或問 WAKUMON 31
No.31,（2017）pp.31-46

The transplantation and adaptation of terms from Japan to China
at the beginning of the 20th century
Haruko Sanada （真田治子）

Abstract: The aim of the present paper is to study the history of the traffic of terms in Asia. The
introduction of terms for European concepts supported the construction of a modern society in Japan in
the late 19th century. Our last study found that the Japanese term dictionary Tetsugaku Dai Jisho,published in Tokyo in 1905, was consulted by two missionaries, Timothy Richard and Donald
MacGillivray, when compiling the Chinese term dictionary Dictionary of Philosophical Terms: Chiefly
from the Japanese, published in Shanghai in 1913. Approximately 65% of the headwords in the A‒D
section were adopted from the Japanese dictionary, and among the adopted headwords over 90% of theJapanese equivalents were taken. The missionaries also referred to two English-Chinese dictionaries oftechnical terms compiled by (1) Cousland in 1908 and (2) Mateer and Stuart in 1910, respectively. (Thelatter dictionary is referred to as “Mateer” henceforth.) This study reports the results of a comparison ofthese two dictionaries and Richard and MacGillivray’s dictionary and describes the process of compilingthe term dictionaries. It appears that they did not employ Mateer’s 1904 edition, but they did employ his
1910 edition. We conclude that Mateer’s dictionary had a higher priority than Cousland’s for Richard and
MacGillivray. We further conclude that they employed Tetsugaku Dai Jisho for the main material andMateer as an alternative, while they obtained medical terms from Cousland.
Keywords: Loan words; Term dictionary; Missionary Linguistics; Pre-modern Japanese; Pre-modern
Chinese;

1. Background and problems of the present study
The coinage of words for European concepts supported the construction of a modern society in Japan thelate 19th and early 20th century. Many such terms have survived and permeated into the core ofpresent-day Japanese. The aim of the present paper is to study the history of these terms with an overview
of the process of compiling a dictionary that indirectly followed Tetsugaku Jii or Dictionary ofPhilosophy (hereafter sometimes written “TJ”).

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第 31 号（2017）TJ (Inoue et al. 1881), followed by two editions and well known in Japan, played the role ofintroducing new scholarly terms that diffused into Japanese.1 Recent studies have yielded some findings
related to TJ: another edition of TJ, supposedly published in 1891 (Hida 2005, Sanada 2009); a
manuscript of the section A to D prepared from 1893 to 1898 for the 1912 edition (Sanada 2012), which
was published as an appendix to the journal Tetsugaku Zasshi ,2 as well as many marginal notes for the
preparation of a later edition of the dictionary, which its authors originally possessed (Chin 2001, Sanada2012). It has also been found that Inoue wrote some entries of the Tetsugaku Dai Jisho or Great
Dictionary of Philosophy (Dainihon Hyakkajisho Henshujo 1905‒1926/1978) (hereafter sometimes
written “TDJ”) in his diary while he compiled the 1912 edition of TJ.
It has been found that Dictionary of Philosophical Terms: Chiefly from the Japanese (Richard &MacGillivray 1913) (hereafter sometimes written “Richard & MacGillivray” or “R & M”), published in
Shanghai, partly followed the contents of TDJ. According to their preface, R & M referred to TDJ andextracted the English headwords with their Japanese equivalents that could also be employed as Chinese
equivalents. We confirmed that some of the headwords in R & M definitely referred to TDJ (Sanada2013).3
According to their preface, R & M also appeared to refer to two other English-Chinese term
dictionaries. In the present study the following problems are investigated:
1. Which editions of these two term dictionaries were employed by R & M?
2. How many headwords of these term dictionaries were employed?
3. How many headwords and their equivalents are completely or partly the same as the headwords
employed from TDJ and other words employed from these term dictionaries?
4. Did R & M only employ words from TDJ and these two term dictionaries, or is there a possibility
that they also employed words from another source?

1

Kokawa et al. (1997) evaluates the Tetsugaku Jii or Dictionary of Philosophy as one of the leading
publications in the flowering of philosophical studies in the late 19th century (1997: 80‒81).

2

From Inoue’s diary it has been found that a manuscript for the section A to D was sent to the publisher at one
time for the 1912 edition, which was based on the manuscript in the journal. A manuscript for the section
containing E and later letters seems not to have been published as an appendix to the journal before it
appeared in the 1912 edition.

3

The diffusion of the original copy of the R & M (1913) seems to have been very limited in Japan, and in thisstudy a facsimile edition is used. Finally, two original copies in the Toyo Bunko (Oriental Library) inTokyo and another in private possession have been found.

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In the following sections, we introduce four dictionaries, R & M, TDJ, and the two English-Chinese
term dictionaries. Then we discuss how many and which words in R & M overlap with those of TDJ andare common to the two English-Chinese term dictionaries.

2. Introduction to the dictionaries and how the study was conducted
2. 1. Richard & MacGillivray’s dictionary and two term dictionaries
Dictionary of Philosophical Terms: Chiefly from the Japanese (Richard & MacGillivray 1913), publishedin Shanghai, lists English terms with their Chinese equivalents. The two authors were missionaries andthey compiled this dictionary for their missionary work. According to its title, most of the Chinese
equivalents were adopted from Japanese. In the preface MacGillivray mentioned, “I went to the great
Japanese work 哲學大辭書4 and copied out the terms that are therein described at length.” According to
the preface it has 2,482 entries. The preface also mentioned the background of this publication. The
Chinese government had not established some terms in Chinese, although they said they had, andJapanese terms were very extensively adopted.
The Christian Literature Society for China started its activities in 1887, and Timothy Richard (1845‒
1919), a Welsh Baptist missionary and co-author of R & M, worked as the secretary. The other author,
Donald MacGillivray (1862‒1931), a Canadian Presbyterian missionary, went to China in 1899 andjoined the CLSC (Christian Literature Society for China) (MacGillivray 1907). He is also known as an
author of the revised edition of Stent’s dictionary A Chinese and English Vocabulary in the Pekinese
Dialect (Stent & MacGillivray 1898).
Missionaries in Shanghai had already published books of terms. In the preface to Richard &MacGillivray, Dr. G. A. Stuart and Dr. Cousland are named as authors of these books as follows: “Dr. G.
A. Stuart’s work published by the Educational Association of China in 1910, as well as Dr. Cousland’s
Dictionary of Medical Terms are excellent but wholly different” (Richard & MacGillivray 1913: Preface).
These books of terms seem to be indicated:
Mateer, Calvin Wilson; Educational Association of China. (1910). Technical terms, English andChinese, revised by Geo. A. Stuart. Shanghai, Methodist Pub. House,
andCousland, Philip B. (1908). An English-Chinese lexicon of medical terms: Compiled for the4

Tetsugaku Dai Jisho. The reading is marked by the present author.

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Terminology Committee. Shanghai: Publication Committee Medical Missionary Association ofChina.
The first author of the dictionary from 1910, which was mentioned as “Dr. G. A. Stuart’s work,” is not
Stuart but Mateer, and it has an earlier edition (Mateer 1904):
Mateer, Calvin Wilson and the Educational Association of China. (1904). Technical Terms, English
and Chinese. Shanghai: Printed at the Presbyterian Mission Press.
In the preface to the 1904 edition, the name “Geo. A. Stuart” is listed as a co-author.
Calvin Wilson Mateer (1836‒1908) was known as an educator, a translator, and the chairman of acommittee for the revision of the translation of the Bible into Chinese (Fisher 1911: 10‒11). He is said tohave been a pioneer Presbyterian missionary in Shandong (Shantung) Province and the founder of thefirst Christian college in China (Anderson 1999: 440). Mateer’s dictionary (1910) has 492 pages
consisting of a list of terms, with 11 pages of proper names. In their preface they mentioned that someterms had been gathered from other term lists that had already been published, some were translated by
the editors, and some were brought to them by collaborators who were experts in each subject. The
dictionary covered over 50 subjects.5 Cousland’s dictionary (1908) is known in Japan under another title,
Igaku Jii (Matsumoto 2009). Its 32nd revised edition was published in 1974, and the dictionary had beenin use for a long time in Japan. An obituary of Philip B. Cousland (1861‒1930) (Anonymous 1930: 164)
reported that he had worked for a long time as a member of the terminology committee of the China
Medical Missionary Association, and that he was called “one of the ‘fathers’ of modern medicine inChina.” According to the Historical Note in Cousland’s dictionary (1908: viii‒ix), the authors had held
conferences and made a list of terms by 1907. Therefore, this dictionary seems to have no earlier edition.

5“The subjects covered are: Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Analytical Geometry, Calculus,
Surveying, Navigation, Engineering, Mechanics, Hydrics, Pneumatics, Acoustics, Heat, Steam, Optics,
Electricity, Magnetism, Chemistry, Metallurgy, Mineralogy, Crystallography, Geology, Geography(Political and Physical), Astronomy, Grammar, Botany, Zoology, Anatomy, Physiology, Therapeutics,
Pharmacy, Materia Medica, Theology, Ecclesiastical Terms, Rules of Order for Deliberative Bodies,
Psychology, Moral Philosophy, Political Economy, International Law, Official Titles, Civil, Military andNaval Affairs, Customs, Taxes, House-building, Machinery, Tools, Printing, Watchmaking, Photography,
and Philosophical and Chemical Apparatus, besides many terms of a miscellaneous character” (Mateer
1910: 4).

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Cousland (1908) also mentioned Stuart as a co-worker.6 George A. Stuart (1858‒1911),7 a medical
doctor and missionary, is known as the President of the University of Nanking (? ‒1908) and for revising
F. Porter Smith’s Chinese Materia Medica (Smith & Stuart 1911).
MacGillivray did not mention that R & M surely supplied terms from these two term dictionaries.
However, we assume that these two dictionaries might have had a certain influence on R & M. This is oneof the problems of this paper, as mentioned above.

2. 2. Tetsugaku Dai Jisho and Richard and MacGillivray’s dictionary (Sanada 2013)
In our study (Sanada 2013), words employed from TDJ by R & M were described. Considering the seriesof the study of terms from Tetsugaku Jii (Dictionary of Philosophy), including the manuscript of thesection A‒D to Tetsugaku Dai Jisho, headwords from the section A to D in R & M were examined. R & M
transferred about 65% of their headwords from TDJ with Japanese equivalents to their dictionary.
Approximately 99% of the Japanese equivalents were taken if their headwords were employed. It appears
that Richard and MacGillivray decided not to include words in Japanese script (hiragana or katakana) or“explanatory equivalents” in their Chinese dictionary. The order of Japanese equivalents in R & M is not
the same as the order of the original articles in the main part of TDJ, but it is very similar to the order ofthe equivalents in the English index of TDJ. Therefore, we conclude at least that Richard and
MacGillivray did not refer to Japanese articles in the main part and that they probably employed andrevised the index of English equivalents.

3. Comparing Richard and MacGillivray’s dictionary with two term dictionaries
3. 1. Three editions of two term dictionaries: Mateer et al. 1904, 1910 and Cousland 1908
Sources of the headwords of R & M (1913) that were not transferred from TDJ are one of the problems of
the present study. Two term dictionaries, Mateer (1910) and Cousland (1908), are strong candidates

6“He [Cousland] with Dr. J. B. Neal and Dr. G. A. Stuart have a large share in the responsibility for the terms
chosen.” (Cousland 1908: ix)

7

Many libraries write that his birth year is unknown, except for Stanford University Library, which houses theHummel Collection of R. Stuart Hummel, a grandson of George A. Stuart (Geller 2011). According topersonal correspondence of January 5th, 2016, between the author of the present paper and staff of thespecial collections of Stanford University Library, they assume that Mr. Geller, i.e., the author of “Guide to
the R. Stuart Hummel Family Papers M1607,” obtained Stuart’s birth year from the records as he wasprocessing the collection.

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because both were mentioned in the preface of R & M. Mateer (1910) is the latest edition before R & M,
following its first edition in 1904. Therefore, the terms in R & M are compared with those of these three
editions of the (two) term dictionaries. We follow the preceding study in investigating headwords fromthe section A to D in the term dictionaries. Table 1 shows the number of words R & M employed fromeach of the three term dictionaries. First we select (a) headwords of the term dictionaries whichcorrespond to those of R & M, and then we investigate how many of their equivalents correspond toequivalents of R & M. The number of headwords of the term dictionaries having common equivalentswith R & M are categorized as (b), and those with partly common equivalents with R & M are
categorized as (c) in Table 1.
Table 1. Number of headwords and their equivalents that Richard & MacGillivray’s
dictionary employed from four editions of three term dictionaries (Sections A to D)
Tetsugaku

Mateer’s

Cousland’s

Mateer’s

Dai JishoTechnical

Lexicon ofTechnical(1905‒1926/

Terms

Medical Terms

Terms

1978)

(1910)(1908)(1904)

which

469

219

84

199

(b) Number of headwords which have

431

97

24

76

35

27

8

24

Total

466

124

32

100

Ratio of number of headwords whose

99%

57%

38%

50%

equivalents R & M (partly) employed(=431+35)/46(a)Numberofheadwords

correspond to those of R & M

common equivalents with R & M(c) Number of headwords which havepartly common equivalents with R & M

from each dictionary (=(b+c) /a)9)

As shown in Table 1, 97 headwords of Mateer (1910) and 76 of Mateer (1904) have common equivalentswith R & M, while 27 headwords of Mateer (1910) and 24 of Mateer (1904) have similar equivalents8
with R & M. Equivalents of Mateer (1910) and Mateer (1904) that correspond to R & M overlap

8For example, the use of a different suffix or a different kanji with the same meaning can be regarded as a“similar” equivalent. For the definition of “similar” equivalent, see Sanada (2013).

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considerably, and the equivalents of only two headwords, “Catechism” (p. 9) and “Culture” (p. 16),
correspond to Mateer (1904) but not Mateer (1910). The equivalents9 of these two headwords are shownin Table 2. However, these equivalents also completely correspond to TDJ. Therefore, there is a highprobability that these two equivalents were not taken from Mateer (1904) but from TDJ. We conclude
that R & M was not directly influenced by Mateer (1904), and henceforth refer to “Mateer (1910)” as“Mateer” when confusion is unlikely.

Table 2. Two headwords of Richard and MacGillivray’s which correspond to
Mateer 1904 and their equivalents
Dictionary

EquivalentsofMateer’s TechnicalMateer’s

Tetsugaku Dai Jisho

Richard&Terms (1904)

Technical(1905‒1926/1978)

MacGillivray
Headword(1913)

Catechism

教会問答 (p. 9)

Culture教化, 修養

Terms (1910)(p.

教会問答 (p. 71)

聖教問答 (p. 44)

教会問答 (p. 3224)

教化 (p. 115)

有文化 (p. 72)

教化, 修養 (p. 3221)

16)

3. 2. Overview of overlapping words among four dictionaries
As mentioned above, MacGillivray’s preface indicates they certainly employed words from TDJ but only
mentioned Mateer’s and Cousland’s dictionaries. The numbers of words shown in Table 1 are for thewords R & M employed from the three term dictionaries. There is some overlap among these dictionaries.
Considering the process by which R & M compiled supplementary words, in this section we describe how
many words were commonly employed from the three dictionaries by R & M. It can be assumed that TDJ
had a higher priority for R & M than Mateer and Cousland. Therefore, we discuss here which term
dictionary, Mateer or Cousland, had second priority.

9

Hereafter the readings of equivalents are not given because it is not clear whether Richard and MacGillivray
read them in the Japanese or Chinese way. For these authors it is the written form of the words that seems
to have been important.

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Tetsugaku Dai Jisho

401 words

466 words

49 words

10 words
6 words

Cousland32 words

4 words

12 words

Mateer
57 words

124 words

Figure 1. Number of overlapping headwords of three dictionaries
in Richard & MacGillivray (Sections A to D, N = 719)10
Figure 1 shows the combinations and numbers of headwords of the three term dictionaries whose
equivalents are employed by R & M. The total number of headwords in the section A to D of R & M that
correspond to at least one of the three dictionaries is 539 of 719 words, i.e., 75% of headwords in R & M.
The numbers of overlapping headwords colored in gray include headwords which have completely or
partly corresponding equivalents to those of R & M. For example, in [A] five of six words, in [B] 33 of
49 words, and in [C] five of ten words have equivalents completely corresponding to each other. The restof the overlapping words have equivalents partly corresponding to each other. The words in [A], [B], and[C] are listed in the appendix. From Table 1 and Figure 1 we observe that the first is the number ofheadwords only employed from TDJ, with those only employed from Mateer coming second. We
examine some cases in the following sections.

3. 3. From which dictionary did Richard and MacGillivray employ an equivalent if there areseveral equivalents among the three dictionaries?
The source of a headword or equivalent in R & M would be clear if a headword or an equivalent in R &M corresponded to those in one of the other three term dictionaries. How did they compile theirdictionary if they found the same headword in two or more term dictionaries? As mentioned above, it canbe said from a quantitative point of view (the number of words taken from each) that R & M employedwords from TDJ, Mateer, and Cousland in that order. It is also known that 99% of the equivalents weretaken from TDJ if their headwords were taken (Sanada 2013). Here we carry out a qualitative analysis to10

466 words, 124 words, and 32 words in the figure are also shown in Table 1.

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determine from which dictionary they employed equivalents when the same headwords existed in two or
more term dictionaries. Table 3 provides a list of the examples mentioned in the following sections.
Table 3. Examples of equivalents of four term dictionaries
Dictionary

Richard&

Tetsugaku Dai Jisho

Mateer’s

Technical

MacGillivray(1905‒1926/1978)

Terms

Headword(1913)(Japanese)(Chinese)

1908 (Chinese)

Anatomy解 剖 学 (See

解剖学 (p. 3227)

解剖学 (p. 8)

解剖学 (p. 16)

1910

Cousland’s
Medical Terms

Stuart) (p. 4)
Cerebellum

小脳 (p. 10)

小脳 (p. 3224)

小脳 (p. 47)

小脳 (p. 73)

Cerebrum

大脳 (p. 10)

大脳 (p. 3224)(No headword)

大脳 (p. 73)

Ceremony

儀式 (p. 10)

儀式 (p. 3224)

礼式, 儀文 (p. 47)(No headword)

Diphthong

二重母音

(p.

二重母音 (p. 3219)

双喉音 (p. 83)(No headword)

中酒性精神病.

中酒性精神病.アル中酒, 酒毒成患 (p.

中醕, 中酒 (p.

阿爾箇保児情狂コ ー ル 中 毒 狂 (p.

6)9)(中酒) (p. 3)

3227)

19)
Alcoholism

Cell

細 胞 (

See

細胞 (p. 3224)

Stuart) (p. 10)
Cochlea

蝸牛殻(耳螺) (p.

, 珠 (p. 45)(p. 70)蝸牛殻 (p. 3223)

耳螺 (p. 57)

耳螺 (p. 81)

妄想 (p. 3220)

幻想 (p. 79)(No equivalent)

重心点 (p. 10)(No headword)

重心点 (p. 47)(No headword)

診断 (p. 19)(No headword)(No headword)

診断論, 診断12)
Delusion妄想(幻想.非非想) (p. 18)

Centreofgravity
Diagnosis(p. 102)
Alcohol

酒精 (p. 3)(No headword)

酒精, 醕 (p. 5)

醕, 酒精 (p. 9)

3. 3. 1. Equivalents corresponding to Tetsugaku Dai Jisho
It may be hard to determine the source of equivalents in R & M if their equivalents correspond to those of
two or more dictionaries. For example, an equivalent of “Cerebellum” (p. 10) in R & M, i.e., 小脳, is
consistent with all three term dictionaries, and an equivalent of “Cerebrum,” i.e., 大脳, is consistent withtwo dictionaries. However, equivalents of such types are not frequent in R & M.
In the case of medical terms, e.g., “Anatomy” (p. 4), Richard and MacGillivray wrote the note “See

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Stuart” even though three dictionaries have the same equivalent, 解剖学. It can be inferred from thisnote that R & M employed equivalents from Cousland for medical terms.
Richard and MacGillivray preferred the TDJ to the other dictionaries for equivalents. In the case of“Ceremony” (p. 10) and “Diphthong” (p. 19), both TDJ and Mateer have different equivalents, i.e., 儀式
and 二重母音 for TDJ and 礼式, 儀文, and 双喉音 for Mateer, and only those from TDJ were taken.
Basically, TDJ had higher priority than the other two dictionaries.
There are some examples where R & M took equivalents from TDJ and listed them first, but also
listed equivalents from the other dictionaries in parentheses, e.g., “Alcoholism” (p. 3), “Cell” (p. 10),
“Cochlea” (p. 12), and “Delusion” (p. 18).
The headword “Alcoholism” in R & M has three equivalents: 中酒性精神病, 阿爾箇保児情狂, and(中酒) (p. 3). The equivalents 中酒性精神病 (p. 3227) of TDJ and 中酒 (p. 6 for Mateer, p. 9 forCousland) of the two Chinese term dictionaries correspond to equivalents from R & M. However, theword 中酒 is not pure Japanese. It was employed in a series of editions of TJ and TDJ, although theword did not survive into present-day Japanese. The equivalent 中酒 shows that the Japanese andChinese terms have intertwined and influenced each other. 阿爾箇保児 (p. 3) from R & M is atransliteration of ‘alcohol’ in kanji. The authors might have imitated the transplanting of words usingtransliteration, referring in this case to the Japanese equivalent アルコール (p. 3227), which is atransliteration of ‘alcohol’ in Japanese script (katakana).
For the headword “Cell” there are two equivalents in R & M: 細胞 and () (p. 10). The firstequivalent corresponds to TDJ, the second to equivalents in Mateer and Cousland. For the headword“Cochlea” there are two equivalents: 蝸牛殻 (耳螺) (p. 12) in R & M. The first corresponds to TDJ, thesecond (in parentheses) to equivalents in Mateer and Cousland. For the headword “Delusion” there arethree equivalents: 妄 想 ( 幻 想 . 非 非 想 ), and the equivalent 妄 想 (p. 18) without parentheses
corresponds to the equivalent of TDJ. The equivalent 幻想 (p. 18), one of the other equivalents withparentheses, corresponds to Mateer.
Such use of parentheses for equivalents and the choice of equivalents seem to show that R & M
regarded TDJ as the source with higher priority than Mateer’s or Cousland’s dictionaries.

3. 3. 2. Equivalents whose headwords do not correspond to those from Tetsugaku Dai Jisho
R & M also supplied their headwords and equivalents from Mateer or Cousland when TDJ had noheadwords, e.g., “Centre of gravity” (p. 10) and “Diagnosis” (p. 19). These headwords with theirequivalents 重心点 and 診断 correspond to the two dictionaries.
R & M often preferred to take equivalents from Mateer if TDJ did not have the headwords and theother two did. For the headword “Alcohol” (p. 3), R & M has the equivalent 酒精. Mateer has two

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equivalents, 酒精 and 醕, which Cousland also has in the reverse order, i.e., 醕 and 酒精. It can beassumed that R & M took the first equivalent of Mateer.
Stuart contributed to Mateer (1904), Cousland, and Mateer (1910). This might be the reason thatsome equivalents from Mateer (1910) correspond to those from Cousland. Mateer’s term dictionary
covers a wider field than Cousland’s medical term dictionary, and we assume that this is the reason why
R & M preferred Mateer over Cousland. It is also assumed however that Richard and MacGillivray
trusted Cousland’s dictionary even though they employed fewer words from it than from Mateer, because
they put a note “See Stuart” on a few headwords for medical terms.

4. Conclusions and future tasks
The present paper has discussed questions concerning Richard and MacGillivray’s term dictionary (1913),
i.e., the Dictionary of Philosophical Terms: Chiefly from the Japanese, considering the results of acomparison between R & M and TDJ (Sanada 2013). We have concluded as follows:
1. It can be assumed that they did not employ Mateer’s 1904 edition, but did employ his 1910 edition.
2. Among the three term dictionaries, TDJ has the most headwords, i.e., 466 words, employed by R &M, followed by 124 words of Mateer’s dictionary (1910) and 32 words of Cousland’s dictionary (1908)(Table 1).
3. There are many types of overlapping words among the three dictionaries employed by R & M.
Only six words are common to the three dictionaries (Figure 1), while 462 out of 719 words are
employed from only one of the three dictionaries (401 words, 57 words, and four words in Figure 1). Bymeans of quantitative and qualitative observation of overlapping words, we conclude that Mateer had ahigher priority than Cousland for Richard and MacGillivray. We assume that they employed TDJ as theirmain source while referring to Mateer as an alternative, and they also drew medical terms from Cousland.
4. Approximately 75% of the 719 headwords and their equivalents in R & M seem to be supplied
from the three dictionaries, i.e., TDJ, Mateer, and Cousland. However, the source of the rest (25% of the719 headwords) is still unknown.
In the preface of R & M it is stated that “The present work is issued by the C. L. S., primarily to meetits own needs.” What were their “needs”? They also described the situation of terms in China after the
Sino-Japanese War (1894‒1895) as “(Japanese terms) are coming in like a flood. They are in the field andwe should know them. All who deal with students as well as translators will find knowledge of at least
the principal terms indispensable.” From these sentences it is assumed that their “needs” meant the
principal indispensable terms for students or translators that had come to China. Richard and
MacGillivray must have aimed to compile a small term dictionary because their dictionary has only about
2,500 entries in roughly 70 pages. Their terms would have had to have been well balanced and well

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selected. TDJ covers not only philosophical terms in a narrow sense but also academic terms meeting theneeds of students or translators. Mateer covers fields widely but at 352 pages was perhaps too large for
Richard and MacGillivray. Cousland covers only medical terms and has 417 pages. Therefore, it was very
efficient to compile a dictionary in the following way: First Richard and MacGillivray copied an English
index of a Japanese term dictionary and then sourced medical terms from Cousland and other terms from
Mateer.
Regarding future work, the following problems remain:
1. It is expected that many of the headwords and Japanese equivalents of TDJ were taken from TJ. A
history of the transition of terms from Japan to China in the late 19th century or the beginning of the 20th
century should be considered if a comparison between TDJ and TJ is performed.
2. It is hard to be sure that all equivalents given in R & M are acceptable as Chinese. These
equivalents must be carefully referred to dictionaries of modern Chinese to see how many have survived.
3. There is a possibility that Mateer’s and Cousland’s dictionaries resemble each other because Stuart
helped compile both.
4. The influence of TDJ on modern Japanese in lexicalizing Western concepts and the currency ofthese lexicalized items in contemporary Japan should be investigated and discussed. Regarding studies
with TJ, we have already published some results (Sanada 2013).
This study contributes to finding one of the routes of the adaptation of terms from Japanese to
Chinese and examining the process of compilation of missionaries’ term dictionaries.
The survival of the terms that R & M employed should be investigated. However, R & M was notfollowed by a second edition and it is likely that the influence of this dictionary was not strong at thattime.
R & M employed mainly the Japanese dictionary and secondly two Chinese dictionaries. Someequivalents like 中酒 “Alcoholism” had been transferred to Japan at the end of the 19th century, and thenthe equivalents were employed in R & M, i.e., “returned words” via the Japanese dictionary. It should be
kept in mind that more Japanese words, including words of both Japanese and Chinese origin, weretransferred to China after the Sino-Japanese War (1894‒1895).
Missionaries in Asia seemed to have their own network at that time. There is the possibility that theytransferred words between Japan and China. Missionaries in Asia in the late 19th century or the beginningof the 20th century seemed to work widely beyond the borders of their countries and maintain frequentcontact with each other. It is very probable that there was a network of information among missionaries
in Asia, and it can be concluded that Japanese terms were transferred to China through such a network.

Acknowledgements

The transplantation and adaptation of terms from Japan to China at the beginning of the 20th century（SANADA）

43

I would like to thank the Toyo Bunko (Oriental Library) in Tokyo, which provided me a copy of Richard& MacGillivray’s dictionary (1913). I would also like to thank Prof. K. Arakawa of Aichi University, Dr.
H. Matsumoto of Rikkyo University, Prof. M. Tajima of Miyagi Gakuin Women’s University and Prof. Y.
Hashimoto of Hanazono University. The present study includes research results carried out under the“Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)” (Project number 19520402, Project number 23520567 andProject number 16K02741) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
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Centenary Conference Historical Volume. Charleston: Nabu Press (A facsimile of the edition originallypublished by American Presbyterian Mission Press in 1907 in Shanghai.)Mateer, Calvin Wilson and the Educational Association of China. 1904. Technical Terms, English andChinese. Shanghai: Printed at the Presbyterian Mission Press. (A digitalized edition originally held by
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45

Appendix.
List of examples of common headwords and equivalents among three or four dictionaries11
Richard and MacGillivray

Lexicon of
Medical Terms
1908
Page
Headword
Equivalent
Page
Equivalen Page
Equivalen Pag Equivalettent
Group [A] Corresponding to Tetsugaku Dai Jisho, Technical Terms 1910, and Medical Terms 1908: 5
words.
3
Alcoholism
3227
6
9
中酒性精神
中酒性精
中酒, 酒
中醕,
病.阿爾箇
神病.ア
毒成患
中酒
保児情狂
ルコール
(中酒)
中毒狂
4
Anatomy
3227
8
16
解剖学
解剖学
解剖学
解剖学
(dissection)(See Stuart)
10
Cerebellum
3224
47
73
小脳
小脳
小脳
小脳
12
Cochlea
3223
57
81
蝸牛殻(耳
蝸牛殻
耳螺
耳螺
螺)
18
Delusion
79100
妄想 (幻想. 3220
妄想
幻想
幻想
非非想)
Group [B] Corresponding to Tetsugaku Dai Jisho and Technical Terms 1910: 33 words
3
Ambition
3227
7
功名心.大
功名心
好勝
望(好勝)
4
Amulet
3227
8
護符
護符
護符
4
Analogy3227
8
類推.相似.
[論]類推.
類同, 類
比論
比論
推, 比論,
形勢相似
4
Anger
3227
9
憤怒
憤怒
憤怒, 怒
気
4
Angel
3227
9
天使
天使
天使, 天
神, 使者
3226
5
Anthropolog
11
人類学.
[人]人類
人類学
y
人間論
学. [基]
人間論
5
Appetite3226
1221
体欲(情欲)
体欲情, 情欲,
想食,
情欲之才
胃口開
6
Astrology
3226
16
占星学
占星学
占星学
7
Attribute
3225
17
性格.属性
属性
属性, 情
(固有質)
形
7
Axiom
3225
18
公理
公理
自理, 公
(自然之理)
理, 公論
7
Baptism
3225
21
浸礼. 洗礼
浸礼. 洗
聖洗, 洗
礼
礼, 浸礼
8
Benevolence
3225
25
仁愛
仁愛
仁, 仁愛
8
Bible
3225
25
聖書
聖書
聖書, 聖
経

11

Tetsugaku Dai
Jisho

Technical Terms
1910

The examples are included in the overlapping words in gray in Figure 1.

46

或問

第 31 号（2017）

8

Biology

生物学

3225

生物学

26

8

Buddha

3224

仏陀

36

9
10

Category
Character

3224
3224

CharacteristicChurchCircumcisionCivilization
Communism3224

範疇[論]品性.
[言]文字
特徴

44
49

10

仏陀
(如来.釈迦)
範疇(類)
文字.品性
(徳性)
特徴 (特
性)
教会
割礼

3223
3223

教会
割礼

52
54

文明(教化)
共産主義

3223
3223

文明
共産主義

54
60

11
11
11
13

49

活物学,
生物学
仏, 釈迦
類
品格, 品
性, 品行
特性, 性
状
教会
割礼

教化
共産主
義,
有無相通
13
Concept3222
61
概念(意影)概念
意影
13
Conclusion3222
62
断案(結論)
断案
総結, 結論, 帰結,
断語, 末歩
14
Confirmatio
3222
63
堅信礼
堅信礼
堅信, 堅
n
信礼, 堅
振礼
14
Conscience
3222
63
良心
良心
是非心,
(是非之心)
良心
14
Content
3222
64
内容(積)
内容
積
15
Co-operation
3221
65
協力
協力
協力, 合
力, 互相
輔助
16
Criterion322171
準拠(標準)
準拠
標準
17
Curve
3221
74
曲線
曲線
曲線
17
Deism
3220
78
自然神教
自然神教
自然神教
18
Deluge
3220
79
洪水
洪水
洪水
20
Dualism
3219
87
二元論
二元論
二元論,
(陰陽論)
陰陽論
Group [C] Corresponding to Tetsugaku Dai Jisho and Medical Terms 1908: 5 words
8
Binocular
3225
双眼視
双眼視
vision8
Botany
3225
33
植物学
植物学
草木学

79

茎包頭
割術

46

双眼視

53

植物学,
苼学

10
19
20

Cerebrum
Dipsomania
Dizziness

大脳
嗜酒症
眩暈

3224
3219
3219

大脳
嗜酒症
眩暈

73
107
110

大脳
嗜酒症
発暈