WEPA Indonesia, 2009.10.9

JAPANESE EXPERIENCES
ON THE MANAGEMENT OF
WATER ENVIRONMENT

Mitsumasa OKADA, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering
Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University
mokada@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

JAPANESE EXPERIENCES ON THE
MANAGEMENT OF WATER ENVIRONMENTz Japanese criteria on the quality of water
environmentz Environmental water quality standard

z Regulations to satisfy with the standard
z Effluent quality standards: national minimum andprovisionalz Total maximum daily loads: TMDLz Current problems and Issues in the near futurez Revision of the criteriaz Climate change and water environment
Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

ENVIRONMENTAL WATER QUALITY
STANDARDSz Based on “the Basic Law for Environment”
z Preferable conditions of aquatic environment
for human uses
z To protect human healthz parameters frequently detected: high riskz To conserve living environment
All the properties closely related with:z daily human lifez the living environment for plants and animals closely related
to human lifez cf. natural/pristine condition w/o any human impacts
Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

Environmental Water Quality Standards
for Rivers
categorywater use

AAWater supply class 1 ; conservation ofnatural environment, and uses listedin A-E
Water supply class 2 ; fishery, class l;bathing and uses listed in B-E
Water supply class 3 ; fishery, class 2,and uses listed in C -E
Fishery class 3 ; industrial water, classl, and uses listed in D -E
Industrial water class 2 ; agriculturalwater; and uses listed in E
Industrial water class 3 ; conservationof living e nvironment

ABCDEpH

standards
BODSSDOCG

6.5-8.5

125

7.5

50

6.5-8.52257.51,000

6.5-8.5

325

5

5,000

6.5-8.5550

5-6.0- 8.5

81002-

6.0-8.5

10*2-*no floating matters like garbage

Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

Water Quality Monitoring for Japanese
Public Waters: 2007
Human
HealthNumber of
Water area

LivingEnvironment

BOD/COD

T-N/T-P

river
-

lakes
-

estuary-

total-

Sampling points

4,036

394

1,144

5,574

samples

184,420

15,69634,987

235,103

Number ofriverlakes

estuary

total

Water area

2,552

291

743

3,586

Sampling points

4,576

440

2,088

7,104samples

244,175

41,886

118,851

404,829

Number ofriverlakes

estuary

totalWater area

-110

152

262

Sampling points

-298

1,010

1,308

samples-

5,292

18,16423,456

Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

PERCENT COMPLIANCE FOR WAETRQUALITY STANDARDSParameters on living environment

100% complianceestuary（COD)
80
60

river（BOD)

40
lake（COD)
20
0
1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

JAPANESE EXPERIENCES ON THE
MANAGEMENT OF WATER ENVIRONMENTz Japanese criteria on the quality of waterenvironmentz Environmental water quality standard

z Regulations to satisfy with the standard
z Effluent quality standards: national minimum andprovisionalz Total maximum daily loads: TMDLz Current problems and Issues in the near futurez Revision of the criteriaz Climate change and water environment
Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

NATIONAL MINIMUM

EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDS
parameters

standard values (mg/l or less)

pHBOD, COD
SSn-hexane extract
phenols
copperzinc
dissolved Fe, Mn
chromiumfluorine
number of C.G.
nitrogenphosphorus

5.8-8.6
160 (daily average = 120)
200 (daily average = 150)
5.0 (mineral oil), 30 (animal fat and vegetable oil)
5.0
3.0
5.0
10.0, 10.0
2.0
153,000 (ml-1 daily average)
120 (daily average = 60)
16 (daily average = 8)

Dilution after discharge: (Effluent std). = 10 x (Environmental std.)

Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

PROVISIONAL STANDARD FOR N, P
zNational Minimum Standard
zT-N: 120 mg/l (daily max.), 60 mg/l (daily avg.)
zT-P: 16 mg/l (daily max.), 8 mg/l (daily avg.)

zProvisional Standard ←best available technology
zIndustries hard to comply with the national minimumstandard: N = 55 industries, P = 39 industries
z pig/cattle farm: N (700,350), P (100,50), coke oven: N (170,130),
dairy products: P (30,15)

zImprovement in production and/or treatment process
and national minimum in 5 years (1993-1998)
Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

REVISIONS OF

THE PROVISIONAL STANDARDSzRevisions : 1st (1998), 2nd (2003), 3rd (2008)
zN: 55 → 6 INDUSTRIESzNatural Gas : 200 (180)170 (150)

160 (150)

160 (150)

zFeedlot :270 (350)

260 (200)

190 (150)

190 (150)

zSilver Oxide : 560 (370)350 (300)

240 (210)removed

zVanadium & Molybdenum Compounds :26,000 (17,000)
8,000 (6,000)
6,000 (5,000)

5,000(3850)

zP: 39 → 2 INDUSTRIESzFeedlot :100 (50)50 (40)30 (24)30 (24)40 (10)40 (10)zPhosphorus and Compounds :640 (280)
Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

90 (40)TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOADS:TMDL
zEffluent standards
zThe best available effluents based on
current wastewater treatment technology
zTechnology Based ApproachzTMDL
zThe largest capacity of effluents tomaintain water quality
zWater Quality Based Approach
Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

MAJOR POLICIES IN TMDLsz Reduction of loadingsz Domestic wastewaterszz

Proper management of Jokaso
Regulation of domestic wastewater treatment plants according to TMDLstandards : C valuesz Industrial wastewaterzz

Regulation of specified industrial effluents according to C values
Guidance for small scale and non-regulated industries, and increases in thenumber of industries to be regulatedz Non-point sourceszmanagement of livestock wastewaterz

improved systems for the control of combine sewer overflowzecosystem management to restore and maintain natural purification capacity:
tidal flat, eelgrass bed

z Restoration of coastal wetlands (tidal flats, eelgrass) andbottom sediment management
Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

Targets of the 6th TMDL for COD
COD loadings (t/day)

1200
Seto Inland Sea

others1000

industrial
domestic

800
600

Tokyo BayIse Bay

400
200

Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

79
84
89
94
99
04
09

79
84
89
94
99
04
09

79
84
89
94
99
04
090

JAPANESE EXPERIENCES ON THE
MANAGEMENT OF WATER ENVIRONMENTz Japanese criteria on the quality of waterenvironmentz Environmental water quality standard

z Regulations to satisfy with the standard
z Effluent quality standards: national minimum andprovisionalz Total maximum daily loads: TMDLz Current problems and Issues in the near futurez Revision of the criteriaz Climate change and water environment
Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

PERCENT COMPLIANCE FOR WAETRQUALITY STANDARDS
Major estuaries
100
Seto Inland Sea

80% compliance

Osaka Bay

60

Tokyo BayIse Bay40
2001970

1980

1990

20002010

Issues for the 6th TMDLz Revision of environmental water quality
criteriaz Is COD appropriate as a criteria for organic pollution?
z The increase in the non-biodegradable organic substances
does not necessarily deteriorate water environmentirrespective of the increase in COD

z Revision of parameters on the quality of water
environment and monitoring/evaluation procedurez R & D on TMDL and estuarine polluitonz Public relations, environmental education
Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

Bottom DO as a new criteria
Restoration of estuarine environment: to protect habitatsof fish and shellfish from dissolved oxygen deficit①②

Survival of fish and shellfish
Reproduction of fish and shellfish
zz③

Specified species to be protected (commercial, sports,…)
ex. flatfish, eel, clam,….
life cycle, use of water area, tolerance and /or avoidance
for DO deficit, …..
DO criteria

Survival of benthic organismszBenthos tolerant for Low DO
z Capitella sp. , ……

Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

Secchi depth as a new criteria
9 Restoration of estuarine environment: to provide the necessary levels oflight penetration to support survival, growth and repropagation ofsubmerged aquatic vegetation and water clarity suitable for marine
recreation
9 Indicator friendly for people① Submerged aquatic vegetationz Minimum light requirements for the survival, growth andrepropagation of eelgrass (Zostera marina) Æ Maximum depth ofcolonization Æ Secchi depth
z ex. Maximum depth of colonization in Tokyo Bay = 4 m :Secchi depth = 4 m② Marine Recreationz Sightseeing, Diving, Swimming, Dishing, Walking, ……
z ex. Tokyo Bay: Secchi depth = 2 m
Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

CLIMATE CHANGE

Mitigation： stop GHG emission!

Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

More hot days and heavy rainfalls in JapanThe more hot summer days and heavy rainfalls including typhoonby the increase in atmospheric moisture due to climate change
IPCC-AR4-WG2Figure 10.2. Projected number of hot days (>30°C) and days of heavy rainfall (>100mm/day) by the high resolution general circulation model (Hasumi and Emori, 2004).
Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

Climate Change vs. Water Environmentz More hot days → increase in water temperature (W.T.)z reaction rate → water quality
1〜2 ºC increase in drinking water temperature → increase in THMFP
and/or other reactions to produce toxic substanceszthermal stratification → water quality
dimictic lake → monomictic lake → meromictic lakez Heavy rainfalls: increased pollutant runoff → water qualityz

Observed changes:zzLake Ikeda: 2-3 ºC water warming → no autumn circulation →anoxic bottom inwinter

Projected changes:zLake Biwa north basin: 1.5 ºC water warming →no circulation in 100 years similar toL. Ikeda?

z

0.8〜2.0 mg/l increase in COD by 1 ºC warming

Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima UniversityNational Institute for Environmental Studies（2006)

Adapting Water Programs to Climate
Change: Global and Local Issuesz Climate change
atmospheric temperature, precipitation, evapotranspirationwater cycle
water quality/environmentz Management/use of water environment has been based on
the past weather and water cycle conditions by the tacit
understanding that weather variations will be within the pastrange
z (water cycle: past ≠ future) Water management based on
the previous data will not be useful?

Global climate change is a local problems with whichconservation authorities, local governments and water userswill have to deal.
Mitsumasa Okada, Hiroshima University

Mainstreaming Climate Change in Drinking Water Source Protection Planning in Ontario(Canadian Water Resources Association (March 31, 2006))

Time for Q & A

Akitsu, Higashi-Hiroshima