Legal and Administrative Frameworks forJohkasou and Japan’s Approach for
Improvement of Water Environment in Asia

November 13, 2013
Masahiro YASUDA
Deputy Director, Water Environment Division
Environment Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Today’s Presentation• Japan’s Experience of Water Quality
Improvement• Legal and Administrative Frameworks for
Installation and Management of Johkasou(Johkasou: on‐site domestic wastewater treatmentin Japan)• Japan’s international cooperation on water
environment
Ministry of the Environment2Japan’s Experience ofWater Quality Improvement

Ministry of the Environment

3Water Pollution of Tokyo in 1970’sTokyo Bay
Ministry of the Environment

A river in Tokyo

The Kanda River(Tokyo)

Photo Credit : Environmental Bureau of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government 4

Japan’s Experience of Water Quality Improvement～Dokai Bay, Kitakyushu City～• A miracle city recovering from a “dead sea”

“Dead sea” where fish cannot live

Dokai Bay has recovered

Monitoring data in Dokai bay

Illegal construction along theriver

The river as a city symbol withattractive water-side space

Water quality in Murasaki Riverand Sewerage coverage ratio
Source: Web site of Kitakyushu City

Ministry of the Environment

5State of Achievement of Environmental Standards• Indicators for Human Health（heavy metal, VOC, etc.）：
Improved significantly since 1970s.

• Indicators for Living Environment （BOD/COD, etc.）:
Improved tendency as a whole, but still low achievement rate in enclosed
water area such as lakes and inland seas
100

Annual Change in achievement of BOD/COD environmental standards

Rivers: 92.3%
All: 87.6%
Seas: 79.2%

Achievement Rate(%)

90
80
70
6050

Lakes: 53%

403020Total
全体Rivers
河川10Lakes
湖沼Seas海域* Reference (2009)
Tokyo Bay:68%
Ise Bay: 56%Osaka Bay: 67%

1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
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1998
1999
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0
Ministry of the Environment

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Framework of the Measures ofWater Environment Improvement in Japan
Establishment of Environmental Quality Standard【Environment Basic Law 】
・Establishment of Effluent Standard

National
government
National
government【Water Pollution Control Law】

Uniform Effluent Standard
Measures forIndustrial
Wastewater・More Stringent Effluent Standards 【Water Pollution Control Law】
・Regulations for the Private Companies 【Water Pollution Control Law】
Notification ,Measure and log pollution status
Local government(Prefecture)of effluent, On‐site inspections→Penalty, Order remedy, other administrative directions
・Investment to pollution control
・Development of human capacities

Measures for
Domestic
Wastewater
Ministry of the Environment

etc.

・Construction of sewerage 【Sewerage Law 】
・Installation of Johkasou 【Johkasou Law 】 etc.

Privatecompany
・National
National governmen
・Local government
・Individual

Subsidy system
System of maintenance

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Legal and Administrative Frameworks for
Installation and Management of Johkasou(Johkasou: on‐site domestic wastewater treatment in Japan)

Ministry of the Environment

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Night Soil (Black water) Treatment and Domestic
Wastewater Treatment Systems in Japan
Centralized treatment

wastewater treatment
facility(New type)(Traditional)(Old type)

Decentralized treatmentnight soil
treatment facility
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Ministry of the Environment

Population Coverage by Type ofDomestic Wastewater Treatment

Night soil
collection

Sewerage treatment system(Centralized treatment)

JohkasouTandoku-Johkasou

Ministry of the Environment10Gappei‐shori‐Johkasou and Tandoku‐shori‐Johkasou
・This system has issues onwater quality and sanitation
because grey water is nottreated・It should be maintained byeach individual house owner・New installation is currently
prohibited

On-site treatment for only black water(Old type)On-site treatment for both black water and grey water

Gappei-shori

・ It can treat both black waterand grey water
・ Good quality if it can bemaintained appropriately
・ It should be maintained byeach individual house owner(New type)

Ministry of the Environment

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Replaceing Tandoku‐shori Johkasou (only black water)
By Gappei Johkasou (both black water and grey water)
JohkasouGappeiJohkasou

There is lesspollution

Public waters

Tandoku
Johkasou（Septic‐Tank)

Tandoku
JohkasouPollution load is 8 times thatof Gappei Johkasou

untreated

・Pollution load of Tandoku johkasou is 8 times that of Gappei Johkasou.
・There is no duty to replace Tandoku Johkasou with Gappei Johkasou.
Ministry of the Environment

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Number and trends of installed Johkasou
Bannning
Tandoku Johkasou

10,000,000
9,000,000

Number of Johkasou

8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000

Number of Johkasou
7,818,058 (Total)

Tandoku-shori Johkasou (night soil only)
単独処理浄化槽
合併処理浄化槽
Gappei Johkasou (night soil and gray soil)

Revision ofJohkasou Law

Johkasou law(effect in 1985)

Revision ofJohkasou Law

Tandoku‐shori
Johkasou
4,674,779
60%

5,000,000
4,000,000

Natinal subsidy
program （Municipal
Johkasou installation ）3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000

Natinal subsidy
program （Johkasou
installation promotion）

Gappei Johkasou
3,143,27940%

058 59 601985
61 62 63 元21990
345671995
8910 11 122000
13 14 15 16 172005
18 19 20 21 222010
23

Fiscal year

・Tandoku johkasou bannning installation is remained about 5 million （60%）

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Ministry of the Environment

Legal Framework for Johkasou

Technological Aspect• Building Standards Act (1950)• Structural Criteria (1969)• Japanese Industrial Standards (JISA 3302‐2000)

Management• Wastes Disposal and Public Cleansing Act(1970)• Johkasou Act (1982)
Ministry of the Environment

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Uniqueness of Johkasou Management Framework

Governmental Support forTechnological Standardization$Subsidy System for Installation
Outsourcing System for
Installation and Operation
Monitoring System

Ministry of the Environment

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Governmental Support for Technological Standardization

Structural standard

Manualfor project development

Textbook on
Maintenanceof Johkasou
Ministry of the Environment

Johkasou systems for domestic
wastewater treatment

Guideline for operationand maintenance

Textbook on
Structure and maintenance 16

Subsidy System for Johkasou Installation

Percentage of Subsidy

40 % (Johkasou Installation Promotion Program)
90 % (Municipal Johkasou Installation Program)
Ministry of the Environment

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Outsourcing System for Installation and Management
Installation

Installation 33,593 Companies
Worker 83,205 Persons

Performance Inspection

Inspector

Operation/MaintenanceOperator

65 Institutions
1,210 Persons
12,871 Companies
72,521 Persons

Desludging

Desludging 5,375 Companies
15,117 Persons
ExpertAnnual Inspection

65 Institutions
Inspector 1,210 Persons

Ministry of the Environment18

Percentage of Inspected Facilities

87‐93 %

Percentage of Inspected facilities

100%

Performance
Inspection

80%

AnnualInspection

60%
40%

45‐50 %

20%
0%
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Historical Change of Inspected Johkasou in Japan
Ministry of the Environment

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Conclusion about Johkasou system• Johkasou system is an effective approach foron‐site domestic wastewater treatment• In order to encourage proper installation andoperation, regulations alone are not sufficient.
Governmental support in the respect oftechnological standardization, financing andoutsourcing is needed.

• Periodical Monitoring is required forsustainable management of Johkasou system.
Ministry of the Environment

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Japan’s International Cooperation
on Water Environment

Ministry of the Environment

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Current Situation of Water Environment in Asian region Water consumption is now increasing in Asian countries due to population increase andeconomical development
 Asian countries face serious water pollution because of insufficient wastewater treatment
 Japanese wastewater treatment technologies developed for environmental pollution
control can contribute to the improvement of water environment in Asian countries.
Wastewater Treatment Ratio in different regions

Seriously polluted river (China)
85 % of wastewater is discharged
without treatment in East Asia
Ministry of the Environment

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Concept of the International Cooperation for Water
Environment Improvement by MOEJ
・Support for basic framework development(Improvement of Water Environment
Governance, etc.)
・Implementation of the model projectand replication to other regions

・Improvement of the waterenvironment in developing countries
・Promotion of Japanese technology
overseas

Improvement of the water environment
in developing countries

Implementationof the project
Water Environment
Improvement projects in Asia

Replication

Promotion of Japanesetechnology overseas

Co‐benefits Type
Wastewater Treatment

Utilization of the informationand human resources
Overseas Development BasedFeedback

on Japanese Model of・Legal system and its operation
・Wastewater management
・Establishment of O&M systemetc.

Environmental Technologies
Accumulation ofOn‐
more information Project for Internationalsite Domestic Wastewater
Treatment Systems Promotion

Water Environment Partnership inAsia（WEPA)

Ministry of the Environment

Support for basic
framework development

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Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)• WEPA was proposed by the Ministry of Environment in Japan at the 3rd World Water Forum in2003.
• WEPA aims to improve water environmental governance including the reformation and operationof legal system as well as the improvement of wastewater management in the Asian region throughcooperation and knowledge‐sharing among policy makers under the partnership of 13 Asian countries.

• The Ministry of Environment, Indonesia is proactively involved in this partnership to contribute to
the improvement of water environment in the Asian region by cooperating with other WEPA countries
including Japan.
Partnership of 13 Asian countries
Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Lao PDR,Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Viet Nam, Nepal, SriLanka, Japan

Nepal

Bilateral Meeting
Sri Lanka

Ministry of the Environment

International forum24

Water Environment Improvement Projects in Asia
PurposeTo support the dissemination of excellent water treatment technologies made by Japanese
private companies to foreign countries.
To support the improvement of water environment in Asian countries by disseminating
Japanese water treatment technology.

MethodMinistry of Environment seeks publicly appropriate technology from Japanese privatecompanies. Selected companies will be supported financially by MOEJ.
Selected companies shall conduct a Feasibility Study in the first year and a Pilot Project after
the second year as well as develop business models through advertisement of the appliedtechnology .
Projects can disseminate the applied technology to other areas as well as contribute to water
environment improvement in the country.

OutcomeTo have selected 10 projects for 3 years.
4 projects in Viet Nam, 2 projects in China, 1 project each in Indonesia, Malaysia, India, and theSolomon Islands.
Domestic wastewater treatment, Industrial wastewater treatment, Phosphorus resource
recovery system, control of Non‐point source pollution.
Ministry of the Environment

25The examples of selected projects in“Water Environment Improvement Projects in Asia”
Water Quality Improvement Project by Introducing Johkasou System in Jakarta （Indonesia）
To conduct monitoring of treated water and sludge after the installation of Japanese distributed‐typewastewater treatment system (Johkasou) in residential housing.

Project for Introducing Zero‐emission Wastewater Treatment System at Pig Farms（Malaysia）
To treat wastewater from pig farms by using continuous circulation culture system using chlorella.
To realize zero‐emissions by utilizing treated wastewater at pig farms for washing, compost moistening,and farming as well as to contribute water quality improvement and enhancement of water safety.

Water Quality Improvement and Resource Recovery Project in Shenyang City (China)
 To apply phosphorus recovery technology in sludge treatment plant and reducing phosphorus
concentration of treated water.
 To conduct feasibility study on effective utilization of recovered phosphorus.

Water Environment Improvement by Energy‐Saving Treatment of Organic Industrial
Wastewater in Viet Nam (Viet Nam)To conduct feasibility study on low‐cost and easy maintenance type of wastewater treatment technology
using biofilm process in milk factories near Hanoi.
Ministry of the Environment

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Japan’s international cooperation• Disseminate Japan’s experience for night soil treatment and on‐site waste water treatment system• Suggest Johkasou systems/technologies which is applicable forvarious countries

Ministry of the Environment

Aims to make a relationship between
China and Southeast Asia
Ministry of the Environment

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Thank you for your listening attentively

Ministry of the Environment

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