Report ofTomakomai CCS Demonstration Projectat 300 thousand tonnes cumulative injection(“Summary Report”)- Overview May 2020
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)

Japan CCS Co., Ltd. (JCCS)
Unauthorized reproduction prohibitedOverview of Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project-

1st large scale CCS demonstration in Japan aiming for demonstration at practical scale; conducted by
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization (NEDO), and Japan CCS Co., Ltd (JCCS). Constructed demonstration facilities from
FY2012 to 2015, started injection at scale of 100 thousand tonnes per annum from April 2016, andachieved initial target of 300 thousand tonnes cumulative injection on November 22, 2019.

Bird’s eye view of capture and injection facilities

Location of monitoring facilities

Injection
operation
圧入運転

①

②

③

④

647 days (85%)
115 days (15%)①Stoppage due to issues of capture facilities ②Stoppage of gas supply (151 days)③Suspension due to Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster (187 days)④Scheduled shutdown maintenance (226 days)

Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project – overall schedule

Operational record of Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project1

Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project Summary Report
Background / Contents--

The “Report of Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project at 300 thousand tonnes
cumulative injection” (“Summary Report”) was compiled taking into account discussion by
the JCCS “Review Meeting on the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project” and the NEDO
“Technical Examination Committee”, comprising experts in mechanical engineering,chemical engineering, geology and geophysics, etc.
The “Summary Report” summarizes the achievements of the project and issues resulting
from the project, etc.

Contents of the “Summary Report”
Chap 1: Objectives and Main Results ofTomakomai CCS Demonstration Project
Chap 2: CO2 Capture/Injection Facilities
Chap 3: Injection Wells, Implementation and
Results of CO2 injection/Storage
Chap 4: Implementation and Results ofMonitoring and Marine Environmental
Surveys
Chap 5: Public Engagement Activities
Chap 6: Regulatory Matters
Chap 7: Findings and Remaining Issues
2Overview of Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project-

A portion of the PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption) offgas containing approximately 52% CO2 generated
by a hydrogen production unit in the Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. Hokkaido Refinery is transported by a
1.4km pipeline to the adjacent capture facilities, where the CO2 is captured.

-

The CO2 is compressed and stored 3-4km offshore in two sub-seabed reservoirs at different depths –the Moebetsu and Takinoue formations by two independent directional injection wells.

＜Overall scheme of Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project＞

Typical PSA offgas
composition（vol％）

CO2
H2
CH4
CO
H2O

51.6
38.8
6.6
2.3
0.7

Schematic diagram of geologic layers
and injection wells

3Overview of Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project-

Offshore storage of CO2 in Japan is conducted in accordance with the Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime
Disaster, with a storage permit issued by the Minister of the Environment. The permit holder (METI in this project) is
required to conduct monitoring in accordance with the “Monitoring Plan” submitted in the permit application and confirm
that CCS is being conducted safely as planned.

-

In accordance with the Tomakomai Project “Monitoring Plan”, observation of reservoir temperature and pressure, andseismic surveys to grasp the distribution of CO2, as well as quarterly (seasonal) marine environmental surveys
comprising seawater flow observations, water/sediment sampling to survey seawater, sea-bottom soil, plankton, benthic
organisms, and video recording of the sea bottom for benthic organisms and possible existence of bubbles wereconducted.

＜Monitored Items＞＜Schematic diagram of monitoring system＞

Equipment/Work

Monitored Items

Injection wells,
facilities

Downhole: temperature, pressure
Wellhead: injection temperature,pressure, CO2 injection amount
Downhole: temperature, pressure,micro-seismicity, natural earthquakes
Micro-seismicity, natural earthquakes,
recording of 2D seismic surveys
Micro-seismicity, natural earthquakes

Observation wells

Ocean Bottom Cable(OBC)
Ocean Bottom
Seismometers (OBS)
Onshore seismometer Micro-seismicity, natural earthquakes
2D seismic survey
Distribution of CO2 in reservoir
3D seismic survey

Distribution of CO2 in reservoir

Marine environmental
surveyMarine data (physical, chemical
properties, biological habitat, etc.)4Project Objectives and Summary of Results
Project Objective1) Demonstration of CCS
Demonstrate Japan’s first full chain integrated
CCS system from CO2 capture to storage with afacility configuration equivalent to a practicalproject.

2) Demonstration of safety of CCS
Demonstrate that CCS is a safe and securesystem through sequential operation.

3) Understanding of CCS
Widely disclose information on the projectthrough information disclosure and public
engagement activities and enhance
understanding of CCS.
4) Practical use of CCS
Acquire operational technology as well as strive
towards practical implementation.

Summary of Results
Conducted a demonstration of Japan’s first fully integrated CCS system,
capturing and storing CO2 from a large-scale emission source (refinery)in accordance with the guideline “For safe operation of a CCS
demonstration project”, achieving the target of 300 thousand tonnes
cumulative CO2 injection on Nov. 22, 2019. The injection period was 3
years and 8 months, as opposed to the planned 3 years on account of
external factors, etc.
Confirmed that CCS is a safe and secure system through the operationof an integrated CCS system from CO2 capture to storage, safety andenvironmental management, various monitoring and marine
environmental surveys.
Information communication activities were carried out continuously inthe local community and widely in Japan in order to enhance
understanding of the project and public acceptance of CCS.
Continuous efforts to communicate project information, collectinformation and promote international cooperation and collaboration
were conducted towards the international community.
Acquired operational capability. In addition, findings obtained throughthe practical application of CCS and remaining issues weresummarized.
5

CO2 Capture Results- Achieved following results in capture/injection facilities demonstration: ①Designated capture amount,recovery rate, purity, capture energy; ②Stability of composition, performance of amine solution;③Complete automation of CO2 compressor control system (simultaneous injection into two different
reservoir types); ④Safe operation of facilities, verification of earthquake-proof design, emergency safetymeasures for earthquakes.
- Adopted two-stage absorption process employing activated amine for capture process. Achieved capture
energy (consumption) target of less than 1.22GJ/t-CO２; 56% reduction over international projectutilizing one-stage absorption (Quest Project separates CO2 source gas upstream of PSA process ofhydrogen production unit, achieving reboiler duty of 2.27GJ/t-CO2, capture energy of 2.79GJ/t-CO２(1)),
verifying effectiveness of two-stage absorption process.
(1) Capture energy including electricity consumption estimated from Quest publicdata (reboiler duty 2.27GJ/t-CO2)

Capture energy (consumption) test results

Energy efficient CO2 capture flow (two-stage absorption)

CO2 recoveryt/hFY2016FY2017FY2019Designated Value

25.3

24.3

26.4

25.3
1

0.862 ～0.949* 2

Reboiler duty

GJ/t

0.923

0.882

0.915*

Pump electricity

kWh/t

19.8

21.0

18.8

19.2 (EV)

Capture energy*3

GJ/t-CO2

1.20

1.16

1.18*1

Target:1.22*2*1 adjusted value,*2 includes heat loss, *3 capture energy = reboiler duty/boiler efficiency +electricity x heat conversion coefficient/generating efficiency; calculation example for FY2016
capture energy: 0.923/0.9 + 19.8 x 0.0036/0.42 = 1.20 GJ/t-CO2

6

Potential deployment of capture technologies of Tomakomai Project- Capture technologies are largely classified into Pre-Combustion Capture (Pre-CC) and Post-Combustion Capture(PCC) technologies. There is potential to deploy the Pre-CC capture technologies adopted in the Tomakomai
Project in facilities with similar operational conditions, such as hydrogen production, ammonia production, and
IGCC (Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle).
- There is potential to utilize a large amount of information obtained in this project (capture energy, facility design,operational data, amine consumption, etc.) when considering the economics as well as the basic design of the
CCS practical model.
Comparison of operational conditions - Tomakomai / Projects where Tomakomai capture technology could be deployed1) PSA offgas used in the Tomakomai project is a flammable reducible gas similar to syngas of hydrogen and ammonia production. These syngases do notcontain impurities (oxygen, sulfides, dust, etc.) that would degrade amine. The coal gas generated by the sweet-shift scheme (CO shift after
desulfurization) air-blown gasification in IGCC is a reducible gas similar in composition to syngas.
2) The low-pressure PSA offgas of this project was pressurized by a compressor to raise the CO2 partial pressure to 0.47 MPaA, comparable to othersyngases. The CO2 partial pressure of the post sweet-shift gas (by air-blown gasification) of an IGCC is equivalent to that of this project, and the resultsof this project could be applied.
3）The capture energy of Tomakomai project was reduced to 1/2～1/3 of existing Pre-CC technologies (one-stage absorption), and significant cost
reduction of CCS can be expected.
7

Injection wells and results of injection/storage- Achieved 300,110 tonnes cumulative CO2 injection into 2 reservoirs at different depths (Moebetsu Formation –300,012 tonnes, Takinoue Formation – 98 tonnes).
- The maximum values recorded by the PT sensors (pressure, temperature sensors set close to the reservoir)
during injection were sufficiently lower than the upper limits set to avoid destruction of the cap rock of eachreservoir. The PT values have remained within normal ranges since the start of injection.
- The injected CO2 was confirmed to remain within the reservoir, and long-term reservoir simulation predictedthat the injected CO2 would remain in the reservoir 1,000 years after termination of injection.
- Simulation assuming that only the present Moebetsu injection well is used for continuous injection while setting
a limit on the CO2 distribution and pressure rise in the reservoir predicted that 5.73 million tonnes could be
injected (P50 model). A volumetric calculation of the storage potential of the entire Moebetsu Formation
sandstone body distributed within the same P50 model yielded 486 million tonnes.

＜Injection record of Moebetsu Formation＞＜Injection record of Takinoue Formation＞

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Monitoring Results-

No micro-seismicity or natural earthquakes attributable to CO2 injection were detected in the vicinity of
the injection area between the startup of injection and December 2019, including before and after the2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake.

-

The distribution of CO2 in the Moebetsu Formation has been confirmed by seismic surveys since
FY2017. The injected CO2 is limited to the upper portion of the reservoir in correspondence withpredictions made in advance, and is not believed to have behaved abnormally, such as leaking outside
the reservoir interval.

-

The cumulative CO2 injection into the Takinoue Formation was very small at only 98 tonnes, and theCO2 distribution could not be confirmed by seismic surveys. The amount is believed to be below theresolution limit of seismic technology.
Histogram of micro-seismic events detected in the micro-seismicity monitoring area

Number of events

Period : 2/1/15 – 1/4/20

Moebetsu Formation
injection startup (4/6/16)

Eastern Iburi Earthquake(9/6/18)

Takinoue Fm
injection startup (2/6/18)

Event detection in the micro-seismicity monitoring area
※ Prior to startup of injection, 9 events were detected, and after startup, 3 events were recordedon Aug. 2, 2017. All events are at depths deeper than 5 km, much deeper than the injection area,
and are very small natural earthquakes (micro-seismicity) which can occur in this domain.

9

2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake-

At 3:07am Sept. 6, 2018, a magnitude 6.7 earthquake at 37km depth occurred in the central eastern part ofIburi region of Hokkaido. The Tomakomai CCS demonstration site recorded a seismic intensity of lower 5.

-

No indication of CO2 leakage was confirmed in the reservoir pressure and temperature data. Micro-seismic
monitoring, which is conducted continuously in the injection area, also did not detect any events (no microseismic events have been detected in injection area since startup of injection).

-

After the earthquake, CO2 behavior simulation was conducted on basis of injection record. The stress variation
caused by CO2 injection at the hypocenter of the Eastern Iburi Earthquake was found to be about 1/1,000 th ofthe pressure change in the earth’s crust caused by the tidal force of the earth.

-

On Oct. 19, 2018, a “Review Meeting on the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project” including experts inseismology reached the common understanding that 1) No CO2 leakage was caused by the earthquake, 2) No
data has been confirmed suggesting a connection between the CO2 storage and the earthquake. A reportsummarizing the conclusions was posted on the JCCS homepage.

Injection location

Schematic cross section of hypocenter and injection location

Bottom hole pressures and temperatures of injection wells
before/after earthquake (measured by downhole pressure
and temperature sensors set close to the reservoir)

10Results of Marine Environmental Surveys- The survey results from FY2016 onwards regarding “Chemical properties of seawater” and “Situation ofmarine organisms” did not differ greatly with the baseline surveys of FY2013 and 2014, and there wereno major trends deviating from those of the baseline surveys.
- Regarding determination of threshold exceedance, the FY2016 spring and FY2017 summer, wintersurveys recorded data exceeding the former threshold (derived from baseline survey). Based on the
results including confirmation surveys, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) expressed the view that“phenomena indicating CO2 leakage or the risk thereof were not confirmed” (former threshold curve wasderived from only 1 years’ data and insufficient in reflecting natural variations; multiple years’ data wasneeded)- No data exceeding the threshold have been observed from FY2018 onwards (From the FY2018 summer
survey onwards, threshold exceedance determination is based on revised threshold).

of CO2 (pCO2 : μ atm)
Partial pressure
二酸化炭素分圧（μatm）＜Threshold of monitoring stage shift and observed values＞
650
Former threshold
600（DO(％) above 100
is extrapolated）

550

Revised threshold
Baseline: ● spring ♦ summer■ fall ▲ winterFY2016: ● spring ♦ summer ▲winter
FY2017: ● spring ♦ summer ■fall ▲ winterFY2018: ● spring ♦ summer ■fall ▲ winterFY2019: ● spring ♦ summer ■
fall

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0 110.0 115.0

Dissolved溶存酸素飽和度（％）
oxygen saturation (DO: %)11

Cost Estimation of Practical Model-On the basis of Tomakomai demonstration data, a cost estimate of a 200-thousand-tonnes/yr scale (scale ofTomakomai project) practical model that could be applied to CCS of hydrogen production, ammonia production
and IGCC (Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle) was conducted, as well as a scaled-up 1-milliontonnes/yr practical model.

-

The CCS cost of 1-million-tonnes/yr practical model was ¥6,186/t-CO2 (Captured) and ¥7,261/t-CO2 (Avoided).
cf. Scaled-up practical model costs fall in range of published data of Canada Quest Project (Ave. 2016-2018) :78.92CAD/t-CO2 (Captured) = ￥6,708/t-CO2, 99.65CAD/t-CO2 (Avoided) = ￥8,470/t-CO2 (85 Yen/CAD and
CO2 Emission factor=0.208 )CAPEX, OPEX of 200-thousand-tonnes/yr practical model(excludes consumption tax)
Breakdown
Cost item

CAPEX
¥/ton

OPEX

Total

％

¥/ton

％

¥/ton

％

Capture

335

3.0

1,860

16.7

2,195

19.7

Compression

385

3.4

2,174

19.5

2,559

22.9

Common

132

1.2

686

6.2

818

7.4

Injection wells
Storage

922

8.3

4,635

41.7

5,557

50.0

Total

1,774

15.9

9,355

84.1 11,129

100.0※Based on Tomakomai demonstration data, conducted cost estimation of
200-thousand tonnes/yr practical model, and 1-million-tonnes/yr practicalmodel under similar conditions and certain assumptions.
• CO2 source gas is separated from PSA upstream, and offgas is returned
to PSA upstream.
• CO2 transportation cost is not included. Facility housing, operator laborcosts are assumed to be provided by refinery and not included.
• Fuel gas unit cost: ¥1,205/GJ (equivalent to ¥48.2/Nm3), electricity unit
cost: ¥10.84/kWh (excluding consumption tax).
• Captured cost: CCS cost/injected CO2 amount; Avoided cost: CCS
cost/(injected CO2 amount ー CO2 generated by CCS)

Comparison of costs of 200-thousand-tonnes/yr and1-million-tonnes/yr Practical Models
CCS Cost（¥/t-CO2）200-thousand-ton
1-million-ton(Image of practical(Image of practicalmodel)
model)
1) Capture / Injection
CAPEX
852
590
OPEX
4,720
4,079
Total
5,572
4,669
2) Injection wells / Storage
CAPEX
922
369
OPEX
4,635
1,148
Total
5,557
1,517
3) Grand Total
Captured
11,1296,186
Avoided13,3287,2614) CO2 emission factor (t-CO2 emitted from capture/injection facilities) ÷(t-CO2 captured/injected)
t-CO2/t-CO2
0.165
0.148

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Compliance with laws and regulations & Issues ①- As Japan has no CCS specific laws, existing laws and regulations governing the operation of the project facilities
were applied.
- Regarding the CO2 capture facilities, the High Pressure Gas Safety Act, Industrial Safety and Health Act and Gas
Business Act were applied.
- With regard to the safety standards of the injection / storage facilities and injection operations, compliance wasmade with the Mining Act and Mining Safety Act (As there were no management standards for CO 2 injection,measures were taken to comply with the METI guideline “For safe operation of a CCS demonstration project”(August 2009), and taking into account international CCS regulations, technical standards and guidelines, a“Reservoir Management Standards Manual During CO2 Injection” was prepared and applied).
- Regarding sub-seabed dumping (geologic storage) of CO2, compliance with Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution
and Maritime Disaster is required (A “Monitoring Plan” pursuant to the Act was followed).

＜Laws applied to surface facilities, CO2 storage＞

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Compliance with laws and regulations & Issues ②
Method of CO2 Concentration Measurement
It was found that there was a difference in the method stipulated by the Ministry of Environment (MOE)ordinance and that adopted widely by third party organizations. Regarding the MOE method, it was pointed
out that quick analysis was not possible as an enormous amount of time would be required to establish theanalysis conditions, taking into account factors such as changes in carrier gas, preparation of calibration gas,and creation of the calibration curve. As a consequence, METI and MOE discussed the matter, and agreed
upon a realistic analysis method virtually equivalent to the MOE ordinance.
Marine environmental surveys
Marine environmental surveys were conducted in accordance with the “Monitoring Plan” pursuant to the
Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster. Issues have become apparent such as thepossibility that the index currently used to detect possible CO2 leakage into the sea could generate false
positives caused by natural variations rather than actual leakage, and that the effectiveness of surveying
the sea-bottom soil and condition of marine organisms as a method of detecting CO2 leakage is believed to
be low. These issues should be taken into account in the application procedure for the next period of theCO2 storage permit (FY2021～2025）, with a view to reduce the current number of survey points, survey
frequency, and survey items.
CO2 Storage
1) Subsurface rights for the drilling of injection wells
Mining rights are stipulated in the Mining Act. It is necessary to consider whether subsurface accessrights should be stipulated regarding the drilling of CO2 injection wells as well as storage of CO2.
2) Long term liability regarding the storage location and stored CO2
In Japan, the provisions for long term liability and the transfer of such liability have not been established.
There is only mention in the Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster that as long as
there is storage (dumping) of CO2 in the subsurface, the implementer shall continue monitoring.

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Compliance with laws and regulations & Issues ③-

In countries where CCS projects are being implemented, national and regional government haveenacted laws and made advancements in preparing legal and regulatory frameworks for CO2 storage.
Though there is variety in the form of legal framework, almost all jurisdictions have common features
such as permitting for exploration, access, storage, management of injection/storage during theinjection period, regulations on monitoring, reporting, verification and transfer of liability.

-

In addition, preparation of systems such as tax credits and subsidies that could incentivize CCS
deployment are being advanced overseas, and likewise preparation in Japan is an issue.

CCS laws and regulations in the world※1 Onshore and coastal waters (areas less than 3 nautical miles) are administered by state and territory governments. Victoria hasestablished onshore/coastal waters frameworks; South Australia, Queensland have onshore frameworks; West Australia hasestablished regulations for the Gorgon project.
※2 There is not sufficient legal framework for liability during injection period. UIC Class VI establishes framework for CCS wells.

15

Public Engagement Activities and Issues（Domestic）- Information communication activities were carried out in Tomakomai City and neighboring areas as wellas widely in Japan, measures were implemented for information communication in emergency
situations (such as preparing manuals), and efforts were made to build trust with the local community.
- Public awareness of CCS is still very low. Knowledge enhancement activities such as exhibiting inenvironmental exhibitions and giving lectures in universities should be continued. Where CCS is being
carried out in a new area, it is important to have the local community know that the government is
responsibly advancing the project, to draw from the knowledge acquired in the Tomakomai project andimplement activities that suit the region, and then to build a trusting relationship with the local
community.

CCS Forum (Tomakomai)

Lab classes for kids

Brochures/Manga (Japanese/English)

Site tours

Record of Information
Communication Activities

Information disclosure system
in Tomakomai City Hall

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International Activities and Future Steps- The Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project is a rare project in the world, where the government, private sector
and local community joined efforts to steadily achieve results, experienced the world's first occurrence of amajor earthquake near the injection area, and continued onwards.
- The Tomakomai demonstration site has received over 1,400 international visitors comprising government
officials, national companies, embassies, private companies, CCS research organizations, thinktanks andconsortiums, universities, academia, banks and financial organizations, and media.
- In October 2016, the project was recognized by the CSLF (Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum, aministerial level initiative to advance CCS technology), and Japan CCS Co., Ltd. (JCCS) was nominated the AsiaPacific regional champion for stakeholder engagement.
- In October 2019, JCCS and the International CCS Knowledge Centre (Saskatchewan Canada organization
advancing CCUS; worldwide contribution by sharing vast knowledge acquired in Boundary Dam Project) signed
an MOU for cooperation in CCS to share mutual knowledge to advance the deployment of CCUS in the world.
- A key future objective will be to increase opportunities to gain experience through collaboration, cooperation
with international undertakings and deepen our knowledge, and further, to accumulate know-how to overcome
issues common to Japan and abroad and alleviate various barriers to CCS through international cooperation.
- The present situation is that discussions regarding legal framework for CCS and conceptual design of businessmodels are more advanced overseas. It is important as well as an effective approach that Japan actively
participate in such international discussion and obtain information from various cases on matters such as therole of the public and private sector.
CSLF Recognition of Tomakomai
CCS Demonstration ProjectSigning of MOU by International
CCS Knowledge Centre and JCCS

17