RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No.87

PREVENTING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE PHILIPPINESOVERVIEW AND CURRENT ACTIVITIES

Aileen Marie S. Gutierrez*

I. INTRODUCTION
As a signatory to the “Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Womenand Children,” which supplemented the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime,
the Philippines is actively engaged in combating human trafficking – an international problem that is an affront
to the basic human rights of individuals worldwide. Combating human trafficking is a challenging endeavor, onethat requires a multi-stakeholder approach both domestically and internationally.
This paper discusses the Philippines’ ongoing efforts to actively fight human trafficking. It first presents
an overview of (1) the legal framework relative to human trafficking in the Philippines, and (2) the domestic
multi-stakeholder entity tasked with fighting human trafficking, the Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking(IACAT). Next, it outlines the actions of the Department of Justice of the Philippines, which leads the IACAT.
Finally, it concludes with some observations on how the Philippines can improve its ongoing efforts, including
the need for better international coordination.

II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK
A. Governing Law
The basic law that instituted policies to prevent human trafficking is Republic Act No. 9208, also known
as the “Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003,” which was passed on May 12, 2003 and took effect on June
19, 2003. Section 3(a) of this law defines trafficking in persons as:“the recruitment, transportation, transfer or harboring, or receipt of persons with orwithout the victim's consent or knowledge, within or across national borders by meansof threat or use of force, or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuseof power or of position, taking advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or, the giving
or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control
over another person for the purpose of exploitation which includes at a minimum, theexploitation or the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced laboror services, slavery, servitude or the removal or sale of organs.”1
R.A. No. 9208 further provides that “[t]he recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt ofa child for the purpose of exploitation shall also be considered as ‘trafficking in persons’ even if it does not
involve any of the means set forth [above].”2 The Act provides penalties for three categories of trafficking:(1) acts of trafficking in persons,3 (2) acts that promote trafficking in persons,4 and (3) qualified trafficking in* Senior Assistant State Prosecutor, Vice-Chair, Task Force on Anti-Trafficking in Persons, Department of Justice, Philippines.
1 Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003, R.A. No. 9208 (May 2003).
2 Id .
3 E.g. , (1) introducing or matching for money or other consideration, any person or, as provided for under Republic Act No.
6955, any Filipina, to a foreigner, for marriage for the purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor,
slavery, (2) involuntary servitude or debt bondage; undertaking or organizing tours and travel plans consisting of tourism
packages or activities for the purpose of prostitution, pornography or sexual exploitation; and (3) offering or contracting
marriage, real or simulated, for the purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor or slavery,
involuntary servitude or debt bondage. See Office of the President of the Philippines, Commission on Filipinos Overseas, AntiTrafficking in Persons Act of 2003, Primer on R.A. 9208, 2nd Ed. (2009), available at http://www.cfo.gov.ph
4 E.g. , (1) knowingly leasing or subleasing property for trafficking purposes; and (2) producing, printing, issuing or distributing
un-issued, tampered or fake counseling certificates, registration stickers and certificates of any government agency used forregulatory and pre-departure requirements for the purpose of promoting trafficking in persons; Primer on R.A. 9208 .

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persons.5 The penalties are as follows:
Act
Acts of Trafficking
Acts that Promote Trafficking
Qualified Trafficking

Penalty
20 years’ imprisonment and a fine of P1 to 2 million
15 years’ imprisonment and a fine of P500,000 to P1 million
Life imprisonment and a fine of P2 to 5 million

B. Procedure for the Filing of Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Cases
A criminal action for violation of R.A. No. 9208 is commenced or instituted by the filing of the complaint
by any person who has personal knowledge of the commission of any offence under said Act; the traffickedperson, parents, spouse, siblings, children, legal guardian of the trafficked person; or by referral from or
upon the request of the law enforcement agency that investigated the incident, with the Department ofJustice or the office of the prosecutor that has jurisdiction over the offense charged. The complaint shallstate the full names and addresses of the complainant/s and respondent/s, offense/s charged and the place
and approximate date of commission. It shall be accompanied by the affidavits of the witnesses, as wellas other supporting documents to establish probable cause. The complaint is either filed for preliminary
investigation or inquest proceeding.
Preliminary investigation is an inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is a sufficient groundto engender a well-founded belief that a crime has been committed and the respondent is probably guilty
thereof, and should be held for trial.6 In a preliminary investigation, the investigating prosecutor makes
a determination if there is probable cause to file an indictment in court. Probable cause is a reasonableground of presumption that a matter is so or may be well-founded; such a state of facts in the mind of theprosecutor as would lead a person of ordinary caution and prudence to believe, or entertain an honest or
strong suspicion, that a thing is so.7 A finding of probable cause does not require an inquiry into whether
there is sufficient evidence to procure a conviction. It is enough that it is believed that the act or omission
complained of constitutes the offense charged, as there is a trial for the reception of evidence of theprosecution in support of the charge.8
Generally, a prosecutor is afforded wide latitude of discretion in the conduct of preliminary investigation.
The prosecutor alone determines the sufficiency of evidence that will establish probable cause justifying
the filing of the criminal information. The prosecutor’s findings are, however, subject to review by the
Secretary of Justice.9 In turn, judicial review of the resolution of the Secretary of Justice is allowed only inclear cases of grave abuse of discretion, that is, when the exercise of the discretion was done in an arbitraryor despotic manner by reason of passion or personal hostility and must be so patent and gross as to amountto an evasion of positive duty or to a virtual refusal to perform the duty enjoined by or to act at all in thecontemplation of law.10
A preliminary investigation is not required in cases of “warrantless arrests.” When a person is lawfullyarrested without a warrant involving an offense for violation of R.A. No. 9208, the indictment may be filed bya prosecutor without need of such investigation, provided an inquest proceeding has been conducted.
5 Qualified trafficking in persons occurs when: (1) the trafficked person is below 18 years old; (2) the adoption is effected

through Republic Act No. 8043 or the “Inter-Country Adoption Act of 1995” and said adoption is for the purpose of
prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage; (3) the crime
is committed by a syndicate, or in large scale; (4) the offender is an ascendant, parent, sibling, guardian or a person who
exercises authority over the trafficked person or when the offense is committed by a public officer or employee; (5) the
trafficked person is recruited to engage in prostitution with any member of the military or law enforcement agencies; (6) the
offender is a member of the military or law enforcement agencies; and (7) by reason or on occasion of the act of trafficking inpersons, the offended party dies, becomes insane, suffers mutilation or is afflicted with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Primer on R.A. 9208 .
6 Section 1, Rule 112, Revised rules on Criminal Procedure.
7 Revised Manual for Prosecutors, p. 79 (2008).
8 Paredes, Jr. vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 108251, January 31, 1996 cited in the Revised Manual for Prosecutors, p. 79 (2008).
9 Spouses Artemnio and Esperanza Duran vs. Levi Chong, g.R. No. 172796, July 13, 2009.
10 Id.

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Inquest is an informal and summary investigation conducted by a prosecutor involving persons arrested
and detained without the benefit of a warrant of arrest issued by the court for the purpose of determining
whether said persons should remain under custody and correspondingly be charged in court.11 For acts oftrafficking, acts that promote trafficking and qualified trafficking, the inquest proceeding must be terminatedwithin thirty-six (36) hours from the time of arrest.

III. INTER-AGENCY COUNCIL AGAINST TRAFFICKING (IACAT)
Section 20 of R.A. No. 9208 established the Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking (IACAT), which
follows a multi-stakeholder approach to combat human trafficking. It undertakes measures to prevent andsuppress TIP and ensures the victims’ recovery, rehabilitation and reintegration into mainstream society.
The members of the IACAT are composed of the following government agencies and non-government
sectoral representatives, namely:•

Chairperson–

Department of Justice•

Co-Chair–Department of Social Welfare and Development•

Members:
Department of Foreign Affairs
Department of Labor and Employment
Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
Philippine National Police
Bureau of Immigration
National Commission on the Role of Filipino WomenChildren’s Sector NGO Representative from End Child Prostitution, Pornography andTrafficking (ECPAT Philippines)
Women’s Sector NGO Representative from Coalition Against Trafficking in Persons – AsiaPacific (CATW-AP)
OFW Sector Representative•

Ex-Officio Members
National Bureau of Investigation
Department of the Interior and Local Government
Philippine Center for Transnational Crime
Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC)
Commission of Filipinos Overseas (CFO)•

Chair Emeritus–

Office of the Vice President

Section 21 of the same law defines the powers and functions of the IACAT as follows:•

Formulate a comprehensive and integrated program to prevent and suppress trafficking in persons;•

Promulgate rules and regulations as may be necessary for the effective implementation of this Act;•

Monitor and oversee the strict implementation of this Act;•

Coordinate the programs and projects of the various member agencies to effectively address theissues and problems attendant to trafficking in persons;•

Coordinate the conduct of massive information dissemination and campaign on the existence oflaw and various issues and problems attendant to trafficking, through the local government units(LGUs), concerned agencies, and NGOs;•

Direct other agencies to immediately respond to the problems brought to their attention and reportto IACAT the action taken;

11 Revised Manual for Prosecutors, p. 44 (2008).

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Assist in filing of cases against individuals, agencies, institutions or establishments that violate theprovisions of this Act;•

Formulate a program of reintegration of trafficked persons in cooperation with the DOLE, DSWD,
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), Commission on Higher Education(CHED), LGUs and NGOs;•

Secure from any department, bureau, office, agency, or instrumentality of the government or from
NGOs and other civic organizations such assistance as may be needed to effectively implement thisAct;•

Complement the shared government information system for migration established under R.A. No.
8042, otherwise known as the “Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995” with data on
cases of trafficking in persons, and ensure that the proper agencies conduct continuing researchand study on the patterns and scheme of trafficking in persons which shall form the basis for policy
formulation and program direction;•

Develop the mechanism to ensure the timely, coordinated and effective response to cases of trafficking
in persons;•

Recommend measures to enhance cooperation efforts and mutual assistance among foreign countries
through bilateral and/or multilateral arrangements to prevent and suppress international trafficking inpersons;•

Coordinate with the Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC), Department of Tradeand Industry (DTI), and other NGOs in monitoring the promotion of advertisement of trafficking in theinternet;•

Adopt measures and policies to protect the rights and needs of trafficked persons who are foreign
nationals in the Philippines;•

Initiate training programs in identifying and providing the necessary intervention or assistance totrafficked persons; and•Exercise all powers and perform such other functions necessary to attain the purposes and objectivesof this Act.

IV. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (DOJ) ACTIVITIESThe DOJ is responsible for prosecuting trafficking cases. It also acts as the lead agency of IACAT, andimplements certain programs and initiatives against trafficking in persons, in addition to the efforts made byother IACAT members in accordance to their mandates. Each of these activities is discussed briefly.

A. DOJ-led Investigations and Prosecutions
To sustain our drive to prevent trafficking, the DOJ-IACAT is currently setting up a quick reaction
team (QRT)/task force composed of prosecutors, law enforcement investigators, welfare officers, and nongovernment organizations (NGOs). The QRT is designed to centralize the rescue operation of the existinganti-trafficking law enforcement units. The IACAT will create these task forces in all the seventeen (17)regions in the Philippines. Presently, there are eight (8) anti-trafficking task forces being supervised andsupported by the IACAT, all headed by a DOJ prosecutor, as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

National Inter-Agency Task Force Against Trafficking in Persons (NIATFAT)
Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) Task Force
Manila North Harbor Task Force
Diosdado Macapagal International Airport Task ForceRegion V Task Force (Bicol Region)
Region VII Task Force (Cebu)
Region IX Task Force (Zamboanga)
Region XI Task Force (Davao)

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These teams (1) conduct intelligence, surveillance and monitoring of trafficking operations in the target
area in coordination with the local enforcement agency; (2) undertake a unified, coordinated, and synchronizedinterception, arrest and investigation of traffickers and intercept or rescue victims of trafficking; (3) document
and gather evidence, including relevant information on the profile of traffickers, organization involved,
trafficking modus operandi; and (4) file complaints against suspected traffickers.
These task forces have been successful in curbing trafficking incidents in their respective regions andhave derailed would-be traffickers in their illegal pursuits, forcing them to seek alternative routes.

B. DOJ-assisted Rescue Operations and Prosecutions
The DOJ-IACAT also supervises and supports the intelligence, surveillance, and rescue operations of theAnti-Human Trafficking Division of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and prosecution of trafficking
cases by the DOJ Task Force on Anti-Trafficking in Persons, a group of specialized prosecutors that handles
trafficking cases.
In particular, on May 18, 2011, the IACAT, in coordination with the Asia Against Child Trafficking, thePhilippine Embassy in Malaysia assisted twenty (20) Filipino fishermen, who were victims of trafficking forforced labor in Kuching, Malaysia. Prior to repatriation, the DOJ sent two (2) prosecutors to Malaysia to get
the victims’ affidavits in preparation for the filing of trafficking cases against their recruiters, a Filipino and aforeign national.
The Anti-Human Trafficking Division of the NBI assists the NAIA Task Force in the investigation of TIP
incidents at the NAIA Terminals 1, 2, and 3 on 24/7 tour of duty. It also conducts independent surveillance
and rescue operations.

C. Monitoring of TIP Cases
To minimize delay in the prosecution of TIP cases, facilitate the resolution of cases and increase the rateof convictions, the DOJ issued Department Circular Nos. 4912 and 57,13 directing all prosecutors to prioritize
and expedite the resolution and trial of such cases, oppose motions designed to delay the prosecution, andprohibit the dismissal of TIP cases on certain grounds. The DOJ likewise sought the assistance of the Officeof the Court Administrator (OCA) of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, to direct all courts to prioritize
and expedite the trial of TIP cases.
On October 26, 2010, the Supreme Court issued OCA Circular No. 151-2010 directing all Judges in the
Regional Trial Courts, Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts in Cities and Municipal Trial Circuit
Trial Courts, to expedite and prioritize disposition of TIP cases, and submit the list and status of trafficking
cases pending in their respective courts.
Based on an inventory of cases from 2003-2011, there are a total of 1,072 trafficking cases pending before
the DOJ and the courts.
•

From 2003-2011: there were 48 convictions involving 56 traffickers. In addition to the said numbers
were three (3) convictions for TIP-related Illegal Recruitment cases.

•

From 2010 to 2011, there were 25 convictions involving 31 persons, doubling convictions from 2003
to 2009.

D. Minimizing Trafficking-Related Corruption Cases
Corruption unfortunately impedes our work, particularly with TIP cases. To this end, the DOJ filed
and is closely monitoring the administrative and criminal cases involving government officials complicit
with traffickers. These cases involve immigration officers, agents of the NBI, an employee of the Manila
International Airport Authority, and even elected officials.

12 Issued on June 25, 2010.
13 Issued on July 29, 2010.

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E. Increase in the Number of Personnel Dedicated to Anti-Trafficking Efforts
On October 5, 2011, the Secretary of Justice issued Department Order No. 826 reconstituting task
forces in the DOJ main office, including the Task Force on Anti-Trafficking in Persons. There are now 18
prosecutors in our office specifically designated to handle and prosecute TIP cases. There are about 60
prosecutors in the National Capital Region and Local Offices of the DOJ who were likewise designated tohandle and prosecute TIP cases. In addition, there are 43 prosecutors designated to assist law enforcement
operatives in their case build up.
The DOJ likewise hired and designated the following to assist the NAIA Task Force in its daily monitoringof outbound passenger and investigation of trafficking incidents at the airport, and administrative operations of
IACAT:
Technical Assistants /Confidential Agents
Technical Assistants/Consultants 		
NBI-Anti-Human Trafficking Division Agents

–
–
–

12
18
14

F. IACAT 1343 Hot LineOn March 15, 2011, the DOJ launched the IACAT Action Line 1343, a 24/7 hot line that will respond to
emergency or crisis calls from victims of human trafficking. The Commission on Filipino Overseas, througha Memorandum of Agreement with the DOJ-IACAT, oversees the operation of the action line.
From March 15 to May 22, 2011, there were a total of 2,161 received calls, twenty (20) of which wereverified calls for TIP (three calls), sixteen (16) for illegal recruitment cases and one (1) for mail order bride.

G. Development of National Strategic Action Plan against TIP
The IACAT, with the DOJ on the lead, is currently developing a new 6-year plan of action, which willdraw a roadmap and chart the course of action of the government against TIP for 2011-2016. While theprevious action plan (2004-2010) focused on the three major components – prevention, protection (including
law enforcement and prosecution), and recovery and reintegration – the new plan of action will focus on thefollowing six (6) key areas of intervention: (1) advocacy and prevention; (2) protection and assistance; (3)enforcement and prosecution; (4) victim support and reintegration; (5) partnership; and (6) structural andlegal framework. The action plan is at its validation stage.
On December 12, 2011, the DOJ presented the Strategic Plan to IACAT partners for comments.

H. Manual on TIP for Forced Labor
With the assistance of the International Labor Organization, the DOJ is finalizing the Manual on theProsecution and Investigation of TIP for Forced Labor. The Manual will serve as a guideline in investigating
and prosecuting TIP for forced labor as it seeks to address certain issues relative to forced labor, i.e. , its
definition, elements, indicators, and its distinction from other related laws, such as from Illegal Recruitment
under the Migrant Workers’ Act and Labor Code of the Philippines, Worst Form of Child Labor under R.A.
No. 9231, and other Prohibited Acts relating to labor under the Revised Penal Code and the Civil Code of thePhilippines. The Manual is also at its validation stage.
I. Capacity Building and Awareness Campaign
Finally, the DOJ continues to conduct trainings and workshops to enhance the capacity of front line
workers. These include:•

Expansion of anti-trafficking training programs for Foreign Service Officers (FSO) . The training of
our FSOs, consisting of labor and welfare attaches, Assistance to Foreign Nationals (ATN) officers
and other personnel of Philippine posts abroad, particularly in countries where there are significant
numbers of trafficking incidents, is ongoing. The FSOs are the first line of service providers catering
to all distressed Filipinos, including TIP victims.
On November 17-19, 2010, the first training session was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, with FSOs
from the ASEAN Region, Taipei and Hong Kong. The second training session was in Amman, Jordan
on December 9-12, 2011, with participation from FSOs of the Middle East and African countries. The

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training also seeks to strengthen coordination and referral systems among our FSOs, particularly incountries with connecting borders, like countries in the ASEAN Region. The training is a joint effortof the Department of Foreign Affairs and DOJ.
•

Training of DOJ Prosecutors through the RP-US Letter of Agreement . US Embassy personnel
conducted training for prosecutors pursuant to the Letter of Agreement between the Philippines andUnited States. Training sessions were held in Boracay, Cebu and Manila.

•

Training of Prosecutors, in partnership with the Australian government, through the Asia Regional
Trafficking in Persons Project (ARTIP) . The “Pilot ASEAN Skills Course Training on Trafficking
in Persons for Specialist Prosecutors” was held from July 19-23, 2010 in Subic and trained 30
prosecutors from the DOJ main office, National Capital Region, Regions III and II. The second
training session was held on March 14-18, 2011 in Manila and attended by 30 prosecutors, mostly
members of the task forces.

•

The Philippine Anti-Trafficking in Persons Database (PATD) . Launched on December 16, 2009,
the PATD is an effective tool in generating accurate information to fully understand the causes,
processes, trends and consequences of TIP. Statistics and reports drawn from the database will be
useful in outlining and improving the country’s anti-TIP policies and programs. Standard Reporting
Formats, one for law enforcers and another for prosecutors were likewise developed to ensure that
only essential information are elicited.
With the support of the UNICEF, the DOJ conducted five (5) trainings for the users of the databasefor TIP. A total of 125 Administrative Officers and Personnel in the following offices of the National
Prosecution Service were trained: (1) NCR Field Offices and Regional Office, (2) Region III Offices,(3) Regions X and XI, (4) Regions I and II, and (5) Regions VII and IX.

•

Trainings for the Members of the Task Forces and NBI Agents.

•

Trainings for members of the task forces (NIATFAT, NAIA, and Regional Task Forces).

•

Training of Trainers for a pool of speakers to intensify Anti-TIP campaign, and the 1343 Action
against TIP.

V. LOOKING AHEAD
The Philippines has made significant strides in combating trafficking; nevertheless, there is so much thatremains to be done. Presently, the IACAT is able to take action on domestic trafficking, but is not yet able tofully respond to cases of trafficking with international dimensions, particularly those affecting our Overseas
Filipino Workers and those victimized abroad. Accordingly, the IACAT is looking to create the following
comprehensive anti-trafficking framework to address TIP in all its cycles:•

Intensify witness protection program and assistance to victims of TIP, by setting up temporary
shelters catering exclusively for trafficking victims and medical and health care programs, andproviding assistance to rescued victims in terms of physical, mental and psychological rehabilitation
as well as successful reintegration to the society.

•Set up Anti-Trafficking Operations Center that will monitor and supervise task forces, take actions
on the reports and referral from the IACAT hot line, and other IACAT-assisted rescue operations.

•

Intensify efforts in rescuing victims of trafficking abroad, and investigating TIP with international
dimensions.

•

Increase of human resources of the IACAT and its task forces.

•

Create task forces in all regions in the country, particularly in areas in Laoag International Airport,
which remains as the only international exit port without a task force that monitors outboundpassengers.

•

Increase the rate of convictions through monitoring of cases, support victim-witnesses, and provide
administrative assistance to law enforcers and prosecutors.

•

Intensify efforts to prevent or minimize trafficking-related corruption cases.

•

Increase efforts to prevent incidents of TIP.

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Conduct investigations and rescue operations in various areas of the country, especially in conflictareas where the vulnerability of persons is at the highest through IACAT’s task forces.

•

Provide administrative assistance to the existing task forces, including capacity building for theirmembers.

•

Roll out the TIP database in the regional offices of DOJ, NBI and PNP, and provide training andequipment.

•

Coordinate meetings with the Regional, Provincial, City and Municipal Inter - Agency Committees
against Trafficking.

•

Coordinate meeting with the Hotel Owners/Association and airline companies as part of the awarenesscampaign against TIP and child-sex tourism.

•

Develop National Strategic Plan of Action against Trafficking in Persons (2011-2016).

•

Develop Guidelines for Trafficking for Forced Labor, including training thereof of law enforcers andprosecutors.

•

Oversee the implementation of the Implementing Rules and Regulations on Organ Trafficking (including
coordination meeting with hospitals, medical establishment and medical professionals, and awarenesscampaign).

•

Expand training programs to educate Foreign Service officers and other personnel of Philippine
Embassies abroad in countries where there are significant numbers of trafficking incidents.

•

Continue training of prosecutors, law enforces, labor inspectors, foreign service personnel and otherfrontline service providers.

•

Provide case-by-case assistance in complex cases with multi-jurisdictional cases crossing cities andcountries, which are crucial in pursuing the leaders of trafficking syndicates.

•

Develop an infomercial, public relations and media campaign against TIP, including maintenance of
IACAT website.

•

Conduct the 2nd National Conference on Trafficking in Persons.

•Strengthen international cooperation with other countries in the investigation and prosecution of
traffickers.

•

Increase efforts to engage governments of destination countries through law enforcement anddiplomatic channels in the investigation and prosecution of trafficking offenders.

•

Provide capital for the IACAT and its task forces and operations center.

VI. CONCLUSION
Human trafficking is a multi-million criminal industry, in which traffickers adapt quickly to perpetuate
their trade. As traffickers innovate their trafficking processes, and as new purposes for trafficking emerge
and new vulnerable young groups come into fold, it is imperative that countries all over the world find new
ways to combat this scourge. Governments accordingly must work cooperatively – both domestically andinternationally – to prevent human trafficking. The Philippines is doing its part to stem the rising tide of TIP
cases, though a lot of work remains to be done, particularly with regard to international cooperation on TIP
cases.

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