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for Japanese Arable Soils
Yasuhito SHIRATO** National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
Kan-non-dai -ῌ+ῌ-, Tsukuba, Ibaraki -*/ῌ**-/Key words : soil carbon, simulation model, Andisols, Paddy soils, long-term experiment+    
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lmVhRd no : NPK hbcd : Ro : NPKjklmVhbcd

  of nitrous oxide evolution from soil driven by   !"#$ %"&' ()rainfall events : +. Model structure and sensitivi-*+,-./0 123"45 (670

ty. J. Geophys. Res., 31 : 31/3ῌ3110.

8 %"9:;<= >? 8 "@$ῌ ῐ ῏ ῍Coleman, K. and Jenkinson, D.S. (+330) : RothC-,0.-A
A model for the turnover of carbon in soil. In :McGill, W.B. (+330) : Review and classiﬁcation of ten
soil organic matter (SOM) models. In : Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models, Using Existing Long-Term Datasets, ed. D.S. Powlson et al.,pp. +++ῌ+-,, Springer, Berlin.

Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models :Shirato, Y. (,**/) : Testing the suitability of the DNDC

Using Existing Long-Term Datasets, ed. D.S.

model for simulating long-term soil organic

Powlson et al., pp. ,-1ῌ,.0, Springer, Berlin.

carbon dynamics in Japanese paddy soils. Soil

Li, C., Frolking, S. and Frolking, T.A. (+33,) : A modelSci. Plant Nutr., /+ : +3+ῌ,**.

GHIJK L +*/ M 1,**16

20

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Shirato, Y., Hakamata, T. and Taniyama, I. (,**.) :land soils. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., .3 : 3,+ῌ3,/.

Modiﬁed Rothamsted carbon model for Andosols

Shirato, Y. and Yokozawa, M. (,**/) : Applying theand its validation : changing humus decomposi-

Rothamsted Carbon Model for long-term experi-tion rate constant with pyrophosphate-extractablements on Japanese paddy soils and modifying it

Al. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., /* : +.3ῌ+/2.

with simple tuning of decomposition rate. Soil

Shirato, Y. and Taniyama, I. (,**-) : Testing the suit-

Sci. Plant Nutr., /+ : .*/ῌ.+/.

ability of the Rothamsted carbon model for long-

Shoji, S., Nanzyo, M. and Dahlgren, R.A. (+33-) : Vol-

term experiments on Japanese non-volcanic up-

canic Ash Soils, p. ,0-, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

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J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
,|
No. +*/, p. ,- -* !,**1"  *Soil Humic Substances : their Chemical Structures and Functions
Syuntaro HIRADATE** Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES),-῎+῎- Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki -*/῎20*., Japan
Key words : Soil humic substances, Humic acids, Fulvic acids, Humins, Hydrophilic fulvic acids

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chemical characterization with solid-state CPMAS !"#$

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the International Humic Subsdtances Society,667)89,:;

C NMR. In Proceedings of the +-th Meeting of<=>?@,,3ῌ,-,. Universitaet Karlsruhe (TH), Germany.

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Hiradate, S., Hirai, H. and Hashimoto, H. (,**0c) : Char-

AM!#$,N. O=6 PQR"

acterization of allophanic Andisols by solid-state
C, ,1Al, and ,3Si NMR and by C stable isotopic+-ῌ ῏ ῎ ῍ratio, d+-C. Geoderma, +-0 : 030ῌ1*1.

Benoit, P., Barriuso, E., Houot, S. and Calvet, R. (+330) :Hiradate, S., Furubayashi, A., Uchida, N. and Fujii, Y.

Inﬂuence of the nature of soil organic matter on(,**1) : Adsorption of ,,.-dichlorophenoxyacetic

the sorption-desorption of .-chlorophenol. ,, .-acid by an Andosol. J. Environ. Qual., -0 : +*+ῌ+*3.

dichlorophenol and the herbicide ,, .-dichloro-

Kuwatsuka, S., Watanabe, A., Itoh, K. and Arai, S.

phenoxyacetic acid (,, .-D). Eur. J. Soil Sci., .1 :(+33,) : Comparison of two methods of prepara-/01ῌ/12.

tion of humic and fulvic acids, IHSS method andCox, L., Cecchi, A., Celis, R., Hermosı
ÿn, M.C., Koskinen,
W.C. and Cornejo, J. (,**+) : E#ect of exogenous
carbon on movement of simazine and ,, .-D in
soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0/ : +022ῌ+03/.
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4
5
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
#%
No. +*/, p. .3./2 /,**10

 .2 
    : ,**0  +*  +.  
  :   £]T2 ¤T"  <`" D VwῌVsael !


   ]" ¥%ij 2* kPa ij ¦§¨©*5ª67«8 ]T2 ijbc!" ¬/ῌ !"  #$%&'()*+,-./012 34!56

7

8" 9:;<=>: <?@" #$¦­§®," 9Y¯:M.¡`4]M8" ;°<=6*%A«±,]hh" #t²)>³9 %A,$O´@P1µ¶A·]@P12 : ?¸" ¹º%,»" ¯:" @¼$" 6%%ABC D pH"  Eh E4F" #
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IJBQRMSTU" VWXY1
Z;P@" #$ %A[\]"E#ects of Organic Matter, Clay, and Water
Content on Water Repellency of Sandy Soils
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology^_ Y&'()*+0` Aa!]T2 3bc"

D.A.L. LEELAMANIE, Jutaro KARUBE+ # pH !d78e" fg]YP," F8h

E#ects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic

HTU - #ij\EkG"

compounds, clays, and water content on soil water, # pH !\l <?@ + m$%n,o1"

repellency under wetting and drying processes were- # pH \p!" q78e" fg]YP"

examined. Stearic acid or glucomannan or both were. # pH \!" r%" s%" \t78 IQ-

used as organic compounds and kaolinite or Na-mont-+/* ,&]@P1"

morillonite was used as a clay conditioner. Soil wa-

Yu,87 Y?T2

ter repellency was estimated using water drop pene- : " # pH, t vt wxyz

tration time test.

Repellency did not appear in sam-ples without stearic acid. In wetting process, addition of + to ,῍ clay increased soil water repellency.

ῌ !"#$
%&'()*+,{|In drying process, critical water content increased
with kaolinite content. Soil water repellency disap-}*(~ 'ῌ(ῌ

peared with montmorillonite but not with kaolinite.
Maximum repellency was observed not at oven dried #)*%A" + - Yt+,but at air dried condition. The range of water con-$ J A-) : D VwῌVspl M" , - Yt

tent at which soils exhibit water repellency increased

+,$ . ;<=/0% /0/0with kaolinite content and further increased with glu-r)" 3 ,comannan addition. Soil water repellency was sen-$AN]T2 7Gr1/!" 

<1) : D VwῌVsael

sitive to water content at about air dried condition.

<`" D VwῌVspl !" 2 ]T2 ]7]" Key words : soil water repellency, organic matter, clay,3 ¡`4] <`" D VwῌVspl !" ¢=

water content

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  ῌ ῌ

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Key words : Air Permeability, Air Permeability Test-

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F>hMeasurements of Moisture Properties of
Takamatsuzuka Tumulus Soil
National Institute of Cultural Properties Tokyo
Magdi KHALIL, Takeshi ISHIZAKIThe University of Tokyo Masaru MIZOGUCHI
There are many beautiful mural paintings inside
the stone chamber of tumulus in Asian countries.

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01 23456

InJapan, mural paintings of Takamatsuzuka tumulus
were painted in eighth century. The special commit-?ij@kjDEl ABmῌnC D

tee for the conservation of these paintings decided to?jjEFDEl AG H

keep these paintings in the tumulus in the similar con-oIpq r4AKst uv5_;<7w

dition before the excavation. Recently fungi were= JKx 7Lh:MA pq r4

found on the wall surface and caused severe damages

w=N,yz]{|}OAK uv -.0 P7 / ~7

for paintings. In order to clarify the cause of the fun-w=aQ, Rr4 oIpq,* tῌha J

gi and ﬁnd suitable protective measures, it is neces-

Hr4 3 .* tῌha JHr4 VA2JKr4

sary to know the moisture and temperature condi-,* tῌha pq 5 7A S tions and other necessary physical properties of the

TA2 + 7e7:MK Rr4;<7J

mound soil and stone chamber. For this purpose, soilKx  w=8a7 

samples were obtained from the mound by air boringK ,*tῌha JHr4;<7Rr4,3U. 7VPW,'3WX

method and moisture, thermal and mechanical prop-uAerties were obtained. These measured physical prop-

K JKr4T^ .* tῌha JHr4;<7erties were used to propose protective measures of8feXAY Z8AK

the Takamatsuzuka Tumulus.

 : oIpq  w=[8 stKey words : Takamatsuzuka Tumulus, mural paintings, soil physics properties

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53

Dept. of Biotechnology, Chemistry and,  


Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University  

The soil-gas di#usion coe$cient (Dp) govern the 
 





Per MOLDRUP
transport and emission of greenhouse gases and volatile organic chemicals in the unsaturated zone. Ac-  !"#$%&!'

curate description of Dp is needed to realistically sim- ())*+,-.)/01&!

ulate the transport of gaseous phase contaminants.

23.45!6 43 78+In this study, we compare the performance of the re-, 9:,"!!:8;"+ #$ +cently developed Penman-Call linear model with the%&:!' , %&8(<+ =>(universally-used Millington-Quirk (+30+) and the clas-

?" )@+A6 B+,CDE

sical Buckingham-Burdine-Campbell models for vol-

FG=HIJKL*0MN" (+,B-

canic ash soils. The classical models failed to pre-./O 0B-P1QR 9+A6 2L

dict measured Dp especially at high soil-air contents*0M8G",8=!(3#4

(dry soil conditions) whereas the Penman-Call model IJKL*8G",358L*ST83+A6

captured the observed linear behavior of Dp for vol-UA "V68G",W0X+A6

canic ash soils.

83788B-P1#4A6

Key words : soil-gas di#usion coe$cient, air permea- :  B ! , %& (bility, organic matter, soil-water retention

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 : = Generalized Clausius-Claypeyron
mnD +,=c }~+Comparison of the Penman-Call model with
the Classical Models in Predicting Soil-Gas
Di#usivity for Volcanic Ash Soils

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O ῌAugustus C. RESURRECCIONῌZlO mῌLP;

Graduate School of Science and Engineering,¡n¢+S£)! 0 +, k12 ol p`E¤¥

Saitama University¦§q Dp ῌ D* ¨p e ©§=>+,ª«¬­

Augustus C. RESURRECCION, Ken KAWAMOTO,&ῌS7&®¯° X OA6 X +,r

Toshiko KOMATSU

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ECH,O-TE 


phase composition, water retention and hydraulic con-

ductivity. The rate of decomposition was also measured by the ﬁne mesh litterbag study.

The experi-

mental design was nine split blocks incorporated with

Sawdust, Rice straw and Compost at *῍, +*῍, ,*῍

ῌDecagon  EC   +



57



 TDR !"#$ ECH,O-TE

and -*῍ of apparent soil volume. Mesh bags wererandomly assigned to three plots and buried below /%& '(&) ** ECH,O !"#$+,

cm from the surface soil. Hanging water column and-./01'(23) 4

centrifuge method was used to measure the water

+ ECH,O-TE 3256 "#7 8

retention curve.

9:;

Hydraulic conductivity was deter-* ECH,O-TE ;<

mined by the disc permeameter (Perroux and White,

;=>?@&) 4;AB ECH,O-TE ;C D

+322) method. Among the all amendments -*῍ in-+56 "#7;EFG

corporation reduced the solid phase as /.0*῍, /.+0῍

0 HI&)

and ..*2῍ for compost, sawdust and straw, respec-   : ECH,O-TE,  EC  

tively. Compost incorporated soil retained high soil
moisture at any suction level than straw and sawdust amended soil. Unsaturated hydraulic conduc- !"#$%&'()
*+,-#./0123456789:(;<=0tivity K (h), increased for compost and straw but decreased for sawdust incorporated soil for the samepotential used. Field saturated hydraulic conductiv-

J K LῌMNOP
QR !ST

ity (Kfs) increased by / times and - times for compostand straw amended soil.

"#UVWW0X$YZ[;\]%;&^

Key words : Biomass, decomposition, three-phase com-

W32_`) a'bc33d(\]%position, hydraulic conductivity, water re-;()*We#f;gh+,* i-ῌj.;tention/kl& mn;o00&"p;\]%
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AB6>?E~~

Biomass Decomposition and It’s E#ect On
Soil Physical and Hydraulic Properties
United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences,
Iwate University
Moniruzzaman Khan EUSUFZAI
Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
Katsumi FUJIIA Field experiment was carried out to investigate
the e#ect of straw, sawdust and compost on three-R¡U¢2£VV*y3 W¤X;Y u¥Z;?@&) ¦LW¤X=d&^-§¨;AB©
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58



+*/

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,**1


J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
I
No. +*/, p. /3 0/ ,**1

*ῌ**ῌ

***Thermal Conductivity of Washed Tottori Dune Sand
with Rape Seed Oil and Modeling
Hidetoshi MOCHIZUKI*, Makoto KOIWASAKI** and Takeshi SUKO**** Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, +-3* Hamasaka, Tottori 02*ῌ***+, Japan** Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho .ῌ+*+, Tottori 02*ῌ2//-, Japan*** National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Research Center for
Deep Geological Environment, +ῌ+ῌ+ Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki -*/ῌ2/01, Japan
Abstract
Soil pollution with oil is a serious environmental problem. Although the oil movement in soil
must be recognized, the thermal properties of oil-polluted soil, which are required for simulation,
were less studied.

In this report, we focused on thermal conductivity of the oil-polluted soil.

The objectives of this study were to clarify the e#ects of liquid phase ratio, temperature andwater-oil ratio on the thermal conductivity of oil-polluted soil. Washed Tottori dune sand andrape seed oil were used as experimental samples.

The thermal conductivity of samples wasmeasured by KD, under several experimental conditions of the liquid phase ratio, temperature
and water-oil ratio. The thermal conductivity of oil-polluted soil increased with the liquid phaseratio, even when the soil samples contained both of oil and water, and showed di#erent trends
according to the liquid phase ratio and water-oil ratio when the temperature increased.

It wassuggested that the thermal conductivity of soil polluted with organic oil might show the opposite
trend to that of the non-polluted soil by increase in temperature.

When the liquid phase ratio

and temperature were ﬁxed, the thermal conductivity of oil-polluted soil decreased linearly to thewater-oil ratio. Finally, we proposed an empirical formula to predict the thermal conductivity ofoil-polluted soil which contains water and oil by using the liquid phase ratio, water-oil ratio, andthermal conductivities of soil non-polluted and polluted with only oil.
Key words : Oil-polluted soil, Thermal conductivity, E#ect of liquid phase ratio, E#ect of wateroil ratio, E#ect of temperature+    :;<=>?@AB CDῌEFGHI?@A6
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Physical properties of water and rape
seed oilC6 Mg m-

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agon 

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5@61h 3/῍ 4V

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Fig. +

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

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*῍ -^´E#ect of liquid phase ratio on thermal conductivity of oil-polluted sand ofvarious water-oil ratios at /, ,* and .*Z from left.

Error bars mean 3/῍ signiﬁcant level by t-test. The water-oil ratios of * and +**῍ mean that soil
contains only water and oil respectively.

@ » +*/ ¼ F,**1G

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wxyz{ Y |}Z~ῌ, *.*2 *.+0 *.,. m- m6- F£43G ab¤789:;<=>?@¥¦§¨§©ª«¬­®¯°±# t ²KC+**ῌ ·# ¸¹%#º&¶Fig. ,³2 3/ῌ ´µ(#&¶  *ῌ ·E#ect of temperature on thermal conductivity of oil-polluted sand of various
water-oil ratios at *.*2, *.+0, and *.,. m- m- in liquid phase ratio from left.

Error bars mean 3/ῌ signiﬁcant level by t-test. The water-oil ratios of * and +**ῌ mean that soil
contains only water and oil respectively.

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E#ect of oil fraction on thermal conductivity of oil-polluted sand of various liquid phase ratios at ,*.

Error bars mean 3/῍ signiﬁcant level by t-test. The water-oil
ratios of * and +**῍ mean that soil contains only water and oil
respectively.

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Hiraiwa, Y. and Kasubuchi, T. (,***) : Temperature   

deendence of thermal conductivity of soil over a!" #$ # %

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Journal of Soil Science, /+ : ,++ῐ,+2.

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Momose, T. and Kasubuchi, T. (,**,) : E#ect of re- *.,. m- m- DQ

duced air pressure on soil thermal conductivity : |&]].1.?»¼'

over a wide range of water content and temper-

ADR BCD

ature. European Journal of Soil Science, /- : /33῎K a +1 bcd65

]B^_D NAPL ` .(EefghihijL : +3+῎+3,.

0*0.

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Shiozawa, S. and G.S. Campbell (+33*) : Soil thermal
conductivity. Remote Sensing Review, / (+) : -*+῎  +333 : ῌ  !
.1 +* : +῎..

-+*.
Tarnawski, V.R., F. Gori, B. Wagner and G.D. Buchan"#$%&'()*+,- ,*** : ῌ

(,***) : Modelling approaches to predicting ther-./01. pp. ,2῎,3 --῎-. 234

mal conductivity of soils at high temperatures.

5 International Journal of Energy Research, ,. :"' ,**+ : '
ῌ῎-

ῌ῎01

!ῌ 67 . 8 pp.

ῌ῎02 9: .*-῎.,-.
Thomson, N.R., D.N. Graham and G. J. Farquhar (+33,) :;<= ,**/ : >3? TDR @A3 BCDE. FGHI.JK   L
12- ῍ -. : --῎-2.

One-dimensional immiscible displacement experiments, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, +* :+31῎,,-.

234MNOP5 : 234MNOP5 HP http : //www.ohmdenki.com/boxcool/tech/chara.htm.

klmn ,**/ : opqr http : //www,.odn.ne.jp/
shokuzai/Abura_shurui.htm.

Sakaguchi, I., T. Momose and T. Kasubuchi (,**1) :de Vries, D.A. (+30-) : Thermal properties of soils. In

Decrease in thermal conductivity with increas-

W.R. van Wijk, editor, Physics of plant environ-ing temperature in nearly dry sandy soil. Euro-ment, pp.,+*῎,-/. North Holland Publ. Co. Am-

pean Journal of Soil Science, /2 : 3,῎31.

sterdam.

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J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
 ²³
No. +*/, p. 01 12 ,**1 Octave  *

A Program for Nonlinear Fitting of Soil Water Retention Curve Written
in Numerical Calculation Language GNU Octave
Katsutoshi SEKI** Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo,+ῌ+ῌ+ Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo ++-ῌ20/1, Japan
Abstract
The soil hydraulic parameters for analyzing soil water movement can be determined by ﬁtting
a soil water retention curve to a certain function, i.e., a soil hydraulic model. For this purpose, aprogram which performs nonlinear ﬁtting of soil water retention curves to . models, Brooks andCorey model, van Genuchten model, Kosugi’s lognormal pore-size distribution model, and Durner’sbimodal pore-size distribution model, by Levenberg-Marquardt method was developed. The program was written in GNU Octave, a high-level language primarily intended for numeric calculation. It was shown that the developed program actually works ﬁne with many soil water retention curves in UNSODA database. It was also shown that by comparing coe$cients of determination and ﬁtting curves of each model, the most appropriate hydraulic model for a certain soil
can be selected.

Therefore this program not only calculates the necessary parameters, but also

helps determining which model is to be used for a particular purpose.
Key words : Soil water characteristic curve, Nonlinear regression, Octave

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Mehta, B.K., S. Shiozawa and M. Nakano (+33.) : Hy-  

!"#$%&'()draulic properties of a sandy soil at low water* +,-.!/01234567 89:;contents. Soil Sci., +/1 : ,*2ῌ,+..

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Mualem, Y.A. (+310) : A new model for predicting the

5L MNOPQ9RS TU2VWEF>HXG

hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous me-<(=>?4@45HYZ[\9>HX;]^_>`

dia. Water Resour. Res., +, : /+-ῌ/,,.

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Brooks, R.H. and A.T. Corey (+30.) : Hydraulic prop-

Nemes, A., M.G. Shaap, F. J. Leij and J.H.M. Wöstenerties of porous media. Hydrol. Paper -. Colorado(,**+) : Description of the unsaturated soil hy-

State Univ., Fort Collins, CO, USA.

draulic database UNSODA version ,.*. J. Hydrol.

Burdine, N.T. (+3/-) : Relative permeability calculations from pore-size distribution data. Petrol.

(Amsterdam) ,/+ : +/+ῌ+0,.

 o,**.p : !r#$1w  qr$ 30 : /1ῌ0-w

Trans., Am. Inst. Min. Eng. +32 : 1+ῌ11.
Campbell, G.S. (+31.) : A simple method for determin-z o,***p : Linux 0Dw pp. +ῌ/ O xyw

ing unsaturated conductivity from moisture retention data. Soil Sci., ++1 (0) : -++ῌ-+..

9=Hv2<5

Richard F., P. Lu¤scher and T. Strobel (+32-) : Phys-

Dane, J.H., D.K. Cassel, J.M. Davidson, W.L. Pollans

ikalische Eigenschaften von Böden der Schweiz,

and V.L. Quisenbeny. (+32-) : Physical character-Vol. -, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow

istics of soils of the Southern Region -Troup andand Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf,

Lakeland Series. South. Coop. Ser. Bull. ,0,, Ala.

Switzerland and Swiss Federal Institute of Tech-

Agric. Exp. Sta. Auburn Univ., AL.

nology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.

Durner, W. (+33.) : Hydraulic conductivity estimation

van Genuchten, M. (+32*) : A closed-form equation forfor soils with heterogeneous pore structure. Wa-

predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsatu-

ter Resour. Res., -* (,) : ,++ῌ,,-.

rated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. .. : 23,ῌ232.

Haverkamp, E. and J.Y. Parlange (+320) : Predicting

van Genuchten, M., F. Leij and S. Yates (+33+) : The

the water-retention curve from particle-size dis-

RETC code for quantifying the hydraulic func-

tribution : +. Sandy soils without organic matter.

tions of unsaturated soils. Technical Report EPA/

Soil Sci., +., (0) : -,/ῌ--3.

0**/,ῌ3+/*0/, US Environmental Protection Agen-

Kosugi, K. (+33.) : Three-parameter lognormal distri-cy.

bution model for soil water retention. Water Re-

῎sour. Res., -* : 23+ῌ3*+.
Kosugi, K. (+330) : Lognormal distribution model forῑ !"#$Q NOPQ swrc. m

unsaturated soil hydraulic properties. Water Re-+

sour. Res. -, : ,031ῌ,1*-.

,#!/usr/bin/octave -qf# swrc. m version +.*Kosugi, K. (+331) : New diagrams to evaluate soil pore-

# http : //purl.org/net/octave/

radius distribution and saturated hydraulic con-.

ductivity of forest soil. J. For. Res. , : 3/ῌ+*+.

/# Read data from ﬁleLaliberte, G.E., A.T. Corey and R.H. Brooks (+300) :0

output_precision1 ;Properties of unsaturated porous media. Hydrol.

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Paper +1, Colorado State. University, Fort Col-2[s, i]sort (swrc ( : , +)) ;lins, CO, USA.

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sortedswrc (i, : ) ;Marquardt, D. (+30-) : An algorithm for least-squares+* xsorted ( : , +) ; ysorted ( : , ,) ;estimation of nonlinear parameters. J. Soc. Indust.

++

App. Math., ++ : .-+ῌ..+.

+, # Setting : Octave  !"#+- thetaSinmax (y) ; # initial value of thetaS/*+. cts+ ; # cts+ ; thetaS is variable, cts* ; thetaS
is constant+/ thetaRinmin (y) ; # initial value of thetaR+0 ctr+ ; # ctr+ ; thetaS is variable, ctr* ; thetaS
is constant77

retp (,)(p (+)-p (,)). * (+(abs (p( -)). *x).n).
(+/n-+) ;/+ endfunction/, thetaSthetaSin ; thetaRthetaRin ;/- hmx (sum (ymax (y)/,min (y)/,)+) ;/. alpha+/hm ; nlambda+ ;+1// if n+.+, n+.+ ; , end+2 # Set initial values/0 if n+*, n+* ; , end+3 thetaSthetaSin ; thetaRthetaRin ;/1 pin[thetaS, thetaR, alpha, n-+] ;,* hbisum (ymax (y) * *.3/min (y) * *.*/)+ ;/2 stol+ ; dp[*.****+* cts *.**+* ctr *.+ *.**+] ; R,b* ;,+ hbx (hbi) ; hby(y(hbi)-thetaR)/(thetaS-thetaR) ;/3 while (stol*.****+),, if hb*, hbx (,)/+* ; , end

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0+

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if imag (R,),*, ppin ; R,R,b ; , stol* ; , end./

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78

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῏
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
ῐ῎῍ῑῒ῏
No. +*/, p. 13ῌ2, ῍,**1῎Soil Doctor System of Land Development Departmentin Thailand as one of participatory methods
Kunnika HOMYAMYEN*, Somsak SUKCHAN* and Hiromasa HAMADA*** Land Development Department, ,**-/0+ Phaholyothin Rd., Chattuchak, Bangkok, +*3**, Thailand** Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences,+ῌ+, Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, -*/ῌ2020, Japan+.

Introduction

Thailand covers a land area of /+-,++/ km, andextends about +,0,* km from north to south and1/* km at its widest point from east to west.
The population of Thailand is 0.,10/,***. The
climate of Thailand is sub-tropical with longhours of sunshine and high humidity. There
are three seasons, summer (February-May), rainyseason (June-October) and winter (NovemberFebruary) (http : //www.thaistudents.com/project/geography.html). Mean minimum temperature of a day is ,-ῌ and maximum is --ῌ.
The geographic and climatic conditions makethe country suitable for the cultivation of awide range of tropical and semi-tropical agricultural crops. Land use for agriculture in
Thailand is approximately ,-/,+0+ km, (.0ῌ ofthe total area) (http : //www.ldd.go.th).
Main agricultural products are rice, cassava,
sugarcane, para rubber, corn, oil palm, soybean,
durian, longan, lichee, mangosteen and pineapple. However, improper land utilization has
resulted in soil degradation and poor living
conditions of farmers (their income is lower
than /** U$/year). Soil erosion, the most severe
soil problem, of which restoration is urgently
needed, is found in ,+.,.** km, (.+ῌ of the totalarea), including forest, agriculture and pastureareas. Soil with low organic matter content
covers +/0,2** km, (-*ῌ of the total area).
Other problems about soil conditions such as
saline soil, acid soil, peat soil, shallow soil andsandy soil are found in +-1,//, km, (,1ῌ of thetotal area) (http : //www.rakbankerd.com).
To solve these problems, the sta# of Land
Development Department (LDD) is searchingfor and implementing suitable soil management solutions.
,.

Land Development Department (LDD)

LDD is the core organization to conserve andimprove soil resources for agricultural productivity, food security, and sustainable land use.
LDD was established on ,- May +30- under the
Ministry of National Development, which waslater abolished. After several years, the government agencies were restructured on ,3 September +31,. Then, LDD was transferred to the
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. LDD
has about ,,*** sta# and consists of ,2 major
divisions (Fig. +).
The main strategy of LDD is to improve thequality of soil and water resources for agriculture and to make their services accessible toThai people. For example, LDD supplies YaPhaeg (vetiver grass) to farmers for soil andwater conservation. It is a simple method toconserve soil and water that farmers can implement (Photo +).
The activities of LDD can be estimated byvarious indicators such as the area of suitableland use zoning for agricultural productivity,
the number of rehabilitated areas, the beneﬁt
to households, the number of irrigation ponds
in rainfed agricultural areas and the percentage of satisﬁed people after receiving services
from LDD. However, ,,*** sta# is not enoughῐΐῐ῎῔῕ῑ ῒ +*/ ῏ ῌ,**1῍

80Fig. +

Land Development Department Organization Chart.
* Land development regional o$ce has +, divisions.

to carry out their missions in the whole ofThailand. LDD is encouraging farmers andlocal people to participate in their activities.
-.

Soil doctor system

For the improvement of soil and water resources, LDD has launched some projects suchas the training of agriculturalist, information
technology services to small districts, theincrease of agricultural productivity and thedevelopment of water sources in rural areas.

Participation from farmers and local people
is required in such projects especially on thepart of spreading the recommendations of LDD
and information survey of household/person.
“Soil doctors” have been established since +33/
in order to increase the e$ciency of the activities of LDD. The soil doctors are in chargeof coordinating of land development among
farmers in the village, transferring new technology to their neighbors and participating insome activities of LDD. Vetiver propagation isῌ῍ : Soil Doctor System of Land Development Department in Thailand as one of participatory methods

Photo +

81

Ya-Phaeg (vetiver grass).
Long roots and grasses prevent soil erosion and the leaves are used for improving soil properties.

Fig. ,

Relationship between LDD and soil doctors

one example of transferring new technologies(Photo +).
Fig. , shows the relationship between LDD
and soil doctors. First, LDD has a meeting withvillagers about soil management and land use.
After the meeting, villagers who are interested

in soil management inform LDD that theywant to be soil doctors. LDD trains them tomaster soil test kits for the measurement of N,
P, K and pH and to understand land development techniques such as how to use organic
fertilizers for improving soil properties. TheyB K  +*/  !,**1"82

are representatives of LDD in their villages
who give farmers a better understanding ofsoil management and follow up land development practices. They also are trained how to
use soil maps (+ : /*,***) by LDD and show
farmers the soil distribution suitable for various crops using soil map and some posters.
With the soil NPK test kit, they are able toexamine soils on farms around their villages,
and give local farmers basic recommendations
about fertilizer management
They are the messengers in distributing theinformation about land development from LDD
to the villagers, and sometimes transferring
messages regarding land use problems fromthe farmers to LDD. According to farmer’s
requests, LDD constructed demonstration plots
to solve problems of saline soil and acid soil,gave information on methods about a betteruse of organic fertilizer and provided some



seeds for soil conservation.
All soil doctors are volunteers. They receive
no salary, but LDD o#ers to construct a small
pond on their farms as an incentive. Now
Thailand has 03,+03 soil doctors (July, ,**0).
Before the soil doctor system was established,
it took one year to spread the recommendations of LDD to the whole of Thailand. Now ittakes only two or three months.
..

FutureIn the future, LDD has a plan to establish acenter for soil doctors and to increase thenumber of soil doctors in order to improve the
e$ciency of the soil doctor network.
References
http : //www.ldd.go.th
http : //www.rakbankerd.com
http : //www.thaistudents.com/project/geography.
html soil doctor 

Kunnika HOMYAMYEN* Somsak SUKCHAN* *** 

 ,**-/0+ Phaholyothin Rd., Chattuchak, Bangkok, +*3**, Thailand**  +ῌ+

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J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
$©j
No. +*/, p. 2-31 ,**1 + 
*ῌ**Numerical Modeling of Nitrogen Transport with First-Order
Transformation Processes in Soils
Kimihito NAKAMURA* and Nobuo TORIDE**

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_` 6a$-78K1" Nb9)*-K1  (/ I%$. -P9)*:cdEe["f;32 -,+ 

$-:;%< = 0wI.:F¡ \f-Y$. J= )I.¢)£
E= I.#/ = )- *> &> gh<=>?ijkBlmn@"J ¤T ¥]/ ¦-012§ E¨Aop<qr" // -:;iEAV"M"f <=>B"C

i'DEfst,++ 

*> 6mineralization7 " $©&>$©

/ M 9u $vU0wMB$ )"^( 4_`a( G-Y$*-%x _FyG" / JI.. ?ª«EHI.?@AB?

K1  $Hz{|I} s~i
%x

6NH.¬7 -)M

_FE#T/ ?@AB­m 6ammoniﬁcation7 "®Y

EI4M#/    $

¯1/   &>< 6immobilization7 "®

 s;JJ ( JJY¯1 NH.¬ ( -Fh1.bK1 ?ª* °cEE±² ³0*0ῌ2/*, °c´µ°¶de·fg**  EE± ¸¹² ³/+.ῌ2/*1 h´º»g¼g +/11 : i = ) MN/i MN/T

4_S ` +*/ ¼ %,**1)84

 NH.    NH. !"# $ %& ῌ'( +33.) * NH. 
+,   -

. 

!/0123 .  , C/N 526783# ,* 9:4 C/N  ;,67*

4
42

2 NH. ,<=

NO-HhNO,HhNOhN,OhN,72, ;{|;./+ pH ,^$;%f

8+ N,O < 9m$ %& ῌ'( +33.)
53:;, QR62cR62c
1 &SRS* ;92

O, c<4   O, !=62<4$1w>635, ;? ;$d2m>?2;@0 $d3a#\S;ABC3 %& ῌ'( +33.)0o +[Y!\U$j  

2q$5@,ῌ+ῌ, ῐ῍D %nitriﬁcation) , DEF267
NH.  G D    ; %NO,H)  I 2 D    ;%NO-H) 2J DE, K2

0NO-H/CH-OHh-N,/CO,1H,O0OHH ῎_ w!\EVbCc5@!+

NH. ! NO,H 2$LMNOLE NO,H

 5267 N,! NO-H 2$GDE2

R<

I,PQRS1 CO, T!;U+ NH. V

, N,O NO ,, AB mm B  NO-H WXYZ[!\"^{|B2+ 1B 5@ % !ῌ]^ +330 b) _ NH. !"` NO-H 2

/0I %C +330) _ DE2 NO-H

H
,

NO

ῌ'

F 2_ 5@ %GH +333)( +33.) LMNOLE GDE26

w- I 2i, VDE" % J +33.)

DJe%fg,9^&#;K,LMN! %Hῌjberg et al., +33.) _O

$a#\EVbCc$d$ %&NH.-ῌ,O,hNO,HH,O,Hῌ

NO,H+ῌ,O,hNO-H

῍

LMNOLE26DJ2i G
; %N,O) '$j  %Schmidt, +32,)
Cheng et al. %,**.) , (k3 ! 2 l

+ kg )

# ,** mgN %,** mgN kgH+) LMNOL;!*mDJ2i D; 2n$
op3,  + *./ mgN kgH+  N,O <

V+ - mgN kgH+  NO < 1!q+^¡¢PQ+Rs3£ 5@,ῌ+ῌ. ΐῑ῏῔

R;!<4+V$LMNOL2
7¤¥E!;¦S6§ J!;¦S %nitrogen ﬁxation) :26;¦S;¦S, N2cO¨©ª«[¬26#
N, ! NH- 2{|$
N,2H2eH+0ATPh,NH-H,+0ADP+0Pi

῏

I2 D2, pH r$S # % !ῌ]^ +330

11  Pi , H-PO. !A$ ;¦S cb ; Cheng et al., ,**.) Ss!Qt* pH  0.* 9,­M^23DEFuv2,^$ w- x

 %°;¦S) + ¦S+LMNOL!&# & %K2®¯&) ­2°$_ 

2±²$~#2 &IV;!³´;!./$*2{|C^ ,DEF, µ­2T#¶t;¦S %°U;¦S) Vyz

V°;¦S$dcWI237 %& ῌpH

,GDEFyz,ῌ+ῌ- ῒΐ;01${|C^ , ;}~#2
D2_;!2}3$>4!
$d$ 1J!5 %denitriﬁcation)

,86D{|%f6 526'( +33.),ῌ+ῌ/ ῎῕R;X· + +LMNOL %NH-) ¸' %volatilization)   ¸'¹U,ºYZ[2_ NH. V267@ NH.# D,GD w; G; ; ¸' , pH \] R NH- K2r$${|

%Ritter and Bergstrom, ,**+) :2 F »^267º»h¼ : 

A + \789 l  wº  


"# $%&

CBWCA*

 !  pH'( +331)* NH- +,

,, 

k+jexp'Xk+ t)Xexp'Xk, t)k
k,Xk+

῍
῎

CCWCA* +v-./0-.!12  *

v,,+ 

85



k,
exp'Xk+ t)
k+Xk,

k+
῏
exp'Xk, t)
ῐ
k,Xk+



3345 6789+ 6 :;

3lc w Qp78+ =FEH

78 < =/> ! ?@ A

Y A23!K * x  - yzt"B * C  78DEA  ! =FEGHp78{ | =FE }~ 3!KAIJ  3!K'LῌM +330)*n 

!BN = A JI= B OP Q
A R*

+   'Org-N)

RNH.v RNO,X RNO-X RNO,X RNORN,ORN, B

o 78]  3P+78DEp78!

= A FE CA STDE+ CA  n UV!+a

78DE92OP *dCA
WXkCAndt

B 3!K * 4    33 t +HY k +78DEZ[ n +78\[]* nW*  ^_78DEFE `a QA

NO,X 

3!+!



 ' ῌ .

+330 b)* b  Yamaguchi et al. '+330) !x A NH.v JI NO-X u ! 3!
K * 4   +   

* \78 nW+ !KA + \78 b n \!KA n \78!c* + \78Q  9A tW* !K CA+   A Org-NRNH.-NRNO--N

WCA* defg.hi!

RGas-NCAWCA* exp'Xkt)

4  = A = B AG= C



lc 

[78mn o QAp78 'q\78)+] * 33v.

!BN NH.-N  ¡-N¢ + NH

A£ * kmin knit kden + bPsP   33+¤¥ lc  A¦§ ¨] *4

 NH- 'NH.v) $/'NO N,O) }

+

l





5 NH.-N JI$!

 l  u © ª 78DEZ[ klosl  &n  3!}«¬] *

!c*
A R

 

78DEZ[] *   = B FE CB +
CBWCA* j+Xexp'Xkt)k'NO N,O N,) AZ ! *BR

,,,C78DEZ[­Z78r + \78! ! bPsP=FE

3345

+ \7878DEZ[+ 78 ®

cFE A­Z 3! l  ¯°Z 3!

DE+t.92OP *dCA
WXk+ CAdt

dCB
Wk+ CAXk, CB
dt



dCC
Wk, CBdt

K * 33+ ±! OP ²³´DEZ[ knit A µ¶·¸° l ¹Z A
5 'Nakamura et al., ,**.)*

33 k+ += A JI B u78DEZ[ k, += B JI C u78DEZ[ C +=FE] * 3
PA tW* !K CAWCA* CBW* CCW* defg
.hi!
CAWCA* exp'Xk+ t)




ῌ+





º

»JK9 A +*/ ¼ ,**1

86

 ,,/ ml  /* g *.3. g cm-  

NH., SO.



2*῍

s?9 + :_{|58~ ' pῐ,b  NO--N  1s8 ῌ ` knit+

*.**3-- hN knit; pῐ, b *<( = ῌ] ! "# ,/$ %&'( +330 a 8 Q!' NH.-N )Q!'55)* +,-./ 01234Z3usws, R

5 67879): ' ; <'(

5( 'A' i+ Q!+ NH.-N 8Z>| knit  =>?@ * + , / 2 +, +0 ,* ,. ,2 

w NO--N 1J, 8~ ' * NH.-N  @ AB CDE'FG'( NH.H

1s R8pῐ, a *<8D jn/8

)IJ9KL4MN OP?'( i+8Q!+:)Q!R( P" NO- Q!S' TUV) pH WXY= jk7

N ¡@)B 5_ A + ¢£8'B¤ C# Z:N 9[\]4)^KLQ!_$`a'58~ Rd8)54M¥ ( ON @¦_ KL SO., b%9_ NO- DZc5§¨@4) NH.-N B© Org-N i+8Q!+

d8 e&' NO- Q!)'f4`Z8'(

-R:

F4)  KCl  +** g L+
h * NH.-Npῐ- ) >|TUV-'>D"Ew

* NH.-N i+HQ!+ 8'N knit # WX98iWX94M( i

i+ NH.-N NO--N NO,-N ) ;,i4AB)
E'h

*

=)C'58'((g')E'

8'( jk)  + kg D* /* +** ,** /** mgN  -'l5 ,mn .o/ 05(pῐ, ) * NH.-N NO--N  qr1s4M( _ 0*῍ P[\4) ,*$ 9

4 knit )$`aªg' x#  ,/$ P [\]4) 
]4 knit )$`a«¬'( 0*῍+**῍ 4Zs_4]­®$/ ¯') Fi°+45N ±²³°+G'AwN8e!B (t NO,-N  ) 2 3uvN+,Awd  knit )# t©*i-R$

( x  pH ) 0./  pH

`WX9_Md8_´H, () 1., 4Md8AB 2yz94{| NH- }dd4) NH.-N AB NO--N s?9_{)'f4`8e!B ( d~ ) * NH.-N |5854]_B Awd8ABZ58e!Bs NH- } s86I +6{_( x *'+6 >q71s)8~` k nitµ'_ ''f4`5¶ZM( 8!· 's

Org-N¸B  ,B _s74Mwd8AB 8

NH.-N 8s NH.-N¸NO--N M5)s NH.-6){| 'sZ'f4`8e!B ( N¸NO--N 886 NO--N¸+6 _O ¹ >D dhkt5) NH.-N AB NO--N ῎º῍῏  05 :q{|5¶) ῍ῌῌ,

TUV 05s?9hkt1'+6< : + : =/ : (g NH.-N 
mgN kg+1s456»o¼ :  +ῌ-·¸D ,'uvLCMNOPQ%&' +¦¹º,g-IJK
ῌ+"X# ' [$456


"#$ 

%&'()*+, '-. Tanji et al. /+3130* + 12 '3456 ! Org-N "'Cheng et al. /,**.0 * 6BK uv + 7 +@h>+ 3 k den  *.03+* h>+  ! +87

- 894:;<  7

" 
a

 '-. [! ,** mgN kg>+  NH.-N y /@ ,/S !" 0*ῌ0  +2.,=+*>- h>+

! g
+*

>,

>+

h



'x


/..=+*>-d+.0=

!, Kanwar et al. /+32,0 * + k min  0=+*>1 h>+ /+=+*>. week>+0 "!, Zak et al. /+3330 * ?

6 !, Blackburn et al. /+33.0 * kmin @A

8BCDEFG<H6IJKLCMNOPQR

TU 2.0=+*>. h>+ ,/S >*.3* MPa >+r3#[3 +/*.+./ week 0 !, VWQ /+3200 * LCM=+*

,.*=+*>. h>+ /*.**.1* d>+0 ^_`a>.

+*h>+ /*.**0+, d>+0 b_d>+0 c'[K\]^

2.1=+*>/d+.1=+*>/ h>+ /*.**,*2d*.**.,, d>+0  '* efag
7K,.0=-.0=+*>. h>+ /*.**21.

] /+33*0/hP ijk 0  ,/S ! k min l +.* = +*>. d ,./ = +*>. h>+/*.**,/d*.**0+ d>+0 !,

7m,!* 

7noKoKp! qrsrt.

NH

 7uv +" /w +"0xyz{Qr /VWQ +320 ; | +33* ; }Q +330 a ; }Q +330 b ; Roelcke et al., ,**, ; Heumann and Böttcher, ,**. ; Nendel et al., ,**.03 !z +" ~,Qr!,

 /Nielsen et al., +32, ; Ma et al., +3330

Ma et al.

[ NO--N $45

"  !,/+3220 * g g  kdenNOX kmin /,/S YZ0 %& [K\]^

'

>,

>+

h

%



Minzoni et al.
.=+*>-d1.*'O!,* X  u()#$+& *

7 kminl*.***, h>+  knitl*.*+h>+ g>+

 knitl*.*+ h *7 kminl*.***, h>+¡g

* 3 kdenl+*>-d+*>+ h>+ v ¢ 3 kden¡  7 kmin  knit £'*¤,   kden¡  knit * ¥¦p(§!¨ ¢-Qr
,,- 

© !" ª[«$"¬­®¯X qrsr$)£ °*  *±῍+   7  3 +©+/+3330 * Crowley silt loam /g 0 ,'g

²" /CDE0 ¬­®³´ Org-N NH.-N NO--N [NOw,  knit  *.*+03

$" 

¦ Org-N  NH.-N *gµ¶¹º< » +*/ ¼ ,**1

88 NO--N 





(qCOrg-N(rSOrg-N(COrg-N῎(ῌqDOrg-N
(t
(t
(z ῍
(z ῏
(qCOrg-Nkminw qCOrg-Nkmins rSOrg-N(z -῎ -   -(ῌ
qDNH.-N
(z ῍


 ῏
  -kminw qCOrg-Nkmins rSOrg-Nknitw qCNH.-Nknits rSNH.-N  -  -῎    -( ῌqDNO--N
(z ῍

 ῏

knitw qCNH.-Nknits rSNH.-Nkden qCNO--NῐῌDlῐvῐDw t l !"b cm v qῌq cd/e]῍ῌcm h+ Dw fPQRQWgh!ij"#$ cm, h+ t kl0-ῌ ῍ ῎ ῐ
WghmT[\Anopqr6st4A῎ῌ PQRQ[\Wgsth7uvwx
7y 9 Oz {|}~   ῍ῌ
῏4AO 9& AO  ῌ

7M Org-N NH.-N NO--N st$A῏ῌ [\O$7A6 ῑ+  C  g cm- q  O 7MO@67`- D !"#$ cm, h+ q !%&'()z & 0 P 9 `cm h+ z *+,- cm t ./ h 0 S

 + Z[\]O$A 7` 9mTr9A6 g g+ r 123 g cm- 0

῍ 4 Org-N ῌ 56 ῌ῎ 478

:;<=>?06@7

!  DTz06@ 

9 NH.

AB

STUTz0 6

9 ¡ ¢£ 6 C=>? NO-  D<EFGHIJK  09¤¡ ¥¦§z M7

7C=>?

 LMNO

VWGH ¨©  ªῑ. 7a«¬7

 kmin knit kden PQRQST UT VWXY­7DT­ ®­7¦§­0¯ DT­ST+ Z[\]O$ h  0 56 ^_ w sUT ¦§­STVWGHNO 6PQRQ

°7 ±®² ³p7¦§­®!

+

7`[\]O$Aa

7 ¯ DT­ ´µ +331 «¬ 

 !"#$ D 7` 9 + Z[\]O$A¶6῏ῌ+O·¸QEF®7

6&Upland ﬁeld
(Sandy loam)

O

Paddy ﬁeld
(Silty Clay)

Unit

Bulk density
Particle density

r
rs

+4/0
,40/

+41*
,40/

g cmg cm-Saturated soil water content
Saturated hydraulic conductivity

qs
Ks

*4.+
.4.,

*4-0
*4*,

cm- cmcm h+

Solute transport properties

l
Dw

+
*4*0

+
*4*0

cm
cm, h+

Org-N

Kd
kmin

+*
*4***,+**4***,

cm- g+
h+

Kd

*4/

Oxidized layer
Reduced layer

*4*+
*

*
Oxidized layer
Reduced layer

*
*4+

NH.-N

NO--N

knit

*4*+

Kd

*

kden

*4**/

cm- g+h+
cm- g+h+8´µ¶m»YZ : ; cD + ¼n01º³\]^_´µ¶ῌ.

M³\]^_´µ¶c ·¸ +331 D¹º

Org-N  NH.-N 







 kminwkmins knitwknits

NH.-N 89

P ,**0 e < +** cm  *./cm  RS 1,* h  (X 1,* h 2 NO--N  Org-N  Org-N   A(@A ,**

kg ha?+ 2 S $% !"# C 

#&' ( )*+

NH.,  -./)*+)*+-.01-++ 

a῏/ 



kmin D@AB ,y+*?. h?+  +*+2"3)*+45#672 88

 ,y+*?/ h?+ +*  ,y+*?- h?+ 

 9:'; 1,* h  Org-N NH.-N NO--N q# i&' <=῍
ῌSKd C88 Kd  >% cm- g?+  @AB ῏+ 
C2BD E 8B FGHIJKL
M Org-N  NH.-N 

 #NB

OPQ
RS - 4T0
[U HYDRUS-

=\]^_D`2 HYDRUS[=5a῏+ C2bD; cdef8:ghi῎ῌ

qC,rKd C¡c kmin ¢£(¤ ¡c¥
NH.-N ¨c<=^_2" NO--N #pqr©£(ª'

!( NO--N #

2 NH.-N ª'FV¥«m¬i (X Org-N # NH.-N NO--N#©" 1,* h  Org-N # kmin
 ,y+*?. h?+ ­®¯(°±P=(-+ 

/jTklT

^_m/ van

Genuchten n E Jury and Horton ,**0 or1T mgN

cm?- soil  <=V 2   "  p   NH.-N #   ¦ §  < P +D SÀimůnek et al., ,**/ D VW (X YZ+D  8q#

-+, 

¡c NH.-N # ¨c

pqrs t?,* cm i1

uvwJ

x *.3003y+*?+ cm h?+ [z=!{

c@AB kmin,y+*?. h?+ q Org-N #

D` | \]}~#2 e?+

T #> T
uvwJx  Org-N  *.*- mgN

cm?- # NH.-N  NO--N #

knit ¢£672 a῏0 

a῏/  1,* h ¡

 ¨c knit @AB *.*+ h *.**+ h?++*  *.+ h?+ 

NH.-N

+*

+
NO--N

q# ²iknit ¢¤¨c¥V2"p  +*/  ,**1

90

ῌ/

o<23456789Pk41l )? kmin',:+*(/, ,:+*(., ,:+*(- h(+
 1,* h f Org-N, NH.-N, NO--N *+MNM56789>?1O< 56P
BC DEQ8&RDGH-+S.

NH.-N 

T%PUO

NH.-N *VW9X

YZ[\]^_`Pabcῌ1  cῌ0 )deNH cῌ/  1,* h f234ghi kmin',:+*(. h(+  Org-N *+j< NH.-N *VW9 Kd Pk
41l) ?  NH.-N m n ^ o p q   ^  

NO--N    * + G H

NH.-N  * V W 9 Kd *.*/ *./ /.* cm- g(+ =456789 knit ;<ghi *.*+ h(+ GH

NH.-N  Kd &>?r s

tu NH.-N &^)<vw1M mn^ NH.N xTyz&{Mῌ0o<=456789Pk41l)? knit'*.**+, *.*+, *.+ h(+  1,* h f
 NH.-N NO--N *+! mn^)^

=45689 knit &|)}8< =4%~, Kd >?1"01NO--N sP?b|@ 
NO--N #$%,01@F<



!"

T

>? NH.-N j< *VW9 Kd >?1
O mn^)^=45689 knit P 8)&RDGH NH.-N 

 

NO--N              NO--N #$%&
h

(+

!"

k nit '*.+ h(+ ) k nit '*.*+

 NO--N *+,&-./01 2345

-+.



o<X& &^
H

KLY&cῌ2  Y56789(+

kden & * *.**/ *.*+ hKL NO--N *+G

6789 k min ',:+*(. h(+ -;<=489 k nit 'H*.+ h(+ &>?',:+*(. h(+ knit'*.*+ h(+ Kd'*./ cm- g(+ KLG

BCDE)F< NH.-N &01@A =4

GH

IJ56KL

H

Org-N NH.-N  cῌ/1 ghi kmin
kden &>?@ r  NO--N 

¶·L ¸¹º : Z_* + » ;P$A7]6I¼q¶·L

ῌ1

91

`Kd.*.*/, *./, / cm- go+b  1,* h 

I$(+ NH.-N  n>*'µ6
NH.-N G_ VW_, NO--N /,-, 

GHI$J- I-KLMN I ON 
G  -I $ van Genuchten P Q
6 ῌ+ - +6RST=U F  Org-N
VW:XY-$YZVW:XY

NH.-N

 Kd -I$[ GHI NH.-N VW\+]Q6
G - ^_ `aG * cmb!)*+

 efgh- 1,* hjklm- Gn>U=cd
6 G i:+ *.*, cm ho+F p6 R_qrs,-[tu  qvwxyz-,{tuyz 6 I|'- +** cm }~h-  N, 6  GHI$J-I Aῌ2

I$(+ ;<,=>*'µ6`kden.*, *.**/, *.*+ ho+b  1,* h 
NO--N /,7'+ *.,/ cm6 'B$ 6A$5

 *.+, cm ,GHI-^_$F7 )* - 55- , cm5$(  NO--N 

 p65kmin -: knit

kden -

=6 `ῌ+b 

vNwxyz- $yz]

   !"Q6    m¡¢!$(+£¤¥NO--N #$"¦$A4") "¦§¨# !

)*+
01$23

%&'!  ( 

NO--N ,- kden.* ,4+!- k den .* NO--N ,/5$6789:+,=> kden ?@$ABC:+/  ;<

DE F 

$p!+  "¦§¨$- Org-N

NH.-N

(A, ©p!(7 ¨ A"!  6
Q" ª«%&¬­'(® -¯°1$¨GH$±)+ ²#$(+³´

NH.-N  NH.-N'!+ A$¨Q+

B

92

ῌ3

B
l=XY Z[\1]{ $| 2k kmin},^+*/, ,^+*., ,^+*- h+
 1,* h a Org-N NH.-N NO--N b01cd

ῌ+*

B
l= NH.-N cR~]{ $| 2k Kd}*.-, -, -* cm- g+  1,* h a
NH.-N OE E01 NO--N b01cd

  + 

,3 kg ha   +33*    1,* h&+*/  ,**1

NH.-N 

 NH.-N !"#$%

 NH.-N '()*+,-./01 *.*, mgN

cm- 23 $4 56789 Org-N !$

%2

:

-

 9;< *.*, mgN cm

 Org-N

./0123=>?  @  AB29C  DEF-,+ 

Vῌ3 8 5>? 67 W:XY Z[\1] kmin ,^+*/ ,^+*. _ ,^+*- h+`J 1,* h aDEFGb01cdU NeF
G01!LMUf
ῌ+* i9C XY 'e -* cm gh3

V

Z[\1] kmin !jklmXY!no3 'ep NH.-N NO--N !qrJ Vῌ/GHI018JK=LM N(OP./801QRL

s2 ABtu2vw3=FGxc!ge y@f=

MSTU

l8 c)*+,-!z$l2 NH.-N  Kd

¸¹7!º»¼ : bc)] + 98+^%C=>{¤[\¸¹793
+  k   t+ῌ,+n *./!ῌk῍ῌ"# $%&'
/

(

.

) kmin  ,*+*  ,*+*  ,*+*- h++ ,- -.0/1 -.0/ -.0 h.

+ kmin,*+*/ ,*+*. h+ 0/$% 1,* h

1 23$%45678+9,  Org-N :();
=>9?@A

NH.-N <;

NH.-N  BCDEF:,  kmin,*+*/ ,*G+*. h+ 01 ()HIAJK<; Org-N
NH.-N NO--N L 

MINC BCD Org-N O

PQ Org-N =>RS$%()TU VWῌ++"8X9 






9m

Oqhi=h9YZ[\]^ 01 ()$%23$%<]_A "98+ `aO [\bc, PQ]deG " -,, " q= Dm+ h 9'tD

NH.-N 

f ῎1 =01g9 NH.-N 

U KdC Org-N NH.-N  U`bc)' ]῎, 9C =q hi=> NH.-N  NO--N [\bc9JK]H"pq , cm ""W hi./#g9)

IA f῎+*  f῎3 ()Yj# kmin,*+*. h+qC q= kmin knit pq9|D<; >L Org-N

9kCD NH.-N  Kd ] *.- -Yj#! -* cm- g+ 9);l NH.-N hcm8nc  NO--N L 

U

Kd o pq NH.-N 
NH.-N q9 WtDrsC

hc NH.-N  Kd

*.- <;u; -* cm oW

vwCD

C:C xyqz{ kden  *.+ h+ 
῍  0.3 h 23$%9|D} ῌ

<; ,  NO--N xyq z{;

 NH.-N  Kd <;01C  EF ,- *.**,- mgN cm- 'W `c{¤¨  {¤[\EF =u; ¥©%ª«hi=./#gCf῎+,  1,* h ¬ Org-N NH.-N NO--N L 
xyq]­®C NH.-N  )'q¯)C xyq]­®C NO--N °9qR

[\A~9 hi==  q=:'  h :  hU9|Dq] "01h 4 *.+1. cm h+=

qpEF{¤  -. , ¥gB¦&]§C Org-N NH.-N

G NO--N u; -*cm oW vwCD'--¡ῌ¢$ ,**0! "]^%CD )£c9= #] =")q# "#  xyq]­®A; Wxyq9m q=9m

NO--N

NH.-N <z{



'9<; C:= hU01 q=hC q=9mD NO--N z{±'9'+ =>CD 01 h  NO--N 9W wCD'+ )9'i +32,! "q;9 h²p³ NO--N ´9HIAJ=h  :  8DK]µ  9 EF]~h# +* ,* -*""  =  q=9kCD῎, 9A

cm 9C q=h¶(·]xy

h !Q#]C pEFh] * cm £cCD]Dg./]tC£c h 4«g9 *.+1. cm h+,CD f῎++ 9Ah9m

h 4 *.+1. cm h+  ./]tq=(·() k min defg h +*/ i ,**1#

94

῍ῌ,

JKLMNOP;2Q0RSTU?VWXY
Plowed soil
(Loam)Z

Plow sole(Sandy clay)

Subsoil(Silt loam)

Unit

Oxidized
layer

Reducedlayer

Reducedlayer

Oxidized
layer

*ῌ,

,ῌ+*

+*ῌ-*

-*ῌ+**cm

Depth
Bulk density
Particle density

r
rs

+4/0
,40/

+40.
,40/

+4.0
,40/

g cmg cm-Saturated soil water content
Residual soil water content
Inverse of air-entry value
Pore-size distribution index
Saturated hydraulic conductivity
Pore-connectivity parameter

qr
qs
a
n
Ks
l

*4*12
*4.*4*-0
+4/0
+4*.
*4/

*4+
*4-2
*4*,1
+4,*4+,
*4/

*4*01
*4./
*4*,
+4.+
*4./
*4/

cm- cmcm- cmcm+[cm h+[

Solute transport properties

l
Dw

+
*4*0

+
*4*0

+
*4*0

+
*4*0

cm
cm, h+

Org-N

Kd
kmin

+*
*4***,+**4***,+**4***,+**4***+

cm- g+
h+

NH.-N

Kd
knit

*4*+

*

*

*4**/

cm- g+
h+

NO--N

Kd
kden

*
*

*
*4+

*
*4+

*
*

cm- g+h+ῌῌ+,

JKLM\]^_0R234 1,* h ` Org-N NH.-N NO--N ab+c*.***+ h+ 



kden

*.*/ h+knit* h+

 

  ῌ!" ,**0# $%& kden



'(

)*+ ,ῌ+-

 -./01234

+** cm 56789 NO--N :;<=>?@ABCD , A/EF89/0FGCHI B

Z[\@»]^ : T!+ ¼8,-S5>?Z[\952]^ Iῌ-  +  % 89
:3

J<;N 4'

J,**-KK 89:3 Arrhenius J<;N

#ῌ J+330KK ,!Z[\R- 2]
< )$ HYDRUS-+D

5S5

<!%& 

,C NH.-N 6<c 7C N,O %{>6 +8%89, Z[\Rh >!5 N, &''&89 9O< )1N+8Z[\R,-:%] B4C<1N 89:
ΐῌ+-¶UvVk! 0#4a,  ·¸ J¹ +** cmK &'¥ NO--N wxyz{º pH  > FG; <>% 3t 6>0=>?@ A
B?0<C0 ,C%3 D$ &<EZ[\uUVWV( %<S;'1  NO--N 
  NO--N   !

"# 

$%( ) &' NO--N 

%*+ ,- .%&'/01!
<,- (=, >?

@ A BC < )DE 89:  FGH ; Iῌ- JbK ,C89: L
M:<!;,C%

S5"  _18k89: 7< )1N 8%2F$R <%<S;'1
D "de% >?;

234!5 6!789:;Y DE89:

D$>?Z[\ $ 23

 G'& <<5 P ¡¢£\ H2¢£
\ PAI<Z[\<f¤iJ¥KR¦
§7%>¨©4a Lª«!,)5< ®N

ῑ ῕ ῔ ῒ< )1N ,-OP%QR % <S;'1

2M 1 ]G «¬­%Blackburn, T.H., Blackburn, N.D., Jensen, K. and.ῌ ῍ ῐ ῏ ῎Risgaard-Petersen, N. (+33.) : Simulation model

>T! UVWXY>?Z[\ ]triﬁcation in a freshwater sediment, Applied andof the coupling between nitriﬁcation and deni-^ "<#!$ 

Environmental Microbiology, 0* (3) : -*23ῌ-*3/.

_1`14a %b c &89

Cheng, W., Tsuruta, H., Chen, G. and Yagi, K. (,**.) ::'% de%f'(



C)

N,O and NO production in various Chinese agri-g8 $?Z[\ "<#4a 

cultural soils by nitriﬁcation, Soil Biology & Bio->@ BC" *$chemistry, -0 : 3/-ῌ30-.

S;'1<  < )<<-*a Dh $ij%#!5 +k)g8?Z[\ $!
AR1< lm,)<n*pq -. 'r/ !sQῌ¯°± J+330 aK : AB² pp. -*ῌ/. R³S T´µDE? o1< <;N

5R

OP
OP

Qῌ¯°± J+330 bK : AB² pp. //ῌ

2. R³S T´µ<Heumann, S. and Böttcher, J. (,**.) : Temperature- >tuc>

functions of the rate coe$cients of net N miner-vwxyz{ | ,-}%ῌr/@0

alization in sandy arable soils Part I. Derivation1~ from laboratory incubations, J. Plant Nutr. Soil< )JNakamura et al., ,**.K



96

  +*/ ¼ ,**1S1pῌ!

Sci., +01 : -2+ῌ-23.



Hῌjberg, O., Revsbech, N.P. and Tiedje, J.M. (+33.) :Nitrogen mineralization from mature bio-waste 

compost in vineyard soils +. Long-term laborato- pp. 3ῌ--   +331 : 

ry incubation experiments, J. Plant Nutr. Soil ῌ!"# pp. ,,-ῌ,,2 $%ῌ&'()*&+  +32, :  ,-.
+-+ /,01

Sci., +01 : -31ῌ.*1.
Nielsen, D.R., Biggar, J.W. and Wierenga, P. J. (+32,) : pp. 3.ῌ

Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils, Agronomy No.,,2 

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Reviewing classical studies in soil physics

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By W.H. Green and G.A. Ampt
Journal of Agricultural Science, Volume IV, Part I +ῌ,. (+3++)
Shuichi HASEGAWA** Hokkaido University, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Sapporo *0*ῌ*2++, Japan
Key words : Inﬁltration, permeability, capillarity coe$cient, Green and Ampt model

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Childs, E.C. and Collis-George, N. (+3/*) : The permea-

Baver, L.D, Gardner, W.H. and Gardner, W.R. (+31,) :Soil Physics, pp. -01῍-02, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, USA.

bility of porous materials. Proc. Royal Soc. Series
A, ,*+ : -3,῍.*/.
Hillel, D.

Bruce, R.R. and Klute, A. (+3/0) : The measurement ofsoil moisture di#usivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.,,* : ./2῍.0,.

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soil moisture. Bulletin -2. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Bureau of soils, Washington, D.C. USA.
Childs, E.C. (+303) : An introduction to the physicalbasis of soil water phenomena, pp. ,1/῍,11, John
Wiley & Sons Ltd. London, UK.

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ῌ ῏ ῎ ῍Noborio, K., K. J. McInnes, and J.L. Heilman (+330a) :Two-dimensional model for water, heat, andsolute transport in furrow-irrigated soil : II. Field
evaluation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 0* : +*+*ῌ+*,+.
Noborio, K., K. J. McInnes, and J.L. Heilman (+330b) :Two-dimensional model for water, heat, andsolute transport in furrow-irrigated soil : I. Theory.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 0* : +**+ῌ+**3.

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Noborio, K., K. J. McInnes, and J.L. Heilman (+330c) :Measurements of soil water content, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity with a single TDR
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Journal of the Japanese Societyof
Soil Physics
March ῍ῌῌ῎

No. +*/
Contents

Foreword ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌS. HASEGAWAῌ +.2th Symposium, Japanese Society of Soil Physics “Dynamics of Nitrogen in Soils”
ProgramSymposium reviews
Management Practices of Agricultural Soils for Carbon Sequestration ῌῌῌN. KOGAῌ /Application and Modiﬁcation of Soil Organic Matter Models for Japanese Arable
Soils ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌY. SHIRATOῌ +/Soil Humic Substances : their Chemical Structures and Functions ῌῌῌS. HIRADATEῌ ,E#ects of the Application of Organic Farming on Physco-Chemical Properties of SoilῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌK. TAKIῌ -+Discussion at the .2th Symposium, JSSP ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌI. TANIYAMAῌ .+Abstract of Poster session ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ .3
Original Papers
Thermal Conductivity of Washed Tottori Dune Sand with Rape Seed Oil and Modeling ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌH. MOCHIZUKI, M. KOIWASAKI and T. SUKOῌ /3
A Program for Nonlinear Fitting of Soil Water Retention Curve Written in Numerical
Calculation Language GNU Octave ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌK. SEKIῌ 01
Miscellaneous
Soil Doctor System of Land Development Department in Thailand as one of participatory methods ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌK. HOMYAMYEN, S. SUKCHAN and H. HAMADAῌ 13
Special Reports
Water Flow and Solute Transport models in Soils
Numerical Modeling of Nitrogen Transport with First-Order Transformation Processes in Soils ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌK. NAKAMURA and N. TORIDEῌ 2Lectures
Characteristics of Peat-land, Relations with Soil Physical Properties
Ground Water Quality on the Conservation of Peat landῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌH. TACHIBANA and K. TATSUMIῌ 33
Reading of Classical Study Series“Studies on soil physics, Part I.῍The ﬂow of air and water through soils” By W. H.
Green and G.A. AmptῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌS. HASEGAWAῌ+++
Readers’ column ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌN. HIGASHIῌ++1
K. NOBORIOῌ++3
Book reviewῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌH. NARIOKAῌ+,Announcements ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ+,/Editor’s Postscript ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ+,1Japanese Society of Soil Physics
Division of Environmental Resources
Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
Sapporo, *0*ῌ2/23 Japan