Item

Sub-item

Information

Data
SourceKey Target,featured
strategies/
approaches etc.

Because of the policy of "one province to one county", there wascompetition among different provinces. So the new policy is "3 years
task will finish in 2years".

State
CouncilEconomic
RecoveryEconomic development recovery was strong. Sichuan, Gansu, andShannxi provinces got lots of support,and that made the mountain poor
district change a lot, and the buildings more modernized. Only in
Sichuan, the reconstruction plan included 29692 projects and morethan 800 billion yuan investment. Whole reconstruction investment isabout 1000 billion yuan.

State
Council

Other
Characteristics

Lessons
LearnedOpen policy is important, at the process of reconstruction, and theinternational experience were adopted by the government.
First the central government must provide the main budget to local
government. This is the central government's responsibility.
But secondly reconstruction can not be just centralized. It must be
combined decentralized projects. Using the policy "one province to
one county", it is a very important decision. Actually this is the big
reform of the administration management of China.
Thirdly reconstruction must combined the economic with social
construction. This is the weak in the reconstruction process.
Also, the reconstruction law and regulation, especially the overall plan isvery important.
Opening the process of policy making to the society, it is anotherexperience in the reconstruction process. Some experts send a lot
valuable suggestions to central and local governments.
http://www.xinhuanet.com/xhwenchuan

Reports
References

Data/photos

USGS: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/
http://www.512.gov.cn/
http://www.cea.gov.cn/
http://www.ceic.ac.cn/
http://www.eq-igl.ac.cn/
http://www.mca.gov.cn
http://www.jianzai.gov.cn/
http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/
Http://www.scio.gov.cn
http://www.audit.gov.cn/n1057/n1072/n258889/
www.sc.gov.cn/10462/10929/11076/11077
Richard A. Kerr. Chinese Quake Likely a Mega-Catastrophe. Daily News.
ScienceNow. 2008-05-12
UNDP-China Project: Working Report about Relief and Reconstructionof Wenchuan Earthquake, by CDRC.

３）Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami 2004

Item

Data onHazardSub-item

Information

Date and Time of
Occurrence

Aceh

:

07:58AM, December 26, 2004

Nias

:

11:09PM, March 28, 2005

Magnitude(source)

Aceh

:

M 9.1

Nias

:

M 8.6

Aceh

:

250 km South west of ACEH (3.316oN, 95.854oE)

Nias

:

2.074oN, 97.013oE

Epicenter

39

Data
Source
USGS
USGS
USGS

Item

Sub-itemIntensity of
Shaking

Information
Aceh:Intensity scale : 4.0 (Soloview-Imamura scale)

Nias

:

Intensity scale : 0.5 (Soloview-Imamura scale)

Aceh

:

45 m (150 ft) around Lhok Nga area of Aceh
Besar District and 24 m (80 ft) according NOAA

Nias

:

4m

Aceh

:

Banda Aceh, Meulaboh (2 cities, 11 districts)

Othercountries:

Thailand, Srilanka, India, Maldives, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Seychelles, Eastern Africa

Data
SourceISET
JournalGround Motion
Tsunami(maximum height)

Major Affected
Area

Nias

:

80 percent of whole area

Dead

:

127,720 in Aceh, around 250,000 in total
678 in Nias

Human Damage
Missing

Damage of
Buildings

Data onDamages

Infrastructure/Lifeline Damage

Main Damage
Cause

:

93,285 (Aceh)

House

:

139.195 units

Social- Economic
Facilities:

93.285 units

School:3.415 units

Health Infrastructure:

517 units

Government Building:

669 units

Agriculture:

73.869 Ha

Roads

:

2.618 Km

Bridges:

119 units

Ports

:

22 units

Airport/Airstrip:

8 units

The distances between the epicenter and the coast line is very near (90km in the perpendicular position from the epicenter)
Large population of people living in the area along the coast
Lack of facilities and infrastructure to support / protect to face thedanger of tsunami
Lack of access to information and education on awareness of thetsunamiTsunami wave hydrodynamic forces contributed to most damages andlosses incurred by the event. Earthquake cause less damages to thearea due to the typical structures in the area were not more thandouble storeys building.
Early warning systems installed in the Pacific Ocean, but not installed in
the Indian Ocean, whereas 85 percent historically recorded tsunami
events occurred here.
Some sophisticated tools owned by developed countries already detect
symptoms of the tsunami, they've released a tsunami warning tocountries in the Pacific Ocean region, but can not provide information
to countries in the Indian Ocean before there was a wave of attacks
tsunami

40

NOAA/
NESDI
S

USGS

Item

Sub-item

Information
Physical Aspects:

Characteristics ofDamages(Physical/Social
Aspects)

Direct Economic
Loss

Public Utilities (school, community health center). Infrastructure(electricity, sanitation, drainage, roads & bridges, clean water).
Social-Cultural Facilities (village hall, mosque/church). One storey
buildings that were located closely to coastal impacted area were
flattened and left only their foundation.
Social Aspects:
104.500 small bussiness were collapsed
15.000 household need to be relocated60.000 farmers were displaced
1.927 teachers died13.828 coastal fishing boats destroyed/lost•

Total Loss (Aceh-Nias) : Rp. 46.56 Trillion•

Approximately Aceh’s GDP loss : up to US$ 4.5 Billion, estimateddecrease of Aceh’s economic growth : 5%
Decrease rate of per capita income : 32%
Inflation rate : 4.45% (April 2005), 3.24% (Agustus 2005)
Impact of national economic growth : 0.1-0.4 % (2005)

•
•
•

•

Pre event knowledge of coastal community to tsunami is important
to make them aware and ready for emergency evacuation soonafter major sea earthquakes.
High structures are potential to be used for escape buildings should
higher ground are difficult to find at reachable distance for
evacuation.
Government should move quickly to clarify which agency will
coordinate the post-disaster reconstruction program, what is
empowered to do, and when its mandate begins and ends
A strong, experienced leadership team should be appointed to gain
the full support of other government agencies amd the donor
agencyA crisis mindset should be maintained throughout thereconstruction effort, adapting usual internal procedures andstructures to a crisis situation
Strong implementation capability should be built early on so thatthe coordinating agency can meet its overall reconstruction targets
by directing resources for meeting emerging needs
reconstruction to ensure funding flows meet actual needs•

Evacuation and searching of victim’s bodies

•

•

•

Lessons Learned

•

•

•

Done by collaborative work by Indonesian National Force (TNI),
police, Indonesian Red Cross (PMI), Indonesia Search and Rescue(Basarnas), community, volunteers from inside and outside thecountry.

Rescue activities••

Handling of victims who were injured done in all hospitals andhealth care units which still functioning in that particular area
coordinated by Ministry of Health of RI
Some of the seriously injured victims who need special treatment
were brought out to Medan and Jakarta
Build emergency health care unit
Re-functionilize the damaged hospital/health care units•562.149 people live in houses/tents (July 1, 2005)•

33.458 people live in barracks/transitional shelter (July 1, 2005)•
Emergency
Response
Medical services

Evacuation
shelter

•

41

Data
SourceItem

Sub-item

Information••

Food, water andother relief goods
supply•••Information andcommunication(Information to
the disastervictims)•••

Support from
PrivateCompanies

Support fromabroad5.000 tonnes rice and foods are delivered (January 9, 2005) by
National Logistic Agency (BULOG)
Fixation of clean water supply and sanitation treatment/piping
units by PDAM with 435 l/s production capacity and 250 l/s
distribution capacity
Aids from other county and university such as portable water
purification
Clean water and electricity supply was cut off and being
rehabilitized in January 2005 except for Meulaboh and west-coastarea
All communication was cut off the day disaster happened. Begin tofunctional again in January 2005 except for Meulaboh andwest-coast area
Communication was being installed in January 2005. IBM installed
250 computer units being to cover Aceh, Medan and jakarta Area
Radio installation also begin to installed in January 2005 by ORARI
and Kodim
PT Telkom Indonesia provided 1 month free for call for Cellular
phone registered under Aceh regional codes

A national-private tv station provided foods for the emergency•

Total involved country : 34

•
•
•
•
•
•

Personnel : 16.000
Medical team : 117
Mothership/carrier : 9
Float hospital : 1
Aircraft : 31
Helicopter : 82•

During emergency period, critical decisions such as who should
lead rescue process and which area should be focused are urgent.
Slow process on this will delay rescue process and save thesurvivors and consequently will increase restive
Overseas support during emergency could be minimum during the
emergency period. Therefore, local and national capacities to
respond quickly are important to prevent further crisis in thedisaster area
Government at the impacted area was mostly paralyzed due tostaggering number of victims and losses. Therefore,neighbourhood provincial government support is crucial to restore
rules and official engagements
Emergency activities to save the survivors should be prioritized.
Top priorities include meeting basic needs, filing supply chain gaps,
building a coordination room, and involving affected communities
in emergency
Efforts should be made to “build back better” at every opportunity,with disaster-resistant construction, improved quality andsustainable institutional capability
Key donors and multi-donor funds should be requested to play
coordinating roles••
Lessons Learned
•

•

•

42

Data
SourceItem

Sub-item

Information••
Infrastructure/Life
line

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

During 2005-2009, done under coordination of Aceh-Nias
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency (BRR Aceh-Nias)
supported by other national and international agencies, such as
Ministry of National Development Planning (Bappenas), Ministry of
Finance, US AID, JICA/JICS, Japan Red Cross, American Red
Cross, IOM, UNDP, World Bank , etc
Communication line, clean water supply line, electricity are starting
to restored in January 2005
Transportations line also started being restored in January 2005
3.696 km of roads are built after 4 years
363 bridges are built after 4 years
23 ports are built after 4 years
13 airport or airstrips are built after 4 years
97% households have electricity supply (des 2008)
Cellular/mobile phone access reach 35 % household needs

Other services

Temporary House

Recovery

The number of victim lived in barrack/transitional shelter :• 106.320 (2005)• 14.280 (2006)• 3.698 (2007)• 871 (2008)• 344 (2009)
Government of RI built barracks/transitional shelter in 24 locations.
977 barracks were built. Each barracks consist of 12-20 transitional
shelter with 4x5 m size for each family
5.765.000 m3 of waste were being cleaned and recycled

Disaster Waste

2.5 millions wood waste are being recycled.
UNEP, UNDP, and several agencies were involved in removing tsunami
waste

Finance

Total Rp. 21.728.136.110 was being used for ACEH rehabilitation andreconstruction
Total of Rp. 2.826.115.886 was being used for Nias rehabilitation andreconstruction.
Supported by Government of Indonesia, UN Bodies, Multi Donor Fund(MDF), EU Community, Governement of Japan and others

Support from
PrivateCompanies

Astra International, Several Indonesia National Companies, PT Telkom,
Indosat, Media Indonesia Corp, PT Coca Cola, and others were involved
during the recovery process

Support from
AbroadIn housing and settlement area :High-Level NGO/IA : 24 NGO/International Agencies : 57.914 units
Mid-Level NGO/IA : 72 NGO/International Agencies : 38.898 units••

Lessons Learned••

Shelter and basic needs of the survivors are top priorities
Accurate survivors data determine how livelihoods supports can bedelivered effectively and efficiently
Traumatized victims may receive less attention and care if carefull
survivors treatment is not conducted involving phsyciatry
observation
Women and children are the most vulnerable community groups
that need serious care during recovery

43

Data
SourceItem

Sub-item

Information•

Implementing islamic law in all aspects of life (especially in Aceh)

•
•
•

•
•

Improve the quality of human resources
Strengthening provincial and districts government
Develop and manage natural resources wisely and in accordance toits capacity
Re-built houses and settlement compeleted with its basic
insfrastructure
Built eficient and reliable infrastructure
Develop an excellence, fair and competitive regional economic
Developing and preserving cultural values and customs that
support sustainable development
Increasing the capacity of local bureaucracy that professional,
authoritative, and trustworthy
Strengthen public understanding of national and state insightStrenghten the implementation of appropriate local government•

Religion, social and cultural rights

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Education, health and gender
Monitoring
EconomyPlanning and Finance
Housing and settlement
Infrastructure
Government operation
Restoring Rules and Law
Institutional and human resources development•
Principles

•
•
•
•

Key issues

Reconstruction

Organizations

Executing Agency BRR, other goverment bodies, local/international
NGO/foundation, United Nation, Other nations such as Japan, German,
Australia, Netherland and many more
Budgeting composition for Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation andReconstruction :Financeon-treasury and on-budget:

Government:

21 trillion rupiahs

Donor

:

8 trillion rupiahs

off-treasury and on-budget

:

Donor

:

Off-treasury and off-budget

:

Donor

:

3 trillion rupiahs
35 trillion rupiahs

Support from
PrivateCompanies
Support fromabroadMulti Donor Fund, UN Bodies (such as UNDP, UNICEF, IOM,), World
Bank, EU Community, JICA-JICS of Japan, Government of Japan, US
AID, Saudi Arabian Government, Turkey, Singapore, and others
supported the reconstruction process

Reconstruction
Schedule

April 2005 – April 2009

44

Data
SourceItem

Sub-item

Information
•
•
•
•
•

Key Target,featured
strategies/approa
ches etc.

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
Economic
Recovery••••

The development of spritual and social life of the people of Acehand Nias
Social, economic and cultural community is in a better state
Improving the quality of educational services, health and women’s
roles
Rehabilitation and reconstruction in Aceh and Nias
New structures and institutions to support sustainable economic
growthDevelop key potential for economic growth in a sustainable Acehand Nias
The rise of of agriculture fisheries and forestry
The presence of holistic-infrastructure development plan
Reconstruction and rehabilitation of housing and settlement thancomply to minimum standard
Availability of access to a healthy and clean water to all citiens
Restoration of public roads and highways in Aceh and Nias
Restoration of docks, terminals and airports which are needed tosupport economic growth
Restoration of drainage system and flood control
Revitalization of government building and insfrastructure
Strenghten the capacity of civil servant
60% of small bussinesses have access to credit. About 60.000
micro-credits to 4% of households in ACEH and 1.5% ofhouseholds in Nias
Fisheries production reached 25% above the production level
before the tsunami in 2004
Fish production reached 350.000 tonnes
In 2007, rice production reached 1.535.375 tonnes exceed the
pra-tsunami production
In 2007, coffee production reached 42.308 tonnes exceed the
pra-tsunami production
In 2007, the poverty level is become 27% from 30% in 2003

Other
Characteristics
•
•

•
•

Lessons Learned

•

•

•

Key donors and multi-donor funds should be requested to play
coordinating roles
Constant communication among partners should be maintained to
manage beneficiary and donor expectations about the pace andprogress of reconstruction
The coordinating agency should ensure integrity and accountabilityof funds to gain donor coinfidence and support
A range of influence skills including diplomacy, authority, andflexibility may be used throughout the course of reconstruction
Quality of reconstruction process as well as to ensure the works
done efficiently and effectively in achieving the reconstruction
goals should be kept as top priority. Due to heavy and large numberof reconstruction agencies during the time, coordination andcontrol of the process will be difficult if frameworks and rule among
the agencies do not conform at the first place
Data of the victims as well as data of land status are difficult toverify. This will slow the reconstruction process or else will put thereconstruction process in legal status obstacle that may not beeasy to resolve
Restoring digital data of land status at remote and save area will
help reconstruction agencies to validate legal status of landowners

45

Data
SourceItem

Sub-item

Information

Reports

Accountability Report of BRR 2008, USGS (United States Geological
Survey), ISET (Institute for Social and Environmental Transition)
Journal, Execution of Emergency Response Audit Report of DPR 2005,
Semester Report of BRR, Progress Report of BRR 2005, Progress
Report of BRR 2006, NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, NESDIS (National Environmental Sattelite, Data andInformation Service)
D-Day + Emergency Response :References

Data/photos

46

Data
SourceItem

Sub-item

Information

Data
SourceRecovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction:４）Great East Japan Earthquake 2011
Item

Sub-item
Date and Timeof Occurrence

Data on Hazard

Information
2:46PM, March 11, 2011(JST), 05:46 (UTC)

Data
SourceJMA
JMA
USGS
ERI-UT

MagnitudeDepth

Mw. 9.0, Mj 8.4, 24 km (JMA)
M.9.0 (USGS)
Mw 8.8, 23.7 km (Univ. of Tokyo)

Epicenter

N38.1, E142.9 (130km ESE off Oshika Peninsula)
Off Pacific Coast of Tohoku (North East) Region, Japan

JMA

Intensity of
Shaking

JMA Intensity scale:7,
Max. Ground Acceleration: 2933gal

JMA
K-NET

47