JAITS

䠘ㄽᩥ䠚䢢
1

䢢 䯔䣰䣣䣶䣫䣱䣰䯕䢢 僔⩻ヂ凬䢢᫂἞ᮇ僑傰傷僱⩻ヂㄒ僔๰ฟ僎㏆௦儈儫儎兑儒兠僔ᵓ⠏䢢ᆤ஭╬Ꮚ㸦❧ᩍ኱Ꮫ㸧
This paper aims to explore the dynamics of translation practices in the Meiji era in thecontext of historical and sociocultural interactions. It focuses on “Kokumin” and “Minzoku,”
both of which were coined as translations of the highly modern concept of “nation” at thattime. As is well known, there is no single term in Japanese that can represent the Westernnotion of “nation,” and this has caused significant confusion in academic fields, as well as intranslation practices till this day. The author tries to clarify why such problems appeared,
and to relate the process of development of the modern ideologies to creation of “Kokumin”
and “Minzoku.” Finally, this study links the translation of “nation” with the modernizationof Japan.
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࣋ࢿࢹ࢕ࢡࢺ࣭࢔ࣥࢲ࣮ࢯࣥ㸦B. Anderson㸧ࡀࠊࡑࡢⴭ᭩ Imagined communities:

Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism ࡛ ‘I propose the following
definition of the nation: it is an imagined political community’ 㸦Anderson, 1983,
pp. 5-6㸧 ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࡘ࡜࡟▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔ࣥࢲ࣮ࢯࣥࡣࠊࡇࡢ᭩࡛ࠊ“nation”
ࡸ “nationalism” ࡀࠊ㏆௦࡜࠸࠺᫬௦ࡢṔྐⓗ⏘≀ࠊᵓ⠏≀࡜ࡋ࡚ᨻ἞ࠊ⤒῭ⓗ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠕ๰ฟࠖࡉࢀࡿ㐣⛬ࢆ㩭ࡸ࠿࡟ᥥࡁࡔࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚๰ฟࡉ
ࢀࡓ nation ࢆ “imagined community” ࡜࿧ࢇࡔࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊnation ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿேࠎࡣ௚ࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢே࡟఍ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ஫࠸࡟ఱࡶ▱ࡽ࡞࠸࡟ࡶ
࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊᙼࡽࡀྠࡌ㞟ᅋࠊඹྠయ࡟ᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⮬ࡽ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺
࡞♫఍ⓗ⤖ྜࡣࠕ᝿ീࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࠖ௨እࡢఱ≀࡛ࡶ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㏆௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ேࠎࡢࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᝿ീຊࢆᨭ࠼ࡓࡶࡢࡇࡑࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᡂ⇍ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡜
ࡋ࡚Ⓨᒎࡋࡓ᪂⪺ࠊ㞧ㄅࠊ᭩≀࡜࠸࠺኱㔞⏕⏘ᆺฟ∧≀࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᪂⪺ࡸ᭩≀ࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ 㞟 ᅋ ࡢ 㛫 ࡛ ྠ ୍ ࡢ “national language” ࡀ ᬑ ཬ ࡋ ࠊ ࡉ ࡽ ࡟ ྠ ୍ ࡢ ゝ ㄒ ࢆ ௓ ࡋ ࠊnation ࡢᡂဨ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ᝟ሗࡢඹ᭷໬ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿṔྐⓗ㐣⛬ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊྠ୍ᛶࢆᇶ┙࡜TSUBOI Mutsuko , “Contextualizing translation of ‘nation’: Creation of new words anddevelopment of the modern ideology in the Meiji era,” Interpreting and Translation Studies,No.15, 2015. Pages 147-171. © by the Japan Association for Interpreting and Translation Studies147ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧ࡍࡿ nation ࡀ๰ฟࡉࢀࡓࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ࢔ࣥࢲ࣮ࢯࣥࡢ nation ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞
どⅬࠊ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ⌧௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㏆௦໬ㄽࠊᅜẸᅜᐙㄽࢆ≌ᘬࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࢚ࣜࢵࢡ࣭࣍ࣈࢬ
࣒࣎࢘㸦E. J. Hobsbawm㸧ࡸ࢔࣮ࢿࢫࢺ࣭ࢤࣝࢼ࣮㸦A. Gellner㸧࡞࡝࡟ࡶඹ᭷ࡉࢀ
ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏ࡀ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࡇࡢ nation ࡢ⩻ヂ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⩻ヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕᅧ
Ẹ 1ࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡓ࡞ㄒᙡࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿ 2ࠋ༶ࡕࠊᮏ✏ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ᫂἞
ᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊすὒ㏆௦ࡢᵓ⠏≀ࠊゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡿ࡜すὒ㏆௦࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚๰ฟࡉࢀ
ࡓ nation ࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡓ࡞ᴫᛕ࡜ࡢฟ㐼࠸࡟㝿ࡋࠊ⩻ヂ࡜࠸࠺ゝㄒᐇ㊶ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠕᅧẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ᪥ᮏ♫఍࡟ᾐ㏱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ⤒⦋ࢆ㏣࠸࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ
⩻ヂㄒࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏ࡛㏆௦࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮㸦㏆௦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⪃࠼࣭ᴫᛕ㸧ࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ㐣⛬ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ᫂἞ᮇࡢ⩻ヂࢆ᪥ᮏࡀᙜ᫬⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓṔྐⓗࠊ♫఍ᩥ໬ⓗࠊᨻ἞ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡟఩⨨࡙ࡅࠊ⩻ヂࡀ␗࡞ࡿゝㄒ࡜ᩥ໬ࢆ㉺࠼࡚ཎⴭ࡜ྥࡁྜ࠸ࠊࡑࢀࢆㄞࡳࠊゎ㔘ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺┦஫స⏝ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ព࿡
ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚ࡃゝㄒᐇ㊶࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ⩻ヂࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞せᅉ࡜ࡢ┦஫స⏝ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ព࿡ࢆኚᐜࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡃከᒙⓗ࡞ゝㄒᐇ㊶࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ༶ࡕࠊ
⩻ヂࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽᛶ 3 ࢆ᥈ồࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⩻ヂᏛ࡛ࡣࠊ1990 ᖺ௦࡟ࠕᩥ໬ⓗ㌿ᅇࠖ㸦cultural turn㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ኱ࡁ࡞㌿᥮Ⅼࢆ㏄࠼ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ⩻ヂᏛࡀᚑ᮶ᇶ┙࡜ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓゝㄒᏛཬࡧゝㄒᏛ࿘㎶㡿ᇦࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࠊ⩻ヂ࡜ᩥ໬ࡢ┦஫ⓗ࡞㛵ಀࢆࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞Ṕྐⓗࠊ♫఍ⓗࠊᩥ໬ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࠿ࡽ⪃ᐹࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ືࡁ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚⾲ࢀࡓ㸦ᆤ஭, 2013c㸧ࠋࡇࡢᩥ໬ⓗ㌿ᅇࡢዎᶵ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ1970 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢすὒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ₻ὶࠊ≉࡟࣏ࢫࢺᵓ㐀୺⩏ࠊ⬺ᵓ⠏ࠊࡲࡓࡇࢀࡽࡢ₻ὶ࡜῝࠸㛵ࢃࡾࢆᣢࡘ࢝ࣝࢳ࣭ࣗࣛࣝࢫࢱࢹ࢕࣮
ࢬࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣே㢮Ꮫࠊ♫఍ᏛࠊṔྐᏛ࡞࡝ࠊゝㄒᏛ௨እࡢே㛫ࠊᩥ໬ࠊ♫఍ࢆᢅ࠺ᗈ
⠊࡞Ꮫၥ㡿ᇦ࠿ࡽࡢᙳ㡪࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࡢୗ࡛⩻ヂᏛ࡛ࡣࠊ⩻ヂ࡜࠸࠺ゝㄒ⾜Ⅽ࡟
᰿ᕪࡍ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ᛶࠊᶒຊ㛵ಀࠊᨻ἞ᛶࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࡢၥ㢟ࢆṔྐ࣭ᩥ໬࣭♫఍ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࠿ࡽ⪃ᐹࡍࡿᵝࠎ࡞◊✲ᡂᯝࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡁࡓ 㸦cf.
Bassnett, 1980/2002, 2014㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⩻ヂᏛࡢ㏆ᖺࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࡀࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⩻ヂࡢ⪃ᐹࡸ◊✲࡟⏕࠿ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ➨ 2 ❶࡛ヲ㏙ࡍࡿࡀࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦࣭㏆
௦໬ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࡣ୍᪉࡛♫఍ᏛࠊṔྐᏛࠊே㢮Ꮫࠊᨻ἞Ꮫ࡞࡝ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛άⓎ࡞㆟ㄽࡀᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᗘࠎ㏆௦ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛୙ྍḞࡢ nationࠊnation stateࠊnationalism➼ࡢ㏆௦ㅖᴫᛕ࡜⩻ヂࡢၥ㢟ࡀᥦ㉳ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ௚᪉ࠊᅜㄒᏛ࡛ࡣ⩻ヂㄒ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ከ
ࡃࡢ㈗㔜࡞◊✲ᡂᯝࡀ⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⩻ヂࢆゝㄒᐇ㊶࡜ᤊ࠼࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆṔྐ࣭♫఍࣭ᩥ໬ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡜ࡢ┦஫స⏝࡜࠸࠺どⅬ࠿ࡽ᥈ồࡍࡿྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ⩻ヂࡢሙ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ㏆௦ࢆࢸ࣮࣐࡜ࡍࡿᏛ⾡᭩ࡢ⩻ヂ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㏆௦࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡇࢀࡽㅖᴫᛕࢆࡵࡄࡿ⩻ヂࡢ㞴ࡋࡉࡀ㢖⦾࡟ᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
ಶࠎࡢゎỴ⟇ࡢゝཬ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽ♫఍ேᩥㅖ⛉Ꮫࡢ

148

͆QDWLRQ͇ࡢ⩻ヂᏛၥ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㇏࠿࡞ᩥ⊩ࢆᇶ┙࡜ࡋࠊᐇ㊶ࡢሙ࠿ࡽࡢලయⓗၥ㢟࡟⪥ࢆഴࡅࠊ᪂
ࡓ࡟⩻ヂᏛࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦໬ࡢ㐣⛬࡛㏆௦ㅖᴫᛕࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡢ࡟⩻ヂࡀᯝࡓࡋࡓᙺ๭ࢆࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࠿ࡽㄞࡳゎࡃసᴗࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ௒᪥⩻ヂᏛࡢᯝࡓࡍ࡭
ࡁࡦ࡜ࡘࡢᙺ๭࡜ゝ࠼࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
3 ❶௨㝆࡛ヲࡋࡃ㏙࡭ࡿࡀࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ᫂἞᫬௦ࡣࠊHobsbawm and Ranger㸦1983㸧ࡢゝ࠺ “state” ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿྂࡃ࡚᪂ࡋ࠸ఏ⤫ࡀ “nation state” ࡜࠸࠺ᙧࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚
すḢ࡛኱㔞⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿ 1870 ᖺ௦㹼1910 ᖺ௦࡟࡯ࡰ㔜࡞ࡿࠋnation ࡢヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ
ࠕᅧẸࠖࠊᑡࡋ᫬ࢆ㝸࡚࡚ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡶࡲࡉ࡟ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࠊ⩻ヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚๰⏕ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀ⏕ࡲࢀᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡟ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀⓏሙࡍࡿ 1890 ᖺ௦๓ᚋ࠿ࡽ 1900 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡜࠸࠺᫂἞୰ᮇࢆ୰ᚰ࡟⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊḟ❶࡛ nation ࡢ⩻ヂࢆ᫂἞ᮇ࡟㐳ࡗ࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢព⩏ࢆ⌧௦ⓗㄢ㢟࡜࠸࠺どⅬ࠿ࡽㄽࡌࡿࠋࡑࢀࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ 3 ❶࡛ࡣࠊ᫂἞ᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⩻ヂ࡜⩻ヂࢆ࡜ࡾࡲࡃ⎔ቃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡋࠊ⥆ࡅ࡚㏆௦ᅜᐙࡢᇶ┙ࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚㏆௦࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀㄌ⏕ࡋⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ⤒⦋ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋ4 ❶࡛ࡣࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࠕᅧẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀ᫂἞ᮇ
ࡢฟ∧≀࡟⌧ࢀᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ⤒⦋ࢆࠊᅜ❧ᅜ఍ᅗ᭩㤋ࠗ㏆௦ࢹࢪࢱࣝࣛ࢖ࣈ࣮ࣛࣜ࠘ࠊ
⥲ྜ㞧ㄅࠗኴ㝧࠘ࠊ᪥ห᪂⪺ࠗㆫ㈽᪂⪺࠘ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ࠿ࡽ᥈ࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠕᅧẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࡀ๰ฟࡉࢀࡿ㐣⛬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩥ⊩࠿ࡽ㏣࠺ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠗኴ㝧࠘࡟ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓグ஦ࠊཬࡧᙜ᫬ࡢᑓ㛛᭩ࠊ⩻ヂ᭩ࡢ୍⠇ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡟⌧ࢀࡓࠕᅧẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᙜ᫬᪥ᮏࡀ⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓṔྐⓗࠊ♫఍ᩥ໬ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࠿ࡽศᯒࡋࠊ➨ 5 ❶ࡢ⪃ᐹ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡆࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
⩻ヂ࡜࠸࠺ゝㄒᐇ㊶࡜㏆௦໬࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚➹⪅ࡢ⪃࠼࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭⤖ࡧ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
͆QDWLRQ͇ࡢ⩻ヂࢆࡵࡄࡿ⌧௦ⓗㄢ㢟࡜᫂἞ᮇࡢ⩻ヂࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ௒࡞ࡐࠊ᫂἞ᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ nation ࡢ⩻ヂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠶ࡽࡓࡵ࡚ၥ࠸┤ࡍᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
1989 ᖺ࡟࣋ࣝࣜࣥࡢቨࡀᔂቯࡋ࡚࠿ࡽࠊ᪤࡟ 25 ᖺ௨ୖࡀ⤒ࡘࠋሷᕝ㸦2008, p. 144㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ෭ᡓᚋ࡜࠸࠺ࡇࡢ᫬௦ࡣࠊ୍᪉࡛෭ᡓ࡜࠸࠺ୡ⏺ᡓதࡢ⤊⤖࡜ࡑࡢᡓᚋฎ
⌮࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᅜ㝿⛛ᗎࡢ෌⦅࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࠊ௚᪉࡛ࠕࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࣭࣮࣎ࢲࣞࢫ໬ࡢ㣕㌍ⓗ㐍ᒎࠖ࡜࠸࠺ 2 ࡘࡢഃ㠃࡟≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ1980 ᖺ௦࡟㢖⦾࡟౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ ࠕ ᅜ 㝿 ໬ ࠖ 㸦 internationalization 㸧 ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ゝ ⴥ ࡟ ௦ ࢃ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ ࠕ ࢢ ࣟ ࣮ ࣂ ࣝ ໬ ࠖ㸦globalization㸧࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀ୍Ẽ࡟ேཱྀ࡟⮊⅝ࡋࡓࡢࡶ 1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ෭ᡓᚋࡢୡ⏺ࡀࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ࠕᅜᐙࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ㉺࠼ࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞
つᶍ࡛♫఍ࠊ⤒῭ࠊᨻ἞㠃࡛ࡢ㛵ಀࢆᙉ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
☜࠿࡟ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࣭࣮࣎ࢲࣞࢫ໬ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡔࡅࢆぢࢀࡤࠊ㏆௦௨᮶ࡢ nation state࡟ᇶ┙࡟⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡓୡ⏺ࡀ෌⦅ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡾࠊnation state ⮬యࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࢆᙅࡵࡿ᪉ྥ࡟స⏝ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍᪉࡛ 20 ୡ⣖ᮎ࠿ࡽ 21 ୡ⣖࡟࠿ࡅࠊ
3149

ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᪉ྥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᢬ᢠࡍࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊnation state ࡜࠸࠺⌮ᛕࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞ࢼࢩࣙ
ࢼࣜࢬ࣒෌⏕ࡢᇶ┙࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ⃭ࡋ࠸Ẹ᪘⣮தࡸ᐀ᩍ㛫ᑐ❧ࡢᘬࡁ㔠ࠊ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊୡ⏺࡛ࡣᅜᐙ㛫ࡢ㌷ᣑ➇தࡶ⃭ࡋࡉࢆቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࠊ
㏆௦ࡢᵓ⠏≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ nation state ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ nation ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ࣭࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡑ
ࡢࡶࡢࢆၥ࠸┤ࡍዎᶵࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᐇ㝿ࠊ⌧ᐇࡢᨻ἞ࠊ⤒῭ࡢㅖᒁ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ♫఍ேᩥㅖ⛉Ꮫ⣔ࡢᏛၥศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࡇࡢᩘ༑ᖺ┒ࢇ࡟㆟ㄽࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ nation state ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ nation ࡜ࡣఱ࠿࡜࠸࠺㆟ㄽࢆ῝ࡵࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿሙྜࠊ㑊ࡅ࡚㏻ࢀ࡞࠸ࡢࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᴫᛕࢆ⾲ࡍࠕᅜẸᅜᐙ 4 ࠖࡸࠕᅜẸࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀ⩻ヂㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕᅜẸᅜᐙࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣࠊnation state ࡢヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍⛉Ꮫㅖ㡿ᇦ࡛࠿࡞ࡾྂࡃ࠿ࡽ౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦すᕝ, 1998/2012㸧ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ၥ㢟࡞ࡢࡣࠊ ࠎ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࡽࡢㄒᙡࡢព࿡ࡀࠊ
⮬᫂ࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚๓ᥦ࡜ࡉࢀࠊ㆟ㄽࡀᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡢᨻ἞ᛮ᝿ྐᐙࠊ
୸ᒣ┾⏨ࡶ nation state ࡢព࿡࡛ࠕᅜẸᅜᐙࠖࡢ⏝ㄒࢆ౑⏝ࡋࠊࠕᅜẸࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅜẸ࡜ࡣᅜẸࡓࡽ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸ࡣࢀࡿࠋ༢࡟୍ࡘࡢᅜᐙⓗඹྠయ࡟ᡤᒓࡋࠊඹ㏻ࡢᨻ἞ไᗘࢆୖ࡟ᡝ࠸࡚ࢄࡿ࡜࠸ࡩᐈほⓗ஦ᐇࡣᮍࡔ௨࡚㏆௦ⓗព࿡࡟᪊ࡅࡿࠕᅜẸࠖࢆᡂ❧ࡏࡋࡵࡿ࡟ࡣ㊊ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡟࠶ࡿࡢࡣࡓ࠿ࡔ࠿ேẸ஀⮳ࡣᅜᐙᡤᒓဨ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠕᅜẸࠖ㸦nation㸧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸦୸ᒣ, 1952/1983, p. 321㸧ࠋ୸ᒣ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕᅜẸࠖࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ nation ࡜ྠ⩏࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ๓ᥦ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
୸ᒣࡣ⚟⃝ㅍྜྷࡢᴗ⦼ࢆ㧗ࡃホ౯ࡋࡓ◊✲⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ୸ᒣࡢᅜẸ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡣᚋ
㏙ࡍࡿ⚟⃝ㅍྜྷࡢゝⴥ࡟┦㏻ࡌࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
୍᪉࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⏝ㄒࡀ⩻ヂㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᢤࡁ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦໬ࢆࡵࡄࡿၥ㢟ࢆㄒࢀ࡞࠸࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ◊✲⪅ࡶከ࠸㸦e.g. すᕝ, 2002; ᒣෆ, 1996㸧ࠋ⚟஭(1996)ࡶ௨ୗ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
ᅜẸᅜᐙ࡜ࡣࠊⱥㄒ࡛࠸࠺ Nation-State㸪ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࡢ Etat-Nation ࢆ⩻ヂࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊ㘽࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡤࡣ Nation㸦ࢿ࢖ࢩࣙࣥࠊࢼࢩ࢜ࣥ㸧ࡢ࡯࠺ࡔࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡤࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ヂࡍ࡟ࡉ࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊ࡞࠿࡞࠿ࡸࡗ࠿࠸࡞ࡇ࡜
ࡤࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࡢᅜ㐃ࡀ United Nations ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢿ࢖ࢩࣙࣥ㸦ࢼࢩ࢜ࣥ㸧ࡣࡑࢀࡌࡓ࠸ࡀᅜᐙ࡜ヂࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀ࠸ࡲྲྀࡾୖࡆࡼ࠺
࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᅜẸ࡜ヂࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࡋࠊẸ᪘࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡤ࡛⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡽࢀ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦p. 87㸧ࠋᒣෆ㸦1996㸧ࡶ௨ୗ࡟ࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

150

͆QDWLRQ͇ࡢ⩻ヂ  ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡣఱ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ㞟ᅋࢆࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡓࡽࡋࡵࡿせ⣲ࡣఱ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸
࡟⟅࠼ࡿࡢࡣࠊ஧㔜ࡢព࿡࡛ࡴࡎ࠿ࡋ࠸ࠋࡲࡎ➨୍ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࡇࡢゝⴥࡀࡍ࡛࡟እ
ᅜㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࡘከ⩏ᛶ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࠋ➨஧ࡣࠊࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆࡁࡕࢇ࡜ࡋࡓ᪥ᮏㄒ୍࡛
ㄒ࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼࡚ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸Ⅼ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊᅜẸ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࡜ࡶẸ᪘࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊᅜẸᅜᐙ࡜⌮ゎࡍ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋࡣࡓࡲࡓࠊ୺ᶒࢆ⾜౑ࡍࡿேẸ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿㸦pp. 4-5㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ேᩥ♫఍Ꮫ⣔ࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ nation stateࠊ nationࠊnationalism ࢆࡑࡢ୰ᚰⓗࢸ࣮࣐࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࡗ࡚ࡁࡓṔྐᏛࠊே㢮Ꮫ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣẸ᪘Ꮫࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᨻ἞Ꮫࠊ♫఍Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢㄒࡢᴫᛕࡢゎ㔘ࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇࡢࡇ࡜ࠊヂㄒࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࡋࡤࡋࡤၥ㢟ࡀᥦ㉳ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ 5 ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᏛၥ㡿ᇦෆ࡛ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡾࠊ⩻ヂ࡜࠸࠺ゝㄒ⾜Ⅽ࣭ゝㄒᐇ㊶ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ◊✲ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠿ࡗ
ࡓ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸ 6 ࠋ௚᪉ࠊ⩻ヂࡢᐇ㊶ࡢሙ࡛ࡶࠊnation ࡢヂࢆࡵࡄࡿᅔ㞴࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡋࡤࡋࡤゝཬࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ௨ୗࡣࠊேᩥ♫఍Ꮫ⣔ࡢᚲㄞ᭩࡜ࡶ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᅜẸᅜᐙㄽࡸ㏆௦໬ࢆᢅ࠺ㅖᩥ
⊩ࡢヂ⪅࡟ࡼࡿ࠶࡜ࡀࡁ࠿ࡽࡢᢤ⢋࡛࠶ࡿࠋձ࢔ࣥࢲ࣮ࢯࣥ㸪B.㸦1997㸧㸬ࠗቑ⿵᝿ീࡢඹྠయ — ࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒ࡢ㉳※࡜ὶ⾜—࠘㸦ⓑ▼ࡉࡸ࣭ⓑ▼㝯࣭ヂ㸧ࣘࢼ࢖ࢸࢵࢻ࣭ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢬ

ࢿ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢫࢸ࣮ࢺᅜ 㝿 㐃 ྜ 㸦ㅖᅜẸࡢ㐃ྜ㸧ࡢ᫬௦࡟⏕ࡁࡿᡃࠎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ ᅜ Ẹ ᅜ ᐙ —ࠕᖹࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ➼୍య࡞ࡿ ᅜ Ẹ ࡢඹྠ஦ົᶵ㛵ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࣇ࢕ࢡࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ព࿡௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿᅜ
ᐙ—ࡣࠊᨻ἞⏕άࡢᇶᮏⓗᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᅜẸᅜᐙ࡟Ꮡᅾㄽⓗ᰿ᣐࢆ୚࠼ࡿ
ࠕᅜẸࠖࡣࠊᡃࠎ࡟ࡣ⮬᫂ࡢ๓ᥦ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ
ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒ࠕ ᅜ Ẹ ࠖ࡜ࠕ ᅜ Ẹ ୺ ⩏ ࠖࡢᴫᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡣ࡞ࡣࡔࡋ࠸⌮ㄽⓗΰ஘ࡀࡳࡽࢀ
ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖࡀࠕᅜẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜ࠊࡲ
ࡓࠕࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒ࠖࡀࠕᅜẸ୺⩏ࠖࠕẸ᪘୺⩏ࠖࠊࡑࡋ࡚࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠕᅜᐙ୺⩏ࠖ࡜ࡍࡽ➼⨨ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡓࡔࡕ࡟ࡳ࡚࡜ࢀࡼ࠺ࠋ㸦p. 343㸧ղࣂࣜࣂ࣮ࣝ㸪E. ࣭࢛࣮࣮࢘ࣛࢫࢸ࢖ࣥ㸪I㸬㸦1997㸧ࠗே✀࣭ᅜẸ࣭㝵⣭ : ᦂࡽࡄ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕࠘㸦ⱝ᳃❶Ꮥ࣭௚ヂ㸧ヂㄒ࡛࠸ࡕࡤࢇ㢌ࢆᝎࡲࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊnation㸦national㸧ࠊpeuple ࡢヂㄒၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡣཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚࡝ࡢ⟠ᡤ࡛ࡶ nation ࡟ࡣᅜẸࠊpeuple ࡟ࡣẸ᪘ࡢヂㄒࢆ࠶࡚ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⟠ᡤ࡟ࣝࣅࢆࡘࡅࡓࠋࣂࣜࣂ࣮ࣝࡀࣝࢯ࣮ࢆㄽࡌࡿᩥ⬦࡛Ⓩሙࡍࡿ
peuple ࡶࠊேẸ࡜࠸࠺ヂㄒࢆ࠶࡚ࡓ࠸ㄏᝨࢆࡇࡽ࠼࡚Ẹ᪘࡛ᢲࡋ㏻ࡋࡓࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ
ࡣࠊnation ࡸ peuple ࡀ࡞ࡐ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁࡣᅜẸ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡲࡓ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁࡣẸ᪘࡜ࡋ࡚5151

ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࡞ࡐࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢ⏝ㄒࡣ⤯࠼ࡎΰྠࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿Ɇࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢔࢖
ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕࡜ᴫᛕࡢ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸ࡉ⮬యࡢゎ᫂ࡀᮏ᭩ࡢㄢ㢟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ㸦p. 433㸧ճ࣍ࣈࢬ࣒࣎࢘㸪E㸬࣭ࣞࣥࢪ࣮ࣕ㸪T㸦⦅㸧㸦1992㸧ࠗ๰ࡽࢀࡓఏ⤫࠘㸦๓ᕝၨ἞࣭
Ლཎᬒ᫛࣭௚ヂ㸧ཎ๎ⓗ࡟ State ࢆࠕᅜᐙࠖ࡜ࡋࠊNation ࡣࠕẸ᪘ࠖࠊࠕᅜẸࠖ࡜ࡋࡓࡀࠊሙྜ࡟
ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠕᅜᐙࠖ࡜ࡋࡓ⟠ᡤࡶ࠶ࡿࠋNationalism ࡶࠊᩥ⬦࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࠕࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜ
ࢬ࣒ࠖࠊࠕẸ᪘୺⩏ࠖࠊࠕᅜẸ୺⩏ࠖࠊࠕᅜᐙ୺⩏ࠖ࡜ヂࡋศࡅࡓࠋ㸦p. 487㸧ୖグࡢヂ⪅ࡢ࠶࡜ࡀࡁ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ⩻ヂᐇ㊶࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢ㔜せࡉࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊ⩻ヂࡢ㝿࡟᫂☜࡞ᣦ㔪࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡣ࡞ࡃࠊnation ࡢヂㄒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⤖ᒁࡢ࡜ࡇࢁྛࠎࡢ≧ἣ࡟ࡼࡿ౑࠸ศࡅ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂ⪅ࡢゎ㔘࣭⿢㔞࡟௵ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ⌧≧ࡀ❚࠼ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⩻ヂᐇ㊶ୖࡢ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࣓ࢹ࢕࢔⩻ヂ◊✲ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࠊᯇୗ㸦2010㸧ࡣࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢱ࣮ࣜᫎ⏬ࢆ㢟ᮦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊnation ࡢከ⩏ᛶࢆࡵࡄࡿ⩻ヂ⪅ࡢ୺యᛶࡢၥ㢟ࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓᆤ஭㸦2013a, 2014㸧ࡣ⌧௦ࡢẸ᪘㛫࣭ᅜᐙ㛫ࡢᑐ❧ࡸ⣮தࢆఏ࠼ࡿ᪥ᮏࡢᅜ㝿ሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿ nation ࡢ⩻ヂࡀࠊࡑࡢከ⩏ᛶࡺ࠼࡟ࠊពᅗࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ
ពᅗࡏࡎࡋ࡚ᨻ἞ᛶ࣭࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ᛶࢆᖏࡧࠊ⣮தࡢ⾜᪉ࢆᕥྑࡋ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ၥ㢟ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 7ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᫂἞ᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ nation ࡢ⩻ヂࢆ⌧௦࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ㏆௦࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡢᵓ⠏㐣⛬࡜࠸࠺どⅬ࠿ࡽ῝ࡃ⪃ᐹࡋࡓ⩻ヂ◊✲ࡣ⟶ぢࡢ㝈ࡾ࡞࠸ࠋሷᕝ㸦2008㸧ࡣࠊࠕᅜẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕඖ᮶ࠊࢿ࢖ࢩࣙࣥࡢ஧㏻ࡾࡢヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢ᪥ᮏㄒࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࠖ㸦p. 9㸧ࡇ࡜࡟ゝཬࡋࠊࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢ⏝ㄒ㛫࡛ࠕ㔜࡞ࡾྜ࠸ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ㔜࡞ࡾྜ࠸ࡣ᏶඲࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾᚓࡎࠊᖖ࡟ࢬࣞࡀ
࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࢬࣞࢆᇙࡵࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡾࠊᙉᘬ࡟ษࡾᤞ࡚ࡓࡾࠊ↓どࡋࡓࡾࠊ࠶
ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࢀ࡟཯᧕ࡋࡓࡾ➼ࠎࡢ⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠖ㸦ibid., p. 8㸧࡜ࡋࠊẸ᪘ၥ㢟࡜ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌧㇟ࢆໟᣓࡍࡿၥ㢟⩌ࡔ࡜㏙࡭ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊすᕝ㸦2002㸪p.165㸧ࡣࠕ⩻ヂㄒ࡛࠶㸬㸬ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡍ࡛࡟ཎㄒ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୍ᐃࡢゎ㔘࡜ࡎࢀ ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸦ഐⅬཎᩥ㸧࡜㏙࡭ࠊ⌧ᅾ࡟⥆ࡃ᪥ᮏࡢᅜẸࠊẸ᪘ᴫᛕࡢΰ஘ࡣࠊ᫂἞ึᮇ࡟ nation ࡀⱥ௖࡞࡝ࡢᩥ᫂ᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕᅜẸࠖ࡟ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢᚋࢻ࢖ࢶⓗᩥ໬ᴫᛕࠊ༶ࡕ “Volk” ࡜“Kultur” ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡉࡗࡓᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡟ヂࡋࢃࡅࡽࢀ࡚ᬑཬࡋࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶
ࢁ࠺㸦ibid., p. 172㸧࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ 8ࠋ⚾ࡓࡕࡀࠊ⌧௦ⓗㄢ㢟࡜ࡶ࠸࠼ࡿ nation ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡲࡓᅜẸᅜᐙࠊẸ᪘ၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚Ὕᐹࢆ῝ࡵ⮬ࡽࡢၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡓࡵ࡟ࡶࠊ⌧ᅾ᪥ᖖ⏕ά࡛࠶ࡓࡾ
ࡲ࠼ࡢࡼ࠺࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕᅜẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢㄒࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓ᫂἞ᮇ࡟㐳ࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆ
᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦໬࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡟࠾࠸࡚⪃✲ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜ゝ࠼࡞࠸࠿ࠋୖグࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ♫152

͆QDWLRQ͇ࡢ⩻ヂ఍ேᩥㅖ⛉Ꮫ࡛⩻ヂࡢၥ㢟ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ⩻ヂࡀṔྐⓗ♫఍ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡜
ᐦ᥋࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓゝㄒᐇ㊶࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝᥈ồࡉࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋṧᛕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ♫఍ேᩥㅖ⛉Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡢ⩻ヂほࡣࠊ␗࡞ࡿゝㄒᵓ㐀㛫ࡢ༢ㄒࠊࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢ
⨨ࡁ᥮࠼࡜࠸࠺⌮ゎ࡟ᮍࡔ␃ࡲࡾࠊ⩻ヂࡢᅔ㞴ࡉࡣゝㄒᵓ㐀ࡢ㐪࠸ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣゝㄒ┦ᑐᛶ࡟㑏ඖࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑ௒ࠊ⌧௦࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ nation ࡢ⩻ヂࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊ᫂἞ᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐇ㝿࡟⩻ヂࢆ㏻ࡋ㏆௦ᴫᛕࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ㐣⛬࡟࠶ࡽࡓࡵ࡚ගࢆ࠶࡚ࠊゝㄒᐇ㊶࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⩻ヂࢆ᥈ồࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㏆௦㯪᫂ᮇ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ᫂἞᫬௦࡜⩻ヂ
3.1 ᫂἞ᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⩻ヂ࡜⩻ヂࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ⎔ቃ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ19 ୡ⣖༙ࡤࡢᖥᮎ࠿ࡽ᫂἞ึࡵ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࠊ⭾኱࡞㔞ࡢすὒࡢᩥ⊩ࡀ⩻ヂࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⩻ヂࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ࡣࠊすὒ㏆௦ᅜᐙࢆ⠊࡜ࡋ࡚ᑡࡋ࡛ࡶ᪩ࡃ⮬ࡽࡶ㏆௦ᅜᐙ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟⩻ヂࡣ㏆௦ㅖ⛉Ꮫࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿศ㔝࡟ཬࢇࡔࠋ⹒Ꮫࡢ⯆㝯࡟ࡼࡗ࡚་ᏛࡸኳᩥᏛ࡞࡝ࡢ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࡛ࡣỤᡞ᫬௦ᚋᮇ࡟ࡣࡍ࡛࡟ࡑࢀ࡞ࡾࡢ⵳✚ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊேᩥ♫఍⛉Ꮫ⣔ࡢㅖ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣすὒࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ᴫᛕࡢゎ㔘ࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࡑࡢ⩻ヂࡣᅔ㞴ࢆᴟࡵࡓ㸦ᆤ஭, 2013b㸧ࠋຍ⸨࣭୸ᒣ㸦1991㸧ࠊᮡᮏ㸦1998㸧ࠊ᳃ᒸ㸦1991㸧ࡀヲ⣽࡟ㄽ⪃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢ᫬
ᮇࠊ⚟⃝ㅍྜྷࠊす࿘࡞࡝ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿၨⵚᛮ᝿ᐙࡓࡕ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚₎ㄒ࠿ࡽࡢ೉⏝ࡸ₎
Ꮠࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡟ࡼࡿ㐀ㄒἲ࡛᪂ࡓ࡞⩻ヂㄒࡀḟࠎ࡟Ⓩሙࡋࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦໬ࡢᇶ┙ࢆసࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶ㏆௦ⓗ࡞ព࿡࡛ࡢάᏐ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀⓏሙࡋࠊ᫂἞୰ᮇ࡟
ࡣࡑࡢᡂ⇍ᮇࢆ㏄࠼ࡿࠋ㏆௦ⓗ࡞ᩍ⫱ไᗘ࡜࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊᅜㄒࡀ඲ᅜⓗ࡟ᬑཬࡋࡓࠋ᥮ゝࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㏆௦すὒࡢᴫᛕࡸ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࢆ⾲ࡍ᪂ࡓ࡞⩻ヂㄒࡶάᏐ࣓ࢹ࢕
࢔ࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ᗈࡲࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋ᪥ᮏㄒࡢㄒᙡ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ♫఍࣭ᩥ໬ⓗ࡞ືྥ࡜୪⾜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᫂἞ 20 ᖺࡈࢁࡲ࡛࡟ࡣゝᩥ୍⮴㐠ືࡀⓎᒎࠊ཰᮰࡬࡜
ྥ࠿࠸ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦ᩥᏛࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿ㸦᯶㇂㸪1980/1988㸧ࠋᮤ㸦1996, p. 196㸧ࡢゝⴥࢆ೉ࡾࡿ࡞ࡽࠊࠕゝㄒ㸦ゝᩥ୍⮴య㸻ᶆ‽ㄒ㸧ࠊฟ∧㸦࣐ࢫ࣭࣓ࢹ࢕࢔㸧ࠊ▱㸦㏆௦ᩍ⫱㸧ࠊ஺㏻㸦㕲㐨㸧ࡀࠊಶࠎேࡢ⤒㦂࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞♫఍ᩥ໬ࢥ࣮ࢻࢆ㞳⬺ࡉࡏ࡚ࠖࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸♫఍ᩥ໬ࢥ࣮ࢻࢆඹ᭷ࡉࡏࠕಶࠎேࡢ⤒㦂ࢆᆒ㉁໬ࡋࡘࡘࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞㸺ቃ⏺㸼ࢆ↓໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛♫఍✵㛫ࢆᆒ㉁໬ࠖࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࡇ࡟
ࡣࡲࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ቃ⏺ࡀ⌧ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣ㏆ୡ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⸬ࡢቃ⏺
ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ேࡢ⾜ࡁ᮶ࢆ㜼ࡴࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᮤࡣࡑࢀࢆࠕ㏆௦࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢ␯㏻ᛶ࣭ὶ㏻
ᛶࢆಖドࠖࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᯟ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢቃ⏺࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ௚࡛ࡶ࡞࠸᫂἞ᮇ࡟ㄌ⏕ࡋࡓ㏆௦ᅜᐙࠕ᪥ᮏࠖ࡜࠸࠺ቃ⏺㸦ibid., pp. 196-197㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓቃ
⏺ࡀ᪥ᮏิᓥ࡟ఫࡴேࠎ࡟᫂☜࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿዎᶵ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡀࠊ࡯࠿࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ 1894-95 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 27-28 ᖺ㸧ࡢ᪥Ύᡓத࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㏆௦᪥ᮏ࡜࠸࠺ቃ⏺ࡣࠊࠕ໭ᾏ㐨࣭Ἀ⦖࣭㡑ᅜ࣭ྎ‴࡞࡝ࢆḟࠎ࡜᳜Ẹᆅ໬ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠕᖇᅜࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚ࠖ㸦ᮧ஭, p.
7153ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧

1996, p. 117㸧࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏࡀ㏆௦ᅜᐙᶞ❧ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚すὒᩥ⊩ࡢ⩻ヂ࡟㈎ḧ࡞ࡲ࡛࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔ᫂἞ᮇࡣࠊすὒࡢ㏆௦ㅖᴫᛕࢆ⾲ࡍከࡃࡢ⩻ヂㄒࢆ⏕ࢇࡔࡀࠊ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆ௓ࡋ࡚
ࡑࡢ⩻ヂㄒࡀὶ㏻ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ᪥ᮏࡢேࠎࡢ㛫࡛ඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ㏆௦ᅜᐙ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ
᪥ᮏ࡜࠸࠺ቃ⏺ࡶࠊᅜẸ࡜࠸࠺ቃ⏺ࡶ⏕ࡲࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࠊ㏆௦࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᡂ❧ࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⩻ヂㄒࡀὶ㏻ࡋࠊࡑࡢ⩻ヂㄒࡢ౑⏝ࢆ㏻
ࡋ࡚㏆௦࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃୖ࡛Ḟ࠿ࡏ࡞࠸᮲௳ࡔࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
3.2 ㏆௦࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᡂ❧ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ⩻ヂ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡲࢀࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ㄒᙡ࣭᪂ࡓ࡞⪃࠼ࡀ♫఍࡟ᗈࡲࡿ፹య࡜ࡋ
࡚ࡢ㏆௦࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀࠊ᫂἞᫬௦࡟ᡂ❧ࡍࡿ≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ ᪥ᮏࡢฟ∧≀ࡢṔྐ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⏣୰㸦2013㸧࡟ヲࡋ࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ
ྂ᮶ࡼࡾ୰ୡࡲ࡛ࠊ᭩≀ࡣ᭩෗࡟ࡼࡿ෗ᮏࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ᗈࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㏻ᖖ࡛࠶
ࡗࡓࡀࠊỤᡞ᫬௦࡟ࡣᮌ∧༳ๅ࡟ࡼࡾὗⴠᮏࡸ⁥✍ᮏࡶฟ∧ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡉࡽ
࡟᫂἞ᮇ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ゝㄽάືࡀ┒ࢇ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢ୺ᙇࢆฟ∧≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡲ࡜ࡵ
ᐃᮇⓗ࡟Ⓨ⾜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࠊάᏐ༳ๅࡢᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ
ࡶࡕࢁࢇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮌ∧༳ๅࡶά∧༳ๅࡶ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊすὒ㏆௦♫఍࡛⏕ࡲࢀⓎ㐩ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡔࡀࠊ᪩࠸᫬ᮇ࠿ࡽ᪥ᮏ࡛ྲྀࡾධࢀࡽࢀ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦໬ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿᰕ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
᫂἞ึᮇ࠿ࡽ༙ࡤ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡣࠊᙧ≧ࠊෆᐜࠊാࡁ࡟࠾࠸࡚⌧௦࡜࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ྠࡌ᪂⪺ࡸ㞧ㄅࡀⓏሙࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎ㞧ㄅࡔࡀࠊⲡ๰ᮇࡢ㞧ㄅࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ⚟⃝ㅍྜྷࡸす࿘ࡽࡀ㞟ࡗࡓ᫂භ♫࡟ࡼࡗ࡚๰หࡉࢀࡓࠗ᫂භ㞧ㄅ࠘㸦1874 ᖺ㸭᫂἞ 7 ᖺ๰ห㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊᵝࠎ࡞ࢪࣕࣥࣝࡢ㞧ㄅ๰หࡀ⥆࠸ࡓࡀࠊ᫂἞ 20 ᖺ௦࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊⓎ⾜㒊ᩘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࣮࣌ࢪᩘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ኱ᖜ࡟ቑ࠼ࡓࠗᅜẸஅ཭࠘㸦1887 ᖺ㸭᫂἞ 20 ᖺ๰ห㸧 9 ࡸࠗ᪥ᮏே࠘㸦1888 ᖺ㸭᫂἞ 21 ᖺ๰ห㸧 10 ➼ࡢ⥲ྜ㞧ㄅࡀ⌧ࢀࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ
ࡓ㞧ㄅࡢ㢟ྡࢆぢ࡚ࡶࠊ᫂἞ 20 ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᅜẸࠖࡸࠕ᪥ᮏேࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡢᗈࡀࡾࡀ❚࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ 1895 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 28 ᖺ㸧࡟ࡣࠊࠗᅜẸஅ཭࠘ࠗ᪥ᮏே࠘࡜ࡣࠕẚ࡭ࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡯࡝ᗈ࠸ࢪ࣭ࣕࣥࣝᇳ➹㝕࣭ㄞ⪅ᒙࢆ㄂ࡾࠊ࣮࣌ࢪᩘࡸุᆺࡢ኱ࡁ
ࡉࠊάᏐࡸ෗┿ࡢ⨾ࡋࡉ࡞࡝ࡢⅬ࡛ࡶࠊ௚ࡢ㞧ㄅࢆᅽಽࠖ㸦⏣୰, 2013, p. 21㸧ࡍࡿ⥲ྜ㞧ㄅࠗኴ㝧࠘ࡀ๰หࡉࢀࡓࠋࠗኴ㝧࠘ࡢᵓᡂࡣⓒ⛉඲᭩ⓗࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣⓒ㈌ᗑ᪉ᘧ
࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸦㕥ᮌ, 2001, p. 15㸧ࠊࡑࡢ┠ḟࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜ࠕㄽㄝࠖࠕྐఏࠖࠕᆅ
⌮ࠖࠕᑠㄝࠖࠕ㞧㘓ࠖࠕᐙᗞࠖࠕᨻ἞ࠖࠕἲᚊࠖࠕᩥᏛࠖࠕ⛉Ꮫࠖࠕ⨾⾡ࠖࠕ♫఍ࠖࠕᾏእᛮ᝿ࠖࠕ㍿ㄽ୍ᩬࠖ࡞࡝࡛ࠊᨻ἞࣭♫఍࠿ࡽᩥⱁࡲ࡛ᗈ⠊࡞ヰ㢟ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓᇳ➹⪅ࡶከᒱ࡟ࢃࡓࡿⅬࡀ≉ᚩⓗ࡛ࠊ1928 ᖺ㸦᫛࿴ 3 ᖺ㸧2 ᭶࡛ᗫหࡉࢀ
ࡿࡲ࡛άⓎ࡞άືࢆ⥆ࡅࡓࠋࠗኴ㝧࠘ࡢㄅ㠃ᵓᡂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㕥ᮌ㸦2001㸧ࡣࠕ࠸ࢃࡤᙜ⠇ࡢ᪥ᮏேࡀ୍ᅜẸ࡜ࡋ
࡚㌟࡟ࡘࡅࡿ࡭ࡁᖹᆒⓗ࡞ᩍ㣴ࡸᖖ㆑ࠊ▱ࡗ࡚࠾ࡃ࡭ࡁ▱㆑ࢆ⥙⨶ࡋ࡚ᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ ጼ ໃ ࡀ ぢ ࡚ ࡜ ࢀ ࡿ ࠖ 㸦 ibid., p. 16㸧 ࡜ ㏙ ࡭ ࠊ ࡇ ࡇ ࡟ す ὒ ࡸ ࢔ ࣓ ࣜ ࢝ ࡢ “general

154

͆QDWLRQ͇ࡢ⩻ヂmagazine” ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ༶ࡕࠊgeneral magazine ࡢ୰ᚰⓗ࡞ㄞ⪅ᒙࡣࠊࡍ࡛࡟୍ᐃࡢᩍ㣴ᇶ┙ࢆࡶࡘ୰⏘㝵⣭࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣᙼࡽࡢ㛵ᚰࢆᘬࡃࡼ࠺࡞
ࢺࣆࢵࢡࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࠗኴ㝧࠘ࡣᏛ⾡ⓗࠊၨⵚⓗࠊᩍ⫱ⓗⰍᙬࡀᙉࡃࠊࠕࡇࢀ ࠿ ࡽ ࡢ ᅜ Ẹ ࡟ ᮇ ᚅ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ “general” ࡞ ᩍ 㣴 ᇶ ┙ ࢆ ๰ ࡾ ฟ ࡑ ࠺ ࡜ ࡍ ࡿ Ⅼ ࡟ ≉ Ⰽ ࠖ
㸦ibid.㸧ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
௚᪉ࠊ᪂⪺࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᫂἞ึᮇ࡟ࡣᨻㄽ୰ᚰࡢ኱᪂⪺࡜ୡ஦ࢽ࣮ࣗࢫ୰ᚰࡢᑠ᪂⪺ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ๓⪅࡛ࡣࠊࠗᶓ὾ẖ᪥᪂⪺࠘㸦1872 ᖺ㸭᫂἞
5 ᖺ๰ห㸧ࠊࠗᮾி᪥᪥᪂⪺࠘㸦1872 ᖺ㸭᫂἞ 5 ᖺ๰หࠊ⌧ẖ᪥᪂⪺ࡢ๓㌟㸧ࠊࠗ㒑౽ሗ▱᪂⪺࠘㸦1872 ᖺ㸭᫂἞ 5 ᖺ๰ห㸧ࠊᚋ⪅࡛ࡣࠗᮾிㆫ㈽᪂⪺࠘㸦1874 ᖺ㸭᫂἞ 7 ᖺࠊ⌧ㄞ኎᪂⪺ࡢ๓㌟㸧࡞࡝ࡀࡑࡢ௦⾲࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋᑠ᪂⪺ࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊᏊ౪ࡸዪᏊ
ࡶㄞࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢㄞࡳࡸࡍࡉࡢᚭᗏ࡟࠶ࡾࠊ₎Ꮠ࡜ࡦࡽࡀ࡞⾲グࢆᇶᮏ࡜ࡋࠊ₎Ꮠ࡟ࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࣝࣅࡀࡩࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ᙜ᫬ࡢ᪂⪺ᬑཬ⋡ࡣࠊᮾிᆅ༊࡛ࡣࠊ᫂἞ 16 ᖺ࡟ࡣࡲࡔ୍ᡞ࠶ࡓࡾ⣙ 0.3 㒊ࡔࡗࡓࡢࡀࠊ᫂἞ 27 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 1 㒊ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㆑Ꮠ⋡࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ᫂἞༙
ࡤ࡛⣙ 50 ࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺࠊ40 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣ࠸ࡿ࡜࡯ࡰ 100㸣࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸦ᑠᯘ, 2002㸧ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᩘᏐ࡟᫂἞ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿᅜㄒࡢᬑཬࡢᡂᯝࡀࡳ࡚࡜ࢀࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ
ᩍ⫱ไᗘࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃᅜㄒࡢᬑཬ࡟ᯝࡓࡋࡓ᪂⪺ࠊ≉࡟ᑠ᪂⪺ࡢᙺ๭ࡀ❚࠼ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢ≧ἣࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊᑠ᪂⪺ࡢ௦⾲࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠗᮾிㆫ㈽᪂⪺࠘࡜ㄞ⪅ᒙ࣭ᇳ➹⪅ᒙࡢᖜᗈࡉࠊࢪࣕࣥࣝࡢከᵝᛶ࡞࡝ࡢ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡘ⥲ྜ㞧ㄅࠗኴ㝧࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕᅧ
ẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㢖ᗘ࡛౑ࢃࢀࡓ࠿ࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡲࡎࡇࢀࡽࡢㄒࡢᬑཬ
ᗘࠊᾐ㏱ᗘࡢᴫせࡀࡘ࠿ࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ᫂἞ᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ͆QDWLRQ͇ࡢ⩻ヂ
4.1 ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆ௓ࡋࡓࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢᬑཬ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࡲࡎࠊࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢㄒࡀࠊᙜ᫬ࡢ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡟࡝࠺⾲ࢀࡓ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩘᏐ࡛ぢ࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ୧⏝ㄒࡣࠊ4.2 ࡛ヲ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟ nation ࡢヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ၨⵚᛮ᝿ᐙࡓࡕ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚๰ฟࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ≧ἣࢆ຺᱌ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᙜ᫬ࡢᏛ⾡᭩ࠊḟ࡟ၨⵚⓗ࡞㞧ㄅࠊࡑࡋ࡚᪂⪺ࡢ㡰࡛ࡑࢀࡽ⏝ㄒࡀ౑࠸ጞࡵࡽࢀࠊᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡗ
ࡓ࡜᝿ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ௨ୗࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊձᅜ❧ᅜ఍ᅗ᭩㤋ࠗ㏆௦ࢹࢪࢱࣝࣛ࢖
ࣈ࣮ࣛࣜ࠘㸦http://kindai.ndl.go.jp㸧ࠊղᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤ⦅ࠗኴ㝧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠘㸦༤ᩥ㤋 ᪂ ♫ 㸧 ࠊ ճ ㄞ ኎ ᪂ ⪺ ♫ ࢹ ࣮ ࢱ ࣋ ࣮ ࢫ ࠗ ࣚ ࣑ ࢲ ࢫ Ṕ ྐ 㤋 ࠘㸦https://database.yomiuri.co.jp/rekishikan㸧ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ࠊࠕᅧẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖࢆ࣮࢟࣡
࣮ࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚㢖ฟᅇᩘࢆㄪ࡭ࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ձࡣ 1868 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ึᖺ㸧ࡼࡾ 1912 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 45 ᖺ㸭኱ṇඖᖺ㸧ࡲ࡛ࡢᩥ⊩ᩘࡢ᳨⣴⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊฟ∧ᖺ୙᫂ࡢᩥ⊩࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྵࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᩥ⊩ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶᏛ⾡ㄅ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ┦ᙜᩘࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋղ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡲࡎ
ࠗኴ㝧࠘ࡢ๰ห⮬యࡀ 1895 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 28 ᖺ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ຍ࠼࡚ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤ࡛ࡣ
9155

ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧ẖᖺࡢࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࡣసᡂࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ᫂἞ᮇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 1895 ᖺࠊ1901 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 34 ᖺ㸧ࠊ1909 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 42 ᖺ㸧ࡢྛ 1 ᖺ㛫ศࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀࢥ࣮ࣃࢫᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௒ᅇࡣࡇ
ࡢ 3 ᖺࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢱ࢖ࢺࣝ࡜ᮏᩥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᅧẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢฟ⌧ᘏ࡭ᩘࢆㄪ࡭ࡓࠋճࡣㄞ኎᪂⪺ࡢⓎหᖺ 1874 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 7 ᖺ㸧ࡼࡾࠊ᫂἞᫬௦ࡢ⤊ࢃࡿ 1912ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 45 ᖺ㸧7 ᭶ 30 ᪥ࡲ࡛ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢱ࢖ࢺࣝ࡜ᮏᩥ࡟ࠕᅧẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖࢆྵࡴグ஦ࡢᩘࢆㄪ࡭ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ձᅜ❧ᅜ఍ᅗ᭩㤋ࠗ㏆௦ࢹࢪࢱࣝࣛ࢖ࣈ࣮ࣛࣜ࠘ᩥ⊩ᩘ᳨⣴⤖ᯝ
1868-

1870-

1880-

1890-

1900-

1910-

1869

1879

1889

1899

1909

1912

ᅧẸ

3

73

295

519

829

440

Ẹ᪘

0

1

2

5

34

14

ղᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤࠗኴ㝧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠘㸦඲ᩥ᳨⣴⤖ᯝ㸧
1895

1901

1909

ᅧẸ

1012

1037

1570

Ẹ᪘

79

56

182

グ஦⥲ᩘ

729

635

652

ճࠕ࣑ࣚࢲࢫṔྐ㤋 ㄞ኎᪂⪺ࠖ㸦඲ᩥ᳨⣴⤖ᯝ㸧
1874-

1880-

1890-

1900-

1910-

1879

1889

1899

1909

1912*

ᅧẸ

25

192

1967

1381

844

Ẹ᪘

0

0

3

37

18

ึฟᖺ᭶᪥㸭ぢฟࡋ
1875.04.20㸦ㄝヰ㸧ࠕᅧẸࡳࢇ࡞࡛▱ຊࢆ㧗ࡵࡼ࠺ࠖ
1892.11.07ࠕ࢔࢖ࢾẸ᪘ῶᑡࡢཎᅉࠖୖグձղճ࠿ࡽࡣࠊࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢ౑⏝ഴྥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ኱ࡲ࠿࡞ືྥࡋ࠿ࡘ࠿
ࡵ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡶࠕᅧẸࠖ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ᫂἞ึᮇ࡟ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓ
ࡢࡀࠊ1880 ᖺ௦࡟ධࡿࡇࢁ࡟ࡣᚎࠎ࡟౑⏝㢖ᗘࡀቑ࠼ 1890 ᖺ௦࡟ධࡿ࡜୍Ẽ࡟ࡑࡢ㢖ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ぢ࡚࡜ࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓ᭩⡠ࡸ㞧ㄅグ஦࡛ࡢ౑⏝ࡀ᪂⪺ࡼࡾࡸࡸඛ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᵝᏊࡀ❚࠼ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᫂἞ึᖺ㸦1868 ᖺ㸧࠿ࡽ 1880 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡝ࡢ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡟ࡶ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡀ 1880 ᖺ௦࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ᑡࡋࡎࡘ౑⏝౛ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊ1900 ᖺ௦ึᮇ࡟ࡣ౑⏝㢖ᗘࡀ㢧ⴭ࡟ቑ࠼

156

͆QDWLRQ͇ࡢ⩻ヂ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ୖ㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠕᅧẸࠖࡢ⏝ㄒࡀᬑཬࠊᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᵝᏊࡀ❚ࢃࢀࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢ౑⏝ࡣࡲࡔ㝈ᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊ1895 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 28
ᖺ㸧Ⓨหࠗኴ㝧࠘࡟ࡣࠊࡍ࡛࡟┦ᙜ࡞ᩘ࡛ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣὀ┠࡟್ࡍࡿࠋୖグࡢ⌧㇟ࢆ᪥ᮏࡀ⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓṔྐࠊ♫఍ࠊᩥ໬ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࠿ࡽ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿ࡜࡝࠺࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ1890 ᖺ௦༙ࡤ࠿ࡽ 1900 ᖺ௦࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢ᫬ᮇࡣࠊࡲࡉ࡟᪥ᮏࡀ
ᅜෆⓗ࡟ࡶᑐእⓗ࡟ࡶ㏆௦ᅜᐙ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙧࢆᩚ࠼࡚࠸ࡃ᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅜෆⓗ࡟ࡣࠊᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔࡛ࡢึࡵ࡚ࡢ㏆௦᠇ἲ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿ኱᪥ᮏᖇᅜ᠇ἲࡀ 1889 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 22 ᖺ㸧࡟ไᐃࡉࢀࠊ1890 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 23 ᖺ㸧࡟ࡣᅜ఍ࡀ㛤タࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ᑐእⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ1895ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 28 ᖺ㸧ࠊ᪥ᮏࡣ⥔᪂ᚋึࡵ࡚ࡢ኱つᶍ࡞ᑐእᡓத࡜࡞ࡿ᪥Ύᡓத࡟຾฼ࡋࠊ
ࡇࢀࢆዎᶵ࡟⤒῭ࡶ㣕㌍ⓗ࡟ఙࡧࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆ௨࡚᪥ᮏࡀ㏆௦ᅜᐙ nation state ࡟⬺⓶ࡋࡓ࡜ࡣࡼࡃゝࢃࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ḟ⠇࡛ヲ㏙ࡍࡿ⚟⃝ㅍྜྷࡢࠕᅧ
Ẹࠖࡀࠕᐇ⌧ࠖࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋྠ᫬࡟ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ nation ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ヂㄒࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡶ
Ⓩሙࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
࡞ࡐࠊnation ࡢヂㄒࠕᅧẸࠖࡀ₞ࡃᬑཬࡋࠊࡑࡢᴫᛕࡀࡑࢀ࡞ࡾ࡟ᐃ╔ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ヂㄒࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡀ๰ฟࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣ 4.3 ௨㝆࡛⪃ᐹࢆ῝ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࠊࡑࡢ๓࡟ḟ⠇ࡢ 4.2 ࡛ࡣᮏ⠇࡛ぢࡓࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢᗈࡀࡾ࡜ࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᩥ⊩࠿ࡽࡶ᥈ࡗ࡚࠾ࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
4.2 ⩻ヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢ๰ฟ
 ඛ࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㏆௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ nation ཬࡧ nation state ࡣࠊすὒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᙧᡂ
ࡉࢀࡓᨻ἞ⓗほᛕ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᨻ἞ⓗ⌮ᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋnation ࡣࠊࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ㄌ⏕ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࣛ
ࢸࣥㄒࡢ natio ࢆㄒ※࡟ࡶࡕࠊ୰ୡࡑࡋ࡚ࣝࢿࢧࣥࢫᮇ࠿ࡽ 18 ୡ⣖࡟࠸ࡓࡿࡲ࡛ࡣࠊ
㏆௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㡿ᅵࠊᅜẸ୺ᶒࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᅜᐙᶵᵓ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼࡜ࡣ┤᥋ࡴࡍࡧࡘ࠸
࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀࠊ18 ୡ⣖࠿ࡽ 19 ୡ⣖௨㝆ࡢ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡜࠸࠺Ṕྐ࣭♫఍࣭ᩥ໬ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢ୰࡛ࠊ㏆௦࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ nation ࡜ࡋ࡚⏕ࡲࢀኚࢃࡿࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿ㸦cf. ⚟஭, 1996㸧ࠋ୍᪉ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ࡝࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊ▼ሯ࣭ᰘ⏣㸦2013㸧ࠗဴᏛ࣭ᛮ᝿⩻ヂㄒ஦඾࠘࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕᅜẸࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣ᫂἞⥔᪂௨๓࡟ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏࡢྛᆅࡢྂᩥ᭩࡟ᩓぢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺㸦p. 263㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᫂἞⥔᪂௨๓࡟ࠊᅜᏛ⪅ࡀࠕᅜࠖ࡜ゝ࠺ሙྜࠊࡑࢀࡣ᪥ᮏ඲యࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᅜᏛ⪅௨እࡢேࠎࡀࠕᅜࠖ࡜࠸
࠺࡜ࡁࡣ㏻ᖖྛ⸬ࡢ㡿ᅜࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢሙྜࡢࠕᅜẸࠖࡣྛ⸬ࡢẸࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸
ࡓ㸦ibid.㸧ࠋ㏆௦ᴫᛕࡢ nation ࡢヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕᅧẸࠖࡀⓏሙࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊᖥᮎࡢすḢิᙉࡢ⬣ጾ࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏ࡜࠸࠺ቃ⏺ࡀព㆑ࡉࢀࡓᖥᮎ௨㝆࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
⚟⃝ㅍྜྷࡀ᫂἞⥔᪂┤ᚋ࡟⮬ࡽⴭࡋࡓࠗᏛၥࡢࡍ࢏ࡵ࠘ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࠕ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡣࡓࡔᨻ
ᗓ࠶ࡾ࡚ᮍࡔᅜẸ࠶ࡽࡎ࡜ゝ࠺ࡶྍ࡞ࡾࠖ㸦⚟ἑ, 1874/1978, p. 41㸧࡜㏙࡭ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ
᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⚟⃝࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ᫂἞⥔᪂࡟ࡼࡾ୰ኸ㞟ᶒⓗᨻᗓࡀㄌ⏕ࡣࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡲ
11157

ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧

࡛㌟ศไ࡜⸬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ศ᩿ࡉࢀ࡚ᬽࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡓேࠎࡀ୍ᗘ࡟ྠ㉁ᛶ࣭ᆒ㉁ᛶࢆᣢࡗࡓ
ᅜᐙࢆᢸ࠺ࠕᅜẸࠖ࡟࡞ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࠊᅜẸ࡜ࡣ┠ᣦࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢࠊᙧ
ᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊึᮇࡢၨⵚᮇ࡟ࡣࠕᅜࠖࡸࠕᅜᐙࠖࡢㄒࡶ࠶ࡲ
ࡾ㐍ࢇ࡛ࡣ౑⏝ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ᫂἞ึᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠕ࡜ࡾࡶ࡞࠾ࡉࡎࠊࠕᅜ
Ẹࠖࡢㄒࡀ࠸ࡲࡔ᏶඲࡟ࡣᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࠖ
㸦▼ሯ࣭ᰘ⏣, 2013, p. 108㸧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡣࠊ⚟⃝ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ᫂἞๓ᮇ࡟ά㌍ࡍࡿ▱㆑ே࡟ࡶᗈࡃඹ᭷
ࡉࢀࠊࠕ1890 ᖺ㡭ࡲ࡛ࡣࠊࠕᅜẸࠖࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽᙧᡂࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ
࡜ࡋ࡚࡜ࡽ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠖ࡜࠸࠺㸦Ᏻ⏣, 1992, p. 64㸧ࠋḟ⠇࡛ࡶ㏙࡭ࡿࡀࠊࠕᅜẸࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀᗈࡃ౑ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ1880 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ4.1 ࡛ࡶぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᫂἞ึᮇ࠿ࡽ๓༙ᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡑ
ࡶࡑࡶࡢ⏝ㄒࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ 11 ࠋᏳ⏣㸦ibid., pp. 62-63㸧ࡣࠊ᫂἞๓༙࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࠕ᪥ᮏேࡀඹᒓ㞟ᅋࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព㆑ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ
࡜ࡋࠊ⚟⃝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ᪥ᮏࡢࠕᅜయࠖࡢ㐃⥆ᛶࡀࠕゝㄒ㢼಑ࠖࢆඹ㏻ࡍࡿࠕ୍✀᪘ࡢேẸࠖ࡜ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡑࡢ㝿ࡢᅜయࠊᅜᐙᨭ㓄ࡢ㐃⥆ᛶ࡜ࡣࠊእᅜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᨻᶒࢆዣࢃࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ࡟᰿ᣐࢆ⨨ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡟㞟ᅋ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᩥ໬ⓗྠ୍ᛶ࡜࠸࠺ព㆑ࡣᮍࡔᕼ࡛ⷧ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺
㸦ibid.㸧ࠋ᫂἞ึᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪂ᨻᶒ࡛ࡣࠊ⋤ᨻ᚟ྂࢆᘓ๓ୖᥖࡆ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢᅜᐙᨭ㓄ࡢㄽ⌮ᵓ㐀࡜ࡣࠊᑐእⓗ࡟ࡣࠕ᭿ņ୓ᅜࠖࠊᅜෆⓗ࡟ࡣࠕ⚄ņ᭿ń⩌⮧ń൨඙ࠖ࡜♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦ibid., p. 63㸧ࠋᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡇࡢᵓ㐀ࡣࠊ൲ᩍⓗ࡞ࠕྩɆ⮧ɆẸࠖ࡜㔜࡞ࡿࢃࡅࡔࡀࠊ
1881 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 14 ᖺ㸧ࡢᅜ఍㛤タສㅍ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ⮧࡜Ẹࡀ୪ิࡉࢀࡓࠕ⮧Ẹࠖࡢㄒࡀබ
ⓗᩥ᭩࡛౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ၨⵚᛮ᝿ᐙ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚౑ࢃࢀጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠕᅧẸࠖࡸࠕேẸࠖࡀ⮬⏤ẸᶒࡢⓎᒎࡢ㐣⛬࡛ᚎࠎ࡟ᗈࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡣࡲ
ࡔࠊඛ࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠕᅧẸࠖࡣᮍࡔᏑᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ┠ᣦࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ
ࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀࠊᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔࡛ึࡵ࡚ࡢ㏆௦᠇ἲ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿ኱᪥ᮏᖇᅜ᠇ἲࡀ
1889 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 22 ᖺ㸧࡟ไᐃࡉࢀࠊ1890 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 23 ᖺ㸧࡟ᅜ఍ࡀ㛤タࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟
࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊᨻᗓබᘧࡢ⏝ㄒࡣࠕ⮧Ẹ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡀୡ㛫࡛ᗈࡃ౑ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ibid., pp. 63-65㸧ࠋඛ࡟ぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡀᚎࠎ࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡀࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡣࠊࠕẸࠖ࡜ࠕ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺₎Ꮠࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡛ࡁࡓ㐀ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᰘ⏣࣭Ჴἑ࣭⋤㸦2008, p. 185㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ୰ᅜㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕẸࠖ࡜ࠕ᪘ࠖࡣࠊ
᫇ࡣูࠎࡢ༢ㄒ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ๓⪅ࡣࠕேࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕᗢẸࠖࢆព࿡ࡋࠊᚋ⪅ࡣ⾑⦕㛵ಀ࡛⤖ࡤࢀࡓࠕ᐀᪘ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕ㒊ⴠࠖࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺஧ᩥᏐࡣࠊ୰
ᅜㄒࡢྂ඾ᩥ⊩࡟᫬ࠎ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࠕᗢẸࠖࡲࡓࡣࠕ㒊᪘࣭Ặ᪘ࠖࡢព࿡࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ⌧௦୰ᅜㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡣࠊ᫂἞୰ᚋᮇ࡟᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ╔ࡋࡓࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡀࠊࡑࡢ௚ከࡃࡢ⩻ヂㄒ 12 ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㏫㍺ධࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
4.1 ࡛ࡶࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢ౑⏝≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࢆ⿬௜ࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᮤ㸦1996,

158

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p. 242㸧ཬࡧᏳ⏣㸦op.cit., p.62㸧ࡶࠊࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢ⏝ㄒࡣࠊ᫂἞๓༙࡟ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝౑ࢃ
ࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃࠊ౑ࢃࢀࡣࡌࡵࡓᙜึࡶ nation ࡢヂㄒ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀព࿡ࡣࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ྠ⩏࡛࠶ࡗࡓⅬࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ᫂἞༙ࡤ௨㝆ࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ព࿡ࡢኚᐜࡀ
㉳ࡇࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞Ẹ᪘ほᛕࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀฟ∧࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊḟࡢ 4.3 ࡛ࡣᙜ᫬ࡢࢸࢡࢫࢺ࠿ࡽ᥈ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
4.3 “nation” ࢆࡵࡄࡾ㘒⥈ࡍࡿࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ ⣬㠃ࡢ㒔ྜୖࠊ1890 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 1900 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢ᫂἞୰ᮇ࡟ࠊࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢ୧᪉࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ୍᪉ࡀ඾ᆺⓗ࡞ᙧ࡛⌧ࢀࡿグ஦ࡲࡓࡣᩥ⊩࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢ⟠ᡤࢆᢤ⢋ࡋ࡚ㄽࡌࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ௨ୗࠊୗ⥺ࡣ➹⪅࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕᅧẸࠖ࡟ࡣ୍㔜⥺ࠊࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡟ࡣ஧㔜⥺ࠊࡑࡢ௚ὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁ㛵㐃ㄒᙡ࡟ࡣἼ⥺ࢆ᪋ࡋࡓࠋ
4.3.1 ࠗኴ㝧࠘ࡢグ஦࡟⌧ࢀࡓࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖձࠗኴ㝧࠘㸦1895 ᖺ㸧➨ 1 ᕳ 1 ྕ ᆤෆ㞝⸝㸦ᆤෆ㏯㐶㸧ࠕᡚ∑࡜ᩥᏥࠖே㛫ኴྂࡢグ㘓ࡣࠊ┦ᒕ┦ẅࡢṔྐ࡞ࡾࠋ࠸࡙ࢀࡢᅧࡢྐ࠿ࠊ඼ࡢ᭱ึࡢᅧᅵࡢࠊ
⾑ࢆࡶ࡚ᅛ⤖ࡏࡽࢀࡋࢆㆇࡏࡊࡿࠋ⏕Ꮡ➇∑ࡢཎ⌮ࡣࠊ⌮ࡢୖࡼࡾࠊ㨕∑ࡢே㛫࡟Ṇࡴ࡭࠿ࡽࡊࡿࢆ♧ࡋࠊṔྐࡣࠊ஦ᐿࡢୖࡼࡾࠊṈࡢ⌮ࡢື࠿ࡍ࡭࠿ࡽࡊࡿࢆㆇࡍࠋ
ᡚ∑ࡣᐿ࡟ே㛫ࡢ኱⌧㇟࡞ࡾࠋ㸦୰␎㸧┏ࡋᅧᐙⓗᡚ∑ࡣᅧẸࡢᚰࢆࡋ࡚၏୍࡞ࡽࡋࡴࡿࡶࡢࠊᅧẸࢆࡋ࡚⮬ᐙࡢ௚࡜␗࡞
ࡿᡤ௨ࢆ☜㆑ࡏࡋࡴࡿࡶࡢࠊ༶ࡕᅧẸⓗ⮬ព㆑ࢆ㠢ᅛ࡞ࡽࡋࡴࡿࡶࡢࠊᅧẸⓗ⮬ᑛᚰࢆむᝅࡏࡋࡴࡿࡶࡢࠊၶ࡟ᅧẸࢆࡋ࡚ᅰ⤖ࢆ㠢࠺ࡏࡋࡴࡿࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᡤㅝᅧ⢨ࡢఱࡓࡿࢆព㆑ࡏࡋࡵࠊṈࡢᅧ⢨ࢆᨉ኱ࡍࡿࡣᬑኳୗࢆ฼┈ࡍࡿᡤ௨࡞ࡿࢆព㆑ࡏ
ࡋࡵࠊே㛫ࡢ኱ኳ⫋ࡢዴఱ࡟೧࡞ࡿ࠿ࢆ▂ᝅࡏࡋࡴࡿࡶࡢࠊ඼ࡢᑠ᝵ᚨࢆὙ⁡ࡍࡿࡢຠ࠶ࡿࠊ␗ࡋࡴ࡭ࡅࢇࡸࠋ
ୖグࡣᆤෆ㏯㐶࡟ࡼࡿグ஦࠿ࡽࡢᢤ⢋࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟᪥Ύᡓத㸦1894-1895 ᖺ㸭᫂἞ 27-28 ᖺ㸧ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᅜᐙⓗ࡞ᡓதࡀᅜẸ࡟⮬ࡽࠕ௚࡜␗࡞ࡿࠖࡇ࡜
ࢆព㆑ࡉࡏᅋ⤖ࢆᙉࡵࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕᅧ⢨ࠖࡣ “nationality” ࡢヂㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ
ࡢᅧ⢨࡜࠸࠺ヂㄒࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᏳ⏣㸦op.cit., p. 66㸧ࡀ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟
ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㞧ㄅࠗ᪥ᮏே࠘ࢆⓎหࡋ᫂἞ᨻᗓࡢ㮵㬆㤋እ஺࡟㇟ᚩࡉࢀࡿḢ໬୺⩏࡟㆙࿌ࢆⓎࡋࠊᅜ⢋୺⩏ࡢㄽ㝕ࢆᙇࡗࡓᚿ㈡㔜᪸ 13 ࡀࠊ1888 ᖺࠗ᪥ᮏே࠘➨ 2 ྕ࡛ࠊ
nationality ࡢヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕᅧ⢨ࠖࢆᙉࡃᢲࡋฟࡋࠊࠕᅧ⢨ࠖࡀṔྐⓗࠊఏ⤫ⓗᐇែ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢయ⌧ࡀࠕẸ᪘࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠕ኱࿴Ẹ᪘࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࡢࡔ࡜࠸
࠺ࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ᫬ᮇⓗ࡟ぢ࡚ࡶࠊᆤෆࡢୖグㄽ㏙ࡣࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᅜẸ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᅋ⤖ࢆᙉᅛ࡟ࡍࡿᇶ┙࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕᅧ⢨ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡀᛕ㢌࡟࠶ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
13159

ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧ղࠗኴ㝧࠘㸦1895 ᖺ㸧➨ 1 ᕳ➨ 8 ྕ ྜྷᮧ㖟ḟ㑻ࠕࠕᅧẸࠖࡢᨻ἞ᛮ᝿ࠖ
͐వ㍮ࡣ௒೥ࡾ࡟᭱᏶඲࡞ࡿᨻ἞ⓗᛮ᝿ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᅧẸࡓࡿ࡟ࡣࠊዴఱ࡞ࡿせ⣲ࢆᚲࡍࡿ࠿ࡢၥࢆ㉳ࡋࠊᕥ࡟඼せ⣲ࢆิᨀ␐ㄽࡋ࡚ᩒ࡚⪵ᡃྠ⬊ࡢཨ⪃࡟౪ࡏࢇ࡜ࡍ
వ㍮ࡢᡤㅝせ⣲࡜ࡣ༶㸦࢖㸧ᅧ⡠ࡢྠ୍࡞ࡿࡇ࡜
㸦ࣟ㸧ྠ୍୺Ḓࡢୗ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜
㸦ࣁ㸧㑥ᅵࢆྠ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜
㸦ࢽ㸧ゝㄒࢆྠ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜
㸦࣍㸧ே✀ࢆྠ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜
㸦࣊㸧᐀ᩍࢆྠ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜
㸦ࢺ㸧⩦័ࢆྠ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜
᫝ࢀ࡞ࡾ⪋ࡋ࡚㸦࢖㸧㸦ࣟ㸧ࡢᲄ௳࡟⮳ࡘ࡚ࡣࠊ⣲ࡼࡾᅧẸࡓࡿࡢ㈨᱁࡟᪊࡚ᚲ㡲ୟ᫂☜ࡢࡶࡢࠊ≉᭦࡟ゎㄝࢆせࡏࡎࠊႝࡾ㸦ࣁ㸧௨ୗ࡟⮳ࡘ࡚ࡣᑡࡋࡃㄽ㆟ࡢせ࠶ࡾࠊㄳࡩ㡰ࢆ㏲ࡦ༝ぢࢆ㝞ࡐࢇ㸦୰␎㸧ཤࢀࡤᅧẸ࡜ࡋ࡚ᛮ᝿ࡢ㠢ᅛ୍⮴ࢆ౗ࡉࢇ࡟ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡸ㑥ᅵࡢྠ୍ࢆせࡍࡿࡸ㎪ࢆಗࡓࡎࠊ㞴⪅ᡈࡣ᭣ࡣࢇ⌮ᯝࡋ࡚↛ࡽࡤࠊẸ᪘⦾Ṫࡋ㑥ᅧࡢᨉᙇࢆせࡍࡿ࡟␜ࡿࡶࠊ
⛣᳜ᚁ␐ࡢᡭẁ࡟ࡼࡾ㑥␩ࢆ␗ᇦ࡟ᨉࡴࡿ⬟ࡣࡎࠊ㸦୰␎㸧ㄽࡌཤࡾㄽࡌ౗ࢀࡤᅧࡢᨻ㌤ࡢዴఱ࡟ᖸࡣࡽࡎࠊⱗࡶᅧẸ࡟ࡋ࡚ᨻ἞ᛮ᝿࡞ࡃࢇࡤ
඼ᅧஸࡧࠊஅࢀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡣ඼ᅧ⯆ࡿࡇ࡜Ⅸ↉ࡓࡾࠊ⪋ࡋ࡚ᨻ἞ᛮ᝿࠶ࡿᅧẸࡓࡿ࡟ࡣᚲࡎ๓ᥖࡢ୐せ⣲ࢆഛ࡬ࡊࡿ࡭࠿ࡽࡊࡿࡸ஼᫂࠿࡞ࡾࠊᖾ࡟ᡃ⚄ᅧᨻ㌤ࡣᐅࡋࡁ࡟㐺ࡋࠊᅧẸࡣ኱࿴㨦࡞ࡿྡ✃ࡢୗ࡟Ṉ➼せ⣲ࢆྵ⵳ࡋ࡚㛫↛ࡍࡿ࡞ࡋ࡜㞪ࡶࠊ⪋࠿ࡶᙅ⫗ᙉ㣗⌮㠀‐ἁࡓࡿ♫᭳࡟࠶ࡘ࡚ᙼࢳ࢘ࢺࢽࢶࢡே➼ࡢᑘ౗ࢆ༦ࡏࡤࠊ࿃㍮኱࿴Ẹ᪘ࡓࡿࡶࡢࡣ┈ዧ໒ࡋ࡚ᒙ୍ᒙᅧẸⓗ⢭⚄ࢆᾰ㣴ࡋࠊ௨࡚➇∑ሺ⿬࡟㦝㏲ࡍ
ࡿࡢ෩ᚰ࡞ࡃࢇࡤ࠶ࡽࡎࠊ…
ୖグࡢⴭ⪅࡛࠶ࡿྜྷᮧ㖟ḟ㑻ࡣ 1867 ᖺ㸦៞ᛂ 3 ᖺ㸧࡟⏕ࡲࢀࠊ៞ᛂ⩏ሿࠊᮾிἲᏛ
㝔ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ໭⡿ࡢ࣑ࢩ࢞ࣥ኱Ꮫ࡛ἲᏛࠊᨻ἞ࢆᏛࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋᮏグ஦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊྜྷᮧ
ࡣࠕᅧẸࠖࡢせ⣲ࢆ 7 ࡘᣲࡆ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ㸦࢖㸧ᅧ⡠ࡀྠ୍࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡜㸦ࣟ㸧ྠ୍୺Ḓࡢୗ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⮬᫂࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢ 5 ࡘࠊ㡿ᅵࠊゝㄒࠊே✀ࠊ᐀ᩍࠊ⩦័ࡀྠ୍࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣㄝ᫂ࢆせࡍࡿ࡜ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࢆࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࠊ≉࡟ࠕ኱࿴Ẹ᪘ࠖ࡜⤡ࡵ࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢࠕᅧẸࠖㄽ㆟࡛㸦࢖㸧࡜㸦ࣟ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᫂░ࡔࡀࠊࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࠕᅧẸࠖࢆᙉᅛ࡟ࡋࠊ㡿ᅵࢆᣑᙇࡍࡿ࡟ࡶࠕ኱࿴㨦ࠖ࡞ࡿ኱࿴Ẹ᪘࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕᅧẸࠖⓗ⢭⚄ࢆ㣴࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࡣඛࡢᆤෆ࡟㏻ࡌࡿㄽࡢᒎ㛤ࡀぢ࡚࡜ࢀࡿࠋ

160

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4.3.2 Ꮫ⾡᭩࡟⌧ࢀࡓࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ ḟ࡟ࠊᑓ㛛᭩࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢ⏝ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢ࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
ῧ⏣ኖ୍㸦1899㸧ࠗἲไ⤒⃽኱ព ἲไ⠍࠘➨୍❶ ᅧᐙࣀᴫᛕ ➨஧⠇ ᅧẸࢺẸ᪘ᖇᅧࣀእᅧࢺ኱ࢽ␗ࢼࣞࣝせⅬᑦ୍࣍࢔ࣜࠊఱࢰࣖࠊ᭣ࣁࢡࠊᡃ࢞ᅧࢽ᪊ࢸࣁᅧẸ㸦ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㸧ࢺẸ᪘㸦ࣆ࣮ࣉࣝ㸧ࢺྜ㧓ࢭࣝࢥࢺ᫝ࢼࣜࠋᅧẸࢺࣁᅧᐙࣀୗࢽᅋ
⤖ࢩࢸ⏕ᜥࢫࣝே㢮ࣤபࣄࠊẸ᪘ࢺࣁே✀ࠊ᐀ᩍࠊ㢼಑ࠊ័⩦ࠊゝㄒࣤྠࢪࢡࢫࣝ
ࣔࣀࢽࢩࢸࠊྠ୍ࣀᅧᐙࣀୗࢽᅾࣝࢺྰࢨࣝࢺࣁࠊᩒࢸၥࣇᡤࢽ㠀ࢬࠋ౛࣊ࣂⱥ⡿ேࣁᅧᐙࣤ␗ࢽࢭࣝࣔࠊྠ୍ࣀẸ᪘ࢺபࣇ࣋ࢡࠊ⃧ኴ฼ࣁ⤫୍ࢭࣝᅧᐙࢼࣝࣔࠊẸ᪘ࣁ✀ࠎࢽ␗ࣜࠊཪ⊰ኴேࣁ୍⟠ࣀẸ᪘ࢺࣁㄆ࣒࣋࢟ࣔࠊᅧẸࢺࣁ✃ࢫࣝࢥࢺ⬟ࣁࢨࣝ࢞ዴ࢟᫝ࢼࣜࠋᏱෆᅧᩝᑡ࢝ࣛࢬࢺ㞪ࣔࠊྠ୍ࣀẸ᪘ࢽࢩࢸࠊྠ୍ࣀᅧẸࢱࣝࣔࣀࣁṤࢻ⛥ࢼࣜࠋୖグࡣἲᏛ༤ኈ࡛࠶ࡗࡓῧ⏣ኖ୍ࡀࡑࡢⴭ᭩ࡢ➨ 1 ❶➨ 2 ⠇࡛ࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡟
ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ⟠ᡤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡣࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ 2 ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿᴫᛕ࡜
ࡋ࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ nation ࡢヂ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕᅧẸࠖࠊpeople ࡢヂ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡀ♧ࡉࢀࠊ኱᪥ᮏᖇᅜࡀ௚ࡢእᅜ࡜␗࡞ࡿⅬࡣࠊࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡀࡦ࡜ࡘ࡜
࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡔ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࡣᅧᐙࡢୗ࡛ᅋ⤖ࡋࡓேࠎ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ
ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡣே✀ࠊ᐀ᩍࠊ㢼಑ࠊ័⩦ࠊゝㄒࡀྠࡌேࠎ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡤ๓
⪅ࡣᨻ἞Ꮫⓗᴫᛕࠊᚋ⪅ࡣே㢮Ꮫⓗᴫᛕ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡘࡲࡾ nation ࢆ᫂἞๓ᮇ
࡟࠾ࡅࡿᚑ᮶ࡢࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜⌮ゎࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࠊ₃ࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ᩥ໬ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡢᏑᅾࡀࡇ
ࡇ࡛᝿ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋῧ⏣ࡣࡑࢀࢆ people ࡢᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࠊẸ᪘ࡢヂㄒࢆᙜ࡚࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⯆࿡῝࠸Ⅼࡣࠊㅖእᅜࢆほᐹࡋ࡚ࠊࠕᅧᐙࠖࠕᅧẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡀ୍⮴ࡍࡿࡢࡣࡲࢀ
࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢖ࢠࣜࢫே࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡣᅧᐙ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡀẸ᪘࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣྠࡌࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣜ࢔ࡣࡦ࡜ࡘࡢᅧᐙ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊẸ᪘ࡣከᵝࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࣘࢲࣖே
ࡣࡦ࡜ࡘࡢẸ᪘࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡦ࡜ࡘࡢᅜᐙࡢୗࡢᅜẸ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ≧ἣ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜㏙࡭ࡿ࡞
࡝ࠊᙜ᫬ࡢ▱㆑ேࡢὝᐹࡢ῝ࡉࡀ❚࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢⅬ࡛ࡲࢀ࡞౛࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡦ࡜ࡘࡢᅜᐙࡢୗ࡛ᅜẸ࡜Ẹ᪘ࡀྠࡌࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽ⮬యࡣࠊnation ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀᏎࡴ」㞧࡞ഃ㠃ࢆ㠀ᖖ࡟ࡼࡃᤊ࠼ࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࢃࡅࡔࡀࠊ
୍᪉࡛ࡑࡢᚋࡢ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ༢୍Ẹ᪘ㄽࡸࠊnation㸻ᅜẸ=Ẹ᪘࡜ࡍࡿ⌧௦࡟⮳ࡿ⏝ἲࡢΰ஘ࡢ᰿ࡀࡇࡇ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
4.3.3 ⩻ヂ᭩࡟⌧ࢀࡓࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖᮏ❶ࡢ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊᙜ᫬⡿ᅜࢥࣟࣥࣅ࢔኱Ꮫᩍᤵ࡛ⴭྡ࡞ṔྐᏛࠊᨻ἞Ꮫࠊᅜ㝿ἲࡢ◊✲⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓ John W. Burgess ༤ኈࡢ௨ୗࡢⴭ᭩࡜ࡑࡢ⩻ヂࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ௨ୗࡣࠊ
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ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧➨㸯⦅➨ 1 ᕳ The Nation ࡢෑ㢌⟠ᡤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑡࠎ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡀࠊ௨ୗ࡟ཎⴭ࡜ࡑࡢ⩻ヂ⟠ᡤࢆᘬ⏝ࡍࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡶࠊୗ⥺ࡣ➹⪅࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋnation ཬࡧ state ࡜ࡑࡢ⩻ヂ⟠ᡤ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᅄゅ࡛ᅖࢇࡔࠋ
Burgess, J. W. (1890). Political science and comparative constitutional law
PART I. POLITICAL SCIENCE. BOOK I. THE NATION.
CHAPTER I. THE IDEA OF THE NATION.
PRIMARILY and properly the word nation is a term of ethnology, and the concept
expressed by it is an ethnologic concept. It is derived from the Latin nascor , and has
reference, therefore, primarily to the relations of birth and race- kinship. It has
become, however, one of the commonest catchwords of modern political science.
Especially is it so used and abused by French, English and American publicists. The
Germans, on the other hand, are more exact and scientific in their political andlegal nomenclature. They confine the word and the idea more nearly to their
original and natural place, and find another term and concept for political and legal
science. We shall do well to imitate their example; and we shall escape much
confusion in thought and language by fixing clearly the meaning of this term in ourown minds, and using it only with that meaning. As an abstract definition, I would
offer this: A population of an ethnic unity, inhabiting a territory of a geographic
unity, is a nation. (p.1)(…)
From these reflections, I trust that it will be manifest to the mind of every reader
how very important it is to distinguish clearly the nation, both in word and idea,from the state; preserving to the former its ethnic signification, and using the latterexclusively as a term of law and politics. (p. 4)

ࣂࣝࢪ࢙ࢫ㸪J. W. 㸦1902㸧ࠗ᪩✄⏣ྀ᭩ᨻ἞Ꮵཬẚ㍑᠇ἲㄽ ୖᕳ࠘➨୍⦅ ᨻ἞Ꮵ ➨୍ᕳ Ẹ᪘ ➨୍❶ Ẹ᪘ࡢᐃ⩏Ẹ᪘༶ࡕ ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㸦nation㸧࡜࠸ࡩㄒࡣே✀Ꮵୖࡢㄒ࡟ࡋ࡚ே✀Ꮵⓗᴫᛕࢆゝ᫂ࡍࠋṈㄒࡣᢼ୎ㄒࡢࢼࢫࢥࣝ㸦nascor㸧ࡼࡾฟ࡚ࠊඖ౗⏕⏘⾑᪘➼ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ♧ࡍㄒ࡞ࡾࠋ↛ࡿ࡟㏆ୡ࡟⮳ࡾஅࢆᨻ἞Ꮵୖࡢㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᬑ㏻࡟⏝ࡺࡿࡇ࡜࣯∔ࡾࠊṦ࡟ⱥష⡿ࡢබἲᏥ⪅ࡣஅࢆ℃⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ᭱ࡶ⏒ࡋࡁ࡟⮳ࢀࡾࠋ⋊ࡾ⋊㐓Ꮵ⪅ࡣ㍑ゝㄒ౛ࡢ༐ูࢆ᫂࠿࡟ࡋ඼ࡢ⏝ἲ୍ᒙṇ☜࡟ࡋ࡚⛉Ꮵⓗ࡞ࡾࠋ༶ࡕ⋊㐓Ꮵ⪅ࡣẸ᪘࡜࠸ࡩㄒ⩏ࢆ඼ࡢඖ౗ࡢே✀Ꮵୖࡢㄒ⩏࡟㏆ࡃஅࢆ⏝ࡦࠊᨻ἞Ꮵࡢୖ࡟᪊࡚ࡣ௚ࡢㄒࢆ
⏝ࡺࡿ࡞ࡾࠋ௒ண㍮ࡶ஼ࡓ඼ࡢ㢸࡟ೌࡦࠊண㍮ࡢ⬚୰࡟᪊࡚Ṉㄒࡢ┾⩏ࢆ☜ᐃࡋࠊ၏ࡓ඼ࡢព⩏࡟ࡢࡳஅࢆ⏝ࡦ࡚ᛮ᝿࡜ゝㄒ࡜ࡢ⣮஠ࢆ㑊ࡅࢇ࡜ࡍࠋᅉ࡚௒ ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ ༶ࡕẸ᪘ࡢᐃ⩏ࢆୗࡍࡇ࡜ᕥࡢዴࡋࠋ

162

͆QDWLRQ͇ࡢ⩻ヂࠗẸ᪘࡜ࡣ⮬↛ࡢ୍ᆅᇦෆ࡟ఫࡍࡿྠ㢮ࡢே✀ࢆ࠸ࡩ࠘㸦p. 1㸧㸦୰␎㸧௨ୖ㑉ࡿᡤ࡟౫ࡾㆫ⪅ࡣẸ᪘༶ࡕ ࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㸦nation㸧࡜ᅧᐙ༶ࡕ ࢫࢸ࣮ࢺ㸦state㸧࡜ࢆゝㄒཬᛮ᝿ࡢୖ࡟᪊࡚༐ูࡍࡿࡢዴఱ࡟ᚲせ࡞ࡿ࠿ࢆ▱ࡿ࡭ࡋࠋ༶ࡕ๓⪅ࡣᑓࡽே✀Ꮵୖࡢㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚அࢆ⏝ࡦࠊᚋ⪅ࡣ඲ࡃᨻἲᏥୖࡢㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝ࡦࡊࡿྍࡽࡎࠋ
㸦p. 6㸧
ࣂࣝࢪ࢙ࢫࡢୖグⴭ᭩࡛ࡣࠊnation ࡣࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡢᴫᛕ࠿ࡽࡋ࡚ ethnology ࡢ⏝ㄒ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᨻ἞Ꮫࡢ⏝ㄒ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜㏙࡭ࠊnation ࡜ࡣ A population of an ethnic unity,
inhabiting a territory of a geographic unity ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࣂࣝࢪ࢙ࢫ࡟ࡼࡿ

࡜ࠊnation ࡣẸ᪘Ꮫ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣே㢮Ꮫୖࡢᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ state ࡣᨻ἞Ꮫୖ
ࡢᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࡇࢀࡽࢆΰྠࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡢࡔࡀࠊⱥᅜࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࠊ⡿ᅜࡢἲᏛ⪅ࡓࡕࡣࡇࢀࢆ℃⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⥆ࡅ࡚ࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࡢࡳࡀࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡢ
ṇࡋ࠸ព࿡࡛ nation ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࠊᨻ἞Ꮫୖࡢᴫᛕ࡟ࡣูࡢ⏝ㄒࢆ౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࠊΰ஘ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡶ᪥ᮏࡶࢻ࢖ࢶ࡟ೌ࠺࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
᪥ᮏㄒ⩻ヂ᭩ࡢᮏᩥࡢ๓࡟ῧ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕ౛ゝࠖ࡟ࡣࠊࣂࣝࢪ࢙ࢫ༤ኈࡀⱥ⡿⊂௖ࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡶ≉࡟ࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ᠇ἲࠊἲไ࡟⢭㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⩻ヂ⪅ࡀ᠇ἲᏛ⪅ࣂࣝࢪ࢙ࢫ༤ኈࡢグ㏙࡟῝࠸ಙ㢗ࢆᐤࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ❚ࢃࢀࡿࠋⱥㄒཎⴭࡢ
ෆᐜ⮬యࡶ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ⱥㄒཎⴭࡢグ㏙࠿ࡽ⩻ヂ⪅ࡀࡑࡢពᅗࢆㄞࡳྲྀࡾࠊ
᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⩻ ヂ࡟࠾࠸ ࡚ nation ࢆࠕẸ᪘ࠖ ࡜ヂࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿⅬࡀὀ┠ ࡉࢀࡿࠋⱥ ⡿௖ ࡢ
nation ᴫᛕ࡜ࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ nation ᴫᛕࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࢻ࢖ࢶ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᴫᛕࠊ༶ࡕ⾑⦕ࠊᆅ⦕࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃே✀ⓗ࡞ᴫᛕࡀࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡢ nation ᴫᛕ࡟ ㏆࠸࡜ࡍࡿࣂࣝࢪ࢙ࢫࡢ୺
ᙇ࣭グ㏙࠿ࡽࠊ⩻ヂ⪅ࡶ nation ࡢព࿡ࢆゎ㔘ࡋࠊࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ヂㄒࢆᙜ࡚࡚࠸ࡿࢃ
ࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊẸ᪘ࡣࢻ࢖ࢶⓗ࡞ᴫᛕࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᅉࡳ
࡟ࠊnation state ࡶᮏ᭩࡛ࡣࠕẸ᪘ᅧᐙࠖࡢヂࡀ࠶࡚ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋཎⴭࡣ 1902 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 35 ᖺ㸧࡟ฟ∧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡔࡀࠊྠᖺ࡟⩻ヂ᭩ࡶฟ∧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢁࡑࢁ᫂἞ᚋ
ᮇ࡟ࡉࡋ࠿࠿ࡾࠊ᪤࡟ࡑࢀ࡞ࡾࡢ㏆௦ᅜᐙࡢయ⿢ࢆᩚ࠼࡚࠸ࡓ᪥ᮏ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡶ
ࡑࡶࠕ㏆௦ࠖ࡜ࡣ࠸࠿࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ㏆௦ᅜᐙࡢ᮲௳࡜ࡣఱ࠿ࠊࡑࡢᇶ┙࡜࡞ࡿ nation࡜ࡣ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᴫᛕ࡞ࡢ࠿ࢆࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡶࡲࡔࡦࡓࡍࡽゎ㔘ࠊ⌮ゎࡋࡼ࠺࡜ດຊࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡑࢀ࡯࡝ࠊၨⵚᛮ᝿ᐙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶすὒ࡛ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓ㏆௦࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ
nation ࡢ⌮ゎࡣᐜ࡛᫆ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࡀࠊྠ᫬࡟すὒ㏆௦ᅜẸᅜᐙࡢጼࡣ
ከᵝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ᰾ࢆᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ nation ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࡶᵝࠎ࡞⪃࠼ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟᪩࠸
᫬ᮇ࠿ࡽẼ࡙ࡁࠊࡑࡢ⫼ᬒࢆ᪥ᮏ⮬ࡽࡢ≧ἣ࡜↷ࡽࡋྜࢃࡏ࡞ࡀࡽ⌮ゎ࡟ດࡵ࡚࠸ࡓ
ᵝᏊࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ nation ࡢᴫᛕࡢ⌮ゎ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓ⩻ヂᐇ㊶ࡢ࡞࠿࠿ࡽࠊ
ࡲࡎࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࠊࡑࡢ⩻ヂㄒ࡛ࡣ⾲ࡏ࡞࠸ nation ࡢᴫᛕ࠶ࡿ࠸
ࡣᴫᛕࡢ௚ࡢഃ㠃ࢆࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒ࡛⾲ࢃࡑ࠺࡜ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
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ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧ḟ❶࡛ࡣࠊᮏ❶࡛㎺ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ nation ࡢ⩻ヂࢆ࠶ࡽࡓࡵ࡚ᙜ᫬᪥ᮏࡀ⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓṔྐ࣭♫఍ᩥ໬࣭ᨻ἞ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡟఩⨨࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㏆௦࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟ
ࢠ࣮ࡢᵓ⠏㐣⛬࡜⩻ヂ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ
5. ⪃ᐹ㸸 “nation” ࡢ⩻ヂ࡜㏆௦࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡢᵓ⠏ ➨ 4 ❶࡛ࡣ᫂἞ᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ nation ࡢ⩻ヂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ4.1 ࡛ࡑࡢ⩻ヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕᅧ
Ẹࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡀ᪥ᮏ♫఍࡟ᗈࡀࡿᵝ┦ࢆᙜ᫬ࡢ᭩⡠ࠊ㞧ㄅࠊ᪂⪺࡟࠾ࡅࡿฟ⌧ᩘࡢኚ㑄࠿ࡽ᥈ࡾࠊ4.2 ࡛ࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࡀ๰ฟࡉࢀࡿ㐣⛬ࢆᩥ⊩࠿ࡽ
㏣࠸ࠊ4.3 ࡛ࡑࡢ㐣⛬ࢆࠊලయⓗ࡞ࢸࢡࢫࢺ࠿ࡽ᥈ࡗࡓࠋࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⥲ྜ㞧ㄅࠗኴ㝧࠘ࡢグ஦ࠊᏛ⾡᭩ࠊ⩻ヂ᭩ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊࡑࡢ୰࡟⌧ࢀࡓࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࡢ౑⏝౛࠿ࡽࠊnation ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⌮ゎࡋࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛
౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡ࡸ౑⏝᪉ἲࡀࡑࡢ᫬௦ࡢฟ᮶஦࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞
㛵㐃ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࠿ࡽศᯒࢆヨࡳࡓࠋ௨ୖ࠿ࡽࠊnation ࡢ⩻ヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚᫂἞ึᮇ
࡟⏕ࡲࢀࡓࠕᅧẸࠖࡀࠊฟ∧࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ᗈࡃᬑཬࡋ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ୰࡟ᐃ╔ࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ᫂἞୰ᮇࡢ 1890 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 23 ᖺ㸧๓ᚋ࠿ࡽ᫂἞ᚋᮇࡢ 1900 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡟ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡓ࡞⩻ヂㄒࡀⓏሙࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡽ 2 ࡘࡢ⏝ㄒࡀ㘒⥈ࡋ࡚ేᏑࡍࡿ≧ἣࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ4.2 ࡛㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡲ࡛࡟᪥ᮏࡣ㏆௦ᅜᐙࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜ไᗘࢆซࡑ☜❧ࡋࡓࠋ኱᪥ᮏᖇᅜ᠇ἲࡋ࠿ࡾࠊᅜ఍ࡢ㛤ദࡋ࠿ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠕ᪥ᮏࠖ
࡜࠸࠺ᅜᐙࡀ࡛ࡁࡘࡘ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛᪥Ύᡓத࡟຾฼ࡋࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜࠸࠺ᅜᐙࡢቃ⏺ࡀ᫂☜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࡢⓏሙࠊࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢ୪Ꮡ≧ἣࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
ᮤ㸦op.cit., p. 228㸧ࡣࠊ᪥Ύᡓத࡛᫂☜࡜࡞ࡗࡓቃ⏺ࡣࠊ࠸ࡲࡔࠕࠕ᪥ᮏࠖ࡜࠸࠺
ᅜᐙࡢቃ⏺㸻እᘏ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢቃ⏺࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᅖࢃࢀࡿෆ㒊ࡢ༢୍ᛶ࣭ᆒ㉁ᛶࢆ༑ศ
࡟ಖドࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊேࠎࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ⮬ࡽࡀࠕᅜᐙࠖ࡜࠸
࠺ࡲ࡜ࡲࡾࡢᵓᡂဨ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព㆑ࠊ㏆௦ᅜᐙ᪥ᮏ࡜࠸࠺⤫୍యࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࠕᅜẸࠖࠕ᪥ᮏே࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព㆑ࡀࡲࡔ༑ศ࡟⫱ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ
᪥ᮏࡀ㏆௦ᅜᐙᘓタࢆ☜ᐇ࡟㐙⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᫂἞ࡢᣦᑟ⪅ࡓࡕࡀᚲせ࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡇࡑࡇ࠺ࡋࡓព㆑ࠊ⢭⚄ⓗ࡞ྠ୍ᛶࢆᨭ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢻ࢖ࢶㄒࡢ nation ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕẸ᪘࡛ࠖࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ1890 ᖺ௦๓ᚋ࡟ࡣࠊnationality ࡢ⩻ヂㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠕᅧ⢨ࠖࡶ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ๓㏙ࡋࡓ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࠕᅧ⢨ࠖࡇࡑࠊࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࢆ፹௓ࡍࡿᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᅋ⤖ࢆᙉ໬ࡋ㏆௦ᅧᐙ᪥ᮏࡢቃ
⏺ࢆ᫂☜໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᨻ἞ⓗᴫᛕࡢࠕᅧẸࠖ࠿ࡽࠊṔྐࠊఏ⤫ࠊᩥ໬ᴫᛕ࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸ࡓᅜ⢋࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀࡲࡎ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࠊ4.3.1 ࡢᆤෆ㸦1895㸧ࡸྜྷᮧ㸦1895㸧ࡢⴭ㏙࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡑࡢయ⌧≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕẸ᪘ࠖࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠕ኱࿴Ẹ᪘ࠖࡢᏑᅾࡀ୺ᙇࡉࢀࡓ࡜ゝ࠼࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ⣬㠃ࡢ㒔ྜୖྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊᙜ᫬ࡢ᪂⪺࡟┠ࢆ㏻ࡍ࡜ࠊࡇࡢࡇࢁ࠿ࡽࠊࠕ኱࿴Ẹ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀ㢖⦾࡟⌧ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

164

͆QDWLRQ͇ࡢ⩻ヂ᫂἞๓༙ᮇࠊ୍᪉࡛Ḣ໬୺⩏ࢆᚿྥࡍࡿὶࢀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣすὒ㏆௦ࡢ nation stateࡢᘓタࢆୖ࠿ࡽ⾜࠸࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㏆௦ᅜᐙࡢᢸ࠸ᡭࡓࡿᅜẸࢆసࡾ࠶ࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ┠ᣦࡉࢀࡓࠋ௚᪉ࠊḢ໬୺⩏ࢆᢈุࡍࡿᅜ⢋୺⩏ࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࡣࠊࠕᅧẸࠖࡢᅋ⤖ࢆᙉᅛ࡟ࡍࡿ
ఱࡽ࠿ࡢ⮬᫂࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆṔྐ࣭ఏ⤫࣭ᩥ໬࡟ồࡵࠊࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࡣ␗࡞
ࡿᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡀసࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢᴫᛕࡢ༊ูࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝ࡣࡗࡁࡾ࡜ព㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡲ࡛ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ᑠ⇃ⱥ஧㸦1995㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ1880 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛࡟᪥ᮏẸ᪘ㄽࡣ 2 ࡘࡢ₻ὶࢆᙧసࡗࡓ
࡜࠸࠺ࠋ༶ࡕࠕ᪥ᮏẸ᪘ࡣᚋ᮶ࡢᚁ᭹⪅࡜ඛఫẸࡑࡢ௚ࡢΰྜ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿΰྜẸ᪘ㄽࠖ࡜ࠕ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡣኴྂ࠿ࡽ᪥ᮏẸ᪘ࡀఫࡳࡑࡢ⾑⤫ࡀࡘ࡙࠸࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ࡍࡿ༢୍Ẹ᪘ㄽࠖ
㸦ibid., pp. 31-32㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ 2 ࡘࡀ⌧ᅾ࡟࠸ࡓࡿࡲ࡛᪥ᮏẸ᪘ㄽࡢ୰᰾ࢆᢸࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋᮤ㸦op.cit. p. 243㸧ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡢㄽ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࠕ᪥ᮏẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀ౑ࢃࢀ
ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࠕิᓥࡢఫẸࢆࠕᅜẸࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ໟᣓⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿᛮ⪃ࡀඛ⾜ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ
ࡑࡶࡑࡶࠖࡢ㆟ㄽࡣᡂࡾࡓࡓ࡞࠸࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ1880 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㆟ㄽࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡔ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣᅜẸࡢ⢭⚄ⓗྠ୍ᛶࢆ⮬᫂ࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ᪥ᮏẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀᚎࠎ࡟ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ
࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡶ࠾࠿ࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࣂࣝࢪ࢙ࢫࡶᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊⱥ⡿௖࡟࠾ࡅࡿ nation㸦ࢿ࢖ࢩࣙࣥࠊࢼࢩ࢜ࣥ㸧࡜ࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ Nation㸦ࢼࢶ࢕࣮࢜ࣥ㸧࡛ࡣ⏝ἲࡀ┦ᙜ␗࡞ࡿࠋሷᕝ㸦op.cit., pp.14-16㸧
࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊⱥㄒࡸࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࡢ nation ࡟ࡣ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࡞ࢽࣗ࢔ࣥࢫࡣᑡ࡞ࡃࠊ᪥ᮏ
ㄒࡢࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡼࡾࠕᅜẸࠖ࡟㏆࠸ࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࢻ࢖ࢶㄒࡢ Nation ࡟ࡣ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࡞ព
࿡ྜࡀᙉࡃ௜╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ୍᪉࡛ࠊࢻ࢖ࢶㄒ࡟ࡣ Volk ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࡑ
ࢀ࡟ẚ࡭ࢀࡤࠊNation ࡢ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࡞Ⰽᙬࡣⷧ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྛゝㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
nation ࡢព࿡ࢆᙜ᫬ࡢ᪥ᮏࡢၨⵚᛮ᝿ᐙࡓࡕࡣ┦ᙜࡢⱞປࢆࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⌮ゎࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓ࡟㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠋྠ᫬࡟᪥ᮏࡢ⨨࠿ࢀࡓ≧ἣ࡟࠶࡚ࡣࡵ࡞ࡀࡽゎ㔘࡟ດࡵࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶
ࢁ࠺ࠋゎ㔘࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࡑࡢゎ㔘ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࢆసࡿࡢࡣࠊᙼࡽࡢ⤒㦂࡜▱㆑࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▼ሯ࣭ᰘ⏣㸦op. cit., p. 263㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊᙜ᫬ࢻ࢖ࢶ࡟␃Ꮫࡋࡓ᠇ἲᏛ⪅✑✚ඵ᮰ࡸ஭ୖဴ
ḟ㑻ࡀࠊVolk ࡢᴫᛕࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᅜẸつᶍ࡛ࡢᖐᒓព㆑ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᣦᶆ࡜
ࡋ࡚ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆᥦ♧ࡋࠊᙼࡽࡢⴭసࢆ㏻ࡋࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢㄒࡀᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ࠋᐇ㝿࡟஭ୖဴḟ㑻➼㸦1912㸧࡟ࡼࡿ㎡᭩ࠗဴᏛᏐᙡ㸸ⱥ⊂௖࿴࠘ࡢࢻ࢖ࢶㄒࡢ Volk ࡢ㡯┠࡟ࡣࠊࠕẸ᪘ࠊᅧẸࠊேẸࠖࡢ 3 ࡘࡢ⩻ヂㄒࡀࡇࡢ㡰࡛グ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦p. 171㸧ࠋ୍᪉ࠊⱥㄒࡢ Nation ࡢ㡯┠࡟ࡣࠊࠕᅧࠊᅧẸࠖࡢ 2 ࡘࡢヂㄒࡀࡇࡢ㡰࡛㍕ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦p. 100㸧ࠋ௨ୖࢆ⥲ᣓࡋ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ᫂἞ᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊすὒ㏆௦ࡢᵓ⠏≀࡜ࡋ࡚๰ฟࡉࢀ
ࡓ nation ࡜࠸࠺᪥ᮏ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚඲ࡃ᪂ࡓ࡞ᴫᛕ࡜㐼㐝ࡋࡓᙜ᫬ࡢၨⵚᛮ᝿ᐙࡓࡕ࡟࡜
ࡗ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏࢆ㏆௦ᅜᐙ࡜ࡋ࡚☜❧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ nation ࡞ࡿ㏆௦ᴫᛕࡢ⌮ゎࡀᚲ㡲࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋྠ᫬࡟ேࠎࡢၨⵚࡢࡓࡵ࡟⮬ࡽࡀ⌮ゎࡋࡓࡶࡢࢆఏ࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
19165

ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧ࡑࢀࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋࡓࡢࡀ⩻ヂ࡜࠸࠺ᐇ㊶࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᐇ㊶࠿ࡽ⏕ࡲࢀࡓ⩻ヂㄒ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ nation ࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡟࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ␗࡞ࡿ⩻ヂㄒࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࠋࡑ
ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࡲࡎ᫂἞ึᮇ࡟ⓏሙࡋࡓࠕᅧẸࠖࡣ᫂἞୰ᮇ࡟ࡣ᪥ᮏࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟ᬑཬࡋᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡕࡻ࠺࡝ࡑࡢ㡭࡟ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࠊࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒ࡜୪Ꮡࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦໬ࢆᨭ࠼࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ༶ࡕࠊࡇࢀࡽ⩻ヂㄒࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ
᪥ᮏ࡜࠸࠺㏆௦ᅜᐙࡢᢸ࠸ᡭ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀసࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ
ࡑࡢࠕᅧẸࠖࡢᅋ⤖࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣྠ୍ᛶࢆಖドࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢṔྐ࣭ఏ⤫࣭ᩥ໬ⓗ࡞ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ
ࢆ⮬᫂࡜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀసࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛
ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࢀ௨ୖ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦໬ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿᨭ㓄ࡢ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮࡟ࡼࡿ⏘≀ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᵓ⠏≀ࡔࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡕࡻ࠺࡝ࡑࡢ᫬ᮇࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡀ࡯ࡰ㏆௦ᅜᐙࡢไᗘ࡜ᇶ┙ࢆᩚ࠼ࠊ᪥Ύᡓதࢆయ㦂ࡋࡓ᫬ᮇ࡜ࡶ㔜࡞ࡿࠋ᫂἞௨㝆ࡢ᪥ᮏࡀ㏆௦ᅜᐙࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ㐣⛬୍࡛␒ᶍ⠊࡜ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ
࠾ࡑࡽࡃࢻ࢖ࢶ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ1881 ᖺ㸦᫂἞ 14 ᖺ㸧௨㝆ࠊࢻ࢖ࢶᏛࡀ᪥ᮏࡢᐁᏛ
࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⩻ヂࢆࡵࡄࡿᵝࠎ࡞ࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺⓗせ⣲ࡀ nation ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⌮ゎࠊព࿡௜୚࡟㛵ࢃࡾࠊẸ᪘࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࢆ⏘ฟࡍࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦໬࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜࠸࠺㏆௦ᴫᛕࢆࡶ࠺୍᪉࡛ᨭ࠼ࡿࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
6. ࠾ࢃࡾ࡟
௨ୖࠊ᫂἞ᮇ࡟ nation ࡞ࡿ㏆௦ᴫᛕ࡟㐼㐝ࡋࡓேࠎࡀࠊࡑࡢព࿡ࢆゎ㔘ࡋࠕᅧẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ព࿡ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㐣⛬ࢆࠊ᪥ᮏࡀ
ᙜ᫬⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓṔྐⓗࠊ♫఍ᩥ໬ⓗࠊᨻ἞ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶ࠿ࡽ᥈ࡗࡓࠋ
⩻ヂࡀ༢࡟ゝㄒᵓ㐀ࢆ␗࡟ࡍࡿ஧ゝㄒ㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿ༢ㄒࡸࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢ⨨ࡁ᥮࠼࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
ゝㄒࢆ౑ࡗࡓᐇ㊶࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ⩻ヂ࡜࠸࠺⾜Ⅽࡣᚲࡎ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢṔྐࠊ♫఍ࠊᩥ໬ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡜ࡢ┦஫స⏝ࡢ୰࡛⏕㉳ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋnation ࡢ⩻ヂ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࡲࡓࠊ⩻ヂ⪅ࡣ᫬✵ࢆ㝸࡚ࡓཎⴭ㸦⪅㸧ࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⮬ࡽࡢ▱㆑࡜య㦂ࢆ⥲ືဨࡋࠊゝⴥࡢព࿡ࢆ⣳ࡄ⩻ヂࡢసᴗࡢ࡞࠿࡛᪂ࡋ࠸⩻ヂㄒࢆ๰㐀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⩻ヂㄒࡀ♫఍࡟ᬑཬࡋ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡞࠿࡛ࡑࡢ⩻ヂㄒࡀᢸࡗࡓᴫᛕࡀேࠎࡢ㛫࡛ඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿
ࡋࡑࡢព࿡ࡸᴫᛕࡣᖖ࡟ᅛᐃࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢᵝࠎ࡞せᅉ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡞ࡀࡽኚᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊྠ᫬࡟ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡ࡢኚᐜࡀࡲࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ࢥࣥ
ࢸࢡࢫࢺࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᖖ࡟ኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢ୰࡛ࠊ
ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡢゎ㔘ࡶၥ࠸┤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡑࡢၥ࠸┤ࡋࡢ㐣⛬ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⩻ヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡀⓏሙࡋࠊࡑࡢࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡀࡍ࡛࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠕᅧẸࠖ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࡑࢀ௨㝆ࡢ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦໬ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋnation ࡜࠸࠺すὒࡢ㏆௦࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⩻ヂࡢሙ࡛ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵝࠎ࡞┦஫స⏝ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍ୰࡛ࠊᙧࡸ୰㌟ࢆኚᐜࡉࡏ࡞ࡀࡽࠕᅧẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥ࡜ᴫᛕࢆసࡾୖࡆ

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͆QDWLRQ͇ࡢ⩻ヂ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࠊ᫂἞ᮇࡢ nation ࡢ⩻ヂࡶࠊ␗࡞ࡿゝㄒ࡜ᩥ໬ࢆ㉺࠼࡚ཎⴭ࡜ྥࡁྜ࠸ࠊࡑࢀࢆㄞࡳࠊゎ㔘ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺┦஫స⏝ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ព࿡ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚ࡃゝㄒᐇ㊶࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋྠ᫬࡟ࠊ⩻ヂࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞せᅉ࡜ࡢ┦஫స⏝ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ព࿡ࢆᵓ⠏ࠊኚᐜࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡃከᒙⓗ࡞ゝㄒᐇ㊶࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡟⩻ヂࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽᛶࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ♫఍ேᩥ⣔ㅖ⛉Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᩥ⊩◊✲ࢆᇶ┙࡜ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⩻ヂᏛࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ᫂἞ᮇࡢ⩻ヂ࡟࠶ࡽࡓࡵ࡚ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࠋ᪂ࡓ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜
ࡋ࡚ᥦ♧࡛ࡁࡓࡶࡢࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊᏛ㝿ⓗ࡞◊✲ࡢ㐍ᒎ࡟⩻ヂᏛࡀ㈉⊩࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆከᑡ࡞ࡾ࡜ࡶ♧ࡏࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋᮏࢸ࣮࣐࡟㛵ࡍࡿ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊཎᩥ࡜⩻ヂࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ㈨ᩱࢆⓎ᥀ࡋࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ⩻ヂࡀ࠸࠿࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ
ࡓࡢ࠿⦓ᐦ࡞ࢸࢡࢫࢺศᯒࢆ⾜࠺࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ᫂἞ᮇࡢ⩻ヂࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺࢆ
ᵝࠎ࡞ゅᗘ࠿ࡽ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡜ࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢ㛵ಀࢆࡉࡽ࡟῝ࡃ᥈ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ᫂἞ᮇࡢ⩻ヂࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿ࡟ࡣⱥㄒࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ
ࢻ࢖ࢶㄒࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿㅖ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃゝㄒࡢ▱ぢࡶᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞▱ぢࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ◊✲⪅࡜ࡢඹྠ◊✲ࡶࡇࡢࢸ࣮࣐ࡢ᥈ồ࡟ࡣᚲ㡲࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᐇ⌧࡟ດࡵ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ࠙ㅰ㎡ࠚᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊᖹᡂ 27~30 ᖺᗘ⛉Ꮫ◊✲㈝ຓᡂ஦ᴗ㸦ᇶ┙◊✲㸦C㸧ㄢ㢟␒ྕ㸸15K02533㸧
ࡢ◊✲ࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏᏛ఍➨ 15 ᅇ኱఍࡟࡚㰺⸨⨾㔝Ặ࡜ඹྠⓎ⾲ࡋࡓෆᐜࡢ࠺ࡕᇶᮏⓗ࡟ᆤ஭ᢸᙜศ࡟┦ᛂࡢቑ⿵࣭ᨵᐃࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡃࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㰺⸨ẶཬࡧᏛ఍ဨࡢ᪉ࠎ࡟ࡣࠊከࡃࡢ㈗㔜࡞ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ㡬࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟῝ㅰࡍࡿḟ➨࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

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࠙ⴭ⪅⤂௓ࠚ
ᆤ஭╬Ꮚ㸦TSUBOI Mutsuko㸧◊✲ศ㔝ࡣࠊ⩻ヂ㏻ヂᏛࠊゝㄒே㢮Ꮫࠊㄯヰศᯒࠋࠗ࣎
ࢫࢽ࢔⣮தሗ㐨㸸࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢ⾲㇟࡜⩻ヂ⾜Ⅽ࠘㸦ࡳࡍࡎ᭩ᡣ, 2013㸧ࠊࠕᅜ㝿ࢽ࣮ࣗࢫሗ
㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿẸ᪘࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡢヂฟ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ㸸␗ᩥ໬㛫ࡢ௰௓࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⩻ヂᐇ㊶ࡢㄢ㢟ࠖࠗ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮࢝ࣝࢳࣗࣛࣝ࠘➨ 12 ྕ㸦2014㸧࡯࠿ࠋ......................................................
࠙ὀࠚ
1. ࠕᅜẸࠖࡢ⾲グ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᫂἞᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏝౛࣭⏝ἲ࡟ࡣࠕᅧẸ࡛ࠖ⤫୍ࡍࡿࠋ
2. ᫂἞ᮇ࡟ࡣࠕே✀ࠖࡸࠕẸ✀ࠖࡶ nation ࡢ⩻ヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᩥ⊩࠿ࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛ᢅ࠺୺㢟࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࠿ࡽࠕᅧẸࠖࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢ 2 ࡘ࡟⤠ࡗ࡚ㄽࡌࡿࠋ

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ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧

3. ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⩻ヂࢆྵࡴ࠶ࡽࡺࡿゝㄒᐇ㊶ࢆ┦஫⾜Ⅽ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿぢ᪉ࡣࠊ⩻ヂࢆ༢࡞ࡿゝㄒ㛫ࡢ༢ㄒࡸࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢ⨨ࡁ᥮࠼࡜ࡍࡿࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᑟ⟶ࣔࢹࣝᆺࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥほ㸦᝟ሗఏ㐩ᆺࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥほ㸧࡟௦ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣮࣐࣭ࣟࣥࣖࢥࣈࢯࣥ㸦R.
Jakobson㸧ࡢ 6 ᶵ⬟ࣔࢹࣝࠊࢹ࣭ࣝࣁ࢖࣒ࢬ㸦D. Hymes㸧ࡢࡇ࡜ࡤ㸦ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙ
ࣥ㸧ࡢẸ᪘ㄅࠊࢪ࣭ࣙࣥ࢞ࣥࣃ࣮ࢬ㸦J. Gumperz㸧ࡢ┦஫⾜Ⅽࡢ♫఍ゝㄒᏛࠊ࣐࢖ࢣ࣭ࣝ
ࢩࣦࣝ࢓ࢫࢸ࢕ࣥ㸦M. Silverstein㸧ࡢ♫఍グྕㄽ⣔ゝㄒே㢮Ꮫ࡬࡜ᘬࡁ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࢥ࣑
ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥほࡢᇶ┙ࢆ࡞ࡍ⪃࠼࡛࠶ࡾࠊ➹⪅ࡢ◊✲ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᅵྎ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
4. ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࠕẸ᪘ᅜᐙࠖ࡜ヂࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ㛵㸦2001㸧ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕᅜẸࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢᴫᛕࡀ᫂☜࡟༊ูࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏேࡢẸ᪘࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄆ㆑ࡀṍࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊnation state ࡟ࠕᅜẸᅜᐙࠖ࡜࠸࠺ヂㄒࢆᙜ࡚࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㛫㐪࠸࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕẸ᪘ᅜᐙࠖ࡜ࡋ࠿ヂࡏ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊᅜ㝿ᨻ἞࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊnation ࡣẸ᪘⮬Ỵ national self-determination ࡢཎ๎࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᅜᐙࢆ๰タࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᅜẸ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚑࡗ࡚ nation ࡜ࡣࠕேẸ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜᐙ࡟ඛ❧ࡘᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸦p. 15㸧࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
5. ౛࠼ࡤࠊ஧ᐑ㸦1988㸧ࡣࠊṔྐᏛ࡜Ẹ᪘Ꮫ࡛ࡢࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡢᴫᛕ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㝸ࡓࡾ࡟ゝཬࡋࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕṔྐᐙࡀࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㄒࡢ⾲⌧࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡲࡎࡶࡗ࡚ nation ࡞ࡿㄒ࡟᝿࠸฿ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊẸ᪘Ꮫ⪅ࡣ ethnos ࢆࡶࡗ࡚Ẹ᪘࡜ほᛕࡍࡿࡢࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ゝࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠖ㸦p. 37㸧ࠋ
6. ࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊ⯅㑣ぞ㸦2009㸧ࡣࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢேᩥ♫఍⛉ᏛࡢᏛၥศ㔝ࢆ㉸࠼ࠊゝㄒ⾜Ⅽࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ྠ୍ᛶࢆ๰ࡾࡔࡍࠕ⩻ヂࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᗈ࠸ព࿡࡛ࡢᩥ໬ᐇ㊶࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡚ࠊ㏆௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᮾ
࢔ࢪ࢔ୡ⏺ࡢᙧᡂ࡜ኚᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ヲ⣽࡞ศᯒ࣭⪃ᐹࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
7. ᮏࢸ࣮࣐࡟㛵ࢃࡿ⩻ヂ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢ௚࡟ࠕᅜᐙࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࢆゝㄒẚ㍑ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ⪃ᐹࡋࡓᰘ⏣࣭Ჴἑ࣭⋤㸦2008㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
8. ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛ࡍ࡛࡟♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊすὒㅖㄒࡢ nation ࡢㄒᙡࢆ୍ゝ࡛⾲ࡍ᪥ᮏㄒࡢㄒᙡࡀ࡞࠸୍᪉࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠕẸ᪘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒᙡࢆ୍ゝ࡛⾲ࡍㄒᙡࡶすὒㅖㄒ࡟ࡣ
࡞࠸ࠋ᫂἞ᮇ࡟ nation ࡢ⩻ヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓩሙࡋࡓ࡜࠸ࢃࢀࡿࠕẸ᪘ࠖࡔࡀࠊ⌧௦ࠊ࡜ࡾࢃ
ࡅ 1960 ᖺ௦㹼70 ᖺ௦࡟ୡ⏺ྛᆅ࡛Ẹ᪘⣮தࡀከⓎࡋ࡚௨㝆 ethnicity ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀᗈࡃ
▱ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸦cf. Glazer & Moynihan, 1975)ࠊethnic group ࢆ⾲ࡍㄒᙡ࡜ࡋ࡚౑
ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
9. ᚨᐩ⸽ᓠࡢタ❧ࡋࡓゝㄽᅋయẸ཭♫࡟ࡼࡗ࡚๰หࠊ1898 ᗫหࠋ⮬⏤Ẹᶒㄽ⪅ࡢᚨᐩࡢᥦၐࡍࡿᖹẸ୺⩏ࡣࠊᅜ఍㛤タ㐠ືࢆࡵࡄࡿ⃭ືᮇࢆ⤒ࡓ᫂἞ 20 ᖺ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᛮ᝿⏺࣭ゝㄽ⏺࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓࠋᚨᐩࡣࠊすὒㅖᅜࢆ⠊࡜ࡍࡿ᪥ᮏ㏆௦໬ࡢᚲ↛ᛶࢆㄝࡁࡘ
ࡘࡶࠊᨻᗓ᥎㐍ࡢࠕḢ໬୺⩏ࠖ࡟ࡶࠊ୕Ꮿ㞷ᕊ࣭ᚿ㈡㔜᪸࣭㝣⩓༡ࡢᥖࡆࡿᅜ⢋୺⩏࡟ࡶᢈุⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
10. ୕Ꮿ㞷ᕊ࣭ᚿ㈡㔜᪸࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࡓゝㄽᅋయᨻ཭♫ࡢᶵ㛵⣬ࠋ1901 ᖺᗫหࠋᅜ⢋୺⩏ࢆ┳ᯈ࡟ᥖࡆࡓࠋ

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11. ᫂἞๓༙࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏝౛ࡶ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ᩓぢࡉࢀࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ⚟⃝ㅍྜྷ㸦1872㸧ࡣࠗすὒ஦᝟࠘ࡢ஧⦅ᕳஅ஧࡛ࠕ ྂ㩃すளࣀᆅ᪉ࢽࣁࠕࢩࢳ࢔ࣥࠖப࣊ࣝ⻅㔝ࡢẸ᪘࢔ࣜࠖ࡜㏙࡭
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ᫂἞ึᮇࡢࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣜࢫࢺᐑᓮክᰗ࡟ࡼࡿ⩻ヂ᭩ࠗష⹒す㠉࿨グ⮬⏤஀ถḷ࠘㸦1882㸧࡛ࠕẸ᪘఍㆟ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᮏᩥ࡛ࡶ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࡇ
ࢀࡽࡢ౛ࡣࡲࢀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
12. ᫂἞⥔᪂௨㝆࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚⩻ヂࢆ㏻ࡋ๰ࡽࢀࡓࠕ᪥ᮏ₎ㄒࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ᱇ᓥ㸦2008㸧ࡣࠕࠕ⩻ヂࠖࢆ⤒࡚ࡢࠕ᪥ᮏ₎ㄒࠖࡢᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔࡬ࡢఏ᧛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ⤒⏤࡛ࡢすὒⓗᏛ⾡▱ࡢ࣊ࢤࣔࢽ࣮ⓗ࡞㛵ಀࢆᙉ࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠖ㸦p. 148㸧࡜㏙࡭ࠊࠕࠕ⩻ヂࠖ▱ࡸࠕ᪥ᮏ₎ㄒࠖࡢᾐ㣗࡜࠸࠺஦ែ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚࠸࠼ࡤࠊ୍஑ࠐᅄᖺ௨㝆ࡢ᪥ᮏࡢ౵␎࣭᳜Ẹᆅ໬ࡢ㐣⛬ࡀỴᐃⓗᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠖ㸦ibid., 150㸧࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
13. 1863-1927 ᪥ᮏࡢᆅ⌮Ꮫ⪅ࠊホㄽᐙࠋࠗ᪥ᮏ㢼ᬒㄽ࠘㸦1894㸧ࡢⴭ⪅ࠋὀ 10 ཧ↷ࠋ࠙ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩ࠚ
࢔ࣥࢲ࣮ࢯࣥ㸪B.㸦1997㸧ࠗቑ⿵᝿ീࡢඹྠయ — ࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒ࡢ㉳※࡜ὶ⾜ —࠘㸦ⓑ▼ࡉࡸ࣭ⓑ▼㝯࣭ヂ㸧NTT ฟ∧㹙ཎⴭ㸸Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities:

Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso㹛㸬ࣂࣜࣂ࣮ࣝ㸪E. ࣭࢛࣮࣮࢘ࣛࢫࢸ࢖ࣥ㸪I㸬㸦1997㸧ࠗே✀࣭ᅜẸ࣭㝵⣭ : ᦂࡽࡄ࢔࢖
ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕࠘
㸦ⱝ᳃❶Ꮥ࣭௚ヂ㸧኱ᮧ᭩ᗑ㹙ཎⴭ㸸Balibar, E., & Wallerstein, I. (1988).

Race, nation, classe : Les identités ambiguës. Paris: La Découverte㹛㸬ࣂࣝࢪ࢙ࢫ㸪J. W. 㸦1902㸧ࠗ᪩✄⏣ྀ᭩ ᨻ἞Ꮵཬẚ㍑᠇ἲㄽ ୖᕳ࠘㸦㧗⏣᪩ⱑ࣭ྜྷ⏣ᕭஅຓ࣭ヂ㸧ᮾிᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯฟ∧㒊㹙Online㹛ࠗ㏆௦ࢹࢪࢱࣝࣛ࢖ࣈ࣮ࣛࣜ࠘
http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/789034 㸦2015 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 25 ᪥㸧ᐑᓮክᰗ㸦1882㸧ࠗష⹒す㠉࿨グ⮬⏤ࡢถḷ࠘⤮ධ⮬⏤᪂⪺♫㹙Online㹛ࠗ㏆௦ࢹࢪࢱࣝࣛ࢖ࣈ࣮ࣛࣜ࠘http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/896930
ࢴ࣮࣐ࣗ, A. 㸦1882㸧
ࠗష⹒す㠉࿨グ⮬⏤஀ถḷ࠘㸦ᐑᓮክᰗ࣭ヂ㸧⤮ධ⮬⏤᪂⪺♫㹙Online㹛ࠗ㏆௦ࢹࢪࢱࣝࣛ࢖ࣈ࣮ࣛࣜ࠘http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/896930㸦2015 ᖺ
7 ᭶ 25 ᪥㸧⚟஭᠇ᙪ㸦1996㸧ࠕᅜẸᅜᐙࡢᙧᡂࠖ஭ୖಇ࣭ୖ㔝༓㭯Ꮚ࣭኱⃝┿ᖾ࣭ぢ⏣᐀௓࣭ྜྷぢಇဢ㸦⦅㸧ࠗẸ᪘࣭ᅜᐙ࣭࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸ࢕࠘㸦pp. 87-102㸧ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ⚟ἑㅍྜྷ㸦1872㸧ࠗすὒ஦᝟࠘៞ᛂ⩏ሿฟ∧ᒁ㹙Online㹛ࠗ㏆௦ࢹࢪࢱࣝࣛ࢖ࣈ࣮ࣛࣜ࠘ http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/761238 㸦2015 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 9 ᪥㸧⚟ἑㅍྜྷ㸦1978[1874]㸧ࠗᏛၥࡢࡍ࢏ࡵ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ
⚟ἑㅍྜྷ㸦1978[1899]㸧ࠗ᪂ゞ⚟⩝⮬ఏ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ
࣍ࣈࢬ࣒࣎࢘㸪E㸬࣭ࣞࣥࢪ࣮ࣕ㸪T㸦⦅㸧㸦1992㸧ࠗ๰ࡽࢀࡓఏ⤫࠘㸦๓ᕝၨ἞࣭Ლ
ཎᬒ᫛࣭௚ヂ㸧⣖ఀᅧᒇ᭩ᗑ㹙ཎⴭ㸸Hobsbawm, E. J., & Ranger, T. (1983). The
invention of tradition. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press㹛㸬஭ୖဴḟ㑻➼㸦1912㸧ࠗဴᏛᏐᙡ㸸ⱥ⊂௖࿴࠘୸ၿ㹙Online㹛ࠗ㏆௦ࢹࢪࢱࣝࣛ࢖ࣈࣛ

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ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧࣮ࣜ࠘http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/752943㸦2015 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 9 ᪥㸧▼ሯṇⱥ࣭ᰘ⏣㝯⾜㸦2013㸧ࠗဴᏛ࣭ᛮ᝿⩻ヂㄒ஦඾࠙ቑ⿵∧ࠚ࠘ㄽ๰♫ᮤᏕᚨ㸦1996㸧ࠗ⾲㇟✵㛫ࡢ㏆௦Ɇ᫂἞ࠕ᪥ᮏࠖࡢ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔⦅ไ࠘᪂᭙♫᯶㇂⾜ே㸦1980/1988㸧ࠗ᪥ᮏ㏆௦ᩥᏛࡢ㉳※࠘ㅮㄯ♫ຍ⸨࿘୍࣭୸ᒣ┿⏨㸦1991㸧ࠗ᪥ᮏ㏆௦ᛮ᝿኱⣔ 15 ⩻ヂࡢᛮ᝿࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ
᱇ᓥᐉᘯ㸦2008㸧ࠕᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢ㏆௦࡜ࠕ⩻ヂࠖɆ㏆௦ᖇᅜࡢゎయ࡜Ꮫ⾡▱ࠖࠗ⮬௚ㄆ㆑ࡢᛮ᝿ྐɆ᪥ᮏࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒ࡢ⏕ᡂ࡜ᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔࠘㸦pp. 137-154㸧᭷ᚿ♫ᑠᯘᘯᛅ㸦2002㸧ࠗࢽ࣮ࣗࢫグ஦࡟ࡳࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㏆௦࠘᪥ᮏ࢚ࢹ࢕ࢱ࣮ࢫࢡ࣮ࣝฟ∧㒊ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤ⦅㸦2005㸧ࠗኴ㝧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ㸸㞧ㄅࠗኴ㝧࠘᪥ᮏㄒࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ࠘༤ᩥ㤋᪂♫࠙CD-ROMࠚᅜ❧ᅜ఍ᅗ᭩㤋㸦2015㸧ࠗ㏆௦ࢹࢪࢱࣝࣛ࢖ࣈ࣮ࣛࣜ࠘㹙Online㹛http://kindai.ndl.go.jp
㸦2015 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 25 ᪥㸧୸ᒣ┾⏨㸦1952/1983㸧ࠗ᪥ᮏᨻ἞ᛮ᝿ྐ◊✲࠘ᮾி኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ᯇୗᕼ࿴㸦2010㸧ࠕ࢖ࢫ࢚࣭ࣛࣝࣃࣞࢫࢳࢼၥ㢟࡟࠾ࡅࡿ nation ࡢ ヂฟࡢࡉࢀ᪉࡟ぢࡿ⩻ヂ⪅ࡢ୺యᛶ ɆᗈἙ㝯୍┘╩సရࠕNAKBA ࣃࣞࢫࢳࢼ 1948 ࢔࣮࢝࢖ࣈࢫ㸦᏶඲∧㸧ࠖࢆ஦౛࡟Ɇࠖࠗ⩻ヂ◊✲࡬ࡢᣍᚅ࠘➨ 4 ྕ: 123-139. 㹙Online㹛
http://honyakukenkyu.sakura.ne.jp/archive.html 㸦2015 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 25 ᪥㸧᳃ᒸ೺஧㸦⦅㸧㸦1991㸧ࠗᨵᐃ ㏆௦ㄒࡢᡂ❧Ɇㄒᙡ⦅Ɇ࠘᫂἞᭩㝔ᮧ஭⣖㸦1996㸧ࠕ㏆௦᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ nation ࡢ๰ฟɆ⁛ஸࡢゝㄝ✵㛫ࠖ஭ୖಇ࣭ୖ㔝༓㭯Ꮚ࣭኱⃝┿ᖾ࣭ぢ⏣᐀௓࣭ྜྷぢಇဢ㸦⦅㸧ࠗẸ᪘࣭ᅜᐙ࣭࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸ࢕࠘㸦pp. 117-138㸧ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ஧ᐑᏹஅ㸦1988㸧ࠕࢯࢩ࢔ࣅࣜࢸࡢṔྐᏛ࡜Ẹ᪘ࠖᕝ⏣㡰㐀࣭⚟஭຾⩏㸦⦅㸧ࠗẸ᪘࡜ࡣఱ࠿࠘㸦pp. 37-48㸧ᒾἼ᭩ᗑすᕝ㛗ኵ㸦1998/2012㸧ࠗᅜẸᅜᐙㄽࡢᑕ⛬—࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ<ᅜẸ>࡜࠸࠺᛹≀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ [ቑ⿵∧]࠘᯽᭩ᡣ
すᕝ㛗ኵ㸦2002㸧ࠗᡓதࡢୡ⣖ࢆ㉺࠼࡚Ɇࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬᫬௦ࡢᅜᐙ࣭Ṕྐ࣭Ẹ᪘࠘ᖹซ♫ᑠ⇃ⱥ஧㸦1995㸧ࠗ༢୍Ẹ᪘⚄ヰࡢ㉳※Ɇ㸺᪥ᮏே㸼ࡢ⮬⏬ീࡢ⣔㆕࠘᪂᭙♫㛵᭜㔝㸦2001㸧ࠗẸ᪘࡜ࡣఱ࠿࠘ㅮㄯ♫ῧ⏣ኖ୍㸦1899㸧ࠗἲไ⤒⃽኱ព ἲไ⠍࠘㔠ᇽ [Online] ࠗ㏆௦ࢹࢪࢱࣝࣛ࢖ࣈ࣮ࣛࣜ࠘http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2937328㸦2015 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 25 ᪥㸧ᰘ⏣㝯⾜࣭Ჴἑ┤Ꮚ࣭⋤ள᪂㸦2008㸧ࠕࠕᅜᐙࠖ࡜ࠕẸ᪘ࠖ—⩻ヂㄒ◊✲㸦୍㸧ࠖࠗ⌮᝿࠘➨ 680 ྕ: 173-187. ⌮᝿♫ሷᕝఙ᫂㸦2008㸧ࠗẸ᪘࡜ࢿ࢖ࢩࣙࣥɆࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒࡜࠸࠺㞴ၥ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ
ᮡᮏࡘ࡜ࡴ㸦1998㸧ࠗ᪥ᮏ⩻ヂㄒྐࡢ◊✲࠘ඵᆏ᭩ᗑ
㕥ᮌ㈆⨾㸦⦅㸧㸦2001㸧ࠗ㞧ㄅࠗኴ㝧࠘࡜ᅜẸᩥ໬ࡢᙧᡂ࠘ᛮᩥ㛶ฟ∧⏣୰∾㑻㸦2013㸧ࠗ㏆௦᭩ࡁゝⴥࡣࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚࡛ࡁࡓ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ
ᆤ஭╬Ꮚ㸦2013a㸧ࠗ࣎ࢫࢽ࢔⣮தሗ㐨㸸࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢ⾲㇟࡜⩻ヂ⾜Ⅽ࠘ࡳࡍࡎ᭩ᡣ

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͆QDWLRQ͇ࡢ⩻ヂᆤ஭╬Ꮚ㸦2013b㸧ࠕ⩻ヂ࡜᫂἞ࡢ㏆௦໬ձ㸸㏆௦⛉ᏛࡢⓎᒎ࡜⩻ヂࠖ㫽㣫⋪⨾Ꮚ㸦⦅㸧ࠗࡼࡃࢃ࠿ࡿ⩻ヂ㏻ヂᏛ࠘㸦pp. 18-19㸧࣑ࢿࣦࣝ࢓᭩ᡣ
ᆤ஭╬Ꮚ㸦2013c㸧ࠕ⩻ヂ࡜ᶒຊ࣭࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࠖ㫽㣫⋪⨾Ꮚ㸦⦅㸧ࠗࡼࡃࢃ࠿ࡿ⩻ヂ㏻ヂᏛ࠘㸦pp. 140-141㸧࣑ࢿࣦࣝ࢓᭩ᡣ
ᆤ஭╬Ꮚ㸦2014㸧ࠕᅜ㝿ࢽ࣮ࣗࢫሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿẸ᪘࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡢヂฟ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹɆ␗ᩥ໬㛫ࡢ௰௓࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⩻ヂᐇ㊶ࡢㄢ㢟ࠖࠗ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮࢝ࣝࢳࣗࣛࣝ࠘➨ 12 ྕ: 58-75㸬᪥ᮏᅜ㝿ᩥ໬Ꮫ఍
ᆤෆ㏯㐶㸦1895㸧ࠕᡚ∑࡜ᩥᏥࠖࠗኴ㝧࠘➨ 1 ᕳ 1 ྕ[P017B17㹼P022B21]ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤ㸦⦅㸧
㸦 2005㸧ࠗ ኴ㝧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ㸸㞧ㄅࠗኴ㝧࠘᪥ᮏㄒࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ࠘༤ᩥ㤋᪂♫࠙CD-ROMࠚᒣෆᫀஅ㸦1996㸧ࠕࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡣఱ࠿Ɇ᪥ᮏ࡜Ḣ⡿ࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠ᛶɆࠖ஭ୖಇ࣭ୖ㔝༓㭯Ꮚ࣭኱⃝┿ᖾ࣭ぢ⏣᐀௓࣭ྜྷぢಇဢ㸦⦅㸧ࠗẸ᪘࣭ᅜᐙ࣭࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸ࢕࠘㸦pp. 1-25㸧ᒾἼ᭩ᗑᏳ⏣ᾈ㸦1992㸧ࠕ㏆௦᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕẸ᪘ࠖほᛕࡢᙧᡂ—ᅜẸ࣭⮧Ẹ࣭Ẹ᪘—ࠖࠗᛮ᝿࡜⌧௦ ≉㞟 ࠸ࡲࠊẸ᪘ࢆࠊၥ࠺㹼ࡑࡢ⹫ീ࡜ᐇീ࠘➨ 31 ྕ: 61-72. ၏≀ㄽ◊✲༠఍ㄞ኎᪂⪺♫㸦2015㸧࣑ࠗࣚࢲࢫṔྐ㤋࠘
㹙Online] https://database.yomiuri.co.jp/rekishikan
㸦2015 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 25 ᪥㸧⯅㑣ぞ₶㸦2009㸧ࠗ⩻ヂࡢᨻ἞Ꮫ㸸㏆௦ᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ୡ⏺ࡢᙧᡂ࡜᪥⌰㛵ಀࡢኚᐜ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ
ྜྷᮧ㖟ḟ㑻㸦1895㸧ࠕࠕᅧẸࠖࡢᨻ἞ᛮ᝿ࠖࠗኴ㝧࠘➨ 1 ᕳ➨ 8 ྕ[P009B01㹼P015A25]
ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤ㸦⦅㸧㸦2005㸧ࠗኴ㝧ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ㸸㞧ㄅࠗኴ㝧࠘᪥ᮏㄒࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ࠘༤
ᩥ㤋᪂♫࠙CD-ROMࠚ
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread ofnationalism . London: Verso㸬Bassnett, S. (1980/2002). Translation studies (3 rd .ed.). London: Routledge.
Bassnett, S. (2014). Translation . London: Routledge.
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