A Multi-disciplinary Research Proposal for
Monitoring of Air Environment Change at Mt.
Changbai
Yoon Shin Kim
Institute of Environmental & Industrial Medicine
Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
E-mail : yoonshin@hanyang.ac.kr

Presented at the International Workshop on Researchat Mt. Fuji Weather Station
March 4, 2006

Tokyo, Japan

Yoon-Shin Kim.
Professor of Environmental Health & Air Pollution
Dept. of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine
Director, Institute of Environmental & Industrial Medicine
Chairman, Dept. Public Health Management, Graduate School, Hanyang University
17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-ku, Seoul 133-791, KOREAPhone : +82-2-2290-0692/2290-8279(from overseas)
Fax. : +82-2-2299-3915
E-mail : yoonshin@hanyang.ac.kr

Education

1972 SungKyunKwan University (B.S./Chemistry)
1975 Seoul National University (M.P.H./Biostatistics)
1978 University of Tokyo, Tokyo (Dr.H.Sc./Human Ecology)
1985 University of Texas, SPH, Houston (Ph.D./Environmental Sciences)

ProfessionalExperiences

1986- present Advisor, Korea Ministry of Environment (KMOE)
2002- present Senior Advisor, Former President (2000-2002)
Korean Society for Atmospheric Environemnt (KOSAE)
2004- present Senior Advisor, Korean Society for Aerosol Science & Technology2004- present President, Korean Society for Indoor Environment (KOSIE)
1989- present Director, Institute of Environmental & Industrial Medicine.
Hanyang University, Seoul
Published more than 150 papers and six books

Contents
 Backgrounds
 Why it is proposed?
 First observation at Mt. Changbai
 Significance Summary

Backgrounds}Height : 2,750m–thehighest mountain inKorea}Koreans believed it asa holy mountain fromthe earlier times
A study of atmospheric quality at Mt. Changbai
was not undertaken to date.

z

Located the boundary
between Korea andChina.

zTo be a comparative
study of atmosphericquality with the Mt.
Halla(Kosan) in Jeju
Island (ACE-Asia).

Source regions of Asian Dust
In China, Korea, and Japan

Route of the March 2002 Asian Dust clouds overChina, Northeast Korea, and Japan

Episode of Asian Dust

Sea WiFs Images (NASA)
Asian dust (brownish yellow pumes) being blown from the Gobi desert over theSea of Japan in early April 2002. Because of typical air flow patterns(arrow onplots) dust can be transported across the Pacific Ocean to North America, in five
to seven days. Satellite images have even shown images of dust on the west
coast of Alaska(CMDI, 2003).

Sampling sites for the ACE-Asia project
ACE-Asia

Sampling sites of ACE-Asia projectGosan site, Jeju island}

Aerosol chemistry data toinvestigate the long range
transport from the Asian
continent since 1990}

Super site during ACE-Asia in2001

Table 1. Statistics of aerosol composition at 1100 site in Mt. Hallaover the period of August 1996 to December 1999.
Concentration(ug/m3)
NH4+

Na+

K+

Ca2+

Mg2+

SO42-

NO3-Cl-Mean

1.11

0.29

0.25

0.36

0.09

4.48

0.68

0.16

Max

5.81

2.111.63

6.15

1.57

18.44

9.03

2.47

Min

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

S.D

0.94

0.30

0.28

0.70

0.12

3.50

1.16

0.24

C.H Kang(2003)

Background air pollutant concentration
at Kosan and other stations [K.Y.Park, 1994]
ComponentsNO(ppbv)

Noy(ppbv)

SO2(ppbv)

O3(ppbv)

PeriodRemarks

Kosan(Jeju)

0.31

4.91

1.42

47.99

Feb-Dec,
1992

This study

44.0

9.0

Avg. 1991

Yoon(1992)

27

Mar. 1982

Mizoguchi(1985)

0.06

22

26-28 Jul.
1982

Sievering(1991)

2.1

26.9

1-16 Jul.
1982Mizoguchi(1985)

0.15

59(30-62)

29 Sep.-7
Oct. 1991

0.9240(10-50)

4-11 Oct.
1991

1991
IGAC/APAR
E/PEACAM
OT andPEM-WestCampaign(20-68)20 Aug. -6
Nov.
1991

StationDomestic

Jamsil(Seoul)AbroadSouth
Pole
BermudaHirosima(Japan)Oki island(Japan)0.05

0.25-2.40

Tsushima(Japan)
Linan(China)2.0-12.0*

Why this is proposed?
} Air measurements at the Mt. Halla were undertaken as a
background data use of several international joint studies
such as ACE(Aerosol Characterization Experiments) Asia,
whereas there was nothing of study for them at Mt.
Changbai.

} Needs to investigate a long-range transformation ofaerosol to Mt. Changbai and North Korea area fromChina.
} Needs an importance of international cooperation
and role because of geographical issue.

Objectives} To identify atmospheric quality (physical andchemical properties of the aerosol) at Mt. Changbai.
} To compare air quality and its effects of Mt. Changbai

with Mt. Halla.
} To identify of transferred route for Asian Dust

to Northern China and Mt. Changbai.
} To establish a cooperative research program of global

environment among China, Korea, and Japan.

Proposed Activities
It is proposed that the International joint research(A Multi-disciplinary Research Proposal for Monitoringof Air Environment Change at Mt. Changbai) holds aTask Team meeting on July 2005 in Yanbian, China,
which could be :} Discuss and identify the scientific issues related to theMt. Changbai and the Asian dust.
} Dissuss the possibility of Establishing the Task Team} Discuss the task approaches and future activities

Cooperative Institutes (Example)
Korea
Hanyang Universityz KIST , KJISTz Seoul National Universityz NIESz Korea National Univ. of Educationzz

Nagoya Universityz

Kanazawa Universityzzz

Peking Universityz

China Academy of Sciencez

Yan Bian University

University of TokyoNIESJapan

China

Multidisciplinary Approach
PI (CO-PI)
Working Group Measurement team
 Effects (Epi. Study)
Task Force Group(Coordinator)
 Chemical and Physicalelement analysis
 Environmental engineering
 Nuclear Engineering

Advisor GroupSampling sites
Sampling
Samplingsitesite

Mt.
Mt.Changbai
Paekdu

Korea
Seoul, Donghae
Mt.Jeju
PaekduExisting
Existing
Observatory
Observatory

JapanTokyo,Nagoya
Mt. Paekdu
ChinaBeijing
Mt.
PaekduSampling Pollutants, Period, and Equipments
Pollutant
Items

PeriodItems

SamplingItems
equipment

PM-10, PM-2.5
Items
z Radon and other pollutantszzMarch 2007 ∼ FebruaryItems
2009( 2 years )Pollutants

Equipment

PM-10

FH-95, TEOM

PM-2.5

Mini Vol. sampler
Items

Radon

Electronic radon monitor

Aerosol

Micro pulse LIDARSampling Equipments

LIDAR measurement

Radon measurement

PM measurement

Additional Scientific Activity [1]} Seasonal scientific meeting in China,
Korea and Japan.
} Additional survey
Æ Satellite observations & LIDAR measurements: to quantify the temporally and spatiallyvarying aerosol distributions.

} Formation of Active Measurement Group/
Task-Force Group.

Additional Scientific Activity [2]Operation of Homepage (www.changbaistudy.re.kr)

Mt. Changbai Observation CenterConstruction of Transportation Management System(TMS)
Internetconnections
Data Logger
Observation post

FEP [front-end processor]

Control center

Financial Support
Korea, Japan, China

Government

IndustryInstituteEstimated Budget (2yr)Budget Category

Sum ofMoney($)

Percentage(%)

Personnel expenses

170,000

34

Equipment

90,00018

Supplies

40,0008

Travel120,000

24OtherExpenses

35,000722,500

9500,000

100.0

Direct Costs

Indirect Costs
Total Costs forResearchFirst observation [July 17 – 19, 2005]
Korea teamJapan team

China teamMeasurements of air pollutants concentration
at Mt. Changbai

CO2 and CO analysis

Weather observation

Particle matter

Continuous measurement of radon
concentration with Alpha Guard
80

Mt.Changbai-Hotel-Yanji City

Radon concentration (Bqm-3)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
8:10

18JUL

12:10

16:10

20:10

0:10

19JUL

4:10

8:10

12:10

Time variation of Radon concentration
at Hotel outside of Mt. Changbai
Humidity

45100409035807030

60

2550

20401530

102051000
19:20 20:20 21:20 22:20 23:20 0:20 1:20 2:20 3:20 4:20 5:20 6:20 7:20
17 JUL 200518 JUL

Humidity (%)

Radon (Bqm-3)

RadonRadon concentration and Gamma radiation intensity at Yanji
city and Mt. Changbai with Alpha guard and a Dose ratemeter• 17 JUL 2005 6:40~8:20

37~82 Bqm-3• At Yanben Univ.

58~66Ngyh-1• Measuring from Yanbian to Mt. Changbai
in bus21~51nGyh-1• Out of the bus

46.7, 51.8, 51.1nGyh-1• Top of the Changbai

67.9nGyh-1• Around the hotel of entrance Mt. Changbai

84.7, 116.8, 87.6, 114.6,95.6, 97.8, 99.2nGyh-1

２００５年７月１６日から１８日まで，中国延辺朝鮮族自治州，延吉市、白頭山を訪問。
7月17日
Ｘｉａｎｇｙｕ Ｈｏｔｅｌ内 08 : 00

ラドン ３７±１３ Ｂｑｍ－３
空間ガンマ線線量率 ７８ｎＧｙｈ－１

延辺大学構内空間ガンマ線線量率 ５８～６６ｎＧｙｈ－１

長白山へバスで移動している時の車内

空間ガンマ線線量率 ２１～５１ｎＧｙｈ－１

バスの停車時に車外で測定（広場の裸地） 空間ガンマ線線量率 ４６．７， ５１．８，５１．１（ｎＧｙｈ－１）
長白山のホテル到着 19:00

前庭で 空間ガンマ線線量率 ８３．９ｎＧｙｈ－１（４２．０３Ｎ， １２８．０４Ｅ）
ホテルは長白山のふもとの狭い谷にあり、温泉が出ている。火山研究所長の話では、基盤岩は玄武岩7月18日
早朝に，大宇ホテルのある峡谷を測定
長白山の山頂（２７４９ｍ）, ９：３８
（４２．０３Ｎ， １２８．０２Ｅ）

８４．７， １１６．８， ８７．６， １１６．８，
１１４．６，９５．６，９７．８， ９９．２ｎＧｙｈ－１
６７．９ｎＧｙｈ－1, ２０℃， ７４２ｈＰａ， １１Ｂｑｍ－３

山頂の気象観測所は４年前（２００１年）から測定している。（Ｚ＝２６００ｍ）
友人観測は６～９月。

１９５４年から３０年間の平年値はすでに測定されている。

主風向 ： 冬期は北西，夏期は南雲，視程，風，雪，雨，湿度，露点温度，気温，気圧，日射，着氷
高層観測は延吉市で測定している。
山頂はガスがかかって、視界不良。
天池の水深は３７３ｍ。
午後，天気が回復したので，再び山頂へ登った。 天池や北朝鮮側を確認することができた。

7月19日

6:00

晴れ

１１Ｂｑｍ－３

ラドン測定 ７月１７日夜からホテルの窓の外へラドン計を置いて，連続測定を行なった。
７月１８日８：５６から、屋外で連続測定を行なった。

ホテル～自動車～ホテル～バス～延吉市

Discussion after the firstobservation-Needs a pliot study after first observation.

} Determine type of air pollutants and samplingsite at Mt. Changbai.
}Decide the research budget and financial support.

Significance} Contribution to understand the sources and effects ofatmospheric pollution in Northeastern Asia.
} Identification of transferred route for Asian Dust inNortheastern Asia ( Mt. Changbai ).
} Contribution and promotion to understandenvironmental situation in North Korea.
} Development of stronger partnership for international
research in Northeastern Asia.
}Contribution to international cooperative researchin global environment.

Summary} International cooperative study of air monitoringat Mt. Changbai should be undertaken in the nearfuture.
} Environmental scientists from China,Korea(South/North), and Japan would contribute tounderstanding of global environment based on
this proposed study.

Institute of Environmental & Industrial Medicine,
Hanyang.ac.kr
http://www.hanyang.ac.kr/~hyit/H5EABC/

Institute of Environmental & Industrial Medicine

DirectorYoon Shin Kim

Organization

15 Researchers
2 Research Centers

Major StudySubjects• Atmospheric Environment
Monitoring• Monitoring of Indoor Air Quality• Study of EnvironmentalEpidemiology• Investigation of EMF Biological
Effects on HumanInstituteEnvironmental &IndustrialMedicine

Institute Environmental & Industrial Medicine(IEIM)
Major Research Areas
Atmospheric Environment
Monitoring Team
-Aerosol monitoring-Radon Monitoring-Lidar measurement-Health effects study

Environmental &Occcupational Health/Epidemiology TeamIndoor Air Quality Team- Sick House Syndrome- Risk Assessment- Bioaerosol- Health Exam of workers andgeneral population- Major indoor pollutant monitoringand its health effects study-Risk assessment- Exposure Assessment

Electromagneticfields(EMF)
Team- Ecologic Studies in Environmental- Assessment of Personal Exposure- Relationship Between Urinary Melatonin- Exposure assessment and health effects

Epidemiology

Atmospheric Environmental Monitoring teamAtmospheric Aerosol

In-situ Monitoring Tracer GasMonitoring HAPsMonitoring AtmosphericOpen PathMonitoring

Global Change Monitoring Development ofSoftware Development ofSatellite-based Sensor
Technologies

Infrastructure for
Atmospheric
EnvironmentalMonitoring Development of
Optical Monitoring
Techniques
 SystemIntegration
 Analysis
Algorithms

Radiometer Technology
 Infrastructure of
Global Monitoring Development of
Algorithms
 Atmospheric
Monitoring System

Indoor Air Quality Team
Health Impact Assessment

Measurement / Analysis• Precise Measurement& Analysis• Systematic Measuring
Methods• Measuring instruments• Exposure
Analysis

HCHO
Humidity
Human Comfort
VOC

IEIM

• Epidemiology
HAPs• Health Risk
Assessment

For Well-being Indoor
Environment
ETS
PAHs
Control / management• Environmental Plant

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)
Building Related Illness (BRI)
Multiple Chemical SensitivityDevelopment• Filter & Sampler• Heat Exchange• Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic
Fields (EMFs)

Bioaerosol(Fungl, Bacteria)

Healthy House• Characteristics ofIndoor Pollutants• Optimal Ventilation
Methods• Building Materials• Household Utensils

Environmental & Occupational Health/Epidemiology Study Team
Health Exam/Environmental
Exposure Assessment

Case/Control Crossover Design• An adaptation of the case-controlfor the analysis of transient effects
on the risk of acute events• Matched sets of a case period andOne or more control periods may be
Analysed using conditional logistic
regression• Health exam, Interviews,
questionnaires, diaries• Measurement in external media• Biological monitoring

Ecologic Studies inEnvironmental Epidemiology• The goal is to screen hypothesis
inexpensively• Variation across individuals isoutweighed by between groupvarianceElectromagneticfields (EMF) Study Team

Relationship Between
Urinary Melatonin and EMF

Assessment of PersonalExposure• Primary school
located near a
154 kV overheadtransmission
power line

• Relationship
Between Urinary
Melatonin Levels
and Extremely
Low Frequency
Magnetic Fields

Exposure assessment andhealth effects• Exposure
assessment
and health effects of60Hz magnetic field
Generated by electricblanket during thesleep period