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Vol. 26（2021），125 ～ 139

125

Larval Fish Assemblages in The Littoral Zone of Predeveloped Hybrid OTEC (H-OTEC) Facility Area
Ali Md. Yeakub1, Fatimah Md. Yusoff1,2, Natrah Fatin Mohd Ikhsan1,2 and Zafri Hassan1,2*International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 70150 Port Dickson,
Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
2
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor,
Malaysia

1

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) promotes clean and green renewable energy for the future. Despite great
advantages it offers to the environment, ecological baseline datasets within the coastal vicinity of the power plant shouldstill be documented before its operation. The datasets are needed to plan effective strategies to avoid adverse impacts thatOTEC would have on natural ecosystems. For this purpose, larval fish was used as a biological marker to detect possible
environmental changes. The abundance, distribution and diversity of fish larvae in terms of diurnal and lunar cycles were
investigated at eight stations. The stations were nearly equally distanced from each other on the seashore of the soon tobe developed H-OTEC in Port Dickson, Malaysia. A sampling program was carried during two contrasting lunar cyclesof full moon and new moon, and diurnal variation of day and night. Samples were collected using a set of 300μm mesh
Bongo net, with a flow meter. Total larval mean density 22.83/100m3. Larval fish abundance was significantly higher (P< 0.01) during the new moon (mean±1se density 9.72±2.16 larvae/100m3) than during the full moon (mean density
1.73±0.38 larvae/100m3). But in terms of diurnal changes, there is no significant difference between day and night fishlarval density. Although the larval fish abundance was influenced by temporal variation (lunar cycles), but the study also
did not find enough evidence to associate the abundance with spatial variation (stations and distance from the shore),
perhaps due to micro-scale of the study area. The outcomes necessitate the H-OTEC pilot plant to consider theseenvironmental variations when it is in operations.
Keywords: Larval fish, Diurnal, New Moon, Full Moon, Nearshore, Offshore, Hybrid OTEC

1. Introduction
Energy crisis and global warming has become the greatest challenge for the current world. Renewable energy supply
has emerged to solve these concerns. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is among the various sources that are
gaining popularity in some countries worldwide The Hybrid OTEC (H-OTEC) is the technology for renewable energy inthe field of ocean energy science. Hybrid OTEC combines the features of both closed and open cycle OTEC systems.
The Hybrid cycle take advantage of the benefits of both systems. As the OTEC plant needs large flows of ocean waterand oceans are in full accessibility with about zero chances of over running out. Basically, it exploits the temperature
difference of deep-sea water and surface water to produce energy(Vega, 2002). As the same time, it discharges highvolume of water, and it is possible to produce as much 0.5 million gal/D for each MW of electricity generated (Plocek etal., 2009). So it is essential to investigate environmental impacts due to the discharged water which has lower temperatureand higher nutrient concentration than the surrounding sea water(Wang & Tabeta, 2017). But this study is conducted at
the pre-developed hybrid OTEC facility area to investigate the possible environmental consequences. For this purpose,fish larvae have selected as for biological marker and for future comparison.
Basically, larval fish ecology refers to the early stage of fishes and their interactions with the physical and living
components of their environments. Ecologists are indicated that the study of larval fish life history in ecology is
distinguished by the specific eco-morphophysiological characteristics of early fish life stages (Catalán et al., 2020).
Moreover, the term ‘fish larva’ represents the larval stage in the life history from hatching to attainment of complete fin
Received Date: 2021.11.30
E-mail of corresponding author: mzafri@upm.edu.my

*

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Ali Md. Yeakub, Fatimah Md. Yusoff, Natrah Fatin Mohd Ikhsan and Zafri Hassan

ray counts and beginning of squamation, at which stage the fish reaches to a juvenile(Kendall et al., 1984).The larval
early developmental stage is divided into three phages on the basis of the flexion of the notochord such as Pre-flexion,
flexion and post-flexion (Ahlstrom & Ball, 1954);(Lies &Carson-Ewart, 2004). The initial stage of the fish life cycle iscritical, with massive mortality due to sensitivity to predators, bioavailability and natural environmental changes which
has a negative effect on fish populations (Ridho et al., 2021). At this stage the survival rate of fish larvae is relatively
low from hatching (10%) to first feeding (2-3%) (Ferreira et al., 2020). In addition, the survival of fish larvae depends
on abiotic and biotic factors like as prey (copepods) and predators (young fish) availability or bioavailability (Ferreira
et al., 2020), larval habitat ecology (Ara et al., 2020), feeding ecology (Hure & Mustać, 2020), water quality,
environmental factors (Colombano et al., 2021). Normally fish larvae are found in the littoral zone during ontogenetic
developmental stage (Polte et al., 2017). The littoral zone or nearshore coastal region serves as an important nursery
ground for the development of early stages of marine and estuarine fishes due to its high bioavailability, low predation
risk, suitable physio-chemical characteristics and promote larval retention hypothesis (Pattrick & Strydom, 2014;DíazAstudillo et al., 2017).Some ecologists stated that larval fish assemblages mainly in the coastal upwelling
front(Tiedemann & Brehmer, 2017). That’s why hybrid OTEC power plant construction and operation may have thepossibility to disrupt fish habitat in the littoral zone or may reduce larval fish & eggs in nearshore water. Discharge of
biocides can reduce fish populations and affect commercial and recreational fishing (Octaviani et al., 2016). In spite ofthese, OTEC discharged water can enhance productivity due to redistribution of nutrient rich deep sea water (Octaviani
et al., 2016) and also can use for multiple purpose such as mariculture, aquaculture, agriculture field as well as fordrinking water. Moreover, this research provides baseline study in the vicinity of hybrid OTEC prior to its construction.
It also provides knowledge on fish larvae in terms of biology, morphology, spawning period, spawning peak, spawning
ground and rearing ground in the coastal area where is needed for proper fishery management. In addition, fish larvae
research is an important for understanding of the ecology and evolution of fish species and their populations. The aim of
this study is to determine the larval fish abundance and density in the littoral zone and to investigate the effects of diurnal,
lunar phase, spatial distance, selected water quality and geographic parameters on larval fish assemblages.

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2. Materials and methods
2.1 Study area and sites
The study area (Fig 1), which is adjacent to the International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (i-AQUAS)
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) (02°29'19"N, 101°50'40"E) in Negri Sembilan. Negeri Sembilan is one of eight states
located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, which is also geo-politically flanked by two of the states along theStraits of Malacca coastline. Negri Sembilan coastline accounts for about 5% of the Peninsular Malaysia total coastline
length of 48 km on the strait. The whole Peninsular Malaysia is of tropical climate, where the coastal environment islargely affected by monsoon winds throughout the year, southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon. The southwest
monsoon occurs from May to August affecting mostly the west coast, while the northeast monsoon occurs from
November to February affecting the east coast of the peninsular both of which bring significant downpour during theperiods respectively.

Figure 2.1: i-AQUAS UPM Negeri Sembilan

Sampling stations were primarily selected based on the following limits: 1) in fishing Zone A which isdesignated by Department of Fisheries Malaysia (DOF), essentially within less than 2.5 km offshore, 2) representativeof different coastal habitats or ecosystems, where two distinct ecosystems have been identified namely, mangrove andseashore (Table 2.1), and 3) two replicates from each sampling station or habitat or ecosystem, was spatially distanced
by at least 2 km (Figure 2.1).

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Ali Md. Yeakub, Fatimah Md. Yusoff, Natrah Fatin Mohd Ikhsan and Zafri Hassan

Table 2.1 Sampling points
Division

Station code

Geo-coordinate

Lukut station 1

LKST1

02°34´13"N, 101°47´20"EDistancefrom shore.5km

Lukut station 2

LKST2

02°33´58"N, 101°48´7"E

2.5km

Offshore

Port Dickson1

LNST3

02°31´16"N, 101°49´14"E.5km

Nearshore

Port Dickson2

PDST1

02°31´35"N, 101°49´50"E

2.5km

Offshorei-AQUAS 1

PDST2

02°30´15"N, 101°50´25"E.5km

Nearshore

i-AQUAS2

PDST3

02°29´19"N, 101°50´40"E

2.5km

Offshore

Tanjung Tuan1

LKST102°25´18"N, 101°51´29"E.5km

Nearshore

Tanjung Tuan2

LKST202°26´19"N, 101°51´56"E

2.5km

Offshore

Types of ecosystems
Nearshore Mangrove

2.2 Sample collection
Larval fish sample was collected in the month of March and April 2021 during daylight and nighttime basedon lunar cycle (full moon and new moon). Sampling trip was two day and night during high tides. Larval fish wascollected by a Bongo net of both 300μm mesh size (mouth diameter 0.60m and 3m long). The net was towed horizontallyat the water sub-surface from a stalled boat. Trawling method was performed at a constant boat speed 2.5km/h. Tow
duration was 10 minutes depending on the net plugging. Larval fish sample was preserved into 5% formalin of 450 mL
containing plastic bottle. 5% formalin solution was buffered with sodium tetraborate de-carbohydrate (borax, SigmaAldrich). All collected samples were transported to the laboratory for sorting and taxonomic identification purpose.
The following in situ environmental variables were measured at every sampling station, sea water dissolved
oxygen (mg/L, DO), Air & water temperature (°C, TEMP), salinity (ppt, SAL), pH (pH) and turbidity (mg/L, TDS).
2.3 Larval fish density of abundance estimation and identification keys
Larval fish abundance was determined by quantifying number of individuals unit volume of water (m3).
Dilution depends on turbidity of the collected samples, where more turbid water required higher dilution factor ascompared to the less turbid water samples. Then Taxonomic identification began with grouping a few preliminary water
samples containing larval fish into generic groups based on their morphological characteristics; pre-flexion, flexion andpost-flexion. Larval fish were then identified to the lowest possible taxa by using identification keys provided bypreceding researchers: Konishi (2012), Bouillon et al. (2006), Kawaguchi (2003), Leis and Carson-Ewart (2004) andJeyaseelan (1998).
Data analysis
To determine the importance of the factors considered in the experimental design on fish larval abundance anddistribution variation was performed by using Analysis of variance (ANOVA). For statistical analysis use (SPSS version21) parametric tests for continuous variables-one-way ANOVA. Three models were tested using the variance ofcomponents to compare abundance across months (Diurnal, lunar phase, nearshore and offshore distance from shore(2.5km).

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Results
Environmental conditions
Air temperature ranged at the study area varies diurnally (Night air temperature ranged 26-27 °C and day air
temperature ranged 29-29.9 °C (Mean ± SE, 28.07 ± 0.12°C). On the other hand, mean water temperature (Mean ± SE,
29.28 ± 0.09°C) is higher than Air temperature (Mean ± SE, 28.07 ± 0.12°C). Dissolved oxygen ranged at day from 4.5
to 6.6 mg L-1(6.23 ± 0.06 mg L-1) and at night ranged 4.88 to 6.7 mg L-1 (5.97 ± 0.18 mg L-1). Maximum mean dissolved
oxygen observed at daylight. However, there was no salinity fluctuation at the study area ranged from 29.34 and 29.98
ppt (29.86 ± 0.04 ppt). There was pH fluctuation during month of April at daylight 7.97 whereas at night 8.13. (8.09 ±0.047). At the end, the total dissolve solid (TDS) in water turbidity range was around 28.81 to 30.14 mg/L (29.88 ± 0.13mg/L) (Fig.2.1 water quality on diurnal cycle). But during lunar cycle, the mean air temperature, mean DO and meansalinity was significantly higher during new moon phase than full moon phase. On the other hand, the opposite scenario
was observed in terms of mean TDS, mean pH and mean water temperature (Fig.2.2 water quality based on lunar phase).
Larval fish composition and density
In total 892 larvae belonging to 7 families were recorded (Table 2.1). Total larval mean density abundance inthe study was 22.83/100m3. Ambassidae was the most numerically dominant family which contributed 36.08% of total
fish abundance in the study area. Then Clupeidae was the second highest abundant family that contributed 22.85% andthe rest was followed by Gobiidae(13.32%), Carangidae (8.19%), Engraulidae (7.34%), Sciaenidae (1.47%) and
Blennidae (.03%). Most unidentified individuals (10.69% of the total catch) were yolk-sac larvae (Table 2).
Larval fish abundance and density during lunar patterns
The number of larvae sampled during full moon 232 in which 660 larvae was found during new moon phase.
Larval fish mean density 15.09% during full moon whereas 84.91% during new moon (Table 2.2). The highest numberof fish larval family was found during both moon phases at Lukut and Tanjung Tuan station (Fig. 2.3 a, b, c & d). So,
moon phase has direct effect on larval fish distribution. That means larval fish was more active during new moon at darknight. They come out for feeding purpose during new moon and avoid predation risk during full moon.
Larval fish abundance and distribution during diurnal cycle
Total 892 fish larvae were sampled at the study area during daytime sampled 350 larvae and nighttime 542
larave. Larval fish abundance and distribution was observed during daylight 36% whereas during night was found 63.99%(Table 2.2). The highest number of fish larval abundance and distribution was found at lukut during night (Fig:2.4). So,
larval fish was more active at nighttime than daytime. At daytime, daylight is the barrier for fish larval fish verticalmovements.
Fish larval distribution & abundance inshore vs offshore
Fish larval distribution and abundance in nearshore vs offshore was observed. The highest mean density wasobserved at Tanjung Tuan station (TTST1) (Fig.2.5) which was inshore region, and the lowest mean density was observed
at Port Dickson station (PDST1). On the other hand, in offshore Lukut station (LKST2) was observed the second highest
mean density of total fish larvae and the lowest mean density was found i-AQUAS2. From the observation, it can beconcluded that there was no significant difference for nearshore vs offshore as sampling was conducted in the fishingzone A.

April(Day)

DiurnalMarch(Night)Mean pH

March
(Day)

a

DiurnalApril(Night)March March April
April(Day) (Night) (Day) (Night)

30.20
30.00
29.80
29.60
29.40
29.20

29.60
29.40
29.20
29.00
28.80
28.60

e

April
(Day)

DiurnalMarch(Night)

April
(Day)

DiurnalMarch(Night)

TDS, mg/L

March
(Day)

b

March
(Day)

April
(Night)April(Night)Mean (w)temperature

0

2

4

6

8

f

29.95
29.90
29.85
29.80
29.75
29.70

March
(Day)

April
(Day)

DiurnalMarch(Night)Mean DO

c

April
(Day)

DiurnalMarch March(Day) (Night)

Salinity, ppt

April(Night)April(Night)Figure 2.1 water quality based on diurnal cycle (a) Mean air temperature, (b) Mean water temperature, (c) Mean salinity ,(d) Mean pH, (e) Mean TDS and(f) Mean DO.

d

8.30
8.20
8.10
8.00
7.90
7.80
7.70

32.00
30.00
28.00
26.00
24.00
22.00

Air temperature
Temperature
TDS

Water quality based on diurnal cycle

Air Temperature

Mean

SalinityDO

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Ali Md. Yeakub, Fatimah Md. Yusoff, Natrah Fatin Mohd Ikhsan and Zafri Hassan

Lunar phaseeApril (NM)

Lunar phase

March (FM)Mean pHb

April (NM)

Lunar phase

March (FM)Mean D.O,mg/L

28.6

28.8

29

29.2

29.4

29.6

29.8

29.9
29.88
29.86
29.84
29.82
29.8
29.78
April (NM)April (NM)fLunar phase

March (FM)water TemperaturecLunar phase

March (FM)Mean salinity

Figure. 2.2 water quality based on new and full moon phase (a) Mean air temperature, (b) Mean dissolve oxygen, (c) Mean salinity, (d) Mean total dissolve solid, TDS,(e) Mean pH and (f) Mean water temperature.

d

7.9

April (NM)

29.5

8

8.05

8.1

8.15

8.2

7.95

March (FM)Mean TDS, mg/LaApril (NM)lunar phase

March (FM)

6.13
6.12
6.11
6.10
6.09
6.08
6.07
6.06
6.05

29.6

29.7

29.8

29.9

30

30.1

28.3
28.2
28.1
28
27.9
27.8
27.7
27.6

Mean Air temperature

DO
pH

Air Temperature

TDS

Salinity ppt
Water Temperature

Water quality based on new moon and full moon

Larval Fish Assemblages in The Littoral Zone of Pre-developed Hybrid OTEC (H-OTEC)
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131

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Fullmoon (night)

Fullmoon (day)Sampling points

fish larvae family during Fullmoon

0

2

4

6

8

Fullmoon (day)Figure 2.3 showing the larval fish abundance during fullmoon (c)Fullmoon (day/night)

Fullmoon (night)

Fish larval Family

Figure 2.3 showing the larval fish abundance during fullmoon, day/night (a)No of fish family

No. of family

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Newmoon (night)

Newmoon (day)Sampling points

Fish larvae family during newmoon

0

2

4

6

8

Newmoon (day)Figure 2.3 showing the larval fish abundance during new moon (d)Newmoon (day/night)

Newmoon (night)

Fish larval family

Figure 2.3 showing the larval fish abundance during new moon and diuranl(b) phase

No of family
No of fish family132
Ali Md. Yeakub, Fatimah Md. Yusoff, Natrah Fatin Mohd Ikhsan and Zafri Hassan

Mean density larvae/100m3

Night

Daylight

Day/night

Figure 2.4 Fish larval mean density during diurnal cycle

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Diurnal mean density of fish larvae
Mean density

Sampling points
Figure 2.5 Fish larval mean density from nearshore (station1) to offshore (station2)

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Fish larval spatial distribution

Larval Fish Assemblages in The Littoral Zone of Pre-developed Hybrid OTEC (H-OTEC)
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Ali Md. Yeakub, Fatimah Md. Yusoff, Natrah Fatin Mohd Ikhsan and Zafri Hassan

2.5 Discussion
Our finding was highlighted that fish larval abundance and distribution in the littoral zone/ upwelling area was appeared
as an identical pattern during lunar phase. Number of fish larvae were sampled at the study area during new moon 660
and full moon 232. From the statistical analysis, it was shown that fish larval mean abundance during full moon 1.73 andnew-moon 9.73 and p-value < 0.01. Statistically, fish larval abundance and distribution was significantly higher during
new moon phase than full moon phase.

Number of individual

Lunar phase larval density
individual/100
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Full moonn=16

New moon
Lunar phase

n=16

In accordance with previous studies, fish larvae were spawned or dispersed maximum number during new moon thanfull moon and it occur due to feeding strategy at dark night during new moon or perhaps strategy to avoid predation
risk during full moon (Mwaluma et al.,2014; Díaz-Astudillo et al., 2017).

Diurnal larval density individual/100m-3

Larval density

10
8
6
4
2
0

Day
n=16

Diurnal

Night

n=16

Among surface samples, collected night fish larvae samples were significantly greater number than daytime collectedfish larvae. Number of larval fish were sampled at day 350 and at night 542. From the statistical analysis, it was shownthat fish larval mean abundance at day 4.13 and at night 7.34 and p-value = 0.211. So, statistically it can be concludedLarval Fish Assemblages in The Littoral Zone of Pre-developed Hybrid OTEC (H-OTEC)
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135

that there was not enough evidence to say the diurnal effects on fish larvae abundance. Though there were some previous
studies which recorded that larval fish abundance is supposed to be higher during high tides at night than during theday(Thayer et al., 2012; Ricardo et al., 2014; Islam et al., 2007; Mwaluma, 2014). However, in the future, it may needmore data to support the diurnal hypothesis.

Distance from shore larval density
individual/100m3

Larval density

10
8
6
4
2
0

Inshoren=16

Outshore

Distance from shore n=16

Spatial distribution of fish larvae in terms of inshore and offshore region, collected sample has consistency with eachother sampling points. From the statistical analysis, it was found that fish larval mean abundance at inshore region 5.60
whereas offshore region was 5.86 and p-value = 0.92. So, it can be concluded that there was no significant difference
between nearshore vs. offshore larval fish abundance. The possible reason is that micro scale sampling of the study area.
Nearshore vs. far-shore distance different 2.5km from shore which is still considered as fishing zone A.

3. Conclusion
In summary, at present, many countries are trying to supply green and clean energy, which is reliable, sustainable,
low maintenance and environmentally friendly. Malaysia is also going to set up a pilot power plant at i-AQUAS UPM in
Port Dickson Negeri Sembilan. So, this research is conducted at the pre-developed hybrid OTEC facility area where needto find the possible environmental changes for comparing pre and post development of hybrid OTEC operations. Thisinitial finding has been shown that fish larval abundance is significantly different during new-moon vs. full-moon. There
are not enough findings to say that diurnal and spatial variation have effect on fish larval abundance and distribution. The
possible reason is that it needs further sampling for diurnal comparison at the study area. Sampling point distance mayneed to increase at the study area to find the enough evidence because it is still counted as fishing zone A.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor & co supervisor, other research members of SATREP OTEC
for helping to my research work. My special thanks to SATREPS-OTEC Project for funding this research work.

Figure: Family Ambassidae

Figure: Family Clupeidae

Figure: Family Gobiidae

Figure: Family Carangidae

Appendixes
Fish larvae from the study site

Figure: Family Engraulidae

Figure: Family Sciaenidae

136
Ali Md. Yeakub, Fatimah Md. Yusoff, Natrah Fatin Mohd Ikhsan and Zafri Hassan

Mean density(larvae/100m3)
LKST1
LKST2
PDST1
PDST2
iAQUAS 1iAQUAS 2
TTST1
TTST2
Mean
(mean %)
2.243
7.92
2.804
9.89
7.74
4.579 23.065
7.95
8.2385 36.08609
0
0.057
0
0
0
0
0
0 0.007125 0.031209
1.183
2.237
0.211
3.29
0.464
1.55
2.234
3.792 1.870125 8.191479
0.573
9.94
0.868
8.28
5.48
2.149
7.503
6.942 5.216875 22.85084
1.122
2.173
0.914
1.354
1.477
2.053
3.03
1.291
1.67675 7.344463
13.727
6.267
0.54
0.051
0.27
0.086
3.11
1.282 3.041625 13.32286
0
2.16
0.33
0
0
0
0
0.211 0.337625 1.478857
1.501
3.172
1.093
1.827
3.46
1.292
4.767
2.42
2.441510.694222.83013
100
157
127
48
166
63
56
169
106
5
7
6
5
5
5
5
6
20.34934.3136.714
25.06318.902
10.543 43.659
23.877

FamilyAmbassidae
Blennidae
Carangidae
Clupeidae
Engraulidae
Gobiidae
Sciaenidae
Unidentified
Mean total larvae
Total number
Total family
Total fish larval density

Table 2.1 showing mean density of fish larvae (larvae/100m3)

Figure: Family Blennidae

Fish larvae from the study site

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137

Diurnal
Night
Daylight
Night
Daylight

Lunar cycle
Full moon
Full moon
New moon
New moonMeandensity(Larvae/
100m3)
LKST1
3.58
0.909
13.78
2.08
20.349

LKST2
1.213
1.63
30.36
1.11
34.313

PDST1
0.774
1.01
1.24
3.69
6.714

PDST2
0.26
3.58
17.4
3.103
25.063

Table 2.2 showing the fish larval density during diurnal and lunar cycle.

i-AQUAS1
0.2
0.462
7.34
10.9
18.902i-AQUAS2
0.6
0.29
3.61
6.043
10.543

TTST1
3.186
1.763
20.41
18.3
43.659

TTST2
4.44
3.794
8.263
7.30
23.877

Mean
Mean(%)
1.782
7.771
1.680
7.326
12.89056.2226.576
28.681
22.83
100

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OCEANS
2017
Aberdeen,
2017-Octob,
1–5.
https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANSE.2017.8084610