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Water Environment Managementin Japan
August 2012
WEPA Dialogue in Sri Lanka

Tadashi Kitamura
Director, Water Environment Division
Environment Management Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, JapanJapanese rapid economic growth

The averagee real economic growth rate (%)• The average real economic growth rate marked 9.1%
through 1950’s, 60’s and early 70’s in Japan

Ministry of the Environment

9.1% between 1953‐1973

4.2% between 1974‐1990

0.9% between 1991‐2009

Transit of the economic growth rate in JapanYear21

Four Major Pollution Issues

Niigata
Nii t Minamata
MitDisease

Itai‐Itai Disease
MinamataDisease

Yokkaichi Asthma
Ministry of the Environment

3Serious Damage by toxic substance• Minamata Disease
Found in Minamata city, Kumamoto in 1956
◆ Causality:◆“Methyl Mercury” contained in effluent from chemical factories◆

Main symptoms:
Paresthesia of limbs, ataxio, narrowed visual field, auditory disorder,disorder of equilibrium, language disorder

Victims certified in law: about 3,000 person◆ Estimated Damege◆（（Health,Fishery etc））$4,510 million (estimated)• Same damage
founded in Niigata
the Environment※ $1Ministry= 84 ofJapaneseyen

Source: Website of Minamata City42

Serious Damage by toxic substance• Itai‐Itai Disease
Found in Jintsugawa river basinin Toyama Prefecture in 1955
◆ Causality:“Cadmium” contained in untreatedeffluent from Mines◆ Main symptoms:◆Kidney damages and softening of bone causedby consumption of food contaminated by Cadmium

Victims certified in law: about 200 person◆ Estimated Damage（Health, Agriculture etc）
: $ 603 million (estimated)◆Source: Yomiuri Newspaper

the Environment※ $1Ministry= 84 ofJapanese
yen5Deterioration of water in public water body

Dokai bay in ‘60s (Kitakyushu city)

Sumida river in early 70’s (Tokyo)

Ministry of the Environment

Tama River in ‘70’s (Tokyo)
63

Enactment of Water Pollution Control Law
Basic law for environmental pollution control (1967)※Replaced by the basic environment law in 1993◆

Establishment of Environmental Quality Standard (EQS)• EQS forhealth（Healthf theh protection off humanhh l h（l h Item））• EQS for the conservation of the living environment (Living Environment Item)

Water Pollution Control Law (1970)◆Overcoming “Follow‐up” approach• From designation of regulation area to national uniform regulation• Unified national effluent standards ＋ more at local level, if needed◆

Tightening of regulations for compliance• Direct penalty for non‐compliance of effluent standards◆

Unification of law system in principle• Unification of effluent standards for all business (with some exceptions)

Ministry of the Environment

7

Water Environment Quality Standards (EQS)
Water Pollution
Toxic substance
Mercury,
Mercury Arsenic,
Arsenic
Chlorinated organic compound,etc

Organic Pollution etc
Dirtiness and muddiness of water

Effect on people（Drinking/seafood intake）
Effect onaquatic life

Water Environment
Quality Standards(EQS)

Health Item

Nationally uniform27 substances designatedMonitored substances(No standards for them, butneeded to collect scientific data)

BOD/COD, DO, SS etc

Living Environment
Itemte

Nutrient salts

Designed to conserve theproperties as well as thefauna and flora closely
related to the living of people

Causality of eutrophication
Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Ministry of the Environment

Set targets by categorizing
into classes in accordancewith water bodies
84How the Water Pollution Control Law WorksNationwide regulationss o factories
or commercial faacilities

Pre‐regulation

Report installation or
g of specified
pchangefacilityy

Order toChange Plans

Measure and log pollution status of effluent
RegularRegulation

Emergency
Measures

On‐site inspections & Reports collected

Order remedy
Order suspension

Effluent regulations

Penalty

Prohibition of water containing substancesclassified as toxins infiltrating into groundwater

Order to take measuresrelated to purification

Water Pollution due to abnormal
g , etc
water shortage,

Order to takeemergency measures

Emergency measures & report of accidents

Order to takeemergency measures

Water Quality Monitoring Measurement Program
At Public Water Areaby prefectural government

Implementation of regular monitoring
Announcement of monitoring results

Domestic WaterControl

Designation of important areas
by prefectural government

Establishment of plan for promotion of implementationof domestic wastewater measures by municipalities

TotalpollutantloadcontrolThe government’s “Fundamental Policy
for Reduction of Total Pollution Loadinenclosedcoastalseas

Establishment of “Plan for Reduction of Total Pollution Load”
by prefectural governments and regulationsMinistry of the Environment

9WATER QUALITY MONITORING

Ministry of the Environment

105

Water Quality Monitoring
Purpose• Getting a full understanding of the status of water pollution in public waters
and underground water, and implementing control measures for theprevention of water pollution in appropriate ways.

Monitoring System
Continuous Monitoring of Water Quality (Prefectures, etc.)• Monitoring the pollution of water in the environment plays a very important rolein getting the basic data for the planning of water environment administration.
• It should be carried out throughout the country uniformly and with accuracy. The
national government is required to implement this task with responsibility.
• However, the continuous monitoring of water quality is delegated to prefectural
governors, as it is appropriate to conduct it based on the understanding of thelocal conditions and with mobility.
• It is conducted on the basis of the uniform idea shown by the nation

Monitoring of Effluent• (to be Implemented by Specified Establishments on their own)
Ministry of the Environment

34

Monitoring System
Public waters (river, lake, sea) about 9,000 spots throughout thecountry (environmental standards points, etc.) and the water
quality in ground water is monitored.

Government
ordinance city
(Water quality measurement in thegovernment ordinance city) Achievement & maintenance ofenvironmental standard for water quality
 Implementation ofenvironmental protection measures
 Response to water pollution incidents

 Understanding of the water quality
characteristics of water area
 Understanding of long‐term changes &water quality trends
 Early detection of water pollution

Prefecture

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
Transport and Tourism(Water quality measurement of river, lake, seaand underground water)(Water quality measurement of themain parts of first‐grade rivers)

Formulation of water quality measurement plan

Formulated in order to coordinate with the Ministry of Land, Water quality measurement Adjustment Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and government ordinance cityand to effectively conduct continuous monitoring of water quality.
quality Results
R lt off watert quality
lit

Consultation

measurements

Water quality
measurement

 Water quality measurement
 Results of water quality
measurements‐ Health items (cadmium, all cyanogen, etc.)‐ Living environment items (BOD, COD, all zinc, etc.)

Water SamplingInformation disclosure

Analysis White paper  Websites  Results of water
quality measurement
Water environmental synthesis information site
http//www.env.go.jp/water/mizu.site/index.html

Monitoring Points in public water area

Summarizing the results of water quality measurement
 Response
Rto a water pollution
ll i iincident
id Response to the excess of environmental quality standards or the water
areas that fails to achieve environmental quality standards

Number of measuring
points (FY2005)

Officialannouncement

DXNs water quality: 1,912
Sediment: 1,623

Ministry of the Environment

Ministry ofthe Environment Decision of Environmental Conservation Measure Formulation of a Basic Environment Plan Environmental Quality Standards, effluent control Analytical method, research method
 Transaction standards for continuous monitoring,etc.
 Response to water pollution incident

Collection & analysis of water
quality data of the country anddatabase creation

Transition of the status of achievement ofenvironmental quality standards (BOD or COD)
10090

River 87.2%
Total 83.4

80
Achievement Rate (%)

Direction, notice, technical advice
required for the continuous
monitoring of water quality

Living environment
items: 8,545

Reporting theresults

Health items: 5,600

Sea area
76.0

7060

Lake 53.4

5040302010Total
RiverLakeSea area

0
FY 1975 ’77 ’79 ’81 ’83 ’85 ’87 ’89
元 ’91 ’93 ’95 ’97 ’99 ’01 ’03 ’05

6

[Reference] Examples of Officially Disclosed Data

Ministry of the Environment

42

DOMESTIC WASTEWATERCONTROL

Ministry of the Environment

147

Night Soil Treatment andDomestic Wastewater Treatment Systems in Japan

Ministry of the Environment

15Plans of Prefectural Governments• For efficient construction of wastewater treatment facilities in each region,a construction plan for wastewater treatment facilities has been formulated
based on comparison of economic efficiency, etc.,
considering the characteristics of each wastewater treatment facility.
Co
ost per family(cconstruction, operation & mmaintenance)

Equilibrium point
Individual treatment (Johkasou)

Mass treatment (Sewerage)
P
Populationl i density
d i

Individual treatment(Johkasou, etc.) is better

Ministry of the Environment

Mass treatment(sewerage, etc.) is better

168

Population Trends for domestic wastewater treatment

Self-management night soil areaNight soilcollection
Sewerage systems

Johkasou

Population Trends for night soil treatment and domestic wastewater treatment
Ministry of the Environment

17

MEASURES FOR
CLOSED WATER AREAS

Ministry of the Environment

189Measures for Environmental Conservation for Closed Water Areas
Total Pollutant Load Control System
Objective:
To reduce the total amount of the pollution load that flows into sea areas
in order to improve the water quality of closed sea areas(Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay & Seto Inland Sea) for a set period (5 years)

Object sea areas: Tokyo Bay,Bay Ise Bay & Seto Inland Sea
Object item: COD (1st ‐), nitrogen, phosphorus (5th ‐)The 6th Total Pollutant Load Control (with Y2011 as the target year) has been completed,and the 7th Total Pollutant Load Control is currently under consideration.

Basic Policy for Total Load Reduction
The Minister of the Environment determines the five year reduction goal for each target area

Plan for Total Load Reduction
Prefectural governor formulates the plan for the target amount of reduction according to source categories and formeasures for reduction, etc., and acquires the agreement of the Minister of the Environment

Measurement and Control of the Pollutant Load by the Standards for the Total Load Reduction(Factories and Establishments with 50m3/day or more)
Responsibility to measure & record the pollutant load, order to improve measures against the possibility of exceeding the pollutant load

Guidance, Advice & Recommendation for the Reduction of the Pollutant Load
(Small‐scale establishments, livestock raising, aqua‐farming, agriculture, ordinary households, etc.)

Implementation of Projects such as Construction & Upgrading of Sewerage, Septic Tanks, Etc.

Ministry of the Environment

32

Measures for Environmental Conservation for Lakes
System of the Law concerning Special Measures for the Conservation of Lake Water Quality
This system takes special measures for designated lakes in addition to the regulationby the Water Pollution Control Law
Basic Policy for the Conservation of Lake Water Quality by Cabinet Decision(Covering Lakes in General)

The Cabinet decides designated lakes at the request of the prefectural governor(10 lakes such as the Lake Biwa and Kasumigaura have been designated as designated lakes)“Plan for the Conservation of Lake Water Quality” for each Lake
Prefecture formulates, but the agreement of the Minister of the Environment is required through theConference on Environmental Pollution Control.
Pollutant Load Control
Controlling
Clli theh ddaily
il lloadd iin addition
ddi i to theh concentration
icontrol based on the Water Pollution Control Law

Implementation of Projects
Construction of sewerage & septic tanks, dredging, etc.

StructuralStuctu a & Usage Co
Controlt o foro SSmall‐Scalea Sca e Livestock
estoc
Raising and Aqua‐Farming within the Lake

Designation of the Area for Effluent Measures
Implementation of measures for plane sources

Designation of Lakeside Protection Areas
Protection of lakeside plants with purification function(System to notify action in lakeside area)(When still needed) Total Load Control

Ministry of the Environment

Guidance, advice & recommendation to personsof facilities that are not control objects
33

10Water Quality Improvement in Sumida River, Tokyo• Sumida river has relived as Tokyo’s representative landscapeby effluent regulations, sewerage construction, dredging ofcontaminated sediment, and diversion of water for purification
Sumida River became
designated water area in 1964
Tokyo Metropolitan Pollution Control
Ordinance was enacted in 1969

1971

Ministry of the Environment

Today21

Water Quality Improvement in Dokai Bay, Kitakyushu• A miracle city recovering from the “Dead Sea”

“Dead Sea” where fish cannot live

Dokai Bay has recovered

Monitoring data in Dokai bay

Illegal construction along a river

A river as a symbol of the citywith water-attracting space

Water quality in Murasaki Riverand Sewerage coverage ratio

Ministry of the Environment

Source: Web site of Kitakyushu city 2211

Water Quality Improvement in Tama River, Tokyo• Water quality in Tama river has been improved by the progress ofsewage construction, resulting in creation of good water environment

水質経年変化図（多摩川調布堰）
Yearly Changeof Water Quality (Chofu Weir of Tama River)
151009070605040530（環境基準）

Environment standard

20BOD 75% 普及率（%）
Bvalue (mg/L)

BOD BOD75%値(mg/l)
75% value (mg/L)

80101960s

1000
S36

S41

S47

S52
S58
S63
H06
H11
BOD 75% valueDiffusion
BOD75%値
普及率rate (%)

H17Note 1: The diffusion rate is that of sewerage in Tama River basin

注１：普及率は、多摩川流域の下水道普及率
Note 2: The water quality is the annual BOD value(75% water quality value)
注２：水質は、多摩川調布堰の年間のBODの値（75%水質値）
at Chofu Weir of Tama RiverPresent

Ministry of the Environment

23State of Achievement of Environmental Standard• Health Items：
Achieved Environmental standard almost over the country• Living Environment Items:
Improvement tendency as a whole, but still low achievement rate in
enclosed water area such as lakes and inland seas
Trends in achievement of BOD/COD environmental standard

100Achievem
ment Rate(%)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20Total
全体Rivers
河川

10Lakes
湖沼Seas
海域

1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007200820090
Ministry of the Environment

2412

Economic loss without Consideration of the Environment

Case of pollution

Economic loss
( $ / year )Expenditure forpollution control( $ / year )Minamata Disease

150 million

1.2 million

Itai‐Itai Disease

30 million

7.1 million

15.5 million
Yokkaichi Asthma

175 million

without
any countermeasures taken

250 million※The above values are 1989 price of equalized values of economic loss and actual
pollution control expenditure with assumption that maturity period is 15 to 30 years.

Source: Japan’s experience
the Environment※ $1Ministry= 84 ofJapaneseyen25

Toward “Green Growth”• Low Carbon & Sound Material‐cycle Model for Asia
• Develop economically while living in harmony with theenvironment to build a sustainable society

Environm
mental Loads（リープ・フロッグ）
Leap Frogging in DevelopingCountries
Previous development
path for industrializedcountries

Development path ofindustrialized countries

Previous development pathfordeveloping countries Development pathofdeveloping countries
workingtowardalow‐environment‐load society

Economic Growth
Ministry of the Environment

2613

Thank you for your attention

Ministry of the Environment

2714