平成 21 年度

大学院博士 (前期) 課程入学者選抜学力試験

英語［90 分］注 意 事 項

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I Reading Comprehension
Read the article below and answer the following questions.（配点 70 点）

Keyboards ’dirtier than a toilet’
Some computer keyboards harbour more harmful bacteria than a toilet
seat, research has suggested.
A consumer group said tests at its London oﬃces found ⃝1 equipment carrying bugs
that could cause food poisoning. Out of 33 keyboards swabbed, four were regarded
as a potential health hazard and one harboured ﬁve times more germs than one ofthe oﬃce’s toilet seats. Microbiologist Dr Peter Wilson said a keyboard was often“a reﬂection of what is in your nose and in your gut”.
During the consumer group tests in January this year, a microbiologist deemed oneof the oﬃce’s keyboards to be so dirty he ordered it to be removed, quarantinedand cleaned. ⃝2 It had 150 times the recommended limit for bacteria - ﬁve times asﬁlthy as a lavatory seat tested at the same time, the research found. The equipment
was swabbed for bugs, such as those that can cause food poisoning like E.coli andstaphylococcus aureus.
Dr. Wilson, a consultant microbiologist at University College London Hospital,
told BBC Radio 5 Live sharing a keyboard could be passing on illnesses amongoﬃce workers. “If you look at what grows on computer keyboards, and hospitals
are worse, believe it or not, it’s more or less a reﬂection of what’s in your nose andin your gut,” he said. “⃝
3 Should somebody have a cold in your oﬃce, or even havegastroenteritis, you’re very likely to pick it up from a keyboard.”
The consumer group said one of the causes of dirty keyboards was users eating lunchat their desk, with ⃝4 crumbs encouraging the growth of bacteria. Poor personal
hygiene, such as not washing hands after going to the toilet, could also be to blame,it said.

— 1 —Cleaning techniques⃝
5 The consumer group computing editor Sarah Kidner advised users to give their
computer “a spring clean”. “It’s quite simple to do and could prevent your computerfrom becoming a health hazard,” she said. She said dust and food crumbs should beshaken out of keyboards and they should be wiped with a soft, lightly dampened,lint-free cloth. They should also be disinfected with alcohol wipes.
Research by the University of Arizona last year found the average oﬃce desktop
harboured 400 times more bacteria than the average oﬃce toilet seat. They also
found that, compared to men, on average women have three to four times theamount of germs in, on and around their work area.

Story from BBC NEWS:http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/7377002.stm
Published: 2008/05/01

Notes• consumer group = 消費者行動研究所• to harbour = 宿る
• gastroenteritis = 胃腸炎• E.coli (Escherichia coli) = 大腸菌の学名• staphylococcus aureus = ブドウ球菌• hygiene = 衛生
• spring-clean = 大掃除• lint-free = 糸くずのないこと— 2 —問 1 What does ⃝1 equipment refer to? Choose the best answer from the fol-lowing. （配点 4 点）（a） the workplace environment（b） toilet seats（c） all things at the oﬃce（d） keyboards
問 2 What does ⃝2 it indicate? Choose the best answer from the following. （配点 4 点）（a） the consumer group（b） one of the oﬃce’s keyboards（c） the microbiologist’s keyboard（d） the lavatory seat
問 3 What does ⃝3 should mean in the context of the article? Choose the bestanswer from the following.（配点 4 点）（a） ought（b） if（c） might（d） must
問 4 According to the text, what seems to be the main goal of this research?

Choose the best answer from the following. （配点 4 点）（a） To improve workplace health and hygiene.
（b） To design healthier keyboards for the future.
（c） To prove that toilets are safer than oﬃce keyboards.
（d） To highlight the need for keyboard hygiene awareness.

— 3 —問 5 What problem is identiﬁed by the phrase, ⃝4 crumbs encouraging thegrowth of bacteria ? Choose the best answer from the following. （配点 4点）（a） eating lunch at a desktop.
（b） food dropped on a keyboard can lead to sickness.
（c） disinfect a keyboard with alcohol wipes.
（d） crumbs prevent the growth of bacteria.
問 6 Judge TRUE or FALSE each statement below, according to the text. （配点 30 点）（A） Research showed approximately 12% of keyboards to be a health risk.
（B） Keyboard hygiene reﬂects what is inside the owner’s nose and stomach.
（C） In an oﬃce environment, colds are always picked up from keyboards.
（D） Dr Wilson, a microbiologist, warns oﬃce workers not to use keyboards.
（E） The main cause of dirty keyboards was people eating lunch at their desk.
（F） It is diﬃcult to make keyboards less of a health hazard.
問 7 Translate the underlined paragraph ⃝5 into Japanese.（配点 20 点）— 4 —II Academic Skills
Answer the following question about the research reported in the article.（配点 30 点）

Describe the purpose, results, and recommendations of the research by the consumer
group and university researchers. Write your answer in English within 90-120 words.

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