OICA Global Decarbonization Framework
A technology neutral approach to achieve roadtransport decarbonization by 2050

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Introduction/Summary
Global Auto Industry commits to contribute But no single government policy or single industry
commitment will suffice Need to identify range of approaches necessary tocover ALL countries
 No approach of "one size fits all"2

An Electrified Future

China
Germany
U.S.
UKFrance
NorwayItaly
SwedenSouth Korea
Netherlands
Rest of Europe
Rest of the World695,657
631,152
326,990
322,043
153,699
141,615
138,771
119,402
97,282469,930
313,129

3,519,054

1009080706050403020100

Market Share

World Average

NorwayIcelandSwedenDenmark
FinlandNetherlan…
Germany
Switzerland
Portugal
United…
FranceBelgium
China
Italy
Spain
GreeceCanadaKorea
Other…
USA
New…
Australia
PolandJapan
MexicoBrazilIndia
ChileSouth Africa

EV SALES BY COUNTRY, 2021

Market Share (percent) Auto industry $ 515 billion investment by 2030 for EV(BEV-Battery Electric Vehicles, Plug-In Hybrid, Fuel Cell) 6.6 million EV sales in 2021
EV MARKET SHARE BY COUNTRY, 2021
 16.5 million EVs on the roadin 2021

 But large differences between ≠ countries!
 Compare with 1.4 billion vehicles already on the road!

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Maximise EV acceptance
A variety of factors:
Charging/Refuelling infrastructureAffordability/Consumer acceptanceMineral Resources/End of Life policies
Decarbonisation of electric gridSupply chainsEtc
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Charging/Refuelling Infrastructure$ 300 billion investment needed by 2030
Charging needs differ among markets
 Geographics/Distances Demographics
 Etc

Frederic J. Brown / AFP - Getty Images

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Affordability/Consumer AcceptanceAdditional cost EV fleet renewal
R&D needed for Parity of Cost/Utility/Convenience:
 Cost of EV compared to equivalent ICE
 Additional cost for EV utility/convenience (largerbatteries for equivalent range, charging speed, ...)
Need to provide EV owners similar cost/benefit
Need to secure supply chains
Need to provide similar answers for hydrogen(affordability, availability, ...)

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Mineral Resources/End of Life
Mineral resources demand Lithium as example:
Production 2020: 82,000 tons
Demand 2030:
3 million tons
300 new mines for graphite, lithium, nickel and cobalt
neededSurging prices (x7 in May 2022 for lithium compared to2021)
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https://miningdigital.com/top10/5-largest-lithium-mining-companies-world

Decarbonization of Electric Grid
Electric grid / power to Charge electric vehicles
 Produce hydrogenshould be Clean
 Reliable Resilient Affordable
 Compatible with various charging needs.
Cette photo par Auteur inconnu est soumise à la licence CC BY-SA-NC

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One size fits all?
All the above factors are important!

 Is full-scale electrification the most realistic orpractical solution for all nations around the world ?

9Complementary alternatives
Brazil example: Lower greenhouse gases with Biofuels Flex Fuel Engines: 84% in 2021
 Electrification not fully suitable for Brazilian situation
IPCC’s 1.5°C scenarios possible with combination of: Electrification of powertrains Use of carbon-neutral auto fuels (synthetic andbiofuels) at 30% of 2020 consumption
Hydrogen in ICE
10Cette photo par Auteur inconnu est soumise à la licence CC BY-NC-ND

Cette photo par Auteur inconnu est soumise à la licence CC BY

Life Cycle Analysis
Need to address complete energy chain:Well to Wheel
Cradle to Grave

Cette photo par Auteur inconnu est soumise à la licence CC BY-SA-NC

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Conclusion
Collaboration to identify the most suitable approach(es) for
all individual nations, considering: Economic realities
 Geographic realities
 Cultural realities
Electrification will play a leading role in this transition; but it
is probably not the most appropriate single technology for
all nations.
12Conclusion (Cont'd) Technology neutral approach to enable all nations toimplement practical, sustainable, alternative orcomplementary measures Competitiveness of the automobile industry Decarbonize electric grids
 Ensure reliable infrastructure13

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