Asian Disaster Reduction Centre
Visiting Researcher Program – FY2016-B

Final Research ReportOn“Disaster Education and Awareness as a Tool for Disaster Risk Reduction”(Comparative Study of Japan and Pakistan).

Submitted by
Akbar Bacha, Assistant Director,
National Disaster Management Authority(NDMA),
Ministry of Climate Change, Pakistan.
E-mail: callmebacha@gmail.com , official: bacha@ndma.gov.pk.
Dated: 6th April 2017

1

DISCLAIMER
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADRC. The
boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps in the report also do not
imply official endorsement or acceptance by the ADRC.

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface…….......................................................................................................................06
List of Abbreviation..........................................................................................................08
1. Introduction to DM System in Pakistan..........................................................................10
1.1.

General Introduction to Pakistan...............................................................................10

1.2.

Natural Hazards in Pakistan.....................................................................................11

1.3.

Disaster Management System in Pakistan...............................................................121.3.1. NDMC................................................................................................................13

1.3.2. NDMA................................................................................................................14
1.3.3. PDMA................................................................................................................15
1.3.4. DDMA................................................................................................................16
1.3.5. NIDM..................................................................................................................17
1.3.6. NDMF /PDMF…………………………………………………………………………19
2. Mandates and Obligations at International and National Levels..................................20
2.1.

International Level................................................................................................20

2.1.1 Sendai framework 2016-30................................................................................20
2.1.2 Hyogo framework for Action 2005-15.................................................................20
2.1.3 International Community....................................................................................21
2.2.

National Level.......................................................................................................222.2.1. Legislative Perspective......................................................................................222.2.2. NDRR Policy......................................................................................................222.2.3. NDMP................................................................................................................23
2.2.4. NIDM..................................................................................................................25
3. Research Plan and Design………………………………………………………………........26
3.1.

Background and Significance of the Theme…………………………………………..26

3.2.

Aim of the Study……………………………………………………………………........27

3.3.

Methodology ……………………………………………………………………….........27

3.4.

Expected Results……………………………………………………………………......30

3.5.

Limitation of the Study…………………………………………………………….........31

4. Present Position...............................................................................................................32
4.1.

Initiatives by National Authority(NDMA)..................................................................32

4.2.

Initiatives by Provincial Authorities(PDMAs)...........................................................45

4.3.

Initiatives by Education Institutions /Academia etc..................................................47

4.4.

Initiatives by other Relevant Federal and Provincial Dept./ Institutions...................51
3

5. Japan DM Model (With focus on Disaster Education and Awareness) ...................... 57
5.1.

General ..................................................................................................................57

5.2.

Evolution of DM System in Japan.........................................................................58

5.3.

Disaster Education and Awareness in Japan..........................................................64

5.4.

Role of Education Institutions………………………………………………….…........74

5.5.

Role of Research Institutions in Japan……………….……………………….…........77

5.6.

Role of Regional Bodies in Japan………………………………………………………81

5.7.

Hosting International / Regional Events………………….……………………….......83

6. Comparative Analysis - Japan and Pakistan..................................................................84
6.1.

Disaster Management Systems .............................................................................84

6.2.

Disaster Education………………………………………………………………...........85

6.3.

Disaster Awareness……………………………………………………………….........87

6.4.

Uniqueness / Best Practices Adopted by Japan…………………….........................88

7. Issues and Gaps...............................................................................................................91
8. Recommendations / Way Forward..................................................................................96
9. References…………………………………………………………………………………......103***********

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the governments of Japan and Pakistan forproviding me this wonderful opportunity to participate in the Visiting Researcher Program. This
program provided me an excellent opportunity to study Japanese Disaster Management
System, especially use of education and awareness activities as tool a for disaster risk
reduction. I am also thankful to all those individuals and organizations who have contributed indisaster risk reduction and resilience of the societies and communities.
I am also thankful to Maj. General Asghar Nawaz, Chairman NDMA for his recommendation
and Prof. Masanori Hamada, Chairman ADRC for acceptance my nomination and sponsorshipfor ADRC VR Program 2016B.

Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to the Kondo-san, Executive Director ADRC,
my research mentors and coordinators included Nakamura-san, Ueda-san, Arakida-san andespecially Shiomi-san who tirelessly arranged numerous visits and facilitated my learning andstudy. I am also thankful to Watanabe-san, Sasaki-san, Kawaguchi-san, Fujinaka-san forproviding me timely administrative support and assistance during my stay in Japan.
I hope this report will be useful for individuals and organizations working in the field of disastermanagement and especially for the Government of Pakistan and member countries of ADRC.
The study enhanced my disaster management knowledge and experience, which would be
utilized in more proactive manner in home country.

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PREFACE
The frequency and magnitude of natural and ma-mad disaster has considerably increased
during the past three decades, leading to the increased vulnerability of the individuals,
communities and countries. In order to face, prepare, mitigate and transfer the risk of futuredisasters and emergencies, it is imperative to promote disaster education and awarenessamong the people and communities in a benefitting manner.
Establishing “Safer and Resilient” societies is the most ever desire of every people centric
government in the world. However, achieving resilience societies is a long journey and require
number of actions from grass route to state and international level. Among all these actions,the top ranked actions would be promotion of disaster education and comprehensive
awareness strategies at all sphere including community, state, national and global level.
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction-2015-2030 under its Priority-1, envisaged
that “ understanding disaster risk to build the knowledge of government officials at all levels,
civil society, communities and volunteers, as well as the private sector, through sharing
experiences, lessons learned, good practices and training and education on disaster risk
reduction, including the use of existing training and education mechanisms and peer learning“
and to “ promote national strategies to strengthen public education and awareness in disasterrisk reduction, including disaster risk information and knowledge, through campaigns, social
media and community mobilization, taking into account specific audiences and their needs ”.
Increased awareness of natural hazards and appropriate risk reduction measures canencourage voluntary risk reduction activities, including such key measures as safe
construction, retrofitting, and household preparedness. As part of a broad national risk
reduction strategy, increasing public risk awareness can strengthen public support for theinvestment of public funds in risk prevention activities and for the implementation of compulsory
risk reduction measures such as land use planning, building codes, environmental stewardshipand, where applicable, disaster insurance schemes. Moreover, international organizations andregional and international collaborations can also help focus the attention of national
governments and policy makers on the importance of natural hazards awareness and disasterrisk reduction education programs.

6

Structural and / or engineering interventions yield far less dividends if general education,
research, training and awareness components are undermined. For most of the countries
especially in South Asia, DRM is relatively a new subject but owing to the region’s exposure toa number of natural and human-induced threats, different countries have started taking aholistic approach by establishing dedicated institutes for public awareness and capacity
building purposes. It is widely argued by disaster experts that knowledge/education,
information and appropriate awareness make a community more resilient against theconsequences of hazards.
Sustained focus of disaster education and awareness strategies / campaigns on disaster risk
reduction can yield culture of resilience in societies in all stages. In past, educational andawareness strategies and campaigns were primarily rescue and relief-centric rather than DRRcentric. Therefore, there is a need for relevant DM organization to integrate disaster education
and awareness as a tool for promoting disaster risk reduction. Sequel to this, gaps and issues
in the existing system are needed to be identified and good practices and lesson learnt withsome appropriate strategies, aligned with socio-cultural requirement of the communities to be
adopted. Moreover, educational institutions, being the mushrooming and breeding centers foryoung generations, can contribute a lot in the disaster risk reduction, not only at the curriculum
and research level but can also promote disaster awareness via number of academic andeducational activities like seminar, exhibition, quiz competition and walks etc. A well-connected
network of education institutions with the country designated disaster management bodies isvery much important for DRR especially in the areas like research, damage assessment,
feedback research results, capacity building of students and researchers and mass awarenessthrough parent-teacher association etc.
Foregoing in view, it is very imperative to investigate the international and national
commitments and obligations, current context of disaster education and awareness by DM
organizations / educational institutions, identify issues and gapes and to explore best practices
in developed country like Japan for further adaptation and replication by relevant organizationsin Pakistan.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

-

ADRC

-

Asian Disaster Reduction Center

-

AJ K

-

Azad Jammu and Kashmir

-

APPSF

-

All Pakistan Private School’s Federation-

BOKOMI-

Volunteer Organization/Bosai Fukushi Komyunithi

-

CBDRM

-

Community Based Disaster Risk Management

-

CDPM

-

Center for Disaster Preparedness and Management

-

CMD

-

Crisis Management Department

-

CRS

-

Civil Services Academy

-

DCO

-

District Coordination Officer

-

DDMA

-

District Disaster Management Authority

-

DIRC

-

Disaster Information Resource Center

-

DM

-

Disaster Management

-

DRI

-

Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution

-

DRM

-

Disaster Risk Management

-

DRMP

-

Disaster Risk Management Program

-

DRR

-

Disaster Risk Reduction

-

EDMD

-

Emergency and Disaster Management Directorate

-

EQ

-

Earth Quake

-

FATA

-

Federally Administered Tribal Area

-

GADRI

-

Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes

-

GB

-

Gilgit Baltistan

-

GEJE

-

Great East Japan Earthquake

-

GEJET

-

Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami

-

HFA

-

Hyogo Framework for Action

-

IFRC

-

Intl Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

-

INGO

-

International Non-Governmental Organization-

IRIDeS-International Research Institute of Disaster Science

-

ISDR

-

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR)

-

JICA

-

Japan International Cooperation Agency
8

-

KCBE

-

Kobe City Board of Education

-

KCFB

-

Kobe City Fire Bureau

-

KP

-

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

-

MCE

-

Military College of Engineering

-

MLIT

-

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Japan

-

MoAFF

-

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

-

NCRD

-

National Centre for Rural Development

-

NDMA

-

National Disaster Management Authority

-

NDMC

-

National Disaster Management Commission

-

NDMO

-

National Disaster Management Ordinance

-

NDMP

-

National Disaster Management Plan

-

NHN

-

National Humanitarian Network

-

NIDM

-

National Institute of Disaster Management

-

NIED

-

National Research Institute for EQ Sciences & Disaster Resilience

-

NPO

-

Nonprofit Organization

-

NGO

-

NUST

-

National University of Science and Technology

-

OCHA

-

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

-

PDMA

-

Provincial Disaster Management Authority

-

PRCS

-

Pakistan Red Cross Society

-

PSSF

-

Pakistan School Safety Framework

-

RIDRR

-

Research Institutes for Disaster Risk Reduction.

-

SDMA

-

Sate Disaster Management Authority

-

SDPI

-

Sustainable Development Policy Institute

-

STI

-

Secretariat Training Institution

-

UNDP

-

United Nations Development Program-

UNESCO-

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization-

UNICEF-

United Nations Children’s Fund-

UNISDR-

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

Non-Governmental Organization*************

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CHAPTER # 01
INTRODUCTION TO DM SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN

1.1

General Information of Pakistan:
Pakistan is situated in South Asian region between longitudes 61 o& 75o30'E and latitudes
23o30' & 36o45'N covering a total land area of 796,096 sq km.It comprises the four
provinces of Punjab, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Sindh plus the Federal
Capital (Islamabad), Gilgit-Baltistan region (GB) and 'Tribal Areas (FATA)' under federal
administration, and Azad Jammu &Kashmir (AJK). There is a Parliamentary form ofGovernment with a Prime Minister as the executive head and the President as theconstitutional head. The National Language is Urdu. Population of the country is 90
million(Approx.).
The country shares its borders with Iran to the west, India in the south-east, Afghanistan
in the north-west, and China in the north. The Arabian Sea lies to its south as shown in(Fig-1). Pakistan shares total border length of 6,744 km with neighboring countries; with
Afghanistan (2,430 km); with China (523 km); with India (2,912 km) and Iran (909 km).
The coastal belt is about 1,046 km.

Figure-1. Geographic location of Pakistan
10Geographically Pakistan cab be divided in five major portions included, Northern highmountain ranges (the Himalayas; the Karakorum and the Hindukush), the Balochistan
Plateau along western bordering, the Indus River plains in the east, the Salt range acrossthe northern portion of the Punjab province and the Deserts (Cholistan in Punjab &Tharin Sindh province).
The climate of Pakistan varies with its topography but most consists of hot, dry desert,
temperate in north-west and arctic in the north. About 60% of the total land area isclassified as arid, which receives less than 200 mm annual rainfall. The southern slopesof the Himalayas and the sub mountainous tract receive higher rainfall ranging from 760
to 1270 mm annually. Some areas adjoining Kashmir receive more than 2000 mm
precipitation per annum.
Pakistan has four well marked seasons namely Spring, Summer, Autumn & Winter. It’s
usually, cold from November to February; Pre-monsoon (Hot), from March to mid of June;
Monsoon, from mid of June to mid of September and Post-monsoon, from mid ofSeptember to October. Summer season is extremely hot and the relative humidity ranges
from 25% to 50%. Day-time temperature in this season remains 40oC and beyond in plain
areas. The average temperatures in winter range from 4oC to 20oC. Mercury sometimes
falls well below freezing point in Northern parts of the country. Temperatures can be as
low as - 27°C in the north (at Skardu) in winter and as high as 52°Cin the southern parts
during summer.
1.2

Natural Hazards in Pakistan:Geo-physical conditions, climatic extremes, and high degrees of exposure andvulnerability, made Pakistan a disaster-prone country. Pakistan’s exposure to natural
hazards and disasters could be ranked between moderate to severe. A range of hydrometeorological, geo-physical and biological hazards including earthquakes, floods,
tsunamis, cyclones and storms, droughts, glacial lake outbursts, landslides, avalanches,
pest attacks and epidemics pose risks to Pakistani society. Some of these hazards (e.g.
floods, landslides etc.) are predominantly seasonal and occur on an annual basis,
whereas other hazards such as earthquakes and tsunamis are rare events but potentiallyhighly destructive.

11

Pakistan frequently suffers from earthquakes. Northern and Western parts are
particularly vulnerable to earthquakes. The Indus River is known as flood-prone area
especially in July and August. High priority hazards in terms of their frequency andscale of impact are: earthquakes, flooding, droughts, wind storms and landslides thathave caused widespread damage and losses in the past.
1.3. Disaster Management System in Pakistan:Prior to Earthquake 2005, the West Pakistan National Calamities Act of 1958 was theavailable legal remedy that regulated the maintenance and restoration of order in areas
affected by calamities and relief against such events. An Emergency Relief Cell within
the Cabinet Division has been serving since1971 as an institutional disaster relief
support at the national level. Similar institutional arrangements existed at the provincial

level in the form of relief commissioners. However, that regime provided a reactive
approach towards emergency response only. The occurrence of mega Kashmir
earthquake of 2005, followed by global obligations have provided the required stimuli
for the government to introduce a new Disaster Management System in the Country.
Subsequently, the National Disaster Management (NDM) Ordnance was promulgatedin December 2006 which became NDM Act with the approval of the Parliament in 2010.
This Act serves as the primary law of the land in the field of disaster management andto implement the law, National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was createdunder National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC). Similar arrangements
were enacted in the four provinces, FATA, GB and AJ&K. The creation of National
12

Disaster Management Commission under stewardship of the Prime Minister, and its
executive organ National Disaster Management Authority ushered an across the board
transformation of the national perspective about the subject of DRM.

The NDM Act 2010 elaborates following components of the system: a. National Disaster Management Commission(NDMC)
b. National Disaster Management Authority(NDMA)c. Provincial Disaster Commission(PDMC)
d. Provincial Disaster Management Authorities(PDMAs)
e. District Disaster Management Authorities(DDMAs)
f. National Institute of Disaster Management(NIDM)
g. Obligation of Federal and Provincial Governments in case of disaster.
h. Establishment of National / Provincial Fund for Disaster Management (N/PDMF).
1.3.1. National Disaster Management Commission(NDMC):
The National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC) headed by prime minister has
been established for the formulation of overall policies & guidelines etc. at national level
while Provincial Disaster Management Commission (PDMC) headed by the chief
minister of respective province at provincial level. Chairman NDMA and Director General
PDMA will act secretary of the Commission at federal and provincial level respectively.
Key members of NDMC included: a. The Prime Minister of Pakistan - Chair
13

b. Leader of Opposition in the Senate& National Assemblyc. Key Federal Ministers (Like Defense/interior/communications/ Health/ Finance etc.)
d. Governor NWFP (for FATA)
e. Chief Ministers of all four Provinces
f. Prime Minister, AJK &GB
g. Chairman, JCSC or his nominee; andh. Civil Society& Co-opted Members.
Main powers and functions of the National Commission includes but not limited to: a. lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management.
b. approve the National Plan.
c. approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Divisions of the Federal Government inaccordance with the National Plan.
d. arrange for, and oversee, the provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation
measures, preparedness and response.
e. provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as Federal
Government may determine.
1.3.2. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):
Sequel to the NDMO/ NDMA Act, National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) at
federal level was established in 2007. The power of the Authority includes but not limited
to: a. act as the implementing, coordinating and monitoring body for disaster management;b. prepare the National Plan to be approved by the National Commission;c. implement coordinate and monitor the implementation of the National policy;d. lay down guidelines for preparing disaster management plans by different Ministries
or Departments and the Provincial Authorities;
e. provide necessary technical assistance to the Provincial Governments and theProvincial Authorities for preparing their disaster management plans in accordancewith the guidelines laid down by the National Commission;f. coordinate response in the event of any threatening disaster situation or disaster;g. promote general education and awareness in relation to disaster management;

14

h. Lay down guidelines for, or give directions to the concerned Ministries or Provincial
Governments and the Provincial Authorities regarding measures to be taken by themin response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.

1.3.3 Provincial Disaster Management Authority(PDMA):
Provincial Authority is established at each province including region of Gilgit Baltistan
and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Key powers and functions of the Provincial Authorities
includes: a. Responsible for implementing policies and plans for disaster management in theProvince.
b. Formulate the provincial disaster management policy obtaining the approval of theProvincial Commission;c. Coordinate and monitor the implementation of the National Policy, National Plan andProvincial Plan.
d. Examine the vulnerability of different parts of the Province to different disasters andspecify prevention or mitigation measures.
e. Lay down guidelines to be followed for preparation of disaster management plans by
the Provincial Departments and District Authorities.
f. Promote general education, awareness and community training.

15

g. Ensure that communication systems are in order and disaster management
drills are being carried out regularly; andh. Coordinate response in the event of disaster.
i.

Evaluate preparedness at all governmental or non-governmental levels to respondto disaster and to enhance preparedness.

1.3.4. District Disaster Management Authority(DDMA):
As per NDM Act 2010, each Provincial Government shall establish a District Disaster
Management Authority (DMA) for every district. The District Authority shall consist of thefollowing members, namely:a. Nazim of the District who shall be Chairperson, ex officio;
b. the District Coordination Officer;c. the District Police Officer, ex-officio;
d. the Executive District Officer Health; ande. such other district level officers, to be appointed by the District Government.
The District Authority shall act as the district planning, coordinating and implementing
body for disaster management and take all measures for the purposes of disastermanagement in the district in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the National
Authority and the Provincial Authority. Mandate of the District Authority includes but notlimited to: a. prepare a disaster management plan including district response plan for the district;b. coordinate and monitor the implementation of the National Policy, Provincial Policy,
National Plan, Provincial Plan and District Plan;c. ensure that the areas in the district vulnerable to disasters are identified andmeasures for the prevention of disasters and the mitigation of its effects areundertaken by the departments of the Government at the district level as well as by
the local authorities;
d. ensure that the guidelines for prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response
measures as laid down by the National Authority and the Provincial Authority arefollowed by all departments of the Government at the district level and the local
authorities in the district;e. organize and coordinate specialized training programs for different levels of
officers, employees and voluntary rescue workers in the district;16

f. facilitate community training and awareness programs for prevention ofdisaster or mitigation with the support of local authorities, governmental andnon-governmental organizations;g. encourage the involvement of non-governmental organizations and voluntary socialwelfare institutions working at the grassroots level in the district for disastermanagement set up, maintain, review and upgrade the mechanism for early
warnings and dissemination of proper information to public;h. identify buildings and places which could, in the event of disaster situation be used
as relief centers or camps and make arrangements for water supply and sanitationin such buildings or places;i.

establish stockpiles of relief and rescue materials or ensure preparedness to makesuch materials available at a short notice;

The Act has also delegated an additional powers to District Authorities for the purposeof assisting, protecting or providing relief to the community, in response to any disasterlike:a. give directions for the release and use of resources available with any departmentof the Government and the local authority in the district;b. control and restrict vehicular traffic to, from and within, the vulnerable or affected
area;
c. remove debris, conduct search and carry out rescue operations;d. provide shelter, food, drinking water and essential provisions, healthcare andservices;e. establish emergency communication systems in the affected area;
f. procure exclusive or preferential use of amenities from any authority or person;
1.3.5. National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM):
The Act allows the Federal Government to establish an institute to be called the National
Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM). Subject to the provisions of this Act, theNational Institute of Disaster Management shall be responsible for planning andpromoting training and research and developing core competencies in the area of
disaster management. The NIDM is empowered to: a. develop training modules, undertake research and documentation in disastermanagement and organize training programs;
17

b. formulate and implement a comprehensive human resource development plan
covering all aspects of disaster management;c. provide assistance in national level policy formulation;d. provide required assistance to the training and research institutes for developmentof training and research programs for stakeholders including Government
functionaries;
e. provide assistance to the Provincial Governments in the formulation of Provincial
level policies, strategies, disaster management framework and any other assistanceas may be required by the Provincial Governments for capacity-building ofstakeholders, Government including its functionaries, civil society members,
corporate sector and people’s elected representatives;
f. develop educational materials for disaster management including academic andprofessional courses;
g. promote awareness among stakeholders including college or school teachers andstudents, technical personnel and others associated with multi-hazard mitigation,
preparedness and response measures;
The Act also entrusted the Federal Governments to take all such measures as it deems
necessary or expedient for the purpose of disaster management and shall include allsuch measures pertaining to: a. coordination of actions of the Ministries and Divisions of the Federal Government,
Provincial Governments, National Authority, Provincial Authorities, governmental
and non-governmental organizations in relation to disaster management;b. cooperation and assistance to Provincial Governments, as requested by them orotherwise deemed appropriate by it;c. requisition and deployment of armed forces, civil armed forces or any other civilian
personnel or foreign contingents required for the purposes of this Act;d. coordination with the United Nations agencies, international organizations andgovernments of foreign countries for the purposes of this Act;e. establish institutions for research, training, and developmental programs in
the field of disaster management;
f. The Federal Government may extend such support to other countries affected bymajor disaster as it may deem appropriate.
18

Similarly, the Provincial Government, subject to the provisions of this Act, shall take allmeasures specified in the guidelines laid down by the National Authority and such
further measures as it deems necessary or expedient, for the purpose of disastermanagement in their respective province.
1.3.6. National / Provincial Funds for Disaster Management:a. National Disaster Management Funds (NDMF):
The Federal Government shall constitute a Fund to be called the National Disaster
Management Funds for meeting any threatening disaster situation or disaster. The
NDMF shall be administered by the National Authority towards meeting the expenses for
emergency preparedness, response, mitigation, relief and reconstruction. The NDMF
shall be financed from the following sources, namely: (1) grants made by the Federal Government;(2) loans, aid and donations from the national or international agencies; and(3) donations received from any other source.
b. Provincial Disaster Management Funds (PDMF):
Similarly, the Provincial Disaster Management Fund shall be administered by theProvincial Authority towards meeting the expenses for emergency preparedness,
response, mitigation, relief and reconstruction in the Province. The PDMF shall befinanced from the following sources, namely: (1) grants made by the Federal Government or Provincial Governments; and(2) loans, aid and donations from the national or international agencies provided inaccordance with prescribed procedure.
It may be highlighted that the Federal Government and Provincial Governments shall, in
their annual budgets, make provisions for funds for the purposes of carrying out theactivities and programs set out in its disaster management plan.
The disaster management system elaborated above, is a well-articulated robust system,
based on international good practices and local dynamics. The system is growing, despite
limited resources and disaster management capacities. The performance of the system,
witnessed appreciation not at national level but has also gained attention of international
community during the past disasters.
***********
19

CHAPTER # 02
MANDATES AND OBLIGATIONS AT INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVELS

Establishment of “Safer and Resilient” societies is the most ever desire of every people
centric government of the world. However, achieving resilient societies is a long journey andrequire number of intervention from grassroots to state and international level. Among all theseactions, the top ranked action would be promotion of disaster education and comprehensive
awareness strategies at all sphere including community, state, national and global level.
Following are some relevant gleams on the subject nation and international level.
2.1. Obligations and Commitment at International Level:
International organizations, regional and international collaborations can help focus theattention of national governments and policy makers on the importance of natural hazards
awareness and disaster risk reduction education programs. International organizations
have a key role to play with regard to long-term planning as they are decoupled from theshorter-term political mandates of national, local and local decision-makers. International
efforts may also lead to the establishment of transnational platforms and networks aimed
at developing a coherent cross-border approach to disaster risk management strategies
and promoting a culture of safety in the long run.
a. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR -2015-2030):
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction-2015-2030 vide achievable actions under
its Priority-1 has states “understanding disaster risk to build the knowledge of government
officials at all levels, civil society, communities and volunteers, as well as the private sector,
through sharing experiences, lessons learned, good practices and training and education
on disaster risk reduction, including the use of existing training and education mechanisms
and peer learning” &" promote national strategies to strengthen public education and awareness in disaster risk
reduction, including disaster risk information and knowledge, through campaigns, social
media and community mobilization, taking into account specific audiences and their needs’’.
b. Previously, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) also highlighted the importance, roleof education and public awareness in building the culture of safety and resilience at alllevels. The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015, has explicitly called for the “integrationof disaster risk reduction as an intrinsic element of the United Nations Decade of Education
20

for Sustainable Development (2005–2014). Experience shows that impacts of disasters canbe substantially reduced if communities are well prepared and ready to act and areequipped with the knowledge and capacities for effective disaster management &Effective public awareness and education activities help local communities acquire the skills
and knowledge to make informed decisions on how to reduce their vulnerability to disasters,
enhance their capacity and adapt their livelihoods to withstand current and future risks, aswell as to demand greater action and accountability from those responsible.
c. The Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction(GPDRR) during its fourth Session-Invest
today for safer tomorrow, held in Geneva, Switzerland 19-23 May 2013, stipulated vide “TheRole of Public Awareness and Education in building community resilience" :(1) That “Ensure greater funding and action on safe education facilities, management andintegration of DRR in formal and non-formal learning.
(2) Agreement towards for a common global framework on Education for DRR.
(3) Secure greater South to South collaboration on good practice and lessons learning foradvancing DRR and Education.
d. UNESCO supports countries to include DRR components into education policies and plans
as well as school programs and curricula to increase the level of preparedness andprotection of individual learners and entire communities. Disaster preparedness work islinked with efforts to integrate education for sustainable development (ESD), including
climate change adaptation into the education system with the overall aim of building resilientand sustainable communities through education. UNESCO’s work on DRR education refers
to key dimensions of an integrated approach on School Safety which encompasses
structural safety, as well as school disaster management and disaster prevention educationand curriculum development.
e. DRR Education at global level has been coordinated, through the ISDR Thematic Platform
on Knowledge and Education (TPKE), which includes UN agencies, International
Organizations, International NGOs.

TPKE platform, now called Global Alliance for DRR

knowledge and education, promotes joint multi-stakeholder strategies for enhancing
knowledge and education for disaster risk reduction as an intrinsic element of UN Decadeof Education for Sustainable Development (DESD), 2005-2014.
f. The Red Cross Red Crescent National Societies has a long tradition in working with
communities on disaster risks, increasing safety and resilience through campaigns, informal
21

education, participatory learning and formal school-based interventions. RCRC National
Societies, have developed a wide array of tools to support these activities and have carriedout structured public-awareness and education activities on disaster reduction. Many ofthese activities are connected to children and schools.
g. The International Federation of the Red Cross produced a guide on public awareness andpublic education (PAPE) for DRR, as well as in 2012 key DRR messages to be used in
PAPE activities.
2.2. Mandates and Obligations at National Level:a. Legislative Perspective:
As per NDM Act 2010, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is mandated
to “promote general education and awareness in relation to disaster management”
in the country. Similarly, the Provincial Disaster Management Authorities are also required
to “promote general education, awareness and community training” at theirrespective provinces /regions.
b. National DRR Policy Perspective:(1) The National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy (NDRRP) under Policy Intervention No.
3.2.4“Promoting risk awareness and knowledge through DRR education vide "Promoting
DRR through public awareness campaigns” stipulates that “Reaching the wider publicwith DRR messages requires clearly targeted awareness campaigns with clear objectives,
core target groups and appropriate methodologies that ensure messages reach men andwomen. The NIDM has an important role to play in advising on the design of suchcampaigns but also in creating capacity within NDMA, PDMAs and DDMAs to design,
conduct and evaluate public awareness campaigns in the appropriate regional languages.
(2) Vide “Promoting DRR education in schools and colleges” stipulates that the integrationof DRR into the education syllabus at all levels should focus upon creating awareness ofpriority hazards, mitigation or prevention options and building basic self-help and mutualhelp capacities through school-based preparedness or safety plans (covering recovery offunctionality in a post-disaster situation). School preparedness needs to be linked into
wider community-based DRR plans and mechanisms as schools may serve as sheltersand safe havens in disaster situations. For better coverage it is important that DRR
education is also promoted in private and religious schools. Peer mechanisms are
effective in reaching out of school children and youth.
22(3) Vide “Promoting professional and technical education” stipulates that Professional
and technical education in DRR needs to be enhanced through a range of activities
including: i. The development of DRR as a professional discipline needs to be further promoted atnational and provincial levels through high-quality academic programs while agreeing
on common curricula standards.
ii. The curricula of graduate and postgraduate courses in architecture, engineering,
medicine, earth-, environmental and social sciences need to be further updated toincorporate the latest DRR knowledge and practices.
iii. Everyday emergency responders (ambulance services, police, fire services require
enhancement of their training and skills through dedicated DRR training.
iv. Integrate DRR into curriculum of Civil Defense Training Institutions.
v. At the local level training initiatives require support that target artisans such as builders
and masons, and train them in hazard-resistant construction, focusing upon nonengineered buildings.
(4) Vide Section 4.6 under “DRR Mainstreaming in Education System” stipulates that
DRR agenda will remain inconclusive unless the national education system is made an
integral part of it. Efforts are already underway to mainstream DRR in education curricula
at all levels (school, college, university). However, the task at hand is to develop the DRR
curricula in national and regional languages for subsequent mainstreaming. NDMA will
facilitate the process of developing DRR curricula in consultation with relevant forums.
Similarly, an appropriate mechanism will be devised to review with DRR lens the curriculaof graduate and post-graduate level courses in architecture, engineering, and earthsciences, etc.
c. NDMP Perspective:
National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) under the “Comprehensive Human
Resource Development Plan” has chalk out a comprehensive human resource
development Program. The HRDN Plan of NDMP under Priority Actions / Programs for
the Next Ten Years (2012-2022) has pledged number of initiatives vide following
strategies on disaster education and awareness: -23

(1). Vide Intervention- 5 - Promotion of Training, Education and Awareness in Relation
to Disaster Management:(a) Develop NIDM (National Institute of Disaster Management) to promote humanresource development in the field of disaster management.
(b) Enhance the capacity of government agencies in charge of disaster management.
(c) Promote mainstreaming DRR through capacity enhancement of governmental officers.
(d) Develop the capacity of communities to cope with disasters.
(e) Raise people's awareness of disaster management(2).Vide Intervention-6- Strengthen Awareness Program on Disaster Risk Reduction at
Local Level:(a) Enhance knowledge on disasters management in the general public.
(b) Establish safe evacuation places in the case of disaster situation.
(c) Implement and disseminate CBDRM activities.
(d) Disseminate self-help and mutual help efforts in disaster management.
(e) Establish disaster mitigation measures incorporated with existing development
program.
(3).Vide Out-put/ Activities on Education / Awareness highlightes that NIDM will takeinitiative for improvement of human resources in the field of Disaster management
through: (a) setting up of organization of NIDM, construction of NIDM building complex,
establishment of a library and Disaster Information Resource Center (DIRC) specialized
for disaster management and promotion of research in the field of disaster management.
(b) Capacity of governmental staff who are in charge of DRM to be enhanced throughimplementation of DRM training courses for F/G/S/PDMAs and DDMAs staff, capacity
enhancement of urban search and rescue teams, implementation of regular refresher
trainings for district fire brigades and Implementation of DRM workshops for TMA staff.
(c) Capacity of staff of government offices related to disaster management to be enhanced
for mainstreaming DRR activities for their implementation including implementation of
DRM workshops for relevant ministries, implementation of DRM workshops for relevant
departments of provincial governments and state governments, implementation of DRM
workshops for district governments, capacity of staff of government offices related todisaster management is enhanced for mainstreaming DRR activities for theirimplementation and Incorporation of DRM subjects into curriculum of government
training institutes.
24

(d) Capacity of communities to be enhanced to cope with disasters throughimplementation of DRM workshops for community leaders and search and rescue
trainings for members of community emergency response teams(e) Making Individuals Aware of DRM through implementation of awareness campaigns
for the general public, promotion of disaster education at schools and implementationof DRM workshops for university students.
d. NIDM Perspective:
NDM Act- 2010 stipulates the responsibilities of NIDM as “NIDM shall be responsible forplanning and promoting training and research and developing core competencies in thearea of disaster management, documentation and development of national level
information base relating to disaster management policies, prevention mechanisms andmitigation measures.” (Chapter -VII, 26, (2)). The activities are categorized into following
four categories: (1).Education:-

Incorporation of disaster management subjects into curriculum of governmental staff
general training.
Promotion of disaster education in basic education.
Promotion of disaster education in higher education.

(2).Awareness:- Holding of national disaster management exhibition, seminars, workshops,
conferences etc.
- Awareness campaign through media.
(3).Training- Training of NDMA staff- Training of F/G/S/PDMA staff- Training of DDMA staff- Training of TMA staff through DDMA
- Training of Staff of Federal Ministries- Training of university students(4).Promotion of Comprehensive HRD:
- Enhancement of coordination among organizations which conduct capacity building in
the field of disaster management- Technical advisories and assistances for human resource development activities in thefield of disaster management.
25

CHAPTER # 03
RESEARCH PLAN
3.1. Theme of the Study:
Disaster Education and Awareness as a Tool for Disaster Risk Reduction-Comparative
Study of Japan and Pakistan.
3.2. Background and Significance of the Theme:
a. Pakistan is disaster prone country. The country, after the Kashmir Earthquake-2005 has
promulgated / adopted new disaster management system. Under the new system, NDMA
is declared as the federal lead agency to manage the whole spectrum of disastermanagement in the country.
b. Promoting awareness through education, hazard mapping, campaigning, training andparticipation at grassroots is indispensable to ensure disaster preparedness and effective
response in at all tiers in wake of any disaster. It enhances community compliance to early
warnings, timely evacuation and participation in pre-disaster and post-disaster activities.
Moreover, like other pre-requisite DRR measures, disaster resilience of the country/
communities is also directly proportionate to the level of education, awareness and training
imparted at various tiers.
c. Besides, other assigned mandates, disaster management organizations are also required
to promote disaster awareness, education and training etc. at national and provincial level
in Pakistan.
d. Various segments of the society possess the requisite potential at varying level to promote
general awareness and education in disaster risk reduction in the country. However,education institution and disaster related organizations are considered to be the mosteffective for promoting disaster risk culture through effective education and awarenesscampaigns.
e. Japan is one of the most disaster-prone country in the world. The country has developed
and adopted well-articulated system for disaster management and has achieved vast
experience is disaster management, especially in the disaster risk reduction measures,
including effective education and awareness system at grass root.
f. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction-2015-2030 vide achievable actions
under its Priority-1 stipulates that“ understanding disaster risk to build the knowledge of26

government officials at all levels, civil society, communities and volunteers, as well as theprivate sector, through sharing experiences, lessons learned, good practices and training
and education on disaster risk reduction, including the use of existing training andeducation mechanisms and peer learning “ and to “ promote national strategies tostrengthen public education and awareness in disaster risk reduction, including disasterrisk information and knowledge, through campaigns, social media and community
mobilization, taking into account specific audiences and their needs” .
3.3. Specific Aim:a. As per NDM Act 2010, NDMA being the federal lead agency is mandated to “promote
general education and awareness in relation to disaster management” in the country.
Similarly, the Provincial Disaster Management Authorities are also required to “promote
general education, awareness and community training” at their respective provinces/ regions. Therefore, the study will highlight initiatives so far taken by the disastermanagement institutions for promoting education, awareness and training in disastermanagement.
b. The role of education institutions in promoting disaster risk reduction via effective disastereducation and awareness programs to be explored in both countries.
c. To correlate / compare experiences of Japan in promoting disaster education andawareness for disaster risk reduction.
3.4. Proposed Research Activities:
Research theme warrants descriptive studies and therefore involved extensive desk workwith few filed visit / interviewing / participation / discussion, internet, websites and collectingsome relevant data through pre-designed questionnaires at home & host country. Field
visit to various key organizations and institutions by ADRC in Japan was carried out tomake observation and obtain relevant data in a benefitting manner. Based on theassembled information via given ways and means, a comparative analysis of disastermanagement systems, disaster education and awareness of both countries with future
recommendations was concluded and compiled.
3.5. Methodology-Data Collection / Required Information:
Necessary information and data was collected in both countries by adopting following
methods: 27

a. Primary Sources: Following methods were utilized for collecting primary data: (1) Pre-designed questionnaires for DM institutions.
(2) Pre-designed questionnaire for Academia.
(3) Field visits.
(4) Observations.
(5) Oral interview and discussion during course of action etc.
(6) Presentations and lectures.
(7) Participation in various fora.
(8) Participation in exercises and drills in Japan.
b. Secondary Source: Secondary data was collected through following methods: (1) Websites of relevant organizations.
(2) Publications(3) Progress and annual reports.
(4) Research paper of previous ADRC Visiting Researchers.
(5) Library of DRI-Japan etc.
c. Sequel to above, primary and secondary data was collected / provided by following DM
institutions, organizations and academia in Pakistan: (1) National Disaster Management authority(NDMA), Islamabad.
(2) Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority(ERRA), Islamabad.
(3) National Institute of Disaster Management Islamabad.
(4) FATA Disaster Management Authority(FDMA), Peshawar.
(5) Gilgit Baltistan Disaster Management Authority(GBDMA), Gilgit.
(6) State Disaster Management Authority(SDMA), Muzaffarabad.
(7) Provincial Disaster Management Authority(PDMA), Balochistan.
(8) Provincial Disaster Management Authority(PDMA), KP.
(9) Punjab Emergency Service Academy 1122, Lahore.
(10) Secretariat Training Institutions(STI), Islamabad.
(11) Higher Education Commission(HEC), Islamabad.
(12) Pakistan Computer Bureau (PCB), Islamabad.
(13) National Centre for Rural Development NCRD), Islamabad.
(14) National Humanitarian Network (NHN), Islamabad.
(15) Capital Development Authority(CDA), Islamabad.
(16) Civil Defence, Islamabad.
28

(17) National University of Modern Languages (NUMAL), Islamabad.
(18) National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad.
(19) Preston University (PU), Islamabad.
(20) Riphah University (RU), Rawalpindi.
(21) Fatima Jinnah Women University (FJWU), Islamabad.
(22) Institute of Space & Technology (IST), Islamabad.
(23) Centre of Disaster Preparedness & Management (CDPM), University of Peshawar.
(24) Military College of Engineering (MCE), Risalpur, Nowshera.
(25) Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Nowshera Mardan.
(26) University of Swat, (US), Kanju Township Swat.
(27) Government College University Lahore (GCUL), Lahore.
(28) University of Balochistan, Quetta.
(29) University Engineering and Technology(UET), Pakistan.,d. In Japan, data / information via aforementioned primary and secondary sources was
obtained from following disaster management institutions, organizations and education
institutions: (1) Hyogo Prefecture Disaster Management Centre, Hyogo.
(2) Hyogo Prefecture Police, Hyogo.
(3) NADA Municipal Ward Office, Kobe.
(4) Participation in “Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Memorial Day -17 Jan) Kobe.
(5) DRI Museum at Kobe.
(6) Japan Meteorological Agency, HAT, Kobe.
(7) Japan Meteorological Agency, HQ Tokyo.
(8) Tsunami Storm Surge Prevention Station, Osaka Prefecture.
(9) Presentation on “Sentinel Asia” ADRC HAT, Kobe.
(10) Participation in International Disaster Reduction Alliance Forum(DRA), Kobe.
(11) Participation in International Recovery Forum(IRF), Kobe.
(12) Presentation by OSASI TECHNOS INC on “Voice of Earth).
(13) Research Centre for Urban Safety and Security, Kobe University.
(14) Presentation and visiting Kamenose Land Slide, Nara Prefecture.
(15) Participation in Iza! Kaeru Caravan at JICA, HAT Kobe.
(16) Visiting National Museum of Ethnology, / Life Beyond the Tsunami Osaka Prefecture29

(17) DRI Library, HAT Kobe(18) Honjo Life Safety Learning Centre, Tokyo.
(19) Visit and brief by NIED, Tsukuba City.
(20) Development Bank of Japan(DBJ) brief on Disaster Financing System, Tsukuba city.
(21) Brief on BCP by Mitsubishi Corporation Insurance Co Ltd, Tokyo.
(22) Disaster Management Bureau, Cabinet Office, Tokyo.
(23) Visit and brief by Tokyo Rinkai Disaster Prevention Park, Tokyo.
(24) Osaka City Abeno Life Safety Learning Centre, Osaka Prefecture.
(25) Lecture on Best Practices for Reducing Flood Disaster in Japan, Kobe University(26) Visit / brief about Dondo Dam by MoAFF, Miki City Hyogo Prefecture.
(27) Visiting Miki Disaster Management Park Stadium, Miki City, Hyogo.
(28) Hyogo Prefecture Emergency Management and Training Centre, Kiki City.
(29) E-Defense, NIED, Miki City.
(30) Lecture on DM System and Education by Hyogo Prefectural University.
(31) Lecture on Disaster Education by Hyogo Prefectural University.
(32) Presentations (5 Nos) by ADRC on Japan disaster management system.
(33) Lecture on Landslide by Kobe University.
(34) Community Based Town Watching and Hazard Mapping by BOKOMI(35) Participation in Community drills(36) Presentation by BOKOMI, Kobe.
(37) Visit and brief by Rukko Sabo Office, MLIT, Kobe.
(38) Visiting Hokudan Earthquake Memorial Park. Awaji Island. Hyogo Prefecture.
(39) Visiting Fukura Port Tsunami Disaster Prevention Station(Uzumaru), Awaji Island.
(40) Participation in 3rd Global Summit of RIDRR by GADRI, Kyoto Prefecture.
(41) Visit and brief on Tsunami Evacuation Tower by CMD, Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture.
(42) Visit and brief by Ishinomaki Community Centre, Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture.
(43) Lecture by IRIDeS, Tohoku University, Tohoku Region.
(44) Briefing by Sendai City Hall / CMD, Sendia, Miyagi Prefecture.
3.6. Expected Results:
a. To highlight initiatives so far taken by disaster management organizations and identify
gaps / grey areas in promoting education, awareness and training in disaster managementin Pakistan.
30

b. Expected role of education institutions and their contribution level in promoting disastereducation and awareness.
c. Experience and best practices adopted by Japan for awareness and disaster education
which could be incorporated and aligned with prospective needs of disaster management
institutions in Pakistan.
d. It will pave way in bridging together education / research/ and disaster management
institution in a more concerted and collaborative manner.
e. Being part of its assigned mandate, the findings of the research will facilitate DM
institutions in formulating and implementing an effective campaign on disaster education
and awareness to achieve the ultimate goal of disaster resilience.
f. The finding will specially facilitate National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
Pakistan to impart education, training and awareness in disaster management with moreconcerted approach.
g. Will provide insight for education / academia / research institutions a to come forward andengage in various disaster related research and other awareness activities.
h. Will provide vision for donors, financier, investors and other government / Nongovernmental organizations for pledging various projects in the country.
i.

The finding will highlight major issues, gapes and some future recommendations for thequarter concerned.

j.

Finally, the Research will facilitate a sustained coordination, confidence, thrust, mutual
understanding and knowledge sharing experience between Pakistan and ADRC.

3.7. Limitation of the Study:
Though efforts were made to collect data from relevant institutions and organizations.
However, owing to number of constraints including time, resources, bureaucracy, and tightschedule at host country, data was gathered through limited primary and secondary
sources from relevant institutions and organizations. Moreover, comparative analysis andinterpretation is mainly descriptive in nature rather than scientific. Research theme isrelatively new as compared to other disaster risk themes like response, recover andmitigation etc. Moreover, scarcity of centralized database in both countries, where requisite
information was available in detach form with several organizations of varying mandates
and thus resulted less footage for analysis. Owning to the nature and scope of the study,a full pledged study is required to be conducted in more holistic approach.
31

CHAPTER # 04
PRESENT POSITION-DISASTER EDUCATION AND AWARENESS
Education and Awareness is the foremost important initiatives for disaster risk
reduction and preparedness. The most systematic public education and awareness efforts
are often built around widespread campaigns and collaborations. The chief features of thesecampaigns and collaborations are a series of Program, events, messages, seminars,
workshops and materials that are shared and distributed through a wide variety of sources
including education institutions, media like print, radio, television and internet outlets, as well
as sometimes through performing and cultural arts. They also involve mass distribution of
messages and typically involve partnerships between government, civic organizations, mass
media outlets, and private sector sponsors. To be effective, education and awarenesscampaigns should ensure that the public receives consistent messages repeated over an
extended period of time and from multiple sources. Preparedness events must be repeatedannually, so as to create public recognition, anticipation and to reinforce what was learned
during previous events. Sequel to this, some prudent efforts taken at national level ishighlighted in the proceeding paras.
4.1. Initiatives by the National Authority:
As illustrated in the preceding sections, the government, beside international obligations, ismandated to take necessary steps for establishing research institutions, promoting
education, training, awareness and developmental programs in the field of disastermanagement. Owing to its assigned mandate, the NDMA at federal level, has taken numberof initiatives for promoting disaster education, awareness and training including following: 4.1.1. Establishment of National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM):
Owing to national and international obligations, there was a dire need to establish andfunction NIDM. Despite several challenges, including legal, financial and technicalfacilities, the institute though was established in 2008 but it has started functioning in2010. It is a premier institute of training and capacity development programs for
managing natural disasters occurring in Pakistan.
Human Resource development and capacity building is the building factors for theorganizations playing a part in preparedness, prevention, recovery and relief, welfare
32agencies, NGO’s, community development as well as general public. It is an integral
part of Disaster Risk Management (DRM). Structural and / or engineering interventions
yield far less dividends if general education, research, training and awarenesscomponents are undermined.
In South Asia, DRM is relatively a new subject but owing to the region’s exposure to anumber of natural and human-induced threats, different countries have started taking aholistic approach by establishing dedicated institutes for public awareness and capacity
building purposes. It is widely argued by disaster experts that knowledge/education,
information and appropriate awareness make a community more resilient against theconsequences of hazards.
In the context of global warming and climate change, the frequency of nature hazard
has considerably increased, which stressed upon the need of adopting a proactive
approach by taking disaster risk reduction options to safe guard lives and properties.
However, there was a growing realization that in the absence of a full-fledged academic
institute dedicated for providing research and training services, it would have beendifficult to achieve the objectives of DRM. On the other hand, the utility of existing
training facilities had been marred over the years due to lack of resources, commitment,
the quality of contents and delivery.
In this backdrop, National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) was establishedwith following aims for effectively catering to research and training needs of the public
and private sectors on DRR: -To develop curriculum on various facets of disaster management;-

To undertake training, research and other related activities on disaster management.

-

To develop linkages and build partnerships with national and international academic
institutions;-

To develop network of disaster management professionals and master trainers
working in various disciplines in the country and abroad;-

Publish newsletters, books, research journals, and audiovisuals to raise disaster risk
awareness among general public;-

Liaison with the NIDM and NDMA alumni and engage them in different activities i.e.
trainings, workshop and technical assistance;

33

-

Establish and maintain database on disasters in the country and give regular updates
through NIDM website.

Some tangible work done by NIDM is elaborated in the following lines: a. Disaster Related Publications:
NIDM in collaboration with other relevant sections has publicized numbers of books on
various disaster related fields as detailed under: Table 4.1(a) Statistics of Publication in the Field of DisasterSr. #Area of Publications

No of
Publications
12 Nos1

Policy Documents and Plans

2

Assessment / Survey (All Types)

24 Nos3

Manuals, Guidelines and Booklets

22Nos

4

Various Reports

06 Nos5

Disasters Preparedness, DRR/DRM and Response

08 Nos6

Gender and Other Vulnerable Groups

03 Nos7

Floods, Cyclone, Tsunami and GLOF

04 Nos8

Earthquake, Landslide and Avalanche

01 Nos9

Education and School Safety

06 Nos10

Recovery and Rehabilitation/Reconstruction

04 Nos11

Miscellaneous

02 Nosb. Establishment of Disaster Information Resource Center(DIRC):
The Disaster Information Resource Centre (DIRC) is a hub of disaster-related
information for the consumption of public-sector departments and organizations, print
and electronic media, students, development professionals, and academicians. Apartfrom books, research papers, training material, and documentaries, the DIRC will also
provide on-line information on disaster statistics, news, briefs and soft copies ofimportant or requested materials.
Once established and subject to the availability of financial resources, the DRC may start
publishing a quarterly bilingual magazine on Disaster Risk Management, which will
disseminate national disaster updates (activities of government and NGOs), a couple oflead articles, selected interviews and good practices (national or international) on
Disaster Risk Management. DRC consist of various publication either made by NDMA,34

PDMAs, DDMAs, UN Agencies, Government Department, NGOs and other researchstudies in the field of disaster.
c. Training and Awareness Courses Conducted by NIDM:
National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) has started developing the databaseof Disaster Management related capacity building and training initiatives being carriedout by public, private and humanitarian community, in Pakistan. The initiative is aimed atproviding the stakeholders a common platform where they could share their contributions
towards making the country resilient against disasters, through capacity building
programs.
The organizations interested in showcasing their training activities may register, througha simple process, which will enable NIDM to update their activities. Organizations
registered with NIDM will be given online access to the system for updating theirrespective capacity building activities at NIDM website.
Training courses and workshops facilitated by the National Institute of Disaster
Management (NIDM) are encompass all phases of Disaster Management Cycle. Major
categories of the training courses are: -Hazard Mitigation Courses
Preparedness and Response
DRR Mainstreaming-

Mainstreaming Gender and other Vulnerable Groups

Since the NIDM are striving to build the capacities of various segments of society aimed
at preparing the fellow countrymen and the institutions to prevent, mitigate and respondto various disasters by strengthening their coping capacities. Training of NIDM is open
to all segments of the society including government departments, humanitariancommunity academia, media, private sector and civil society.
Table. 4.1(c-a) Statistics of Training Courses by NIDM since 2010
Category
Male
FemaleGovernment Department
3479
340
Academia
658
220
NGOs
491
199
UN / INGOs
170
78
Media
107
11
Industry75
3
Others35
21Foreigners
24
0
Total
5039
872
35

Total
3,819
878
690
248
118
78
56
24
5,911

Table. 4.1(c-b) Statistics of Training Courses -Year wise since 2010
Year

Detail of Courses

2010

27 Courses

845

2011

24 Courses

946

2012

5 Course

295

2013

25 Courses (WFP-15)

1,136

2014

47 (WFP-32 and UNDP-15)

1,443

2015

25 Courses (UNDP)

769

2016

11 Course (WFP/UNDP)

477

Total

Number of Participants

164 Courses

5,911

Table 4.1(c-c) Government Official Emergency Response Exercise (GOERE)
Year

Date
Mar 7 - 11

Apr 11 - 152016 Apr 18 - 22

May 16 - 18

May 25 - 27

No
Participants

CourseGovernment Officials Capacity Building
Training/Exercise (Peshawar Division)
Government Officials Capacity Building
Training/Exercise (D G Khan Division)
Government Officials Capacity Building
Training/Exercise (Naseerabad Division)
Government Officials Capacity Building
Training/Exercise (Gilgit/Astore Divisions)
Government Officials Capacity Building
Training/Exercise (Muzaffarabad Division)
Total

33

41

37

40

48
199

d. Training conducted via Joint Initiatives:
NIDM with collaboration of some international agencies has undertaken joint trainings
in the areas mentioned below: (1).NIDM with collaboration of Help Age International conducted a joint training of trainerson CBDRM at Jacobabad (Sindh)in November 2014. Where twenty-seven (27) mastertrainers from various organizations were trained.
36

(2).NIDM with collaboration of UNOCHA conducted four regional trainings(December
2014 ) at Quetta, Lahore, Gilgit and Peshawar.
(3).NIDM with collaboration of DIPECHO conducted 7th Action (CBDRM ToT for 5 days)in September 2014 on Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) for
the government officers from the selected districts of Sindh and KP provinces.
(4).NIDM with collaboration of IOM/PDMA KP conducted five trainings on Camp
Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM) in 2014.
3.1.2. Activities / Initiatives Undertaken by NDMA Media Section on Education andAwareness:
Media Section of NDMA is also paying a productive role in promotion of disaster related
education and awareness. The Section, despite its limited resources has contributed a lotin compliance of national and international obligations. The mass distribution of printed
material outlining major hazards, appropriate emergency responses, airing public service
messages, press releases, workshops etc. are very effective education and awarenesstechniques / activities, which always add in disaster risk reduction of the communities.
Some relevant activities of media section are highlighted below: a. Conducted Training workshop to highlight the role of media in dissemination of Tsunami
Early Warning. Participants of the workshop included 18 x media professionals fromrenowned news channels, daily newspapers and radio while 12 x staff members of
PMD were also trained to liaison with media
b. Press Releases-(Since 2013): Total 205 x Press Releases were published in1,880 x
newspapers on various themes of disaster.
c. Press Conference (Since 2013): Total 10 x Press conference were arranged to update
the media and public regarding various disaster in the period.
d. Preparation and Issuance of monsoon / event wise Public Service Messages: PSM on
Monsoons awareness, preparatory measures, earthquake and other events weredisseminated via Print & Electronic media.
e. TV /Radio Talk Shows/Program: Media Section is keeping NDMA presence andvisibility in both pre-and post-disaster situations via TV / Radio Talk programs.
Moreover, with theme Tayyar(Prepared) Pakistan, 6x TV programs prepared for public

37

awareness including Heat wave, Floods, Earthquakes, Drought, Vulnerable, Groups,
Fire Safety, School Safety and Flash Floods.
f. Conducted Media Workshop on Disaster Reporting.
g. Arranging visit of Media Teams to affected areas.
h. National Consultative Media Dialogue - To involving prominent media anchors,
journalists, analysts, rep from print media and civil society experts for active
participation during pre-disaster preparedness and early warning to the public
especially vulnerable communities.
i. Conducted 3x Media Workshops for capacity building of NDMA beat reporters’ oneeach at Karachi, Lahore & Islamabad, aimed at sensitizing local media community on
country’s national disaster management system and role of different stakeholders ofsociety, especially the media.
j. First ever NDMA Calendar-2016 was published carrying awareness messages and topromote concept of Disaster Resilient Pakistan.
k. Animated TVC on School Safety during Flood (Pre-during-post), Fire Safety Storybooks based on videos Posters Flood & Fire.
l. First ever NDMA documentary with theme ‘Towards a Disaster Resilient Pakistan’ hasbeen prepared which was also aired first time during World Humanitarian Summit in
Istanbul, Turkey May 2016.
m. A special Supplement about NDMA achievements during last 3 years was printed in
special edition of Pakistan Observer. on 11 July 2016.
n. NDMA Stall at World Humanitarian Summit (WHS), showcasing its achievements
exhibited theme of Disaster Resilient Pakistan through, glance of pictures, NDMA
publications& Special Documentary.
o. First ever NDMA brochures were prepared on various disaster management themes.
p. NDMA collaborated with Radio Pakistan to Broadcast NDMA recorded. programs on
general awareness raising on weekly basis from July till August.
q. 12x Live programs aired on weekly basis from July till September,2016.
r. Aired program on heat wave and floods in June-July2016.

38

3.1.3. Disaster Education and Awareness by NDMA Response Section:
a. NDMA Response Directorate besides ensuring timely and effective response in time ofdisaster, also initiated capacity building program in collaboration with UNOCHA for DM
officials in the following areas: (1) Camp Management(2) Contingency Planning
Table 4.1.3(a). Capacity Building Training Program by NDMA and UNOCHA
Phase

No. of Trainings

No. of Participants

Districts

Phase 111460 (Government Officials)

43

Phase 2

16

488 x Government Officials

30

b. Disaster Simulation Exercises (SE-2014):
As part of Preparedness and Contingency Planning Process for Monsoon and FloodControl, NDMA in collaboration with PDMA Punjab and World Food Program (WFP),
organized a Simulation Exercise to identify gaps in planning and enhance the response
capacities of the stakeholders. The simulation was based upon a realistic flood scenario
in Punjab Province, split into two phases of Early Warning & Preparedness and Initial
Rapid Response. The areas selected for exercise included the Districts of Sialkot,
Sheikhupura and Narowal.
c. Facilitator Training for Disaster Simulation Exercise – 2014:
NDMA and WFP organized three days training from 3-6 June 2014 in Islamabad tosimulate areal time flood based situation and impart training to stakeholders topractice Sops, contingencies simulated for Districts Narowal, Sialkot and Sheikhupura,validate response mechanism, decision-making procedures, analysis of capacity level
and improve coordination. Participants were included officials from NDMA, PDMA
Punjab, DDMAs (Narowal, Sheikhupura and Sialkot), the UNHCT and INGOs.
Year
2014
2014
2015
2015

Name of Training

No. of Participants

Facilitators Training for Disaster Simulation
Exercise (3 – 6 June 2014)
Disaster Simulation Exercise (18 – 20 June 2014)
Facilitators Training for Disasters Simulation
Exercise (15-17 April 2015)
Disaster Simulation Exercise (28-30 April 2015)
39

Approximate 35
Approximate 75
Approximate 30
Approximate 95

d. Civil Military Coordination Workshop:
In coordination with UNOCHA, NDMA arranged a training workshop on Civil-Military
coordination from 20-23 March 2014 at Islamabad. The workshop was intended toenhance Civil-Military coordination in Pakistan during disasters and complex
emergency situations.
e. Mock Industrial Disaster Simulation Exercise – 2016:
Industrial Hazards Simulation Exercise was conducted on 29 March 2016 at Dherki inwhich all relevant stakeholders participated. Missing links observed in response against
industrial disasters have been documented and shared with all concerned. Officials
from 32 different departments participated in the simulation exercise.
f. Multi-Sector Initial Rapid Assessment Trainings (MIRA):NDMA and UN-OCHA, in July 2012, jointly devised a tool called Multi Sector Initial
Rapid Assessment (MIRA) for assessing the severity of a disaster. The tool was piloted
in five flood affected districts namely Jaffarabad, Naseerabad, Rajanpur, Jacobabad
and Kashmore in September 2012. In 2013, NDMA further refined this tool by revisiting
the Questionnaire and setting up Joint Assessment Roster. NDMA and UNOCHA jointly
conducted training sessions on MIRA at Islamabad, Karachi, Peshawar, Quetta,
Multan, Naseerabad and Sukkur from 20-22 August 2013. Further details from R&R
directorate.
g. ProgramforEnhancementof

Emergency Response(PEER)

Trainings

before 2016
Participants Trained

Name of Course
Community Action for Disaster Response (CADRE)

299

Hospital Preparedness for Emergencies (HOPE)

398
395

Medical First Responder (MFR)
Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue (CSSR)

285

h. Effective SMS based Early Warning System put in place with the assistance of PTA
since 2014. Over 58 million SMS Alerts disseminated to public for Flood Warning andPublic Service Messages for Earthquake in 2014 and 2015. Over 300,000 persons
40

evacuated through early warnings. Consolidation of mechanism is being pursued forinclusion in PTA Regulation.
i. Disaster Management Exhibition and Conference (DMEC 2009):
The Disaster Management Exhibition and Conference was inaugurated by the Syed
Yousaf Raza Gilani, Prime Minister of Pakistan, at the Prime Minister's Secretariat on8
October 2009. The program of events included:(1) National Disaster Management Conference: “Working Together for Disaster Risk
Reduction” (8 October, 2009)(2) Exhibition on Disaster Management, Fire Rescue, Safety & Security (89October,2009)(3) SAARC Regional Workshop on Earthquake Risk Mitigation & Management, (8-9October, 2009.
(4) The Exhibition and SAARC Regional Workshop was inaugurated by Nawabzada
Malik Amad Khan, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs. He also witnessed thesimulation / drill conducted by the Urban Search and Rescue Team of CDA.
The Exhibition on Disaster Management, Fire Rescue, Safety & Security showcased
DRM initiatives by different organizations, latest technologies and services with displaysof leading brands of ambulances, bullet proof vehicles, firefighting equipment, healthand safety products, policing and anti-terrorism equipment, surveillance systems, stateof the art security services, etc. Some 65 exhibitors, including the armed forces, NDMA,ERC of the Cabinet Division , CDA, NLC, UN, academic institutes and different local
and international non-governmental organizations, took, part in the exhibition. The
Exhibition was visited by 5,000 people from different walks of life.
j. The National Disaster Risk Management Conference was held on October 08, 2009at the Convention Centre, Islamabad and was attended by 350 participants,
represented different key stakeholders of disaster risk management. The theme of theConference was “Working Together for Disaster Risk Reduction”. The purpose of theConference and Exhibition was to provide a forum to the policy makers, DRR
practitioners, academia and private sector for knowledge and skills sharing on disasterrisk reduction. It also provided an opportunity to enable the NDMA and otherstakeholders to suggest measures to reduce the risks of potential disasters and to41

k. Policy Dialogue on DRM with Parliamentarians (2009-2010):
To sensitize the parliamentarians and engage them in a debate on the issues related
to disaster management in Pakistan, 06 seminars were organized in Islamabad, Sindh,
Balochistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Punjab and KP. The national levelseminar was conducted on 13 October, 2009 at Islamabad, with Members of National
Assembly and Senators in attendance.
l. Tsunami Evacuation Drills (2009):
In order to raise public awareness of the vulnerable communities of coastal areas andto test capacity building processes of all the stakeholders about Tsunami Risk, the
NDMA conducted five Tsunami Evacuation Drills in partnership with the District
Governments, civil society and response agencies at Gawadar, Pasni, Jewni, Ormara
and Thatta in which more than 5000 people including women, children and elderly
persons participated. During the evacuation drills the real life scenarios were created
and the communities were trained in camp management, evacuation procedures,
handling of health and food during emergencies.
m. DCOs Conference (2008):
In order to create education and awareness about the newly established DM systemespecially in the highly risk districts of Pakistan, DCOs from 37 x Districts of Punjab,
Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(NWFP), AJK and GB were invited, educatedand made aware of the new DM system.
3.1.4 HR / Coordination Sections Initiatives on Education, Awareness and Capacity
Building

ofDM

Personnel

through

Foreign

Training/Courses/Seminars/

Workshops etc:
In order to acquaintance with latest global trends, ensure good coordination withinternational partners, gain an oversight of international best practices, enhance
education and awareness level of DM personnel in compliance of international
commitments and to add country voice in international awareness programs etc, NDMA
is closely working with other international organizations for building capacity of various
disaster management institutions in the country via foreign training, courses, seniors,
workshops, exhibitions and symposiums etc. Though, NDMA does not possess
dedicated funds for such activities, however these arrangements are usually made with42

foreign / UN /NGOs assistance. Brief summary of data compiled from 2009-2016 isgiven below: Table:4.1.4 (a) Summary of Foreign Training / Courses
Year

No
Courses

No
Days

No
Participants

2008-9

37

385

46

2010

47

774

60

2011

45

326

77

2012

01

180

04

2013

25

180

28

2014

31

163

35

2015

27

126

36

2016

69

687

85

351

2,182

371

Total

43

Name of Countries(excl repetition)
USA, China, Japan, India, Bhutan,
Tehran, Geneva, Thailand, Bangkok,
Turkey, Indonesia Singapore, Malaysia,
Srilanka, Korea , Nepal.
Austria, Japan, Thailand, Switzerland,
India, Singapore, Korea, Germany,
Nepal, USA, Bhutan, Egypt, Uzbekistan,
Kazakistan, Bangkok, Malaysia, Egypt,
China.
Indonesia, Philippines, Korea, Jordan,
Indonesia, USA, Geneva, Thailand, Sri
Lanka, India, Hawaii, Austria, South
Korea, Geneva, Thailand, UK, Nepal,
Singapore, Turkey, Germany.
Japan
Thailand, Japan, USA, Azerbaijan,
Afghanistan, Mongolia, Turkey, India,
Switzerland, Germany, China.
Australia, India, England, Ethiopia,
Nepal, UK, Japan, Thailand, China,
Zambia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China,
Tehran, UK, Afghanistan, Philippines,
Peru.
France, Nepal, Bhutan, USA, Japan,
Thailand, Oman, Afghanistan, India,
China, Tajikistan, Thailand, Malaysia.
Thailand,
Nepal,
Turkey,USA,
Germany, Iran, Marrakesh, India,
Kazakhstan, Japan, China, Korea,
Philippines, UK, Indonesia, Sri Lanka,
Austria, Vietnam, Singapore, Geneva,
Switzerland, Mozambique, Pakistan,
Zambia.

122

The aforementioned courses/training/ workshops also included regional and global
commitments (SAARC / ADRC / ECO / UNESCAP / CDKN / GPDR etc.) and havecovered various areas of disaster management like: - Disaster Risk Reduction- Climate Change- Tsunami Warning- Tsunami Risk Assessment- Disaster Response and Recovery- Crisis Management- Emergency Relief Management- Earthquake Disaster Emergency Response- Earthquake Risk Mitigation- Satellite Remote Sensing- USAR Training- Mainstreaming DRR- Making Cities Resilient- Civil-Military Emergency Preparedness- Public information and Media Communication- Flood Control and Disaster Risk Reduction- Chemical Safety and Security- Geo-informatics and Disaster Management- Civil Defense and Preparation of Civil Societies.
3.1.5 NDMA Initiatives on School Safety:
NDMA has recently achieved a milestone by taking a lead role through launching of pilot
project of Pakistan school safety Framework in 68 selected public and private schools
across the country. Pakistan School Safety Framework pilot program aims to implement
school safety in all schools of Pakistan in order to prepare effectively against natural or
man-made hazards. These schools were selected with the involvement of the education
departments and secretariats of the private school systems and are based at PeshawarKp, Lahore-Punjab, Karachi-Sindh, Quetta-Balochistan, Islamabad-Federal Capital,
Muzaffarabad-AJK and Gilgit-Gilgit Baltistan.

44

The Gender and Child Cell (GCC) of the NDMA, with the support of UNICEF and British
Council has already completed the first phase of Pakistan School Safety Pilot Programin which 30 master trainers were trained at Lahore. In the Second Phase, 209 teachers
from each of the nominated 68 schools were trained by the Master Trainers andequipped with thorough knowledge and practical exercises pertaining to school safety.
The third phase of the Pilot Program was held in January 2017 in which the trainedteachers have further developed respective school safety plan, raise School Safety
Organizations, undertake the self-assessment of the School Safety Standards inaccordance with Pakistan School Safety Framework and also prepared schoolcommunity for response against disasters in respective schools.
The Pakistan School Safety Framework is developed after a series of National level
consultative meetings with government and private sector stakeholders and it was also
reviewed by international consultants. The Comprehensive School Safety Framework
when finalized will provide a much needed direction for disaster risk management,
especially to be prepared for effective and efficient response against natural or manmade. It is one of the effective tool to create education and awareness against disasterand will provide contribution in disaster risk reduction at grass route level.
3.2

Initiatives by Provincial Authorities(PDMAs):
Like National Authority, Provincial Disaster Management Authorities(PDMAs) as per law
are also mandated to take necessary steps for promotion of education, training, andawareness in the field of disaster. Though, PDMAs are still passing through it
evolutionary period in context of DM System in Pakistan, however, their contribution in
education, training and awareness is progressing. They have generally contributed in: a. Preparation of Plans:
Necessary plans and documents like response plans, monsoon, flood and cyclone
contingency plans and some other publications have been prepared at provincial
level by PDMAs. While provincial disaster risk management plans are yet to beprepared. Moreover, some districts have also prepared their plans under One
UNDRM initiatives at Punjab, KP, Balochistan, Sindh, AJK and Gilgit.

45

b. Celebration of National Disaster Awareness Day 8th October:
National Disaster Awareness Day 8thOctober is regularly celebrated by PDMAs at
their respective provincial
headquarters. Celebrationof awareness day usually
get

wide

attentionofmasses , especially fromacademia

via

print,

electronic and social media
and participation etc.
c. Hazard Specific Publication and Studies:
Hazard specific publications, material and studies like heat waves, earthquake andlandslide etc. prepared by PDMAs and distributed among the relevant organizations.
d. Collaboration with Academia:
Some PDMAs have established collaboration with academia and education
institutions for promotion of disaster risk reduction and have also signed MoU for
disaster training, degree and certification courses in disaster management.
e. Media Interaction:
Provincial Disaster Management Authorities are actively engaged media, especiallythe local media for dissemination of disaster information and updates. Sequel to this,number of press releases and news items have been published with wide coverage.
f. Community Awareness Activities:
PDMAs have also organized number of community awareness programs on various
disaster themes like drought, tsunami, heat waves, avalanches, be-volunteer,
epidemic and earthquake etc.
g. Simulation and Disaster Drills:
Usually PDMAs organize simulation and disaster drills with collaboration with NDMA
and other donors organizations, which has created good amount of disastereducation and awareness among the general public.
46

h. Disaster Management Exhibition:
PDMA, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in collaboration with Centre for Disaster Preparedness
and Management(CDPM), University of Peshawar organizes Disaster Management
Exhibition on yearly basis at the university campus to aware students of theuniversity, general masses, public & non govt. organizations working in disastermanagement about disaster risk reduction. The Authority has also undertaken
following soft measures for disaster risk reduction: (1) Strengthened capacity of civil defense department in 16 Districts.
(2) Rescue 1122 & Civil Defence has been placed under RR&S Department.
(3) Capacity Building of DDMUs, Line Departments & Districts(4) Training of Boats operators of Police, Rescue 1122, Irrigation and Civil Defence.
i. Similarly, PDMA Punjab has organized number of workshops on different disasterthemes like: (1) Contextualization of Global Minimum Standards for Child Protection in
Humanitarian Action (2015)(2) Child Protection in Disasters (2012).
(3) DRM Needs and Plans (2012), They have also published a book on “Dengue,
Prevention & Control. Publication of this book is one of the commendable effort
by PDMA Punjab to creating mass awareness for precautionary and preventive
measures against the outspread of dengue through the exemplary Lahore Modelof saving precious lives.
3.3. Initiatives by Education Institutions / Academia:a. One of the key aim of education is to give all citizens the necessary skills and values toimprove their quality of life. Education is considered a driven force for any societal change
and shaping innovative ideas. The role of education institutions in promoting disastereducation and awareness for disaster risk reduction is internationally admitted fact.
Education institutions and academia, through number of initiatives including curriculum
development, imparting of knowledge, creating mass awareness and conducting quality
research and drills etc. contribute a lot in promoting disaster risk reduction. Besides, others
functions, these institutions can contribute in: (1) Education& promotion of research in DRR(2) Policy advice to the Government
47

(3) Capacity building of line agencies and organizations(4) Serve as evacuation and safe shelters.
(5) Disaster management information center where data base could be maintained on
population, health, institutions etc.
(6) A Centre for learning and counseling.
(7) Training for DRM volunteers, village council members, teachers, govt. officials etc.
b. Disaster awareness education is also helpful for educational institutions and academia
itself on account of various reasons including: (1) It helps to safeguards institution against disaster(2) It creates sense of protection among students, teachers and parents.
(3) It provides contemporary and relevant information about local environments.
(4) It prepares for participation in both pre and post disaster activities of theaffected/vulnerable community on a wider scale.
(5) It contributes past experience with recent developments in technology to combat
disaster.
(6) It promotes informed decision-making in the event of a disaster.
c. In Pakistan, though disaster education is not yet adopted in the curriculum, especially at
schooling level, however, at academia level, some universities have already been started
disaster management courses like: a. MS. / M.Phil. In Disaster Management.
b. Graduate / Honors level Degree in Disaster Management.
c. Postgraduate Diploma (PGD) in Disaster Preparedness and Management (DPM).
d. Honor degree(MBAs)e. Certification courses.
f. Demand oriented courses.
g. Training courses etc
d. Presently more than 7 x universities, including following are offering courses in disastermanagement: (1) Centre for Disaster Preparedness and Management(CDPM):
Keeping in view the plethora of natural hazards in Pakistan in general and the Province ofKhyber Pakhtunkhwa in particular, the University of Peshawar established the Centre forDisaster Preparedness and Management (CDPM) in 2008 in collaboration with the48

German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and ICIMOD. The Centre has been establishedunder the faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences. The mandate of the CDPM is
disaster management education, research and policy advice to the government. The
CDPM, University of Peshawar, has the honor to stand as the first ever institution in the
public sector, solely dedicated to disaster management education and research. The
Centre within a record short span of time has to its credit the initiation of multifarious
programs including trainings and workshops for students, managers, practitioners, andadministrators to equip them with the knowledge and skills in the field of disastermanagement. After successfully launching the first ever Post Graduate Diploma in
Disaster Preparedness and Management in Pakistan in 2009, the CDPM has now taken
the lead to offer BS, M.Sc., M.S./M.Phil. and Ph.D. programs in Disaster Management.
The CDPM has the privilege to offer these courses and degree programs for the first time
not only in Pakistan but in the whole of South Asia. Currently, a total of 295 students
are enrolled in various programs at the Centre. Besides, CDPM has successfullyorganized as many as seven consecutive Disaster Management Exhibitions in the pastseven years. Similarly, the CDPM has to its credit the organization of two International
Disaster Management Conferences i.e. IDMC-2009 and 2010. The Centre has alsoorganized more than 50 tailor-made courses on Community Based Disaster Risk
Reduction, Emergency Response Management, Disaster Risk Reduction, Application of
GIS and Remote Sensing in Disaster Management, Disaster Risk Assessment, Climate
Change Adaptation, Disability and Disaster, Triage and Ethics in Disasters, Child Friendly
Disaster Management, Mainstreaming DRR into School Curriculum, Gender and Disaster
Management, First Aid and Fire Fighting for various professionals, academicians, Disaster
Managers, community members, district administration and volunteers of various national& international organizations.
(2) Military College of Engineering(MCE), NUST, Risalpur Nowshera KP:
As Pakistan started working on formulation of its national disaster management policy
after Kashmir Earthquake of 2005. Establishment of National Disaster Management
Authority (NDMA) and its subsidiary organizations at provincial and district level havebrought the paradigm shift from relief oriented approach to prevention, mitigation, andpreparedness. Sequel to this, NUST has initiated launching of vertically tiered Post
Graduate (PG) programs in Disaster Management in MCE in August 2012. NUST has
49

recently signed a MoU with AIT Thailand for collaboration in Disaster Management which
will help in making the program more useful and acceptable at international level.
Admission of 23 students with variety of backgrounds ranging from engineering tobusiness administration and basic/social sciences in the first year shows the popularity
and success of newly launched programs. MCE offering following programs: (a) PG Certificate of one semester duration or completion of nine credit.
(b) PG Diploma of two semester duration or completion of 18 credit hours.
(c) MS Degree of 1.5-year duration on completion of 24 credit hours of coursework and 6
credit hours of research. Maximum time for completion of MS is five years.
(3) Disaster Research Institute(DRI), Preston University, Islamabad:
The Disaster Research Institute (DRI), Preston University was established in November
2005, with a view to deal with acute humanitarian and social problems arising out of
natural disasters such as the devastating earthquake of October 2005 that hit Northern
Pakistan. DRI is actively involved in research in various areas related to Disaster Risk
Mitigation and Management. It has also mandated itself to impart professional training toemployees of institutions engaged in Disaster Mitigation, Disaster Risk Reduction andDisaster Risk Management, and also to individuals keen to enter this important field. The
program aims to address the important aspects of Disaster Risk Mitigation, Disaster Risk
Perception and Preparedness which is being achieved through mass awarenesscampaign, trainings, workshops and seminars. Research is a main focus of DRI and a lotof emphasis is being placed on this area. DRI of Preston University is presently offering
following disaster related programs:(a) MSc in DRM (66 x credit hours).
(b) Diploma in DRM (25 x credit hours).
(c) MSc. In Occupational Health and Safety (66 x credit hours).
(d) MSc. In Environment Management (66 x credit hours).
(e) Certification Courses.
Since its establishment, DRI has awarded 212 x degrees, 169 x diplomas and 400 x
certification courses in disaster risk management to various student from different partsof the country.

50

e. Brief summary of data collected from more than 7 x universities and institution is
consolidated as below: Sr

Category

Nos(1)

No Universities / institution offering Master Degree /Courses /diploma/certificates.

07+

(2)

No student awarded Degree in Disaster Management

640+

(3)

No student awarded Graduate Degree in Disaster Management

500+

(4)

No student awarded Certificates etc. in Disaster Management

356+

(5)

No of Seminars conducted on disaster

100+

(6)

No of yearly based seminars/exhibitions

25+

(7)

MoU/Agreement with DM Institutions

07+

(8)

No of Awareness drills/courses conducted

100

(9)

No of Outreach activities in Communities

10+

(10)

No of research work /studies conducted on disaster

320+

(11)

No of planned activities

40+

Academia involved in Assessment of Earthquake Preparedness,(12) . Community with Flood Risk, Natural and Urban Hazard Study,

05+

Translation, Hazard Specific Study, and post disaster impact etc.
Note: + sign indicates that the actual data might be more as all information from all institutions could
not be obtained.

4.1. Initiatives by other Relevant Federal and Provincial Departments / Institutions:
There are certain organizations, which are also actively engaged in promoting disastereducation, training and awareness. It is felt that their role and contribution may also behighlighted in the subject study.
4.1.1 Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA):
Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA) was established on
October 24, 2005 to take up the mammoth task of rebuilding in the earthquake affected
regions spread over 30,000 square kilometers of nine districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and AJ&K. ERRA’s mission is to “Convert this Adversity into an Opportunity” byreconstructing the lost and destroyed facilities, while following highest standards ofreconstruction and rehabilitation with the obligation to “Build Back Better". ERRA has
intervened in 12 different sectors, 3 cross-cutting programs, and is required to51

reconstruct over 14,000 projects, (at the cost of over US $ 5 billion). Beside the assigned
mammoth reconstruction task, the Authority has also contributed in earthquake
education and awareness as illustrated below: Sr

Category

No

No
Participantsa.

Courses**

05

60

b.

Training all types

50

15,000c.

Training of emergency responders

01

40

d.

Community Training

303

19,276e.

Awareness campaign / program80

15,000f.

Mock exercises / Drills / Walks

150

8,122

g.

Seminars / exhibitions

04

1,000

Sr

Area of Publications

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Policy Documents and Plans
Assessment / Survey (All Types)
Manuals, Guidelines and Booklets
Various Reports
Disasters Preparedness, DRR/DRM and Response
Gender and Other Vulnerable Groups
Floods, Cyclone, Tsunami and GLOF / heat wave
Earthquake, Landslide and Avalanche
Education and School Safety
Recovery and Rehabilitation/Reconstruction
Miscellaneous

Total No
18
05
15
26
1
2
3
5
2
4
28

ERRA has also signed MoU with Universities for promoting disaster education. They
have also conducted CBDR activities in various school and colleges. They have also
portrayed earthquake resilience imitative ad structure through seismic re-constructionof damaged building.
4.1.2 Punjab Emergency Service - Rescue 1122 /Service Academy Lahore:
The Punjab Emergency Service (Rescue 1122) is the leading emergency humanitarian
service of Pakistan with infrastructure in all 36 districts of Punjab and is providing
technical assistance to other provinces. Rescue 1122 has rescued millions victims of52emergencies through its Emergency Ambulance, Rescue & Fire services andCommunity Emergency Response Teams while maintaining its average response timeof 7 minutes and standards in all districts of Punjab province with an estimatedpopulation of over 100 million.
In order to ensure sustainable human resource development in this long neglected fieldof emergency management, Emergency Services Academy was established inaccordance with section 14 of the Punjab Emergency Service Act 2006. This Academy
wasstartedextremely

withlimitedresources in 2006
at Lahore.
This

Emergency

Services Academy
is not only training
staff for all Districtsof Punjab but has
become a national
center for training
and has also training to Emergency staff from other provinces including Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit Baltistan, AJK, Sindh and Balochistan.
The Instructors for this Academy were trained through the Enhancement of Emergency
Response (PEER) program of USAID to conduct Medical First Responder (MFR),
Collapsed Structure Search & Rescue (CSSR) courses, Training for Instructors (TFI)
and Community Action for Disaster Response (CADRE) courses. The training ofInstructors for Fire training was achieved as a result of the MoU between the Strathclyde
Fire & Rescue Service of Scotland, United Kingdom and the Punjab Emergency Service.
At present, the Academy is mainly conducting a six months Basic Rescue Course which
includes emergency Medical, Rescue, Fire and physical fitness training. The Academy
also conducts specialized courses like Medical First Responder, Collapsed Structure
Search & Rescue, Training for Instructors, several short courses and refresher courses
for the career development of Rescuers.

53

Emergency Service Academy, with more than 10,000 personnel, has conducted
numbers of emergency trainings and community awareness campaigns in all district of
the Punjab. Brief summary of their activities includes: a. Conduct 14 x courses with participation of more than 7,000 officials.
b. Conducted 11 x training with participation of more than 10,000 officials.
c. Conducted 12 x training on emergency responders (ambulance, fire, rescue etc) withmore than 10,000 participations.
d. Conducted community training in all over the province.
e. Conducted numbers of community awareness campaigns.
f. Regularly conducting drills and exercises.
g. Celebration of World Fire Day.
h. Also prepared various ICT material for use in emergencies.
4.1.3 Secretariat Training Institute (STI), Establishment Division:
Secretariat Training Institute (STI) is established in January 1956 with primary mandate
to build capacity of Federal Government Employees. The training has two main stream
i.e. Specialized Trainings and General Capacity Building. STI is the specialized training
academy for CSS probationers belonging to Office Management Group (OMG);
whereas different capacity building courses are designed and held round the year for
officials and officers in BS-17 to BS-19 belonging to federal government.
Though, STI is providing very useful training to the government employees on various
aspects, excluding courses on disaster management. However, in view of its
importance, they have recently (2016) taken the initiatives and has conducted 2 xcourses in disaster management with 77 x participation. They have also planned
courses on disaster management in future which will be helpful, especially for federal
government employees to add their voice in disaster risk initiatives in their respective
circles.
4.1.4 Emergency and Disaster Management Directorate of CDA:
Capital Development Authority(CDA), is the Metropolitan Secretariat of the federal
capital at Islamabad Capital Territory(ICT). Sequel to 2005 Earthquake, Emergency andDisaster Management Directorate was established in 2008. The EDMD is mandated toEnsure Safety of all Residents of Islamabad from any Natural and Human Made Disasterthrough “Disaster

Risk

Reduction

Measures” and “Immediate
54andEffectiveResponse” in case of disaster to minimize loss to life and property. The Directorate witha strength of 559 persons comprises of a well-equipped fire brigade, well trained teamof “Searchers and Rescuers". EDMD activities include: a. Safety audits of public use building to reduce riskb. Short response time of 5-8 minutes for fire vehicles to reach the site of incident.
c. Raising of dedicated Urban Search & Rescue Team (USAR) in support of NDMA.
d. Establishment of Emergency & Disaster Management Academy (Ad hoc basis) at
Islamabad, which upon, completion will serve as training facility against all types ofdisaster.
e. A rubble field has already been built for training of USAR team. A temporary structure
has been built where training has already started, over 150 firemen and 27 wirelessoperators have successfully completed their training from the academy.
4.1.5 Civil Defence:
Civil Defence is also one of the effective organization which play an important role inprotecting of people, property and other assets during emergencies. The aim of civil
defence is to:a. To reduce to the minimum, the number of casualties in the people
b. To minimize damage and dislocation to essential services.
c. To ensure uninterrupted production in mills and factories.
d. To provide active civilian support to war efforts.
e. To maintain in the people a high standard of morale and a strong " will to win".
Since, civil defence measures could not be taken anywhere, as it requires tremendous
resources and expense, therefore General public are usually involved in a disciplinedmanner / on voluntarily basis to take full civil defence measures during war/ peace
times. In order to make a strong Civil Defence structure, there is an urgent need tomake awareness among the students of schools, colleges and of other such institutions
with regard to existence of Civil Defence and its important / unavoidable role in disastermanagement. Civil Defence has following training academy and training centers acrossthe country: (1).National Institute of Fire Technology, Islamabad.
(2).Civil Defence Training School Faisalabad.
(3).Civil Defence Training School Lahore
55

(4).Civil Defence Training School Karachi.
(5).Civil Defence Training School Quetta.
(6).Civil Defence Training School Peshawar .
(7).Civil Defence Training School Muzaffarabad .
(8).Civil Defence Academy Lahore.
The aforementioned training schools / academy are providing training and courses on
various themes of disaster especially on fire safety and protection. During the year
2012-2016, Civil Defence has trained more than 23,000 people.

4.1.6 Similarly, other institutions like Pakistan Computer Bureau(PCB), Ministry of Information
Technology, Islamabad, CDA Training Academy (CTA), Islamabad, National Training
Bureau(NTB), National Centre for Rural Development (NCRD), National School of
Public Policy (NSPP) and some other provincial institutes are doing contributing indisaster education and awareness in limited extent, however, they may include disaster
related courses in their manual.

**********

56

CHAPTER # 05
JAPAN DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODEL
FOCUS ON DISASTER EDUCATION AND AWARENESS
5.1. General Information:
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of
the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia,
stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in thesouth. With over 127.77 million populations, Japan has the world's 11th largest populated
country.
Japan consists of 8 x Zones and 47 x Prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor,
legislature and administrative bureaucracy. Each prefecture is further divided into cities,

towns and villages. About 73 percent of Japan is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable
for agricultural, industrial, or residential use. As a result, the habitable zones, mainly
located in coastal areas, are highly populated. A number of factors contribute to the highincidence of natural disasters in Japan. First, the country is subject to extreme climatic
variations, such as seasonal rain fronts and typhoons, as well as heavy snowfall on the
Sea of Japan side of the archipelago. Second, Japan's topography is rugged and there aremany faults and steep inclines. Third, Japan is located in the Pacific earthquake belt and57

is frequently struck by earthquakes, while its complex coastline is vulnerable to tsunamis.
And fourth, Japan is located in the circum-Pacific zone, in which almost all the volcanoesof the world are concentrated, and has 67 active volcanoes-one-tenth of the world total.
The country has experience number of unpredicted events of natural disaster such as: -Earthquakes-

Tsunamis-

Volcanic Eruptions-

Typhoons (July – October)-

Heavy Monsoon Rains (May)- Floods- Landslides- Snow Avalanches
5.2. Evolution of Disaster Management System in Japan:
In Japan, the DM system has been developed and strengthened following the bitter
experience of large-scale natural disasters and accidents over the years. The turning point
for strengthening disaster management system came into effect in response to theimmense damage caused by the Typhoon Ise-wan in 1959, which lead to the enactmentof the o Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act in 1961.

Thereafter every disaster led to learning and experience and it led to passing of newlegislation. There is almost a separate legislation for each disaster and separate legislation
58

for every aspect of disasters such as prevention, preparedness, response, rehabilitation
and recovery, building standard, financial measures, earthquake insurance, etc.
The DM system has further been strengthened following the lessons learnt from largescale disasters such as the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, 1995. The learning of the2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET) and nuclear disaster has been
incorporated in the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act by amending it in June, 2012 andby making changes in Basic Disaster Management Plan in December, 2011. The mostnotable piece of legislation is the Act passed in 2002 namely ‘Act on Special Measures for
Promotion of Tonankai and Nankai Earthquake Disaster Management’. The country is
expecting big earthquake which may arise out of Tonankai and Nankai troughs and thislegislation aims at reducing possible impact from these earthquakes and preparing thecountry to face them.
Japan has three (3) administrative levels of governance; national, prefectural andmunicipal. Each level of governments has its own disaster management organizations,policy frameworks and budgets. When disasters occur, municipalities respond first. In casedisasters are large in scale beyond their capacity, national and prefectural governments
provide every possible support.
59

a. National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction:
Under the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, the Central Disaster Management Council
was formed, its brief being to ensure the comprehensiveness of disaster risk management
and to discuss matters of importance with regard to disaster management.
The council consists of the Prime Minister, who is the chairperson, Minister of State forDisaster Management, all ministers, heads of major public institutions such as the Bankof Japan, the Japanese Red Cross Society, NHK (public broadcasting corporation) andNTT (telecommunication company) and some academic experts.
Structure of Central Disaster Management Council

60

The duties of the Council are: i) formulation and promotion of implementation of the Basic
Disaster Prevention Plan and Earthquake Countermeasures Plans; ii) Formulation andpromotion of implementation of the urgent measures plan for major disasters; iii)
Deliberating important issues on disaster reduction according to requests from the Prime
Minister or Minister of State for Disaster Management (basic disaster management
policies, overall coordination of disaster countermeasures and declaration of state ofdisaster emergency), and iv) Offering opinions regarding important issues on disaster
reduction to the Prime Minister and Minister of State for Disaster Management.
The Council organizes the Committees for Technical Investigation on the themes aslisted below for carrying out the duties: (1). On countermeasures for the Tonankai and Nankai Earthquakes (Oct 2001).
(2). On lessons learned from past disasters (July, 2003).
(3). On the promotion of Nationwide Movement of DM (Dec 2005).
(4). On evacuation measures for the Tokyo Inland Earthquake (Aug 2006).
(5). On large-scale flood countermeasures formed (Aug 2006).
(6). On countermeasures for the Tokai Earthquake (March 2002/ May 2003).
(7). On information sharing for disaster management (Oct 2002/July 2003).
(8). On the promotion of DR activities by the private sector (Sept 2003/Oct 2005).
(9). On countermeasures for the Tokyo Inland Earthquake (Sept 2003 /July 2005).
(10). On countermeasures for the Trench-type Earthquakes in the Vicinity of the Japan andChishima Trenches October 2003 / January 2006).
b. National Level Organizations for Disaster Management:
All the line ministries and agencies have responsibility to take actions related to disaster
reduction within their own mandate. The Cabinet Office is responsible for formulating basic
policies, strategies and guidelines for disaster reduction and for securing coordination of
government disaster reduction activities.
Within the Cabinet Office, which is the secretariat for the Central Council, the Minister ofState for Disaster Management has been assigned as the Minister State for Special
Missions to take lead in the responsibilities for disaster reduction in the Natural
Government.
The Minister is assisted by the department of the Cabinet Office Director-General for
Disaster Management. The Director-General has mandated to handle planning and central
61

coordination with regard to matters relating to basic policy on disaster risk reduction, andmatters concerning disaster countermeasures in the event of a large-scale disaster.

c. Disaster Management at Prefecture Level:
In prefectures the Disaster Management Council is established with the members ofrepresentatives of local government organizations including police and fire management
department, and designated local public corporations. The Governor is the commanderordering via the Prefectural Disaster Management Council. Implementation of disaster risk
management measures is based on the Local Disaster Management Plans drafted by theCouncils.

62

d. Disaster Management at Municipal Level:
In this level, the Mayor of City, Town and Village is the commander, as the same ofGovernor in prefectural level, will take function through Municipal Disaster Management
Council to formulate and promote the implementation of Local Disaster Management
Plans.
e. DM Planning System:
Japan has adopted well defined planning system for disaster management in the country
likely: (1) National Level: Basic Disaster Management Plan - This plan is a basis for disaster
reduction activities and is prepared by the Central Disaster Management Council basedon the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, 1961. The Basic Disaster Management
Plan states comprehensive and long-term disaster reduction issues such as disastermanagement related systems, disaster reduction projects, early and appropriate
disaster recovery and rehabilitation, as well as scientific and technical research.
The first Basic DMP was prepared in 1963 followed by routine updating, however it was
entirely revised in 1995 based on the experiences of the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake. The plan was more refined in December, 2011 based on therecommendations from the Central Disaster Management Council’s TechnicalCommittee for reviewing earthquake and tsunami measures based on the lessons fromthe GEJET. The plan, it has been decided, shall be continuously revised in future inorder to reflect further policy development based on the GEJET and other disasters.
(2) Department/Organizational Level: Disaster Management Operation Plan - This isa plan made by each designated government organization and designated public
corporation based on the Basic Disaster Management Plan.
(3) Prefectural/Local Level: Local Disaster Management Plan - This is a plan made byeach prefectural and municipal disaster management council, subject to local
circumstances and based on the Basic Disaster Management Plan.
The plans at all levels have been prepared and regularly revised and updated,
incorporating the lessons learnt and changes made in the Basic DMP prepared at thenational level. DMP is the main document which is referred to for disaster management
and emergency response.
635.3. Disaster Education and Awareness in Japan:
In Japan there are number of organizations and institutions, who really contributing in theoverall disaster education and awareness. Some of them are highlighted as under: a. The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Memorial/ Disaster Reduction and Human
Renovation Institution(DRI):The DRI, established in Hyogo Prefecture in April 2002 with the support of the central
government, is operated by the Hyogo Earthquake Memorial 21st Century ResearchInstitute. The mission is to mold a culture of disaster awareness, enhance local capacity
for disaster management, support the development of disaster management policies,and contribute to creating civic collaboration on safety and security as well as a society
with reduced disaster-related risks. The facility providing six functions namely: (1) Museum exhibits - The exhibits provide accessible information on experiences andlessons learned from theGreat

Hanshin-Awaji

Earthquake. The facility isfrequently

usedcommonbypeople,survivors, researcher, city
residents,

international

participants,
school/college

students

and volunteers.
(2) Collection and preservation of source documents and materials - The facility
has preserved real scenario from memories of the Great Hanshin-Awaji andshowcased number of memorial posts and events. DRI continuously enhancing
collection and materials pertaining to earthquake disaster.
(3) Training of Disaster Management Practitioners - In order to train local
government's disaster management officials and other key personnel working indisaster response, DRI provides specific information on experiences from the Great
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. DRI also systematically and comprehensively provide
practical knowledge and techniques for disaster management that are based on thelatest research findings.
64

(4) Research on disaster reduction and development of disaster reduction
professionals - DRI conduct practical disaster management research that helps thenational and local government, communities, companies and others to formulate andimplement disaster management policies and disaster response measures.
(5) Head quarter’s assistance in disaster response -Upon the occurrence ofdisaster, DRI dispatches personnel with practical experience and knowledge todisaster response centers and other locations. It also serves to provide appropriate
information and advice on a disaster response, damage mitigation, restoration, andreconstruction etc.
(6) Exchange and Networking: DRI provide an opportunity to improve society’s
disaster management capabilities through diversified network that includes
government officials, researchers, citizens and companies involved in the Great
Hanshin-AWAJI Earthquake or in disaster management, as well as by providing avenue for international cooperation.
b. Hyogo Prefectural Emergency Management and Training Center:
The prefecture has set-up Hyogo Wide-Area Emergency Management Network at four
different locations of the prefecture to stock-pile essential relief material and Hyogo
Prefectural Emergency Management and Training Centre located at Miki General
Disaster Prevention Park, few kilometers away from DMC, an area which was notaffected during the 1995 earthquake. It acts as a back-up center for DMC too. Thisfacility, in normal times, is a center of training for staff on emergency management, asports complex and storage facility for relief material. The center has the samecommunication and network facility as the DMC. Interestingly, the ground floors below
the sitting areas of sports stadium are being used as storage spaces for relief goods.
During emergencies, the entire sports stadium is converted into a central place fordispatch of relief material to the affected area of the prefecture.
c. Disaster Management Days / Weeks:
In order to promote disaster risk reduction culture, gain people confidence andcooperation, various DRR centric activities are conducted every year for active
participation of masses like: -Japan Disaster Prevention Day - September 1-

Disaster Prevention Week - August 30 to September 565-Disaster Management and Volunteer Day January 17-

Disaster Management Volunteers Week, January 15-21-

World Tsunami Awareness Day - November 5

The aforementioned events are very comprehensive in nature. For example, during theDisaster Reduction Day (1 Sep), an exercise by the Central Government Headquarter
i.e. at the Prime Mister's Office is usually held. Where the Prime Minister and his Cabinet
conducted drills by simulating response to the anticipated Major Nankai TroughEarthquake. As part of exercise, they hold meeting of Extreme Disaster Management
Headquarters, extraordinary Cabinet meeting, report from Governors of affected
prefecture, press conference by Prime Minister and Minister of State for Disaster
Management.
During celebration of the aforementioned days and weeks and other casual events,
central and local governments are usually conducting a series of activities, such as
disaster prevention and exhibitions, disaster prevention seminars and disaster drills race
etc. Celebration of these days / weeks divert public attention towards DRR primarily byparticipation of key parliamentarian and senior government officers, community
involvement and wide coverage by national and local media etc.
d. Disaster Drill:
Japanese societies are moving from safer towards resilience. Most of the public andprivate sectors and communities as part of their disaster preparedness, regularly
conducting disaster drills on
various themes. During thefield visit and city seeing,number of such drills wereobserved. Education andawareness through thesedrills leads towards disasterrisk reduction. Such drills
andexercises

usually

conducted on themes like: (1) Firefighting

training(bucket brigade)66

(2) Firefighting training (fire extinguishers)(3) Water-discharge exercises(4) Sandbagging training(5) Training on how to shut iron flood barriers(6) Emergency evacuation drills (for those vulnerable to disasters)(7) First Aid with indigenous method(8) Preparation of emergency latrines, rescuing from debris, victim identification,
disposal pack, soap preparation and treatment of stressed people by massaging.
(9) Ordinary life-saving training(10)

CPR training(11)

Injury treatment course

e. Volunteer DRR Organization / BOKOMI:
Japan Disaster Management Planning has made provision for promotion of volunteer
education on a regular basis, cultivation of specialized human resources in support ofvolunteer activities, networking of volunteer organizations, improvement of volunteer
activity support systems andactivity conditions in disasters,
etc. Japanese voluntarism is
one of the best DRR practice
which

worth

communities.

replication

by

On

the

occurrence of any disaster,these local volunteer/ residents
forwardfirefighting,foractions
flood

like

fighting,

search and rescue and first aid etc. These organizations are generally equipped withappropriate materials, equipment and with requisite skill in various aspect of disaster.
The central government and local governments encouraged these groups and provide
them necessary information through public relations and education and to some extent
with financial subsidy (140,000 yen / year).
After the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and Kobe City Lessons from the Earthquake,the city government has focused on establishing and developing voluntary organization
67

for disaster prevention in communities. These Volunteer DRR organization is called Kobe
Disaster Safe Welfare Community or BOKOMI (Japanese name "Bosai Fukushi
Komyunithi "). The main member of these group are people from local resident
association,

women's

association, senior citizen
association, PTA members,
business and member of
local volunteer fire bridge.
BOKOMI board members
are selected from the board
members of these groups
and

they

activities.

plan

BOKOMI

Presently

only

Kobe City Government has
achieved target of 75% area coverage through191 BOKOMI organizations. Kobe City
Government provide various support measure to these organizations like: (1) Provide Disaster Reduction Machinery and Material (have to choose item out of predesignated 54 items)(2) Partial Aid for Activities Expenses.
(3) Training of trainers(4) Other support measures including dispatches of fire fighter, fire engines to disaster
drills, loan of equipment, distribution of training manual etc.
Every year BOKOMI plays a central role in approximately 800 activities such as disaster
reduction drills, first aid training courses, rescue drills, evacuation drills, lectures, hazard
mapping, flood control drills, patrols in various areas around the city etc.
f. The Osaka City Abeno Life Safety Learning Center:
Osaka City Abeno Life Safety Learning Center located at business city of Osaka
Prefecture as established after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and Great East
Earthquake. The facility is playing an important role in disaster risk reduction througheducation, awareness and training. People from different walk of life, business
community, education sector, disaster management organization and volunteer’s

68organization etc. come here and get training in areas like firefighting, evacuation ofpeople from debris, earthquake shaking, use of water pumps and smoke escape etc.
At the Centre they create real scenario of disasters like EQ magnitude 7 and thentrained the participants on various possible areas of emergency like: (1) Virtual Earthquake Corner - where disaster information is presented as a newscast.
(2) Fire Prevention Corner - where they simulate various things in home and businesssetting that could get fire easily(3) Smoke Corner - Place where they simulate real smoke with escape route.
(4) Fire Extinguisher Corner – Where
thepractically

firefighting

experience

procedure

by

the
fire

extinguisher.
(5) 119 Practical Call Corner – Where
they practically experience making
and receiving call.
(6) Community Fire Fighting by Water pumps - were they simulate uses and procedureuse of community water pumps.
(7) Hazards Corner - where they simulate various possible hazard.
(8) Experience a Magnitude 7 Earthquake- Where they passed the visitors to experiencemagnitude 7 earthquake intensity and shaking(9) Multipurpose Safety Training Room - This room has many potential uses, such as
showing disaster-related films and holding lectures, orientations, and first-aid
training.
(10)First Aid Corner - The visitor will learn useful skills, such as how to stop bleeding,and set the broken bones by using available resources.
(11)

Multimedia Learning Corner - Visitor can use computers and graphic panels tolook up all sort of information about earthquakes, fires, wind and flood damage.
(12)

Life Safety Equipment Room -Safety equipment of various type used inemergency situation is displayed here
This center also provides regular one-day training certification courses on monthly
basis to people from different walk of like.
69

g. Disaster Research Institutes:
Japan is one of the most disaster prone country. They have developed well goodsystem to promote disaster resilience in the country. The country has achieved milestone in various areas of disaster management especially in disaster risk reduction andpreparedness through specialized and focused based scientific research. Owning to its
vast experience, the government of Japan is enthusiastic to impart its experience andbest practices to rest of the world. Disaster Research Institutions in Japan usually coverfollowing areas like: (1) Earthquake shaking model for various structure both for public and private sector.
(2) Liquefaction model for various structure for both public and private sector.
(3) Earthquake sound systems for landslide.
(4) Buoys for tsunami detections and other sea disturbance.
(5) Lighting and metrological affect.
(6) Disaster management support system.
(7) Tsunami control measures.
(8) Advanced road traffic system.
(9) Road, sea, air traffic safety countermeasures.
(10) Social infrastructure aging countermeasures.
(11) The harmful hazardous material security countermeasures and social crime.
(12) Structure measures for seismicity etc.
(13)

GIS based advance information and Early Warning etc.

h. Disaster Prevention and Business Continuity Planning:
In Japan both public and private sector doing disaster prevention by business continuity
pans. A BCP (Business Continuity Plan) is a plan that lays out the actions to be taken
during normal periods and the means and methods by which business continuity canbe ensured in the event that the company is struck by a natural disaster or otheremergency situation, so that core business operations can continue or swift recovery
is enabled while minimizing the damage to the company’s assets. Sequel to this
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan has already issued guidelines formaking BCP.
Through these BCPs, the employees are very much educated and aware about
possible disaster risk and its mitigation and preparedness. For the very reason, they70

also conduct exercises and drills. Being motivator of the idea, insurance companies
also play an important role.
h. Easy Public Access to Information on Disaster and its Preventive Measures:
In Japan almost all department are mandated to provide easy access to public for any
relevant information. Beside their core business, professional departments also havealso their own disaster plan on their websites which are easily accessible to everyone.
Moreover, Japan weather forecast page is a comprehensive disaster information
publishing platform, contains meteorological information to the earthquake, volcanic
eruption, marine disasters, disaster information and early warning information. The
general public usually trusted it and frequently access website for various information
and references.
i.

Disaster Prevention Awareness and Publicity Materials:
Various awareness and publicity material are published every year by central, prefecture
and city governments usually containing
cartoonimage,

stories,graphics

containing etc. to get informed masses
about

disasterrisk

reductionandnecessary actions. These materials
were proved more helpful for education
and awareness, especially for school
children.
j. Nojima Fault Museum in Hyogo Prefecture
Nojima Fault Preservation Museum is located in Awaji city in Awaji Island. It is near thenorthwest coast of the island, and is located about 10 km southwest of the north end of
the island.

The Great Hanshin

Earthquake of 1995 also caused
considerable damage in the southpart of Hyogo Prefecture. An active
fault runs from the northwest coast,
through Kobe city, to Itami city at
the north of Osaka city. Because
the

fault

shifted,

this

great
71

earthquake was occurred. When the earthquake occurred, the real fault appeared on thesurface of the ground at Nojima district in Awaji city. Two parts of the ground slipped
about 1-2 meters each other, and one part raised 0.5-1.2 meters. Then this fault was
designated as a natural monument. And the museum has been built on a part of the fault.
In the museum, we can see the real fault about 140 meters long. And many photos andrestored models about the earthquake are displayed. Additionally, we can experience
the same quake as the Great Hanshin Earthquake in a model room. This facility is serving
a great source for disaster education and awareness of people from all walk of life.
k. Community-Based Disaster Reduction Activities (Hazard Mapping):
Disaster Risk Reduction at community level is very important. Japan has established agood network of community based organizations. Usually hazard map is made withparticipation of the community organizations with premise to ensure that the residents
must understand the hazards in their area and to take the appropriate actions when adisasterstrikes.

Community

leaderdesignatevariousgroup

withincommunity

thememberwith task to conduct“town watching” and to
identify

possiblehazard, good and bad
points for DRR, takephotos, conduct workshops and then chalk out all possible hazards with disaster risk
reduction measures. Such activities not only raise local resident’s awareness capacity,
knowledge of hazards, commitment of communities but also become source of feedback
for governmental organization to incorporate the real experience and knowledge ofcommunities in their detailed technical maps.
l.

The Iza! Kaeru Caravan! Program:

The “Iza! Kaeru Caravan!” is a disaster prevention education event that combines
local disaster drill program and “Kaekko Bazaar,” a toy exchange bazaar, createdby artist Hiroshi Fuji. In this event, children learn about disaster prevention as a72

continuation of play. Started in 2005, this event has been held nationwide incooperation with various enterprises and organizations. It is basically a disaster
drill program, where participants can obtain the knowledge and skills necessary fordisaster preparedness, while enjoying the program. It was first conducted as an eventin the Message from Kobe- Ten Years after the Earthquake project commemorating therecovery from the earthquake, which was carried out over six months from April 2005,
with Hyogo Prefecture and Kobe City as the secretariat. More than 3,000 parents
and children came to the Green Arena Kobe Stadium, one of the venues for the
program, to participate. The number of participants exceeded the expectations of those
involved, and there were large crowds of people even outside the stadium.
The iza! Kaekko Bazaar is a system in which children bring toys that they do not want
any more to an event venue and exchange them for “Kaeru points”, which are a kind ofchildren’s money unique tothe event. Children can
exchange their points forother toys. In the event,workshops

and

play

corners are also set up,
where “Kaeru points” areissued, aiming at promoting
voluntaryactivities

forchildren. The event has
already

been

held

in

various areas, gaining much popularity among children.
In the iza! Kaeru Caravan! program, the Kaekko Bazaar was combined with a disaster
drill program, where children could acquire wisdom and skills concerning fire
extinguishing and rescue and relief, while enjoying the program as though they wereplaying games. This has led to the establishment of a disaster drill that children
experience in a positive manner.
The Iza! Kaeru Caravan! program has been conducted more than 150 times in 20
prefectures throughout Japan, under the sponsorship of NPO Plus Arts and the joint
sponsorship of NPO Plus Arts and companies and local governments, as well as by73

local organizations with support from NPO Plus Arts, in ten countries overseas. There
are a total of 22 programs, such as hands-on programs, quizzes, and card games. This
provides organizers with many options when holding an event and can include program
like: (1) Toys exchange(2) Kaeru Points collection(3) Auction Participation(4) Disaster drills(5) Targeting shooting(6) Challenge bucket relay(7) Jack-up game
(8) Picture story(9) First aid workshop(10) Soap preparation(11) Let's make paper plate(12) Quiz -which item to take(13) Blankets stretchers time-trial(14) What's in disaster prevention warehouse(15) Emergency toilet preparation(16) Disaster prevention card game(17) Education tools for disaster(18) Making flowers with message for disaster victims(19) Making emergency route through map etc.
The facilities and programs mentioned above are very useful for preparing the community
for disaster risk reduction. During interaction with people from different walk of life during
various events, field visits, training etc. they mentioned that education and awarenessabout disaster are very much essential to create culture of disaster risk reduction,
especially resilience of community.
5.4. Role of Education Institutions in Japan:
Education institutions are considered as breeding center for innovation and sustainablechanges in the societies. Moreover, students are not only vibrant source to extend learning74

to their families and communities but from future point of view their capacity building andactive participation in DRR related activities is very much required. Disaster education for
DRR is also one of the focus point for both national and prefecture government. Due tovarious constraints including paucity of time and limited stay at Kobe Hyogo Prefecture,
few education facilities located mainly at Kobe is focused. Some distinctive work done ishighlighted below: a. Role of School in Disaster Risk Reduction:
In Japan " disaster education " is not a specific single subject unlike "arithmetic orJapanese".

Disasters prevention education in Japan includes: learning about themechanism of volcanic eruption and earthquake, the weather, etc. in "nature study" lessons;learning about natural disaster prevention, the role of police, the fire service and communitybased disaster prevention activities, etc. in "social studies" lessons; and learning about theimportance of lives and spirit of mutual help in "ethics" lessons and "integrated learning"
lessons. In addition, students typically learn about disaster prevention through emergency
drills which prepare them for disasters and fires, together with evacuation drills which
schools are required to conduct by law in Japan. In Kobe City being functioning at school,
local BOKOMI assist these activities in a productive manner.
(1).KOBE City Disaster Prevention Education Support Programs:
Kobe City Board of Education(KCBE) and Kobe City Fire Bureau(KCFB) with support of
BOKOMI has jointly developed a series of disaster prevention education program which
can be used at school(especiallyatelementary level) andother

education

institutions.

These

programs are compiledin booklet. This booklet
includeseducation

a

host

of

programs

through which children
can obtain knowledge
including techniques for75

disaster prevention while thinking on their own and enjoying at the same time. This bookis distributed to BOKOMI and school with aim of promoting integrated disaster prevention
education activities by communities and schools. Hyogo Prefecture and Kobe City
through over 15 years of experience, adopted cooperative framework, where various
sectors are supporting the activities of communities and children in a more horizontal
level as shown in the given figure.
(2).Awareness and Funds Raising by Student Committees:
Immediately after the earthquake report, the students of Kobe City began to discuss,“What can we do to support the victims?” Surprisingly, student committees of all 82
junior-high schools in the City decided toperform

fundraising

activities.

The

students conducted these activities atstations and inthe streets, they held charity
concerts,

andconsequently,

they

managed to gather a contribution of morethan 10million yen. They then started a variety of support activities for the disasteraffected areas and various exchange activities with the students in such areas.
(3).EARTH Association:
Towards disaster risk reduction, Hyogo Prefecture Board of Education(BOE),
established EARTH, abbreviated from Emergency and Rescue Team by school staff in2000 to promote school disaster management. EARTH has following three principles: (a) Knowledge about mechanism of hazard and disaster(b) Disaster reduction and evacuation after the occurrence of hazard.
(c) Foundation of Wellbeing and symbiosis.
The EARTH consist of the following five groups: (a) school education group(b) psychological care group(c) evacuation place management group(d) school meals group &(e) research & planning group
The EARTH association usually trained teachers and conduct different drills and exercise.

76

(4).Others activities for disaster education and awareness includes, awareness drills,
publicity of education and awareness materials, hazard mapping, town watching, visiting
DRR Museums and participation in various government and community based disasterrisk awareness events.
b. Role of Research Institution in DRR:
In Japan role research institutions in disaster risk reduction is quite strong. Beside scientificstudies and measures for disaster risk reduction, research institutions are also involved in
number of awareness activities for DRR. For instance, brief introduction of three research
institutes is given below:(1).International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS):
Having experienced the catastrophic disaster in 2011, Tohoku University has founded
the International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS). Together withcollaborating organizations from many countries and with broad areas of specializations,the IRIDeS conducts world-leading research on natural disaster science and disastermitigation. Based on the lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan (Tohoku) earthquake
and tsunami disaster, IRIDeS aims to become a world center for the study of the disasters
and disaster mitigation, learning from and building upon past lessons in disastermanagement from Japan and around the world. Throughout, the IRIDeS will contributeto on-going recovery/reconstruction efforts in the affected areas, conducting actionoriented research, and pursuing effective disaster management to build sustainable andresilient societies, the IRIDeS innovates the past paradigm of Japan’s and world’s
disaster management to catastrophic natural disasters, hence to become a foundationstone of disaster mitigation management and sciences.
The IRIDeS creates a new academia of disaster mitigation that subsumes the lessons
from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami disaster and the findings of the worldleading research into our societies with the aim of establishing the social systems
responding promptly, sensibly and effectively to natural disasters, withstanding theadversities with resiliency, passing and exploiting the lessons to the forthcoming disastermanagement cycles. Enhancing the cooperation with the local municipalities andgovernments in the affected areas, and contributing to their recovery and reconstruction
efforts, the IRIDeS conducts the action-oriented research. They aim to create thedisaster-resilient societies that enable to overcome the complex and diverse processes77

of forthcoming natural disasters, not only by preventing but also preparing andresponding to them, and achieving recovery and renovation, hence to engender theculture of disaster-resiliency incorporating into our social systems. The Institute has so
far conducted number of DRR related programs like: (a) Workshop on Building Disaster Resistant Universities:
A special workshop focusing on preparedness for natural disasters was organized at
Tohoku University in Japan Feb 2016 under the APRU Multi-Hazards Program. Learn
how to develop and maintain an effective university emergency plan that will help
your university recover following a natural. Twenty-two APRU member universities
responded to a campus safety survey. While many strengths were recognized, there
were also areas identified as needing further development. This workshop aimed to
discuss common challenges and issues, lessons learned from other universities, andtools to develop an effective emergency plan that will address areas needing
improvement and enhance overall university preparedness.
During the workshop themes given below were presented: -What does campus safety regarding natural disasters really mean?

-

Disaster preparedness case studies, participants shared their challenges andsuccesses.

-

steps to develop an effective emergency plan.

-

Developing an effective plan –group activity-

Simulation exercise.

-

Site visit to the affected areas of the 2011earthquake and tsunami in Miyagiprefecture.

Many Universities addressed challenges in financial constraints, human resources,
understanding risks and safety issues, and getting participation by faculty and staff.
(b) A Memorial Symposium on the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake & ascreening of the 3D documentary (Mar 2015):
The IRIDeS, Tohoku University and NHK Media Technology has jointly organizing adisaster risk reduction event in commemoration of the 4-year anniversary of the Great
East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. World-class disaster risk reduction researchersand practitioners were gathered from various countries and held discussion on how

78to bridge gaps between academia and societal needs, and report on the recovery
status since the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake.
(c) The Research Group on Disaster Prevention and Management carried out "The Great
East Japan Earthquake disaster report sessions (2012) from Tohoku University"
based on the disaster related survey and research, in order to widely report to thesociety our findings.
(d) 400-year Anniversary of the 1611 Keicho earthquake tsunami symposium (2011) was
held to examine relation of this earthquake and tsunami with some others in Hokkaido
and development / reconstruction challenge of the areas.
(e) Seminars -Conducted numbers of Seminars in the Disaster Control Research Center
to explain about natural disaster and research results in an easy-to-understand levelfor public in general.
(f) Hazard and Risk Evaluation Research Division-Conducted number of research in theareas like: -Earthquake Engineering-

Tsunami Engineering-

Disaster Potential Study-

Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics for Disaster Management-

Technology for Optimum Mitigation-

Science and technology for low-frequency Risk Evaluation-

Technology for Global Disaster Risk

(2).National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention(NIED):NIED aims to protect people's lives and properties from natural disasters and to preparesociety to be resilient to natural disasters, through research on disasters caused byearthquakes, volcanoes, floods, landslides, meteorological changes, snow and ice
damages. The mission of NIED is "to conduct comprehensive fundamental basic study
and fundamental research and development in order to increase the level of science andtechnology for disaster risk reduction" as stipulated in the "National Research Institutefor Earth Science and Disaster Resilience Law."
Beside other assigned roles, NIED is working to Promote industry-academic-government
cooperation as a core institution and contribute to administration of disaster risk
reduction. NIED is promoting R&D projects with following three research targets: 79

(a) R&D for real-time observation and prediction of disasters(b) R&D aimed at improving prevention and mitigation capabilities of social
infrastructure, and(c) Foundational R&D aimed at improving capacities for effective response and buildback-better.
NIED has instituted 7 research divisions and 6 foundational R&D centers at various areas
including following: (a) Earthquake Research Department.
(b) Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
(c) Volcano Research Department.
(d) Disaster Prevention System Research Centre.
(e) Storm, Flood, and Landslide Research Department.
(f) The Snow and Ice Research Center.
NIED has established state of the art experimental facilities including: -Large Scale Earthquake Simulator-

Large Scale rain fall Simulator-

Cryospheric Environment Simulator(CES)-3-D Full Scale Earthquake Testing Facility.

NIED is collecting and conveying information related to disasters and disaster prevention.
and actively involved in number of disaster risk related activities and awarenesscampaigns(3).Disaster Prevention Research Institute(DPRI), Kyoto University:
Kyoto University is also playing an important role in DRR. In university, there are many
interesting places such as Research center for Landslides, Debris avalanche Research
center, Water resources research center, Strong earthquake response center, Wind
research center, Earthquake disaster research center, and Supercomputer. Many young
people and many adult people can geta knowledge not only disaster awareness but also
impacts of disaster due to experiments in future. The University has organized Workshop
on “Tools for Natech Risk Management on Monday 13 March” to feature hands-on
practical demonstrations of some of the available tools for Natech (natural hazardtriggered technological accidents) risk assessment and mitigation as well as for
emergency operations planning for various types of natural hazards.
80

(a) Global Alliance for Disaster Research Institutes(GADRI):
Building on the initiatives presented at the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015-2030 and the work of the Science and Technical Advisory Group of
the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), a new internationalorganization called the Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes (GADRI) wasestablished in March 2015. Basically, GADRI is a forum for sharing knowledge andpromoting collaboration on topics related to disaster risk reduction and resilience todisasters. GADRI facilitates discussions on: -Planning and organization of disaster risk research.

-Formation of international research groups to investigate current global disasters,
and implement new research methodologies, and emphasizing trans-disciplinary
approaches.

-

Establishment of an international network for timely communication related todisaster research and collaborations with other networks.

-

Other issues relating to the promotion of disaster risk reduction, such as engaging
with policy makers and practitioners.

GDRI has currently 130 member organizations from 35 countries of the world. DPRI,
Kyoto university is the secretariat of GADRI. The 3rd Global Summit of ResearchInstitutes for Disaster Risk Reduction: Expanding the Platform for Bridging Scienceand Policy Making (GSRIDRR 2017) was held at the Disaster Prevention ResearchInstitute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Uji Campus from 19 to 21 March 2017. The
investigator got opportunity of participation in the subject event and found it one of
the best DRR tools for policy and decision making. Beside, contribution in DRR
through scientific research, GADRI has also added to promote disaster education andawareness through number of approaches ad programs in a more scientific manner.
5.5. Role of Regional Bodies in Japan:
Beside national and local DRR activities, Japan has also hosted number of International
and Regional Organization, whose contribution to the overall resilience of the country isadmitted fact. These organizations beside, international and regional DRR endeavors, also
contribute in the overall education and awareness campaigns both at national andprefecture level. Beside others, following organization are doing number of activities on
81various themes of disaster like DRR, Research, Resilience, Cooperation, Build Back
Better, Early warning, disaster technologies awareness etc.: a. Japan Internal Cooperation Agency(JICA):JICA was established as an Incorporated Administrative Agency under the Act of theIncorporated Administrative Agency - Japan International Cooperation Agency (Act No.
136, 2002). JICA aims to contribute to the promotion of international cooperation as
well as the sound development of Japanese and global economy by supporting thesocioeconomic development, recovery or economic stability of developing regions.
JICA mission include addressing the global agenda, reducing poverty through equitable
growth, improving governance, achieving human security through strategies ofintegrated and seamless assistance, promoting development partnerships, enhancing
research and knowledge-sharing. Besides its international and regional endeavors,
JICA contributed a lot in the promotion of DRR including its active role in disastereducation and awareness in Japan. During the previous year, JICA has facilitatedtraining of more than 15,000 officials from abroad.
b. Asian Disaster Reduction Centre(ADRC)
The Asian Disaster Reduction Center was established in Kobe, Hyogo prefecture, in
1998, with mission to enhance disaster resilience of the member countries, to build
safe communities, and to create a society where sustainable development is possible.
The Center works to build disaster resilient communities and to establish networks
among countries through many programs including personnel exchanges in this field.
The Center addresses this issue from a global perspective in cooperation with a variety
of UN agencies and international organizations. ADRC has currently 30 member
countries. Beside, international and regional forum, the Centre also actively
participating in local and national DRR activities including awareness campaign andresearch activities. ADRC has so far facilitated more than 90 visiting researchers, who
conducted short period research in various themes of disaster risk reduction.
c. International Recovery Platform(IRP):The International Recovery Platform (IRP) was established following the Second UN
World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan, in 2005 to support
the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) by addressing the gaps
and constraints experienced in the context of post-disaster recovery. After a decade of82

functioning as an international source of knowledge on good recovery practice IRP is
focusing on more specialized role as an “international mechanism for sharing
experience and lessons associated with build-back-better”. IRP works towards
supporting greater advancements in the field of resilient recovery and build-back-betterby (i) periodically bringing together a broad range of senior policy makers andpractitioners to exchange experiences and facilitate discussion on resilient recovery
challenges and build-back-better opportunities at the annual International Recovery
Forum; (ii) advocating for closer cooperation with development partners, regional
intergovernmental organizations, regional organizations, and regional platforms fordisaster risk reduction in promoting and building capacity for achieving effective buildback-better outcomes; and (iii) sharing of information through its inter-active website.
Besides its, international mandate, IRP also contributed in the promotion of DRR
culture at national and local level through active participation in various programs.
5.6. Hosting International and Regional Events:
Local people particularly the youth from universities and schools are usually acquired
disaster awareness and necessary education via hosting various international events like:a. World Conference on Natural Disaster at Yokohama in 1994.
b. World Conference on Disaster Reduction at Hyogo Kobe 2005.
c. World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction at Sendai 2015.
d. Asian Conference on Disaster Reduction 2015.
e. Disaster Reduction Alliance Forum(DRF).
f. Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes (GADRI March 2017).
g. World Bosai Forum/IDRC (Sendai Nov 2017)h. International Recovery Forum 2017 and other such events.
These conferences and events not only highlights and promote international and regional
issues but at the same time also create DRR related awareness in the local public throughparticipation, TV, Radio news, Interview and statements etc.
The facilities and programs mentioned above are very useful for preparing the community
for disaster risk reduction. During interaction with various people in different events, theymentioned that education and awareness about disaster are very much essential to create
culture of DRR, especially resilience of community.
*******
83

CHAPTER # 06
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN JAPAN AND PAKISTAN

It is worth mentioning that comparison between developed country like Japan with
developing country like Pakistan would not be rational at so many ground. However, forthe purpose of generality, following paras will highlight analytical view of disastermanagement systems, disaster education and awareness in both countries.
6.1. Comparative Analysis of Disaster Management Systems:
Again it is very difficult to draw sharp line between the disaster management system ofboth countries, especially in the life span and quality of deliverance. However, owing to
number of challenges and amount of journey made, Pakistan disaster management
system is moving in the right direction and has achieved some milestone as well.
Following table describe some typical areas of disaster management system of bothcountries: Subjects / Area

Japan

Pakistan

Area in Sq km

377,915790,000

Population

127.77 million

Administrative Unit

47 x Prefectures

190 million
4x Provinces & 3
Regions

Natural Disaster like Riverine flood,
flash flood, tsunami, cyclone,landslide, Typhoon ,earthquake,
volcano, drought & avalanches etc.

Common natural
disaster except
drought andavalanches
Low as compared to
Pakistan

Death ration due to natural disaster
Ranking in top 10 x countries w.r.t
number of disaster
Ranking in top 10 x countries w.r.t.
economic losses due to disasterdamagesCommon natural
disaster except
volcanic eruption
High as comparedto Japan

9th

10th

3rd

6th

DM System /Basic Act adopted

Since 1961

Since 2007

Periodic review / changes in DM Act

Updated several times

Not yetDM Response Tiers

3x Tiers approach

3 x Tiers approach

DM Council Head-Central

Prime Minster

Prime Minister84

DM Council Head Provincial/Prefecture

Governor

Chief Minister

DM Head - District / Municipal

City Mayor

District Nazim

Involvement of Parliamentarian indrills /exercise.

Strong participation

Week participation

Conduct of Council Meetings

Regularly

Partially

Disaster approach

More focus on
preparedness/DRR

Relative more
focus on response.

Existence of disaster management
plan at national level

Yes

Yes

Existence of disaster management
plan at prefecture /provincial level

Yes

No/only KP&AJK
launch DRM roadmap**

Existence of disaster management
plan at city / district level

Yes

No**

** Only rely on response and contingency plans but no detailed DRM plans.

6.2. Disaster Education:
Disaster management education is the wholesome of effective education governess,quality contents, hazard based activities, adoptive policy and approaches, which not only
improve the resilience of students, teachers and education facilities but at the same time
also paving way for resilience of community and national society with long run
perspective. Following the HFA, disaster education is also considered as crosscutting
issue in all four priorities of SFDRR. Sequel to this, Japan is playing the lead role indisaster education. However, curriculum based disaster education is still awaited foradaptation.
Subjects / Area

Japan

Curriculum for disaster management atPakistan

Nil

Nil

Yes

No

Yes

No

Involvement of school in DRR activities

Yes

No

Disaster related drills by education

Regularly by all

Rarely by few

institution.

schools

schools

schooling level
DRR subjects / topic at schooling level
Adaptation of disaster manual atschooling level85

Institutionalized participation of school

Yes

No

Yes

Concept not yet
adoptedActivePassive

Nil

Yes

University Offering Ph.D.in DRM

Yes

Yes(2 Nos)

DM Faculty in Universities

Not yet started

Yes (4+)

Disaster drills at university level

Regularly heldRarely held

Disaster related seminar / workshops byuniversities
Disaster specific research

Yes

Yes

Yes

Partially

Role of research institutions in DM

Strong

Week

Dedicated Research institutions for DRR

Yes

No

Collaboration of DM with Universities

StrongWeekchildren in various drills
Iza! Kaeru Caravan participation
Participation of children in awarenessdays
Curriculum for disaster management atUniversity level

Active Role of Education Ministry for DM
Planning

Yes

Ministry establishedin 2011DM Panning by Education MinistryYes

Not yet prepared

Training in DM by Education MinistryYes

Not yet started

School-Community partnership for DRR

Even not at national
Every prefecturelevel /only training
and almost every
facility with rescuecity
1122& Civil Defence
Yes
Not yet started

School safety initiatives

Yes

Availability of dedicated disaster learning
centers

Efforts for disaster education at national
level
Efforts for disaster education at prefecture/ provincial level
Efforts for disaster education at city /district level
86

StrongStarted in year 2017
Partially started inshape of NIDM

Strong

Week

StrongNegligible due toabsence of DDMAs

6.3. Disaster Awareness:
Subjects / Area

Japan

PakistanCommunity Awareness in DRR

Yes

Negligible

Role of Voluntary Organization in DRR

Yes

Negligible

National Disaster Awareness Days

Yes

Yes

National level drills with participation of PM

Yes

Not yet held

Awareness activities at national level

Yes

Yes

Yes / strong

Partially /week

Community Based DRR Organizations

Yes

Negligible

Distribution of hazard maps at to thecommunities

Yes

Nil

Disaster Games show

Yes

Disaster drills / exhibition

Yes

Being adopted atnational level only
Yes with few noRole of education in awareness

Yes

Negligible

Strong

Week

Concept of Iza! Kaeru Caravan for awarenessYes

Not adopted yetRole of private sectors in disaster awarenessYes but notinitiatives

significant.

Role of social media

Yes

Yes

Disaster stalls in national /regional museums

Yes

Not yet

Display of hazard maps at different corners

Yes

No

Hosting Intl / Regional events on DRR

Yes

Only two

Awareness by community based hazard
mapping
Media coverage to DRR events

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Utilization of trains, bus stops, public building
etc. for DRR awareness.
Community DRR Centers

At significant
level
Partially

Not yet adopted
the idea
No

Awareness activities at Provincial/prefecture/district level

Role of masses participation in DRR related
activities

87

Negligible

6.4. Uniqueness /Best Practices Adopted by Japan:
a. A culture of Preparedness:
Japan has adopted a culture of preparedness, where training and evacuation drills are
systematically practiced at the local and community levels and in schools andworkplaces.
b. Stakeholder Involvement:
Effective stake holder’s involvement, where the national and local government,
communities, NGOs, and the private sector all know their role and feel pride for theirinvolvement in various DRR related activities.
c. Investments in Structural Measures:
Investment in structural measures including reinforced buildings and seawalls, cuttingedge risk assessments, early-warning systems, and hazard mapping, all supported bysophisticatedtechnology

for

data

collection,

simulation,

information,andcommunication, and by scenario building to assess risks and to plan responses (suchas evacuations) to hazards.
d. Extensive Use of Social Media:
The 11th March, 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) caused immense
damage and congestion especially to communication network. However, besideothers, as matter of fact, social media such as twitter, face book, mixi, Webpage's or
blogs, etc. were used extensively during the GEJE for various purposes, such as
search, rescue, and fundraising. Social media and the internet were found to be highly
reliable regardless of the users’ role, location, or the extent to which they were affectedby the disaster. Users found social media extremely beneficial in general to an
overwhelming degree. For directly affected individuals and people in the affectedareas, the strongest reasons for using social media were convenience and their massdissemination capacity.
e. Hazard Mapping as Tool for DRR:
Japanese municipalities generally create and distribute hazard maps that show thearea most vulnerable to earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, floods, andlandslides, as well as evacuation information. Community volunteer organizations also
conducting hazard map drills and exercises. One can find hazard map almost in all
public places. General masses usually know their hazard and required preparedness.
88

f. Private Sector Contributions in Disaster Risk Reduction Activities:
Corporate sector in Japan is enthusiastic and conscious about disaster risk reduction.
Big organizations have mostly prepared their hazard maps and business continuity
plans. They also support and finance various disaster reduction activities in lieu ofCorporate Social Responsibility(CSR).
g. Documentation of Experiences of Major Disasters:
Japan has documented experiences of major disasters in various museums throughphotographs, movies, messages, carton, graphic, games, memorial remains etc.
Besides an important tool for learning for the current generations, it can serve
knowledge transformation to future generations in more real sense, especially those
who have not yet experienced any major disasters in their life. It could encourage theyounger generations to be prepared or face dire consequences. It was amazing to see
old photographs (1891, 1931), black and white video movies (amateur) preserved for
public education.
h. The Concept of Iza! Kaeru Caravan! Program (2005):
The “Iza! Kaeru Caravan!” is a comprehensive educative and awareness program on
DRR that comprises more than 22 programs on various themes and held regularly
nationwide in cooperation with various enterprises and organizations. In this program
participants can obtain knowledge and skills necessary for disaster preparedness,while enjoying the program as well.
i. Hosting International and Regional Events:
Hosting international and regional events is also one of the good source for Japan tocreate necessary education and awareness in local people particular in the youth fromuniversities and schools and to make them acquaint with disaster related themes.
j. Existence of Regional Bodies and Forums:
Regional bodies and forum like JICA, ADRC and IRP, GADRI etc. also contributed in
the overall promotion of DRR in Japan. Since these organizations are hosted in Japanand undertaken number of initiatives for DRR. Besides the international and regional
consumption, these activities are also helpful for the native in number of ways andthus enhancing the education and awareness level of local communities as well.

89

k. Political dedication:
Political dedication and huge spending on DRR initiatives (64 % of the world among
bilateral donors) also made Japan unique with other countries, especially withPakistan where spending on DRR is not comparable to the required preparedness andmitigation level.
l. High Education Ratio:
High education ratio / literacy (99 %) as compare to Pakistan (around 60 %) also oneof the contributing factor in disaster risk preparedness, education and awareness.
Citizen usually understand the new trends and technology in DRR. They usually know
their specific hazards and required preparedness level.
m. Positive Role of Ageing Society:Japan is ageing society which also pose various challenging for disaster managers.
However, by large, the old people possess vast amount of indigenous knowledge,courage, patience, experience and resilience as compared to youth. Aged and retired
people in Japan are very enthusiastic and hard workers as compared to others peopleof the world, especially Pakistan, where involvement of aged people in volunteer
activities is almost negligible. In Japan aged and retired employees are usually spent
their time in more meaningful voluntary activities including DRR.
n. High Coverage through Community /BOKOMI Organizations (74 % for Kobe):
Japan existed well-structured system of BOKOMI/ DRR Voluntary organizations. Mostof the DRR activities are conducted by these organizations. Even these organizations
also maintain stocks of necessary lifesaving items at their respective community level.
o. Role of Disaster Research Institutions in DRR:
In Japan disaster research institutions like IRIDeS, NIED, DPRI are playing very
important role for disaster risk reduction via hazard specific scientific research andinnovations. Government support in this regard is also notable.
p. DRR Activities at Schooling Level:
In Japan education institutions are quite active for disaster risk reduction activities. As
per education manual, student participate in number of drills, exercises and otherrelated programs either arranged by school administration, government departments
or community DRR organizations.
**************
90

CHAPTER # 07
ISSUES AND GAPS

This section describes various issues and gaps noted during the study. Though, someissues are generic in nature and need further investigations, however, will be helpful tounderstand the basic idea. Moreover, the real issues and gaps may be beyond the below
listed one: 7.1.

Adhoc Functioning of NIDM:
NDM Act envisage establishment of National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM),whose responsibility includes but not limited to planning and promoting trainingresearch , assistance to the training and research institutes for development of training
and research programs , assistance to the Provincial Governments for capacity-buildingof stakeholders including government , civil society members, corporate sector ,people’s elected representatives and to develop educational materials for disastermanagement including academic and professional courses etc. Though, the Institutehas been started since 2010 on adhoc basis, but its functioning on permanent footing is
yet to be started. The Institute, due to non-availability of its own building, permanent
staff, trained and experienced human resource, and dedicated financial resources could
not deliver as per mandate envisage in the NDMA Act 2010, and NDMP.

7.2.

Establishment and Functioning of DDMAs:
Since disaster management is devolved subject which required implementation of DRR
policies at grass route level. Though the NDM Act 2010 envisaged establishment adfunctioning of District Disaster Management Authorities(DDMAs) at district levels,
however, establishment of DDMAs as per the spirit of Act is yet to be achieved.
Presently, DDMAs are functioning on adhoc mechanism via District Coordination
Officers(DCO) of respective district. Due to non-existence of dedicated DDMAs, DRR
related policies and programs were neither given priority nor implemented.

7.3.

High Turnover of DM Employees:
Disastermanagement

organizations

both

at

national(NDMA)

andprovincial

level(PDMAs) are mostly running through deputationist or contractual employees.
However, DRR related policies and programs are usually made for long run
implementation which require enduring personnel. Also prudent disaster decisions are91

more associated with experience, institutional memory and past practices. Further,investment on adhoc employees some time leads toward wastage of resources.
Sometime posting-transfer of deputationist / secondment / contractual employees are
made on political basis which can influence their productivity in disaster management.
The investigator, being from national organization (since 2009), has witnessed dozens
of frequent transfer of key post holders in DM organizations, especially at district level,
which has greatly hampered the implementation of overall DRR initiatives.
7.4.

Technical Expertise:
Disaster Management Institutions as a whole is lacking technical experts andprofessional disaster management specialists especially in the areas like Planning,
DRM, Engineering, Earthquake, Flood, Recovery and Research etc. Generalist often
take much time to understand and familiar with basic concept of disaster management.
etc.

7.5.

Political Will / conduct of NDMC / PDMC:
Strong political will is always required for planning, implementation and sustainably ofdisaster risk reduction measure where time and cost matter a lot. Without active
participation of political leadership in disaster risk reduction initiatives, dream of safer
and resilient societies could not be visualized parallel to international commitment.
Moreover, lack of DRM orientation, often leads towards fictitious criticism by politicians
specially during disaster. Holding NDMC / PDMC with lapse of more than one year
propagate the issue as well.

7.6.

Non-availably of Disaster Museums:
Owing to the international best practices in disaster risk reduction, availability andestablishment of Disaster Museum is very important to showcase past disastermemories in pictorial form, videos, lesson learnt and future challenges etc. in ameaningful manner. Availability of such museum can play an important role in disastereducation, advocacy, resilience and awareness.

7.7.

Non-existence of Disaster Library:
There is a need to established a dedicated library on disaster management. This
Resource Center will be not only helpful for the employees and professional of disastermanagement but could also facilitate various research work on disaster risk reduction.

92

Beside others, it will serve as knowledge bank for disaster management. So far no
dedicated resource center is established on DRM.
7.8.

Mainstreaming of Voluntarism for Disaster Awareness:
Volunteers can play a big role in all stages of disaster. They can also enhance education
and awareness level of societies and communities. Integration of volunteers in to DRM
initiatives, especially for disaster education and awareness is very much important for
prompting disaster resilience society.

7.9.

Access to Information by Common Public:
Despite having good source of information, the authorities are reluctant to provide suchinformation for the common use of general public. Moreover, Individuals andorganization don’t want to publicized its basic information for the use of general public
on various grounds. During the study, though the investigator, despite repeated request,
could not get the required data from the quarter concerned. Moreover, most of thewebsite of organizations are devoid of basic information on the subject.

7.10. Lack of Dedicated Training and Awareness Section in DM Institutions:
Disaster management institutions in general are lacking dedicated section or even an
OFFICER dedicated for training and awareness. Due absence of dedicated section for
education and awareness, no central record on the subject is available. Even at national
level, data was collected from detached section.
7.11. Lack of Coordination Between NDMA, PDMAs and DDMAs:
Since, disaster management is devolved subject, where implementation issues anddisconnect between federal, provincial and district bodies can case hindering in thesooth transmission of DRM concept. There is a lack of coordination between NDMA,PDMAs and DDMAs. Even in some cases, collection of information from provincial anddistrict authorities are difficult, whereas, uniformity and synergy between DM
organization is important for compliance of international and regional commitments andobligations on DRR.
7.12. Passive Role of Education Sector:
In view of the best practices especially, in Japan, where education sector is quite active
in promoting disaster education and awareness. However, the case in Pakistan isotherwise, where contribution of education sector including Ministry of Federal
Education and Professional Training, Departments of Education, various boards at
93intermediate and university level, Private Institutions via APPSF etc. is negligible. No
concrete efforts are so far made for inclusion of dedicated curriculum on disastermanagement and even short courses and drills for safety and preparedness. Lesson
learned from 2005 earthquake in context of education system is still need priority,especially in the seismic belt of the country.
7.13. Lack of Coordination Between Education Sector and DM Institutions:
There is no proper mechanism existed between education sector including education
ministry, education boards, Higher Education Commission and Academia. Thoughsome efforts at national level and provincial level has been taken. However, owning to
the mandate, need and quantum of populations, DM institutions must enhance its
delicate coordination with academia to promote disaster resilience through education
and awareness activities.
7.14. DM Posts Filled with Non-Disaster Professionals:
Acquiring disaster management professional is not yet the priority of DM institutions.
Most of the vacant post are filled through non-disaster professionals. Disastermanagement qualification like master or bachelor degree in DRM, DRR, DM, EM etc.
need to be part of basic qualification, while hiring personnel for disaster management
institutions. Though with exception, right and relevant personnel can contribute in theright direction in more sustainable way.
7.15. Role of Higher Education Commission
Higher Education Commission, through number of initiatives including research,seminar, active participation, promoting exhibition and developing quality curriculumetc., can contribute in the over resilience of the country. However, role of HEC in thisregard is still passive.
7.16. Lack of Research Initiatives in the Field of Disaster Management
Research Institutes can play vital role in identification, mitigation and risk reduction ofnatural hazards. Like other countries of the world, Pakistan is lacking quality research
institutes, especially those dealing with disaster risk reduction.
7.17. Lack of Community Based DRR Organizations:
Since disaster risk regime is devolved subject. It starts from individual and community
first. Existence of community based disaster risk reduction organization is key toimplement DRR initiatives. Moreover, all such efforts require ownership by community.
94

Lack of community based DRR organizations is also one of the issue in promoting
disaster education and awareness at grass root.
7.18. Lack of Awareness and Non-responsiveness by Key Stakeholders:
Although a paradigm shift has been effected through adoption of prevention, mitigationand preparedness approach in place of traditional Emergency and Response oriented
approach, the implementing partners at the Government and Community level sufferfrom lack of awareness about the newly adopted approach. The Government Ministries/ Departments have been practicing the traditional approach and their capacities
developed over the decades are not compatible with the requirements of the new
approach. This predicament is having an advance impact on the performance of roles
and responsibilities by the relevant Ministries/Departments and Institutions asenvisaged under the Framework. Lack of awareness coupled with deficit in DRM
capacities continued to be one of the major challenges for the NDMA as the desirable
response has not been as comprehensive from the relevant stakeholders in theimplementation of National Policies and Strategies in the field of disaster risk reduction.
7.19. Non-availability of Relevant Data on Education and Awareness:
During the investigations, non-availability of relevant data on education and awarenesswas very much realized. There is no central data base in DM institutions where
information pertaining to education and awareness activities could available especiallythe past record on the subject. Most of the organizations, though conducted relevant
activities in the past but were not recorded in proper database.

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95

CHAPTER # 08
RECOMMENDATIONS AND WAY FORWARD
This chapter highlights some recommendation and way forward for relevantorganizations and institutions in both countries.
7.1.

Functioning of NIDM as per the Spirit of NDM Act-2010:
As per scope and mandate defined in NDM Act 2010, DRR Policy& NDMP, National
Institute of Disaster Management(NIDM) to be made fully functional on permanentfooting. Owing to the vast experience in multi disaster management and to extend
benefits to other developing countries, Government of Pakistan can take a lead role indisaster management. Necessary human and financial resources including separate
budget and construction of building at the allocated land in G-5 Islamabad need to beprovided for the establishment of NIDM on permanent footing.

7.2.

Establishment and Functioning of DDMAs:
As stated above, DDMAs are not yet established as per the spirit of NDM Act 2010.
Adhoc functioning of DDMAs cannot achieve the ultimate goals of resilient societies via
DRR initiatives. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that DDMAs may be fully
established and functioned with requisite resources.

7.3.

Improving Coordination Between NDMA, PDMAs and DDMAs:
As mentioned in issues and gaps above, there is lack of coordination between NDMA,PDMAs and DDMAs. DRR always relay coordinated efforts for implementation. Besidecompliance of national commitment, international and regional obligations also require
good coordination between DM institutions. It is therefore, strongly recommended thatexisting level of coordination may be improved.

7.4.

Coordination with Various Training Institutions Working Either in Provincial orFederal Boundaries:
DM institution can utilize the already established setup of various training institutions in
the federal and provincial boundaries for disaster education and awareness. It will be
more appropriate to establish well connected coordination mechanism with these
institutions. NDMA / PDMA can induce their attention to include some basic andcommon disaster related themes in their yearly plan or manuals. For example, training96

facilities of following institutions at federal /provincial level could be utilized for disastereducation, training and awareness: a. Secretariat Training Institution(STI), Establishment Division Islamabad.
b. Pakistan Computer Bureau(PCB), Ministry of Information Technology, Islamabad.
c. CDA Training Academy (CTA), Islamabad.
d. National Training Bureau(NTB), Ministry of Federal Education and Professional
Training Islamabad.
e. National Centre for Rural Development (NCRD), Establishment Division Islamabad.
f. National School of Public Policy (NSPP), Pakistan.
g. Civil Defence Training Schools in Pakistan etc.
7.5.

Establishing Disaster Corners / Stalls in the Existed National /Provincial
Museums:
Learning from the disaster risk reduction experience of other countries, especiallyJapan, there is a need to established dedicated / separate corner / stalls at the historicMuseums of the country at both national and provincial level. Through these museums,
DM institutions could visualize, propagate and showcase the disaster risk profile of thecountry and sensitize citizens about various impending risks. Though, the task is little
bit hectic but could bring fruits for long time without recurring expenditure. Besideconveying the message at national level via these facilities, we can also propagate ourmessage to international community, while visiting these facilities.

7.6.

Establishment of New Disaster Museum:
Learning from the best practices for DRR, especially adopted by Japan, there is a needto established a dedicated museum for disaster risk reduction. In this context, model ofdisaster museum(DRI), established by Hyogo Prefecture Japan could be adopted. The
stimulus for establishment of dedicated museum is the vulnerability ranking of Pakistan(among top 10 countries of the world). Though, Pakistan has experienced a lot ofdisasters but unfortunately, could not preserved any memorial thing for the next
generations. Moreover, this sort of museum could be utilized for multipurpose disasterrisk initiatives including sharing experiences, lesson learned from past disasters,
education and awareness, research and exhibition etc. Preserving disaster heritage ismuch important like cultural heritage and it should be transferred to future generation
not only as heritage but also for making intelligent decision in DRR.
97

7.7.

Making Disaster Awareness Day (8 October) for All:
Though 8th October is announced as national disaster day by the government and to be
used for awareness of disasters. However, the day is mostly celebrating at national andprovincial level by NDMA and PDMAs only. Owing to the best practices of the advanced
countries, there is need to celebrate the 8th October as national disaster awareness day
by all stake holders including government functionaries and education sector especially.

7.8.

Mapping of Education and Awareness Database:During the investigation, it was felt that there must be some section responsible toensure visibility, compilation and databasing of all education and awareness activities
conducted by various actors in the country. While asking such information for the study,
most of the organizations did not know the ownership and availability of suchinformation. Even at NDMA level, information was scattered among various sections.
Establishing dedicated section for education and awareness or at least designating an
Officer will be very much helpful, especially, while justifying compliance againstinternational commitments and national obligations for the very cause. Moreover,establishing database is not enough, there must be some threshold (coverage targets)in both countries for mapping of disaster education and awareness activities and it must
be both qualitative and quantitative.

7.9.

Disaster Education to be Included in Curriculums, Especially up to SSC Level:
Children are best source to transform disaster learning and experience to their families
and communities. It is a common saying that “educating a child is educating a family’’.
Vulnerability of Pakistan to multi disasters validate need to protect and aware theyounger generation against disaster and to get them better prepared for combating any
eventualities in future. Government may therefore, take necessary steps to prepare andadopt basic curriculum on Disaster Management for School Children. However,disaster preparedness education may not be restricted to the school environment
only, rather it has to be established for various tiers of society.

7.10. Adoption of Disaster Manual:
Since curriculum development is time consuming process which warrants good level ofconsensus among the stakeholder. But owning to the frequency of disaster, we cannot
wait for long time, it is therefore, recommended that as an interim approach, some basic
disaster manual to be adopted by each individual school / institutions including conduct98

of basic emergency drills, exercise, walks, essay competitions, and lectures etc.
preferably on monthly and quarterly basis.
7.11. Coordination with Higher Education Commission(HEC):
Coordination with HEC may be enhanced for inclusion and refinement of disastermanagement curriculum at higher level. HEC can also play its role in the conduct of
quality hazard based research in the disaster related field through its various programs
and initiatives. NDMA with collaboration of HEC can conduct research in various fields
through various universities. In order to ensure uniformity, refinement of the existingdisaster management curriculum from time to time may also be taken with proper
coordination ideally by NIDM.

7.12. Enhancement of Political Will Via Sensitization Programs:
Tough involvement of politicians in disaster risk activities is quite challenging. However,their involvement in the disaster risk activities is very much required for sustained
policies, ownership by the communities and wise decisions. It could be started via shortperiod sensitization programs for parliamentarians and local elected bodies. Some time,minor attention by local elected bodies in preparedness related issues can save andsecure communities from major impending disaster situation.
7.13. Making Disaster Management Degree Compulsory for DM Posts:
In order to attract and inspire student in disaster related courses, Master or equivalentdegrees in disaster related courses / subjects may be made compulsory or at least beawarded with some special / grace marks for filling all pots in the disaster management
organizations. Moreover, to keep abreast the existence staff with new development &trends in DRR regimes, On Job Training (OJT) is recommended at regular interval to all
staff of DM organizations.
7.14. Creating Permanent Cadre of DM Employees in DM Organizations:
In order to ensure sustainability, consistency and ensure institutional memory in DRR
policies and decisions, creation of permanent employment cadre in the NDMA /PDMA
is very much needed. Moreover, adhoc assignments and contract in DM institutions
need to be discouraged while frequent posting transfer, especially in PDMAs need to beminimized.

99

7.15. Engagement of Corporate Sector in DRR Activities:
Since corporate sector possess numerous resources like financial, technical, research,skill, HR, equipment’s etc. which could be utilized for disaster risk rduction. They may
be involved via CSR to contribute in the overall resilience of the country, especiallythrough education and awareness campaigns and activities. Moreover, DRR andpreparedness related activities of all such entities may also be compiled via central database and be publicized for replication and awareness by others.
7.16. Preparedness Events Must Be Repeated: -To be effective, education and awarenesscampaigns should ensure that the public receives consistent messages repeated overan extended period of time and from multiple sources. Preparedness events must be
repeated monthly / quarterly / annually, so as to create public recognition, anticipationand to reinforce what was learned during previous events.
7.17. Media Involvement in DRR:
Usually preparedness related activities lacking thrill and excitement, especially formedia, where attention of general masses could not be easily secured. Moreover, media
is usually more proactive is disaster response phase. So there is a need to engage
media organizations in a more sustained manner in disaster risk activities. Role of media
in disaster education and awareness is very much important. All awareness campaigns
and activities must ensure active involvement and wide coverage by media. Beside this,media organization can also add some special programs in form of short message,
drama, film, games, cartons etc. in their regular schedule on monthly or quarterly basis
for the benefits of general masses.
7.18. Coordination with National School of Public Policy (NSPP):
There is need for better coordination with National School of Public Policy (NSPP) for
the integration of DRR into the training modules for in-service training of civil servants.
Moreover, NSPP can also be sensitized for arranging disaster drills or short time
simulation (injecting scenario) exercise for the in-service training of civil servants.
7.19. Increased Awareness of Natural Hazards and Appropriate Risk Reduction
Measures can encourage voluntary risk reduction activities, including such key
measures as safe construction, retrofitting, and household preparedness. Moreover,adequate disaster education and public risk awareness can strengthen public support
for the investment of public funds in risk prevention activities and for the implementation100

of compulsory risk reduction measures such as land use planning, building codes,
environmental stewardship and, where applicable, disaster insurance schemes.
7.20. Structural and / or Engineering Interventions yield far less dividends if general
education, research, training and awareness components are undermined. Whiledesigning structural measures for mitigation, enough resources to be kept reserved in
the project budget for its promotion and awareness campaigns.
7.21. Some useful techniques identified during the course of action for disastereducation and awareness are given below: (1). Public awareness campaigns and events(2). Various disaster related publications(3). Disaster management plans(4). Distribution of pamphlets and broachers(5). Annual reports of DM institutions(6). Newsletters on various hazards(7). Simulations and drills(8). Disaster parks(9). Disaster museums(10). Training courses(11). Workshops(12). Seminars & conferences(13). Exhibitions(14). Symposium(15). Mobile SMS and alerts(16). Paints on DRR(17). Social media, Facebook, websites, WhatsApp etc.
(18). Cartons & comics(19). Cultural arts
(20). Mascots(21). Appealing graphics and(22). Iconography(23). Banners / sign boards(24). Memorial walks(25). Streamers, standees, leaflets, stickers,(26). Videos &audio messages through print, radio, television and internet outlets(27). Mapping, social mapping, resource mapping, vulnerability / safe mapping(28). Rehearsal of various hazards(29). Quiz competition(30). On site visit etc.
(31). Games& Sports(32). Town watching and field visit
101

(33). Voluntary organization(34). TV Programs(35). Radio Programs(36). Drama(37). Story telling(38). Art & Music(39). Play and learn(40). Museum(41). Building blocks(42). Leaning centers(43). Research(44). Curriculum(45). DIG-disaster Imagination Game7.22. Donors, financier, investors and other government / Non-governmental organizations
are strongly invited to make sound investment for disaster risk reduction and resiliencevia promoting disaster education and awareness programs and campaigns.
7.23. It is better for similar future researchers to do a through an in-depth study of the subject
by analyzing non-structural disaster risk reduction and preparedness activities includingrole of disaster education and awareness at various levels and to thoroughly identify
and evaluate efforts made by various organizations working in disaster management at
national, provincial and district level.
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102

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