Water environment in vietnam: opportunities andchallenges for sustainable MANAGEMENT IN
the context of climate change

Mai Trong Nhuan, Tran Ngoc Anh,
Truong Quang Hoc,, Pham Van Cu
Vietnam National University, Hanoi
Tran Hong Thai, MONRE

1

Contents
 Vietnam and global context
 Water Resources of Vietnam
 Water environment :pollution anddisasters Water resources management in VN• Challenges and opportunities for water
management in Vietnam• Some solutions

2

I.Vietnamese context
Fast economic growth after Doi Moi
World Second Rice Exporter (more waters, emission of
CH4,)
70% of 86 million population living in rural areas of typicalwater civilization
Urbanization and industrialization are absorbing a lot of
agriculture land, waters
VN is considered as one among the most potentiallyaffected by SLR in particular and by CC in general
Extreme Weathers, CC related disasters start to increase in
VN, affecting strongly on WR!

3

II.Global context• Water is resource and disaster• Water resource shortage is very serious• Water resources distribution is not rational!
• Extreme Weathers, CC related disasters start toincrease• Global, regional changing climate impacts strongly on
WR• Globalization, urbanization and industrialization areabsorbing a lot of agriculture land, waters…
• Transboundary water utilization is not balanced4

CC impact
Source: Stern Review
Global temperature change (relative to pre-industrial)
1°C
2°C
3°C
4°C
5°C

0°C

Food

Falling crop yields in many areas,
particularly developing regions

Falling yields in
Possible rising yields inmany developed
some high latitude
regionsregions
Significant decreases in
Water
Small mountainSea level risewater availability in manyglaciers disappear
threatens major
areas, including– water supplies
citiesMediterranean and Southern
threatened in
Ecosystem
Africaseveral areas
Extensive
Damage to Coral
Reefs

Rising number of species face extinction

Disasters

Rising intensity of storms, forest fires, droughts, flooding, erosion
heat waves…

Risk and change

Increasing risk of dangerous feedbacks andabrupt, large-scale shifts in the climate
system5

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
Temperature

CC impacts
most severely

Sea level rise
Na. disasters

to water resources

HealthAgriculture

Forestry

Water Re.

Coastal zo.

Ani., Plant
6
habitats

Recently,
Vietnam is
expected to be
one of the top 5
most vulnerable
to climatechange ( SLR)
countries
7II. Global context
Global environment problems are as follows
1. Global climate change;
2. Biodiversity loss;
3. Stratospheric ozone depletion;
4. Freshwater degradation;
5. Desertification and land degradation;
6. Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests;
7. Marine environmental and resources degradation;
8. Persistent organic pollutants.

8III. Water Resources of Vietnam
Water is an important resource
Vietnam is a country of water civilization:- 70% of the territory is rural area, where people’s life
still depends very much on natural resources,
especially water and land.
- Water –energy- Water – important ecosystem- Water is a life for all

9III. Water Resources of Vietnam
•
•
•
•
•
River Flooding

Population Density

Flash floods< 200

Typhoons•

Storm Surges> 1000••

Accidental Topography
More than 3200Km of coastline
2360 River of >10km length
7/9 main rivers of Vietnam
pass through 2-5 ocuntries
17 Main Catchments of>1000Km2 divided into
1556 sub-catchments of
100km2
Disparity of Population
Density between ecologic
regions
Increasing Industrialization
High frequency of disasters

10III. Water Resources of Vietnam
3.1.Vietnam is a country of the water shortage
Viet Nam has around 830 billion m3 of the surface water of which, just 310
billion m3 are from the rainfall within the territory, and the remaining of 63%
is from the rainfall in neighboring countries. The total potential reserve ofunderground water resources is estimated at 60 billion m3 per year
(excluding water resources in the islands).
Viet Nam has the average amount of 4400 m3 per capita/year (theworldwide average amount is 7400 m3 per capita/year, reaching 10,600
m3 per capital/year if water resources flowing to the territory is added).

In accordance with evaluative criteria of the International Water Resources
Association, the countries, those have the amount of water below 4000 m3
per capita/year, are categorized as the countries suffering from the water
shortage. Therefore, Viet Nam is one of the countries which have been
suffered from the water shortage in the present as well as in the near
future.
11

III.Water Resources of Vietnam
3.2. Water resource and water environment in Vietnam (cont.)
Viet Nam has about 2,378 rivers over 10 km of length which have aperennial flow, and 15 basins with an area of more than 2,500 km2 ofwhich 10 river basins are of over 10,000 km2 in area. These account for
80% of the total area of Vietnam.
The Mekong River's total runoff accounts for 59% of the total national
runoff, followed by the Red River with 14.9%. And 7 of 10 largest rivers
have basin sharing with the neighbouring countries.

12

Water Resources
3.3. The unsustainable factorsof water resource in VietNam
 2/3 of water resources comesfrom neighboring countries ->difficult to control and evenunusable.
 Rainfall and runoff: distributes
unevenly over space and timescale
 Rainy season: holds 65 – 90%of total annual rainfall in 3 – 6months.
 Maximum amount of rainfall in
one day: > 1500 mm;

13

River system

Viet Nam has about 2,378 rivers over 10 km of length
which have a perennial flow, and 15 basins with anarea of more than 2,500 km2 of which 10 river basins
are of over 10,000 km2 in area. These account for 80%of the total area of Vietnam.
14

The main river
basins in Viet
Nam

15

The main river basins in Viet Nam
Basin over 10.000 km2

Basin 2.500 - 10.000 km2

Bang Giang - Ky Cung

Thach Han

Hong (Red) and Thai binh

Huong

Ma

Tra KhucCa

Kone

Vu Gia - Thu Bon

Gianh

Ba
SrepokSe SanDong Nai
Cuu Long

16

I.1. (cont.)
Six basins depend on
water inflows fromother countries:-

Cuu Long, almost 95% of average yearly surface water flows are
generated in the upstream Mekong River countries.
Nearly 40% of the Red-Thai Binh basin surface water originates in
China;
30% of the Ma basin flows, and 22% of the Ca basin flows come fromLao PDR;
almost 17% of Dong Nai basin flows come from Cambodia.
Bang Giang-Ky Cung flows from China through Viet Nam, and back to
China.
17
Se San and Sre Pok contribute significant flows to Cambodia

III. Water resources
3.4. The unsustainable factors of water resource in Viet Nam (cont.)
Viet Nam’s water resources tend to be degraded due to the impacts ofthe global climate change.
In 2070, the acceptable scenario may be the possibility of increasing by +1.5oC in the coastal areas, + 2.5oC in the hinterland. Consequently, thewater evaporation will be raised by around 7.7 ∼ 8.4%, the irrigation
demand also increases, the surface water streams will be decreased if
the rainfall patterns remain unchanged.
Storms, El Nino and La Nina phenomenon will intensify the climatic
extremes. As a result, the streams during the year within the rivers also
intensify the extreme characteristics.
Sea invasion and water pollution tend to become more severe.

18

Environment Change caused by Sea Level Rise

Loss
LossofofWetland
Wetland

19

World Bank, 2007

Land Loss and Land use change caused
by Sea Level Rise
5m
4m
3m
2m
1m
Impact on 35%
total population

Estimated Loss when SLR = 1m
Env.Protection Journal 97/2007

Impact on 10.8%
total population• 17 billion USD/year• 12,2% area of the most fertilized land
• 40.000 km2 of deltaic lowland under 20
damage of flooding

Area of Cuu Long delta of level less 5 m

5m SLR resulting in loss of 16% land area,
impacting on 35% of population and threatening 35% of GDP

21

IV. Water utilization
Aquaculture,
12%
Domestic,
4%

Water demandof sectors in
major
river
basins (2000)

Others, 9%Agriculture
Industry
Domestic
Aquaculture
OthersIndustry, 1%
Agriculture,
74% 22

IV. Water utilization

Agriculture

Aquaculture,
12%
Domestic,
4%

Water demand of
sectors in majorriver basins(2020)

Industry, 1%

Others, 9%Industry
Domestic
Aquaculture
OthersAgriculture,
74%
23

WATER BALANCE FOR NORTHERN KEYECONOMIC ZONE
2005
Water
shortagevolume(Mil. m3)

TT

Water balance region1Mỹ Đức34,942

Đầm Hà - Hải Hà

4,11

3

Hoành Bồ0,024Hồng Vân

1,51

5Ứng Hòa

5,42

6

La Khê

23,67

7

Chương Mỹ

14,35

8

Đông Triều - Uông Bí

10,86

9

Bình Thanh

8,00

10

Thạch Thất - Quốc Oai

54,18

SUM

157,05

24
24

WATER BALANCE FOR NORTHERN KEY ECONOMIC ZONETT

Water balance region

Water shortage
volume(Mil. m3)
2015

2020

1

Mỹ Đức

39,03

42,93

2

Đầm Hà - Hải Hà

1,55

2,02

3

Ba Chẽ

0,12

0,14

4

Ứng Hòa

31,35

34,81

5

La Khê

25,19

27,79

6

Chương Mỹ

19,50

23,12

7

Đông Triều - Uông Bí

10,28

11,44

8

Thạch Thất - Quốc Oai

60,13

69,41

9

Cẩm Phả

1,00

1,11

188,15

212,76SUM

25
25

WATER BALANCE FOR SOUTHERN KEYECONOMIC ZONE
2005
TT

Water balance region

Water
shortagevolume(Mil. m3)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Thác Mơ
Tây NinhGò Dầu HạBến Lức
Trị AnĐồng Tháp MườiVàm Cỏ Tây
Xoài
Ray
SUM

11
20
49
254
1
73
85
71
105
669

26
26

WATER BALANCE FOR SOUTHERN KEY ECONOMIC ZONETT

Water balance region

Water shortage volume(Mil. m3)
2015

2020

1

Thác Mơ

00

2

Sông Bé

55

141

3

Tây Ninh2

104

Gò Dầu Hạ

15

26

5

Bến Lức

259

380

6

Sài Gòn

191

283

7

Trị An008Đồng Nai009Nhà Bè

1

1110Đồng Tháp Mười

19

18

11

Vàm Cỏ Tây

29

30

12

Xoài

63

70

13

Ray

39

42

SUM

673

1,011
27
27

V. Water environment: Status

5.1. River Water
Shortage and pollution of fresh water haveoccurred in many places- Fresh water resources are relatively abundant, but thedemand rapidly increases, water use is not appropriate,facing the risk of depletion and pollution, in many places
there is a serous shortage of fresh water in dry season.
- Increased pollution by domestic, industrial wastewater inurban, industrial areas.
- Increased pollution due to agricultural activities in plain
areas.
- Low rate of population having access to clean water supply.
Deforestation, erosion, affecting reservoirs, causing serious
floods, droughts.
28

Pollution, River bank slide

29

River Water Pollution in the North
•

•

•

•
•

Red river from Dien Hong to Viet Tri is severely polluted,
especially during the dry season. COD of this river section
exceeds 2.37 times, BOD 3.83 times, NO2- 1.4 times and NH4+
2 times
The Cau River: BOD and COD, low dissolved oxygen, theconcentration of H2S is up to 7.8 to 12mg/l, NO2- higher than
the standard for water source of category A by 5-10 times,
NH4+ higher than the standard for water source of category A
by 2 times.
- Thuong river: BOD is higher than the standard for supplied
water of category A by 2.68 times, COD 1.85 times and NO2concentration is much higher than permitted standard.
- Cam River and Tam Bac River in Hai Phong City: BOD and
COD parameters increase gradually from 1995- 1996- 1997.
In investigated rivers, analysis of parameters shows that theysatisfy the standard of surface water of category A (forpotable water supply)..

30

River Water Pollution in the Centre

•
•

•
•

Hieu River in Dong Ha Town are as follows: BOD and COD
exceed 2-3 times the standard, NH4+, and PO4-3 1.5 to 1.8 times,
respectively.
In dry season, BOD, COD, NH3 of water in the Huong River at
Hue City are lower than the standard. However, in some places
near the outlet of waste water BOD exceeds the standard by 2.5
times and COD 1.6 times, respectively.
Da Nang city, DO is nearly equal to category A but BOD ishigher than the value for category B. NH3 exceeds 1.4 to 2.6
times.
- BOD of water in the stream within a radius of 3-5 km exceeds
the permissible standard by 1.01 to 1.75 times. Some places in
the rivers have oil content of 0.1 mg/l, such as Tuy Loan River,
Cau Do river, Phu Loc bridge, and sewer of market in Han River.
Nevertheless, it is still lower than the permissible maximum
standard (1 mg/l).
31

River Water Pollution in the South• Sai Gon river: BOD and COD 2 to 4 times. Coliform
exceeds by up to 50- 100 times; oil and the presence ofsome heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cr, and Cd) has been
detected• Dong Nai river: DO increases from 5.5 to 6.5 mg/l.
Equivalent total N and P are over 0.2 mg/l and 0.03 mg/l,
respectively• Thi Vai river: BOD and COD exceed the standard by 1015 times; H2S of the mud in the bottom of the river isvery high in places near the outlet; Chromium changes
from 0.02 to 0.035 mg/l, Mercury is less than 0.0002 mg/l,
lead is lower than 0.001 mg/l, Arsenic is lower than
0.005 mg/l.
32

Change of BOD concentration in river water from1995-1999

33

V. Water environment: Status

V.2. River Water
This is the only domestic water supply source for the whole
village of Pho Cao, Dong Van district (2002)

87
34

V. Water environment: Status35

V. Water environment : Status
5.2.Surface water in the urban area

 Both domestic and industrial
wastewater, as well as storm watershares the same drainage. The
common facilities for wastewater
treatment are not available. Therefore,
wastewater is treated only superficially

Photo - Pollution of surface water
environment in Ho Chi Minh Cityand then discharged directly into rivers
and lakes causing serious pollution of
surface water environment

36

V. Water environment : Status Surface water in the urban areas is polluted by organic wastes such as COD, BOD5,
nitrites, nitrates and suspended solid matters. The concentration of these pollutants isalways 2-5 times higher than the acceptable limits set for surface water resource (asstipulated in category B of Vietnamese Environmental Standards). In some areas it is
10 to 20 times higher than the standard. The index of E. coli exceeds the acceptable
limit by hundred times. The waterways in some cities are black and stinking.

N-NH4 (mg/l)

Red river(Lao Cai)Cam river(Hai Phong)

Huong river(Hue)

Han river(Da Nang)

Sai Gon river(HCM city)37

V. Waterenvironment: Status
5.3. Coastal water and sediment environment
Sediment pollution (Ttd): Zn
1.2-3; Cu 1.5-2; Hg 20

Water pollution (Ttc): Zn
1.25 –1.6; Cu 1 – 1.28

Sediment pollution (Ttd): Pb
4.06-6.09; Hg 1.54-5.4; Cu 1.011.87

Water pollution (Ttc): Zn
1.7 –6.9; Cu 1.2 – 2.1

Water pollution (Ttc): Cu
1.0-8.2; Zn 1-9.1

Sediment pollution (Ttd):Hg
1.54-4.61; Cu 1.01-1.65
Water pollution Ttc: Cu
1.5-2.8; Zn 1.1-3.2
Sediment pollution (Ttd): Hg
11.3-16.6; Sb 2-3.12; As 2.13.56

Water pollution (Ttc): Cu 14.6; Zn 2.5-3.5; As 3.6-4
38

V. Water environment: Status
5.3. Coastal water and sediment environment
Shrimp pond water pollution

Waste pollution

Eutrophication in Shrimp pond

Oils Pollution

39

V. Water environment: Status
5.3. Coastal water and sediment environment- Too many shrimp ponds, cannot be controlled;- More and more waste discharged into the sea- Pollution by industry and agriculture is increasing-From 1994 -2002, 40 cases of oil spill (4.000 tons )40

V. Water environment: Status
III. Saltations a l in it y in t r u s io n in f e b. 1 9 9 8 a t 4 ppt in t h e m e k o n g d e l t a

Isohaline of Salinity
Intrusion at 4 ppt in the
Mekong Deltac a m b o d ia

T©y Nin h¬ Salinity Intrusion in MekongRiver Delta

Area: 1.4-1.6 million ha;Length (4 g/l): 40-50 km

Duration: 1-3 months in a half of

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Historic salinity intrusion: 1977,

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Salinity Isohaline 4 g/l in 1998
Salinity annual average
Salinity Isohaline in 1993
Salinity area > 4g/l in 1998
Su b -In stitu te fo r Wa te r Re so u rc e s Pla n n in g

41

5.4. Water – hazard! Large floods in rainyseason and severe droughts in dry season

42

Drought and Forest
Fire
Fire points
detected from
Mar. 8 –19, 2003

Before the fire

After the fire

NDVI calculated forMarch. 8 –19, 2003

43

Heavy Rain and Flooding

44

Water is essential for life
(for human beings andbiological beings), foragricultural and industrial
development, etc.
Thus, degradation ofwater resources will lay
direct impacts on humanlife and socio-economic
development in generalterms.

88
45

VI.WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
The role of water resource management

WATER USE

GOOD BALANCEWATER RESERVATIONENVIRONMENTECONOMICS

SOCIETY
46

VI. Water resources management
6.1. Legal documents on water resource management
The legal documents on water resource:
The law on water resources(20/Aug/1998)
The Decree on stipulating the implementation of the law on water
resources (30/Dec/1999)
The Decree on Water resource information management (19/Dec/2003)
The Decree on Licensing for exploitation, utilization, use and discharge
waste water (27/july/2004)
The Decree on sanctions against administrative violations of water
resources management regulations (17/march/2005)
The National strategy on water resources to 2020 (14/Apr/2006)
The recently established Dept. of Water Resource Management (DWRM)
operating in a complex policy environment attempting to bring astrategic approach to water resource management47

VI. Water resources management
6.2. Changes in water resources management
Before 1990, water resource management activities focused on:- Promote water demand in regions- Develop infrastructures to allocate the water resource (reservoirs,
irrigation canals, water supply for domestic purposes…)
After 1990, due to the shortage of water (both in quality and quantity) the
management of water utilization requires:- Water quality management- Water quantity management
The water resource planning was developed (even for each component
such as surface water, underground water...) in related with other plansof socio-economics, environment, … for most of provinces/cities.
But all of these plans are strictly limited within the administrative
boundaries (province or city) while the water resource problems
usually rise beyond a unique region48

VI. Water resources management
6.3. The initial attempts for river basin management
The Decree stipulates that MONRE shall formulate river basinplanning tasks for the river basins named in the Major River
Basin List and the Inter-Provincial River Basin List; theProvincial People’s Committee has responsibility for the river
basins named in the Provincial River Basin List
The Decree also stipulates the contents of each activities in river
basin management following the above main tasks (planning,
environment protection, regulation and allocation of water,…)
The Decree provides the legislation foundation for river basin
management activities although they are in preparation process(establish the River basin management offices for major river
basins,…)However, up to present, there is not any secondary such as guiding
circular to implement the Decree49VI. Water resource management

6.3. The initial attempts for river basin management (cont.)
In December 2008, the Prime Minister has issued a decree on River BasinManagement (120/2008/Nđ-CP) focusing on:• River basin planning• Protection of the water environment in river basins• Regulation and allocation of water resources and transfer of water
resources between river basins• International cooperation and implementation of international treaties onriver basins
The Decree defines 9 major river basins, as well as the inter-provincial
and provincial river basin lists over Vietnam

50

Cau River basin Management Committee

51VII. Challenges for water
resource management in VN

52

VII. Challenges of WR management in VN
7.1. Quality

Climate Change

Increased temperature

Sea level rise

Algal growth- Salinity invasion in rivers andestuaries- Salinity in ground water incoastal area

- Degradation of water quality inlakes, rivers and estuaries-…

53VII. Challenges of WR management in VN
7.1. Quality (cont.)

Climate Change
Re-distribution of rainfall

Increased temperature
More evaporation and water demand- Increased pollutant concentration due to decreased water dilution-…

54VII. Challenges of water management in VN

7.1. The degradation of water quality due to economic activities
The water pollution is on the rise due to the rapid urbanization,industrialization and modernization. Meanwhile, the sewage andwaste treatment are not under the close supervision. Besides,
water pollution is also caused by the increasing and uncontrollable
utilization of the chemical pesticides and fertilizers, the direct flows of
the untreated sewage and waste from the aquacultural ponds to water
bodies….
The pollutants from economic activities in upstream regions will betransported and cause serious problems in downstream
The high speed of urbanization, industrialization and intensification ofagriculture in Vietnam leads to an rapidly increasing water demand
and to enormous water pollution. Institutions in Vietnam do not yet
have the capacity to efficiently plan water resources use and control
water pollution.
The institutional capacity to monitor, control and sanction wateruse, land use or water pollution must be improved55VII. Challenges for water resourcesmanagement in VN
7.2. Sharing water resource with neighboring countries
The quantity and quality of the surface water depends on theuse of water in the upstream countries. 95% of water ofMekong River comes from outside of Vietnam, but contributes
about 59% of national runoff.
The countries in the upstream areas increase water utilization.
For example- Mekong river: China has been built more than 10
large reservoirs; Laos - 35 irrigational – hydroelectric works
including 27 reservoirs in the tributaries and 8 spillways in themain streams of the river; Thailand - 10 reservoirs and plans tobuild more; Cambodia - the plan to keep the water in the Tonle
Sap Lake at a certain level to develop the irrigation…
International cooperation in river basin management is urgently
needed56

Shared water resources:

Red river in rainy season
57

VII. Challenges for Water resource management in VN

7.3. The problems in harmonizing the demand from different sectors
To regulate and allocate the water resource, many reservoirs of multipurposes (irrigation, hydropower, aquaculture,…), have been built andplanned to be built. During the dry season there are conflicts between
the irrigation, hydropower and waterway navigation- Hydropower company wants to keep water in reservoir for maintaining thewater head to maximize the power yield while agriculture requires to releasewater for irrigation, and to increase the water depth for water way
transportation- To reserve and protect aquatic environment, the minimum flow in rivers
must be preserved while rice paddy fields need a lot of water during driest
months- In flood season, the dam’s owner tend to release more water todownstream for the safety of the dam, while it would be stored inreservoirs for flood mitigation purpose
A comprehensive technologies for optimum operation of system ofreservoir are needed58VII. Challenges of water management in VN

7.4. Protection of aquatic ecosystems- Economic development + low awareness of the importance of aquatic
ecosystems Æ severe degradation of aquatic ecosystems, especiallyfreshwater ecosystems, where many species are becoming rare, andsome are on the brink of extinction- Cause: lack of attention to aspects such as- importance of ensuring environmental flows;- importance of water ecosystem protection when physical structures
on rivers are built;- importance of controlling the exploiting and use of water tosustainable levels.

59

VII. Challenges of water management in VN

7.5. Challenge in management
a. The incomplete legal system for water resources management and theinadequate organisation and management capacity in water resourcesb. Lack of coordination between the development of water resources andthe efficient, multi-purpose allocation and use of water resourcesc. Lack of mechanisms and policies, especially economic and financial
policies in water resources
d. Inadequate and inaccurate information and data on water resources
and constraints on information sharinge. A suitable model for organisation and content of integrated river basin
management has not been established60

VII. Challenges of water management in VN

7. 6. Awareness of the importance of water resources in sustainable
development••

For a long time, the role of water in the nation’s sustainable
development, human health and life were not fully appreciated; thevalue of water was not appreciated, and water was not considered ascarce natural resource, an economic good. The protection andmanagement of water resources had not been given proper attention.
Enhancing public awareness and consciousness in protecting andpreserving the resource is still limited. The poor result in this area
hinders the participation of the entire society in the protection of water
resources.

61

VII. Challenges of water management in VN

7.7. The extreme characteristics induced by global climate changes
Storms, El Nino and La Nina phenomenon will intensify the climatic
extremes. As a result, the streams during the year within the rivers also
intensify the extreme characteristics.
- The number and intensity of storms is increasing leading to the larger
and more frequently large flood- Also the number of severe droughts is increasing in dry season
Sea level increases 20mm/ year on average has significant impacts onwater supply, drainage and water degradation. The storm surges occur
together with flood might cause serious inundation in low-land area.
The measures for adaptation to and mitigation climate change isessential in Vietnam62

CC makes the water
shortage more serious
The situation may become even worse when it
comes to conflicts that may arise fromsharing water resources with upstream
countries.
Another serious consequence from climatechange is the increase in droughts, which
do not only do harm to productivity but
may also cause desertification and forest
fire threats as well as other potential
damage in many aspects.
Water is essential for life (for human beingsand biological beings), for agricultural andindustrial development, etc. Thus,
degradation of water resources will lay
direct impacts on human life and socioeconomic development in general terms.

63
Nguồn: Thông báo QG lần thứ
hấVIII. Opportunities for WR management in
VN
Public attention (conference, media)
New achievements in WR management andpolicy (eg. Decree for river basin management)International collaboration (ODA, projects)
Research achievements
More funds64IX. Sustainable WR management
Driving Forces
Pressure + Threat

Environment Status- Quality- Pollution- Degradation

management.

Resource and biodiversity
status- Quantity + quality- Degradation

Sustainable WR management:
Water Environment Protection
Strategy for Sustainable development WR
Sustainable WR use planning
New methods for SWRM, including adaptive

Sustainable Development
65

IX. Water Sustainable management

Solutions

Natural conservation,
disaster RR

SD planning

Inter-sector, comanagement

Ecology based
management

Community
basedmanagement

Sustainable
water resource
use planning

Sustainable
forestry

Scientificresearch

IWM

Envi.
planing

Conflict
solving

Integrated
risk
assessment

Eco-agricultural
model

Educationand training

Hazardmitigation

Vulnerability
assessment
based

Eco-tourism
model 66

IX. Sustainable water resources management
1. Develop and implement sustainable WR development strategy
2. Develop and enforce laws
3. Develop and implement plans of :-Sustainable water resources use-

Water Environment protection and biodiversity conservation

5. Strengthen capacity building for SWR management
Development and enhance awareness on WR sustainable use
6. Integration of water environment protection and WR SU into thesocio-economic development planning
7. Develop and use water environment technologies
8. Develop national and international cooperations

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9.2.Capacity building development:• Human resource development planning• Development of :- Curriculum ( degree, non degree, different levels)- Teaching, learning methods- E-learning• Development of teachers, researchers• Development of research and training facilities• Increasing of finance68

IX . Sustainable WRM

Development of environmental science:• Clarify Factors affecting environment quality anddegradation and SD• Hazards: history, distribution, occurrence anddamage, mitigation• Forecasting, modeling env. and WR change,degradation and env. disasters• Scientific fundamentals and database for- WR management, protection- Sustainable use of water resources- Environmental disasters mitigation• Building of modes of SWRD in different areas
69

IX Sustainable Development -Activities
1. Enhance Environmental Management System
2. Develop Policy and Law System of Environment Protection
3. Activities of Environment Protection+ National Environmental Meeting+ Examination and supervising+ Pollution control and waste management+ Environmental monitoring, collection, processing anddissemination environment information+ Activities of Environment Protection in river valleys.
+ Strictly treatment with companies affecting seriously
environment+ Collection and management environment protection fee
for waste water.
4. International Cooperation
5. Involvement of Community in Env. protection+ Forms of public participation+ Contracting join resolutions with mass, social organization
about environmental protection,+ Organizing festivals, cultural activities such as Environmentday

70Conclusions
1.VN is rich and poor in water resources, country of water civilization
2.The major challenges of River Basin Management in Vietnam call for:- Tran boundary water utilization; water resource sharing among
stakeholders- Quality degradation; water disasters- Climate change: resource and hazard- Management challenges :lack of co- and adaptive management,
coordination, cooperation both in Central and Provincial levels in thefield of water resource; water management institutional changes- Sharing - database for all the water-related activities in internationalriver basins as well as monitoring network- Comprehensive collaboration with various related academic fields
and research institutions- The capacity of institutions on all levels to monitor, control andsanction water use, land use or water pollution remains weak
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Conclusion
3. There are uggent strategies, plan of activieties to
response to the challanges, including- IBM for SD- Capacity building for water staff working in water
institutions, such as MONRE, river basinorganization research institutions… through thetraining workshops, exchange of experiences,knowledge and technology, “water talent“grooming…
- International, regional cooperation in all aspects ofwater resources in the context of global change :research, monitoring, database, utilization,
management, capacity building…
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Thank you !

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