Raising the Standard of Ethics and Human Rights Among
Anti-human Trafficking Responders in the Mekong Region

Lisa Rende Taylor* and Melinda Sullivan**T

he Greater Mekong Sub-region—Cambodia, China, Lao pdr,
Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam—sees diverse patterns of internal and cross-border human trafficking, for the purposes of sexual
exploitation, labor exploitation, and forced marriage. Human trafficking inthis region can be both internal and cross-border; highly organized and also
small-scale; through both formal and informal recruitment mechanisms;
and involving the victimization of men, women, boys, girls, and families.
Thus, within the Mekong Region, there is not so much a single pattern of
human trafficking as a range of different patterns, with diverse victim andcriminal profiles.
Numbers of victims are estimated to be in the millions—for example,
in 2005 the International Labour Organization (ilo) estimated that there
were 9.49 million cases of forced labor in the Asia-Pacific region1, with asignificant proportion thought to be in the Mekong region. This is not surprising given the position that Southeast Asia holds at the bottom of manyof the world’s supply chains, from frozen seafood to garments to electronics.
Internal and cross-border trafficking into the sex trade is also prevalent. The
anti-human trafficking response in the Mekong region has been recognized
as being relatively mature in its effectiveness and coordination, given its
substantive engagement with the issue since the early-mid 1990s. Multisectoral engagement in combating human trafficking is common in mostcountries, engaging police, lawyers, social workers, educators, academia,
the media, and civil society. Still, the great majority of trafficking victims
remain unidentified and unassisted.
The diversity of actors engaging in the fight against human trafficking
has led to numerous situations of mostly well-intentioned people, somewithout formal training in upholding a duty of care and protection, going*Lisa Rende Taylor, PhD, is the Chief Technical Advisor for the United Nations InterAgency Project on Human Trafficking (UNIAP).
**Melinda Sullivan was Regional Legal Coordinator for UNIAP.

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into the sweatshops, brothels, and origin communities of trafficked persons
to visit trafficking victims or their families—to interview, to film, to offer
assistance. The positive consequences of increased awareness and action
toward eradicating human trafficking are clear; however, what are the negative consequences?
Many of the negative consequences have related to violations (or, sadly,
re-violations) of trafficking-affected persons’ human rights: escaped trafficking victims who had quietly returned home have been “outed” by conspicuous visits from anti-trafficking organizations to their homes; sobbing
victims have been filmed and broadcast to millions without their consent
during rescue operations; recovering trafficking victims have been re-traumatized by the probing interviews of researchers aiming to educate theworld on how horrific and abusive the human trafficking industry can be.
This paper documents an initiative of the United Nations Inter-Agency
Project on Human Trafficking (uniap) aiming to tackle the urgent need toraise the ethical standards of anti-trafficking responders in the Mekong region, and globally. Uniap’s Ethics and Human Rights in Counter-Trafficking
initiative launched in 2008 and aimed, in the span of three years, to measurably improve the ethical and rights-based conduct of anti-trafficking practitioners. It is an appropriate time to reflect on results, challenges, and lessons
learned, which are outlined in this paper.
Human Trafficking and Human Rights
According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, all people—including trafficking victims—have fundamental rights including rights tofreedom, dignity, security, and privacy. In examining this partial list of fundamental human rights, it can be seen how human traffickers and exploiters
steal many of these fundamental rights away from trafficking victims. Whenhuman trafficking victims come into contact with service providers or otheranti-trafficking responders, the victims may have just been under the control of a criminal who denied their rights to freedom, dignity, and decent
work, leaving possible physical and/or psychological scars.
Thus, when it comes to trafficking victim protection, anti-trafficking
responders should be well-prepared and properly trained to create an environment and support approach that immediately reinstates the victim’s
power and position to think, act, and plan freely; to accept, decline, andAnti-Human Trafficking Responders in the Mekong Region

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consider their life options; to rebuild his/her self-reliance; and to healthily rebuild a life with decent work, education, security, and dignity. From
this perspective, it can be seen how an ethical, empowering approach toanti-trafficking work is crucial, particularly when considering the slippery
slope that exists from good intentions to paternalism that, in its worst, takes
forms such as de facto detention within trafficking shelters.
The Human Trafficking Situation in the Mekong region
The Mekong region compared to many other parts of the world contains
diverse patterns of sex, labor, and marriage trafficking, involving the victimization of men, women, boys, girls, and sometimes entire families. Examples
include:• Trafficking of men, women, children, and families into Thailand
from neighboring Cambodia, Lao pdr, and Myanmar—against abackground of widespread irregular migration—for forced prostitution, domestic servitude, or forced labor into sweatshops or onto
fishing boats, construction sites, plantations, or farms;• Trafficking of children from rural to urban areas who are forced
to beg, steal, or sell flowers on the streets, in Cambodia, China,
Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam;
• Trafficking of young Cambodian and Vietnamese girls for virginity
selling; and• Trafficking of women from rural China, Lao PDR, Myanmar, orVietnam into the interior of China for forced marriage, sometimes leading to domestic servitude, forced labor, and/or sexual
exploitation.
Trafficking also occurs from the Mekong countries to destinations further abroad, through both formal and informal channels. Men from Thailand,Laos, and Vietnam are trafficked to the US and Middle East into exploitativelabor on farms and construction sites, through formal labor recruitment
channels but with fraudulent contracts and deductions. Women and girls
from all six of the Mekong countries are increasingly being found in forced
prostitution or domestic servitude farther afield in Asia in Malaysia, Hong
Kong, Chinese Taipei/Taiwan, and Japan; Chinese, Thai, and Vietnamese
women and girls have been trafficked to Africa, the Middle East, the US,
and western European countries for labor and sexual exploitation.

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UNIAP and the Ethics and Human Rights in Counter-Trafficking Initiative
The United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking (uniap)
was established in 2000 to facilitate a stronger and more coordinated response to human trafficking in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (gms).
Uniap is managed by a regional management office in Bangkok, with country project offices in the capitals of the six Mekong countries; internationaland national staff include lawyers, psychosocial counselors, social scientists,and journalists. As an inter-agency project, uniap works closely with over
two hundred fifty government, United Nations (UN), civil society (national
and international non-governmental organizations [ngos]), and private sector partners at the regional, cross-border, national, and community levels.
Uniap is the only UN/international entity in the Mekong region focusing
solely on human trafficking, and comprehensively covering all four ‘Ps’:
policy, prevention, protection, and prosecution. Uniap’s modus operandi
includes training, research, policy advocacy, and operational support to police, victim service providers, and ngos; a focus on institutional capacitybuilding and coordinated systems-building spans all activities.
Over the past five years, the Mekong countries have made considerable
and commendable progress in combating issues around human trafficking.
A large number of activities have been implemented at local and national
levels, as well as on a bilateral basis and across the four Ps. The six governments of the Mekong region also signed a memorandum of understandingin 2004, jointly committing themselves to coordinated and increasingly effective efforts to combat human trafficking. This mou, the commit mou,is the foundation of the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against
Human Trafficking (commit Process), for which uniap serves as commit
Secretariat. Related to ethical treatment of trafficking-affected persons, ina Joint Declaration signed by the commit governments in December 2007,
the governments at a ministerial level pledged:• Commitment to preventing trafficking in persons and associatedharms through actions aimed at identifying and protecting trafficked persons at every point in the trafficking cycle; and to ensurethat all official actions with respect to trafficked persons protect
their safety, dignity and rights (Article 14); andAnti-Human Trafficking Responders in the Mekong Region•

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Firm belief in the practical and symbolic value of an approach
which places the individual and his or her rights at the centre of
any trafficking law, policy or intervention (Article 18).

Thus, by the end of 2007, the political will was firmly in place to address needs for improvement in how government and non-government actors were applying rights-based approaches to trafficking-affected persons.
Uniap launched the Ethics and Human Rights in Counter-Trafficking initiative shortly thereafter in 2008, following a three-year plan for dissemination,
capacity-building, localization, and integration as detailed below.
Humble Beginnings in 2007-2008
Within the UN and undp (through which uniap is administered), there
is no standard internal process to review whether research, activities, or
consultants meet an ethical standard in research and programming, noteven for work engaging vulnerable populations. Uniap made the decision
to institute its own internal review process modeled after the Institutional
Review Boards (irbs) of academia, putting all of its research and activities
working directly with vulnerable populations through a critical review process based on seven guiding principles on ethics and human rights createdfor counter-trafficking work. In peer reviewing the forms and process withcolleagues working on human rights and anti-trafficking globally, there wasa clear call to make such guidelines and tools available for the anti-trafficking public, since by this point in 2007, no comprehensive resource existed
providing practical, step-by-step guidance on how to make anti-trafficking
interventions more rights-respecting. The two most relevant guidelines that
did exist were World Health Organization’s 2003 guidelines for interviewing
trafficked women2 andunicef’s 2006 guidelines on protecting child trafficking victims3, but neither addressed anti-trafficking comprehensively.
Thus, in September 2008, the uniap Guide to Ethics and Human Rights
in Counter-trafficking: Ethical Standards for Counter-Trafficking Researchand Programming Guide4 was launched in English, then soon after in thesix Mekong languages. To date, nearly fifteen thousand Guides have been
printed and disseminated in the seven languages, with electronic versions of
the Guide available in English and the Mekong languages on the internet5.

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The seven guiding principles that serve as the foundation for the Guide
to Ethics and Human Rights in Counter-Trafficking and all trainings are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Do no harm: be compassionate but neutral.
Prioritize personal safety and security: identify and minimize risks.
Get informed consent, with no coercion.
Ensure anonymity and confidentiality to the greatest extent
possible.
Adequately select and prepare interpreters and field teams.
Prepare referral information, and be prepared for emergency
intervention.
Do not hesitate to help others: put your information to good use.

The Guide itself is fifty to sixty pages long (varies by language) and includes checklists, case studies, do’s and don’ts, and templates for key forms
such as ethics reviews and informed consent statements.
Dissemination and Training on the Ethics Guide
While uniap worked to translate the Guide into the six Mekong languages
in early 2009, standardized training curriculums were created and customized to suit a few different types of training groups: senior policy officials;
operational government officials from police, justice, social work and otherministries; ngo workers and journalists; and mixed, multi-disciplinary settings. Once the Guide was translated, training materials were also translated
and the first round of national-level trainings were launched in all countries,
with regional legal/technical experts with a solid understanding of ethics
and human rights delivering the trainings in local language (with interpretation), with all materials in local language.
Uniap also integrated ethics and human rights training modules into
existing regional anti-trafficking training curriculums, including the commit Regional Anti-Trafficking Training Programme, which trains hundredsof government officials and ngo officers from the six Mekong governments
plus Malaysia annually. In addition, uniap and partners acted opportunistically to integrate ethics training modules into other relevant national andsub-national trainings, for example trafficking victim screening trainings forAnti-Human Trafficking Responders in the Mekong Region

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police and border guards, and shelter management and counseling trainings
for shelter staff.
By 2011, many national uniap staff and inter-agency partners (UN andngo) had gained significant experience being exposed to ethics trainings by
uniap’s regional experts, and by working as co-trainers to facilitate interpretation and strengthen their own capacity. This, over time, increased the
localization and spread of ethics training at the national and sub-national
levels, since local anti-trafficking staff and partners were more well-versed
in integrating such training and coaching on a formal or informal basis.
After a first order of a few thousand Guides in 2008-2009, many thousands
more had to be printed through 2011 to meet the demand for more Guides
across the region from this localization spread. Nearly four thousand eight
hundred Guides in the seven languages have been disseminated throughtraining and ethic workshops as of 2011.
Uniap ethics training programs began with a pre-test on ethics knowledge,
followed by a general overview of human trafficking in the region and thecountry presented by uniap national staff, often using multimedia tools
such as video documentaries showing lives and perspectives of trafficking
victims to engage the group from the start6, and get them thinking “in theshoes” of victims and their family members.
The ethics trainer then began the ethics and human rights presentation.
The trainer invited each participant to introduce themselves and to comment on their understanding of ethics and human rights. Following this, thetrainer introduced the participants to ethics and human rights in countertrafficking, providing the participants with the Guide to Ethics and Human
Rights in Counter-trafficking: Ethical Standards for Counter-Trafficking
Research and Programming (‘the Guide’) in their language, walking participants through uniap’s seven guiding principles of ethics and human rights
in counter-trafficking in detail, with discussion.
The training then focused on each of the seven guiding principles of
ethics and human rights individually, providing more detailed informationand guidance on each concept. Where relevant, national laws and/or policies relating to each guiding principle were presented and discussed. Use ofnational laws that interacted with the ethics and human rights principles in
the Guide assisted the trainer to demonstrate how the concepts were applicable to the participant’s anti-trafficking activities in the local context.

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Participants were provided with a copy of their national human trafficking laws or legal provisions. Participants were also provided with a copyof the uniap publication Human Trafficking Laws: Legal Provisions forVictims. Examples of laws presented to participants that interacted with theprinciples of ethics and human rights in counter-trafficking included laws
relating to protection of privacy and identity, counseling and legal rights,
provision of medical treatment, age, gender and special needs of victims,
and protection of physical safety, for example:
Protection of privacy and identity as included in:• Cambodia - Law on Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual
Exploitation (2008), Article 49• Lao PDR - Law on Development and Protection of Women (2004),
Articles 25(7) and 27• Myanmar - Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law (2005), Sections 11(a),(b) and (c); Section 16(f ), and Section 19(e)• Thailand - Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act (2008), Sections 31, 36
and 56Counseling and legal rights as included in:• Lao pdr - Law on Development and Protection of Women (2004),
Articles 25(4) and 28• Myanmar - Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law (2005), Sections 19(c)and 19(d)• Thailand - Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act (2008), Sections 33, 34
and 35
Provision of medical treatment as included in:• Lao pdr - Law on Development and Protection of Women (2004),
Articles 25(8) and 28• Myanmar - Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law (2005), Sections 16(e)and 19(f )• Thailand - Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act (2008), Section 33
Age, gender and special needs of victims as included in:
Thailand - Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act (2008), Section 33

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Protection of physical safety as included in:• Lao pdr - Law on Development and Protection of Women (2004),
Articles 25(5) and 27• Myanmar - Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law (2005), Sections 14,
16(a) and 17• Thailand - Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act (2008), Section 36.
For each guiding principle, real case examples were presented and discussed, including situations encountered by previous training participants.
The real case examples enabled participants to understand how each ethics
principle might affect their work in practice. The participants were placed ingroups and asked to work together to identify the ethics and human rights
issue(s) highlighted in the case example, and best responses to the cases.
For a number of the guiding principles, additional training materials
were used. For example, for the guiding principle ‘Do no harm: be compassionate but neutral,’ a video of a mock police interview with a child was used
to demonstrate ‘bad’ and ‘good’ interview techniques. The participants wereasked what they would do to improve on both the ‘bad’ and ‘good’ interview. Used at the start of the training, this video also introduced a varietyof the different ethics and human rights principles that would follow. For
the guiding principle ‘Anonymity and confidentiality,’ the trainer used pictures to demonstrate how confidentiality and anonymity might be protected. Participants were asked what more might be done to protect anonymity and confidentiality for the individuals in the pictures. In some trainings,
examples of human trafficking reports or newspaper clippings were used to
identify ‘good’ and ‘bad’ examples of protection of confidentiality in print.
Toward the end of the training, participants were engaged in role plays
illustrating ethical dilemmas that occur in anti-trafficking. Participants wererequested to use knowledge gained during the training to act out, with theirgroup, what they would do in each scenario to facilitate the protection of
ethics and human rights. A post-test on ethics knowledge and course evaluation marked the end of the training.
Observations and Lessons Learned
One observation and lesson learned was that receiving support from a wellknown national government official with a specialized knowledge of human

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trafficking was often important to the success of the trainings. Collaboration
with champions within the government to raise awareness of human trafficking, human rights and ethics, and to promote the ethics training to theparticipants, engendered increased interest and participation from theparticipants.
A second observation over time was the benefit of being able to engage
local experienced individuals who had previously participated in the trainings to assist with the training. These individuals provided great perspective
while co-facilitating the training, being able to provide richer additional information from a local context, and assist with group work proficiently, notrequiring the use of a translator.
A third lesson learned was the importance of tailoring the trainings
to the particular background and profession of participants, whether they
were police, researchers, journalists, or other type of anti-trafficking practitioner. This ensured that the training was relevant and of practical benefit
for the participants. This was particularly important for participants who
worked in human trafficking but who had little or no experience with ethics and human rights. For participants with more extensive experience withethics and human rights, multi-disciplinary trainings were of greater benefit, allowing the analysis of challenging ethical issues from different perspectives (for example, police, lawyers, and social workers) and promoting
the multi-disciplinary networking and trust-building that is so important inanti-human trafficking work.
Fourth, the more active participation and opportunities for discussion
the participants were provided, the more benefit the participants appeared
to obtain from the training. Training participants responded particularly
well to discussion of cases and actual experiences of participants, as well
as video presentations. Presenting a video at the start of the training which
provided an introduction to the themes of the training enabled the participants to gain an understanding of the concepts to be discussed. Use of video
presentations highlighting ‘bad’ ethics and human rights practices particularly engaged the participants and encouraged discussion without fears ofoffending anyone in the room.
Evaluation Results, 2011-2012
The shift in capacity-building efforts from the regional to the national levelin 2010-2011 freed up regional resources to begin impact evaluation: haveAnti-Human Trafficking Responders in the Mekong Region

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all of these trainings and thousands of disseminated Guides really made ameasurable difference in the lives of trafficking-affected persons and the way
anti-trafficking responders interface with them? Uniap began the process
of follow-up with former ethics training participants in late 2010, to see if
uniap’s ethics training had any impact on the real day-to-day operations ofanti-trafficking responders who had received the training months (for some,years) ago. Participants were specifically asked how the training has contributed to improving ethical and rights-based practices in their workplans;
whether they have implemented the ethical principles from uniap’s Guide
and training in their work and/or work policy; and, whether they were able
to identify ethical issues in their work that they were not previously awareof as ethical issues.
Self-reported feedback (with factual cross-checking by uniap local
staff ) was welcomed in a variety of forms, to allow for a richer, qualitative
understanding of how rights-based approaches were understood, absorbed,
and applied by the participants. Five examples of some of the feedback obtained are as follows, providing indications of positive results of increased
capacity among anti-trafficking responders and within victim protection
systems, integration of more rights-based knowledge and practice into theoperational work of anti-trafficking responders, and real behavior change.
•

Police interview procedures reformed to uphold the principles of ‘Do No Harm’ and to enable referral, in Cambodia:“Practically, I learnt a lot from the training, particularly a humanrights base for interviewing. As a result, we reformed the team andthe way to handle cases….we created a proper place to interview
victims after raid and rescue [which had] not existed before I wastrained. Our behavior changed in treating the interviewees basedon their rights, for example, we provide them food and water if they
are in need, translator if they are foreigners and they have rightto answer or decline. Moreover, we would refer them to our partners for further intervention [when this was requested].”– Senior
Gendarmerie official, Cambodia (trained April 2010)•

Journalist reporting techniques were changed to reflect ethicalprinciples of confidentiality and anonymity, in Cambodia: “Theethics training for counter-trafficking was very useful for me….It has

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H u m a n R i g h t s E d u c at i o n i n A s i a - Pa c i f i cbeen a good improvement for my profession in interviewing, particularly the sensitive cases of trafficking and abuses. In my reports,
instead of giving the real name, I make up a different one so that theidentity of the victim has been protected. I see how it is important tohave this type of training….I suggest that the training should continue on a wider scale.”—Journalist for Cambodia Weekly, Cambodia(trained April 2009)•

Social workers ensuring informed consent obtained, staff
trained, and victims interviewed by appropriate staff, in
Cambodia and Thailand: “Before the training our team [work]
was based on belief and habit. Consequently, interviews could
happen at any time and any place. We sometimes had malestaff carry on interviewing shivering girls who had been abused.
However, after being introduced to the guidelines and rightsbased interviews, we changed our practice. For instance, we arranged proper interview environments, asked for consent, andmaintained anonymity and confidentiality. We also share ourknowledge and experience with our team and counterparts on
the issue.”—ngo social worker, Cambodia (trained April 2009)“After attending UNIAP’s ethics training, I applied what I learned
to provide assistance to victims of trafficking while interviewing
them…[especially] being friendly, getting to know the victim, andproviding snacks, fruit, water, drinks. I allow the victim to speak
without any interruptions, and during the interview I try to reduce
tensions in the environment. I encourage and support [the victim]
by maintaining eye contact, allowing the victim to finish his/herstory, and remaining neutral.”—ngo worker, Thailand (trained
August 2010), who also shared photos of ngo staff conducting interviews in rural communities to document their improvements.

•

Improving shelter systems to uphold ‘Do No Harm,’ anonymity,
and confidentiality: Shelter managers in Viet Nam submitted before and after photos of changes made to their shelters after receiving ethics training, including new locked cabinets for confidential
case files (previously, cabinets had no locks and glass doors), as wellAnti-Human Trafficking Responders in the Mekong Region67

as locked personal cabinets for shelter clients to be able to store
their private belongings (previously, clients had no private space tocall their own and no control over the storage of their keepsakes).
•

Policy makers passing on the guidelines to operational units
under their stead: “I have not directly applied what I have learned
from the training to my own work, as our unit does not work directly with victims. However, the training was very informative andwhere possible this information is always disseminated to related officers.”—Government social development officer, Thailand (trained
August 2010).

Next Steps: Impact and Identification of Gaps and Priorities
Teasing out the longer-term impacts that could be fairly attributed to thissingle initiative is challenging, particularly since no specific regional situational baseline was measured. However, an attempt will be made to do anassessment in 2012 that examines three bigger-picture areas where trafficking victim rights are sometimes violated, and comparing the behavior of
responders exposed to the ethics guide and training, versus those with no
exposure. The overall objective will be to help anti-trafficking responders
in the region, including through the commit Process, collectively identify
and address high-priority outstanding challenges to a rights-based anti-trafficking response. These three areas are by no means comprehensive; by prioritizing and selecting three areas, however, it provides focus and a deeper
understanding on how to address these weak points, rather than trying to
fix everything at once and being spread too thin. The three bigger-pictureareas, or impact themes, being considered include:
1.

Trafficking victim protection systems and policies, including shelter systems and victim/witness treatment. This impact
theme will explore whether and how fundamental human rights areupheld in victim protection systems, including shelter systems—including freedom of movement, dignity, and right to family. De facto
detention of victims in trafficking shelters7 and examining whether
victims are forced or compelled to serve as witnesses in protracted

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3.

criminal proceedings are two urgent issues to be critically examined here.
Informed consent and privacy for trafficking-affected persons
in the media and public awareness raising activities. This impact theme will survey human trafficking stories in the print andbroadcast media as well as awareness-raising activities involving
trafficked persons, to ensure that victims are participating withfull informed consent, with no harm done and identities concealed(unless, in the case of adults, they wish to reveal their identities).
Victim participation should be productive and empowering, nottokenistic or exploitative.
Impacts in source communities. This impact theme will focus on
positive and negative effects that government and non-government
responders have in trafficking origin areas and source communities. Respect for privacy and confidentiality of trafficking-affected
persons within their communities will be explored here, as well unintended consequences leading to stigmatization or other sociallydamaging outcomes for trafficking-affected persons.

Conclusion
While a review of a three-year uniap initiative aiming to improve ethicalconduct and rights-based approaches among anti-trafficking responders in
the Mekong region did generate some positive indicators of success, much
more work needs to be done by the anti-trafficking community. The guiding principles of ‘Do no harm,’ ‘Get informed consent, with no coercion,’and ‘Ensure anonymity and confidentiality to the greatest extent possible’
in particular are seen to still be violated in mass media and other publicawareness-raising; in police stations and courtrooms; and in victim protection services alike.
Traffickers and exploiters of sex, labor, and marriage trafficking victims
rob trafficking victims of their fundamental rights to dignity, freedom, andsecurity. The anti-trafficking community should be focusing its energies on
immediately reinstating dignity, freedom, and security for trafficking-affected persons—with freedom not being unnecessarily sacrificed in the nameof security, as it sometimes is. Government and non-government commitment to improving the ethical conduct of anti-trafficking responders would

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be a strong step in the right direction, with a focus on truly appreciating themeaning and value of a rights-based approach.
Endnotes
1 ILO, A Global Alliance Against Forced Labour: Global Report to the Followup to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (Geneva:
ILO, 2005).
2 WHO, Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Interviewing Trafficked
Women (Geneva: WHO, 2003).
3 UNICEF, Guidelines on the Protection of Child Victims of Trafficking (Geneva:
UNICEF, 2006).
4 UNIAP, Guide to Ethics and Human Rights in Counter-Trafficking: EthicalStandards for Counter-Trafficking Research and Programming (Bangkok: UNIAP,
2008).
5 Please see www.no-trafficking.org/init_ethics.html.
6 The MTV EXIT documentaries proved very effective and well-received bymany ethics training participants.
7 Gallagher, A. and Pearson, E., Detention of trafficked persons in shelters: alegal and policy analysis (Bangkok: Asia Regional Trafficking in Persons Project[ARTIP], 2008).