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第 二 言 語 に お け る 再 帰 代 名詞 の 局所 条 件 と形 態 的構 造
ー一
タか ら
日本 人 英 語 学習 者 の デ
Tbe 蟇ocalitycond瓧b 皿 andSome d 漁

morphologicalJ叩 anesem肋

structure且earners

L2 re 飢exivesof：Eng 且訌shof

年 9 月 受理 ）（平 成 15

旨坂

゜

BANNAI徳 （内 昌

Masanori），

Abstract
In this paper，I reportto oxplo 閃 the 日cquisition processof refiexive．
bind独g by

on a pilotstudy cDnduCted

Japanese lcarnersof Englis血．
Recent linguistic
analyses

haverecognised th imporearlcc
of mo Φ hologicaltypes
The morpho 置ogic 創 ly oomplex
ref 置
exive
as himself in English allows onlyof reflexives in tbeir intc
Φ otation ．
localbinding，while the molpho 盈ogical 艮y simp 且e reflexive as zibun in Japanese allows 且ong 呷
distancebinding．
・binding is a possibleoption ibr some second
While ithas been observed in the literatUrethat 匡ong distance¢τlanguage （L2 ） 1eamers of English，there is limitedd 飢 a s血owing

tbc Ielationship betWeen tbc morphologicalsta 加 s ofreflexives and the 匪ocality of bi皿ding．Japanese learnersof Eng 且ish i皿 different
proficiencyIe▼ els were

given

translation task andaa multiple

・choi

task．The fbmer

Oomprehension

bin面 ng in E 鴫 glish，
The resu 且ts of

was to elicit their knowledge of leflexive
AGR mo ：phology ，the latter

塾eamedthis studys叩 port theth θoretical

daim

on

・
linguistictypology

cross

of

if the leamers had

to seewasreflcxives，

itsrolevance

and

L2

圭
n

acqu 且S1虹on ．

1．lntroduction
L2

L2 【¢ sca 岫 e 聡 ’跏

has 磁 ra α cd

a numberofthc faCtt血at interpretationof anaphorsrcquireshighlyowledge皿

aphorsby a strategy

achieved
explicof韮t instructions
on

based on surface word

Aconsiderable

knewledge

syntactic

・The main
，

and

the

for 伽 s lie血

reasonssame

rcsultbec 齟 notorder ，
Moreover，whilebinding co 韮 ditionson anaphor

髯 theyof s 鵬 dicshavc been oonducted

number面 on

seem

itishighlyun 且ikely
thatL2 置earuers receiye
to acquire thopri
皿ciple t alarge extent ．

with 藍n the 匠ameworkof the pr洫c 五plesand parametcrs

GCP ）positedby Wexler ＆ Manzi 画 （1987 ）血 pa拡 icular．
approach and on the Govcrning Category Parameter （幽accounts
for cross linguistic
differencesil
Howevor ，few L2 stUdies to date incorporatemore recent theGretical
，

ref 童
ox 董
Ψe

binding．
（see below）

几 Es ）in diffeI℃ nt pro丘ciency
In 血 c prescntstudy ，Japanese learnersof EngI 三sh （kOowledge of the agreement merphology

andlove五s wcretested on

their

localitycondition ofEng 且ish reflexives ．

as fbUows．Firsし some wide 置y discussed
theoreticalaccounts fer interpretationof幽itscross linguistic
variations
are discussed．Socond ，relevant L2 studics are review ¢ d ．Third，theThis paper is stmcturcd
amaphora

1and亜on of the results 跚 d
pro dure of thc presc！1t study are diseusse4 followed by presentat．Some implicationsof th董s st皿 dy fbr SLA theory and directions｛
br fU曲 er research are sugge 鵬 d indiscussion

mcthodology

andthe concluding

sectiont．

福島 工 業 高等 専 門学 校

一般 教 科 （英 語 ） （い わ き 市 平 上 荒 川 字 長 尾 30 ）一 83 一一

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第 44 号 （研 究 紀要［福 島 工 業 高等 専 門 学校

2 ．Theoretical background
Bef（〕re discussingL2 a 閃 uisition of refkexive

binding，1etus bricny．
fbUowingscn愈nsConsidcrtho
巳
1Johnisold Pa ’sof himselfti．

ofanaphora

view

閃

influentiahheoreticalacoounts

somc

：

1

叫 pictUrejb・亅ohni told Georgej about a pictureofhimsel

（）亂

，

『

藍
訪

Georgejsold a pictUr。 ofhimselft ・d．
亅ohni 伽 nks thatPaulj hates himself．
ifi．
叫 thinks血 at

cJoh

To acoount

fbr this di帥 ribution

Binding Th ◎ory ，w 舳
occur

de総 m

、顔

in1£ fpretations

of

玉
nes

血e

c 加 ral曲ofthe English rcflexive ，Chomsky

domains l飜 which（1981 ）intmduced thefortheanaphor

possibleantecedent

a

can

．
2 ）Biod 細 g Theory
（
A ）An
（

isbo皿 d in its露oveming

anaphor（B ）A μ onomi

catcgoり「i臨 猛s govem 洫 g ca 軸巳gO 耀廿expression is丘ee（C ）An R ・
Io 抽 is P＆pcr，
I oon 病o ¢roughly，

disじussions to the pfincip】e （A ）．Being 血 曲 e

myans th孤 botban atiaphor an 〔l itsan 重ecedent

1鵬

be in the same

must

go ▼

clause」”ofy in魏｛or a complcx

A）principle（
NP （
i．
e，
minimal，） Chomsky ，1986 ：169｝丿 Al血oug 血 Chomsky sprinc 地》le （A 》succ ¢ ssfully

governing ca 重¢ gory （MGC」

Chomsky 1981 ： 188 ）
（
‘‘

’

：

for

accounts

the distribu
額on of refiexives inEnglish，
itisnot 血 e case with othcr ！
跚 guagcs．
Considcrtho fbllowing
Japa口esesentenoes which
representroughlycorrespond重oEnglish cxamplcs

栃VG 澗y．Thc squar ¢血 （Ia｝ ω （1c｝ 配 spbrack¢ ts

the governing domains definedin （
2 ）．

■
・
Pau 〜
no
zibu 叫 ゲ no el ．
o
ga 【
NOM
Pau 且。
GEN sc 且fLGEN piCture
ACC
John・
【
】・
」
‘
Joh顔 sold ．
PaUls pic翁翹1℃ ofhi 輝 匡self：

3 ）ac JoM
（

，

kotO》
（

utta

COMP ）
（

sold

”

一
b．Johni．
Pau ち
ga 【
ga

zibuni ゲo ki田 ．
tt¢ iru】ω

omou

koto）
（

−P cs ．
Jobm硝NOM IP トNOM
sc1 佑ACC hatc
COMP 》】COMP think 〔“”John thinksthatPaul hate曲 ims 1£
鋤

【

¢

・
ni
zib
no
e
」瞭 8
ga Georgej・
岬−John ・NOM Geo e D 訂 se 且f GEN
pic加 about””John tOld G orge about aof himself．

cJohn

皿

、

The examplcs

in （3 ）show

defined in．T 崩j亀

d

觚

s 凸om

told （
COMP

爬

◎
−
鵬
piCt1
thata Japanesc anaphor

画 α 」隙hanashita（ko ω ）

η」can have itsantecedent outside of the govemingdomain

z’
わ嗣

9

o 此 r

）

cs

e．
： Jolmson ，1984 惚
，Icclandjc（
9．

d 血 Wexler ＆Thoory at lea面 n its血 value ．
Manzini，1987；50）dearly洫 dicatesthe 飽 恥 re ofBinding−
ln an attemptto aceo 呱 fortheapparent eross linguistic
diffence in thc d 正stributiOn of anaphors
Manzini（1987）pos覚cd thatthegoverning catCgory isparameterised．
4 ）（ibverniagCategory ．
Patametet（ P ）（：巳γisa govcming categoryγ

is吐Le min血r

al c 田 障 gory which

ifand

α

CDntains，

Wexcr ＆

on 匪
y if

a

a籬 d

，has q subj C ちor
b−bas＆n INFL ora。

，

has a TNS ，orc．
Tl lS ．
d．
bas an indiCativeore．
hasa mot TNS

In th五s proposai，Eo91量sh refieXivc
associated withaccommodfftc

Wexier＆ M 翻（ni，
1987：53）

himtseiatedwj 山 the ▼alue （a ）o 麺 otle h 鳳
ゲ js assoc ，a 皿d JaPanese z の 翼 n

js’
the ProperAmecedent Parametefto

the value （e ｝on the oth ¢ r ．
Wcx 且er ＆ Manz面 also posit“

the cross 騨
監igguistic
oontraSt betwcon〔lb）and （3c ）．

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坂 内 ： 第 二 言 語 にお け る再 帰代 名 詞 の 局 所 条 件 と 形 態 的構 造［

一口本 人 英 語 学 習 者の デ ータ か ら 一

5）ProperAnlecedont
Param団障 r （PAP ）（bAprope 奮1血 tc

fovCt is〔 血

．as 呵 ect β；orb．
an 。elenient
Pwhatsocvera（W xier ＆ M 画 面 ．】987 ：醐
’Though attra 面 vo itmay be，Wexlor ＆ Manzini s paxameter・
setting approach has． been eriticised by a numberofresearchers
fbr bot』 conceptUaland cmp 賛ical asonse，．As（
g ．Hermo 馬 1992 ； Rcatlan“ d Kostcr 1991 ）
differentways ．Thc
随ng 駆istic
thoory has d¢ veloped ，bindingtheory itselfhasoome to bc viewed illsomewhat。

鶏development in 重erms
thooreticaln 奮os 塗 sig組蓋行cantdis鹹nguishingmorphologicalstructuresofofreflexives

Log ｛cal Forrn （LF ）．In this ▼ icw，Teflexivcs

鋤，

distrib
腿 tion ofthc

associatedof coverta notionwithanaphors，

be 血 eonoof anaphors

in

tO

seems
movement

intotwo grollps
accordin 琶 to theic
X 棚 tus．Namety ，餌“”renexivese．
，伽 蝴 which have the stru伽 re f ）ρ ，and rnonomorphernic
甲（g．
．丁鵬 oo 雌 ght of tbise，（．zi 加 n ）wbich bavcthes協 us of Xo （c ．
g ．Yang 1983；Pjca 1987； Baniste置1亀 温989 ）g，・hologicallysimplexsubjecttO
互odistarioe
bimdinganalysis is thatmo 叩
eflexives are，while morPhologically
9
are

「

classified

hemic”rc 冂exives

65polymo

。

，

，

」℃

，

【

complexa 【e b 。ally bound．lthas bcen argu 。d that 亅叩 鋤Z

聡 儡exivcs

1991 ），Considcr lhe morphologically
｛oomp

脚

縫

・

Jap毫mesere口exivecomp1cxe 慵旗》thtypesof refiexives （ktad4
kare−zisin ，which is on 置y locally
bound
omou

koto ）（，
一
Pa叫 ga kare−zisin・ト鵬 iru【｝toゲ 。 kirI
−
−
−
咽
OM
P
ml
NOM
himsclf
ACC
ha
魯
e
【
ヤ
es
．
Jo
［
lCOMP
’
John thinks th 飢 Paul hateshimself

dw 勧

此

洫 （
3）
）

casc ・of ・zibWt

6 ） John ・
（
ga
、

、

th 血 k （COMP ）｛“In LFrmo▼cm

t ana 置ysc馬 o 鱈ly Xo 爬 ncxi鴨 s su 曲 as 励 晶耀 鵬
essive cyclic head・電o・
hoadmovementbc 樋 勸 P 餉e観 in iNFL （1皿 c 】udings 叩 Posed ω

1989；fora dctail¢ d discussion
of
m
v6m 鰤
f 伽 。鋼 」．C 鵬 He
n md
Sung ．1990； Colq and Sun9．1994 ）〜 趣 曲
movemcntof N （refloxive ）重o I makes
I lexical，h ¢ nce レ marking VP ，both 山 e H ¢ ad Movcrnent ConStraintand
ztSbt ，
en the otherR ¢ 1ativjzed
M 血 imalityare ob 瓢 red ．Phrasairefiexi▼es as Eng 置j曲 勧 慨 ゲ皿 d 亅ap m ¢ se 趣 re ・。
h蓬md ，do not undergo head movemen ち hen theirbindingdomainsare within the clause or omplex NP within
4
which
they a 鴨 contain d，
The obscr 哦 ion tha取 long−dis如LD ）refiexives are 翻 寧 s呵 cct−od tcd（
contrast3c）
oommandedby subjeCt not by object ．
，as ｛NFL is always c 騨（（lb）and （）a 匡so fbllows this assumption
AGR ）by su
INFL −to ・mFL

Katad 亀 1991 ；Batti舘cl且馬
（

ゆ

｛

◎

巳

In shor もthe ad ▼ 韻
by in色eractions

ageof 山 i曲 eadt an81ysis

movcm

istb 鍍 we｛皿t lbr 〔listributiomal
fas

00

UG principlesindepcndentlync 。 ded for language without
es lbnhe go ▼ erning
catcgory
and Ptoperantecedentofpararne重¢ r va
An ・ 血 er acc ・ unt 舩is 山 e Rc1 頷 ▼ 囲面

Minimality，Progovac argucd
bound to Xo antecede°

foロ e 亘ativization

AGR
し Lo ．
，匝¢ S

having to resort to rath 。r arbitrary

s．
X
di曲
ion of 翩 exives while assuming n ・ m ・vcmentysisof X v ．
細 alysisproposed by Pmgo ▼8cJn the spirit of ］袖 zz ガs （1990 ）Rc1曲 vjzcd（1992 ）

the 副

ning

SUBJECTefreflexiv

．

whic

° °x

SUBjECTof

血 carries（
possibRebindcr）hl thatan Xo fcflexive

the retev 蹴 ｝t pronomiLal fcat− res ．On 血 e other

must

be

bana an Xm°罵movement
analysis ，subjeCt ・
be bound by a Specifiere ．【NP ，IPI or 【NP NP ｝ As in LF ・，i．
h must beo 虻i 圃 on of a s p1¢ ref置cxjvdsacoo m 重ed for As 血 e X refieXive isassurned ω bc bOurnd
註tO AGK
coreferential
with 血 e 【NP ，P 】which iscoindexedwi 重
h AGR ．
一
Ifwc a to c ｝1矗m th 豊 L2 acquisition is large｝y gov cd by UG p i ciplc which is血 ＠ inna
鵬 徂 d domreflexive ca 皿 only，罵

specific

9 量v

endowment」画

to humans

隠，血 c b 。h 蜘】
inguiSticth◎ory ．Thjs jstho sp

prese飢

，

°

｛

毳

r of

if

韮c

L2 騨

τ皿

册

must

be expla 血 edl翼｝血】t 紐1a 重Iatternptω exp 亅o 爬

睇oonsl ¢ crable

醐t by 血 e．Befor djscu錮 9 山 c d 洫 i蓋s of 血 e¢齟¢letus takea bτieflook at previousL2 resea 旺ch ，
sIudy ，

3 ．Previous L2 studies
EariyL2 liter
鋤 爬 onfbcuscd on the ava 詛ability of 山e Subs t Prilcip珪e ω ad 肚 L210arners （F eら
flexives．Tho 儡 dings of 血 ese L2 s 加 己ics suggcsI
1991 ；Finer ＆ Broselow ，1986 ；Hilakaw 蓬 1990 ；Thomas ，1989 ，1993 ）
勲◎

¢

砠

皿

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第 44 号

研究紀要

rthat the SubsetPri匝 ciple

isnot at workin SLA ．

Finer ＆ Brose 且ow（1986）examined

t血c（2003 ）

ow

匪
edge

of

5

English．LjkeJapanese，Korean血as bot血 morphologica
testedby a pictu爬 identification
task，
where

were

c1鋤 ses，
Tlle爬 sults suggesbed

且
1y simpthc rcflexive

such，．Their Korean 蓋eamers
includedin finiteand on −finiteembedded

且
e and
was

Korean learnersof

complexreflexives

睡itinterpl℃ tation fbrEnglishr¢ flexive
when

Mr ．
Fat th ’nks that ルか ．Th’n will paint himselLt
On tbe o 出 er hand，tho

as

long・
distaricebinding whcn

molerefiexive −bindingby six adult重hat the Korean learners
prefcrred童ocal

indudcd 三n a finitcclausc

was

福 島 工 業 高等 専 門学 校

且ea 皿 ers

allowedFat askS

Mr ．Thin to pain ’ ゐ’〃 tseif This 五 nding

thc reflexivewas

血 cluded・
finiteclause ，such as ルか．

血 anonthe aud ｝ors to arguc 血 at the leamersneither

童
edebeyed血c

SubsetPrinciple
nor transferTedthe U GCP va 藍ue ，ε
皿 d thattho 夏
oamcrs initial
玉y assumed the GCP valucof （4c）
which isintermediate
betWeentheL1 and L2 ．
Finer ＆ Broselow s （1986）results have been peated elsewhere and used as a basis fbrthe argument 血 at L2
1eamcrs have access to UG and their 重nterlangllage
gra皿 mars are within the limitedoptions Hcensed by UG
Hirakawa ，1990 ； Thoma 亀 1989 amongst
others ）．However ，given the arbit囮 ry nature of the GCP discussed（
above 血 。 explanatory power of L2 acquisition theorybasedon Wexl r ＆ M
ini’s （1987 ）paranleterisationofcategory
becomesc．
．
Tomita
1992
．
In
樋cula
the
often
repofted
difference
in
L2
（ g
， ） parらgoveming
questionable’rosponscs
1carnerstG reflexives跏finitc and non −finiteembedded
clauseshencofb腕 h fmite−infin重te（”
asymmetrye．
， fb且10w 洫 g Yuan ，1994 ）awaits more anicu ！ate explanation ，i．
，why do L2 grammars tak¢ the”6intermcdiatevaiue of GCP ．
，

爬

¢

，

麗

：

‘

”

L2 re 且exive ・bindingby
inco叩 orating different．
merpho 且
ogical structUres of reflexives （Bemett，1994；Lakshmananand Teranishi，1992，
Bc
Accordett and Progovac ，1993 ；White et．al l997 ）．
g to these authors ，illappmpri飢 e L2 LD reflcxiveMorerecently

have

researchers，toattempted

pheno 皿 enon

血ecaptUreof皿binding may
reflexive髄

be the resu 且t ofBennettand（”

misclassification

of

XP

as

refiexivcs

Xo

ro 血oxives

due to transfer of an Ll Xo

Progovac，1993： 73）．Beme 貫 and Progovac（1993）血vestigated theinterpretationsofEnglish refiexives by Serbo −CroaIian 蓋
earners ．
As both English and Serbo ・Croatian have overt

morphology

of

AGR ，
thc 苴earners ’perf m a
alIowig LD bindingcould be a 血 ibuted to their血 appropriate
orphelogical．
StatUs of ref1 xivesi．
c ．Xo ref且
exives ．73 native spcakers
of Serbo・
Croatian were tested with a爬（｝identification
task andLD bindingwith
AGR

＋

皿

皿

）

a mllltiple

reflexives

choicepictu

task ． The resultS

Oomprebension

indicatedtheirlearnersa且lowedmore

NP and those 洫 non −finite
clauscs ．
Thisledthe authOrs to argue that

血 acomplex

Iearnersassumeofthcir
，

級

（

¢

some

隠

XO status for Englishrefiexives

hence s叩 po！畑ng tho 砒 Ro 匪ativizcd

SUBJECTand

analysis

have acquired （or transferred
directly
fro皿 Ll ）asaf（）r L2 acquisition of

possibleexp1Imation．
refiexive binding
Repo 血

1

g on

study

a

bo 血 types ofreflexives

Japanese 童earners of English ，Laksh 置n ｛ma 矼 ＆ Teranishiclaim 室hat L21earnors withi．
』．
（
，simpletO overcome

statロs of ref玉
exivc
seems

with

狙

旦
d oomplex ）皿 ight assume Xo status first
and t血en incorporatethe Xmx

thc SubsctPrincip
匡e．
This璽ineof analysis of L2 acquisition of reflexive

attractive in a sense thattheproblems of language
acquisitio皿 are 爬 duced to pavery

1cxico日 and fUnCtional
categories （Chomsky ，1995）．To this end ，it is feasibleto explere7
and acquisition
ofAGR．

bindinge 廿 ic choices

the

wi 山

morphologicalstructure ofre 血cxives

4 ．The pilot study
Fer the explorato

y pulpose oftho【

two tasks wereprcsent study ，devisedtO be adm

isteredω Japancse leamcrs

・Englisha multiple −choice comprehension taskand a JapaneseEnglish translation
task．
4．
1．
1The multiple −choice comprehension
task （MCC ）of：This task wasdevised to ask the participants
to de巨beratelyident韮
fy possibleantecedent

included the four types of stimulus

sentences

presen重ed

血 the Table l s Each．

s ）of tbe rcficxiv
（

¢

．This

ite皿 of thistask tOok the feml of（7）．

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「
II

第 二 言 語 に お け る 再 帰代 名 詞 の 局 所 条 件 と 形 態 的 構 造

一日本 人 英 語 学 習者 の データ か ら 一

Table 1： T es of senten
s inthc mu 正
ti le−choice com reho 皿sion task MCC
Type lTypcComplex NP with tlesubjeCt
力 勧 εθ〃∫ P α 翼”spictUre
cゾhimself
2TypeTcnsed senten 捌 oompl
ent丿b 伽 ’ん加 ks Pha ’P α 〃 肋 ’θ5 勧 nselfi ．
3aType
ECM constuction
Jb加 w 砌 tstPau’to l’
ke himselfi．
■
cont 【ol vorb
3b Object
力 加 q 飽 π persuades 昭 舵 匹PRO ω 豌 yo ’vθ 海肋 εθ 〃’η c 勣わ α‘ tivi
”esl ．
T e4
Pronominal
John wa 刀 離 P α 〃 ’o ’∫σ 耐θ ゐゴ剏 ．

”
Himselffrefers to（7）John thinksthatPau1 hateshimself

A．
only John
The pa面 cipa 皿 ts wo 【e askod

B．
only Paulasa

C．
either Jo

to indic飢 e what

or

：

D．
neitherPaulthey thought 肋 nselfreferredJohn nor Paul

to by c 藍rc 且血 g o 鵬 of the choices given

・d．
Itis importantめ notice thatthe learnersoould arrive at the oorre

thistask by simply assum 孟ng the closest NP to be the antecedenttypcs

血 a1晝senten“
a minima

distance
strategy
inc盤ded inthistask ．
4．
1．
2The Japanese −English translation task
detectsuch

匪ocal i皿tcrPreta
重ionsof English
refiexives，following Thomas，stimuli（1993 ）

’，

蓋

with

thc reflexive，To

a pronoun （Type 4 ）were

also

of

臆

The translation task comprised
English．For 出 e pu Φ oseofofthree Japanese sentcncesinereasingthc ¢ ase

theirconscious know 璽edgc

reflecting

provided next

words

were

sentenS ）WC 顧◎ as fi）110WS：ofofth¢ task

subjeCt −verbagfeemeto each JapImesesenten（8 ）a ， John takes a bus to schoo1，

the participants
were

w 血孟
ch
，

血 ereby

鷯

血g

reduc

personsnames，．The Eng蓋ishversion

asked

the chances

to trans墅ate into
山 e participantsofand a few othertargetEng 且ishof these se 皿ten

s

i．
e．
（
，耄arget．

b ， John and Paul both ride biCycresto schooL． Maly bolicves（that）Jo
血as read a lotof bOoks．
The stimulus （8a−b）were bothtensed monoclausal sentences ． Tho evert
c

was

薗
verb agreernentmo ゆ heme

subject

fbr（8a），while itwas ガ t Ibr （8b ）as thc subject was ［8c）wasplumU ． （・morphemeclausc ．
（s ）required both fbr重ho matrix and tbo ombeddcd

fcquiredagreementa biclausal
sentcns 卩，w 葦th the4．
2Participants
The participants we 鵜 students （16・
20 years of
Although’the participantsamountof exposureago ）at

Fukushina National Collegeof Techno 且ogy ，Japan，

to English varied ，all ofthem

sat the second−and pre・secondtcst．
Therefore，thesc
were deemed to ha e at leasttho minimu
proficiency
kUowledgenecessary tO be testedon thesyntactic knewledgeinqueStion．
9
There were lO5 particip
蓬mts flrst
The dis電ribution，who were grouped according to thcir STEP scores ．
’
pa 貫icipantsscores ismustra舵 d in 血 e Tab 藍c 2 ，of thc STEP

English且eamers

Table2：Distribution
ofthe
一60and over
55巳
59
50。
54
4549
4044
35 嚠
39

30，
34

▼

grad ¢ s
皿

L2

of

the

ar 鍾ci ants b the sco 爬 s 血 STEP exam

O
2
3
4

1
2
4
14

13

13

17
9

11
12

45 −590f the2nd grade were

390f thc，those with 30・
2nd grade were assigned as JLE2 ，and thoscwith 30・
39 of the Pr。。
2nd gradewere assigned as JLE3 ．
The results
且ation task of thesethreegroups．
of theMCC
and the transof 監
earners wereanalysedwith the STEP
The participants

score

of

assignedas 儿 E1

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研 究 紀要Additio皿 aUy ，the MCC

task was（2003 ）

福 島 工 業 高 等 専 門 学校

NSEs），who served as a oontroi
given to l8 na 錘vo speakers of E且 glish（

also

logmup・

4．
3Procedure

in a papcr・and −pencil fbm1，where

The two tasks wereadministered葦b110wed by tLe MCC

task ．
The task sheets

・As someexam

匪nhavo po ted out 」 thc POtentialambiguity【esearchers

be undemlined

fbrL2 蓋eamers

血ehopethc translation task was 血 st presented
t
（
》
the
藍
cipants
after they had finishedthc STEP
presented
part

werc

as

a result of thelincarorder「而 cipants awarenessincreasingthe paofincluded beforethc MCC

task

The pa 血 cipantsback to a 轟 y prcviousones ．
They we 爬

wereto askallowcd

the s £ imu 且i．
All participants
丘皿 ishedthe tasks within

5 ．Resutts andofth¢ scntencesofcluding

NP 亀 or closest ・NP strategy

oou 正
d

rcfiexives

eg ．Thomas ，1993 ）．
（，of thc potentialambiguity
two practiccsentences were
instructedtO answcr one question at a 恒me and not to go，

the researcher

about

thc mcaningsoflexicalitcms used in．

10 to l5 minutes

discussion

Let us 丘耐 100kat the overall results ． The results of thc MCC 僞 k are illuStrated
血 the Table 3 ．
FirSt，the‘’’，τ¢ sults i
皿 d三cato thatthc JLEs do 皿ot us ¢ tho Strategyof the closest NP as the anteecdcnt ．Ifthey d 藍d al ply such‘’the
responses
withastralegy ， proportionof
B would be predominantly
higllovcr all typesof senten s．The
responses
to thc scntcn
typo 4 indicate
tha ほ his isnot the case ．Second ，as can be sccn
f「om the data for ｛旺1typesof sI ulus sentence 亀 there isa 1釦rgo differencebetween the NSEs and JLEs in temms of the ilterPretationsof Engl 蓋sh refiexives ．
Third，although 血 c JLEs ’s perfoTmancesees to gradua正晝withy improve in accordance
their gc eral fluecy ，
the differenceamong groups was not 1argefora1！se tence types．
Finally，
as the dataf｛1 the，’，曽Type 2 and 3 sente ces 洫 dicate
thefiniteinfi
ite
asymme甘wasnotclearlyidcnt
蓋
fiableintheaggregaledata，
ylof 血 osc L21 ¢ amers ．
As has been pointed out in the 正iterature（i．
e．
，Thoma 亀 1993 ； Wakabayashi，1996； Akiyam 亀 2002 ），it is
）

【皿

韮

皿

皿

皿

｝

ロ

s responses in order 数） i血vestigate
pardcipant

portant to look a ヒ the oons 韮stency

of

ow 正
edge ．
Tablc4 shows

and percentagesofparticipants

thenumbers

，

each

L2 1inguistic

ofeachgroup who consistently gavc local
types．
Following Thomas （1993 ）I
set
the criterion of consistency
as 2，
0ut of 3 （66％ ）．
That is，
the participant
whose
responses werc constantly
local（i．
e．
answering
B 20r 30ut of 3 ）or non ．
10cal爬 sponses to g 董ven sentence

”

were

to have responded

considered

consistentlyTh 樗 localinterpretationby the NSEs

theyseem to a艮且ow
argument

was”
Loca1 膊intCrpretationtO agiven typeof sentoncc ．
fbr the se 丑tence ．
typc 2 to 3b ．
However ，

withalmostperfectIyoonsistentembeddedin a compnon ・
10cal binding fbrrenexives

that蓋ogophoric”

interpretation
ay bo app 懸cd whcn

NP （Type 1 ）．This supports tbe
is 洫 an A ・
bar position（
Reinhart＆置
exthe refiexive皿

Reu 且蓬md ，1991）．
In Qontras ち the consistency of the th爬 e JLE groupswtts significantly
the 3 JLE groups ｛br anyamong
obtainedfrom the 几 EI for the Type l sentences

血 terPretation for the otherAs for the”鯒sentence

te−infinite
asymme

苴
ower

type．
The beSt approximation

scntcnof．There was．Even this group hoWever，nosig 且 董ficantdifferenoe

the JLEs to NSEs is the consistenqy，

a low consisle 且cy of locai

showedtypes．
ゾ

甘

，

more

than 50％ of L21eamers in aU pro且ciency leve且s consistcntly

locallyi皿 廿le Typc 2 （finite
embeddedclause ）se ロten s ．
On the other hand 山 ewith consistent
localinterpretation
for the refleXives
cluded血 thenon −fmiteclause
wererelalivo監c．
with，this percentage lbr Type 3a sen 胎 n s （i．
，sentencesECMy small ．Intcrestingly
oonstruction
to impro e as the levelof proficincy i pmvcs ．
This does not seem to be the case with thc）seemed−scntence
Type 3b ，however ，with object
control conStruction．
血 terpreted血 ercfi¢ xivo

percentagesof

pa面 cipants，▼

Let us now
were

¢

皿

look at the data ln terms of the morphologigal

dividcd to two groups： thc oneswithslructUreof the reflex 董veloca1 terp 殲 tationsfor Typc

forType1．
Thiscategorisation was basedon theassumption thatthe L2 g

，

！ and

mar

．The panicipantsand AGR

those with LD

withthe XmKinterp
爬 ta口ons

晒eflexivewould

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一日本 人英 語 学 習 者 の デ ータか ら一坂 内 ： 第 二 言 語 に お け る 再 帰 代名 詞 の 局 所 条件 と形 態 的 構 造

Table 3 ：Distribロtionofresponses tO the stimulus sentences by senten
NSEs
富18
8
8％ ）
（14 ．
30
55 ．
6％ ）
（
16
29 ．
6％ ）
（
0
0，
0％

response

Type

A

1

B
C
D
Type 2

A

5

29

19

372 ％ ）（

275 ％ ）
（

1

43

40

1％ ）
55．
（

0％ ）
58 ．
（

0．
0％ ）
（

（222 ％ ）

1％ ）
32．
（

20 ．
3％ ）
（

0

0
0．
0％
19
24．
4％ ）
（
37
47
．
4
％
）
（

7
25．
9％》
（
14
5L9 ％）
（
6

51

94．
4％ ）
（
2

7％ ）
3．
（

1

．

且 4％

20

29．
0％）
（
26

37．
7％ ）
（

22

21

28 ．
2 ％）
（

4％ ）
30．
（

0

0

0．
0％

0．
0％

0
0．
0％
19
24 ．
4 ％）
（
41
6 ％）
（52 ．
18
23 ．
1％ ）
（
0
0，
0％
31
7％ ）
（39 ．
19
24 ．
4 ％）
（
20
25 ．
6％ ｝
（
810
．
3％

2
2．
9％
18
26 ．
1％ ）
（
30
43 ．
5％ ）
（
18
26 ．
1％ ）
（
3
4．
3％
23
33 ，
3％ ）
（
23
33 ．
3％ ）
（
12
4％ ）
（17．
ll
皿5 ．
9％

A

0

5

O．
O％ ）
（

（185 ％ ）

52

14

96 ．
3％ ）
（

51 ．
9％ ）
（

C

C

14

22．
2％ ）
（

D

B

20 ．
3％ ）
（

25

0．
0％
1

B

8％ ）
（12．

6

9％ ）
（1．

B

14

13

0

A

10

48 ．
1％ ）
（

A

Type 4

1

．

！4 ％

0 ％）
（100 ．

0

D

0
0．
0％

8

0．
0％

Type 3b

25

36．
2％ ）
（

5％ ）
（18．
3．
7％

54

C

34．
8％ ）
（

27
34．
6％）
（

6％ ）
（29．

D
Typo 3a

28．
2％）
（

3％ ）
（59．

0

C

重
ypes and gfoups of par虚cipa 韮ts
JLEs 2
JLEs 3
＝26
＝23
22
24

0．
0％ ）
（

B

「

JLEs 1＝95（185 ％ ）
16

2

7

3．
7％ ）
（

25 ．
9％ ）
（

O
O．
O％
46
85 ．
2％ ）
（
3
5．
6％ ）
（
2
3．
7％ ）
（

1
3．
7％
12
44 ．
4％ ）
（
9
33 ．
3％ ）
（
6
22 ．
2％ ）
（
0
0，
0％

D
5．
6％

3

＋AGR
be lesslike匪out of ［NP ，NP 】．
Each gro 叩 was fU血 er divided
洫 to two gmups
andy to allow LD bindilg−AGR ，according tO each panicipant’s pe亘bmanc
on 血 e 舳slation 瓰 sk ，Only 伽 panicipantswho produeed：。

corTect

agreement

agree 皿 ontmorphemesmorpheme

eliminatcd fヤom

foral1threesentences were””重br both 8a and。
s（ ）（8c）werethisamalysis ．
The results are sbow

Although the d飢 a isvery

assigned韮

limited 50％ to almost
，

＋

AGR ．
Pa而 cipa籠ts who

assigned・
AGR ．Thc reStof血 i】ed to

producethe

the parlicipantswcrc

in the TablG 5 ．
70％ of the participants
whogavc localbinding fbr Typc 1

both AGR and −AGR ）consiStently gavc loca工 interp殲 倣 量ons to the re 矼exives across all contexts ．il oontrast，（＋consistency of
00ntexts匡o じ詛．
An exception

binding by thc partic
三
pantswith LD binding forTypc l scoms to deterioratein Typc 3
is the consiStent／a result of the limited
numbcrloca1binding
by ＋AGRSUBJECT

fbrType 3a．
Thig however ，oou 亶d beof samples or some effects of ECM construction ．
Nevertheless，thesepart孟cipants

performance fbrType 2 with finiteclauses
・血 f血 itresearchers as
血 itc¢
asymmotry‘‘

pa面 cipants

was鄲highlycons 孟stent．
Th 孟s conf （》rns tothe findingsoften reported by” Akiyama
（

，

2002

，

Yuan

，

1994）
，hen

supports

thc

Rela耄ivizedaccount ．

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研 究紀要

Tab 正c 4 ：The numbers（2003 ）and peroentageofpanicipants

SentCnoe

NSEs
Loca1
Non ．
lecal

尋

11

6

6Ll ％ ）
（

66 、
7％ ）
（

738

Loca1
Non ・
loca1

18

5
6％ ）
55．
（

0

94 ．
4％ ）
（

Non 鬯
10ca艮

7

166L5

4

15

10

44 ．
4％ ）
（

7％ ）
（57 ．

（435 ％ ）

0

555

13565

1142

．
6％

．
3％

％

with co 皿sistent locali皿 toτpretations

to Type l sentcnces

and

｛

AGR

Participants
with LD ・bindingforType 1
」・
＝7
＋AGR
AGR
27
＝

50，
0％ ）
（

50 ．
O％）
（

562
．
5％

1062

4
1％ ）
（57．
4
57．
1％ ）
（
228

．
5％

．
6％

Type 3b

1773

．
9％

％

18

5 ：Distribution
ofJLEs

730

1％ ）
（26 ．

Participants
with localbinding forType l
犀8
＃16
咀
＋AGR
AGR
5
11
625 ％ ）
68 ．
8％ ）
（
（
4
8

Type 3a

．
4％

10

444

by the．
responses

2

．
2％

16

385 ％ ）
（

0．
0％

Type

69 ．
6％ ）
（

．
4％

0％ ）
（100 ．

Table

14
53 ．
9％）
（
1246

5

1

Non ・
10ca1

．
2％

55 ．
6％ ）
（

5．
6％
Type 3b Local

1565

．
4％

．
4％

17

Type 3a Loca1

8

8％ ）
（34．

1765

444

0．
0％

＝23

9

．
3％

0％ ）
（100 ．

JLEs 3

6％）
（34．

333

．
9％
Type 2gave consistent responses
JLEs 2
崙26

who几 Es 1＝翼8sTypo l

福 島工 業 高 等 専 門 学 校

15
55 ．
6％ ）
（
4
8％ ）
（14．

．
4％

1244

In sum ，LD binding was cle副 y a possibility藪）r many
JLEs in all pmficiency groups．
Tbis propertymay not
be a面 butable to L1 ，as a similar tendency has been documonted by othcr studies with speakers
of otherlang ges whoseadult

The data showed

th飢 the 職
ocaIity岨

the finitccomplement
oonsistency
｛bund

g

of

allow

whe

observed
爬no 口 iko重
y to

who

consisIen

口yfrequentlywhen

more

itwas

血 cludcd

thatso −calledsuggested

were

i．
o．
，the 正e 國mers

・
distanoebind面 g （e．
g．
，Whiteet ．al ．
，1997；Thoma 亀 1993）．

皇ongbinding wasthan il the cases

clausein the leamers who，

do notπsleamers「perfermance alsoofre創exivos

mahavc acquired

the ref且exive was included
inthe non −finiteclause ．
A dos r look 飢 the・finitei血finiteasymrnetry was most clearly¢””

the appropriates廿ucturc of English

morphologicalin搬 preted r¢ flexivesin oompiex

NP as correfercntial withma 面 x．

s画 ects

6．Conctusion
血1

thispilotstudy ，I a 鰤翩exives豊¢ amers｛md

who

reflexives
oons 三stency
observation

血 ck

owlcdgoofcontexts

othorsuggests

・ The 1 am。

to the reflexive
。rs

only

StructUre of

who

aoomp

failedto in rp 戯

監
ex
翩

NP

exives血 at the髄kc艮
y to observe tbe 艮ocalhy ofloca藍ly ina complex NP Showedlesswerein a non −finite
clause ． This−tho oorrc 〔加 oss of tho theoreticalaccou 卩ts fbr t血e cross Hnguistictypology ofoo 飢 exts ， especiallynot艮
ogicalin 伽 irin胎 rpret 鍍io皿 of £ nglish r¢ 創oxivos ． The datashowed

AGR【etationgave local interp

in other

between L2 盈earners 聖morpho

pted to exp 且ore t血e relationshipwhen

the refIexive wasogntaincd

reflexives but also itsrelevance inL2 acquisition ．
The dataa 且so sugges ちed thatL2 acquisi 齷on of 血 e loca！ity ofreflexi▼ e binding
1argc
輩
ed on acqu 董
sition ofthc
y depen〔鞏morphologicalstructUreof爬

nexives．

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Notes
The example （1b）is叙 show that a anaphor isnot simply bound to the c 置osest NP 洫 a sentenoe ． This ex3mp 匪eisdirectly
related to anotherimportant
fact（
Le ，
whetheror not interpretationof an anaphor
三s subject ・orientedor，not ）｛bund cross ・
1inguisticany．
For the sake ofthe claritS ofdiscussion，I do not wish to go intOthisissuehere．
2Thereare some cases whe
apbrasalreflexi e c 蓬m be LD bound．
Tbe reflexivcs 血 such cases are arguably
logophoric
and outsidc the scope of binding
theory（see Rei皿hartand Reu置an ↓ 1991 fora detai置od discussion）．
3Huang199 且）propose a similar but somewhat different＆ Tang （analysis for Chin¢ se LD ni 置exive ，
which
閃 s
es 跏 n 碗 ionω IP．
4 See Hermon
on whybannedfrommoving out of itsclause atLF ，（1992）for an explanationphrasa1reflexives are ．
In short XM x can a｛サoin to IP bu姓 boycan 皿ot move 釦 質herup dlostructurc．
5Finer＆ Brosclow （1986 ）also oxaminod
terprctation ofpronouns
which
I will not discusshere．
6As
1989 ）datawith Chinese and Spanish learnersofEnglish dopoilltcdo t by Hirakawa （1990 66 ）Thomas s （not supporl the claim of “
洫 ter皿 odiato paramotervalue
by Finer ＆ Broselow （1986 ），as some learnersallowed
long．
distancebinding of reflexives intensed embedded
clauses ．
7
More dataShouldce 貢a洫 1y be ◎o 置1ected伝om L21eamerswi 電h d韮fferent
Lls and d董fferent且evels ofproficiency ．
Not only isL2 acquisition of agrcement
mo 叩 heme fヤequently
reported tO be re且a 重ivelylate（
Eubank，
1994 ），buton whether
L2 grammar lacksappropriate fbatures
alsotherehave been discussions
ofa given f巳nctional
categoryor th y justhavo so e problems with match．See PrkvoSt ＆ White （2000 ）ftr
g sur 伍 molphology
f睡r 山cr discussion．
in scntcnces with an ECM verb ，
the s呵 oσω fthe o皿 beddod iロfinitivaId 跚 so gcts θ ・m 罅 ed by the 童
ower
vcrb
vcrb while itisassigncd
Casc fromthcmatrix． Bcnnctt and Progovac （1993 ），Be e 紘 （丑994 ）aU buto．
theirsubjectS ’
10ca1−binding to theseproperties
ofECM
sentences ．
See Be ctt （1994）forfUmhcr discussion．
91thanka 韮1the participants
foragreeing to letme use theirSTEP scores ｛br this purpos．
oIwou
董d 韮iketo thank my English・
spoakingf｝iendsand th assistant l guage teachers （ALTs ）wo1king for the
Iwa 塾
d munic 董pal board ofeducation
who
kindlypa血 cipI鵬 d h塾 th童s study ．
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References
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，

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：

爬

隠

ハ つご

θ

駕

；

：

：

厂

：

厂

，

，

，

觚

剏

：

，

’

即

ε皿

跏

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工 工 EleotronioLibrary Library Service
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Technology

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Appendix
Sentencesused

inthe multiple-choicecomprehension

task

(MCC)

Type Sentence
1
1
1

2

John sells Paul'spictureof himself.
Mary didn'tlikeLinda's
comnent
about herself.
Peterread Mike's letter
about
himself.
John thinksthatPaul hateshimself.

1/-92NII-Electronic
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坂 内 ： 第 二 言 語 に お け る再 帰 代 名 詞 の 局所 条件 と形 態 的 構 造

一口本 人 英 語 学 習 者のデ ータ か ら 一

22333333444
Mary knows that Sue likesherself very much ．
Ken says thatPaul critiCises himseIftoo much ．
aaabbb John wants
Paul tO know himselfbetter．
Henry expects
Mike to put himse 墨f on the phone ．
Mary wantS Linda to deseribeherselfin detail．
John often persuadesMike to involvehimse 且f 孟n c 重ub activities ．
Cathysometimes
asks Jenny to dressherselfin theother room．
often
encourages
M
藍
ke
to
help
himself
more
effriciently．
GeergeJohn believesthatGeorge hateshi皿 ．
Paul wa 皿 ts John to ow him better．
Mike asked Johnto describe
him．

L

1

｛

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