Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

Final Report for the Visiting Researcher
Program in 2013

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OVER THE MONITORING
FOR THE PURPOSE OF EARLY WARNING OF
POPULATION FROM THE THREAT OF HAZARDOUS
NATURAL PROCESSES IN MOUNTAIN AND
FOOTHILL AREA REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Prepared By

Tashpulatov Mansurjon
Leading specialist
State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan
on Geology and Mineral Resources
Visiting Researcher (ADRC)
August – November 2013

CONTENTS
I. General Information
1.1. Republic of Uzbekistan
1.2. Japan
II. State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Geology andMineral Resources (Goscomgeology)
2.1. History of Geological Survey
2.2. About committee
2.3. Structure of Goscomgeology
2.4. Main Tasks of Goscomgeology
2.5. Mineral resources deposits, revealed during Independence years
III. Disaster Management
3.1. Disaster Management in Uzbekistan
3.1.1. Natural Hazards in Uzbekistan
3.1.2. Disaster Management System in Uzbekistan
3.1.3. Disaster Management Strategy and Policy in Uzbekistan
3.2. Disaster Management in Japan
3.2.1. Natural Hazards in Japan
3.2.2. Disaster Management System of Japan
3.2.3. Disaster Management Strategy, Policy, and Plan in Japan
IV. Landslide Monitoring for the Ensure the Safety Population in
mountain and foothill areas
4.1. Monitoring Landslides in Uzbekistan.
4.1.1. Activity State Service on Monitoring over the Dangerous Geological
Processes.
4.1.2. The Structure of Monitoring.
4.1.3. The Structure of the Monitoring System and Alerting.
4.1.4. Features of Monitoring Landslide.
4.1.5. Modern Methods to Warning the Population from Landslides
Disaster in Uzbekistan.
4.2. Monitoring Landslides in Japan
4.2.1. Landslide
4.2.2. Major Landslides in Recent years24.2.3. Modern Methods to Waring the Population from Landslides Disasterin Japan.
4.2.3.1. Ground Survey by Means of Unmanned Helicopter
4.2.3.2. Method for Emergency Measures of Slope Failure at Roadside
4.2.3.3. Observation Method of Underground Water Level for Landslides
4.2.3.4. Clarify the Process of Landslide Transformation and Developmentof Estimation Method for Landslide Extent
V. Earthquake monitoring and information
5.1. Earthquake monitoring system in Uzbekistan
5.1.1. Activity of Institute Seismology of the Academy of Sciences of
Uzbekistan
5.1.2. Earthquake Monitoring Network
5.1.3. Equipments for the Monitoring Earthquake
5.1.4. Information about the Latest Earthquake
5.2. Earthquake monitoring system in Japan
5.2.1. Seismic Activities and Information on Earthquake
5.2.2. Earthquake Information
5.2.3. Estimated Seismic Intensity Distribution Map
5.2.4. Information on Aftershocks of Large Earthquake
5.2.5. Earthquake Early Warning
5.2.6. Rapid and Assured Dissemination of Information
5.2.7. Earthquake Monitoring Network
5.2.8. Seismic Intensity Network
5.2.9. Basic Knowledge on Earthquake
6. Conclusion

3

I. GENERAL INFORMATION.
1.1. Republic of Uzbekistan.
1.1.1. Geography.
Uzbekistan - a country located in the central part of Central Asia.
Name of the State - Republic of Uzbekistan.
Uzbekistan has an area of 447,400 square kilometers.
It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 42nd by population.
Among the CIS countries, it is the 5th largest by area and the 3rd largest by
population.
Bordering Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea to the north and northwest, Turkmenistan
to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the northeast,
Uzbekistan is one of the largest Central Asian states and the only Central Asianstate to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than
150 km) with Afghanistan to the south.

41.1.2. Administrative Divisions.

Republic of Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is divided into 12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular viloyat, compoundnoun viloyati e.g., Toshkent viloyati, Samarqand viloyati, etc.), one autonomous
republic (respublika, compound noun respublikasi e.g. Qaraqalpaqstan Avtonom
Respublikasi, Karakalpakistan Autonomous Republic, etc.), and one independent city(shahar. compound noun shahri, e.g., Toshkent shahri).

Flag

EmblemCapitalTashkent

Ethnic groups

80.0% Uzbek
5.5% Russian

Division

Capital City

Area (km2)

Population

Andijon Viloyati

Andijon

4.200

2 477 900

Buxoro Viloyati

Buxoro39.4001 576 800

Farg'ona Viloyati

Farg'ona

6.800

2 997 400

Jizzax Viloyati

Jizzax20.500

1 090 900

Namangan

7.900

2 196 200

Navoiy Viloyati

Navoiy110.800

Qaraqalpakstan Respublikasi

Nukus

Qashqadaryo Viloyati

5% Tajik
3.0% Kazakh
2.5% Karakalpak

Namangan Viloyati

1.5% Tatar
2.5% others
Government

Unitary

Presidential

State- President

Islam Karimov

834 100- Prime Minister

Shavkat Mirziyoyev

160.000

1 612300

Legislature

Supreme Assembly

Qarshi28.4002 537 600

-Upper house

Senate-Lower house

Legislative Chamber

Samarqand Viloyati

Samarqand

16.4003 032 000

Area

Sirdaryo Viloyati

Guliston

5.100

698 100-Total

447,400 km2

Surxondaryo Viloyati

Termiz20.8002 012 600

-Water (%)

4.9

Population

29,559,100

Toshkent Shahri

Toshkent

335

2 192 700

Currency

Uzbekistan som

Toshkent Viloyati

Toshkent

15.3002 537 500

Xorazm Viloyati

Urganch

6.300

1 517 600

5

1.2. Japan.
1.2.1. Geography.
Japan has a total of 6,852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of East Asia. The
country, including all of the islands it controls, lies between latitudes 24° and 46°N,
and longitudes 122° and 146°E. The main islands, from north to south, are
Hokkaidō, Honshū, Shikoku and Kyūshū. The Ryūkyū Islands, including Okinawa,
are a chain to the south of Kyūshū. Together they are often known as the JapaneseArchipelago.
About 73 percent of Japan is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural,industrial, orresidential use. As a result, the habitable zones, mainly located incoastal areas, have extremely high population densities. Japan is one of the mostdensely populated countries in the world.
The islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire. They
are primarily the result of large oceanic movements occurring over hundreds ofmillions of years from the mid-Silurian to the Pleistocene as a result of the
subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the continental Amurian Plate andOkinawa Plate to the south, and subduction of the Pacific Plateunder the Okhotsk
Plate to the north. Japan was originally attached to the eastern coast of the Eurasiancontinent. The subducting plates pulled Japan eastward, opening the Sea of Japanaround 15 million years ago.
Japan has 108 active volcanoes. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunami,
occur several times each century. The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000
people. More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the2011 Tōhoku earthquake, a 9.0-magnitude quake which hit Japan on 11 March 2011,
and triggered a large tsunami. On 24 May 2012, 6.1 magnitude earthquake struck off
the coast of northeastern Japan. However, no tsunami was generated.

6

1.2.2. Administrative Divisions.
Japan

Japan consists of forty-seven prefectures, each overseen by an

日本国

elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy.

Nippon-koku

Each prefecture is further divided into cities, towns andNihon-koku

villages. The nation is currently undergoing administrative
reorganization by merging many of the cities, towns andvillages with each other. This process will reduce the numberof sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut

Flagadministrative costs.

Imperial Seal
Anthem:"Kimigayo""君が代"

Government Seal of Japan

五七桐 (Go-Shichi no Kiri?)

CapitalTokyo

National language

Japanese

Government

Unitary parliamentary
constitutional monarchy- Emperor

Akihito- Prime Minister

Shinzō Abe

Legislature

National Diet

- Upper house

House of Councillors- Lower house

House of Representatives

Area

377,944 km2

Population

126 659 683

Currency

Yen (¥)

7

II. STATE COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ON
GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES (GOSKOMGEOLOGY).
2.1. History of Geological Survey.
The beginning of regular studying of geology of Central Asia has began in 60th
years XIX century when the first geological maps of Turkestansky region andsummary reports on minerals have been made.
In 1920, The Central Asia University (nowadays National University of
Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek) initiated training for experts-geologist.
In 1926, Central Asia Department of Committee of Geology (SAO Geolcom)
which in 1930 transformed to the Central Asia regional geological survey(SARGRU), was organized.
In 1937, there is a Central Asia Geology Trust, and in 1938 – Uzbek Geological
Agency of the Committee on geology and subsoil protection USSR.
During the period 1941-45, Uzbek geological agency was purposefully carrying out
prospecting and exploration for fuel and energy and strategic raw material.
During the period 1946-57, intense geological researches were carried out, for theirrealization, specialized enterprises for prospecting and exploration for petroleum,gas, non-ferrous, rare and precious metals, mining chemical and industrial minerals,
and construction materials.
In 1957, geological survey of the various ministries and departments were
integrated, and General Geology and Subsoil Protection Office at Cabinet Council.
On 17th of January 2007, the Order of the President of Republic of Uzbekistan“About measures on radical improvement of arrangement of exploration andactivity of State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Geology andmineral resources” that had given a powerful impulse to branch development.
On 12th of February 1991, according to Decree of the President of Uzbekistan of
Republic of Uzbekistan №UP-142 the State committee of the Republic of
Uzbekistan on geology and mineral resources (Goscomgeology RUz) was formed.
On 23rd of September 1994, Oliy Mazhlis passed the “Subsoil Law RUz”, and on
13th of December 2002, its redraft was approved.

8

2.2. About committee.
State committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on geology and mineral resources
carries out geologic analysis of entrails with the purpose of strengthening anddevelopment of the mineral base of the mining and process industry, provides
coordination of different branches of industry connected to the geologic analysisof entrails of the territory of Uzbekistan, carries out the state control over thegeologic analysis of entrails by all enterprises and organizations irrespective ofpatterns of ownership, creates and provides functioning of a databank on thegeologic structure of entrails and mineral resources of the republic, conducting theState balance on mineral reserves, etc. with the purpose of definition of conditionsof their economic and rational use.

9

2.3. Structure of Goscomgeology.

2.4. Main Tasks of Goscomgeology.
¾ Implementation of a unified state policy in the field of geological study, use andprotection of subsoil and reproduction of mineral resources, theimplementation of public administration in the field of mining relations;¾ Organization of geological exploration of mineral resources, forecasting andidentifying fields for geological and economic evaluation of mineral resources(except hydrocarbons), justification of the possibility of subsoil use forpurposes not related to the extraction of mineral resources;¾ Management, within their competence, the state subsoil fund and the state fundof geological materials of stone, as well as specially protected geological objects;¾ coordination of activities related to geological exploration in Uzbekistan (withthe exception of work on hydrocarbons).

10

2.5. Mineral resources deposits, revealed during Independence years.

11III. DISASTER MANAGEMENT.
3.1. Disaster Management in Uzbekistan.
3.1.1. Natural Hazards in Uzbekistan.
Natural Hazards Likely to Affect the Country.
Uzbekistan ranks high among countries that have endured significant loss of lifeand property due to earthquakes and other natural disasters. As one of the mostseismic active regions in Central Asia, Uzbekistan is struck by earthquakes in theeight to ten point ranges. In addition to its seismic vulnerability, Uzbekistan isaffected by hydro-meteorological hazards affecting the agricultural sector withseasonal floods and periods of drought. Other threats from landslides, locust
invasions and avalanche have been reported to affect the lives and livelihood of
Uzbekistan’s population.
3.1.2. Disaster Management System in Uzbekistan.
Administrative System
The State system of prevention and emergency response consists of controls andcapabilities of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, 12
regions, districts and municipalities, ministries and departments, enterprises,
institutions and organizations.
The structure and functioning of the state system of prevention and emergency
action by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan:- ensures the creation of state reserves of financial and material resources fordisaster management, as well as the procedure for its use;
- Responsible for financial and resource support capabilities for the prevention andliquidation of emergency situations, equip them special appliances and othermaterial and technical means;- Classification of states of emergency situations and determines the degree of
involvement of the executive power to eliminate them;- carry out the activities of ministries, departments, local authorities in theprotection of population and territories from emergency situations.
Specially authorized state body for the protection of the Ministry of Emergency
Situations for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

12

Ministry of Emergency Situations:- develop and adopt action to prevent emergency situations save lives and preserve
health, protect the material and cultural values, as well as the recovery and reduce
damages in emergency situations;- organizes the development and implementation of targeted programs and researchin the field of population and territories from emergency situations;- takes within their jurisdiction, obligatory for execution by ministries, departments,
enterprises, institutions and organizations, officials and citizens;- organize the preparation of controls, forces and protection frames the populationand territories for actions in emergency situations;- controls the forces and means for dealing with emergencies, creates a control posts,
warning systems and communications;- organizes the emergency rescue and other emergency operations in emergency
situations;- carries out state control over the implementation protection measures the
population and territories from emergency situations.
Legal System and Framework of DM in Uzbekistan.
The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan is a central
government body responsible for directing and coordinating activities in the field ofcivil protection, prevention and response to emergency situations caused by
accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.
Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan in accordancewith the Constitution, laws and other acts of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, decrees, regulations, and orders of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of Ministers and the international
treaties of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the management Emergencies.
Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan carries out its
activities in cooperation with the Council of Ministers of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, regions, cities, districts, environmental and specially authorized statebodies.
Ministry of Emergency situations has few documents for disaster management of
the Republic of Uzbekistan. There are:13

Structure of Disaster Management.
CABINET OF MINISTERS OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTANMINISTRY OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONSOPERATIONAL SUBSYTEM OF SSESTERRITORIAL SUBSYTEM OF SSESLOCAL AUTHORITIES(SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE
REPUBLIC
OF САМООРГАНЫ
МЕСТНОГО
ОРГАНЫ
МЕСТНОГО
САМОKARAKALPAKHSTAN,
УПРАВЛЕНИЯ
ХОКИМИЯТЫ
ОРГАНЫ МЕСТНОГО
САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЯ
ХОКИМИЯТЫ
KHOKIMIYATS(MAYOR’SРКОБЛАСТЕЙ
УПРАВЛЕНИЯ
ХОКИМИЯТЫ
OFFICE) OF THE OBLASTSANDРКОБЛАСТЕЙ
РК TASHKENTОБЛАСТЕЙCITY)MINISTRIES ANDМИНИСТЕРСТВА
МИНИСТЕРСТВА
DEPARTMENTSИМИНИСТЕРСТВА
ВЕДОМСТВА
ИИВЕДОМСТВА
ВЕДОМСТВАNATIONAL LEVELLOCAL LEVELENTITY LEVELGOVERNING BODIESGOVERNING BODIESGOVERNING BODIES

DAY-TO-DAYOPERATION BODIES

DAY-TO-DAYOPERATION BODIES

DAY-TO-DAYOPERATION BODIESCAPABILITYCAPABILITYCAPABILITY

RESERVES FORFINANCIAL AND
PHYSICAL RESOURCESRESERVES FORFINANCIAL AND
PHYSICAL RESOURCESRESERVES FORFINANCIAL AND
PHYSICAL RESOURCESEARLY WARNING AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMEARLY WARNING AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMEARLY WARNING AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

3.1.3. Disaster Management Strategy and Policy in Uzbekistan.
For the implementation of the state policy in the field of vital interests of theindividual, society and the state act legal framework regulating the activities the stateauthorities and enterprises and organizations, as well as civil self in the area of civil

14

protection. The Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On protection of populationand territories from emergency situations of natural and man-made" and "Civil
Protection", and a number of resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers.
The world practice shows that timely prevention of hazards of natural andman-made hazards, the priority realization of measures to prevent and reduce their
negative impacts are much more economical and more effective than emergency
response.
In order to realize these tasks, the Ministry of Emergency Situations together with
the interested ministries and departments of the Republic of Uzbekistan, theCouncil of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, regional and Tashkent city
State program is designed to forecast and prevention of emergency situations(hereinafter - the State program).
The purpose of this state program is provide a guaranteed level of protection of
the population and territories from emergency situations, risk reduction andmitigation of accidents and natural disasters in the country, taking into accountachievements of the national science and technology, as well as international
experience in this field.
The State Program included the fallowing:
А. Natural disaster risk reduction
1. Risk reduction program for the effects of earthquake
2. Program on prevention of floods, mudflows, avalanches and landslides
3. Program on prevention of epidemics, epizootic outbreak, epiphytoties
B. Technological disaster risk reduction
4. Program on prevention of chemical emergency
5. Program on prevention of accidents at explosive and fire hazardous sites
6. Program on prevention of accidents at the sites and power network
7. Program on prevention of transport accidents and disaster (motor transport,
railway, aircraft, the Metro)
8. Program on prevention of disaster at hydraulic engineering structures
C. Early warning of population
9. Program on creation of territorial and local systems and early warning
D. Improvement of emergency rescue services
10. Program on equipping the Center on training and advanced training of
rescue workers of MoES with rescue gear, equipment, outfit and on
construction of training centers
E. Training of the population on disaster preparedness1511. Program on training of population
3.2. Disaster Management in Japan.
3.2.1. Natural Hazards in Japan.
Natural Hazards Likely to Affect the Country.
Japan is affected by Typhoon mostly every year and Volcanic disasters
triggered by eruption and volcanic earthquake. Japan is earthquake prone area
due to the geological formation with plate boundaries of the Pacific plate, thePhilippine Sea plate, the Eurasian plate, and the North American plate.

Recent Major Disasters.
Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake (January 1995) on 17
January 1995, an earthquake with a
7.3 on the Richter scale occurred at
Awaji island of Hyogo Prefecture inWestern Japan. It killed 6,434
people, injured 43,792 people,
destroyed 104,906 houses, half
destroyed 144,274 houses, andpartially destroyed 390,506 houses.
By the fires broke out along with theearthquake, the area of 835,858
square meters was burnt down.
Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake (October 2004) on 23 October 2004, theMid Niigata Prefecture was affected by an earthquake with a 6.8 on the Richter scale.
Landslides and destruction of buildings and houses caused 68 dead, and 4,805

16

injured. 3,175 houses were totally destroyed, 13,810 houses were half destroyed, and105,573 houses were partially destroyed.

Typhoon No. 23 (TOKAGE) (October 2004) on 20 October 2004, the typhoon
No. 23 landed on Japan caused flood & landslides triggered by record-breaking
torrential rain, and high wave. 95 people were killed, 555 were injured, 909 houses
were totally destroyed, more than 18,000 houses were damaged, and about 55,000
were inundated.

17

3.2.2. Disaster Management System of Japan.
Administrative System
Japan has three (3) administrative levels of governance; national, prefectural andmunicipal. Each level of governments has its own disaster management
organizations, policy frameworks and budgets. When disasters occur, municipalities
respond first. In case disasters are large in scale beyond their capacity, national andprefectural governments provide every possible support.
Responsibilities by Administrative Level
National Level
Prime Minister

Formulation and execution of disaster management plan,
Comprehensive coordination

Central Disaster Management Council

Formulation and promoting execution of the Basic Disaster
Management Plan

Designated Administrative Organs
Formulation and execution of the Basic Disaster
Management Plan

Designated Public Corporations

Prefectural Government Level
GovernorPrefectural DM Council

Formulation and execution of disaster management plan,
Comprehensive coordination

Designated Local Administrative Organs

Formulation and promoting execution of the Basic Disaster
Management Plan

Prime Minister

Municipal Level
Prime Minister

Formulation and execution of disaster management plan,
Comprehensive coordination

Prime Minister

Formulation and promoting execution of the Basic Disaster
Management Plan

Residents Level

Legal System and Framework.
In order to applying to all of the disaster phases of prevention, mitigation andpreparedness, emergency response as well as recovery and rehabilitation, relevantlaws and regulations were enacted.
The cornerstone of legislation on disaster risk reduction is the Disaster
Countermeasures Basic Act enacted in 1961.
The main features of the Act are;
¾ Responsibilities of national and local governments as well as the private
sector and people,¾ Organization of multi-sectoral coordination bodies for disaster risk
management at the national and local levels,¾ Disaster risk management planning system,¾ Basic actions to be taken in each phase of the disaster management cycle:
prevention/preparedness, emergency response, and recovery/rehabilitation,
and¾ Annual Government Official Report on Disaster Countermeasures18

Relevant laws are as follows. Fig. 3-2-1 shows the progress of the legislative systemfor disaster risk reduction in Japan.
〔Basic Acts〕
1. Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act (1961)
2. Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster (1970)
3. Act on Disaster Prevention in Petroleum Industrial Complexes and other
Petroleum Facilities (1975)
4. Act on Special Measures for Large-scale Earthquakes (1978)
5. Act on Special Measures for Nuclear Disasters (1999)
6. Act on Special Measures for Promotion of Tonankai and Nankai
Earthquake Disaster Management (2002)
7. Act on Special Measures for Promotion of Disaster Management for
Trench-type Earthquakes in the Vicinity of the Japan and Chishima Trenches(2004)〔Disaster Prevention and Preparedness〕
1. Erosion Control Act (1897)
2. Building Standard Law (1950)
3. Forest Act (1951)
4. Act on Temporary Measures for Disaster Prevention and Developmentof Special Land Areas (1952)
5. Meteorological Services Act (1952)
6. Seashore Act (1956)
7. Landslide Prevention Act (1958)
8. Act on Special Measures for Disaster Prevention in Typhoon-prone Areas(1958)
9. Act on Special Measures for Heavy Snowfall Areas (1962)
10. River Act (1964)
11. Act on Prevention of Steep Slope Collapse Disaster (1969)
12. Act on Special Measures for Active Volcanoes (1973)
13. Act on Special Financial Measures for Urgent Earthquake
Countermeasure Improvement Projects in Areas for Intensified Measures(1980)
14. Act on Special Measures for Earthquake Disaster Countermeasures(1995)
15. Act on Promotion of the Earthquake-proof Retrofit of Buildings (1995)
16. Act on Promotion of Disaster Resilience Improvement in Densely
Inhabited Areas (1997)19

17. Act on Promotion of Sediment Disaster Countermeasures for Sediment
Disaster Prone Areas (2000)
18. Specified Urban River Inundation Countermeasures Act (2003)
Progress in Disaster Management Laws and Systems

20

Structure of Disaster Management.
a) National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction.
Under the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, the Central Disaster Management
Council was formed, its brief being to ensure the comprehensiveness of disasterrisk management and to discuss matters of importance with regard to disastermanagement.
The council consists of the Prime Minister, who is the chairperson, Minister ofState for Disaster Management, all ministers, heads of major public institutions suchas the Bank of Japan, the Japanese Red Cross Society, NHK (public broadcasting
corporation) and NTT (telecommunication company) and some academic experts.
The duties of the Council are: i) formulation and promotion of implementation of
the Basic Disaster Prevention Plan and Earthquake Countermeasures Plans; ii)
Formulation and promotion of implementation of the urgent measures plan for
major disasters; iii) Deliberating important issues on disaster reduction according torequests from the Prime Minister or Minister of State for Disaster Management(basic disaster management policies, overall coordination of disastercountermeasures and declaration of state of disaster emergency), and iv) Offering
opinions regarding important issues on disaster reduction to the Prime Minister andMinister of State for Disaster Management.
Organization of Central Disaster Management Council

21

The Council organizes the Committees for Technical Investigation on the themes aslisted below for carrying out the duties.
¾ On countermeasures for the Tonankai and Nankai Earthquakes （formed
October, 2001）¾ On lessons learned from past disasters （formed July, 2003）¾ On the promotion of Nationwide Movement of Disaster Management（formed December, 2005）¾ On evacuation measures for the Tokyo Inland Earthquakes （formed August,2006）¾ On large-scale flood countermeasures （formed August, 2006）¾ On countermeasures for the Tokai Earthquake （March 2002 - May 2003）¾ On information sharing for disaster management （October 2002 - July
2003）
¾ On the promotion of disaster reduction activities by the private sector（September 2003 - October 2005）¾ On countermeasures for the Tokyo Inland Earthquake （September 2003 July 2005）¾ On countermeasures for the Trench-type Earthquakes in the Vicinity of theJapan and Chishima Trenches （October 2003 - January 2006b) National Organizations for Disaster Risk Reduction
All the line ministries and agencies have responsibility to take actions related todisaster reduction within their own mandate. The Cabinet Office is responsible
for formulating basic policies, strategies and guidelines for disaster reduction
and for securing coordination of government disaster reduction activities.
Within the Cabinet Office, which is the secretariat for the Central Council, theMinister of State for Disaster Management has been assigned as the Minister
State for Special Missions to take lead in the responsibilities for disaster
reduction in the Natural Government.
The Minister is assisted by the department of the Cabinet OfficeDirector-General for Disaster Management. The Director-General has mandate
to handle planning and central coordination with regard to matters relating tobasic policy on disaster risk reduction, and matters concerning disastercountermeasures in the event of a large-scale disaster.

22Central Disaster Management Councilc) Local Organizations for Disaster Risk Reduction
In prefectures and local municipalities, the prefectural and municipal Disaster
Management Councils are established with the members of representatives of local
government organizations including police and fire management department, anddesignated local public corporations. Implementation of disaster risk management
measures is based on the Local Disaster Management Plans drafted by the Councils.
3.1.3. Disaster Management Strategy and Policy in Uzbekistan.
Basic Disaster Prevention Plan is the master plan and a basis for disaster reduction
activities in Japan. Basic Disaster Prevention Plan is prepared by the Central
Disaster Management Council in accordance with Article 34 of the Disaster
Countermeasures Basic Act. The plan clarifies the duties assigned to theGovernment, public corporations and the local government in implementing
measures. For easy reference to countermeasures, the plan also describes thesequence of disaster countermeasures such as preparation, emergency response,
recovery and reconstruction according to the type of disaster.

23

Basic Disaster Prevention Plan has been reviewed annually and amended as needed.
In a recent review in February 2008, the Basic Plan was revised based on the lessons
learned in the recent disasters and the deliberation in the Central Council including
the view points of necessity to take follow-up measures of priority issues and to
facilitate nationwide movement for disaster reduction.
Besides of the Basic Disaster Prevention Plan, Disaster Management Operation
Plan is made as a plan for each designated government organization and designatedpublic corporation, and Local Disaster Management Plan is drafted as a plan foreach prefectural and municipal disaster management council, based on the Basic
Disaster Management Plan.
National Emergency Response Flow
Large-scale
DisasterLarge-scale Disaster
CabinetOfficeCabinet OfficeCabinetInformation
Cabinet Information
CollectionCenter
CenterCollection

within 30 minutes
Emergency
Response
Team
Emergency ResponseTeamcomposedofof
composed
SeniorOfficials
Officials
from
Ministries
Seniorfrom
Ministries

MinisterState
Minister ofofState
for Disaster
DisasterManagement
forManagement¾Stand-byatat2424
7 days¾Stand-by
hrshrsx 7xdaysbasisbasis¾Collectionand
andAnalysisof Disaster¾Collection
Analysisof Disasterand and
DamageInformation
Damage Information¾Information-sharing
with
Prime Minister and¾Information-sharing with
Prime
Relatedand
Organizations
Minister
Related Organizations

Prime
MinisterPrime Minister

Analysisofof
Scaleof Damage
Analysis
Scaleof DamageInter-Ministerial
Headquarters
for Emergency
Response
Inter-Ministerial Headquarters
for Emergency
Response

Further, disaster reduction perspectives are incorporated into relevant
development plans such as Comprehensive National Development Plan, Social
Infrastructure Development Priority Plan, Land Use Plan and urban and ruralplanning.

24

IV. LANDSLIDE MONITORING FOR THE ENSURE THE SAFETY
POPULATION IN MOUNTAIN AND FOOTHILL AREAS
4.1. Monitoring Landslides in Uzbekistan.
4.1.1. Activity State Service on Monitoring over the Dangerous Geological
Processes.
On the basis of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers Republic of
Uzbekistan№ 194 in 1994 was established State Service on Monitoring over theDangerous Geological Processes to monitoring the formation and development oflandslides, rock falls , subsidence , suffusion and forecasting of natural and resulting
from the economic activity of hazardous geological processes on the territory of the
Republic of Uzbekistan in order to warning the local authorities and management ofministries, state committees and departments and other government and economic
management of their possible catastrophic forms for decision-making andimplementation of activities under the notification of the population , protection ofhuman settlements and economic facilities from the effects of these processes.
Main Tasks of State Service on Monitoring:¾
Identification of areas of dangerous geological processes and theevaluation of their activation;¾
Organization of monitoring;¾
State control of dangerous geological processes;¾
Preparation and issuance of recommendations;Also¾
Warning the local public authorities, relevant ministries, state committees
and agencies of the possible activation of hazardous processes shall issue
recommendations on the organization of observations of dangerous geologicalprocesses, and for the State Service on Monitoring is equipped with thenecessary means warning, and can use the system alerts the Office Civil
Defence and Emergencies (as agreed with the Head of the Office of Civil
Defence and Emergency);¾
Gives engineering and geological information about the development of
dangerous geological processes, findings and prescriptions for taking action toprevent or mitigate their negative impacts;¾
Agree upon to local government authorities, ministries, state committees
and departments to current and perspective plans use of territories, including
projects for industrial and civil construction, in the areas of dangerous

25geological processes and issues conclusions about the possibility of theirdevelopment and other.
4.1.2. The Structure of Monitoring.
The Structure of the State Service on Monitoring consists of the following:¾
Information analytical group;¾
Central control communication;¾
Topo-block;¾
Geophysical department and’¾
7 monitoring station of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
STATE MONITORING SERVICE
FOR HAZARDOUS GEOLOGICALPROCESSES

The informationanalytical group

Central control communication

Geophysicaldepartment

Topo-block

AREAL MONITORING STATIONS

Angren MS

Bostanlik MS

SamarqandMS

Qarshi MS.

26

ShahrisabzMS

Surhandarya
MS

Fergana MS

Monitoring stations
4.1.3. The Structure of the Monitoring System and Warning.
Structure monitoring dangerous geological processes - more attention is not paid tothe forecast, and the hazard assessment and the Prevention of process. On thisbasis a system of monitoring of dangerous geological processes consists of 4
blocks:OBSERVATIONASSESSMENT

27

CONTROLWARNING

4.1.4. Features of Monitoring Landslide.
¾
Daily transmission of information results observation from monitoring
stations to Central Control communication of SMS, where it generalizes
forwarded to the Council of SMS;¾
Council of SMS reviewed daily results of observations of atmosphericprecipitation forecasts, fluctuations in flow rate water springs various trends oflandslides and makes the following recommendations;¾
At the most hazardous events immediately sent to information of the
Ministry of Emergency Situations and other interested agencies.
¾
Practically conducted daily control of the results of observations.
4.1.5. Modern Methods to Warning the Population from Landslides Disasterin Uzbekistan.
Identifying and study of the areal development of dangerous geological processes
performed carrying out route engineering geological studies. The study of the
dynamics and mechanism of large landslide is carried using high-precision
measuring devices of different types.
For the indirect study of the geological structure, water cut landslide arrays are usedgeophysical methods, such as vertical electrical sensing of using a digital device
made in Japan. For the direct study of the geological structure, lithology andwatercut of the array landslide performed drilling activity using machine toolcompany YBM.
The study of the deformation and displacement of landslide dynamics of arrays is
performed using the method of geodetic satellite navigation (GPS), extensometers,
deformometer, inclinometers.
Study of the groundwater level, determining the number and intensity of
precipitation, as the main factors contributing to the formation and development of
dangerous geological processes is performed using electronic gauges and rain
gauges in different versions.

28GPS method 500 (Switzerland).
Geodetic Satellite Navigation System Leica GPS System 500 (with software
SKI-Pro) - the automatic mode, you can get an increment of geodetic coordinatesand elevations of points with no direct line your visibility between them in a more
operational mode.
Technical characteristics GPS receivers can determine the location bench markaccurate to 10 mm, increasing the accuracy of the information about the state of
the landslide; GPS receiver receives signals from satellites of NAVSTAR (USA).
Software SKI-Pro is used for computer processing of field observations performed
GPS receiver to determine the baselines of coordinates.
In Uzbekistan, 77 landslides conducted top geodetic observations using GPS.

Electronic extensometer (Japan)

29

Electronic extensometer detects the movement of the landslide mass and measuresthe deformation of cracks as a result of activation of the landslide. The device isalso used to refine the direction of the landslide mass and deformation monitoring,whether due to a large cut slope, bulk works.
Measurement principles are as follows:
Strong piles are installed on two points for measuring the deformation cracking. On
one side of the crack is mounted extensometer and stretch super Invar wire throughthe piles are installed.
Invar wire extensometers coupled to cable wound on the drum extensometer, sothat it can expand and contract.
On the drum set extensometer recorder which records the time and length ofcompression or extension.
In Uzbekistan, 8 landslide areas are conducted monitoring observations byelectronic extensometer for warning the public and ensure uninterruptible vehiculartraffic in a National road in the mountainous area.

30

Inclinometer (EL-201B) Japan.
Inclinometer used to measure the unidirectional/bilateral displacement in the earth.
Inclinometer probe measures the degree of inclination angle is measured by using
the main body. The main body defines and records the results.
All data is stored on the SD-card, which is inserted into a computer and is
automatically schedule.
In Uzbekistan, 5 landslide areas conducted inclinometer measurements.

31

4.2. Monitoring Landslides in Japan
4.2.1. Landslide

A landslide is a phenomenon inwhich soil mass on a slope moves
slowly along the slip surface
downward the slope under the
influence of ground water and othercauses. Since landslides occur overan extensive area and a large amountof soil mass is moved in general, it
can cause serious damages.

32

4.2.2. Major Landslides in Recent years

Tohoku-Taiheiyo Earthquake,Shirakawa,Fukushima (March 2011)33

Shimekake,Yamagata(Jun 2009)

Aratozawa, Miyagi (Jun 2008)

Izu, Shizuoka (Jul 2007)

Shiraishi, Miyagi (Jul 2007)

Kashiwazaki, Niigata (Jul 2007)

Wajima, Ishikawa (Mar 2007)

Kamikitayama, Nara (Jan 2007)

Imari, Saga (Sep 2006)

34

Nakagusuku, Okinawa(Jun2006)

Higashi-yokoyama, Gifu (May 2006)

Myouken, Niigata (Oct 2004)

Otou-mura, Nara (Aug 2004)

4.2.3. Modern Methods to Warning the Population from Landslides Disasterin Japan.
4.2.3.1. Ground Survey by Means of Unmanned Helicopter.

It is often, in dealing with projects for erosion control and disasterrehabilitation, rather difficult to launch a manpower-intensive project because
workers are obliged to risk their lives at the sites. Especially in the case ofdisaster rehabilitation project, the sites might be prone to secondary disasterdue to subsequent hazardous events.
In order to avoid risks of secondary disasters, specific technologies using
remote controlled systems which allow unmanned operations for construction
works have been developed and employed in the field. Similar technology
must be developed, further to operations for construction works, and applied
for ground survey projects which some times target inaccessible areas.
Technology of ground survey using radio-controlled unmanned helicopter isquite appropriate for the areas especially on the slopes which are prone tosubsequent hazardous events such as rock falls and landslides. In This
presents the results of the operation for ground survey using unmanned
radio-controlled helicopter in the disaster site in Ohno City, Fukui Prefecture35

Unmanned Radio-controlled helicopter
Outline of the technology employed.
The radio-controlled helicopter equips with a high-precision three
dimensional lazar scanner and a pair of ground positioning systems (GPS).
The high-precision three dimensional lazar scanner is used to file digital
images and the GPS is used to
identify and record the flight course.
Data acquired by the GPS device installed in the helicopter are corrected byanother GPS installed on the ground.
The error of the three dimensional data is therefore reduced lesser than 2
centimeters.
Laser beams created by the laser scanner installed in the helicopter areradiated by rotating mirror and provide digital data on targets on the ground.
Three dimensional data converted from radar echo offer the precise data for
topographic mapping.

System composition for the survey
The features and advantages of the unmanned survey employing this36

technology are as follows:a) Free operation is possible regardless of day or night. No flight permission isrequired and an operation is possible even in the crowds.
b) All the flight can be programmed.Unmanned flight has nothing to do withinjury accident.
c) High precision survey is possible by hovering flight.
d) Helicopter allows to get close up to shoot andmonitor targets. High
resolution images of targets without any blind spot are therefore guaranteed.
e) Images and data can be displayed on the monitor in real time.
Effects of the operation.
A lot of mobile materials detached from the slope posed a serious concern
about another disaster due to rock fall. It was therefore too risky to dispatch asurvey team to cover the target areas, but precise topographic data on thetarget slope were indispensable to launch a project for slope protection.
Taking into account the high risks of accidents, unmanned operation was
required.
The target area was however too small to conduct ordinary air photographsurvey by means of either helicopter or aircraft which required rather highcost. Furthermore, the precision of the image and data acquired by an
ordinary air photograph survey is not sufficient. Morphologic features of thetarget area did not allow the use of three dimensional laser radiated by thesystem installed on the ground.
The only measure left was a ground survey by means of radio-controlled
unmanned helicopter.
Operation and results.
The survey work, except control point survey for data examination, by meansof unmanned helicopter required only several hours. Although another several
days were required for data analysis, the period from the beginning of thesurvey work to the delivery of the products was shorten compared to thesurvey work bymeans of ordinary survey technologies.
The height accuracy of the survey this time was identified approximately 80
mm while the machinery error derived fromGPS, gyrocompass and lazar
scanner were ±20mm, ±25mm and ±30-50mm respectively. Both GPS andlazar scanner are responsible for positioning error and gyrocompass is
responsible for the error due to attitude control.

37

The technologies leave much to be improved especially in cost and versatility,
but it is certain that the technology is applicable to the survey on the changes
in cross sectional profile and longitudinal profile of rivers.
4.2.3.2. Method for Emergency Measures of Slope Failure at Roadside

Objectives of research.
Numerous
temporary
protection fences are used at
the time of a disaster or
during construction on
roadside slopes. Cases havebeen reported in which
temporary protection fenceswere damaged due to
unexpected rock falls andslope failures because no
external
forceswere
considered such as rock falls
along the slope and sediment
failures.
It is therefore necessary to develop techniques for detecting deformations on
slopes and ensuring the security of road users.
Details of research.
1. Development of precursor detection sensors¾ Collection and analysis of case studies of precursory phenomena fromcase studies of failures;¾ Performance design requirement s for displacement detection sensors;¾ Development of displacement detection sensors (acceleration sensors,
shaki ng devices, etc.).
2. Operational testing of detection sensors¾ Laboratory tests;¾ Selection of in-situ testing site and operational tests.

38

Image of operation of detection sensors

3. Development of collapse detection system¾ Examination of threes hold for road management;¾ Examination of detection system.

Example of a result of measurement of the frequency of rock falls.
4. Preparation of systems operational manual Goals to achieve¾ Preparation of guidance for installing temporary protection fences;¾ Proposal of road management methods against sediment disasters notapplicable of temporary fences.

4.2.3.3. Observation Method of Underground Water Level for Landslides.

Condition of the geological and hydrological features is very intricateness inthe mountainous district slope. Furthermore, underground water condition ismore complicated in landslide. So it is difficult to measure underground waterlevel which is related to the water pressure fluctuation of slip plane. This39

study is aimed at standardizing the setting method of the underground waterlevel observation that can apply to landslide analysis.
1. Present & problems of groundwater level observation★Importance of groundwater level observation in landslide analysis,design and control¾ Groundwater level plays a critic al role in stability analysis;¾ Groundwater drainage work is an important landslide control measure,so appropriately evaluating the effectiveness of the control measure isimportant;¾ An increasing number of observation equipment and measurement
methods are available such as heating groundwater logging equipment
and borehole current profilers.

40

2. Details of research★ Elucidation of actual groundwater flow to properly evaluate

groundwater levels
I. Actual groundwater survey and observation
II. Examination of groundwater identification methods¾ Examination of survey methods and tools (opening ratio of perforated
lining, borehole wall protection methods, water cut-off techniques, etc.)¾ Use of the results of borehole wall observation and borehole coreobservation¾ Examination of cross checking with geophysical exploration results¾ Examination of the applicability of groundwater identification methods
III. Examination of groundwater levels used for stability analysis¾ Examination of methods for drilling appropriate groundwaterobservation wells (with respect to the depth of boreholes, position of
packing, fill materials, etc.);¾ Comparison between reality and observation results for groundwater level
and water path;¾ Determination of groundwater levels used for stability analysis.
IV. Standardization of groundwater survey and observation
3. Goals to achieve.
Proposal of groundwater survey and observation methods used foranalysis of stability against landslides¾ Groundwater survey and observation manual (groundwater identification
methods, observation well drilling method, groundwater level evaluation)

41

4.2.3.4. Clarify the Process of Landslide Transformation and Development of
Estimation Method for Landslide Extent.

Accurately predicting the timing of collapse requires quantitative
identification not only of the displacement at the head of landslide but alsosoil mass deformation process, deformation (heaving) and small-scale collapse
at the toe of landslide and time-based progress of cracking. For accurately
predicting the scope of landslide, the topography and movement in a wide
area surrounding the sliding landslide blocks need to be identified.

42

43

44

V. EARTHQUAKE MONITORING AND INFORMATION.
5.1. Earthquake monitoring system in Uzbekistan.
5.1.1. Activity of Institute Seismology of the Academy of Sciences of
Uzbekistan.

Institute of Seismology of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan wasestablished on October 1, 1966 soon after the destructive Tashkent
earthquake of April 26, 1966. The first Head of Institute of Seismology was
Academician of AS of Uzbekistan Prof. G. Mavlyanov (1966-1985). From1985 to 1988 to take the lead of Institute was Corresponding-Member of AS
of Uzbekistan Prof. O.M.Borisov. Since 1989 at present time it is underleadership academician Prof. K.N.Abdullabekov. In 1990 the Institute wasgiven the name of its first director Academician G.A.Mavlyanov.
The major scientific problem of the Institute is "Estimate of seismic hazard,
seismic zoning of different levels, long-term prediction of earthquakes,
assessment of seismic risk, output of methods middle-short-terms predictionof earthquakes".
The organizational structure of the Institute consists of 11 ResearchLaboratories (152 persons), the Complex Expedition (200 persons) withobservation Network on the territory of Uzbekistan on 22 Seismic Stations, 9complex prognostic stations and 32 separately point of observations, theMagnetic-Ionospheric Observatory and Department of Geography. The staffof the Institute includes 352 persons and 72 of them are Researchers
Scientists. Among them there are Academician of AS of Uzb.
A.N.Sultankhodjaev and Academician of AS of Uzb. Abdullabekov K.N., 15
Doctors of Sciences (Dr.Sc.) and 28 Candidates of Sciences (Ph.D.). At
present there are 4 post-doctorate and 15 post-graduate students taking partin thematic studies. In 1990 the Institute was given the name of its first
director Academician G.A.Mavlyanov.

45

5.1.2. Earthquake Monitoring Network.

Seismic network of Institute of seismology Academy of sciences of
Uzbekistan includes 23 items of registration. The majority of devices withphoto-registration.
Since 2003 the updating and modernization of system of registration ofearthquakes was begun. The first step was made through the experts China
Seismological Bureau. On grant a basis to Institute of seismology thegovernment of China gave 5 digital seismic stations - 2 EDAS-24 and 3
EDAS-3. They were established around of Tashkents for the control of aseismic situation around of capital of Uzbekistan. Care of the data the radio
telemetry is used.
In 2006 within the framework of the grant STCU #3394 the equipment was
acquired and the installation 14 seismic stations on all territory of Uzbekistan
is finished. Structure of a complete set includes four-channel 16-bit
datalogger "Webtronics"(http://psn.quake.net), GPS-receiver "Garmin", 4photo-electric solar panels, controller of a charge of accumulators, UPS"NOVA 600-AVR" and industrial low power computer EBS-1363. The system
is capable to work in a non-volatile mode vaguely long time for registration ofstrong earthquakes, the channel of registration with increase in 25 times lessthan usual channels is used. For registration the program WinSDR, allowing inreal time is used to filter a signal. A format of event files - SAC, PSN or
MiniSEED.
Transfer of the data.
Maintenance of data transmission on a FTP-server of service of urgent
reports is made by means of a network of the Project UzSciNet, as in all
regional centers of Uzbekistan there is a unit of access. A number of stations(Andijan, Fergana, Namangan, samarkand, Khiva, Karshy) is connected to the46

allocated Internet channels. Event files are automatically sent on FTP- server,
located in a building Tashkent seismic observatory. At other seismic stations
after operation of the trigger event files are sent on server on dial-up
connection. The program WinQuake is applied to summary processing.

47

Seismic network circuit

Network map

48

5.1.3. Equipments for the Monitoring Earthquake.
JC-V104 Short Period Seismometer

Four-channel 16-bit datalogger "Webtronics"

Industrial low power computer EBS-1363

electric solar panels495.1.4. Information about the Latest Earthquake.

http://www.isas.uzsci.net/last-earthquakes.php?language=ru

50

5.2. Earthquake monitoring system in Japan
5.2.1. Seismic Activities and Information on Earthquake

Japan is known as one of the most earthquake-prone countries in theworld. More than 130,000 earthquakes occurred in 2005 around Japan
including small ones which people do not feel. In 2004 and 2005, Japansuffered from serious damages from major earthquakes, such as "the Mid
Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004", which recorded seismic intensity 7 (inJMA scale) for the first time since "the South Hyogo prefecture Earthquake in1995"; the earthquake of west-off Fukuoka Prefecture in 2005, which
recorded seismic intensity 6 lower; the earthquake of off Miyagi Prefecture in
2005; etc. Earthquakes can occur and cause damages anywhere in Japan.
Therefore, we should maintain ourselves to be prepared for earthquakes andtake appropriate actions on occurrence of earthquakes.
JMA monitors seismic activities in and around Japan around the clock,and issues tsunami warning/information and earthquake information
promptly when an earthquake occurs. In addition, JMA constructed a densemonitoring network around the Tokai area in cooperation with relevantorganizations in order to detect the precursor of the great earthquake which isestimated to occur in the near future. If anomalous data is observed in theregion, JMA will issue information on the Tokai Earthquake.
Warning and information issued by JMA is immediately disseminated tothe public through disaster management authorities, local governments andmass media. The disaster management authorities and local governments takeactions for mitigating disasters based on such warning and information.
As we look at overseas, we should still remember the devastating tsunami
in the Indian Ocean in December 2004. JMA started providing tsunami
information for countries in the Indian Ocean region in 2005, in addition to
the Northwest Pacific region.

51

Information on Earthquake and Tsunami and its Application

5.2.2. Earthquake Information

When an earthquake occurs, JMA issues seismic intensity information in 2
minutes, which announces the occurrence of the earthquake and regions
where the seismic intensity is equal to or greater than 3 in JMA Scale.
Subsequently information on the hypocenter and magnitude of the earthquake
and cities/towns/villages where a strong shake has been felt is issued.
Since seismic intensity information is directly connected to the expected
damages, therefore, this information is used as a trigger for disastermanagement authorities to take emergency measures.
In case earthquakes occur repeatedly, such as aftershocks of an large
earthquake or earthquake swarm events, the number of the earthquakes is alsoannounced.
Earthquake Information
Contents
Seismic Intensity
Information

Occurrence of an earthquake
Regions of seismic intensity 3 or greater(Issued in 2 minutes after the earthquake occurrence)

Information on the
hypocenter of

Hypocenter and magnitude of the earthquake
Remark of "No threat of tsunami" or "Sea level could fluctuate52

Earthquake

a little but no danger"(Issued when tsunami forecast is not announced)

Information on the
hypocenter and Seismic
Intensity

Hypocenter and magnitude of the earthquake
Cities/Towns/Villages of seismic intensity 3 or greater andwhere the intensity is estimated as "5 lower" or greater but notreported from the seismic intensity meters

Information on Seismic
Intensity at Sites

Hypocenter and magnitude of the earthquake
Sites of seismic intensity 1 or greater

Information on Number Number of earthquakes which cause seismic intensity 1 orof Earthquakes
greater (Issued if earthquakes occur repeatedly)

5.2.3. Estimated Seismic Intensity Distribution Map

Scale of ground motion is critically affected by the surface geology. For
example, ground motion is amplified on a soft ground. JMA analyzes seismic
intensity, taking into account of such amplification, for every 1km grid spaceand draws Estimated Seismic Intensity Distribution Map.
The Map is helpful for grasping the distribution of areas where the strong
motion should have taken place. When seismic intensity "5 lower" or greater
is observed, JMA provides the Estimated Seismic Intensity Distribution Map
to the related organizations such as local governments and mass media. The
Map is also put in the JMA website.
The figure left below is an example of the Estimated Seismic Intensity
Distribution Map. This is for "the Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in2004" and derived from observed seismic intensity data shown in the figureright below. We can see that the area of "6 lower" or greater extends over theseveral cities/towns/villages around the middle Niigata region.
The analyzed values have a margin of errors, therefore, users should focus
their attention on the extent and distribution of areas of strong groundmotion rather than estimated values at each grid.

53

The Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004
Estimated Seismic Intensity Distribution Map

Observed Seismic Intensity Values

5.2.4. Information on Aftershocks of Large Earthquake.

What is Aftershock?
When a large earthquake occurs, a sequence of smaller earthquakes usuallyfollows it. The largest earthquake is called "mainshock", and the smaller ones
are "aftershocks".

54

When a mainshock causes damage, people should stay clear of damaged
houses or flimsy cliffs for 1 week to 10 days in general (for more than 1month when the aftershocks are quite active). The number of aftershocks
decreases and the magnitude of them gradually becomes smaller as time
passes after the mainshock. In some cases, however, relatively large
aftershocks occur in the sequence.
It takes a long time until the aftershock sequence comes to an end.
Aftershocks of The Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake (KobeEarthquake, 1995), for example, sometimes still occur now, and theaftershocks that are large enough to be felt by human are observed several
times a year.
Prospect of Aftershock Activity.
When a large earthquake occurs, JMA announces to the public about theaftershock activity and the need to pay attention to the activity.
In case additional damages by the continuous aftershocks are expected, JMA
announces the prospect of the aftershock activity. The conditions for issue ofthese alerts are,[1] Heavy damage is caused by the mainshock [for example, seismic
intensity (JMA scale) of "6 lower" or greater are observed],[2] Damage is observed in a large area [for example, area of seismic
intensity "5 lower" or greater is large],[3] Many aftershocks are large enough to be felt by human occur
frequently.
The first announcement of the prospect is issued after making sure that the
behavior of activity is mainshock- aftershock sequence, which is normally 1
day after the mainshock.
The prospect contains (a) how is the activity as compared with past ones, (b)how is the current activity, (c) how long attention should be paid to theaftershocks, (d) how large seismic intensity is expected for the aftershocks,
and (d) what we should be careful of. The aftershock forecast using theprobability representation is also included in the prospect.
The information of prospect is published from mass media, that is, TV, radio
and newspaper, and also on the web-page of JMA.

55

Aftershock Sequence of the earthquake occurred west-off Fukuoka
Prefecture in March, 2005

Height of vertical bar represents magnitude of the earthquake. Aftershocks occur
frequently and some of them have large magnitude just after the mainshock, but the
number of aftershock gradually decreases, and also the magnitude of them becomes smaller
by lapse of time.

56

5.2.5. Earthquake Early Warning.

Motivation for Development of EEW.
If we were informed of the strong ground motion arrival beforehand, we
could take some actions to protect ourselves in the meantime even only
several or several-tens seconds. JMA has developed the Earthquake Early
Warning (EEW) technology to address this issue.
Principle.
Seismic wave consists of primary wave (P-wave) and secondary wave (S-wave).
S-wave contains high amplitude and causes damage, but it propagates slower
than P-wave. When P-wave arrives firstly at a seismic station close to theepicenter, the EEW system quickly determines the hypocenter and magnitudeof the earthquake by a few seconds of P-wave data at the station, andestimates arrival time of S-wave and seismic intensity at each place. The
estimated information is aimed to be provided before the S-wave arrival.
EEW is expected to be used for taking actions to mitigate damages, e.g.
emergency stop for trains and elevators, actions for avoiding danger, etc.
Feature of EEW.
The elapsed time from EEW issuance to the S-wave arrival is very short, ten
and a few seconds at longest depending on geographical location of
hypocenter. If an earthquake occurs in land area, people directly above thehypocenter will receive EEW after the S-wave arrival.
As more stations detect seismic waves, the system produces more accurate
EEW. EEW users receive updated EEW messages one after another in a very
short time.
As mentioned above, EEW has quite different nature from other earthquake
information which is already familiar to people. Therefore, users are invited to
fully understand the nature and limit of EEW for an appropriate and effective
use.]

57

Application of EEW.

EEW in Actual Case.
The figure below shows elapsed time from EEW issuance to arrival of S-wave
in the case of the earthquake of off Miyagi Prefecture in 2005 (M7.2). The
first EEW message was issued in 4.5 seconds after the closest seismic station(Ishinomaki) detected the earthquake. For example, there remained 16
seconds before the S-wave arrival in Sendai City. We should keep in mind that
this elapsed time is just for this event. Elapsed time varies depending on anumber of conditions such as the location of hypocenter. We should also take
into account that it takes some time for transmission of the EEW message.
As for earthquakes which occur in land area, elapsed time is often shorter
than that of earthquakes in the sea.
Elapsed time from EEW to S-wave;
Earthquake off Miyagi Prefecture in 2005

58

1st EEW
Issued 4.5 seconds after thedetection of seismic wave.
Elapsed Time:
22 sec at Kawasaki (6 lower)
16 sec at Sendai (5 upper)
10 sec at Ishinomaki (5 upper)(JMA scale)

5.2.6. Rapid and Assured Dissemination of Information.
Data Collection and Processing System.
JMA has developed data-collection, processing and communication system formonitoring seismic activities and issuing warning/information, which is
directly connected to disaster prevention and mitigation countermeasures.
With this state-of-the-art computer system, JMA conducts tsunami warningand earthquake information service around the clock.
This comprehensive system is composed of one central system and five local
systems. The central one, which is called EPOS (Earthquake Phenomena
Observation System) and installed at the JMA headquarters, is responsible for
issuing tsunami warning for the central part of Japan, nationwide earthquake
information and information about Tokai Earthquake. The other local
systems, which are called ETOS (Earthquake and Tsunami Observation
System) and installed at the District Observatories in Sapporo, Sendai, Osaka,
Fukuoka and Okinawa, are responsible for issuing tsunami warning andearthquake information for each district.
Assured Communication.
JMA transmits various warning and information to disaster management
authorities, local governments and mass media online over the computer

59network across the country. Such warning and information is quickly
disseminated among the general public via those recipient organizations.
Tsunami warning, earthquake information and information about Tokai
Earthquake should be disseminated not only urgently but also surely in orderneither to miss nor to be late in carrying out countermeasures in a timely
manner in case of emergency. The JMA's system is designed to haveredundant paths and machines for continuous operation.

Especially in case of a massive earthquake, the can collect data anddisseminate warning and informaiton should be disseminated much more
surely. information even in the middle of major disaster. JMA applies ascheme to avoid congestion of the communication lines and uses the
MT-SAT communication function as a back-up line, so that JMA.

60

Data Collection and Dissemination of Information

Column: Access to Warning and Information issued by JMA

JMA endeavor to disseminate tsunami warning and earthquake
information rapidly and assuredly. JMA's system has functions of monitoring
the connection status of online communication. With this sytem, JMA iswatching whether the line is connecting and recipients can get the warningand information.
JMA
puts
warningandinformationinthewebsite(http://www.jma.go.jp). However, it does not always ensure the quick
dissemination of warning and information because you can not notice it until
you access to the site. In addition, the Internet could be congested and the site
could be stuck in case of massive earthquake. It is recommended to obtainemergency information, such as tsunami warning, from TV, radio or local
governments. In this regard, it is also recommended that you carry a portableradio with you in order to get information at anytime when you go out for
leisure near the sea such as fishing.

61

5.2.7. Earthquake Monitoring Network.

Seismometer Network.
JMA operates seismic network which consists of about 180 seismometers andcollects seismic waveform data in real-time around the clock. When a large
earthquake occurs, JMA quickly determines hypocenter and magnitude of theearthquake using the collected seismic data and issues tsunami warning andearthquake information.
JMA also collects and analyzes seismic data from universities and disastermanagement research institutes such as the National Research Institute for
Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) in order to conduct acomprehensive assessment on seismic activities for promotion of research
activities in cooperation with the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology (MEXT). The products of this analysis are sharedwith relevant organizations.
JMA Seismic Station

Seismometer and Seismic
Intensity Meter in Box
Communication Facilities in Shelter

62

JMA Seismometers Network

Seismometers Network in Japan63

Column: Magnitude and Seismic Intensity"Magnitude" is a numerical value which represents the scale of a fault slip
underground. When the seismic wave released from the fault reaches the land surface, wefeel a ground motion. "Seismic intensity" represents the scale of the ground motion at theland surface.
Magnitude (Richte Scale) : Magnitude is an indicator of the scale of an earthquake andoften represented as "M". M is calculated from the maximum amplitude of the seismic
wave recorded by seismometers. One increase of M means that the energy of earthquake
increases thirtyfold.
Seismic Intensity : Seismic Intensity is an indicator of the scale of the ground motion
caused by an earthquake and measured by seismic intensity meters. The seismic intensity(JMA scale) is divided into 10 scales, namely, 7, 6 upper, 6 lower, 5 upper, 5 lower, 4, 3, 2, 1
and 0 in order from the strongest to the weakest. People feel a shake in greater than scale 1,buildings are damaged in 5 upper and serious damage is caused in 6 upper.

5.2.8. Seismic Intensity Network.

JMA installed about 600 seismic intensity meters throughout the country. In
addition, JMA collects seismic intensity data from other 3,300 stations
operated by local governments and the National Research Institute for Earth
Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED). When an earthquake occurs, JMA
promptly issues seismic intensity information based on the data obtained atthose stations. The seismic intensity information is used by disastermanagement authorities as reference for their initial actions in emergency.
Seismic Intensity Meters used for Information issued by JMA

64

Earthquake Monitoring System in and around Tokai region.
Various kinds of instruments such as seismometers, strainmeters and GPS are
installed in and around the Tokai region. (See the figure below.) Theseobservational data are continuously transmitted to the JMA Headquarters.
These observations are maintained under joint cooperation effort with theGeographical Survey Institute, Japan Coast Guard, the University of Tokyo,
Nagoya University, National Research Institute for Earth-Science andDisaster Prevention, Advanced Industrial Science And Technology, Shizuoka
Prefecture and others.
What is the strainmeter?
The strainmeter has an important role to detect the Pre-slip prior to the Tokai
Earthquake.
The strainmeter measures very minute expansion or contraction ofunderground rock. Its cylindrical sensor is settled at the bottom of borehole
whose diameter is about 15cm and depth is several hundred meters. The
sensor detects its deformation by pressure or tension surrounding rocks withvery high precision.
The strainmeter can measure one billionth of relative
JMA uses two types of strainmeter. One is Volume Strainmeter, whichmeasures amount of expansion or contraction of volume, and the other isMulti Components Linear Strainmeter, which measures not only amount but
also direction of expansion or contraction of surrounding rock.
The data observed by these strainmeters are used for information about Tokai
Earthquake.
Mechanism of Strainmeter

Strainmeter is an instrument to detect thecondition of surrounding rock by measuring
precise deformation of the sensor.

65

Observation Network for Prediction of Tokai Earthquake

5.2.9. Basic Knowledge on Earthquake
Structure of the Earth.
The earth consists of crust, mantle and core. The crust and mantle are solid
but in the long term perspective, they flow slowly.
In the earth's interior, the temperature rises higher as getting closer to thecenter of the sphere and convection are taking place. Plates (composed ofcrust and upper mantle) are produced on surface of the earth where internalmass is upwelling. The plates diverge and drift on the surface very slowly, a
few centimeters per year. At the end, the plates subduct into the mantle anddisappear. The earth is covered by such ten and several plates.
Structure of the Earth's Interior

66

Crustal Movement

Mechanism of Earthquake.
Each plate on the earth's surface drifts to different directions. Therefore, atthe plate boundaries, they are pushing or rubbing each other or subducting
beneath another.
Around Japan, the oceanic plates are subducting beneath the continental
plates and large earthquakes often occur. In addition, the strain energy isstored in the continental plates and this is supposed to cause shallow
earthquakes in land areas.

67

Large Earthquakes around Trench(source: Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion)

Oceanic plate subducts beneath continental
plate.

Continental plate is dragged down and strainenergy is stored.

When the strain exceeds the certain level,
continental plate jumps up and earthquake andtsunami are generated.

return to the beginning
Seismic Activity in the World.
Most of the earthquakes occur along the plate boundaries where crustal plates
are produced (ridge or rift valley), subducting beneath others (trench) or
rubbing against each other. Around the trenches the Chilean Earthquake
occurred in 1960, which is the largest in the 20th century, and the off Sumatra
Island Earthquake occured in 2004, which caused the unprecedented Indian
Ocean wide tsunami disasters.
Seismic Activity in Japan.
Since Japan is located on the plate boundary where two oceanic plates (PacificPlate and Philippine Plate) are subducting beneath two continental plates(Eurasian Plate and North American Plate), Japan is one of the most68

earthquake-prone countries in the world. Earthquakes occur not only aroundthe plate boundary but also in the plates. When an earthquake takes place
directly below a city, it may causes serious damage.
Among the earthquakes around the plate boundaries are the Tokai
Earthquake and the Tonankai/Nankai Earthquake (along the trench from off
Tokai to off Shikoku), and the off Miyagi Prefecture Earthquake and the off
Tokachi Earthquake (around the Japan Trench and the Chishima Trench).
The South Hyogo prefecture Earthquake in 1995 and the Mid Niigata
Prefecture Earthquake in 2004 occurred in land areas.
Distribution of Earthquakes in the World (M4.0 or greater in
1995-2004, USGS)

69

VI. Conclusion.
Over the last decade, emergencies caused by natural and man-made disasters
have become more frequent and the risk of emergencies characterized bydifferent genesis has increased. As a result of various types of natural
disasters (earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, tornados, floods, mud-flows,
landslides, avalanches and volcanic eruptions) more than 350 thousandpeople have already died in the XXIst century. Unfortunately this number ofvictims to natural disasters keeps growing every year.
It should be noted that alongside with the unique geographic position ofCentral Asia the region is highly prone to natural disasters (earthquakes,
landslides, mudflows, floods, droughts, etc). The complicated environmental
setting existing in the region and other countries of the world is primarily
associated with natural and anthropogenic factors. Therefore it is imperativethat new ways to address the problem are developed including effective
interaction with the world community.
Natural disasters represent potential hazard on the territory of Uzbekistan
too: earthquakes, landslides, mudflows, floods and droughts. Earthquakes canbe extensive and affect large areas. For instance, strong earthquakes that
occurred during the XXth century in Andizhan (1902), Tashkent (1946 and1966) and Gazli (1976 and 1984) resulted in huge economic losses and caused
human casualties.
Reduction of losses resulting from natural disasters is one of the most urgent
problems which affect various aspects of human activities (economic, socialand cultural).
As you know Japan is a highly developed country in the world. But every year
in Japan is facing natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods andvolcanic eruptions, which cause huge damage to the economy and the loss of
lives. The use of modern technology and having a great experience on theprevention of natural disasters and ensure the safety of the residents of leader
considers one of the countries in the world. Especially for monitoringearthquakes, landslides, floods and the construction of protective structures inmountain and foothill areas.
After the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, the Japanese Government has
paid special attention to against natural disasters. During the 12 years, theGovernment of Japan established a unique system of monitoring earthquakes,
landslides, floods, weather, tsunami, etc. and also an Early Warning ofearthquakes, tsunamis, floods. The Early Warning System was launched in702007. And also I learned that such a system exists only in four countries,
China, Mexico, USA and Japan.
Disaster Management System of Japan and Uzbekistan is very different, as if
the natural disaster control the Japanese Meteorological Agency, and in
Uzbekistan, Weather, Floods, Mudslides - controls the Meteorological Serviceof the Cabinet of Ministers, The Earthquake - Institute Seismological of the
Academy of Science and Dangerous Geological Processes of the State
Service on Monitoring Dangerous Geological Processes in the system
Goscomgeology.
I think that in the future improvement of the Disaster Management System in
Uzbekistan, the Japanese’s Disaster Management System will be an example
for Uzbekistan.
Recommendation
Experience and knowledge of Japan to reduce natural disasters andcooperation with the ADRC, Goscomgeology would like to implement thefollowing in order to decrease the damage caused by landslide and earthquake
processes, well-timed warning about the hazard sources, monitoring over theirdevelopment and warning about the threat of dangerous geological processes
and to increase the safety of residency and economic activity in mountainregions in Uzbekistan:¾ Improve the system of monitoring dangerous geological processes;¾ Establish a unified interconnected system of remote, ground andunderground types of observations dangerous geological processes;¾ Open a new scientific research direction "Influences of the earthquake on
dangerous geological processes"¾ Create a unified database of hazardous natural processes (floods,
earthquakes, droughts, landslides etc.);¾ Create a monitoring center of the earthquake in Tashkent.
¾ Create an Earthquake Alert System via mobile phones.
¾ Make a map of natural hazards caused by earthquakes, melting snow andheavy rain by region of the republic.
¾ Establish a system of public notification of the impending threat in theform of a siren or light signals.

71