PARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS
THE PHILIPPINE CORRECTIONS SYSTEM:CURRENT SITUATION AND ISSUES
Mildred Bernadette Baquilod Alvor*
I. INTRODUCTION
The Philippine Corrections System is composed of the institutions in the government, civil society andthe business sector involved in the confinement, correction and restoration of persons charged for and/or
convicted of delinquent acts or crimes. The public sector formulates sound policies and rules on corrections,penology and jail management, rehabilitation and restoration. All prisons or penitentiaries, jails anddetention centres are under the direct control and supervision of the government. The government, thus,
plays a dominant role in the correction and rehabilitation of offenders.1
The civil society which includes the non-government organizations, people’s organizations, religiousorganizations, academe and the media, provide support services such as health services, training, livelihood,spiritual guidance and counselling. It is also active in advocacy and social mobilization for the protection of
inmates’ human rights and enhancement of access to justice.2
The business sector has minimal participation in corrections services but offers tremendous
opportunities for improved efficiency and public sector exit options.3

A. Adherence to the United Nations (U.N.) Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
and the UN Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures
The Philippines adheres to the provisions of the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of
Prisoners and UN Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules) and otherinternational human rights instruments which define and guarantee the rights of inmates. Some of theseprovisions are already embodied in the Philippine Constitution4 and in its laws, rules and regulations andordinances. Section 2, Article of the Constitution, moreover, provides that “The Philippines… adopts thegenerally accepted principles of international law…”.
B. Prison/Penitentiary, Jail DistinguishedIn the Philippines, there is a distinction between a “jail” and “prison”. A “jail” is defined as a place ofconfinement for inmates under investigation or undergoing trial, or serving short-term sentences. It isdifferentiated from the term “prison” which refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries managed andsupervised by the Bureau of Corrections, an agency under the Department of Justice. 5 Jails include
provincial, district, city and municipal jails managed and supervised by the Provincial Government and the
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), respectively, which are both under the Department of theInterior and Local Government.
Municipal and city prisoners are committed to municipal, city or district jails managed by the BJMP. A
district jail is a cluster of small jails, each having a monthly average population of ten or less inmates, and islocated in the vicinity of the court.6 Where the imposable penalty for the crime committed is more than six
months and the same was committed within the municipality, the offender must serve his or her sentence inthe provincial jail which is under the Office of the Governor. Where the penalty imposed exceeds three
years, the offender shall serve his or her sentence in the penal institutions of the BuCor.

* State Counsel, Department of Justice, Republic of the Philippines.
1 Supreme Court of the Philippines. National Survey of Inmates and Institutional Assessment (2004), p. 36.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 See Art. II (Declaration of Principles and State Policies), Art. III (Bill of Rights) and Art. XIII (Social Justice and Human
Rights).
5 Supra.
6 Ibid.

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RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No.67

C. Four Classes of Prisoners7
1. Insular or national prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of three years and one day todeath;
2. Provincial prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of six months and one day to three
years;
3. City prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to three years; and4. Municipal Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to six months.
D. Three Types of Detainees8
1. Those undergoing investigation;
2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and3. those awaiting final judgment.
II. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Three major government functionaries are involved in the Philippine correctional system, namely: theDepartment of Justice (DOJ), Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) and the Department
of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). The DOJ supervises the national penitentiaries through the
Bureau of Corrections, administers the parole and probation system through the Parole and Probation
Administration, and assists the President in the grant of executive clemency through the Board of Pardonsand Parole. DILG supervises the provincial, district, city and municipal jails through the provincial
governments and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, respectively. DSWD supervises the regional
rehabilitation centres for youth offenders through the Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare.

A. Bureau of Corrections (BuCor)
BuCor has for its principal task the rehabilitation of national prisoners9, or those sentenced to serve aterm of imprisonment of more than three years. Since its creation, the BuCor has evolved with modern
penology and has shifted from the traditional view of imprisonment as society’s retribution against criminal
offenders into one which regards imprisonment as a humanizing and enriching experience. Corrections focus
on rehabilitation and regards inmates as patients who need treatment and guidance in order to become
productive and responsible members of society upon their release.
At present, BuCor has seven prison facilities for its 26,792 prisoners. It has one prison institution for
women and one vocational training centre for juveniles.
All prison institutions have their own Reception and Diagnostic Centre (RDC), Classification Board,
Rehabilitation and Vocational Training Programmes, Inmate Complaints, Information and Assistance Centre(ICIAC), Inmate Council and Board of Discipline. RDC receives, studies and classifies inmates committed to
BuCor. The Classification Board classifies inmates according to their security status. To extend prompt,
efficient and timely services to inmates, BuCor created ICIA which is tasked to act, within seventy-two
hours, on all the complaints, requests for information and assistance of inmates. 10 The common
complaints/requests made by inmates are complaints against employees/co-inmates, status of prisoners’
release, computation of Good Conduct and Time Allowance and problems regarding visitors’ visits. The
Inmate Council, which is composed of finally convicted inmates, serves as an advisory body of theSuperintendent of each institution.11 The Board of Discipline hears complaints and grievances with regard to
violations of prison rules and regulations.12

B. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)
Also known as the Jail Bureau, BJMP, an agency under the DILG, was created pursuant to Section 60,
Republic Act No. 697513, which took effect on January 2, 1991. It is mandated to direct, supervise and control
7 Section 5, Rule III, Manual of Operations of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology.
8 Id., Sec. 6.
9 Sec. 26, Chap. 8, Title III, Book IV of Executive Order No. 292, otherwise known as the “Administrative Code of 1987”.
10 Sec. 1, Chapter 11, Part III, Bureau of Corrections Operating Manual.
11 Ibid., Sec. 2.
12 Ibid., Sec. 1, Chapter 2, Part IV.
13 The Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990.

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127TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS

the administration and operation of all district, city and municipal jails nationwide.
1. Functions(i) Formulate policies and guidelines on the administration of all district, city and municipal jails.
(ii) Formulate and implement policies for the programmes of correction, rehabilitation and treatment ofinmates.
(iii) Plan and programme funds for the subsistence allowance of inmates.
(iv) Conduct research, develop and implement plans and programmes for the improvement of jailservices throughout the country.14
After twelve (12) years of existence as a separate agency under the DILG, the BJMP still shares its
responsibilities with the Philippine National Police (PNP). The involvement, however, of the police inpenology and jail management is a temporary arrangement in view of BJMP’s limited capacity.15

C. Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare
Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 603, as amended16, was promulgated to provide for the care and treatmentof youth offenders from the time of apprehension up to the termination of the case17. The Bureau provides
intensive treatment for the rehabilitation of youth offenders on suspended sentence.
Under the said law, a youth offender is defined as a child, minor or youth who is over nine years but
under eighteen years of age at the time of the commission of the offence.18

D. Provincial Government
Provincial jails, numbering 104 in all, including sub-provincial extensions, are under the supervision andcontrol of the provincial governments.19
E. Parole and Probation Administration (PPA)The PPA was created pursuant to Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 96820, as amended, to administer the
probation system. Under Executive Order No. 29221, the Probation Administration was renamed as the“Parole and Probation Administration”, and given the added function of supervising prisoners who, after
serving part of their sentence in jails are released on parole or granted conditional pardon. The PPA and theBoard of Pardons and Parole are the agencies involved in the non-institutional treatment of offenders.
Probation is the status of an accused who, after conviction and sentence, is released subject to conditions
imposed by the court and to the supervision of a probation officer.22 It is a privilege granted by the court; itcannot be availed of as a matter of right by a person convicted of a crime. To be able to enjoy the benefits ofprobation, it must first be shown that an applicant has none of the disqualifications imposed by law.
1. Criteria for Probation
In determining whether an offender may be placed on probation, the court shall consider all information
relative to the character, antecedents, environment, mental and physical condition of the offender, andavailable institutional and community resources. Probation shall be denied if the court finds that:(i) the offender is in need of correctional treatment that can be provided most effectively by his
commitment to an institution;(ii) there is an undue risk that during the period of probation, the offender will commit another crime; or(iii) probation will depreciate the seriousness of the offence committed.

14 Supra.
15 Supra.
16 The Child and Youth Welfare Code.
17 Ibid., Title VIII, Chapter 3, Articles 189-204.
18 Ibid., Art. 189.
19 Supra.
20 The Probation Law of 1976.
21 The Administrative Code of 1987.
22 Supra. (Sec. 3[a]).

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2. Disqualified Offenders
Offenders who are disqualified are those:(i) sentenced to serve a maximum term of imprisonment of more than six years;(ii) convicted of subversion or any offence against the security of the State, or the public order;(iii) who have previously been convicted by final judgment of an offence punished by imprisonment of notless than one month and one day and/or a fine of not more than Two Hundred Pesos (P 200.00); or(iv) who have already been on probation under the provisions of the Decree.
3. Probation Conditions
The grant of probation is accompanied by mandatory or discretionary conditions imposed by the court:(i) The mandatory conditions require that the probationer shall (a) present himself or herself to theprobation officer designated to undertake his or her supervision at each place as may be specified in
the order within 72 hours from receipt of said order, and (b) report to the probation officer at least
once a month at such time and place as specified by said officer.
(ii) Discretionary or special conditions are those additional conditions imposed on the probationer which
are geared towards his or her correction and rehabilitation outside of prison and right in thecommunity to which he or she belongs.
A violation of any of the conditions may lead either to a more restrictive modification of the same or the
revocation of the grant of probation. Consequent to the revocation, the probationer will have to serve thesentence originally imposed.
4. Revocation of Probation
At any time during probation, the court may issue a warrant for the arrest of a probationer for any serious
violation of the conditions of probation. The probationer, once arrested and detained, shall immediately be
brought before the court for a hearing of the violation charged. The probationer-defendant may be admitted
to bail pending such hearing. In such case, the provisions regarding release on bail of persons charged with acrime shall be applicable to the arrested probationer. An order revoking the grant of probation or modifying
the terms and conditions of the said order cannot be appealed.

F. Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP)
The Board of Pardons and Parole was created pursuant to Act No. 4103, as amended23. It is the intent of
the law to uplift and redeem valuable human material to economic usefulness and to prevent unnecessaryand excessive deprivation of personal liberty.
1. Functions(i) To grant parole to qualified prisoners;(ii) to recommend to the President the grant of pardon and other forms of executive clemency;(iii) to authorize the transfer of residence of parolees and pardonees, order their arrest andrecommitment, or grant their final release and discharge.
2. Basis for Grant of Parole
BPP may grant parole if it finds that:(i) the prisoner is fit to be released;(ii) there is a reasonable probability that, if released, he or she will live and remain at liberty without
violating the law; and(iii) his or her release will not be incompatible with the welfare of society.
The BPP provides invaluable assistance to the President in exercising the power of executive
clemency.24 It is exercised with the objective of preventing a miscarriage of justice or correcting a manifest
injustice. Executive clemency may be exercised through a reprieve, absolute pardon, conditional pardon, orcommutation of sentence.
23 The Indeterminate Sentence Law.
24 SEC. 19. Except in cases of impeachment, or as otherwise provided in the Constitution, the President may grant reprieves,commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction by final judgment. He shall also have the power togrant amnesty with the concurrence of a majority of all the members of the Congress. (Article 7, 1987 Constitution).

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127TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS“Reprieve” refers to the deferment of the implementation of the sentence for an interval of time; it does
not annul the sentence but merely postpones or suspends its execution. “Commutation of Sentence” refers
to the reduction of the duration of a prison sentence of a prisoner. “Absolute Pardon” refers to the total
extinction of the criminal liability of the individual to whom it is granted without any condition. It restores tothe individual his or her civil and political rights and remits the penalty imposed for the particular offence of
which he or she was convicted. “Conditional Pardon” refers to the exemption of an individual, within certain
limits or conditions, from the punishment which the law inflicts for the offence he or she had committed
resulting in the partial extinction of his or her criminal liability.
3. Basis for Grant of Executive Clemency
The BPP recommends to the President the grant of executive clemency when any of the following
circumstances are present:(i) the trial or appellate court recommended in its decision the grant of executive clemency for theprisoner;(ii) under the peculiar circumstances of the case, the penalty imposed is too harsh compared to thecrime committed;(iii) offender qualifies as a youth offender at the time of the commission of the offence;(iv) prisoner is seventy years old and above;(v) prisoner is terminally-ill;(vi) alien prisoners where diplomatic considerations and amity among nations necessitate review; and(vii) other similar or analogous circumstances whenever the interest of justice will be served thereby.
4. When Applications for Executive Clemency will not be Favourably Acted Upon
Notwithstanding the existence of any of the circumstances mentioned above, the BPP shall notfavourably recommend petitions for executive clemency of the following prisoners, those:(i) convicted of evasion of service of sentence;(ii) who violated the conditions of their conditional pardon;(iii) who are habitual delinquents or recidivists;(iv) convicted of kidnapping for ransom;(v) convicted of violation of the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 and the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs
Act of 2002;(vi) convicted of offences committed under the influence of drugs an;(vii) whose release from prison may constitute a danger to society.
Where the President grants conditional pardon to a prisoner, the BPP monitors the prisoner’s compliancewith the conditions imposed for the duration of the period stated in the grant of executive clemency. Upon
determination that a prisoner granted conditional pardon has violated the conditions of his or her pardon, theBoard recommends to the President the prisoner’s arrest or recommitment.

III. ISSUES CONFRONTING THE PHILIPPINE CORRECTIONS SYSTEM
A. Overcrowding of Certain Prison Institutions/Jails
The PNP’s consistent and unrelenting drive to get the job done against criminals, terrorists and those
who threaten the peace has resulted in the arrest of thousands of individuals.25 There is, thus, a continuing
increase in the prison population of the Philippines as shown in the table below and, unless the trend isreversed, prisons and jails will soon be facing severe problems of overcrowding and congestion.
Institution

2001

2002

2003

BuCor

23,96525,002

26,792

BJMP

37,15340,903

48,90725 Philippine National Police Accomplishment Report (CY 2003).

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For 2003, BuCor reported a congestion rate of 33% while BJMP reported a monthly increase of its jailpopulation of 2.2%.

B. Fragmented Set-Up of the Corrections System
Authorities say that the present set-up of the corrections system does not lead to sound management andis not in keeping with the government’s machinery. It also results in functional overlaps and diffusion in the
conduct of corrections and restoration activities.
C. Lack of Information Technology Systems and Expertise
Lack of technology to properly maintain inmates’ records and process documents for their immediate
release is a prevailing situation. Limited use of information technology to support investigation andvalidation of information on inmates with pertinent agencies like the courts, prosecutors’ offices and law
enforcement agencies, to back up recommendations for early release of qualified offenders, and/or forproviding them with other needed services, impedes corrections and rehabilitation programmes.26
D. Lack of/Inadequate Training
Lack of or inadequate training has been cited as one of the reasons for the lack of awareness andunderstanding by some prison/jail officials and staff on the rights of inmates.
IV. MEASURES UNDERTAKEN TO IMPROVE THE TREATMENT OF OFFENDERS
Consistent with its constitutionally-declared policy that “[t]he State values the dignity of every humanperson and guarantees full respect for human rights”27 and its obligations as a State Party to some, if not
most, of the international human rights instruments, the Philippine government has undertaken measures toimprove the treatment of offenders. These measures include:

A. The Muntinlupa Juvenile Training Centre
The establishment of a separate facility for juveniles serving sentence at BuCor has long been a serious
concern of the Department of Justice. As stipulated in our laws, and the UN Standard Minimum Rules for
the Administration of Juvenile Rules (the Beijing Rules) and UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile
Delinquency (the Riyadh Rules), youth offenders should be segregated from adult offenders and given
different rehabilitation programmes that will answer their special needs.
Unable to establish a separate facility for juveniles serving sentence at the national penitentiaries, due
mainly to limited resources, the Philippine government successfully sought financial assistance from theGovernment of Japan, through Japan International Cooperation Agency, for the construction of a juvenile
training centre. Since the completion of the construction of the training centre in October 2003, youth
offenders at BuCor are segregated from adult offenders and given appropriate rehabilitation programmes andservices.

B. Prioritization of Projects
The establishment of a Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre for National Prisoners and DOJ
Intranet were identified as the priority projects, among others, of the Department in its Development
Agenda for 2001-2005.
The Centre, established in 2002, is now providing rehabilitation services to modify the behavioural
dysfunction of drug dependent inmates. It fills the void between an institution that is punishment-oriented
and one that is wholly rehabilitation-centred.
While the DOJ Intranet is not yet fully implemented, the BuCor and BPP have expanded their
computerization programmes which facilitated the processing of the release on parole/executive clemency ofqualified prisoners through the use of a computerized inmate monitoring and tracking database systemcapable of generating prison records/reports. As a result, BuCor was able to speed up the processing ofprison records and the immediate forwarding of 6,414 prison records to the BPP for evaluation.
26 Supra.
27 Sec. 11, Art. II (Declaration of Principles and State Policies), 1987 Constitution.

80127TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS

C. Jail Decongestion Programme/OPLAN Decongestion
In 1993, The DOJ launched a jail decongestion programme designed to facilitate the release of inmates.
To implement the programme, a Memorandum of Agreement was entered into between and among the
Public Attorney’s Office (PAO), National Prosecution Service (NPS), BJMP and the three corrections
agencies of the DOJ – BuCor, PPA and BPP. The Agreement aims to help the government decongest jails,
unclog court dockets, provide detention prisoners with a fair and speedy trial, provide access to theprogrammes of probation and parole, and lessen expenditures for prisoners’ daily maintenance andsubsistence.
Pursuant to the programme, the PPA conducted 3,858 jail visits with the end in view of assisting
detention prisoners to avail of the benefits of probation, parole or executive clemency. Through PPA’s
interviews with inmates, 6,239 inmates were found to be qualified for probation, 2,079 for parole andexecutive clemency, while 3,119 records were referred to the PAO for assistance in the preparation and filingof petitions for probation.
The BJMP has also launched its own OPLAN Decongestion Programme which seeks to help inmatesavail themselves of the benefits of the applicable laws and such other legally recognized means for theirearly release from incarceration.

D. Proposed Legislation on Jail Integration
Executive Order No. 324 dated April 12, 1996 created a Review Committee to study the integration into
one department of all government agencies involved in corrections. Its member-agencies include the DOJ,
the National Police Commission, BuCor, BJMP, PPA, BPP, the Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare of DSWD,
the Commission on Human Rights, League of Provincial Governors and three non-governmentorganizations.
The Review Committee prepared a draft of a proposed legislation integrating all national prisons and all
provincial, city and municipal jails and consolidating the functions of BuCor and BJMP under a new bureau tobe known as the Bureau of Correctional Services under the DOJ. The bill was prepared several years ago
but Congress has yet to enact the same into law.

E. Full Utilization of Early Release Schemes
The full utilization of early release schemes such as release on recognizance, probation, parole andexecutive clemency has greatly reduced the number of persons in detention, thus, reducing the congestion
rate of some prison and detention facilities.
In 2003, the BPP handled and processed 13,872 petitions for parole/executive clemency. It likewise
received and considered 3,046 petitions for parole out of which 2,285 had been granted; recommended the
grant of conditional pardon to 126 prisoners and the commutation of sentence of 1,020 prisoners.28
The PPA, on the other hand, investigated 9,418 applications for probation/parole/executive clemency andsubmitted a total of 7,558 manifestations/petitions recommending the grant of probation/parole/executive
clemency29.

F. Increasing Public Awareness on the Plight of Inmates
Proclamation No. 551, series of 1995, issued by then President Fidel V. Ramos, declared the last week ofOctober as “National Correctional Consciousness Week”, otherwise known as NCCW. The annual
celebration of the NCCW has played a great role in generating public awareness on the plight of inmates andtheir need for rehabilitation. It educates the community on the situations prevailing in prisons/jails andmaking the people aware that prisoners are human beings that should be accorded full respect for their
human rights. It also encourages public participation in the re-socialization and public acceptance in thereintegration of prisoners into society as productive and law-abiding citizens after service of sentence inprison.

28 Ibid.
29 2003 Parole and Probation Performance Highlights.

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V. CONCLUSION
The improvement of the corrections system and the inmates’ successful reintegration into themainstream of society is not the sole responsibility of the corrections pillar. The other pillars of thePhilippine criminal justice system – law enforcement, prosecution, judiciary, and the community must also
do their share. An offender must be afforded his or her rights throughout the different stages of the criminal
justice system – from the commission of the offence, to investigation and apprehension, to prosecution, trial
and conviction and, finally, punishment and correction.30 The community, in particular, plays a significant rolein the administration of criminal justice as it functions even before the commission of the offence. Failure of
the community to prevent the commission of an offence means an added responsibility of rehabilitating theoffender and reintegrating him or her into society.31 Also, after going through the entire system, and after
release - either by complete satisfaction of penalties, or on probation or parole – they either rejoin thecommunity and lead a peaceful life, or commit another crime and go through the criminal justice systemagain.32 Greater community involvement in the treatment of offenders must, therefore, be encouraged.
The Philippine government, despite many difficulties, has taken and continues to take concrete steps
towards the improvement of its prison/jail conditions and the treatment of offenders. But the government
cannot do this alone. It needs the cooperation and active involvement of all the sectors in our society–media, academe, business, etc. Prison reforms can only be achieved through the active involvement of all
the members of society. Each one has a responsibility in making these reforms possible. Decent and humane
prison conditions can be realized, and prisoners can be successfully rehabilitated if every sector of society
will work together.

30 Former Supreme Court Chief Justice Andres R. Narvasa. Handbook on the Courts, and the Criminal Justice System (1996),

p. 31.
31 Atty. Sedfrey Candelaria, et al., Situational Analysis on Children in Conflict with the Law and the Juvenile Justice System(1998), p. 65.
32 Supra.

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APPENDIX A33
Table 1 - Prison Population of BuCor (CY 2003)
Prison Facilities of BuCor

Official
Capacity

Population% ShareRate ofCongestion

New Bilibid Prison

8,700

16,79563%

93%

Correctional Institution for Women

1,000

1,055

4%

6%

Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm

3,500

2,223

8%

-

Davao Prison and Penal Farm

3,100

3,470

13%

12%

San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm

1,300

959

3%

-

Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm

1,500

1,256

5%

-

Leyte Regional Prison

1,000

1,034

4%

3%

Total

20,10026,792100%

33%

33 Relevant statistical data from the Bureau of Corrections.

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APPENDIX B
Table 2 - Authorized and Actual Number of Custodial and Civilian Personnel from Each Penal
Institution.
Institutions

2001
Authorized

Gen. Administration
Civilian
Custodial
NBP
Civilian
Custodial
CIW
Civilian
Custodial
IPPF
Civilian
Custodial
DPPF
Civilian
Custodial
SRPPF
Civilian
Custodial
SPPF
Civilian
Custodial
LRP
Civilian
Custodial
TOTAL

2002
ActualAuthorized

2003
ActualAuthorized

318
32

266
29

318
32

294
29

318
32

289
28

206
804

181
754

206
804

196
762

206
804

193
757

19
30

18
29

19
30

19
29

19
30

19
29

122
135

108
123

122
135

115
128

122
135

111
124

96
224

85
206

96
224

88
200

96
224

88
193

44
88

37
83

44
88

42
86

44
88

40
84

57
77

50
72

57
77

54
72

57
77

53
71

61
49

54
48

61
49

56
46

61
49

55
45

4363

4144

4363

4218

4363

4182

Table 3 - Ideal and Actual Ratio of Custodial Officer Per Inmate.
a. Ideal - 1:06
b. Actual Ratio:

84

ActualInstitutions

2001

2002

2003

NBP

1:23

1:23

1:33

CIW

1:16

1:18

1:20

IPPF

1:16

1:16

1:18

DPPF

1:14

1:16

1:19

SRPPF

1:12

1:10

1:10

SPPF

1:11

1:12

1:15

LRP

1:18

1:19

1:22

TOTAL

1:19

1:19

1:24

127TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS

Table 4 - Rate of Recidivism from Each Penal Institution.
Institutions

2001

2002

2003

NBP

4.80%

5.14%

3.53%

CIW

1.55%

1.01%

3.25%

IPPF

6%

0

0

DPPF

8.28%

4.43%

3.50%

SRPPF

0

5.45%

4.46%

SPPF

1.14%

0

50%

LRP

10.77%

10.52%

5.55%

TOTAL

6.43%

5.04%

3.59%

Table 5 - Number of Inmates who Violated Prison Rules.
Institutions

2001

2002

2003

NBP

158

138

242

CIW

89

94

192

IPPF

209

123

187

DPPF

207

169

223

SRPPF

73

60

40

SPPF

15

20

23

LRP

16

0

38

TOTAL

767

604

945

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APPENDIX C
BJMP’s Average Jail Population Data for CY 2003
Region86

Sentenced

Detained

Total

I

94

1,268

1,362

II

51

847

898

III

102

2,995

3,097

IV-A

293

5,362

5,655

IV-B

14

851

865

V

128

1,531

1,659

VI

326

2,646

2,972

VII

564

3,846

4,410

VIII

92

1,184

1,276

IX

72

2,005

2,077

X

272

1,762

2,034

XI

179

1,230

1,409

XII

44

1,175

1,219

XIII

47

593

640

NCR

874

17,404

18,278

CAR

21

716

737

ARMM

8

311

319

TOTAL

3,181

45,726

48,907

127TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSEPARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS

APPENDIX D
Total Number of Children in Conflict with the Law/Youth Offenders (as reported and served by DSWD
for CY 200334)
RegionMale

Female

Total

1,523

252

1,775

Cordillera Administrative Region

111

13

124

Region I

417

43

460

Region II

316

19

335

Region III

772

72

844

Region IV

696

37

733

Region V

39

10

49

Region VI

244

11

255

Region VII

870

75

945

Region VIII

186

66

252

Region IX

655

53

708

Region X

664

45

709

Region XI

1,300

149

1,449

Region XII

393

11

404

CARAGA

276

11

287

TOTAL

8,462

867

9,329

National Capital Region

34 From the website of the Department of Social Welfare and Development –http://www.dswd.gov.ph.

87