神戸大学

集中講義

セミナー

バイオエアロゾル

Yasunobu IWASAKAIn Japan Prof. Isono firstly studied KOSA particles anddiscussed the mineralogical feature, and suggested
the large potential as ice nuclei using electronmicroscopic technique.
(Isono et. al, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 1959; Tellus, 1971)

(Isono et al., 1971, Tellus, 23, 40-59)

日本上空でつかまった
黄砂の電子顕微鏡写真

同じ黄砂の写真でも前のと大違い(こちらのほうは相当に弱い電子戦で観察している）
This picture is an important trigger toconsider the effect of long range transportof Asian pollutants

黄砂
黄砂表面の
溶液が
染み出した カルシウムの膜と反応する硫酸！？

Iwasaka et al. (Tellus, 1988)

黄砂の電子顕微鏡写真．エネ
ルギーの高い電子線を当てると表面の物が蒸発する．

黄砂の表面に何物かが載っていることもあるのでは、と思われたが当時は注目されなかったIwasaka et al. (Tellus, 1988)

代表的な凝結核粒子(エアロゾル）の電子顕微鏡写真（気象研究所のホームページより）（微生物由来のものが出ており、面白いが、ここでスギ花粉を出すのはいかがなものか？）（電子顕微鏡写真が実態を表していると考えると大違い！！）今になって見て改めて鉱物表面にあったものは何であったのか？

Asian dust attracts large interest of investigators
2000-2001（2004） International project of ACE-Asia was
made, and many investigators operated their particle collector
at many observational sites.

2005年～関係国は観測研究体制を整備、得意分野中心に観測施設の充実

80˚E

100˚E

120˚E

140˚E

50˚N
Dunhuang

40˚N
30˚N

TaklamakandesertWesterly wind is dominant
In north-east Asia

Gobi desert
Beijing
Seoul

NagoyaArid region of the Asian continent
makes lots of atmospheric dust particle
Long-range transport of dust particle
disturbs the urban atmosphere of big
citiesKOSAScattering
Ratio

Depolarizati
on RatioThose measurements were made by Dr. Kwon et al.
(Kwon et al., Atmos. Environ.,1997, Matsuki et al., JGR, 2003)

Balloon and Air-craft borne measurements showed
Large effect of westerly wind on global diffusion of KOSA
(%)

0

25

Spring mean
>4km

5Summer mean
>4km

5 6

50

11

75

100

84

80

-9%
etc
Sea Salt
Soil

Spring mean
<4km

11

Summer mean
<4km

35 6

9

80

- 86 %

Observed seasonal change in the verticalstructure of coarse (D ＞ 1µm) aerosols overJapan. Relative seasonal change in the total
number of coarse particles is shown as 100%
being the mean value for spring. Fractions by

80˚E

100˚E

120˚E

140˚E

50˚N

40˚N

タクラマ
カン砂漠

敦煌

30˚N

•
•
•
•
•

Dust sourceLong-range
transportation
Background KOSA
1995Balloon system
was modified fordownsize• 1999 Dust operation
started

ゴビ砂漠

北京
金沢
名古屋

Let’s consider
advantage of balloon
measurements

Balloon-train

Positioning of sampler
is madeby GPSFor single particle analysis, particle
collector system should be recovered!!

Westerly becomes
clear
above about 5km

Particle concentration is measured by Balloonborne OPC and balloon-recover is not always
necessary
1000

1000

A

>0.5μ m

20000

10

10

1
Boundary layer

0.1>3.6μ m

16000
12000

Boundary layer
2.6-3.6km
3.8km

6.5-7.5km
0.01

2001/10/17

1

0.1

4.2-6.5km>0.8μ m>1.2μ mAltitude, m

100

dN/dlogD, cm-3

>0.3μ m100

dN/dlogD, cm-3

8 / 29B
B

2001/8/17

5-6.2km0.01

8.6-9.6km

6.4-7.6km
10.2-11.4km
0.001
0.01

1000

0.1

1
Diameter, mm

10

C

100

0.001
0.01

1000

2002/1/11

0.1

1
Diameter, mm

D

10

100

2002/4/30

100

100

8000

dN/dlogD, cm

4000

10
-3

dN/dlogD, cm-3

10

1
boundary layer
3-4km

0.1

0.1

4.3-5.2km

0
0.01

0.1

1

10

Number Conc. cm- 3

8-10km
0.001
0.01

1000

0.1

1
Diameter, mm

E

10

100

2002/8/27

dN/dlogD, cm

-3

10

1

0.1

1/19/2016

boundary layer
2-3.6km
3.6-5km0.01

5-6.5km
6.5-8.2km

0.001
0.01

0.1

4.6-5.5km
6-8km

100

気球による直接観測で5～6kmにギャップがしばしば見つかる

2.7-3.2km

3.9-4.6km

0.01

6.3-7.2km

100

boundary layer

3.3-3.7km

5.6-6.2km
0.01

0.0001 0.001

1

1
Diameter, mm

10

100

0.001
0.01

0.1

1
Diameter, mm

10

100

Vertical Profiles of Aerosols Measured by Lidar
at Dunhuang (Iwasaka et al., JGR, 2003)

Those data clearlyshow dust particle
diffusion up to
about 5-6km heightat arid areas of
Asian continentタクラマカン砂漠
上空は黄砂の溜まり場プール

上空の偏西風

東側から砂漠に向かって吹き込む
This causes
Background KOSA
タクラマカン砂漠では
平均高度4000mの山々に囲まれて地上には出口が東側にしかない。山谷風で巻き上った砂塵は、上空へ拡散する。ここから偏西風で風下へ拡散する。

Coarse Particles in the Free
Atmosphere,3-5km at Dunhuang insummer of 2002

C*
O*

X-ray counts

X-ray Counts

C*

Ca*

Ni*
Al

Si
Ni*

Ni*
O
*

Ni*

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

X-ray Emission (keV)
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

C*
Na

X-ray Emission (keV)

X-ray counts

0

Ni*

0

1

S

2
3
4
5
6
X-ray Emission (keV)

Ni*

7

8

7

8

Fine particles also were collected

(B)

(b)

(a)

(b)

(a)
C*
X-ray Counts

X-ray Counts

C*

S

O*

0

1

2

3
4
5
6
X-ray Emission (keV)

Ni*

7

O*

8

0

1

S

2

3
4
5
6
X-ray Emission (keV)

Ni*
7

8

Electron micrograph of individual particles collected in the freetroposphere between about 3km and 5km over Dunhuang, China.
Both fine particles (a) and (b) are ammonium sulfate.

C*

X-ray counts(a)Typical electron micrograph of collected particles in spring in
the range of 3-7km.
(a) Si-rich particle, (b) Ca-rich particle. The Ni* peak is due to
the Ni grid used inside the collection surface

O*

Al Si
K

Ni*

5μm
0

1

2

3

Ni*
4

5

6

7

8

X-ray emission (keV)(b)
X-ray counts

C*

10μm

Ca
O*
Ni* Al Si
0

1

2

Ni*

Ca
3

4

5

6

X-ray emission (keV)78バイオエアロゾルの対流圏広域拡散による影響
微生物生態系への影響、動植物に対する病原性(e.g., Griffin et al., 2001; Prospero, 2005; Kellogg and Griffin, 2006

氷晶核として雲形成や間接放射に影響(e.g., Maki and Wiloughby, 1978; IPCC, 2001; Möhler et al., 2007)
氷晶核としての能力
バイオエアロゾル－７～－１１℃（Möhler et al., 2007）－２～－４℃

鉱物粒子－１３～－２０℃(Isono et al., 1959)（Shenell and Vali, 1972）

スノーマックス（凍結剤）！

IPCC 2001 report suggested the possible contribution of
micro biota to climate/environment disturbance中国敦煌市にも観測サイトを経営
黄砂発生源地、黄砂沈降地域の系統的な比較を目指す

2006年サンプリン

2007年サンプリンBioaerosols seem to have large potential affecting global
environment.
Water cycle
Biogeochemical cycles

Knowledge desired now
1. Vertical changes in Mixing ratio of bioaerosols to total
particles
2. Size dependence of bioaerosols (and Mixture)
3. Behavior of those particles in the free tropsphere isimportant

SEM-EDX (対象 Dp>1um)
分類
鉱物粒子: 検出元素により同定（Si, Ca, Fe, Na, MgまたはTiを含有）
微生物: 検出元素 （鉱物粒子以外でC-rich、またはリン含有）と形態により同定。
その他（バイオマス燃焼由来、人為起源重金属）

Mineral dust particle

Bacteria-like particle

1 um
1 um

1 um

Only one particle (1/150)~ 99% (149/150)

分析数(>1um): N = 150

微生物が付着している鉱物粒子の個数濃度(d>1 um, 700m, Aug.17, 2007)(d>1um)

鉱物粒子の検出頻度

微生物と内部混合
している比率微生物が付着している鉱物粒子の個数濃度 (d>1um)

2.5 x 103 /L

100 %

10 %

2.5 x 102 /L

粒子数濃度

粒子数濃度の鉛直分布
敦煌上空のエアロゾル
Dp>1.2um (Dp>1um)のタイプ別検出頻度
鉱物粒子
85%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

鉱物粒子は、高度6km辺り（自由対流圏高度）まで定常的に存在

KOSA-Bioaerosol collected at
Dunhuang: DAPI Treatment
Fluorescence lightspots show DNA

5 μm

Strong Fluorescence Light is observed on Dsut Particle
Surface

2007年敦煌（地上700 m：海抜1900 m）

Maki et al.，２００８,

太陽紫外線
ストレスを低減

黄砂を住み家に長距離輸送微生物が受ける環境ストレスバイオフィルムとの間に水分貯
めこみ

黄砂の氷晶核能力を高める！

Most recently various kind of bioaerosols (new typeaerosols) were identified on the basis of modern biological
technique:Some investigation suggested that micro-organisms are played as
effective ice nuclei and/or condensation nuclei. However, thoseinvestigations are strongly suggestive, and there are lots of scientificproblems. Addition to those, existence of such kind of biology possibly
controls nature of atmosphere and we possibly have to make new
type concept and/or definition.

WesterlywindHow to collect aerosol at high altitude.
Comparison of bacterial species
among sampling sites for elucidating
the long-range transport of KOSA
bioaerosol.

Dynamics
Aircraft investigation

Sampling sites

KOSA
particles arerecorded in
the snow
layer until
spring.

Vertical
distribution

Suzu

DesertDunhuang
Tateyama

Mt. Tateyama

Ballooninvestigation
Horizontal distribution

・ Isolation of atmospheric microorganisms.
・ Analysis of microbial species composition.
・ Understand the microbial characteristics.

Air sampling in Kanazawa (2011 May)
Date：2011 May 1 - May 7
Site：Roof of Kanazawa Univ.
Altitude：10 m
Method：Collection on 0.2µm
pore size poly
-carbonate filter

Rate：700 L/h

2011 4:00
5/1

16:00

5:00

5/2

20:00

8:00

5/3
Dust event

19:00

8:00

5/4

20:00

5/5

8:00

20:00

8:00

5/6
Non dust event

20:00

Bioaerosol sampling on buildings (5m~10m)

Input

図1

←upperOn buildings←below

Insert to a sampler

Each sterilized tube
including two filter folders

Sampling method & Approach
Formaldehyde& DAPI solution

Aerosols

Purewater

Filtrated

Sampling

Staining

Slide glass

Wash

Oil
Oil

Move of a filter

Cover glass
Epifluorescencemicroscopic
observation

Microbial abundances are determined using microscopic
observation with fluorescence dye staining.

Microscopic observation
Yellow particles

10 um
Bacteria

Aggregates

White particles

Particle concentrations (particle/m3)

Changes in particle in concentrations
108
Asian dustBacterial particles
107
White particles
106

105
Ytellow
particles （fungi）

104
4:00 16:00
8:00 5/1

5:00
20:00
5/2

8:00
5/3

19:00

8:00
5/4

20:00

8:00
5/5

W

W

W

W

8:00
5/6

20:00
5/7

NON dust event

Dust event
W

20:00

W

W

N

N

N

N

N

N

16S rDNA clone libraries
Bioaerosol on filter were washed by liquid solution of 0.6% NaCl solution.

Extraction of genomic DNA
0.6% NaClsolution

Heterogenous rRNAgene。。

PCR targeting 16S rRNA gene

Cloning：each rDNA product are transformed to E. coli.

Plasmidxv

E.coli

Determination of sequence of each clone
Analysis of species compositions comparing the sequences.

Bacterial species dynamics during Asian dust event
Cold
environmental
species

Transported bacteria
B. subtilis
Staphylococcus sp.

Marinecyanobacteria

Local origin> 30 clones for each sample
EukaryoteRatio of clone numbers (％)

Synechococcus sp.
Cyanobacteria others
Propionibacterium sp.
Actinobacteria others
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus megaterium
Bacillus sp.
Staphylococcus sp.
Clostridium sp.
Firmicutes others

Bacteroidetes
SARclade
Sphingomonas sp.
4:00
8:00

16:00

5:00

20:00

8:00
5/3

5/2

5/1

19:00

8:00

20:00

5/4

8:00

20:00

5/5

8:00
5/6

20:00

Stenoxybacter sp.

5/7

Stenotrophomonas sp.
Neisseria sp.

Non dust event

Dust event

Proteobacteria others
W

W

W

W

W

W

W

N

N

N

N

N

N

OthersDirect sampling
Westerlywind
in atmosphere
Avoid local
contamination

Aircraft

Air sampling at 2000m 〜 3000m
Collection on
0.2µm pore size
polycarbonate
filter at rates of

700 L/h using
air pump.
Sampling cource

Air sample collected at 800m 〜 1000m

Snow cover at Mt. Tateyama

The snow layers are expected to include highamounts of KOSA particles

Snow cover sampling (Mt. Tateyama, Murododaira)Snow surface 660

Snow cover wall

654-A
560-B
550-C

250-control

Murododaira, 2450m
The snow cover at depth
of 6m60cm from Fall to
Spring.
Sampling dates
2008 April 162010 April 16

Ground surface

0

(cm)

Layers B and C contained Ca
at high concentrations of 3.3
mg/L and 1.2 mg/L,
respectively, while Ca were
not detected from the snow
samples of control layer andLayer A.

Baloon sampling (Dunhuang City, Suzu City)
80˚E
50˚N

40˚N

30˚N

Taklamakan
Des.

100˚E

Gobi Des.

140˚E

Dunhuang
Meteorological station

Loess
Plateau

Dunhuang(40.0˚N, 94.5˚E)

Atmosphere

120˚ELong-lange transportof KOSA

Suzu
Aerosol sample wascollected at heights of
800 m using an air
pump with 0.2 µm
membrane filter(200 m
３)
Dunhuang 800 m
2007 August 17
13:15~14:15
Suzu 800m
2008 May 7
11:00~12:00

Balloon for high altitude

Groundsampling

Air Sampling at 10m
Metrological Department
in Dunhuang cityExperimental spaceSampling in Dunhuang and Kanazawa
Noto Peninsula (Arrival)
Aicraft 3000m
50 o

Gobi Desert
40 oTakla Makan Desert
Beijing

Seoul
Tokyo
Osak
a

N

70o

80o

90 o

100 o

Hongkon
g
110 o
120 o

130 o

30 o

140 o

Baloon
1000m

20 o
150 o

Dunhuang (Source)
Baloon
1000m

GroundGround10m

10m

Approach for analyzing bacterial communities
Bioaerosol on filter were washed by liquid solution of 0.6% NaCl solution.

Extraction of genomic DNA
Culturable bacteria <1%

Bacterial gDNA is analyzed

0.6% NaClsolution

PCR: Amplification of 16S rRNA genes
Stain using DAPI
Pyrosequencing

Clone librarytransformation

Microscopic
observation

Attachment
on to beads

PCR
amplification

1 beadin 1 well

InserttoTvector

Clone (E.coli)>1000 reads (ca. 400bp) of
each samples were
determined using Roche 454.

16S rDNA fragment (ca.1,400bp)
inserted in >50 clones
were determined

Analysis of bacterial
compositions

Phylogenetic
analysis

Particle concentrations (particle/m3)

Changes in particle in concentrations
108
Asian dustBacterial particles
107

White particles
106

105

Ytellow
particles （fungi）

104
4:00 16:00
8:00 5/1

5:00
20:00
5/2

8:00
5/3

19:00

8:00
5/4

20:00

8:00
5/5

W

W

W

W

8:00
5/6

20:00
5/7

NON dust event

Dust event
W

20:00

W

W

N

N

N

N

N

N

Relative abundance of 16S rDNA sequences (%)

Bacterial structures in atmosphere over Dunhuang and Suzu
100

43,69725,407

12,143

12,375

14,087 (read)Class: >400species

Marine bacteria
Synecococcus sp. Alphaproteobacteria

80

Deinococci

Deinococci

Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria

Actinobacteria

Actinobacteria

Genus Bacillus dominate

60

Bacilli

Bacilli

Clostridia

Clostridia

Flavobacteriia

Flavobacteriia

40

Sphingobacteriia

Fall

Sphingobacteriia

α-proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria

20β-proteobacteria

MixtureBetaproteobacteria

γ-proteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

Chloroplast

Chloroplast

0

800

10

3000

1000

Taklamakan des. Noto Peninsula(Dunhuang)(Suzu)

10 (m)

othersothersLong-distance transport of Bioaerosol

Bacterial compositions?

Bioaerosol may
impactenvironmental
ecosystems andhuman societies.

16S rDNA クローンを用いた細菌種組成の垂直分布の比
Alphaproteobacteria (10)10.3%

Cyanobacteria (24)Alphaproteobacteria
(8)
31%

7.7%

23%
13%

Bacteroidetes (10)

16%
29%

15%

B. subtilis (30%)
Bacteroidetes
Firmicutes (18) (10)航空機高度3000m(78)Alphaproteobacteria (853)Firmicutes(5900)

Bacteroidetes(812)
B. subtilis (41%)
Actinobacteria(2276)

航空機 高度
次世代シーケンス
3000m

9.7%

9.7%

17%
12%

13%

Cyanobacteria (3)Cyanobacteria (11)Actinobacteria(5) (5)

7.7%

B. subtilis (21%)
Firmicutes (19)係留気球 高度1000m(65)Gamma
Deinococcus
Cyanobacteria

proteobacteiraMetazoa

Firmicutes

Chloroplast

Actinobacteria

Fungi

Bacteroidetes

othersAlphaproteobacteria

Unknown

Betaproteobacteira61%

B. subtilis (18%)

Firmicutes (19)

地上調査 高度10m(31)
Alphaproteobacteria
およびCyanobacteria
は海洋起源であり、Firmicutesは土壌起源であると推察できる。ただし、B.
subtilis は風送されてきた可能性がある。

Phylogenetic tree of Bacilli
Acidobacterium capsulatum (AB561885)

12Szp6, 15, 32
11Dhp1

Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus hominis (AJ717375)
S. hominis GPL6 (FJ768458)
Staphylococcus sp. SRC_DSF7 (GU797289)

Bacillus megaterium HN16 (EU373355)
B. megaterium S9 (GQ889260)
B. megaterium PRE9 (EU880506)
B. megaterium GMX5 (AM910818)
B. megaterium (DQ789400)

B. megateriumgroup

12Szp42,74,92184,193

Clones obtained
from Dunhuang

B. subtilis (JF412545)

Clones obtained
from Noto Peninsula

B. subtilis CU12 (JX489167)
B. subtilis FS05 (JQ403532)
Bacillus sp. ET (JQ513865)
B. subtilis isolat IL4 (DQ989210)
B. subtilis strain N5 (DQ452510)
B. subtilis CYBS-18 (Q361067)
Brevibacterium halotolerans (X644589)
B. mojavensis (AM948970)

0.1

12Szp7, 17
11Dhp2, 3, 4

B. subtilis group

12Szp36, 39, 52, 67, 126, 222

Bacilli

B. pumilus PRE14 (EU880532)
B. pumilus (EU379272)
B. subtilis (KC542358)
B. amyloliquefaciens (GU125644)
B. licheniformis strain H3 (FJ713021)

Bacterial population should be focused
From Desert area

From coastal area

Terrestrial Bacteria

Terrestrial Bacteria

Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus sp.

Propionibacterium sp.

New focus!
Corynebacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Cytophagaaea members

FrommarineMarine Bacteria

Desert area
The members of Firmicutes
Proteobacteria members
Actinobacteria members

Synechococcus sp. CC9902
Alpha proteobacterium SCGC
Sphingomonas paucimobilis

Local origin
Terrestrial Bacteria
Bacillus megaterium

Plant associated bacteria
Xanthomonadaceae
Phyllobacteriaceae

Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rDNA sequences
79
100

100

0.1

B. subtilis group

Most of isolates belonged
to the group of Bacillus
subtilis and indicated eachother high similarities atabove 98.8%.

Firmicutes

Dunhuang: 34 isolates
Suzu: 22 isolates
Tateyama: 21 isolates

Proteobacteria

96
100

Thermotoga maritima
Ochrobactrum tritici：
Di-17 (3%, 10m, 2008)
Ti-11 (3%, D層, 2008)
Ti-9 (3%, B層, 2008)
93
Lysobacter brunescens, Pseudoxanthomonas sp.
Si-26 (3%, 10m, 2009)100
Ti-12 (10%, D層, 2008)
Pseudomonas sp.:
Di-24 (0%, 10m, 2008)
Ti-10 (0%, D層, 2008)
Ti-5 (0%, C層, 2008)
Paenibacillus polymyxa：
Ti-20
(15%,
B層,
2010)
Terribacillus sp.：83
Ti-4 (2008)
Ti-21 (0%, C層, 2010)
100
Bacillus megaterium：79
Ti-22 (3%, C層, 2010)
100
Oceanobacillus sp.：
Ti-19 (15%, B層, 2010)
Di-16 (3%, 10m, 2008)100
Di-19 (10%, 10m, 2008)
Genus of Staphylococcus group： Pathogen for
Si-25 (0%, 10m, 2009)76
95
animal and human.
Si-28 (3%, 600m, 2009)
100 Di-15 (0%, 10m, 2008)
Ti-13 (0%, B層, 2009)
Bacillus cereus： Pathogen for human.
100 Ti-7 (3%, C層, 2008)
57
100 Di-1 (10%, 800m, 2007)
Di-2 (3%, 800m, 2007)
100
Bacillus subtilis group：Opportunistic
Di-18 (3%, 10m, 2008)
pathogen for human and plants.
Ti-14 (0%, B層, 2010)
100 Ti-15 (3%, B層, 2010)
Some species induce food decay.
Ti-17 (10%, B層, 2010)
Ti-18 (0%, B層, 2010)Di-33 (3%, 800m, 2010)87 Si-11 (10%, 600m, 2008)
Si-1 (3%, 600m, 2008)
Si-38A (gDNA, 3500m, 2010)81
Si-35A (3%, 3500m, 2010)
Si-37A (15%, 3500m, 2010)55 Si-4 (0%, 10m, 2008)
Si-33A (gDNA, 3500m, 2010)
Si-40A (3%, 3500m, 2010)
Si-42A (15%, 3500m, 2010)
Ti-16 Ti-B3% (2010)
72 Ti-1 (3%, A層, 2008)
Di-31 (0%, 800m, 2008)

Negative effects of bioaerosols
Aerosol cause diseases such asasthma or other respiratory illness

Effects of bioaerosol on
the biogeochemical system

Asian dust events carry some allergen, such as mineralparticles, chemical compounds, and pathogen, in theatmospheric area.

Positive effects of bioaerosols
Activation as
Ice-nuclear forforming clouds
Production ofJapanesefermented foods
Developments for
medical medicine
and health care.

Evaluation of Poly-gamma-glutamic acid
Sticky and stringy caused by
Poly-gamma-glutamic acidAmounts of Poly-gammaglutamic acid included in natto
products were different among
the strains.

Comparison of sticky among bacterial strains
Si-37 (33-38)

Si-39 (39-42)

These bacteria were isolated
at the altitude of 3000m overSuzu city

Natto producing with Kinjo Natto
吉田さん

Bacillus
showerKino

BoilsoybeanFinish！

Mix with
Bacillus

Incubation for
2 days(40℃)

PackageJapanese traditional health food “Natto”

Location ：Restaurant in Kanzawa Univ., Store in
Ishikawa Prefecture in Japan, et al.
Start Date：From 10 July, 2012 (Natto day)Price
：50 yen/1 piece, 100 yen/2 piece
Products ：5000 piece/monthJapanese traditional health food “Natto”

Location ：Restaurant in Kanzawa Univ., Store in
Ishikawa Prefecture in Japan, et al.
Start Date：From 10 July, 2012 (Natto day)Price
：50 yen/1 piece, 100 yen/2 piece
Products ：5000 piece/monthなぜ納豆菌が空を飛ぶのか？
増殖する時
0.01mm

栄養細胞

乾燥に強く，
熱(80℃)にも耐える。
芽胞（胞子）

Mushroom

Bjerkandera adusta

10 um

Induction of allergy
Dust particles

Dust particles+ Bjerkandera

Goblet細胞染色

10 times
induction
マウスの気道上皮細胞

謎３ 大気中のラーメン状物質
ヘリコプターで3000mで採取

1200mの粒子を採取したフィルター上真菌のエアロゾル化
真菌株のエアロゾル粒子

10um

酷似
上空3000mで捕集したエアロゾル粒子飛ぶ？
真菌株の培養細胞

第四の納豆菌株へ
N 45

高橋株
（山形）

宮城野株
(仙台）

N 40

E145

金城株？
（石川）

Tokyo

N 35

Osaka

E140
E135
E130

0

200km

成瀬株
（東京）

Bioaerosol & Food cultures
Natto
Bacillus subtilis ferments soybean. There is also natto food“豆鼓”in China.
Shiokara
Components of squid are fermented by the autolysis, andthe genus Staphylococcus related to the make of Umami.
Fish Sauce (Shotturu, Ishiru)
Protease produced by halophilic Bacillus and Ocean
Pseudomonas induce the mature（Soujou）.
Atmospheric microorganisms (Continental origin) may support
to the fermentation of Japanese traditional ferment foods.

納豆トライアングル
トウシ
キネマ
納豆
トゥアナオ

テンペ

In this lecture
We discussed new style concept of life ,especially for bioaerosols
andPossible system of balloon borne lidar is
discussed as the observational tool
desired for bioaerosol research.

Thank you for your attention!