Pig Wastewater Management in Asia

Tetsuo Kuyama
Manager (Water Resource management)
Natural Resource and Ecosystem Services Area2Water Environmental Partnership in Asia (WEPA)
improvement of water environmental governance

Recognizing theis essential tosolve water pollution problems in the Asian region, the Water Environmental Partnership in Asia (WEPA) was launchedin 2004 by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. WEPA conducts its activity on a 5‐year cycle and the third phasestarted in April 2014

WEPA consists of partners in

13 Asian countries

1. Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka)
2. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (Nepal)
3. Japan (Japan)
4. Kingdom of Cambodia (Cambodia)
5. Kingdom of Thailand (Thailand)
6. Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)
7. Malaysia (Malaysia)
8. People's Republic of China (China)
9. Republic of Indonesia (Indonesia)
10.Republic of Korea (Republic of Korea)
11.Republic of the Philippines (Philippines)
12.Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (Viet Nam)
13.Union of Myanmar (Myanmar)2

3

Focal Points of WEPA
Ministry of Environment , Cambodia

Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Myanmar

Ministry of Environmental Protection, China

Water and Energy Commission, Nepal

Ministry of Environment, Indonesia
Department of Environment and NaturalResources, Philippine
Ministry of the Environment, Japan

National Institute of Environmental Research,
Korea

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,
ThailandCentral Environmental Agency, Sri Lanka

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,
Lao PDR
National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia

Vietnam Environment Administration, Vientnam
3

4

Purpose of WEPA (2004‐2013)
1st Phase of WEPA：

2nd Phase of WEPA：

Development of Information Platform ofWater Environmental Management

Knowledge Sharing for Solution Finding

Water
Environmental
Management
Review

4

WEPA database www. wepa‐db.net

Domestic
Wastewater
Treatment

ClimateChange andWater
Environment

Identified Issue for 2nd Phase4

5

Purpose of WEPA (2014‐)
3rd Phase of WEPA：Actions for Issue Solution
Identifying critical issues,
supporting resolution thereof andsharing experiences related thereto

Facilitating knowledge exchange anddialogues, thereby building capacity
Group workshop

Annual Meetings

Bilateral Dialogues
Action program

Facilitating cooperation with international organizations and donor agencies

OutreachWeb‐
database

Outlook + OtherPublications

Inputs to international conferencessuch as WWF

5

6

WEPA Action Program•WEPA Action Programs are aimed to resolve specific problems and thereby improve water environmental conservation in acountry. With support from WEPA, an action program is developed
by WEPA partner country and implemented during the third
phase of WEPA.
•Practical lessons that the country learns from the program will beshared with other WEPA partner countries.
6

7

WEPA Action Program in Vietnam
Pig Farming Waste Management in Viet Nam
 The purpose of this program is to develop

Pollution

Load Unit for pig farm
 Survey and consultation meeting was conducted in 2105
 Follow‐up survey is conducted in Vietnam in 2016
 Group workshop on pig wastewater management in Asia isorganized on February, 2017 at Chiang Mai, Thailand to learn
the situation and counter measures for pig wastewater inother WEPA countries

7

8

Purpose of this Group Workshop
Knowledge sharing of following topics on pig
wastewater management considering the commonand different situations (natural/social) in WEPA
countries• Pig industry in WEPA countries• Impacts of pig industry to water environment• Uniqueness of pig wastewater management
89Pig Industry in WEPA countries (Outlook)
55 % of global pig production (2011)• About 580 million heads (as of live pig in 2014) in WEPA countries• Rapid increase of pig population in China, Vietnam, Myanmar• Few exported pigs: Most of pigs are consumed in each country. Pig•production increase is supposed to be due to human population increase and change offood culture

Increase of large scale producer: China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam• High pig density around big cities: China, Thailand, Vietnam,•Philippine

94Europe
Asia
USABrazil

1011

Global Pig Production in 2011
Othercountri es
25%
Bra zi l3%
Spa in3%Germa ny5%

Chi na46%

USA
9%Other WEPA countries
6%

Vi etnam3%

Source: FAO

Total Production over the world: 110 million tones

11

12

Number of Live Pig in WEPA Countries (2014)
1,000,000,000

Country with more than
5 million heads of pigs

Heads
Heads

100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
10,000China Vietnam
Vietnam Myanmar
Myanmmar Phillippine
Korea
China
Philippine Korea

Japan Indonesia
Indonesia Thailand
JapanThailand

LaosCambodia Malaysia
Malaysia
Laos Cambodia

Nepal
Nepal

SriSriLanka
Lanka

Source: FAO

WEPA total: About 580 million heads

1213

Change in Number of Live Pig in WEPA Countries
30,000,000

600,000,000

25,000,000
20,000,000

400,000,000

Head

Head

500,000,000

300,000,000

15,000,000
10,000,000

200,000,000

5,000,000

100,000,000

01965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0Year

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Thailand

VietnamPhillippine

Myanmmar

Korea

Japan

Indonesia

Malaysia

Source: FAO

China

Other selected WEPA countries

1314Pig meat import/export in WEPA countries (2011)
JapanJapan

VietnamVietnamThailandThailand

Phillippines

Phillippines

Malaysia

Malaysia

Indonesia

Indonesia

Republic of Korea

Republic of Korea

China

China
0%

20%

40%

Production

60%

Imports

80%

100%

0%

20%

Exports

40%

60%

80%

100%

Utlization
Source: FAO

Production/Imports

Utilization/Exports

14

15

Size of Pig Industry in WEPA countries
Share of pigs slaughtered by farm size in Thailand (1993 and 2013)
Number of pigs
slaughtered

Pigs slaughtered by farm size (%)

1‐5007325>5002775

19932013

Source: Agricultural Census and FAO

Same trend in China, Japan and Vietnam

15

Pig Density in Asia
Beijing
Tianjin

Shanghai

Hanoi
ManilaBangkok
HCMC

Source: FAO, LEAD Project

16

17

Supposed Issues caused by Pig Industry related withWater Environment
Pollution load increase from pig industry to water environment• Change in pattern of pollution loading from pig industry to•water environment•Severe negative environmental/social impact from pig
industry in the city near high pig density area in addition topollution from domestic wastewater17

18

Cases of Water Environmental Pollution caused by Pig Industry reportedin WEPA Countries
Thailand• According to Pollution Control Department in 1999, 23 % of BOD loading in Tha ChinRiver (western part of Bangkok city) was caused by pig industry. In 2000, water quality atTha Chin River became critical as the level of DO has dropped to near zero in the mostpart of the river. In addition, there was complaint that pig production is a cause of waterpollution in Bangpakong River in the eastern region. Consequently, in 2001, PCD added
the pig industry in the regulated list (source：FAO).

Philippine• In Balanac River, which is a tributary of Laguna de Bay and Benig River in Tarlac located inLuzon, water pollutions caused by pig industry were reported, and therefore DENR
investigated these rivers. In addition, river waters in Lantapan, Bukindo in Mindanao havealso become polluted with E.coli and there was suspicion that the pollitants must havecome from human and livestock waste (source: FAO)
18

19

Cases of Water Environmental Pollution caused by Pig Industry reportedin WEPA Countries
China• According to 12th National Five Years Plan of Livestock Pollution Prevention, 59 % of total
pollution load to Lake Tai is reported to be caused by agricultural sector, mainly fromlivestock industry. In addition, Chinese government conducted national pollutant
inventory survey in 2009 and 2010. The result of the survey in 2010 illustrated that 45%of COD load and 25 % of NH3 load were from livestock industry. Consequently, Chinese
government started to intensify livestock pollution prevention from 12th National Five
Years Plan.

Vietnam• ????

19Pig Density in Asia
Beijing
Tianjin
Lake Tai
Shanghai

Hanoi
Bangoakong River
BangkokThai Chin River

Manila
HCMC

Balanac River andLagnuna de BaySource: FAO, LEAD Project

20

21

How to manage pigwastewater?
21

22

Today’s Program
10:20‐11:20

Session 1: Impact of Pig Wastewater to Water Environment
4 Presentations from Vietnam, Thailand, China and Philippines
11:20‐13:00
Lunch Break
13:00‐17:10 (including coffee break)Session 2:Pollution Control Measures and Policy Measures for Pig
Wastewater
9 Presentations from Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Myanmar,Cambodia, and Sri Lanka
22

23

Contents of Presentation
Session 1
Impact of Pig Wastewater to Water Environment• Pollution load of pig wastewater to waterenvironment• Calculation methodology of pollution load frompig wastewater• Monitoring system for pig wastewater23

24

Contents of Presentation
Session 2Pollution Control Measures and Policy Measuresfor Pig Wastewater• Legal framework for pig wastewater management• Effluent Standard• Pollution control measures to prevent andmitigate the impact of pig wastewater to water
environment

24

25

Consideration Points in Sharing of Knowledge
on Pig Wastewater Management among
WEPA Countries• Difference of Pollution Loading by Different Pig
Sizes and Different Breeding Methods inDifferent Countries• Uniqueness of counter measures in different countries25

26

Pollution Load Unit by Different Pig Types (Thailand)
ManureVolume(l/head/day)

BOD(mg/l)

COD(mg/l)

SS(mg/l)

TKN(mg/l)Country

Pig TypeThailand

Breeder

64

800

1,700

900

350

Fattener

24

3,500

7,400

4,700

700

Nursery

20

2,500

5,400

3,000

350

Source: Pollution Control Department, MONRE, Thailand

26

27

Pollution Load Unit by Different Breeding Methods (Japan/WHO)
ManureVolume(l/head/day)

BOD(mg/l)

COD(mg/l)SS(mg/l)TN(mg/l)Country

Breeding MethodJapan

Pig House withWater Washing

1181,927

1,378

1,268

456

Pig House without
Water Washing

314,848

7,879

17,576

7,273

Solid Floor/WaterWashed

40

2,253

‐

5,000500

Slotted Floor/Pit
Manure811,750

‐

8,571

2,607

WHO

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan) , WHO

27

28

Effluent Standard in Thailand
Parameter

Units

pHBOD
COD
SS
TKN

‐
mg/lmg/lmg/lmg/lMaximum Permitted Values
Standard A
Standard B
5.5‐95.5‐960
100
300
400
150
200
120200Remarks:
For large and medium farm will be effective on February 24, 2002.
Large farm is more than 600 Livestock Unit (LU.)
Medium farm is 60‐600 LU.
Small farm is 6 ‐ < 60 LU.
1 LU. = 500 kg.
Weight of breeding pig = 170 kg./head
Weight of fattened pig = 60 kg./head
Weight of nursling pig = 12 kg./head28

29

Effluent Standard in Japan
Hazardous Indicator
Parameter
Ammonia, Ammonia compound, nitric
mg/lcompound and nitrous acid compound

Unit

Value
600*Remarks:
1. The effluent standards listed in this table apply to the effluents of pig house with 50 m2 or more of area
* This is provisional standard until June 20192930Effluent Standard in Japan
Other Indicator
Parameter

UnitValuepH‐BOD or COD

mg/l

5.8‐8.6 (discharge to except marine area)
5.0‐9.9(discharge to marine area)
160

SS

mg/l

200

Cumg/l3Znmg/l2Coliforms/cm3

3000 as of daily average

Nmg/l120 (discharge to specified lakes)* /170

P

mg/l

16 (discharge to specified lakes)* /25

Remarks:
1 The effluent standards listed in this table apply to the effluents of pig house with 50 m2 or more of area which discharge 50 m³ or more ofeffluent per day on average.
2 The effluent standards for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) apply exclusively to the effluents discharged in public waters other than theseas and lakes; the effluent standards for chemical oxygen demand (COD) apply exclusively to the effluents discharged in sea and lake areas.
30*Regarding Value of N and P discharging to specified lakes is provisional standard until September 2018

31

Thank you in advance for your active discussion

31