THE WORLDANTI-DOPING
CODE

version 3.0
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TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 6
PURPOSE, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM AND THE CODE ...................... 6
THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM ................................................................................................. 6
THE CODE 6INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ............................................................................................................. 6
MODELS OF BEST PRACTICE ................................................................................................................ 7
FUNDAMENTAL RATIONALE FOR THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE.................................................................. 7
PART ONEDOPING CONTROL ................................................................................................................ 9

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 9
ARTICLE 1 DEFINITION OF DOPING ......................................................................................................... 10
ARTICLE 2 ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS...................................................................................... 10
ARTICLE 3 PROOF OF DOPING ............................................................................................................ 14
3.1

BURDENS AND STANDARDS OF PROOF.............................................................................. 14

3.2

METHODS OF ESTABLISHING FACTS AND PRESUMPTIONS ........................................................ 14

ARTICLE 4 THE PROHIBITED LIST ............................................................................................................ 15
4.1

PUBLICATION AND REVISION OF THE PROHIBITED LIST........................................................... 15

4.2

PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITED METHODS IDENTIFIED ON THE PROHIBITED
LIST .................................................................................................................................. 15

4.3

CRITERIA FOR INCLUDING SUBSTANCES AND METHODS ON THE PROHIBITED LIST ........ 16

4.4

THERAPEUTIC USE ............................................................................................................... 17

4.5

MONITORING PROGRAM ....................................................................................................... 18

ARTICLE 5 TESTING ............................................................................................................................... 18
5.1

TEST DISTRIBUTION PLANNING ....................................................................................... 18

5.2

STANDARDS FOR TESTING ................................................................................................ 19

ARTICLE 6 ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES ..................................................................................................... 19
6.1

USE OF APPROVED LABORATORIES................................................................................... 19

6.2

SUBSTANCES SUBJECT TO DETECTION .............................................................................. 19

6.3

RESEARCH ON SAMPLES .................................................................................................... 19

6.4

STANDARDS FOR SAMPLE ANALYSIS AND REPORTING ..................................................... 20

ARTICLE 7 RESULTS MANAGEMENT.......................................................................................................... 20

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INITIAL REVIEW REGARDING ADVERSE ANALYTICAL FINDINGS ...................................... 20

7.2

NOTIFICATION AFTER INITIAL REVIEW............................................................................ 20

7.3

FURTHER REVIEW OF ADVERSE ANALYTICAL FINDING WHERE REQUIRED BY PROHIBITED
LIST .................................................................................................................................. 21

7.4

REVIEW OF OTHER ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS ............................................................... 21

7.5

PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO PROVISIONAL SUSPENSIONS........................................................ 21

ARTICLE 8 RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING ..................................................................................................... 22
ARTICLE 9 AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL RESULTS ......................................................... 23
ARTICLE 10 SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS ......................................................................................... 23
10.1

DISQUALIFICATION OF RESULTS IN EVENT DURING WHICH AN ANTI-DOPING RULE
VIOLATION OCCURS.......................................................................................................... 23

10.2

IMPOSITION OF INELIGIBILITY FOR PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITED METHODS........ 24

10.3

SPECIFIED SUBSTANCES ................................................................................................... 25

10.4

INELIGIBILITY FOR OTHER ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS .......................................... 25

10.5

ELIMINATION OR REDUCTION OF PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY BASED ON EXCEPTIONALCIRCUMSTANCES............................................................................................................... 26

10.6

RULES FOR CERTAIN POTENTIAL MULTIPLE VIOLATIONS................................................. 28

10.7

DISQUALIFICATION OF RESULTS IN COMPETITIONS SUBSEQUENT TO SAMPLE
COLLECTION...................................................................................................................... 29

10.8

COMMENCEMENT OF INELIGIBILITY PERIOD .................................................................... 29

10.9

STATUS DURING INELIGIBILITY ....................................................................................... 30

10.10

REINSTATEMENT TESTING ................................................................................................ 30

ARTICLE 11 CONSEQUENCES TO TEAMS.............................................................................................. 31
ARTICLE 12 SANCTIONS AGAINST SPORTING BODIES ....................................................................... 31
ARTICLE 13 APPEALS .......................................................................................................................... 31
13.1

DECISIONS SUBJECT TO APPEAL ........................................................................................... 31

13.2

APPEALS FROM DECISIONS REGARDING ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS, CONSEQUENCES, AND
PROVISIONAL SUSPENSIONS ................................................................................................ 32

13.3

APPEALS FROM DECISIONS GRANTING OR DENYING A THERAPEUTIC USE EXEMPTION ... 33

13.4

APPEALS FROM DECISIONS IMPOSING CONSEQUENCES UNDER PART THREE OF THE CODE.......................................................................................................................................... 33

13.5

APPEALS FROM DECISIONS SUSPENDING OR REVOKING LABORATORY ACCREDITATION 33

ARTICLE 14 CONFIDENTIALITY AND REPORTING ............................................................................... 34

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INFORMATION CONCERNING ADVERSE ANALYTICAL FINDINGS AND OTHER POTENTIAL
ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 34

14.2

PUBLIC DISCLOSURE......................................................................................................... 34

14.3

ATHLETE WHEREABOUTS INFORMATION ................................................................................. 34

14.4

STATISTICAL REPORTING ................................................................................................. 35

14.5

DOPING CONTROL INFORMATION CLEARING HOUSE ........................................................ 35

ARTICLE 15 CLARIFICATION OF DOPING CONTROL RESPONSIBILITIES ........................................................ 35
15.1

EVENT TESTING ................................................................................................................... 35

15.2

OUT-OF-COMPETITION TESTING ............................................................................................ 36

15.3

RESULTS MANAGEMENT, HEARINGS AND SANCTIONS ...................................................... 36

15.4

MUTUAL RECOGNITION ..................................................................................................... 37

ARTICLE 16 DOPING CONTROL FOR ANIMALS COMPETING IN SPORT ................................................ 37
ARTICLE 17 STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS .............................................................................................. 37
PART TWOEDUCATION AND RESEARCH ............................................................................................... 38

ARTICLE 18 EDUCATION......................................................................................................................... 38
18.1

BASIC PRINCIPLE AND PRIMARY GOAL............................................................................. 38

18.2

PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES............................................................................................... 38

18.3

COORDINATION AND COOPERATION ................................................................................ 38

ARTICLE 19 RESEARCH .......................................................................................................................... 38
19.1

PURPOSE OF ANTI-DOPING RESEARCH ............................................................................. 38

19.2

TYPES OF RESEARCH ......................................................................................................... 38

19.3

COORDINATION ................................................................................................................ 39

19.4

RESEARCH PRACTICES ...................................................................................................... 39

19.5

ADMINISTRATION OF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITED METHODS................ 39

19.6

MISUSE OF RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 39

PART THREE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ............................................................................................ 40
ARTICLE 20 ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SIGNATORIES ................................................. 40

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ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE.............. 40

20.2

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE ..................... 40

20.3

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF INTERNATIONAL FEDERATIONS ................................ 41

20.4

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES AND NATIONAL PARALYMPICCOMMITTEES....................................................................................................................... 41

20.5

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL ANTI-DOPING ORGANIZATIONS............... 42

20.6

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MAJOR EVENT ORGANIZATIONS ................................ 42

20.7

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF WADA ........................................................................ 42

ARTICLE 21 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PARTICIPANTS ................................................................... 43
21.1

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ATHLETES .................................................................. 43

21.2

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ATHLETE SUPPORT PERSONNEL ................................. 43

ARTICLE 22 INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS.......................................................................................... 43
PART FOURACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE AND MODIFICATION .................................................................. 45

ARTICLE 23 ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE AND MODIFICATION ..................................................................... 45
23.1

ACCEPTANCE OF THE CODE ............................................................................................... 45

23.2

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CODE ....................................................................................... 45

23.3

ACCEPTANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION DEADLINES ............................................................ 45

23.4

MONITORING COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE .................................................................... 46

23.5

CONSEQUENCES OF NONCOMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE .................................................... 46

23.6

MODIFICATION OF THE CODE ........................................................................................... 46

23.7

WITHDRAWAL OF ACCEPTANCE OF THE CODE................................................................... 47

ARTICLE 24 INTERPRETATION OF THE CODE ...................................................................................... 47
APPENDIX 1 – DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................... 49

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INTRODUCTIONPURPOSE, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORLDANTI-DOPING PROGRAM AND THE CODE
The purposes of the World Anti-Doping Program and the Code are:•

To protect the Athletes' fundamental right to participate in doping-free
sport and thus promote health, fairness and equality for Athletes
worldwide and•To ensure harmonized, coordinated and effective anti-doping programs
at the international and national level with regard to detection,
deterrence and prevention of doping

The World Anti-Doping Program
The World Anti-Doping Program encompasses all of the elements needed inorder to ensure optimal harmonization and best practice in international andnational anti-doping programs. The main elements are:Level 1: The CodeLevel 2: International Standards
Level 3: Models of Best Practice

The Code
The Code is the fundamental and universal document upon which the World
Anti-Doping Program in sport is based. The purpose of the Code is to advancethe anti-doping effort through universal harmonization of core anti-doping
elements.
It is intended to be specific enough to achieve complete
harmonization on issues where uniformity is required, yet general enough inother areas to permit flexibility on how agreed upon anti-doping principles are
implemented.

International Standards
International Standards for different technical and operational areas within theanti-doping program will be developed in consultation with the Signatories andgovernments and approved by WADA.
The purpose of the International
Standards is harmonization among Anti-Doping Organizations responsible for
specific technical and operational parts of the anti-doping programs. Adherence
to the International Standards is mandatory for compliance with the Code. The
International Standards may be revised from time to time by the WADA
Executive Committee after reasonable consultation with the Signatories andgovernments. Unless provided otherwise in the Code, International Standards
and all revisions shall become effective on the date specified in the International
Standard or revision.
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[Comment: International Standards will contain much of the technical detailnecessary for implementing the Code. This would include, for example, thedetailed requirements for Sample collection, laboratory analysis and laboratory
accreditation currently found in the Olympic Movement Anti-Doping Code("OMADC"). International Standards, while expressly incorporated into the Codeby reference, will, in consultation with the Signatories and governments, bedeveloped by experts and set forth in separate technical documents. It is
important that the technical experts be able to make timely changes to theInternational Standards without requiring any amendment of the Code orindividual stakeholder rules and regulations.
All applicable International Standards will be in place by January 1, 2004.]

Models of Best Practice
Models of Best Practice based on the Code will be developed to provide state of
the art solutions in different areas of anti-doping.
The Models will berecommended by WADA and made available to Signatories upon request but will
not be mandatory.
In addition to providing models of anti-doping
documentation, WADA will also make some training assistance available to the
Signatories.
[Comment: WADA will prepare model anti-doping rules and regulations tailoredto the needs of each of the major groups of Signatories (e.g., International
Federations for individual sports, International Federations for team sports,
National Anti-Doping Organizations, etc.). These model rules and regulations
will conform with and be based on the Code, will be state of the art examples ofbest practices and will contain all of the detail (including reference toInternational Standards) necessary to conduct an effective anti-doping program.
These model rules and regulations will provide alternatives from whichstakeholders may select. Some stakeholders may choose to adopt the model
rules and regulations and other models of best practices verbatim. Others may
decide to adopt the models with modifications. Still other stakeholders may
choose to develop their own rules and regulations consistent with the generalprinciples and specific requirements set forth in the Code.
Other model documents for specific parts of the anti-doping work may be
developed based on generally recognized stakeholder needs and expectations.
This could include models for national anti-doping programs, results
management, Testing (beyond the specific requirements set forth in theInternational Standard for Testing), education programs, etc. All Models of Best
Practice will be reviewed and approved by WADA before they are included in theWorld Anti-Doping Program.]

FUNDAMENTAL RATIONALE FOR THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE
Anti-doping programs seek to preserve what is intrinsically valuable about sport.
This intrinsic value is often referred to as "the spirit of sport"; it is the essence ofOlympism; it is how we play true. The spirit of sport is the celebration of thehuman spirit, body and mind, and is characterized by the following values:
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Ethics, fair play and honesty
HealthExcellence in performance
Character and education
Fun and joy
Teamwork
Dedication and commitment
Respect for rules and laws
Respect for self and other participants
CourageCommunity and solidarity

Doping is fundamentally contrary to the spirit of sport.

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PART ONEDOPING CONTROLINTRODUCTION
Part One of the Code sets forth specific anti-doping rules and principles that are
to be followed by organizations responsible for adopting, implementing or
enforcing anti-doping rules within their authority - - e.g., the International
Olympic Committee, International Paralympic Committee, International
Federations, Major Event Organizations, and National Anti-Doping Organizations.
All of these organizations are collectively referred to as Anti-Doping
Organizations.
Part One of the Code does not replace, or eliminate the need for, comprehensive
anti-doping rules adopted by each of these Anti-Doping Organizations. Whilesome provisions of Part One of the Code must be incorporated essentiallyverbatim by each Anti-Doping Organization in its own anti-doping rules, otherprovisions of Part One establish mandatory guiding principles that allow
flexibility in the formulation of rules by each Anti-Doping Organization or
establish requirements that must be followed by each Anti-Doping Organization
but need not be repeated in its own anti-doping rules. The following Articles, asapplicable to the scope of anti-doping activity which the Anti-Doping
Organization performs, must be incorporated into the rules of each Anti-Doping
Organization without any substantive changes (allowing for necessary nonsubstantive editing changes to the language in order to refer to theorganization's name, sport, section numbers, etc.): Articles 1 (Definition of
Doping), 2 (Anti-Doping Rule Violations), 3 (Proof of Doping), 9 (Automatic
Disqualification of Individual Results), 10 (Sanctions on Individuals), 11(Consequences to Teams), 13 (Appeals) with the exception of 13.2.2, 17(Statute of Limitations) and Definitions.
[Comment: For example it is critical to harmonization that all Signatories basetheir decisions on the same list of anti-doping rule violations, the same burdensof proof and impose the same Consequences for the same anti-doping ruleviolations. These substantive rules must be the same whether a hearing takes
place before an International Federation, at the national level or before CAS. On
the other hand, it is not necessary for effective harmonization to force all
Signatories to use one single results management and hearing process. At
present, there are many different, yet equally effective processes for results
management and hearings within different International Federations anddifferent national bodies. The Code does not require absolute uniformity inresults management and hearing procedures; it does, however, require that thediverse approaches of the Signatories satisfy principles stated in the Code.
With respect to Article 13, subpart 13.2.2 is not included in the provisions
required to be adopted essentially verbatim, as 13.2.2 establishes mandatory
guiding principles that allow some flexibility in the formulation of rules by theAnti-Doping Organization.]
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Anti-doping rules, like competition rules, are sport rules governing the conditions
under which sport is played. Athletes accept these rules as a condition ofparticipation. Anti-doping rules are not intended to be subject to or limited by
the requirements and legal standards applicable to criminal proceedings or
employment matters. The policies and minimum standards set forth in the Coderepresent the consensus of a broad spectrum of stakeholders with an interest in
fair sport and should be respected by all courts and adjudicating bodies.
Participants shall be bound to comply with the anti-doping rules adopted inconformance with the Code by the relevant Anti-Doping Organizations. Each
Signatory shall establish rules and procedures to ensure that all Participants
under the authority of the Signatory and its member organizations are informedof and agree to be bound by anti-doping rules in force of the relevant AntiDoping Organizations.
[Comment:
By their participation in sport, Athletes are bound by thecompetitive rules of their sport. In the same manner, Athletes and Athlete
Support Personnel should be bound by anti-doping rules based on Article 2 of
the Code by virtue of their agreements for membership, accreditation, or
participation in sports organizations or sports events subject to the Code. Each
Signatory, however, shall take the necessary steps to ensure that all Athletesand Athlete Support Personnel within its authority are bound by the relevant
Anti-Doping Organization's anti-doping rules.]ARTICLE 1 DEFINITION OF DOPING
Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping ruleviolations set forth in Article 2.1 through Article 2.8 of the Code.

ARTICLE 2 ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS[Comment: The purpose of Article 2 is to specify the circumstances and conduct
which constitute violations of anti-doping rules. Hearings in doping cases willproceed based on the assertion that one or more of these specific rules havebeen violated. Most of the circumstances and conduct on this list of violations
can be found in some form in the OMADC or other existing anti-doping rules.]The following constitute anti-doping rule violations:
2.1 The presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites orMarkers in an Athlete’s bodily Specimen.
2.1.1 It is each Athlete’s personal duty to ensure that no Prohibited
Substance enters his or her body. Athletes are responsible for any
Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers found to bepresent in their bodily Specimens. Accordingly, it is not necessarythat intent, fault, negligence or knowing Use on the Athlete’s part
be demonstrated in order to establish an anti-doping violation
under Article 2.1.

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[Comment: For purposes of anti-doping violations involving the presenceof a Prohibited Substance (or its Metabolites or Markers), the Code adopts
the rule of strict liability which is found in the OMADC and the vast
majority of existing anti-doping rules. Under the strict liability principle,
an anti-doping rule violation occurs whenever a Prohibited Substance isfound in an Athlete’s bodily Specimen. The violation occurs whether or
not the Athlete intentionally or unintentionally used a Prohibited
Substance or was negligent or otherwise at fault. If the positive Sample
came from an In-Competition test, then the results of that Competition
are automatically invalidated (Article 9 (Automatic Disqualification ofIndividual Results)). However, the Athlete then has the possibility to
avoid or reduce sanctions if the Athlete can demonstrate that he or she
was not at fault or significant fault. (Article 10.5 (Elimination or Reductionof Period of Ineligibility Based on Exceptional Circumstances).
The strict liability rule for the finding of a Prohibited Substance in an
Athlete's Specimen, with a possibility that sanctions may be modified
based on specified criteria, provides a reasonable balance between
effective anti-doping enforcement for the benefit of all "clean" Athletes
and fairness in the exceptional circumstance where a Prohibited Substanceentered an Athlete’s system through no fault or negligence on the
Athlete’s part. It is important to emphasize that while the determinationof whether the anti-doping rule has been violated is based on strict
liability, the imposition of a fixed period of Ineligibility is not automatic.
The rationale for the strict liability rule was well stated by the Court of
Arbitration for Sport in the case of Quigley v. UIT.
“It is true that a strict liability test is likely in some sense to
be unfair in an individual case, such as that of Q., where theAthlete may have taken medication as the result of
mislabeling or faulty advice for which he or she is not
responsible - particularly in the circumstances of sudden
illness in a foreign country. But it is also in some sense"unfair" for an Athlete to get food poisoning on the eve of animportant competition. Yet in neither case will the rules of
the competition be altered to undo the unfairness. Just as
the competition will not be postponed to await the Athlete's
recovery, so the prohibition of banned substances will not be
lifted in recognition of its accidental absorption.
The
vicissitudes of competition, like those of life generally, may
create many types of unfairness, whether by accident or the
negligence of unaccountable Persons, which the law cannot
repair.
Furthermore, it appears to be a laudable policy objective notto repair an accidental unfairness to an individual by creating
an intentional unfairness to the whole body of othercompetitors.
This is what would happen if banned
performance-enhancing substances were tolerated whenabsorbed inadvertently.
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lack of proof of guilty intent.
And it is certain that arequirement of intent would invite costly litigation that may
well cripple federations - particularly those run on modest
budgets - in their fight against doping."]
2.1.2 Excepting those substances for which a quantitative reporting
threshold is specifically identified in the Prohibited List, the detected
presence of any quantity of a Prohibited Substance or its
Metabolites or Markers in an Athlete’s Sample shall constitute ananti-doping rule violation.
2.1.3 As an exception to the general rule of Article 2.1, theProhibited List may establish special criteria for the evaluation ofProhibited Substances that can also be produced endogenously.
[Comment: For example, the Prohibited List might provide that a T/E ratio
greater than 6:1 is doping unless a longitudinal analysis of prior or subsequent
test results by the Anti-Doping Organization demonstrates a naturally elevatedratio or the Athlete otherwise establishes that the elevated ratio is the result of aphysiological or pathological condition.]
2.2 Use or Attempted Use of a Prohibited Substance or a
Prohibited Method.
2.2.1 The success or failure of the Use of a Prohibited Substance or
Prohibited Method is not material. It is sufficient that the Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method was Used or Attempted to be Used
for an anti-doping rule violation to be committed.
[Comment: The prohibition against "Use" has been expanded from the text in
the OMADC to include Prohibited Substances as well as Prohibited Methods.
With this inclusion there is no need to specifically delineate "admission of Use"
as a separate anti-doping rule violation. "Use" can be proved, for example,
through admissions, third party testimony or other evidence.
Demonstrating the "Attempted Use" of a Prohibited Substance requires proof ofintent on the Athlete’s part. The fact that intent may be required to prove thisparticular anti-doping rule violation does not undermine the strict liability
principle established for violations of Article 2.1 and Use of a Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method.
An Athlete's Out-of-Competition Use of a Prohibited Substance that is notprohibited Out-of-Competition would not constitute an anti-doping ruleviolation.]
2.3 Refusing, or failing without compelling justification, to submit toSample collection after notification as authorized in applicable anti-doping
rules or otherwise evading Sample collection.
[Comment: Failure or refusal to submit to Sample collection after notification isprohibited in almost all existing anti-doping rules. This Article expands the
typical rule to include "otherwise evading Sample collection" as prohibited
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established that an Athlete was hiding from a Doping Control official who was
attempting to conduct a test. A violation of "refusing or failing to submit toSample collection” may be based on either intentional or negligent conduct of
the Athlete, while "evading" Sample collection contemplates intentional conduct
by the Athlete.]
2.4 Violation of applicable requirements regarding Athlete availability
for Out-of-Competition Testing including failure to provide required
whereabouts information and missed tests which are declared based onreasonable rules.
[Comment: Unannounced Out-of-Competition Testing is at the core of effective
Doping Control. Without accurate Athlete location information such Testing isinefficient and sometimes impossible. This Article, which is not typically found in
most existing anti-doping rules, requires Athletes that have been identified for
Out-of-Competition Testing to be responsible for providing and updating
information on their whereabouts so that they can be located for No Advance
Notice Out-of-Competition Testing. The "applicable requirements" are set by the
Athlete's International Federation and National Anti-Doping Organization in order
to allow some flexibility based upon varying circumstances encountered indifferent sports and countries. A violation of this Article may be based on either
intentional or negligent conduct by the Athlete.]
2.5 Tampering, or Attempting to tamper, with any part of Doping
Control.
[Comment: This Article prohibits conduct which subverts the Doping Control
process but which would not be included in the typical definition of Prohibited
Methods. For example, altering identification numbers on a Doping Control form
during Testing or breaking the B Bottle at the time of B Sample analysis.]
2.6

Possession of Prohibited Substances and Methods:
2.6.1 Possession by an Athlete at any time or place of a substancethat is prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing or a Prohibited
Method unless the Athlete establishes that the Possession ispursuant to a therapeutic use exemption granted in accordancewith Article 4.4 (Therapeutic Use) or other acceptable justification.
2.6.2 Possession of a substance that is prohibited in Out-ofCompetition Testing or a Prohibited Method by Athlete Support
Personnel in connection with an Athlete, Competition or training,
unless the Athlete Support Personnel establishes that the
Possession is pursuant to a therapeutic use exemption granted to
an Athlete in accordance with Article 4.4 (Therapeutic Use) or otheracceptable justification.

2.7

Trafficking in any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.

2.8 Administration or Attempted administration of a Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method to any Athlete, or assisting, encouraging,
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aiding, abetting, covering up or any other type of complicity involving ananti-doping rule violation or any Attempted violation.

ARTICLE 3 PROOF OF DOPING
3.1 Burdens and Standards of Proof
The Anti-Doping Organization shall have the burden of establishing that an
anti-doping rule violation has occurred. The standard of proof shall bewhether the Anti-Doping Organization has established an anti-doping ruleviolation to the comfortable satisfaction of the hearing body bearing in
mind the seriousness of the allegation which is made. This standard of
proof in all cases is greater than a mere balance of probability but lessthan proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Where the Code places the burdenof proof upon the Athlete or other Person alleged to have committed ananti-doping rule violation to rebut a presumption or establish specified
facts or circumstances, the standard of proof shall be by a balance of
probability.
[Comment: This standard of proof required to be met by the Anti-Doping
Organization is comparable to the standard which is applied in most countries tocases involving professional misconduct. It has also been widely applied bycourts and tribunals in doping cases See, for example, the CAS decision in N., J.,
Y., W. v. FINA, CAS 98/208, 22 December 1998.]
3.2 Methods of Establishing Facts and Presumptions.
Facts
related to anti-doping rule violations may be established by any reliablemeans, including admissions.
The following rules of proof shall beapplicable in doping cases:
3.2.1 WADA-accredited laboratories are presumed to haveconducted Sample analysis and custodial procedures in accordancewith the International Standard for laboratory analysis. The Athlete
may rebut this presumption by establishing that a departure fromthe International Standard occurred.
If the Athlete rebuts the preceding presumption by showing that adeparture from the International Standard occurred, then the AntiDoping Organization shall have the burden to establish that suchdeparture did not cause the Adverse Analytical Finding.
[Comment: The burden is on the Athlete to establish, by a preponderance of theevidence, a departure from the International Standard. If the Athlete does so,
the burden shifts to the Anti-Doping Organization to prove to the comfortablesatisfaction of the hearing body that the departure did not change the test
result.]3.2.2 Departures from the International Standard for Testing which
did not cause an Adverse Analytical Finding or other anti-doping
rule violation shall not invalidate such results.
If the Athlete
establishes that departures from the International Standard
occurred during Testing then the Anti-Doping Organization shallhave the burden to establish that such departures did not cause theWorld Anti-Doping Code version 3.0
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Adverse Analytical Finding or the factual basis for the anti-doping
rule violation.

ARTICLE 4 THE PROHIBITED LIST
4.1 Publication and Revision of the Prohibited List. WADA shall,as often as necessary and no less often than annually, publish theProhibited List as an International Standard. The proposed content of theProhibited List and all revisions shall be provided in writing promptly to all
Signatories and governments for comment and consultation. Each annual
version of the Prohibited List and all revisions shall be distributed promptly
by WADA to each Signatory and government and shall be published on
WADA's website, and each Signatory shall take appropriate steps to
distribute the Prohibited List to its members and constituents. The rulesof each Anti-Doping Organization shall specify that, unless provided
otherwise in the Prohibited List or a revision, the Prohibited List andrevisions shall go into effect under the Anti-Doping Organization's rules
three months after publication of the Prohibited List by WADA without
requiring any further action by the Anti-Doping Organization.
[Comment: The Prohibited List will be revised and published on an expedited
basis whenever the need arises. However, for the sake of predictability, a newlist will be published every year whether or not changes have been made. The
virtue of the IOC practice of publishing a new list every January is that it avoids
confusion over which list is the most current. To address this issue, WADA will
always have the most current Prohibited List published on its website.
It is anticipated that revised anti-doping rules adopted by Anti-Doping
Organizations pursuant to the Code will not go into effect until January 1, 2004
with the publication of the first Prohibited List adopted by WADA. The OMADC
will continue to be applicable until the Code is accepted by the International
Olympic Committee.]
4.2 Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods Identified on
the Prohibited List. The Prohibited List shall identify those Prohibited
Substances and Prohibited Methods which are prohibited as doping at all
times (both In-Competition and Out-of-Competition) because of theirpotential to enhance performance in future Competitions or their masking
potential and those substances and methods which are prohibited InCompetition only.
Upon the recommendation of an International
Federation, the Prohibited List may be expanded by WADA for thatparticular sport. Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods may be
included in the Prohibited List by general category (e.g., anabolic agents)
or by specific reference to a particular substance or method.
[Comment: There will be one Prohibited List.
The substances which areprohibited at all times would include masking agents and those substances
which, when used in training, may have long term performance enhancing
effects such as anabolics. All substances and methods on the Prohibited List areprohibited In-Competition. This distinction between what is tested for InCompetition and what is tested for Out-of-Competition is carried over from the
OMADC.
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There will be only one document called the "Prohibited List." WADA may add
additional substances or methods to the Prohibited List for particular sports (e.g.
the inclusion of beta-blockers for shooting) but this will also be reflected on the
single Prohibited List. Having all Prohibited Substances on a single list will avoid
some of the current confusion related to identifying which substances areprohibited in which sports.
Individual sports are not permitted to seek
exemption from the basic list of Prohibited Substances (e.g. eliminating
anabolics from the Prohibited List for ''mind sports"). The premise of thisdecision is that there are certain basic doping agents which anyone who chooses
to call himself or herself an Athlete should not take.]
4.3 Criteria for Including Substances and Methods on theProhibited List. WADA shall consider the following criteria in deciding
whether to include a substance or method on the Prohibited List.
4.3.1 A substance or method shall be considered for inclusion on
the Prohibited List if WADA determines that the substance or
method meets any two of the following three criteria:
4.3.1.1
Medicalorotherscientificevidence,
pharmacological effect or experience that the substance or
method has the potential to enhance or enhances sport
performance;
4.3.1.2
Medicalorotherscientificevidence,
pharmacological effect, or experience that the Use of thesubstance or method represents an actual or potential healthrisk to the Athlete;
4.3.1.3
WADA's determination that the Use of thesubstance or method violates the spirit of sport described in
the Introduction to the Code.
4.3.2 A substance or method shall also be included on theProhibited List if WADA determines there is medical or otherscientific evidence, pharmacological effect or experience that thesubstance or method has the potential to mask the Use of otherProhibited Substances and Prohibited Methods.
[Comment: A substance shall be considered for inclusion on the Prohibited List
if the substance is a masking agent or meets two of the following three criteria:(1) it has the potential to enhance or enhances sport performance; (2) it
represents a potential or actual health risk; or (3) it is contrary to the spirit ofsport. None of the three criteria alone is a sufficient basis for adding asubstance to the Prohibited List. Using the potential to enhance performance as
the sole criteria would include, for example, physical and mental training, redmeat, carbohydrate loading and training at altitude. Risk of harm would include
smoking. Requiring all three criteria would also be unsatisfactory. For example
the use of genetic transfer technology to dramatically enhance sport
performance should be prohibited as contrary to the spirit of sport even if it is
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without therapeutic justification based on the mistaken belief they enhance
performance is certainly contrary to the spirit of sport regardless of whether the
expectation of performance enhancement is realistic.]
4.3.3 WADA’s determination of the Prohibited Substances andProhibited Methods that will be included on the Prohibited List shallbe final and shall not be subject to challenge by an Athlete or other
Person based on an argument that the substance or method was
not a masking agent or did not have the potential to enhance
performance, represent a health risk, or violate the spirit of sport.
[Comment: The question of whether a substance meets the criteria in Article
4.3 (Criteria for Including Substances and Methods on the Prohibited List) in aparticular case cannot be raised as a defense to an anti-doping rule violation.
For example, it cannot be argued that the Prohibited Substance detected would
not have been performance enhancing in that particular sport. Rather, doping
occurs when a substance on the Prohibited List is found in an Athlete’s bodily
Specimen. The same principle is found in the OMADC.]
4.4 Therapeutic Use
WADA shall adopt an International Standard for the process of granting
therapeutic use exemptions.
Each International Federation shall ensure, for International-Level Athletesor any other Athlete who is entered in an International Event, that aprocess is in place whereby Athletes with documented medical conditions
requiring the Use of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method may
request a therapeutic use exemption.
Each National Anti-Doping
Organization shall ensure, for all Athletes within its jurisdiction that are
not International-Level Athletes, that a process is in place whereby
Athletes with documented medical conditions requiring the Use of a
Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method may request a therapeuticuse exemption. Such requests shall be evaluated in accordance with theInternational Standard on therapeutic use. International Federations andNational Anti-Doping Organizations shall promptly report to WADA the
granting of therapeutic use exemptions to any International-Level Athlete
or national-level Athlete that is included in his or her National Anti-Doping
Organization's Registered Testing Pool.
WADA, on its own initiative, may review the granting of a therapeutic use
exemption to any International-Level Athlete or national-level Athlete thatis included in his or her National Anti-Doping Organization's Registered
Testing Pool. Further, upon the request of any such Athlete that has beendenied a therapeutic use exemption, WADA may review such denial. If
WADA determines that such granting or denial of a therapeutic use
exemption did not comply with the International Standard for therapeuticuse exemptions, WADA may reverse the decision.
[Comment: It is important that the processes for granting therapeutic use
exemptions become more harmonized. Athletes who use medically prescribed
Prohibited Substances may be subject to sanctioning unless they have previously
obtained a therapeutic use exemption. However, currently many sporting bodies
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have no rules permitting therapeutic use exemptions; others follow unwritten
policies; and only a few have written policies incorporated into their anti-doping
rules. This Article seeks to harmonize the basis upon which therapeutic use
exemptions will be granted and gives responsibility for granting or denying
exemptions to the International Federations for International-Level Athletes andto the National Anti-Doping Organizations for national-level Athletes (that are
not also International-Level Athletes) and other Athletes subject to Doping
Control under the Code.
Examples of commonly prescribed Prohibited Substances which might bespecifically addressed in the International Standard for therapeutic use
exemptions are medications prescribed for acute severe asthma andinflammatory bowel disease. When a therapeutic use exemption has beendenied or granted in contravention of the International Standard, that decision
may be submitted to WADA for review as provided in the International Standard
and thereafter appealed as provided in Article 13.3 (Appeals). If the granting ofa therapeutic use exemption is reversed, the reversal shall not apply
retroactively and shall not disqualify the Athlete's results during the time thatthe therapeutic use exemption was in effect.]
4.5 Monitoring Program
WADA, in consultation with other Signatories and governments, shallestablish a monitoring program regarding substances which are not on theProhibited List, but which WADA wishes to monitor in order to detect
patterns of misuse in sport. WADA shall publish, in advance of any
Testing, the substances that will be monitored. Laboratories will report
the instances of reported Use or detected presence of these substances to
WADA periodically on an aggregate basis by sport and whether the
Samples were collected In-Competition or Out–of-Competition.
Suchreports shall not contain additional information regarding specificSamples. WADA shall make available to International Federations andNational Anti-Doping Organizations, on at least an annual basis, aggregate
statistical information by sport regarding the additional substances.
WADA shall implement measures to ensure that strict anonymity of
individual Athletes is maintained with respect to such reports.
The
reported use or detected presence of the monitored substances shall notconstitute a doping violation.

ARTICLE 5 TESTING
5.1 Test Distribution Planning.
Anti-Doping Organizations
conducting Testing shall in coordination with other Anti-Doping
Organizations conducting Testing on the same Athlete pool:
5.1.1 Plan and implement an effective number of In-Competition
and Out-of-Competition tests. Each International Federation shallestablish a Registered Testing Pool for International-Level Athletes
in its sport, and each National Anti-Doping Organization shallestablish a national Registered Testing Pool for Athletes in its
country. The national-level pool shall include International-Level
Athletes from that country as well as other national-level Athletes.
EachInternational
Federation
andNational
Anti-Doping
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Organization shall plan and conduct In-Competition and Out-ofCompetition Testing on its Registered Testing Pool.
5.1.2 Make No Advance Notice Testing a priority.
5.1.3 Conduct Target Testing.
[Comment:
Target Testing is specified because random Testing, or evenweighted random Testing, does not ensure that all of the appropriate Athletes
will be tested.
(For example:
world class Athletes, Athletes whose
performances have dramatically improved over a short period of time, Athletes
whose coaches have had other Athletes test positive, etc.).
Obviously, Target Testing must not be used for any purpose other thanlegitimate Doping Control. The Code makes it clear that Athletes have no rightto expect that they will be tested only on a random basis. Similarly, it does not
impose any reasonable suspicion or probable cause requirement for Target
Testing.]
5.2 Standards for TestingAnti-Doping Organizations conducting Testing shall conduct such Testingin conformity with the International Standard for Testing.
[Comment: The required methods and processes for the various types of InCompetition and Out-of-Competition Testing will be described in greater detail in
the International Standard for Testing.]

ARTICLE 6 ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES
Doping Control Samples shall be analyzed in accordance with the following
principles:
6.1 Use of Approved Laboratories
Doping Control Samples shall be analyzed only in WADA-accredited
laboratories or as otherwise approved by WADA. The choice of the WADAaccredited laboratory (or other method approved by WADA) used for the
Sample analysis shall be determined exclusively by the Anti-Doping
Organization responsible for results management.
[Comment: The phrase "or other method approved by WADA" is intended tocover, for example, mobile blood Testing procedures which WADA has reviewed
and considers to be reliable.]
6.2 Substances Subject to Detection
Doping Control Samples shall be analyzed to detect Prohibited Substancesand Prohibited Methods identified on the Prohibited List and othersubstances as may be directed by WADA pursuant to Article 4.5(Monitoring Program).
6.3 Research on Samples
No Sample may be used for any purpose other than the detection ofsubstances (or classes of substances) or methods on the Prohibited List,
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or as otherwise identified by WADA pursuant to Article 4.5 (Monitoring
Program), without the Athlete's written consent.
6.4 Standards for Sample Analysis and Reporting
Laboratories shall analyze Doping Control Samples and report results inconformity with the International Standard for laboratory analysis.

ARTICLE 7 RESULTS MANAGEMENT
Each Anti-Doping Organization conducting results management shall establish aprocess for the pre-hearing administration of potential anti-doping rule violations
that respects the following principles:[Comment: Various of the Signatories have created their own approaches toresults management for Adverse Analytical Findings.
While the various
approaches have not been entirely uniform, many have proven to be fair andeffective systems for results management. The Code does not supplant each of
the Signatories' results management systems. This Article does, however,specify basic principles in order to ensure the fundamental fairness of the results
management process which must be observed by each Signatory. The specificanti-doping rules of each Signatory shall be consistent with these basic
principles.]7.1 Initial Review Regarding Adverse Analytical Findings
Upon receipt of an A Sample Adverse Analytical Finding, the Anti-Doping
Organization responsible for results management shall conduct a review todetermine whether: (a) an applicable therapeutic use exemption has
been granted, or (b) there is any apparent departure from theInternational Standards for Testing or laboratory analysis that undermines
the validity of the Adverse Analytical Finding.
7.2 Notification After Initial Review
If the initial review under Article 7.1 does not reveal an applicable
therapeutic use exemption or departure that undermines the validity of
the Adverse Analytical Finding, the Anti-Doping Organization shallpromptly notify the Athlete, in the manner set out in its rules, of: (a) the
Adverse Analytical Finding; (b) the anti-doping rule violated, or, in a caseunder Article 7.3, a description of the additional investigation that will be
conducted as to whether there is an anti-doping rule violation; (c) the
Athlete's right to promptly request the analysis of the B Sample or, failingsuch request, that the B Sample analysis may be deemed waived; (d) theright of the Athlete and/or the Athlete's representative to attend the
B Sample opening and analysis if such analysis is requested; and (e) the
Athlete's right to request copies of the A and B Sample laboratory
documentation package which includes information as required by theInternational Standard for laboratory analysis.
[Comment: The Athlete has a right to request a prompt B Sample analysis
regardless of whether follow-up investigation may be required under Articles 7.3
or 7.4.]

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7.3 Further Review of Adverse Analytical Finding Where
Required by Prohibited List
The Anti-Doping Organization or other reviewing body established by suchorganization shall also conduct any follow-up investigation as may berequired by the Prohibited List.
Upon completion of such follow-up
investigation, the Anti-Doping Organization shall promptly notify the
Athlete regarding the results of the follow-up investigation and whether or
not the Anti-Doping Organization asserts that an anti-doping rule wasviolated.
7.4 Review of Other Anti-Doping Rule Violations
The Anti-Doping Organization or other reviewing body established by suchorganization shall conduct any follow-up investigation as may be required
under applicable anti-doping policies and rules adopted pursuant to theCode or which the Anti-Doping Organization otherwise considers
appropriate. The Anti-Doping Organization shall promptly give the Athlete
or other Person subject to sanction notice, in the manner set out in its
rules, of the anti-doping rule which appears to have been violated, andthe basis of the violation.
[Comment: As an example, an International Federation typically would notify
the Athlete through the Athlete's national sports federation.]
7.5 Principles Applicable to Provisional Suspensions
A Signatory may adopt rules, applicable to any Event for which the
Signatory is the ruling body or for any team selection process for which
the Signatory is responsible, permitting Provisional Suspensions to be
imposed after the review and notification described in Articles 7.1 and 7.2
but prior to a final hearing as described in Article 8 (Right to a Fair
Hearing). Provided, however, that a Provisional Suspension may not be
imposed unless the Athlete is given either: (a) an opportunity for a
Provisional Hearing either before imposition of the Provisional Suspension
or on a timely basis after imposition of the Provisional Suspension; or (b)an opportunity for an expedited hearing in accordance with Article 8(Right to a Fair Hearing) on a timely basis after imposition of a Provisional
Suspension.
If a Provisional Suspension is imposed based on an A Sample Adverse
Analytical Finding and a subsequent B Sample analysis does not confirm
the A Sample analysis, then the Athlete shall not be subject to any further
disciplinary action and any sanction previously imposed shall be rescinded.
In circumstances where the Athlete or the Athlete's team has been
removed from a Competition and the subsequent B Sample analysis does
not confirm the A Sample finding, if, without otherwise affecting theCompetition, it is still possible for the Athlete or team to be reinserted, theAthlete or team may continue to take part in the Competition.
[Comment: This Article continues to permit the possibility of a Provisional
Suspension before a final decision at a hearing under Article 8 (Right to a Fair
Hearing). Provisional Suspensions are currently authorized in the OMADC andby the rules of many International Federations. However, before a Provisional
Suspension can be unilaterally imposed by an Anti-Doping Organization, theinternal review specified in the Code must first be completed. In addition, aWorld Anti-Doping Code version 3.0
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Signatory imposing a Provisional Suspension is required to give the Athlete an
opportunity for a Provisional Hearing either before or promptly after theimposition of the Provisional Suspension, or an expedited final hearing under
Article 8 promptly after imposition of the Provisional Suspension. The Athlete
has a right to appeal under Article 13.2. As an alternative to the process forimposing a Provisional Suspension under this Article, the Anti-Doping
Organization may always elect to forego a Provisional Suspension and proceed
directly to the final hearing utilizing an expedited process under Article 8.
In the rare circumstance where the B Sample analysis does not confirm the A
Sample finding, the Athlete that had been provisionally suspended will beallowed, where circumstances permit, to participate in subsequent Competitions
during the Event.
Similarly, depending upon the relevant rules of theInternational Federation in a Team Sport, if the team is still in Competition, theAthlete may be able to take part in future Competitions.]

ARTICLE 8 RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING
Each Anti-Doping Organization with responsibility for results management shallprovide a hearing process for any Person who is asserted to have committed ananti-doping rule violation. Such hearing process shall address whether an antidoping violation was committed and, if so, the appropriate Consequences. The
hearing process shall respect the following principles:•

a timely hearing;•fair and impartial hearing body;•the right to be represented by counsel at the Person's own
expense;•the right to be fairly and timely informed of the asserted antidoping rule violation;•

the right to respond to the asserted anti-doping rule violation andresulting Consequences;•

the right of each party to present evidence, including the right tocall and question witnesses (subject to the hearing body's discretionto accept testimony by telephone or written submission);•

the Person's right to an interpreter at the hearing, with the hearing
body to determine the identity, and responsibility for the cost, of
the interpreter; and•a timely, written, reasoned decision;[Comment: This Article contains basic principles relative to ensuring a fairhearing for Persons asserted to have violated anti-doping rules. This Article is
not intended to supplant each Signatory's own rules for hearings but rather toensure that each Signatory provides a hearing process consistent with theseprinciples.
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The reference to CAS as an appellate body in Article 13 does not prevent a
Signatory from also specifying CAS as the initial hearing body.]
Hearings held in connection with Events may be conducted by an expedited
process as permitted by the rules of the relevant Anti-Doping Organization andthe hearing body.
[Comment: For example a hearing could be expedited on the eve of a major
Event where the resolution of the anti-doping rule violation is necessary to
determine the Athlete's eligibility to participate in the Event or during an Event
where the resolution of the case will affect the validity of the Athlete's results orcontinued participation in the Event.]

ARTICLE 9

AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATION OF
INDIVIDUAL RESULTS

An anti-doping rule violation in connection with an In-Competition test
automatically leads to Disqualification of the individual result obtained in that
Competition with all resulting consequences, including forfeiture of any medals,
points and prizes.
[Comment: This principle is currently found in the OMADC. When an Athlete
wins a gold medal with a Prohibited Substance in his or her system, that is unfair
to the other Athletes in that Competition regardless of whether the gold
medallist was at fault in any way. Only a "clean" Athlete should be allowed tobenefit from his or her competitive results.
For Team Sports, see Article 11 (Consequences to Teams).]

ARTICLE 10 SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS
10.1 Disqualification of Results in Event During which an AntiDoping Rule Violation Occurs
An anti-doping rule violation occurring during or in connection with an
Event may, upon the decision of the ruling body of the Event, lead to
Disqualification of all of the Athlete's individual results obtained in that
Event with all consequences, including forfeiture of all medals, points andprizes, except as provided in Article 10.1.1.
[Comment: Whereas Article 9 (Automatic Disqualification of Individual Results)
Disqualifies the result in a single Competition in which the Athlete tested positive(e.g., the 100 meter backstroke), this Article may lead to Disqualification of all
results in all races during the Event (e.g., the FINA World Championships).
Factors to be included in considering whether to Disqualify other results in an
Event might include, for example, the severity of the Athlete’s anti-doping ruleviolation and whether the Athlete tested negative in the other Competitions.]

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10.1.1
If the Athlete establishes that he or she bears No Fault
or Negligence for the violation, the Athlete's individual results in theother Competitions shall not be Disqualified unless the Athlete's
results in Competitions other than the Competition in which theanti-doping rule violation occurred were likely to have been affectedby the Athlete's anti-doping rule violation.
10.2 Imposition of Ineligibility for Prohibited Substances andProhibited Methods
Except for the specified substances identified in Article 10.3, the period of
Ineligibility imposed for a violation of Articles 2.1 (presence of Prohibited
Substance or its Metabolites or Markers), 2.2 (Use or Attempted Use ofProhibited Substance or Prohibited Method) and 2.6 (Possession ofProhibited Substances and Methods) shall be:
First violation: Two (2) years' Ineligibility.
Second violation: Lifetime Ineligibility.
However, the Athlete or other Person shall have the opportunity in eachcase, before a period of Ineligibility is imposed, to establish the basis foreliminating or reducing this sanction as provided in Article 10.5.
[Comment: Harmonization of sanctions has been one of the most discussed anddebated areas of anti-doping. Arguments against requiring harmonization of
sanctions are based on differences between sports including for example thefollowing: in some sports the Athletes are professionals making a sizable income
from the sport and in others the Athletes are true amateurs; in those sports
where an Athlete's career is short (e.g. artistic gymnastics) a two year
Disqualification has a much more significant effect on the Athlete than in sports
where careers are traditionally much longer (e.g. equestrian and shooting); in
individual sports, the Athlete is better able to maintain competitive skills throughsolitary practice during Disqualification than in other sports where practice aspart of a team is more important. A primary argument in favor of harmonizationis that it is simply not right that two Athletes from the same country who test
positive for the same Prohibited Substance under similar circumstances should
receive different sanctions only because they participate in different sports. In
addition, flexibility in sanctioning has often been viewed as an unacceptable
opportunity for some sporting bodies to be more lenient with dopers. The lackof harmonization of sanctions has also frequently been the source ofjurisdictional conflicts between International Federations and National AntiDoping Organizations.
The consensus of the World Conference on Doping in Sport held in Lausanne in
February 1999 supported a two year period of Ineligibility for a first serious antidoping rule violation followed with a lifetime ban for a second violation. Thisconsensus was reflected in the OMADC.]World Anti-Doping Code version 3.0
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10.3 Specified Substances
The Prohibited List may identify specified substances which areparticularly susceptible to unintentional anti-doping rules violations
because of their general availability in medicinal products or which areless likely to be successfully abused as doping agents. Where an Athlete
can establish that the Use of such a specified substance was not intended
to enhance sport performance, the period of Ineligibility found in Article
10.2 shall be replaced with the following:
At a minimum, a warning and reprimand and no period
First violation:of Ineligibility from future Events, and at a maximum, one (1) year's
Ineligibility.
Second violation:

Two (2) years' Ineligibility.

Third violation:

Lifetime Ineligibility.

However, the Athlete or other Person shall have the opportunity in eachcase, before a period of Ineligibility is imposed, to establish the basis foreliminating or reducing (in the case of a second or third violation) thissanction as provided in Article 10.5.
[Comment: This principle is carried over from the OMADC and allows, forexample, some flexibility in disciplining Athletes who test positive as a result of
the inadvertent use of a cold medicine containing a prohibited stimulant.
“Reduction” of a sanction under Article 10.5.2 applies only to a second or third
violation because the sanction for a first violation already builds in sufficient
discretion to allow consideration of the Person’s degree of fault.]
10.4 Ineligibility for Other Anti-Doping Rule Violations
The period of Ineligibility for other anti-doping rule violations shall be:
10.4.1For violations of Article 2.3 (refusing or failing tosubmit to Sample collection) or Article 2.5 (Tampering with Doping
Control), the Ineligibility periods set forth in Article 10.2 shall apply.
10.4.2For violations of Articles 2.7 (Trafficking) or 2.8(administration of Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method), theperiod of Ineligibility imposed shall be a minimum of four (4) years
up to lifetime Ineligibility. An anti-doping rule violation involving a
Minor shall be considered a particularly serious violation, and, if
committed by Athlete Support Personnel for violations other thanspecified substances referenced in Article 10.3, shall result in
lifetime Ineligibility for such Athlete Support Personnel. In addition,
violations of such Articles which also violate non-sporting laws andregulations, may be reported to the competent administrative,
professional or judicial authorities.
[Comment: Those who are involved in doping Athletes or covering up doping
should be subject to sanctions which are more severe than the Athletes who test
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Ineligibility for credentials, membership and other sport benefits, reporting
Athlete Support Personnel to competent authorities is an important step in thedeterrence of doping.]
10.4.3For violations of Article 2.4 (whereabouts violation or
missed test), the period of Ineligibility shall be at a minimum 3
months and at a maximum 2 years in accordance with the rules
established by the Anti-Doping Organization whose test was missed
or whereabouts requirement was violated.
The period of
Ineligibility for subsequent violations of Article 2.4 shall be as
established in the rules of the Anti-Doping Organization whose test
was missed or whereabouts requirement was violated.
[Comment: The whereabouts and missed test policies of different Anti-Doping
Organizations may vary considerably, particularly at the outset as these policies
are being put into place. Thus, considerable flexibility has been provided forsanctioning these anti-doping rule violations. Those Anti-Doping Organizations
with more sophisticated policies including built in safeguards, and thoseorganizations with longer track records of Athlete experience with a whereabouts
policy, could provide for Ineligibility periods at the longer end of the specified
range.]
10.5 Elimination or Reduction of Period of Ineligibility Based on
Exceptional Circumstances.
10.5.1
No Fault or Negligence
If the Athlete establishes in an individual case involving an antidoping rule violation under Article 2.1 (presence of Prohibited
Substance or its Metabolites or Markers) or Use of a Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method under Article 2.2 that he or shebears No Fault or Negligence for the violation, the otherwise
applicable period of Ineligibility shall be eliminated.
When aProhibited Substance or its Markers or Metabolites is detected in an
Athlete's Specimen in violation of Article 2.1 (presence of Prohibited
Substance), the Athlete must also establish how the Prohibited
Substance entered his or her system in order to have the period of
Ineligibility eliminated. In the event this Article is applied and theperiod of Ineligibility otherwise applicable is eliminated, the antidoping rule violation shall not be considered a violation for thelimited purpose of determining the period of Ineligibility for multiple
violations under Articles 10.2, 10.3 and 10.6.
[Comment: Article 10.5.1 applies only to violations under Articles 2.1 and 2.2(presence and Use of Prohibited Substances) because fault or negligence isalready required to establish an anti-doping rule violation under other antidoping rules.]10.5.2No Significant Fault or NegligenceThis Article 10.5.2 applies only to anti-doping rule violations
involving Article 2.1 (presence of Prohibited Substance or its
Metabolites or Markers), Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited
Method under Article 2.2, failing to submit to Sample collection
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under Article 2.3, or administration of a Prohibited Substance or
Prohibited Method under Article 2.8. If an Athlete establishes in an
individual case involving such violations that he or she bears No
Significant Fault or Negligence, then the period of Ineligibility may
be reduced, but the reduced period of Ineligibility may not be lessthan one-half of the minimum period of Ineligibility otherwise
applicable. If the otherwise applicable period of Ineligibility is a
lifetime, the reduced period under this section may be no less than
8 years. When a Prohibited Substance or its Markers or Metabolites
is detected in an Athlete's Specimen in violation of Article 2.1(presence of Prohibited Substance), the Athlete must also establish
how the Prohibited Substance entered his or her system in order tohave the period of Ineligibility reduced.
[Comment: The trend in doping cases has been to recognize that there must be
some opportunity in the course of the hearing process to consider the uniquefacts and circumstances of each particular case in imposing sanctions. This
principle was accepted at the World Conference on Doping in Sport and wasincorporated into the OMADC which provides that sanctions can be reduced in"exceptional circumstances." The Code also provides for the possible reduction
or elimination of the period of Ineligibility in the unique circumstance where theAthlete can establish that he or she had No Fault or Negligence, or No Significant
Fault or Negligence, in connection with the violation. This approach is consistent
with basic principles of human rights and provides a balance between those AntiDoping Organizations that argue for a much narrower exception, or none at all,and those that would reduce a two year suspension based on a range of otherfactors even when the Athlete was admittedly at fault. These Articles apply only
to the imposition of sanctions; they are not applicable to the determination ofwhether an anti-doping rule violation has occurred.
Article 10.5 is meant to have an impact only in cases where the circumstances
are truly exceptional and not in the vast majority of cases.
To illustrate the operation of Article 10.5, an example where No Fault or
Negligence would result in the total elimination of a sanction is where an Athlete
could prove that, despite all due care, he or she was sabotaged by a competitor.
Conversely, a sanction could not be completely eliminated on the basis of No
Fault or Negligence in the following circumstances: (a) a positive test resulting
from a mislabeled or contaminated vitamin or nutritional supplement (Athletes
are responsible for what they ingest (Article 2.1.1) and have been warned
against the possibility of supplement contamination); (b) the administration of aprohibited substance by the Athlete’s personal physician or trainer without
disclosure to the Athlete (Athletes are responsible for their choice of medical
personnel and for advising medical personnel that they cannot be given any
prohibited substance); and (c) sabotage of the Athlete’s food or drink by a
spouse, coach or other person within the Athlete’s circle of associates (Athletes
are responsible for what they ingest and for the conduct of those persons towhom they entrust access to their food and drink). However, depending on theunique facts of a particular case, any of the referenced illustrations could resultin a reduced sanction based on No Significant Fault or Negligence.
(For
example, reduction may well be appropriate in illustration (a) if the Athlete
clearly establishes that the cause of the positive test was contamination in a
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common multiple vitamin purchased from a source with no connection to
Prohibited Substances and the Athlete exercised care in not taking othernutritional supplements.)
Article 10.5.2 applies only to the identified anti-doping rule violations because
these violations may be based on conduct that is not intentional or purposeful.
Violations under Article 2.4 (whereabouts information and missed tests) are notincluded, even though intentional conduct is not required to establish these
violations, because the sanction for violations of Article 2.4 (from three months
to two years) already builds in sufficient discretion to allow consideration of theAthlete's degree of fault.]
10.5.3
Athlete's Substantial Assistance in Discovering or
Establishing Anti-Doping Rule Violations by Athlete Support
Personnel and Others.
An Anti-Doping Organization may also reduce the period of
Ineligibility in an individual case where the Athlete has provided
substantial assistance to the Anti-Doping Organization which resultsin the Anti-Doping Organization discovering or establishing an antidoping rule violation by another Person involving Possession under
Article 2.6.2 (Possession by Athlete Support Personnel), Article 2.7(Trafficking), or Article 2.8 (administration to an Athlete). The
reduced period of Ineligibility may not, however, be less than onehalf of the minimum period of Ineligibility otherwise applicable. If
the otherwise applicable period of Ineligibility is a lifetime, thereduced period under this section may be no less than 8 years.
10.6 Rules for Certain Potential Multiple Violations
10.6.1For purposes of imposing sanctions under Articles 10.2, 10.3
and 10.4, a second anti-doping rule violation may be considered for
purposes of imposing sanctions only if the Anti-Doping Organization
can establish that the Athlete or other Person committed the second
anti-doping rule violation after the Athlete or other Person received
notice, or after the Anti-Doping Organization made a reasonable
Attempt to give notice, of the first anti-doping rule violation; if theAnti-Doping Organization cannot establish this, the violations shallbe considered as one single first violation, and the sanction
imposed shall be based on the violation that carries the more
severe sanction.
[Comment: Under this Article, an Athlete testing positive a second time before
notice of the first positive test would only be sanctioned on the basis of a single
anti-doping rule violation.]10.6.2 Where an Athlete, based on the same Doping Control, isfound to have committed an anti-doping rule violation involving
both a specified substance under Article 10.3 and anotherProhibited Substance or Prohibited Method, the Athlete shall beconsidered to have committed a single anti-doping rule violation,
but the sanction imposed shall be based on the Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method that carries the most severe
sanction.
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10.6.3
Where an Athlete is found to have committed two
separate anti-doping rule violations, one involving a specified
substance governed by the sanctions set forth in Article 10.3
(Specified Substances) and the other involving a Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method governed by the sanctions set forthin Article 10.2 or a violation governed by the sanctions in Article
10.4.1, the period of Ineligibility imposed for the second offense
shall be at a minimum two years’ Ineligibility and at a maximum
three years’ Ineligibility. Any Athlete found to have committed athird anti-doping rule violation involving any combination of
specified substances under Article 10.3 and any other anti-doping
rule violation under 10.2 or 10.4.1 shall receive a sanction of
lifetime Ineligibility.
[Comment: Article 10.6.3 deals with the situation where an Athlete commits
two separate anti-doping rule violations, but one of the violations involves a
specified substance governed by the lesser sanctions of Article 10.3. Without
this Article in the Code, the second offense arguably could be governed by: thesanction applicable to a second violation for the Prohibited Substance involved in
the second violation, the sanction applicable to a second offense for thesubstance involved in the first violation, or a combination of the sanctions
applicable to the two offenses. This Article imposes a combined sanction
calculated by adding together the sanctions for a first offense under 10.2 (twoyears) and a first offense under 10.3 (up to one year). This provides the same
sanction to the Athlete that commits a first violation under 10.2 followed by asecond violation involving a specified substance, and the Athlete that commits afirst violation involving a specified substance followed by a second violation
under 10.2. In both cases, the sanction shall be from two years to three years'
Ineligibility.]
10.7 Disqualification of Results in Competitions Subsequent toSample Collection
In addition to the automatic Disqualification of the results in theCompetition which produced the positive Sample under Article 9(Automatic Disqualification of Individual Results), all other competitive
results obtained from the date a positive Sample was collected (whether
In-Competition or Out-of-Competition), or other doping violation occurred,
through the commencement of any Provisional Suspension or Ineligibility
period, shall, unless fairness requires otherwise, be Disqualified with all of
the resulting consequences including forfeiture of any medals, points andprizes.
10.8 Commencement of Ineligibility Period
The period of Ineligibility shall start on the date of the hearing decision
providing for Ineligibility or, if the hearing is waived, on the dateIneligibility is accepted or otherwise imposed. Any period of Provisional
Suspension (whether imposed or voluntarily accepted) shall be credited
against the total period of Ineligibility to be served. Where required byfairness, such as delays in the hearing process or other aspects of Doping
Control not attributable to the Athlete, the body imposing the sanction
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may start the period of Ineligibility at an earlier date commencing as earlyas the date of Sample collection.
[Comment:
Currently, many Anti-Doping Organizations start the two-year
period of Ineligibility at the time a hearing decision is rendered. Those AntiDoping Organizations also frequently invalidate results retroactively to the date apositive Sample was collected. Other Anti-Doping Organizations simply start thetwo-year suspension on the date the positive Sample was collected. The
OMADC, as clarified by its Explanatory Document, does not mandate either
approach.
The approach provided in the Code gives Athletes a strong
disincentive to drag out the hearing process while they compete in the interim.
It also encourages them to voluntarily accept Provisional Suspensions pending ahearing. On the other hand, the body imposing the sanction can start the
sanction running before the date the hearing decision is reached so that an
Athlete is not penalized by delays in the Doping Control process which are nothis or her fault, for example, inordinate delay by the laboratory in reporting a
positive test or delays in scheduling the hearing caused by the Anti-Doping
Organization.]
10.9 Status During Ineligibility
No Person who has been declared Ineligible may, during the period of
Ineligibility, participate in any capacity in a Competition or activity (otherthan authorized anti-doping education or rehabilitation programs)
authorized or organized by any Signatory or Signatory's member
organization. In addition, for any anti-doping rule violation not involving
specified substances described in Article 10.3, some or all sport-related
financial support or other sport-related benefits received by such Person
will be withheld by Signatories, Signatories' member organizations andgovernments. A Person subject to a period of Ineligibility longer than four
years may, after completing four years of the period of Ineligibility,
participate in local sport events in a sport other than the sport in which
the Person committed the anti-doping rule violation, but only so long as
the local sport event is not at a level that could otherwise qualify such
Person directly or indirectly to compete in (or accumulate points toward) a
national championship or International Event.
[Comment: The rules of some Anti-Doping Organizations only ban an Athlete
from "competing" during a period of Ineligibility. For example, an Athlete inthose sports could still coach during the Ineligibility period. This Article adopts
the position set forth in the OMADC that an Athlete who is made ineligible fordoping should not participate in any capacity in an authorized Event or activity
during the Ineligibility period. This would preclude, for example, practicing witha national team, or acting as a coach or sport official. Sanctions in one sport will
also be recognized by other sports (see Article 15.4). This article would notprohibit the Person from participating in sport on a purely recreational level.]
10.10 Reinstatement Testing. As a condition to regaining eligibility atthe end of a specified period of Ineligibility, an Athlete must, during any
period of Provisional Suspension or Ineligibility, make him or herself
available for Out-of-Competition Testing by any Anti-Doping Organization
having testing jurisdiction, and must, if requested, provide current andaccurate whereabouts information. If an Athlete subject to a period ofWorld Anti-Doping Code version 3.0
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Ineligibility retires from sport and is removed from Out-of-Competition
Testing pools and later seeks reinstatement, the Athlete shall not be
eligible for reinstatement until the Athlete has notified relevant AntiDoping Organizations and has been subject to Out-of-Competition Testing
for a period of time equal to the period of Ineligibility remaining as of thedate the Athlete had retired.
[Comment: On a related issue, the Code does not establish a rule, but rather
leaves it to the various Anti-Doping Organizations to establish their own rules,
addressing eligibility requirements for Athletes who are not ineligible and retire
from sport while included in an Out-of-Competition pool and then seek to returnto active participation in sport.]

ARTICLE 11 CONSEQUENCES TO TEAMS
Where more than one team member in a Team Sport has been notified of a
possible anti-doping rule violation under Article 7 in connection with an Event,
the Team shall be subject to Target Testing for the Event. If more than one
team member in a Team Sport is found to have committed an anti-doping ruleviolation during the Event, the team may be subject to Disqualification or otherdisciplinary action. In sports which are not Team Sports but where awards are
given to teams, Disqualification or other disciplinary action against the teamwhen one or more team members have committed an anti-doping rule violation
shall be as provided in the applicable rules of the International Federation.

ARTICLE 12 SANCTIONS AGAINST SPORTING BODIES
Nothing in this Code precludes any Signatory or government accepting the Codefrom enforcing its own rules for the purpose of imposing sanctions on anothersporting body over which the Signatory or government has authority.
[Comment: This Article makes it clear that the Code does not restrict whatever
disciplinary rights between organizations may otherwise exist.]

ARTICLE 13 APPEALS
13.1 Decisions Subject to Appeal
Decisions made under the Code or rules adopted pursuant to the Codemay be appealed as set forth below in Articles 13.2 through 13.4. Suchdecisions shall remain in effect while under appeal unless the appellate
body orders otherwise. Before an appeal is commenced, any postdecision review provided in the Anti-Doping Organization's rules must be
exhausted, provided that such review respects the principles set forth in
Article 13.2.2 below.
[Comment: The comparable OMADC Article is broader in that it provides thatany dispute arising out of the application of the OMADC may be appealed toCAS.]

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13.2 Appeals from Decisions Regarding Anti-Doping Rule
Violations, Consequences, and Provisional Suspensions
A decision that an anti-doping rule violation was committed, a decision
imposing Consequences for an anti-doping rule violation, a decision thatno anti-doping rule violation was committed, a decision that an AntiDoping Organization lacks jurisdiction to rule on an alleged anti-doping
rule violation or its Consequences, and a decision to impose a Provisional
Suspension as a result of a Provisional Hearing or in violation of Article 7.5
may be appealed exclusively as provided in this Article 13.2.
13.2.1
Appeals Involving International-Level Athletes
In cases arising from competition in an International Event or incases involving International-Level Athletes, the decision may be
appealed exclusively to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ("CAS") inaccordance with the provisions applicable before such court.
[Comment: CAS decisions are final and binding except for any review requiredby law applicable to the annulment or enforcement of arbitral awards.]
13.2.2
Appeals Involving National-Level Athletes
In cases involving national-level Athletes, as defined by each
National Anti-Doping Organization, that do not have a right toappeal under Article 13.2.1, the decision may be appealed to anindependent and impartial body in accordance with rules
established by the National Anti-Doping Organization. The rules forsuch appeal shall respect the following principles:•

a timely hearing;•

fair, impartial and independent hearing body;•the right to be represented by counsel at the Person's own
expense; and•a timely, written, reasoned decision.

[Comment: An Anti-Doping Organization may elect to comply with this Article
by giving its national-level Athletes the right to appeal directly to CAS.]
13.2.3
Persons Entitled to Appeal
In cases under Article 13.2.1, the following parties shall have theright to appeal to CAS: (a) the Athlete or other Person who is the
subject of the decision being appealed; (b) the other party to thecase in which the decision was rendered; (c) the relevantInternational Federation and any other Anti-Doping Organization
under whose rules a sanction could have been imposed; (d) theInternational Olympic Committee or International Paralympic
Committee, as applicable, where the decision may have an effect inrelation to the Olympic Games or Paralympic Games, including
decisions affecting eligibility for the Olympic Games or Paralympic
Games; and (e) WADA. In cases under Article 13.2.2, the parties
having the right to appeal to the national-level reviewing body shallbe as provided in the National Anti-Doping Organization's rules but,
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at a minimum, shall include: (a) the Athlete or other Person who isthe subject of the decision being appealed; (b) the other party to
the case in which the decision was rendered; (c) the relevantInternational Federation; and (d) WADA. For cases under Article
13.2.2, WADA and the International Federation shall also have theright to appeal to CAS with respect to the decision of the nationallevel reviewing body.
Notwithstanding any other provision herein, the only Person that
may appeal from a Provisional Suspension is the Athlete or other
Person upon whom the Provisional Suspension is imposed.
13.3 Appeals from Decisions Granting or Denying a Therapeutic
Use Exemption
Decisions by WADA reversing the grant or denial of a therapeutic use
exemption may be appealed exclusively to CAS by the Athlete or the AntiDoping Organization whose decision was reversed. Decisions by AntiDoping Organizations other than WADA denying therapeutic use
exemptions, which are not reversed by WADA, may be appealed byInternational-Level Athletes to CAS and by other Athletes to the national
level reviewing body described in Article 13.2.2. If the national level
reviewing body reverses the decision to deny a therapeutic use
exemption, that decision may be appealed to CAS by WADA.
13.4 Appeals from Decisions Imposing Consequences under Part
Three of the CodeWith respect to consequences imposed under Part Three (Roles andResponsibilities) of the Code, the entity upon which consequences are
imposed under Part Three of the Code shall have the right to appeal
exclusively to CAS in accordance with the provisions applicable before
such court.
13.5 Appeals from Decisions Suspending or Revoking Laboratory
Accreditation
Decisions by WADA to suspend or revoke a laboratory's WADA
accreditation may be appealed only by that laboratory with the appeal
being exclusively to CAS.
[Comment: The object of the Code is to have anti-doping matters resolved
through fair and transparent internal processes with a final appeal. Anti-doping
decisions by Anti-Doping Organizations are made transparent in Article 14.
Specified Persons and organizations, including WADA, are then given theopportunity to appeal those decisions. Note, that the definition of interested
Persons and organizations with a right to appeal under Article 13 does notinclude Athletes, or their federations, who might benefit from having anothercompetitor disqualified.]

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ARTICLE 14 CONFIDENTIALITY AND REPORTING
The Signatories agree to the principles of coordination of anti-doping results,
public transparency and accountability and respect for the privacy interests ofindividuals alleged to have violated anti-doping rules as provided below:
14.1 Information Concerning Adverse Analytical Findings andOther Potential Anti-Doping Rule Violations
An Athlete whose Sample has resulted in an Adverse Analytical Finding, oran Athlete or other Person who may have violated an anti-doping rule,
shall be notified by the Anti-Doping Organization with results management
responsibility as provided in Article 7 (Results Management).
The
Athlete’s National Anti-Doping Organization and International Federationand WADA shall also be notified not later than the completion of theprocess described in Articles 7.1 and 7.2. Notification shall include: theAthlete's name, country, sport and discipline within the sport, whether
the test was In-Competition or Out-of-Competition, the date of Sample
collection and the analytical result reported by the laboratory. The same
Persons and Anti-Doping Organizations shall be regularly updated on thestatus and findings of any review or proceedings conducted pursuant to
Articles 7 (Results Management), 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing) or 13(Appeals), and, in any case in which the period of Ineligibility is eliminatedunder Article 10.5.1 (No Fault or Negligence), or reduced under Article
10.5.2 (No Significant Fault or Negligence), shall be provided with awritten reasoned decision explaining the basis for the elimination or
reduction. The recipient organizations shall not disclose this information
beyond those persons within the organization with a need to know until
the Anti-Doping Organization with results management responsibility has
made public disclosure or has failed to make public disclosure as requiredin Article 14.2 below.
14.2 Public Disclosure
The identity of Athletes whose Samples have resulted in Adverse
Analytical Findings, or Athletes or other Persons who were alleged by an
Anti-Doping Organization to have violated other anti-doping rules, may be
publicly disclosed by the Anti-doping Organization with results
management responsibility no earlier than completion of theadministrative review described in Articles 7.1 and 7.2. No later thantwenty days after it has been determined in a hearing in accordance with
Article 8 that an anti-doping rule violation has occurred, or such hearing
has been waived, or the assertion of an anti-doping rule violation has notbeen timely challenged, the Anti-Doping Organization responsible forresults management must publicly report the disposition of the antidoping matter.
14.3 Athlete Whereabouts Information
Athletes who have been identified by their International Federation or
National Anti-Doping Organization for inclusion in an Out-of-Competition
Testing pool shall provide accurate, current location information. The
International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizations shallcoordinate the identification of Athletes and the collecting of current
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information accessible to other Anti-Doping Organizations having authority
to test the Athlete as provided in Article 15. This information shall bemaintained in strict confidence at all times; shall be used exclusively for
purposes of planning, coordinating or conducting Testing; and shall be
destroyed after it is no longer relevant for these purposes.
14.4 Statistical Reporting
Anti-Doping Organizations shall, at least annually, publish publicly a
general statistical report of their Doping Control activities with a copy
provided to WADA.
14.5 Doping Control Information Clearing House
WADA shall act as a central clearing house for Doping Control Testing data
and results for International-Level Athletes and national-level Athletes
that have been included in their National Anti-Doping Organization's
Registered Testing Pool.
To facilitate coordinated test distribution
planning and to avoid unnecessary duplication in Testing by the various
Anti-Doping Organizations, each Anti-Doping Organization shall report all
In-Competition and Out-of-Competition tests on such Athletes to the
WADA clearinghouse as soon as possible after such tests have been
conducted. WADA shall make this information accessible to the Athlete,
the Athlete's National Federation, National Olympic Committee or National
Paralympic Committee, National Anti-Doping Organization, International
Federation, and the International Olympic Committee or International
Paralympic Committee. Private information regarding an Athlete shall bemaintainedby WADA in strict confidence. WADA shall, at least annually, publish
statistical reports summarizing such information.

ARTICLE 15

CLARIFICATION OF DOPING CONTROLRESPONSIBILITIES[Comment: To be effective, the anti-doping effort must involve many AntiDoping Organizations conducting strong programs at both the international andnational levels. Rather than limiting the responsibilities of one group in favor of
the exclusive competency of the other, the Code manages potential problems
associated with overlapping responsibilities, first by creating a much higher levelof overall harmonization and second, by establishing rules of precedence andcooperation in specific areas.]15.1 Event Testing
The collection of Samples for Doping Control does and should take placeat both International Events and National Events. However, only a single
organization should be responsible for initiating and directing Testing
during an Event. At International Events, the collection of Doping Control
Samples shall be initiated and directed by the international organization
which is the ruling body for the Event (e.g., the IOC for the Olympic
Games, the International Federation for a World Championship, and PASO
for the Pan American Games). If the international organization decides
not to conduct any Testing at such an Event, the National Anti-Doping
Organization for the country where the Event occurs may, in coordination
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with and with the approval of the international organization or WADA,
initiate and conduct such Testing. At National Events, the collection of
Doping Control Samples shall be initiated and directed by the designatedNational Anti-Doping Organization of that country.
[Comment: The Anti-Doping Organization "initiating and directing testing" may,
if it chooses, enter into agreements with other organizations to which itdelegates responsibility for Sample collection or other aspects of the Doping
Control process.]
15.2 Out-of-Competition TestingOut-of-Competition Testing is and should be initiated and directed by bothinternational and national organizations. Out-of-Competition Testing may
be initiated and directed by: (a) WADA; (b) the IOC or IPC in connection
with the Olympic Games or Paralympic Games; (c) the Athlete's
International Federation; (d) the Athlete's National Anti-Doping
Organization; or (e) the National Anti-Doping Organization of any country
where the Athlete is present. Out-of-Competition Testing should becoordinated through WADA in order to maximize the effectiveness of the
combined Testing effort and to avoid unnecessary repetitive Testing ofindividual Athletes.
[Comment: Additional authority to conduct Testing may be authorized by meansof bilateral or multilateral agreements among Signatories and governments.]
15.3 Results Management, Hearings and Sanctions
Except as provided in Article 15.3.1 below, results management andhearings shall be the responsibility of and shall be governed by theprocedural rules of the Anti-Doping Organization that initiated anddirected Sample collection (or, if no Sample collection is involved, theorganization which discovered the violation).
Regardless of whichorganization conducts results management or hearings, the principles set
forth in Articles 7 and 8 shall be respected and the rules identified in the
Introduction to Part One to be incorporated without substantive changemust be followed.
[Comment: In some cases, the procedural rules of the Anti-Doping Organization
which initiated and directed the Sample collection may specify that results
management will be handled by another organization (e.g., the Athlete's national
federation).
In such event, it shall be the Anti-Doping Organization's
responsibility to confirm that the other organization's rules are consistent with
the Code.]
15.3.1Results management and the conduct of hearings foran anti-doping rule violation arising from a test by, or discoveredby, a National Anti-Doping Organization involving an Athlete that is
not a citizen or resident of that country shall be administered as
directed by the rules of the applicable International Federation.
Results management and the conduct of hearings from a test by
the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic
Committee, or a Major Event Organization, shall be referred to theapplicable International Federation as far as sanctions beyond
Disqualification from the Event or the results of the Event.
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[Comment: No absolute rule is established for managing results and conducting
hearings where a National Anti-Doping Organization tests a foreign national
athlete over whom it would have had no jurisdiction but for the Athlete's
presence in the National Anti-Doping Organization's country. Under this Article,
it is left to the International Federation to determine under its own rules
whether, for example, management of the case should be referred to the
Athlete's National Anti-Doping Organization, remain with the Anti-Doping
Organization that collected the Sample, or be taken over by the International
Federation.]
15.4 Mutual Recognition
Subject to the right to appeal provided in Article 13, the Testing,therapeutic use exemptions and hearing results or other final
adjudications of any Signatory which are consistent with the Code and arewithin that Signatory's authority, shall be recognized and respected by allother Signatories. Signatories may recognize the same actions of otherbodies which have not accepted the Code if the rules of those bodies areotherwise consistent with the Code.

ARTICLE 16

DOPING CONTROL FOR ANIMALSCOMPETING IN SPORT

16.1 In any sport that includes animals in competition, the International
Federation for that sport shall establish and implement anti-doping rules
for the animals included in that sport. The anti-doping rules shall include
a list of Prohibited Substances, appropriate Testing procedures and a listof approved laboratories for Sample analysis.
16.2 With respect to determining anti-doping rule violations, results
management, fair hearings, Consequences, and appeals for animals
involved in sport, the International Federation for that sport shall establish
and implement rules that are generally consistent with Articles 1, 2, 3, 9,
10, 11, 13 and 17 of the Code.

ARTICLE 17 STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
No action may be commenced against an Athlete or other Person for a violationof an anti-doping rule contained in the Code unless such action is commenced
within eight years from the date the violation occurred.
[Comment: This does not restrict the Anti-Doping Organization from considering
an earlier anti-doping violation for purposes of the sanction for a subsequentviolation that occurs more than eight years later. In other words, a second
violation ten years after a first violation is considered a second violation for
sanction purposes.]

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PART TWO
Education and Research
ARTICLE 18 EDUCATION
18.1 Basic Principle and Primary Goal
The basic principle for information and education programs shall be topreserve the spirit of sport as described in the Introduction to the Code,from being undermined by doping. The primary goal shall be to dissuade
Athletes from using Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods.
18.2 Program and Activities
Each Anti-Doping Organization should plan, implement and monitor
information and education programs.
The programs should provide
Participants with updated and accurate information on at least thefollowing issues:••••

Substances and methods on the Prohibited List
Health consequences of doping
Doping Control procedures
Athletes' rights and responsibilities

The programs should promote the spirit of sport in order to establish an
anti-doping environment which influences behavior among Participants.
Athlete Support Personnel should educate and counsel Athletes regardinganti-doping policies and rules adopted pursuant to the Code.
18.3 Coordination and Cooperation
All Signatories and Participants shall cooperate with each other andgovernments to coordinate their efforts in anti-doping information andeducation.

ARTICLE 19 RESEARCH
19.1 Purpose of Anti-Doping ResearchAnti-doping research contributes to the development and implementationof efficient programs within Doping Control and to anti-doping informationand education.
19.2 Types of ResearchAnti-doping research may include, for example, sociological, behavioral,
juridical and ethical studies in addition to medical, analytical andphysiological investigation.

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19.3 Coordination
Coordination of anti-doping research through WADA is encouraged.
Subject to intellectual property rights, copies of anti-doping research
results should be provided to WADA.
19.4 Research Practices
Anti-doping research shall comply with internationally recognized ethicalpractices.
19.5 Research Using Prohibited Substances and Prohibited
Methods
Research efforts should avoid the administration of Prohibited Substancesor Prohibited Methods to Athletes.
19.6 Misuse of Results
Adequate precautions should be taken so that the results of anti-doping
research are not misused and applied for doping.

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PART THREE
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES[Comment: Responsibilities for Signatories and Participants are addressed invarious articles in the Code and the responsibilities listed in this part are
additional to these responsibilities.]

Article 20 ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIESOF SIGNATORIES
20.1 Roles and Responsibilities of the International Olympic
Committee
20.1.1
To adopt and implement anti-doping policies and rules for
the Olympic Games which conform with the Code.
20.1.2
To require as a condition of recognition by theInternational Olympic Committee, that International Federations
within the Olympic Movement are in compliance with the Code.
20.1.3
To withhold some or all Olympic funding of sportorganizations that are not in compliance with the Code.
20.1.4
To take appropriate action to discourage non-compliancewith the Code as provided in Article 23.5.
20.1.5
To authorize and facilitate the Independent Observer
Program.
20.2 Roles and Responsibilities of the International Paralympic
Committee
20.2.1
To adopt and implement anti-doping policies and rules for
the Paralympic Games which conform with the Code.
20.2.2
To require as a condition of recognition by theInternational Paralympic Committee, that National Paralympic
Committees within the Olympic Movement are in compliance with
the Code.
20.2.3
To withhold some or all Paralympic funding of sportorganizations that are not in compliance with the Code.
20.2.4
To take appropriate action to discourage non-compliancewith the Code as provided in Article 23.5.
20.2.5
To authorize and facilitate the Independent Observer
Program.
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20.3 Roles and Responsibilities of International Federations
20.3.1 To adopt and implement anti-doping policies and rules
which conform with the Code.
20.3.2 To require as a condition of membership that the policies,
rules and programs of National Federations are in compliance with
the Code.
20.3.3 To require all Athletes and Athlete Support Personnel
within their jurisdiction to recognize and be bound by anti-doping
rules in conformance with the Code.
20.3.4 To require Athletes who are not regularly members of theInternational Federation or one of its member National Federations
to be available for Sample collection and provide accurate and upto-date whereabouts information if required by the conditions for
eligibility established by the International Federation or, as
applicable, the Major Event Organization.
[Comment:
leagues.]This would include, for example, Athletes from professional
20.3.5 To monitor
Federations.

theanti-doping

programsof

National

20.3.6 To take appropriate action to discourage non-compliancewith the Code as provided in Article 23.5.
20.3.7 To authorize and facilitate the Independent Observer
program at International Events.
20.3.8 To withhold some or all funding to its member National
Federations that are not in compliance with the Code.
20.4 Roles and Responsibilities of National Olympic Committees
and National Paralympic Committees
20.4.1
To ensure that their anti-doping policies and rules
conform with the Code.
20.4.2
To require as a condition of membership or recognition
that National Federations' anti-doping policies and rules are incompliance with the applicable provisions of the Code.
20.4.3To require Athletes who are not regular members of a
National Federation to be available for Sample collection andprovide accurate and up-to-date whereabouts information on aregular basis if required during the year before the Olympic Games
as a condition of participation in the Olympic Games.
20.4.4

To cooperate with their National Anti-Doping Organization.

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20.4.5
To withhold some or all funding, during any period of hisor her Ineligibility, to any Athlete or Athlete Support Personnel who
has violated anti-doping rules.
20.4.6
To withhold some or all funding to its member orrecognized National Federations that are not in compliance with theCode.
20.5 Roles
andOrganizations

Responsibilities

of

National

Anti-Doping

20.5.1
To adopt and implement anti-doping rules and polices
which conform with the Code.
20.5.2
To cooperate with other relevant national organizations
and other Anti-Doping Organizations.
20.5.3To encourage reciprocal testing between National AntiDoping Organizations.
20.5.4

To promote anti-doping research.

20.6 Roles and Responsibilities of Major Event Organizations
20.6.1
To adopt and implement anti-doping policies and rules fortheir Events which conform with the Code.
20.6.2
To take appropriate action to discourage non-compliancewith the Code as provided in Article 23.5.
20.6.3To authorize and facilitate the Independent Observer
Program.
20.7 Roles and Responsibilities of WADA
20.7.1
To adopt and implement policies and procedures which
conform with the Code.
20.7.2

To monitor the processing of Adverse Analytical Findings.

20.7.3
To approve International Standards applicable to theimplementation of the Code.
20.7.4
To accredit laboratories to conduct Sample analysis or toapprove others to conduct Sample analysis.
20.7.5

To develop and approve Models of Best Practice.

20.7.6
To promote, conduct, commission, fund and coordinate
anti-doping research.
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20.7.7

To conduct an effective Independent Observer Program.

20.7.8To conduct Doping Controls as authorized by other AntiDoping Organizations.

ARTICLE 21 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF
PARTICIPANTS
21.1 Roles and Responsibilities of Athletes
21.1.1
To be knowledgeable of and comply with all applicableanti-doping policies and rules adopted pursuant to the Code.
21.1.2

To be available for Sample collection.

21.1.3
To take responsibility, in the context of anti-doping, forwhat they ingest and use.
21.1.4To inform medical personnel of their obligation not to Use
Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods and to takeresponsibility to make sure that any medical treatment received
does not violate anti-doping policies and rules adopted pursuant to
the Code.
21.2 Roles and Responsibilities of Athlete Support Personnel
21.2.1
To be knowledgeable of and comply with all anti-doping
policies and rules adopted pursuant to the Code and which areapplicable to them or the Athletes whom they support.
21.2.2

To cooperate with the Athlete Testing program.

21.2.3To use their influence on Athlete values and behavior tofoster anti-doping attitudes.

ARTICLE 22 INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS
Each government's commitment to the Code will be evidenced by its signing a
Declaration on or before the first day of the Athens Olympic Games to befollowed by a process leading to a convention or other obligation to be
implemented as appropriate to the constitutional and administrative contexts ofeach government on or before the first day of the Turin Winter Olympic Games.
[Comment: Most governments cannot be parties to, or be bound by, private
non-governmental instruments such as the Code. For that reason, governments
are not asked to be Signatories to the Code. However, the effort to combat
doping through the coordinated and harmonized program reflected in the Code isvery much a joint effort between the sport movement and governments. An
example of one type of obligation referred to above is the convention discussed
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in the Final Communiqué of the UNESCO Round Table of Ministers and Senior
Officials Responsible for Physical Education and Sport held in Paris on 9/10
January 2003.]
It is the expectation of the Signatories that the Declaration and the convention
or other obligation will reflect the following major points:
22.1 Affirmative measures will be undertaken by each government
in support of anti-doping in at least the following areas:• Support for national anti-doping programs;• The availability of Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods;• Facilitate access for WADA to conduct Out-of-Competition Doping
Controls;• The problem of nutritional supplements
undisclosed Prohibited Substances; andwhich

contain• Withholding some or all financial support from sportorganizations and Participants that are not in compliance with theCode or applicable anti-doping rules adopted pursuant to theCode.
22.2 All other governmental involvement with anti-doping will be
brought into harmony with the Code.
22.3 Ongoing compliance with the commitments reflected in theconvention or other obligation will be monitored as determined inconsultation between WADA and the applicable government(s).

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PART FOUR
Acceptance, Compliance, Modification and Interpretation
ARTICLE 23 ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE AND
MODIFICATION
23.1 Acceptance of the Code23.1.1
The following entities shall be Signatories accepting
the Code: WADA, The International Olympic Committee,
International Federations, The International Paralympic Committee,
National Olympic Committees, National Paralympic Committees,
Major
Event
Organizations,andNational
Anti-Doping
Organizations. These entities shall accept the Code by signing adeclaration of acceptance upon approval by each of their respective
governing bodies.
[Comment: Each accepting Signatory will separately sign an identical copy ofthe standard form common declaration of acceptance and deliver it to WADA.
The act of acceptance will be as authorized by the organic documents of eachorganization. For example, an International Federation by its Congress and
WADA by its Foundation Board.]
23.1.2Other sport organizations that may not be under thecontrol of a Signatory may, upon WADA's invitation, also accept the
Code.
[Comment:Those professional leagues that are not currently under thejurisdiction of any government or International Federation will be encouraged toaccept the Code.]
23.1.3A list of all acceptances will be made public by WADA.

23.2 Implementation of the Code23.2.1The Signatories shall implement applicable Codeprovisions through policies, statutes, rules or regulations according
to their authority and within their relevant spheres of responsibility.
23.2.2
In implementing the Code, the Signatories areencouraged to use the Models of Best Practice recommended by
WADA.
23.3 Acceptance and Implementation Deadlines
23.3.1Signatories shall accept and implement the Code on or
before the first day of the Athens Olympic Games.

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23.3.2
The Code may be accepted after the above-referenced
deadlines; however, Signatories shall not be considered incompliance with the Code until they have accepted the Code (andthat acceptance has not been withdrawn).
23.4 Monitoring Compliance with the Code23.4.1
Compliance with the Code shall be monitored by WADA
or as otherwise agreed by WADA.
23.4.2
To facilitate monitoring, each Signatory shall report to
WADA on its compliance with the Code every second year and shall
explain reasons for noncompliance.
23.4.3
WADA shall consider explanations for non-complianceand, in extraordinary situations, may recommend to theInternational
Olympic
Committee,
International
Paralympic
Committee,
International
Federations,
and
Major
Event
Organizations that they provisionally excuse the non-compliance.
[Comment: WADA recognizes that amongst Signatories and governments, there
will be significant differences in anti-doping experience, resources, and the legal
context in which anti-doping activities are carried out. In considering whether
an organization is compliant, WADA will consider these differences.]
23.4.4
WADA shall, after dialogue with the subject
organization, make reports on compliance to the International
Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee,
International Federations, and Major Event Organizations. These
reports shall also be made available to the public.
23.5 Consequences of Noncompliance with the Code23.5.1
Noncompliance with the Code by either thegovernment or National Olympic Committee of a country may result
in consequences with respect to Olympic Games, Paralympic
Games, World Championships or the Events of Major Event
Organizations as determined by the ruling body for each Event.
The imposition of such consequences may be appealed by the
National Olympic Committee or government to CAS pursuant to
Article 13.4.
23.6 Modification of the Code23.6.1
WADA shall be responsible for overseeing the evolution
and improvement of the Code. Athletes and all Signatories andgovernments shall be invited to participate in such process.
23.6.2WADA shall initiate proposed amendments to the Codeand shall ensure a consultative process to both receive and respondto recommendations and to facilitate review and feedback fromWorld Anti-Doping Code version 3.0
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Athletes,
Signatories
amendments.

andgovernmentsonrecommended

23.6.3
Amendments to the Code shall, after appropriate
consultation, be approved by a two-thirds majority of the WADA
Foundation Board including a majority of both the public sector andOlympic Movement members casting votes. Amendments shall,unless provided otherwise, go into effect three months after suchapproval.
23.6.4Signatories shall implement any applicable amendment
to the Code within one year of approval by the WADA Foundation
Board.
23.7

Withdrawal of Acceptance of the Code23.7.1Signatories may withdraw acceptance of the Code after
providing WADA six-month’s written notice of theirintent to withdraw.

ARTICLE 24 INTERPRETATION OF THE CODE
24.1 The official text of the Code shall be maintained by WADA and shallbe published in English and French. In the event of any conflict between
the English and French versions, the English version shall prevail.
24.2 The comments annotating various provisions of the Code areincluded to assist in the understanding and interpretation of the Code.
24.3 The Code shall be interpreted as an independent and autonomous
text and not by reference to the existing law or statutes of the Signatories
or governments.
24.4 The headings used for the various Parts and Articles of the Code arefor convenience only and shall not be deemed part of the substance of theCode or to affect in any way the language of the provisions to which theyrefer.
24.5 The Code shall not apply retrospectively to matters pending before
the date the Code is accepted by a Signatory and implemented in its
rules.
[Comment:
For example, conduct which is an anti-doping rule violation
described in the Code, but which is not a violation under an International
Federation's pre-Code rules, would not be a violation until the International
Federation's rules are changed.
Pre-Code anti-doping rule violations would continue to count as "First violations"or "Second violations" for purposes of determining sanctions under Article 10 for
subsequent post-Code violations.]

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24.6 APPENDIX I DEFINITIONS shall be considered an integral
part of the Code.

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APPENDIX 1
DEFINITIONSAdverse Analytical Finding: A report from a laboratory or other approved
Testing entity that identifies in a Specimen the presence of a Prohibited
Substance or its Metabolites or Markers (including elevated quantities ofendogenous substances) or evidence of the Use of a Prohibited Method.
Anti-Doping Organization: A Signatory that is responsible for adopting rules for
initiating, implementing or enforcing any part of the Doping Control process.
This includes, for example, the International Olympic Committee, theInternational Paralympic Committee, other Major Event Organizations that
conduct Testing at their Events, WADA, International Federations, and National
Anti-Doping Organizations.
Athlete: For purposes of Doping Control, any Person who participates in sport at
the international level (as defined by each International Federation) or national
level (as defined by each National Anti-Doping Organization) and any additional
Person who participates in sport at a lower level if designated by the Person's
National Anti-Doping Organization. For purposes of anti-doping information andeducation, any Person who participates in sport under the authority of any
Signatory, government, or other sports organization accepting the Code.
[Comment: This definition makes it clear that all international and nationalcalibre athletes are subject to the anti-doping rules of the Code, with the precise
definitions of international and national level sport to be set forth in the antidoping rules of the International Federations and National Anti-Doping
Organizations, respectively. At the national level, anti-doping rules adopted
pursuant to the Code shall apply, at a minimum, to all persons on national teams
and all persons qualified to compete in any national championship in any sport.
The definition also allows each National Anti-Doping Organization, if it chooses to
do so, to expand its anti-doping control program beyond national-calibre
athletes to athletes at lower levels of competition. Athletes at all levels ofcompetition should receive the benefit of anti-doping information andeducation.]
Athlete Support Personnel: Any coach, trainer, manager, agent, team staff,
official, medical or para-medical personnel working with or treating Athletesparticipating in or preparing for sports competition.
Attempt: Purposely engaging in conduct that constitutes a substantial step in acourse of conduct planned to culminate in the commission of an anti-doping ruleviolation. Provided, however, there shall be no anti-doping rule violation based
solely on an Attempt to commit a violation if the Person renunciates the attemptprior to it being discovered by a third party not involved in the Attempt.
Code: The World Anti-Doping Code.
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Appendix 1 - Definitions

Competition: A single race, match, game or singular athletic contest. For
example, the finals of the Olympic 100-meter dash. For stage races and otherathletic contests where prizes are awarded on a daily or other interim basis thedistinction between a Competition and an Event will be as provided in the rulesof the applicable International Federation.
Consequences of Anti-Doping Rules Violations: An Athlete's or other Person's
violation of an anti-doping rule may result in one or more of the following: (a)Disqualification means the Athlete’s results in a particular Competition or Eventare invalidated, with all resulting consequences including forfeiture of any
medals, points and prizes; (b) Ineligibility means the Athlete or other Person isbarred for a specified period of time from participating in any Competition orother activity or funding as provided in Article 10.9; and (c) Provisional
Suspension means the Athlete or other Person is barred temporarily fromparticipating in any Competition prior to the final decision at a hearing conductedunder Article 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing).
Disqualification: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rules Violations above.
The process including test distribution planning, Sample
Doping Control:
collection and handling, laboratory analysis, results management, hearings andappeals.
Event: A series of individual Competitions conducted together under one rulingbody (e.g., the Olympic Games, FINA World Championships, or Pan American
Games).
In-Competition: For purposes of differentiating between In-Competition andOut-of-Competition Testing, unless provided otherwise in the rules of anInternational Federation or other relevant Anti-Doping Organization, an InCompetition test is a test where an Athlete is selected for testing in connection
with a specific Competition.
[Comment: The distinction between "In-Competition" and "Out-of-Competition"
testing is significant because the full Prohibited List is only tested for "InCompetition." Prohibited stimulants, for example, are not tested for Out-ofCompetition because they have no performance enhancing benefit unless they
are in the Athlete's system while the Athlete is actually competing. So long as
the prohibited stimulant has cleared the Athlete's system at the time the Athlete
competes, it makes no difference whether that stimulant could have been foundin the Athlete's urine the day before or the day after the Competition.]Independent Observer Program: A team of observers, under the supervision of
WADA, who observe the Doping Control process at certain Events and report onobservations. If WADA is testing In-Competition at an Event, the observers shallbe supervised by an independent organization.
Ineligibility: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rules Violations above.

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Appendix 1 - Definitions

International Event: An Event where the International Olympic Committee, theInternational Paralympic Committee, an International Federation, a Major Event
Organization, or another international sport organization is the ruling body for
the Event or appoints the technical officials for the Event.
International-Level Athlete: Athletes designated by one or more International
Federations as being within the Registered Testing Pool for an International
Federation.
International Standard: A standard adopted by WADA in support of the Code.
Compliance with an International Standard (as opposed to another alternative
standard, practice or procedure) shall be sufficient to conclude that theprocedures addressed by the International Standard were performed properly.
Major Event Organizations: This term refers to the continental associations of
National Olympic Committees and other international multi-sport organizations
that function as the ruling body for any continental, regional or other
International Event.
A compound, group of compounds or biological parameters thatMarker:indicates the Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.
Metabolite: Any substance produced by a biotransformation process.
Minor: A natural Person who has not reached the age of majority as establishedby the applicable laws of his or her country of residence.
National Anti-Doping Organization: The entity(ies) designated by each country
as possessing the primary authority and responsibility to adopt and implement
anti-doping rules, direct the collection of Samples, the management of test
results, and the conduct of hearings, all at the national level. If this designation
has not been made by the competent public authority(ies), the entity shall be
the country's National Olympic Committee or its designee.
National Event: A sport Event involving international or national-level Athletes
that is not an International Event.
National Olympic Committee: The organization recognized by the International
Olympic Committee. The term National Olympic Committee shall also include
the National Sport Confederation in those countries where the National Sport
Confederation assumes typical National Olympic Committee responsibilities in
the anti-doping area.
No Advance Notice: A Doping Control which takes place with no advancewarning to the Athlete and where the Athlete is continuously chaperoned fromthe moment of notification through Sample provision.
No Fault or Negligence: The Athlete's establishing that he or she did not know
or suspect, and could not reasonably have known or suspected even with theexercise of utmost caution, that he or she had Used or been administered theProhibited Substance or Prohibited Method.
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Appendix 1 - Definitions

No Significant Fault or Negligence: The Athlete's establishing that his or her
fault or negligence, when viewed in the totality of the circumstances and taking
into account the criteria for No Fault or Negligence, was not significant inrelationship to the anti-doping rule violation.
Out-of-Competition: Any Doping Control which is not In-Competition.
Participant: Any Athlete or Athlete Support Personnel.
Person: A natural Person or an organization or other entity.
Possession: The actual, physical possession, or the constructive possession(which shall be found only if the person has exclusive control over the Prohibited
Substance/Method or the premises in which a Prohibited Substance/Method
exists); provided, however, that if the person does not have exclusive control
over the Prohibited Substance/Method or the premises in which a Prohibited
Substance/Method exists, constructive possession shall only be found if theperson knew about the presence of the Prohibited Substance/Method andintended to exercise control over it. Provided, however, there shall be no antidoping rule violation based solely on possession if, prior to receiving notificationof any kind that the Person has committed an anti-doping rule violation, thePerson has taken concrete action demonstrating that the Person no longer
intends to have Possession and has renounced the Person's previous Possession.
[Comment: Under this definition, steroids found in an Athlete's car would
constitute a violation unless the Athlete establishes that someone else used thecar; in that event, the Anti-Doping Organization must establish that, eventhough the Athlete did not have exclusive control over the car, the Athlete knew
about the steroids and intended to have control over the steroids. Similarly, inthe example of steroids found in a home medicine cabinet under the joint control
of an Athlete and spouse, the Anti-Doping Organization must establish that the
Athlete knew the steroids were in the cabinet and that the Athlete intended toexercise control over the steroids.]
Prohibited List: The List identifying the Prohibited Substances and Prohibited
Methods.
Prohibited Method: Any method so described on the Prohibited List.
Prohibited Substance: Any substance so described on the Prohibited List.
Provisional Hearing: For purposes of Article 7.5, an expedited abbreviatedhearing occurring prior to a hearing under Article 8 (Right to a Fair Hearing) thatprovides the Athlete with notice and an opportunity to be heard in either written
or oral form.
Provisional Suspension: See Consequences above.

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Publicly Disclose or Publicly Report: To disseminate or distribute information to
the general public or persons beyond those persons entitled to earlier
notification in accordance with Article 14.
Registered Testing Pool: The pool of top level Athletes established separately byeach International Federation and National Anti-Doping Organization who aresubject to both In-Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing as part of that
International Federation's or Organization's test distribution plan.
[Comment: Each International Federation shall clearly define the specific criteria
for inclusion of Athletes in its Registered Testing Pool. For example, the criteria
could be a specified world ranking cut-off, a specified time standard,
membership on a national team, etc.]
Sample/Specimen: Any biological material collected for the purposes of Doping
Control.
Signatories: Those entities signing the Code and agreeing to comply with theCode, including the International Olympic Committee, International Federations,International Paralympic Committee, National Olympic Committees, National
Paralympic Committees, Major Event Organizations, National Anti-Doping
Organizations, and WADA.
Tampering: Altering for an improper purpose or in an improper way; bringing
improper influence to bear; interfering improperly to alter results or prevent
normal procedures from occurring.
Target Testing: Selection of Athletes for Testing where specific Athletes orgroups of Athletes are selected on a non-random basis for Testing at a specified
time.
Team Sport: A sport in which the substitution of players is permitted during a
Competition.
Testing: The parts of the Doping Control process involving test distribution
planning, Sample collection, Sample handling, and Sample transport to thelaboratory.
Trafficking: To sell, give, administer, transport, send, deliver or distribute a
Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method to an Athlete either directly or
through one or more third parties, but excluding the sale or distribution (bymedical personnel or by Persons other than an Athlete's Support Personnel) of a
Prohibited Substance for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes.
The application, ingestion, injection or consumption by any means
Use:whatsoever of any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.
WADA: The World Anti-Doping Agency.

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Appendix 1 - Definitions