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Let’s Learnof
Date of Issue : November 1, 2012
Japan CCS Co., Ltd.
Sapia Tower 19F, 1-7-12, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0005, JAPANhttp://www.japanccs.com/?lang=en[Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan 2012 Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project (Contract Resulting in Treasury Obligations)]
Editorial supervisor : Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of JapanThe contents of this manga (cartoon) cover the efforts until the end of 2015

Created by : TREND-PRO
Cartoon and illustration : Ken Kudo / ad-manga.com

Cartoon Explaining “CCS”,
The Technology to Watch!

Gosh,
it’s sweltering……!

Is this some kindHi!
My name is Cap!

of an event?

Seems like he’s the
mascot charactor…

STOP
Global Warming!
Exhibition

They were saying on TV

Really? Then I'd like athat the Earth is getting

longer summer vacationhotter and hotter fromto match that.

That's not funny!
The Earth is going tobe in BIG trouble!

global warming.

So, just what kindof trouble is it
going to be in?

Do you want to know
about global warming
in order to save ourEarth!

CAP says, we’re
REALLY going to
be in BIG trouble~!

What the…!?

Er…
not particularly…

DON’T say that~!
This is YOUR problem,too!

Uh…, w-well…
a lot of things…
1

2

Because of the rise inaverage temperature ofthe Earth, strange
things have been
occurring on the Earth!

In fact, the ice andglaciers in the North Poleand Greenland havebeen melting!

Why is global
warming getting
worse in the first

The Earth’s atmosphere
contains what we call“greenhouse gases”, whichfunction to maintain thetemperature.

place?

Well, there sureare a lot of hot

Greenhouse gases havevarious components, but
carbon dioxide (CO2) inparticular has a large
capacity to retain heat.

days~…

At this rate, the sea
level will rise because of
the heat, and low places
and small islands may
become submerged.

Not just that. Abnormal weather
may become more common, andmassive floods and droughts mayincrease all over the world!

If that happens, crops willdefinitely be affected, andanimals which can’t copewith the change may
become extinct…

Are youserious...?

3

Industrial development iscausing massive amounts of
CO2 to be emitted, and thecapacity to retain heat has
become too strong!

So, in order to stop global
warming, we need to reduce
the amount of CO2…

Why Does Global Warming Occur?

Will the Earth be in BIG Trouble if Global Warming Continues!?

Thanks to greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), the temperature of the Earth iskept constant. However, if these gases increase too much, the Sun’s heat which had originally been discharged back into space remains in the atmosphere, causing the Earth to become over-warmed. This results in global warming.

The Earth 200 years ago

The effect of global warming is said to become significant when the rise in temperature exceeds 2-3 degrees, and have serious consequences if it rises by almost 5 degrees.

Islands may disappear!?
Sea level is said to be rising due to the heat
expansion of seawater and the melting of onshore ice such as Greenland. If global warming continues at this rate and temperatures
keep rising, areas just above sea level may become submerged.

Present Day Earth (Global Warming)

Function of Greenhouse Gases and Mechanism of Global Warming

Crops may become ungrowable!?
When the temperature of the Earth rises,
crops which grow only in warm areas cansometimes thrive in other areas. On the other
hand, if the temperature rises further, somecrops that used to thrive may perish.

Now I see that greenhouse gases are essential in keeping theEarth’s temperature constant, but cause global warming if
they increase too much!

Abnormal weather all over the world!?
Abnormal weather is said to have been increasing for the past several decades. Hugetyphoons, torrential rains and long droughts
have been occurring every year in many places, causing harm to many people. Climatic instability due to global warming is said to be
one of the causes of this abnormal weather.

Epidemics may occur!?
Due to global warming, organisms carrying infectious diseases may widen their range ofactivities, resulting in types of diseases whichhave not been epidemic to date spreading invarious areas.

The Atmosphere’s Carbon Dioxide is Still Increasing

5

Yearly Change in Concentration of CO₂ in the Earth’s Atmosphere (past 50 years)
Concentration of Carbon Dioxide (ppm)

Along with industrial development, wehave come to use large amounts ofenergy to make our lives convenient.
When we produce energy such as electricity by burning a lot of fossil fuels(such as coal, oil and natural gas), CO₂
is discharged into the atmosphere. Especially after the Industrial Revolution,
the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere has risen sharply, becoming
one of the causes of global warming.

400
390
380

Mauna Loa (Hawaii)
Ryouri (Japan)
South Pole

370
360
350
340

We must start right away and reduce greenhouse gases to330
320
310
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

protect our lives and nature!
YearReference : “2010 Report on Monitoring of Meteorological Changes”, Japan Meteorological Agency

6

People all over the world agreed
that by 2050, we should reduce
the amount of greenhouse gas
emissions to one-half of what
it is today.

But how much do
we need to reducegreenhouse gas?

Isn’t it pretty
difficult to reduce
the amount toone-half!?

What areyou doing?

CCS(Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage)AND,
there is a special
solution called“CCS”!

What is that…?

I was just trying my best toreduce the amount ofcarbon dioxide that I emit…

It is a technology where
you collect carbon dioxide
and isolate it veeeery deep
underground!

Of course, it isimportant for eachindividual to be as
eco-friendly as
possible.

In society, clean energythat does not emit CO2and energy conservation
is being promoted!

Massive amounts of CO2 emitted
by industrial plants and powerstations will not be released into
the atmosphere but instead becollected, compressed, and sent
deep underground by a long pipe.

People are taking
action to make it areality in Japan, too.

Is that evenpossible?

78

What is CCS Technology?
Conceptual Diagram of CCS
Ocean
CO₂ Sources(Industrial plants andpower stations, etc.)‹Separation and Capture›
Facility where CO₂ is removed fromthe gas emitted from plants

CCS is an abbreviation for“Carbon dioxide Captureand Storage”. It is a technology where the carbon
dioxide (CO₂) emitted byindustrial plants and power stations is not released
into the atmosphere but iscollected and stored indeep underground layers
for a long period of time.

WellCap Rock‹Injection›(mudstone or other rock)

Facility where CO₂ is compressedand sent undergroundA non-permeable rock layer such as
mudstone that does not let CO₂ passthrough. It serves as a lid.

Reservoir(sandstone or other rock)
A porous layer such as sandstone existing
below 1000m under the seafloor, where CO₂
is stored in the pores.

Reducing the Amount of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by
Half by 2050?
In the 2008 G8 summit held in Toya-ko, Hokkaido, a goal was set to reduce the amount ofgreenhouse gas emissions on the Earth by 50% by 2050.

How Effective is CCS Compared to Other Measures ofReducing Carbon Dioxide?
Among the various approaches to reduce carbon dioxide, CCS technology is considered capable of reducing 19% of carbon dioxide emissions in 2050.

Energy conservation and renewable energy

Main technologies for the reduction carbon dioxide emissions
Amount of CO₂ emission (Gt)

Eco-friendly cars

Sunlight

Wind power

Geothermal heat

Biomass

6055504540353025201510502010*Gt = gigaton

9CSS 19%

Amount of emissions if no measures to prevent global warming are taken—57Gt

It is estimated that CCS will contribute to reducing 19% of emissions in 2050
Renewable energy 17%
Nuclear power 6%
Power generation efficiency and fuel-switching 5%
End-use fuel-switching 15%

Amount of emissions if measures to prevent global warming are taken—14Gt

Efficiency of end-use fuel and electricity use 38%*End-use : final consumption of energy

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

20452050

Reference : “Energy Technology Perspectives 2010”, IEA

Year10CCS is about taking theCO2 generated when fossil
fuels are burned and storing
it underground!

As you know, we mine
the ground for fuelssuch as oil, coal andnatural gas.

In order to prevent this, wemust choose the right places.
There must be solid layers
which serve as a lid above
the layers that store the CO2.

I wonder though…wouldn’t
the CO2 that we return to theground come out again…?

What do youmean?

These fuels are called fossil
fuels which form when
ancient animals and plantsburied deep undergroundbecome transformed over along period of time.

Investigations are being
conducted in various places
in Japan to find the places
suitable for CCS.
Oh!
I just came up with

We generate energy byburning fossil fuels,

That’s why CO2 is emitted

a great idea!
What is it?

when fossil fuels are burnt.

but they contain carbon,
and emit a lot of CO2
when burned.

There are places inFrance and Australia
where they are
actually doing that!

How about if we just return
the CO2 into places where
we have produced (removed)
oil and natural gas?

So, it’s about returning
the emitted CO2 into

Oh darn! They’rethe ground.

already doing it…

12

What Does the Layer That Stores CO2 Look Like?
CO₂ collected from industrial plants and power stations is injected into a “reservoir”, a porous layer consisting of material such as sand, located at depths greater than 1000m below
the surface. It is necessary that the reservoir is overlain by a “cap rock”, a layer formed of
mudstone and the like through which the carbon dioxide does not permeate. The cap rockserves as a lid, and prevents the injected CO₂ from leaking to the surface.

Conceptual diagram of a cap rock and reservoir

Investigations Taking Place in Various Places in Japan
Not all places are suitable for CCS. An extensive geological survey is conducted whereby
large volumes of geological data are collected, evaluated and analyzed in detail in order tomake a decision as to whether the place is fit for storing CO₂. Various methods are used in
the investigation of the site regarding its suitability for CCS.
Drilling of a survey well tocollect geological data

Geologic samples taken in asurvey well

3D seismic survey

Cap rock(mudstone and the like)A layer of mudstone and thelike, through which the CO₂
does not permeate. It serves
as a lid.
Taking gravity Measurements

Basement structural map created by analysis of gravity data
Depth (m)Reservoir(sandstone and the like)A porous layer such as sandstonewhich can store CO₂ in the poresof the rock.

I didn’t know they were doing such extensive surveys using
so many different methods!

The essential point is that there is a proper “cap rock” which
serves as a lid above the “reservoir” that stores the injected
CO2!

13I hope CCS starts as soon as possible in Japan in order toreduce CO2!

14

Wonderful!!
Actually, there is aplan in Japan, too, in
Tomakomai, Hokkaido,
to build facilities andconduct tests!

Facilities to collect andcompress CO2 will be completed
by the end of 2015, and 2 wells
to inject CO2 will be drilled.

In the future, they’ll
check if places other than
Tomakomai are suitablefor CCS.

Tomakomai
Reservoir
Depth : 1000m to 1200m

Reservoir
Depth : 2400m to 3000m

Everybody is reallytrying hard to stop
global warming!

It’s such a large
scale test!

They’ll also collect data
for seismic activity.

Also, in 2016, they’ll actually start
injecting CO2 into the ground andwatch carefully for any problems.

CCS may become aneveryday word by thetime we’ve grown up.

Ohhhh,
I can’t takethis anymore!

You’re right!

That means they’ll havethorough safetymeasures, too!

!?
16

It’s sooooo
sweltering!

Sis!?

Major CCS Projects being Developed in the WorldCCS is an important technology to reduce CO₂ emissions. Though it is still in the pilot phasein Japan, this technology is already being utilized worldwide to reduce CO₂.

What!?

Sleipner

Snohvit(Norway)

Project for practicalization of technology

Wyvern(Norway)(Canada)Demonstration Project

Commencement of injection :Commencement of injection :Commencement of injection :CO₂ contained in natural gas is separated and injected into the reservoir

CO₂ contained in natural gas is separated and injected into the reservoir

CO₂ separated from gasification gas
from oil is pressed into the oil layer(EOR = Enhanced Oil Recovery)

Depth :

Depth :

Depth :

Injection amount :Injection amount :Injection amount :

1996

2008

700m to 1,000m under the seafloor
0.9 million tons per year

I’ve been studying global

I definitely want towarming in college and got

stop global warming

this part-time job, but this is

as soon as possible!

2000

2,600m under the seafloor

1,500m under the ground

0.7 million tons per year

3 million tons per year

NorwayCanadajust too HOT…!

FranceUSA
Algeria

I promise you! I'll also
become a scientist andsolve global warming!

Australia

Lacq

In Salah(France)

And I’ll make sureI save YOU andthe Earth!

Commencement of injection :2009
CO₂ emitted from a power station isinjected into a gas field where production has been discontinued

Otway(Algeria)

Commencement of injection :2004

CO₂ contained in natural gas is separated and injected into the reservoir

Mountaineer(Australia)

Commencement of injection :3 years from 2008
CO₂ emitted from a CO₂ gas field is injected into another gas field whereproduction has discontinued(America)

Commencement of injection :2.5 years from 2009

CO₂ emitted from a power station isinjected into the reservoir

Depth :

Depth :

Depth :Depth :Injection amount :Injection amount :Injection amount :Injection amount :4,500m under the ground21 thousand tons over 1.6 years

1,800m under the ground1 million tons per year

2,050m under the ground
65 thousand tons over 3 years

2,500m under the ground37 thousand tons over 2.5 years

What good will

you getting HOTover my sis do!?

17

Global Warming is EVERYONE’s PROBLEM!
We should all give it a good thought and solve it together!

18