How to manage the secure
decentralized domestic
wastewater treatment
system?
Dr. Yoshitaka Ebie
National Institute forEnvironmental Studies, Japan1

Millennium Development Goals• Sanitary issues– Open defecation– Bucket/container– Pit latrine without slab
– Shared– No tank/sewer pipe2

Sustainable Development Goals
Goal 6.3
Halving the proportion of
untreated wastewater by2030
MDGs
Sanitary issues
Open defecation
Bucket/container
Pit latrine without slab
SharedNo tank/sewer pipe

Unimproved toilet

SDGs
Environmental issues
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment

Untreated wastewater

3Regulation• Some developing countries in Asia havedeveloped wastewater effluent
standard.
<Example>
Items
BODCOD
NH4-N
Phosphorus
E. coliPresent100 mg/L
100 mg/L-future50 mg/L
50 mg/L
10 mg/L
3 mg/L
3,000 N/ml

Next to regulation
However, compliance to the regulation may not be ensured.
Great! But
is it true?

BAHow good?
Very goodproduct!!

BOD: >10 mg/L
NH4-N: >1 mg/L
E. coli: free

Nobody knows!
We need standardized performance testing method
and reliable certification system

5 things we need to consider for
dissemination of appropriate
wastewater treatment technologies
1. Effluent standards
2. Structure standards and/or Performancecertification
3. O&M and monitoring
4. Sludge collection, treatment and disposal
5. Qualification and license for technicians
and/or service providers
6

Japanese case7

Domestic wastewater treatment
Centralized system (100 M people)

Decentralized system (11 M people)
Johkasou8What is Johkasou?
Johkasou has been developed in Japan as adecentralized domestic wastewater treatment
facility.

ToiletWashingmachine

BathKitchen

JohkasouNot only black waterbut also gray water

What is Johkasou?
Necessity of Johkasou
Johkasou must be installed where domestic wastewater
will be discharged to other than public sewerage system.
Building Standards Law (Article 31),
Building Standards Law Enforcement Order (Article 35)

Definition of Johkasou
1.

Equipment for treating domestic wastewater manufactured with a2.

Equipment for treating domestic wastewater manufactured with astructure specified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism.
structure certified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure,Transport and Tourism.

10Authorization of a new product in JapanDevelop a new product1. Take a performance test
2. Get a certificate
issued by Minister*
3. Type conformity
certification (optional)

4. Type approval (requiredfor factories manufacturingthe product)

Supply the new product*MILT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

WhenTiming to take a test andto get a certificate
Same design andmanufacturing processfrom the time of test.

Developmentof newproductTake atreatment
performance
test

Get
certificationof productsby type test

Manufacture
the productSell productsin the market

Before start manufacturing
product series12In each project
1. Sell the product in eachproject with the certificate

Manufacturer

Customer
2. Ask permission for
construction and/orinstallation with thecertificate

By the regulation, only
the product withcertificate can beinstalled.

Localgovernment

3. Permit based on
the certificate

Performance test

Installation• If the manufacturer
has a plan toproduce series of 550 PE tank, smallest
size of the series (5PE in this case)should be applied tothe treatment
performance test.
• In recent years, 1.5～1.8m3 is a popular
capacity for 5 PE.

Performance test

Water sampling• Effluent water iscollected by thecomposite sampler.
• The sample is stored
in a refrigerator
until analysis isconducted.
• Analysis must be
done by theaccredited lab.

Performance test

Maintenance• Testing body has tofollow the procedureand the frequency ofthe maintenanceaccording to theinstruction manual
which is provided by
the applicant(manufacturer).
• The applicant may not
operate the testingproduct during thetesting period.

Performance test

Test report• Testing body issues test
report.
• The applicant applies
with this test report todesignatedperformance evaluation
organization (BCJ).

Challenges in Asia

Indonesian situation
Centralized systems require
long construction period andhuge initial budget

Decentralized systems have been
expected to improve the low
coverage situation

JICA Master Plan for centralized
wastewater treatment in Jakarta(1991)

Centralized treatment

Only 2-3% coverage

Reliable?

The Stakeholders Meeting inIndonesia
To tackle this urgent problem, we have launched “theStakeholders Meeting on domestic wastewater
treatment” in 2015.

Industry-AcademiaGovernment Collaboration

Central gov.

Manufacturers
Univ.
Local gov.

20

Summary of discussion• We need more manufacturers todistribute domestic wastewater
facilities in all Indonesia.
• However, it’s easy to make a profit
if they produce poor performance
and/or weak tanks.
To eliminate low quality treatment facilities from the market

Performance testing method and Reliablecertification system are required!!

21

Testing methods

P

Testing
product

Domesticwastewater
1. Feed wastewater

Simple! But...

Sampler
2. Take a sample

22

Major standardized testing method is
not necessarily suitable for Indonesia.
Climate28.7˚C

Jakarta
40

Socialstructure30

Sep-2015

May-2015

Jan-2015

Sep-2014

Jan-2014

May-2014

LowSep-2013

High0May-2013

Ave

10Jan-201320

Diurnal inflow
pattern300

Influent volume (L)Temperature (˚C)

Lifestyle

Wastewater quality
and quantity

250
200
150
100
50

04 11125 6 7
4 5 6 78 9
1 2
[ 93 101 8
2 93 101112
4 5 6 17 2
8 39 101112
1 23 101112
4 5 6 78]ampm Timeam

Time23Field investigation

Wastewater volume was measured every hour.

Development of the Performance Testing
Method in Indonesia

1st SHM

2nd SHM

3rd SHM

4th SHM

Precursor of SNI (NationalStandard of Indonesia)
5th SHM

Drafted based on the industryacademia-government
collaboration

25

Establishment of standardized performance testing
method for decentralized wastewater treatment facility
in Asian region and network building of its experts
Progress ofstandardization
 Capacity building of atesting body Qualification system forengineer• International WS (MOE)• WEPA (MOE)

Cambodia
VietnamThailand
Malaysia

Indonesia

Indonesian
test

Stakeholder’s meeting Raising awareness Drafting a testing method
 Considering strategies

Regionalstandard

Testing
methods
in Asiancountries

Propose testing standard
in ASEAN countries

Characteristics of
biological wastewater
treatment in eachcountry

Nation to region

Expanding in Southeast Asia

Policy Dialogue and Network Building of Multi
stakeholders on Integrated Domestic Wastewater
Management in AMSs (PoDIWM)
Creation of synergy byparticipating in country
task force
PoDIWM project bridges
the communication among
the related stakeholders
in each country:
to discuss and make a“prioritized” policy topromote decentralized
domestic wastewater
management.

Planning
Ministry

Public Works
Ministry

EnvironmentalMinistry

Together
Making policy
recommendation

Ministry
issuingbuildingpermit

Experts technical support

Academia

Municipality/Privatesector

28

Backgrounds• In many countries, wastewater issue is takencare by ministry of public works or such, andenvironmental issue is taken care by theministry of environment or such.
• Such bureaucratic silos have been a factor forthe lack of reasonable policy-making and its
implementation.
• For the ASEAN countries to appropriately
establish legislation and policies, possible policy
interventions and technological options should
be well understood and well facilitated byrelevant stakeholders.
29Activities
The project consisted of six main parts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Assessment of the status of legal policy systems and technology
on domestic wastewater management in 9 AMSs
Fact-finding survey on legislation/policy/program/initiatives suchas certification system about integrated decentralized domestic
wastewater treatment in 9 AMSs
Policy dialogues of AMSs on initiatives for integrated
decentralized domestic wastewater treatment and its
implementation
Round-robin test of decentralized domestic wastewater
treatment facilities manufactured to be tested in Indonesia,
Thailand, and Japan
Capacity development training of multi-stakeholders for policy
implementation
Policy consultation in each 9 AMSs on domestic wastewater
management including policies management, standardization, publicand market initiatives for integrated decentralized domestic
wastewater treatment.

30

Findings of common issues in 9 ASMs
• The trend of coverage of the management of domestic
wastewater in each country showed the three groups ofthe development stage– (i) more than 50% of the population is covered by thecentralized treatment systems, but still being in thetransition phase that requires the development ofdecentralized treatment system.
– (ii) more than 50% of the population is covered by the septictank with proper management as their regulation but stillneed expansion to the rural area for implementing theappropriate management.
– (iii) more than 50% of the population is only able to access tothe improperly managed treatment system or open
defecation and need a strong effort to improve the situation.

• Besides the implementation of appropriate technologies,
the regional disparities in the country and the lack ofdesign of the total system including the sludge treatment
are raised as common problems.

31

Discussion with country task
force in each country32

Policy dialogue
1st Policy dialogue,January 19-22, 2020,
Jakarta, Indonesia

2nd Policy dialogue
October 21, 22, and27, 2020, Online

33

Regional Policy Recommendation on Domestic
Wastewater Management (excerpts)
1.Technological Development for Decentralized Domestic
Wastewater Treatment Systems

Vision: Fulfill technological needs for decentralized domestic wastewater
treatment systems for integrated domestic wastewater management

2. Policy Coordination on Domestic Wastewater Management
Master Plan

Vision: Reliable wastewater treatment system that is accessible toeveryone
Policy Interventions: Institutional framework including regulation and its
enforcement are identified to be a key factor.

3. Potential financial mechanism and fee collection

Vision: Towards transparent, sustainable and affordable financing
mechanisms for decentralized domestic wastewater system in ASEAN

4. Policy implementation and capacity building at the local
government level

Vision: Ensure the National Level Policy implementation through Multi
Stakeholder Involvement at National and Local Level for Safely Managed
Domestic Wastewater34

Regional Policy Recommendation on Domestic
Wastewater Management (excerpts)
5. Standardization on treatment performance testing
method for decentralized domestic wastewater
management
Vision: Be accessible to reliable products of decentralized domestic
wastewater treatment technology by the harmonized testing protocols in
ASEAN member states
Policy Interventions:• Prioritizing decentralized domestic wastewater treatment and fecal
sludge management as “Key/integral Parts” in achieving SDG6
• Harmonization of effluent standard parameters and analytical methods• Establishment of certification and endorsement system for theproducts• Capacity development (both end-users and local governments)• Registration of manufacturers and inspection of the product in theoperational stage

35

Project report36Thank you for your kind attention