Bull. Tohoku Univ. Museum, No.8, pp.9‑28, 2008
Ⓒ by The Tohoku University Museum

Distribution maps of Silene (Caryophyllaceae)in Nepal(I)KESHAB R.RAJBHANDARI and MITSUO SUZUKI
Botanical Gardens, Tohoku University, Kawauchi 12‑2, Aoba, Sendai 980‑0862, Japan
Present address : G.P.O.Box 9446, Kathmandu, Nepal
Abstract. To clarifyregional distribution ofSilene in Nepal the horizontaldistribution of21species ofthis
genus is presented with maps.
Key words : Silene,distribution,Nepal.
Introduction
The genus Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae), with about 700
species is distributed mainly in the northern temperateregions ofthe world (Mabberley,1997). It is much diversified
in the Himalayas and adjacent regions in China (Yunnan,
Sichuan and Tibet). It has much variation in flower structure,especiallyshape and hairiness ofcalyx and petal parts
such as claw and limb. The genus Silene of Nepal has
been studied by Don (1825), Edgeworth and Hooker (1875),
Bocquet (1967,1969)and Bocquet and Chater(1979)and isnowrepresented by26 species. Although its taxonomyhas
been well worked out but its regional distributional pattern
has not yet been studied. The regionaldistribution maps ofplant groups allowstudyofdistribution barriers at the population level(Noshiro,1997). In this regard severalreports havealready been published on various plant genera of Nepal(Noshiro,1997; Amano &Ohba 1998; Akiyama et al.,1999 ;Ikeda &Koba,2000; Miyamoto &Koba,2001; Ohba et al.
2003; Mouri et al., 2004; Amano & Noshiro, 2004, 2005).
To clarifyregional distribution ofSilene in Nepal,we present
here horizontal distribution maps of21species (Table 1,Figs.
1‑21). The present report is an addition to the alreadypublished reports. The distribution maps are based on thespecimens deposited in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K. (E), Conservatoire et Jardin
Botaniques,Geneva,Switzerland (G),RoyalBotanic Gardens,
Kew, London, U.K.(K), University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan(KYO), Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Xiangshan,Beijing,China (PE),UniversityMuseum,Universityof Tokyo,Japan (TI),Botanical Gardens, Tohoku University,
Sendai, Japan (TUS) and Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC., U.S.A. (US).
The list of the specimens used for the present study ispresented in the Appendix 1. It contains some specimens
listed in the Flora ofNepaldatabase made bythe Societyof
Himalayan Botanyand is available on the UniversityofTokyo
Herbarium page of the World Wide Web (http://ti.um.u‑tokyo.ac.jp). To show horizontal distribution of Silene in
Nepal we have followed Hara et al. (1978)for phytogeographicaldivisions ofNepal,such as west Nepal(western borderto 83°E), central Nepal (83°
E to 86°30′E) and east Nepal

(86°
30′
E to eastern border).
Recently, Yoshida (2006) has analyzed the horizontal
distribution ofHimalayan plants given in his book ʻ
Himalayan
Plants Illustratedʼ(Yoshida,2005),and classified them into 24
distribution categories in five distribution types. This classification is useful to understand the horizontal distribution
pattern of the Himalayan plants. According to this classification the distribution pattern of the Nepalese Silene shows
the following six categories.
Ba. Plants of the temperate zone of western Eurasia,
including at least a part of the Himalaya: Silene baccifera,
Silene conoidea, Silene vulgaris.
Cb.Plants ofthe western and the centralHimalaya,including Kashmir in the west and with the eastern end of theirdistribution lying between Garhwal and central Nepal:
Silene edgeworthii,Silene falconeriana,Silene kumaonensis,
Silene laxantha, Silene moorcroftiana.
Cc. Plants distributed nearly throughout the Himalaya,including Kashmir in the west and with the eastern end of
theirdistribution lying between eastern Nepaland Myanmar:
Silene himalayensis, Silene indica, Silene nepalensis.
Cd.Plants endemic to the centralHimalaya from Himachal
Pradesh to centralNepal: Silene davidlongii,Silene greywilsonii, Silene helleboriflora, Silene hideakiohbae, Silene
vautierae.
Ce.Plants ofthe centraland the eastern Himalaya with thewestern end of their distribution lying between Himachal
Pradesh and central Nepal and the eastern end between
eastern Nepal and Myanmar: Silene caespitella, Silene
holosteifolia, Silene stracheyi.
Cf.Plants endemic to the eastern Himalaya from eastern
Nepalto Myanmar,excluding plants in the next category(Cg)endemic to southeastern Tibet: Silene khasiana, Silene
nigrescens.
Distribution of Silene in Nepal
Among the 21 species of Silene presented in this paper,
four species (Silene himalayensis, Silene indica, Silene
kumaonensis and Silene nepalensis)grow throughout Nepal.
Five species (Silene baccifera, Silene greywilsonii, Silene
helleboriflora, Silene hideakiohbae and Silene holosteifolia)

Keshab R.Rajbhandari and Mitsuo Suzuki

Species

Table 1. Distribution of Silene in Nepal.
Horizontal distribution
West Nepal
Central Nepal
East Nepal

Silene baccifera
Silene caespitella
Silene conoidea
Silene davidlongii
Silene edgeworthii
Silene falconeriana
Silene greywilsonii
Silene helleboriflora
Silene hideakiohbae
Silene himalayensis
Silene holosteifolia
Silene indica
Silene khasiana
Silene kumaonensis
Silene laxantha
Silene moorcroftiana
Silene nepalensis
Silene nigrescens
Silene stracheyi
Silene vautierae
Silene vulgaris
growonlyin centralNepal. Seven species (Silene conoidea,
Silene davidlongii, Silene edgeworthii, Silene falconeriana,
Silene laxantha, Silene stracheyi and Silene vulgaris)grow
only in west Nepal. Two species (Silene khasiana andSilene nigrescens)grow in east and central Nepal. Three
species (Silene caespitella, Silene moorcroftiana and Silene
vautierae)grow in central and west Nepal. Among the 21
species ofSilene five species are endemic to Nepalofwhich
one species (Silene davidlongii)grows in west Nepaland one(Silene vautierae)grows in west and centralNepalwhile three
species (Silene greywilsonii,S.helleboriflora and S.hideakiohbae)grow only in central Nepal.
The genus Silene is more diversified in the alpine zone of
Nepaland most ofthe species ofSilene are found in the highaltitude in Nepal. Only a few species have been recorded
from the loweraltitude. Theyhave not been recorded fromthe tropicalzone ofNepal. In Nepaltheyare found from thesubtropical or temperate zone to subalpine or alpine zone.
In the alpine zone above 3,800 m 11 species of Silene arefound including two species (Silene indica and Silene
kumaonensis) occurring up to 4,500 m and nine species(Silene davidlongii, Silene greywilsonii, Silene helleboriflora,
Silene himalayensis, Silene indica, Silene moorcroftiana,
Silene nepalensis, Silene nigrescens and Silene vautierae)
occurring beyond 4,500 m. Among them Silene indica has
a wide range of altitudinal distribution ranging from 1,500 m
to 4,500 m and also shows wide range ofvariations in habit,
leafand flowerstructures. Some species ofSilene,such as
Silene baccifera,Silene conoidea,Silene edgeworthii,Silene
falconeriana, Silene hideakiohbae and Silene vulgaris are

Altitudinal distribution
1,800‑2,200 m
3,750‑4,400 m
1,350‑2,300 m
4,500 m
1,560‑2,980 m
2,400‑2,700 m
5,300 m
3,150‑4,800 m
2,520 m3,100‑5,000 m
2,600‑3,900 m
1,500‑4,500 m
1,800‑3,200 m
2,500‑4,500 m
3,200‑4,100 m
2,400‑4,700 m
2,700‑4,800 m
3,900‑5,000 m
3,300 m
3,500‑5,000 m
2,700 mfound in the subtropical and temperate zones only and do
not extend to the subalpine or alpine zone. The two
species found in the subalpine zone only of west Nepal at
3,000‑3,800 m are Silene laxantha and Silene stracheyi,
while one species, Silene khasiana, is found from the subtropicalto subalpine zone ofcentraland east Nepalat 1,800‑
3,200 m.
The horizontal distribution of Silene in Nepal shows thatthe numberofspecies found in west Nepalis more than thatfound in east Nepal. In west Nepal14 species ofSilene arefound including seven species distributed in west Nepalonly,
whereas from east Nepalonlysix species are reported (Table1). Moreover, if we see the distribution of Silene in west
Nepal and the arid zone of Nepal,such as Dolpo,Mustang
and Manang areas, then the number of Silene species
occurring in these areas would be 19 out of 21. Only two
species,Silene khasiana and Silene nigrescens,do not occur
there. This indicates that Silene more commonlyoccurs indrier condition than in moister condition as the climate in
Nepal becomes drier from east to west (Amano & Noshiro,
2004). This is in contrast to the nature of genera Juncus,
Pedicularis or Rhododendron studied before, which prefermoistercondition and the numberofspecies ofthese genera
is more in east Nepal than in west (Amano &Noshiro 2004,
2005; Miyamoto &Koba,2001; Noshiro,1997).
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our sincere thanks to thedirectors and curators ofthe RoyalBotanic Garden Edinbur-

Distribution maps of Silene (Caryophyllaceae)in Nepal(I)gh, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K., Conservatoire et Jardin
Botaniques, Geneva, Switzerland, Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, London, U.K., University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan,
Beijing, China, University Museum, University of Tokyo,
Tokyo,Japan and Smithsonian Institution,National Museumof Natural History,Washington,DC,U.S.A.,for kindlyproviding us the specimens ofthe Himalayan Silene on loan forour
study. K.R.Rajbhandari is grateful to Professor Masayuki
Ehiro,Director of the UniversityMuseum,Tohoku University,
for inviting him as a Visiting Professor in 2006‑07 in the
Tohoku Universityforthe studyofthe Himalayan plants. He
is also grateful to Mr.Tamotsu Ishida and other members of
the Tohoku University Museum, for providing administrative
help, and also to Dr.Motonari Ohyama, Dr.Koji Yonekura,secretary Ms.Harumi Yagi, Dr.Eisuke Hayasaka, Dr.Takahisa Tanaka, Dr.Kazutaka Kobayashi, Ms.Megumi Owada,
Mr.Hiroaki Terasawa,Mr.Noa Kaneko and all the membersof the Botanical Gardens, Tohoku University, for providing
facilities, advice and other kinds of help while his stay in
Sendai,Japan.
References
Akiyama,S.,Koba,H.&Ohba,H.,1999 : Distribution maps of
Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in Nepal. Newsletter of
Himalayan Botany(Japan)No.25, p.12‑16.
Amano, M. &Noshiro, S., 2004: Distribution maps of Pedicularis (Scrophulariaceae) in Nepal (I). Newsletter of
Himalayan Botany(Japan)No.34, p.23‑34.
Amano, M. & Noshiro, S., 2005: Distribution maps of
Pedicularis (Scrophulariaceae)in Nepal(II). Newsletterof Himalayan Botany(Japan)No.35, p.21‑36.
Amano,M.&Ohba,H.,1998: Distribution maps ofRhodiola(Crassulaceae) in Nepal. Newsletter of Himalayan
Botany(Japan)No.24, p.24‑30.
Bocquet, G., 1967: Physolychnidium olim Gastrolychnidium

nomenclaturae fundamentum includens combinationes
taxaque nova nonnulla. Silenes generis. Candollea
22(1), p.1‑38.
Bocquet, G., 1969 : Revisio Physolychnidium (Silene sect.
Physolychnis). Phanerog. Monogr, 1, p.1‑342.
Bocquet,G.and Chater,A.O.,1979 : Silene L. In : Hara,H.
and Williams,L.H.J.(eds.),An enumeration ofthe flowering plants ofNepalVolume 2. British Museum(Natural
History), London, U.K., pp.55‑57.
Don, D., 1825: Prodromus florae Nepalensis. London.
Edgeworth, M.P., and Hooker, J.D., 1875: Caryophylleae.
In: Hooker, J.D., Flora of British India Volume 1:
Ranunculaceae to Sapindaceae. L.Reeve &Co.,London, pp.212‑246.
Hara, H., Stearn, W.T. and Williams, L.H.J. (eds.)., 1978: An
enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal Volume 1.
British Museum (Natural History), London, U.K.
Ikeda, H. & Koba, H., 2000: Distribution maps of Potentillasect. Leptostylae (Rosaceae)in Nepal. Newsletterof
Himalayan Botany(Japan)No.26: 24‑30.
Miyamoto,F.&Koba,H.,2001: Distribution maps ofJuncus(Juncaceae)in Nepal. NewsletterofHimalayan Botany(Japan)No.28: 21‑28.
Mouri,T.,Mikage,M.&Noshiro,S.,2004: Distribution maps
and a tentative key of Berberis (Berberidaceae) in
Nepal. NewsletterofHimalayan Botany(Japan)No.33,
p.26‑32.
Noshiro, S., 1997: Distribution maps of Rhododendron in
Nepal. Newsletter of Himalayan Botany (Japan) No.
21: 21‑28.
Ohba,H.,Koba,H.&S.Noshiro.,2003: Distribution maps of
Sedum (Crassulaceae) in Nepal. Newsletter of
Himalayan Botany(Japan)No.31: 23‑27.
Yoshida, T., 2005 : Himalayan plants illustrated (InJapanese). Yama‑kei Publishers Co., Ltd., Tokyo,
Japan.
Yoshida, T., 2006: Geobotany of the Himalaya (Part 2).
NewsletterofHimalayan Botany(Japan)No.38,p.1‑30.

Keshab R.Rajbhandari and Mitsuo Suzuki

Fig.1. Distribution of Silene baccifera in Nepal

Fig.2. Distribution of Silene caespitella in Nepal

Fig.3. Distribution of Silene conoidea in Nepal

Distribution maps of Silene (Caryophyllaceae)in Nepal(I)Fig.4. Distribution of Silene davidlongii in Nepal

Fig.5. Distribution of Silene edgeworthii in Nepal

Fig.6. Distribution of Silene falconeriana in NepalKeshab R.Rajbhandari and Mitsuo Suzuki

Fig.7. Distribution of Silene greywilsonii in Nepal

Fig.8. Distribution of Silene helleboriflora in Nepal

Fig.9. Distribution of Silene hideakiohbae in Nepal

Distribution maps of Silene (Caryophyllaceae)in Nepal(I)Fig.10. Distribution of Silene himalayensis in Nepal

Fig.11. Distribution of Silene holosteifolia in Nepal

Fig.12. Distribution of Silene indica in NepalKeshab R.Rajbhandari and Mitsuo Suzuki

Fig.13. Distribution of Silene khasiana in Nepal

Fig.14. Distribution of Silene kumaonensis in Nepal

Fig.15. Distribution of Silene laxantha in Nepal

Distribution maps of Silene (Caryophyllaceae)in Nepal(I)Fig.16. Distribution of Silene moorcroftiana in Nepal

Fig.17. Distribution of Silene nepalensis in Nepal

Fig.18. Distribution of Silene nigrescens in NepalKeshab R.Rajbhandari and Mitsuo Suzuki

Fig.19. Distribution of Silene stracheyi in Nepal

Fig.20. Distribution of Silene vautierae in Nepal

Fig.21. Distribution of Silene vulgaris in Nepal

Distribution maps of Silene (Caryophyllaceae)in Nepal(I)Appendix 1. List of the specimens of Silene of Nepal.
( )‑Specimens listed in the Flora of Nepal databasemade bythe SocietyofHimalayan Botanyand are available
on the University of Tokyo Herbarium page of the World
Wide Web (http://ti.um.u‑tokyo.ac.jp).
Silene baccifera (L)Roth,
Cucubalus baccifer L.
Distribution: Europe, Russia, Central Asia, West
Siberia,Pakistan,India,Nepal,Bhutan,China.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
DhaulagiriZone,MyagdiDistrict,GhodepaniDeurali ‑Sikha (83°
40′
E,29°
20′
N),2,200 m,25 Aug.1988,M.Suzuki,T.
Maeda, N.Naruhashi, R.Watanabe, M.N.Subedi, M.Minaki,
S.Noshiro &H.Ikeda 8810996 (TUS)( as Cucubalus baccifer).
Gandaki Zone,Manang District,Bagarchhap (84°
22′
E
28°
32′
N), 2,030 m, flower white, shady place, adherenenceon the tree, 13 Aug. 1994, M.Suzuki, N.Acharya, N.Fujii, T.
Kajita, N.Kondo, M.Mikage, S.Noshiro & K.Yoda 9485406(TI,TUS)( as Cucubalus baccifer).
Gandaki Zone,Manang District,Bagarchhap‑Chame,
2,130 m,climbing on herbs at the edge offorest,fls.white,14
Aug.1994,M.Mikage,N.Fujii,T.Kajita,N.Kondo,S.Noshiro& K.Yoda 94704136 (TI).
Janakpur Zone,Ramechhap District,Jiri ‑ Shivalaya
(86°
14′
E 27°
37′
N‑86°
17′
E 27°
36′
N),1,860‑1,800 m,along riverin shrubberies, petals white, 13 Aug. 1985, M.Suzuki, N.
Kurosaki & S.K.Wu 8571654 (TUS)( as Cucubalus baccifer).
C.Nepal, Bagmati Zone, Rasuwa Distr., Lingju ‑Tibling (28°
12′
N 85°
07′
E),2,100 m,petals white,13 Aug.1994,
F.Miyamoto, K.R.Rajbhandari, S.Akiyama, M.Amano, H.
Ikeda and H.Tsukaya 9420274 (TI).
Silene caespitella F.N.Williams
Silene maheshwarii Bocq.
Distribution: India,Nepal,Bhutan,China.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
Between Mugu and Purana Mugu ‑ Mugu Khola,
12,500 ft., growing in open coniferous forest, petals green‑
white with brown tips,20 Aug.1952,O.Polunin,W.R.Sykes &L.H.J.Williams 5333 (TI).
Nepal, Tegar, N. of Mustang, 14,500 ft., open grassslopes, corolla pale green and white, Stainton, Sykes &Williams 2197 (E,TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, a peak west of
Makhchung,ca. 3.5 km S.from Tibetan border(83°
59′
E 29°
15′
N),4,490 m,on margin ofthicket on sunnyexposed gentle
SE‑facing slope near the summit of a peak,3 July2003,Y.
Iokawa, T.Miyazaki, K.Yonekura, Y.Ibaragi & R.K.Uprety
20320159 (TI).
Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Tukuche ‑ Yak
Kharka (83°
35′
E 29°
40′
N),3,100 m,30 Aug. 1988, M.Suzuki,
T.Maeda,N.Naruhashi,R.Watanabe,M.N.Subedi,M.Minaki,
S.Noshiro & H.Ikeda 8881622 (TI).
Kali Gandaki, Jomson ‑ Kagbeni, 2,750‑2,800 m, 21
July1983,H.Ohba,H.Kanai,M.Wakabayashi,M.Suzuki&S.
Akiyama 8310567 (TI).
Lo Monthang ‑ Chmmithong (Chumithou)(29°
10′
59′
′
N 83°
57′
12′
′
E),3,834‑4,866 m,1 Aug.2002,T.Watanabe, H.

Watanabe, H.Devkota, Y.B.Bhurtyal, T.Bista & K.J.Malla
LOM‑SP020801(054)(TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone,Mustang District,GharGompa (29°
7′
N83°
53′
E), 4,000‑4,200 m, in shrubbery near stream onscree slope, 19 Aug. 2002, F.Miyamoto, N.Kurosaki, S.
Akiyama, H.Ikeda, Y.Iokawa, Y.Takahashi, M.Tsusaka &M.N.Subedi 20220192 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, around Thanti
(29°
01′
N 84°
04′
04′
′
E),4,520 m,12 Aug.2001,Y.Iokawa & M.
N.Subedi 20105080 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, around Sangda
pass (28°
53′
N 83°
43′
E),4,400‑4,650 m,in open grassyplaceon scree slope, 19 Aug. 2002, F.Miyamoto, N.Kurosaki, S.
Akiyama, H.Ikeda, Y.Iokawa, Y.Takahashi, M.Tsusaka &M.N.Subedi 20220083 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone,Mustang District,Pongio Kharka ‑Phalyak (28°
51′
40.3′
′
N 83°
44′
41.3′
′
E), 3,870 m, calyx palegreen with dark brown veins,petals pale green,on banks,13
Aug.2002,F.Miyamoto,N.Kurosaki,S.Akiyama,H.Ikeda,Y.
Iokawa, Y.Takahashi, M.Tsusaka & M.N.Subedi 20210091(TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, around Sangda
pass (28°531N 83°43′E), 4,460 m, stony slopes, calyx creamwith purple veins, petals pale pink, 10 Aug. 2002, F.
Miyamoto, N.Kurosaki, S.Akiyama, H.Ikeda, Y.Iokawa, Y.
Takahashi, M.Tsusaka & M.N.Subedi 20230011(TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, Ghemi ‑ Samar
(29°
04′
N 83°
52′
E),3,800 m,wet places sheltered by rocks, lcalyx dark brownish purple, 25 Aug. 2002, F.Miyamoto, N.
Kurosaki, S.Akiyama, H.Ikeda, Y.Iokawa, Y.Takahashi, M.
Tsusaka & M.N.Subedi 20230205 (TI).
DhawalagiriZone,Mustang District,north‑east ofLo‑
Manthang (29°
16′
N 84°
01′
E), 3,800 m, soil slopes, fls. palecream, 20 Aug. 2002, F.Miyamoto, N.Kurosaki, S.Akiyama,
H.Ikeda, Y.Iokawa, Y.Takahashi, M.Tsusaka & M.N.Subedi
20230137 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, Ghami ‑ Zhaite
(29°
03′
42′
′
N 83°
52′
39′
′
E), 4,350 m, in meadow on a hill top,
petal white, calyx tube pale green with dark red, 16 Aug.
2001, S.Noshiro, M.Amano, T.Kurosawa & M.N.Subedi
20106197 (TI).
DhawalagiriZone,Mustang District,Samar(28°
55′
53′
′
N 83°
49′
41′
′
E), 3,450 m, in cultivated fields, flower white,
calyx tube pale green with dark purple lines,16 Aug.2001,S.
Noshiro,M.Amano,T.Kurosawa&M.N.Subedi20106081(TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, Alubari Kharka
(28°
45′
23′
′
N 83°
40′
12′
′
E),3,600 m,on heavilygrazed slope inmeadow, calyx tube pale green with dark purplish lines, 31
July2001,S.Noshiro,M.Amano,T.Kurosawa & M.N.Subedi
20106036 (TI).
Silene conoidea L.
Distribution: S.Europe, N.Africa, Turkey, Afghanistan,Pakistan,India,Nepal,China.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
Doti ‑ Silgarhi, 4,500 ft., flowers pink with green
calyx,in wheat field,7 Apr.1967,N.Ecker‑Racz 48 (US).
Dillikot,7,500 ft.,cornfield weed,petals pink,20 Apr.
1952,O.Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 3932 (E).

Keshab R.Rajbhandari and Mitsuo Suzuki
Phalabang, 4,500 ft., cornfield weed, flowers dark
pink,27 Mar.1952,O.Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams
641(E).
Silene davidlongii Rajbhandari&Mitsuo Suzuki
Distribution: Nepal.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
Khaptang,Mugu Khola,15,000 ft.,open stonyslopes,
sepals with lines of hairs on veins,petals varyfrom white tobrown,21Aug.1952,O.Polunin,W.R.Sykes &L.H.J.Williams
5373 (holotype TI,isotype E,US).
Silene edgeworthii Bocq.
Agrostemma fimbriatum Wall.ex G.Don
Lychnis indica(Roxb.ex Otth)Benth.var.fimbriata(Wall.ex
G.Don)Edgew.&Hook.f.
Silene indica Roxb. ex Otth var. edgeworthii (Bocq.) Y.
Nasir
Distribution: Pakistan,India (West Himalaya),Nepal.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
Seti Zone,Bajhang District,Rasa ‑ Roshiadanda (81°
22′
34′
′
E 29°
44′
17′
′
N‑81°
21′
49′
′
E 29°
42′
56′
′
N),2,260‑2,540 m,
in open grassy slope, 21 Aug. 1991, M.Suzuki, H.Hatta, N.
Kurosaki, M.Mikage, F.Miyamoto, K.R.Rajbhandari, H.Takayama & K.Terada 9160895 (TI,TUS)( as S.indica).
Seti Zone, Bajura District, Birseni ‑ Porakya (81°
38′
25′
′
E 29°
29′
52′
′
N‑81°
35′
09′
′
E 29°
26′
14′
′
N), 1,560‑2,540 m, inshrubbery, petals pale green, 12 Aug. 1991, M.Suzuki, H.
Hatta, N.Kurosaki, M.Mikage, F.Miyamoto, K.R.Rajbhandari,
H.Takayama & K.Terada 9160508 (TI)( as S.indica).
Seti Zone, Bajura District, Khaptad National Park ‑Kaudegaon (81°
09′
03′
′
E 29°
23′
08′
′
N‑81°
12′
42′
′
E 29°
22′
22′
′
N),
2,980‑1,900 m,bypath in Quercus forest,flower pale green,
28 Aug. 1991, M.Suzuki, H.Hatta, N.Kurosaki, M.Mikage, F.
Miyamoto, K.R.Rajbhandari, H.Takayama & K.Terada
9161088 (TI)( as S.indica).
Silene falconeriana Royle ex Benth.
Distribution: Pakistan,India (West Himalaya),Nepal.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
Mugu Karnali valley,Daura,9,000 ft.,growing on dry,rocky slopes,whole plant viscid,petals green‑brown,styles
white,16 Aug.1952,O.Polunin,W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams
5261(G).
Uthu,east of Jumla,8,000 ft.,growing on dryhillside,petals pink‑brown,stems and leaves glandularhairy,31July
1952,O.Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 4967 (G).
Silene greywilsonii Rajbhandari&Mitsuo Suzuki
Distribution: Nepal.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
Jengla, West of Namdo (both sides), c. 5,300 m,
leaves grey‑green, florets deep blue, 25 Aug 1973, Grey‑
Wilson and Phillips 703 (holotype,K).
Jengla, West of Namdo (both sides), c.5,300 m,
leaves grey‑green, calyx pale green patterned red, corolla
pale pink,25 Aug 1973,Grey‑Wilson and Phillips 705 (K).

Silene helleboriflora Exell&Bocq.
Distribution: Nepal.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
East of Chalike Pahar,13,500 ft.,rock ledge,flowers,
calyx green (pale),corolla dull purple,3 Aug.1954,Stainton,
Sykes & Williams 3736 (E,TI).
Near Phagune Dhuri, 12,500 ft., rock ledges on open
slope,corolla purple,13 Oct.1954,Stainton,Sykes &Williams
9006 (E,TI).
Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Throng Phedi,
4,000 m,24 July1983,H.Ohba,H.Kanai,M.Wakabayashi,M.
Suzuki & S.Akiyama 8330812 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone,Mustang District,above Muktinath‑ Jharkot (28°
48′
56′
′
N 83°
52′
52′
′
E‑28°
49′
01′
′
N 83°
51′
02′
′
E),
descending herb on cliff,sunnyplace,calyx greenish yellow
with brown hairs,petals dark brown,20 Aug.1994,M.Mikage,
N.Fujii, T.Kajita, N.Kondo, S.Noshiro & K.Yoda 9470502(TUS)( ).
Taglung, S. of Tukucha, Kali Gandaki, 12,000 ft., onrock ledges, corolla yellow green and hairy, centre part offlowers purple, 20 Sept. 1954, Stainton, Sykes & Williams
7937 (E,TI).
Samargaon,N.ofTukucha,16,000 ft.,on rock ledges,
outer part of flowers pale green, covered with red hairs,
central part dark red,anthers white,16 Aug. 1954, Stainton,
Sykes & Williams 7254 (E,TI).
Kali Gandaki Tal(southwest of Tukucha),3,650 m,2Sept.1967,H.J.Lange 57 (K).
Tukucha,Kali Gandaki,10,500 ft.,open grass slopes,
corolla yellowish green,interiorofflowerpurplish red,22 Aug.
1954,Stainton, Sykes & Williams 7404 (E,TI).
Annapurna Himal,Seti Khola,12,000 ft.,in rock crevices, calyx green with brown hairs, petals dull dark red, 28
July 1954,Stainton, Sykes & Williams 6522 (E,K,TI).
Lamjung Himal,14,000 ft.,growing from rock crevices,
calyx with externalbrown hairs,pale green,up to 2 inches indiameter, petals dark red, 17 July 1954, Stainton, Sykes &Williams 6343 (E,TI).
Mulmulaykhola, 14,000 ft., 14 Aug. 1931, K.N.Sharma
66 (type,E).
Silene hideakiohbae Rajbhandari&Mitsuo Suzuki
Distribution: Nepal.
Specimen from Nepal seen:
GandakiZone,Manang District,SuggiKhola,2,520 m,
12 Aug. 1994, M.Suzuki, N.Acharya, N.Fujii, T.Kajita, N.
Kondo, M.Mikage, S.Noshiro & K.Yoda 9485399 (holotype,TUS)( as S.indica).
Silene himalayensis (Rohrb.)Majumdar
Melandrium apetalum (L.)Fenzl var.himalayense Rohrb.
Silene gonosperma (Rupr.) Bocq. subsp. himalayensis(Rohrb.)Bocq.
Lychnis himalayensis (Rohrb.)Edgew.
Distribution: Russia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India,
Nepal,Bhutan,China.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
TinkarKhola,16,000 ft.,scree,2 July1953,J.B.Tyson
70 (E,TI).

Distribution maps of Silene (Caryophyllaceae)in Nepal(I)Maharigaon, 10,500 ft., growing on grassy slopes onedge of forest, petals greenish, calyx ribbed with brown, 15
July 1952,O.Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 174 (TI).
East ofChalike Pahar,14,000 ft.,grass slopes,flowers
pale green, streaked purple, 1 Aug 1954, Stainton, Sykes &Williams 3710 (E,TI,US).
Near Chalike Pahar, 14,500 ft., among short turf &Rhododendron shrublets, flowers pale green with purple
lines,6 Aug.1954,Stainton,Sykes & Williams 3773 (E,K,TI,
US).
Khung Khola headwaters,5,200 m,calyx whitish andreddish veins,16 Aug.1973,Grey‑Wilson & Phillips 640 (K).
Dolpo, Tarap (29°
2′
N 83°
12′
E), 16,500 ft., on scree,calyx reddish black,petals white,19 July1966,J.D.A.Stainton
5559 (TI).
Muktinath, 13,000 ft., open grass slopes, corollamauvish green,28 July1954,Stainton,Sykes &Williams 2041
(E,TI).
Namdo, N. of Mustang, 17,000 ft., open marshy
ground, infl. purplish red, 8 Aug. 1954, Stainton, Sykes &Williams 2281(E,TI).
Khangsar,15,500 ft.,open grassyslopes,flowerbrown
pink,insignificant,calyx lined with purple brown,leaves grey‑
green marked with purple,stem purple at the nodes,29 July
1950,D.G.Lowndes 1292 (E,TI).
Thaple Himal, 4,400 m, 30 June 1953, S.Nakao s.n.
(KYO).
Near Bajou, 4,000 m, 29 June 1953, S.Nakao s.n.
(KYO).
Rambrong,Lamjung Himal,14,000 ft.,on open slopes,
calyx green with brown veins,7 July1954,Stainton,Sykes &Williams 6201(E,TI).
BagmatiZone,Rasuwa District,JaisuliKund ‑ Paldol
Base Camp (28°
13′
N 85°
12′
E), 4,300 m, on sandy slopes, 2Aug. 1994, F.Miyamoto, K.R.Rajbhandari, S.Akiyama, M.
Amano, H.Ikeda & H.Tsukaya 9410153 (E, TI) ( asS.gonosperma subsp.himalayensis).
BagmatiZone,Rasuwa District,JaisuliKund ‑ Paldol
Base Camp (28°
13′
N 85°
12′
E),4,300 m,rockyplace beside ariber from a glacier lake, calyx tube white with 10 brown‑
haired lines,petalapex brown,2 Aug.1994,F.Miyamoto,K.R.
Rajbhandari, S.Akiyama, M.Amano, H.Ikeda & H.Tsukaya
9430068 (TI)( as S.gonosperma subsp.himalayensis).
Bagmati Zone, Rasuwa District, Paldol Base Camp
(28°
13′
N 85°
12′
E), 4,300 m, 2 Aug. 1994, F.Miyamoto, K.R.
Rajbhandari, S.Akiyama, M.Amano, H.Ikeda & H.Tsukaya
9420112 (E,TI)( as S.gonosperma subsp.himalayensis).
Bagmati Zone, Rasuwa District, around Seto Kund
(28°
16′
N 85°
08′
E), 3,805 m, on rocks, 50‑80 cm tall, petals
pale green with deep purple at base and brown at theserrated tips,10 Aug.1994,F.Miyamoto, K.R.Rajbhandari, S.
Akiyama, M.Amano, H.Ikeda & H.Tsukaya 9430110 (TI)( asS.gonosperma subsp.himalayensis).
Chilime Khola 15,000 ft., grassland, petals green, tinged purple, calyx brown striped purple tips, July 1949, O.
Polunin 1166 (TI).
Langtang,12,000 ft.,shadyground,flowers green withbrown stripe to calyx,23 June 1949,O.Polunin 557 (TI).
Singum Gompa ‑ Gosainkund, 3,200‑4,200 m, 23

Aug.1972,H.Kanai, H.Hara & H.Ohba 721878 (TI).
Mul Kharka, Chilime Khola, 3,800‑4,100 m, 2 July
1970,Kanai & Shakya 675179 (TI).
Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap District, around Jata
Pokhari(86°
25′
E 27°
43′
N),4,220 m,18 July1985,H.Ohba,T.
Kikuchi, M.Wakabayashi, M.Suzuki, N.Kurosaki, K.R.Rajbhandari & S.K.Wu 8530341(TUS)( as S.nepalensis).
Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap District, Thare Og ‑Bigphera Lho Glacier (86°
28′
E 27°
45′
N‑86°
29′
E 27°
47′
N),
4,150‑4,700 m,25 July1985,N.Kurosaki 8570816 (TUS)( asS.nepalensis).
Bhut Bkhri,16,000‑17,000 ft.,flrs.greenish white,1930,
Lall Dhwoj 477 (E).
Between Mouma and Tiptop La, 4,300 m, 23 July
1962,K.Nishioka 711(KYO).
Dheoma,4,100 m,21July1962,K.Nishioka 617 (KYO).
Topke Gola ‑ Jalang Chhyongo, 4,000 m, calyces
with green purple ridges,20 June 1972,H.Kanai, H.Ohashi,
K.Iwatsuki, H.Ohba, Z.Iwatsuki & P.R.Shakya 720627 (TI)
( as S.nigrescens).
Jalang Chhyongo ‑ Thudam (87°
30′
E 27°
40′
N), 21
June 1972,H.Kanai, H.Ohashi, K.Iwatsuki, H.Ohba, Z.Iwatsuki & P.R.Shakya 726394 (TI).
Koshi Zone,Sankhuwa Sabha District,around Yangri
Kharka (87°
10′
E 27°
45′
N),3,540 m,19 July1988,M.Suzuki,N.
Naruhashi, N.Kurosaki, Y.Kadota, M.N.Subedi, M.Minaki,
S.Noshiro and H.Ikeda 8820658 (TUS)( as S.nepalensis).
Koshi Zone, Sankhuwa Sabha District, Jaljale Himal,around Banduke (87°
30′
E 27°
30′
N), 4,150 m, 25 July ‑ 3Aug. 1991, H.Ohba, S.Akiyama, H.Ikeda, T.Kikuchi, S.Noshiro, Y.Omori, M.N.Subedi & M.Wakabayashi 9120198 (TI)
( as S.gonosperma subsp.himalayensis).
Koshi Zone, Sankhuwa Sabha District, Jaljale Himal,
Jomle ‑ Goja (87°
30′
E 27°
30′
N), 4,000‑4,130 m, among
Rhododendron anthopogon shrubs,flowers pale‑green,purplish above, 5 Aug. 1991, H.Ohba, S.Akiyama, H.Ikeda, T.
Kikuchi,S.Noshiro,Y.Omori,M.N.Subedi& M.Wakabayashi
9110291(TI)( as S.gonosperma subsp.himalayensis).
Tamurvalley,Mewa Khola,Topke Gola,12,500 ft.,onstony ground, corolla green with purple stripes, filaments
purple,11 July 1956,J.D.A.Stainton 928 (G).
N.E.Nepal,above Tseram (27°
32′
N 87°
57′
E),3,850 m,
amongst mossy boulders in forest,17 Sept.1989,KEKE 731(E).
Silene himalayensis (Rohrb.)Majumdar var. pertica (Bocq.)
Rajbhandari et Mitsuo Suzuki,stat.et comb.nov.
Silene gonosperma (Rupr.) Bocq. subsp. himalayensis(Rohrb.)Bocq.var.pertica Bocq.in Candollea 22: 9 (1967);
in Phan.Monogr.1: 35 (1969).
Distribution: Nepal.
Specimen examined:
Nepal,1929,Lall Dhevoj 194 (holotype,E).
Silene holosteifolia Bocq.&Chater
Distribution: Nepal,Bhutan.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
Taglung, S. of Tukucha, Kali Gandaki, 11,500 ft.,hanging from gravel cliff, calyx and corolla pinkish green,Keshab R.Rajbhandari and Mitsuo Suzuki
filaments and anthers pale green, 21 Sept. 1954, Stainton,
Sykes & Williams 7963 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, NW of Tukche,
‑44′
‑39′
valley of Yamkin Khola (28°
41′
15′
′
02′
′
N, 83°
37′
35′
′
09′
′
E),2,940 m, on mossy tree trunk, flowers pale greenish,
20 Sept.1995,M.Mikage &K.Yonekura 9552344 (E,TI,TUS)( ).
GandakiZone,Manang District,Bimtang (28°
38′
04′
′N
84°
28′
20′
′E), 2,850 m, petal purple, calyx white green,
adherence on the tree,forest floor,12 Aug.1994,M.Suzuki,
N.Acharya,N.Fujii,T.Kajita,N.Kondo,M.Mikage,S.Noshiro& K.Yoda 9485398 (E,TUS)( ).
Bimtakochi ‑ Karche, 3,900‑2,900 m, 10 Nov. 1963,
T.Namba 1110030‑2 (KYO). Phulchoki, south of Kathmandu,2,400‑2,700 m,styles 3,capsule 1‑roomed,tip 6‑valved,
seeds orange brown, 19 Sept. 1970, H.Kanai & Ch.Chuma
675166 (TI).
Phulchoki, south of Kathmandu, 8,750 ft., broken
slope in Quercus/Rhododendron forest, locally frequent,
slender1.5 ft.herb,leaves pale green,flowers an odd mauve/green,25 Sept.1966,A.D.Schilling 1078 (TI).
Phulchoki, Kathomandu, 2,500 m, 3 Oct. 1978, H.
Idzumi & M.Togashi s.n.(TI).
Thale Patil ‑ Mangen (852281),3,400‑3,100 m,hanging on cliff,calyces green with brown purple nerves, petals
brown purplish green, 27 Aug. 1972, H.Kanai, H.Hara & H.
Ohba 726393 (KYO,TI)&721994 (TI).
Kalingchok, Tingoang ‑ Khosori Khabre, 3,000 m,
style 3, capsule 1‑celled, tip 6‑valved, 12 Sept. 1970, H.
Kanai, Ch.Chuma & T.Nagano 672850 (TI).
Silene indica Roxb.ex Otth
Lychnis indica (Roxb.ex Otth)Benth.
Distribution: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China(Tibet).
Specimens from Nepal seen:
S. of Gurjakhani, 12,000 ft., among tall vegetation in
gully, calyx green & white striped, 16 Aug. 1954, Stainton,
Sykes & Williams 3863 (E,TI).
Nr.Tarakot,Bheri river,11,000 ft.,among long grass inforest clearings, flowers greenish white, 14 July 1952, O.
Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 2465 (G).
Nr.Lumsum, 8,500 ft., semi‑shade, on earth bank,flowers whitish, 10 Sept. 1954, Stainton, Sykes & Williams
4316 (G).
Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Titigaon ‑ Ghasa
(28°
39′
N 83°
37′
E), 2,000 m, slope meadow, flower white, 6Aug. 1996, T.Hoshino, M.Amano, H.Koba, N.Miyoshi, K.R.
Rajbhandari, M.Sato,P.Shrestha & S.Takatsuki 9666181(TI).
Ghasa, S. of Tukucha, Kali Gandaki, 9,000 ft., on
open grass, calyx pale green, corolla and filaments white,anthers black, 4 July 1954, Stainton, Sykes & Williams 1515
(G).
Taglung, S. of Tukucha, Kali Gandaki, 9,000 ft., atedge offield,corolla pale green,filaments and anthers white,
19 Sept.1954,Stainton, Sykes & Williams 7926 (G).
Chimgaon, N. of Tukucha, Kali Gandaki, 14,500 ft.,open grass slopes,inflorescence,stem and underside ofleaf
blackish purple, 17 July 1954, Stainton, Sykes & Williams

1848.
Gandaki Zone, Kaski Distr., Ghodepani (28°
24′
09′
′
N
83°
41′
58′
′
E‑28°
18′
23′
′
N 83°
46′
30′
′
E),2,700 m,open place,28Aug.1994,M.Mikage,N.Fujii,T.Kajita,N.Kondo,S.Noshiro& K.Yoda 9485560 (TI,TUS)( ).
Bonshim ‑ Ngyak,4 Oct.1963,T.Namba 1004063‑2(KYO).
Jagat,1,650 m,29 July 1953,S.Nakao s.n.(KYO).
Gandaki Zone, Gorkha Distr., Ripche ‑ Lungdang
Gompa (28°
27′
57′
′
N 84°
57′
46′
′
E‑28°
28′
10′
′
N 85°
03′
07′
′
E), 2,
840 m,erect herb in open grassland,petals white,mid lib ofcalyx blackish with nectaryhairs,28 July1994,M.Suzuki,N.
Acharya, N.Fujii, L.Joshi, T.Kajita, N.Kondo, M.Mikage, S.
Noshiro & K.Yoda 9470233 (TUS). ( as S.caespitella).
Gandaki Zone,Gorkha Distr.,Ranagaon (28°
26′
N 84°
52′
E‑28°
32′
01′
′
N 84°
47′
29′
′
E),1,780 m,3 Aug.1994,M.Suzuki, N.Acharya, N.Fujii, T.Kajita, N.Kondo, M.Mikage, S.
Noshiro & K.Yoda 9485253 (PE). ( as S.caespitella).
Nepal, Tapchet, 8,000 ft., 1928, Lall Dhevoj 173 (E)(mounted with Silene nigrescens).
Nepal, Tapchet, 13,000 ft., flowers white, 1928, Lall
Dhevoj 206 (E).
Michet,13‑14,500 ft.,1927,C.Wigram(communicated)s.n.(E,K).
Nepal,Michet,14‑15,000 ft.,1928,Lall Dhevoj200 (E).
Bagmati Zone, Rasuwa District, Pati Kharka ‑ a
Kharka (near Pabil Kharka) (28°
14′
N 85°
09′
E), 3,115 m, on
subalpine grassland with Pedicularis and Umbelliferae sp.,petals greenish‑white, 5 Aug. 1994, F.Miyamoto, K.R.Rajbhandari, S.Akiyama, M.Amano, H.Ikeda & H.Tsukaya
9430094 (TI) ( ) & on a mossy rock 9430090 (TI) ( as S.
thomsonii).
Bagmati Zone,Rasuwa District, Chyauche Kharka ‑Lingju (28°
14′
N 85°
07′
E),2,325 m,on open grassland near amillet field, calyx pale green, petals white, 12 Aug. 1994, F.
Miyamoto, K.R.Rajbhandari, S.Akiyama, M.Amano, H.Ikeda& H.Tsukaya 9430120 (E,TI)( ).
Bagmati Zone,Rasuwa District, Chyauche Kharka ‑Lingju (28°
14′
N 85°
07′
E), 3,130 m, on rocky grassland, calyx
pale green,petals pale green lower,whitish green upper,12Aug. 1994, F.Miyamoto, K.R.Rajbhandari, S.Akiyama, M.
Amano, H.Ikeda & H.Tsukaya 9430121(TI)( ).
BagmatiZone,Rasuwa District,Yure Kharka ‑ Tinbu
Kharka (28°
10′
N 85°
13′
E), 3,500 m, on grassland slopes, 26
July 1994, F.Miyamoto, K.R.Rajbhandari, S.Akiyama, M.
Amano, H.Ikeda & H.Tsukaya 9410045 (E,TI)( ).
Dakchinkali ‑ Okhre Danra, 1,500‑1,950 m, 1 Sept.
1970,H.Kanai & T.B.Shrestha 672791(TI).
Nepal,Wall. Cat. 624 (type,E).
Nepal,1929,Lall Dhevoj 56 (E).
Nepal,Gosainthan,Wall. Cat. 621(isotype,E).
Langtang village area,11,500 ft.,bushygrassyplaces,
flowers greenish purple,1 Aug.1949,O.Polunin 1580 (TI).
Langtang gorge ‑ Langtang, 3,200 m, petals outerblade blackish,12 July1970,H.Kanai& P.R.Shakya 672469(TI).
Syabrubensi, 1,700 m, 19 July 1970, H.Kanai & P.R.
Shakya 672657 (TI).
Between Syabrubensi&Syarpagaon,5,500 ft.,grassy

Distribution maps of Silene (Caryophyllaceae)in Nepal(I)ground,petals purple, calyx green, 30 July 1949, O.Polunin1313 (G).
Chilime Kharka camp,13,000 ft.,grassybanks,flowers
greenish, July 1949, O.Polunin 1406 (TI). (leaves oval orroundish).
Gosainkund Lake,4,260 m,calyx yellowish green withpurple nerves, corolla purple, petals purple, 27 Aug. 1969,
Kanai & Malla 674928 (TI).
Singum Gompa ‑ Gosainkund (852281),3,200‑4,200m, 23 Aug. 1972, H.Kanai, H.Hara & H.Ohba 726392 (TI).
(leaves oval or rounded).
Dunche ‑ Singum Gompa (852281),22 Aug.1972,H.
Kanai, H.Hara & H.Ohba 726395 (TI).
Dunche ‑ Singum Gompa,3,000 m,22 Aug.1972,H.
Kanai,H.Hara &H.Ohba 721824 (KYO,TI)( as S.thomsonii).
Mangen ‑ Khodang Danda (852276),3,100‑2,500 m,
28 Aug.1972,H.Kanai, H.Hara & H.Ohba 726399 (TI).
Kalingchok,Thala ‑ Tale Bisauna,2,500 m,lobes ofcorolla and corona purple at the margin,H.Kanai,Ch.Chuma& T.Nagano 672803 (KYO,TI).
Kalinchok, 8 June 1973, H.Hara & S.Kurosawa s.n.
(TI).
Rolwaling Khola, Thangdingma ‑ Beding, 3,200‑
3600 m,2 Sept.1983,H.Ohba,M.Wakabayashi,M.Suzuki&
S.Akiyama 8331757 (E).
Rolwaling Khola,Beding ‑ Na (863276),3,600‑4,050
m, 4 Sept. 1983, H.Ohba, M.Wakabayashi, M.Suzuki & S.
Akiyama 8331829 (TUS)( as S.thomsonii).
Bheding,12,000‑13,000 ft.,1930,Lall Dhwoj 264 (E).
Beding, 3,600 m, fleurs blanche, 22 Sept. 1954, A.
Zimmermann 1425 (G).
Khare Khola ‑ Phedi Kharka, (862276, 862275),
4,000‑2,100 m, 13 Sept. 1983, H.Ohba, M.Wakabayashi, M.
Suzuki & S.Akiyama 8332064 (TUS)( )&8332036 (TUS)( ).
Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap Distr., Shivalaya ‑Bhandar (86°
17′
E 27°
36′
N‑86°
20′
E 27°
34′
N), 1,800‑2,300 m,
in shrubberies, 17 Aug. 1985, H.Ohba, M.Wakabayashi, M.
Suzuki, N.Kurosaki, K.R.Rajbhandari & S.K.Wu 8571681(TI)( ).
JanakpurZone,Ramechhap Distr.,Koshing Kharka ‑Thare Og (86°
26′
E 27°
44′
N‑86°
28′
E 27°
45′
N),4,000‑4,150 m,
22 July1985,H.Ohba,T.Kikuchi,M.Wakabayashi,M.Suzuki,
N.Kurosaki, K.R.Rajbhandari & S.K.Wu 8570672 (TI)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone,Solukhumbu Distr.,Loding ‑ Pike
Bhanjyang (86°
22′
E 27°
32′
N‑86°
29′
E 27°
32′
N), 2,600‑3,500
m, 5 Sept. 1985, H.Ohba, M.Wakabayashi, M.Suzuki, N.
Kurosaki, K.R.Rajbhandari & S.K.Wu 8531311 (TI) ( ) &8572324 (TI,TUS)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone,Solukhumbu Distr.,Sete ‑ Taktor
(86°
26′
E 27°
34′
N‑86°
31′
E 27°
34′
N), 2,550‑3,000 m, 19 Aug.
1985, H.Ohba, M.Wakabayashi, M.Suzuki, N.Kurosaki, K.R.
Rajbhandari & S.K.Wu 8530940 (TI)( )&8571829 (TUS)( ).
Phaploo,8,000‑9,000 ft.,1930,Lall Dhwoj 102 (E).
De Tesinga a Namche Bazar,3,450 m,fleur blanche,
15 Oct.1954,A.Zimmermann 1716 (G).
Sagarmatha Zone,Solukhumbu Distr., Khare ‑ Tangna (27°
46′
N 86°
12′
E), 4,150 m, on grazed grassland slope,
petals white at anthesis,pink to pale purple after flowering,
20 Aug.1995,F.Miyamoto,M.Amano,H.Ikeda,C.M.Joshi,K.

Arai&T.Komatsu 9588205 (TUS)( as S.gonosperma subsp.
himalayensis).
Koshi Zone, Sankhuwasabha Distr., Jaljale Himal,
Shuwan Kharka (nearPanch Pokhari) ‑ Topke Gola (87°
30′
E 27°
35′
N), 4180‑3570 m, 7 Aug. 1991, H.Ohba, S.Akiyama,
H.Ikeda, T.Kikuchi, S.Noshiro, Y.Omori, M.N.Subedi & M.
Wakabayashi 9120260 (TI) ( as S.gonosperma subsp.
himalayensis).
Arun valley, Thudam, E. of Chyamtang, 12,000 ft.,among shrubs, calyx, corolla and filaments green, 15 July
1956,J.D.A.Stainton 1001(G).
Thudam(873275),3,400 m,24 June 1972,H.Kanai,H.
Ohashi, K Iwatsuki, H.Ohba, Z.Iwatsuki & P.R.Shakya
726396 (TI).
NearWallungchung Gola,3,400 m,underthe bush,16
July 1962,K.Nishioka 117 (KYO).
Tolo Gompa Khola,2,900 m,16 July1953,S.Nakao s.
n.(KYO).
Silene khasiana Rohrb.
Distribution: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Tibet),
Myanmar.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap District, Shivalaya ‑Deorali(86°
17′
E 27°
36′
N‑86°
20′
E 27°
34′
N),1,800‑2,700 m, 5
July1985,H.Ohba,T.Kikuchi,M.Wakabayashi,M.Suzuki,N.
Kurosaki,K.R.Rajbhandari&S.K.Wu 8570112 (TI)&8530069(TUS)( as S.indica).
Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap District, Choarma ‑Kyama (86°
28′
E 27°
41′
N‑86°
25′
E 27°
37′
N),2,760‑2,600 m, inshrubberies,3 Aug.1985,H.Ohba, T.Kikuchi, M.Wakabayashi, M.Suzuki, N.Kurosaki, K.R.Rajbhandari & S.K.Wu
8571239 (TI)( as S.indica)and 8530725 (TUS)( as S.indica).
Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap District, Bhandar ‑Shivalaya (86°
20′
E 27°
34′
N‑86°
17′
E 27°
36′
N), 2,300‑1,800 m,
by path in shrubberies,6 Aug.1985,H.Ohba, T.Kikuchi, M.
Wakabayashi,M.Suzuki,N.Kurosaki,K.R.Rajbhandari& S.K.
Wu 8571372 (TI,TUS)( as S.indica).
Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap District, Shivalaya ‑Bhandar (86°
17′
E 27°
36′
N‑86°
20′
E 27°
34′
N), 1,800‑2,300 m,
17 Aug. 1985, H.Ohba, M.Wakabayashi, M.Suzuki, N.Kurosaki,K.R.Rajbhandari&S.K.Wu 8530835(TI)( as S.indica).
Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap District, Sibalaya ‑Bandar(86°
18′
E 27°
37′
N),2,300 m, on a rock,flowerwhite,19
July 1995, F.Miyamoto, M.Amano, H.Ikeda, C.M.Joshi, K.
Arai & T.Komatsu 9592046 (TUS)( as S.indica).
Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap District, Shivalaya ‑Bhandar (86°
17′
E 27°
36′
N‑86°
21′
E 27°
34′
N), 2010 m, 28 July
1997,M.Wakabayashi,M.Amano,M.Mori,K.R.Rajbhandari&
K.Shinozaki 9720003 (TUS)( as S.indica).
Above Those,7,000 ft.,at the edge of open forest in
the shade of shrubs on grassy banks, locally frequent,
slender 1.5 ft,herb ofsprawling habit,verypale pink flowers,
19 July 1966,A.D.Schilling 1043 (K).
Sagarmatha Zone,Solukhumbu District,Beni ‑ Loding (86°
34′
E 27°
32′
N‑86°
32′
E 27°
32′
N), 2,350‑2,600 m, 4
Sept.1985,H.Ohba,M.Wakabayashi,M.Suzuki,N.Kurosaki,
K.R.Rajbhandari & S.K.Wu 8531301(TI)( as S.indica).
De Namche Bazar a la Bhote Kosi, 3,250 m, fleursKeshab R.Rajbhandari and Mitsuo Suzuki
blanc verdatre ‑ legerment bleues, edroits fais ‑ 1/2
ombre,14 Oct 1954,A.Zimmermann 1663 (G).
Rive gauche de l′
Imja Khola, 3,200 m, 20 October
1954, fleurs blanc rose ‑ calice, strie de violet, parmi lesarbustes,A.Zimmermann 1762 (G).
Phaplos,8‑9,000 ft.,1930,Lall Dhwoj102 (E,G)(Thissheet also contains a specimen of Silene indica).
Silene kumaonensis F.N.Williams
Distribution: India (Kumaon),Nepal,China (Tibet).
Specimens from Nepal seen:
W.Nepal,Nyilu,19 Sept.1936,F.M.Bailey s.n. (E).
W.Nepal,Lung Jar,23 July 1936,F.M.Bailey s.n. (E).
Rimi, S.E. of Jumla, 10,000 ft., growing on banks,
among long grass,petals dullpink,27 Sept.1952,O.Polunin,
W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 5439 (G).
Bhurchula Lekh, S. of Jumla, 11,000 ft., growing fromrock crevice, sepals green with brown veins, petals pale
brown‑red, 19 July 1952, O.Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.
Williams 4782 (G).
Between Mugu and Purana Mugu, Mugu Khola,
12,500 ft., growing in open coniferous forest, sepals withbrown veins, petals brown, O.Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.
Williams 5332 (G).
Karnali Zone, Jumla Distr., Gothichaur ‑ Churta (82°
20′
E 29°
10′
N), 2,920 m, trailing herb by the side of a cultivated land,flowers greenish with purple ridges,27 Sept.1991,
M.Minaki, K.K.Joshi, Y.Kadota, H.Sugita, A., Takahashi, S.
Tsuda, H.Yagi & C.Yonebayashi 9109191(a) (TI) ( as S.
waltonii).
KarnaliZone,Dolpa Distr.,Dunai ‑ JuphalAirport(82°
50′
E 28°
50′
N),2,540 m,roadside,15 Oct. 1991, M.Minaki, K.
K.Joshi, Y.Kadota, H.Sugita, A., Takahashi, S.Tsuda, H.
Yagi & C.Yonebayashi 9104522 (TI)( as S.waltonii).
Karnali Zone, Dolpa Distr., Rimi ‑ Doizum (82°
30′
E
29°
00′
N), 3,000 m, 30 Sept. 1991, M.Minaki, K.K.Joshi, Y.
Kadota, H.Sugita, A., Takahashi, S.Tsuda, H.Yagi & C.
Yonebayashi 9104323 (TUS)( as S.waltonii).
Nr.DogadiKhola,12,000 ft.,among boulders nearriverbed, flowers pinkish, calyx green, purple streaked, 8 Aug.
1954,Stainton, Sykes & Williams 3799 (G).
Barbung Khola, east of Charkkha, 4,500 m, leaves
grayish‑green, calyx green, corolla pink, Grey‑Wilson &Phillips 753 (K).
Tarap Khola (28°
50′
N 83°
7′
E), 12,000 ft., on stonyslopes, stems 4 ft., trailing downwards across rocks, petals
pink,7 July 1963,J.D.A.Stainton 4411(G).
2 m.south ofMur(Koram Tippo river),4,400 m,leaves
grey‑green,calyx pale green,corolla pale pink,7 Aug.1973,
Grey‑Wilson & Phillips 573 (K).
Samargaon, N. of Tukucha, 15,000 ft., open grassslopes,corolla green,filaments white,16 Aug.1954,Stainton,
Sykes & Williams 7263 (G).
Tukucha,Kali Gandaki,10,500 ft.,open grass slopes,
corolla green‑striped with red,filaments white,21Aug.1954,
Stainton, Sykes & Williams 7358 (G).
Tegar, (N. of Mustang), 14,000 ft., on grass amongst
shrubs, corolla pale green, 8 Oct. 1954, Stainton, Sykes &Williams 8108 (G).

Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Tukuche ‑ Yak
Kharka (83°
35′
E 29°
40′
N),3,100 m,30 Aug. 1988, M.Suzuki,
T.Maeda,N.Naruhashi,R.Watanabe,M.N.Subedi,M.Minaki,
S.Noshiro, H.Ikeda 8881604 (TI).
Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Tukuche ‑ Yak
Kharka (83°
35′
E 29°
40′
N),3,190 m,30 Aug. 1988, M.Suzuki,
T.Maeda,N.Naruhashi,R.Watanabe,M.N.Subedi,M.Minaki,
S.Noshiro, H.Ikeda 8860869 (TI).
Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Tukuche ‑ Yak
Kharka (83°
35′
E 29°
40′
N),2,800 m,30 Aug.1988,M.Suzuki,
T.Maeda,N.Naruhashi,R.Watanabe,M.N.Subedi,M.Minaki,
S.Noshiro, H.Ikeda 8811195 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, Samar (28°
56′
N
83°
50′
E), 3,600 m, climbint in shrubbery in gorge, petals
white,16 Aug.2002,F.Miyamoto,N.Kurosaki,S.Akiyama,H.
Ikeda, Y.Iokawa, Y.Takahashi, M.Tsusaka & M.N.Subedi
20220147 (TI).
Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Tukuche ‑ Tallo
Ghansa (83°
35′
E 29°
40′
N), 3,075 m, 1 Sept. 1988, M.Suzuki,
T.Maeda,N.Naruhashi,R.Watanabe,M.N.Subedi,M.Minaki,
S.Noshiro, H.Ikeda 8800722 (TI).
Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Tukuche ‑ Tallo
Ghansa (83°
35′
E 29°
40′
N), 3,075 m, 1 Sept. 1988, M.Suzuki,
T.Maeda,N.Naruhashi,R.Watanabe,M.N.Subedi,M.Minaki,
S.Noshiro, H.Ikeda 8800717 (TI).
Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Yak Kharka ‑Tukuche (83°
35′
E 29°
40′
N),3,340 m,1Sept.1988,M.Suzuki,
T.Maeda,N.Naruhashi,R.Watanabe,M.N.Subedi,M.Minaki,
S.Noshiro, H.Ikeda 8830600 (TI).
Gandaki Zone, Manangbhot Distr., Khangsar ‑Manang (83°
58′
E 28°
40′
N),3,600 m,calyx green,2 Aug.1983,
H.Ohba, H.Kanai, M.Wakabayashi, M.Suzuki & S.Akiyama
8310952 (E).
Bagmati Zone,Rasuwa District,between Syarpagaon& Langtang, 3,000 m, occasional hanging plant in shade,corolla lobes brownish, corona pinkish, 20 Sept. 1966, D.H.
Nicolson 2556 (TI,US).
Bagmati Zone, Rasuwa District, Langtang village toGhora Tabela (28°
12′
59′
′
N 85°
30′
11′
′
E), 3275 m, shady bankofrivergorge,overhung byshrubs,scrambling herb,stems to
1.5 m or more, hanging through shrubs, 15 Oct. 2001, D.G.
Long, M.F.Watson, D.G.Knott, S.Crutchley & M.N.Subedi(ENEP)481(E).
De Pare at Thammu, 3,400 m, 12 Oct. 1954, A.Zimmermann 1640 (G).
Silene laxantha Majumdar
Melandrium pilosum Edgew.
Lychnis pilosa (Edgew.)Edgew.&Hook.f.
Silene eduardi Bocq.
Distribution: Pakistan, India (West Himalaya), Nepal,
China (Tibet).
Specimens from Nepal seen:
Karnali Zone,Jumla Distr.,Deula Deuli ‑ Hanka (82°
10′
E 29°
00′
N),4,100 m,open place,19 Sept. 1991, M.Minaki,
K.K.Joshi, Y.Kadota, H.Sugita, A., Takahashi, S.Tsuda, H.
Yagi & C.Yonebayashi 9104105 (TI)( as S.vautierae).
Bhurchula Lekh, near Jumla, 12,500 ft., open slopes
above forest,sepals green,with red hairs,petals dirtywhite

Distribution maps of Silene (Caryophyllaceae)in Nepal(I)with reddish brown venation, 10 July 1952, O.Polunin, W.R.
Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 4506 (E,TI).
Bhurchula Lekh, S. of Jumla, 12,000 ft., growing inshade of trees on open slopes, calyx green with brownglandular hairs on veins, petals greenish yellow with brown
venation, 17 July 1952, O.Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.
Williams 4744 (TI).
Chakhure Lekh, S. of Jumla, 12,000 ft., growing inshade of trees on open slopes, petals greenish yellow withbrown venation,17 July1954,O.Polunin,W.R.Sykes &L.H.J.
Williams 4744 (E).
Nr.Phagune Dhuri, 11,500 ft., steep rocky scree
slopes,flowers greenish white,with purple veins,9 July1954,
Stainton, Sykes & Williams 3437 (E).
Maharigaon,5 miles N.E.,14,000 ft.,growing amongst
boulders with other herbaceous species, flowers greenish
tinged with brownish‑purple, 24 July 1952, O.Polunin, W.R.
Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 286 (G).
Nr.Balangra Pass, 13,500 ft., rocky ravines, amont
other tallish herbaceous plants or around rocks,flowers dull
purplish with purplish lines on calyx,26 July1952,O.Polunin,
W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 2576 (TI).
Nr.DogadiKhola,12,000 ft.,among rocks on dryshrub
slopes, flowers greenish, 20 June 1954, Stainton, Sykes &Williams 3209 (G).
Nr.Phagune Dhuri, 11,500 ft., steep rocky scree
slopes,flowers greenish‑white,with purple veins,9 July1954,
Stainton, Sykes & Williams 3437 (K,TI,US).
Silene moorcroftiana Wall.ex Benth.
Silene persica Boiss.subsp.moorcroftiana(Wall.ex Benth.)
P.K.Chowdhuri
Distribution: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India (West
Himalaya),Nepal,China (Tibet).
Specimens from Nepal seen:
W.Nepal,Nyilu Karhna,19 Sept.1936,F.M.Baileys.n. (E).
Between Lunh and Lan, 9,000 ft., growing on dry,
open,stonyslopes,petals pink,9 Sept.1952,O.Polunin,W.
R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 3296 (G).
Karnali Zone,Dolpa District,Ankhe ‑ Dunai(82°
50′
E
29°
00′
N),2,750 m,open place,fl.pink‑white,10 Oct.1991,M.
Minaki, K.K.Joshi, Y.Kadota, H.Sugita, A.Takahashi, S.
Tsuda, H.Yagi & C.Yonebayashi 9104467 (TI,TUS)&2,560
m,9109307 (TI).
Karnali Zone,Dolpa District,Rachi ‑ Ankhe (82°
50′
E
29°
00′
N), 2980 m, on rock, flowers white, 9 Oct. 1991, M.
Minaki, K.K.Joshi, Y.Kadota, H.Sugita, A.Takahashi, S.
Tsuda, H.Yagi & C.Yonebayashi 9109283 (TI).
Dolpo, Saldang (29°
18′
N 83°
5′
E), 13,500 ft., on stony
ground,petals pink,calyx green striped pink,25 June 1963,
J.D.A.Stainton 4359 (G).
Mahagung Kola, 4 miles east of Tingkyu, leaves
green corolla white above,pink below,4 Aug.1973,Greywilson & Phillips 497 (K).
Saldanggaon,Chharkabhot,15,500 ft.,growing on dry
scree slopes,flowers pinkish purple, calyx, veins brownish‑
purple, 23 June 1952, O.Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 1194 (G).
Tukucha, Kali Gandaki, 9,000 ft., dry stony slopes,

calyx green and pink, corolla pink, 26 July 1954, Stainton,
Sykes & Williams 1996 (G).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, N. of Sangdala,valleyofThellung Khola (W.side)(83°
56 E 29°08 N),3,800 m,
on sunny exposed pebbly slope at roadside along stream,
corolla white, tinged with pink, 1 July 2003, Y.Iokawa, T.
Miyazaki,K.Yonekura,Y.Ibaragi&R.K.Uprety20320108 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, between Ekle
Bhatti and Khingar,S.side ofJhong khola (83°
49′
E 29°
49′
N),
3,330 m,on sunnyexposed N‑facing slope,flowers closed at
2:00 P.M.,petals white with pinkish tinge,26 June 2003,Y.
Iokawa, T.Miyazaki, K.Yonekura, Y.Ibaragi & R.K.Uprety
20320027 (TI).
Muktinath,12,500 ft.,at edge offield,corolla mauvish
white,25 June 1954,Stainton, Sykes & Williams 1414 (G).
Muktinath, 11,500 ft., on dry stony slopes, flowers
brownish green, 8 June 1954, Stainton, Sykes & Williams
5654 (G).
Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Kagbeni ‑ Muktinath (835285, 836285), 2,800‑3,550 m, 22 July 1983, H.
Ohba, H.Kanai, M.Wakabayashi, M.Suzuki & S.Akiyama
8330720 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, Jharkot ‑ Marpha (28°
49′
01′
′
N 83°
51′
02′
′
E ‑ 28°
45′
17′
′
N 83°
41′
28′
′
E),3,100m,erect herb on rock at roadside slope,dryand sunnyplace,fls. white, lower surface of petals reddish, 21 Aug. 1994, S.
Noshiro, N.Fujii, T.Kajita & K.Yoda 9470526 (TI,TUS).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, Jomson ‑ Jharkot (28°47′
09′′‑ 49′
38′′
N, 83°
42′
50′′‑ 51′
07′′E), 3,040 m,
22 Sept.1995,M.Mikage,N.Anjiki,N.Kondo,R.Lacoul& K.
Yonekura 9552385 (TI,TUS).
Mustang, 15,000 ft., at edge of field, calyx green‑
striped with pink,corolla white,4 Aug.1954,Stainton,Sykes& Williams 2184 (G).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, Tsarang (29°
05′
30′
′
N 83°
56′
05′
′
E), 3,400 m, on sandy steep slope, petal
pinkish white inside, reddish white outside, anther greenish
white, style and filament white, calyx tube greenish whitewith reddish,7 Aug.2001,S.Noshiro,M.Amano,Y.Iokawa,T.
Kurosawa & M.N.Subedi 20106115 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone,Mustang District,Pongio Kharka ‑Phalyak (28°
53′
N 83°
43′
E), 3,870 m, calyx pale yellow withbrown viens,petals pale pink,on exposed drycliffs,13 Aug.
2002, F.Miyamoto, N.Kurosaki, S.Akiyama, H.Ikeda, Y.Iokawa,Y.Takahashi,M.Tsusaka &M.N.Subedi 20210095 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, Lo‑Manthang
(29°
11′
N 83°
57′
E), 3,800 m, wet places, 23 Aug. 2002, F.
Miyamoto, N.Kurosaki, S.Akiyama, H.Ikeda, Y.Iokawa, Y.
Takahashi, M.Tsusaka & M.N.Subedi 20230190 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone,Mustang District,Pongio Kharka ‑Phalyak (28°
53′
N 83°
43′
E),3,800 m,fls.pale pink to white,onrocks,13 Aug.2002,F.Miyamoto,N.Kurosaki,S.Akiyama,H.
Ikeda, Y.Iokawa, Y.Takahashi, M.Tsusaka & M.N.Subedi
20230057 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, Shyammochen(Syangboche) ‑ Tsarang (83°
50′
17′
′
E 28°
59′
28′
′
N), 3,773‑
3,559 m, 30 July 2002, T.Watanabe, H.Watanabe, H.Devkota,Y.B.Bhurtyal,R.K.Uprety,K.J.Malla&T.Bista LOM‑SP
020730(005)(TI).

Keshab R.Rajbhandari and Mitsuo Suzuki
DhawalagiriZone,Mustang District,Kagbeni ‑ Chele(Tsele) (83°
47′
04′
′
E 28°
56′
16′
′
N), 3,773‑3,559 m, 28 July
2002, T.Watanabe, H.Watanabe, H.Devkota, Y.B.Bhurtyal,
R.K.Uprety, K.J.Malla & T.Bista LOM‑SP020728 (016)(TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone,Mustang District,Kagbeni ‑ Chuksang (28°
50′
N 83°
47′
E), 2,810‑2,970 m, 9 July 2000, Y.
Iokawa, M.N.Subedi, Y.Takahashi & K.Kano 20020017 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone,Mustang District,Kagbeni ‑ Chuksang (28°
50′
N 83°
47′
E), 2,810‑2,970 m, 9 July 2000, Y.
Iokawa, M.N.Subedi, Y.Takahashi & K.Kano 20020015 (TI).
Silene nepalensis Majumdar
Lychnis multicaulis Wall.ex Royle
Distribution: India,Nepal,Bhutan,China.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
W.Nepal, Paya, 14,000 ft., 28 Aug. 1936, F.M.Bailey
s.n. (E).
Bhurchula Lekh, S. of Jumla, 11,000 ft., growing on
open slopes, sepals pale green with brown veins, petals
greenish white within, dirty brown without, 19 July 1952, O.
Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 4784 (TI).
Nr.Balangra Pass, 13,000 ft., open grassy slopes,
smallravines,flowers greenish white,with purplish streaks on
calyx,26 July,1952,O.Polunin,W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams
2570 (TI).
Katkl, Langu‑Mugu Khola confluence, 9,000 ft., dry,
open stony slopes, petals greenish‑white, 16 Aug., 1952, O.
Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 5267 (G).
Chimgaon,N.ofTukucha,9,000 ft.,at edge offield,3June 1954,Stainton, Sykes & Williams 889 (G).
Tukucha,Kali Gandaki,11,000 ft.,open grass slopes,
corolla green‑striped with dark green,21July1954,Stainton,
Sykes & Williams 1937 (G).
Namdo,N.of Mustang,16,000 ft.,open grass slopes,
corolla green, marked with mauve, 9 Aug. 1954, Stainton,
Sykes & Williams 2298 (E,TI).
Tangboche ‑ Feroche, 13,000 ft., on exposed area,
flowers green with black ridges,31July1966,Banerjee &P.R.
Shakya 5706 (US).
Silene nigrescens (Edgew.)Majumdar
Lychnis nigrescens Edgew.
Distribution: India (East Himalaya), Nepal, Bhutan,
China (Tibet),Myanmar.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
Bagmati Zone, Rasuwa District, a kharka (near Seto
Kund) ‑ Seto Kund (28°
16′
N 85°
08′
E),4,170‑3,930 m,petals
bluish and pinkish, 8 Aug. 1994, F.Miyamoto, K.R.Rajbhandari, S.Akiyama, M.Amano, H.Ikeda & H.Tsukaya 9420206(TI)( ).
Bagmati Zone, Rasuwa District, around Seto Kund
(28°
16′
N 85°
08′
E), 3,890 m, between rocks along a stream,
petals purplish, 10 Aug. 1994, F.Miyamoto, K.R.Rajbhandari,
S.Akiyama,M.Amano,H.Ikeda&H.Tsukaya 9430108 (TI)( ).
Khola Kharka, 13,500 ft., stony ground, S.W.stream,
petals green, calyx with brown ribs, 17‑19 July 1949, O.
Polunin 1101(TI).
E.Nepal,Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap District, Thare
Og ‑ Nubre Glacier (86°
28′
E 27°
45′
N‑86°
25′
E 27°
48′
N),

4,500 m, 26 July 1985, M.Suzuki & N.Kurosaki 8570834(TUS)( ).
C.Nepal, Rolwaling Himal, Numbur, 4,600 m, 13 May
1963,K.Yoda s.n. (KYO)(collector′s name kindly translated
from Japanese by Dr.K.Yonekura).
Nepal,col de Hadengi La,4,650 m,25 Sept.1954,A.
Zimmermann 1454 (G).
Sagarmatha Zone, Solukhumbu District, around Dig
Kharka (86°
5′
E 27°
44′
N), 4,550 m, fl. dull purple, scree, 14Aug.1997,M.Wakabayashi,M.Amano,M.Mori,K.R.Rajbhandari & K.Shinozaki 9715164 (TI)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone, Solukhumbu District, Horsola
‑50′
‑43′
Kharka ‑ Tangnag (86°
49′
E 27°
41′
N), 3,890 m, on
stream sides, 11 Aug. 1997, M.Wakabayashi, M.Amano, M.
Mori, K.R.Rajbhandari & K.Shinozaki 9730219 (TI)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone,Solukhumbu District,around Tangnag (86°
50′
E 27°
43′
N),4,300 m,12 Aug.1997,M.Wakabayashi, M.Amano, M.Mori, K.R.Rajbhandari & K.Shinozaki
9720188 (TI)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone,Solukhumbu District,around Khare
(86°
53′
E 27°
44′
N), 4,850 m, fl. yellowish, 16 Aug. 1997, M.
Wakabayashi, M.Amano, M.Mori, K.R.Rajbhandari & K.Shinozaki 9710270 (TI)( )&9710271(TI)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone,Solukhumbu District,Dudh Kund ‑
‑49′
‑40′
Mosom Kharka (86°
51′
E 27°
41′
N), 4,590 m, 25 Aug.
1997, on open stony slopes, M.Wakabayashi, M.Amano, M.
Mori, K.R.Rajbhandari & K.Shinozaki 9730340 (TI)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone, Solukhumbu District, Tangna ‑Dik Kharka (27°
44′
N 86°
51′
E),4,300 m,on banks orrocks bystreams,6 Aug.1995,F.Miyamoto,M.Amano,H.Ikeda,C.M.
Joshi, K.Arai & T.Komatsu 95808231 (E, TI, TUS) ( ) &9588126 (TI)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone,Solukhumbu District,Dik Kharka ‑Khare (27°
44′
N 86°
52′
E), 4,500 m, on alpine rocky slope,
petals creamywhite to pale purple,7 Aug.1995,F.Miyamoto,M.Amano, H.Ikeda, C.M.Joshi, K.Arai & T.Komatsu
9588132 (TI)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone, Solukhumbu District, Rato Odara‑ Chhomalang Base Camp (27°
43′
N 86°
54′
E), 4,600 m, on
grassland slopes, 11 Aug. 1995, F.Miyamoto, M.Amano, H.
Ikeda, C.M.Joshi, K.Arai & T.Komatsu 9580280 (TI)( ).
Sagarmatha zone,Solukhumbu District, Chhomalang
Base Camp ‑ Seto Pokhari (27°
47′
N 86°
55′
E), 4,500 m, on
exposed place near the river,12 Aug.1995,F.Miyamoto, M.
Amano, H.Ikeda, C.M.Joshi, K.Arai & T.Komatsu 9592255(TI,TUS)( ),&9596285 (TI)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone,Solukhumbu District,Seto Pokhari‑ Chhomalang Base Camp (27°
47′
N 86°
57′
E), 4,580 m,
grassy place, flowers pink, 17 Aug. 1995, F.Miyamoto, M.
Amano, H.Ikeda, C.M.Joshi, K.Arai & T.Komatsu 9596343(TI)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone, Solukhumbu District, Khare ‑Tangna (27°
46′
N 86°
12′
E),4,400 m,on sandybank beside ariver(Hinku khola),20 Aug.1995,F.Miyamoto,M.Amano,H.
Ikeda, C.M.Joshi, K.Arai & T.Komatsu 9588198 (TI)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone,Solukhumbu District,around Dudh
Kund (27°
42′
N 86°
50′
E), 4,440 m, grazed place, flowers
purple, 25‑26 Aug. 1995, F.Miyamoto, M.Amano, H.Ikeda,
C.M.Joshi, K.Arai & T.Komatsu 9596459 (TI,TUS)( ).

Distribution maps of Silene (Caryophyllaceae)in Nepal(I)Sagarmatha Zone,Solukhumbu District,around Dudh
Kund (27°
42′
N 86°
50′
E), 4,500 m, on a rocky ground, plantwith blackish hair,25‑26 Aug.1995,F.Miyamoto,M.Amano,
H.Ikeda, C.M.Joshi, K.Arai & T.Komatsu 9592418 (TI)( ).
Sagarmatha Zone,Solukhumbu District,around Dudh
Kund (27°
42′
N 86°
50′
E), 4,510 m, on sandy place beside a
stream nearglacier,26 Aug.1995,F.Miyamoto,M.Amano,H.
Ikeda,C.M.Joshi,K.Arai&T.Komatsu 9588247 (TI,TUS)( ).
Koshi Zone, Sankhusabha District, Jaljale Himal, Shuwan
Kharka (Near Panch Pokhari) ‑ Topke Gola (87°
30′
E 27°
35′
N),4,180‑3,570 m,corolla ivorywith purple veins,7 Aug.1991,
H.Ohba, S.Akiyama, H.Ikeda, T.Kikuchi, S.Noshiro, Y.
Omori, M.N.Subedi & M.Wakabayashi 9110367 (TI) ( ),9120267 (TI)( ),9120270 (TI)( ).
Koshi Zone, Sankhusabha District, Jaljale Himal,
Topke Gola‑Bomrang (87°
30′
E 27°
35′
N), 3,570‑4,200 m, onrocks,9 Aug.1991,H.Ohba,S.Akiyama,H.Ikeda,T.Kikuchi,
S.Noshiro,Y.Omori,M.N.Subedi&M.Wakabayashi 9110408(TI)( ).
Bhut Pokri,Nepal,16‑17,000 ft.,1930,Lall Dhwoj553(E,G).
Kang La, Tseram, 14‑15,000 ft., 10 Sept. 1905, D.J.
Jacot‑Guillarmod LY1(G).
Arun ‑ Tamur watershed, Thagla Bhanjyang, N. of
Topke Gola, 14,500 ft., on stony ground, calyx green withpurple markings,corolla purple,14 July1956,J.D.A.Stainton
988 (G).
Lama Chhungbu (873275),4,200 m,24 June 1972,H.
Kanai, H.Ohashi, K.Iwatsuki, H.Ohba, Z.Iwatsuki & P.R.
Shakya 720727 (TI).
Yalung,Simbua Khola,4,080 m,scree,fairlycommon,
12 Sept.1978,D.Binns, R.Mason & G.Wright 55 (E).
Between Kangbachen and Lhonak,4,500 m,27 Sept.
1962,K.Nishioka 1117 (KYO).
Lhonak,camp de base,4,700 m,4 July1942,Wyss‑
Dunant 1123 (G).
Environs of Ghunsa (27°
40′
87°
57′
), 3,520 m, on gravellyrockybanks ofstream,corolla brown‑purple,calyx hairs
purple,8 Sept.1989,KEKE 382 (E).
Silene stracheyi Edgew.
Distribution: India (Kumaun),Nepal,Bhutan.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
Between Jumla and Garjigoth, 11,000 ft., growing
among rocks beside stream, height 2 ft., sepals pale green
petals white, 8 Aug. 1952, O.Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.
Williams 5039 (G).
Near Surtibang Lekh, 11,000 ft., straggling among
vegetation in burnt forest, flowers white, 11 July 1954,
Stainton, Sykes & Williams 3448 (G).
Silene vautierae Bocq.
Distribution: Nepal.
Specimens from Nepal seen:
Karnali Zone, Jumla District, Deula Deuli ‑ Hanka
(82°
10′
E 29°
00′
N), 4,300 m, open place, 19 Sept. 1991, M.
Minaki, K.K.Joshi, Y.Kadota, H.Sugita, A.Takahashi, S.
Tsuda, H.Yagi & C.Yonebayashi 9104104 (TI, TUS) ( ),9105036 (TI)( ),and 9109080 (TI)( ).

Lulo Khola,15,000 ft.,on stonyslopes,stems dark red,
19 Sept.1952,O.Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 3509
(E,TI).
Nr.Jogni Daha,13,000 ft.,on open earth beside river,
1Oct.1952,O.Polunin,W.R.Sykes &L.H.J.Williams 5486 (E,
TI).
Nr.Balangra Pass,15,500 ft.,moist places in exposed
earth and around small rocks near melted snow of streams,
leaves and stems dullpurplish,flowers purplish,26 July1952,
O.Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 2586 (E,TI).
East of Chalike Pahar, 14,000 ft., among sand androcks on river bed,2 Aug.1954,Stainton, Sykes & Williams
3717 (E,TI).
East of Chalike Pahar, 14,000 ft., sand and rocks inriver bed,leaves and stems purplish,21Sept.1954,Stainton,
Sykes & Williams 4521(TI).
West side of Khung Khola, 5,000 m, leaves deep
green and red flush,calyx reddish and deeper veins,corolla
pale pink,18 Aug.1973,Grey‑Wilson & Phillips 666 (K).
3 m. north of Shimen, 4,300 m, leaves deep green,
flowers rose‑purple,6 Aug.1973,Grey‑Wilson &Phillips 543(K).
Dhawalagiri Zone,Mustang District, Chabarbu (Thor‑57′‑53′
ang Phedi) ‑ Jharkot 28°
48′
25′
′
′
N 83°
51′
07′
′
43′
′
E),
4,310 m,on sunnysteep slope,24 Sept.1995,M.Mikage &K.
Yonekura 9552466 (TUS)( ).
Taglung,S.ofTukucha,KaliGandaki,14,500 ft.,open
rockyslopes,calyx and corolla purple,16 July1954,Stainton,
Sykes & Williams 1824 (E,TI).
Tukucha, Kali Gandaki, 14,000 ft., on scree slopes,
corolla &leaves purple,corolla covered with purple hairs,12
Sept.1954,Stainton, Sykes & Williams 7779 (E,TI).
Larjung, S. of Tukucha, Kali Gandaki, 12,000 ft.,amongst stones on scree slope,corolla and filaments purple,
23 July 1954,Stainton, Sykes & Williams 1941(E,TI).
Muktinath, 13,000 ft., open grass slopes, corollamauvish green,28 July1954,Stainton,Sykes &Williams 7410
(TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, around Sangda
pass (28°
52′
38.5′
′
N 83°
42′
E),4,530 m,calyx pale brown,vein
purple with purple bristles and glandular, petals purple, on
scree slopes, 11 Aug. 2002, F.Miyamoto, N.Kurosaki, S.
Akiyama, H.Ikeda, Y.Iokawa, Y.Takahashi, M.Tsusaka & M.
N.Subedi 20210044 (TI).
Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Yak Kharka ‑Tukuche (83°
35′
E 29°
40′
N),3,390 m,1Sept.1988,M.Suzuki,
T.Maeda,N.Naruhashi,R.Watanabe,M.N.Subedi,M.Minaki,
S.Noshiro, H.Ikeda 8830566 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone, Mustang District, around Sangda
pass (28°
53′
N 83°
43′
E), 4,400 m, stony slopes, calyx creamwith purple veins,petals purple,12 Aug.2002,F.Miyamoto,N.
Kurosaki, S.Akiyama, H.Ikeda, Y.Iokawa, Y.Takahashi, M.
Tsusaka & M.N.Subedi 20230050 (TI).
Dhawalagiri Zone,Manang &Mustang District,Thorung La (28°
46′
46′
′
N 83°
58′
16′
′
E),5,110 m,fl.dark purple,open
dried place,alpine rockyplace,19 Aug.1994,M.Mikage, N.
Fujii, T.Kajita, N.Kondo, S.Noshiro & K.Yoda 9485497 (TI).
DhaulagiriZone,Mustang District,around Yak Kharka
(83°
35′
E 29°
40′
N), 4,200 m, 31 Aug. 1988, M.Suzuki, T.

Keshab R.Rajbhandari and Mitsuo Suzuki
Maeda,N.Naruhashi,R.Watanabe,M.N.Subedi,M.Minaki,S.
Noshiro, H.Ikeda 8881669 (TI).
DhaulagiriZone,Mustang District,around Yak Kharka
(83°
35′
E 29°
40′
N),4130 m,petallight purple,on a rockyslope,
31 Aug. 1988, M.Suzuki, T.Maeda, N.Naruhashi, R.
Watanabe, M.N.Subedi, M.Minaki, S.Noshiro, H.Ikeda
8860912 (TI).
Jargeng Khola, 14,500 ft., screes, flower dull mauve,
inflated calyx veined with dull red,stems more or less dark
red,5 Aug.1950,D.G.Lowndes 1331(E,TI).
GandakiZone,Gorkha District,around Thangmanang
Kharka (28°
33′
09′
′
N 84°
39′
19′
′
E),3,815 m,open sandyplace,
6 Aug. 1994, M.Suzuki, N.Acharya, N.Fujii, T.Kajita, N.
Kando, M.Mikage, S.Noshiro & K.Yoda 9460243 (TUS)( ).

P29 East Peak, 4,500 m, 22 Oct. 1963, T.Namba
1022006 (KYO).
Silene vulgaris (Moench)Garcke
Cucubalus behen L.
Behen vulgaris Moench
Silene inflata Sm.
Silene venosa Ascherson
Distribution: Europe, N.Africa, Asia eastwards toWest Himalaya,Pakistan,India,Nepal,China.
Specimen from Nepal seen:
Nepal,Dhuli,9,000 ft.,hillside,13 July1953,J.B.Tyson
97 (E).