Nuclear astrophysics experiments with stored
highly-charged ions:
Latest experiments at GSI
Yuri A. Litvinov

Tsukuba Global Science Week 2021
International Workshop on "Universe Evolution and Matter Origin”
11 September 2021

Why storage rings? - Versatile Capabilities
Large AcceptanceBeam Accumulation
Acceleration/Deceleration

Storage - efficient use of rare species
Cooling - high quality beams

UHV

Recirculation - high luminocities though thin targets

Beam Cooling:- Stochastic- Electron- (Laser)

Beam Bunching

Ultra-high vacuum – preserving atomic charge state
Removing of contaminantsHigh detection efficiencies for recoils
Numerous dedicated detectors
Internal Gas-Jet Target
Non-destructive particle detection

Various targets:- Electrons- Photons- Atoms- (Ions)- (Neutrons)
Detection:- Electrons- Photons- Recoils

Physics at Storage Rings
CRYRING at GSI

Storage rings stay for:Single-particle sensitivity
Broad-band measurements
High atomic charge states
High resolving power

ESR at GSI

R3 at RIKEN

CSRe at IMP

Photos: M. Lestinsky, A. Zschau, GSI; IMP Lanzhou; RIKEN

Where and how was gold cooked?
ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)
Hyosun Kim et al.

Hubble Gallery
NASA, ESA,J. Hester, A. Lollesscorsses-pcror-p

NASA/Dana Berryrp-proton number

82

esscopr

126

82
2850

20
820
828

ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

neutron number
Hubble Gallery, NASA, ESA

Where and how was gold cooked?
Rates of relevant reactions

proton number

masses determine thepathways of nucleosynthesis
processes
82

rp-esscorsses-pcror-p

esscopr82

28
50

20820828

neutron number126

β half-lives reflect theaccumulated abundances

Radioactive Ion Beam Facility at GSI

Storage
Ring
ESR

Fragment
Separator
FRS
Productiontarget

Picture: GSI, Darmstadt

Linear
Accelerator
UNILAC
Heavy-Ion
Synchrotron
SIS

Bound-State β-decay

Y. Litvinov & F. Bosch, Rep. Prog. Phys. 74, 016301 (2011)

M. Trassinellides NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS UMR7588 and UMPC-Paris 6, 75015 Paris,
DearInst.
Colleague,
FranceProfessor Dr. Paolo
Ursula Weyrich
Jörg Blaurock

S. Yu. Torilov
St. Petersburg
University,Petersburg,Peterhof, RussianFederationProgram
our latest‘Call forState
ProposalsforSt.BeamTimeStaryjin 2018/2019’.
The General

Chair of the Council
Vorsitzender des Au
Staatssekretär Dr. G

205Tl Nuclei
Bound-State
BetaDecayofThe management of GSI/FAIR would like to thank you for submitting a proposal toAdvisory
Committee
met on September 19-21, 2017 (G-PAC43 meeting), toR. B. Cakirli,
F. C. Ozturk
evaluatea totalof 64 University
proposalsrequesting
shiftsof beam time. The
Departmentof Physics,of Istanbul,
341342035
Istanbul,
TurkeyProposalforanexperiment
tobeconductedatFRS/ESR
considerations
the scientificB. Jurado of the G-PAC were based on their assessment of205
importanceof theCENBG,
proposed
research,
itsGradignan,
feasibility
and itsofrelianceaspects
Measurementof thebound-statebeta decaybare onTlions ofCNRS, IN2P3,
UMR
5797, 33175
Francethe GSI/FAIR facility
that areunique.
Proposals
wereranked
into 4 categories with
Updatedfrompreviously
accepted
proposal
E100
W.
Kortenexperiments of category A recommended to be done. Category A- experiments are†IRFU,CEA,
Université
Paris-Saclay,
Gif-sur-Yvette,
FranceFritz
Bosch, H.
Geissel,J. Glorius,
Grisenti,
A. Gumberidze,
Hagmann,ofgreatscientificinterest
but
due 91191
to R.
thelarge overdraftof beamS.time
can beCh. Kozhuharov, toM. Lestinsky,
Litvinov,
Yu.becomes
A. Litvinov,
I. Mukha,(reserve
C. Nociforo,
recommended
run only S.if A.beam
timeavailablelist).
For
theLOREX,
NucCAR,SPARCandILIMA
Collaborations
F. Nolden, N.ofPetridis,
R. BSánchez,
M.thatS. Sanjari,
C. Scheidenberger,
Experiments
category
are thoseare encouraged
to submitU.anSpillmann,amendedproposaltoafuturecall,andforcategory
Cexperiments
nobeamtime isM. Steck, T. Stöhlker, K. Takahashi, S. Trotsenko, H. Weick, N. Winckler, D. Winters
recommended.
In total,
G-PAC recommended
816Darmstadt,
shifts of category
GSI Helmholtzzentrum
fürtheSchwerionenforschung,64291
GermanyA, of which
311 shifts are at UNILAC, 317 shifts at SIS18, 122 shifts at ESR and 66 shifts atC. Brandau
CRYRING. Shifts granted as experiments category A in this ‘Call’ will be scheduled
I. Physik. Institut, Justus-Liebig Universität Giessen, 35392 Gießen, Germany
between 2018 and 2019 and will expire after that period.
R. Reifarth, Ch. Langer
1J.W.yourGoethe
Universität,Frankfurt,
Germanythe following evaluation with which I
the G-PAC
formulated
For
proposal
E12160438
concur:D. Atanasov, K. Blaum
This project is in part supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under

MPI thefür European
Kernphysik,
Saupfercheckweg
1,research69117 Heidelberg,
Germany
Union’s
Horizon 2020
and innovation
programme (grantRegarding
theproposal“Measurementofthebound-statebeta
decay of bare 205Tl
agreement No 682841 “ASTRUm”)
T. Faestermann,
R. Gernhäuser, Paul Kienle‡, M. A. Najafiions”(Proposalthe G-PAC
recommends
thisproposal with highest priority
TU Munich,Phys.E121),
Depatment
E12, D 85748
Garching,
Germany(A) and that 21 shifts of main beam time be allocated for this measurement.
M.K. Pavicevic
Division of Material Sciences and Physics, Salzburg University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
Further Steps
W.F. Henning
Division, Argonne
National Laboratory,
Argonne,Illinois,
USA person.
Physics
For schedulingyour experiment,
please contact
yourGSI contact
3Meyer,Bradley
The S.
department“Safety and Radiation Protection” is to be informed on theDepartment
ofPhysics
andexperiment
Astronomy, Clemson
planned set-up of theand theirUniversity,
consent isSC-29634-0978,
required beforeUSA
running an

FAIR:Registered in, Sitz:
Amtsgericht Darmst

VAT-ID: DE 275 595

Commerzbank Darm
IBAN DE03 5084 00
BIC COBADEFF508

GSI:
Registered in, Sitz:
Amtsgericht Darmst

VAT-ID: DE 111 671

Landesbank Hessen
IBAN DE56 5005 00
BIC HELA DE FF

Bound-State Beta Decay of 205Tl Nuclei

Bound-State Beta Decay of 205Tl Nuclei

Termination of s-process

NASA/SDO

Fate of 205Pb in early Solar system
Detection of Solar pp-neutrinos

Solar Neutrino Flux

Courtesy R. J. Chen and R. Singh Sidhu

Lorandite TlAsS2 Mineral

Age = 4.31(2) MaLOREX
Project

M. Pavicevic et al., NIM A895, 62 (2018)

December 2019
EMMI Rapid Reaction Task Force on
The LOREX ProjectBound-State Beta Decay of 205Tl Nuclei

Bound-State Beta Decay of 205Tl Nuclei

Experiment during the COVID19
23.03 – 01.04 – 06.04
Enriched 206Pb beam
Separation from 205Pb81+
I(205Tl81+)/I(205Pb81+)= 1/15
Accumulation
Long breeding time
Separation of decay
daughter ions fromparent ions

Courtesy R. J. Chen and R. Singh Sidhu

Accumulation of 205Tl81+ beam in the ESR

Courtesy R. J. Chen and R. Singh Sidhu

Typical Measurement (5 Hours)
Icool = 200 mA
Ar-jet (10 min)Electron cooler
power failure
Icool = 20 mA

Courtesy R. J. Chen and R. Singh Sidhu

ATOMICDATA AND NUCLEAR

DATA TABLES

36,375-409(1987)

Preliminary Results
ATOMICDATA AND NUCLEAR

BETA-DECAYDATA TABLESRATES OF HIGHLYIN STELLARIONIZED36,375-409(1987)HEAVY ATOMSINTERIORS*K. TAKAHASHI
University of California, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
andK. YOKOIt

BETA-DECAYHIGHLYIII
Kernforschungszentrum
Karlsruhe GmbH,RATESInstitut furOF
Kernphysik
D-7500 Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany
IN STELLAR

PHYSICAL REVIEW C 101, 031302(R) (2020)

IONIZED

INTERIORS*

Beta-decay rates are computed for heavy nuclides (26 < 2 Q 83, 59 i A < 210) at stellar
temperatures of 5 X 10’ 4 T < 5 X 1O8K and electron number densitiesK.of TAKAHASHI
1026 < n, < 3 X 1O*’ cme3.
The P-decay processes considered are: (i) electron emission (@- decay) into the continuum as well as
into the bound state; (ii) positron emission(p’ decay);ofand(iii) capture Instituteof the orbitalof andfree electrons.
UniversityCalifornia,Geophysics
anThe degree of ionization is determinedLawrenceby solvingLivermore
the Saha equation
for the continuum
Nationalcorrected
Laboratory,
Livermoredepression within a finite-temperature Thomas-Fermi model. The adopted input atomic data are basedon a self-consistent mean-field method. Theft values for unknown B transitions are estimated fromsystematics. The results willPHYSICAL
be most useful REVIEW
for s-processCnucleosynthesis
studies.ando 1987 Academic PM, IX.
104, 024304 (2021)

Rapid Communications

K. YOKOIt
Calculated solar-neutrino capture rate for a radiochemical
Joel Kostensalo*205

and Jouni Suhonen

Tl-based solar-neutrino detector

Kernforschungszentrum
Karlsruhe
Investigation of boundstate β− decay half-livesof bare GmbH,
atoms

InstitutD-7500 Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of G†

Shuo Liu, Chao Gao, and Chang Xu

University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland

K. Zuber‡Institute for Nuclear and Particle Physics, TU Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany(Received 19 December 2019; revised manuscript received 22 January 2020; accepted 19 February 2020;
published 4 March 2020)*

School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

Beta-decay
rates
are 21computedfor heavy(26 < 2(Received9 June 2021;
acceptedJuly 2021; published2 Augustnuclides2021)
temperatures of 5 X 10’ 4 T < 5 X 1O8K and electron number den−We investigate
bound state βdecay of highly
ionized atoms,which
the decay emission
electron remainsaThethe P-decay
processes
considered
are:in (i)electron(@-in debound atomic state rather than being emitted into the continuum. A survey of 3344 nuclei is performed in order
into
theboundstate;(ii)
positronemission(p’decay);
and(iii)captu
to search possible bound state β − decay nuclei. We find that, for candidates 163 Dy, 193 Ir, 194 Au, 202 Tl, 205 Tl, 215 At,* Work 222performedin 246
part
underthe ionization
auspices
theU.S. Department
EnergybytheLawrenceThe
degreeofis determined
SahaequaRn, 243 Am, andBk,
the channelof
β − decayofis completely
forbidden inby
theofsolving
neutralcasethebut canbeopened
Livermore
Laboratory
underContract
W-740%Eng-48
half-lives ofThomas-Fermi
these nuclei are predictedby using
the ain the bareNationalcase.
The corresponding
bound-stateβ − decay
depression
withina finite-temperaturemodel.
Thewhich
are found to Researchbe significantly
different fromthose inthe neutral case.
t PresentTakahashi-Yokoi
address: ScienceandEngineering
Laboratory,Japan
onmodel,a self-consistentmean-field
method.Waseda
TheftUniversity,
values Tokyo,for unknown
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.104.024304
systematics. The results will be most useful for s-process nucleosynt

Radiochemical experiments for low-energy solar-neutrino detection have been making headlines by exploiting
the isotopes 37 Cl and 71 Ga. Such a very low-threshold measurement of this type can also be performed using
205Tl, which has been considered for decades for this purpose. A unique feature of this detector nucleus is theintegration in the solar-neutrino flux over 106 of years owing to its long-living daughter 205 Pb. In this Rapid
Communication, we have calculated for the first time the cross section for the charged-current solar-neutrino
scattering off 205 Tl. Taking into account the solar-model-predicted neutrino fluxes and the electron-neutrino
survival probabilities, a solar-neutrino capture rate of 62.2 ± 8.6 solar-neutrio units is determined, a 0092-640X/87
value

Courtesy R. J. Chen and R. Singh Sidhu$3.00

Nuclear reaction studies in a storage ringin-flight fragmentation at FRSàapplicable to radioactive nuclei
deceleration of beams

ESR

Experimental Storage RingàGamow window

beam energy: 3 - 550 MeV/u
ΔE/E:
10-4
rev. freq.:
250 kHz - 1 MHz
H2 gas target:
1014 atoms/cm2
vacuum:10-11mbar

High revolution frequency
à high luminosity even withthin targets
Well-known atomic charge-exchange rates
àin-situ luminosity monitor

Ultra-thin windowless gas targets and electron coolingà excellent energy resolution
Detection of ions via in-ring particle detectors, clean beam and targetàlow background, high efficiency

very efficient use of exotic beams for high resolution experiments
Courtesy J. Glorius

Internal target

refill ring periodically§ injection of ions @ >100 MeV/uü fully stripped ionsdipoleProton-Capture Reactions in the ESR§ deceleration & cooling of the beam
ü E = 3 - 10 MeV/u§ activate internal hydrogen targetü proton & electron capture reactions
ü separated by dipoleü particle detectors on…
… inner tracks for (p,g) products… outer tracks for e- capture products

particle
detectors
gas jet§ beam life time (residual gas + target interaction)
Ø intensity goes down
Jan Glorius: “A recycling recoil separator”
Courtesy J. Glorius

ESRnro rtec olele oc

In-Situ Luminosity Monitoring
total e- capture rate [NRC + REC]measured by particle detection

gas jetKb

K-RECKa
L-REC

X-ray
spectroscopy

M-REC

radiative e- capture rate [REC]

X-ray spectrum @ 90°

Courtesy J. Glorius

ESR Test Beam Time 2016 124Xe(p,g)125Cs

16 x 16
stripsceramic pcbUHV compatible

50 mm

2nd generation detectors

124Xe(p,g)

gas jetESR
Courtesy J. Glorius

124Xe(p,g) - Results

5.5 MeV/ux positio

nypnitioos

6.7 MeV/u

6 MeV/ux positio

nyp

itio

os

7 MeV/u

8 MeV/un

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 122, 092701 (2019)

Approaching the Gamow Window with Stored Ions:
Direct Measurement of 124Xeðp;γÞ in the ESR Storage Ri

J. Glorius,1,* C. Langer,2 Z. Slavkovská,2 L. Bott,2 C. Brandau,1,3 B. Brückner,2 K. Blaum,4 X
T. Davinson,7 P. Erbacher,2 S. Fiebiger,2 T. Gaßner,1 K. Göbel,2 M. Groothuis,2 A. Gumberidz
R. Hess,1 R. Hensch,2 P. Hillmann,2 P.-M. Hillenbrand,1 O. Hinrichs,2 B. Jurado,9 T. Kaus
T. Kisselbach,2 N. Klapper,2 C. Kozhuharov,1 D. Kurtulgil,2 G. Lane,10 C. Lederer-Woods,7 M
Yu. A. Litvinov,1 B. Löher,11,1 F. Nolden,1 N. Petridis,1 U. Popp,1 T. Rauscher,12,13 M. Reed,10 R
D. Savran,1 H. Simon,1 U. Spillmann,1 M. Steck,1 T. Stöhlker,1,14 J. Stumm,2 A. Surzhykov,15,16A. Taremi Zadeh,2 B. Thomas,2 S. Yu. Torilov,17 H. Törnqvist,1,11 M. Träger,1 C. Trageser,1,3M. Volknandt,2 H. Weick,1 M. Weigand,2 C. Wolf,2 P. J. Woods,7 and Y. M.
1J. Glorius, et al., PRL 122, 092701 (2019)

GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germa
2
Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
3
Justus-Liebig Universität, Gießen, Germany
4
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany
5
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
6Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, Jordan
7
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
8
Institute for Nuclear Research (MTA Atomki), Debrecen, Hungary
9
CENBG, CNRS-IN2P3, Gradignan, France10

Towards background free measurement

work of Laszlo Varga

Courtesy J. Glorius and L. Varga

E127: Proton Capture on 118Te (05.2021)
study of radioactive 118Te (6 days half-life)
production, storage, accumulation and decelerationof 118Te in FRS-ESR
up to 1.000.000 118Te52+ ions stored
proton-capture measurements
realized at 7 MeV/u and 6 MeV/uclear signatures with good statistics

7MeV/u118

Te(p,g)new background-free detection method
maximized sensitivity for detection of protoncapture
proton-capture reactions
signature
future prospects:
full access to Gamow window
energies in CRYRING

124

Xe(p,g)backgroundremovalCourtesy J. Glorius and L. Varga

124

Xe(p,g)

The CRYRING@ESR facility

M. Lestinsky, GSI, Darmstadt
M. Lestinsky et al., EPJ ST 225, 797 (2016)

CARME @ CRYRING(CRYRING Array for Reaction MEasurements)

Measure nuclear reactions
directly at Big Bang energies
Novae physics
Reactions for p-process
Reactions for rp-process.....
Neutron-induced reactions(surrogate method)
B. Jurado, ERC AG „NECTAR“Courtesy C. Bruno, T. Davinson, P. Woods

FAIR - Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research

GSI today

Future facility
SIS 100/300

SIS 18UNILAC

ESR

Super
FRS
HESR

RESR

CR
FLAIR

100 m
NESR

Ion Beam Facilities / Trapping & Storage
Highly-Charged Ions (e.g. U92+) and Exotic Nuclei
From Rest to Relativistic Energies (up to 4.9 GeV/u)

Cooling: The Key for Precision
beam intensity (arb. units)

1,0

uncooled beamelectron cooled beam

Dp/p ~ 10-5

0,80,60,4

0,2

0,00 ,88

0 ,9 1

0,9 40 ,97

1 ,0 0

1,0 3

1 ,06

1 ,0 9

1,1 2

f /f

0

From Single Ions to Highest Intensities
0192

30

Pb 81+

60

0.95

Qec = 3.37MeV

90

0.87

e - capture

0.80

192

Tl81+

0.77
0.67
0.62

120

0.57
0.52

150

0.48

180

intensity / arb. units

recording time / seconds

Worldwide
Unique !

Stored and Cooled

0.44
0.40

240
127300127400127500127600127700127800frequency / Hz127900128000128100128200Many thanks to our collaborators from all over the world !!!

We are supported by: