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J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
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No. +*0, p. - +* ,**1 Eh *ῌ**Reaction of a Platinum Electrode for the Measurement ofRedox Potential of Paddy Soil
Daisuke MURAKAMI* and Tatsuaki KASUBUCHI*** The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University** Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, +῏,- Wakaba-machi,
Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 331῏2///, Japan
Abstract
Redox potential (Eh) of soil has been measured to know the redox state in paddy soil. However, it was di$cult to get reliable data because the Eh values in the ﬁeld ﬂuctuated largely.
Although the measurement method had been examined to improve the problem since the +3/*’s,
it still remained to be analyzed. To improve the problem, we used the cyclic voltammetry (CV)to examine the reaction of the platinum electrode. The results obtained were as follows. The
causes that ﬂuctuated the data consisted of two factors.

One was the chemical reactions of plati-

num electrode with the surrounding materials. The other was associated with the property ofthe soil. The platinum electrode induced reaction with oxygen in the oxygenated medium andmade oxide layer in the surface of the electrode. This layer disturbed to make the Eh stable.
Polishing the sensor could remove the layer.

In the reductive state, the sensor adsorbed somematerials in the reductive state around its surface.

This also decreased the stabilizing time. In

addition, the di#usivity of ions in the soil was too small because of the large surface area andelectro double-layer of soil solid. These factors decreased the moving speed of electron or ion
transport and non-equilibrium condition was formed in the soil.
Key words : redox potential, measurement method, cyclic voltammetry, paddy soil, di#use double layer+     Eh 

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MNO/3& g! {|? +32,D  ;`ST ab/Pc E;deqrstE9deu=g!& E/3Ty

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* $V : yV -*/῏**.1 fP ¡¢£¤ +0῏+ fP ¥¦ ^** >§B 331῏2/// >§¨©¡ª«¬ +῏, ¶·¸¹ºp :
 Hh ­®¯°±¯²³¦´µ°   R  +*0 ¼ [,**1\4     Eh 

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J+K>3 ,-L, :./>,:./M0 N1O  G P
23 >QRSTUSVW"XYZT! [CV\49:]5 <=^  6 CV , > G]5,

:78:*῏+, :  Eh 3
 CV 3 [B\[A\  - :

Fig. +

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Eh change just after the insertion of
sensors (soil , ponded water),1 :-,*;ῌ<; =,& Eh W>῏+  ?!"* @ABCDEFGῌHIJKD
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|3 CV t65 6 wxyz2{
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8

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Cª¯6X¬t"´µ* +,IJ8

  Eh  g8].c87&" Eh ":;<1"# ῌ=c +302 !
7 >Yst6  ?
+,

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u1FK)67 ,/9+, +,

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Fig. /

Change in Soil Eh by repetitive insertion

E#ect of surface area on soil EhOaP]" Eh KLbc@

!CDE !: def:ghL
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01IJ!01"IJXY Eh @

Fig. .

E#ect of polishing on the change in Soil Eh:/ m|+



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/01234567! 01

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 Eh KLelXY Eh hLUp

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-F+F.

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! QH" &'(ῌ)*+302+ R /STU V῍/ GH/ ,

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 & +  ¡¢HU!CDE R £ E/¤¥U CV KL ¦!1CV  CV KL:§#q":-,¨~#©ª«_"p/ L¬U­2i®q  ?@¯°"  !,-©ª±²p~#p³

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´µ³/¬!  & 5@¶P HpE?@¯°®¯ : bcde,**, CV  

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-9,9, deopqrst :;<-9,9+ :;< =>2() CV  !?@῏ῌ/* mmol LA+AKCl BC =>CV !?@῏῍

DE# FGD

L῏1 deou ,. qrst :;<$v

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CV 

 

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-.TU8()"#RS-.QIS:;<I => #|FRX#+I
-9,9- deCV  !?@῏῎KCl BC DE CV

8 deR

=>Fig. 0DE#=>

CV ¥¦E#ect of polishing on CV curve

ῌῌ1Fig. 1

FGDE~,_RDE

87IFf4 S /*+,*** mV minA+ # L῏2 deῌῌ0 _R

DE CV  qr*+S_R

JK ( I)8  %&

8

  8IFR¡ CV ¢GS 18£¤ n)#CV ¥¦*. !§¨©

ª«¬­(

Change in CV curve by repetitive sweep (Numbers in the ﬁgure show the sweeping order.)JKVWX Y +*0 Z 1,**128

ῌῌ2Fig. 2

ῌῌ3>῎2

Fig. 3 ῌ  #$3GHIJK CV L-

CV curves of the soil by the change in sweeping speed

MNOPI?9!"3#$%&'Q*RSTU*I>The relation between the oxidative peak of current and square root ofsweeping speed from ﬁgure 2.



#$%&'()* +,-./0 1*2 345+

   ῍ 

67 5 1!89:; ,**,2 <+= >῎2  

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3 $">{|97"  5[

U1} '>3 f\ <%~lS

6!,-%#! $S6!(?'>!]

  $$%  

 #$%  $"$%  ^U

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

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

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ῌp _+302` q%rs#$% CV

Q   EW LS653:X8#

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3:%,' 81 ?=| *

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 $;<%v# Eh *| CV *7

L! 4:AAJ abcd1" eBC   -<5!fg%Dh ? +GH!,%# E9 FG#H!&=%,'" iI
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EFΐῐ EFΐῑ  KCl 2M

Y CV *  $;< N#\kῌOP'>!&=
$% ]  "# Y CV * _EFΐῒ`  "#3 lS6!
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./w _,**,` : ./*¡ _xw` p. 2* ¢y z£¤p{|ῌ}¥~ῌ¦ _+32.` : ./*e _`¤ p. 12 §q¨_©`¤_EFΐ῎`

QX1"

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¬­j _+3.2` : /i®¤ « +3 :.-.

¯ ῌ°ῌ±²³l _+30*` : ´ZFe¤ +0  &  Eh %Z*epp. .31ΐ0.* µ§¶¤

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.WqX rstS6!QX1"$%!

 5 pp. /-ΐ03 º¤

Ru%,'" $? 5YS 3v"'>wxy <%kPZz'>e¤ /¤ »C¼ _+3.,` : O` ¤ «
+0 : +*.ΐ++0.

 ¡ " +*0 ¢ ,**110ῌ +302 : Eh   -3 : /-/ῌ/.,.
 +32, :! " . #rosion of iron in soil with particular considera-$!

+  pp. +--ῌ+-3 %&'tion of the soil redox potential as indicator of
corrosiveness, +*2, (New Brunswick, N. J.).

῍( ) Eh *+,-.

Starkey, R.L. and Wight, K.M. (+3.0) : Anaerobic cor-ῌ/012345 6789:;<= >?,@A

B +CD. ( ) Eh * EFGHIJK LMC-.NOP;Q+R5 STUVWHXMYC+RCZ[\]M+,-.^_?,@A@`B
aDa +bcd`@*efghD?,@`C`B i+. j$klmn;opqmr
st/Uumrvw.xy;ghD > Gz{|}{~XF|H;`@<= B * !%S;` B+ ]* EFGHst/0m$!R , dMa@`+R;ghDa B C pqmrstj$5klM+R j$klMr>@?`+R;ghDa B : ,**0  2  +.   : ,**1  -  3 J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
ῌjNo. +*0, p. ++ +3 ,**1 

*ῌ**ῌ

*Soil Temperature Change and Heat of Wetting during
Inﬁltration into Dry soils
Takeo AKAE*, Aya TANAKA** and Munehide ISHIGURO** The Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University,-ῌ+ῌ+ Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan** Okayama Prefecture Association of Land Improvement Project Promotion,+ῌ-ῌ1 Uchisange, Okayama, Japan
Abstract
In inﬁltratioin process of water to dry soils, rise of the temperature just before the wetting front
arrival is observed.

This phenomenon is caused by wetting heat released by adsorption of water

vapor onto the soil and or wetting of the soil. The temperature change a#ects not only soil water
potential, inﬁltration itself due to change in viscosity of the water but also bio-chemical phenomena
by changing temperature environment. However, few quantitative experiments and analytic
studies have been made on this phenomena of natural soils, many problems remain to be solvedon this matter. In this research, to evaluate the soil temperature change quantitatively, inﬁltration experiment was conducted on three types of natural soils under thermally insulated condition and the temperature change was monitored. In addition, wetting heat of the soils was measured by calorimetric method. The experimental results showed that the temperature increased
at just before the wetting front by ,.yellow soil, respectively.

, ,+.0and /.2

for the Masa soil, Ando soil and the red

We observed strong relationship between the increases in the temper-

ature and the wetting heats of each soil. The wetting heats of each soil showed strong relationship with the cation exchange capacity.
Key words : Inﬁltration, Heat of wetting, Speciﬁc surface, Adiabatic inﬁltration experiment, Cation exchange capacity+      

D3Ngh iῌ"#jklmnopL\Bq]0 rs!iCD38HtBuvwxῑc/yzKeren and Shainberg, +31/, +313, +32* ; Kijne, +303{  !"#$%"&'()*+,!-.

wx|}c~ῌL\Bt* zIwata, S. et al., +322{0 mῐ/*0 12 345 6789*:3;< =>

!cn GCD3wxῑ  z+311{῔ΐ89*3?῍8@AB CD37E&89*E!c/*c aῑ!t0 ^] IJ'()*,FGH/*0] D!87)*8*

IJ8K&CDLM*N OPQKRSEHῑ 8n\By KRCD3

TUVWPXY῎S8Z[L\]-.^_`)

7Lq*NB\*cG$/*0 aVWPXYbc3N!dBefL\*E&C* zBerge, H.F.M. ten, +330{0* ## #¡ ¢1**ῌ2/-* £¤¥ - ¦p +ῌ+** §¨῏©ª«¬ῒ­® ¢1**ῌ*2,. £¯` +ῌ-ῌ1 : D CD3 °±²³ ´3Dµ ¶·¸¹º»¼ῐV  +*0 ¼ ,**1

12   Anderson and Linville +30,
+30-  Perrier and Prakash +311 

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%&'
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Fig. +

5)+ M+ N,O7  ,-0+86 9PQRST: CEC ;UG/01cd

Inﬁltration apparatus under thermoinsulated condition.

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por movement during inﬁltration into dry soils,

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Schematic illustration of liquid water geometry in soil pores : (a) drying with the airliquid water interface under room temperature ; (b) freezing with the ice-liquid waterinterface in a saturated soil.

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Unfrozen water pressure head in a watersaturated frozen soil h, based on the temperature T with the generalized form ofClausius-Clapeyron equation.

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Unfrozen water curves for three di#erent
water-saturated frozen soils, based on thesoil water characteristic curves describedwith Eq. ῎
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UH p fl ¡ ¢ N£S   p+¤+ Cn, Co, Cair, Cl, Ci J m-- 

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T ) ^1 $$ Cn!+.3,P+*0 kg s, m+, Coῌ῍

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qi ῕->?@ABCD/EF GH I 2 J5 +U *Q

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 Ca   Cp

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K 

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ῑῌ.

$%| a +,BBM Kﬂh, b |+,BBM KﬂT, c &E Cp H&E Ca, d &'( l.

Fig. .

Temperature dependence of physical properties of frozen soils : (a) isothermal hydraulicconductivities Kﬂh ; (b) thermal hydraulic conductivities KﬂT ; (c) soil heat capacity Cp andapparent heat capacity Ca ; (d) thermal conductivity l.

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di#erent soils.

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F#+, /<( E#+, +/<S ºFig. /(a) Temperature and (b) thermal conductivity proﬁles in a freezing loam soil ; (c) Progress of the freezing front (*< isotherm) for
Tinit;/<, TL;?/<, TR;/< and the +*<isotherm for Tinit;+/<, TL;/<, TR;+/<.

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and thermal liquid (qlT) and vapor (qnT) ﬂuxes
in a freezing loam soil after / hours for different initial water pressure heads.

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Proﬁles of (a) water and (b) pressure headand (c) isothermal hydraulic conductivity
in a freezing loam soil after / hours for
di#erent initial water pressure heads. In
ﬁgure (a), the solid and dotted lines indicate total and unfrozen water contents, respectively.

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30

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Water content proﬁles for three di#erent
freezing soils after / hours. The solid anddotted lines indicate total and unfrozen
water contents, respectively.

Campbell, G.S. (+32/) : Soil physics with BASIC, Elsevier, New York.
Dash, J.G., Fu, H. and Wettlaufer. J.S. (+33/) : The premelting of ice and its environmental consequences.
Rep. Prog. Phys., /2 : ++/῎+01.
Black, P.B. and Tice, A.R. (+323) : Comparison of soil

pqrstuv :w1hxyzfreezing and soil water curve data for Windsor
sandy loam. Water Resour. Res. ,/ : ,,*/ῌ,,+*.

ῌῌ{@pqr

31++*/ῌ+++-.
Noborio, K., McInners, K. J. and Heilman, J.L. (+330) :Harlan, R.L. (+31-) : Analysis of coupled heat-ﬂuid trans-

Two-dimensional model for water, heat and so-

port in partially frozen soil. Water Resour. Res.,lute transport in furrow-irrigated soil : I. Theory.

3 : +-+.ῌ+-,-.

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 0* : +**+ῌ+**3.

Hansson, K., ‘imu
S ‡nek, J., Mizoguchi, M., Lundin, L.C.

Philip, J.R. and de Vries, D.A. (+3/1) : Moisture move-and van Genuchten, M.Th. (,**.) : Water ﬂow

ment in porous materials under temperature gra-and heat transport in frozen soil : Numerical solution and freezeothaw applications. Vadose Zone
Journal, - : 03-ῌ1*..

 ῌKay, B.D.ῌ  ῌSheppard, M.I.
+32. :

 !"#


$%&'# .3 ; /.ῌ0+.

dients. Trans. AGU, -2 (,) : ,,,ῌ,-,.

() *ῌ+,-. ,**0 : /0123 J.R. Philip and
D.A de Vries 4 56789:;<=>?@A  !"B#

$%&'# +*- : +*/ῌ++,.

Scanlon, B., Keese, K., Reedy, R.C. ‘imu
S ‡nek, J. andAndraski, B. (,**-) : Variations in ﬂow and trans-

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port in thick desert vadose zones in response tomental studies of coupled heat and moisture trans-

paleoclimatic forcing (*ῌ3* kyr) : Monitoring, model-

fer in soils during freezing. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.,ing, and uncertainties., Water Resour. Res., No. 1,- : ,,-ῌ,-,.

++13, doi : +*.+*,3/,**,WR**+0*., +-.+ῌ+-.1.

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Schoﬁeld, R.K. and Bothlho da Costa, J.V. (+3-2) : The

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measurement of pF in soil by freezing point. Agric.

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(,**/) : The HYDRUS-+D software package for

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ter, heat and multiple solutes in variably-satu-

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rated media. Version -.*.HYDRUS Software Series

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+,-.ῌ)CDEῌF GHῌIJ KῌLMNOῌPQRST UVWXYZ[W\ῌ]^\_`\_

titioning in freezing soils. Can. Geotech. J., 01 :a4 ,**0 :1,0ῌ1-0.

eb%@fghij# klmno$%&bῌῌcdῌ

Koopmans, R.W.R. and Miller, R.D. (+300) : Soil freez-van Genuchten, M. Th (+32*) : A closed-form equa-ing and soil water characteristic curves. Soil Sci.

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 W X  +*0  ,**1

32

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J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
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No. +*0, p. -- .0 ,**1

 *ῌ*Optimum Conditions for Predicting Unsaturated Hydraulic
Properties Using the Evaporation Method
Masaru SAKAI* and Nobuo TORIDE*
Abstract
Optimum conditions for predicting unsaturated hydraulic properties using the evaporation
method were investigated. Numerical simulations for evaporation from a saturated silt soilcolumn were carried out. Sensitivities and correlations for two selected parameters of the van
Genuchten-Mualem model were evaluated with the response surface in terms of the pore-waterpressure heads inside the soil column. The pore-connectivity coe$cient, l, which describes the
tortuosity factor for the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, had a strong negative correlation
with the shape factor, a, and a positive correlation with the saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks.
It is therefore necessary to carefully select initial values for these correlated parameters.

Higherpotential evaporation rate, longer column, and pressure heads measured closer to the soil surface
were more valuable for the parameter estimation based on the response surface analysis. The
hydraulic parameters were optimized for a Fujinomori silty soil. The optimized hydraulic parameters were more reliable for longer column and pressure heads measured closer to the soil
surface.

Furthermore, using pressure heads at two di#erent depths in the objective function

resulted in smaller standard deviations for Ks and l than those optimized with single depth data.
Key words : evaporation method, unsaturated hydraulic property, van Genuchten-Mualem
model, response surface2 `HUa<bcd+    
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®t®zῑ--0 q (GG H #L- LX-$ h (ῌ |},de0&~6.mN_  -)

8 #L$ K ($ ;% #L TX+$ t (+m #T$Oy` , ,Pu= #re-z (>°c!m±c #L$ 0&V;<=0 * 0&'

sponse surface$

T1' j n, qs (

1R,~6%-. j43T qr,
a, Ks ~6(N7-. ?1 qr . n m(

!N_%&-. ?1 L/  8Q#*῔h῔X2** cm$

RA1Q  JtuK$ ;%(ST%7-. h1'i2 $;%<, Mualem vfG?

4mwxy;% l ( u6de h, A)²³]^( L/´µ+²³ hi #z$@A1'
h#z*$hi#z$

῍PQ6#( 9![%:\)E¶d\0 6#·¸(¹º9![·¸]^.1'ῌ®h ¯+῎»»*῍®z ῏»zXL

XK#h$

῎

XOY*»ST :Ff &'(Q#U *VE4L¼U

 L  L      ,    ,**0ῌh +῎ q t῍z ῏z* evapῐῌKhῌh +῎ E h*t h Aῐ῍z ῏z*῍ῐh*thA
῎
ῐ !

Parrish, +322!8> 8>? 

7Q1

* cm 8> 89

8>? h z, *Lz

Kh

ῑ

35

 ῑ !

:1#;

+ ῏ ! 

 9  8>? <GH
E+ cm d+F?7z"
*./ *.+ cm d+ -  +4 E

zF 3451

 hA+*/ cm 8> Rassam et al., ,**.

7Q

1o p4 = 9z4>8"#$%&' ()* >? *./ cm,  + cm, ?uv2

+ qevap t L T + ῑ !

5 3 cm  - 38> gh  *./ cm ,-.

/.0' 

7Q122** cm 1 h * t 23451 hA L 6'787;=z{

>7Q1 7A#BCD" N

9   E L T+ :"#$%& E+ ; ,2<=>? h * t 2 hA =zNF? A#BCD" 27Q1>@ h * thA :1 +st6 A#BCDEF? 
"#$%&  GHGIJ
LM N GHG OCD!

A#BCDE ῐ !


82K

"#$%&

 ; P"GH!>? ῑ !/.

0



b +A#BCD"!>?gh@>?F82K

SÀimůnek et al., +332 L gh }Y~

Q#U *VA#BCD"yLA#BC
D" 7Q1 ghast

8A#BCD*AW 5w ; BCD> , A#BCD" L ¡

A#BCD"}Y~"¢ £6

¤+Q#$RS%8&'()QTPQ#U *VWP

L>? E¥ 6 gh =z van Genuchten VG XOY van Genuchten,o 3 j Ff £68}Y~7Q1

+32*

:9]¦ fjqqr
+ῒahῒnm
qsqr

ῒ

KhKsSleZ++Sleῌmm[,

ΐ

Se Se +\'( qr ],-.^Q/ L- L-
-

§M

῏῎

+

,
fj ῑ Zpῑj tipjti[῔῍ῐῌ nj o3 j Ff7Q1OCDP pῑ
3 j )¨ ti Ffj ti pj ti Lo£68}Y~7Q1 ©

L>?

qs '(-.^Q/ L L  a L  n  m  , Q#U *VA#BCD!> :9]++ῌn Q#U *V_- + A#BCD Ks¦ fj  F ª % «z ¬ ­ ,  ®  ¯ G S  Re-

'()QTP L T+ 

sponse Surface

°H> VG XOY 0 A#-l *`abTP

pore-connectivity coefficient ' Q#$RS%

801&'()QTP1.V

+

A#

BCD2

M bg +/ ¯GS2±2 de *&'()QTP ²

*`aBCD' Mualem +310 Ec" l*./ bTP l ¯GS la, lKs, ln, lqr, lqs IdeFf Q#U P"gh8ijA#BCD

J>

E &'(Q#U+D SÀimůnek et al., ,**/

2

klm#n HYDRUS-.ῌ ῑ ΐ ῔-ῌ ῍ ῒ ῎ ῕ 9   o 3p4qPr2Q.ῌ+ ῑΐῐ῏ ³}Y~ «῕+  ´µ

1 >Q#$RS%

¶

G% K%_4#U *VWPEst uv 5w M 

5 , ·G "Lb> VG XOY qr*.*, qs

x#nyQ#  6>P"GH =z{*./1. a*.**,-/ cm+ n+..  +* cm 8 ,* cm  , 8> VG XOYA

et al., +33+

#BCD8>? qr*.*-. qs*..0 a*.*+0 cm+ n

P1 Q+** cm++.. Ks0 cm d  l*./

R|}Y~ Carsel andvan Genuchten³}Y~ M¸=NO5z¹¶ºR|2*R

H6 '()QTP Ks/.3 cm d

+

Qp)Q
{

"»abx Z +*0 ¼ ,**1#36+w=!Q~r$ B|}+D 5C 
0 7j^>4 Ks D`aj4!.
~r?D$!r$U 9ciD 

E+ qs  { Ks kv>^$ N F&R
8 qr v /. -. + Grj2:op~g

GHI=rU kg

GHI$
[SD A`a~r@{$ N 5
C $ H`aI@{ ῌ e"#K D E$?JK0@{$ ῍ e.D `$RSA+ / 
0L)AM qevap t# @{$ΐῌ+Fig. +

 EN¢£J`$? VGµW jrXu£J
Observed and ﬁtted water retention
curve for Fujinomori silty soil. Fitted
line is the VG model.

hciD "#K !Q `ab5d&R8 2.- cm
-D /0 03 qave *..* cmD 2, 03 qave*.., cm- cm-#cm  +0 cm

WHI );<yp$ >n \bd
&R8 qave D % ¡ ; j4EN¢£Jq O?¤Ur¥P=rU Q;<ypÀimůnek et al., +332#$!rQR?=r S

 -.3 cm  2.- cm, +0 cm  , 
  *.*.+ kg kg+  rb+.+0 Mg m-   

!"!

῏

ῐ῎

῎ῑῌ

῍ῑῌ

,
ῌ
,
 ῒ vi ῒ ¦pῌ
j ti#pjti#§ ¨¦qaveqave§ῐ .S* TUD !"!`$?[S?© % &'(pj ti# D$ H j ª ti n2r"#K  m D

012 ($ Hp nj D$ H j n2rWHIp qave

(3 % &'(45*D`ab5d&R8=r$ vj D>rE6 5789:; )<=

n2r"#K O?«)¬­Q~rP®o>?@ABC$ 2.- cm

p=4 ¯e$ +0 cm

2.- cm#$) *+,-./ $-.+ /., cm +0 cm

DE *.1DE + / +- cm +vjF;&GHIHJ K !LM)"#K $$ N%&'O().* P+!Q1@RSA+TU$ K!LM 'O()D Campbell VWHIXYH CR+
nj sj,

ῒῑ sj, D$ H j n2r"#K $?
V9E°=r$

 WJ\7 , ±7

Levenberg-Marquardt 7 Marquardt, +30-# j4+*** ,- 5"#K  RSA+Z.

;<yp  \7~rg[$$ 5./? \./F;&GH$

IH?1**]2** cm 01$23>^
4_ `ab5$3

c& 6

75d&R8 qave $$

GHI\XQ>^hcijrg GHIkD X>?
@{r?2²³=r Rassam et al., ,**.#$ ´ΐ+ EN¢£J`$? VG µWXuA@! qr, qs, a, n g GHI? qr*.*, qs

.ῌ, ῐῒῑ῍῏῎῔῕A`a`$WHI ῎ ῏ e qr, qs, a, n,*./1. a*.**,-/ n+..# ? )$ N

Ks, l  0 fg GHIhcij4k$ 9l :op Ks D!+:5aA@! Ksmn)D 2:opk?q>;<=r/.3 cm d+ 0stuop l D Mualem +310# k

U 0stuop l vkg GHIU$ 0s¶? l*./ tuop l ?2:opK w=xyzr ;<yp?[·7? local minimum# ¸\~

)$ >n ?Y®uzC¯Z :op Ks D 2:op\>?

r?WJ\7 , ±7]^H_@!)

@{rg

r$

GHI=r$  Ks D!+:5aj4A@!)r? Ks D"#B|}U k??X`>)¹{@!rºuD[¸\??g GHIk : "#_`3Ka()

  

37$%4DEFG E*.+ cm d&+ 6H IG *./cm JKLM4&2** cm NOP Q,, :R 1S/ 

78"#4TU ' J. E*./ cm d&+ VW ?8"#63 L+* cm 1 -.- : L,*ῌ,   L+* cm  !

cm 1 / :6 4XY78"#9.

/+ 

&+"#$% E+ *./ *.+ cm d  ' L,* cm 

4 4 , ZBS 78"#9. +./ Z[ E*./ cm d&+ ()*+,"#$%-./0%\]12B

123 L+* cm, E+ cm d&+ ()1 "#$%4

ῌ- QaR  ῌ, ^ L+* cm, E+ *.+ cm

56378"#9. +./ :6;< =>"#d&+ ()_`3JKLMab^A  c$%4?@A3?8"#9.6B 5C

deJKLM4 &,** cm N-.6IG *./!"#cm JKLM4&2** cm N-.6 E+
cm d&+ 1 + :6 ,.0 : E*.+ cm d&+ 1 +../ :6,, :ab^ 78"#9.4 +./ :6; E
+ cm d&+ ()1 ;9.defgJKLM4h<ijkHLMlm4noGp34 jqr
 ,.0 :_S&,** cm [%'1sij
5C ,, :_S78"#4TUA3 E*.+ cm
d&+ ()1 "#t9su +../ :[%'1vwxyzX{5|}C~Kaw4 IGC
5|JKLM4ij ' FG"#$%1 -.jqsuKa"#4A3 ,, :_ jJKLM
ῌ,3 L 6 !"#$% E _`3,"#$%

Fig. ,

Actual evaporation rates from a silty
soil with di#erent column length L andthe potential evaporation rate E.

&-/* cm 6 E+ cm d&+ VW ij4kH
 |ῌ- QbR  E*./ cm d&+ *+ L+*
cm 6 ,* cm vwxJKLMab^A cd

eJKLM4&,** cm N-.6IG *./ cm
JKLM4 &2** cm N-.6 L+*ῌ-3 L 6 !"#$% E _`3JKLMab : QaR L+* cm _`3 E
+ *.+ cm d&+ QbR E*./ cm d&+ _`3 L+* ,* cm

Fig. -

Pressure head proﬁles in a silty soil with di#erent column length L and the potential
evaporation rate E : (a) E+, *.+ cm d+ for L+* cm, (b) L+*, ,* cm for E *./ cm d+.

³´µ¶ · +*0 ¸ O,**1P

38cm  ,..  .  L,* cm  -.1  0., g R| 3** IJKLMN}URVW~

89 JKLMN&a:b:H} x*  L,* cm    +* cm 

 L+* cm  . Oqr*.*-. qs*..0 a*.*+0 cm + n+.. Ks0 cm

 ,** cm !  L,*d +P l**./ s (  ῌ rnopq f  * cm  0., "# +* cm 

$ defg'}  k῍.  l 

cm $%&'#( )*+& , ,-

/*

./

*.,l*.2   Ox*, l*P &   J

0123456& +./ ,789 7: L

KLMNnpq ;!<^ { x ,* cm ;!<=>?@A&BC9: D K= Ox* x, l*P (Y f+*/E[` x* xxx*x /ῌ, ῏ῒῐΐ
VG FGH / IJKLMN x Oa, Ks, n, qr, qsP 4nopq f  JKLMN} X
H& ( a Y (QDRST l URVW Ox, lP X(Y 12Z[:8JKLMN \]!^JKLMN_` a:b:

LMN f !^_`g ¡¢£oJK^C¤ l**./ ¥

URVWJKLMN4;cX(Ydefg¦n g f   §JKLMN} h(Yij  k῍.  L+* cm, E+ cm d + lm

H}

"# *./ cm \]!^ / IUR   xx* ¨¦©ª g f   l 

VW Ox, lP X(Ynopq f Oῌ rP stuk_` f &«¬­ X JKLMN'

OdefgP  vJKLMN a:b:s4w

#\]&|®DE ¯( zC-* IxyGMN YzC  a { + Xdef

7 X$JKLMN_`&t(7 JKLMN x _`

^

ῑῌ.

)*+ L+* cm, °±12²` E+ cm d + H"# *./ cm \]
!^nopq f defg : OaP l a, ObP l Ks, OcP l n, OdP l qr, OeP l qs

Fig. .

Response surfaces of square residual f for pressure heads at *./ cm depth for a silty soil
with column length L῎+* cm silt and the potential evaporation rate E῎+ cm d῍+ : (a) l῍a,(b) l῍Ks, (c) l῍n, (d) l῍qr, (e) l῍qs.

kl`I¼KL : ¦B={'G#$}³MIUM KNvwZ 



 Ks, qr

l  ῎. b  d!" a, n, qs

l # ῎. a  c 

 y!z"+ 3 cm E  f

39

,+.



 FG, HI" ῎, a :"1242+y!45() V:  }) !"  $%&'() *+

+ %6x' *+ +42+y!45

f ,+-. $+ a  l  *+ })+'()f '" /< 7+M 8&' :@: He῎. a  Ks  l  *+ /' ῎. b  012&*+

3'

 x, l 4&'56789 :+ f  ;'"< f,+ -.=+> ?

:+ $@%ABC'῎. a  aDl ABE FG, HI>})*+ +42,_":>! 'W7 _+ "z"& 9@ *./+ cm : K42+y!45&';I'+' FG, 3  JK, , L1'

Fy!z"l+"W7AB

M N OP QR  ῍ 12 ῎. e  ῎/ a  b S 'TU +0 ῎. a E  l 

:"y!45 j ; fj <:789" fuῌfj

M V&2W7 a QR:>XY&Z 

E2I' g"< f / + %&  E/'0:>+'f :>OP:m+vw&'[ l  n, qr, qs  \%  ] f 

0I  1 =% > ;' ¡¢£7

,+-.  (^_`ab x*, l*q'0¤?' g"< [@¥+y!z"

 ]:",&cd&e>+' ῎. c ;> Fy!z"l;>¡¢£V 012f % !" \+Wd  e&20 A!:+;I'

7 gIhI :>OP'TU/ῌ,ῌ, ῏῔ῑΐ% ?

῎0 a  b

+332

S
et al.
iE/' Àimůnek

 l j% VG kl` a, Ks, n, Lu+* cm Eu*.+ cm dD+ vwy!z" *./ cm ={' qsDl  KsDl ABE/

' T¦BC+ + Eu+ cm dD+ DA'A

 \% ? :m+E/'

B  gIhI῎. e  b E/' T¦BC

0 !" n  qr  *+ /'0,+ Eu*.+ cm dD+ E  §&¦BR ¨E: ῎

qr, qs AB+>: qs

:" !" Ks noAB  Ks pq+,  ©ª«% }) 6x:" ῎- a  qs&'0: Ks QRYUr

Dl AB  Eu+ cm dD+  l :>f+s>+' ῎. e D¬- Eu*.+ cm dD+ E /ῌ,ῌ+ ῎ῐ῍ῒ; f ,+(  qsu*..0 ,=+> l p῎/ a  b

q% ῎. e  t Lu+* cm, Eu+ cm

 l D:>f

6+0

dD+ vwxE y!z" + 3 cm ={'#$%|n:" ῎0 a  Eu+ cm dD+  KsDl AB }& qs  l ABE/' '~"< 

*+ f

( ῎. :%:"  })* + +~-,+ ῎. b  [ ῎0 b  Eu*.+ cm dD+

 *./ cm EE  f῎. e +z" + cm, 3 cm 's> lu*./ qsu*..0 G,,=+> f  -.& &8 f&/# qs

u*..0 ={' l f01'  *./ cm ={' f+,*** (*..2ῌlῌ*./- E/

  +,+-. ',+-. ­®<q+ %

 FG, HI" 012 Ks  l  *% FG, l M

3'"< Ks¯ E/'

AB°e"Z@ T¦BC E+*../ῌlῌ*./2 ῎/ a   3 cm W7% FRE§&¦B@±&¦B²³V' + %&   ] FG,})*   OP:m+vwE/'cm W7HI" ῎/ b  g"< f&/#2"< M I'G#$H}´F7 +;

+y!z"() l f % OP:m+v

I' ¦B=+> µ¶°e>¦B/

wE/'':·'0῎/ c  dtvwy!z" 3 cm ={'aDl, KsDl ABE/' qsDl AB

3 ¸F¹'6&º 1 7U+G#$H}´F I
l M '"<E/' "»: /! GJ+,-. / +*0 0 &,**1'

40

῎ῌ/

Fig. /

῎ῌ0
Fig. 0 L+* cm, E+ cm d +f "#$% : &a' l qs &() + cm'* &b' l&() 3 cm'  !
qs &() 3 cm'* &c' l a &() 3 cm'* &d' l Ks

Response surfaces of square residual f for pressure heads for a silty soil with column
length L῍+* cm silt and the potential evaporation rate E῍+ cm dῌ+ : (a) lῌqs at + cm depth,(b) lῌqs at 3 cm depth, (c) lῌa at 3 cm depth, (d) lῌKs at 3 cm depth.

 L+* cm, E*.+ cm d + ! f "#$% : &a' l qs, &b' l() *./ cm 
Ks

Response surfaces of square residual f for pressure heads at *./ cm depth for a silty soil
with column length L῍+* cm silt and the potential evaporation rate E῍*.+ cm dῌ+ : (a) lῌqs,(b) lῌKs.

y%º9: : ; !"$%¥(

 n»`a ¼<

41

 B6+..C &i3!4 2 o- n* !"#$ %&} VG y Z' "rs(' ( )*+,-.!/01!2 -LIn9!)i3!

3!4al., ,**.C4  VG y/,- BSÀimůnek et al., +332C4 2 

5ῌ1  E6*./ cm d:- *./ cm

7+

89! L6+* cm, ,* cm;"< 89!= > ?!4 L6+* cm@A B5ῌ1 BaCC qs6*..0  ! DE f

F+*,***

G *.-2ῌlῌ*.0, ?! 8 L6,*

cm

@A B5ῌ1 BbCC *..,ῌlῌ*.0* HIJ =>KLM fN*O9P4 23

BRassam etn  qr  bT*}

;"<G B72**FhF* cmC   n 8 qr *cd-.!2^J ! A
.8S*"}> *9!2+?!4
5ῌ2 BaC,  5ῌ+ A-. VG

y B C 8  n-.

 QR L RS' l T9!UV2* n6, 8 qr 6*.,/ cd-.

O94 E6*./ cm d7+}> ?!4 -@A E6+ cm d7+ WX

RI B5ῌ,C Y Z;"< +,[\4 ] QR L *RI9! Q,""}> {#|$<Z] q -* . S/"}> *O94  5ῌ2 BbC O9Z ;"< VI3!J Y ,

"rs n6+.. Z +,01< EI! B5ῌ- BbCC4 2 ^_`a! 8 n6, 2 )¡0-3!4  2lUb8Lcdefg!hi

3!4 ] jk  lmW= >no-2]i QR*RI9!^J^_ qr "rslm*¢9?! +"1£ "$Ti"2 34L¤5^J[ ( 

*pq9! "rs ( ) tuvhi3!4,**1C4 !wxyz « </- 
/-+



¥¦§2[¨©-3! BoªhF* cm  5ῌ2 BaC

qr 

 !wxyz 5ῌ+ O9^_K

G 72**F

 ,

"}

> ¬6I­9!2  qr*(  4

L"#{#|$<*}~ 

7+** cm 

/-, o-%*}4 VG y*5ῌ+"}> 

 ®¯  HYDRUS  °±² ³ 9! Ni]*} o-

&i3!(  ´µ¶7; 8·¸?

"ῌ1Fig. 1 ! 

+ E6*./ cm d7+ *8h!QR L xyz¹  ! :- *./ cm< n89! DE f
l7qs = > : BaC L6+* cm, BbC L6,* cm;"

Response surfaces of square residual f for pressure heads at *./ cm depth for a silty soil
with di#erent column lengths L and the potential evaporation rate E#*./ cm d$+ : (a) L#+*cm, (b) L#,* cm.

s¹º » +*0 ¼ m,**1o

42

῎ῌ2

¬2 qr  n x19yF VG ·6¸ mqsn*./1. an*.**,-/ cm~+ Ksn/ cm d~+ ln*./o mao uXE{ mbo
u5uFig. 2(a) Volumetric water content vs. pressure head and (b) unsaturated hydraulic conductivity
vs. volumetric water content for di#erent sets of parameter values of qr and n for the VG
model (qs῍*./1., a῍*.**,-/ cmῌ+, Ks῍/ cm dῌ+, l῍*./).

s  s 

3/ῌ  /-*} FG n OP 89 
h42 u5] r&6#$!"#$%&'()*+, /. , -*.

?9*=2!"#$0(123 45!"#$/

6#$5 7289: ; <=> ?@[*+ bc* qr %&[3fgA vuXE{hra<=><*+89A <=>2 /B/ CD/ 2  Z [ %& +>E *./ FG2HI/:J KLMNO

Q*^_ ? mh~2** cmo jJ*P> Q RHIST2KLMN<=Àimůnek et al., +332o+J+ mS

UVWXPY Z [ \] ^_Q  fgF,u qs %&a*`!"#$a/ ` 

 /. , -CDE bc YdJ
῍+  , e fg^_hijJ !"#$%&a

*+ 2.- cm k!l mLn2.- 

m2.- cm k!l* qsn*./22 +0 cm k!l*

qsn*./-*o fgg+0 cm k!l* qs OP  fg MN¡Fu([Y (  u5 Ks
m2.- cm k!l* Ksn+.1- cm d~+

cmo * pP *.1 -.+ /., cm  - q*r&/ st%&aAuv ῌ w45  +0 cm k!l mLn+0+0 cm k!l* Ksn+.,0 cm d~+o 2 u¢uf

cmo * pP + / +- cm  - qx19y4iFu5 Ksn/.3 cm d~+ *+5£¤ uXE{r&6#$45¥!"#$a >uXE{ F,(¦ uXE{%&*= Q §*+ N|fgA J}pPstuvÀimůnek et al.,¨HIA©>2ª«*= mSz῍3  %&/6#$

89*+ 2.- cm k!l +0+332o /B/ r&6#$(¬289 Ks :cm k!lB%&PuXE{ ~,**huXE{hr6#$45¥~2** cm *M./  z῍+ u

A%&(V­/2 q*+XE{j/ nn+..  qr n*.*, ?9a*

Y  ®r&/+  ^_ %&* 4<=2 n  qr `Jhr6#$+89 A hra%&a¯2  °±2a² ³´µ¶Jm2.- cm k!l89* nn+.3* qrn*.,,, +0

cm k!l89* nn-.-- qrn*.-01o  /. -. ++./ 

qs, Ks ~j : {|} 012 j Q

43

ῌ+ {|} VG ~ =6 $&
Table +

Optimized parameter values and standard deviations (lower row) for the VG model based on
the evaporation method.

Lengthtensiometersqr

qs

a (cmB+)nKs (cm dB+)l

L[+0 cm+, /, +- cm

*4-01
*4**0

*4/-*
*4**2

*4**,-,,4-3A+*B/-4-*4*1+4,0*4+-24+,A+*B/+4-.A+*B.

+ cm

*4-23
*4**/

*4/,2
*4**2

*4**,-0,4+.A+*B/

-42,
*4*2

+/43
,4.1

*4**,
*4*+-

/ cm

*4-32
*4**-

*4/-,
*4**.

*4**,/++421A+*B/.4+*4+*,402*40,*4**32
*4*,1

+- cm

*4.*3
*4**2

*4/-3
*4*++

*4**,0-4*3A+*B/

.4-+
*4+.

+.4**
04-2

*4**23*4*-1+, / cm

*4-1,
*4**/

*4/-*
*4**1

*4**,-.
,4+*A+*B/

-4/2
*4*1

+403
*4,0

-4/0A+*B.
-4.1A+*B-+, +- cm

*4-.3
*4*+*

*4/-,
*4*+*

*4**,,-4/2A+*B/-4**4*2*42.
*4*3+4-+A+*B0+41/A+*B.

/, +- cm

*4.*+
*4*,*

*4/-*4**-*4**,//+401A+*B/

.4+1
*4*3

-4-*4-0-4-,A+*B.
,42*A+*B.

*.1, -.+, /., cm

*4,,,
*4*+3

*4/22
*4**2

*4**-*,
24*.A+*B/

+43*
*4*/

+41+4*+

*4*/*
*430*

L[2.- cm

2.- cm  +0 cm   qr, qs, a, n   ! " # $% ῌ +& ' ( ) L  * +  ! "$Hopmans et al., ,**,&, -./ 0123 45 Ks 6 l  2.- cm /
7898 +.*+ *.30* 6:;<=>?@ +0 cm
/7898 *.+- +.-.A+*B. 6!"<=6<C
D, = le ?@le B,sῌlῌle E,s 6

F"8

3/῍ GHIJ 2.- cm /B+.21ῌlῌ+.31
+0 cm / B+.20A+*B. ῌlῌ-..3A+*B. /KC

D, Lῌ+*   @D0123 45MN  l 
3/῍ GHIJ6@

ONP8Q:=6Q!=R

DST=UV, 2.- cm 0123
ῌ3

Fig. 3{|}/ @D   :p= p +0 cm  =  2.- cm 
=Water retention curves for a Fujinomori silty soil estimated with the evaporation method : plots are observed
data, the solid line is for L+0 cm, anddashed line is for L2.- cm.

45

3/῍ GHIJ?WVXY D6NZ h[B2** cm ,A+*B-ῌKῌ/A+*B, cm dB+ 6\ , -.

+0 cm /L]/^_/;< `abGHIJ

cdefg , b8Phi '() L d) 60123 45 j l  klm]"nb6U@o 5=pqWrs $/. ,. -t& /uP8Dhi6v-wV,/-- 



5=pqxlyzo  /º ! » +*0 ¼ f,**1g

44+*\. *.+- aJ , EG:)j$klmD>&b` neoJ E p_ , EG!"# q r/stK Lde7XuD>
&s NOvJ ,-."#/ wx$yῌ+ z) Ks[/.3 cm d\+ l[*./ {|+ cm (:) /12 qr[*.**+ qs[*./+/ a[*.**+33 cm\+ n[,.+/ Ks[*.**. cm d\+l[*.**+ &J }/^~%&  Ks B & 7 CD> n 
Ks r\*.2+-, aJ  yῌ. fag fbg o ,-."# :) %&,-."#'()*ῑῌ+*/¥¦qr
r : ·/G·1)r l  3/ῌ K ¸ QK ¹

Fig. +*

Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity as
a function of soil water pressure head
for a Fujinomori silty soil estimatedwith the evaporation method : solidlines are optimized conductivity functions and dashed lines represent the
conﬁdence ranges based on the 3/ῌ
conﬁdence limits for the pore-connectivity coe$cient l.

+/ >a / ῌ+ ZZj$+ cm ( f+ / +-cmg /12{|$ L/&` /12}

c7;%&7&7

 %&{|89a

0ῌ ῍ ῐ ῏ ῎ o/stz& VW/ 0$ q r/G$$89  -bD 
&! van Genuchten-Mualem

fVGg !,-."#0$ q r 



   
!"#$ %&!"#'()*+ ,-."#/0$ ῌ+ /12
34 s 56789

_1)r l },-."#'()*+oZ , ¡¢QRS  $ >?>,-."#£L,-."# 
567 ¤zVW0$89 e¥¦ & §¨©oJ+ cm ( / cm ( +- cm (:) qr, qs,
a / ;<=  >?> s @A B CD> <0$89&`n, l 0$ E ,-."#/&` $  VWªo,-."#  l /u«¬FGHI s B ;&J K LM >­Z , ¡¢QRS

NO /. ,. + PQRS CD>TUVWXY  l  Ks ®<=ZQRS e^BZbD %&, EG

'()*+$,-."#/ l  a,-."#'()*+TUZ

>:) l 34 s[+*\. ]+*\- ^_$B _ l, a, Ks /$ {|;&`+ cm ( s[*.*+- a`b

'()*+0$/12ha

D , EG l /KLc7;de +$  Ks 34@ s[*.*3]*.-0 aJ+ cm ( fs[,..1g h$@A B ;&` b - EG:) l  Ks 34>?> s[+.-.i<  n, qs, qr  l  ¯; ,-."# a, Ks j$°a >
 bD s$1)r l ±²pt qs %&F³´s­µ¶Z£L0$QRS @_/LM : =5LM,+,-(N./O' ¼c78  

l     Eching, S.O. and Hopmans, J.W. (+33-) : Optimization

of hydraulic functions from transient outﬂow

 !"#$% & '()*+$, -. /0  !*1234*5)6

" 789-, :;<2.

and soil water pressure data. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,/1 : ++01ῌ++1/.

3ῌGH

+32. : ``I^_? JKLM ++, : =>?@ =*AB=C* %$,

45

)

.-ῌ/-.
Hopmans, J.W., Àimůnek,
S
J., Romano, N. and Durner,

D!>"#E ; >*%$, F

W. (,**,) : Inverse method-Evaporation method,  %$ >"  G

Methods of soil analysis Part .. pp. 312ῌ32+, ASA

%1 &: 'F$,()

and SSSA., Madison.

HI-, J*KLM,+,-(N./OPs ,**. : +,-N

QR !

%)S PQR ! "0T), /=*U,1A$,

VW

Inoue, M., Àimůnek,
S
J., Hopmans, J.W. and Claus-

X Y).Z '+,-2[/ &O*\,\;<2.
a),>0

6 /? a),> '!

7b8G s *9c/ Ks

 l ? d % >eQf
g- ;

nitzer, V. (+332) : In situ estimation of soil hydraulic functions using a multistep soil-water3]^_`*4=5:
PQR

.O pp. ,*,ῌ,*. N P

extraction technique. Water Resour. Res., -. :+*-/ῌ+*/*.
Klute, A. and Dirksen, C. (+320) : Hydraulic con-sductivity and di#usivity-Laboratory methods,+ 6 06  *4

Methods of soil analysis Part +. pp, 021ῌ1-., ASA

'*5)hi

qr, qs, ajkd l.

) n, l ? 06 s

and SSSA., Madison.

gnQ ,**1 : R*S Y. Mualem T +,-J*Km,U ¡@ 2[/*'$,¢)_?"78 jkn:, ; a), , £ ).¤ M. Th. van Genuchten T +,-

6   !*;YiopPQR !*'¥g-%) 6 s

hi

jk

+ 6 Y hi9q

Ks  l'2[/*'$,VH¦4?£ ¥

WXO +*0 : .1ῌ0*.

& %rs tsmS Marquardt, D.W. (+30-) : An algorithm for least-&*u\ , 6!*4,

squares estimation of nonlinear parameters.





+,-2[/ 'L;<2.

SIAM J. Appl. Math, ++ : .-+ῌ..+.
Mualem, Y. (+310) : A new model for predicting the

VW<>*v=,--p, >% (,- (,- 78m@a),\ ?4:,-@Au qs ,-2[/ Ks @'P

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EPA/0**/,ῌ3+/*0/, US Environmental Protection Agency.
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Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. .., No. /, 23,ῌ232 (+32*)
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Fig. -

Observed (open circles) and calculated(solid lines) curves for soil water retention and relative hydraulic conductivity, for Hygiene Sandstone (upper
panels) and Silt Loam G.E. - (lower
panels). (modiﬁed from van Genuchten+32*, Figures / and 1)=ON  S <= 39 
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55

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Y curve represents maximal dSe/dY
value.

Fig. 0(a) Water retention functions based on
Eq. (-2) and (b) their derivatives, when
Y* was ﬁxed at+** cm and m waschanged. Solid circle on each dSe/dY
Y curve represents maximal dSe/dY
value.

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Water Resour. Res., -* : ,++ῌ,,-.
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(+31.) : The mathematical modeling of soil-water-

Mualem-van Genuchten -./nitrogen phenomena. EDFB-IBP-1.-2. Oak Ridge% Mualem C*DE van Genuchten FNational Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA.

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Fayer, M. J. and Simmons, C.S. (+33/) : Modiﬁed soilN6 &'UVWXYA)Z,[\8]+water retention functions for all matric suctions.

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merical simulation models for one-dimensionaluchten -./%ghn S3n ]+_`

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side, CA, ++῍+- Oct. +323. (eds M.Th. van Gen-  +*060

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Journal of the Japanese Societyof
Soil Physics
July ῍ῌῌ῎

No. +*0Contents

Foreword ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌN. HARAGUCHIῌ

+

Original Papers
Reaction of a Platinum Electrode for the Measurement of Redox Potential of Paddy
Soil ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌD. MURAKAMI and T. KASUBUCHIῌ

-Soil Temperature Change and Heat of Wetting during Inﬁltration into Dry Soils
ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌT. AKAE, A. TANAKA and M. ISHIGUROῌ ++Special Reports
Water Flow and Solute Transport Models in Soils
Numerical Modeling of Water, Heat, and Solute Transport during Soil FreezingῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌK. WATANABE, N. TORIDE, M. SAKAI and J. À
SIMUÕNEKῌ ,+
Optimum Conditions for Predicting Unsaturated Hydraulic Properties Using the
Evaporation Method ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌM. SAKAI and N. TORIDEῌ -Lectures
Reading of Classical Study Series“A New Model for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated PorousMedia” by Y. Mualem and “A Closed-form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic
Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils” by M. Th. van Genuchten ῌῌῌῌῌK. KOSUGIῌ .1
Readers’ column ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌM. KOBAYASHIῌ 0+
Book reviewῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌH. NARIOKAῌ 0Announcements ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ 0/
Editor’s Postscript ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ 02

Japanese Society of Soil Physics
Department of Environmental Sciences
Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University+ Honjo-machi, Saga, 2.*ῌ2/*, Japan