The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA )International Workshop

Introduction of WEPA andWorkshop Objectives
Tetsuo Kuyama
Researcher, Freshwater Subgroup/NRM
Institute for Global Environment Strategies (IGES)

The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) InternationalWorkshop

Today’s Presentation• Introduction of WEPA
• Current situation and existing
challenges of domestic

wastewater treatment in WEPA
countries• Focus points for Today’s Workshop
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International
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WEPA (Water Environment Partnership in Asia)

Knowledge Sharing for Solution Finding
Water
Environmental
Management
Review

Domestic
Wastewater
Treatment

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

ClimateChange andWater
Environment

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The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International
Workshop

WEPA Partner Countries
WEPA consists of partners in

13 Asian countries

1. Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka)
2. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (Nepal)
3. Japan (Japan)
4. Kingdom of Cambodia (Cambodia)
5. Kingdom of Thailand (Thailand)
6. Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)
7. Malaysia (Malaysia)
8. People'sl ' Republic
bl off Chinah( h )(China)9. Republic of Indonesia (Indonesia)
10. Republic of Korea (Republic of Korea)
11. Republic of the Philippines (Philippines)
12. Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (Viet Nam)
13. Union of Myanmar (Myanmar)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International
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Past Activities in Domestic Wastewater Treatment
Workshop in Hanoi
FY2009Output• Current situation
ii andd issues
ion domesticdi
wastewater treatment in capital city weresharedQuestionnaire Survey
FY2010• Review of national policy for domestic wastewater treatment• Hot spot identification• Collection of good practices on domestic wastewater management(mainlyy project‐level)p jWorkshop in Manila
FY2011

Tetsuo Kuyama• Good practices (Strategic/programmaticlevel of experience) on domestic wastewatertreatment were shared
IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

18 Feb 2013 The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

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Sanitary Condition in WEPA Countries

Urban Area

Rural Area

Proportion of population using improved sanitary facilities
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) InternationalWorkshop

Municipal Water Withdraaw perM
person (m3/person/yyr)Change of Domestic Water UseYearSource: FAO, AQUASTAT

Change of water withdrawal per person for domestic purpose
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) InternationalWorkshop

Impact of Domestic Wastewater on Water Environment
100%

Others% of BOD Load80%

Industrial
Domestic

60%

40%20%

0%
Japan[Tokyobay,Ise bay and Setoinland sea](2009)

Korea[Han River and Paldang
reservoir/Seoul]

CODBOD

Indonesia[Brantas River Basin/EastJava](1994)

Phillippine(1998‐2000)

Vietnam[DongNai River/HCMC](2005)

BOD

BOD

BOD

County[area](Year)

BOD/COD Pollution Source by Sector in Selected WEPACountries/Areas
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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Impact of Grey Water on Water Environment
Total BOD 40g/cap/day

68 %fromGrey
Water

Black
Water
32%
Grey
Water
68%

Source: MOEJ

BOD load from different source of domestic wastewater in Japan
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp18 Feb 2013 The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

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Methodology for Domestic Wastewater Treatment
Centralized
Treatment

Cluster
Treatment

On‐siteTreatment

Wastewatercollection andtreatment system for
more than two
communities(sewerage treatmentplant)

Wastewater collectionand treatment system
for two or morehouseholds but lessthan an entire
community (such ascommunity based
treatment plant)

Treatment system tocollect, treat anddischarge domestic
wastewater fromindividual households
without the use ofcommunity‐wide sewers

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp(such as septic tank,Johkasou)

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The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) InternationalWorkshop

Centralized Treatment Facility in WEPA Countries

Beijing

Kathmandu

Urumqi(1 million m3/day :Activated Sludge)(16 thousands m3/day:Oxidation Ditch)(10 thousands m3/day:Oxidation Ditch)

JakartaSuphan Buri

HCMC

(45 thousands m3/day:Oxidation Pond)(11 thousands m3/day:Stabilization pond)(30 thousands m3/day:Oxidation Pond)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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Centralized Treatment Coverage in WEPA Countries

Sewerage Treatment
Coverage(Black Water and GreyWater)

8060

Less than405%

20
Sri Laanka(2010)

Laos(2010)
Lodia(2010)
Cambo

Indonesia(2010)

Neepal(2010)

mmer(2010)
Myanm

Philippine(2010)

nam(2010)
Vietn

Thailand(2008)

Malayssia(2010)**Chhina(2010)*

Jaapan(2010)

0Koorea(2009)

Sewwerage Treatment Coverage （％）

100*Chi*Chineseddata
iis onlyl forf urbanb area**Except in Saba h and Sawawak
provinceCountry(Year)

Service coverage ratio of sewerage treatment in WEPA countries
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) InternationalWorkshop

Challenge in Centralized Approach

Source：Human Development Report 2006, UNDP

Cost of different domestic wastewater treatment methods
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

18 Feb 2013 The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

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Challenges in Centralized Approach (WEPA Countries)
100

Sewerage reatment Ratio(%)

JapanKorea

9080

China

70

Malaysia

60
50
4030Thailand

2010Range of GOD per Capita in other
WEPA countries

Phillippine

0Indonesia

010,000

20,00030,000GDP per Capita (USD)

40,000*Coverage ratio of China
is only for urban area

Relationship between sewerage treatment ratio and GDP per capita inWEPA countries as of 2010(except for Korea (2009) and Thailand(2008))
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) InternationalWorkshop

Possibility of Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asia

Centralized
Treatment

Cluster
Treatment

On‐siteTreatment

Wastewatercollection andtreatment system for
more than twocommunities(sewerage treatmentplant)

Wastewater collectionand treatment system
for two or morehouseholds but lessthan an entire
community (such ascommunity based
treatment plant)

Treatment system tocollect, treat anddischarge domestic
wastewater fromindividual households
without the use ofcommunity‐wide sewers

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp(such as septic tank,Johkasou)

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18 Feb 2013 The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) InternationalWorkshop
Diversity in Methodology of Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asia
Common Facility (There is no toilet and kitchen
in individual households)

Cluster Treatment （各家屋にはトイレ、キッチン等なし）(Common facilitytype)

Examples:
MCK++(Indonesia)

Example:Cluster Treatment(sewerage type)

Decentalized
domestic
wastewater
treatment(China)

On‐siteTreatment
オンサイト処理(BlackandGrey（合併浄化槽）
Water)

On‐siteTreatment(Black Water)

Example:Johkasou (Japan)

Example:Septic(Thailand)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

18 Feb 2013 The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International Workshop

Tank

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The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) International
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Diversity in Responsible Entity for Construction and Operation

Local
Government[Example]••

Construction and operation of decentralized domestic wastewater treatment in China
Construction and operation of cluster domestic wastewater treatment in Thailand[Examples]Privatecompany/developer•

Construction and operation of small scale domestic wastewater treatment facility in
Malaysia (Developer/IWK)• Construction and operation of small scale domestic wastewater treatment facility in
Manila (Manila Water and Manilad)[Examples]
CCommunityit

Individualperson (houseowner)

Tetsuo Kuyama• Construction and operation community based domestic wastewater treatment plant inIndonesia(SANIMAS)[Examples]•Installation and operation of on‐site domestic wastewater treatment (Johkasou) inJapan• Installation and operation of septic tank in Thailand and Manila

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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Objective of Workshop
To share experiences on promotion and management ofDecentralized Wastewater Treatment Systemamong WEPA member counties as well as discuss the future possibility ofdecentralized domestic wastewater treatment in Asia

Session 1(Morning 18 Feb)

Session 2(Afternoon 18 Feb)

Session 3(Morning 19 Feb)
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp• On‐site treatment for domestic
wastewater in Asia
• Cluster treatment for domestic
wastewater in Asia
• Future vision for decentralized domestic
wastewater treatment in Asia
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Focus Points

Technology

Management Framework(Obligation/Responsibility)
Management Framework(Governmental Support)
Management Framework(Operation and Monitoring)
Tetsuo Kuyama• Targeted wastewater (Black/Grey)• Methodology for collection and treatment• Removal rate/Effluent water quality• Cost for construction and operation/maintenance• Methodology of sludge treatment/disposal• Responsible body (Who has responsibility forconstruction and operation?)• Obligation and responsibility in legal framework• Subsidyy systemy• Technological guideline• Other support• Methodology of operation and maintenance• Charging system• Monitoring and reporting

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) InternationalWorkshop

Session 1: On
On‐‐site Treatment
On‐site management for domestic wastewater in Thailand(Mahidol University)

Septage management in Manila(Manila Water)

On‐site domestic wastewater treatment system (Johkasou)in Japan(Ministry of the Environment, Japan)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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The 4th Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) InternationalWorkshop

Session 2: Cluster Treatment
Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment in rural China(Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences)
MOE Indonesia’s experience of small scale domestic wastewater treatment(Ministry of Environment, the Republic of Indonesia)
Cluster treatment for domestic wastewater in Thailand(Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment)
Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment in Malaysia(Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water)
Community based decentralized domestic wastewater treatment (SANIMAS)
in Indonesia (Ministry of Public Works)
Community based decentralized domestic wastewater treatment (SANIMAS)
in Cambodia (BORDA Cambodia)
Small scale domestic wastewater treatment by using slanted soil wastewater
treatment process in Nepal (Japan Water Agency)
Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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Session 3: Future Vision
Future vision of domestic wastewater treatment in Korea(Korea University)

Current situation and future vision of domestic wastewater treatment
in Laos (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment)

Current situation and future vision of domestic wastewater treatment
in Yangon (Yangon City Development Committee)

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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Thank you for your participation

Tetsuo Kuyama

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

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