WIPO
Magazine
Issue 1/2024

IP andthe SDGs
In this issue
Why Achieving theShared Goals is an
All-Hands-on-DeckAffairMapping Patents to
the SDGs Reveals
Gaps and Trends
IP at Work: Weaving
Tradition andInnovation

Note fromthe Editor
Did you know
31.4% ofpatents now
relate to theSDGs?

If you are a regular reader of our magazine and have followed our move fromquarterly print issues to regular a flow of web articles, this edition may surpriseyou. Itʼs a special edition celebrating World IP Day, focusing on intellectual
property (IP) and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) this year.
Therefore, we have selected profiles (IP at Work) that spotlight the global
challenges we are facing and the kind of innovation that may help alleviate
some of the problems or inspire us to seek creative solutions.
We are also pleased to include exclusive essays on IP and its close relation to
the SDGs. Take Edward Kwakwa, who stresses the importance of partnerships
contributing to these goals as expressed in SDG 17, which is neverthelessoften overlooked.
However, the connection is already solid and growing stronger in other areas,such as industry and innovation. Did you know that nearly a third of patents
now relate to our shared goals? WIPO patent analyst Christopher Harrison
reveals the emerging trends.
Access to knowledge, a topic close to our heart and expressed in SDG 4 as thequality of education, is another focus. Based on their world-first analysis, theauthors examine the Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (Hinari)program set up by the World Health Organization (WHO). They investigate
whether access to scientific journals truly translates into local clinical trials andglobal patent filings. A similar angle was taken in a passionate new piece on
the gender gap in patenting.
Speaking of gaps, we uncovered some in our own coverage while compiling thisissue. In a way, they mirror those SDGs that seem particularly hard to achieve,
such as those aimed at ending poverty and hunger. In the non-human realm,
life on land and life below water are other topics that are only now gaining
traction, so we look forward to building on these subjects in the future andhave included shorter pieces here.
Some of the content you will find here exists in a longer form online, and we
encourage you to explore the corresponding links to delve deeper, and theonline edition of WIPO Magazine.
Lastly, this edition marks farewell to our retired editor, Catherine Jewell, whose
dedicated contributions and tireless work are behind some of these pages.
Going forward, we hope this special edition will continue to inspire and informas we reshape our online presence, so look out for more changes to come.
In the meantime, please do not hesitate to share this edition and reach out
with your comments, pitches for articles and questions youʼd like to see
answered in future.
Best wishes,
Nora Manthey
Editor, WIPO Magazine
Email wipomagazine@wipo.int

Contents
IP at Work Reviving Indigenous Mixtec
Cocoa Traditions5

IP at Work Alleviating Food Hunger andReducing Food Waste with Innovation

6

H3D: Africaʼs First Integrated Drug Discovery
and Development Platform 

7

Can Access to Published Research Help
Local Science and Innovation? 

13

Closing the Gender Gap in Patents AcrossLatin America 

18

IP at Work Bringing Renewable Energy to
Local Farmers

22

Nigerian Author Sparks Creativity Among
Young Creators

24

Patent Data Show One-Third of Inventions
Relate to the SDGs 

27

IP at Work The Art of Chinaʼs Li Brocade:Weaving Tradition and Innovation

33

Air Quality Monitoring for a Healthier
Environment for All 

38

IP at Work Saving the Climate, One Cow at a Time

43

Green Technologies for Marine Ecosystems

46

Achieving the SDGs is an All-Hands-on-DeckAffair and Requires Strong Partnerships 

50

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Photo: Courtesy of Iván González and Armando Vite

4

Germán Santillán, founderof Oaxacanita Chocolate.

IP at Work
Reviving Indigenous Mixtec
Cocoa Traditions
The social enterprise Oaxacanita Chocolate embraces Mexicoʼsrich cocoa culture and is working with Indigenous communities
to revive these traditions while spurring the social, economicand environmental development in the state of Oaxaca.
Founder German Santillán is building a business that embraces
the principles of fair trade and environmental sustainability incollaboration with local communities. “I teamed up with local
Indigenous families in Oaxaca, and we began operations in an
empty room in my grandmotherʼs house. We started cultivating 20
cacao trees and now we have 5,000 under cultivation in five towns
across the region,” he says.
Today, Oaxacanita Chocolate is the first proudly Indigenous
chocolate company in Mexico to form international allianceswith organizations such as the Inter-American Foundation andthe US Government.
Intellectual property has played a significant role in branddevelopment. “The first thing we did in Oaxacanita Chocolate –Oaxacanita means, ʻthe little girl of Oaxacaʼ in Zapotec-Spanish –was to register the name of our brand. Then we opened our
Facebook page where most of our marketing operations take place.
Thatʼs where we make 80% of our total sales,” Santillán explains.

In rural areas of Mexicoʼs Mixtec region, theeducational program La Escuelita del Cacao
teaches children from Indigenous communities theimportance of adopting sustainable agricultural
practices. (Photo: Courtesy of Oaxacanita Chocolate)

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Photos: Courtesy of Oaxacanita Chocolate

Looking to the future, Oaxacanita Chocolate plans to promote
its brand and increase its value in multiple markets beyond Mexico.
By 2022, the company had sold over 2,000 kilos of chocolate and was
expanding its online presence to Canada and the United States.

5

IP at Work
Alleviating Food Hunger and Reducing Food
Waste with Innovation
Kavita Shukla, founder and CEO of The Freshglow Co., is on a mission to
alleviate hunger around the world with her invention FreshPaper, sheets
infused with botanicals that keep produce fresh for longer.
“Food waste is this massive and very overwhelming challenge, but itʼs
actually something that every single one of us can start to address in ourown homes,” Shukla says, noting how shocked she was when she firstlearned how much of the worldʼs food supply spoils on a daily basis. “Theworldʼs farmers actually grow enough food to feed everyone on the planet,but over 800 million people still go hungry every single day.”
While the food waste challenge is daunting, she also sees it as anopportunity to prove how small innovations can make a big difference. Herjourney started early and is a story of simple beginnings and empowerment.
When visiting her grandmother in India as a 12-year-old, Shukla drank water
believed to be contaminated, but thanks to her grandmotherʼs homemade
remedy, she didnʼt get sick. She was intrigued and began studying her
grandmotherʼs remedy, and was able to figure out why it worked and how
to replicate and advance its effects. She now uses this knowledge to prevent
food spoilage and relieve hunger around the world.
Shukla holds four US patents and an Index Design to Improve Life award, aleading international prize for design. Her product is used by farmers andfamilies across the globe, and Freshglow has also partnered with retailers
such as Whole Foods and Walmart.

Photo: Courtesy of USPTO

Read more about IP at Work and find the full
profiles of featured businesses online.

Kavita Shukla,founder and CEO of
The Freshglow Co.

6

Photo: Courtesy of H3D

H3D: Africaʼs First
Integrated Drug Discovery
and Development Platform“Drug discovery in Africa hashuge potential to contribute tohumanity and to create local
jobs,” says Kelly Chibale,
Director of H3D (above, right).

Kelly Chibale, a Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Cape
Town (UCT), holds the Neville Isdell Chair in African-centric Drug Discovery& Development and is also Director of H3D, Africaʼs first integrated drug
discovery and development center. H3D was founded at UCT in April 2010
and focuses on translational medicine, which involves early-stage medicine
discovery in the lab through to the treatment of patients in clinical settings.
WIPO Magazine recently sat down with Chibale to learn more about H3D, andthe role intellectual property plays in its groundbreaking work.

KC: Africa is arguably the most genetically diverse continent. Everybody
came from Africa and went somewhere else. That means diseases are not
African problems or African diseases, they are human diseases, humanproblems. So, drug discovery in Africa has huge potential to contribute tohumanity and to create local jobs.

And how is H3D affecting health innovation in Africa?
H3D is having an impact at various levels, particularly by creating drug
discovery infrastructure and platforms capable of contributing to the global
pipeline of innovative products that could be further developed.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

WM: What is the potential of drug discovery in Africa?

7

8

Photo: hadynyah/E+

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Malaria was an anchor program thatenabled us to acquire the skills andexperience we wanted to develop,
and which we then transferred toother diseases.

9In other words, we have strengthened our capacity to translate basic scienceknowledge into potential life-saving medicines. And we are bridging the gap
between the lab and the patient.

You focused initially on malaria. Why?
Malaria was an opportunity for us to build the infrastructure required fortranslational medicine. At the end of the day, beyond understanding thebiology of the human malaria parasite, the drug discovery principles are thesame for malaria or cancer. For example, regardless of the disease, among
other things, the common goal is to understand how the human body willhandle the drug candidate.

In terms of drug
discovery, H3D iscurrently focusing
on action studies to
identify biologicaltargets and better
understand themechanism of
resistance of thesetargeted organisms
to drugs.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

The malaria project was an opportunity to work with the Medicines for
Malaria Venture (MMV) and to subsequently engage with new partners, suchas Merck and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Once we developed theinfrastructure we needed for that project, we began adding other diseases,
including tuberculosis (TB), and antimicrobial resistance. In 2022, we had an
opportunity to work with Johnson & Johnson as one of the companyʼs threesatellite centers for global health discovery. In sum, malaria was an anchor
program that enabled us to acquire the skills and experience we wanted todevelop, and which we then transferred to other diseases.

10

How important are such partnerships to H3Dʼs work, and todeveloping a robust health innovation ecosystem in Africa?
Partnerships are extremely important, even for innovative pharmaceuticalcompanies with financial muscle. Indeed, some of the product portfolios
they offer include drug candidates licensed in from third parties. This
enables them to de-risk the early stages of drug development.
For H3D, partnerships were important from the start, for three reasons.
First, to tackle infrastructure challenges; second, to build the technology
platforms we needed; and third, to access skilled people.

Partnerships are also important to secure funding. When you have aproject with global support, you attract partners who share the same goals,
funding grows, and you gain access to a network of centers of excellence.
Partnerships can bring to the table what you donʼt have, because everyone
is interested in the projectʼs success. When there is mutual interest, you canmake a huge difference.

One of the main barriers to scientific innovation in Africa has been a lack ofinfrastructure in the broad sense. This includes a local procurement support
system with functioning laboratories, access to the spare parts you needwhen something breaks down, the ability to access reagents and chemicals
readily and rapidly, and so on.
Of course, from a business perspective, we need scale that justifies thebusiness. At present, there are too few players, so business opportunities
are limited. Thatʼs why weʼre working to expand the community to create
the demand that will foster the businesses we need to supply the chemicals
and reagents required for research and development, for example.

What is the role of intellectual property in all this?
When thereʼs an unmet medical need, you have to innovate, and IP incentivizes
innovation. IP is an enabler and underpins robust innovation ecosystems.
Cash-strapped universities can use IP to generate new sources of income
from their research, through university spinouts, for example. IP is also amagnet for investment. People want to invest in a country where there isrespect for rules and laws, including IP.

Do you still need IP in Africa for infectious diseases, wherecommercial returns are low?
Absolutely. Because IP is also a responsibility, even for infectious diseases
where commercial returns are perceived to be low. Without IP you would
have a free-for-all. When it comes to health equity, itʼs important toremember that the person who owns the IP can decide whether to share it
voluntarily or not.
When you hold IP rights in a medicine, you can control its use to someextent. Thatʼs why, in Africa, we need to be owning IP. When we do, and wefind an appropriate partner to take the IP forward, we get a return. I would
rather own 1% of one billion than 99.99% of zero.

IP is also a responsibility, even for infectious
diseases where commercial returns areperceived to be low.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Photo: Courtesy of H3DWhat about the importance of building a local procurement
support system?

11

What is the current focus of H3Dʼs work?
In terms of drug discovery, weʼre focusing on action studies to identify
biological targets and to better understand the mechanism of resistance of
these targeted organisms to drugs. These organisms are very clever. Our job
is to outsmart them.

Do you still see the need for new approaches?
Yes. At a scientific level, Iʼm an advocate for Afro-centric drug discovery. You
need to find a target to hit – an enzyme or a protein – which may responddifferently in different populations for genetic reasons.

Drug development needs tomove from a one-size-fits-all
focus towards a populationcentric approach.
Genetic differences in the expression and activity of drug-metabolizing
enzymes can lead to variable responses to therapeutics. For example, inpeople of African descent, due to genetic mutations, enzymes responsible formetabolizing the antiretroviral drug Efavirenz work more slowly than in otherpopulations and this can result in toxicity, even death, due to drug overdose
if dosages arenʼt adjusted appropriately. So, drug development needs tomove from a one-size-fits-all focus toward a population-centric approach.
We really need to invest in understanding the genetics of the African
population with respect to biological drug targets we go after and the
enzymes responsible for metabolizing specific drugs.
Also, we need to address the funding gap in translational medicine, which
many investors find too risky. This will require policy changes to encourage
investors to see drug development as a continuum that requires investment
at each stage of the value chain. This would create opportunities to shareboth risks and benefits, and ultimately will benefit everyone.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Read the full interview online and learn more about
Chibaleʼs recommendations for developing a robust
health innovation system in Africa.

12

Can Access to Published
Research Help
Local Science andInnovation?

Low-cost access to information can drive research and clinical trials indeveloping economies and contribute to SDGs. But different regions areaffected in different ways. So how can low-performing institutions catch up?
So far, the public debate on access to medicine, neglected diseases, andpatent-protected technology has underplayed the potential of access to
information for economic development. Similarly, earlier research has
revealed a startling gap between lower- and higher-income countries interms of access to knowledge, with over half of medical institutions having
had no subscriptions to academic literature in lower-income countries.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Photo: Getty Images/Erdark

By Alexander Cuntz, Head of Creative Economy Sector, WIPO, and Alessio Muscarnera,
Research Fellow, Department for Economics and Data Analytics, WIPO

13

Several UN agencies and major academic publishers launched the Research
For Life (R4L) initiative to fill this gap. The World Health Organization (WHO)runs Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (Hinari), one of fiveprograms under the R4L umbrella. It provides free or low-cost access toacademic literature to at least 270,000 researchers in over 100 developing
economies. This is for this WHO-led program alone. The entire initiative
includes more than 21,000 peer-reviewed journals, 69,000 e-books and 115
data and other sources.
Focusing on Hinari, a new WIPO research paper carried out empiricalanalysis of millions of data points to understand the strengths andweaknesses of the program. It is the first study to link access to scientificpublications in developing countries to welfare along the science-toinnovation pipeline.
The report shows a local increase in health science publications of up to 75%
after joining Hinari. Likewise, involvement in international clinical trials grewby over 20%, suggesting that research and innovation in local institutions
improved. Screening over 36 million scientific papers in PubMed, arepository of health science, the study found more than 167,000 papers coauthored by local researchers in developing economies, which cited clinical
trials conducted worldwide over 30 years.

An uptick in research andclinical trials only sometimes
leads to global patents.
However, this uptick in science publishing and clinical trials only partiallytranslated into global patents and inventions. The study attributes this todeveloping countries often lacking infrastructure and funding to transfer
new findings into patented technologies. This gap reveals the remaining
challenges in developing innovation and IP systems.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Moreover, the study also finds that local context matters. Institutions in
specific regions and those that already had a high research performance
benefited most from the Hinari program. This also means that it is harderfor others to catch up, despite better access to information.

14

Access to global knowledge counts on the ground
Empowering local researchers by providing access to information isessential to their work. Researchers tend to target diseases that affectthe local population and may be overlooked by researchers abroad.
Enabling such access may help innovation in neglected diseases, mainly byconnecting local teams to the global knowledge base.
Aside from increased scientific activity, R4L also reports direct effects from
Hinari regarding medical practice and patient care. The initiative quotes

Photo: Getty Images/zeljkosantrac

Empowering local researchers byproviding access to information
is essential to their work.
Dr. Sami Hyacinthe Kambire at Kamboinsé Research Station, Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso, also found his research progressing faster and wrote grantwinning funding proposals thanks to Hinari. Before his institution adopted
R4L, Dr. Kambire often devoted considerable time to research already

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Dr. Nguyen Duc Chinh from Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam: “Good research,in short, leads to better patient care.” The doctor relied heavily on Hinari for his
PhD on intestinal TB and surgical treatment. TB is prevalent in Viet Nam, butthere is a relative lack of information on intestinal TB. “With the informationand knowledge we obtain,” he says, “we feel more confident in practicing andimplementing respected medical expertise from around the world.”

15

performed elsewhere. The initiative helped reduce these duplicative
research efforts in global health sciences and increase the quality of local
teaching and education.

Access to information affects institutions differently
Despite the impacts, the study also found that the program effects differed
for different parts of the world. Research institutions in the Carribean, Central
Asia, Europe and Latin America benefited the most in generating new scientificknowledge. On average, their academic paper output increased by 80–100%.
Regarding clinical trials, program participation is most impactful for East
Asia, the Pacific, the Middle East and North Africa. Trial activity rose by up to
35% at institutions in these regions. That does not mean other regions did
not gain from the program, but the impact has been less pronounced.

Hinari preserves the gap
between the most and least
productive institutions forscientific publications andclinical trials.
However, there are also institutional differences. Notably, the study
authors wanted to avoid comparing apples to oranges, because high- andlow-performing research institutions differ. The high performers might
be more likely to adopt the Hinari program in the first place. Seeing more
publications might also be an outcome of the institutionsʼ selection into
the program rather than an outcome of the program and better access toknowledge on the ground. To reveal the causal effects rather than mere
correlations, the study compares different fields. This means health sciences
supported by the program are matched against other research fields notsupported by Hinari but conducted at the same institution.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

How to make the most of access to information

16

Having ruled out the factors described above, the report suggests that
program management could improve in two ways. First, it shows that
already productive institutions benefit more from Hinari. For example,
research institutions that have previously published academic papers see anaverage 60–70% increase in their publications after joining. This increaseis only around 40% for institutions that rarely published scientific works
previously. This suggests that Hinari preserves the gap between the mostand least productive institutions for scientific publications and clinical trials.
Under these conditions, the least productive institutions are, all else being
equal, less likely to catch up.
Still, the study ultimately supports the view that the Hinari program and theR4L initiative contribute to achieving the SDGs. They help boost researchand innovation capacity in developing economies and improve healthservices (SDG 3) and education quality (SDG 4) at local institutions. They
also aim to build industry, innovation and infrastructure, thus encouraging
decent economic growth (SDGs 8 and 9).

The Hinari program and the R4L
initiative contribute to the SDGs.
The R4L initiative is also an excellent example of how private–public
initiatives can make a difference. It joins private sector stakeholders fromthe global publishing industry and research institutions in the UN member
states in a win–win situation. For research institutions, the initiative
provides a practical solution. Their libraries and labs often need to bebetter resourced, and R4L improves access to information for students andresearchers. It is also a smart way for industry stakeholders to show theircorporate social responsibility and enhance their social impact in developing
economies. It could also help grow local demand and the customer base in
the long term.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Photo: Getty Images/Edwin Tan

Moreover, easing access to published research through initiatives like
Hinari and WIPOʼs Access to Research for Development and Innovation(ARDI) program can significantly affect research output and contribute todesired social and economic outcomes laid out in the SDGs. UN agencies
like the WHO and WIPO have been vital matchmakers. However, addressing
existing gaps through schemes such as WIPOʼs Technology and Innovation
Support Centers (TISCs) may help build local infrastructure and contributeto a vibrant IP and innovation system. In conclusion, the reportʼs findings
on success and remaining challenges may inform stakeholdersʼ decisions torenew or change their commitment to R4L beyond 2025.

17

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Photo: Getty Images/skynesher

18

Closing theGender Gap inPatents AcrossLatin America
By Maria Fernanda Hurtado, Executive Director, Global Intellectual
Property Alliance (GLIPA) and Esteban Santamaría Hernandez,
Director, CAIINNO, Mexico and GLIPA Board MemberJust over a year ago, we formed the Global
Intellectual Property Alliance to build a world inwhich intellectual property enables all people toimprove their lives and create a more prosperous andsustainable future. GLIPA is now working in Africa,
Asia, Europe, Latin America and North America.
Our mission is to attract more and diverse groups
of users to the intellectual property system. In
line with these objectives, in 2023, the GLIPA Latin
America (LATAM) chapter and the Mexican thinktank, CAIINNO began working to get a clearer viewof the participation levels of women in the IP system,
specifically in the field of patenting in Brazil, Chile,
Colombia and Mexico.

The gender gap the IP system is not confined to any
single country or region; it is a global phenomenon. A
recent study by WIPO, which offers an international
comparison of the gender gap in global patenting
between 1999 and 2020, finds that women participatedin just 23% of all patent applications, representing 13%of the inventors listed, in that period. According to
the study, if current trends continue, gender parity inpatenting in Latin America will only be achieved in 2068,
seven years later than the current global gender parity
forecast of 2061.
In Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, GLIPA andCAIINNOʼs work offers greater clarity on the role thatwomen play in the invention process in those countries.
The data also considers regional and communal levels.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

The gender gap in IP is a global problem

19

Year

% of patents
filed by maleinventors only

% of patents
filed by female
inventors only

% of patents
filed by mixed
teams of at least
one woman andone man

2017

82.0%

7.2%

10.8%

2022

72.4%

5.8%

21.8%

2017

79.5%

8.3%

12.1%

2022

67.3%

7.4%

25.3%

2017

63.6%

10.5%

25.9%

2021

62.9%

6.6%

30.5%

2017

56.6%

5.3%

38.1%

2022

44.9%

5.4%

49.7%

BrazilChile

Colombia

MexicoTable 1: Percentages of patents granted by inventors, including men, women and mixed teams in Brazil,
Chile, Colombia and Mexico.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

From 2017 to 2022 the use of the patent system by both men and the already small
number of women inventors obtaining patents fell in Brazil, Chile, Colombia and
Mexico. Interestingly, the rate of patenting by mixed teams shows a significant
increase in womenʼs participation. While this trend is promising, there is still a sizeable
gender gap in the patent system. This is a gap that we need to narrow.

20

If current trends continue, gender
parity in patenting in Latin
America will only be achievedin 2068, seven years later thanthe current global gender parity
forecast of 2061.

Photo: Courtesy of GLIPA

Through its IP education and awareness programs, like this training event at the
University of San Andrés in Buenos Aires, Argentina, GLIPA is drawing new users to the
IP system and equipping them with the knowledge and skills they need to use IP rights
effectively.

The GLIPA/CAIINNO study highlights four key actions to help Latin
American countries reduce the gender gap in patenting:
1. Closer collaboration with organizations like WIPO to support efforts toovercome blocks and standardize the collection of IP data, especiallywith respect to gender, from IP offices around the world.
2. Better and easier access to these data will help to show a clear pictureof how the IP system is being used around the world and by whom. It
will also help ensure the development and implementation of effective
policies and strategies to encourage greater participation in the IP
system by more diverse groups, including women.

4. We also need to rethink IP education. This involves moving beyond
seeing IP exclusively as a technical legal field, and broadening ourapproach to ensure IP is seen as a practical toolkit for inventors, creatorsand entrepreneurs to translate their ideas into thriving businesses.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

3. Reaching out to women inventors and actively encouraging them toengage with the IP system is crucial. This requires close collaboration
among all those who influence the IP landscape, including government,
business associations, civil societies such as CAIINNO and GLIPA, local
innovators and others.

21Dr. Beraich, CEO of Biodômedu Maroc, has developed asustainable and cost-effective
production method to recoverand treat agricultural waste for
Moroccan farmers.

IP at Work
Bringing Renewable Energy
to Local Farmers
Eco-innovative farming solutions are vital to ensuring the
global reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related toagriculture. Biodôme du Maroc, a small, fast-growing Moroccan
company, provides local farmers with a technology that gives
them access to renewable energy for on-farm use.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Founded in 2013 by Dr. Fatima Zahra Beraich, Biodôme du Marocis the first Moroccan company to specialize in the recovery oforganic waste through natural treatment and environmentallyfriendly processes. This is to enable farmers in rural areas toproduce biogas and fertilizer.

22

For the environment, biogas helps to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions from abandoned organic waste and minimizes the riskof polluting waterways. This “clean” method of energy production
also reduces reliance on wood as a fuel source.
Biodôme du Maroc offers a range of small-scale agriculturalanaerobic digesters. These digesters use a simple and innovative
system to produce biogas and recover organic matter. Insideunderground concrete enclosures, farmers can deposit different
kinds of organic waste, such as household, plant and animal waste,
which is fermented in a biological accelerator. In this process, gas
is produced through methanization or anaerobic bio-digestion,
where bacteria naturally break down organic matter within weeks.

Photos: Courtesy of Biodôme du Maroc

By providing atechnology that
produces gas fromorganic waste, Biodômedu Maroc gives local
farmers access torenewable energy for
agricultural production.

Dr. Beraich currently holds six patents covering innovations that
improve the efficiency and performance of Biodômeʼs bio-digesters.

The support of the Moroccan Association for Research andDevelopment (R&D Maroc) – part of the network of Technology andInnovation Support Centers (TISCs) in Morocco – has played a criticalrole in the success of Biodôme du Maroc. “I learned about the TISC
network at an outreach event at the University organized by the
Moroccan Industrial and Commercial Property Office,” Dr. Beraich
explains. R&D Maroc helped Dr. Beraich secure seed funding and also
ensured she had the help she needed to draft her patent applications,and license and access the technology she required to create andcommercialize her bio-digesters. Biodôme is currently marketing its
patent-protected bio-digesters in Morocco and across Africa.

Read more about IP at Work and find thefull profile of Biodôme du Maroc online.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024“The process of securing a patent means that our technology
is evaluated by experts and allows us to understand just how
different our inventions are from other competing technologies.
This allows us to protect the inventive characteristics of our
outputs,” explains Dr. Beraich. “With these patents in hand, we
hope to be able to license our more recent patented innovations.”

23

Photo: Courtesy of Philip Kisaka Wasilwa

Nigerian
Author Sparks
Creativity
Among Young
Creators

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Lawyer and writer Chidera Okolie is on a mission to inspire young
Nigerians to make the most of their creative talents.

24

From immersing herself in the world of literature to crafting her own
stories, Chidera Okolie has been nurturing her creative interests since
she was a child. The Nigerian lawyer and writer is the author of two
novels, When Silence Becomes Too Loud (2014) and Not Forgiven (2017).
Beyond her passion for writing, Okolie is actively encouraging young
writers in Nigeria to fulfil their writing dreams through her Idios
Creatives initiative, which she launched in 2018. This is her story.

Chidera Okolie set up Idios Creatives, a platform for young people to explore
and express their creativity. “Through the Idios Creatives project, I wanted
to provide a platform for a new generation of writers to embrace theircreative power. It is my way of contributing to the development of young
peopleʼs writing and other creative skills,” Okolie explains.
To capture the attention of young people across Nigeria, in 2018, Okolie
created the Idios Prize for Flash Fiction and Poetry. Over 300 schoolchildren
took part in the competition. “We visited schools across Nigeria, collecting
short stories from young writers. Eventually, we had about 300 stories,
which we narrowed down to the best 100 for publication. This has helped
showcase the abundance of creative talent in Nigeria,” Okolie notes. In
setting up Idios Creatives, her strongest hope is that “young people areencouraged to read more and to explore their own creativity.”

Advancing IP and creativity in Nigeria
The author is also a champion of intellectual property rights, highlighting
their crucial importance in recognizing, rewarding and supporting creators
for their work.
“IP allows you to protect your creative work from exploitation, illegal
reproduction and misuse. It also ensures the preservation of your economic
rights, in other words, your ability to earn income from your work, and yourmoral rights, including the right to be credited as the creator, and the rightto protect the integrity of your work,” Okolie explains.

Okolie started writing her first novel, When Silence Becomes Too Loud, in
2014, without any intention of sharing it outside her personal sphere. “It waspurely a personal endeavor,” she notes. But her father insisted that she haveher book published. “I was hesitant to reveal myself so intimately and toallow others to delve into my innermost creative thoughts," she says.
Despite her initial fears, Okolie started looking for a publisher and thebookʼs release, in 2014, exceeded all her expectations. “The book was widely
acclaimed in my country and gained a lot of attention. It caught the eye of mycountryʼs former president, who expressed his pride in associating with young
people who strive to keep creativity alive in the country,” Okolie explains.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

While Nigeria has made progress in this regard, Okolie believes there
is still more to be done to enhance the countryʼs copyright landscape.
“Nigeria has long suffered from piracy, but the landscape is gradually
improving. I strongly believe that IP rights play a critical role inemboldening artists to safeguard their work and use it for economic
benefits. This becomes particularly significant when building a career
based on oneʼs creativity,” she says.

25

Photo: Courtesy of Chidera Okolie“My hope is that young people
are encouraged to read moreand explore their creativity,” says
Chidera Okolie, founder of Idios
Creatives, a platform that supports
young creatives in Nigeria.

Her outstanding novel earned her three awards, including the 2016 Nigerian
Writers Award for Best Fiction Writer of the Year and a nomination for the
African Achieverʼs award.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Building on her success, Okolieʼs second publication, Not Forgiven, is acollection of short psychological thrillers and also won accolades, paving theway for her to receive Most Outstanding Fiction Writer of the Year in 2017.
In January 2019, Okolie was listed among the 100 Most Influential Young
Nigerians by Avance Media.

26

Read more about Chidera Okolie and Nigeriaʼs
thriving creative economy online.

Patent Data Show
One-Third of
Inventions Relate
to the SDGs
By Christopher Harrison, WIPO Patent Analytics Manager

Patents are a unique source of information. Much of the technicalinformation in them is never published elsewhere and is in a relatively
standard format. This makes patents a recognized indicator for scienceand technology output, and innovation tracking. So, big data analytics
using patent data is fast becoming a key metric of progress.
For this new report on innovations related to the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), WIPO collaborated with LexisNexis IP Solutions.
Using patent metadata reflecting these SDGs, their experts found 100
distinct categories of technologies linked to these goals. (You can find out
more about the LexisNexis analysis online.)
By aligning patents with the SDGs, it is possible to identify those areasof innovation contributing the most to our shared goals. We can alsofind emerging areas alongside those that are still under-represented. In
combination with patent analytics, which shows how specific technologies
contribute to each SDG, such an approach can support strategic decisions
in R&D, innovation policies, IP commercialization and licensing, as well as
research collaboration in the public and private sectors.

Globally, there are over 15.2 million active patent families – a collectionof patents associated with the same invention. More than 4.7 million are
already linked to the SDGs.
The UN General Assembly established the SDGs in 2015. The 17 global goals
capture 169 specific targets that cover social, economic and environmental
issues, and provide a blueprint for international peace and prosperity by
2030. Patents are by their nature clear signs of innovation, so aligning themwith the SDGs is a vital indicator. Patents represent 13 of the 17 SDGs, and31.4% of active patent families worldwide now address the SDGs.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Patents represent 13 of the 17
goals, and nearly one in threepatents now relate to the SDGs.

27

SDG 9: 2,916,489
Industry, Innovation
and Infrastructure

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Figure 1: The current number of active patent families associated with each of the 17 SDGs that cover relevant
technologies. Source: WIPO, based on patent data from PatentSight, January 2024

28

But crucially, four of the 17 goals donʼt map to patents. Those goals are SDG 8 ʼDecent
Work and Economic Growth,ʼ SDG 10 ʼReduced Inequalities,ʼ SDG 16 ʼPeace, Justice andStrong Institutions,ʼ and SDG 17 ʼPartnerships for the Goals.ʼ

WIPO FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Analysis of patent trends also shows that some targets are advancing faster thanothers. SDG 9 ʼIndustry, Innovation and Infrastructureʼ is one example. This field leads
and has the highest number of patents (2.9 million active patent families), showcasing
the scope of the SDGs within this field. It covers electronics, manufacturing andmaterials, all areas that are heavily patented and prominent in the analysis. Its global
share of active patents rose from under 10% to about 20%.

Alongside innovations in industry and infrastructure (SDG 9), thosecontributing to climate action (SDG 13) feature most strongly. SDG 7, which
addresses the need for affordable and clean energy, is on the rise. A total of
1.1 million active patent families contribute to climate action, with another
900,000 contributing to cleaner energy. ʼClimate Actionʼ (SDG 13) is driven
by technologies aimed at curbing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whileʼAffordable and Clean Energyʼ (SDG 7) benefits from advances in renewables
like solar and wind power. Both show a slightly stronger upward trend thanmost other SDGs, reflecting a growing awareness among consumers ofcleaner alternatives.

Analysis of patent trends showssome targets advancing fasterthan others.
Emerging innovations relating to socioeconomic SDGs
Green technologies are vital. But more broadly the SDGs recognize that wemust end poverty and other deprivations. Doing this goes hand-in-handwith strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality andspur economic growth. And patents related to social and economic SDGs,
like the calls for an end to poverty (SDG 1), quality education (SDG 4), cleanwater and sanitation (SDG 6) and sustainable life below water and on land
(SDGs 14 and 15) are gaining interest.

The Innovation Maturity Matrix for SDG-related patents highlights which
SDGs are current hot topics, meaning they have many patents and havegrown strongly over recent years. The Matrix can also help find emerging
interest in areas that might otherwise be harder to spot when looking at
absolute numbers of patents because these areas are dwarfed by thosesegments with lots of patents.

Aligning specific technologies and SDGs
Patents are classified by the International Patent Classification (IPC). This isa hierarchical system used by most IP offices worldwide to group patents
into specific technology sectors. Much like a library classification system forbooks, it allows patents relating to a specific technology to be quickly found.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

At the same time, those SDGs focused on socioeconomic aspects have limited
patent connections because they are not tech-driven like some other SDGs.
Looking at certain technologies, however, still reveals their progress. TakeʼNo Povertyʼ (SDG 1) as an example. Innovation is primarily driven by adding
blockchain technology within this SDG. This technology has significantly
contributed to advances in agriculture and food security. A blockchain
database stores data in blocks linked together in a chain. This can improve
the traceability of food, thus ensuring an adequate food supply for those whoneed it. Blockchain also drives transparency and can improve food safety andquality within the supply chain by stopping contaminated food from entering
the market. Blockchain also has the potential to ease trade and access to
global value chains, especially for small businesses in developing economies,
and can help provide more effective government services.

29

To provide enough detail for the analysis presented in the report, the WIPO
technology concordance table was also used. This table links IPC symbols to 35
fields of technology, each within one of five sectors, namely Electrical Engineering,
Instruments, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering and Others. This deeper analysis
shows the alignment between specific technology fields and the SDGs. For instance,
it connects SDG 3, ʼGood Health and Well-Beingʼ to pharmaceuticals and otherbiological and medical fields owing to the finer detail provided. Similarly, SDG 2 ʼZero
Hungerʼ aligns significantly with food chemistry, and SDG 11 ʼSustainable Cities andCommunitiesʼ with civil engineering.

100M

Innovation
intensity

SDG 9: Industry, Innovation
and Infrastructure

10M

Mature sectors

Current hot
topicsSDG 3: Good Health andWell-Being

SDG 13: Climate Action
SDG 12: Responsible
Consumption and Production

SDG 7: Affordable andClean Energy

SDG 11: Sustainable
Cities and Communities
SDG 2: Zero Hunger

1M

SDG 14: Life Below
Water

SDG 6: Clean Water andSanitation

SDG 4:
Quality
Education

SDG 15: Life on Land

100K

SDG 1: No Poverty

Emerging
interest

Modestdevelopment
SDG 5: Gender Equality

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

10K
0.6

30

Relative recency
0.7

SDG 1: No Poverty

Quality Education

0.8

0.9

SDG 2: Zero Hunger

SDG 5: Gender Equality

Affordable and Clean Energy

1.1

1.2

1.3

SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being

SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Sustainable Cities and Communities
SDG 13: Climate Action

1.0

1.4
SDG 4:SDG 7:

SDG 11:

SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

SDG 14: Life Below Water

SDG 15: Life on Land

Figure 2: The Innovation Maturity Matrix helps identify those emerging technologies contributing to the SDGs
alongside hot topics and mature sectors. Source: WIPO, based on patent data from PatentSight, January 2024

In broader terms, Chemistry holds the largest proportion of SDG-related
patents, encompassing pharmaceuticals and innovations for cutting GHG
emissions. Within the Chemistry sector, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals
have battled for second and third position for many years, with consistentannual increases. However, by 2018, both were overtaken by microstructures and nanotechnology, which has grown from around 25% in 2000
to nearly 65% in 2023. Environmental technology also aligns well with its
description and holds the biggest share of SDG-related patents at about
75%, many relating to the decarbonization of industrial processes. Overall,
the share of SDG-related patents in micro-structures and nanotechnology,
pharmaceuticals, and environmental technology are progressing toward
100%, albeit coming from an already high level.

The top patent applicants with themost SDG-related patents in their IP
portfolios are a mix of corporations andresearch organizations.
Industry, academia and research organizations are all driving
sustainable innovation
The SDGs are an urgent call for action by all countries – developed anddeveloping – in a global partnership. Our analysis shows that the top patentapplicants with the most SDG-related patents in their IP portfolios are a
relatively even mix of corporations and research organizations.
Among the key industry players are CATL and Samsung SDI for batteries,
along with Roche and Merck for pharmaceuticals. However, electronics
companies such as Qualcomm, Ericsson, Baidu, LG Electronics and TDK havethe highest growth rates.

While specific UN goals like SDG 9 ʼIndustry, Innovation and Infrastructureʼ
and SDG 13 ʼClimate Actionʼ show substantial patent activity, others focusedon socioeconomic aspects have limited patent connections. Nevertheless,upward trends in SDG-related patents, particularly for renewable energy andemission reductions, reflect a growing focus on sustainable technologies.
Mapping patents to the SDGs also reveals intersections, with cross-cutting
technologies like blockchain contributing to multiple goals. Analyzing trends
by technology sectors and fields therefore gives a measurable insight into
the alignment of specific areas, such as environmental and pharmaceuticalinnovations, with the SDGs.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Within academia and research, the University of California and theChinese Academy of Sciences lead in SDG-related patents, with significant
contributions from academic and research organizations across the UnitedStates, China, France, the Republic of Korea and Germany.

31

80

Share of SDG-related active
patent families (%)

24–Environmental
technology

15–Biotechnology

22–Micro-structuraland nano-technology

60

16–Pharmaceuticals

18–Food chemistry40

19–Basic materials
chemistry

07–IT methods for
management

20

06–Computer technology

0Reporting year
2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Figure 3: A snapshot of SDG-related patents across 35 technology fields (2000–2023). Source: WIPO, based on patent datafrom PatentSight, January 2024

Overall, the findings of this new report on innovation related to the UN Sustainable
Development Goals illuminate the pivotal role played by intellectual property in steeringdevelopment toward sustainability. IP empowers decision-makers, policymakers and innovators
to make data-driven choices, allocate resources effectively and foster collaboration in thoseareas where inventive contributions are most needed. With insights from patents informing
us on innovation as it relates to the Sustainable Development Goals, we can together actively
shape our shared future.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

You can now access the full report, Mapping Innovations, as a PDF online.

32

Photo: Courtesy of Chaoying Zhang

The Dove (Pigeon) pattern holds significant symbolism as it is considered a bird of fidelity andlongevity. The embroidered dove motif on both sides, created by Li women, represents the unity andintegration of brotherly peoples, along with everlasting peace and tranquility.

IP at Work
The Art of Chinaʼs Li Brocade:Weaving Tradition and Innovation

For over 3,000 years, the art of brocade weaving has been part ofthe culture of the Li people, who are indigenous to Chinaʼs Hainan
Island. The term “Li” refers to a number of different groups,
including Gai, Ji, Bendi, Meifu and Jiamao. Each group has distinctive
garments, designs and accessories that reflect their deep cultural
heritage and aesthetic standards, which have endured the test oftime. For centuries, the Li people have developed a comprehensive
array of techniques that encompass spinning, dyeing, weaving andembroidery. In 2006, these artisanal skills were officially recognizedby the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of China and werelater included in the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in
Need of Urgent Safeguarding in 2009.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

The art of Li Brocade is deeply rooted in Chinese culture,
combining inherited skills with the continuous pursuit ofinnovation and creativity. Chaoying Zhang, a Li weaver, iscommitted to promoting this craft and improving the livelihoodsof her community, and training future generations of weavers in
the art of brocade, while safeguarding their intellectual property.

33

34

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Photo: Courtesy of Chaoying Zhang

The weaving of Li Brocade
primarily involves the use of
cotton yarn, supplemented byadditional materials such as
twine and silk, as well as goldand silver threads.

35

Empowering communities
The lifeblood of this ancient craft has been the transmission of skills acrossgenerations. In recent decades, however, the number of women practicing
the craft has declined, posing a threat to the continuity of traditional Li
textile techniques and practices. To help ensure the craft thrives for years
to come, Chaoying Zhang, who learned how to weave Li Brocade from her
grandmother, established Baisha Canran Li Brocade Handicrafts in 2016
with the backing of her parents and the local government. “It is crucial forme to raise awareness about the unique appeal of Li Brocade culture in
Hainan,” she says.
To ensure the preservation of Li Brocade skills, Baisha Canran Li Brocade
Handicrafts organizes public training courses that offer practical guidanceand hands-on experience of the craft. “My community brings together
women from the villages and regularly organizes public training sessions
on the traditional skills of Li Brocade. Qualified trainees receive materials
to make Li Brocade at home. This allows them to follow our standardized
specifications and procedures when using materials and patterns, and wellestablished production practices. In this way, the products they make meet
our quality standards and specifications,” explains Chaoying Zhang.

Preserving Li Brocade serves the dual
purpose of protecting the Li peopleʼs richcultural heritage and fostering new ideas
and creativity to ensure this age-old craftcontinues to evolve.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Recognizing the importance of attracting young people to the craft to ensure
it continues to thrive, Chaoying Zhang also started sharing short videos ofher designs on Douyin, one of the most popular social media platforms in
China among GenZers. She also organizes regular online and offline events
to inspire young people to engage in preserving Li Brocade craftsmanship.

36

The role of IP for Li Brocade
IP rights play a crucial role in preserving and promoting the intangible
cultural heritage of the Li people. Various initiatives supported by the local
community, central government and WIPO, have succeeded in raisingawareness among artisans of how IP rights can support their work, enablingthem to generate income from their craft, hone their skills and support thecraftʼs long-term development.

Photo: Courtesy of Chaoying Zhang

The pattern symbolizes Hercules, who is considered thecreator of heaven and earth within the Li culture.

“Oriental Li Brocade” is now a registered geographical indication (GI) andtrademark. Patents and utility models have been secured for some weaving
equipment used to produce Li Brocade, and selected Li Brocade works arealso protected by copyright.
“By utilizing these IP rights, Li Brocade weavers have been able to generate
new designs and improve their weaving techniques. Some weavers haveeven established their own businesses to market and sell their products,”
Chaoying Zhang explains.

Chaoying Zhang is particularly keen to equip young Li people withknowledge about IP rights, which she believes is crucial for sustaining andadvancing Li Brocade traditions for future generations. “IP helps to protect
the innovations and technical advancements made in the field, ensuringthat traditional weaving techniques can be preserved and enhanced for
future generations,” she explains.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Through strategic use of IP rights, weavers of Li Brocade are also able toensure the quality and authenticity of their craft. These rights enable themto defend themselves against any unauthorized usage or misrepresentationof their work.

Learn more about the Art of Chinaʼs Li Brocade in the full feature online.

37

Air Quality Monitoring
for a Healthier
Environment for All

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

New York City skyline draped insmoke from Canadian wildfires in July
2023, causing hazardous air quality.
The presence of carbonaceous
aerosols causes air pollution, which
has a significant impact on climatechange and health.

38

With widespread forest fires, inner city smog and pollution, air quality
is a major concern for national, regional and local authorities andcitizens everywhere. But you canʼt manage what you donʼt measure.
This is where the Slovenian company Aerosol Magee Scientific, a leading
developer and manufacturer of air monitoring systems to measure
air quality, is playing a key role. WIPO Magazine recently met with
Aerosolʼs CEO, Mateja Forštnarič, to find out how the company is helping
policymakers develop clean air strategies, and how IP is supporting its
innovation drive in this key area.

What exactly are carbonaceous aerosols?
Carbonaceous aerosols are a major group of air pollutants that, in simple
terms, consist of black carbon and organic carbon. Black carbon consists oftiny particles of dust and soot that float in the air. On inhalation, these particles
go deep into the lungs and enter the body, causing chronic health problems,like heart disease, asthma and others. Most particulate matter (PM) in the
air consists of black carbon and carbonaceous aerosols, making up 80%
of such PM. Thatʼs why itʼs important to understand the composition andsource of PM, because only then can we tackle the problem.

Black carbon aerosols come from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuelsand biomass. Theyʼre generated from traffic, ships, airplanes, industrial
activity and certain agricultural practices, as well as wildfires and woodburning for heating.

And what is the scale of their impact on the environmentand health?
Black carbon contributes to global warming because it absorbs the sunʼsenergy and light. It also affects cloud formation and rainfall patterns. That
explains why we are experiencing more violent storms, rains and floods. Also,
when black carbon is deposited on snow and glaciers, it accelerates melting.
A great deal of evidence also links air pollution with neurological, respiratory
and immunological diseases including cancer. Air pollution causes around 7
million premature deaths globally every year. The human and economic costs
are huge. The World Bank estimates the cost of the damage to health of air
pollution caused by PM 2.5 (fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometersor less) is USD 8.1 trillion a year, equivalent to 6.1% of global GDP.

Air pollution causes around
7 million premature deaths
globally every year.
Air pollution is a sustainability issue. And sustainability is an integral partof our vision and mission. We are all fully committed to helping to ensure
we can all breathe cleaner and healthier air. While we are a commercial
business, raising awareness about the sources of these air pollutants andtheir negative impact is central to our mission.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Photo: NYC Stock Photos / iStock / Getty Images PlusBlack carbon aerosols
come from the incomplete
combustion of fossil fuels andbiomass.

39

Photos: Courtesy of Aerosol Magee Scientific

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Testing of new Aerosol Magee Scientificinstruments at EUPHORE in Valencia, Spain,a major international outdoor simulationchamber for research on atmosphericpollution, air pollutant effect, forest
research, meteorology and climatology.

40

Remote, high-altitude
measurement of black carbon
with Aerosol Magee Scientificʼs
instruments in the Himalayas.
Aerosol Magee Scientificinstruments are used by several
organizations in China, India,
Nepal and Pakistan to help themunderstand the impact of black
carbon.

Why are users turning to your air quality monitoring devices?
To manage something, you first need to measure it, and you need to collectdata over the long term to understand trends. Our instruments measureand gather data on air quality and the source of the pollution. With these
data, leaders and decision-makers can introduce and monitor the impactof targeted measures supported by relevant guidelines, standards andpolicies. Developing and continuously refining the instruments needed tomeasure air quality accurately, and providing the expertise to interpret thedata they generate, is our core work.

Can you give us examples of where devices are being used?
Our instruments are installed on all continents, from the North Pole to
the South Pole, from the Amazon to the Sahara, from mines deep in the
ground to the heights of Mount Everest; and in monitoring agencies
and networks from San Francisco to Shanghai, from Dublin to Delhi, andeverywhere in between. We have contributed to more than 300 scientificarticles and conference presentations, and our instruments are referenced
in more than 8,000 scientific papers. We collaborate with leading research
institutions and organizations around the world on various research anddevelopment projects.

Why are there no standards or regulations for the measurementof black carbon and other carbonaceous aerosols?
First, because aerosol science is a young science. The scientific community
only identified black carbon as an important contributor to climate change
in the 2000s. And second, because you need long-term measurements andevidence to convince decision-makers.

To manage something you needto measure it first, and you
need to collect data over thelong term to understand trends.

What are the key challenges you face as a business involved ingreen technology?
As air pollution is now on the agenda of decision-makers and policymakers andpublic concern rises, we are seeing new technologies and new players enter
the market. In this evolving landscape, the primary challenge is to ensure ourtechnology integrates with these emerging technologies, while also continuing
to innovate and develop our own solutions. Weʼre also facing a talent shortage.
Finding the right people in the right place is a big challenge. And of course, wehave an ongoing communications challenge in raising awareness about theneed to measure these pollutants and their impact.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

At present, only six pollutants are regulated, including PM 2.5. We would
certainly like to see more done in this area. However, in 2021, for the firsttime, the World Heath Organization (WHO) and the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) acknowledged that black carbon andcarbonaceous aerosols are causing climate change and adverse healthoutcomes. This was a major step forward, especially as these organizations
are now urging governments to systematically and continuously measure
air quality, and the impact of black carbon and carbonaceous aerosols
specifically. Only with these data can governments take effective, targeted
action and develop the policies, procedures and standards needed tomitigate air pollution. So, things are moving in a good direction, but there is
still more that needs to be done.

41How is IP supporting your business?
Our IP rights are central to our commercial success. They enable us togenerate revenue and grow our business. We use patents and trademarks
to safeguard our innovations and our brands. By ensuring that our
cutting-edge products and technologies remain exclusive to our company,
our patents give us a competitive market advantage. Some competitors
have already tried – unsuccessfully – to mimic our patented solutions.
Our trademarks distinguish our products and services from those of ourcompetitors and enable us to create a unique identity that resonates with
our expanding customer base.

Our IP rights are central to ourcommercial success. They enable
us to generate revenue andgrow our business.
And what is your message to environmental policymakers?
You canʼt manage what you donʼt first accurately measure and continue
to monitor. Thatʼs why itʼs important to measure black carbon and othercarbonaceous aerosols over a long period. Our equipment provides reliable
and trustworthy quantitative data. Only when you have these data canscientists advise on the targeted action, policies and regulations needed to
improve air quality. And these measures require systematic monitoring as totheir effectiveness in reducing air pollution and negative health outcomes.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Read the full interview online and learn more about Aerosol
and why air quality monitoring matters.

42

An average cow produces around
500 liters of methane per day.
Mootralʼs innovative natural
animal feed supplement is tacklingclimate change, one cow at a time.

Mootral, a Swiss AgriTech startup,
produces a natural animal feed
supplement that significantly reduces
methane emissions from ruminants –animals that chew their cud, like sheep
and cattle.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Saving the Climate, One
Cow at a Time

43

Photo: Courtesy of Mootral

IP at WorkPhoto: Courtesy of Mootral

Thomas Hafner,Founder of Mootral.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

You might ask, whatʼs the problem? Well, over the last five years methane
emissions have increased by 50%. And over a 20-year period, methane traps
up to 84 times more heat than carbon dioxide (CO2), according to NOOA
Research News. As ruminants, cows produce methane; the average cow
emits 500 liters of methane every day. So, while livestock produce high-value
foods such as milk and cheese from straw and grass, and make an important
contribution to a healthy human diet and global food security, it is really
important that we find a way to reduce the levels of methane they produce.

44

About the technology
Mootral is a natural feed supplement that is the result of extensive
research and development. It is based on a proprietary combination ofactive compounds from garlic and bioflavonoids derived from citrus. The
companyʼs research shows a nearly complete inhibition of emitted methanein laboratory experiments (in vitro) and, depending on animal breed, age,farm conditions and feed regime, a reduction of up to 38% under real farmconditions (in vivo). Mootral can be easily integrated into the feed chain tosuit the needs of different farming systems.

Mootral and intellectual property rights
Mootral is covered by a number of patents. These rights protect the innovationand make it possible to exclude others from making, using and selling theinvention. At this stage, the companyʼs innovation focus is on reducing themethane production of ruminants. Mootral has also sought to protect its
technology internationally through WIPOʼs Patent Cooperation Treaty.
IP protection is especially important for a startup like Mootral that doesnʼthave the same market power as big players. Startups need to protect
their innovations because only then does it make sense for them to keep
innovating and developing new solutions. The 20-year term of exclusivity
that a patent provides gives these businesses an opportunity to advancetheir work and to come up with new patentable creations that further
enrich existing platform technologies that seek to solve existing and future
problems.
“Climate change is the defining issue of our time,” says the team at Mootral.
The path to success will require innovation across every polluting sector.

Read more about Mootralʼs messages to consumers
and the beef and dairy industry online.

By feeding the 1.5
billion cows on earth
with Mootral it would
be possible to achieve
annual CO2 reductions**of 1.5 gigatons.
**Global warming
potential over 100 years
IPCC Standard

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Photos: Courtesy of Mootral

Mootral is a natural feed
supplement that significantly
reduces methane emissions
from enteric fermentationof ruminants.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024
46

Green
Technologies
for Marine
Ecosystems

Photo: Getty Images/Andrew Stowe47

Hundreds of millions of people rely on marine life and coral
reefs to provide ecosystem services such as food and coastal
protection. Climate change and other threats are putting
devastating pressure on these marine ecosystems. Traditional
conservation is no longer enough. Specific measures to support
climate-resilient marine ecosystems are increasingly called for –and technology could play a role.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Regenerating coastal ecosystems

48

BiorockTM technology, invented in 1976 by marine scientist Wolf
Hilbertz, is a cement-like building material that grows and forms
layers of limestone over time. Small electric currents are passed
between underwater metal electrodes. This causes dissolved
minerals to accumulate and form a thick layer of limestone. This
results in a growing and self-healing infrastructure whose uses
range from artificial reefs to breakwaters. Indeed, the material has
multiple applications for regenerating coastal ecosystem services.
They include coastal protection, coral and oyster reef restorationand erosion control, as well as the protection of seagrass, salt marsh,
mangroves and other ecosystems.

Photo: Getty Images/Daynjer-In-Focus

By providing space for settlement and growth, this technology
supports ecosystems in surviving and recovering from threats suchas warmer temperatures and ocean acidification. Supported by the
Global Coral Reef Alliance, around 500 reef structures in more than
40 countries have been built based on BiorockTM technology, with the
majority in Indonesia.

Almost 20% of the worldʼs known seagrass has been lost. Warming
oceans are one of the factors affecting seagrass growth rate.
Seagrasses provide food and habitats for numerous marine species.
They are also important to conserve because of their huge capacity
for carbon absorption. Research on seagrass restoration has
focused on a variety of techniques and anchoring methods. Pilots
have included large-scale transplantation trials with both manualand mechanical planting, including with artificial seagrass andbiodegradable pots. Traditionally, transplanted seagrass survival
rates have been low. But recent transplants are increasingly surviving
more than two years. Project Seagrass is an organization focusedon the conservation of seagrass. It has planted more than a million
seagrass seeds in more than ten countries. The Seagrass Spotter is a
global tool developed to help people locate and identify seagrass insupport of conservation efforts.

Algae control
Warmer temperatures are worsening algal blooms, allowing them togrow thicker and float to the surface. Further blooming is promoted
as the algae absorbs sunlight at the water surface. LG Sonic hasdeveloped a chemical-free algae treatment technology using lowpower ultrasound. Ultrasonic waves are emitted from a device in the
top water layer. This generates a constant pressure cycle around thealgal cells. This pressure restricts the algaeʼs movements, blocking
its access both to sunlight at the waterʼs surface and nutrients at thebottom of the water column. Deprived of these inputs, algae sink tothe bottom and decompose naturally without releasing toxins. The
technology has been applied in more than 50 countries.

Find more examples in WIPOʼs Green Technology Book, which looks
at the state of play of green technologies responding to some of themost critical climate change challenges.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Photo: Getty Images/Madelein_Wolf

Seagrass restoration

49

Achieving the SDGs isan All-Hands-on-DeckAffair and Requires
Strong Partnerships
By Edward Kwakwa and Irina Chicu, Global Challenges and Partnerships Sector, WIPO

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

WIPO Director General Daren Tang (center), World Health Organization (WHO)Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (right) and World Trade
Organization (WTO) Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (left) at the WHO,
WIPO, WTO Joint Technical Symposium on the COVID-19 Pandemic.

50

In September 2015, world leaders gathered at the United Nations andadopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, setting out abold action plan to end poverty, inequality and injustice, protect theplanet, and ensure prosperity for future generations. At the heart of the2030 Agenda are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a universal
call for urgent action and a strong commitment to build a sustainable
future together while leaving no one behind.

It is no secret that great achievements can rarely be attained by a single
person or entity, or, as one of the greatest basketball players of all time,
Michael Jordan, put it, “Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligencewin championships.” Therefore, WIPO has always been interested injoining forces with international organizations, governments, civil society,businesses, academia and others to build a better future for all by promoting
creativity and innovation as underpinned by intellectual property.

SDG 17 is often seen as anenabler for attaining the othergoals and does not receive as
much spotlight as other SDGs.
While traditionally WIPOʼs work is primarily connected to SDG 9, whichcalls for the development of industry and infrastructure, IP, innovation andcreativity are instrumental for advancing the other SDGs and their specifictargets. Therefore, beyond its fundamental mandate to act as a neutral,
inclusive and transparent multilateral forum fostering cooperation amongits Member States, WIPO also adopted a multi-stakeholder approach toaddress pressing global challenges in which IP has a role to play.
SDG 17 is often regarded as an enabler for attaining the other goals, andtherefore does not receive as much spotlight as other SDGs. Our experience,
however, shows that strong partnerships are essential for several reasons.
First, no single stakeholder or entity has all the resources and expertisenecessary to address the complex challenges outlined in the SDGs. By using
our complementary strengths and pooling resources, partnerships enable
the global community to develop and implement solutions that are more
effective and efficient.
Additionally, partnerships foster an innovative approach by bringing together
diverse perspectives and ideas. Collaborative initiatives promote cross-sectoral
learning, knowledge and experience exchange, and lead to the development ofnovel strategies and practices for achieving successful outcomes.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Photo: Violaine Martin / WIPO

From eradicating poverty and hunger to promoting health, innovation,
gender equality and environmental sustainability, the ambitious SDGs
encompass a wide range of interrelated issues that require comprehensive
and collaborative solutions on top of individual commitment. Concerted
efforts and strong partnerships among national, regional and global actors
are essential. The 2030 Agenda authors note that “All countries and all
stakeholders, acting in collaborative partnership, will implement this plan.”51

And finally, partnerships help us to amplify impact by promoting collective
action and generating broader support for the SDGs. By engaging a wide
range of stakeholders, including grassroots organizations, youth, women,
SMEs, Indigenous Peoples and local communities, we work side by side
to help build momentum and foster a sense of shared ownership andcommitment to the SDGs.

Prominent WIPO initiatives and activities in collaboration withpartners contribute to the SDGs

Photo: Emmanuel Berrod / WIPO

In global health, the trilateral cooperation among WIPO, the World HealthOrganization (WHO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) is focusedon coordinating the efforts of all three organizations. This is to support
policymakers worldwide and help them in addressing public health issues,particularly as they relate to IP and trade. In the context of the COVID-19

Our experience shows thatstrong partnerships are
essential for several reasons.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

pandemic, WIPO, WHO and WTO Directors General agreed to enhancethe existing cooperation framework. Three workshops have already beenorganized, reflecting on IP licensing, technology transfer, and sharing ofknow-how and clinical trial information; accessing and using information
resources for the pandemic response; and innovation and access todiagnostics for COVID-19 and beyond.

52

In the pursuit of advancing global health, WIPO also partnered with the
Department of Biotechnology (DBT) of the Ministry of Science and Technology
of India, the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) and the Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) to launch the WIPO Global
Health Innovation Fellowship. This program is to provide training to aspiring
medical technology creators, enabling them to recognize unaddressed healthchallenges, invent corresponding technologies, and equip them with the skills
to integrate these technologies into patient care. Four fellows from Africa willbe sponsored by WIPO to form the first cohort in 2024.

In the area of clean energy and climate action, the WIPO Green online
platform brings together key stakeholders to catalyze green technology
innovation and diffusion through its database, network and acceleration
projects. Over 150 organizations have partnered with WIPO Greenso far to build a network committed to fighting climate change andenvironmental challenges. From IP offices to ministries, SMEs andFortune 500 companies, WIPO cooperates with various local stakeholders
on developing innovative solutions to address climate change on the
ground. For example, the Acceleration Project in Latin America is aimed
at fostering sustainable technology solutions related to climate smart
agriculture and to further developing connections between technology
seekers and providers around the issue of food security. WIPOʼs project
partners include the national IP offices and other government entities inArgentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru.

From IP offices to ministries, SMEs andFortune 500 companies, WIPO cooperates
with many local stakeholders on solutions
to address climate change on the ground.

On gender equality, an IP and Gender Working Group was set up by WIPO
in 2023 to promote and support gender initiatives and partnerships
focusing on the economic empowerment of women and other underrepresented communities. The International Trade Centre (ITC), WTOʼs
Gender Research Hub and other organizations are WIPOʼS key partners indeveloping these initiatives.

Building collaboration comes with challenges
While these and many other successful partnership examples are at theheart of WIPOʼs work on SDGs, that does not mean building collaborations
is a challenge-free process. WIPO is very careful about choosing the rightpartners and examining their accountability and transparency. The recently
established Partnerships Review Committee has the role of reviewing the

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Regarding quality education, the WIPO Academy leads our work on
inclusive access to IP knowledge and skills. For example, in collaboration
with UNESCO, the WIPO Academy is scaling up education opportunities
for girls and female scientists in STEM. The ATAL Innovation Mission(AIM) constitutes a cooperation agreement between WIPO and the
National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) aiming to work
together on aiding WIPO Member States in the creation of innovation
labs, incubators and other activities that will cultivate essential IP skills
among youth. The Innovation Hubs – TANIT project was developed incollaboration with the Tunisian Ministry of Youth and Sports (MOYS), theNational Institute for Standardization and Industrial Property (INNORPI)
and the Tunisian Organism for the Protection of Copyrights and Related
Rights (OTDAV). Within the framework of this project, WIPO has alreadydelivered preliminary training for 50 Tunisian youth at the Mannouba
Youth Center.

53

Photo: Emmanuel Berrod / WIPO

WIPO Training and Mentoring Program on IP for Women
Entrepreneurs from Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities.

due diligence process undertaken by WIPOʼs divisions and units before
entering partnership arrangements that involve a financial contribution
from the Organization. The goal is to ensure that our prospective
partnerships will generate the best results in the safest and most costeffective manner.

Achieving the SDGs is indeed
an all-hands-on-deck affair thatdemands strong collective action.

WIPO Magazine Issue 1/2024

Despite potential challenges, the imperative for forging effective
partnerships remains essential for WIPO and its commitment to achieving
the SDGs. As we have already surpassed the halfway mark of the 2030
Agenda implementation timeline, accelerating progress toward the SDGs
requires renewed commitment and action on all levels. Achieving theSDGs is indeed an all-hands-on-deck affair that demands strong collective
action. By working together across sectors and borders, we can harness
the collective power of humanity to build a more equitable, sustainable
and prosperous future for all. The time for action is now, and the successof the SDGs depends on our ability to unite in pursuit of a shared vision ofa better world.

54

WIPO Magazine
Special edition IP and the SDGs
ISSN 1020-7074 (print)
ISSN 1564-7854 (online)
DOI 10.34667/tind.49430
Editor: Nora Manthey
Design: Ewa Przybylowicz

Acknowledgments
Charlotte Beauchamp, Fatima Zahra Beraich, Manuela Ramos
Cacciatore, Kelly Chibale, Irina Chicu, Alexander Cuntz, Fairouz
El Tom, Mateja Forštnarič, Christopher Harrison, Esteban
Santamaría Hernandez, Maria Fernando Hurtado, Catherine
Jewell, Edward Kwakwa, Alessio Muscarnera, Chidera Okolie,
Ekaterina de Person, German Santillán, Kavita Shukla,
Chaoying Zhang.

Disclaimer
This is a special edition of WIPO Magazine published on
World IP Day 2024 focusing on IP and the UN Sustainable
Development Goals. It is distributed free of charge by theWorld Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Geneva,
Switzerland.
The WIPO Magazine is intended to help broaden public
understanding of intellectual property and of WIPOʼs work
and is not an official document of WIPO. The designations
employed and the presentation of material throughout
this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever on the part of WIPO concerning the legal statusof any country, territory or area or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Thispublication is not intended to reflect the views of the Member
States or the WIPO Secretariat. The mention of specificcompanies or products of manufacturers does not imply thatthey are endorsed or recommended by WIPO in preference toothers of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

To share your comments, questions or ideas for more stories,
please contact wipomagazine@wipo.int.

© WIPO, 2024

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