2019/05/20

Tomonaga Centerfor the History of the Universe
www.pas.tsukuba.ac.jp/~TCHoU/

Basic contributions to the foundation of• relativistic quantum field theory• renormalization theory• theory of collective motions=> Nobel prize in Physics 1965
together with Julian Schwinger
and Richard Feynman(2nd Nobel laureate from Japan)
A founder of physics institutes at Tsukuba.
1941 Professor of the Tokyo Univ. of Literature and Science
works on relativistic QED and renormalization theory
1949 Professor of the Tokyo Univ. of Education
1956 President of the Tokyo Univ. of Education

Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
1906-1979

reorganized to found1973 Univ. of Tsukuba

Standing exposition at the Tomonaga Memorial Roomin the University Gallery, Univ. of Tsukuba

Towards Clarification of the History of the Universe: Projects at Tsukuba

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QGP andthe origin of
hadrons

Cosmic !
background？？？

    



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Antarctic
Observatory of
Astronomy
Rare-RI Ring

!"#"$%&%'()$*)+

to support and integratethese projects,"+'*-)'./0*"+1'",'*-)'2$/3)+0)
gib`bfHg_HeZjj
gib`bfHg_H_gi\^

Unstable
nuclei and theorigin of heavy
elements

Higgs
and the originof masses

db`akH^d^e^fkj]ZicH`ZdZob^jdZi`^Ij\Zd^H\gjeb\Hjkil\kli^ja^ZmpH^d^e^fkj

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"%#
of the universe,
matter & lifeMrL
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・Theory of quantum gravity
and superstrings

i^IbgfbqZkbgfHg_Hka^Hlfbm^ij^

Cosmic !
background・Higgs precision study by
ATLAS experiment・Detection of cosmic
neutrino background by
COBAND experiment    

VdZf\cHYTKVQGP andthe origin of
hadrons

Division of
素粒子構造研究
Elementary
部門
Particles

Center for
Computational
Sciences_bijkHjkZijHJH_bijkH`ZdZob^j

Antarctic
Observatory of
Astronomy

Division of
クォーク・核物
Quark質Nuclear
Matters
研究部門

・QGP study by ALICE andSTAR experiments

・Study of unstable nuclei
by RI-beam factory
・QCD simulations towards
QGP and nuclear matters

Division of
Antarctic
Astrophysics

・Construction of Antarctic
Observatory of Astronomy
towards dark galaxies
・Simulation of universeand galaxies

Division of
Photon andParticle
Detectors

・Development of PPD by
superconducting and SOI
technologies

Tsukuba Research Center
for Energy Materials Science
TIA-ACCELERATE, . . .
稀少RIリング

!"#"$%&%'()$*)+,"+'*-)./0*"+1./0*"+1",'*-)2$/3)+0)
gib`bfHg_HeZjj
gib`bfHg_H_gi\^

Unstable
nuclei and theorigin of heavy
elements

Higgs
and the originof masses

db`akH^d^e^fkj]ZicH`ZdZob^jdZi`^Ij\Zd^H\gjeb\Hjkil\kli^jSimulationof the universe,Gmatter& lifea^ZmpH^d^e^fkj

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QGP andthe origin of
hadrons    Antarctic
Cosmic ! Observatory ofbackground
Astronomy

Division of
素粒子構造研究
Elementary
部門
Particles

・Higgs precision study by
ATLAS experiment・Detection of cosmic
neutrino background by
COBAND experiment

・Theory of quantum gravity
and superstrings

Center for
Computational
Sciencesi^IbgfbqZkbgfHg_Hka^Hlfbm^ij^_bijkHjkZijHJH_bijkH`ZdZob^j

Division of
クォーク・核物
Quark質Nuclear
Matters
研究部門

・QGP study by ALICE andSTAR experiments

・Study of unstable nuclei
by RI-beam factory
・QCD simulations towards
QGP and nuclear matters

Division of
Antarctic
Astrophysics

・Construction of Antarctic
Observatory of Astronomy
towards dark galaxies
・Simulation of universeand galaxies

Division of
Photon andParticle
Detectors

・Development of PPD by
superconducting and SOI
technologies

Tsukuba Research Center
for Energy Materials Science
TIA-ACCELERATE, . . .
稀少RIリングAntarctic Observatory of Astronomy
Present Universe is ionized. On the other hand, it was neutral
0.3 Bi. years ago as the CMB is observable. To understand theformation of galaxies, stars, and life, it is important to clarify theionization mechanism.
Ionization must be caused by UV radiations from stars.
However, only 30% of required stars/galaxies are visible withpresent telescopes. Remaining 70% -- "dark galaxies" -- should
be found in the deep space.

Dark Galaxies

CMB

？？？

existing
telescopes

Antarctic
Observatory of
Astronomy

Deep-space exploration by THz telescope at Antarctica
Step 1: 10m THz telescope
The Hubble expansion makes lights from the deep-space in the THz range, which areusually dumped by the water vapor in the atmosphere.

=> Antarctica with its extremely low humidity is the only place on the Earthwhere THz waves are observable.
Wide angle survey up to 12.6 Bi. years ago by 10m telescope. Recommendation by SCAR
(2010). Combining with the IR observation by the rocket/satellite experiment of the cosmic
neutrino background project, we clarify the whole spectrum to determine the characterand distance of dark galaxies.
Planned site: Concordia Station (3233m, built by France and Italy)
galaxies in the

Step 2: 30m THz telescope

deep spacenear galaxies! 日本経済新聞２０１２年５月２０日!
!
!

Survey up to 13.6-13.7 Bi. years ago.

=> Direct observation of first stars and galaxies.
Based on the experience of 10m telescope.
Planned site: New Dome Fuji (3800m, NiPR)
THz

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Step 0:

MKID camera at NAOJ 40m

development of wide-field
MKID camera (Microwave
Kinetic Inductance Detector)
4 911:;<2%=>1:;<2%8?@A;<
5 B".C'D-E$FC5%FG5$/H-D"FE5%test observation at Dome Cwith 30cm radio telescope
Equipped with a 0.5 THz SIS receiver.
Can be assembled by 4 persons by hand.
=> Galactic plan survey in CO(4-3) and [CI].

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QGP andthe origin of
hadrons Cosmic !

？？？

・Higgs precision study by
ATLAS experiment・Detection of cosmic
neutrino background by
COBAND experiment

・Theory of quantum gravity
and superstrings    



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YTKVi^IbgfbqZkbgfHg_Hka^Hlfbm^ij^_bijkHjkZijHJH_bijkH`ZdZob^jbackground

Division of
素粒子構造研究
Elementary
部門
Particles

Center for
Computational
Sciences

Antarctic
Observatory of
Astronomy

Division of
クォーク・核物
Quark質Nuclear
Matters
研究部門

・QGP study by ALICE andSTAR experiments
・Study of unstable nuclei
by RI-beam factory

・QCD simulations towards
QGP and nuclear matters

Division of
Antarctic
Astrophysics

・Construction of Antarctic
Observatory of Astronomy
towards dark galaxies
・Simulation of universeand galaxies

Division of
Photon andParticle
Detectors

・Development of PPD by
superconducting and SOI
technologies

Tsukuba Research Center
for Energy Materials Science
TIA-ACCELERATE, . . .
稀少RIリング

Study of Unstable Nuclei
Origin of heavy elements in the Universe:

Unstable
nucleiSuper-nova explosions after the formation of first stars and galaxies
around 13 Bi. years ago, merger of neutron stats, etc.
Important to understand the reaction processes of unstable nuclei (rprocess, s-process).

Study of unstable nuclei using heavy-ion accelerators
Measure masses and lifetimes of unstable nuclei by Rare RI-Ring at the RI
Beam Factory (RIBF) of RIKEN, and obtain the reaction rates for the rprocess.

1st step: Study at N!50 (Ni-region) <= 1st run in Nov. 2018
2nd step: N!82 (Sn-region) <= 1st run in Nov. 2018
3rd step: N!126ntselemtemef se oar Sycn lda e So存在比 ~82nu
素NAb in tのh元宙

陽子数 （Z）

100
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in operation since Mar. 2015

80

100

120

140

160

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Clarification of Quark and Nuclear Matters10-4 sec after Big Bang: phase transition from quark matter(quark-gluon plasma: QGP) to ordinary matter of hadrons/
nucleons

QGP

It is the most recent particle-level phase transition of our Universe.

=> Initial condition for the evolution of ordinary elements.

High-energy heavy-ion collision experiments
Create QGP on the earth by mankind ("Little Bang").

QGP andthe origin of
hadrons=> Clarify the nature of the phase transition and the quark
nuclear matters (fluctuations, expansion, transition temperature,
viscosity, etc.) around the transition temperature.

Be
Sc am Eann
at ergyRHIC

1st order phase transition
beyond the critical end point
towards high density region

The Univ. of Tsukuba ispushing forward the RHIC
experiment at BNL and the
ALICE experiment at CERN.
hadrons

photonsjets

hadronproduction
expansion in the
QGP phasejet quenching
primary scattering
initial fluctuations

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Higgs
nuclei and theof heavy
and the origin origin
elements
of masses
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WlZicHQdlgfHVdZjeZ[Zipgfb\H_dl\klZkbgfj

？ ？ ？

？？？

Cosmic !
background

QGP andthe origin of
hadrons    



VdZf\cH
YTKVi^IbgfbqZkbgfHg_Hka^Hlfbm^ij^_bijkHjkZijHJH_bijkH`ZdZob^j

Antarctic
Observatory of
Astronomy

Division of
素粒子構造研究
Elementary
部門
Particles

・Higgs precision study by
ATLAS experiment・Detection of cosmic
neutrino background by
COBAND experiment

・Theory of quantum gravity
and superstrings

Center for
Computational
Sciences

Division of
クォーク・核物
Quark質Nuclear
Matters
研究部門

・QGP study by ALICE andSTAR experiments

・Study of unstable nuclei
by RI-beam factory
・QCD simulations towards
QGP and nuclear matters

Division of
Antarctic
Astrophysics

・Construction of Antarctic
Observatory of Astronomy
towards dark galaxies
・Simulation of universeand galaxies

Division of
Photon andParticle
Detectors

・Development of PPD by
superconducting and SOI
technologies

Tsukuba Research Center
for Energy Materials Science
TIA-ACCELERATE, . . .
稀少RIリングExploration of Cosmic Neutrino BackgroundFew seconds after Big Bang " Cosmic Neutrino Background (C!B)

CMB

300,000 years after BB " Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB）
Discovery of C#B means the first direct observation of the cosmic
era before CMB, => clarification of the initial condition for theformation of galaxies and large-scale structures of the Universe.
A large amount of C#B of about 100/cm3 is expected.

This enables us a high precision observation of the neutrino decay,
and thus provides us with the only way to directly measure theabsolute value of neutrino masses, which play an essential role in thedevelopment of cosmic fluctuations together with the effects of dark
matter and dark energy.

COBAND Project: exploration of C!B by rocket and satellite experiments
Precision measurements of far IR photons from neutrino decays.

Step 1: Rocket experiment : take data for 5 min. at 200 km high.
Determine the life of the neutrino if it is shorter than 1014 years.
(cf. current lower bound = 3!1012 years.)

Step 2: Satellite experiment
Determine the life of the neutrino if it is shorter than 1017 years.

Development of SOI-STJ detectors.
Operation at extreme low temperatures confirmed.
(Nagata et al., 2009).

C!B

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!$

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Cosmic IR spectrum
continuous
background
spectrumneutrino decay signal
with a sharp cut-off

The signal is expected to be sharp, but hiddenin a huge background.
=> Need high resolution and high sensitivity.

Detectors based on superconducting tunneling junction (STJ)
200"1,-.""+/
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12304

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Study of Higgs Particle and Search for New Particles
10-10 sec after Big Bang: Higgs phase transition, particles get masses.
Clarification of the nature of the Higgs particle(s): the number of Higgs
particles, decay to dark matter particles, self-coupling=> Origin of mass, direct search for the dark mattertowards physics beyond the standard model, critical test of the principles
of particle physics (gauge symmetry, renormalizability).
Exploration of super-symmetric particles, extra dimensions, etc.

=> Origin of force, origin of space-time

ATLAS experiment at CERN/LHC
Development of high-resolution detectors by the silicon micro strip sensor.

Higgs
particle

Higgs : a different kind of particle! Neither matter particle, nor a force carrier! Gives mass to other particles! New meaning to vacuum

Detailed studies of the Higgs particle :!Higgs discovery in 2012Nobel prize in 2013 (theorists)

Do the properties agree with theory?
e.g. the couplings to each particle

E
R
P
Upgrade for the High-Luminosity LHC

M
I
L

A
N
I

Y
R

mid 2020s ! New particles/phenomena/laws beyond the standard theory?

To cope with the hostile environment! Many more particles produced! Higher radiation level
New pixel detector designs being developed

Beam tests at DESY and other places

Existing ATLAS inner tracking detector

!"#"$%&%'()$*)+,"+'*-)./0*"+1./0*"+1",'*-)2$/3)+0)
gib`bfHg_HeZjj
gib`bfHg_H_gi\^

Unstable
nuclei and theorigin of heavy
elements

Higgs
and the originof masses

db`akH^d^e^fkj]ZicH`ZdZob^jdZi`^Ij\Zd^H\gjeb\Hjkil\kli^ja^ZmpH^d^e^fkj

Simulationof the universe,
matter & lifeMrL
gib`bfHg_H
jhZ\^Ikbe^`ignbf`H_dl\klZkbgfjHg_HNTj^^]jHg_H_dl\klZkbgfj

jlhhi^jjbgfHg_H_dl\klZkbgfjH[pHr

WlZicHQdlgfHVdZjeZ[Zipgfb\H_dl\klZkbgfj

？ ？ ？

？？？

・Theory of quantum gravity
and superstrings

i^IbgfbqZkbgfHg_Hka^Hlfbm^ij^

Cosmic !
background・Higgs precision study by
ATLAS experiment・Detection of cosmic
neutrino background by
COBAND experiment    

VdZf\cHYTKVQGP andthe origin of
hadrons

Division of
素粒子構造研究
Elementary
部門
Particles

Center for
Computational
Sciences_bijkHjkZijHJH_bijkH`ZdZob^j

Antarctic
Observatory of
Astronomy

Division of
クォーク・核物
Quark質Nuclear
Matters
研究部門

・QGP study by ALICE andSTAR experiments

・Study of unstable nuclei
by RI-beam factory
・QCD simulations towards
QGP and nuclear matters

Division of
Antarctic
Astrophysics

・Construction of Antarctic
Observatory of Astronomy
towards dark galaxies
・Simulation of universeand galaxies

Division of
Photon andParticle
Detectors

・Development of PPD by
superconducting and SOI
technologies

Tsukuba Research Center
for Energy Materials Science
TIA-ACCELERATE, . . .
稀少RIリングDivision for Development of Photon and Particle Detectors
Advanced detectors enabling new physics measurements
Advanced detectors based on new technologies promote and enable measurements in various physics area
beyond the current limitations. The Division supports R&D of new detectors for the projects of TCHoU anddevelops innovative detectors in the framework of TIA activities.
COBAND

Development of PPDs in close
linkage with other TCHoU
divisions
Developments of silicon semiconductor
devices for ATLAS and ALICE detector
upgrades, STJs for COBAND project,and detectors for other TCHoU projects
are pushed forward by the Division withexchanging knowledge and expertise.

microstrip

LGAD
FoCal Si/W
pixel sensor

HL-LHC ATLAS

Innovative detectors in TIA

SOI monolithic detector

LHC ALICE

TIA (Tsukuba Innovation Arena) brings together the
potentials and resources of ﬁve organizations in the
Tsukuba area. The Sensor & Imaging Square of TIA isorganized for developments of advanced detectors tocreate new scientiﬁc ﬁelds and industries.

World-best spatial
resolution 0.65mm
achieved in 2017

VLSI design

STJ

Rad-hard
detector R&D

3D stacking enhances
the sensor capability,e.g, for ILC experimentInnovative monolithic pixel detectors are being
realized by the SOI technology. Design and fabricationof VLSI are made in collaboration with KEK and VDEC
(U Tokyo). 3D stacking using μ-bumps enables
further enhancement of the sensor capability.
The projects for STJs and imaging of massive objects(muon-radiography) are also included in the Square.

!"#"$%&%'()$*)+,"+'*-)'./0*"+1'",'*-)'2$/3)+0)
Mission:construction of an integrated view on the History of the Universeby clarifying key processes in the dynamical evolutions of the Universe
thru interdisciplinary and international cooperations of particle-, nuclearand astro-physics