National Agriculture and Food Research Organization

Western Region
Agricultural Research Center

Food and Agriculture for the Future■ The National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
The world is faced with significantly increased demand for food owing to population increase and to rapid economic development
in developing countries. Resources indispensable for food production, such as farmland and water, are becoming scarce, and theenvironment surrounding Japanese agriculture and farming communities is moving towards uncertainty.
The National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) is making every effort in research and development throughits 14 research institutions to resolve issues associated with food, agriculture, and farming communities; to create a prosperous
Japanese society in the 21st century; and to contribute to the conservation of the global environment.
In addition, to achieve the full potential of research, NARO is actively promoting the timely dissemination and practicalapplication of research achievements among industry, academia, and government through means such as collaborative research.
NARO has launched its third 5-year mid-term plan*, starting from FY 2011. During this third term, we plan to strengthen
collaboration among research institutions and to further expand project-focused research.

■ Role of the Western Region Agricultural Research Center
The Western Region Agricultural Research Center (WARC) is determined to engage in research and development with M (mission),
V (vision), and P (passion) to solve various problems facing agriculture in hilly and mountainous areas, which are characteristic of
the Western Region of Japan, and to revitalize the region.
WARC has four research stations (in Fukuyama city, Hiroshima prefecture; Zentsuji city, Kagawa prefecture; Ayabe city, Kyoto
prefecture; and Ohda city, Shimane prefecture) and six research divisions (see figure on the right) in which we promote research anddevelopment.
In the third term, we will focus our research mainly on the six projects listed below. We are also actively promoting cooperation
among industry, academia, and government so as to concentrate on pioneering research and development that can contribute to theadvancement of the agriculture and food industry sector of the Western Region.

Key Projects for the Third Mid-term Plan Period at WARC
○ Development of a highly productive paddy rotation system for small- and medium-scale
farming○ Development of characteristic quality beef production technology by using self-supplied feedsuch as forage rice and grass for Japanese Black cattle○ Development of a sustainable production system in greenhouse horticulture for the Westernregion○ Development of a profitable citrus production system based on biological information andorchard modeling○ Development of a nutrient dynamics model and agricultural technologies for water quality
conservation of catchments○ Development of a sustainable vegetable production system based on rapid diagnosis of soilborne pest and biointensive pest management* The mid-term plan period is the length of time in which the operational goal of the research center is to be reached. A
term at NARO is 5 years.

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Organization
Director-General
Director of Shikoku Research Center

Department of Planning and General
Administration

Planning and Promotion Section

General Administration Coordinator

General Administration Section

Senior Research Coordinator

Information and Public Relations Section

Shikoku Planning and General Administration
SectionFarming Systems and Agro-Environmental
Technologies Research Division 【Fukuyama】

Farm Management Group
Farm Mechanization and Information Systems Group
Soil and Water Management Group

Lowland Crops Research Division 【Fukuyama】

Rice Breeding Group
Wheat Breeding Group
Crop Management Group
Lowland Crop Rotation Group
Plant Protection Group

Crop Breeding and Food Functional Components
Research Division 【Zentsuji】

Barley Breeding Group
Soybean Breeding Group
Food Functional Components Group

Hillside Horticulture Research Division 【Zentsuji】

Citrus Production Group
Hillside Vegetable Production Group
Horticultural Farming Group

Sustainable Vegetable Production Research Division【Ayabe】

Soil Microbes Group
Vegetable Production Group

Livestock Production and Wildlife Management
Research Division 【Ohda】

Japanese Black Cattle Production Group
Wildlife Management Group

Research Support Center

Technical Support Section 1【Fukuyama ・ Ayabe】
Technical Support Section 2【Zentsuji】
Technical Support Section 3【Ohda】

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Farming Systems and Agro-Environmental
Technologies Research Division
The division is responsible for the identification of measures for promoting agricultural produc																										tion in the Western Region; the development and systematization of labor-saving technologies for													rice paddies; the development of information technologies to increase production efficiency; and the													development of environmental load assessment methods applicable to the Inland Sea coastal areas.
																																						Constructionof a business model to diversify regional																												agriculture							To revitalize agriculture in hilly and mountainous areas with an
aging and diminishing population, a core coordinating organization
is indispensable. We have confirmed that a system that coordinates
cooperation among collectives of farm households has the power tostabilize the management of each collective, even when collectives
straggle over a wide area.
In the third term, we will present a business model by which evensmall-scale farmers can make a sufficient profit by bridging theinteractions between the sellers and processors of local agricultural
produce and the consumers, giving priority to farmers’ markets.

A thriving farmers’ market

Development of labor-saving technology for paddy fields
and agricultural information technology that supports
decision making
In the Western Region, small- and medium-sized paddy fields arescattered across a wide area. Therefore, measures for labor-saving andoptimizing farm work are much in need. We have developed a no-till
technique for sowing soybeans in paddy fields; a speed-linked fertilizer
drill; a high-precision technique for sowing sunflowers; a small-scale
system for harvesting forage rice; a system for predicting the growth of
paddy rice; and a farm work planning and management support system.
In the third term, to decrease production costs in small- andmedium-sized paddy fields, we will develop labor-saving techniques
for growing wheat and soybean through minimum tillage; a sowing
and fertilizing system that can easily be adjusted to field and work
conditions; a forage rice harvesting system with ensiling on farm; aninformation system in which data can be integrated and visualized on amap; and an information recording system based on a personal digitalassistant.

Development of an environmental load reduction
technology and impact assessment of technology
introduction
The Western Region is home to closed waters such as Lake Biwa
and the Seto Inland Sea, and so increased loads on the environment
due to excessive nutrient input into farmland are of concern. For thisreason, we have developed a water purification technique that uses
farm ponds and resting rice fields and a solar-powered drip-irrigatorthat recycles nutrient-rich groundwater in proportion to the intensityof solar radiation. We have also developed a method for estimating
estuarine water quality from land use in the catchment, and a method
for assessing river and groundwater nitrogen loads from estimates offertilizer nitrogen unused by crops.
In the third term, we will develop an environmental load reduction
technology; a method for assessing environmental impacts associatedwith its introduction; a water quality prediction model; and a method toevaluate measures to reduce environmental loads in waters.

Speed-linked
fertilizer drill

Farm work
planning andmanagement
support system,

Estimated amount of unabsorbed nitrogen（kg/ha）-

5

5 - 10
10 - 15
15 - 20
20 - 25
25 - 30
30 - 35
35 - 40
40 - 45
45 -Estimated amount of fertilizer nitrogen unused by crops (by rivercatchment in Kagawa prefecture）●Locations where nitrate nitrogen concentration in groundwater
exceeds 10 ppm

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Lowland Crops Research Division
The division focuses on the development of low-cost technology for the stable production of highyield crops and vegetables that takes advantage of the weather and land conditions of the Western
Region, on the development of sustainable production technology, and on the breeding of highquality, easily grown rice and wheat cultivars that are adapted to the region.
Breeding of paddy rice and wheat cultivars that are
adapted to the region
We bred a paddy rice cultivar, ‘Himegonomi’, with a very sticky
grain that does not go hard when cold, and a forage rice cultivar,‘Tachisuzuka’, with a high straw yield.
In the third term, we are planning to breed rice cultivars forprocessing, such as for rice flour; to increase the demand for rice;and to expand the use of rice paddies.
We bred three new wheat cultivars that produce grain that makes
Japanese noodles with superior texture: ‘Fukusayaka’, ‘Fukuhonoka’,and ‘Fukuharuka.’
In the third term, we are planning to breed bread wheat cultivars
with the aim of increasing the domestic production of wheat.
‘Tachisuzuka’

Development of a paddy rice culture method that
overcomes or takes advantage of global warmingWith the progression of global warming, the decline in the qualityof rice grain due to high temperatures during summer is a growing
problem. Yet, high-yielding rice is well adapted to cultivation underhigh temperatures and strong sunshine, producing 10 t/ha in thisregion.
In the third term, we are planning to identify the physiologicalproperties of heat-resistant cultivars, and to clarify the responses ofgrowth and yield of high-yielding rice to weather conditions. We
are also planning to further our research on accurately estimating
regional meteorological data to support technology that can help
stabilize the quality of rice under various environmental conditionsin this region, and to develop a stable and high-yielding cultivation
technology.

‘Fukuhonoka’,

Weight of brown rice per unit area(kg/10a)

Normal yield‘Nipponbare’‘Bekoaoba’‘Momiroman’‘Hoshiaoba’‘Mizuhochikara’‘Takanari’‘Hokuriku 193’

Yield potential of new, high-yielding cultivars of rice

Development of an aphid control method using aflightless strain of Harmonia axyridis
Harmonia axyridis, a coccinellid beetle, is a natural enemy ofaphids, but is rarely used in practice, since the adults easily fly away.
We bred a flightless strain of H. axyridis that stays on the crop andhas a high capacity to control aphids.
In the third term, we will develop a method to use this flightlessstrain in open fields of vegetables. To promote the use of suchpredators, we will clarify what makes them effective as natural
enemies and breed lines with these enhanced qualities.

Flightless strain of Harmonia axyridis5Crop Breeding and Food Functional Components
Research Division
To establish lowland crop rotation systems in the Western Region and to increase demand for andsupport the branding of local agricultural products, the division is responsible for breeding hull-lessbarley and soybean cultivars and for identifying health functions of agricultural products, and todevelop technologies for their effective use.
Breeding of hull-less barley with stably high-yielding,superior quality, and for new uses
There is a strong demand for the increased production of barley(especially hull-less barley), so the breeding of highly profitable
cultivars that contribute to the expansion of production and stablesupply is crucial.
So far we have bred a six-rowed high-yielding cultivar, ‘Toyonokaze’;
a two-rowed large-grain cultivar, ‘Yumesakiboshi’; and a two-rowed
waxy cultivar, ‘Kirari-mochi’, with good texture, a high β-glucan
content, and little discoloration after cooking.
In the third term, we are aiming to breed stably high-yielding,good-quality cultivars (for example, low glassy grain rate, short
pearling time, low grain loss rate) that are good to use for miso
processing and for eating with rice or flour. We are also aiming tobreed cultivars that are well adapted to hilly and mountainous areas.
Furthermore, by using DNA markers, we are planning to develop
hull-less barley lines that are resistant to diseases and suitable forpearling. We are also planning to breed high-value-added hull-lessbarley cultivars that have rich dietary fiber (β-glucan) content for
new uses.

‘Kirari-mochi’‘Ichibanboshi’（control）

Cooked ‘Kirari-mochi’ barley (after warm incubation for 18 hours)

Breeding of soybeans with stably high yield and highquality, and development of quality control technology
Soybeans are a major ingredient in traditional Japanese foods,
such as tofu, miso, and natto. The breeding of new cultivars is
indispensable to improving self-sufficiency and to ensuring a stablesupply of safe and secure domestic soybeans. So far we have bred
two cultivars: ‘Hatsusayaka’ has less ‘delayed leaf senescence’ andis suited to tofu processing; ‘Akimaro’ produces high yields whensown late and is well suited to miso production.
In the third term, by using DNA markers and other measures, wewill introduce resistance to important pests, shattering resistance, andother characteristics into leading cultivars so as to breed soybeansthat have stable high yields of high quality in the temperate climateof the Western Region. In addition, we will breed labor-saving highyield lines by modification of agronomic characteristics such as planttypes.

Investigation of health functions of agricultural products
and development of effective utilization technology
Lifestyle-related diseases have become a social problem in recent
years. Therefore, the identification of food components that can help
prevent or reduce disease is required. So far we have discovered
several active food components, established methods to extract andpurify them from byproducts of wheat and rice milling, and revealed
their functions.
In the third term, we are hoping to identify the functional
components that increase lipid metabolism in muscles and liver,and to identify functional components in barley that can control
digestion. Furthermore, with the aim of commercializing components
with immunomodulatory and anti-aging effects, and hypotensive
peptides derived from wheat bran, we will clarify their effectivenessat improving liver function.

‘Hatsusayaka’(left) has less delayed leaf senescence than ‘Sachiyutaka’(right)

Functional components in agricultural products(polyphenols, carotenoids, peptides, dietary fiber, etc.)

Oral
feeding

Reduced risk oflifestyle-related diseases
Liver (acceleration of lipid
metabolism, suppression of fatty
liver)

Muscle (acceleration of lipid
metabolism, increase in energy
consumption)

Uncovering the special qualities of functional
components through animal experiments

6Hillside Horticulture Research Division
The division is devoted to research on the production of vegetables and fruits on sloping land in
the Western Region, especially for the development of protected horticulture systems that achieve
stable and profitable production in warm areas, and for the development of cultivation techniques toimprove citrus production.
Production of summer and autumn tomato inmountainous areas
In mountainous areas with a poor production base, protectedhorticulture offers an advantage in profitable production becauseof high land productivity. We developed a low-cost, high-strength
greenhouse suitable for mountainous areas and a labor-savinghydroponic system to permit summer and autumn tomato production.
In the third term, we are planning to develop a Japanese-stylesolar greenhouse that uses solar heating to halve fuel consumption
in winter, to contribute to profitable production by farmers inand around mountainous areas. In addition, we will integrate agreenhouse which utilizes construction scaffolding materials, a solarpowered precision fertigation system, and an inexpensive coolingsystem to ensure the stable production of densely planted tomatoes.

controlunit

Japanese-style solar
greenhouse, currently
under development
Solar-powered
precision fertigation
system

Solar
panel

Flow regulation
valve

Mixingtank

Pump

Filter tank

Development of labor-saving, comfortable work
systems for horticulture
Since horticultural production in mountainous areas is often laborintensive, labor-saving and load-lightening technologies are needed.
We developed a walking-type harvester and a system for harvestingsmall-flowered chrysanthemums.
In the third term, we are planning to develop a monorail conveyor
for sloping orchards; and a planting system and environmental
control technology aimed at reducing the work load and improving
comfort in protected horticulture using densely planted movablebeds. In addition, we will put the chrysanthemum harvester and theharvesting system into practical use.

Harvester for small-flowered chrysanthemums

Development of technology to support upgrading of
citrus production
Under the continued low price for Satsuma mandarins,
impoverishment of production areas is advancing quickly owing
to the heavy workload and decreases in the number of farmers.
Therefore, the introduction of new medium- and late-maturingcitrus cultivars and the improvement of farming infrastructure need
immediate attention. So far, to reduce labor for the production ofhigh-quality fruit, we have developed a drip irrigation and liquid
fertilization system with year-round plastic mulching (the Marudori
method) for the production of Satsuma mandarins.
In the third term, we will develop technology for the stableproduction of high-quality medium- and late-maturing citrus
cultivars. In addition, we will improve the condition of hillsideorchards, the basis of production in the citrus growing areas; anddevelop technology to save labor, ease workload, and improve theefficiency of management work, which is primarily conveyance.
We will also encourage a shift to new cultivars; and support
the establishment of a citrus brand to expand the region’s citrus
production.
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Traditional orchard
cultivation

Marudori method

Liquid fertilizer
mixing equipment

Liquidfertilizer tank

Irrigation
controller

Dripirrigator

Electromagnetic
valve

Porous mulch

Plenty of water inthe soil

Soil water becomesscarceRainwater is stored in
the soil and thus the trees
remain free of stress

Rainwater is regulated so
as to put the tree understress and encourage theaccumulation of sugars

controls bothwatering and theapplication ofliquid fertilizer

Marudori method for growing Satsuma mandarins

Sustainable Vegetable Production Research Division
The division aims to achieve stable and sustainable vegetable production by decreasing the useof chemical pesticides; to develop technology to diagnose soilborne diseases and pests; to devise acultivation technique to suppress diseases and pests; and to devise a technique for controlling growth.

Development of methods to diagnose damage tovegetables caused by soilborne diseases and pests using
metagenomic analysis

Metagenomic analysis
Real-time PCR(conceptual diagram)

Fluorescence intensity

Agrochemicals tend to be applied unnecessarily to fields, because
there are no methods that can satisfactorily diagnose damage tovegetables caused by soilborne pathogens or pests. We have been
studying the relationships between soilborne diseases or pests andsoil organisms. We have developed a method for quantifying plantparasitic nematodes using metagenomes recovered directly fromenvironmental samples such as soil. This technique is faster andeasier than traditional extraction methods, which require skill andtime.
In the third term, to create a sustainable vegetable production
system, we are planning to develop a high-sensitivity assay using
metagenomics and to establish economic thresholds for damage tovegetables caused by nematodes or soilborne pathogens.

【Soilborne diseases or pests 】
Pratylenchus penetransFusarium sp.
Plasmodiophora brassicae, … etc.

Profile of PCR-DGGE

ThresholdHigh← Density → Low

Diagnosis of soil disease or pest

Sustainable soil sterilization by soil reduction using
untapped regional resources

Healthy field

Diseased field

The technique of soil sterilization by soil reduction, to control
diseases and pests, uses wheat and rice bran as organic matter. To
increase its sterilization capacity, we grew crucifers such as Brassica
juncea, which contain antibacterial substances, and incorporated
them into the soil. This measure avoids the purchase of organic
matter and is readily available.
In the third term, to lower the cost of soil sterilization by soil
reduction, we will take advantage of harvest residues of, for example,
broccoli, processing residues of pickled turnip, and other unused
regional resources that have long been discarded.
Development of a disease control technology for summer spinach

Development of lighting-control technology to control
plant growth and diseases and pests
Technology to control the light environment would contribute tosustainable agriculture. So far, we have examined the pest control
effects of light conversion materials and the aging of such materials;
identified the light quality for a moth-repelling lamp with a minimum
impact on strawberries; and identified the relationship between thecontent of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in spinach and the amount ofsolar radiation before harvest.
In the third term, to improve the yield and quality of spinachand strawberry and to control diseases and pests, we will developa practical lighting-control technology, including new coating
materials, lighting techniques, and shade culture techniques.

Monochromatic light tests on plants8Livestock Production and Wildlife Management
Research Division
The division is conducting research on the production of Japanese Black cattle using
regional feed resources, and on managing damage caused by wildlife.

Development and evaluation of beef production throughfeed self-sufficiency

n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio

Outdoor grazing

Steer

fattening

Outdoor grazing

fattening

Outdoor grazing

Delivered cow

Pasture-finished Juku beef

Line indicates maximum
level recommended by
medical authorities

Pasture-finished Juku beefSteer

fattening

Outdoor grazing

fattening

The production of beef cattle holds an important place in hilly andmountainous areas, and the improvement of feed self-sufficiency is achallenge in Japan. In addition, consumers are favoring leaner meat.
So far, we have proved that beef with a low fat content, a favorable
ratio of essential fatty acids and a characteristic flavor (pasturefinished Juku beef) can be produced by grazing aged Japanese Blackcows beyond breeding age and with low market value.
In the third term, we will identify the characteristics of selfsupplied feed such as whole-crop rice silage and pasture for fatteningby analyzing nutrition after feeding in order to develop a method
for producing high-quality beef. In addition, we will develop a new
method for evaluating meat quality that can better illustrate thecharacteristics of the beef.

Crude fat content

Delivered cow

Crude fat content of longissimus muscle (sirloin) andn-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio

Development of a feed management technology basedon nutrient dynamics and reproduction of beef cows
Grazing is effective as a means to feed Japanese Black beef cows
and to manage abandoned farmland. So far, we have published amanual that summarizes the results of collaborative research on
problems such as nutrition management, ｂ breakouts from fences,and water pollution that need to be dealt with when cattle are moved
around between abandoned farmlands for grazing.
In the third term, we will develop a low-cost feed management
technology that considers environmental load and can extend thegrazing period by making full use of a variety of self-supplied
feed resources such as whole-crop rice silage and grazing. We
are also aiming at the reproduction of one calf per year by using
blood composition as an index for managing nutrition and thereby
maintaining the health status of Japanese Black breeding cows.

Rotational Grazing Q&A (can be downloaded from the WARC website)

Wildlife management by local residents
Wildlife management that focuses on trapping, extermination, andfencing is not very successful in reducing damage. For this reason,
we took a different approach and showed that the removal of crop
residues and food wastes, village-wide efforts to chase away wildlife,and cultural techniques that can cope with wildlife damage such as
low tree height and bamboo ground protection proved successful inwildlife management and revitalizing the region.
In the third term, through behavior analysis of wildlife such as
monkeys and wild boars, we will develop better wildlife barriers
and a wildlife management program that could be practiced anddeveloped by local residents.

Bamboo ground protection used to stop monkeys digging

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Open-type Research Facility (Open Lab)
WARC opened its labs to all researchers to promote collaboration among industry, academia, andgovernment in the region. Equipped with various analytical instruments, the labs are expected tobe actively used by producers, distributors, processors, public testing and research organizations,
universities, and others as a place for research and exchange.
Agricultural Product Componential Analysis Open Research Facility(Fukuyama, Hiroshima)
General Information: The following equipment is available:● High-speed amino acid analyzer● DNA sequencer● Near-infrared spectrometer● Scanning electron microscope● Stable-isotope-ratio mass spectrometer
applications and inquiries
Department of Planning and General Administration,
Planning and Promotion Section +81-84-923-4107

Sloped Land Agriculture Open Research Facility(Zentsuji, Kagawa)General Information: The following equipment is available:● High-performance liquid chromatograph● Spectrophotometer● Atomic absorption spectrometer● Tilt table for evaluation of vehicle stability on slopes● Fume hoods● Microwave decomposition equipment
applications and inquiries

Department of Planning and General Administration,
Shikoku Planning and General Administration Section+81-877-63-8104

Second Joint Experiment Building(Zentsuji, Kagawa)General Information: The following equipment is available:● Time-of-flight mass spectrometer● Single kernel classification system for wheat andbarley● Near-infrared spectrometer● High-performance liquid chromatographapplications and inquiries

Department of Planning and General Administration,
Shikoku Planning and General Administration Section+81-877-63-8104

Please visit our website
http://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/org/warc/gyomu_suisin/open_lab/10Research Stations of the NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center

Ohda Research Station

Ayabe Research Station

60 Yoshinaga, Ooda-shi,
Shimane, 694-0013 JAPAN+81-854-82-0144(main)

200 Ueno, Ueno-cho, Ayabeshi, Kyoto 623-0035 JAPAN
+81-773-42-0109(main)
Nearest station: Ayabe Station on the
JR San-In Line

Nearest station: Odashi Station on the
JR San-In Line

Headquarters

Shikoku Research Center

6-12-1 Nishifukatsu-cho, Fukuyama-shi, Hiroshima,
721-8514 JAPAN+81-84-923-4100(main)

1-3-1 Senyu-cho, Zentsuji-shi,
Kagawa, 765-8508 JAPAN+81-877-62-0800(main)
Nearest station: Zentsuji Station on the JR
Dosan Line

Nearest station: Fukuyama Station on the JR Sanyo Line,
JR Sanyo Shinkansen, and JR Fukuen Line

History
April, 1950

The following institutes were integrated into Chugoku--Shikoku Agricultural Experiment Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
・Chugoku Branch of the Agriculture Experiment Station (Himeji-shi)・Shikoku Branch of the Agriculture Experiment Station (Zentsuji-shi)
・Chugoku Branch of the Livestock Experiment Station (Ooda-shi)
・Chugoku Branch of the Cultivation Research Center (Mizoguchi-cho, Hino-gun, Tottori)

August, 1952

The Second Department of Cultivation (except for Sweet Potato Laboratory) and the Land Use Department of
Chugoku-Shikoku Agricultural Experiment Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries was spun off
as the Shikoku Agricultural Experiment Station.The remaining part was redesignated as the Chugoku Agricultural
Experiment Station
The General Affairs Division, the Cultivation Department, and the Land Use Department were established in the
Shikoku Agricultural Experiment Station
Kansai Branch of Sericulture Experiment Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries was integrated
to Chugoku Agricultural Experiment Station as Department of upland farming
Chugoku Agricultural Experiment Station and Shikoku Agricultural Experiment Station were integrated into the
National Agricultural Research Organization, National Agricultural Research Center for Western Region
Changed its name to the National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization
Changed its name to the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
Reorganized into research division structure, and the third mid-term plan was launched.

December, 1983

April, 2001
October, 2003
April, 2006
April, 2011

Various results of research, event information, and publications suchas brochures and technical manuals are available from our website.
Please visit our website.

http://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/warc/
Date of publication: April 2012

Some informationis accessible frommobile phones.
Please use this QR
code.

Front cover: Background, rice terraces in a hilly to mountainous region (photo courtesy of Mr. Ichiro Taniyama). Upper left, a highsugar-content forage rice, ‘Tachisuzuka’ (taller plants in photo). Upper right, ‘Hatsusayaka’ soybean. Lower right, landscape withcattle grazing. Lower left, strawberry high-bench culture with medium-cooling system using latent heart of evaporation.