12th WEPA Annual Meeting28-30 Nov., 2016
Hanoi, Vietnam

Institutional Approach for
Dissemination of Decentralized
Domestic Wastewater Treatment
SystemsDr. Yoshitaka Ebie
Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management
Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies,Japan

Contents• What is Johkasou– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment
facilities• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice inJapan)– Domestic wastewater or black water• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011

Contents• What is Johkasou– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatmentfacilities• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice inJapan)– Domestic wastewater or black water• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011

What is Johkasou
Johkasou has been developed in Japan as adecentralized domestic wastewater treatment
facility.

ToiletWashingmachine

BathKitchen

JohkasouNot only black water
but also gray water

What is Johkasou
Centralized
systemDecentralized
systemWWTP

Johkasou

99,260 thousandpeople(77.75%)

11,670 thousandpeople(9.14%)

Johkasou for 5 persons which has been
operated for almost 20 years

Anaerobic tank 1

Anaerobic tank 2

How can we ensure thetreatment performanceof each product?

Effluent

Aerobic tank anddisinfection tankEffluentContents• What is Johkasou– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment
facilities• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice inJapan)– Domestic wastewater or black water• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011

Trends in sanitation coverage,
1990–2015
Sanitation condition insoutheast Asia has been
improved.

urbanruralFrom sanitary issues
to environmental issues• Open defecation• Bucket/container• Pit latrine without slab
• Shared• No tank/sewer pipe

Unimproved• Primary treatment• Secondary treatment• Tertiary treatment

Treatment

Regulation• Some developing countries in Asia
attempt to develop their wastewater
effluent standard.
<Example>

Items
BOD
COD
NH4-N
Phosphorus
E. coliPresent
100 mg/L
100 mg/L-future50 mg/L
50 mg/L
10 mg/L
3 mg/L
3,000 N/ml

Next to regulation• However, compliance to the regulation
may not be ensured.
Our new productis very cheap
but good!!
How good?

We can achieve
BOD: <10 mg/L
NH4-N: <1 mg/L
E. coli: free
Great! But
is it true?

We need an appropriate evaluation system!

Certification system for a new
product in Japan
Step 3: Certification
Minister
Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure
and Transport

Apply withEvaluation document
Certificate

Apply with theTest report

Step 2: Evaluation
Designated performance
evaluating organization

Step 1: Testing
Testing body

Manufacturer

Evaluation document

Apply for the test
Test report

Factory of A compay
Source: A company HP

Performance testing method andcertificate system

When

Timing to get certificate fora new product in Japan[Premise] Japanese manufacturer researches
and develops new wastewater treatment facility every few years.
Assume products will follow
same design andmanufacturing process fromthe time of test.

R&D

Developmentof newproduct

Certification
by treatment
performance
testing
methodBefore start manufacturing productseriesGetcertificationof productsby type test

Manufacture
the productSell productsin the market

Major standards in the world
European Standard (EN)EN12566-3: Small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PE

The United States
NSF/ANSI Standard 40: Residential Wastewater Treatment Systems
Australia
AS/NZS 1546 Part 3: Aerated wastewater treatment systems

Establishment of the testing methods
in Southeast Asia
• Treatment performance (Water quality) ofthe product• Strength of the tank itself• Maintenance procedure• Sludge removal frequency

Treatment performanceStrength

Influent condition- Concentration and water volume -Water consumption

BOD loads per capita per day

200 L/person/day

40 gBOD/person/day

BOD: 200 mg/L, TN: 45 mg/L, TP: 5 mg/L

Influent control- Inflow pattern -Toilet

Washingmachine

BathKitchenInfluent volume (L)300

Total 200
L/PE/day

250
200
150
1005003579am

When you use water,
influent comes

111 3Time

579pm

111

11-30 PE

Max ratio: 5.4

31-50 PE

Max ratio: 4.2

Time

Ratio (%)

Max ratio: 6.0

Ratio (%)

5-10 PE

Ratio (%)

Ratio (%)

Ratio (%)

Ratio (%)

Different inflow pattern fordifferent size of the test body51-100 PE

Max ratio: 3.6

101-500 PE

Max ratio: 3.0>501 PE

Max ratio: 2.5TimeEstimation of population for wastewater
treatment (JIS A 3302-2000)

Testing condition in Southeast
Asia• Inflow water quality

 Concentration readjustment
could be done by additives
 Its applicability should beverified by the committee orexperts• Daily flow pattern
 Inflow fluctuation shall beconsidered in the test foreach scaleTesting condition in Southeast
Asia• Loading rate

– Not only normal (100%) hydraulic daily flow but
also 50% and 150% of daily flow (short term test)• Water temperature– Influent water temperature which depends on thecountries/regions must be considered. (Ex. 2532˚C)– Generally, performance at low temperature would
be achieved at higher temperature.

• Acclimation before testing– Seeding agents/sludge could be used for a new
test start-up, and the acclimation method shall bementioned in Instructions to operator.
– Acclimation period must be restricted. (Ex. 8weeks)Testing condition in SoutheastAsia• Sampling– Frequency (ex. every week)– Composite sampling (or grab sampling)• Testing period– Seasonal change should be considered. (ex. 24or 48 weeks)• Size of the testing product– The smallest size of the product series shallnormally be selected because it should show
the worst treatment performance.

• Operation & maintenance– Follow the instructions to operator

Challenges in Indonesia

2017.022016.03

4th Stakeholder’smeeting

Launching BSN
TC ondecentralizedwastewater
treatment

3rd Stakeholder’smeeting2015.09
2nd
Stakeholder’smeeting2015. 02
1st
Stakeholder’s meeting

Stakeholders
•
••
•
•
•

Ministry of Environment and Forestry
Ministry of Public Works
Standardization organization
Local governments
Universities
Private companies

Stakeholders Meeting

1) Better understanding on domestic wastewater treatment
in Indonesia
2) Awareness raising for the importance of treatment
performance testing method and certification system
3) Initiation of the network building on decentralized
wastewater treatment in Indonesia
4) Better understanding on the SNI standardization process
5) Better understanding on the PUSKIM inspection systemon the decentralized wastewater treatment systeminstalled by PU
6) Drafting performance testing method in Indonesia7) Identification of role and function of each stakeholders

Establishment of standardized performance testing

method for decentralized wastewater treatment facility
in Asian region and network building of its experts

Progress ofstandardization
 Capacity building of atesting body Qualification system forengineer• International WS (MOE)• WEPA (MOE)

Cambodia
VietnamThailand
Malaysia

Indonesia
Indonesian
test

Stakeholder’s meeting Raising awareness Drafting a testing method
 Considering strategies

Regional
standard

Testing
methods
in Asiancountries

Propose testing standard
in ASEAN countries

Characteristics of
biological wastewater
treatment in eachcountry

Nation to region

Contents• What is Johkasou– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment
facilities• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice inJapan)– Domestic wastewater or black water• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011

Keeping the performance• Appropriate installation techniques are required.
• Appropriate operation and periodic maintenanceare required.
• Desludging at a proper timing is required.

InstallationOperation andmaintenance

DesludgingIndispensable parameters for the design ofwastewater treatment plants

Keeping the performance• All the work related to WWTPs should be
professionals and regulated by law.
• A license/qualification/certification systemfor operators and technicians would be
helpful to ensure the performance of WWTPs.

Continuous training program authorized by government
which would be supported by organization consists ofwastewater experts, governments, plant makers andmaintenance companies)

Whole picture of our idea
Before installation• Effluent standard– Not only sanitation
but also waterenvironment• Performance test
and certification
system– Ministries andorganization– Testing method• R&D– Microbial activity– Sludge removal
frequency– Settleability of SS– Effect ofdisinfection

Installation• Local government
initiative• Construction
permission withcertificate• Standard for
installation• Registration ofWWTPs• Qualification system– Construction
technician, operators,
and sludge removal
technician

In use• O&M– Frequency andcontents– Disinfectants– Fee• Sludge
removal– Frequency– Fee• Sludgetreatment– Including
septage• Inspection(optional)– Frequency– FeeContents• What is Johkasou– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment
facilities• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice inJapan)– Domestic wastewater or black water• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011

History of Sanitary Treatmentof Night Soil in Japan• Storage of night soil and utilization for agriculture (-1950s)• Night soil turned from fertilizer to waste due to theurbanization and the spread of chemical fertilizer (1950s-)• Nationwide water pollution caused social problem (the late1960s-)– Delay in construction of sewerage systems led dissemination ofdecentralized facilities treating black water only.
– Then untreated gray water has been one of the main sources ofpollutants in water bodies.

• Development of domestic wastewater (black and gray water)
treatment systems. (1980s-)
We still have 4.23 million units (FY2014)

Black water and gray water

Water consumption

BOD loads per capita per day

Black50 L/person/day

13 gBOD/person/day

Gray

150 L/person/day

27 gBOD/person/day

History of Sanitary Treatmentof Night Soil in Japan• It is very difficult to promote replacement.
– The owner already has flush toilet. There is nospecific incentive.
– It is a personal property, and they do not want to
pay more.

• We really hope other countries to focus not
only on black water but domestic wastewater(black and gray water) from the beginning.

Contents• What is Johkasou– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment
facilities• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice inJapan)– Domestic wastewater or black water• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011

3 weeks after the Great East Japan Earthquake(April, 2011)

Only some buildings remained

Centralized WWTPs affected by
the Great East Japan Earthquakein 2011
Centralized WWTPs
Just aftertheearthquake

2 months
laterSuspension46

18

Damaged6344（MILT）

In operation

48

Unknown

1110Total

120120Centralized WWTPs affected by
the Great East Japan Earthquake
in 2011
Pump station

Sewer pipes

Just after
theearthquake

2 months
later

Suspension

78

41

Damaged3031

In operation

36

Unknown

11Total109

109• In 132 municipalities,
681 km of sewer pipes
and 19,624 manholes
were damaged.
• Because sewer piping
network is spread tohuge area, wastewater
services in undamaged
area were also limited.

Some people were going back to their home

Wastewater must be dischargedJohkasou affected by the Great East
Japan Earthquake in 2011
Damaged Johkasou in heavily affected area (with seismic
intensity over 6) in Northeast Japan

Total
TSUNAMI affectedareaArea with seismic
intensity over 6

Simplerepair isrequired
28.4%

Total loss Number ofinvestigated
sites
3.8%
1,099

55.4%

2.5%

278

19.2%

4.3%

821

Ministry of Environment Japan

Johkasou is strong against
earthquake
A very small number of Johkasou wasaffected by the Great East Japan
Earthquake in 2011.

Johkasou must be suitable not onlyfor individual houses but alsorefuges.

Research topics• Reuse of wastewater for flashing toilet
in refuges• Optimization of Fecal sludge
Transportation in Emergency• Earthquake-resilient construction andinstallation techniques for Johkasou• ....etc

Reuse of wastewater for flashing
toilet in refuges
Water saving
devices

Solar
power

Solar
power

Shelter

LPG

Electricity
P
Heat
DSP

ScreenElectricity
Heat

Dryer

Wastewater treatment and reuse system
in refuges that enables using flush toilet

Optimization of Fecal sludge
Transportation in Emergency• Establishment of a network model forhuman waste and sludge transportation in acertain prefecture• A mathematical model for optimization oftransportation

Earthquake-resilient construction andinstallation techniques for Johkasou• Analysis of the stress on Johkasou during
earthquakes by use of a finite element
model (FEM).
• Establishment of testing method forearthquake-resilience
-20

40

0.0

③-0.2

②

-0.4
-0.6
Depth (m)①①-2Stress （kN/m2)020

9@0.2444=2.2m

-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
-1.8
-2.0

①位置
②位置
③位置
①-2位置

Your valuable comments andsuggestions will be highly
appreciated.