n/a22.5 103

2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering, %2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %26.6 8110.0 114
30.2 16 ●0.5 982.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop.
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP
2.3.3 Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
2.3.4 QS university ranking, top 3*

0.3 115
99.5 88n/a n/a0.0 41 ○ ◇0.0 74 ○ ◇

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4

Infrastructure

19.8 128

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
ICT access*ICT use*Government’s online service*
E-participation*

40.8
38.4
27.0
52.3
45.2

◇

108
110
106
99
108

3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
3.2.2 Logistics performance*
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP

2.9 131 ○ ◇652.3 105
3.4 123 ○ ◇n/a n/a3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance*
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP

15.9 121
3.5 122 ○ ◇37.0 100
1.2 63 ● ◆

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

Market sophistication

46.7 64 ●CreditEase of getting credit*
Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Microfinance gross loans, % GDP

34.1
65.0
51.8
0.0

92
61
64 ●
71

4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP
4.2.3 Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
4.2.4 Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP

54.0 [17]54.0 88n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a

4.3 Trade, diversification, and market scale
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %4.3.2 Domestic industry diversification
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$

51.9 113
5.0 8658.2 10439.2 111

5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Business sophistication

18.7 101

Knowledge workers
Knowledge-intensive employment, %Firms offering formal training, %GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD financed by business, %Females employed w/advanced degrees, %22.3 [96]12.8 101
26.4 59
n/a n/an/a n/a
7.5 84

5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University-industry R&D collaboration†
5.2.2 State of cluster development and depth†
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP
5.2.5 Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade
5.3.2 High-tech imports, % total trade
5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP
5.3.5 Research talent, % in businesses

6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5

17.5 9129.0 115
31.4 121 ◇n/a n/a0.1 33 ● ◆0.0 100 ○ ◇16.4 108
0.1 109
6.7 83
0.7 94
1.8 83n/a n/aKnowledge and technology outputs

11.7 109

Knowledge creation
Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Citable documents H-index

9.2
0.2
0.1
n/a
15.1
7.5

84
97
74
n/a
57 ●
87

6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Labor productivity growth, %6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64
6.2.3 Software spending, % GDP
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
6.2.5 High-tech manufacturing, %20.2 103−4.2 117 ◇2.1 54 ●0.2 69
3.7 67
21.7 59

6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
6.3.2 Production and export complexity
6.3.3 High-tech exports, % total trade
6.3.4 ICT services exports, % total trade

5.6 117
0.0 7722.4 106
0.6 880.3 109

Creative outputs

15.7 101

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4

Intangible assets
Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
ICTs and organizational model creation †

7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5

Creative goods and services
Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Creative goods exports, % total trade

12.0 126 ◇4.0 126 ○14.9 54 ●n/a n/a29.7 123 ○ ◇

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Online creativity
Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69
Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP

29.8 [24]n/a n/an/a n/an/a n/a0.5 82
3.5 15 ● ◆9.0 101
0.5 111
0.8 9128.7 108n/a n/a◇NOTES: ● indicates a strength; ○ a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◇ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question. indicates thatthe economy’s data are older than the base year; see appendices for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org. Square
brackets [ ] indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level.
GII 2021 Economy profiles

173

Appendices174

Appendix I
The Global Innovation Index rational andorigins, its conceptual framework anddata limitations
Rationale and origins
The Global Innovation Index (GII) was launched in 2007(see Box Annex 1). The goal was to find and determine
metrics and methods that could capture a picture ofinnovation in society that is as complete as possible.
There were several motivations for setting this goal. First,
innovation is important for driving economic progress andcompetitiveness – both for developed and developing
economies. Many governments are putting innovation at
the center of their growth strategies. Second, thedefinition of innovation has broadened – it is no longer
restricted to research and development (R&D) laboratories
and published scientific papers. Innovation is moregeneral and horizontal in nature, and includes social,business model and technical aspects. Last, but not least,
recognizing and celebrating innovation in emerging
markets is critical for inspiring people – especially the next
generation of entrepreneurs and innovators.
Box Annex 1: History of the GII (2007–2021)
The GII project was launched by Professor Soumitra Dutta in2007 during his tenure at INSEAD. WIPO started its
association with the GII in 2011 and began co-publishing the
GII in 2012. In 2013, Cornell University joined as co-publisher,with Professor Dutta representing the GII at Cornell
University and Bruno Lanvin at INSEAD. The GII continued tobe co-published by Cornell University, INSEAD and WIPO up
to 2020. As of 2021, the GII is published by WIPO in
partnership with the Portulans Institute, various corporate
and academic network partners and the GII Advisory Board.
Now in its 14th edition, the GII helps to create anenvironment in which innovation factors are undercontinual evaluation. It provides a key tool for
decision-makers and a rich database of detailed metrics
that are convenient for refining innovation policies.
Measuring innovation outputs and their impact remains
difficult, hence great emphasis is placed on measuring theclimate and infrastructure for innovation and on assessing
related outcomes.

Although the final results take the shape of several
rankings, the GII is more concerned with improving the“journey” to better measurement, understanding
innovation, and identifying targeted policies, goodpractices and other levers that foster innovation. The richdata metrics, at index, sub-index or indicator level, can beused to monitor performance over time and to benchmark
developments against economies within the same region
or income group classification.

Defining innovation in the GII
The GII adopts a broad notion of innovation, originallyelaborated in the Oslo Manual developed by the European
Communities and the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD). In its fourth
edition, the Oslo Manual 2018 introduces a more generaldefinition of innovation:1
An innovation is a new or improved product or process(or combination thereof) that differs significantly fromthe unit’s previous products or processes and that has
been made available to potential users (product) or
brought into use by the unit (process).
This update of the Oslo Manual also introduces a series ofdefinitions associated with innovation in businessactivities and for different types of innovation firms. In thiscontext, innovation translates as improvements made tooutcomes in the form of either new goods or services orany combination of these. While the GII focuses on a moregeneral definition of innovation, it is important to highlight
how these definitions capture the evolution of the way
innovation has been perceived and understood over thelast two decades.
Economists and policymakers previously focused on
R&D-based technological product innovation, largely
produced in-house and mostly in manufacturingindustries. Innovation of this nature was executed by ahighly educated labor force in R&D-intensive companies.
The process leading to such innovation wasconceptualized as closed, internal and localized.
Technological breakthroughs were necessarily “radical”
and took place at the “global knowledge frontier.” This
characterization implied the existence of leading andlagging economies, with low- or middle-income
economies only playing “catch up.”Appendices175

Today, innovation capability is increasingly seen as theability to exploit new technological combinations; itembraces the notion of incremental innovation and“innovation without research.” Non-R&D innovative
expenditure is an important component of reaping the
rewards of technological innovation. Interest inunderstanding how innovation evolves in low- andmiddle-income economies is increasing, along with anawareness that incremental forms of innovation can
impact development. Furthermore, the process ofinnovation itself has changed significantly. Investment ininnovation-related activity and intangible assets has
consistently intensified at the firm, economy and global
levels, adding both new innovation actors from outside
high-income economies and non-profit actors. The
structure of knowledge production activity is more
complex and geographically dispersed than ever.2
A key challenge is to find metrics that capture innovation
as it actually happens in the world today. Direct official
measures that quantify innovation outputs remain
extremely scarce. For example, there are no official
statistics on the amount of innovative activity – defined as
the number of new products, processes, or other
innovations – for any given innovation actor, let alone forany given country (see the GII 2013, Chapter 1, Annex 1,
Box 1). Most measurements also struggle to appropriately
capture the innovation outputs of a wider spectrum of
innovation actors, such as the services sector or public
entities. This includes innovation surveys, which havecontributed greatly to the measurement of innovation
activities, but fail to provide a good and reliable sense ofcross-economy innovation output performance, and areoften not applicable to developing economies where
innovation is often informal.3
The GII aims to improve the measurement of innovation inorder to provide a more complete picture of innovation
ecosystems across the globe.

Each of the five input and two output pillars is divided into
three sub-pillars, each of which is composed of individual
indicators, a total of 81 this year (see the Economy profiles
section for the Framework of the Global Innovation Index
2021). A deeper elaboration of the conceptual framework
and pillars can be found in last year’s edition.4 Sub-pillars
are calculated using the weighted average of its individual
indicators and are normalized to take the form of scores
between 0 and 100. Pillar scores are calculated using theweighted average of its sub-pillar scores.

Adjustments to the GII model in 2021
Annex Table 1 summarizes adjustments to the GII 2021
framework. A total of 11 indicators were modified this year.
The methodology of five indicators changed, three are
new indicators, two indicators were dropped, and one
indicator changed name.

Annex Table 1
Changes to the GII 2021 framework
GII 2020

Adjustment

4.2.3 Venture capitaldeals/bn PPP$GDP

Methodology
revised4.2.3 Venture capital
investors, deals/bn
PPP$ GDP

New indicator

4.2.4 Venture capital
recipients, deals/
bn PPP$ GDP

4.3.2 Intensity of local
competition†• Innovation Input Sub-Index: Five input pillars capture
elements of the economy that enable and facilitate
innovative activities.
• Innovation Output Sub-Index: Innovation outputs are
the result of innovative activities within the economy.
Although the Output Sub-Index includes only twopillars, it carries the same weight as the Input
Sub-Index in calculating the overall GII scores.
• The overall GII score is the average of the Input
and Output Sub-Indices, on which the GII economy
rankings are then produced.
176

Global Innovation Index 2021

Removed
New indicator

4.3.2 Domestic industry
diversification

5.2.4 JV–strategic
alliance deals/bn
PPP$ GDP

Methodology
revised5.2.4 Joint venture/
strategic alliancedeals/bn PPP$
GDP

6.1.4 Scientific &technical articles/
bn PPP$ GDP

Methodology
revised6.1.4 Scientific andtechnical articles/
bn PPP$ GDP

6.2.1 Growth rateof PPP$ GDP/
worker, %Indicator namechanged6.2.1 Labor productivity
growth, %6.2.5 High- & mediumhigh-tech
manufacturing, %Methodology
revised6.2.5 High-tech
manufacturing, %New indicator

6.3.2 Production andexport complexity

6.3.2 High-tech net
exports, % total
trade

Methodology
revised6.3.3 High-tech exports,% total trade

6.3.4 FDI net outflows,% GDP

RemovedThe GII conceptual framework
The overall GII ranking is based on two sub-indices thatare both equally important in presenting a complete
picture of innovation; the Innovation Input Sub-Index and
the Innovation Output Sub-Index. Hence, three indices
are calculated:

GII 2021

Source: Global Innovation Index 2021, WIPO.
Notes: Refer to the Sources and definitions (Appendix III) for a detailed
explanation of terminology and acronyms.

Data limitations and treatment
This year the GII model includes 132 economies, which
represent 94.3% of the world’s population and 99.0% of
the world’s GDP in purchasing power parity current
international dollars.
The timeliest possible indicators are used for the GII 2021:
from the non-missing data, 30.0% are from 2020, 41.4%

are from 2019, 17.5% are from 2018, 5.9% are from 2017,1.2% are from 2016, and the small remainder of 4.0% arefrom earlier years.5
The GII 2021 model includes 81 indicators, which fall into
three categories:

Indicators with five or more outliers and for whichskewness or kurtosis did not enter within the ranges
specified above were transformed using natural
logarithms after multiplication by a given factor f.8 Since
only “goods” were affected (i.e., indicators for whichhigher values indicate better outcomes, as opposed to“bads”), the following formula was used:• quantitative/objective/hard data (63 indicators);• composite indicators/index data (15 indicators); and• survey/qualitative/subjective/soft data (3 indicators).
This year, for an economy to feature in the GII 2021, theminimum symmetric data coverage is at least 36 indicatorsin the Innovation Input Sub-Index (66%) and 18 indicators in
the Innovation Output Sub-Index (66%), with scores for atleast two sub-pillars per pillar. In the GII 2021, 132
economies had sufficient data available to be included in
the Index. For each economy, only the most recent yearlydata were considered. As a rule, the GII indicators consider
data from as far back as 2011, with a few exceptions.

Missing values
For the sake of transparency and replicability of results,
missing values are not estimated; they are indicated with“n/a” and are not considered in the sub-pillar score. In
return, the European Commission’s Competence Centre
on Composite Indicators and Scoreboards at the Joint
Research Centre (JRC-COIN) audit (see Appendix II)
assesses the robustness of the GII modeling choices (noimputation of missing data, fixed predefined weights andarithmetic averages) by imputing missing data, applying
random weights and using geometric averages. Since
2012, based on this assessment, a confidence interval has
been provided for each ranking in the GII as well as the
Input and Output Sub-Indices (Appendix II).

Treatment of series with outliers
Potentially problematic indicators with outliers that could
polarize results and unduly bias the rankings were treatedaccording to the rules listed below, as per therecommendations of the JRC-COIN. Only hard data
indicators were treated (32 out of 63).
First rule: selection
Problematic indicators were identified by skewness andkurtosis. The problematic indicators had:
• an absolute value of skewness greater than 2.25; and• a kurtosis greater than 3.5.6
Second rule: treatment
Indicators with one to five outliers (30 cases) were
winsorized; the values distorting the indicator distribution
were assigned the next highest value, up to the level
where skewness and/or kurtosis had the values
specified above.7

where “min” and “max” are the minimum and maximum
indicator sample values.9

Normalization
The 81 indicators were then normalized into the [0, 100]
range, with higher scores representing better outcomes.
Normalization was according to the min–max method,where the “min” and “max” values were the minimum andmaximum indicator sample values, respectively. Index
and survey data were exceptions; the original series rangeof values was kept as min and max values ([0, 1] for
UNPAN indices; [1, 7] for the World Economic Forum
Executive Opinion Survey questions; [0, 100] for WorldBank’s World Governance Indicators; etc.). The following
formulas were applied:
Goods:
Bads:

Caveats on the year-to-year comparisonof rankings
The GII compares the performance of national innovation
systems across economies and presents the changes in
economy rankings over time.
Importantly, scores and rankings from one year to the next
are not directly comparable. Each ranking reflects therelative positioning of a particular economy based on theconceptual framework, the data coverage and the sample
of economies of that GII edition, also reflecting changes in
the underlying indicators at source and in data availability.
A few factors influence year-on-year rankings ofan economy:• the actual performance of the economy in question;• adjustments made to the GII framework (changes inindicator composition and measurement revisions);• data updates, the treatment of outliers, and missing
values; and• the inclusion or exclusion of economies in the sample.

Appendices177

Additionally, the following characteristics complicate thetime-series analysis based on simple GII rankingsor scores:• Missing values. The GII produces relative index
scores, which means that a missing value for one
economy affects the index score of other economies.
Because the number of missing values decreases every
year, this problem reduces over time.
• Reference year. The data underlying the GII do notrefer to a single year but to several years, dependingon the latest available year for any given variable. In
addition, the reference years for different variables are
not the same for each economy, in an attempt to limit
the number of missing data points.
• Normalization factor. Most GII variables arenormalized using either GDP or population, with theintention of enabling cross-economy comparability.
Yet, this implies that year-on-year changes in individual
indicators may be driven either by the variable(numerator) or by its normalization factor (denominator).
• Consistent data collection. Measuring the change
in year-on-year performance relies on the consistentcollection of data over time. Changes in the definitionof variables or in the data collection process could
create movements in the rankings that are unrelated
to performance.
A detailed economy study based on the GII database andthe economy profile over time, coupled with analyticalwork on the ground, including that of innovation actors
and decision-makers, yields the best results in terms ofmonitoring an economy’s innovation performance, as wellas in identifying possible avenues for improvement.

Notes:
1

Eurostat and OECD, 2018.

2

See WIPO (2011–2021) for bi-annual elaborations on the changing
nature and geographic dispersion of innovation. See Arundel
et al. (2021) for an elaboration on the role and measurement ofknowledge and technology transfer between innovation actors.

3

On innovation in the informal economy, see Kraemer-Mbulaand Wunsch-Vincent (2017).

4

See WIPO (2020), Appendix 1: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/
pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020-appendix1.pdf.

5

The GII is calculated based on 9,647 data points out of a
possible 10,692 (132 economies multiplied by 81 indicators),
implying that 9.8% of data points are missing. The Sources
and Definitions (Appendix III) include the range of years
used for each indicator. If an indicator for an economy ismissing, it is marked as “n/a” in the Economy profiles.

6

Based on Groeneveld and Meeden (1984), which sets
the criteria of absolute skewness above 1 and kurtosis
above 3.5. The skewness criterion was relaxed to accountfor the small sample at hand (132 economies).

7

This distributional issue affects the following variables: 2.1.5, 3.2.1,
4.2.2, 5.2.3, 5.2.4, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.4, 6.1.5, 7.2.2, 7.2.4 and 7.3.1 (1outlier); 2.2.3, 5.3.1 and 7.1.3 (2 outliers); 4.2.4, 6.1.3, 6.3.4, 7.1.1,
7.2.1, 7.3.2 and 7.3.4 (3 outliers); 5.2.5, 6.3.1 and 7.2.5 (4 outliers);
and 4.2.3, 6.1.1, 6.1.2 and 6.3.3 (5 outliers). An exception was madethis year by also winsorizing an indicator that had six outliers: 4.1.3.

8

Indicators 2.3.3 and 4.3.3 were treated using
log-transformation (factor f of 1).

9This formula achieves two things: converting all series into “goods”
and scaling the series to the range [1, max] so that natural logs are
positive starting at 0, where “min” and “max” are the minimum andmaximum indicator sample values. The corresponding formula for“bads” is:References
Arundel, A., S. Athreye and S. Wunsch-Vincent (2021). Harnessing Public
Research for Innovation in the 21st Century: An International Assessmentof Knowledge Transfer Policies. Series: Intellectual Property,
Innovation and Economic Development. Geneva and Cambridge: WorldIntellectual Property Organization and Cambridge University Press.
Cornell University, INSEAD and WIPO (World Intellectual Property
Organization) (2013). The Global Innovation Index 2013: The Local
Dynamics of Innovation, S. Dutta and B. Lanvin (eds). Ithaca,
NY, Fontainebleau and Geneva: Cornell, INSEAD and WIPO.
Eurostat and OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development) (2018). Oslo Manual: Guidelines forCollecting and Interpreting Innovation Data (4th ed.). Paris:
OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304604-en.
Groeneveld, R. A. and G. Meeden (1984). Measuringskewness and kurtosis. The Statistician, 33, 391–399.
Kraemer-Mbula E. and S. Wunsch-Vincent (2017). The Informal
Economy in Developing Nations: Hidden Engine of Innovation?
Series: Intellectual Property, Innovation and Economic Development.
Geneva and Cambridge: WIPO and Cambridge University Press.
WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) (2011–2021). WorldIntellectual Property Report, various editions. Geneva: WIPO.

178

Global Innovation Index 2021

Appendix II
Joint Research Centre (JRC) statistical
audit of the 2021 Global Innovation Index
Michaela Saisana, Ana Rita Neves, Valentina
Montalto, Giulio Caperna and Giacomo Damioli,
European Commission, JRC, Ispra, Italy
Conceptual and practical challenges are inevitable whentrying to understand and model the fundamentals ofinnovation at the national level worldwide. Now in its 14th
edition, the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2021 takes up
these conceptual challenges and also deals with thepractical challenges relating to data quality andmethodological choices.
This appendix summarises the comprehensive audit of
the GII, conducted for the eleventh consecutive year by
the European Commission’s Competence Centre on
Composite Indicators and Scoreboards (COIN) at the
Joint Research Centre (JRC) in Ispra.
As in previous editions, the present JRC-COIN audit
focuses on the statistical soundness of the multi-levelstructure of the index as well as on the impact of key
modeling assumptions on the results. The independent
statistical assessment of the GII provided by the
JRC-COIN guarantees the transparency and reliability of
the index for both policymakers and other stakeholders,thus facilitating more accurate priority setting and policy
formulation in the innovation field.
As in past GII reports, the JRC-COIN analysis
complements the economy rankings with confidence
intervals for the GII, the Innovation Input Sub-Index and
the Innovation Output Sub-Index, in order to better
appreciate the robustness of these rankings to thecomputation methodology. Finally, the JRC-COIN analysis
includes an assessment of the added value of the GII anda measure of “distance to the efficiency frontier” ofinnovation by using data envelopment analysis. This is a
shortened version of the audit, the full audit is available
at https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_
gii_2021-appendix1.pdf.

Main conclusions
The JRC-COIN analysis suggests that the conceptualized
multilevel structure of the GII 2021 – with its 81 indicators,
21 sub-pillars, 7 pillars and 2 sub-indices comprising theoverall index – is statistically sound and balanced: that is,each sub-pillar makes a similar contribution to thevariation of its respective pillar. The refinements made by
the developing team have helped to enhance the alreadystrong statistical coherence in the GII framework, in which
the capacity of the 81 (but two) indicators to distinguisheconomies’ performance is maintained at the sub-pillar
level or higher in all but two cases.

The decision not to impute missing values, which iscommon in comparable contexts and justified on the
grounds of transparency and replicability, can at times
have an undesirable impact on some economy scores,
with the additional negative side-effect that it might
encourage economies not to report low data values. The
GII team’s adoption, in 2016, of a more stringent data
coverage threshold (at least 66 percent data availability
for each of the input- and output-related indicators,
separately) has notably improved confidence in theeconomy rankings for the GII and the two sub-indices.
Additionally, the GII team’s decision, in 2012, to use
weights as scaling coefficients during the index
development constitutes a significant departure from thetraditional, yet erroneous, vision of weights as a reflectionof indicators’ importance in a weighted average. It is
hoped that such an approach will be adopted by otherdevelopers of composite indicators to avoid situations
where bias sneaks in when least expected.
The strong correlations between the GII components areproven not to be a sign of redundancy of information in theGII. For more than 43 percent (up to 65 percent) of the 132
economies included in the GII 2021, the GII ranking andthe rankings of any of the 7 pillars differ by 10 positions ormore. This demonstrates the added value of the GII
ranking, which helps to highlight other components ofinnovation that are not immediately apparent from ananalysis of the seven pillars separately. At the same time,
this finding points to the value of duly considering themerits of the GII pillars, sub-pillars and their constituent
indicators individually. By doing so, economy-specificstrengths and bottlenecks in innovation can be identified
and serve as an input for evidence-based policymaking.
To test the impact of the GII modeling assumptions, anumber of different models were tested in this audit basedon different approaches to imputing of missing data,
aggregation at the pillar level and assignment of weights.
Using these models, the 90 percent confidence intervals
relating to the ranking positions that an economy might
have had under different model assumptions werecomputed. For the vast majority of economies theseintervals are sufficiently narrow to allow meaningfulinferences to be drawn: the intervals comprise fewer than
10 positions for 80 percent (106 out of 132) of theeconomies. Some caution is needed when considering
two economies – Brunei Darussalam and the United
Republic of Tanzania – which have GII rankings that arehighly sensitive to the methodological choices.
Consequently, their GII ranks – between the 82nd (Brunei
Darussalam) and 90th position (United Republic of
Tanzania) in the GII classification – should be interpreted
cautiously and certainly not taken at face value. This is aremarkable improvement compared to GII versions up to2016, when more than 40 economies had confidence
interval widths of more than 20 positions. The
improvement in the confidence that can be placed in the
GII 2021 rankings is the direct result of the decision toAppendices179adopt a more stringent criterion for an economy’s
inclusion since 2016, which now requires at least
66 percent data availability within each of the two
sub-indices. Some caution is also warranted in regard to
the Input Sub-Index for seven economies – Algeria,
Belarus, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Cabo Verde,
Mauritius and the Plurinational State of Bolivia – that have
90 percent confidence interval widths of more than 20
positions (up to 31 for Botswana). A similar degree ofcaution is also needed in the Output Sub-Index for four
economies – Brunei Darussalam, Malawi, Togo and theUnited Republic of Tanzania – that have 90 percent
confidence interval widths of more than 20 positions (upto 40 for Tanzania). Compared to the GII 2019, the higher
data availability in the Output Sub-Index this year has led
to a much lower number of economies with very wide
intervals (4 compared to 13 in the GII 2019 edition), which
is a noteworthy improvement.
Although ranks for a few economies, in the GII 2021
overall or in the two sub-indices, appear to be sensitive tothe methodological choices, the published rankings forthe vast majority can be considered to be representativeof the plurality of scenarios simulated in this audit. Taking
the median rank as the benchmark for an economy’s
expected rank in the realm of the GII’s unavoidable
methodological uncertainties, 75 percent of theeconomies are found to shift fewer than three positions
with respect to the median rank in the GII, or in the Input
and Output Sub-Indices.
In order to offer full transparency and complete
information, Annex Table 2 reports the GII 2021 Index and
Input and Output Sub-Indices’ economy ranks together
with the simulated 90 percent confidence intervals toallow a better appreciation of the robustness of the results
to the choice of weights and aggregation formula and theimpact of estimating missing data (where applicable).
All things considered, the present JRC-COIN audit
findings confirm that the GII 2021 meets international
quality standards for statistical soundness, whichindicates that the GII is a reliable benchmarking tool for
innovation practices at the economy level around theworld.
Finally, the “distance to the efficiency frontier” measurecalculated using data envelopment analysis can be usedboth as a measure of efficiency and as a suitableapproach to benchmarking economies’ multidimensional
performance on innovation without imposing a fixed andcommon set of weights that may not be fair to a particular
economy. The decision made by the GII team to abandon
the efficiency ratio (ratio of Output to Input Sub-Index) is
particularly laudable. In fact, ratios of composite
indicators (Output to Input Sub-Index in this case) comewith much higher uncertainty than the sum of thecomponents (Input plus Output Sub-Index, equivalent to
the GII). For this reason, developers and users of indicesalike need to approach efficiency ratios of this nature with180

Global Innovation Index 2021

great care. The GII should not represent the ultimate anddefinitive ranking of economies with respect to innovation.
On the contrary, the GII best represents an ongoing
attempt to find metrics and approaches that capture therichness of innovation more effectively, continuously
adapting the GII framework to reflect the improved
availability of statistics and the theoretical advances in thefield. In any case, the GII should be regarded as a soundattempt, based on the principle of transparency, matured
over 14 years of constant refinements, to pave the way forbetter and more informed innovation policies worldwide.

Annex Table 2
GII 2021 and Input/Output Sub-Indices: Ranks and 90 percent confidence intervals
GII 2021
Switzerland
SwedenUnited States
United Kingdom
Republic of Korea
Netherlands
FinlandSingapore
Denmark
Germany
FranceChina
Japan
Hong Kong, China
IsraelCanadaIceland
Austria
Ireland
NorwayEstonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Australia
New Zealand
Malta
CyprusItaly
Spain
PortugalSlovenia
United Arab Emirates
Hungary
Bulgaria
Malaysia
Slovakia
LatviaLithuania
PolandTurkeyCroatia
Thailand
Viet Nam
Russian Federation
India
GreeceRomania
UkraineMontenegro
Philippines
Mauritius
Chile
SerbiaMexicoCosta Rica
BrazilMongolia
North Macedonia
Iran (Islamic Republic of)South Africa
BelarusGeorgia
Republic of Moldova
Uruguay
Saudi Arabia

Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

Interval[1, 1][2, 2][3, 4][4, 7][3, 5][6, 8][5, 8][6, 10][9, 10][7, 10][11, 13][11, 14][12, 14][11, 23][14, 16][15, 19][16, 18][17, 19][16, 20][19, 23][19, 22][21, 25][21, 24][20, 25][23, 27][26, 30][25, 28][25, 28][27, 30][29, 30][31, 32][31, 32][33, 36][33, 34][33, 36][34, 36][37, 40][37, 39][37, 40][37, 40][41, 41][42, 48][42, 45][42, 47][43, 47][43, 48][42, 50][48, 52][43, 53][49, 58][47, 55][49, 66][49, 55][51, 56][51, 56][51, 58][53, 59][55, 62][55, 61][57, 65][60, 64][49, 64][61, 69][58, 66][62, 66][64, 69]

Input Sub-Index
Rank
Interval
4[2, 4]
2[1, 4]
3[2, 5]
7[6, 9]
9[7, 12]
12[8, 14]
6[4, 9]
1[1, 3]
5[5, 7]
14[11, 15]
17[16, 18]
25[21, 26]
11[9, 13]
10[8, 15]
18[11, 20]8[5, 13]20[19, 22]
16[13, 18]
22[18, 23]
13[10, 16]
24[22, 26]
21[19, 22]
26[23, 28]
30[29, 30]
15[13, 19]
19[18, 24]
29[27, 32]
31[30, 33]
33[31, 33]
28[26, 31]
32[29, 33]
27[26, 30]
23[23, 25]
34[34, 37]
46[40, 48]
36[34, 38]
42[40, 46]
38[37, 40]
35[34, 38]37[35, 38]
45[39, 51]
41[40, 47]
47[40, 49]
60[55, 69]
43[39, 47]
57[47, 58]
39[36, 43]54[47, 58]
76[63, 77]
53[52, 62]72[61, 77]
48[41, 69]
44[40, 46]
50[48, 54]62[54, 64]
66[59, 68]
56[47, 59]
65[60, 75]
40[39, 58]
86[77, 92]
55[47, 59]
68[47, 70]
49[48, 68]
80[76, 82]
69[63, 72]59[49, 66]

Output Sub-Index
Rank
Interval
1[1, 1]
2[2, 3]
4[3, 8]
6[4, 8]
5[4, 5]
3[3, 7]
9[9, 10]13[12, 14]
11[11, 11]8[5, 8]
10[9, 10]7[2, 7]
14[12, 14]
17[12, 29]
12[12, 17]
23[20, 25]
16[14, 17]
24[20, 24]
19[16, 21]
28[27, 28]
20[17, 20]
26[24, 27]
18[17, 22]
15[14, 17]33[31, 36]
32[31, 36]
22[20, 26]
21[19, 22]
25[23, 26]
29[27, 29]
30[29, 31]36[33, 36]47[45, 52]
31[29, 33]
27[25, 30]
34[32, 34]
35[34, 36]
39[39, 40]
43[41, 44]
42[40, 44]
41[40, 43]
48[47, 50]
46[45, 47]
38[37, 39]
52[50, 54]45[41, 47]
60[56, 61]50[48, 55]
37[37, 38]
53[50, 60]
40[38, 43]
58[57, 67]
61[59, 62]57[54, 59]
51[50, 53]
49[49, 54]
59[56, 60]
55[46, 61]69[62, 70]44[44, 45]
68[65, 68]62[47, 63]
74[69, 74]
54[52, 55]63[61, 63]
72[68, 72]

Appendices181

Annex Table 2
GII 2021 and Input/Output Sub-Indices: Ranks and 90 percent confidence intervals (continued)
GII 2021
Colombia
Qatar
Armenia
Peru
Tunisia
KuwaitArgentina
Jamaica
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Oman
MoroccoBahrainKazakhstan
Azerbaijan
JordanBrunei Darussalam
PanamaAlbania
Kenya
Uzbekistan
Indonesia
Paraguay
Cabo Verde
United Republic of Tanzania
Ecuador
Lebanon
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Sri Lanka
El Salvador
Trinidad and Tobago
Kyrgyzstan
Pakistan
Namibia
GuatemalaRwandaTajikistan
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)SenegalBotswana
Malawi
HondurasCambodia
Madagascar
Nepal
Ghana
Zimbabwe
Côte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
Bangladesh
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Nigeria
UgandaAlgeria
ZambiaMozambique
Cameroon
Mali
Togo
Ethiopia
Myanmar
Benin
Niger
GuineaYemen
Angola182

Global Innovation Index 2021

Rank
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132

Interval[62, 69][67, 71][64, 71][68, 73][68, 78][72, 78][67, 75][68, 76][73, 82][73, 79][70, 78][73, 81][77, 83][80, 91][77, 83][77, 111][76, 85][82, 86][78, 86][84, 90][80, 87][86, 92][89, 97][89, 112][89, 97][88, 95][92, 100][85, 96][84, 97][89, 99][89, 98][96, 109][90, 101][96, 106][95, 107][99, 110][98, 107][100, 109]
[100, 108]
[96, 113][100, 116]
[97, 110][102, 110]
[101, 118]
[102, 113]
[102, 112]
[108, 123]
[112, 119]
[115, 126]
[115, 123]
[112, 122]
[114, 125]
[113, 125]
[113, 125]
[119, 127]
[115, 128]
[114, 127]
[116, 125]
[107, 127]
[123, 129]
[114, 128]
[125, 131]
[120, 129]
[130, 132]
[128, 132]
[130, 132]

Input Sub-Index
Rank
Interval
58[49, 58]
64[60, 71]
85[83, 90]
52[48, 64]
78[69, 82]73[70, 80]77[63, 79]
82[72, 87]
70[68, 81]67[60, 69]
84[80, 87]
63[56, 71]61[56, 65]74[72, 83]
79[73, 83]51[46, 67]
83[77, 91]
71[70, 79]
89[84, 95]
75[71, 83]
87[83, 92]
90[84, 94]
96[89, 110]
120[116, 124]
92
[89, 100]
94[84, 96]
93[90, 99]
102[95, 103]
103[93, 107]
100[95, 102]
97[86, 102]
81[80, 89]
117[100, 117]
88
[85, 97]
112[108, 119]91
[87, 102]
104[100, 117]
95
[83, 104]
105[97, 116]
98[85, 116]
118[114, 123]
101
[96, 108]106[100, 109]
127
[126, 129]99
[96, 107]
114[105, 117]
116
[104, 123]
107
[103, 117]
108
[107, 119]
121
[119, 127]
123
[111, 126]
115
[106, 118]
119
[109, 125]
109
[98, 120]
111[104, 118]
122
[114, 126]
124
[115, 125]
126
[122, 126]
110
[108, 119]
129
[128, 129]128
[125, 129]
113
[110, 122]
125
[119, 128]130
[130, 132]
132
[130, 132]
131
[130, 132]

Output Sub-Index
Rank
Interval
75[72, 75]
70[68, 74]
56[54, 58]
82[78, 83]
64[63, 75]
73[68, 74]
71[67, 73]66[62, 74]80[77, 84]
90[83, 90]67[64, 67]
99[86, 99]
101[96, 101]
91[89, 98]
81[78, 83]
115[106, 127]
79
[68, 86]
92[91, 96]76[75, 79]
100[93, 101]
84[78, 85]
87[79, 96]
88[81, 101]
65[64, 104]
94[90, 96]
97[88, 97]
98[97, 104]
86[81, 91]
85[79, 88]
89[83, 102]
95[89, 99]
119[115, 121]
77
[76, 87]
110[107, 113]
83
[81, 89]108[106, 113]
96
[89, 97]
111[109, 116]
102
[97, 103]
109[107, 113]
93
[87, 113]
106[99, 109]
104[102, 105]
78
[76, 94]
116[101, 118]
103
[101, 111]
105
[104, 120]
121
[119, 124]
123
[122, 128]
113
[111, 115]
112
[107, 120]
124
[122, 128]
122
[121, 125]
128
[126, 131]
127
[124, 130]
118
[115, 123]
117
[114, 126]
114
[113, 116]
129
[104, 129]
107
[106, 124]
120
[106, 120]
132
[129, 132]130
[117, 130]
126
[117, 131]
125
[123, 127]
131
[130, 132]

Appendix III
Sources and definitions
This appendix complements the Economy profiles and theonline data tables by providing the title, description,
definition and source for each of the 81 indicators
included in the Global Innovation Index (GII) this year.

1. Institutions
1.1.

1.1.1. Political and operational stability*
Political, legal, operational or
security risk index*ab | 2020

For all 132 economies in the GII in 2021, the most recent
values, within the period 2011 to 2020, were used for eachindicator, with a few noted exceptions (see Appendix I).
The year provided next to the indicator description(directly below the indicator title) corresponds to the year
when data were most frequently available for economies.
When more than one year is considered, the period used
is indicated at the end of the indicator’s sourcein parentheses.
Of the 81 indicators, 63 variables are hard data, 15 arecomposite indicators, marked with (*), and 3 are survey
questions from the World Economic Forum’s Executive
Opinion Survey (EOS), marked with (†). In some cases,
additional markings are provided at the end of theindicator description. Instances marked with a signal
indicators that were assigned half weights and thosemarked b are indicators where higher scores indicate
poorer outcomes, commonly known as “bads.”
Appendix I presents more details on the computation.
Some indicators are scaled during computation to makethem comparable across economies. Indicators are
scaled either in relation to other comparable indicators or
through division by gross domestic product (GDP) in
current U.S. dollars, purchasing power parity GDP ininternational dollars (PPP$ GDP), population, total trade,etc. In all cases, the scaling factor used was the value that
corresponded to the same year of the indicator.

Political environment

Index that measures the likelihood and severity ofpolitical, legal, operational or security risks
affecting business operations. Scores areannualized and standardized.
Source: IHS Markit, Country Risk Scores,
aggregated for end Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4
2020. (https://ihsmarkit.com/industry/
economics-country-risk.html).
1.1.2. Government effectiveness*
Government effectiveness index* | 2019
Index that reflects perceptions of the quality of
public services, the quality of the civil service andthe degree of its independence from politicalpressures, the quality of policy formulation andimplementation, and the credibility of thegovernment’s commitment to such policies.
Scores are standardized.
Source: World Bank, Worldwide GovernanceIndicators, 2019 update. (http://info.worldbank.org/
governance/wgi/#home).

1.2.

Regulatory environment

1.2.1. Regulatory quality*
Regulatory quality index*a | 2019
Index that reflects perceptions of the ability of thegovernment to formulate and implement soundpolicies and regulations that permit and promoteprivate-sector development. Scores are standardized.
Source: World Bank, Worldwide GovernanceIndicators, 2019 update. (http://info.worldbank.org/
governance/wgi/#home).
1.2.2. Rule of law*
Rule of law index*a | 2019
Index that reflects perceptions of the extent towhich agents have confidence in and abide by therules of society, and in particular the quality ofcontract enforcement, property rights, the police
and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crimeand violence. Scores are standardized.
Source: World Bank, Worldwide GovernanceIndicators, 2019 update. (http://info.worldbank.org/
governance/wgi/#home).
Appendices183

1.2.3. Cost of redundancy dismissal
Sum of notice period and severance pay for
redundancy dismissal (salary in weeks, averages
for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, with aminimum threshold of 8 weeks)b | 2019
Redundancy costs measure the cost of advancenotice requirements and severance payments due
when terminating a redundant worker, expressed inweeks of salary. The average value of noticerequirements and severance payments applicable to aworker with 1 year of tenure, a worker with 5 years, anda worker with 10 years are also considered. One
month is recorded as 4 and 1/3 weeks. If theredundancy cost adds up to 8 or fewer weeks ofsalary, a value of 8 is assigned but the actual number
of weeks is published. If the cost adds up to more than
8 weeks of salary, the score is the number of weeks.
Source: World Bank, Doing Business 2020,
Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies.
The World Bank has temporarily suspended its
Doing Business data collection but it will beresumed at a later stage. (https://www.
doingbusiness.org/en/reports/global-reports/
doing-business-2020).

1.3.

Business environment

1.3.1. Ease of starting a business*
Ease of starting a business* | 2019
The ranking of economies on the ease of starting abusiness is determined by sorting their scores.
These scores are the simple average of the scoresfor each of the component indicators. The WorldBank’s Doing Business records all procedures
officially required, or commonly undertaken inpractice, for an entrepreneur to start up andformally operate an industrial or commercial
business, as well as the time and cost to complete
these procedures and the paid-in minimum capitalrequirement. These procedures include obtaining
all necessary licenses and permits and completing
any required notifications, verifications or
inscriptions for the company and employees with
relevant authorities. Data are collected from limited
liability companies based in the largest businesscities. For 11 economies, namely Bangladesh,
Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico,
Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation and theUnited States of America, the data are alsocollected for the second-largest business cities.
Source: World Bank, Doing Business 2020,
Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies.
The World Bank has temporarily suspended its
Doing Business data collection but it will be resumed
at a later stage. (https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2020).
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1.3.2. Ease of resolving insolvency*
Ease of resolving insolvency* | 2019
Doing Business studies the time, cost andoutcome of insolvency proceedings involving
domestic legal entities. These variables are used to
calculate the recovery rate, which is recorded ascents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors
through reorganization, liquidation or debt
enforcement (foreclosure or receivership)proceedings. To determine the present value of theamount recovered by creditors, Doing Business
uses the lending rates from the International
Monetary Fund, supplemented with data from
central banks and the Economist Intelligence Unit.
The data for the resolving insolvency indicators arederived from questionnaire responses by local
insolvency practitioners and verified through astudy of laws and regulations as well as public
information on insolvency systems. The ranking of
economies on the ease of resolving insolvency isdetermined by taking the simple average of theirscores for the recovery rate and the strength of theinsolvency framework index. More information on
the methodology is available on the Doing
Business website (https://www.doingbusiness.org/
en/methodology/resolving-insolvency).
Source: World Bank, Doing Business 2020,
Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies.
The World Bank has temporarily suspended its
Doing Business data collection but it will beresumed at a later stage. (https://www.
doingbusiness.org/en/reports/global-reports/
doing-business-2020).

2. Human capital and research
2.1.

Education

2.1.1. Expenditure on education, % GDP
Government expenditure on education (% of GDP) |2017
Total general (local, regional and central)government expenditure on education (current,
capital and transfers), expressed as a percentage
of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfersfrom international sources to government.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database and Eurostat (2010–19). (http://
data.uis.unesco.org; https://ec.europa.eu/
eurostat/data/database).
2.1.2. Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/
cap
Government funding per secondary pupil(% of GDP per capita) | 2017
Average total (current, capital and transfers)
general government expenditure per student, at
secondary level, expressed as a percentage of
GDP per capita.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database (2010–19). (http://data.uis.unesco.
org).
2.1.3. School life expectancy, years
School life expectancy, primary to tertiary
education, both sexes (years) | 2018
Total number of years that a person of school
entrance age can expect to spend within the
primary to tertiary levels of education. For a child ofa given age, the school life expectancy is
calculated as the sum of the age-specificenrolment rates for primary to tertiary levels of
education. The part of the enrolment that is not
distributed by age is divided by the school-age
population for the primary to tertiary level of
education in which they are enrolled and multipliedby the duration of that level of education. The result
is then added to the sum of the age-specificenrolment rates. A relatively high value indicates agreater probability of children spending more years
in education and a higher overall retention rate
within the education system. It must be noted thatthe expected number of years does not necessarily
coincide with the expected number of grades of
education completed due to grade repetition.

2.1.4. PISA scales in reading, maths and science
PISA scales in reading, mathematics and sciencea |2018
PISA is the OECD’s (Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development) Programme forInternational Student Assessment. PISA measures
15-year-olds’ ability to use their reading,mathematics and science knowledge skills.
Results from PISA indicate the quality and equity oflearning outcomes attained around the world. The
2018 PISA survey is the seventh round of thetriennial assessment.
The indicator is built using the average of thereading, mathematics and science scores for eachcountry. PISA scores are set in relation to thevariation in results observed across all test
participants in a country. There is, theoretically, no
minimum or maximum score in PISA; rather, theresults are scaled to fit approximately normal
distributions, with means around 500 score points
and standard deviations around 100 score points.
The 2018 scores for China correspond to theprovinces/municipalities of Beijing, Shanghai,
Jiangsu and Zhejiang only. The 2018 scores for
Azerbaijan correspond only to the capital Baku.
The 2018 average scores for Spain are based only
on the scores for mathematics and science, as thereading scores were not published by the OECDdue to implausible student response behavior.
Source: OECD Programme for International
Student Assessment (PISA) (2015–18). (www.pisa.
oecd.org).
2.1.5. Pupil–teacher ratio, secondary
Pupil–teacher ratio, secondaryab | 2019
The number of pupils enrolled in secondary school
divided by the number of secondary school
teachers (regardless of their teaching assignment).
Where the data are missing for the secondary
education level as a whole, the ratios forupper-secondary are reported; if these are also
missing, the ratios for lower-secondary arereported instead. A high pupil–teacher ratio
suggests that each teacher has to be responsible
for a large number of pupils. In other words, thehigher the pupil–teacher ratio, the lower the relative
access of pupils to teachers.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database (2010–20). (http://data.uis.unesco.
org).

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) online
database (2010–20). (http://data.uis.unesco.org).

Appendices

185

2.2.

Tertiary education

2.2.1. Tertiary enrolment, % gross
School enrolment, tertiary (% gross) | 2018
The ratio of total tertiary enrolment, regardless ofage, to the population of the age group that
officially corresponds to the tertiary level of
education. Tertiary education, whether or not at anadvanced research qualification, normally requires,as a minimum condition of admission, thesuccessful completion of education at thesecondary level. The school enrolment ratio can
exceed 100% due to grade repetition and theinclusion of under-aged and over-aged students,
who are early or late entrants.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database (2010–20). (http://data.uis.unesco.
org).
2.2.2. Graduates in science and engineering, %Graduates from Science, Technology, Engineeringand Mathematics programs (% of total tertiary
graduates) | 2018
The share of all tertiary-level graduates in naturalsciences, mathematics, statistics, information andtechnology, manufacturing, engineering andconstruction as a percentage of all tertiary-level
graduates. Data for Israel, Japan, Mexico, theRepublic of Korea, the United Kingdom and theUnited States of America are taken from the OECD
Main Science and Technology Indicators database.
Data for Malta, Portugal and Romania are takenfrom Eurostat.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database; Eurostat database; and OECD,
Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI)
database, March 2021 (2010–20). (http://data.uis.
unesco.org; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/
database; https://stats.oecd.org/Index.
aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB).
2.2.3. Tertiary inbound mobility, %Tertiary inbound mobility rate (%)a | 2018
The number of students from abroad studying in agiven country as a percentage of the total
tertiary-level enrolment in that country.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database (2010–19). (http://data.uis.unesco.
org).

2.3.

Research and development (R&D)

2.3.1. Researchers FTE/mn pop.
Researchers, full-time equivalent (FTE) (per million
population) | 2019
Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in
the conception or creation of new knowledge. They
conduct research and improve or develop
concepts, theories, models, techniques,
instrumentation, software or operational methods.
Data collected from UNESCO Institute for
Statistics, Eurostat and OECD Main Science andTechnology Indicators.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database; Eurostat; OECD, Main Scienceand Technology Indicators (MSTI) database, March
2021 (2010–19). (http://data.uis.unesco.org;
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database;https://stats.oecd.org/Index.
aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB).
2.3.2. Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD), % GDP
Gross expenditure on R&D (% of GDP) | 2019
Total domestic intramural expenditure on R&D
during a given period as a percentage of GDP.
“Intramural R&D expenditure” is all expenditure for
R&D performed within a statistical unit or sector of
the economy during a specific period, regardlessof the source of funding. Data collected from
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Eurostat andOECD Main Science and Technology Indicators.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database; Eurostat, Eurostat database;OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators(MSTI) database, 2021 (2010–19). (http://data.uis.
unesco.org; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/
database; https://stats.oecd.org/Index.
aspx?DataSet-Code=MSTI_PUB).
2.3.3. Global corporate R&D investors, top 3, mn US$
Average expenditure of the top three global
companies by R&D, million US$ | 2020
Average expenditure on R&D of the top threeglobal companies. If a country has fewer than threeglobal companies listed, the figure is either the
average of the sum of the two companies listed or
the total for a single listed company. A score of 0 is
given to countries with no listed companies. The
data include economies outside the European
Union (EU).
Source: The 2020 EU Industrial R&D Investment
Scoreboard. (https://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
scoreboard/2020-eu-industrial-rd-investmentscoreboard).

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2.3.4. QS university ranking, top 3*
Average score of the top three universities
according to the QS world university
ranking* | 2020
Average score of the top three universities per
country. If fewer than three universities are listed in
the QS ranking of the global top 1,000 universities,
the sum of the scores of the listed universities isdivided by three, thus implying a score of zero forthe non-listed universities. The 2021 ranking
corresponds to data extracted in 2020.
Source: QS Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd, QS World
University Ranking, Top Universities. (https://www.
topuniversities.com/university-rankings/
world-university-rankings/2021).

3. Infrastructure
3.1.

Information and communication
technologies (ICTs)

3.1.1. ICT access*
ICT access index*a | 2019
The ICT access index, previously part of theInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU) ICT
Development Index, is a composite index thatweights five ICT indicators (20% each): (1) Fixed
telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (2)Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100
inhabitants; (3) International Internet bandwidth(bit/s) per Internet user; (4) Percentage ofhouseholds with a computer; and (5) Percentage ofhouseholds with Internet access.
Source: GII calculations based on the World
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database(released January 2020) following the methodologyof the ITU ICT Development Index 2017. (https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/
publications/mis2017.aspx).
3.1.2. ICT use*
ICT use index*a | 2019
The ICT use index, previously part of theInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU) ICT
Development Index, is a composite index thatweights three ICT indicators (one third each): (1)Percentage of individuals using the Internet; (2)Fixed (wired) broadband Internet subscriptions per
100 inhabitants; (3) Active mobile broadband
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.
Source: GII calculations based on the World
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database(released January 2020) following the methodologyof the ITU ICT Development Index 2017. (https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/
publications/mis2017.aspx).
3.1.3. Government’s online service*
Government’s online service index*a | 2020
The Online Services Index component of theE-Government Development Index is a composite
indicator measuring the use of ICTs bygovernments in delivering public services at thenational level. To arrive at a set of Online Service
Index values for 2020, a total of 215 online United
Nations Volunteer researchers from 96 countries,
covering 66 languages, assessed each country’s
national website in the native language, including
the national portal, e-services portal ande-participation portal, as well as the websites of therelated ministries of education, labor, social
Appendices187

services, health, finance and environment, asapplicable. The total number of points scored byeach country is normalized to a range of 0 to 1. The
online index value for a given country is equal to theactual total score less the lowest total score divided
by the range of total score values for all countries.
Note: The precise meaning of these values varies
from one edition of the Survey to the next, as
understanding of the potential of e-governmentchanges and the underlying technology evolves.
See the link below for more details.
Source: United Nations Public Administration
Network, E-Government Survey 2020. (https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/
Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2020).
3.1.4. E-participation*
Online E-Participation Index*a | 2020
The E-Participation Index (EPI) is derived as asupplementary index to the United Nations
E-Government Survey. It extends the scope of theSurvey by focusing on government use of online
services in providing information to its citizens(“e-information sharing”), interacting withstakeholders (“e-consultation”) and engaging indecision-making processes (“e-decision-making”).
A country’s EPI reflects the e-participation
mechanisms that are deployed by its government
in comparison to all other countries. The purposeof this measure is not to prescribe any specificpractice, but rather to offer insight into how
different countries are using online tools to
promote interaction between government andcitizens, as well as between citizens, for the benefitof all. As the EPI is a qualitative assessment basedon the availability and relevance of participatory
services available on government websites, thecomparative ranking of countries is for illustrative
purposes only and serves as an indicator of thebroad trends in promoting citizen engagement.
The index ranges from 0 to 1, with 1 showing
greater e-participation. Mathematically, the EPI isnormalized by taking the total score value for agiven country, subtracting the lowest total score forany country in the survey and dividing by the rangeof total score values for all countries.
Note: The precise meaning of these values varies
from one edition of the Survey to the next, as
understanding of the potential of e-governmentchanges and the underlying technology evolves.
See the link below for more details.
Source: United Nations Public Administration
Network, E-Government Survey 2020. (https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/
Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2020).
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Global Innovation Index 2021

3.2.

General infrastructure

3.2.1. Electricity output, GWh/mn pop.
Electricity output (GWh per million population)a |2018
Electricity production, measured at the terminals of
all alternator sets in a station. In addition tohydropower, coal, oil, gas and nuclear power
generation, this indicator covers generation bygeothermal, solar, wind, tide and wave energy, as
well as that from combustible renewables andwaste. Production includes the output of plantsthat are designed to produce solely electricity as
well as the output of combined heat and power
plants. Electricity output in GWh is scaledby population.
Source: International Energy Agency (IEA) World
Energy Balances, July 2020 edition and February
2021 edition (selected economies)(2018–19). (https://www.iea.org/reports/
world-energy-balances-overview).
3.2.2. Logistics performance*
Logistics Performance Index*a | 2018
A multidimensional assessment of logistics
performance, the Logistics Performance Index(LPI) ranks 160 countries, combining data on six
core performance components into a single
aggregate measure including customs
performance, infrastructure quality and timelinessof shipments. The data used in the ranking comefrom a survey of logistics professionals who are
asked questions about the foreign countries inwhich they operate. The LPI’s six components are:(1) Customs: the efficiency of customs and bordermanagement clearance; (2) Infrastructure: thequality of trade and transport infrastructure; (3)International shipments: the ease of arranging
competitively priced shipments; (4) Services
quality: the competence and quality of logistics
services; (5) Tracking and tracing: the ability to
track and trace consignments; and (6) Timeliness:
the frequency with which shipments reachconsignees within scheduled or expected delivery
times. The LPI therefore consists of both qualitativeand quantitative measures and helps to build
profiles of logistics friendliness for these countries.
Source: World Bank and Turku School of
Economics, Logistics Performance Index 2018;
Arvis et al., 2018, Connecting to Compete 2018:
Trade Logistics in the Global Economy – The
Logistics Performance Index and its Indicators.
(https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/LP.LPI.OVRL.
XQ; https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/
bitstream/handle/10986/29971/LPI2018.pdf).

3.2.3. Gross capital formation, % GDP
Gross capital formation (% of GDP) | 2020
Gross capital formation is expressed as the ratio of
total investment in current local currency to GDP in
current local currency. Investment or gross capitalformation is measured by the total value of thegross fixed capital formation and changes ininventories and acquisitions less disposals ofvaluables for a unit or sector, on the basis of the
System of National Accounts (SNA) 1993.
Source: International Monetary Fund, World
Economic Outlook Database, October 2020.
(https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/
world-economic-outlook-databases).

3.3.

Ecological sustainability

3.3.1. GDP/unit of energy use
GDP per total energy supply (per thousand 2015
PPP$ GDP) | 2018
Purchasing power parity gross domestic product(2015 PPP$ GDP) per total energy supply (TES).
TES is made up of the cost of production + imports− exports − international marine bunkers −international aviation bunkers +/– stock changes.
GDP/TES is an indicator of energy productivity.
Source: International Energy Agency (IEA) World
Energy Balances, July 2020 edition(2018–19). (https://www.iea.org/reports/
world-energy-balances-overview)
3.3.2. Environmental performance*
Environmental Performance Index* | 2020
The 2020 Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
ranks 180 countries on different categories
covering environmental health and ecosystemvitality. These indicators provide a gauge of how
close countries are to achieving establishedenvironmental policy targets. The EPI offers ascorecard that highlights leaders and laggards inenvironmental performance and provides practicalguidance for countries that aspire to move towarda sustainable future. The index ranges from 0 to100, with 100 indicating best performance.

3.3.3. ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn
PPP$ GDPISO 14001 Environmental management systems– Number of certificates issued (per billion PPP$
GDP) | 2019
ISO 14001 specifies the requirements for anenvironmental management system that anorganization can use to enhance its environmental
performance. ISO 14001 is intended for use by anorganization that is seeking to manage its
environmental responsibilities in a systematicmanner that contributes to the environmental pillarof sustainability. ISO 14001 helps an organizationto achieve the intended outcomes of its
environmental management system, providing
value for the environment, the organization itself
and interested parties. Consistent with theorganization’s environmental policy, the intended
outcomes of an environmental management
system include enhancement of environmental
performance, fulfillment of compliance obligations
and achievement of environmental objectives. ISO
14001 is applicable to any organization, regardlessof size, type or nature, and applies to theenvironmental aspects of its activities, products
and services that the organization determines it
can either control or influence from a life cycle
perspective. ISO 14001 does not state specificenvironmental performance criteria. It can be used
in whole or in part to systematically improve
environmental management. Claims of conformity
to ISO 14001, however, are not acceptable unless
all its requirements are incorporated into anorganization’s environmental management systemand fulfilled without exclusion. The data arereported per billion PPP$ GDP.
Source: International Organization forStandardization, ISO Survey of Certifications toManagement System Standards, 2019;
International Monetary Fund, World Economic
Outlook Database, October 2020.
(https://www.iso.org/the-iso-survey.html;
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/
world-economic-outlook-databases).

Source: Yale University and Columbia University,
2020 Environmental Performance Index. (https://
epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2020/component/epi).

Appendices189

4. Market sophistication
4.1.

Source: International Monetary Fund, International
Financial Statistics and data files; World Bank andOECD GDP estimates; extracted from the WorldBank’s World Development Indicators database(2010–19). (https://data.imf.org; http://data.
worldbank.org).

Credit4.1.1. Ease of getting credit*
Ease of getting credit* | 2019
The ranking of economies on the ease of getting
credit is determined by sorting their scores forgetting credit.
These scores are the score for the sum of thestrength of the legal rights index (range 0–12) andthe depth of credit information index (range 0–8).
The World Bank’s Doing Business measures thelegal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect
to secured transactions through one set ofindicators and the reporting of credit information
through another. The first set of indicators
measures whether certain features that facilitate
lending exist within the applicable collateral andbankruptcy laws. The second set measures thecoverage, scope and accessibility of credit
information available through credit reporting
service providers, such as credit bureaus or credit
registries. Although Doing Business compiles dataon getting credit for public registry coverage (% ofadults) and for private bureau coverage (% ofadults), these indicators are not included in
the ranking.
Source: World Bank, Doing Business 2020,
Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies.
The World Bank has temporarily suspended its
Doing Business data collection but it will beresumed at a later stage. (https://www.
doingbusiness.org/en/reports/global-reports/
doing-business-2020).
4.1.2. Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP
Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) | 2019
Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial
resources provided to the private sector byfinancial corporations, such as through loans,purchases of non-equity securities, and tradecredits and other accounts receivable, that
establish a claim for repayment. For somecountries these claims include credit to public
enterprises. The financial corporations include
monetary authorities and deposit money banks, aswell as other financial corporations where data are
available (including corporations that do not allow
transferable deposits but do accept such liabilities
as time and savings deposits). Examples of otherfinancial corporations are finance and leasing
companies, money lenders, insurance
corporations, pension funds and foreignexchange companies.

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4.1.3. Microfinance gross loans, % GDP
Microfinance institutions: Gross loan portfolio(% of GDP)a | 2018
Combined gross loan balances of microfinanceinstitutions (current US$) in a country as apercentage of its GDP (current US$).
Source: Microfinance Information Exchange, MIX
Market database; International Monetary Fund,World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020(2011–19). (https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/
dataset/mix-market; https://www.imf.org/external/
pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/index.aspx).

4.2.

Investment

4.2.1. Ease of protecting minority investors*
Ease of protecting minority investors* | 2019
This ranking is the sum of the scores for the extent
of conflict of interest regulation index and theextent of shareholder governance index. The
extent of conflict of interest regulation index
measures the protection of shareholders against
directors’ misuse of corporate assets for personal
gain by distinguishing three aspects of regulationthat address conflicts of interest: (1) transparency
of related-party transactions (extent of disclosureindex); (2) shareholders’ ability to sue and holddirectors liable for self-dealing (extent of director
liability index); (3) access to evidence andallocation of legal expenses in shareholder
litigation (ease of shareholder suits index). The
extent of shareholder governance index measures
shareholders’ rights in corporate governance bydistinguishing three aspects of good governance:(1) shareholders’ rights and role in major corporate
decisions (extent of shareholder rights index); (2)governance safeguards protecting shareholders
from undue board control and entrenchment(extent of ownership and control index); (3)corporate transparency on ownership stakes,
compensation, audits and financial prospects(extent of corporate transparency index). The index
also measures whether a subset of relevant rights
and safeguards are available in limited companies.
The data come from a questionnaire administered
to corporate and securities lawyers and are basedon securities regulations, company laws, civil
procedure codes and court rules of evidence.

in. The data represent the three-year average of2018–20 deals received and are reported per billion
PPP$ GDP.

Source: World Bank, Doing Business 2020,
Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies.
The World Bank has temporarily suspended its
Doing Business data collection but it will beresumed at a later date. (https://www.
doingbusiness.org/en/reports/global-reports/
doing-business-2020).

Source: Refinitiv (an LSEG business) Eikon (private
equity screener) accessed April 23, 2021;
International Monetary Fund, World Economic
Outlook Database October 2020 (2018–20).
(https://solutions.refinitiv.com/
eikon-trading-software; https://www.imf.org/en/
Publications/SPROLLs/
world-economic-outlook-databases).

4.2.2. Market capitalization, % GDP
Market capitalization of listed domestic companies(% of GDP, three-year average) | 2019Market capitalization (also known as “market
value”) is the share price times the number ofshares outstanding (including their several classes)
for listed domestic companies. Investment funds,
unit trusts, and companies whose only businessgoal is to hold shares of other listed companies are
excluded. Data are the average of the end-of-year
values for the last three years.
Source: World Federation of Exchanges database;
extracted from the World Bank’s World
Development Indicators database (2011–19).
(https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/
statistics; http://data.worldbank.org).
4.2.3. Venture capital investors, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
Number of venture capital deals invested in(per billion PPP$ GDP, three-year average) | 2020
Refinitiv Eikon data on private equity deals, perdeal, with information on the location of the firm
investing in a venture capital (VC) deal, among
other details. The data extraction corresponds to aquery on VC deals between January 1, 2018 andDecember 31, 2020, with the data aggregated by
the location of the investing firm. The data
represent the three-year average of 2018–20 deals
invested in and are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.
Source: Refinitiv (a London Stock Exchange Group(LSEG) business) Eikon (private equity screener)
accessed April 23, 2021; International Monetary
Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, October
2020 (2018–20). (https://solutions.refinitiv.com/
eikon-trading-software; https://www.imf.org/en/
Publications/SPROLLs/
world-economic-outlook-databases).
4.2.4. Venture capital recipients, deals/bn PPP$ GDP
Number of venture capital deals received(per billion PPP$ GDP, three-year average) | 2020
Refinitiv data on private equity deals, per deal, withinformation on the location of the firm receiving the
VC investment, among other details. The data
exraction corresponds to a query on VC deals
between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020,
with the data aggregated by the location invested

4.3.

Trade, diversification, and market scale

4.3.1. Applied tariff rate, weighted avg., %Tariff rate, applied, weighted average,
all products (%)ab | 2019
Weighted average applied tariff is the average ofeffectively applied rates weighted by the productimport shares corresponding to each partnercountry. Data are classified using the Harmonized
System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariffline data were matched to Standard International
Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes todefine commodity groups and import weights. As
far as possible, specific rates have been converted
to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been
included in the calculation of weighted average
tariffs. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- andeight-digit product level are averaged for products
in each commodity group. When the effectively
applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation
rate is used instead.
Source: World Bank, based on data from United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development’s(UNCTAD) Trade Analysis Information System(TRAINS) database and the World Trade
Organization’s (WTO) Integrated Database (IDB)
and Consolidated Tariff Schedules (CTS)
Database; extracted from World Bank’s World
Development Indicators database (2013–19).
(http://data.worldbank.org; https://www.wto.org).
4.3.2. Domestic industry diversification
Domestic industry diversification (based on
manufacturing output)b | 2018
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for the domestic
industry defined as the sum of the squared sharesof sub-sectors in total manufacturing output. The
HHI is a measure of concentration and can help todetermine the extent to which a country’s industrial
system is diversified across different industrial
sub-sectors (or, conversely, concentrated in a few
industrial sub-sectors). In the context of measuring
domestic industry diversification, the HHI iscalculated by squaring the shares of individual
Appendices191sub-sectors in total domestic manufacturing
output and then summing the squares. A country
with a perfectly diversified industrial system will
have an index close to zero, whereas a country thatis active in only one industrial sub-sector will havea value of one (least diversified). That is, the morediversified a country’s industry is, the lower its HHI
value will be.
Source: United Nations Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO), Industrial Statistics
Database, two-digit level of International Standard
Industrial Classification (ISIC) Revision 3 (INDSTAT
2 2021); EQUIP (Enhancing the Quality of Industrial
Policies) Tool 4: Diversification – Domestic andExport Dimensions, 2015 (2011–19) (http://stat.
unido.org; www.equip-project.org/wp-content/
uploads/2015/08/EQuIP_Tool-4_V150821.pdf).
4.3.3. Domestic market scale, bn PPP$
Domestic market scale as measured by GDP,bn PPP$ | 2020
The domestic market size is measured by GDP
based on the PPP valuation of country GDP, incurrent international dollars (billions).
Source: International Monetary Fund, World
Economic Outlook Database, October
2020. (https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/
SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases).

5. Business sophistication
5.1.

Knowledge workers

5.1.1. Knowledge-intensive employment, %Employment in knowledge-intensive services(% of workforce) | 2019Sum of people in categories 1 to 3 as a percentage
of total people employed, according to theInternational Standard Classification of
Occupations (ISCO). Categories included in
ISCO-08 are: 1 Managers; 2 Professionals;
3 Technicians and Associate Professionals. Where
ISCO-08 data were not available, ISCO-88 data
were used. Categories included in ISCO-88 are:
1 Legislators, senior officials and managers;
2 Professionals; 3 Technicians andassociate professionals.
Source: International Labour Organization (ILO),
ILOSTAT Database of Labour Statistics(2010–20). (www.ilo.org/ilostat).
5.1.2. Firms offering formal training, %Firms offering formal training (% of firms) | 2019
The percentage of firms offering formal training
programs for their permanent, full-time employees
in the sample of firms in the World Bank’s
Enterprise Survey in each country.
Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys(2010–20). (www.enterprisesurveys.org).
5.1.3. GERD performed by business, % GDP
GERD: Performed by business enterprise(% of total GDP) | 2019
Gross expenditure on R&D performed by businessenterprise as a percentage of GDP. For thedefinition of GERD, see indicator 2.3.2.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database; Eurostat, Eurostat database;OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators(MSTI) database, 2019 (2010–19). (http://data.uis.
unesco.org; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/
database; https://stats.oecd.org/Index.
aspx?DataSet-Code=MSTI_PUB).
5.1.4. GERD financed by business, %GERD financed by business enterprise (% of total
GERD) | 2018
Gross expenditure on R&D financed by businessenterprise as a percentage of total grossexpenditure on R&D. For the definition of GERD,
see indicator 2.3.2. Plurinational State of Bolivia
and Burkina Faso use data for 2009.

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Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database; Eurostat, Eurostat database;OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators(MSTI) database, 2019 (2010–19). (http://data.uis.
unesco.org; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/
database; https://stats.oecd.org/Index.
aspx?DataSet-Code=MSTI_PUB).
5.1.5. Females employed w/advanced degrees, %Females employed with advanced degrees, %total employed (25+ years old)a | 2019
The percentage of females employed withadvanced degrees out of total employed. The
employed comprise all persons of working age
who, during a specified brief period, were in one of
the following categories: (1) paid employment; or(2) self-employment. Data are disaggregated bylevel of education, which refers to the highest levelof education completed, classified according to
the International Standard Classification of
Education (ISCE). Data for Canada are based on
Table 14-10-0020-01 of the country’s Labour Force
Survey estimates.
Source: International Labour Organization,
ILOSTAT Database of Labour Statistics; Statistics
Canada. Table 14-10-0020-01 Unemployment rate,participation rate and employment rate byeducational attainment, annual, accessed
February 10, 2020 (2011–20). (www.ilo.org/
ilostat; https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/
tv.action?pid=1410002001).

5.2.

Innovation linkages

5.2.1. University–industry R&D collaboration†
The extent to which businesses and universities
collaborate on R&D†a | 2020
Average answer to the survey question: In yourcountry, to what extent do businesses anduniversities collaborate on research anddevelopment (R&D)? [1 = not at all; 7 = to agreat extent]
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive
Opinion Survey 2020 (2018–20), Appendix C of The
Global Competitiveness Report 2020. (www3.
weforum.org/docs/WEF_
TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2020.pdf).
5.2.2. State of cluster development and depth†
How widespread clusters are† | 2020
Average answer to the survey question: In yourcountry, how widespread are well-developed anddeep clusters (geographic concentrations of firms,
suppliers, producers of related products andservices, and specialized institutions in a particularfield)? [1 = nonexistent; 7 = widespread inmany fields].
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive
Opinion Survey 2020 (2018–20), Appendix C of The
Global Competitiveness Report 2020. (www3.
weforum.org/docs/WEF_
TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2020.pdf).
5.2.3. GERD financed by abroad, % GDP
GERD financed by abroad (% of total GDP) | 2018
Percentage of gross expenditure on R&D financed
by abroad (billions, national currency) – that is, withforeign financing as a percentage of GDP (billions,
national currency). For the definition of GERD, see
indicator 2.3.2.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database; Eurostat, Eurostat database;OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators(MSTI) database, 2019 (2010–19). (http://data.uis.
unesco.org; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/
database; https://stats.oecd.org/Index.
aspx?DataSet-Code=MSTI_PUB).
5.2.4. Joint venture/strategic alliance deals/bn
PPP$ GDP
Number of joint venture/strategic alliance deals,
fractional counting (per billion PPP$ GDP,
three-year average) | 2020
Refinitiv’s data on joint ventures/strategic alliances,
per deal, with details on the country of origin ofpartner firms, among others. The data extraction
corresponds to a query on joint venture/strategic
alliance deals between January 1, 2018 andDecember 31, 2020. The nation of each company
participating in a deal (n companies per deal) is
allocated, per deal, a score equivalent to 1/n (withthe effect that all country scores add up to the total
number of deals). The data are reported per billion
PPP$ GDP.
Source: Refinitive (an LSEG business) SDC
Platinum database; International Monetary FundWorld Economic Outlook Database, October 2020.
(https://www.refinitiv.com/en/financial-data/
deals-data/joint-venture-deals; https://www.imf.
org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/
world-economic-outlook-databases).
5.2.5. Patent families/bn PPP$ GDP
Number of patent families filed in at least two
offices (per billion PPP$ GDP) | 2017
A patent family is a set of interrelated patentapplications filed in one or more countries orjurisdictions to protect the same invention. Patentfamilies containing applications filed in at least two
Appendices193different offices is a subset of patent families
where protection of the same invention is sought in
at least two different countries. In this report,“patent families data” refers to patent families
containing applications filed in at least two
intellectual property (IP) offices; the data arescaled by PPP$ GDP (billions). A patent is a set of
exclusive rights granted by law to applicants forinventions that are new, non-obvious andindustrially applicable. A patent is valid for a limited
period of time (generally 20 years) and within adefined territory. The patent system is designed toencourage innovation by providing innovators with
time-limited exclusive legal rights, thus enablingthem to reap the rewards of their innovative activity.
Source: World Intellectual Property Organization,
Intellectual Property Statistics; International
Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database, October 2020. (www.wipo.int/
ipstats; https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/
SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases).

5.3.

Knowledge absorption

5.3.1. Intellectual property payments, % total trade
Charges for use of intellectual property, i.e.,
payments (%, total trade, three-year average) |2019
Charges for the use of intellectual property notincluded elsewhere, i.e., payments (% of total
trade), average of three most recent years or mostrecent. Value is calculated according to the
Extended Balance of Payments Services
Classification EBOPS 2010 – that is, code SH:
Charges for the use of intellectual property notincluded elsewhere, as a percentage of total trade.
Total trade is defined as the sum of total imports ofcode G goods and code SOX commercial services(excluding government goods and services notincluded elsewhere) plus total exports of code G
goods and code SOX commercial services(excluding government goods and services notincluded elsewhere), divided by 2. According to thesixth edition of the International Monetary Fund’s
Balance of Payments Manual, the item “Goods”
covers general merchandise, net exports of goods
under merchanting and non-monetary gold. The“commercial services” category is defined as
being equal to “services” minus “government
goods and services not included elsewhere.”
Receipts are between residents and non-residents
for the use of proprietary rights (such as patents,
trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes anddesigns, including trade secrets and franchises),and for licenses to reproduce or distribute (or both)
intellectual property embodied in produced
originals or prototypes (such as copyrights onbooks and manuscripts, computer software,
194

Global Innovation Index 2021

cinematographic works and sound recordings) andrelated rights (such as for live performances andtelevision, cable or satellite broadcast).
Source: World Trade Organization, Trade in
Commercial Services database, values based on
the classification of the sixth (2009) edition of theInternational Monetary Fund’s Balance ofPayments and International Investment Position
Manual and Balance of Payments database.
(https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2007/
pdf/bpm6.pdf; www.oecd.org/std/its/
EBOPS-2010.pdf).
5.3.2. High-tech imports, % total trade
High-tech imports (% of total trade) | 2019
High-technology imports as a percentage of total
trade. High-technology exports and imports
contain technical products with a high intensity of
R&D, defined by the Eurostat classification, which
is based on Standard International Trade
Classification (SITC) Revision 4 and the OECD
definition. Commodities belong to the following
sectors: aerospace; computers and officemachines; electronics – telecommunications;
pharmacy; scientific instruments; electricalmachinery; chemistry; non-electrical machinery;
and armament.
Source: World Trade Organization, United Nations,
Comtrade Database; Eurostat, Annex 5: High-techaggregation by SITC Rev. 4, April 2009 (2015–19).
(http://comtrade.un.org; http://ec.europa.eu/
eurostat/cache/metadata/Annexes/htec_esms_
an5.pdf).
5.3.3. ICT services imports, % total trade
Telecommunications, computer, and information
services imports (% of total trade)a | 2019
Telecommunications, computer, and information
services as a percentage of total trade according
to the OECD’s Extended Balance of Payments
Services Classification EBOPS 2010, coded SI:
Telecommunications, computer, and information
services. For the definition of total trade, see
indicator 5.3.1.
Source: World Trade Organization, Trade in
Commercial Services database, values based on
the classification of the sixth (2009) edition of theInternational Monetary Fund’s Balance ofPayments and International Investment Position
Manual and Balance of Payments database.
(https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2007/
pdf/bpm6.pdf; www.oecd.org/std/its/
EBOPS-2010.pdf).

6. Knowledge and technology
outputs

5.3.4. FDI net inflows, % GDP
Foreign direct investment (FDI), net inflows(% of GDP, three-year average)a | 2019

6.1.
Foreign direct investment is the average of themost recent three years of net inflows ofinvestment to acquire a lasting management
interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in anenterprise operating in an economy other than thatof the investor. It is the sum of equity capital,
reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital,and short-term capital as shown in the balance of
payments. This data series shows net inflows (newinvestment inflows less disinvestment) in thereporting economy from foreign investors, and isdivided by GDP.
Source: International Monetary Fund, International
Financial Statistics and Balance of Payments
databases, World Bank, International Debt
Statistics, and World Bank and OECD GDP
estimates; extracted from the World Bank’s World
Development Indicators database, 2019(2018–19). (http://data.worldbank.org).
5.3.5. Research talent, % in businesses
Researchers in business enterprise (%) | 2019
Researchers in the business enterprise sector(measured in full-time equivalence, FTE) refers toresearchers as professionals engaged in theconception or creation of new knowledge,
products, processes, methods and systems, aswell as in the management of these projects,
broken down by the sectors in which they are
employed (business enterprise, government,
higher education and private non-profit
organizations). In the context of R&D statistics, thebusiness enterprise sector includes all firms,
organizations and institutions whose primaryactivity is the market production of goods orservices (other than higher education) for sale to
the general public at an economically significant
price, and the mainly private non-profit institutions
serving them; the core of this sector is made up of
private enterprises.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database; Eurostat; OECD, Main Scienceand Technology Indicators (MSTI) database,
March 2021 (2010–19). (http://data.uis.unesco.org;
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/
database; https://stats.oecd.org/Index.
aspx?DataSet-Code=MSTI_PUB).

Knowledge creation

6.1.1. Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Number of resident patent applications filed at agiven national or regional patent office (per billion
PPP$ GDP) | 2019
The definition of a patent can be found in thedescription of indicator 5.2.5. A resident patentapplication refers to an application filed with an IP
office for or on behalf of the first-named applicant’s
country of residence. For example, an application
filed with the Japan Patent Office by a resident ofJapan is considered a resident application forJapan. Similarly, an application filed with theEuropean Patent Office (EPO) by an applicant who
resides in any of the EPO member states, forexample Germany, is considered a resident
application for that member state (Germany). Data
are scaled by PPP$ GDP (billions).
Source: World Intellectual Property Organization,
Intellectual Property Statistics; International
Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database, October 2020 (2010–19). (www.wipo.int/
ipstats; https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/
SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases).
6.1.2. PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Number of Patent Cooperation Treaty applications(per billion PPP$ GDP)a | 2020
A PCT application refers to an international patentapplication filed through the WIPO-administered
Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). The PCT system
makes it possible to seek patent protection for an
invention simultaneously in a number of countries
by filing a single international patent application.
The origin of PCT applications is defined by theresidence of the first-named applicant. Data are
available only for those economies which are PCTContracting States (153 to date). Data are scaledby PPP$ GDP (billions).
Source: World Intellectual Property Organization,
Intellectual Property Statistics; International
Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database, October 2020. (www.wipo.int/
ipstats; https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/
SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases).

Appendices1956.1.3. Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Number of resident utility model applications filed
at the national patent office (per billion PPP$ GDP) |2019

6.1.5. Citable documents H-index
The H-index is the economy’s number of publishedarticles (H) that have received at least H citations |2020

A utility model (UM) is a special form of patentright. The terms and conditions for granting a UM
are slightly different from those for patents andinclude a shorter term of protection and lessstringent patentability requirements. A resident UM
application refers to an application filed with an IP
office for or on behalf of the first-named applicant’s
country of residence. For example, an application
filed with the IP office of Germany by a resident ofGermany is considered a resident application forGermany. Data are scaled by PPP$ GDP (billions).

The H-index expresses the journal’s number ofarticles (H) that have received at least H citations. It
quantifies both journal scientific productivity andscientific impact, and is also applicable toscientists, journals, and so on. The H-index istabulated from the number of citations received insubsequent years by articles published in a given
year, divided by the number of articles publishedthat year.

Source: World Intellectual Property Organization,
Intellectual Property Statistics; International
Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database, October 2020 (2010–19). (www.wipo.int/
ipstats; https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/
SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases).
6.1.4. Scientific and technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP
Number of scientific and technical journal articles(per billion PPP$ GDP) | 2020
The number of articles published in science andtechnology. This encompasses 182 different
research categories belonging to research areas
including engineering, chemistry, physics,
environmental sciences, computer science,
mathematics, biochemistry, molecular biology,
oncology, agriculture, cell biology and many more.
Article counts are taken from a set of journals
covered by the Science Citation Index Expanded(SCIE) and the Social Sciences Citation Index(SSCI). Articles are classified by year of publication
and assigned to each economy on the basis of theinstitutional address(es) listed in the article.
Articles are counted on a count basis (rather than afractional basis) – that is, for articles withcollaborating institutions from multiple economies,
each economy receives credit on the basis of its
participating institutions. The data are reported per
billion PPP$ GDP.
Source: Clarivate, Web of Science, accessed
March 15, 2021; International Monetary Fund,World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020.
(https://clarivate.com/webofsciencegroup/
solutions/web-of-science; https://www.imf.org/en/
Publications/SPROLLs/
world-economic-outlook-databases).

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Global Innovation Index 2021

Source: SCImago (2021) SJR – SCImago Journal &Country Rank, retrieved March 2021.
(www.scimagojr.com).

6.2.

Knowledge impact

6.2.1. Labor productivity growth, %Growth rate of GDP per person employed(%, three-year average) | 2020
Growth rate of real GDP per person employed,
average of three most recent available years (2018,2019, 2020). Growth of GDP per person engaged
provides a measure of labor productivity (definedas output per unit of labor input). GDP per person
employed is GDP divided by total employment in
the economy.
Source: The Conference Board Total Economy
Database™ Output, Labor and Labor Productivity,
1950–2020, April 2021 preliminary release.
(https://www.conference-board.org/data/
economydatabase).
6.2.2. New businesses/th pop. 15–64
New business density (new registrations per
thousand population, 15–64 years old)a | 2018
Number of newly registered corporations per 1,000
persons of working-age (15–64 years old). The
units of measurement are private, formal sector
companies with limited liability. Data corrections
relative to the 2016 survey were implemented by
the World Bank for Panama.
Source: World Bank, Doing Business 2020,
Entrepreneurship Project (2009–18). (https://www.
doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploretopics/
entrepreneurship).

6.2.3. Software spending, % GDP
Total computer software spending(% of GDP) | 2020
Computer software spending includes the total
value of purchased or leased packaged software,such as operating systems, database systems,
programming tools, utilities and applications. It
excludes expenditures for internal softwaredevelopment and outsourced custom softwaredevelopment. The data are a combination of actual
figures and estimates. Data are reported as apercentage of GDP.
Source: IHS Markit, Information andCommunication Technology Database.
(https://www.ihs.com/index.html).
6.2.4. ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP
ISO 9001 Quality management systems – numberof certificates issued (per billion PPP$ GDP) | 2019
ISO 9001 specifies requirements for a quality
management system when an organization needs
to demonstrate its ability to provide products andservices that meet both customer and applicablestatutory and regulatory requirements. It aims toenhance customer satisfaction through theeffective application of the system, including
processes for improving the system and ensuringconformity to customer and applicable statutory
and regulatory requirements. All the requirementsof ISO 9001 are generic and are intended to be
applicable to any organization, regardless of its
type or size, or the products and services it
provides. The data are reported per billion PPP$
GDP.
Source: International Organization forStandardization (ISO), ISO Survey of Certifications
to Management System Standards, 2019;
International Monetary Fund, World Economic
Outlook database, October 2020. (https://www.iso.
org/the-iso-survey.html; https://www.imf.org/
en/ Publications/SPROLLs/
world-economic-outlook-databases).
6.2.5. High-tech manufacturing, %High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing(% of total manufacturing output) | 2018
High-technology and medium-high-technology
output as a percentage of total manufacturing
output, on the basis of the OECD classification ofTechnology Intensity Definition, itself based on
International Standard Industrial Classification(ISIC) Revision 4 and ISIC Revision 3, and using
data from the INDSTAT 2 database of the United
Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO).

Source: United Nations Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO), Industrial Statistics
Database INDSTAT 2, 2020; OECD, Directorate for
Science, Technology and Industry, Economic
Analysis and Statistics Division, “ISIC Rev. 3
Technology Intensity Definition: Classification of
Manufacturing Industries into Categories Based on
R&D Intensities” (2010–18). (https://stat.unido.
org; www.oecd.org/sti/ind/48350231.pdf).

6.3.

Knowledge diffusion

6.3.1. Intellectual property receipts, % total trade
Charges for use of intellectual property, i.e.,
receipts (% total trade, three-year average)a | 2019
Charges for the use of intellectual property notincluded elsewhere, i.e. receipts (% of total trade),average of three most recent years or most recent.
Value is calculated according to the Extended
Balance of Payments Services Classification
EBOPS 2010 – that is, code SH: Charges for theuse of intellectual property not included elsewhere,
as a percentage of total trade. Receipts are
between residents and non-residents for the use of
proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks,
copyrights, industrial processes and designs,
including trade secrets and franchises), and forlicenses to reproduce or distribute (or both)
intellectual property embodied in produced
originals or prototypes (such as copyrights onbooks and manuscripts, computer software,cinematographic works and sound recordings) andrelated rights (such as for live performances andtelevision, cable, or satellite broadcast). For thedefinition of total trade, see indicator 5.3.1.
Source: World Trade Organization, Trade in
Commercial Services database, values based on
the classification of the sixth (2009) edition of theInternational Monetary Fund’s Balance ofPayments and International Investment Position
Manual and Balance of Payments database(2010–19). (https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/
bop/2007/pdf/bpm6.pdf; www.oecd.org/std/its/
EBOPS-2010.pdf).
6.3.2. Production and export complexity
The Economic Complexity Indexa | 2018
The Economic Complexity Index is a ranking ofcountries based on the diversity and complexity of
their export basket. High-complexity countries arehome to a range of sophisticated, specialized
capabilities and are therefore able to produce ahighly diversified set of complex products.
Determining the economic complexity of a country
is not solely dependent on a country’s productive
knowledge. Information about how many
capabilities the country has is contained not only inAppendices197

the absolute number of products that it makes, butalso in the ubiquity of those products (the numberof countries that export the product) and in thesophistication and diversity of the products thatthose other countries make. Economic complexity
expresses the diversity and sophistication of the
productive capabilities embedded in the exports ofeach country.
Source: The Atlas of Economic Complexity,
Growth Lab at Harvard University. (https://atlas.
cid.harvard.edu).
6.3.3. High-tech exports, % total trade
High-tech exports (% of total trade) | 2019
High-technology exports as a percentage of total
trade. See indicator 5.3.2 for details. Data for Hong
Kong, China are corrected for re-exports using
data from the Trade Data Monitor.
Source: World Trade Organization, United Nations,
Comtrade database; Eurostat, Annex 5: High-techaggregation by SITC Rev. 4, April 2009 (2015–19).
(http://comtrade.un.org; https://ec.europa.eu/
eurostat/cache/metadata/Annexes/htec_esms_
an5.pdf).
6.3.4. ICT services exports, % total trade
Telecommunications, computer, and information
services exports (% of total trade) | 2019
Telecommunications, computer, and information
services as a percentage of total trade according
to the Extended Balance of Payments Services
Classification EBOPS 2010, coded SI:
Telecommunications, computer, andinformation services.
Source: Source: World Trade Organization, Tradein Commercial Services database, values basedon the classification of the sixth (2009) edition of
the International Monetary Fund’s Balance ofPayments and International Investment Position
Manual and Balance of Payments database (2019).
(https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2007/
pdf/bpm6.pdf; www.oecd.org/std/its/
EBOPS-2010.pdf).

7. Creative outputs
7.1.

Intangible assets

7.1.1. Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Number of classes in resident trademark
applications issued at a given national or regional
office (per billion PPP$ GDP) | 2019
A trademark is a sign used by the owner of certain
products or provider of certain services todistinguish them from the products or services ofother companies. A trademark can consist ofwords or a combination of words and otherelements, such as slogans, names, logos, figures
and images, letters, numbers, sounds and moving
images. The procedures for registering trademarks
are governed by the legislation and procedures ofnational and regional IP offices. Trademark rights
are limited to the jurisdiction of the IP office that
registers the trademark. Trademarks can beregistered by filing an application at the relevant
national or regional office(s) or by filing aninternational application through the Madrid
System. A resident trademark application refers toan application filed with an IP office for or on behalfof the first-named applicant’s country of residence.
For example, an application filed with the Japan
Patent Office by a resident of Japan is considered
to be a resident application for Japan. Similarly, anapplication filed with the Office for Harmonizationin the Internal Market (OHIM) by an applicant who
resides in any of the EU member states, such as
France, is considered to be a resident application
for that member state (France). This indicator isbased on class count – the total number of goods
and services classes specified in resident
trademark applications. Data are scaled by PPP$
GDP (billions).
Source: World Intellectual Property Organization,
Intellectual Property Statistics; International
Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database, October 2020 (2012–19). (www.wipo.int/
ipstats; https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/
SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases).
7.1.2. Global brand value, top 5,000, % GDP
Global brand value of the top 5,000 brands(per billion PPP$ GDP) | 2020
Sum of global brand values, top 5,000 as apercentage of GDP. Brand Finance calculates
brand value using the royalty relief methodology,
which determines the value that a company would
be willing to pay to license its brand if it did not own
it. The methodology is compliant with industry
standards set in ISO 10668. This approach involves
estimating the future revenue attributable to abrand and calculating a royalty rate that would be

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charged for the use of the brand. Brand Finance’s
study is based on publicly available information on
the largest brands in the world. This indicator
assesses the economy’s brands in the top 5,000
global brand database and produces the sum of
the brand values corresponding to that economy.
This sum is then scaled by GDP. A score of 0 is
assigned where there are no brands in the country
that make the top 5,000 ranking. A score of n/a isassigned where Brand Finance has been unable todetermine if there are brands from the country thatwould rank within the top 5,000 due to data
availability limitations.

7.1.4. ICTs and organizational model creation†
Extent to which ICTs enable new organizationalmodels† | 2018

Source: Brand Finance database; International
Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database, October 2020. (https://brandirectory.
com; https://brandfinance.com/knowledge-centre;
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/
world-economic-outlook-databases).

7.2.

7.1.3. Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP
Number of designs contained in resident industrial
design applications filed at a given national orregional office (per billion PPP$ GDP)a | 2019
An industrial design is a set of exclusive rights
granted by law to applicants to protect theornamental or aesthetic aspect of their products.
An industrial design is valid for a limited period oftime and within a defined territory. A resident
industrial design application refers to an
application filed with the IP office for or on behalf of
the applicant’s country of residence. For example,
an application filed with the Japan Patent Office bya resident of Japan is considered to be a resident
application for Japan. Similarly, an application filedwith the Office for Harmonization in the InternalMarket (OHIM) by an applicant who resides in anyof the OHIM member states, such as Italy, isconsidered to be a resident application for thatmember state (Italy). This indicator is based on
design count – the total number of designs
contained in the resident industrial design
applications. Data are scaled by PPP$
GDP (billions).
Source: World Intellectual Property Organization,
Intellectual Property Statistics; International
Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database, October 2020 (2014–19). (www.wipo.int/
ipstats; https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/
SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases).

Average answer to the question: In your country, towhat extent do ICTs enable new organizationalmodels (e.g., virtual teams, remote working,telecommuting) within companies? [1 = not at all;
7 = to a great extent]
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive
Opinion Survey 2019. (www3.weforum.org/docs/
WEF_GCR_2019_Appendix_B.pdf).

Creative goods and services

7.2.1. Cultural and creative services exports,% total trade
Cultural and creative services exports (% of total
trade)a | 2019
Creative services exports as a percentage of totalexports according to the Extended Balance ofPayments Services Classification EBOPS 2010
– that is, EBOPS code SI3: Information services;code SJ22: Advertising, market research, andpublic opinion polling services; code SK1:
Audio-visual and related services; and code SK23:
Heritage and recreational services as a percentage
of total trade. See indicator 5.3.1 for the fulldefinition of total trade.
Source: World Trade Organization, Trade in
Commercial Services database, values based on
the classification of the sixth (2009) edition of theInternational Monetary Fund’s Balance ofPayments and International Investment Position
Manual and Balance of Payments database(2011–19). (https://timeseries.wto.org; www.oecd.
org/std/its/EBOPS-2010.pdf).
7.2.2. National feature films/mn pop. 15–69
Number of national feature films produced(per million population, 15–69 years old)a | 2017
A feature film is defined as a film with a running
time of 60 minutes or longer. It includes works offiction, animation and documentaries. It is intended
for commercial exhibition in cinemas. Feature films
produced exclusively for television broadcasting,as well as newsreels and advertising films, areexcluded. Data are reported per million population
aged 15–69 years old.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
online database; United Nations, Department of
Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division,
World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision(population) (2010–17). (http://data.uis.unesco.
org; https://population.un.org/wpp).
Appendices199

7.2.3. Entertainment and media market/th pop. 15–69
Global entertainment and media market(per thousand population, 15–69 years old)a | 2020
The Global Entertainment & Media Outlook (theOutlook) is a comprehensive source of global
analyses and five-year forecasts of consumer andadvertising spending across different territories
and entertainment and media segments.

Source: United Nations Industrial Development
Organization, Industrial Statistics Database;four-digit level of International Standard Industrial
Classification (ISIC) Revision 4 (INDSTAT 4 2020)and ISIC Revision 3 (2010–18). (https://stat.unido.
org).
7.2.5. Creative goods exports, % total trade
Creative goods exports (% of total trade) | 2019
Total value of creative goods exports (current US$)over total trade. For the definition of total trade, see
indicator 5.3.1.

The E-sports dataset has been expanded with theaddition of E-sports media rights, providing a richer
picture of this fast-emerging market. A number ofchanges have also been made to the segmentationof the Outlook to better reflect the shape of themodern entertainment and media market. The Musicand Radio segments have been merged, along with
the new Podcasts data, to create the new Music,
radio and podcasts segment, reflecting the growinginterconnectedness of the audio entertainment
market. Additionally, the Video games segment has
been merged with E-sports to create the new Video
games and e-sports segment, capturing the close
relationship between the two markets.
The figures for Algeria, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait,
Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, the Islamic
Republic of Iran, Malta, Tunisia and Yemen were
estimated from a total corresponding to Middle
East and North Africa (MENA) countries using a
breakdown of total GDP (current US$) for theabove-mentioned countries to definereferential percentages.
Source: Calculations were derived from PwC’s
Global Entertainment and Media Outlook,
2020–2024; United Nations, Department of
Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division,
World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision(population); World Economic Outlook Database,
October 2020 (current US$ GDP); Middle East &North Africa in the World Bank’s DataBank.
(www.pwc.com/outlook; https://population.un.org/
wpp; https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/
SPROLLs/world-economic-outlookdatabases; http://data.worldbank.org/region/
middle-east-and-north-africa).
7.2.4. Printing and other media, % manufacturing
Printing publications and other media output(% of manufacturing total output)a | 2018
Printing and reproduction of recorded media
output (ISIC Revision 4 Division 18, group 181 withclass 1811 and 1812 and group 182 with class1820) as a percentage of total manufacturing
output (ISIC Revision 4, section C). Where data for
ISIC Revision 4 were not available, data from ISIC
Revision 3 were used (ISIC Revision 3 group 222,
classes 2221, 2222 and 2230).
200

Global Innovation Index 2021

Source: United Nations, Comtrade database; 2009
UNESCO Framework for Cultural Statistics, Table 3,
International trade of cultural goods and services
defined with the Harmonised System (HS) 2007
codes; World Trade Organization, Trade in
Commercial Services database, itself based on thesixth (2009) edition of the International Monetary
Fund’s Balance of Payments and International
Investment Position Manual and Balance ofPayments database (2012–19). (http://comtrade.
un.org; https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/doc10/
BG-FCS-E.pdf; https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/tradeserv_stat_e.htm; https://www.oecd.
org/sdd/its/EBOPS-2010.pdf).

7.3.

Online creativity

7.3.1. Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th
pop. 15–69
Generic top-level domains (TLDs) (per thousand
population, 15–69 years old) | 2020
A generic top-level domain (TLD) is one of thecategories of TLDs maintained by the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use on theInternet. Generic TLDs can be unrestricted (.com,.info, .net and .org) or restricted – that is, used on
the basis of fulfilling eligibility criteria (.biz, .nameand .pro). Of these, the statistic covers the fivegeneric domains .biz, .info, .org, .net and .com.
Generic domains .name and .pro, and sponsoreddomains (.arpa, .aero, .asia, .cat, .coop, .edu, .gov,.int, .jobs, .mil, .museum, .tel and .travel) are notincluded. Neither are country-code top-leveldomains (refer to indicator 7.3.2). The statistic
represents the total number of registered domains(i.e., net totals by December 2020, existingdomains + new registrations – expired domains).
Data are collected on the basis of a 4 percent
random sample of the total population of domains
drawn from the root zone files (a complete listing ofactive domains) for each TLD. The geographic
location of a domain is determined by theregistration address for the domain nameregistrant that is returned from a whois query.
These registration data are parsed by country andpostal code and then aggregated to any number ofgeographic levels, such as county, city or
economy. The original hard data were scaled bythousand population, 15–69 years old. For
confidentiality reasons, only normalized values arereported; while relative positions are preserved,
magnitudes are not.
Source: ZookNIC Inc; United Nations, Departmentof Economic and Social Affairs, Population
Division, World Population Prospects: The 2019
Revision (population). (www.zooknic.com; https://
population.un.org/wpp).
7.3.2. Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69
Country-code top-level domains (TLDs)(per thousand population, 15–69 years old) | 2020
A country-code top-level domain (TLD) is one of
the categories of TLDs maintained by the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use on theInternet. Country-code TLDs are two-letterdomains especially designated for a particular
economy, country or autonomous territory. The
statistic represents the total number of registereddomains (i.e., net totals by December 2020,
existing domains + new registrations – expired
domains). Data are collected from the registry
responsible for each country-code TLD andrepresent the total number of domain registrationsin the country-code TLD. Each country-code TLD
is assigned to the country with which it isassociated rather than based on the registration
address of the registrant. ZookNIC reports that, forthe country-code TLDs it covers, 85–100 percent
of domains are registered in the same country; theonly exceptions are the country-code TLDs thathave been licensed for worldwide commercial use.
Data are reported per thousand population, 15–69
years old. For confidentiality reasons, only
normalized values are reported; while relative
positions are preserved, magnitudes are not.

Source: Wikimedia Foundation; United Nations,
Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division. World Population Prospects:
The 2019 Revision (population). (https://wikimediafoundation.org; https://esa.un.org/unpd/
wpp).
7.3.4. Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP
Global downloads of mobile apps (scaled by perbillion PPP$ GDP) | 2020
Global downloads of mobile apps, by origin of theheadquarters of the developer/firm, scaled by
PPP$ GDP (billions). Global downloads arecompiled by App Annie Intelligence, public data
sources and the company’s proprietary forecast
model based on data from Google Play Store and
iOS App Store in each country between January 1,
2020 and December 31, 2020. Since data for China
are not available for Google Play Store and only for
iOS App Store, data from China are treated as
missing and classified as “n/a.”
Source: App Annie Intelligence; International
Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database, October 2020 (2016–20).
(https://www.appannie.com; https://www.imf.org/
en/Publications/SPROLLs/
world-economic-outlook-databases).

Source: ZookNIC Inc; United Nations, Departmentof Economic and Social Affairs, Population
Division, World Population Prospects: The 2019
Revision (population). (www.zooknic.com; https://
population.un.org/wpp).
7.3.3. Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69
Wikipedia yearly edits by country (per million
population, 15–69 years old) | 2020
Data extracted from Wikimedia Foundation’s
internal data sources. For every country with morethan 100,000 edit counts in 2020, the data from2020 are used. Data are reported per million
population, 15–69 years old. Data from China aretreated as missing and classified as “n/a.”

Appendices201

Appendix IV
Global Innovation Index science andtechnology cluster methodology
Since 2016 the Global Innovation Index (GII) has sought toidentify Science and Technology (S&T) clusters using abottom-up approach. This approach disregards
administrative or political borders and instead pinpoints
those geographical areas showing a high density of
inventors and scientific authors. The resultant clusters
often encompass several municipal districts, sub-federal
states, and sometimes even two or more countries.
The same methodology used in previous editions of the
GII was employed in the compilation of this year’s list of
the top 100 GII S&T clusters worldwide (Bergquist andFink, 2020: 43–63). It comprised:• selecting inventors listed in published patentapplications under WIPO’s Patent Cooperation Treaty(PCT) spanning the period 2015 to 2019;• selecting authors listed in scientific publications in the
Web of Science’s Science Citation Index Expanded(SCIE) covering the same period;• geocoding inventor and author addresses and thenapplying the density-based spatial clustering of
applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm to the
geocoded inventor and author points.
The WIPO PCT patent dataset consists of approximately
1.1 million patent applications published between 2015
and 2019 containing 3.2 million inventor addresses. For
the SCIE, the dataset comprises 9.1 million articles
published during the same period containing 27.7 million
listed author addresses.
The geocoding of addresses for this report is as follows.
PCT inventor addresses were geocoded using theEnvironmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) ArcGIS
World Geocoder service.1 When the ESRI address
matches proved either insufficiently accurate or
ambiguous, the city name in the address string was
extracted and matched using records in the city level
dataset from the GeoNames Gazetteer database.2 Thislatter database gives the geolocation of cities around theglobe and contains 48,000 geocoded cities. This samecity matching approach was applied to all SCIE author
addresses.
Overall, 96.4% of inventor addresses were geocoded ateither the city level or a more accurate level, while 95.5%
of scientific author addresses were geocoded at the citylevel. Annex Table 5 provides a summary of the
geocoding results for the top 20 countries, which together
account for the majority of inventor and scientific author
addresses. As shown in the table, the coverage of
geocoded addresses across all 20 countries is typicallyabove 95%, only falling below 90% in one instance.

202

Global Innovation Index 2021

Addresses were clustered by applying the DBSCAN
algorithm. This algorithm requires pre-defined radius anddensity parameters. As in previous years, a radius of
15 km and a density of 4,500 was applied. Equal weight
was given to inventors and authors by expressing data
points as a share of total inventor and author addresses,
respectively. Given that the number of scientific articles
far exceeds the number of patents, cluster identification
based on the raw data points would have resulted inclusters shaped predominantly by the scientificauthor landscape.
The result was an initial list of 227 clusters. After review,neighboring clusters were merged if the edge of a cluster
was within 3–5 km of another and where the co-author/
co-inventor relationships were higher than they were forany other relationship with any other cluster or non-cluster
points. A total of 22 clusters met these criteria, mergers
reducing the overall number of clusters identified to 216.3
The remaining 216 clusters were then put into rank bycounting the number of patents and scientific articles in agiven cluster. Numbers were aggregated utilizing
fractional counting, where counts reflect the share of apatent’s inventors and an article’s authors present in aparticular cluster. In addition, mirroring the equal
weighting approach described above, fractional counts
are relative to the total numbers of patents andscientific articles.
To produce an intensity ranking, the European
Commission’s Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL)
population distribution data were matched geographicallyto the top 100 clusters identified in the overall ranking.
Just as with inventor/author geocoded locations, thispopulation data allowed us to define the total populationof a cluster using a bottom-up approach. We chose todelimit a cluster’s area as being all the space within
0.05 degrees of each inventor/author location. Overlaying
the resultant cluster polygons on top of the population
data and aggregating all points which lay within thepolygon gave a total population estimate for each cluster.4
The clusters were then ranked by dividing the total S&T
share by population.

Annex Table 3
Top 100 clusters, 2021

Clusterrank
Cluster name

1

Share
of total
PCT filings
Economy (%)

Tokyo–
YokohamaJP

Shenzhen–Hong Kong–
Guangzhou

CN/HK

3

Beijing

CN

2.62

4

Seoul

KR

5

San Jose–US
San Francisco,CA

6

Osaka–Kobe–
Kyoto

JP

2.88

0.72

3.60

0

7

Boston–US
Cambridge, MA

1.44

1.47

2.91

0

8

Shanghai

CN

1.36

1.49

2.85

9

New York City,
NY

US

1.11

1.54

10

Paris

FR

1.26

1.02

2

10.78

Share
of totalpublications
Rank(%)
Total change

7.79

1.61
1.51

12.40
9.30

0
0

2.95

5.57

1

3.93

1.61

5.54

−1

3.69

1.03

4.72

0

Clusterrank
Cluster nameShareof total
PCT filings
Economy (%)

Shareof totalpublications
Rank(%)
Total change

52

Tianjin

CN

0.08

0.53

0.61

4

53

Qingdao

CN

0.28

0.32

0.60

16

54

Montréal, QC

CA

0.19

0.41

0.60

−2

55

Heidelberg–
Mannheim

DE

0.36

0.23

0.59

−2

56

Copenhagen

DK

0.28

0.30

0.59

−2

57

Atlanta, GA

US

0.16

0.40

0.56

−2

58

Cambridge

GB

0.26

0.29

0.55

−1

59

Changsha

CN

0.06

0.48

0.54

7

60

Rome

IT

0.08

0.45

0.53

−2

61

Cincinnati, OH

US

0.37

0.15

0.52

−2

62

Bengaluru

IN

0.32

0.20

0.52

−2

1

63

Suzhou

CN

0.33

0.18

0.51

9

2.66

−1

64

Delhi

IN

0.09

0.41

0.50

3

2.28

0

11

San Diego, CA

US

1.77

0.38

2.15

0

12

Nagoya

JP

1.74

0.24

1.99

0

13

Washington,
DC–Baltimore,
MD

US

0.43

1.44

1.86

0

14

Los Angeles,
CA

US

0.89

0.78

1.67

0

15

London

GB

0.42

1.21

1.63

0

16

Houston, TX

US

0.96

0.51

1.46

0

17

Seattle, WA

US

1.05

0.38

1.42

0

18

Nanjing

CN

0.21

1.07

1.28

19

Amsterdam–
Rotterdam

NL

0.40

0.88

1.28

20

Cologne

DE

0.73

0.53

1.26

−1

21

Hangzhou

CN

0.60

0.60

1.20

4

22

Daejeon

KR

0.87

0.29

1.16

0

23

Chicago, IL

US

0.50

0.64

1.14

−3

24

Munich

DE

0.74

0.36

1.09

−1

65

Dallas, TX

US

0.29

0.20

0.49

−3

66

São Paulo

BR

0.07

0.41

0.48

−5

67

Pittsburgh, PA

US

0.15

0.33

0.48

−3

68

Nuremberg–
Erlangen

DE

0.33

0.14

0.47

−5

69

Chongqing

CN

0.09

0.38

0.47

8

70

Ann Arbor, MI

US

0.12

0.35

0.47

−5

71

Vienna

AT

0.14

0.30

0.44

−1

72

Oxford

GB

0.14

0.31

0.44

−1

73

Hefei

CN

0.07

0.37

0.44

6

74

Helsinki

FI

0.25

0.19

0.44

−6

3

75

Harbin

CN

0.02

0.40

0.42

5

−1

76

Jinan

CN

0.07

0.34

0.41

6

77

Vancouver, BC

CA

0.13

0.27

0.41

−3

25

Wuhan

CN

0.24

0.82

1.05

4

26

Stuttgart

DE

0.82

0.21

1.03

0

27

Tel Aviv–
Jerusalem

IL

0.66

0.35

1.01

−3

28

Taipei–Hsinchu TW

0.29

0.69

0.97

78

Lyon

FR

0.22

0.19

0.41

−2

79

Busan

KR

0.20

0.20

0.40

−4

80

Cleveland, OH

US

0.12

0.27

0.39

−7

81

Changchun

CN

0.02

0.37

0.39

6

82

Phoenix, AZ

US

0.23

0.16

0.39

−4
2

83

Hamamatsu

JP

0.33

0.04

0.37

84

Kanazawa

JP

0.32

0.05

0.37

7

85

Ottawa, ON

CA

0.18

0.19

0.37

−4

−1

86

Brisbane

AU

0.11

0.25

0.36

−3

87

Bridgeport–
US
New Haven, CT

0.12

0.24

0.36

−3

88

Austin, TX

US

0.20

0.15

0.35

−2

89

Ankara

TR

0.04

0.30

0.35

−1

90

Shenyang

CN

0.04

0.30

0.34

14

91

Hamburg

DE

0.17

0.17

0.34

−1

29

Singapore

SG

0.38

0.52

0.90

−1

30

Philadelphia, PA US

0.31

0.58

0.89

1

31

Melbourne

AU

0.19

0.69

0.87

4

32

Moscow

RU

0.18

0.68

0.86

0

33

Xi’an

CN

0.08

0.77

0.86

7

34

Minneapolis,
MN

US

0.58

0.27

0.85

−4

92

Lausanne

CH/FR

0.17

0.17

0.34

−3

35

Stockholm

SE

0.54

0.31

0.84

−2

93

Mumbai

IN

0.13

0.21

0.34

5

36

Eindhoven

BE/NL

0.76

0.07

0.83

−2

94

Lund–Malmö

SE

0.20

0.13

0.33

2

37

Sydney

AU

0.23

0.58

0.81

0

95

Manchester

GB

0.09

0.23

0.32

−2

38

Raleigh, NC

US

0.27

0.54

0.80

−2

96

St. Louis, MO

US

0.09

0.23

0.32

−2

39

Chengdu

CN

0.15

0.62

0.77

8

97

Dalian

CN

0.06

0.26

0.32

13

40

Toronto, ON

CA

0.22

0.54

0.76

−1

98

Daegu

KR

0.16

0.16

0.32

3

41

Tehran

IR

0.02

0.74

0.75

2

99

Göteborg

SE

0.18

0.14

0.32

1

42

Frankfurt Am
Main

DE

0.47

0.28

0.75

−4

100

Warsaw

PL

0.04

0.28

0.32

−1

43

Brussels

BE

0.30

0.44

0.73

−2

44

Portland, OR

US

0.58

0.14

0.72

−2

45

Berlin

DE

0.31

0.40

0.71

−1

46

Madrid

ES

0.13

0.58

0.71

−1

47

Barcelona

ES

0.22

0.49

0.71

−1

48

Milan

IT

0.21

0.44

0.65

0

49

Istanbul

TR

0.28

0.36

0.64

2

50

Zürich

CH/DE

0.29

0.34

0.63

−1

51

Denver, CO

US

0.24

0.37

0.61

−1

Source: WIPO Statistics Database, April 2021

Appendices203

Annex Table 4
Ranking of S&T intensity, 2015–2019

Intensity
rank
Cluster name

EconomyPCT
applications
per capitaa

Scientificpublications
per capitaa

Total S&T
Rank
share
per capitaa change

1

Cambridge

GB

6,051

54,8401.27

02Eindhoven

BE/NL

8,274

6,116

0.81

1

3

Ann Arbor, MI

US

2,137

49,3990.80

2

4

OxfordGB

2,899

54,032

0.79

−2

5

San Jose–US
San Francisco,
CA

6,595

15,217

0.77

−1

6

DaejeonKR

5,752

15,9030.73

1

7

Boston–Cambridge,
MA

US

3,898

32,690

0.72

−1

8

Seattle, WA

US

4,846

14,4320.60

09San Diego, CA US

5,314

9,380

0.58

0

10

Raleigh, NC

US

1,850

30,8870.52

11

Lund–Malmö

SE

3,551

19,9400.50

12Kanazawa

JP

4,022

5,241

0.47

13

MunichDE

3,210

12,75914

Lausanne

CH/FR

2,756

21,535Intensity
rank
Cluster name

EconomyPCT
applications
per capitaa

Scientificpublications
per capitaa

Total S&T
Rank
share
per capitaa change

51

Shenzhen–Hong Kong–
Guangzhou

CN/HK

1,759

2,818

0.19

6

52

Amsterdam–
Rotterdam

NL

643

11,700

0.19

2

53

NanjingCN

320

13,467

0.18

13

54

Toronto, ON

CA

529

11,038

0.18

8

55

Berlin

DE

870

9,124

0.18

1
−3

56

ViennaAT

675

12,1950.18

57Montréal, QC

CA

599

10,774

0.18

3

58

LondonGB

499

11,827

0.18

0

59

New York City, US
NY

777

8,907

0.17

2

1

60

Brussels

BE

783

9,549

0.17

−1

−1

61

Hangzhou

CN

907

7,524

0.17

7

5

62

Milan

IT

537

9,324

0.16

5

0.44

2

63

Barcelona

ES

549

9,970

0.16

1

0.44

−1

64

Tel Aviv–
Jerusalem

IL

1,130

4,980

0.16

−1

15

Stockholm

SE

3,042

14,369

0.42

−1

16

Göteborg

SE

2,425

16,374

0.38

0

17

Nuremberg–
Erlangen

DE

2,762

9,619

0.38

2

18

Copenhagen

DK

1,929

17,279

0.38

2

19

Bridgeport–
New Haven,
CT

US

1,160

19,079

0.36

9

20

Pittsburgh,
PA

US

1,146

21,186

0.36

2

21

Tokyo–
Yokohama

JP

3,232

3,996

0.34

5

22

Portland, OR

US

3,031

6,022

0.34

−1

65

Rome

IT

248

12,266

0.15

0

66

Xi'an

CN

152

11,490

0.15

11

67

Los Angeles,
CA

US

810

5,887

0.14

3

68

Cologne

DE

874

5,215

0.14

4

69

Phoenix, AZ

US

904

5,005

0.14

2

70

Qingdao

CN

691

6,541

0.14

14

71

Wuhan

CN

317

8,991

0.14

10

72

Dallas, TX

US

844

4,749

0.13

1

73

ChangshaCN

158

11,127

0.13

5

74

Singapore

SG

587

6,557

0.13

0
−6

23

Helsinki

FI

2,240

14,230

0.33

−5

75

Hamburg

DE

780

6,471

0.13

24

Ottawa, ON

CA

1,581

14,097

0.33

5

76

Madrid

ES

260

9,245

0.13

−1

25

Zürich

CH/DE

1,710

16,534

0.33

−1

77

Warsaw

PL

177

10,150

0.12

−1

26

Stuttgart

DE

2,905

6,066

0.33

1

78

Daegu

KR

690

5,622

0.12

n.a.

27

Hamamatsu

JP

2,891

2,780

0.32

5

79

Changchun

CN

70

9,587

0.12

4

28

Minneapolis,
MN

US

2,462

9,426

0.31

−5

80

Tehran

IR

28

9,414

0.11

5

29

Washington,
US
DC–Baltimore,
MD

748

20,741

0.31

6

81

Shanghai

CN

595

5,388

0.11

1

82

Busan

KR

612

5,120

0.11

−3

30

Heidelberg–
Mannheim

DE

1,980

10,513

0.31

0

31

Cleveland, OH US

958

17,401

0.29

2

32

Houston, TX

US

1,973

8,679

0.29

−1

33

BeijingCN

1,442

13,441

0.29

3

34

Cincinnati, OH US

2,227

7,612

0.28

0

35

Seoul

KR

1,920

6,502

0.25

2

36

Atlanta, GA

US

667

14,332

0.24

6

37

Nagoya

JP

2,162

2,513

0.23

2

38

MelbourneAU515

15,468

0.23

13

39

SydneyAU

710

14,631

0.23

2

40

Osaka–Kobe– JP
Kyoto

1,956

4,037

0.23

7

41

Frankfurt Am
Main

DE

1,439

7,006

0.22

8

42

St. Louis, MO

US

714

15,481

0.22

−2

98

São Paulo

43

Philadelphia,
PA

US

806

12,710

0.22

5

99

Delhi

44

Lyon

FR

1,305

9,074

0.22

2

100

MumbaiIN

45

Vancouver,
BC

CA

776

13,157

0.22

−1
−3

83

Jinan

CN

205

8,349

0.11

3

84

Manchester

GB

340

7,375

0.11

−4

85

Harbin

CN

41

8,451

0.09

4

86

Hefei

CN

171

7,776

0.09

1

87

Taipei–Hsinchu TW

288

5,731

0.09

1

88

Dalian

CN

203

6,895

0.09

n.a.

89

Chongqing

CN

166

6,098

0.09

4

90

Chengdu

CN

165

5,812

0.08

4

91

Suzhou

CN

594

2,771

0.08

0

92

Tianjin

CN

110

6,018

0.08

0

93

Moscow

RU

147

4,591

0.07

2

94

Ankara

TR

108

6,088

0.07

−4
n.a.

95

Shenyang

CN

81

5,042

0.06

96

Bengaluru

IN

288

1,469

0.04

1

97

Istanbul

TR

205

2,210

0.04

−1

BR

41

2,006

0.03

0

IN

39

1,506

0.02

0

68

942

0.01

0

46

Denver, CO

US

932

11,651

0.21

47

BrisbaneAU

611

11,857

0.21

8

48

Paris

FR

1,241

8,323

0.21

4

Source: WIPO Statistics Database, April 2021.

49

Chicago, IL

US

1,003

10,678

0.21

1

50

Austin, TX

US

1,443

8,939

0.20

−12

Notes: a Per capita figures refer to 1,000,000 of population.
n.a. indicates not applicable.

204

Global Innovation Index 2021

Annex Table 5
Summary of geocoding results
Scientific publications

Country

Number ofaddresses

City-level
address
accuracy(%)

United States of America
China
Japan
Germany
Republic of Korea
United Kingdom
FranceItaly
India
CanadaSpain
Australia
Netherlands
BrazilSwedenRussian Federation
Switzerland
TurkeyIran (Islamic Republic of)Israel6,182,602
4,055,364
1,155,048
1,324,151
765,479
1,347,330
1,068,353
1,053,749
692,442854,790804,686
815,110494,358
614,712287,747
370,048
318,693
376,436
396,857
152,955

96.88
98.86
92.06
97.36
94.63
96.64
92.93
95.60
91.19
98.37
96.84
85.97
97.38
98.60
97.63
98.96
90.68
96.35
97.15
91.04

PCT applications

Publications Number ofcovered (%) addresses
98.16
99.40
95.38
98.19
96.95
97.74
95.09
97.05
93.66
98.99
98.07
89.98
98.50
99.55
98.18
99.24
92.40
96.71
98.35
95.38

854,454552,389
566,043
262,762
231,499
81,471
107,038
41,97339,99841,732
26,22920,47950,9509,423
42,93014083
36,586
14,422774
29,351Sub-city
Block-level level
address
address
accuracy
accuracy
(%)
(%)
94.42
86.81
31.60
97.45
0.08
69.54
88.02
89.28
33.29
96.80
77.23
92
85.84
83.13
94.30
88.35
90.90
38.02
0.39
58.76

5.29
0.06
27.42
0.50
0.96
20.72
1.65
5.09
48.56
2.56
10.76
4.98
0.34
11.50
0.80
5.28
2.36
47.74
2.58
3.32

City-level
address
accuracy(%)

Applications
covered (%)

0.14
8.53
39.11
1.70
79.62
8.27
6.08
4.83
16.28
0.50
11.22
2.37
13.53
4.76
4.52
5.25
3.60
11.51
92.51
29.55

99.87
95.47
98.51
99.81
87.33
98.61
96.67
99.30
98.47
99.79
99.40
99.46
99.73
99.65
99.68
99.50
97.92
97.55
94.68
95.78

Source: WIPO Statistics Database, April 2021.
Note: Listed are the top 20 countries with the highest combined shares of scientific articles and patents. PCT inventor addresses were geocoded to thehighest level of detail. Due to the far larger volume of scientific author addresses, these were geocoded only to city level. DEA is Data
Envelopment Analysis.

Notes

Reference

1

ESRI ArcGIS World Geocoder service. https://www.esri.
com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-world-geocoder.

2

GeoNames. http://geonames.org.

3

The mergers were: Guangzhaou with Shenzhen–HongKong; Hsinchu with Taipei; Matsudo with Tokyo–Yokohama;
Jureselem with Tel Aviv; Istanbul Europe with Istanbul
Asia; Rotterdam with Amsterdam; Irvine with Los Angeles;
Boulder with Denver; Worcester with Boston–Cambridge;
Dortmund with Cologne; Baltimore with Washington DC.

K. Bergquist and C. Fink (2020). The top 100 science and technology
clusters. In Dutta, S., B. Lanvin and S. Wunsch-Vincent (eds), The
Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? Ithaca, NY,
Fontainebleau, and Geneva: Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO.

4

See Bergquist and Fink (2020: 61–63) for a more detailed
description of how population data was matched to clusters:
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020.pdf.
Appendices

205

The Global Innovation Index 2021
The Global Innovation Index 2021 (GII) takes the pulse of themost recent global innovation trends and ranks the innovation
ecosystem performance of 132 economies, while highlighting
innovation strengths and weaknesses and particular gaps ininnovation metrics.
As this report goes to press, the world is struggling to copewith the COVID-19 pandemic. In its new Global Innovation
Tracker section, the report draws on a select set of indicators,
including the effects on research and development
expenditures or access to innovation finance, to provide aperspective on the pandemic’s impact on global innovation
performance.
Since its inception in 2007, the GII has shaped the innovation
measurement agenda and become a cornerstone of economic
policymaking, with an increasing number of governments
systematically analyzing their annual GII results and designingpolicy responses to improve their performance. The GII has
also been recognized by the UN Economic and Social Council
in its 2019 resolution on Science, Technology and Innovation
for Development as an authoritative benchmark for measuring
innovation in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).
The GII is published in partnership with the Portulans Institute,
the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), the Brazilian
National Confederation of Industry (CNI), Ecopetrol and theTurkish Exporters Assembly (TIM) and is supported by its GII
Advisory Board and Academic Network.
The full report and the GII mobile apps – Android and iOS –can be downloaded at https://globalinnovationindex.org.

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P.O. Box 18
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Tel:
Fax:

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WIPO Publication No. 2000E/21
ISBN 978-92-805-3249-4
ISSN 2263-3693