
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

No. ++*, p. -+, ,**2 TDT !

«¬­®*ῌ¯°±²**ῌ³´µ ¶*ῌ·:¸**ῌ)¹ º**ῌ»¼½῍*
Measurement of Dielectric Properties Using Time Domain Transmissiometry(TDT) with Broad Band Impulse-Signal
Hideki MIYAMOTO*, Naoki ITO**, Eriko YASUNAGA*, Shinya TAKAICHI**,Atsushi MASE** and Jiro CHIKUSHI** Biotron Institute, Kyushu University, 0ῌ+*ῌ+ Hakozaki, Higashi-ku,
Fukuoka city, Fukuoka 2+,ῌ2/2+, Japan** Art, Science and Technology Center for Cooperative Research, Kyushu University,
0ῌ+ Kasuga-koen, Kasuga city, Fukuoka 2+0ῌ2/2*, Japan
Abstract
Time domain transmissiometry (TDT), a method of measuring transmitted broadband signal in
microwave frequency, has been drawing a lot of attention more than ever as an alternative
method to monitor water content and solute concentration in soils. To establish the monitoring
method by applying TDT, we measured travel time and amplitude of impulse-signal transmitted
through several types of ﬂuid media using TDT probes with di#erent lengths, and veriﬁed thee#ectiveness of TDT for the estimation of apparent permittivity and electrical conductivity of themedia. Although the determination of apparent permittivity and electrical conductivity of an
extremely high-conductive medium was not completed due to the inadmissible loss of thetransmitted signal, we successfully determined both properties by TDT in moderate-conductive
media. Judging from their distribution from referential values in literature, we concluded thatthe longer probes provided more accurate estimations of apparent permittivity and electricalconductivity.
Key words : Time domain transmissiometry (TDT), Apparent permittivity, Electrical conductivity, Travel time, Signal intensity+
\]^_`abcde8f_.Pgh ()*+qr. TDR IsktuvwhxN= TDR y \z{|gR}~>?@zs+?:;mo qr:;69()0QN/01234

al., +32. >?@ABCDEAFGHIJKLMNOP QRSGHTC>?UVWXYIZ[LMNOPij DklEmnoRp.LMN Noborio,,**+ ; Jones et al., ,**, ; Robinson et al., ,**-a=  TDR .Pgh

)L()*+,-. TDT IvwhxNzxh]^_ gh<8zxh3567

Topp et al., ,**+, ,**-= TDT y TDR Pz >8mfNp.LMN= TDR y m(0?@m69N?:;69()mGHN¡zGHL¢NOP Topp et al., +32* ; Dalton et£¤LMN= g0g  ¥ῌL¦§¨>©ª¦:;*  2+,ῌ2/2+  0ῌ+*ῌ+** !" 2+0ῌ2/2* #$%$%&' 0ῌ+ : ()*+,-. TDT /01234 35678 69() :;<8   ++*4

  TDR  TDT    ()* +,- !

,- %=>.?8 %.@A B
JK D9 TDT 9 "%L

I&( TDR N.&P! " #$%&' ./0123456789/(:;<CDEFG1H

-./)S% XY1 'JK Z67< )'JK_-%L([4PM Harlow

et al., ,**- ; Hook et al., ,**. R g89f:;)* %.@A +)SCD'JK Q"I& R

0J" ! 

[1 "2\]%3^` a 5b.%6cd.ef8$7%
h <=B)j

?@HklX1mAaBn3oCpq'"- ?@DHarlow et al.,I8 ,UV,W !

TDR  >i?&,

'JK_-%8 9CD

R

& TDT,**- M ! "(N.O #$%B%

EFG1H

TDT  6(.)S +*+T! %

S%

,**2

,+  'JK_-%8P _r#EW! $ ! "!os1t

-8N.( Fu0G H"2

I J%:@ eῑ vw >!

K% % Harlow et al., ,**- I,I.(- wu g8! $xyJ%z@ e

, D,-D {?@D mA|LI8&}M.g8

NO!

Ph

 R :;a~.sXl0

E P(QRP R &' SHX
&,- <=TDR 0T G1Hs

e* J)*e* eῑje eῑ+jtan dῌj z@m d U tan d  eῌeῑ UVWYH>@j8:;<XuP B c  -.* +*2 m s+ % PY"(ZI

NO!

CD

& TDT H[ 5S\

" TDR > ]^)*8. TDR
HG1H

P%

( TDT EFG1H
e 9_ N.

(+*+P

HG1H.

(P)*W. R /g8hXa N..e Hook et al., ,**. ;Blonquist et al., ,**/ h. 6."g8 ¡b &' ¢£¤ c¥P & TDR 0T'"%"¦d TDT 8!

h !  "([4P|-*hR [1§f8 $7.)*8. ) ¨© ª«-*& TDT 

,h h3)( ,0* mm Harlow et al., ,**- >i+f! $% '%
V

B V ῍
J)* Topp et al., +32* + Y 3) L


` !

( '%<B 'JK

ts   -*
L
ts

V

῎

I&(?8 ῍ eῑJ)*῎ ,- >!



ῌcts῎
῍L῏

,



῏

'JKUVW @PL(, &I H" z@(>!

>:<&'  ,U h&:d ¬e +

8fg,) %.@A tan dῐ* | ­%fP®h I& ῏ (P)*8

vd ¬e i+.j¯°$7%L(ZI!

'JK ?± )$ ! "ῌcts῎ e ῑ
῍L῏ a
,

eῑῐ

ῐ

%.@A²¢$ Wk³+.e(Q. ῐ l-*@mV,W !

^`\]%L(n R &' TDR

8 :´ >!

"2

eaῑ Iµ;)*8:#?@%¨© ª« ³S,f,, TDT 

 ¶oWk(·p<  g8>i$7(qTDT  >!

(¨rP! $.I8 "¸Pb$!$.e st¢uI8²I&

 6(. TDT 9lQR(P vª«

w¹(n Blonquist et al., ,**/ ; Robinson et al., 6(. TDT 9l! $ 6()S,**-a, ,**-b, ,**/

º» 6()SI8)S >!

vª« ,U TDT V,W !

(! ¼­). %.@A?@½x­).T!

 : %&'()*+,-.   TDTΐῌ+Fig. +

   TDT 


/0ΐῌ, CaCl, 

Fig. ,

Schematic diagram of transmitted signal measured using time domain transmissiometry (TDT).

5 e 

Response of imaginary permittivity (e῍)
to electrical conductivity in CaCl, solutions.

*1234 56 78*12569 :;<3=>- Harlow et al. ,**- 9 ?,@ABC DEFAGHI

KJI>.3 LL9@KJ, esῌ I

MN /OPQR STE U ,**->Vῐ, 9 [#: *.* S m+ \/]

W ,X!Y>VZ"E$_ /`+3%ab c Lp  TDT

 CaCl, DE e F&

0J
3^;

+def*'g`2h,@KJi jk> lXmno%&p [#:9qJ,r=;-.s L+def'()*+, It ( TDT &u,)L*9:ABC *vVw+78*12,I3b ῐ+ @KJ/xyb; emῌ

IDz>V- BC /78*1256,9,{|4 D>V}-~,EI (3+,* MHz ,S.I>VF& II} > =./3ybF&; TDT & u 0

E (39 ,rs.1no=c/vV\-VyI;0J,{|=. 

3^; CaCl,  e +deo.s Harlow

f*,EI  0< e 3yb- ῐ

et al. ,**- 0 vV LoJf2*, l.s :i, E~78*129 o
Lptts!ts"tstu#!῎῍ῌῌ"tstu#
cttm!tm"tstu#

569 ῍῎tt, s \/] tt, m 9 l@KJ\/]DJ

3yb-<yb- L0 @b TDR 9$_ ῐ+ -ῌ ῒh  tstu# 9  5E
¢£7 3)oLp
tm!ttmtts"῎῍ῌῌc>.3vV ¬,{|4@-V-33῏-ῌ+ ῎ῑῐ῔

8¤¥9 ¦῏

VTDT

32
\-V}

4pI=if2*  ts \/] tm 9g`2p ῍ I ῎ #,¡-V6uEIno

V-3 Dalton et al., +32. TDT

3 +1$ ^; 1 §9 CaCl,  *.*+. *.*-1 *.*1. *.+, *.-/ *.0*
*.32 S m+ ? ¨©ª J, 7«2*ῌ7

D>V tt, s«2*"[#: ^; - §97«2* *.-*,­® ¯°>V\±² tt, m no  tm 3¯°*.0* +.* kg kg+ [#: DW  +- §9,³´µ l, ῌ ¶:EIn±,)L

I3b
X0 34i, EIb 78

;I>. ·³´µ;X<I ,=ῐ+\/]¸E ;\ ?\/]:9¹>= º?@» ,*** /x¡>.},¼½>

  ++*  ,**2

6

ῌ+   eῌ #
Table +

sW!" 

Electrical conductivity (sW) and real
permittivity (eῌ) of materials under test.

Fluid mediasW (S m+)eῌCaCl, solution, #+CaCl, solution, #,CaCl, solution, #CaCl, solution, #.
CaCl, solution, #/CaCl, solution, #0
CaCl, solution, #1
Air
Cooking oil
Ethanol, +.* kg kg+*Ethanol, *.0 kg kg+*Ethanol, *.- kg kg+*Distilled water (DW)

*4*+.
*4*-1
*4*1.
*4+,
*4-/
*40*
*432
*4*




*4*








+4**
-4**
--4+
..4,
0,4+
2+4/

* Ethanol/(ethanolwater)Chronological scientiﬁc tables ,**+

Averaged e-value from -* MHz to +** MHz at,/ῌFig. -

TDT

Schematic diagram of a TDT probe
designed.

TDT $%&ῌ. '() ῌ+ '*+ ,&-./01  2  345  6 1/ mm, 78+-* mm 9:;< = !>'?
TDT

&@"'#

 BNCῌSMA $ABC

1D !" +2 GHz %E.4FG Atem H &I:
U

CaCl, &J K L'M( NMOPQ 8V' W-X- !",./YZ[\

Q TDT')*]^5.01_+RS5#,&T

AVH-S-+-C,

AVTEC

ELECTRO-D`5 K a b ,/ ; c23d 

SYSTEMS H 4, &W] 2/*1*D, Agilent TechnologiesHP /.1/* A, Hewlett-Packard H '=iji )*!"C04hF]efg.B

1kl-Tm HP21+.ES, Agilent Technologies &



5%



T]^5.01_b0o)[opq6r7sZV

 viVt8$a K9wx"'7:yF\$A;z{ |7;.}145#<Q$

t8&u+-* MHz nV +** MHz ~a MYZ[b  K=Z & ῌ/ '() Z   {' TDR+** SM & ,;[M/n[

5E.D Campbell Scientific H b0)[.E0-, TDT ^5.o#<& ῌ/ '>u)[ T]^5.o

~'%N

TDT

 
&ῌ- '()"6 +., mm  , 9.E].@&5 'Ad &N ?Cb'Z[!'D&\g;H

KN?9&(ῌ/ a :TDR+** !7|7A/ bBN ῌ/ b op
qEFGV<&()0DK+/ ps ;[{ = Q I0GD3& /* JK¡!LM 9wx Npq$' NQ

+RS5 +./ D-, V, Fujikura H g5G

 +/ ps ¢£$¤K 0D'![¥¦=§'¨I0GD3&S5©O'=ijiKª«

[ fg.B ¬PQo&­R ®¢£'ST¯W)[ {' T]^5.01_±Q ®& 0.* V 'TDT°U V B nV

V C :;©O X8K .1.. mm, 31.- mm, +31 mm#H - ²Y; IM¨I q³K ,.* nV ,./dB ;´Z&[ +ῌ0.- 'µ\8¶mm ;¸  Z  ? ;]#pqR9;

TDT 7s&+º)N!' V A nVV D :;

 8V'± Q ' T ¯W]F]efg.B

k0ECD +0
ῌ. #, ·%pqq³/¹^K*.*0,/ ps ;[b 9wx;KE.4s;±Q8i

4D5Xb[ +.* m 'Z[!'+RS5X&[7s»DWT¼M=¹_5`&Oa

SW

TDT 7sp½b»D]V;& +,*,. V ?V῕- : ./(0῍12&'ῑ(345 TDT 6#789:;<ῌ.
Fig. .

7



Schematic diagram of experimental setup.

2 =78῏)*+>?:@AB1CDE2FGHI
J0KLMNOPQ ,. , RSTU2V56W tt, s 0X
YP2 Z tt, s O[\]S^2 tt, m 6K_` ῍
ab&' ῌ
e ῍





cd78῏0XYP2

;f6῍1#KLMN=78῏g6Fh῎+ +g0ij2

CaCl, ῌ\6k1QFlmn

opq;<P 8DarsOt῔:0uU2 vw
;<FxyM]S - z{P |}~g0[M]6d#;<gOP2-- TDR 

 +.0 mm, B@ +** mm  - 0 S 0 mm '6}6YP $0 /* x +./ D-, V, Fujikura    , $06P2 Z
 TDR %0 RSTU2[MN@2¡¢6£6¤P $%  ῎/ !¥¦O§¨%0©ªP2 TDR+**  Campbell Scientific  S [MNῌ/Fig. /

 TDR +** 
 !"#$%
a &'ῑ( b )*+ῑ(*,Transmitted signal and step-pulse signal emitted from a TDR+** cable tester
expressed in (a) time domain and (b)frequency domain.

TDR *,0;<P2 |PQ TDR+** «῍*,¬­®¯¡ PCTDR 0῎῍PQ [MNcd78῏8Dars0XYP2. .+.++ 
+** mm  TDR % TDR+** 

&''0 +3./ ps OP2\]6¤P2[ TDT %y² wTS;<P2 °ῐ± DW 8Dars
³e# CaCl, ῌ\ TDR *,yΐ0 ῎0 6´"°0ῒP µ¶6P2G%·¸

ῐ± TDR *,6F %¹²º²§¨%S 34P2 TDT *,0;<P

6d#$%z»0h"¼½e*,

 ! " ++* # ,**2

8ῌ0TDR 

 CaCl,  TDR 

Fig. 0

TDR waveforms measured with a TDR
probe in CaCl, solutions with di#erent
electrical conductivities.

$%&'()  *+$%&,-)./0 12-34567
89 :  ;<#;=> rR 0 ?@4ABCDEF   G1HI,-)  : J KJ?@ *.32 S m+  0 GLMN 8& *+$%&O
P 7QRS C:9 

ῌ1Fig. 1

TU .1 mm, 31 mm, +31 mm  TDT 

V

WX2Y

CaCl,  TDT 6 TDT  TDT 

CaCl,

TDT waveforms measured for di#erent
probe lengths in CaCl, solutions with
di#erent electrical conductivities.

PZ ῌ 1 1[Q +31 mm*.32 S m+  TDT 0\]^1 _ 8& TDR `a Zῌ0 Sb 1<#P

Pc&dDRS0 @RS C:9 + <#2&Jj@ k TDT .lmn:-:  RfgPdhi\1X@o>pP9) .1 mm mm 

TDT 

0X2{ /22., ns, 31

0X2{ /23.0 ns, +31 mm  0X2{ /3,., ns 1X@o  CaCl, 1Xh
eKBS<#:  ;<#e"eKBqPrsQtuvwxyPzQRS
 |}OP~1rs C 
TDR

;<#Sb 1 Zῌ0 "6<#e0?@4AjD)  RKBe

& Zῌ1 <#uBCD )

P[Q0 u:-<) K

RS:9    b6  TDT ./ 1
SQ  " + <#8" + <#PQS TU@
4Aej:9  b 0 TDR 1X@oJ

  " + <#10 buS S¡a¢ £¤¥¦SS§¨)o@ Dalton and van Genuchten, +320 ;Ren et al., +333

 Zῌ- O B X2YO C A !O.+, 

© ;9o@ " + <#2&ej

 TDT 

" + <#|}Oe 

DRS  ª)o1QR

VTDT S sW S«=PZῌ2 1[Q S TDTX Zῌ2 ®¯°0 Kj ±! ²7);<# ¬ 8 ­

TDT 0|³´aPµ9

J 0@ k) TDT ¶"

1·Q¸¹º° 8 \ TDT 1»

TDT :-;<#¼ o sW ?@4A VTDT jDHI½

:   !" # $%& ' TDT ()* +,  sact

sTDT

./ 0 -ῌ3 (1 2

9

# -ῌ3 (3 4+ : + 5(67 8 5 59:;+,<=#>$ sTDT?@#,ABC SEP  8@D@#-  (  E F TDR

3

4( +**

mm  TDR GHIJ+,KE

LM

sTDT #N"OI!P$)4 *.*+.

S m+  (Q)RSTUVWPX7)K

Y TDT GHIJ sTDT 1 TDR GHIJ
Z[  ( \] + : + 5^(!" -ῌ3 __ 1 `#(ab$ $c*#./ῌ2 VTDT sW
Fig. 2

CaCl, d7S@) F TDR #e4fGHIJ

SEP#3/)  +31 mm  TDT GHIJ NV *.*0.

Electrical conductivity of CaCl, solutions (sW) versus signal voltage (VTDT).

ghiW _ _ jS  !" #% TDT () +,k1 l&'V(U$mno$ d7S@) ; $GHIJmn + `# )pV(Uq0)4 * U) ^rVhs$_ (+t/),-Vi)
.,

TDT 



__F uv1* .w(/)K iWV / 0x(/) TDT 1y z2#{)
4( Y TDT GHIJ+,aA.w |F
1}~3 I! +.* kg kg+ +

TDT

1y#-ῌ+* (./ 0 4 1|#aA.w
P% P$)V .1 mm  TDT GHIJ(T$P1 ,5%(I B6V| 1yIV4 }~3#aA.w
ῌ3

TDT  TDR    CaCl,  sTDT   sactFig. 3

Electrical conductivity (sTDT) of CaCl,solutions determined by TDT and TDR
versus actual electrical conductivity(sact).

 F -(Ep7 89
N1Y.w(/) + 

I%&#/

f TDT GHIJ(Q) - : .w  #
 3/)

 +

I%&Vg(  (

I!V(UjW -ῌ+* (.s0jW; .wK
e4 f.w I%& <1 ῌ+ (.Y.
w / (h < f(= __ jS /Vo$.wmn  !"S@ VTDT1

)p1 $GHIJmn>$ _@?%&V(Uq0) d7S@) :/ῌ

?@V(U$mn  ()

?%& 1 TDR ($PKs@ -1 !¡I ¢£¤AV(Uq0)4i) F++31 mm  TDT GHIJ1 *.32 S m'#,U0jW_ jSCDP -ῌ1 


+,r¨

^r1 *.0**.32 S m+&iW

 d7S@) 7 .1 mm  31 mm 
+

GHIJ1 *.32 S m
F S@_

jS G ²TDT K®¯0 +  V+,³  

^r1 *.32 S

m+ ¶^iW ·s@)
TDT GHIJº»¼5jS½ 5    BF .w :(WP  + ¥( (U0¦$V{S@ -ῌ+* I!#e4§!I!: *1$©1Nª«*#. Mashimo

et al., +323, +33+ ¬E©1NK4 

TDT ­ TDR+, 9(«°/)_ V&S@P$) 8±H1 o©1  mn´µV>$ 4 
1   ©1N¸!jS¹¸s@) !"#% V o©1>$´µV 

EF

10

G H ++* I ,**2ῌῌ++ eῌ  TDT
TDR  eaῌ 
Apparent permittivity (eaῌ) measured
by TDT and TDR versus real permittivity (eῌ) of ﬂuid media.

Fig. ++;<= B 2+./

J7K CaCl, L

(MNO:P῍+, =Q;   +** mm  TDR 
PS=T .. +. + U

Fig. +*

 TDT !"#$%& '()*+,- ./01
23 DW  TDT 45
TDT waveforms measured with di#erent TDT probes for standard medium(air or cooking oil), ethanol, and distilled water (DW).

X= +** mm 

* *.32 S m+ L=Y;Z[I:TDR ῌῌ+*!" eaῌ R

VW\]B 9DB P῍0 ^K:_6 `\ eaῌ *abcde= ]]* Z[IB\7Kfg= hi* jk=h TDR !"l= !"B (
MNO ;mnopqrs:t=uD]:Qih v TDT* H + [I

wx=  TDT 45yz P῍1 B{|  31 mm+31 mm  TDT ++!" *.0* S

L=Y;>? B

01H + [IB}~:Q;Dm

J7K C H + [I5z* >?

u eaῌ *cd79uKi  =*7D TDR = hiR ^K7:_uL *H + [IB\7K P῍ Ze45B}~=

1 ` TDT BK 4[IwxBQK P

rs:t cde=*\ eaῌ * TDR =pqH + [IwxB>? =rs:

P ῍ ++ *  ῍ + =QTDR 

TDT*.32 S m%&    e ῌ h(MNOfg¡= hi P῍+, Scd=Y;!"

eaῌ 6789: ;<= >?@ABeaῌ  ¢ +,-./01 eῌ¥*  jk¦Ofg!"¥¢B `

+ *.-/ S m£¡fg=

 eaῌ ¤¥ Ave.$§¨ SE :©< P῍+, =T .1 mm, 31

TDT 

!" ea ῌ * +** mm  TDR 

mm, +31 mm   TDT   «= + : + de= ]+.,, *./0 *.+0=]* ¬­®1¯[I:TDR = eῌ z:²  TDT =

9]:Qih±²B!"= Jrs: ¹

CD SE * ^ K ª K¢D]7 TDT = NGL eaῌ !"°O* ±²Bh³´u]Bµ  jk X¶¬?4[I!·!" * >?"¸§¨B{| Mº6789B»¼; ῌ ½  

:   !" # $%& TDT '()*

11+,#- ./0 12#345678 9: "; <(=2>',? 
@A B 3456CDE F 1"5
3G'HD

TDT 3456"I =345

6B JKL2MN .(O !P4Q
RD TDR 3456S?T J'"U(=2<,# V F TDT 3456W#'BJXY
$2%& .Z J2'/[U#=>
\G]^2%& .( Blonquist et al., ,**/ _ TDR '  ` TDT "abU(ῌ+,

TDT  TDR 
CaCl,   eῌa  
sW


Fig. +, Apparent permittivity (eῌa ) of CaCl, solutions determined by TDT and TDR
versus actual electrical conductivity(sW).

FCD*  cdQe[(\fgh ijeklm,82n)'o*p/T#,#=q+, .( ,2> -r !

s5t> ";U( !".

TDT B TDR Zq/

'0u,mvwxy 1z";{2 <(.3"*+TZ |}p>,(452~6 <(+(|}B J'7U(8)'+  3
456\G]^'Z='Z TDT '(J)9 *a )":U;

B<$%1p!=

>+>/

.(

( 0><'?@EAB 12#345



678Cp,(=2 TDT '(
*:21p'BU(+>/(

@Aab'. Z CDE
'BFV*'U(,"_ 

q9#: "¡+31 mm  TDT 345# ¢#  =='£ T¤"GU

6 SE B +** mm   TDR 3456 SE H   *.+1 7¥I ?  ==B @A

 !".

TDT 'Z TDR JK :"*U(

Blonquist Jr., J.M., Jones, S.B. and Robinson, D.A.

F'B TDR ¦§Z(,**/) : A time domain transmission sensor withq#1"¨3456". U(%&2.(TDR performance characteristics. Journal of Hy-+>/(drology, -+. : ,-/ῌ,./.
Dalton, F.N., Herkelrath, W.N., Rawlins, D.S. and/

Rhoades, J.D. (+32.) : Time-domain reﬂectometry :@A B   !".

$%

simultaneous measurement of soil water content

&'( J$

and electrical conductivity with a single probe.

*{LV:

Science, ,,. : 232ῌ33*.

' «¬

M

©ª"NU(F

CD TDT 3456" #T )

Dalton, F.N. and van Genuchten, M.Th. (+320) : The­,(® O"7¯' & !<$%

time-domain reﬂectometry method for measur-° "* Harlow et al. ,**- ='±?T

qP$% ²³4´53'QR-r !"fg

ing soil water content and salinity. Geoderma,-2 : ,-1ῌ,/*.

µ¶ s5t$%>·F>/(<$%>

Harlow, R.C., Burke, E. J. and Ferré, P.A. (,**-) : Meas- s5t¸> "V/¹/;

uring water content in saline soils using impulse<(=2>',?

 )ST

B

TDT 34561p'º»T 1z*'M<(¼½'©ª2.(  V©ªH"Utime domain transmission techniques. Vadose
Zone Journal, , : .--ῌ.-3.
Hook, W.R., Ferré, T.P.A. and Livingston, N. J. (,**.) :  ++*  ,**2

12

The e#ects of salinity on the accuracy and un-

ment in soils using time domain reﬂectometry.

certainty of water content measurement. Soil

Vadose Zone Journal, , : ...ῌ.1/.

Science Society of America Journal, 02 : .1ῌ/0.

 ,**- :  !"#$ %&'()* +,-./012 +,3ῌ+.,.

Robinson, D.A., Schaap, M., Jones, S.B., Friedman, S.P.
and Gardner, C.M.K. (,**-b) : Considerations for
improving the accuracy of permittivity measure-

Jones, S.B., Wraith, J.M. and Or, D. (,**,) : Timement using time domain reﬂectometry : Air-

domain reﬂectometry measurement principles

water calibration, e#ects of cable length. Soiland applications. Hydrological Processes, +0 :Science Society of America Journal, 01 : 0,ῌ1*.

+.+ῌ+/-.

Robinson, D.A., Schaap, M.G., Or, D. and Jones, S.B.

Mashimo, S., Kuwabara, S., Yagihara, S. and Higashi,(,**/) : On the e#ective measurement frequency

K. (+323) : The dielectric relaxation of mixturesof time domain reﬂectometry in dispersive andof water and primary alcohol. J. Chem. Phys., 3*

nonconductive dielectric materials. Water Re-(0) : -,3,ῌ-,3..

sources Research, .+ : W*,**1, doi : +*.+*,3/,**.

Mashimo, S., Umehara, T. and Redlin, H. (+33+) :Structure of water and primary alcohol studied

WR**-2+0.
Topp, G.C., Davis, J.L. and Annan, A.P. (+32*) : Elec-by microwave analyses. J. Chem. Phys., 3/ (3) :tromagnetic determination of soil water content :0,/1ῌ0,0*.

measurements in coaxial transmission lines.

Noborio, K. (,**+) : Measurement of soil water content and electrical conductivity by time domain

Water Resour. Research, +0 : /1.ῌ/2,.
Topp, G.C., Lapen, D.R., Young, G.D. and Edwards, M.

reﬂectometry. Computers and Electronics in Ag-(,**+) : Evaluation of shaft-mounted TDT read-riculture, -+ : ,+-ῌ,-1.

ings in disturbed and undisturbed media. Proc.

Ren, T., Noborio, K. and Horton, R. (+333) : Measuringof TDR ,**+ : Second International Symposium

soil water content, electrical conductivity, andand Workshop on Time Domain Reﬂectometry

thermal properties with a thermo-time domain

for Innovative Geotechnical Applications, http :reﬂectometry probe. Soil Science Society of//www.iti.northwestern.edu/tdr/tdr ,**+ /pro-

America Journal, 0- : ./*ῌ./1.

ceedings/.

34567 ,*** : 8! ,**+  1. 9

:;<=

,>

Topp, G.C., Lapen, D.R., Edwards, M. J. and Young, G.
D. (,**-) : Laboratory calibration, in-ﬁeld valida-

Robinson, D.A., Jones, S.B., Wraith, J.M., Or, D. andtion and use of a soil penetrometer measuring

Friedman, S.P. (,**-a) : A review of advances incone resistance and water content. Vadose Zone

dielectric and electrical conductivity measure-

Journal, , : 0--ῌ0.+.

῍ῌ?@A'0BCDEFGHIJKLMANOP TDT QRSTUVWXY#KZ[PF\4]J^_`IJab TDT c&2defghi jklF

Wm]NOE TDT noFZ[IJ pqrKLstuvFWmIJE wE FxyIJz{ wE|2}KLR~QRS |2}R~VWXYF$]
sJtuv TDT c&2dVEJ^

Z[

q QRSTUVWXYYs$s \J J KL
MAP TDR e TDR#¡YYF\¢]J^ TDT c&2dtuvF TDR £¤e¥]¦§¨ ©RªJ
 : ,**2  +  ,/  : ,**2  0  +- 