2011/5/12

COUNTRY PRESENTATION - SRI LANKADISASTER MANAGEMENT IN
SRI LANKAJANAKI MUDALIGEDISASTER MANAGEMENT COORDINATOR
Disaster Management Center
Ministry of Disaster Management
Sri Lanka
1st March,2011 in Kobe, Japan

1

2011/5/12

SRI LANKA• Sri Lanka is an Island• Location
Indian ocean
Indian sub continent
Latitudes 50.55’-90.55 N
Longitudes 790.42’-810.52’ E• Land area

: 65,610 sq km• Maximum Length: 445 km

• Maximum Breadth: 225 km

COLOMBO2

2011/5/12

Tooth Palace- Kandy

Beautiful Beaches all around the Country32011/5/12

SEEGIRIYA- An ancient Palace on
the Top of a ROCK4

2011/5/12

Water Falls

52011/5/12

Natural Disaster Profile of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka can be affected by different types ofnatural disasters every year
–AnAn outline of natural events ofvarying national concern

Floods
Landslides
Cyclones
Drought
LightningLightning
Coastal erosion
Ground settlements
Earthquake
Tsunami

The Hazard Profile
Number of people affected by different disasters in Sri Lanka(1974 – 2008)

2,964,655
3000000

2500000

2,072,512

2000000

1500000

1,009,474
1000000

303,001

50000046,7190FloodTsunami

landslide

Drought

Strorm6

2011/5/12

NATURAL DISASTERS IN SRI LANKA – 1993 TO 2004
YEAR

NO. OF
DEATHSDAMAGED
HOUSES

NO. OF
AFFECTEDFAMILIES

EXPENDITURE FORDISASTERS

1993

3642,468

237,737

43,726,604

1994

18

52,927357,333

40,156,807

1995

1

11,70791,921

55,288,253

1996

13

9,343

216,208452,002,869

1997

19

3,608

466,153

318,089,287

1998

5

7,937

38,002

106,665,779

1999

93,803

167,416

145,994,839

2000

1586,845

257,682

65,398,998

2001

611,445458,008506,214,166

2002

02

5,112

20,201

28,389,4742003

254

37,227140,310

1,740,153,392

2004

31,72362400

257625

Source: Dept. of Social Services

MAN-MADE DISASTERS have claimed
more than 64,000 lives and it affected tothe economy, society and environment.
During last 10 year period, it was reported,
35 major disaster events
Total economic loss was US$ 66.16
16Billion7

2011/5/12

LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND
Floods and landslides (2003) and various medium tosmall scale disasters over the past few years havebro ght back into focus
brought
foc s the fact that Sri Lanka is adisaster prone country.
Need to strengthen all aspects of Disaster Risk
Management (DRM) – both pre-disaster risk reduction
as well as post-disaster response mechanisms.
Tsunami(2004) has reactivated the urgent need for a
DRM legislation in Sri Lanka.

In May 2005, the Government of Sri Lanka passed
the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No 13 of2005 in the Parliament.
DMC was established according to the above ACT8

2011/5/12•

The National Council for Disaster
Management (NCDM) was established, asper the act.

•The Disaster Management Centre (DMC)
was established under the National Councilfor Disaster Management (NCDM) as thelead agency on disaster risk management in
the country in implementing the directivesof NCDM

•In December 2005, the Ministry of Disaster
Management was established.

Coordination Mechanism in Disaster Management
RDA
Atomic Energy Authority

Department ofMeteorology

Other Agencies

GSMB

National Council forDisaster Management

NBRO

Other Agencies
Medical Research Institute

NSF
CEB
CCD

Ministry of Disaster Management

Department of Agriculture
Department.

NARA
Dept of Social Services

CMC & Fire Brigade

RADA

DMC

Military & Police

Marine Pollution &Prevention Authority

Mahaveli Authority

Through District DM Coordinators

Department of Irrigation

Health Department

NWS&DBUN Agencies
UDANGOS

Provincial Councils

Local Authorities

District Secretariats

Line departments

District NGOsand CBOs

Divisional Secretariats

92011/5/12

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTRE
National
Consultants

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTRE

National Level(Director General)

DisasterManagement
Technology,
Mitigation
Unit

Tech.
Com.

Tech.
Com.

Forecasting,
Early warning &Dissemination
Unit(Director)

Preparedness
Planning
Unit

Intermediate &Local Levels

Tech.
Com.

Training,
Education &Public
Awareness
Unit(Director)(Director)(Director)
Finance Branch(Deputy Director)

Tech.
Com.

Personnel &Administration Branch(Deputy Director)

Tech.
Com.

NationalEmergency
Operation
Centre(Director)

Media Unit(Deputy Director)

District Emergency Operation Centre(DM COORDINATOR)
Disaster Management Assistants

Functions of the DMC as per the DM Act• Preparation & implementation of National Disaster
Management Plan for the country• Preparation & implementation of National Emergency
Operation Plan for the country• Assisting various Ministries, Government Departments andPublic Corporations in preparing their disaster managementplans• Implementing programs and plans for disaster
preparedness, mitigation, prevention, relief, rehabilitation,and reconstruction activities and coordinating of suchorganizations• Issuing instructions and guidelines to appropriateorganizations, non-governmental organizations, districtsecretaries and divisional secretaries on activities related todisaster management• Promote research & development programs10

2011/5/12

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTRE (DMC)
Vision:Disaster Risk Management for safer communities
andd sustainablet i bl development
d lt ini Sri
S i Lanka
L k
The Broad Mission:
To create a culture of safety among communities
and the nation at large through systematicmanagement of natural, technological and manmade disaster risks• EXCEPT TSUNAMI AND EARTHQUAKES, ALL
THE OTHER NATURAL DISASTERS THATAFFECT TO SRI LANKA ARE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DISASTERS

Concentration on major Weather Pattern is important11

2011/5/12

10.0

10.0

9.5

9.5

9.0

9.0
1400 mm

8.5

1200 mm8.5

3500 mm3000 mm1000 mm8.0

2000 mm

8.0
800 mm

1500 mm
7.5

7.5600 mm
1000 mm
7.0

400 mm
7.0

500 mm

200 mm
6.5

200 mm6.50 mm
0 mm

6.0

6.0

5.5
79.5

80.0

80.5

81.0

81.5

82.0

5.5
79.5

NORTHEAST MONSOON (DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY)

NE Monsoon-( December-February)

80.0

80.5

81.0

81.5

82.0

SW Monsoon- (May- September)

SOUTHWEST MONSOON (MAY TO SEPTEMBER)

Second Inter monsoon

First Inter Monsoon
10.0

10.0

9.5

9.5

9.0

9.0

3500 mm3500 mm
8.5
700 mm8.51000 mm

800 mm

600 mm
8.0

8.0

700 mm

500 mm
7.5

7.5

500 mm

300 mm
7.0
200 mm

7.0

400 mm

200 mm

100 mm
6.5

6.50 mm

0 mm
6.0

6.0

5.5

5.5
79.5

80.0

80.5

March-April

81.0

81.5

FIRST INTERMONSOON (MARCH TO APRIL)

82.0

79.580.0

80.5

81.0

81.5

82.0

October- November

SECOND INTERMONSOON (OCTOBER TO NOVEMBER)

12

2011/5/12

FLOODING IN SRI LANKRivers of Sri Lanka

13

2011/5/12

Floods during the North-East Monsoon

Floods during the South-West Monsoon

DMC

14

2011/5/12

Main Causes of Flood(1) High Rainfall Intensity in Short Duration(3) Inadequate River Capacity(4) Encroachments and unauthorized settlers in floodprone areas(5) High density of population in marginal areas,Deforestation and improper land use(6) Absence of scientific soil conservation practices

152011/5/12(2)Geo-morphological existence of Sri
Lanka-Three penne plains along withsteep intermediate slopes

16

2011/5/12

DEFORESTATION FOR CULTIVATION IN UPPER CATCHMENTS

UNPLANNED CULTIVATION IN HILLY AREAS(CAUSES INTENSIVE SOIL EROSION LEADING FOR LOWERING OF STREAM CAPACITY THROUGHSILTATION)

17

2011/5/12

SEVERE SILTATION DUE TO SOIL EROSIONBLOCKING OF WATER WAYS THROUGH INAPPROPRIATE CONSTRUCTION

18

2011/5/12

Unauthorized Construction along the river

Illegal Construction in Buffer Zoneswkjir boslsrSï

19

2011/5/12

CONSTRUCTION IN BUFFER ZONESFlooding in Rathnapura

ILLEGAL LAND FILLING

LOW LAND RECLAIMATION

20

2011/5/12

INAPPROPRIATE WASTE DUMPING TO THE RIVER BANKSBLOCKING WATER WAYS BY WASTE

21

2011/5/12

POOR MAINTANANCE OF CANALSCOUNTERMEASURESDESILTATION OF LAKES, RESERVOIRS, PONDS TO MINIMISE FLOOD DAMAGE

22

2011/5/12

IMPACTS OF LANDSLIDES ON THE HILLY TERRAINS IN SRI LANKA

Landslide Events(source: NBRO)
Landslides are one among thenatural hazards that hadp
most our economy
yimpactedand human habitat over the past
LANDSLIDE PRONE DISTRICTS
KandyMatale
NuwaraeliyaBadulla
Rathnapura
KegalleKalutaraGalle
MataraHambantota

23

2011/5/12

frequency of landslides occurrences are increasing.
Major landslides occurred during the past two
decades have taken the lives of hundreds of people
and about 175,000 people became homeless.

Major causes of increase the frequency of landslides
are unplanned land use practices
unplanned cultivation
non- engineering constructions(Cutting and filling ,unsupported slopes)

Construction by blocking the waterways
Construction in the reservation area of water bodies
deforestation
negligence of land24

2011/5/12

IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH LANDSLIDES• Danger to life, property and infrastructure• Soil erosion• Increase of Sedimentation• Flooding• Impacts on agriculture• Damage to forest cover and wildlife• Social impacts (eg. Livelihood)

ACTION TAKEN TO MANAGE LANDSLIDE IMPACTS• Landslide Hazard Mapping• Environmental Impact Assessment• Stabilization of Landslides• AwarenessAcreationti• National Level co-ordination25

2011/5/12

DROUGHTSDEFORESTATION FOR CULTIVATION IN UPPER CATCHMENTS

CAUSE REDUCTION OF MOISTURE CONTENT IN SOILLAYERS AND LOWERING OF GROUND WATER LEVEL26

2011/5/12(2) INTENSIVE RIVER SAND MINING

Lowering of GWLBank failure

River Sand

INTENSIVE RIVERSAND MINNING27

2011/5/12(3) INTENSIVE GROUND WATER PUMPING FROMTUBE WELLS AND AGRO WELLSZONE OFINFLUANCEGWLGWLGW FLOWGW FLOWFRACTURES

BED ROCKCONSTRUCTION OF TUBE WELLS28

2011/5/12

MITIGATION OF DROUGHTS(1) REFORESTATION PROGRAMMES29

2011/5/12(2) APPLING SOIL EROSION TECHNIQUES(3) INTRODUCING RAIN WATER HARVESTING METHODS30

2011/5/12

TSUNAMI / EARTHQUAKES

Effects of 2004.12.26 Tsunami

31

2011/5/12

DEATHS DUE TO TSUNAMI-2004

Earthquakes• Reported earthquakes:
14th April,p , 1615 – no. of deaths 2000
Miner earthquakes in1938,1993,1999,2000,2004,2009 and 2010
Source: Earth and Environment
by Prof. Rohana Chandrajith andProf. C.B.Disanayake(publication of Geological Society of Sri Lanka)

32

2011/5/12

According to the USGS, a new plate boundary has been
formed near by Sri Lanka after 2004 earthquake occurred atSumatra, Indonesia. It is situated almost 480 km South-East of SriLanka

33

2011/5/12

If so, Sri Lanka may be more vulnerable to Earthquakes
and Tsunami

Minimize the Effects of Tsunami

34

2011/5/12

1. Monitoring and Early Warning• Monitoring System through Instruments andEquipments• E.g. Buoy, Seismographs• Data from Satellite Network and transmission
stations• Standby Monitoring staff• Early Warning Systems• Communication network• Monitoring of behavior of sea currents

Establishment of Early Warning Towers started on December 26, 2006

35

2011/5/12

2.Preparedness for Evacuation• Evacuation plans and procedures• Previously identified places for evacuation• Evacuation structures with suitable structuraldesigns• Signboards• Conducting mock-drills for Tsunami evacuation36

2011/5/12

Helicpter
Landing Area

Tsunami-Prepared
Model Village, April
2005
Balapitiya, Sri Lanka
Pop 450
450, Casualties 12

Rescue shelters
AlarmE
Evacuation
ti routest
Disabled persons

37

2011/5/12

wdo¾Y .ïudk wxl 1)n,msáh

38

2011/5/12

3. Mitigation• Constructing Wave breakers and barriers

4. Public awareness programs• Occurrence of Earth quakes• To identify the pre-signs of the Tsunami
generation.
• Abnormal behavior of animals in case of Tsunami

39

2011/5/12

My Responsibilities on DRRin District• Coordination and Implementation of DRR
projects to reduce risks that can cause future disasters.
• Dissemination
Dii ti off didisasters
t fforecastedt db
by DMC tto vulnerablelbl
community through District, Divisional and village level DMcommittees.
• Carrying out Emergency Operations, coordinating with armed
forces, police , other related agencies and community in caseof emergency.
• Preparation of District, Divisional and Village level Disaster
Preparedness plans and conducting mock-drills bycoordinating with relevant organizations.
• Conducting Public Awareness Programs for officials, school
children and community level by coordinating with relevantorganizations.

Considering the above disasters in SriLanka, the visiting researcher program ofADRC has been a great opportunity to me
to achieve my proposed target as
Establishment of Sustainable Flood
Early Warning System for selected
stream in Kegalle District, Sri Lanka.
This will be benefited to my mother land toachieve my ultimate responsibility which is“SAVE THE LIVES”

40

2011/5/12

COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF EXISTING FLOOD MANAGEMENTSYSTEMS OF JAPAN AND SRI LANKAPROPOSED RESEARCH ACTIVITIES:(1).Flood Management Plans–National/Prefecture and Municipal level flood disaster management plans(2).Data Acquisition methods and monitoring systems– Water level data
– Rainfall data
– Use of available images/satellite imageries(3).Early Warning– The methodology used to disseminate real time early warning to thevulnerable communities– The flood forecasting methods used(4).Evacuation programs– Evacuation methodologies used to evacuate the community(5). River Management Planning–Information and technology on river management planning used on flood
plain management and flood mitigation

My future expectations…….
To grow knowledge on,
1. Utilization of satellite image/data for
Disaster Management.
2. Emergency disaster observation bysatellites
3. GIS applications to Disaster
Management.

41

2011/5/12

Thank You for your attention

42