Bull. Tohoku Univ. Museum. No. 20, pp. 41‒66, 2021
© by The Tohoku University Museum

Animal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk culturesin Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo
Ito Collection
Taichi Hattori1), Junmei Sawada2), Yoshitaka Kanomata3), Kaoru Akoshima3) and Takao Sato4)
1)‌Officer,
Tsuchiura Office, Department of Public Works, Ibaraki Prefectural Government, 3-11-5 Nakatakatsu, Tsuchiura 3000815, JAPAN2)‌
Associate
Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare,
1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, JAPAN3)‌
Professor,
Department of Archaeology, Graduate School of Arts and Letters, Tohoku University, 27-1 Kawauchi, Aoba-ku,
Sendai 980-8576, JAPAN

4)‌
Professor,
Department of Archaeology and Ethnology, Faculty of Letters, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1088345, JAPANIntroduction
The Okhotsk culture thrived along the southern coast of
the Sea of Okhotsk from the fifth to the twelfth century CE.
In addition to the remains of fish and marine mammals, large
fishhooks, fishing weights and harpoon heads have also
been excavated from Okhotsk culture sites. These showthat the people of the Okhotsk culture mainly subsisted onfishing and the hunting of marine mammals. Furthermore,they raised dogs and pigs, which is a notable feature of thelivelihood of Okhotsk culture humans (Nishimoto 1984).
Regional differences in pottery types and burial practicesof the Okhotsk culture have been revealed (Nishimoto 1984,
Takabatake 2003, Naito et al. 2010), and there are also
discernable regional differences in terms of animal utilization.
Nishimoto compared faunal remains from the Kafukai 1 Site
in Rebun Island and the Onnemoto Site in Nemuro, and hepointed out that whereas there was a marked dependence
on fishing in the northern part of Hokkaido (hereafterreferred to as Northern Hokkaido), the hunting of marine andterrestrial mammals was more prominent in the eastern partof Hokkaido (hereafter referred to as Eastern Hokkaido).
Meanwhile, Uchiyama reported that more domestic animal
remains were excavated from the Promyslovoye II Site incentral Sakhalin than sites in Hokkaido (Uchiyama 2002).
It is essential to collect data from each region in order
to elucidate regional differences in subsistence strategies.
In Northern Hokkaido, several studies have been done on
faunal remains excavated from the Kafukai 1 Site and othersites, and these have yielded a large amount of data. In
addition, there are also numerous reports on faunal remains
from sites in Eastern Hokkaido, such as the Moyoro Shell
Mound. On the other hand, there is very little information
on faunal remains from sites in Sakhalin, except for the
Promyslovoye II Site. In fact, almost no quantitative data on
remains in Southern Sakhalin, the region where the Okhotsk
culture formed, have been reported so far. Therefore, thisstudy aims to provide basic information on zooarchaeologicalstudies of Okhotsk culture sites by reporting on a collectionof faunal remains excavated in Sakhalin. These researchmaterials, titled the “Nobuo Ito Collection,” are currently instorage at Tohoku University.

Research Materials
Southern Sakhalin (Japanese name: Karafuto) was a
Japanese territory between the years 1904 and 1945, soquite a few archaeologists and ethnologists came to thearea to conduct fieldwork during this period. Nobuo Ito, whocollected the research materials this study focuses on, was
one of them. In 1933, Ito became a lecturer at the Second
Senior High School, the precursor to the present-day Tohoku
University. In the summer of the same year, he exploredarchaeological sites on the east coast of Sakhalin and along
Aniva Bay under the commission of the local government,
and the following year, he explored sites on the west coastof the island. Ito established the chronological order ofunearthed pottery in Sakhalin at this time and added some of42

Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Satothe Enoura Kaizuka (Ozeretskoye Site) (See Fig. 1). With
the exception of materials from the Rutaka Site, Ito marked
all of these remains in his chronology, and, therefore, it may
be possible to estimate the approximate time period of thefaunal remains due to being stored with pottery and stone
implements. An outline of the sites is listed below and in
Table 1.
Susuya Shell Mound (Susuya-Kita Kaizuka, Susuya-1)
The Susuya Shell Mound is located at the southern tip of
Sakhalin, on the left bank of the estuary where the SusuyaRiver flows into Aniva Bay (See Fig. 2). To avoid confusion
with the Minami Kaizuka, which means “Southern Shell
Mound” in English, it is also known as the Kita Kaizuka, or“Northern Shell Mound.” Beginning with Shogoro Tsuboi’s
work in 1907, various Japanese and Russian archaeologists
have continued to study this site over the years (Baba 1940,
Niioka & Utagawa 1990). Most of the pottery unearthed fromthis site belongs to the Susuya type. Some researchersconsider this type of pottery to come from the Okhotsk
culture, but this study considers this type of pottery to bethat of the Susuya period, the latter period of the Epi-Jomon
era (third to fourth century CE).

Fig. 1. ‌Sites of the final period of the Epi-Jomon era
and the Okhotsk culture period in the southern
Sakhalin

Rutaka Site (Rutaka-Lutoga Site)
The Rutaka Site is located on the left bank of the estuaryof the Lyutoga River, about two km upstream. As manyas thirty to forty pit dwellings can be seen within this site,with five shell mounds scattered among them (Wada 1943,
Niioka & Utagawa 1990). Pottery collected with the faunal
remains include examples of the Susuya type and Towada
type (third to sixth century CE) (Vasilyevsky et al. 2006).

his own amendments and corrections in subsequent years.
This order is still useful today. We believe the materials thisstudy focuses on are from the 1933 investigation because
they were excavated from the Higashi Taraika Kaizuka(Promyslovoye-1 Shell Mound) located on the east coastof Sakhalin, as well as four sites located on Aniva Bay:the Susuya Shell Mound (Susuya-1), the Minami Kaizuka(Solovievka Site), the Rutaka Site (Rutaka-Luoga Site) and

Enoura Kaizuka (Ozeretskoye Site)
The Enoura Kaizuka lies along Aniva Bay, about eightkm east of the Lyutoga River (Sakazume 1956). Thisshell mound is located on a sandbank in a wetland. Both
Enoura A and B type pottery were excavated from this site
(Vasilyevsky et al. 2006). Therefore, most of the researchmaterials from this site also likely belong to the mid to late
Okhotsk culture period (seventh to ninth century CE).

Table
1 Outlinesof Sitesof Sites
Table
1 Outlines

Site
Susuya Shell Mound
Rutaka Site
Enoura Kaizuka
Minami kaizuka
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka

Pottey typeSusuya typeSusuya type / Towada type
Enoura B type / Enoura A type
Minami Kaizuka type
Higashi Taraika type / Minami Kaizuka typeAge
3-4C A.D.
3-6C A.D.
7-9C A.D.
10-12C A.D.
10-12C A.D.

NISP
178
8
165
13
13

Animal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures in Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo Ito Collection

43

Fig. 2. Sites of the final period of the Epi-Jomon era and the Okhotsk culture period located around the Aniva Bay
Minami Kaizuka (Solovievka Site)
Isao Iijima discovered the Minami Kaizuka in 1905, and it
is a shell mound located on the terrace of the left bank near
the mouth of the river. It also has pit dwellings and the moatof a chashi (an Ainu fortification) (See Fig. 2). Ito classified
pottery unearthed from this site as the Minami Kaizuka typeof the late Okhotsk culture period (tenth to twelfth century
CE).
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka (Promyslovoye-1 Shell Mound)
The Higashi Taraika Shell Mound is in Central Sakhalin,on the long and narrow sandbank that separates Lake
Nevskoye from the Gulf of Terpenya (Gulf of Patience, orTaraika Wan in Japanese). The shell mound extends toapproximately 250 m × 40 m and mainly comprises remainsof Pacific oyster, a species which no longer lives in this area
(Oka & Baba 1938, Kouno 1938, Nomura 1990, Uchiyama

2002). Most of the pottery unearthed from this site belongs
to the Higashi Taraika type or Minami Kaizuka type in termsof Ito’s classification. Therefore, this site likely formed in thelate Okhotsk culture period (tenth to twelfth century CE) (Ito
1942, Uchiyama 2002).
Fedorchuk’s investigations in 1994 and 1995 provided
details on faunal remains, which include mammals(Uchiyama 2002), birds (Пантелеев 1997), and fish(Сафронов et al. 2001). Reports dating back to before
World War II also mention the excavation of large quantities
of both pig and dog remains and, according to Uchiyama’s
studies, the MNI (minimum number of individuals) came to
sixty-seven dogs and thirty-four pigs. Other studies foundthat both species made up a large proportion of the mammal
remains at 67.4% (Oka & Baba 1938, Kouno 1938, Baba
1940, Okuyama 1941, Nomura 1990, Uchiyama 2002). In
addition to dogs and pigs, there was also an MNI of fortytwo earless seals, which amounted to 28% of the mammal

44

Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Satoremains, and the remains of a few other mammals, suchas reindeer, eared seals, brown bears, and foxes, were
unearthed with an MNI of only one or two each. The
reindeer may have been domestic animals, but it is unlikelythat people of the Okhotsk culture raised these animals as it
is possible the remains come from reindeer with antlers thatshed naturally in the summer (Uchiyama 2002). Although
there was a small number of unearthed bird remains,
species included albatross, pelagic cormorant, swan goose,black-tailed gull, spectacled guillemot, and thick-billed murre(Пантелеев 1997). Unearthed fish remains were mainlythat of coastal fish, such as Pacific herring and saffron cod,and it appears the people used resources to catch brackishlake fish, such as pike, Japanese dace, and starry flounder(Сафронов et al. 2001).

Analysis Methods
We identified animal species and parts of the bones
through macroscopic comparisons with modern skeletalcollections that belong to the Department of Archaeology
and Ethnology at Keio University. We counted the numberof identified specimens (NISP) and also estimated theminimum number of individuals (MNI) for each identified
taxon. We considered the actual body parts, whether a given
part came from the left or right side of an individual animal,
and the age of each specimen while estimating the MNI. In
principle, we measured bones and teeth according to themethods of Driesch (1976). The measurements of pig teeth
were followed the method of Anezaki (2003).

Results
Table 2 shows the species and number of animal remains
excavated at each site. The raw data are listed in appendix
1 to 4.
Susuya Shell Mound (Late Epi-Jomon, third to fourth
century CE, Fig. 3)1) Species and NISP
Terrestrial mammals: Hare (3), Dog (80), Canidae (5),Otter (1), Pig (2), Deer (1), Brown bear (3).
Marine mammals: Northern fur seal (4), Eared seal (22),Spotted seal (2), Ringed seal (2), Ribbon seal (1), Bearded
seal (8), Earless seal (10), Whale (14).
Birds: Subfamily Duck (3), Swan (4), Crane (1), ?Raptor (1).
Fishes: Salmon shark (4), Flatfish (2).
Shellfish: Pacific oyster (5).
2) Characteristics of faunal remains
We identified a total of 178 specimens. The majority ofthese were mammal remains with 158 specimens, and there

were nine bird, six fish and five shellfish remains. Among the
mammals, there were eighty dog remains, with an MNI ofnine consisting of infant, juvenile, and adult individuals, while
there were only two remains from infant pigs. In regard towild mammals, meanwhile, there were twenty-three earlessseal family remains, twenty-six eared seal family remains,
fourteen cetacean (whale) remains, three each of brownbear and hare remains, and one specimen of otter remains.
It is possible that some of the eared seal family remains that
could not be identified as a species are those of sea lions
or Steller's sea lions. Of the seven cetaceans in the order,
one was from a large cetacean and six were from a small
cetacean.
Among the birds, we identified four swan remains, three
from the duck subfamily, one specimen of crane remains,
and one specimen of raptor remains. The three remains
from the duck subfamily were about the same size as a
black duck (Melanitta nigra), larger than a mallard duck(Anas platyrhynchos), smaller than a mandarin duck (Aix
galericulata), and slightly smaller than a tufted duck (Aythya
fuligula). All four swans were smaller than a mule swan
(Cygnus olor). The cranes were juvenile birds about thesame size as a red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), andthus, the hunting season was likely summer. There areno cranes in Sakhalin at present, so it is possible that thecranes entered or were introduced to Sakhalin throughhabitat changes or via coastal areas of Hokkaido (according
to Dr. Eda's instructions). We determined there were remainsof a raptor based on the specimen size and morphology, but
we could not identify the species.
Rutaka Site (Late Epi-Jomon to early Okhotsk culture,
third to sixth century CE, Fig. 3)1) Species and NISP
Terrestrial mammals: Dog (4), Pig (1).
Marine mammals: Grey seal (1), Earless seal (1), Whale (1).
2) Characteristics of faunal remains
We identified eight specimens. These included four
dog remains, one specimen of pig remains, two earlessseal family remains, and one specimen of small cetacean
remains. We estimated an MNI of two dogs and there
appeared to be one juvenile and one adult. We determined
the specimen of pig remains was from a juvenile as both theproximal and distal epiphyseal closures were incomplete.
Enoura Kaizuka (Mid to late Okhotsk culture, seventh toninth century CE, Figs. 4 and 5)
1) Species and NISP
Terrestrial mammals: Dog (7), Pig (45), Brown bear (1).
Marine mammals: Eared seal (2), Spotted seal (16),Ringed seal (9), Ribbon seal (1), Bearded seal (21), EarlessAnimal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures in Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo Ito Collection
Table 2 NISP and MNI of research materials
Table 2NISP and MNI of research materials
Taxa

Shellfish (Mollusca)
Bivalve (Bivalvia)
Pacific oyseter (Crassostrea gigas )Bivalvia indet.
Total number of shellfish

SusuyaShell Mound

Rutaka Site

NISP

MNI

NISP

5
7
12

1
1

Vertebrate (Vertebrata)
Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes)
Salmon shark (Lamna distropis )Bony fish (Osteichthyes)
Flatfish (Pleuronectiformes indet.)
Osteichthyes indet.
Total number of fishes

4

1

2
2
8

1

Bird (Aves)
Loon (Gaviidae indet.)
Swan (Cygnus sp.)
Duck subfamily (Anatinae indet.)
Crane (Gruidae indet.)?Raptor (?Accipitriformes)
Aves indet.
Total number of birds

4
3
1
1
8
17

4

3
3
80
5
1
4
22
2
2
1
8
10

1
1
9
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1

2
1
14
15
28
34
235
260

Mammal (Mammalia)
Hare (Lepus sp.)
Brown bear (Ursus arctos )Dog (Canis lupus familiaris )Canid (Canidae indet.)
Otter (Lutra lutra )Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus )Eared seal (Otariidae indet.)
Spotted seal (Phoca largha )Ringed seal (Pusa hispida )Ribbon seal (Phoca fasciata )Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus )Earless seal (Phocidae indet.)
Pinniped (Pinnipedia indet.)Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus )Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus )Deer (Cervidae indet.)
Whale (Cetacea indet.)Terrestrial Mammalia indet.
Marine Mammalia indet.
Mammalia indet.
Total number of mammals
Total number of vertebrates

MNI

2

EnouraKaizuka
NISP

MNI

1
1
2

1

MinamiKaizuka

Higashi Taraika
Kaizuka

NISP

MNI

NISP

MNI

3

1

1

1

1
1

1

1

5
3
1
2

1
1
1
1

1

1
1
2

1
1

1

1

1

1

1
7

1
2

2
16
9
1
21
42
7
45

1
7
2
1
5
2

1
1

4

8

1

1

26

1
1
15

4

11
24

6

28

15

4

24

6

1
1
1
1

4

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1
1

1

1

26

1
1
10

6

18
17
47
17
250

32

10

6

253

45

46

Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Satoseal (42), Pinniped (7), Whale (18).
Birds: Loon (1).
Fishes: Flatfish (1).
Shellfish: Pacific oyster (1).
2) Characteristics of faunal remains
We identified 165 specimens and 162 of these were frommammals. The remaining three specimens consisted of
one shellfish, one fish, and one bird. Among the mammal
remains, there were forty-five pig remains and seven dog
remains. Most of the excavated pig remains were fromjuvenile and adult individuals, with just a few infants. It is
worth noting that there was a remarkable imbalance in
the NISP of both domestic species. In addition, we founda large number of marine mammal remains. Specifically,
we identified eighty-nine remains from four species of theearless seal family, as well as two eared seal remains andeighteen cetacean remains. This suggests that Okhotsk
culture humans actively hunted marine mammals. In regards
to terrestrial mammals, meanwhile, we identified one
specimen of brown bear remains.
In addition to the faunal remains listed above, we alsocollected one specimen each of fish, bird and shellfish
remains. We identified the specimen of bird remains as
being a radius of a loon (red-throated loon or related
species) which was larger than that of a Pacific loon (Gavia
pacifica).
Minami Kaizuka (Late Okhotsk culture, tenth to twelfth
century CE, Fig. 6)1) Species and NISP
Terrestrial mammals: Dog (3), Pig (8).
Marine mammals: Eared seal (1), Ringed seal (1)2) Characteristics of faunal remains
We identified thirteen mammal remains including eight
pig remains, three dog remains, one specimen of spottedseal remains, and one specimen of eared seal remains. The
pig bones may have all come one juvenile pig with unfused
epiphyseal plates.
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka (Late Okhotsk culture, tenth totwelfth century CE, Fig. 7)1) Species and NISP
Terrestrial mammals: Dog (1), Pig (5), Reindeer (3), Deer (1)Marine mammals: Bearded seal (1), Whale (2)2) Characteristics of faunal remains
We identified thirteen specimens of faunal remains,
including one specimen of dog remains, five pig remains,
three reindeer remains, one specimen of deer remains,
one specimen of bearded seal remains, and two cetacean

remains. One specimen of pig remains consisted of a maxillafrom a one-year-old infant, with complete eruption of the firstmolar and the second molar alveolus beginning to open.
The specimens identified as coming from reindeer were allantlers, and we could identify traces of human processing.

Discussion
We identified a total of 577 faunal remains from the
Nobuo Ito Collection. Most of these came from mammals,with a total of 535 specimens. However, this may be theresult of overlooking small animals while collecting with the
naked eye. Therefore, we should not view these materials
as being representative of the Okhotsk culture on Sakhalin
as a whole, even more so given the likelihood that materials
were not collected as comprehensively from the threesites that had very little material (Higashi Taraika Kaizuka,
Rutaka Site, and Minami Kaizuka). Nevertheless, it is worth
discussing the utilization of animals on Sakhalin based on
the faunal remains identified in this study, even if the record
is fragmentary.
First, it is noteworthy that domestic animals (pigsand dogs) accounted for a large proportion of the fauna
excavated at all the sites. This confirms the conventionalview that livestock rearing was prevalent in the Okhotsk
culture of Southern Sakhalin.
Secondly, differences between the Susuya and the
Okhotsk culture periods are also noteworthy. By paying
close attention to the species of domestic animals, more
dog remains than pigs have been found in the Susuya
Shell Mound and Rutaka Site, which date from the EpiJomon period to the early stages of the Okhotsk culture;
while there were more pigs than dogs in the Enoura Kaizuka
and Minami Kaizuka, which date from the middle to late
Okhotsk culture (See Figs. 8 and 9). This suggests a close
relationship between the development of pig farming and thedevelopment of the Okhotsk culture.
Comparing the faunal assemblages of the Susuya Shell
Mound and the Enoura Kaizuka reveals that the Enoura
Kaizuka had a higher proportion of marine mammals. This
demonstrates that the maritime adaptation of the inhabitantsof Southern Sakhalin may have been advanced during the
Okhotsk culture period. Smaller terrestrial mammals, suchas hares and otters, were also identified at the Susuya Shell
Mound, whereas only one brown bear and one red-throatedloon were identified at the Enoura Kaizuka. Although there
may have been a sampling bias, these remains suggest that
there were likely differences in hunting strategies between
the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures.
Furthermore, the Enoura Kaizuka had a greater numberof earless seals than eared seals, while the Susuya Shell
Mound had almost the same number of eared and earlessAnimal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures in Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo Ito Collection

Fig. 3. ‌Animal remains from the Susuya Shell Mound and Rutaka Site (Scale bar is 5 cm)

47

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Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Sato

Fig. 4. Animal remains from the Enoura Kaizuka (1) (Scale bar is 5 cm)

Animal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures in Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo Ito Collection

Fig. 5. Animal remains from the Enoura Kaizuka (2) (Scale bar is 5 cm)

49

50

Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Sato

Fig. 6. Animal remains form the Minami Kaizuka (Scale bar is 5 cm)

Animal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures in Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo Ito Collection

Fig. 7. Animal remains form the Higashi Taraika Kaizuka (Scale bar is 5 cm)

51

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Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Sato

Susuya Shell Mound (NISP=158)
Rutaka Site (NISP=8)
Enoura Kaizuka (NISP=169)
Minami Kaizuka (NISP=13)
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka (NISP=13)
0%
Pig

Dog

20%
40%
Other terrestrial mammals

60%
Seal group

80%

100%
Whale

Fig. 8. Species composition of mammals based on NISP of materials identified to order

Susuya Shell Mound (MNI=26)
Rutaka Site (MNI=6)
Enoura Kaizuka (MNI=26)
Minami Kaizuka (MNI=4)
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka (MNI=6)
0%
Pig

Dog

20%

40%

Other terrestrial mammals

60%
Seal group

80%

100%
Whale

Fig. 9. Species composition of mammals based on MNI of materials identified to order

seals. This indicates that Okhotsk culture groups in Southern
Sakhalin may have specifically targeted earless seals overother marine mammals. According to Uchiyama, reports
from the Promyslovoye II Site also show overwhelmingly
more earless seals than eared seals. Therefore, it appears
that Okhotsk culture groups in Sakhalin developed hunting
methods that targeted earless seals (Uchiyama 2002).

Conclusion
This analysis partially clarified the nature of animal
utilization by the Okhotsk culture in Southern Sakhalin.
Specifically, an increasing dependence on pigs and acorresponding decrease on dogs from the late Epi-Jomon
era to the Okhotsk culture period appears to have been atrend in Sakhalin. The presence of shell mounds from whichmore pigs were excavated than dogs has been pointed out
in the past (Uchiyama 2005 etc.), and the results of ouranalysis confirm this. This study also proved that humanAnimal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures in Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo Ito Collection
adaptation to the ocean is a feature of the Okhotsk culture,as past researchers have also pointed out, and it clarified
that the relative prevalence of marine mammals increased
toward the mid Okhotsk culture period with a focus onearless seals. However, given the paucity of research on
animal remains in Sakhalin, there are many points thatremain unclear such as whether this is a phenomenon
widely observed in Southern Sakhalin. Therefore, further
research with a larger number of samples is required.
Finally, we would like to mention that in addition to our
research, we owe a great deal to the late Professor Nobuo
Ito, who actively engaged in the collection of faunal remains
as well as artifacts, for providing a background to animal
utilization in Sakhalin. Much of what we learned from him
appears in the explanation in this report. The authors would
like to pay tribute to the late Professor Ito who laid thefoundation of archaeology on Sakhalin with his meticulous
research.

Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Dr. Masaki Eda of the Hokkaido
University Museum for his help in the analysis of birds. This
work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number
JP16H01954 (Principal Researcher: Hirofumi Kato) and Keio
Gijyuku Academic Development Funds 2016-2019 (Principal
Researcher: Takao Sato).

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Japan and Russia Cooperative Symposium, Hokkaido
University Museum, Sapporo, pp. 124-130.)
内山幸子 2005「海獣狩猟文化における動物飼養の研究：続縄文・オホーツク文化両文化に見るその変遷と意義」（筑波大学学位所得論文）つくばリポジトリ. (Uchiyama,
S. (2005) Animal Husbandry in Marine Animal Hunting
Culture: Transition and Significance in the Epi Jomon
and Okhotsk Cultures. PhD Thesis, Tsukuba University,
Tsukuba.)
岡正雄・馬場脩 1938「北千島千寿島及び樺太多来加地方に於ける考古学的調査予報」『民族学研究』4(3): 117180. (Oka, M. & Baba, O. (1938) Archaeological surveys
in the northern Kuril Islands and the Taraika region of
Sakhalin. MINZOKUGAKU KENKYU, 4: 117-180.)
奥山鍠吉 1941「東多来加貝塚の考古学的調査」『樺太時報』
54: 59-69. (Okuyama, K. (1941) Archaeological surveyof the Higashi Taraika Kaizuka. KARAFUTO JIHO, 54:
59-69.)
甲野勇 1938「北方調査団考古学班小報」『考古学雑誌』28（12）:63-65. (Kono, I. (1938) A small report from the Northern
Research Mission's archaeological team. The journal of
the Archaeological Society of Nippon, 28: 63-65.)
酒 詰 仲 男 1956「 貝 塚 資 料 よ り 見 た る 樺 太 の 文 化 と そ の
概 観 」『 人 文 学 』24: 53-93. (Sakazume, N. (1956) An
overview of the culture of Sakhalin from the shell moundmaterials. JINBUNGAKU, 24: 53-93.)
高畠孝宗 2003「オホーツク文化の信仰と儀礼」野村崇・宇田川洋（編）『新北海道の古代 2 続縄文・オホーツク文化』北海道新聞社 , pp.162-181. (Takabatake, T. (2003).
Beliefs and rituals in the Okhotsk culture. In: Nomura, T.
and Utagawa, H. (eds.) SHIN HOKKAIDO NO KODAI
2: ZOKU JOMON, OKHOTSUKU BUNKA, Hokkaido
Shinbunsha, Sapporo, pp.162-181.
新岡武彦・宇田川洋 1990『サハリン南部の遺跡』北海道
出 版 企 画 セ ン タ ー . (Niioka, T. & Utagawa, H. (1990)
SAKHALIN NANBU NO ISEKI, Hokkaido Publication
Project Center, Sapporo.)
西本豊弘 1984「オホーツク文化の生業」高倉新一郎（監修）・野村崇（編）『北海道の研究２ 考古篇Ⅱ』清文堂 出 版 , pp.105-126. (Nishimoto, T. (1984) Subsistenceof the Okhotsk culture. In: Nomura T. (ed.) HOKKAIDONO KENKYU 2: KOUKOHEN II, Seibundo, Osaka, pp.
105-126.)

54

Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Sato

野村崇 1990「サハリン州中部ネフスコイェ湖岸遺跡群出土の考古資料」『北海道開拓記念館研究年報』18: 89-100.
(Nomura, T. (1990) Archaeological materials of the sites
at Lake Nevskoye region, middle Sakhalin. The Annual
Report of the Historical Museum of Hokkaido, 18: 89100.)

Okhotsk culture of Hokkaido, Japan, based on nitrogencomposition of amino acids: implications for correctionof 14C marine reservoir effects on human bones.
Radiocarbon, 52: 671-681.

馬場脩 1940「樺太の考古学的概観」『人類学・先史学講座
17』雄山閣 , pp.9-127. (Baba, O. (1940) An archaeologicaloverview of Karafuto. In: JINRUIGAKU SENSHIGAKU
KOUZA 17, Yuzankaku, Tokyo, pp. 9-127.)

Vasilevski, A., Suto, T., Akoshima, K., Haneishi, T., Yanagida,T. (2006) The list of Professor of Tohoku University
Ito Nobuo’s collections made up in Karafuto-Sakhalin
during his personal scientific trip around the Middle andSouthern parts of the island in 1933–1934. Bulletin of
the Tohoku University Museum, 5: 57-82.

和田文治郎 1943「留多加遺跡（貝塚）の概報」『樺太廰博
物 館 報 告 』5(1): 147-153. (Wada, B. (1943) Summary
report of the Rutaka site. Reprinted from the Transactionsof the Saghalien Locality Museum, 5: 147-153.)(In Russian)Пантелеев, А.Б. (1997) Кости из поселений древнегочел овек а на острове С ахалин. BЕСТНИК
Сахалунского Музея, 4: 281-285.

(In English)
Driesch, A. (1976) A Guide to the Measurement of Animal
Bones from Archaeological Sites, Peabody Museum
Bulletin 1. Harvard University Press, Harvard.

Сафронов, C.H., Федорчук, В.Д., Чепелев, Д.В. (2001)Рыбы и рыбный промысел на побережье залива
терпения в зпоху охотской культуры (по материалам
поселения Промысл овое-2). Ученые записки
Сахалинского государственного университета, 2:
55-63.

Naito, I.Y., Chikaraishi, Y., Ohkouchi, N., Mukai, H., Shibata,Y., Honch, N.V., Dodo, Y., Ishida, H., Amano, T., Ono, H.,
and Yoneda, M. (2010) Dietary reconstruction of theAnimal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures in Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo Ito Collection

55

Appendix 1. Taxonomic identification of faunal remains
Sample No. Site
EN001
Enoura Kaizuka
EN002
Enoura Kaizuka
EN003
Enoura Kaizuka
EN004
Enoura Kaizuka
EN005
Enoura Kaizuka
EN006
Enoura Kaizuka
EN007
Enoura Kaizuka
EN008
Enoura Kaizuka
EN009
Enoura Kaizuka
EN010
Enoura Kaizuka
EN011
Enoura Kaizuka
EN012
Enoura Kaizuka
EN013
Enoura Kaizuka
EN014
Enoura Kaizuka
EN015
Enoura Kaizuka
EN016
Enoura Kaizuka
EN017
Enoura Kaizuka
EN018
Enoura Kaizuka
EN019
Enoura Kaizuka
EN020
Enoura Kaizuka
EN021
Enoura Kaizuka
EN022
Enoura Kaizuka
EN023
Enoura Kaizuka
EN024
Enoura Kaizuka
EN025
Enoura Kaizuka
EN026
Enoura Kaizuka
EN027
Enoura Kaizuka
EN028
Enoura Kaizuka
EN029
Enoura Kaizuka
EN030
Enoura Kaizuka
EN031
Enoura Kaizuka
EN032
Enoura Kaizuka
EN033
Enoura Kaizuka
EN034
Enoura Kaizuka
EN035
Enoura Kaizuka
EN036
Enoura Kaizuka
EN037
Enoura Kaizuka
EN038
Enoura Kaizuka
EN039
Enoura Kaizuka
EN040
Enoura Kaizuka
EN041
Enoura Kaizuka
EN042
Enoura Kaizuka
EN043
Enoura Kaizuka
EN044
Enoura Kaizuka
EN045
Enoura Kaizuka
EN046
Enoura Kaizuka
EN047
Enoura Kaizuka
EN048
Enoura Kaizuka
EN049
Enoura Kaizuka
EN050
Enoura Kaizuka
EN051
Enoura Kaizuka
EN052
Enoura Kaizuka
EN053
Enoura Kaizuka
EN054
Enoura Kaizuka
EN055
Enoura Kaizuka
EN056
Enoura Kaizuka
EN057
Enoura Kaizuka
EN058
Enoura Kaizuka
EN059
Enoura Kaizuka
EN060
Enoura Kaizuka
EN061
Enoura Kaizuka
EN062
Enoura Kaizuka
EN063
Enoura Kaizuka
EN064
Enoura Kaizuka

Taxon
Skeletal partSus scrofa domesticus Mandible (with C, P2-4 and M1-3)
Sus scrofa domesticus Mandible (with P3-4 and M1-3)
Sus scrofa domesticus Mandible (with I1-2, C and P2-4)
Sus scrofa domesticus Mandible (with P4)
Sus scrofa domesticus Maxilla (with P2-3)
Sus scrofa domesticus Maxilla (with M3)
Sus scrofa domesticus Mandible (with M2)
Sus scrofa domesticus Tooth (LC)Sus scrofa domesticus Tooth (LI2)
Sus scrofa domesticus Tooth (LC)Sus scrofa domesticus Tooth (UM2)
Sus scrofa domesticus Tooth (LI1)
Sus scrofa domesticus Tooth (LM2)
Sus scrofa domesticus Tooth (LI2)
Sus scrofa domesticus Proximal phalanx
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Tooth (lower molar)
Canis lupus familiaris Metacarpal
Phocidae indet.
Cranium (both frontal bones and right parietal bone)
Phocidae indet.
Cranium fragment
Phocidae indet.
Talus
Phoca largha
Humerus (distal)
Pusa hispida
HumerusPhocidae indet.
Metatarsal
Phoca largha
Tibia
Erignathus barbatus Humerus
Phocidae indet.
Metatarsal
Sus scrofa domesticus Coxal bone
Phocidae indet.
Metatarsal
Sus scrofa domesticus Scapula
Phoca largha
Radius (proximal)
Sus scrofa domesticus Humerus (distal)
Cetacea indet.
Rib
Phocidae indet.
FibulaMarine Mammalia indet. Rib
Phoca largha
Tibia
Gaviidae indet.
RadiusErignathus barbatus Tibia (proximal)
Sus scrofa domesticus Coxal bone
Cetacea indet.
Rib
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
Phoca largha
Tympanic bulla
Phoca largha
Tibia
Sus scrofa domesticus Scapula
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
Pusa hispida
Tympanic bulla
Pusa hispida
Tympanic bulla
Phocidae indet.
Talus
Phoca largha
Tibia (proximal)
Sus scrofa domesticus Scapula
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
Pusa hispida
Coxal bone
Phoca largha
Tympanic bulla
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
Erignathus barbatus Tibia
Sus scrofa domesticus Radius (proximal)
Pusa hispida
Femur (proximal)
Erignathus barbatus Radius (proximal)
Sus scrofa domesticus Metatarsal

LR
L
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
R
R
L
L
L
R

Remarks
M3 is unerupted. Subadult. Male.
M3 is unerupted. Subadult.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Adult.
Female.
Male.

L
R

R
R
R

R
L
R

Distal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.
Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.
Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.
Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.
Proximal end is unfused and distal end is fused. Subadult. ?Erignathus barbatus.
Cut mark.
Proximal end is unfused and distal end is fused. Subadult. ?Erignathus barbatus.
Glenoid cavity is fused. Cut mark.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Distal end is fused.

R

Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.

R
L
L
R

Both ends are fused. Adult.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.

L
R
R

L
R
R
L
R
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
R
R
L
L
R
R
L
R
R
R
R
R

Glenoid cavity is fused.

Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.

Proximal end is fused.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.

56

Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Sato

Sample No. Site
EN065
Enoura Kaizuka
EN066
Enoura Kaizuka
EN067
Enoura Kaizuka
EN068
Enoura Kaizuka
EN069
Enoura Kaizuka
EN070
Enoura Kaizuka
EN071
Enoura Kaizuka
EN072
Enoura Kaizuka
EN073
Enoura Kaizuka
EN074
Enoura Kaizuka
EN075
Enoura Kaizuka
EN076
Enoura Kaizuka
EN077
Enoura Kaizuka
EN078
Enoura Kaizuka
EN079
Enoura Kaizuka
EN080
Enoura Kaizuka
EN081
Enoura Kaizuka
EN082
Enoura Kaizuka
EN083
Enoura Kaizuka
EN084
Enoura Kaizuka
EN085
Enoura Kaizuka
EN086
Enoura Kaizuka
EN087
Enoura Kaizuka
EN088
Enoura Kaizuka
EN089
Enoura Kaizuka
EN090
Enoura Kaizuka
EN091
Enoura Kaizuka
EN092
Enoura Kaizuka
EN093
Enoura Kaizuka
EN094
Enoura Kaizuka
EN095
Enoura Kaizuka
EN096
Enoura Kaizuka
EN097
Enoura Kaizuka
EN098
Enoura Kaizuka
EN099
Enoura Kaizuka
EN100
Enoura Kaizuka
EN101
Enoura Kaizuka
EN102
Enoura Kaizuka
EN103
Enoura Kaizuka
EN104
Enoura Kaizuka
EN105
Enoura Kaizuka
EN106
Enoura Kaizuka
EN107
Enoura Kaizuka
EN108
Enoura Kaizuka
EN109
Enoura Kaizuka
EN110
Enoura Kaizuka
EN111
Enoura Kaizuka
EN112
Enoura Kaizuka
EN113
Enoura Kaizuka
EN114
Enoura Kaizuka
EN115
Enoura Kaizuka
EN116
Enoura Kaizuka
EN117
Enoura Kaizuka
EN118
Enoura Kaizuka
EN119
Enoura Kaizuka
EN120
Enoura Kaizuka
EN121
Enoura Kaizuka
EN122
Enoura Kaizuka
EN123
Enoura Kaizuka
EN124
Enoura Kaizuka
EN125
Enoura Kaizuka
EN126
Enoura Kaizuka
EN127
Enoura Kaizuka
EN128
Enoura Kaizuka
EN129
Enoura Kaizuka

Taxon
Skeletal part
Phocidae indet.
Fibula (distal)
Pusa hispida
Tibia (proximal)
Pinnipedia indet.
Scapula fragment
Phoca largha
Ulna (distal)
Phocidae indet.
Coxal bone
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Rib
Phocidae indet.
Fibula (distal)
Pinnipedia indet.
Rib
Sus scrofa domesticus Fibula
Pleuronectiformes indet. First interhaemal spine
Phocidae indet.
FibulaPinnipedia indet.
Rib
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Sus scrofa domesticus Sacrum
Erignathus barbatus Femur
Canis lupus familiaris Axis
Pusa hispida
Atlas
Erignathus barbatus Atlas
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bullaSus scrofa domesticus Atlas
Sus scrofa domesticus Lumber vertebra
Sus scrofa domesticus Frontal boneSus scrofa domesticus Temporal bone (zygomatic process)Pusa hispida
Femur
Phocidae indet.
Ulna (proximal)
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Sus scrofa domesticus Coxal bone
Phocidae indet.
Cervical vertebra
Phocidae indet.
ScapulaPhocidae indet.
Radius (proximal)
Erignathus barbatus Femur (proximal)
Canis lupus familiaris Metatarsal
Phoca largha
Tibia (proximal)
Erignathus barbatus Humerus
Phoca largha
Tibia (proximal)
Phoca largha
Ulna
Phocidae indet.
Thoracic vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Cervical vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Talus
Sus scrofa domesticus Thoracic vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Cervical vertebra
Sus scrofa domesticus Thoracic vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Femur (proximal)
Sus scrofa domesticus Thoracic vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Lumber vertebra
Phoca largha
Tibia
Erignathus barbatus Tibia
Erignathus barbatus Mandible (coronoid process and condylar process)Sus scrofa domesticus Frontal bone
Phoca largha
Tibia
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Phocidae indet.
Cervical vertebra
Sus scrofa domesticus Scapula fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Phocidae indet.
Cervical vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Humerus (head)
Phocidae indet.
Atlas fragment
Phocidae indet.
Thoracic vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Cervical vertebra
Sus scrofa domesticus Mandible fragment
Phocidae indet.
Atlas fragment
Phocidae indet.
Cervical vertebra

LR
R
R

Remarks
Distal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.

L
R

Distal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.

L

Distal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.

L
L

R

Unfused. Infant/subadult.
Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.

L
Unfused. Infant/subadult.
L
R
L
L

Both ends are fused. Adult.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Small whale.

L
L
R
L
R
L
L
R

Infant.
Glenoid cavity is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Both ends are fused.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.
Infant.

R
Unfused. Infant/subadult.

L

Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Unfused. Infant/subadult.

L
L
L
L
L
R
Infant.
R

R

Unfused. Infant/subadult.
Unfused. Infant/subadult.

Animal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures in Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo Ito Collection
Sample No. Site
EN130
Enoura Kaizuka
EN131
Enoura Kaizuka
EN132
Enoura Kaizuka
EN133
Enoura Kaizuka
EN134
Enoura Kaizuka
EN135
Enoura Kaizuka
EN137
Enoura Kaizuka
EN138
Enoura Kaizuka
EN139
Enoura Kaizuka
EN140
Enoura Kaizuka
EN141
Enoura Kaizuka
EN142
Enoura Kaizuka
EN143
Enoura Kaizuka
EN144
Enoura Kaizuka
EN145
Enoura Kaizuka
EN146
Enoura Kaizuka
EN147
Enoura Kaizuka
EN148
Enoura Kaizuka
EN149
Enoura Kaizuka
EN150
Enoura Kaizuka
EN151
Enoura Kaizuka
EN152
Enoura Kaizuka
EN153
Enoura Kaizuka
EN154
Enoura Kaizuka
EN155
Enoura Kaizuka
EN156
Enoura Kaizuka
EN157
Enoura Kaizuka
EN158
Enoura Kaizuka
EN159
Enoura Kaizuka
EN160
Enoura Kaizuka
EN161
Enoura Kaizuka
EN162
Enoura Kaizuka
EN163
Enoura Kaizuka
EN164
Enoura Kaizuka
EN165
Enoura Kaizuka
EN166
Enoura Kaizuka
EN167
Enoura Kaizuka
EN168
Enoura Kaizuka
EN169
Enoura Kaizuka
EN170
Enoura Kaizuka
EN171
Enoura Kaizuka
EN172
Enoura Kaizuka
EN173
Enoura Kaizuka
EN174
Enoura Kaizuka
EN175
Enoura Kaizuka
EN176
Enoura Kaizuka
EN177
Enoura Kaizuka
EN178
Enoura Kaizuka
EN179
Enoura Kaizuka
EN180
Enoura Kaizuka
EN181
Enoura Kaizuka
EN182
Enoura Kaizuka
EN183
Enoura Kaizuka
EN184
Enoura Kaizuka
EN185
Enoura Kaizuka
EN186
Enoura Kaizuka
EN187
Enoura Kaizuka
EN188
Enoura Kaizuka
EN189
Enoura Kaizuka
EN190
Enoura Kaizuka
EN191
Enoura Kaizuka
EN192
Enoura Kaizuka
EN193
Enoura Kaizuka
EN194
Enoura Kaizuka
EN195
Enoura Kaizuka

Taxon
Skeletal part
Phoca fasciata
Tibia
Phocidae indet.
Phalanx
Phocidae indet.
Coxal bone
Phocidae indet.
Cervical vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Metatarsal
Phocidae indet.
Radius (proximal)
Pinnipedia indet.
Cervical vertebra fragment
Otariidae indet.
Lumber vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Phalanx
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Tympanic bulla
Phoca largha
Tibia
Pusa hispida
Ulna (distal)Sus scrofa domesticus Mandible fragment
Cetacea indet.
Bone fragment
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Pinnipedia indet.
Vertebra fragment
Mammalia indet.
Scapula fragment
Phocidae indet.
Thoracic vertebra
Marine Mammalia indet. Sacrum fragment
Cetacea indet.
Bone fragment
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Vertebra fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Pinnipedia indet.
Atlas fragment
Sus scrofa domesticus Coxal bone
Phocidae indet.
Metacarpal
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Sus scrofa domesticus Scapula
Marine Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Sus scrofa domesticus Scapula
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Phocidae indet.
Cervical vertebra
Canis lupus familiaris Mandible
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra fragment
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Erignathus barbatus Tibia (proximal)
Ursus arctos
Lumber vertebra
Cetacea indet.
Caudal vertebra
Cetacea indet.
Bone fragment
Cetacea indet.
Phalanx
Sus scrofa domesticus Maxilla fragment
Sus scrofa domesticus Thoracic vertebra (spinous process)Cetacea indet.
Bone fragment
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Ulna fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Cetacea indet.
Bone fragment
Canis lupus familiaris Coxal bone
Marine Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Cetacea indet.
Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Otariidae indet.
Thoracic vertebra
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Canis lupus familiaris Ulna (proximal)
Canis lupus familiaris Ulna (proximal)
Sus scrofa domesticus Mandible

LR
L

Remarks

R
R
L

Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Unfused. Infant/subadult.

R
L
R

Distal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Material for bone tool.

Material for bone tool.

R
R

R

Glenoid cavity is unfused. Infant/subadult.

fr.

Infant.

L

Large whale.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Unfused. Infant/subadult.
Material for bone tool.

Material for bone tool.

Material for bone tool.
R

Material for bone tool.

R
R
R

Proximal end is fused.
Proximal end is fused.

57

58

Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Sato

Sample No. Site
Taxon
Skeletal part
EN196
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN197
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN198
Enoura Kaizuka
Sus scrofa domesticus Rib
EN199
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN200
Enoura Kaizuka
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Rib
EN201
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN202
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN203
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN204
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN205
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN206
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN207
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN208
Enoura Kaizuka
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Rib
EN209
Enoura Kaizuka
Phoca largha
Tibia
EN210
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN211
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN212
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Rib
EN213
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN214
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN215
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN216
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
EN217
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN218
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN219
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN220
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
EN221
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Vertebra fragment
EN222
Enoura Kaizuka
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Rib
EN223
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN224
Enoura Kaizuka
Phocidae indet.
Thoracic vertebra
EN225
Enoura Kaizuka
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Rib fragment
EN226
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN227
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Coxal bone fragment
EN228
Enoura Kaizuka
Sus scrofa domesticus Nasal bone
EN229
Enoura Kaizuka
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
EN230
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib fragment
EN231
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib fragment
EN232
Enoura Kaizuka
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
EN233
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
EN234
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Scapula fragment
EN236
Enoura Kaizuka
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
EN237
Enoura Kaizuka
Phocidae indet.
Radius (shaft)
EN238
Enoura Kaizuka
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
EN239
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
EN240
Enoura Kaizuka
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
EN241
Enoura Kaizuka
Pinnipedia indet.
Radius (head)
EN242
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Scapula fragment
EN243
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
EN244
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
EN245
Enoura Kaizuka
Osteichthyes indet.
Bone fragment
EN246
Enoura Kaizuka
Crassostrea gigas
Shell fragment
EN247
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib fragment
EN248
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
EN249
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Vertebra fragment
EN250
Enoura Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib fragment
EN251
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Zygomatic bone (arch fragment)
EN252
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Rib
EN253
Enoura Kaizuka
Bivalvia indet.
Shell fragment
EN254
Enoura Kaizuka
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Humerus fragment
EN255
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
EN256
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Rib
EN257
Enoura Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
HT001
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Sus scrofa domesticus Maxilla (with dm1-dm4 and M1-2)
HT002
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Cervidae indet.
SacrumHT003
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Erignathus barbatus Atlas
HT004
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Sus scrofa domesticus Scapula

LR

Remarks

L

L

Unfused. Infant/subadult.

L

M2 is unerupted. Infant.
?Rangifer tarandus.

R

Glenoid cavity is fused.

Animal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures in Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo Ito Collection
Sample No. Site
Taxon
Skeletal partHT005
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Canis lupus familiaris Cranium
HT007
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Cetacea indet.
Cervical vertebra
HT009
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
HT010
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
HT011
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
HT012
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Sus scrofa domesticus Thoracic vertebra
HT013
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Mammalia indet.
Scapula fragment
HT014
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Sus scrofa domesticus Lacrimal bone
HT015
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
HT016
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Sus scrofa domesticus Femur (distal)
HT017
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Rangifer tarandus
AntlerHT018
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Rangifer tarandus
Antler
HT019
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
HT020
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
HT021
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
HT022
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
HT023
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
HT024
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
HT025
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Rangifer tarandus
AntlerHT026
Higashi Taraika Kaizuka Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
MK001
Minami Kaizuka
Sus scrofa domesticus Ilium
MK002
Minami Kaizuka
Sus scrofa domesticus Mandible fragment
MK003
Minami Kaizuka
Sus scrofa domesticus Tibia
MK004
Minami Kaizuka
Sus scrofa domesticus Femur (distal end)
MK005
Minami Kaizuka
Sus scrofa domesticus Femur (proximal)
MK006
Minami Kaizuka
Sus scrofa domesticus Parietal bone
MK007
Minami Kaizuka
Otariidae indet.
Rib
MK009
Minami Kaizuka
Marine Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
MK010
Minami Kaizuka
Canis lupus familiaris Thoracic vertebra
MK011
Minami Kaizuka
Sus scrofa domesticus Tibia (distal)
MK012
Minami Kaizuka
Sus scrofa domesticus Radius (proximal)
MK013
Minami Kaizuka
Phoca largha
ScapulaMK014
Minami Kaizuka
Mammalia indet.
Scapula fragment
MK015
Minami Kaizuka
Canis lupus familiaris Vertebra (spinous process)
MK016
Minami Kaizuka
Canis lupus familiaris Vertebra (spinous process)
RT001
Rutaka Site
Canis lupus familiaris Humerus (distal)
RT002
Rutaka Site
Cetacea indet.
Lumber vertebra
RT003
Rutaka Site
Canis lupus familiaris Thoracic vertebra
RT004
Rutaka Site
Phocidae indet.
Cervical vertebra
RT005
Rutaka Site
Pusa hispida
Tympanic bulla (phocidae)
RT006
Rutaka Site
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
RT007
Rutaka Site
Canis lupus familiaris Ulna (proximal)
RT008
Rutaka Site
Sus scrofa domesticus Femur
RT009
Rutaka Site
Canis lupus familiaris Ulna (proximal)
RT010
Rutaka Site
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
SS001
Susuya Shell Mound Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
SS002
Susuya Shell Mound Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla (with P4)
SS003
Susuya Shell Mound Lepus sp.
MandibleSS004
Susuya Shell Mound Canis lupus familiaris Axis
SS005
Susuya Shell Mound Gruidae indet.
Tibiotarsus
SS006
Susuya Shell Mound Phocidae indet.
Tympanic bulla
SS007
Susuya Shell Mound Canis lupus familiaris Humerus
SS008
Susuya Shell Mound Canis lupus familiaris Cervical vertebra
SS009
Susuya Shell Mound Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla (with dc and dm2-3)
SS010
Susuya Shell Mound Otariidae indet.
Thoracic vertebra (arch)
SS011
Susuya Shell Mound Canis lupus familiaris Zygomatic bone and maxilla fragment
SS012
Susuya Shell Mound Phocidae indet.
Tympanic bulla
SS013
Susuya Shell Mound Canis lupus familiaris Mandible (with dm4)
SS014
Susuya Shell Mound Marine Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
SS015
Susuya Shell Mound Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla (with dc and dm2-4)
SS016
Susuya Shell Mound Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla
SS017
Susuya Shell Mound Otariidae indet.
ScapulaSS018
Susuya Shell Mound Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla
SS019
Susuya Shell Mound Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
SS020
Susuya Shell Mound Lamna distropis
Vertebra

LR

Remarks

Unfused. Subadult.
L
Distal end is unfused. Subadult.
Material for bone tool.
Material for bone tool.

Material for bone tool.
R
R
L
L
R
L

Infant.

R
R
R

Distal end is unfused. Infant.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant.
Glenoid cavity is unfused. Infant/subadult.

R

Infant.
Unfused. Subadult.
Proximal end is unfused. Subadult.

Unfused. Infant/subadult.
Unfused. Infant/subadult.
Distal end is fused.
Small whale.
Infant.

R
L
R
L

Burned bone.
Proximal end is unfused. Subadult.
Both ends are unfused. Infant.
Proximal end is unfused. Subadult.

R
R
L
R
L
R

Infant/subadult.

L

Infant.

L
R
L
L
L
L
L

Both ends are unfused. Infant.

Infant.
Material for bone tool.
Infant.

59

60

Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Sato

Sample No. Site
SS021
Susuya Shell Mound
SS022
Susuya Shell Mound
SS023
Susuya Shell Mound
SS024
Susuya Shell Mound
SS025
Susuya Shell Mound
SS026
Susuya Shell Mound
SS027
Susuya Shell Mound
SS029
Susuya Shell Mound
SS030
Susuya Shell Mound
SS031
Susuya Shell Mound
SS032
Susuya Shell Mound
SS033
Susuya Shell Mound
SS034
Susuya Shell Mound
SS036
Susuya Shell Mound
SS037
Susuya Shell Mound
SS038
Susuya Shell Mound
SS039
Susuya Shell Mound
SS040
Susuya Shell Mound
SS041
Susuya Shell Mound
SS042
Susuya Shell Mound
SS045
Susuya Shell Mound
SS046
Susuya Shell Mound
SS047
Susuya Shell Mound
SS048
Susuya Shell Mound
SS049
Susuya Shell Mound
SS050
Susuya Shell Mound
SS051
Susuya Shell Mound
SS052
Susuya Shell Mound
SS053
Susuya Shell Mound
SS054
Susuya Shell Mound
SS055
Susuya Shell Mound
SS056
Susuya Shell Mound
SS057
Susuya Shell Mound
SS058
Susuya Shell Mound
SS059
Susuya Shell Mound
SS060
Susuya Shell Mound
SS061
Susuya Shell Mound
SS062
Susuya Shell Mound
SS063
Susuya Shell Mound
SS064
Susuya Shell Mound
SS065
Susuya Shell Mound
SS066
Susuya Shell Mound
SS067
Susuya Shell Mound
SS068
Susuya Shell Mound
SS069
Susuya Shell Mound
SS070
Susuya Shell Mound
SS071
Susuya Shell Mound
SS072
Susuya Shell Mound
SS073
Susuya Shell Mound
SS074
Susuya Shell Mound
SS075
Susuya Shell Mound
SS076
Susuya Shell Mound
SS077
Susuya Shell Mound
SS078
Susuya Shell Mound
SS079
Susuya Shell Mound
SS080
Susuya Shell Mound
SS081
Susuya Shell Mound
SS082
Susuya Shell Mound
SS083
Susuya Shell Mound
SS084
Susuya Shell Mound
SS085
Susuya Shell Mound
SS086
Susuya Shell Mound
SS087
Susuya Shell Mound
SS088
Susuya Shell Mound
SS089
Susuya Shell Mound

Taxon
Skeletal part
Mammalia indet.
Rib
Otariidae indet.
Rib
Otariidae indet.
Scapula fragment
Canis lupus familiaris Parietal bone
Canis lupus familiaris Frontal bone
Canis lupus familiaris Parietal bone
Aves indet.
Bone fragment
Canis lupus familiaris Ulna (proximal)
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Canis lupus familiaris Radius (distal)
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Femoral head fragment?
Mammalia indet.
Scapula fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Aves indet.
Bone fragment
Otariidae indet.
Rib
Bivalvia indet.
Shell fragment
Bivalvia indet.
Shell fragment
Bivalvia indet.
Shell fragment
Bivalvia indet.
Shell fragment
Bivalvia indet.
Shell fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Cetacea indet.
Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Cetacea indet.
Bone fragment
Cetacea indet.
Bone fragment
Cetacea indet.
Bone fragment
Cetacea indet.
Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Canis lupus familiaris Mandible (with P4 and M1)
Canis lupus familiaris Mandible (with P2-4 and M1-2)
Canis lupus familiaris Mandible (with P3 and M1)
Canis lupus familiaris Mandible (with P4 and M1-3)
Canis lupus familiaris Mandible (with C, P3-4 and M1)
Canis lupus familiaris Coxal bone
Canis lupus familiaris Coxal bone
Canis lupus familiaris Radius (distal)
Canis lupus familiaris Atlas
Canis lupus familiaris Femur (proximal)
Canis lupus familiaris Humerus
Canis lupus familiaris Ulna (proximal)
Canis lupus familiaris Tibia
Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla (with dm2)
Canis lupus familiaris Tibia (distal)
Canis lupus familiaris Tibia (proximal)
Canis lupus familiaris Atlas
Canis lupus familiaris Ulna (proximal)
Canis lupus familiaris Ulna
Canis lupus familiaris Tibia (distal)
Canis lupus familiaris Mandible (with dm2)
Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla (with dm3 and dm4)
Canis lupus familiaris Tooth (UM1)Canis lupus familiaris Radius (proximal)
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
Canis lupus familiaris ScapulaPusa hispida
Tympanic bulla
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
Phoca largha
Ulna
Erignathus barbatus Mandible
Canis lupus familiaris Mandible (with P3)
Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla (with M1 and M2)
Canis lupus familiaris Femur (proximal)
Sus scrofa domesticus Femur
Canis lupus familiaris Radius (proximal)
Cygnus sp.
Femur (proximal)

LR

Remarks

L
L
L
L
L

Proximal end is unfused. Infant.
Distal end is unfused. Infant.

R

Material for bone tool.
Material for bone tool.

L
R
L
R
R
R
L
L

Adult.

Distal end is fused.

R
R
L
L
L
L
R

Proximal end is fused.
Both ends are fused. Adult.
Proximal end is fused.
Both ends are fused. Adult.
Infant.
Distal end is fused.
Proximal end is fused.

R
L
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
L
L
R
L
R
L
R
R
R

Proximal end is fused.
Distal end is fused.
Infant.
Infant.
Proximal end is fused.
Glenoid cavity is fused.

Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.

Proximal end is fused.
Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.
Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Proximal end is fused.

Animal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures in Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo Ito Collection
Sample No. Site
SS090
Susuya Shell Mound
SS091
Susuya Shell Mound
SS092
Susuya Shell Mound
SS093
Susuya Shell Mound
SS094
Susuya Shell Mound
SS095
Susuya Shell Mound
SS096
Susuya Shell Mound
SS097
Susuya Shell Mound
SS098
Susuya Shell Mound
SS099
Susuya Shell Mound
SS100
Susuya Shell Mound
SS101
Susuya Shell Mound
SS102
Susuya Shell Mound
SS103
Susuya Shell Mound
SS104
Susuya Shell Mound
SS105
Susuya Shell Mound
SS106
Susuya Shell Mound
SS107
Susuya Shell Mound
SS108
Susuya Shell Mound
SS109
Susuya Shell Mound
SS110
Susuya Shell Mound
SS111
Susuya Shell Mound
SS112
Susuya Shell Mound
SS113
Susuya Shell Mound
SS114
Susuya Shell Mound
SS115
Susuya Shell Mound
SS116
Susuya Shell Mound
SS117
Susuya Shell Mound
SS118
Susuya Shell Mound
SS119
Susuya Shell Mound
SS120
Susuya Shell Mound
SS121
Susuya Shell Mound
SS122
Susuya Shell Mound
SS123
Susuya Shell Mound
SS124
Susuya Shell Mound
SS125
Susuya Shell Mound
SS126
Susuya Shell Mound
SS127
Susuya Shell Mound
SS128
Susuya Shell Mound
SS129
Susuya Shell Mound
SS130
Susuya Shell Mound
SS131
Susuya Shell Mound
SS132
Susuya Shell Mound
SS133
Susuya Shell Mound
SS134
Susuya Shell Mound
SS135
Susuya Shell Mound
SS136
Susuya Shell Mound
SS137
Susuya Shell Mound
SS138
Susuya Shell Mound
SS139
Susuya Shell Mound
SS140
Susuya Shell Mound
SS141
Susuya Shell Mound
SS142
Susuya Shell Mound
SS143
Susuya Shell Mound
SS144
Susuya Shell Mound
SS145
Susuya Shell Mound
SS146
Susuya Shell Mound
SS147
Susuya Shell Mound
SS148
Susuya Shell Mound
SS149
Susuya Shell Mound
SS150
Susuya Shell Mound
SS151
Susuya Shell Mound
SS152
Susuya Shell Mound
SS153
Susuya Shell Mound
SS154
Susuya Shell Mound

Taxon
Skeletal part
Otariidae indet.
ScapulaUrsus arctos
Calcaneus
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra (arch)
Cygnus sp.
Humerus
Canis lupus familiaris Radius (proximal)
Canis lupus familiaris Radius
Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla
Callorhinus ursinus
RadiusCygnus sp.
Ulna (distal)Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Lepus sp.
Tibia
Lutra lutra
Ulna
Otariidae indet.
HumerusPhocidae indet.
FibulaErignathus barbatus Femur
Canis lupus familiaris Radius (proximal)
Canis lupus familiaris Lumber vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Cervical vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Lumber vertebra
Canis lupus familiaris Thoracic vertebra
Pusa hispida
Femur (proximal)
Phocidae indet.
Thoracic vertebra
Phocidae indet.
Lumber vertebra
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Cetacea indet.
Vertebra
Canis lupus familiaris Tooth (UP4)
Canis lupus familiaris Metatarsal
Anatinae indet.
Humerus
Otariidae indet.
Rib
Otariidae indet.
Metacarpal or phalanx
Canis lupus familiaris Metatarsal
Otariidae indet.
Metacarpal or phalanx
Lamna distropis
Vertebra
Lamna distropis
Vertebra
Lamna distropis
Vertebra
Otariidae indet.
Metacarpal
Otariidae indet.
Humerus fragment
Ursus arctos
Cervical vertebra
Cetacea indet.
Bone fragment
Aves indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Canis lupus familiaris Ulna (distal)
Aves indet.
Bone fragment
Otariidae indet.
Thoracic vertebra?Accipitriformes
Radius (distal)
Otariidae indet.
Vertebra
Canis lupus familiaris Occipital bone
Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla (with dm3 and dm4)
Canis lupus familiaris Thoracic vertebra
Cervidae indet.
Atlas fragment
Canis lupus familiaris Occipital bone (right condyle)
Canis lupus familiaris Coxal bone
Canidae indet.
Tympanic bulla
Canis lupus familiaris Occipital bone (left condyle)
Otariidae indet.
Phalanx
Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla (with dm3 and dm4)
Canis lupus familiaris Temporal bone (zygomatic process)Otariidae indet.
Scapula fragment
Sus scrofa domesticus Femur (proximal)
Canis lupus familiaris Atlas
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Tympanic bulla fragment

LR
R
L

Remarks
Glenoid cavity is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Proximal end is fused.
Large whale.

R
R
L
L
R
R

Proximal end is fused.
Both ends are fused. Adult.
Infant.
Male.
Distal end is fused.

R
R
R
R
L
L

Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.
Proximal end is fused.

Unfused. Infant/subadult.
L

R
R
R

Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Unfused. Infant/subadult.
Small whale.
Small whale.
Small whale.
Small whale.
Small whale.
Small whale.
Uncompleted root.
Both ends are fused.

L

Unfused. Infant/subadult.
Both ends are fused.
Unfused. Infant/subadult.

R

Both ends are fused.
Infant.

L

Distal end is fused.

R

Distal end is fused.

L

Infant.

L
L

R
L
R
R

Infant.

Proximal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.

61

62

Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Sato

Sample No. Site
SS155
Susuya Shell Mound
SS156
Susuya Shell Mound
SS157
Susuya Shell Mound
SS158
Susuya Shell Mound
SS159
Susuya Shell Mound
SS160
Susuya Shell Mound
SS161
Susuya Shell Mound
SS162
Susuya Shell Mound
SS163
Susuya Shell Mound
SS164
Susuya Shell Mound
SS165
Susuya Shell Mound
SS166
Susuya Shell Mound
SS167
Susuya Shell Mound
SS168
Susuya Shell Mound
SS169
Susuya Shell Mound
SS170
Susuya Shell Mound
SS171
Susuya Shell Mound
SS172
Susuya Shell Mound
SS173
Susuya Shell Mound
SS174
Susuya Shell Mound
SS175
Susuya Shell Mound
SS176
Susuya Shell Mound
SS177
Susuya Shell Mound
SS178
Susuya Shell Mound
SS179
Susuya Shell Mound
SS180
Susuya Shell Mound
SS181
Susuya Shell Mound
SS182
Susuya Shell Mound
SS183
Susuya Shell Mound
SS184
Susuya Shell Mound
SS185
Susuya Shell Mound
SS186
Susuya Shell Mound
SS187
Susuya Shell Mound
SS188
Susuya Shell Mound
SS189
Susuya Shell Mound
SS190
Susuya Shell Mound
SS191
Susuya Shell Mound
SS192
Susuya Shell Mound
SS193
Susuya Shell Mound
SS194
Susuya Shell Mound
SS195
Susuya Shell Mound
SS196
Susuya Shell Mound
SS197
Susuya Shell Mound
SS198
Susuya Shell Mound
SS199
Susuya Shell Mound
SS200
Susuya Shell Mound
SS201
Susuya Shell Mound
SS202
Susuya Shell Mound
SS203
Susuya Shell Mound
SS204
Susuya Shell Mound
SS205
Susuya Shell Mound
SS206
Susuya Shell Mound
SS207
Susuya Shell Mound
SS208
Susuya Shell Mound
SS209
Susuya Shell Mound
SS210
Susuya Shell Mound
SS211
Susuya Shell Mound
SS212
Susuya Shell Mound
SS213
Susuya Shell Mound
SS214
Susuya Shell Mound
SS215
Susuya Shell Mound
SS216
Susuya Shell Mound
SS217
Susuya Shell Mound
SS218
Susuya Shell Mound
SS219
Susuya Shell Mound

Taxon
Skeletal part
Canidae indet.
Femur (head fragment)
Callorhinus ursinus
Femur
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Canis lupus familiaris Tooth (UC/LC)
Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla (with dm2-4)
Canidae indet.
Temporal bone (zygomatic process)
Erignathus barbatus Tibia
Canis lupus familiaris Maxilla (with P4)
Phoca largha
Ulna (distal)
Callorhinus ursinus
Ulna (proximal)
Callorhinus ursinus
Radius (distal)
Ursus arctos
Humerus (distal)
Canis lupus familiaris Tibia (proximal)
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Rib
Canis lupus familiaris Tibia
Canis lupus familiaris Sacrum
Canis lupus familiaris Metatarsal
Canis lupus familiaris Sacrum
Phoca fasciata
Tibia
Canis lupus familiaris Lumber vertebra
Canis lupus familiaris Humerus
Otariidae indet.
Rib
Phocidae indet.
Tibia
Otariidae indet.
CarpalMammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Canis lupus familiaris Metacarpal
Canis lupus familiaris Vertebra (body)
Canis lupus familiaris Metacarpal
Marine Mammalia indet. Vertebra fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Aves indet.
Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Bivalvia indet.
Shell fragment
Canidae indet.
Vertebra fragment
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Phocidae indet.
Femur (distal fragment)
Otariidae indet.
Scapula fragment
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Tympanic part fragment
Anatinae indet.
Femur (proximal)
Marine Mammalia indet. Vertebra fragment
Anatinae indet.
Femur
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Canis lupus familiaris Tibia (distal)Marine Mammalia indet. Vertebra fragment
Canis lupus familiaris Tibia
Marine Mammalia indet. Vertebra fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Mammalia indet.
Cranium fragment
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Canidae indet.
Coxal bone fragment
Phocidae indet.
Femur (distal fragment)
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Otariidae indet.
Scapula fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Mammalia indet.
Cranium fragment
Cetacea indet.
Rib
Cygnus sp.
Humerus
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Rib

LR
R

L
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
L

Remarks
Proximal end is fused.
Female or subadult/infant.

Infant.

Distal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.
Proximal end is fused. Male.
Distal end is unfused. Infant/Subadult. Male.
Distal end is fused.
Proximal end is fused.

L
R

Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.

R

Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.

R
L
L
R

Both ends are fused.

L

Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.

R

R

Proximal end is fused.

L

Both ends are fused. Adult.

L

Distal end is unfused. Infant/subadult.

L

Large whale.
LAnimal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures in Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo Ito Collection
Sample No. Site
SS220
Susuya Shell Mound
SS221
Susuya Shell Mound
SS222
Susuya Shell Mound
SS223
Susuya Shell Mound
SS224
Susuya Shell Mound
SS225
Susuya Shell Mound
SS226
Susuya Shell Mound
SS227
Susuya Shell Mound
SS228
Susuya Shell Mound
SS229
Susuya Shell Mound
SS230
Susuya Shell Mound
SS231
Susuya Shell Mound
SS232
Susuya Shell Mound
SS233
Susuya Shell Mound
SS234
Susuya Shell Mound
SS235
Susuya Shell Mound
SS236
Susuya Shell Mound
SS237
Susuya Shell Mound
SS238
Susuya Shell Mound
SS239
Susuya Shell Mound
SS240
Susuya Shell Mound
SS241
Susuya Shell Mound
SS242
Susuya Shell Mound
SS243
Susuya Shell Mound
SS244
Susuya Shell Mound
SS245
Susuya Shell Mound
SS246
Susuya Shell Mound
SS247
Susuya Shell Mound
SS248
Susuya Shell Mound
SS249
Susuya Shell Mound
SS250
Susuya Shell Mound
SS251
Susuya Shell Mound
SS252
Susuya Shell Mound
SS253
Susuya Shell Mound
SS254
Susuya Shell Mound
SS255
Susuya Shell Mound
SS256
Susuya Shell Mound
SS257
Susuya Shell Mound
SS258
Susuya Shell Mound
SS259
Susuya Shell Mound
SS260
Susuya Shell Mound
SS261
Susuya Shell Mound
SS262
Susuya Shell Mound
SS263
Susuya Shell Mound
SS264
Susuya Shell Mound
SS265
Susuya Shell Mound
SS266
Susuya Shell Mound
SS268
Susuya Shell Mound
SS269
Susuya Shell Mound
SS270
Susuya Shell Mound
SS271
Susuya Shell Mound
SS272
Susuya Shell Mound
SS273
Susuya Shell Mound
SS274
Susuya Shell Mound
SS281
Susuya Shell Mound
SS282
Susuya Shell Mound
SS283
Susuya Shell Mound

Taxon
Skeletal part
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Otariidae indet.
Thoracic vertebra
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Aves indet.
Bone fragment
Lepus sp.
Femur
Aves indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Tympanic bulla fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Rib
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Rib
Aves indet.
Bone fragment
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Rib
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Canis lupus familiaris Incisor
Terrestrial Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Vertebra fragment
Canis lupus familiaris Tooth (LM3)
Marine Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Vertebra fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Crassostrea gigas
Shell fragment
Marine Mammalia indet. Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Crassostrea gigas
Shell fragment
Crassostrea gigas
Shell fragment
Crassostrea gigas
Shell fragment
Crassostrea gigas
Shell fragment
Bivalvia indet.
Shell fragment
Pleuronectiformes indet. Vertebra
Pleuronectiformes indet. Vertebra
Osteichthyes indet.
Bone fragment
Osteichthyes indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Mammalia indet.
Scapula fragment
Mammalia indet.
Bone fragment
Erignathus barbatus Tympanic bulla
Erignathus barbatus Humerus
Otariidae indet.
Phalanx

LR

RemarksR

Cut mark.

L

L

L
L

Both ends are unfused. Infant/subadult.

63

64

Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Sato
Appendix 2. Dental measurements of Sus scrofa domesticus (mm)Sample No.

Upper/Lower

LR

EN001

Lower

L

EN002

Lower

R

EN003

Lower

R

EN004

Lower

R

EN005

Upper

R

EN006

Upper

R

EN007

Lower

L

EN013

Upper

L

HT001

Upper

L

dm4M

dm4D

P2W

P3W

P4W

M1M

M1D

M2M

M2D

5.50

7.20

9.23

12.00

12.36

15.80

15.42

6.83

8.87

12.02

12.34

15.76

15.43

7.04

9.40

5.35

M3W

M3L

19.57

31.25

10.05
6.66

9.97

14.53

14.65
18.36

11.60

12.27

14.21

13.71

P4L

P4GB

P4B

20.58

9.95

7.78

Appendix 3. Dental measurements of Canis lupus familiaris (mm)Sample No. Upper/Lower

LR

dm3L

SS002

Upper

R

SS009

Upper

L

SS013

Lower

L

SS015

Upper

L

SS054

Lower

L

SS055

Lower

R

10.08

4.32

SS056

Lower

L

9.08

3.58

SS057

Lower

R

10.16

4.03

10.84

SS058

Lower

R

10.05

4.49

11.85

SS075

Upper

L

SS076

Upper

L

SS084

Lower

L

10.43

10.65

10.72

dm3B

dm4L

dm4B

P3L

P3B

M1L

M1B

M2L

M2B

8.03

5.36

7.40

5.38

4.86

7.60

4.65

4.34

4.56

11.66

4.63

7.78

8.89

6.96

10.81

5.28

20.47

8.50

10.32

4.80

20.13

8.61

19.21

8.04

4.72

19.38

8.26

5.67

20.65

8.57

17.78

12.17

9.86

12.36

8.39

10.42

SS085

Upper

R

SS119

Upper

R

SS141

Upper

L

10.42

4.42

7.14

8.27

SS149

Upper

R

10.64

4.13

7.67

8.85

SS160

Upper

L

9.95

4.62

7.82

8.62

SS163

Upper

L

4.60

10.92

18.30

9.76

Animal utilization of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures in Sakhalin: A zooarchaeological analysis of the Nobuo Ito Collection
Appendix 4. Bone measurements of mammal and bird remains
Sample No. Taxon
EN016
Cetacea indet.
EN022
Phoca largha
EN023
Pusa hispida
EN025
Phoca largha
EN026
Erignathus barbatus
EN030
Sus scrofa domesticus
EN032
Sus scrofa domesticus
EN037
Gaviidae indet.
EN038
Erignathus barbatus
EN039
Sus scrofa domesticus
EN045
Sus scrofa domesticus
EN050
Phoca largha
EN051
Sus scrofa domesticus
EN061
Sus scrofa domesticus
EN062
Pusa hispida
EN080
Erignathus barbatus
EN081
Canis lupus familiaris
EN082
Pusa hispida
EN083
Erignathus barbatus
EN085
Sus scrofa domesticus
EN089
Pusa hispida
EN090
Phocidae indet.
EN094
Phocidae indet.
EN096
Erignathus barbatus
EN098
Phoca largha
EN099
Erignathus barbatus
EN101
Phoca largha
EN108
Phocidae indet.
EN161
Sus scrofa domesticus
EN171
Cetacea indet.
EN172
Erignathus barbatus
EN174
Cetacea indet.
EN193
Canis lupus familiaris
EN194
Canis lupus familiaris
HT002
Cervidae indet.
HT003
Erignathus barbatus
HT004
Sus scrofa domesticus
HT005
Canis lupus familiaris
HT007
Cetacea indet.
HT009
Cetacea indet.
MK013
Phoca largha
SS002
Canis lupus familiaris
SS003
Lepus sp.
SS004
Canis lupus familiaris
SS005
Gruidae indet.
SS020
Lamna distropis
SS029
Canis lupus familiaris
SS054
Canis lupus familiaris
SS055
Canis lupus familiaris
SS056
Canis lupus familiaris
SS057
Canis lupus familiaris
SS058
Canis lupus familiaris
SS059
Canis lupus familiaris
SS060
Canis lupus familiaris
SS061
Canis lupus familiaris
SS062
Canis lupus familiaris
SS063
Canis lupus familiaris
SS065
Canis lupus familiaris
SS066
Canis lupus familiaris
SS068
Canis lupus familiaris
SS069
Canis lupus familiaris
SS070
Canis lupus familiaris
SS071
Canis lupus familiaris
SS072
Canis lupus familiaris

Skeletal part
Vertebra
Humerus
Humerus
Tibia
Humerus
ScapulaHumerusRadiusTibia
Coxal bone
ScapulaTibia
ScapulaRadius
Femur
Femur
Axis
Atlas
Atlas
Atlas
Femur
Ulna
ScapulaFemur
Tibia
Humerus
Ulna
Femur
ScapulaVertebra
Tibia
Caudal vertebra
Ulna
Ulna
SacrumAtlas
ScapulaCranium
Cervical vertebra
Vertebra
ScapulaMaxillaMandible
Axis
Tibiotarsus
Vertebra
Ulna
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Coxal bone
Coxal bone
Radius
Atlas
Femur
Ulna
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Atlas
Ulna
Ulna

LR
R
R
L
R
R
R
L
L
R
R
L
R
R
R
R

L
L
L
R
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
R

R

R
R
L
R
L
L
R
L
R
R
R
L
L
R
L
L
L
R
R
L

Mearsurements (mm)HFcr 29.6; BFcr 34.3
SD 11.12
SD 10.6
Bp 28.8
Bp 39.4; SD 16.2
SLC 22.3; LG 31.0; BG 18.6
Bd 35.8; BT 27.5
GL 159.9; Bd 13.1
Bp 39.7
LA 26.7; LAR 30.5
SLC 24.8; LG 34.51; BG 23.5
Bp 27.4
SLC 22.5
Bp 26.8
SD 14.4; Bp 28.6
SD 22.5; Bp 46.0
LCDe 51.4; LAPa 57.6; BFcr 33.2; BPacd 33.9; SBV 24.9; BFcd 20.8; H 43.2
GL 38.3; BFcr 53.4; BFcd 41.0; LAd 19.2; H35.0
GB 94.0; GL 46.1; BFcr 66.1; BFcd 53.5; LAd 23.3; H 48.9
LAd 17.7; H 47.6
Bp 46.4; DC 18.1; SD 21.7
BPC 19.0
LG 25.5
Bp 41.0; SD 22.8
Bp 28.3
Bp 34.0; SD 15.8; Bd 47.3
BPC 13.7
SD 17.2
SLC 15.9
HFcr 135.1; BFcr 170.3
Bp 46.3
HFcr 64.7; BFcr 75.2
DPA 28.2; SDO 21.9; BPC 19.6
BPC 18.8
BFcr 44.9; HFcr 21.5
GB 84.3; GL 44.2; BFcr 71.1; BFcd 50.3; LAd 20.1; H 46.0
SLC 20.3; LG 31.0; BG 21.4
(7) 74.3; (23) 61.5; (26) 47.1; (28) 15.1; (29) 56.0; (31) 28.9; (32) 38.2; (33) 27.5; (40) 46.5
HFcr 59.9
BFcr 78.7
SLC 20.8; LG 22.9; BG 16.8
(16) 30.6(3) 22.0
LCDe 56.1; LAPa 59.0; BFcr 34.4; BPacd 35.3; BPtr 49.7; SBV 25.0 BFcd 21.9
Bd 24.3; Dd 21.4
HFcr 30.3; BFcr 33.1
BPC 14.8(19) 31.98(8) 65.3; (9) 60.7; (10) 32.6; (11) 33.7; (12) 29.0; (19) 25.1; (20) 20.1
(11) 33.5; (12) 29.6; (20) 20.0
(1) 121.2; (4) 105.9; (7) 67.2; (9) 51.1; (10) 30.7; (19) 24.9; (20) 17.8
(1) 138.9; (3) 129.7; (4) 123.4; (5) 113.9; (7) 74.8; (10) 31.6; (18) 55.1; (19) 28.8; (20) 20.2
LA 22.5; SH 20.2
LA 18.5; SH 17.7
Bd 24.2; BFd 20.6
GB 69.6; GL 38.3; BFcr 34.0; BFcd 26.8; LAd 10.8
Bp 35.3; DC 18.8
LO 20.2; DPA 27.4; BPC 20.3
Bd 22.5; Dd 17.3
Bd 24.4; Dd 17.8
Bp 28.7
BFcr 41.7; BFcd 33.7; LAd 18.1
LO 18.0; DPA 27.2; SDO 22.8; BPC 18.8
DPA 23.7; BPC 15.6

65

66

Taichi Hattori, Junmei Sawada, Yoshitaka Kanomata, Kaoru Akoshima and Takao Sato

Sample No. Taxon
SS073
Canis lupus familiaris
SS077
Canis lupus familiaris
SS079
Canis lupus familiaris
SS082
Phoca largha
SS086
Canis lupus familiaris
SS089
Cygnus sp.
SS090
Otariidae indet.
SS091
Ursus arctos
SS094
Canis lupus familiaris
SS095
Canis lupus familiaris
SS098
Cygnus sp.
SS101
Lutra lutra
SS104
Erignathus barbatus
SS105
Canis lupus familiaris
SS110
Pusa hispida
SS113
Cetacea indet.
SS114
Cetacea indet.
SS115
Cetacea indet.
SS116
Cetacea indet.
SS117
Cetacea indet.
SS118
Cetacea indet.
SS121
Anatinae indet.
SS126
Lamna distropis
SS127
Lamna distropis
SS128
Lamna distropis
SS138?Accipitriformes
SS140
Canis lupus familiaris
SS145
Canis lupus familiaris
SS153
Canis lupus familiaris
SS156
Callorhinus ursinus
SS165
Callorhinus ursinus
SS166
Callorhinus ursinus
SS167
Ursus arctos
SS174
Phoca fasciata
SS196
Anatinae indet.
SS198
Anatinae indet.
SS282
Erignathus barbatus

Skeletal part
Tibia
RadiusScapula
Ulna
Femur
Femur
ScapulaCalcaneus
RadiusRadius
Ulna
Ulna
Femur
RadiusFemur
Vertebra
Vertebra
Vertebra
Vertebra
Vertebra
Vertebra
HumerusVertebra
Vertebra
Vertebra
RadiusOccipital bone
Coxal bone
Atlas
Femur
Ulna
RadiusHumerus
Tibia
Femur
Femur
Humerus

LR
R
L
L
L
L
R
R
L
R
L
R
R
L
L
L

R

R
L
R
L
R
L
R
R
L
L

Mearsurements (mm)Bd 22.0; Dd 16.4
BP 17.7
SLC 25.0; GLP 28.7; BG 16.81
BPC 13.9
DC 17.2
Bp 23.6
SLC 38.9; LG 42.2; BG 32.7
GB 57.7
BP 16.7
GL 140.3; BP 14.8; Bd 23.4; BFd 18.6
Did 20.5
BPC 8.9
SD 22.4
BP 16.2
SD 13.9
HFcr 30.3; BFcr 34.9
HFcr 31.2; BFcr 34.1
HFcr 30.8; BFcr 33.4
HFcr 32.1; BFcr 36.4
HFcr 33.7; BFcr 37.8
HFcr 32.8; BFcr 38.8
Bp 18.1
HFcr 29.6; BFcr 30.4
HFcr 30.5; BFcr 31.8
HFcr 44.5
Bd 12.5(25) 34.5; (27) 18.1; (28) 12.7
LA 19.7
BFcr 35.1; BFcd 31.8; LAd 14.8
SD 17.9
DPA 64.2; SDO 54.2; BPC 45.0
Bd 59.3
Bd 91.2; BT 63.4
Bp 35.9
Bp 10.2
GL 41.0; Lm 36.6; Bp 9.6; Bd 9.2
Bp 28.0; SD 12.0

The symbols for the measurement items were according to Driesch (1976).