ࠑෆ㛶ᗓ⤒῭♫఍⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ 2017 ᖺࠒㄽ  ᩥ

೒޲শ‫̦ۼ‬ຳິ͈শ‫ۼ‬෻໦ͅဓ̢ͥ‫ޣג‬㸨ᑠཎ ⨾⣖࣭㛵ᓥ ᲈᜨ㸨㸨㸺せ᪨㸼 ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡀኵ፬ࡢᕷሙປാ࠾ࡼࡧᐙ஦ປാࡢ౪⤥࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋศᯒ࡟ࡣࠊබ┈㈈ᅋἲேᐙィ⤒῭◊✲ᡤ࡟ࡼࡿࠕᾘ㈝⏕ά࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃࢿࣝㄪᰝࠖ
ࡢ 1995 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2015 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊጔࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃኵࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿ㝿࡟㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿ໅ົඛࡢ≧ἣ࡜ࠊᐙ஦ປാࡢ
Ỵᐃࢆ⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛ᚲせ୙ྍḞ࡜࡞ࡿᐙィࡸୡᖏဨࡢᒓᛶࡢ཮᪉ࢆྠ᫬࡟ᢕᥱ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡉࡽ
࡟ࠊྠ୍ᐙィࢆ㏣㊧ࡋࡓࣃࢿࣝㄪᰝ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠸ಶேࡸᐙ᪘ࡢ␗㉁ᛶࡢᏑᅾࢆ⪃៖࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ᫬㛫㓄ศࡢỴᐃ࡟୚࠼ࡿ⣧⢋࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋඹാࡁୡᖏࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࠊኵ࡜ጔ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᮏேࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤ⮬㌟ࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡣ▷ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋຍ
࠼࡚ࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤ⮬ศࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆῶࡽࡋࠊᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ
࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ᥎ィ್ࡢヲ⣽ࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡿ㓄അ⪅ࡢປാ౪⤥ᢚไຠᯝࡔ
ࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊጔࡢᐙ஦ປാ౪⤥ࡣᙼዪࡢᕷሙປാ౪⤥࡜ẚ࡭࡚㠀ᙎຊⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢᙎຊᛶࡣኵ࡛኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊኵࡀ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬
㛫࡟཯ᛂࡋ࡚ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ 1990 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ2000 ᖺ௦࡟ኚ໬ࡋࡓ᪥ᮏᐙィࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋJEL Classification Codes㸸D13, J22, R41
Keywords㸸ᐙィ⏕⏘ࠊኵ፬ෆ᫬㛫㓄ศࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫㸨ᮏ✏ࡢసᡂ࡟㝿ࡋࠊෆ㛶ᗓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿሗ࿌఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓウㄽ⪅ࡢྜྷᒸ┿ྐୖᖍ୺௵◊✲ᐁࠊ୺ᰝࡢᵽཱྀ⨾㞝ࠊᕝཱྀ኱ྖࠊᒣᮏ໏ࡢྛᩍᤵࠊヲ⣽࡞ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓᑠ㔝ᾈࠊඣ⋢┤⨾ࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࣝࢬ࣭ࣘ࢘ࢪ࣭࣍ࣜ࢜࢝ࠊ᪂ぢ㝧Ꮚࡢྛᩍᤵࠊฟᖍ⪅ࡢⓙᵝ࡟ឤㅰࡋࡲࡍࠋ
㸨㸨ᑠཎ ⨾⣖㸸኱㜰኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲⛉෸ᩍᤵࠊ㛵ᓥ ᲈᜨ㸸኱㜰኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᅜ㝿බඹᨻ⟇◊✲⛉༤ኈᚋᮇㄢ⛬1ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ

The Effect of Commuting Time on Married Couples’ Time Use
By Miki KOHARA and Kozue SEKIJIMA

Abstract
This paper analyzes the effects of changes in commuting time on the market and household labor supply of wives and their husbands. We use the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers (JPSC),
conducted by the Institute for Research on Household Economics, for the period 1994–2015. Thisis a unique panel survey compiling the daily time allocation of both wives and husbands. In addition, it includes information on work circumstances, which are important to estimate market labor
hours, and on household characteristics and the number of family members, which are essential toconsider the decision on housework. The panel dataset enables us to control for unobserved heterogeneity of individuals and households and clarify the causal impact of commuting time on time
allocation within the family. The results of the analysis on dual income households show that anincrease in own commuting time raises the market labor hours and decreases the housework hours
both for a wife and the husband. In addition, an increase in one spouse’s commuting time decreases
the spouse’s own market labor hours and increases their housework hours. Further estimationshows that wives’ market labor hours react to their own and their spouse’s commuting time morethan their own housework hours, and that husbands’ market labor hours react to their own and theirspouse’s commuting time more than wives’ market labor hours. This responsiveness in husbands’
time allocation is a recent phenomenon in Japanese families which was not observed in the 1990s.

JEL Classification Codes: D13, J22, R41
Keywords: household production, time allocation within the household, market labor time,
household production time, commuting time2

㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
㛗᫬㛫㏻໅ࡢᏑᅾࡣࠊ᪥ᮏேࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศࡢỴᐃ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺
࠿ࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ᪤፧⏨ᛶࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢ▷ࡉࡸࠊ᪤፧ዪᛶࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢ▷ࡉࡣࠊ
㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ㛗ࡉ࠿ࡽᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿኵ፬ෆ࡛ࡢ᫬
㛫㓄ศࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ỵᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ㛗ࡉ࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᐙィෆ᫬㛫㓄ศࡢỴᐃせᅉࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ␲ၥ࡟⟅࠼ࡿࠋᐙィෆ᫬㛫㓄ศࡢỴᐃ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢゎ᫂ࡣࠊᐙィࡸᐙ᪘ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ◊✲ศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚㧗࠸㛵ᚰࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࢸ࣮࣐ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊィ㔞ศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾࡇࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒
ࢆゎ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᐜ࡛᫆ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋศᯒࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ⌮⏤ࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊᐙィෆࡢ᝟ሗ࡜ࡃ࡟᫬
㛫㓄ศ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗࡀධᡭࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ௬࡟᫬㛫㓄ศࡢ᝟ሗࢆධᡭ࡛ࡁࡓ
࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ᫬㛫Ỵᐃ࡟ࡣศᯒ⪅࡟ࡣほᐹ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᵝࠎ࡞せᅉࡀᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊྛせᅉࢆ㆑ูࡋ࡚ᅉᯝຠᯝࢆᢳฟࡍࡿࡢࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୰࡛ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᕤኵࡀ᪋ࡉࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᫬㛫㓄ศỴᐃࡢィ㔞ศᯒࡣ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋẚ㍑ⓗ᪂ࡋ࠸◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊConnelly & Kimmel㸦2009㸧ࡣࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ Time Use Survey
䠄2003 ᖺ㹼2006 ᖺ㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ኵ፬ࡢ┦ᑐ㈤㔠ࡸປാ᫬㛫ࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⏕ά᫬㛫࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㓄അ⪅ࡢᒓᛶࡀవᬤࡸ⫱ඣࡢ᫬㛫ࠊᐙィ⏕⏘࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡢ㓄അ⪅ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศࡣࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢᖺ㱋ࡸᩍ⫱ࠊே✀࡞࡝ࡢ᝟ሗࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ഴྥࢫࢥ࢔࣐
ࢵࢳࣥࢢ➼࡟ࡼࡿ᥎ィࢆ⾜࠸ࠊጔࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫࡜ኵࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫࡟㈇ࡢ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊ
ጔࡢປാ᫬㛫࡜ኵࡢ⫱ඣ᫬㛫࡟ṇࡢ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊవᬤ᫬㛫ࡸᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡣ㓄അ⪅㛫࡛⿵᏶ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ࡜ࡃ࡟ࠊࠕኵࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࠖࡢỴᐃ࡜ࠕጔࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࠖࡢỴᐃ࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡀከ࠸ࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ᪤፧⏨ᛶࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡀ௚ᅜ࡜ẚ࡭࡚ⴭࡋࡃ▷࠸࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜
ࡸࠊ᪤፧ዪᛶࡢປാ᫬㛫ࡀ௚ᅜ࡜ẚ࡭࡚ⴭࡋࡃ▷࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ⫼ᬒ࡟࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ㤿㸦2006㸧ࡣࠊࠕ៞᠕⩏ሿ኱Ꮫᐙィࣃࢿࣝㄪᰝࠖ
㸦2004 ᖺ㹼2006 ᖺ㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊኵࡢປാ᫬㛫ࡀ㛗࠸࡯࡝ጔࡢປാ᫬㛫ࡀ▷࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊኵࡢ㛗᫬㛫ປാࡀኵࡢᐙ஦ཧຍ࠾ࡼࡧጔࡢᑵᴗࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋỈⴠ㸦2006㸧ࡣࠊ2001 ᖺࡢࠕ♫఍⏕άᇶᮏㄪᰝࠖ
㸦⥲ົ┬㸧ࡢ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊᐙィࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ⾜ື࡜∗ぶࡢ⫱ඣ᫬㛫ࡸ⫱ඣศᢸࡢ㛵ಀࢆศᯒࡋࠊ∗ぶ⮬㌟ࡢ㛗᫬㛫ປാࡀ⫱ඣཧຍࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୰㔝㸦2009㸧ࡣࠊࠕ⫋ᴗ࡜ᐙᗞ⏕ά࡟㛵ࡍࡿ඲ᅜㄪᰝࠖ
㸦ປാᨻ⟇◊✲࣭◊ಟᶵᵓ㸧ࡢ 1991ᖺࡢಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ஧ኚ㔞ࣉࣟࣅࢵࢺࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃ࡟ࡼࡾኵࡢᐙ஦࣭⫱ඣ⾜ື࡜ጔࡢᑵᴗỴᐃࡢ㛫࡟࠶ࡿྠ᫬ᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓୗ࡛ࠊኵࡢᐙ஦࣭⫱ඣཧຍࡀጔࡢᑵᴗ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᵝࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ㭯࣭ஂ⡿㸦2016㸧࡛ࡶᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡣࠊࠕᖹᡂ 26ᖺᗘ ṇ♫ဨ࣭㠀ṇ♫ဨࡢከᵝ࡞ാࡁ᪉࡜ព㆑࡟㛵ࡍࡿ Web ㄪᰝࠖ㸦⤒῭⏘ᴗ◊✲ᡤ㸧ࡢಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊጔࡢᑵᴗỴᐃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣉࣟࣅࢵࢺࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃࢆ⾜࠸ࠊኵࡢᐙ஦࣭⫱ඣཧຍࢆෆ⏕ኚᩘ࡜ࡋࡓ᧯సኚᩘἲࡢศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾࠊኵࡢᐙ஦࣭⫱ඣ᫬㛫㔞ࡣጔࡢᑵᴗ࡟ṇ3ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ࡛᭷ព࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᑠⴥ࣭Ᏻᒸ࣭ᾆᕝ㸦2009㸧ࡣࠊࠕᐙ᪘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ඲ᅜㄪᰝࠊ2004ࠖ㸦᪥ᮏᐙ᪘♫఍Ꮫ఍㸧ࡢಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ኵࡢᐙ஦⫱ඣ༠ຊࡢせᅉࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏨ዪ㛫ࡢປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅ
ࡿẚ㍑ඃ఩ᛶ㸦ኵ፬㛫㈤㔠᱁ᕪࠊኵ፬㛫ᏛṔ᱁ᕪ㸧ࠊ᫬㛫ไ⣙㸦ᑵᴗᙧែࠊኵࡢປാ᫬㛫ࠊ
ኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫㸧
ࠊᛶูᙺ๭ศᢸព㆑㸦ࠕ௙஦ࡣ⏨ᛶࠊᐙᗞࡣዪᛶࠖ
ࠕ⫱ඣࡣዪᛶࠖ࡞࡝࡬ࡢྠ
ពࡢ⛬ᗘ㸧࡟╔┠ࡋࠊᐙ஦⫱ඣ༠ຊ࡟ࡣࠊẚ㍑ඃ఩ᛶࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊᛶูᙺ๭ศᢸ
ព㆑ࡢᙉ࠸ᐙᗞ࡛ࡣ᫬㛫ไ⣙ࡢ⦆࿴ࡀኵࡢᐙ஦⫱ඣ༠ຊࢆಁࡍຠᯝࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⫱ඣ༠ຊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣປാ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᫬㛫ไ⣙ࡀ㔜せ࡞ㄝ᫂せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊኵࡢປാ᫬㛫ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ㛗ࡉࡶࠊኵࡢᐙ஦⫱ඣ༠ຊࡢ㜼ᐖせᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
᫬㛫㓄ศࡢỴᐃ࡟ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣูࡢ◊✲࡛ࡶ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ᑠཎ㸦2000㸧ࡣࠊ1994 ᖺࡢࠕᾘ㈝⏕ά࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃࢿࣝㄪᰝࠖ㸦ᐙィ⤒῭◊✲ᡤ㸧ࡢಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍࡀጔࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡋࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆᢚไࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊኵࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡣࠊጔࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟཯ᛂࡋ࡚࠸࡞
࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊኵ፬㛫࡛ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢỴᐃࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀປാ᫬㛫ࡢ㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ௚ࡢඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࡛ࡶศᯒࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSolberg & Wong㸦1992㸧ࡣࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ Family Time Use Survey㸦1977 ᖺࠊ1978ᖺ㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ඹാࡁᐙᗞࡢኵ፬ࢆ◊✲ࡋࠊኵ࡜ጔࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡣ㏻໅᫬
㛫ࡀቑຍࡍࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ୗࡀࡿࡇ࡜ࠊྠ᫬࡟㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍࡣኵ፬࡜ࡶ࡟వᬤ᫬㛫ࢆୗࡆࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍࡣኵ፬࡜ࡶ࡟ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Gutierrezi & Ommeren㸦2010㸧ࡣࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ Socio-Economic Panel㸦1997㹼2007 ᖺ㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ⫋ሙ⛣㌿࡟ࡼࡿእ⏕ⓗ࡞㏻໅㊥㞳ࡢኚ໬࡟╔┠ࡋࠊ㏻໅㊥㞳ࡀఙࡧࡿ࡜ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡀቑຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ⏨ᛶࡼࡾዪᛶ࡛኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡶࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟╔┠ࡋࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫࡜ᐙ஦ປാ᫬
㛫ࡢỴᐃ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ࡜ࡃ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿඛ⾜◊✲࡛≉ᚩⓗ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿኵ፬㛫ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศỴᐃࡸࠊࡑࡢせᅉࡢᕪ࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿࠋศᯒ࡟ࡣࠊබ┈㈈ᅋἲேᐙィ⤒῭◊✲
ᡤࡢࠕᾘ㈝⏕ά࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃࢿࣝㄪᰝࠖࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢㄪᰝࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ฼Ⅼࡣࠊ➨୍࡟ࠊኵ፬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋಶேࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศࢆᑜࡡࡓㄪᰝࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿Ꮡ
ᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊኵ፬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓࡶࡢࡣᴟࡵ࡚⌋ࡋ࠸ࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ᪤፧ዪ
ᛶࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ᝟ሗࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽศᯒࡍࡿࠋ
➨஧ࡢ฼Ⅼࡣࠊປാ≧ἣ࡜ᐙᗞෆࡢ≧ἣࡀྠ᫬࡟ࢃ࠿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢỴ
ᐃ࡟ࡣ㏻໅᫬㛫௨እ࡟ࡶ໅ົඛࡢ≧ἣࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬
㛫ࡢỴᐃ࡟ࡣ໅ົඛࡢ≧ἣ௨እ࡟ࡶᐙᗞࡢ≧ἣࡀᙳ㡪ࡋᚓࡿࠋࡇࡢㄪᰝࡣࡇࢀࡽࢆࡍ࡭࡚
ྠ᫬࡟ᢕᥱ࡛ࡁࡿ≉␗࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࢭࢵࢺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
➨୕ࡢ฼Ⅼࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗࡀࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᫬㛫㓄ศࡢ᝟ሗࡀࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᙧ࡛ධᡭ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡣୡ⏺ⓗ࡟ࡶ⛥࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ

4

㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᫬㛫ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ ᐃㄗᕪࢆᣢࡕࡸࡍ࠸࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡟ᑐฎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋྠ୍ಶேࡢ㏣㊧ࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ಶయຠᯝࡢᏑᅾࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓศᯒࢆ⾜࠼ࡤࠊಶே≉᭷ࡢᐃㄗᕪࡀ᥎ᐃ್࡟ࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࢆ୚࠼ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆྲྀࡾ㝖ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊඛ⾜◊✲ࡶᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ㏻ࡾࠊ᫬㛫㓄ศࡢ᥎ᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊูࡢ᫬㛫Ỵᐃࡀෆ⏕ኚᩘ࡜࡞ࡿၥ㢟ࢆᣢࡕࡸࡍ࠸ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊほᐹ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᐙィࡸኵ፬ࡢ␗㉁ᛶࡀ」ᩘࡢ᫬㛫Ỵᐃ࡟ྠ᫬࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆྲྀࡾ㝖࠸ࡓศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ศᯒࡣඹാࡁୡᖏࢆᑐ㇟࡟⾜࠺ࠋศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ⮬ศࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆ㛗ࡃࡋ࡚ࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆ▷ࡃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋຍ࠼࡚ࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬
㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤ⮬ศࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆῶࡽࡋࠊᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ
ኵࠊጔ࡜ࡶ࡟☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊኵ፬㛫࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᫬㛫㓄ศ㛫࡛᥎ィ್ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࢆྫྷ࿡ࡍ
ࡿ࡜ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡿ㓄അ⪅ࡢປാ౪⤥ᢚไຠᯝ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊጔࡢᐙ஦ປാ౪⤥ࡀᙼዪࡢᕷሙປാ౪⤥࡜ẚ࡭࡚㠀ᙎຊⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡢᙎ
ຊᛶࡣኵ࡛኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊኵࡀ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟཯ᛂࡋ࡚⮬ࡽࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศࠊ࡜ࡃ࡟ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ 1990 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶほᐹࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ
2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟ኚ໬ࡋࡓഴྥ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
ᮏ◊✲ࡢ㈉⊩ࡣ௨ୗࡢ 3 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊᐙィෆࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศỴᐃ࡜࠸࠺㛵ᚰࡀ㧗ࡃࡶィ㔞ศᯒࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࢸ࣮࣐࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊศᯒ࡟᭱㐺࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᐇែࢆᢕᥱࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋඛ࡟㏙࡭ࡓ㏻ࡾࠊᐙィෆ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊኵ፬ෆࡢ᫬㛫Ỵᐃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗࡀධᡭ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ」ᩘࡢ᫬㛫Ỵᐃࡢྠ᫬ᛶࡸෆ⏕ᛶࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ౑⏝ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓィ㔞ศᯒࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋ
➨஧࡟ࠊ㛗᫬㛫㏻໅࡜࠸࠺᪥ᮏࡢ≉ᚩࢆᤊ࠼࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡀᐙィෆࡢ᭱㐺࡞᫬㛫㓄ศࡢỴᐃ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪤፧ዪᛶࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫࡜᪤፧⏨ᛶࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬
㛫ࡢỴᐃ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊዪᛶࡢᕷሙປാཧຍ⋡ࡢపࡉ࡜ࠊ⏨ᛶࡢᐙ஦ཧ
ຍ⋡ࡢపࡉ࡜࠸࠺᪥ᮏᐙィࡢ㸰኱≉ᚩ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶゝཬ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢศᯒࡣࠊ
࡜ࡃ࡟ 2000 ᖺ௨㝆࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚋ࡛ぢࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ2000 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊᐙ᪘ୡᖏ࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚ࡶ㒔ᚰᅇᖐ࣭⫋ఫ᥋㏆ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᒙ࡛ࡣ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣῶᑡࡋࡓࡣ
ࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᪤፧ዪᛶࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡣኚ໬ࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᪤፧⏨ᛶࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡣኚ໬ࡋࡓࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㛵ᚰࡀᣢࡓࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
➨୕ࡢ㈉⊩ࡣࠊᚓࡽࢀࡓศᯒ⤖ᯝࡢ᪂ࡋࡉ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࠊᮏேࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟཯ᛂࡋ࡚ࠊኵࡀᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆቑῶࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᐇែࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋጔ
ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀቑ࠼ࡓ᫬࡟ኵࡀᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ⮬࡛᫂ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⌮ㄽࣔࢹ࡛ࣝㄝ
᫂ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࡣࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢᙧ࡛㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ┦ᡭࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ
ධࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㓄അ⪅࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿᕷሙປാࡢࢥࢫࢺࡀቑ࠼ࡓ᫬࡟⮬ࡽࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡍ࡜࠸࠺ᐇド⤖ᯝࡣࠊࠕ⏨ࡣእࠊዪࡣෆ࡛ാࡃ࡭ࡁࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ౯್ほࡀᙉ࠸᪥ᮏࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅜ࡛ࡣほᐹࡉࢀ࡟ࡃ࠸ࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊඛ⾜◊✲࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊኵࡀጔࡢ㏻໅᫬

5ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ㛫࡟཯ᛂࡋ࡚ᐙ஦ປാࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ 1990 ᖺ௦ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ࡣほᐹࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᮏ◊✲ࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢኵ፬ෆ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ᐇែࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏ◊✲ࡢᵓᡂࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸰❶࡛ࡣ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜᥎ᐃࣔࢹࣝࢆࡲ࡜ࡵ
ࡿࠋ㸱❶࡛ࡣ౑⏝ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⤂௓ࡋࠊ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࢆ㸲❶࡛♧ࡍࠋ඲యࢆ㸳❶࡛ࡲ࡜ࡵࡿࠋ

㸰㸬⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜᥎ᐃࣔࢹࣝ ኵ࡜ጔࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫࡜ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢỴᐃࡣࠊᐙィෆ⏕⏘ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
ከ࠸ࠋኵ࡜ጔࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ᫬㛫࡜㈈ࢆᢞධࡋ࡚ᐙィෆ⏕⏘ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᐙィෆປാ࡜ࡣᐙ஦ࡸ⫱ඣ࡞࡝ࢆᣦࡋࠊᐙィෆ⏕⏘≀࡜ࡣㄪ⌮ࡉࢀࡓ㣗஦ࡸΎᤲࡉࢀࡓᐙࡢ≧ែࠊ㣴⫱ࡉࢀࡓᏊ౪ࡢ≧ែ࡞࡝ࢆᣦࡍࠋ
ኵ፬ࡣ୍᪥ࡢ࠺ࡕ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ᫬㛫ࢆᕷሙປാࠊ
ᐙ஦ປാࠊవᬤ᫬㛫࡟ศࡅࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᕷሙປാ࡟ࡣ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ
ࠕ୍᪥ࡢ࠺ࡕ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ
᫬㛫ࠖ࡜ࡣ 24 ᫬㛫࠿ࡽ㏻໅᫬㛫ࢆᘬ࠸ࡓࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋኵ፬ࡣ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ㈤㔠⋡࡟┤㠃ࡋࠊᕷሙປാ࡟ࡼࡾᡤᚓ㸦㈤㔠⋡ປാ᫬㛫㸧ࢆᚓࡿࠋኵ፬ࡣ஫࠸ࡢవᬤ᫬㛫࡜ᐙィ඲యࡢᾘ㈝ࠊᐙィ⏕⏘≀࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿᐙィࡢຠ⏝ࢆࠊண⟬ไ⣙ࠊᐙィ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ஧ேࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ᫬㛫ไ⣙࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᭱኱໬ࡍࡿࠋᚓࡽࢀࡿ᭱㐺ゎࡣࠊຠ⏝㛵ᩘࡸᐙィ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ㑅ዲࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡸ㈤㔠⋡ࠊᕷሙປാ࡟࠿࠿ࡿᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࡸ㠀ປാᡤᚓ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ㛵ᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚࠿ࡅࡿࠋ
༢⣧࡞ᐙィ⏕⏘ࣔࢹࣝࡢࡶ࡜࡛ᑟฟࡉࢀࡿᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫࡜ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢ᭱㐺ゎ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊẚ㍑㟼Ꮫ࡟ࡼࡾḟࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࠋኵ፬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍࡣ࡝ࡕࡽࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊవᬤࡀṇᖖ㈈࡛࠶ࡿ㝈ࡾ࡝ࡕࡽࡢవᬤ᫬㛫ࡶῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࠋᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡣ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍศ࡜వᬤ᫬㛫ࡢῶᑡศࡢ┦ᑐⓗ࡞኱ࡁࡉ࡛Ỵࡲࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀቑ࠼ࡓ⪅ࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡣ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟୍ព࡟ࡣᐃࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ㏻
໅᫬㛫ࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⪅ࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢ᫬㛫ไ⣙ࡣኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛వᬤ᫬㛫ࡀῶࡗࡓศࡔࡅ
ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡣቑຍࡍࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࣔࢹࣝࡢタᐃࢆኚ࠼ࢀࡤࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡸᕷሙປാ᫬㛫࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡶኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫࠿ࡽ୙ຠ⏝ࢆᚓࡿࣔࢹࣝࡸࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀቑຍࡍࡿ࡜⑂ປ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡾᐙィ⏕⏘ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࡀపୗࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝࢆᥥ෗ࡍࢀࡤࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡾᮏேࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡀῶࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᐙィ⏕⏘ࡢ୰࡟ࡣᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁ࡞࠸ᚲせ࡞⏕⏘᫬㛫ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ୗ㝈ไ⣙ࢆࣔࢹࣝ࡟ྲྀࡾධࢀࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍࡀᮏேࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊࡑࡢῶᑡࢆ⿵࠺ࡼ࠺࡟┦ᡭࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡀቑ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀኚ໬ࡋࡓᮏேࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㓄അ⪅ࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆኚ࠼ࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆኚ࠼ᚓࡿ1ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟୍ព࡟ᐃࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓᙳ㡪ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡣ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽࡣࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ィ㔞ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ᙳ㡪ࡢ᪉ྥࡸ኱ࡁࡉࢆィ ࡍࡿࡇ࡜1㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢᙳ㡪࡟㛵ࡍࡿẚ㍑㟼Ꮫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᑠཎ㸦2000㸧ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ

6

㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪࡟࡞ࡿࠋᐙィ i ࡢኵ㸦h㸧࡜ጔ㸦w㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫㸦L㸧࡜ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫㸦H㸧ࡢ
᥎ᐃᘧࢆࠊ
=Ⱦ

+Ⱦ

+

+

=Ⱦ

+Ⱦ

+

+

࡜᭩ࡃ࡜ࡍࡿ㸦j = h, w㸧
ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ

࡜

ࡣኵ࡜ጔࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࢆᣦࡍࠋࡣᐙ

ィ i ࡢಶே j ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄝ᫂ኚᩘ⩌ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋX ࡟ࡣࠊ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ண⟬ไ⣙ࡸ᫬㛫ไ⣙࡟ධࡿ㏻໅᫬㛫௨እࡢไᚚኚᩘ㸦ኵ࡜ጔࡢ㈤㔠ࠊ㠀ປാᡤᚓࠊᏊ౪ࡢᏑᅾ࡞࡝ປാࢥࢫ
ࢺࢆ⾲ࡍኚᩘ㸧ࡸࠊᐙィ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࠾ࡼࡧຠ⏝㛵ᩘࡢᙧ≧࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿಶேࡸᐙィࡢ㑅ዲ㸦ᖺ㱋ࡸᏛṔࠊ⫋ሙ⎔ቃ࡞࡝㸧ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ
࡜ࡣㄗᕪ㡯࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊ

=Ɋ +㛫 L ࠿ࠊᐙ஦᫬㛫 H ࡜ࡍࡿ㸧ࠋㄗᕪ㡯ࡢ➨஧㡯ࡣᐃࡍࡿࠋㄗᕪ㡯ࡢ➨୍㡯 Ɋ࡜᭩ࡃ࡜ࡍࡿ㸦౽ᐅୖࠊK ࡣປാ᫬~iid(0, ɐ )࡛࠶ࡾࠊ (| ) = 0 ࡜௬ࡣほᐹ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᐙィ i ࡢಶே j ࡢಶయຠᯝࢆ⾲ࡍࠋࡇࡢ㡯ࡢᏑᅾࡣಶேࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศࢆศᯒࡍࡿ㝿࡟㔜せ࡞㒊ศ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫㸦ࡸᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫㸧ࡣᕷሙປാ࡟ᑐࡍࡿពḧࡢ㧗࠸ேࡸࠊ⫋ሙ࡛ࡢ໅ປ࡟㧗࠸౯್ࢆ⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿே࡛㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ㸦ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡣ▷ࡃ࡞ࡿ㸧࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡇࢀࡽࡣኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋၥ㢟ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡀ㏻໅᫬㛫࡞࡝ࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡜┦㛵ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤປാពḧࡢ㧗࠸ேࡣ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡚ࡶ㛗᫬㛫ാࡃྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀປാ᫬㛫ࢆ㛗ࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡟୧⪅࡟㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ㏻໅᫬㛫࡜ປാ᫬㛫࡟ᅉᯝຠᯝࡣ࡞࠸࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊṇࡢ┦㛵ࡀ⌧ࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ಶேࡢ␗㉁ᛶࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࣃࢿࣝศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㠀☜⋡ኚᩘ࡜௬ᐃࡋ࡚ᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ᥎ᐃࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊɊ ࢆ☜⋡ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊɊ ~0,

ࠊ (Ɋ | ) = 0ࠊɊ= 0 ࢆ௬ᐃࡋࡓኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ᥎ᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࠋᮏㄽᩥ࡛ὀ┠ࡍࡿࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡣșș࡛ࠊኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ⮬ศࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᐙ
஦ປാ᫬㛫㸧࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ Ⱦ = 0࡜࡞ࡾࠊጔࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ⮬ศࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫㸧࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ Ⱦ = 0࡜࡞ࡿࠋ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣ୍ぢኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠸
ࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊḟ⠇࡛ぢࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊከࡃࡢศᯒᑐ㇟⪅ࡀ๓ᖺ࠿ࡽ 10 ศ࠿ࡽ 30 ศ௨ෆࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ஺㏻⥙ࡸ஺㏻ᡭẁࡀኚࢃࡿࡇ࡜࡛ኚ໬ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㕲㐨ࡢᗫṆࠊᆅୗ㕲ࡢ㛤㏻ࠊࣂࢫ㊰⥺ࡢኚ᭦ࠊ㧗㏿㐨㊰ࡢ㛤㏻࣭㛢㙐ࠊ⮬ື㌴ࡢ฼⏝ྍ⬟ᛶࡢኚ໬࡞࡝ࡀ⫼ᬒ࡟࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽ
ࡣ㢖⦾࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᕤ஦࡟ࡼࡿ㎽ᅇࡸᬑẁ౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ஺㏻⥙ࡀ୍᫬ⓗ࡟฼⏝୙ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ᫬้⾲ࡢኚ᭦࡞࡝ࡣ㢖⦾࡟㉳ࡇࡿࠋ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣࠊࡲࡓࠊ໅ົඛ஦ᴗ
ᡤࡢኚ᭦ࡸ⛣㌿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶኚ໬ࡍࡿࠋ㏆㞄ᕷ⏫ᮧ࡟࠶ࡿᗑ⯒ࡸᨭᗑࠊႠᴗᡤ࡟㓄ᒓࡀኚࢃࡗࡓ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࡼࡃ⪺࠿ࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࡍ࡭࡚ᮏேࡀ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
࡞࠸እ⏕ⓗ࡞ኚ᭦࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

7ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ

ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣᒃఫᆅ㑅ᢥࡸ⫋ሙ㑅ᢥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶኚࢃࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ⮬ࡽࡢ㑅ᢥ࡛࠶
ࡾࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡢ⫼ᬒࡀ㌿ᒃࡸ㌿⫋࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ᫬㛫㓄ศࡢ᥎ᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀෆ⏕ኚᩘ࡜࡞ࡿၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ㛗᫬㛫ാࡁࡓ࠸ேࡀ⫋ሙࡢ㏆ࡃ࡟㌿ᒃࡋࡓࡾࠊኵࡢປാ᫬㛫ࡀ㛗࠸ࡓࡵ࡟ጔࡀ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ▷࠸໅ົඛ࡟㌿⫋ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࠊ
㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀປാ᫬㛫࡟୚࠼ࡿ⣧⢋࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᚋ࡛ぢࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
ᘬ㉺ࡋࡸ㌿⫋ࡣ㢖⦾࡟㉳ࡇࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᮏ◊✲ࡢ᥎ᐃ࡛ࡣࠊኵ࡜ጔࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศࡢỴᐃ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿほᐹ࡛ࡁࡿせᅉࢆඹኚ㔞࡜ࡋ࡚ⴠ࡜ࡉ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋࠊ࠿ࡘࠊほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠸せᅉࢆㄗᕪ㡯࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡓୖ࡛ࠊṧࡉࢀࡓ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ㒊ศࡣእ⏕ኚᩘ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᘬ㉺ࡋࡸ㌿⫋࡟ࡼࡿ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣࢮ࡛ࣟࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ௨ୗ࡛♧ࡍ᥎ᐃ࡛ࡣࠊ᥎ᐃ್ࡀᘬ㉺ࡋࡸ㌿⫋࡟ࡼࡿ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡢෆ⏕ᛶࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡼࡾࣂ࢖࢔ࢫ
ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋࣔࢹࣝࡢ≉ᐃ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ␃ពⅬࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊ᪤፧ዪᛶ࡛ࡣᕷሙປാ᫬
㛫ࡀࢮࣟࡢ⪅ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ࡜ࡃ࡟᪥ᮏᐙィ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡀࢮࣟ
ࡢⅬ࡟ᙇࡾ௜࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡀࢮࣟࡢ⪅࡜ࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸⪅࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐙ஦ປാ
᫬㛫ࡀ஋㞳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶ㸦ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ࠶ࡿⅬ࡛ษ᩿ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ᥎ᐃࣔࢹࣝࢆ」㞧࡟ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡀࢮࣟࡢ⪅ࡣࠊࡑ࠺࡛࡞
࠸⪅࡜⾜ືせᅉࡀ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡾࠊྠࡌ≉ᐃ໬ࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣศᯒ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠿ࡶ
ࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ௨ୗࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡀኵ࡜ጔ࡜ࡶ࡟ṇࡢ⪅࡟㝈ᐃࡍࡿࠋാ
࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ጔࡸኵࡢศᯒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
ࣔࢹࣝࡢ≉ᐃ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ➨஧ࡢ␃ពⅬࡣࠊᕷሙປാ L ࡜ᐙ஦ປാ H ࡢྠ᫬Ỵᐃࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ᫬Ỵᐃࡢሙྜࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ H ࡢ᥎ᐃࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ L ࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࠊL ࡟᧯సኚᩘࢆ౑ࡗࡓࣃࢿࣝ᧯సኚᩘἲ࡟ࡼࡿ᥎ᐃࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ⤖ᯝࡢ⠇࡛ࡶ㏙࡭ࡿࡀࠊ௒ᅇ
ࡣ༑ศ࡟Ⰻ࠸᧯సኚᩘࢆぢࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ᧯సኚᩘἲ࡟ࡼࡿศᯒ⤖ᯝࡣ♧ࡉ࡞࠸ࠋ㢮ఝࡢ␃ពⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ➨୕࡟ࠊᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡸኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀෆ⏕ኚᩘ࡜࡞ࡿၥ㢟ࡣゎỴ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ᧯సኚᩘἲ
ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ༑ศ࡞᧯సኚᩘࡀぢࡘ࠿ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ
ࡓࡵࡇࡢㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊඛ࡟ࡶ㏙࡭ࡓ㏻ࡾࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ⮬ศ࡛㑅ᢥ࡛ࡁࡿኚᩘ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃእ⏕ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺◊✲ࡶከ࠸ࠋ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࡞࠾ࡉ
ࡽ࡛ࠊᒃఫᆅ࡜໅ົඛࡣ⡆༢࡟ኚ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚እ⏕ኚᩘ࡜ᢅࢃࢀࡿሙྜࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ
࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲ࡢศᯒࡣࠊඛ⾜◊✲ࡢከࡃ࡜㢮ఝࡢ௬ᐃࢆ⨨࠸ࡓୗ࡛⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ
࠸ࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢ᫬㛫Ỵᐃࡀ஫࠸࡟ෆ⏕ኚᩘ࡜࡞ࡿၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᐙィࡢ␗㉁ᛶࡢᏑᅾ
ࢆࣃࢿࣝศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾฎ⌮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ

8

㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪㸱㸬౑⏝ࢹ࣮ࢱ ᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊබ┈㈈ᅋἲேᐙィ⤒῭◊✲ᡤࡢࠕᾘ㈝⏕ά࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃࢿࣝㄪᰝࠖ㸦JapanesePanel Survey of Consumers; ௨ୗ JPSC㸧ࡢಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ౑࠺ࠋJPSC ࡣ 1993 ᖺ࡟ 24 ṓ㹼34
ṓࡢዪᛶࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ㄪᰝࢆ㛤ጞࡋࠊ࡯ࡰ 5 ᖺẖ࡟᪂ࡓ࡞ᑐ㇟⪅㸦24 ṓ㹼28ࠊ29 ṓ㸧ࢆຍ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞ࡀࡽẖᖺㄪᰝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋศᯒ࡟ࡣ 1995 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2015 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊྠࡌ᥎ᐃࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ⾜ືࢆᥥ෗࡛ࡁࡿ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊඹാࡁ࡛ྠᒃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿኵ፬
࡟ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢆ㝈ᐃࡍࡿࠋ ࡇࡢㄪᰝࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ࡜ࠊᅇ⟅⪅࡛࠶ࡿጔ࡜ࡑࡢኵࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡸᐙ஦᫬㛫ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋJPSC ࡣኵ፬ࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡩࡔࢇࡢᖹ᪥࡜ఇ᪥ࡢ⏕ά᫬㛫ࡢෆヂࢆイࡡ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᖹ᪥ࡢ⾜ືࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ
ࠕ௙஦ࠖࢆປാ᫬㛫ࠊࠕᐙ஦࣭⫱ඣࠖࢆᐙ஦᫬㛫ࠊ
ࠕ㏻໅࣭㏻Ꮫࠖࢆ
㏻໅᫬㛫࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝ࡍࡿࠋ᥎ᐃ࡟ࡣྛኚᩘࡢᑐᩘ್ࢆ࡜ࡿࠋ
᫬㛫㓄ศࡢᅇ⟅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸰ࡘࡢ␃ពⅬࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ୍ࡘ┠࡟ࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊఇ᪥㸦ࡋࡈ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸᪥㸧ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศࡣ⪃៖࡟ධࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ⏨ᛶࡢᐙ஦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣఇ᪥࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾᖹ᪥㸦ࡋࡈ࡜ࡢ࠶ࡿ᪥㸧ࡢศᯒࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ᏶඲࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞
ࡀࡽࠊ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟ᚲせ࡞ᐙ஦ࡣఇ᪥࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡶከ࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊኵ࡜ጔ࡝ࡕࡽ࡟
࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ 1 ᪥ࡣ 24 ᫬㛫࡛࠶ࡾࠊປാ᫬㛫ࡢỴᐃࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ㝿࡟ࡣࠊࡋࡈ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ 1 ᪥ࡢ᫬㛫ไ⣙ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ஧ࡘ┠࡟ࠊJPSC ࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡣጔ࡛࠶ࡾࠊኵࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᅇ⟅⪅ࡣጔ࡛࠶ࡿࠋኵࡢ
᫬㛫㓄ศࢆጔࡀᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ᅇ⟅ࡢ⢭ᗘࡀప࠸࡜ᢈุࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࣃࢿࣝศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾᅇ⟅⪅ࡢ≉ᚩࢆྲྀࡾ㝖࠸ࡓศᯒࢆࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ
᥎ᐃ್࡟ࡣࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࡣ࠿࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㐣ᑡ࡟ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿጔࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊྠࡌጔ࡛࠶ࡿ㝈ࡾࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅇ⟅ࡢ≉ᚩࡣ࡝ࡢㄪᰝᖺ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠ
ࡌࡼ࠺࡟⌧ࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊࣃࢿࣝศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾྲྀࡾ㝖࠿ࢀࡿࠋ㏻໅᫬㛫௨እࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊኵ࡜ጔࡢᑵᴗ≧ἣࡸୡᖏ≧ἣࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿࠋᑵ
ᴗ≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⫋ሙࡢつᶍ࡜ᴗ✀ࠊ㈤㔠࡟㛵ࡍࡿኚᩘࢆኵ፬཮᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺
࡟సᡂࡋ࡚ධࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎ⫋ሙࡢつᶍࡣࠊ໅ࡵඛࡢ఍♫඲యࡢᚑᴗဨᩘࢆᅇ⟅ࡋࡓ 8 ẁ㝵ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜኚᩘࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࠋ1 ࡀࠕ1㹼4 ேࠖ
ࠊ2 ࡀࠕ5㹼9 ேࠖࠊ3 ࡀࠕ10㹼29 ேࠖࠊ4 ࡀࠕ30
㹼39 ேࠖ
ࠊ5 ࡀࠕ100㹼499 ேࠖ
ࠊ6 ࡀࠕ500㹼999 ேࠖࠊ7 ࡀࠕ1000 ே௨ୖࠖ
ࠊ8 ࡀࠕᐁබᗇࠖ
࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᩘᏐࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚つᶍࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊ➨ 1 ḟ⏘ᴗࢲ࣑࣮㸦㎰
ᯘᴗࠊ⁺ᴗ࣭Ỉ⏘ᴗࠊ㖔ᴗ㸧࡜➨ 2 ḟ⏘ᴗࢲ࣑࣮㸦ᘓタᴗࠊ〇㐀ᴗ㸧ࠊ➨ 3 ḟ⏘ᴗࢲ࣑࣮㸦༺኎࣭ᑠ኎ᴗࠊ㔠⼥࣭ಖ㝤࣭୙ື⏘ᴗࠊ㐠㍺࣭㏻ಙᴗࠊ㟁Ẽ࣭࢞ࢫ࣭Ỉ㐨࣭⇕౪⤥ᴗࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࠊබົ㸧ࢆసᡂࡋࠊ➨ 3 ḟ⏘ᴗࢆᇶ‽࡟ࡋ࡚➨ 1 ḟ⏘ᴗࢲ࣑࣮࡜➨ 2 ḟ⏘ᴗࢲ࣑࣮ࢆධࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊㄪᰝ᭶ࡢ๓ࡢ᭶㸦9 ᭶㸧ࡢᡭྲྀࡾ཰ධ㸦཰ධ⥲㢠࠿ࡽ⛯㔠ࠊ♫఍ಖ㝤ᩱ࡞࡝ࢆᕪࡋᘬ࠸ࡓ㢠㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ᫬㛫ᙜࡓࡾ㈤㔠ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ㏻ᖖ㐌ࡢປാ᫬㛫ࢆ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮࡛ࣜᑜࡡࡓᅇ⟅ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ࠊྛ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡢ㝵⣭್ࢆ 4 ಸࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛

9ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ

1 ࣨ᭶㛫ࡢປാ᫬㛫ࢆసᡂࡋࠊ཰ධࢆࡇࡢປാ᫬㛫࡛๭ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᥎ᐃ࡟ࡣࡑࡢᑐ
ᩘࢆ࡜ࡗࡓࡶࡢࢆ㸯ᖺࡎࡘࡎࡽࡋ࡚౑࠸ࠊ๓ᖺࡢ᫬㛫ᙜࡓࡾ㈤㔠ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ୡᖏ≧ἣ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊኵࡢᖺ㱋࡜ኵ࡜ጔࡢᩍ⫱ᖺᩘࡢᑐᩘ್ࠊ㛗ᏊࡀᑵᏛࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝
࠺࠿ࢆ⾲ࡍࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘࠊኵࡸጔࡢぶ࡜ྠᒃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆ⾲ࡍࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘࢆධࢀ࡚ࠊ
ୡᖏᒓᛶࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿࠋኵ࡜ጔࡢᖺ㱋ࡣ┦㛵ࡀ㧗࠸ࡓࡵࠊኵࡢᖺ㱋ࡢࡳࢆධࢀ࡚ከ
㔜ඹ⥺ᛶࡢၥ㢟ࢆᅇ㑊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊୡᖏࡢ㇏࠿ࡉࢆ⾲ࡍᣦᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ9 ᭶ࡢ⥲ᨭฟ㢠ࡢᑐᩘ್ࢆຍ࠼ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡣࠊඛ⾜◊✲ࡢከࡃ࡛౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡟‽ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㈤㔠ࢆຍ࠼ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣุ᩿ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡀࠊᩍ⫱ᖺᩘ࡞࡝࡛ࡣᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ປാ⏕⏘ᛶࡢᕪࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ
ࡓࡵࠊ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ྲྀࡾධࢀࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ᥎ᐃᑐ㇟ࡣඹാࡁୡᖏ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㈤㔠ࡀほᐹ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ዪᛶࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡼࡗ࡚₯ᅾⓗ࡞㈤㔠ࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᥎ᐃ㈤㔠ࡣ⏝࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓୡᖏᾘ㈝ࡣࠊྛୡᖏ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡜ྠ᫬࡟Ỵࡵࡿ㑅ᢥኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊእ⏕ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ྲྀࡾධࢀࡿࡢࡣ㐺ษ࡛࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊୡᖏࡢ㇏࠿ࡉࢆࢥࣥࢺࣟ
࣮ࣝࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ྲྀࡾධࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⤖ᯝࡢゎ㔘࡛ࡶ㏙࡭ࡿࡀࠊḟ⠇࡛ぢࡿ㏻ࡾࠊ
࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢ᥎ᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᾘ㈝ᨭฟࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡣ⤫ィⓗ࡟᭷ព࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ
ྲྀࡾධࢀ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ⤖ᯝࡣ኱ࡁࡃኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ ๓ᖺࡢᩘ್ࢆྵࡵࠊ඲࡚ࡢኚᩘࢆ᥎ᐃ࡛౑࠼ࡿࡢࡣ 1995 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓ
ࡵ 1995 ᖺ㹼2015 ᖺࡢ㠀ࣂࣛࣥࢫࣃࢿࣝࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ↓ᅇ⟅ࡸ᱆࠶ࡩࢀࡢᅇ⟅ࢆ㝖ࡃ࡜ࠊ
ほ ᩘࡣࠊ᭱኱ 1443 ୡᖏ 8511 ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࢆኚ࠼࡚⾜࠺ྛ᥎ᐃ࡛ࡢほ ᩘࡣࠊ⤖ᯝ⾲ࡢୗ㒊࡟グ㍕ࡍࡿࠋ⾲ 1 ࡣጔࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡜ࡋࡓ᥎ᐃࢧࣥࣉ࡛ࣝࡢグ㏙⤫ィࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡍ๓࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢഴྥ࡜ኚ㑄࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࣐ࢡࣟࢹ࣮ࢱࡶ౑࠸࡞ࡀ
ࡽᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋᨻᗓࡢ኱つᶍᶆᮏㄪᰝ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ♫఍⏕άᇶᮏㄪᰝࠖ
㸦⥲ົ┬㸧࡟ࡼࡿ
࡜ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ᭷ᴗዪᛶࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣࠊ1991 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2011 ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ 20 ௦ᚋ༙࡜ 40 ௦࡛᥎⛣ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࠋ20 ௦ࡣ 2000 ᖺ௨㝆࡟㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀῶᑡࡋࠊ40 ௦࡛ࡣ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ20 ௦ࡢከࡃࡣࣇࣝࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ 40 ௦ࡢ༙ᩘ௨ୖࡀࣃ࣮
ࢺࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪥ᮏࡢዪᛶປാࡢ␗࡞ࡿ≉ᚩࢆᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ
ࡿࠋ20 ௦ዪᛶ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࣇࣝࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅ࡣ 2000 ᖺ௦࡟ධࡾ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀῶᑡࡋࠊ40 ௦ዪᛶ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅ࡣ 2000 ᖺ௦࡟㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2000 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊ୰ᚰᕷ⾤ᆅάᛶ໬ᨻ⟇ࡸࠊ㒔ᕷ㒊ࡢఫᏯᕷ⾤ᆅᩚഛࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࡜ࡃ࡟ඹാࡁୡᖏࡢ㒔ᚰᅇᖐࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿࠋ20 ௦
ᚋ༙ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢῶᑡࡣࣇࣝࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅࡛ࡢ⫋ఫ᥋㏆ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
᥎ᐃᶆᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛ᫬㛫ࡢᅇ⟅್ࡢ⤫ィࡣ⾲ 2 ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋጔࡢᖹᆒ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣ 42ศࠊኵࡢᖹᆒ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣ 66 ศ࡛࠶ࡾࠊඛ࡟ぢࡓࠕ♫఍⏕άᇶᮏㄪᰝࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ࣐ࢡࣟ⤫ィࡢᖹᆒ್࡜࡯ࡰྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊJPSC ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ๓ᖺ࠿ࡽࡢኚ໬ࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊ᥎ᐃᶆᮏࡢ࠺ࡕ⣙༙ᩘࡀ๓ᖺ࠿ࡽ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊṧࡾࡢ༙ᩘ10

㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪

ࡣ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ30 ศᮍ‶ࡢኚ໬ࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓጔࡀ⣙ 35㸣ࠊኵࡀ⣙ 25㸣Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኚ໬ࡋࡓ⫼ᬒࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࡢࡀ⾲ 3 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋJPSC ࡣࣃࢿࣝㄪᰝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ๓ᖺ࠿ࡽㄪᰝᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫࡟ಶேࡸୡᖏࡀ⤒㦂ࡋࡓฟ᮶஦ࢆᑜࡡࡓ㉁ၥ
㡯┠ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᝟ሗࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ 10 ศ௨ୖኚ໬ࡋࡓୡᖏ࡟㉳ࡇࡗࡓฟ᮶஦ࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኚ໬ࡋࡓ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚኱ࡁ࠸⌮⏤ࡣࠊ㌿⫋ࠊ஦ᴗᡤࡢ⛣㌿ࠊᘬ㉺ࡋ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⾲㸯㸬グ㏙⤫ィኚᩘྡጔᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್ኵᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್ጔᐙ஦᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
ኵᐙ஦᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
ጔవᬤ᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
ኵవᬤ᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
ጔ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
ኵ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
ኵ໅ົඛᚑᴗဨつᶍኵ➨ 1ḟ⏘ᴗኵ➨ 2ḟ⏘ᴗኵ➨ 3ḟ⏘ᴗ
ኵ㈤㔠
ጔ໅ົඛᚑᴗဨつᶍጔ➨ 1ḟ⏘ᴗጔ➨ 2ḟ⏘ᴗጔ➨ 3ḟ⏘ᴗ
ጔ㈤㔠
ୡᖏேဨᩘኵᖺ㱋ᑐᩘ್
ኵᩍ⫱ᖺᩘᑐᩘ್
ጔᩍ⫱ᖺᩘᑐᩘ್㛗ᏊᑵᏛぶ࡜ྠᒃୡᖏ⥲ᾘ㈝ᑐᩘ್

ᖹᆒᶆ‽೫ᕪ ᭱ᑠ್
5.96780.537106.35690.463305.32700.836201.9571
2.092206.56600.1991 4.094345
6.57140.356803.31141.092903.7833
1.126704.70612.1331
10.01360.116000.40200.490300.5842
0.492902.77780.42120.12784.55412.196810.0086
0.092200.16970.375400.82120.383202.34330.432504.24781.489723.71080.1861
3.17812.58130.17202.19722.57770.12002.19720.72620.445900.3152
0.46460
5.46900.45301.3863

᭱኱್
6.98477.27247.0901
6.5793
7.1546
7.27245.94026.173881
1
15.1180811
15.1279124.20472.89042.89041
1
6.9048   ὀ㸬᥎ᐃᶆᮏ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊඹാࡁ࡛ྠᒃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿኵ፬࡟㝈ᐃࡋࡓሙྜࡢグ㏙⤫ィࠋほ ᩘࡣ ࠋ
⾲㸰㸬ኵ࡜ጔࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ኚᩘྡጔᕷሙປാ᫬㛫㻔ᖹ᪥䞉ศ㻕ኵᕷሙປാ᫬㛫㻔ᖹ᪥䞉ศ㻕ጔᐙ஦᫬㛫㻔ᖹ᪥䞉ศ㻕ኵᐙ஦᫬㛫㻔ᖹ᪥䞉ศ㻕ጔవᬤ᫬㛫㻔ᖹ᪥䞉ศ㻕ኵవᬤ᫬㛫㻔ᖹ᪥䞉ศ㻕
ጔ㏻໅᫬㛫㻔ᖹ᪥䞉ศ㻕
ኵ㏻໅᫬㛫㻔ᖹ᪥䞉ศ㻕ᖹᆒᶆ‽೫ᕪ
421.1315 126.8068
601.3289 127.3418
252.6918 136.8493
37.1343 60.95538
724.0736 137.3573
735.4565 132.9154
42.10316 37.07609
66.08037 51.26673

      ὀ㸬⾲㸯࡜ྠࡌᶆᮏࢆ౑⏝ࠋ

11

᭱ᑠ್
0
0
0
0
60
0
0
0

᭱኱್
1080
1440
1200
720
1280
1440
380
480

ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ

⾲㸱㸬㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ๓ᖺ࠿ࡽ 10 ศ௨ୖኚ໬ࡋࡓ⪅ࡀ⤒㦂ࡋࡓฟ᮶஦

㻔㻝㻕㻌ᘬ㉺䛧䜢䛧䛯㻔㻞㻕㻌஦ᴗᡤ䛜⛣㌿䛧䛯
㻔㻞㻕㻌㌿໅䜢䛧䛯㻔㻟㻕㻌㌿⫋䜢䛧䛯ጔ䛾㏻໅᫬㛫䛜๓ᖺ䛸ẚ䜉䛶㻝㻜ศ௨ୖኵ䛾㏻໅᫬㛫䛜๓ᖺ䛸ẚ䜉䛶㻝㻜ศ௨ୖኚ໬䛧䛯䜿䞊䝇
㻔⣙㻟㻜㻜㻜䠅

ኚ໬䛧䛯䜿䞊䝇
䠄⣙㻟㻞㻜㻜䠅

ኚ໬䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯䜿䞊䝇䠄⣙㻟㻠㻜㻜䠅

ኚ໬䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯䜿䞊䝇䠄⣙㻟㻞㻜㻜䠅

ୡᖏᩘኚ໬䛒䜚ୡᖏ୰
䛾๭ྜ

ୡᖏᩘ

ኚ໬䛺䛧ୡ
ᖏ୰䛾๭ྜ

ୡᖏᩘ

ኚ໬䛒䜚ୡ
ᖏ୰䛾๭ྜ

ୡᖏᩘ

ኚ໬䛺䛧ୡ
ᖏ୰䛾๭ྜ

㻝㻡㻟
㻝㻠㻟
㻡㻤
㻟㻠㻢

5.10%
5.60%
2.39%
11.53%

㻤㻤
㻡㻢
㻝㻣
㻝㻟㻟

2.61%
1.77%
0.60%
3.95%

㻝㻡㻞
㻞㻞㻝
㻠㻞
㻞㻣㻤

4.74%
7.48%
1.65%
8.67%

㻤㻥
㻝㻜㻟
㻟㻟
㻞㻜㻝

2.81%
3.38%
1.22%
6.35%

㸱⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡓ㏻ࡾࠊ㌿ᒃࡸ㌿⫋ࡀ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡢ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀෆ⏕ኚᩘ࡜࡞ࡿၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ୍␒኱ࡁ࡞⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿ㌿⫋࡛ࡶࠊ⣙ 10㸣ࡋ࠿Ꮡᅾࡋ
࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡀࠊ㌿⫋ࡸ㌿໅࡜࠸ࡗࡓಶேࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ௨
እ࡛⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ2ࠋࡑࢀ௨እࡢ⌮⏤࡜ࡣఱ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ஺㏻⥙ࡢኚ໬ࠊ
ᕤ஦ࠊ஺㏻ᶵ㛵ࡢ᫬้⾲ࡢኚ᭦࡟ࡼࡿ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬࡞࡝ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᅜᅵ஺㏻┬࡟ࡼࡿࠕ㒔ᕷ㕲㐨ࡢᩚഛ㸸㒔ᕷ㕲㐨ࡢ⌧≧ࠖሗ࿌࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ2001 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊ࡯ࡰẖᖺࠊ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿
ࡢ㕲㐨࣭ᆅୗ㕲㊰⥺ࡀᘏఙ㛤㏻ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠ┬ࡢࠕ㐨㊰࣭㛤㏻᝟ሗࠖࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊᖹᡂ 28
ᖺࡢ 1 ᖺࡔࡅ࡛ࡶ㛵ᮾ࡛ 47 ௳ࠊ㏆␥࡛ 385 ௳ࡢ㐨㊰ࡸࣂ࢖ࣃࢫࡢ㛤㏻ኚ᭦ࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡣࠊᮏேࡢ㑅ᢥࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸໅ົඛ㸦஦ᴗᡤ㸧ࡢኚ᭦ࡸࠊ஺
㏻ᡭẁ࡟ಀࡿኚ᭦࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡓእ⏕ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡶ࠺୍ᗘࠊ⾲ 2 ࡟ᡠࡾࠊ᥎ᐃࢧࣥࣉࣝࡀ♧ࡍ㏻໅᫬㛫௨እࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡣጔ࡛ᅽಽⓗ࡟㛗ࡃࠊ⣙ 4 ᫬㛫࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡣ⣙ 37 ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕ♫఍⏕άᇶᮏㄪᰝࠖ
㸦⥲ົ┬㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ2011 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖹ᪥ࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢᖹᆒࡣࠊ
30 ௦ࡢ᭷ᴗ࣭᭷㓄അዪᛶ࡛ 4 ᫬㛫༙⛬ᗘࠊ40 ௦ࡢ᭷ᴗ࣭᭷㓄അዪᛶ࡛ 4 ᫬㛫⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
30 ௦⏨ᛶ࡛ 30 ศࠊ40 ௦⏨ᛶ࡛ 16 ศ⛬ᗘ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋJPSC ࡢᶆᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿጔࡢᐙ஦᫬
㛫ࡣ࣐ࢡࣟ⤫ィ࡟ᴟࡵ࡚㏆ࡃࠊኵ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ኱ࡁࡃ㐪ࢃ࡞࠸ࠋJPSC ࡣጔࡀᅇ⟅⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡀ㐣ᑡ࡟ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ࣐ࢡࣟ⤫ィ࡟ᴟࡵ࡚㏆ࡃࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ⏨ᛶ㸦ኵ㸧ࡢᐙ஦ປാࡀ㐣ᑠ࡟ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ
࡞࠸ࠋ
⾲ 2 ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡣጔ࡛⣙ 7 ᫬㛫ࠊኵ࡛⣙ 10 ᫬㛫࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ♫఍⏕άᇶᮏㄪᰝࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ2011 ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖹ᪥ࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡣ 30 ௦ࠊ40 ௦ࡢ᭷ᴗ࣭᭷㓄അ
ዪᛶ࡛ 5 ᫬㛫༙⛬ᗘࠊྠ⏨ᛶ࡛ 10 ᫬㛫ᙅ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋዪᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ᥎ᐃࢧࣥࣉࣝࡀ♧ࡍᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡀ㛗࠸ࡢࡣࠊศᯒᑐ㇟ࢆ᥎ᐃᑐ㇟ᮇ㛫୰࡟ඹാࡁ࡛࠶ࡗࡓᐙィ࡟㝈ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅ࡶྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚ඹാࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ
᮲௳࡟ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊጔࡢປാព㆑ࡢ㧗࠸ዪᛶࡀ㐣ᗘ࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⤖ᯝࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ὀពࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
2ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ10㸣ࡣ↓ど࡛ࡁࡿᩘᏐ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋḟ⠇ࡢ᥎ᐃ࡛ࡣࠊ㌿໅ࡸ㌿⫋ࢆ㝖࠸ࡓࢧࣥࣉ࡛ࣝࡶ᥎ᐃࢆ⾜࠸㡹೺ᛶࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋ12

㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪㸲㸬᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ
㸲㸫㸯㸬୺せ⤖ᯝ ⾲ 4 ࡣࠊኵ፬ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
䠄1䠅ḍ࡛ጔࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊኵ፬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ➢ྕࡣᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ࡜ኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹ࡛ࣝྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⤫ィⓗ࡞᭷ពᛶࡶኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ᭱
ᚋࡢ⾜࡟♧ࡍ㏻ࡾ Wu-Hausman ᳨ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࡣኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ≉ᐃ໬ࡢጇᙜᛶࢆᲠ༷ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ䠄2䠅ḍ࡛ኵࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࢆぢ࡚ࡶࠊWu-Hausman ᳨ᐃ⤖ᯝࡣᅛᐃຠᯝࣔ
ࢹࣝࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡚᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿࠋ ⾲ 4䠄1䠅ࡢᕥḍ࡛ᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊጔࡣ⮬ศࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ 1 㸣㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆ 0.19㸣ቑࡸࡍ㸦᫬㛫ࡢኚᩘࡣࡍ࡭࡚ᑐᩘࢆ࡜ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࠋ୍
᪉ࠊኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ 1 㸣㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊጔࡣ⮬ศࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆ⣙ 0.05㸣ῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࠋࡇ
ࢀࡽࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟ 1 㸣ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛᭷ព࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
䠄2䠅ࡢᕥḍ࡛ᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊኵࡣ⮬ศࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ 1 㸣㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆ 0.20㸣ቑࡸࡍࠋ୍᪉ࠊ
ጔࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ 1 㸣㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊኵࡣ⮬ศࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆ 0.06㸣ῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ
࡜ࡶ࡟ 1㸣ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛᭷ព࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
 ⾲ 5 ࡣࠊኵ፬ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
䠄1䠅ḍ࡟࠾ࡅࡿጔࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃ࡛ࡶࠊ
䠄2䠅ḍ࡟࠾ࡅࡿኵࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃ࡛ࡶࠊ
ᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ࡜ኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡿኵ፬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ィ್ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡣ࡯ࡰ
ྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⤫ィⓗ࡞᭷ពᛶࡶኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊWu-Hausman ᳨ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࡣᅛᐃຠᯝࣔ
ࢹࣝࡢ≉ᐃ໬ࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࠋ ⾲ 5䠄1䠅ࡢᕥഃ࡟♧ࡍᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊጔࡣ⮬ศࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ 1㸣㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆ 0.07㸣ῶࡽࡍࠋኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㸯㸣㛗ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊᐙ஦
᫬㛫ࢆ 0.07㸣ቑࡸࡍࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ䠄2䠅ࡢᕥഃ࡟♧ࡍᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ
ኵࡣ⮬ศࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㸯㸣㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆ 0.21㸣ῶࡽࡋࠊጔࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㸯㸣㛗ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆ 0.14%ቑࡸࡍࠋ ⾲ 6 ࡣࠊవᬤ᫬㛫࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛㏻ࡾࠊ䠄1䠅ḍ࡟ጔࠊ䠄2䠅ḍ࡟ኵࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋጔࡣ⮬ศࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ 1㸣㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ 0.03㸣వᬤ᫬㛫ࢆ๐ࡾࠊኵࡣ⮬ศࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ 1㸣㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ 0.04㸣వᬤ᫬㛫ࢆ๐ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ࡜ࡶ
࡟ 1㸣ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿࠋ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ᥎ᐃ್ࡣᴟࡵ࡚ᑠࡉࡃࠊ10㸣ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛ࡣ᭷ព࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
௨ୖࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊඹኚ㔞࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊኵࡸጔࡢ໅ົඛࡢ≧ἣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᏛṔࡸᖺ㱋࡞࡝ࡢಶேᒓᛶࠊᏊ౪ࡢᑵᏛ≧ἣࡸぶ࡜ࡢྠᒃࠊᾘ㈝Ỉ‽࡞࡝ࡢୡᖏᒓᛶࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋࡓୖ࡛
ᚓࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲ 4࣭5࣭6 ࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊࡲࡓࠊほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠸ಶேࡸᐙ᪘ࡢᒓᛶࢆࣃࢿ
ࣝ᥎ᐃ࡟ࡼࡾྲྀࡾ㝖࠸ࡓୖ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡿ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊኵ፬ࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡸᐙ஦13ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕປാ᫬㛫࡟୚࠼ࡿほᐹࡉࢀࡿಶேᒓᛶࡸᐙ᪘ᒓᛶࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋࠊほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠸ಶே࣭
ᐙ᪘ᒓᛶࡢᏑᅾ࡟ࡼࡾ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀෆ⏕ኚᩘ࡜࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆྲྀࡾ㝖࠸ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫Ỵᐃࢆᕥྑࡍࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ⾲㸲㸬ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢỴᐃ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ䠖ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫䠄ᑐᩘ್䠅
㻔㻝㻕㻌ጔ
FE
RE

㻔㻞㻕㻌ኵ
FE

RE

㏻໅᫬㛫
ኵ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
ጔ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್

-0.0463***(0.0109)
0.192***(0.0325)-0.0665***(0.00699)
0.200***(0.00669)

0.203***(0.0408)-0.0572***(0.0129)0.0671***(0.00526)-0.0384***(0.00546)

0.00663(0.00730)-0.105(0.0975)
0.0338(0.0284)0.0307(0.0191)0.00532(0.00510)-0.139(0.224)
0.0966***(0.0302)-0.0267(0.0375)-0.0420***(0.00987)
0.884*(0.468)-0.00264(0.00494)
0.0497(0.0795)
2.67e-05(0.0197)-0.00173(0.0160)
0.00968***(0.00367)-0.0347(0.0828)
0.0913***(0.0218)-0.0208(0.0166)-0.0310***(0.00674)
0.201***(0.0687)-0.229**(0.0908)0.0547(0.123)0.0356*(0.0185)0.0974***(0.0228)0.0518***(0.0132)
5.062***(0.387)-0.00514(0.00738)-0.0729(0.0575)-0.0282(0.0337)-0.0111(0.0158)
0.00209(0.00412)-0.0708(0.0730)-0.0282(0.0375)
0.00521(0.0161)-0.00235(0.00808)-0.291(0.451)0.000890(0.00273)
0.0432(0.0462)-0.0128(0.0106)-0.0939***(0.0136)0.00318(0.00253)
0.0921(0.0580)0.0267**(0.0136)0.0124(0.0129)0.00220(0.00487)-0.00317(0.0350)0.267***(0.0346)-0.0780(0.0504)-0.0168(0.0154)-0.0104(0.0139)0.0423***(0.0121)5.760***(0.174)ኵࡢᑵᴗ≧ἣ
ኵ໅ົඛᚑᴗဨつᶍኵ➨1ḟ⏘ᴗ
ኵ➨2ḟ⏘ᴗ㈤㔠
ጔ䛾ᑵᴗ≧ἣ
ጔ໅ົඛᚑᴗဨつᶍጔ➨1ḟ⏘ᴗ
ጔ➨2ḟ⏘ᴗ
㈤㔠
ୡᖏ≧ἣ
ୡᖏேဨᩘ
ኵᖺ㱋ᑐᩘ್
ኵᩍ⫱ᖺᩘᑐᩘ್
ጔᩍ⫱ᖺᩘᑐᩘ್㛗ᏊᑵᏛぶ࡜ྠᒃୡᖏ⥲ᾘ㈝ᑐᩘ್
ᐃᩘ㡯
F᳨ᐃ䠄ᐃᩘ㡯௨እ䛾䝟䝷䝯䝍䞊㻩㻜㻕F᳨ᐃ䠄ಶయຠᯝ㻩㻜㻕ỴᐃಀᩘWald᳨ᐃ䠄ᐃᩘ㡯௨እ䛾䝟䝷䝯䝍䞊㻩㻜㻕
B-P LM Test 䠄ಶయ䛻䜘䜛ㄗᕪ䛾ศᩓ=0䠅

0.0385(0.0302)0.0835***(0.0258)
0.0534***(0.0175)
2.180(1.613)
4.46***
5.7***
0.07

1124.14***2245.40***
120.80***

Wu-Hausman᳨ᐃ䠄ኚ㔞ຠᯝ䢏䡿䢚䢕䛾≉ᐃ໬䛜ṇ䛧䛔䠅ὀ㸬ほᩘࡣ 8511ࠋᖺࢲ࣑࣮ࢆධࢀ࡚ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

14-0.000344(0.0278)-0.0195(0.0244)0.0242*(0.0133)
6.779***(1.482)
2.27***
1.58***
0.02

323.36***0.00
300.51***

㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪㏻໅᫬㛫௨እࡢኚᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⤖ᯝࢆ⡆༢࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚࠾ࡃࠋ⾲ 4 ࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ 10㸣ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛᭷ព࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿኚᩘࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊኵࡢ㈤㔠ࡀ㧗࠸࡯࡝ࠊୡᖏேဨᩘࡀከ࠸࡯࡝ࠊ㛗ᏊࡀᑵᏛࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊᾘ㈝Ỉ‽ࡀ㧗࠸࡯࡝ጔࡢᕷሙ
⾲㸳㸬ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢỴᐃ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ䠖ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫䠄ᑐᩘ್䠅
㻔㻝㻕㻌ጔ
FE
RE

㻔㻞㻕㻌ኵ
FE

RE

㏻໅᫬㛫
ኵ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
ጔ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್

0.0720***(0.0217)-0.0743***(0.0192)

0.0748***(0.0109)-0.0921***(0.0106)-0.206***(0.0419)0.141***(0.0356)-0.202***(0.0254)0.155***(0.0245)-0.00978(0.0135)
0.222(0.135)-0.0170(0.0498)
0.0158(0.0331)-0.0107(0.00743)
0.207(0.128)-0.0607(0.0531)-0.0571(0.0357)
0.128***(0.0184)
1.472(0.902)-0.0136*(0.00700)
0.0976(0.115)-0.00412(0.0278)
0.0533**(0.0258)-0.0136**(0.00564)-0.188(0.123)-0.0509(0.0327)-0.0956***(0.0263)0.154***(0.0104)-0.579***(0.0886)0.201*(0.109)-0.142(0.149)0.0455(0.0295)-0.314***(0.0339)-0.00306(0.0216)
7.029***(0.479)-0.0338(0.0318)-0.0866(0.294)0.182(0.157)0.131*(0.0787)
0.0133(0.0171)0.520(0.550)0.111(0.132)0.0629(0.0739)
0.266***(0.0377)-2.071(1.946)-0.0262(0.0171)-0.190(0.278)0.0788(0.0681)0.129**(0.0589)0.0350***(0.0132)-0.231(0.292)0.148*(0.0777)
0.216***(0.0607)0.277***(0.0243)-2.180***(0.225)-0.249(0.287)0.501(0.392)-0.432***(0.0676)-0.467***(0.0810)-0.0870*(0.0489)7.964***(1.242)ኵࡢᑵᴗ≧ἣ
ኵ໅ົඛᚑᴗဨつᶍኵ➨1ḟ⏘ᴗ
ኵ➨2ḟ⏘ᴗ㈤㔠
ጔ䛾ᑵᴗ≧ἣ
ጔ໅ົඛᚑᴗဨつᶍጔ➨1ḟ⏘ᴗ
ጔ➨2ḟ⏘ᴗ
㈤㔠
ୡᖏ≧ἣ
ୡᖏேဨᩘ
ኵᖺ㱋ᑐᩘ್
ኵᩍ⫱ᖺᩘᑐᩘ್
ጔᩍ⫱ᖺᩘᑐᩘ್㛗ᏊᑵᏛぶ࡜ྠᒃୡᖏ⥲ᾘ㈝ᑐᩘ್
ᐃᩘ㡯
F᳨ᐃ䠄ᐃᩘ㡯௨እ䛾䝟䝷䝯䝍䞊㻩㻜㻕F᳨ᐃ䠄ಶయຠᯝ㻩㻜㻕ỴᐃಀᩘWald᳨ᐃ䠄ᐃᩘ㡯௨እ䛾䝟䝷䝯䝍䞊㻩㻜㻕
B-P LM Test 䠄ಶయ䛻䜘䜛ㄗᕪ䛾ศᩓ=0䠅

-0.0678(0.0429)-0.256***(0.0548)-0.0325(0.0297)
0.389(3.020)4.66***
4.15***
0.01

556.56***4090.08***85.81***

Wu-Hausman᳨ᐃ䠄ኚ㔞ຠᯝ䢏䡿䢚䢕䛾≉ᐃ໬䛜ṇ䛧䛔䠅ὀ㸬ほᩘࡣ 8511ࠋᖺࢲ࣑࣮ࢆධࢀ࡚ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

15-0.411***(0.104)-0.414***(0.127)-0.0502(0.0630)
8.561(6.548)
4.71***
6.52***
0.11

482.70***7421.81***73.31***ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕປാ᫬㛫ࡀ㛗࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋኵࡀ➨ 1 ḟ⏘ᴗ࡟ᚑ஦ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡸᖺ㱋ࡀ㧗࠸ሙྜࠊᾘ㈝Ỉ‽ࡀప࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣኵࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡣ▷࠸ࠋ⾲ 5 ࡢᐙ஦ປാࡢ᥎ᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ 10㸣ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛᭷ព࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿኚᩘࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊጔࡢ㈤㔠ࡀ㧗ࡃࠊኵࡢᖺ㱋ࡀ㧗࠸࡯࡝ጔࡢᐙ஦
⾲㸴㸬వᬤ᫬㛫ࡢỴᐃ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ䠖వᬤ᫬㛫䠄ᑐᩘ್䠅
㻔㻝㻕㻌ጔ
FE
RE

㻔㻞㻕㻌ኵ
FE

RE

㏻໅᫬㛫
ኵ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
ጔ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್

-0.00494(0.00392)-0.0307***(0.00392)-0.000452(0.00249)-0.0304***(0.00240)-0.0449***(0.00746)
0.0102(0.00662)-0.0399***(0.00454)
0.00888**(0.00441)-0.00434(0.00268)
0.0466(0.0411)-0.0113(0.0123)
0.00372(0.00680)-0.00130(0.00190)-0.0403(0.0271)-0.0258**(0.0116)-0.00506(0.00787)-0.0178***(0.00399)-0.194(0.185)-8.53e-05(0.00170)
0.0177(0.0275)
0.00452(0.00676)
0.0124**(0.00576)-0.00292**(0.00130)-0.00486(0.0289)-0.0232***(0.00766)-0.0136**(0.00595)-0.0266***(0.00239)
0.134***(0.0226)
0.0478*(0.0290)-0.125***(0.0396)0.0135**(0.00662)
0.0365***(0.00799)-0.0215***(0.00477)
6.595***(0.125)-0.00274(0.00367)
0.0635*(0.0334)-0.00583(0.0114)0.0271*(0.0158)
0.00130(0.00232)
0.0686*(0.0397)
0.00313(0.0114)-0.0124(0.00845)-0.00802(0.00564)-0.00847(0.243)-0.0106***(0.00294)
0.0275(0.0482)
0.0243**(0.0117)0.0408***(0.0107)0.000664(0.00235)
0.0148(0.0513)0.00939(0.0137)-0.0113(0.0109)-0.00774*(0.00432)
0.101***(0.0375)-0.0708(0.0464)-0.0286(0.0637)
0.0255**(0.0122)0.0188(0.0142)-0.0355***(0.00893)
6.786***(0.204)ኵࡢᑵᴗ≧ἣ
ኵ໅ົඛᚑᴗဨつᶍኵ➨1ḟ⏘ᴗ
ኵ➨2ḟ⏘ᴗ㈤㔠
ጔ䛾ᑵᴗ≧ἣ
ጔ໅ົඛᚑᴗဨつᶍጔ➨1ḟ⏘ᴗ
ጔ➨2ḟ⏘ᴗ
㈤㔠
ୡᖏ≧ἣ
ୡᖏேဨᩘ
ኵᖺ㱋ᑐᩘ್
ኵᩍ⫱ᖺᩘᑐᩘ್
ጔᩍ⫱ᖺᩘᑐᩘ್㛗ᏊᑵᏛぶ࡜ྠᒃୡᖏ⥲ᾘ㈝ᑐᩘ್
ᐃᩘ㡯
F᳨ᐃ䠄ᐃᩘ㡯௨እ䛾䝟䝷䝯䝍䞊㻩㻜㻕F᳨ᐃ䠄ಶయຠᯝ㻩㻜㻕ỴᐃಀᩘWald᳨ᐃ䠄ᐃᩘ㡯௨እ䛾䝟䝷䝯䝍䞊㻩㻜㻕
B-P LM Test 䠄ಶయ䛻䜘䜛ㄗᕪ䛾ศᩓ=0䠅

0.0166(0.0108)
0.0280**(0.0125)-0.0158***(0.00555)
7.501***(0.629)4.07***
6.13***
0.01

455.88***5666.69***
83.92***

Wu-Hausman᳨ᐃ䠄ኚ㔞ຠᯝ䢏䡿䢚䢕䛾≉ᐃ໬䛜ṇ䛧䛔䠅ὀ㸬ほᩘࡣ 8511ࠋᖺࢲ࣑࣮ࢆධࢀ࡚ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

16

0.0247**(0.0102)0.00434(0.0130)-0.0318***(0.0110)6.916***(0.835)
6.95***
5.41***
0.02

231.75***13336.54***45.92

㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ປാ᫬㛫ࡣ▷࠸ࠋྠ᫬࡟ࠊୡᖏேဨᩘࡀᑡ࡞ࡃࠊᑵᏛඣ❺ࡸྠᒃࡢぶࡀ࠸ࡿ࡯࡝ጔࡢᐙ஦
᫬㛫ࡣ▷࠸ࠋୡᖏேဨᩘࡸᑵᏛඣ❺࣭ྠᒃࡢぶࡢᏑᅾࡀᐙ஦ປാỴᐃ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣኵ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠࡌ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲ 6 ࡢవᬤ᫬㛫ࡢỴᐃ࡛ࡣࠊୡᖏேဨᩘࡀከ࠸࡯࡝ࠊጔಶேࡢ
వᬤ᫬㛫ࡣ▷ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊぶ࡜ྠᒃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊጔಶேࡢవᬤ᫬㛫ࡣ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡇ
ࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊྠᒃࡢぶࡀᐙ஦㈇ᢸࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᒃࡢぶࡀኵ፬ࡢᐙ஦ࢆ
௦᭰ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊぶ࡜ྠᒃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ሙྜࡼࡾࡶࠊవᬤ᫬㛫ࢆ☜ಖ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿࡟ࠊ⾲ 5 ࡛ࡣࠊぶ࡜ྠᒃࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ጔ࡜ኵ୧᪉ࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡀ▷ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊぶ࡜ྠᒃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ዪᛶࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢవᬤࢆ▷ࡃࡋ࡚ᐙ஦ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
≉グࡍ࡭ࡁⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊኵࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊኵࡸጔࡢ㈤㔠⋡ࡢಀᩘࡀṇ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ㈤㔠⋡ࡢṇࡢಀᩘࡣኚ㔞ຠᯝࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣ 10㸣ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛᭷ព࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏻ᖖࠊ㈤㔠⋡ࡢ㧗ࡉࡣࠊᐙ஦ປാ㸦ࡸవᬤ㸧ࡢᶵ఍㈝⏝ࡢ㧗ࡉࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ㈤㔠⋡ࡢ㧗ࡉࡀຠ⏝㛵ᩘ㸦వᬤࡸᾘ㈝࡬ࡢ‶㊊ᗘ㸧ࡸᐙ஦⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡢᙧ≧࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ィ
࡟࠾࠸࡚㈤㔠⋡ࡢ㧗ࡉࡣ㈇࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓṇࡢಀᩘࡣࠊ㈤㔠⋡ࡀ㧗࠸᭷㓄അ⏨ᛶ࡯࡝వᬤࡼࡾࡶᐙィ⏕⏘࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㑅ዲࢆᣢࡘྍ⬟ᛶࡸࠊᐙ஦⏕⏘ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊࡶ࠺୍ᗘࠊ⾲ 4ࠊ5ࠊ6 ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ⾲ 7 ࡣ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ィ್ࡔࡅࢆྲྀࡾฟࡋ࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏேࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤࠊኵ࡜ጔ
ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡣ▷ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊኵࡶጔࡶ⮬ศࡢవᬤ᫬㛫ࡀ▷ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤ⮬ศࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡣ▷ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡣ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀవᬤ᫬㛫࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ࡯ࡰ 0 ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ10㸣ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛᭷ព࡞⤖ᯝ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
⾲㸵㸬㏻໅᫬㛫㸯%ቑຍࡢᙳ㡪㸦⾲㸲㹼㸴ࡢᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢಀᩘࡢ෌ᥖ㸧ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ኵጔᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ኵጔవᬤ᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬
ኵጔ(ᖹᆒ601ศ) (ᖹᆒ421ศ) (ᖹᆒ37ศ) (ᖹᆒ253ศ) (ᖹᆒ735ศ) (ᖹᆒ724ศ)
ᮏேࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫1㸣ࡢቑຍ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬
㛫1㸣ࡢቑຍ

㸩

㸩

㸫

㸫

㸫

㸫

0.20㸣

0.19㸣

㸫0.21%

㸫0.08%

㸫0.04%

㸫0.03%

㸫

㸫

㸩

㸩

㸦㸩㸧

㸦㸫㸧

㸫0.06%

㸫0.05%

0.14㸣

0.07㸣

㸦0.01㸣㸧 㸦-0.005㸣㸧

ὀ㸬10%ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛᭷ព࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸⤖ᯝ㸦㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀవᬤ᫬㛫࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸦 㸧ࢆ௜ࡅ࡚♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࡢ㡹೺ᛶࢆ☜࠿ࡵ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㏻ࡾࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡀ㌿ᒃࡸ㌿⫋࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ᫬㛫㓄ศࡢ᥎ᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀෆ⏕ኚᩘ࡜࡞ࡿၥ

17ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ㢟ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ㌿ᒃ⤒㦂ࡢ࡞࠸ኵ፬࡟ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢆ㝈ᐃࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡜ྠࡌ᥎ᐃ
ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᕷሙປാࠊᐙ஦ປാࠊవᬤࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ᫬㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ᥎ᐃ್ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㏆ࡃࠊࡲࡓ⤫ィⓗ࡞᭷ពᛶࡶኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡘࡂ࡟ࠊ㌿⫋⤒㦂ࡢ࡞࠸ࢧࣥ
ࣉࣝ࡟㝈ᐃࡋࡓ᥎ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡶ᥎ᐃ್ࡣ኱ࡁࡃኚࢃࡽࡎࠊ⤫ィⓗ᭷ពᛶ࡜ࡑࡢ
࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣ඲ࡃྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ3ࠋ௨ୖࡢ⤖ᯝࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛⡆༢࡟ゐࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ᐙィ⏕⏘ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࡀⴠࡕࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ⮬ศࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ᐙ஦
ປാ᫬㛫ࡣῶᑡࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊᐙ஦ࡣ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡲ࡛ࡣᚲࡎኵ࡜ጔ࡛᫬㛫ࢆᢞධࡋ࡚⾜ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸦୍ᐃ᫬㛫ᮍ‶࡟ࡣ࡛ࡁࡎࠊᕷሙ࡛ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᐙ
஦ປാࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ㸧࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ᪉ࡀᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆ⿵᏶ࡍࡿᙧ
࡛ቑࡸࡍࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ᪉ࡣࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀቑຍࡋࡓ௨ୖ࡟ᐙ஦࡜వᬤࡢ
᫬㛫ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡍࠋ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣᕷሙປാ࡟௜㝶ࡋ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ᫬㛫ࢥࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ᪉ࡀᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡋࡓ᪉ࡀࡼ࠸ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐ
ࡋ࡚ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ᪉ࡣࠊ⿵᏶ⓗ࡟ᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡋࡓ᪉ࡀࡼ࠸ࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ
ᙼ㸦ᙼዪ㸧ࡣᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡋࡓ࡯࡝࡟ࡣవᬤ᫬㛫ࢆῶࡽࡉࡎࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆῶࡽࡍࠋ
᥎ᐃࣔࢹࣝࡢᐃᘧ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ෌᳨ウࡢవᆅࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋィ㔞ศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝࡢண⟬ไ⣙ࡸ᫬㛫ไ⣙࡟ධࡿไᚚኚᩘࠊኵ፬ࡢຠ⏝ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ㑅ዲࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࢆ
ㄗᕪ㡯࡟ⴠ࡜ࡉ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ៅ㔜࡟ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ྲྀࡾධࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᐙィෆࡢಶேࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟
ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓィ㔞ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺᫬࡟ࡋࡤࡋࡤၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠊほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᐙ᪘ࡸಶேࡢ␗㉁ᛶ࡟ࡼ
ࡿෆ⏕ᛶࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵࣃࢿࣝศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࣔࢹࣝࡢㄝ࡛᫂㏙࡭
ࡓ㏻ࡾࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡸᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢྠ᫬Ỵᐃࡢ⪃៖ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽ
ࡢྠ᫬Ỵᐃࣔࢹࣝࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᧯సኚᩘࢆ౑࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆෆ⏕ኚᩘ࡜ࡋࡓᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢỴᐃࣔࢹࣝࡢศᯒࡶヨࡳࡓࡀࠊṧᛕ࡞ࡀࡽ 1 ẁ㝵┠ࡢ᥎ᐃࢆࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡍ
ࡿ༑ศ࡞᧯సኚᩘࡣぢࡘ࠿ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀෆ⏕ኚᩘ࡜࡞ࡿၥ㢟ࡶ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ᧯సኚᩘἲࡢ᥇⏝ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ༑ศ࡞᧯సኚᩘࡀぢࡘ࠿ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋࡓ࠸4ࠋ㸲㸫㸰㸬⤖ᯝࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ
⾲ 7 ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ⯆࿡῝࠸♧၀ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍࡣ㓄അ⪅ࡢປാ᫬㛫ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣኵ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶጔ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡾࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟཯ᛂࡋ࡚㸦㓄അ⪅ࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢῶᑡࢆ⿵᏶ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸧⮬ࡽࡢᕷሙ
3ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࡢヲ⣽࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ➹⪅࡟ồࡵࡽࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ
᧯సኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊኵ㸦ጔ㸧ࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ┴ูࡢ᭷㓄അ⏨ᛶ㸦ዪᛶ㸧ࡢᖹᆒປാ᫬㛫ࢆࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ┴ูࡢ᭷㓄അ⏨ᛶ㸦ዪᛶ㸧ࡢᖹᆒᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆ౑ࡗࡓࡾࠊ໅ົඛࡢ⫱ඣఇᬤไᗘࡢ᭷↓ࢆ౑࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽෆ⏕ኚᩘࡢືࡁࢆ༑ศ࠺ࡲࡃㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊㄝ᫂
ኚᩘࡢᾘ㈝ᨭฟ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶෆ⏕ኚᩘ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣ࠶ࡿ㸦వᬤ㑅ᢥ࡜ᾘ㈝㑅ᢥࡣྠ᫬Ỵᐃ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࡀࠊࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 1 ᖺ๓ࡢྠ᭶ࡢᾘ㈝Ỉ‽ࢆ᧯సኚᩘ࡜ࡋࡓ᥎ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡶ⤖ᯝࡣ኱ࡁࡃኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢᾘ㈝Ỉ‽ࡣࠊᐙィࡢ㇏࠿ࡉ㸦㈨⏘㸧ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡟ྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
418

㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ປാࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ㛗᫬㛫໬࡟ࡼࡿ㓄അ⪅ࡢປാ౪⤥ᢚไຠᯝࠖࡀᏑᅾ
ࡍࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊጔ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢࡿ࡜ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢ཯ᛂࡣࠊᙼዪࡢᕷ
ሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢ཯ᛂࡼࡾࡶ኱ᖜ࡟ᑠࡉࡃࠊ㠀ᙎຊⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋጔࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᮏேࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢቑຍࡣ 0.19㸣࡛࠶ࡾࠊኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡍࡿጔࡢᕷሙ
ປാ᫬㛫ࡢῶᑡࡣ 0.05㸣࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢ཯ᛂࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊᮏேࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡍࡿጔࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢῶᑡࡣ 0.08㸣࡛࠶ࡾࠊኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡍࡿጔ
ࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢቑຍࡣ 0.07㸣࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ㸯㸣ࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡿᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡣࠊᮏே࡛࠶ࢀ㓄അ⪅࡛࠶ࢀࠊኵ࡜ጔ࡛࡯ࡰྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᮏேࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ቑ࡟ᑐࡍࡿጔࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢ཯ᛂࡣኵࡢ 0.38 ಸࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ቑ࡟ᑐࡍࡿጔࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢ཯ᛂࡣኵࡢ 0.5 ಸ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋጔࡢᐙ஦ປാ౪⤥ࡢ཯ᛂࡣᕷሙປാ౪⤥࡜ẚ࡭࡚཯ᛂࡋ
࡟ࡃ࠸ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ
ࠕጔࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢ㠀ᙎຊᛶࠖࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
➨୕࡟ࠊᮏேࡸ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍࡀࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡢᙎຊᛶࠊ
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫 1 %ࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡣఱ%ኚ໬ࡍࡿ࠿ࡣࠊኵࡢ᪉ࡀጔࡼ
ࡾࡶ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋᮏேࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ 1 %ࡢቑຍࡣࠊጔࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆ 0.08㸣ࠊኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆ 0.21㸣
ῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࠋ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ 1 %ࡢቑຍࡣࠊጔࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆ 0.07㸣ࠊኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆ
0.14㸣ቑຍࡉࡏࡿࠋኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙎຊᛶࡣ኱ࡁ࠸࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ ᭱ᚋ࡟♧ࡋࡓࠕኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙎຊᛶࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠖࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶࠊ
㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡀྛປാ᫬㛫ࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿࠕኚ໬ᖜࠖࡀኵ࡛኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞
ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡣᖹᆒⓗ࡟▷࠸ࡓࡵࠊ௬࡟ 0.14㸣ቑຍࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࡑࡢቑຍศࡣ኱
ࡁࡃ࡞࠸࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆぢࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺኚ໬㸦ᙎຊᛶ㸧࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊศࢆ༢఩࡟ࡋࡓᙳ㡪ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ⾲ 8 ࡣࠊኵ፬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ
10 ศቑ࠼ࡓ᫬࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ᫬㛫ࡀఱศኚ໬ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆィ⟬ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ್ࡣࠊ⾲ 4ࠊ5ࠊ
6 ࡢࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺኚ໬㸦⾲ 4ࠊ5ࠊ6 ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢಀᩘ㸧࡜ࠊྛ᫬㛫ࡢᖹᆒ᫬㛫࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁィ⟬ࡋࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ 10 ศࡢቑຍࡣኵࡢᖹᆒ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ 15.133%࡟࠶ࡓࡿࠋࡇ
ࡢ 15.133%ࡢቑຍࡣࠊ
ኵࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆ 0.2015.133㸣㸻3.072㸣ቑຍࡉࡏࡿࠋࡇࡢ 3.072%
ࡣኵࡢᖹᆒᕷሙປാ᫬㛫㸦601.3 ศ㸧࡛⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊ0.03072601.3㸻18.473 ศቑຍࡉࡏࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
⾲ 8 ࡛ࡶࠊඛ࡟ࡳࡓࠕ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡿ㓄അ⪅ࡢປാ౪⤥ᢚไຠᯝࠖࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿࠋ
㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ 10 ศቑຍࡍࡿ࡜ኵࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡣ 8.17 ศࠊጔࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡣ 2.95
ศῶᑡࡍࡿࠋ⾲ 8 ࡣࡲࡓࠊඛ࡟ぢࡓࠕ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐࡍࡿጔࡢᐙ஦ປാ౪⤥ࡢ཯ᛂࡣᕷሙປാ౪⤥ࡢ཯ᛂ࡜ẚ࡭࡚㠀ᙎຊⓗ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋጔࡣ⮬ศࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ
10 ศ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ᕷሙປാࢆ 19.20 ศቑຍࡉࡏࠊ
ኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ 10 ศ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ᕷሙປാ᫬
㛫ࢆ 2.95 ศῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊጔࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡣࠊᮏேࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ 10 ศ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶ 4.46 ศࡋ࠿ῶࡽ࡞࠸ࠋኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ 10 ศࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆ
2.75 ศࡋ࠿ቑࡸࡉ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊጔࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡣ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚཯ᛂࡋ࡟ࡃ

19ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ࠸ࠋ᪥ᮏࡢሙྜࠊጔࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡣᴟࡵ࡚㛗࠸ࡓࡵࠊᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡍ⛬ᗘࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡢࡣᙜ
↛࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡀ 20 ศ௨ୖ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿ᫬࡟ࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡀ 5 ศᙅࡋ࠿ῶ
ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ලྜ࡟ࠊῶࡽࡍ᫬࡟ࡶ཯ᛂࡀᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ఱࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࡣ
ࡇࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋዪᛶࡀᐙ஦ࢆῶࡽࡋࡓࡃ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺㑅ዲࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠿ࠊዪᛶࡣᐙ
஦ࢆࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺౯್ほࡀᙉࡃ࡚ᐙ஦ࢆῶࡽࡏ࡞࠸ࠊ⏨ᛶ࡟ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᐙ஦ࡀᏑᅾ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞࡝ࡀ⌮⏤࡞ࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
⾲ 8 ࡛ኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊጔࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫 10 ศࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊኵࡣ 1.24 ศᐙ஦ࢆቑຍࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⾲㸵࡛ぢࡓ㏻ࡾࠊኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢ᪉ࡀࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙎຊⓗ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡀ▷࠸ࡓࡵࠊኚ໬ศ࡛ࡳࡿ࡜ࡉ࡯࡝኱ࡁ
ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ 10 ศࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡍࡿጔࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡶ 2.75 ศ࡟㐣ࡂࡎࠊኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡀᑠࡉࡍࡂࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᢈุࡣጇᙜ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ
ጔࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃኵࡶ཯ᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢศᯒᑐ㇟ࡣඹാࡁୡᖏ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋኵ፬
ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ஫࠸ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟཯ᛂࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࡸࠊኵࡀᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆᰂ㌾࡟ኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࡣࠊඹാࡁୡᖏ࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
♫఍඲యࢆぢࢀࡤࠊኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗࠸ࡓࡵ࡟ാࡃࡇ࡜ࢆ᩿ᛕࡋ࡚࠸ࡿጔࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ㛗ࡉࡀጔࡢᕷሙປാཧຍ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡢ᳨ド࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௒ᚋࡢศᯒㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⾲㸶㸬㏻໅᫬㛫 10 ศቑຍࡢᙳ㡪ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ኵᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ጔኵጔవᬤ᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬
ኵጔ䠄ᖹᆒ601ศ䠅 䠄ᖹᆒ421ศ䠅䠄ᖹᆒ37ศ䠅䠄ᖹᆒ253ศ䠅 䠄ᖹᆒ735ศ䠅 䠄ᖹᆒ724ศ䠅

18.47ศ

‫ڸ‬2.95ศ‫ڸ‬1.16ศ

2.75ศ

‫ڸ‬5.00ศ---‫ڸ‬8.17ศ

19.20ศ

1.24ศ

‫ڸ‬4.46ศ---‫ڸ‬5.28ศኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫
10ศࡢቑຍ
㸦ኵࡢᖹᆒ㏻໅᫬
㛫66.08ศ㸧

ጔࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫
10ศࡢቑຍ
㸦ጔࡢᖹᆒ㏻໅᫬
㛫42.10ศ㸧ὀ㸬⾲ 4ࠊ5ࠊ6 ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢಀᩘ࠾ࡼࡧᕷሙປാ࣭ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫࣭వᬤ᫬㛫ࡢᖹᆒ᫬㛫࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁィ⟬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ 10 ศࡢቑຍࡣࠊኵࡢᖹᆒ㏻໅᫬㛫㸦66.08 ศ㸧ࡢ 15.133%ࠊጔࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ 10 ศࡢቑຍࡣࠊጔࡢᖹᆒ㏻໅᫬㛫㸦42.10 ศ㸧ࡢ 23.751%࡟࠶ࡓࡿࠋ⾲ 4ࠊ5ࠊ6 ࠾ࡼࡧ 7 ࡛ぢࡓ㏻ࡾࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀవᬤ᫬㛫࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ10㸣ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛᭷ព࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊࡇࡇ
࡛ࡣ 0 ࡜⪃࠼ࠊィ⟬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

20

㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪㸲㸫㸱㸬⌧௦᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ≉ᚩ௨ୖ࡛ぢ࡚ࡁࡓ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᪥ᮏࡢᐙィࡢ཯ᛂࡣࠊ1990 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 2010 ᖺ௦࡟࠿ࡅ
࡚ኚ໬ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ⾲ 9 ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ᥎ᐃࢆ 1995 ᖺ㹼2000 ᖺࡲ࡛࡜ࠊ2001
ᖺ㹼2015 ᖺ࡟ศࡅ࡚᥎ᐃࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1990 ᖺ௦࡜ 2000 ᖺ௦ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯ᛂࡀࠊ2000 ᖺ௦࡟ධࡾኵ፬࡛ఝࡓഴྥࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ
ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ
㸦i㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ 90 ᖺ௦ࡢᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊጔࡣ
ኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㸯㸣ቑຍࡋࡓ᫬࡟ 0.09㸣ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆ▷ࡃࡋ࡚ࠊ0.04㸣ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆ㛗ࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦ࡓࡔࡋᚋ⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 10㸣ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛᭷ព࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸧ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ኵ
ࡣጔࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ 0.01%ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆ▷ࡃࡋ࡚ࠊ0.02㸣ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆ㛗ࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦ࡓࡔࡋ࡝ࡕࡽࡶ 10㸣ࡢ᭷ពỈ‽࡛ࡣ᭷ព࡛࡞࠸㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ1990 ᖺ௦ࡣࠊጔࡣኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ᑐࡋ࡚཯ᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊኵࡣ཯ᛂࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
⥆࠸࡚ࠊ
㸦ii㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ 2000 ᖺ௦ࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊኵࡶጔࡶࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡋ
࡚ࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆ 0.2㸣⛬ᗘῶᑡࡉࡏࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆቑຍࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2001 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊኵࡶጔ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⮬ࡽࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆῶࡽࡋࠊᐙ஦᫬
㛫ࢆቑࡸࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ1990 ᖺ௦࡟ࠊኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡣ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟཯ᛂࡋ࡚࠸࡞
࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣᑠཎ㸦2000㸧࡛ࡶ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ1994 ᖺࡢ JPSC ㄪᰝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃ್ࡣࢮࣟ࡟㏆ࡃ⤫ィⓗ࡟᭷ព࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗ
ࡓࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓࠊኵࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡀ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟཯ᛂࡋ࡚ኚ໬ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝ
ࡣࠊ2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿኵ፬ࡢ཯ᛂࡀࠊୡᖏᒓᛶ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゝཬࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ὀ┠ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊᏊ౪ࡀ࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋᏊ౪ࡢᏑᅾ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ
᫬㛫㓄ศࡢᵝᏊࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡣ⮬↛࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
⾲ 10 ࡣᏊ౪ࡢ᭷↓ู࡟᥎ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦i㸧ḍࡢᏊ౪᭷ࡾࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࠊ㸦ii㸧ḍࡢᏊ౪↓ࡋࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡛⤖ᯝࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ
࡜ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศࡢ཯ᛂࡀ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ゝ࠺࡜ࠊᏊ౪ࡀ࠸࡞࠸ୡᖏ࡛ࡣࠊኵ፬࡝ࡕࡽࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡶᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡶࠊ⮬ศࡸ㓄അ⪅
ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ᑐࡋ࡚཯ᛂࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ⮬ศࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀቑຍࡋࡓ᫬࡟ࡣࠊవᬤ᫬
㛫ࢆῶࡽࡋࠊᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆ㛗ࡃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆῶࡽࡍ㸦ጔࡢᐙ஦᫬㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⤫ィⓗ࡟᭷ព࡞⤖ᯝ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸧ࠋᮏ◊✲ࡢ୺せ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ⾲ 4ࠊ5ࠊ6 ࡢ⤖ᯝ㸦⾲
7ࠊ8 ࡟ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸧ࡣࠊᏊ౪ࡢ࠸ࡿᐙィ࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ5ࠋ

5
⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢศᯒᑐ㇟ࡣඹാࡁୡᖏ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ㸫ኵ፬ࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᮏேࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆῶࡽࡋ࡚ᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜㸫ࡣࠊᏊ౪ࡢ࠸ࡿඹാࡁୡᖏ࡛ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ௒ᚋࡉࡽ࡞ࡿศᯒࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

21

-0.0445***-0.0525***(0.0129)(0.00557)-0.00235
0.00389(0.00662)(0.00517)
1491
1491
35.84***

22

RE-0.00357
0.00216(0.00505)(0.00305)-0.0318***-0.0301***(0.00479)(0.00302)
7080
7080
71.60***

0.0943***0.0813***(0.0269)(0.0115)-0.0811***-0.105***(0.0201)(0.0114)7080
7080
101.32***

㻔㻠㻕㻌ኵ
RE

-0.0371***-0.0346***(0.0117)(0.00537)
0.009900.00758(0.0101)(0.00534)
7080
7080
51.39***-0.236***-0.230***(0.0487)(0.0275)
0.154***
0.167***(0.0389)(0.0270)7080
7080
68.72***

0.230***
0.0987***(0.0499)(0.00690)-0.0594***-0.0493***(0.0145)(0.00707)
7080
7080
312.03***FE㻔㼕㼕㻕㻌㻞㻜㻜㻝ᖺ䠉㻞㻜㻝㻡ᖺ

-0.0423***-0.0646***(0.0114)(0.00792)
0.210***
0.218***(0.0354)(0.00774)
7080
7080
118.36***

FE

㻔㻟㻕㻌ጔ

ᯝ࡛࠶ࡾ⾲ 6 ࡜ྠࡌඹኚ㔞ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ὀ㸬ࣃࢿࣝ㸿ࡣᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡾ⾲ 4 ࡜ྠࡌඹኚ㔞ࢆࠊࣃࢿࣝ㹀ࡣᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡾ⾲ 5 ࡜ྠࡌඹኚ㔞ࢆࠊࣃࢿࣝ㹁ࡣవᬤ᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖-0.181***(0.0651)
0.117*(0.0606)
1491
24.79

䝟䝛䝹㻯㻚㻌⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ䠖వᬤ᫬㛫䠄ᑐᩘ್䠅
-0.000521
ኵ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್ 0.000390(0.00761)(0.00571)-0.0379***ጔ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್ -0.0294***(0.00752)(0.00531)
1491
1491
ほ ᩘ
Wu-Hausman᳨ᐃ
38.85***

RE-0.0462(0.0930)
0.0218(0.0664)
1491

FE

㻔㻞㻕㻌ኵ

䝟䝛䝹㻮㻚㻌⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ䠖ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫䠄ᑐᩘ್䠅
0.03990.0832***
ኵ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
(0.0344)(0.0297)
0.0139-0.0348
ጔ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
(0.0514)(0.0279)
1491
1491
ほ ᩘ
Wu-Hausman᳨ᐃ
28.11*

RE

㻔㼕㻕㻌㻝㻥㻥㻡ᖺ䠉㻞㻜㻜㻜ᖺ

0.04620.0392***(0.0704)(0.0109)-0.0117-0.0270***(0.0270)(0.0104)
1491
1491
29.55**

FE㻔㻝㻕㻌ጔ䝟䝛䝹㻭㻚㻌⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ䠖ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫䠄ᑐᩘ್䠅
-0.0993***ኵ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್ -0.0851**(0.0412)(0.0148)0.189*
0.187***
ጔ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
(0.107)(0.0139)
1491
1491
ほ ᩘ
Wu-Hausman᳨ᐃ
39.04***

⾲㸷㸬ᖺ௦ู᥎ᐃࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ

23

RE

-0.00774
0.00193(0.00739)(0.00528)-0.0663***-0.0624***(0.0102)(0.00522)
1196
1196
58.94***

0.07850.0461(0.0700)(0.0374)
0.0687-0.00959(0.0663)(0.0365)
1196
1196
72.72***

㻔㻠㻕㻌ኵ
RE

30.39

-0.236***(0.0619)0.117*(0.0612)1196-0.0737***-0.0676***(0.0143)(0.00667)-0.000774-0.00111(0.00676)(0.00664)
1196
1196
92.34***-0.226*(0.127)
0.0975(0.100)1196

0.309**
0.0917***(0.151)(0.0127)-0.0533*-0.0351***(0.0303)(0.0120)1196
1196
181.26***FE㻔㼕㼕㻕㻌Ꮚ䛹䜒↓䛧ኵ፬

0.00638-0.0279**(0.0270)(0.0134)
0.110*
0.109***(0.0641)(0.0133)
1196
1196
89.00***

FE

㻔㻟㻕㻌ጔ

ᯝ࡛࠶ࡾ⾲ 6 ࡜ྠࡌඹኚ㔞ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ὀ㸬ࣃࢿࣝ㸿ࡣᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡾ⾲ 4 ࡜ྠࡌඹኚ㔞ࢆࠊࣃࢿࣝ㹀ࡣᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡾ⾲ 5 ࡜ྠࡌඹኚ㔞ࢆࠊࣃࢿࣝ㹁ࡣవᬤ᫬㛫ࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖-0.0353***-0.0352***(0.0102)(0.00471)
0.00879
0.00823*(0.00913)(0.00477)
7375
7375
13.92

䝟䝛䝹㻯㻚㻌⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ䠖వᬤ᫬㛫䠄ᑐᩘ್䠅
-0.00106
0.00246ኵ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
(0.00466)(0.00300)-0.0279***ጔ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್ -0.0282***(0.00416)(0.00292)
7375
7375
ほ ᩘ
Wu-Hausman᳨ᐃ
55.57**

RE-0.227***-0.223***(0.0444)(0.0271)0.181***
0.190***(0.0374)(0.0263)7375
7375
133.15***

FE

㻔㻞㻕㻌ኵ

䝟䝛䝹㻮㻚㻌⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ䠖ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫䠄ᑐᩘ್䠅
0.0728***ኵ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್ 0.0689***(0.0227)(0.0106)-0.0762***-0.0907***ጔ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
(0.0196)(0.0104)
7375
7375
ほ ᩘ
Wu-Hausman᳨ᐃ
71.34***

RE㻔㼕㻕㻌Ꮚ䛹䜒᭷䜚ኵ፬

0.192***
0.0623***(0.0442)(0.00580)-0.0602***-0.0383***(0.0147)(0.00610)
7375
7375
288.28***

FE

㻔㻝㻕㻌ጔ

䝟䝛䝹㻭㻚㻌⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ䠖ᕷሙປാ᫬㛫䠄ᑐᩘ್䠅
-0.0679***ኵ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್ -0.0492***(0.0114)(0.00780)
0.185***
0.204***
ጔ㏻໅᫬㛫ᑐᩘ್
(0.0349)(0.00745)
7375
7375
ほ ᩘ
Wu-Hausman᳨ᐃ-412.56⾲ 10㸬Ꮚ࡝ࡶࡢ᭷↓ู᥎ᐃ

㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ㸳㸬࠾ࢃࡾ࡟ ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡀኵ፬ࡢᕷሙປാ࠾ࡼࡧᐙ஦ປാࡢ౪⤥࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋศᯒ࡟ࡣࠊබ┈㈈ᅋἲேᐙィ⤒῭◊✲ᡤ࡟ࡼࡿࠕᾘ㈝⏕ά࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃࢿࣝㄪ
ᰝࠖࡢ 1995 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2015 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊጔࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃኵࡢ᫬
㛫㓄ศ㸦࡜ࡃ࡟ᖹ᪥࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙປാ᫬㛫࡜ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢ㓄ศ㸧ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋຍ࠼࡚ࠊኵ
࡜ጔࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ໅ົඛࡢ≧ἣࡶ▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢỴᐃࢆ⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛ᚲせ୙ྍḞ࡜࡞ࡿᐙィࡸୡᖏဨࡢᒓᛶ࡜ࡑࡢኚ໬ࡶᢕᥱ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ศᯒ࡟ࡣࠊᐙィ⏕⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽࣔࢹ࡛ࣝไᚚኚᩘ࡜ࡉࢀࡿኵ፬ࡸᐙ᪘ࡢᒓᛶࢆ࡛ࡁࡿ
㝈ࡾㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ὀពࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊಶேࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศࡢỴᐃࢆィ㔞ศᯒࡍࡿ㝿࡟ᚲࡎ㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡿࠊほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠸ಶேࡸᐙ᪘ࡢᒓᛶࡢᏑᅾ࡟ࡼࡾㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡀ
ෆ⏕ኚᩘ࡜࡞ࡿၥ㢟࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ಶேࡢ␗㉁ᛶࡀ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ࡟ࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࢆ୚࠼ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆྲྀࡾ㝖ࡁ࡞ࡀࡽ᥎ᐃࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࢡࣟࢫࢭࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢ
᫬㛫ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓศᯒ࡛ࡋࡤࡋࡤᢈุࡉࢀࡿ ᐃㄗᕪࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡶᑐฎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ
࠺࡟ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ฼Ⅼࢆά࠿ࡋ࡚ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫࡜᫬㛫㓄ศࡢ㛫࡟࠶ࡿぢࡏ࠿ࡅࡢ┦㛵ࢆ᤼㝖ࡋࡓศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
ศᯒࡣඹാࡁୡᖏ࡟㝈ᐃࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᮏேࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤኵ፬ࡑ
ࢀࡒࢀࡀᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡋ࡚ࠊᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆῶࡽࡍࡇ࡜ࡸࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤ⮬ศࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࢆῶࡽࡋࠊᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ᥎ィ್ࢆࡉࡽ࡟ྫྷ࿡ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡿ㓄അ⪅ࡢປാ౪⤥ᢚไຠᯝࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊጔࡢᐙ஦ປ
ാ౪⤥ࡀᙼዪࡢᕷሙປാ౪⤥࡜ẚ࡭࡚㠀ᙎຊⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿᐙ஦᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬ࡢᙎຊᛶࡣኵ࡛኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ᭱ᚋࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࡜ࡃ࡟ࠊጔࡢ㏻໅᫬
㛫ࡢቑຍ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ኵࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡀቑຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢഴྥࡣ 1990 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣほᐹࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ2000 ᖺ௦࡟ධࡾࠊጔ࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟ࠊኵࡀ㓄അ⪅ࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫࡟཯ᛂࡋ࡚ᐙ஦᫬㛫ࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
᪥ᮏࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡣ௚ࡢඛ㐍ㅖᅜ࡜ẚ࡭࡚㢧ⴭ࡟㛗࠸࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓศᯒ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㛗᫬㛫㏻໅ࡣ⮬ࡽࡢᕷሙປാ౪⤥ࢆຓ㛗ࡋࠊᐙ஦ປാ౪⤥ࢆᢚไࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ
㛗᫬㛫㏻໅ࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ㓄അ⪅ࡢᕷሙປാ౪⤥ࢆᢚไࡍࡿཎᅉ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ
㏆ᖺࡣ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶࠊ࡜ࡃ࡟ࣇࣝࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅࡟࠾࠸࡚㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ▷⦰໬ࡋࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜
ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲ࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ▷⦰໬ࡣࠊጔࡢᕷሙປാࢆႏ㉳ࡉࡏࡿຠᯝࢆᣢࡘࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊጔࡢᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡣῶᑡࡋࠊኵࡀ⿵᏶ⓗ࡟ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㏆ᖺࡢ⫋ఫ᥋㏆ࡀࠊඹാࡁୡᖏࡢኵ፬㛫ࡢᕷሙປാ᫬㛫ࡸᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫ☜ಖ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ṧࡉࢀࡓㄢ㢟ࡣ 3 ࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ୍ࡘ┠࡟ࠊศᯒࢆඹാࡁኵ፬௨እ࡟ᣑᙇࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ♫఍࡟ࡣࠊኵࡢ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀ㛗࠸ࡓࡵ࡟ᕷሙປാཧຍ⮬యࢆㅉࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ᪤፧ዪᛶࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ௒ᚋࡣࠊጔࡢാࡃ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡢỴᐃࡶྲྀࡾධࢀࡓศᯒࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊጔࡢാࡁ

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㏻໅᫬㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣇࣝࢱ࢖࣒࣭ࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࢖࣒ປാ⪅ࠊṇつ࣭㠀ṇつປാ⪅࡞࡝ࡀΰᅾࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋാࡁ᪉ࡣከࡃࡢ⪅࡛ኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊࣃࢿࣝศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾᙳ㡪ࡣྲྀࡾ㝖࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࡼࡾཝᐦ࡞ศᯒࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊാࡁ᪉ࡢኚ໬࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᚲせࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ஧
ࡘ┠࡟ࠊປാ᫬㛫ࡸṧᴗ᫬㛫࡟㛵ࡍࡿไᗘኚ᭦ࡀ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡓᙳ㡪ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᚲせࡔࢁ࠺ࠋാࡁ᪉ᨵ㠉ࡣ♫఍ⓗ࡟ࡶὀ┠ࡀ㞟ࡲࡿ㔜せㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋไᗘኚ᭦࡟ࡼࡿ
ປാ⎔ቃࡢኚ໬ࡀኵ፬ࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ࡟୚࠼ࡓᙳ㡪ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୕
ࡘ┠࡟ࠊィ㔞ศᯒୖࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢෆ⏕ᛶࡢ⪃៖ࡸࠊᕷሙປാ࡜ᐙ஦ປാ᫬㛫ࡢྠ᫬Ỵᐃࡢ⪃៖࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡾࠊ⤖ᯝࡢ㡹೺ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚☜ㄆࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩Bloemen, H. G., & Stancanelli, E. G. F. (2014). Market hours, household work, child care, andwage rates of partners: an empirical analysis. Review of Economics of the Household, 12(1),51-81.
Connelly, R., & Kimmel, J. (2009). Spousal influences on parents’ non-market time choices. Review of Economics of the Household, 7(4), 361-394.
Gimenez-Nadal and Molina (2016). Journal of Regional Science, 56(2), 332-59.
Gutierrez-i-Puigarnau, E., Mulalic, I., & van Ommeren, J. N. (2016). Do rich households live farther away from their workplaces? Journal of Economic Geography, 16(1), 177-201.
Gutierrez-i-Puigarnau, E., & van Ommeren, J. N. (2010). Labour supply and commuting. Journalof Urban Economics, 68(1), 82-89.
Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, J., & Alberto Molina, J. (2016). COMMUTING TIME AND HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES: EVIDENCE USING PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHING. Journal of Regional Science, 56(2), 332-359.
Solberg, E. J., & Wong, D. C. (1992). FAMILY TIME USE - LEISURE, HOME PRODUCTION,
MARKET WORK, AND WORK RELATED TRAVEL. Journal of Human Resources, 27(3),485-510.
ᑠⴥṊྐ࣭Ᏻᒸ໷ஓ࣭ᾆᕝ㑥ኵ㸦2009㸧ࠕኵࡢᐙ஦⫱ඣཧຍ࡜ฟ⏘⾜ືࠖࠗᏘห♫఍ಖ㞀◊✲࠘➨ 44 ᕳ 4 ྕࠊ447-459 㡫.
ᑠཎ⨾⣖㸦2000㸧
ࠕ㛗᫬㛫㏻໅࡜ᕷሙ࣭ᐙ஦ປാ㸫㏻໅᫬㛫ࡢ▷࠸ኵࡣᐙ஦ࢆᡭఏ࠺࠿㸽ࠖࠗ᪥ᮏປാ◊✲㞧ㄅ࠘476 ྕࠊ33-45 㡫.
㭯 ගኴ㑻࣭ஂ⡿ ຌ୍㸦2016㸧ࠕኵࡢᐙ஦࣭⫱ඣཧຍ࡜ጔࡢᑵᴗỴᐃ㸫ኵࡢാࡁ᪉࡜ᙺ๭ศ
ᢸព㆑ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓᐇドศᯒࠖRIETI Discussion Paper Series 16-J-010.
୰ᕝࡲࡾ㸦2009㸧ࠕඹാࡁኵ፬࡟࠾ࡅࡿጔࡢാࡁ࠿ࡅ࡜ኵࡢ⫱ඣ࣭ᐙ஦ཧຍࠖ
ࠗே㛫ᩥ໬๰
ᡂ⛉Ꮫㄽྀ࠘➨ 12 ᕳࠊ305-313 㡫.
୰㔝࠶࠸㸦2009㸧ࠕኵࡢᐙ஦࣭⫱ඣཧຍ࡜ጔࡢ⾜ື㸸ྠ᫬Ỵᐃࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓศᯒࠖ
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ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕᮏ⤫ィᏛ఍ㄅ࠘➨ 30 ᕳ➨ 1 ྕࠊ121㹼1135 㡫.
㤿ḠḠ㸦2006㸧ୡᖏࡢ⏕ά᫬㛫࡜⏕ά᱁ᕪ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࡢศᯒ㸫ኵࡢປാ᫬㛫ࡀጔ ࡢ ᑵ ᴗ ࠾ ࡼ ࡧ ᐙ ィ ᫬ 㛫 㓄 ศ ࡟ ୚ ࠼ ࡿ ᙳ 㡪 ࠖ KUMQRP Discussion Paper Series
DP2006-26.
Ỉⴠṇ᫂㸦2006㸧ࠕᐙィࡢ᫬㛫㓄ศ⾜ື࡜∗ぶࡢ⫱ඣཧຍࠖࠗᏘห♫఍ಖ㞀◊✲࠘Autumn
149-164.
ປാᨻ⟇◊✲࣭◊ಟᶵᵓ㸦2015㸧ࠕኵࡢᐙ஦ศᢸẚ⋡ࡀጔࡢປാཧຍ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࠖ㈨ᩱࢩ
࣮ࣜࢬ No.160ࠗປാຊ㟂⤥ࡢ᥎ィࡢࡓࡵࡢᇶ♏◊✲㸫ࠕ♫఍⏕άᇶᮏㄪᰝࠖࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ࣐࢖ࢡࣟࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒ㸫࠘㸬

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