DIPLOMACY
Vol.69, Sep./ Oct. 2021

Contents of Features

68

Qatar's presence is growing through its unique network

71

Exploring the “evolutionary forms” of international terrorist organizations: The formation ofthe Taliban, Al-Qaeda, and ISIL - and how to deal with them

Qatar is attracting attention from around the world as the “window” between the Taliban regime and the international community.
The author looks at its extensive network of links to “extremists” and its “all-round” diplomatic strategy based on this network.
Koji Horinuki (JIME Center, Institute of Energy Economics, Japan)

Terrorist organizations are transforming. This article divides the stage into four (normal, al-Qaeda, ISIL, and Taliban) and looks attheir formation, their process of globalization, and their regional spread. The author concludes that counter-terrorism measuresneed to be tailored to the different stages of terrorist organizations.
Naofumi Miyasaka (National Defense Academy of Japan)

78

What happened in Afghanistan? The Japanese Government's response and lessons for the future
The Japanese government worked to evacuate Afghan corporations and local embassy staff from the country. The Director ofthe Middle East and Africa Bureau at the time looks back at the history of the evacuation mission.
Katsuhiko Takahashi (Former Director of Middle Eastern and African Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs)

FOCUS◎”The next step” under the pandemic
110

Do not repeat “panic and neglect”: International developments surrounding the vaccines

118

Possibilities and challenges to vaccine passport: The search continues as mutant strains spread

124

Analyzing the global economy's “COVID exit strategy”: Where are the turning points in themonetary and fiscal policies of major countries?

The pandemic will not end until the vaccines reach the developing countries. How do we get vaccines to the villages indeveloping countries? How do we organize the international division of labor over vaccines?
Shunsuke Maguchi (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation) and Satoshi Ezoe (Global Health Policy Division, Ministry of ForeignAffairs)
The world is closely paying attention to vaccine passports, which provide electronic proof of an individual’s infection risk control.
However, there are issues such as international standards for personal health and medical information as well as privacy
protection.
Akiko Kousaka (Japan Research Institute)

Each country has boldly launched a large-scale policy response and avoided financial crisis triggered by COVID. Can we switch
to “life as usual” while shifting fiscal policy from crisis response to economic recovery?
Osamu Tanaka (Dai-ichi Life Group)

131

Spread of infection and supply chain crisis in Southeast Asia

98

After Tokyo 2020: What Japan’s challenges has conveyed to the world

104

Two “hurdles” to hosting the Beijing Olympic

The global supply chain in Southeast Asia was disrupted by COVID. The impact was felt around the world, with the automotive
industry and other factories shutting down one after another. What was its impact?
Seiya Sukegawa (Kokushikan University)

As the Ambassador in charge of the Tokyo Games, the author has learned many things and felt many possibilities in theprocess of realizing the “safe and secure” management of the Games under the COVID disaster. What lessons can we sharewith the world?
Mitsuko Shino (Ambassador in Charge of the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games)
China is aiming to host the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics with national prestige. Behind the strong ambition is the possibility of aboycott due to “human rights issues” and the upcoming National Congress of the CCP following the Olympics.
Kenji Minemura (Asahi Shimbun)

Special Feature:

The shock of the fall of Kabul:
The results of two decades after 9.11
6

Testimony of a turning point in Japanese Diplomacy: The “war on terror” and the Japan-U.S.
Alliance seen from the center of political power
Yasuo Fukuda (Former Prime Minister of Japan)

14What has the U.S. been fighting against? The results of two decades of “war on terror”

22

Roundtable: Strategic map of “Taliban’s Afghanistan”: Governance, Human Rights, andThe U.S. has led the post-Cold War era of globalism, but the setback in their “war on terror” changed the nature of global
engagement. As a result, the world is now headed for instability.
Hiroshi Nakanishi (Kyoto University)

International Relations

Will the new Taliban government be able to build an inclusive and stable governance system? How will it deal with human rights
and terrorist organizations? Expert of this region will examine these issues, considering the impact on neighboring countries andthe international order.
Kenta Aoki (Middle East Institute of Japan), Daisaku Higashi (Sophia University), and Satoshi Yamane (Osaka University)

34

What is the Taliban? It’s placement within the three decades of Afghanistan’s history

40

Biden Administration's withdrawal process from Afghanistan and U.S.-European Relations

44

Central Asian “international terrorism” and the falsehoods of the “great game”: Diverse
national interests of Afghanistan's neighboring countries

The Taliban came into being from the chaos of civil war to restore social order. The policy of the Taliban has changed as a resultof the struggle against warlords and the influx of various Islamic ideologies. This article explores its genealogy.
Masato Toriyama (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies)
The Biden administration’s decision to withdraw all U.S. troops from Afghanistan has sent shockwaves throughout Europe. Will
it become a “second Suez”? What will happen to the unity of NATO?
Rachel Ellehuus and Pierre Morcos (CSIS)

Central Asia, which is adjacent to Afghanistan, is stable and not driven solely by the will of major powers. This article looks at thecurrent situation in this region, where the complex national interests of various countries are intertwined.
Tomohiko Uyama (Hokkaido University)

50

India is undergoing a shift in its diplomatic strategy: Implications for the South Asian andIndo-Pacific international order

The formation of the Taliban government came as a great shock to India, which had supported both the Karzai and Ghani
administrations. The strategic shift in India’s foreign policy will have an impact on the international order in areas such as South
Asia and the Indo-Pacific.
Ken Nagao (Hudson Institute)

56

What is the East Turkestan Islamic Movement? The Logic of “anti-terrorism” and China’s
Xinjiang policy
The Chinese government is wary of any connection between the situation in Afghanistan and the East Turkestan IslamicMovement. The author looks at the reality of the organization and reveals the political context of China's “war on terror.”Jun Kumakura (Hosei University)

62

International Order in the Middle East is becoming fluid due to external interventions: Looking
at the “History of Failure” with Iraq as the core

After 9.11, the U.S. attempted but failed to create a modern nation-state in the Middle East. This article looks at the history ofsectarian conflicts and other new conflicts and the prospects for order formation after the U.S. reduces its influence in the region.
Dai Yamao (Kyushu University)