RESEARCH REPORT
Tsunami Response Plan for the coastal Areas of Pakistan and Livelihood
improvement along with other scalable DRR interventions for Coastal areas of
the country - Case Study of Japan

Asghar Ali Jamali
ADRC, VISITING RESEARCHER, PAKISTANMarch, 2023

Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC member
countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADRC. The
boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps in the report also
do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the ADRC.

Document:
Research Report - Tsunami Response Plan for the coastal Areas of Pakistan and Livelihood improvement along with otherscalable DRR interventions for Coastal areas of the country - Case Study of Japan Established by:

Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC), Mr. Asghar Ali Jamali (Visiting Researcher),National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Government of Pakistan.

Mentor: Mr. IKEDA Makoto (Ph.D.)
Established in March 2023

Abstract

Pakistan is ranked 7th most vulnerable country in terms of Disasters. It is the prime location ofvarious fault lines crossing treaties of the state which provide the exact place to occur in this region.
The common phenomena of Pakistan are Earthquake, Tsunami, flooding, Drought, FLOF, Landslides
etc. Further, the wide range of coastline, more than 1026 km, can cause huge earthquakes and Tsunami
in the region because of two major fault lines crossing the narrow strain of the country. There are several
references which prove that this region remains under threat of big earthquakes and tsunamis in the past.
In fact, the most common fault line passes into two provinces of the state Sindh and Balochistan
known as Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ). The Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) is located where theoceanic crust of the Arabian plate is sliding under the Eurasian plate at a rate of ∼20mm/year 20mm/year.
The eastern Makran is a relatively active seismic zone and hosted two instrumentally recorded tsunamis
in 1945 (Magnitude 8.81) and 2013 (Magnitude with 7.77). The pattern of offshore seismicity suggests
the segmentation of the MSZ into western and eastern parts. There is significant uncertainty about thetsunami hazard along the MSZ with distinct differences in seismicity between the western and easternsegments. According to experts, Tsunami can occur at any time due to the short distance from MSZ
which is only 00 km away from the coast of Gwadar region. It is also predicted by the residents of thearea that the tsunami remains a regular disastrous situation in the past which gives clues of next havoc
in the emergent situation.
After the 2005 earthquake a robust disaster management system was established in the country
but due to less occurrence of tsunami in the region it failed to obtain the attention of disastermanagement authorities as compared to hydrological hazards. But the 1945 mega earthquake andtsunami of coastal belt of Pakistan cannot be ignored which brought a huge destruction in the shape of4000 human casualties. It is essential to combat such threat in future and provide a pleasant and secureenvironment to residents. The Disaster management authorities are focusing on such hazards and signed
an agreement to counter tsunami threat in the region. The National Disaster Management Authority,
have established the Disaster Risk Reduction plan for coastal belts and accordingly implemented it intrue spirit for combating the tsunami risk from the region. Moreover, the school safety Guidelines havealso been developed to secure the next generation from such threats. Subsequently, the mock drills arebeing conducted twice in a year with the support of international and local organizations but need to do
more for ensuring the safety of the public living near the coast of Makran Subduction Zone.
Additionally, it is the prime responsibility of the state to protect the life and property of residents
by taking into consideration different levels of strategies, plans and to ensure implementation. To
prevent natural disasters is impossible but with the massive awareness, mock drills, seminars, observing
the disaster days, organizing the various programs at local levels, talk shows on Television and social
media, the risk of Tsunami can be reduced.

Table of Contents
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
1-1.

Background ............................................................................................................... 1

1-2.

Objectives and Scope of Research ................................................................................ 2

1-3.

Methodology ............................................................................................................. 3

Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 4
2-1.

Pakistan .................................................................................................................... 4

2-2.

Japan ........................................................................................................................ 9

Current DRR activities in Pakistan ................................................................................... 15
3-1.

Effectiveness of Tsunami Response Plan for coastal areas in Pakistan............................. 15

3-2.

Community Based Response Mechanism for Tsunami in Pakistan.................................. 17

3-3.

Tsunami Early Warning System in Pakistan ................................................................. 20Country Profile in Pakistan .............................................................................................. 22
4-1.

Disaster Context & Risk Profile of Pakistan ................................................................ 22

4-2.

Disaster Management System in Pakistan ................................................................... 24

Pakistan Disaster Management & International Obligations ................................................. 33
5-1.

Pakistan’s Participation in International Cooperation & Commitments ........................... 33

5-2.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR -2015-2030) ........................... 34

5-3.

The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA).................................................................... 34

Community Based EWS in Pakistan ................................................................................. 36
6-1.

Institutional Commitments for Community Capacity Building ....................................... 36

6-2.

The NDMP Perspective ............................................................................................ 37

Disaster Context & Management System in Japan .............................................................. 39
7-1.

Disaster Management Structure in Japan (National and Prefecture) ................................ 39

7-2.

Disaster Management Plan in Japan (National and Prefecture) ....................................... 43

7-3.

Early Warning System in Japan .................................................................................. 45

7-4.

CBDRM against Tsunami in Japan ............................................................................. 46

8.

Comparison between Pakistan and Japan ........................................................................... 50

9.

Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 54

Acronyms
ADRC:

Asian Disaster Reduction Center

ADPC:

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center

BHU:

Basic Health Unit

CADRE:

Community Actions for Disaster Response

CBDRM:

Community Based Disaster Risk Management

CBO:

Community Based Organization

CDA:

Coastal Devolvement Authority

CA:

Coastal Area

COVID-19:

Corona Virus Disease-2019

CPEC:

China Pakistan Economic Cooperation

DC:

Deputy Commissioner

DCR:

District Census Report

DDMA:

District Disaster Management Authority

DDMO:

District Disaster Management Officer

DPMRP:

Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Response Plan

DDRT:District Disaster Response Team

DEOC:

District Emergency Operation Center

DRM:

Disaster Risk Management

DRR:

Disaster Risk Reduction

EWS:

Early Warning System

INGO:

International Non-Government Organization

LHV:

Lady Health Visitor

MC:

Municipal Committee

MSZ:

Makran Subduction Zone

MERC:

Medical Emergency Response Center

MHVRA:

Multi-Hazard, Vulnerability Risk Assessment

MIRA:

Multi-Sector Initial Rapid Assessment

MO:

Medical Officer

MSZ:

Makran Subduction ZoneNDMA:

National Disaster Management Authority

NGO:

Non-Government Organization

PDMA:

Provincial Disaster Management Authority

PMD:

Pakistan Meteorological Department

PRCS:

Pakistan Red Crescent Society

PWD:

Persons with Disabilities

RHC:

Rural Health Center

SHO:

Station House Officer

TDRMC:

Tehsil Disaster Risk Management Committee

TDRMP:

Tehsil Disaster Risk Management Plan

TOT:

Training of Trainers

UC:

Union Council

UCDRMC:

Union Council Disaster Risk Management Committee

UN:

United Nations

UNDP:

United Nations Development Programme

1. Introduction
1-1.

Background

The Pakistan is prone to several natural and human-induced hazards including earthquake, tsunami,
flood, cyclone, drought, sea erosion and oil spells along the seashore etc. Among these, the probabilityof occurrence of earthquake and tsunami hazards are high due to the Makran subduction zone which isan active fault line running parallel in the sea along the coastline of District Gwadar. After the
promulgation of the National Disaster Management Act in 2010, a robust disaster management system
has been established from National to District levels which help in orientating strategic planning fromreactive to proactive approach with more focus on preparedness, mitigation and prevention. Under the
National Disaster Management Act, The National Disaster Management Authority has developed a
National Disaster Management Plan 2012-2022 which reiterates the need of developing disastermanagement plans at Provincial and District level.
Approximately, more than 1050 –km coastline is divided administratively comprising into two
provinces i.e. Sindh and Balochistan which further extended into seven districts. On November 28th
1945, an earthquake with the magnitude of 8+ and 13-meter-high waves hit the coast of Makran
followed by a devastating tsunami which resulted in more than 4000 casualties and number of damages
near to the coastline of Pakistan. Tsunami took place in 1945 near to the coast of Gwadar, Balochistan
and left disastrous impacts but more than 70 years has been passed to this event and as compared toother disasters it is a not a frequent event and could not get attention in the national hazard mitigation
plan. Although, more than 70 years has passed since the tsunami and as per Pakistan Meteorological
Department (PMD) any earthquake of more than 6.5 Richter scale shall generate tsunami in thenorthwest of Arabian sea. MSZ can still have the potential and is posing a high risk of earthquake
followed by tsunami in the coastal areas, as most areas along the coastline are situated at a distance ofmore or less 100km from the fault line. With such a short distance from the fault line, it is believed thatthe generated tsunami will take minutes to reach the coastline which can be very devastating to thecoastal areas of Gwadar, Ormara, Pasni, Malir, Kimarhi, District West and some nearby areas of Karachi.
Recently, the tsunami of Indian ocean 2004 and Japan tsunami in 2011 have left devastating
destruction which resulted in several casualties and house damages. Additionally, the lack of
preparedness, absence of proactive early warning and awareness caused not only humans but also hugeeconomic loss.
Subsequently, these major events compelled to Pakistan to step down towards tsunami
preparedness and various measures took places in response of mitigations to combat tsunami in the
coastal areas of provinces as Gwadar is going to become as a regional-hub for trade in between central
Asian Countries. Likewise, the District Disaster Risk Management Plan, an annual exercise/ drill on
different levels initiated at the district to provide basic knowledge to the community to understand therisk and preparatory measures in case of urgency/ emergency. Many counterpart organizations have
responsibilities and authority for combating earthquake and Tsunami risk reduction, present in coastal
areas of the country. It is the primary responsibility of the government to encourage such stakeholders,
private companies who are working to reduce the risk of tsunami in the region through a comprehensive
and well-coordinated manner. In this research, the structural and nonstructural measures of Pakistan andJapan will be discussed and a good practice, lesson learned exercises will be shared to adopt
comprehensive strategies for making Pakistan as disaster resilient country specially in terms ofearthquake and Tsunami.

1

Keywords: Local tsunami, hazard and risk assessment, Response Plan, disaster Risk Reduction, Makran
Subduction Zone, Early Warning System mitigation, preparedness, standardized format, stakeholders’coordination.

1-2.

Objectives and Scope of Research

The aim of the research is to obtain a comprehensive knowledge of the following systems that exist
in Japan and compares it with Pakistan’s disaster management system also in line with the strategic
priority areas of the National Disaster Management Plan 2012-2022, the following objectives have been
set forth;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

To streamline and strengthen the capacities of the district administration, humanitarianorganizations and communities, with achievable planning to increase disaster resilience.
To assess the underlying risks and develop action plans with different stakeholders to reduce
disaster risks in their circumferences.
To reinforce the coordination mechanism among stakeholders with the aim of fostering a holistic
approach for the implementation of the plan.
To strengthen the existing emergency response mechanism and widen its scope to local leveldisaster risk management committees.
Understanding the Disaster Risk Reduction policies/framework at national, prefecture and local
level of Japan
Strategies for planning in terms of preparation of Hazard /vulnerability map by municipal level inJapan and preparation of localized Disaster Management plans (development of DRR plans, BCP,
and community awareness plan etc.
Improvement of early Warning Systems for dissemination of information to the community in caseof Tsunami hazards.
Resilient Infrastructure patterns for all hazard sustainability with special reference to Tsunami
hazard.

Figure 1-1. Shows research methodology(Source: https://r.search.yahoo.com/fbbamantra.com.conducting-consumer-research-steps)
Increase outreach to all communities, including demographic of the art at risk population to raiseawareness, improve preparedness and encourage the development of tsunami response plans for the2coastal areas of Pakistan. The study will facilitate a comprehensive knowledge to address the following
issues:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

1-3.

Understanding local disaster management system in Japan along with various approaches forincorporation of DRR measures into development plans
Improvement of early Warning Systems for dissemination of information to community levelin case of Tsunami hazards.
improvement of living standards for pre-during and aftermath Tsunami situation in the coast of
Pakistan.
To point out the resilient structural measures for making buildings resilient.
To operationalize the institutional mechanism for effective disaster management at local level.
To implement the priority disaster risk reduction measures in line with the national andprovincial priorities.

Methodology

Data Collection
Collection of data involves primary and secondary Data processes but most of the data has beengathered from internet, books, White paper of Japan, ADRC reports, online portals, brochures etc.
Furthermore, the collection of primary data is more qualitative than quantitative. However, collectionof Qualitative data comprises discussions, interviews, open-ended questions, observation, case studies
etc. Mostly, the primary data is collected from lectures, study tours, relevant site visits and some of thedata has been got from experts of the relevant department during lectures and visits.
Data Analysis
Mostly, the Data analysis is gathered from field visits, opinion of the experts, questionnaires
during lectures and some of data has been collected via asking questions form the lectures. Data has
been analyzed qualitatively and mostly is opinion based. No quantitative method of analysis is applied
during the research since the time was limited.
Study Area.
Visits were carried out according to research topics by Ikeda-San (Mentor). Especially relevantwith my research topic.
Limitation of Study
Each visit has provided much knowledge with regards to my research topic and Disaster Risk
Reduction information but due to a limited period of 2 months, it is impossible to collect all thedata/information. Therefore, my research may be considered as a preliminary report of investigating
surveys of the study area.

32. Literature Review
2-1.

Pakistan

Introduction of Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ)The Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) is located where the oceanic crust of the Arabian plate issliding under the Eurasian plate at a rate of ∼20mm/year 20mm/year. The future tsunami genic potentialof the Makran subduction zone remains uncertain due to its low and strange offshore seismicity. In
addition, some seismic tectonic characteristics of the Makran subduction zone, such as the offshore
seismicity, width and dip of the slab, segmentation, partial locking, were frequently debated andquestioned. The pattern of offshore seismicity suggests the segmentation of the MSZ into western andeastern parts. There is significant uncertainty about the tsunami hazard along the MSZ with distinct
differences in seismicity between the western and eastern segments. According to Mokhtari et al. “Thisappears to be due to the collision of continental crust in the west, in contrast to subduction of oceanic
crust in the east”.
The eastern Makran is a relatively active seismic zone and hosted two instrumentally recorded
tsunamis in 1945 (Magnitude 8.81) and 2013 (Magnitude with 7.77). The western Makran is marked
with no major seismicity in recent centuries. According to Rajendran et al. “The various lines ofevidence thus suggest that although the western segment is potentially seismogenic, large earthquakes
have not occurred there in the recent past, at least during the last 600 years 600 years”. It should be
noted that the historical records regarding seismicity and tsunamis in the MSZ are very scant. The
seismicity of the Makran subduction zone is sparse. The beginning year of complete reporting ofearthquakes for Makran was estimated at 1919 in Mirzaei et al. Rajendran et al. He discussed threeinterpretations for the current seismic status of the western Makran: the whole segment is aseismic,
subduction does not occur any more along this segment and the western Makran segment is currently
locked and has the potential of producing future great subduction earthquakes. Also, other kinds ofevidence such as GPS measurements and the marine terraces gave rise to speculation that there is apossible locked seismogenic zone in the western Makran.

4

Figure 2-1. Geographical abstract of Makran Subduction Zone

Figure 2-2 Seismicity of the Makran subduction zone (MSZ).
Circles represent earthquakes from 1900 to 2019 from the ISC Catalog. Stars are historicalearthquakes (pre-1900) from Heidarzadeh et al. Orange and yellow triangles represent volcanoes.
Tsunamigenic events are illustrated by yellow color. Focal mechanisms are from the Global CMT
Catalog. Dashed and solid black lines show the plate boundaries. Black arrows display estimated GPS
horizontal velocities for JASK, CHAB, MUSC sites from Vernant et al.
(Source: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/10/9/372#B7-geosciences-10-00372)
5

Tsunami Sources in the Makran Subduction Zone
Below we will give a brief overview of tsunami sources around the Makran region by dividingthem into two main groups: near-field (local and regional) and far-field (distant).
Near-Field Tsunami Sources in the Makran Subduction Zone (Earthquakes)
Earthquakes are the major source for tsunamis in the Makran region similarly to other tsunami
genic zones. The hypocenter location of these earthquakes can be either offshore (e.g., the 1945
tsunami) or onshore (e.g., the 2013 tsunami). However, the fault rupture that generates the tsunami canpass through the coastline. As considered explicitly by Byrne et al, uplift at Ormara implies that the1945 fault rupture extended beneath the coast. Heidarzadeh et al, presented a catalog of historicaltsunamis in the Makran subduction zone compiling many archival records. Their study is the bestreference concerning the history of tsunamis in the MSZ, although there are other studies that mention
tsunamigenic events in the northwestern Indian Ocean. According to Heidarzadeh et al, Makran
experienced at least four tsunamis (in 326 BC, 1008, 1524 and 1897) in addition to the 1945 and 2013
events. Heidarzadeh et al, found that the 1897 event was a volcanic tsunami and the events of 326 BC,
1008 and 1524 were tectonic tsunamis. Alternatively, the 326 BC event resulted from tides, and the1008 tsunami was sourced in the Persian Gulf, Heidarzadeh et al, concluded that the mean return period
for tectonic tsunamis in the MSZ is about 800 years and for a magnitude 8+8+ earthquake between 100
and 250 years.
The Makran subduction thrust is the main tsunami source in the region. Smith et al. introduced
a wide potential seismogenic zone of up to ∼350km350km for the MSZ based on thermal modeling.
However, they suggested a minimum rupture width of 210km210km for the MSZ based on the limit ofsignificant offshore seismicity. The estimated rupture width for the 1945 Makran earthquake is in therange of 70–100 km. Frohling and Szeliga proposed a locking depth of 38km38km for the MSZ.
Consequently, considering an approximate length of 900km900km, the MSZ can generate megathrustearthquakes up to M 8.88.8.

According to Nemati, the width of the subduction slab is about

120km120km in the western and about 150km150km in the eastern Makran regions. Nemati suggested
a seismogenic depth of ∼90–120 km and ∼160km160km for the western and eastern Makran,respectively.
The degree of slip heterogeneity and the location of greatest slip on the rupture area control thepower of a tsunamigenic source. Due to the lack of data and the unknown seismic status of the western
Makran, there is not a clear idea about how slip may occur during possible future events. However,modeling the recent megathrust events in the world revealed complex and non-uniform ruptures. The
MSZ is segmented and the convergence rate changes from west to east along the subduction zone. It is
not certain that the strain accumulation along the MSZ is uniform or non-uniform. The fault-coupling
model of Frohling and Szeliga for the MSZ divides it into three segments (i.e., western, central and6eastern). The plate coupling ratio in the central part is lower than the western and eastern segments.
Ruff and Kenmore suggested that the plate coupling corresponds with the size of asperity. Thus, thefault-coupling model of Frohling and Szeliga may suggest the presence of multiple small asperities
along the MSZ. However, Frohling and Szeliga, still consider the possibility of a single segment rupture.
For example, the Nankai Trough is also segmented, but that did not impede a long rupture in 1707. Kato
remarks that an asperity on a plate boundary is non-uniform and encompassed by aseismic slip. The slip
complexity and behavior in a megathrust event are affected by the plate coupling degree, the slab
geometry, fluids, slow-slip motions, sediments, the topography of the subduction plate and the geologyof the upper plate.
Other important sources for generating local tectonic tsunamis in the Makran regions are splay
faults. Although splay faults are small, they are important because they can spread the displacement
over a large area and therefore can cause big earthquakes. Splay faults can break either during theoccurrence of megathrust earthquakes or independently of the subduction thrust in which they are rooted.
In the well-documented case of the 1964 Alaska earthquake, splay faulting accompanied slip on themaster thrust, and the steeper dip of a splay contributed to tsunami generation by producing greater
seafloor uplift in its vicinity. Tsunami scenarios can presuppose splay faulting, as a factor of safety, toincrease tsunami size. Interpretation of seismic profiles revealed a shallow E-W-trending splay fault
system along the Makran subduction zone. The results of numerical modeling show that splay faulting
in MSZ can significantly increase the tsunami hazard. In addition to splay faults, normal faults werealso detected in seismic data near the coastline; other candidates for near-field tectonic sources are the
Minab-Zendan and Ornach-Nal fault zones, the Murray ridge and the Owen fracture zone (Figure 2-3).

7

Figure 2-3. Near-field and Far-field sources around the Makran subduction zone (brown lines) andother plate boundaries (black lines). Yellow circles show the tectonic tsunamis in the Indian Ocean
and the yellow star represents the 2017 Persian Gulf meteotsunami. PG Persian Gulf, PA Pakistan,MZF Minab-Zendan Fault, ONF Ornach-Nal Fault, MR Murray Ridge, OFZ Owen Fracture Zone, SR
Sheba Ridge, SASZ Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone, JSZ Java Subduction Zone
Over the last decade, admirable efforts were made to understand the effects of the 1945 Makran
tsunami through collecting information and interviews with the tsunami survivors. The effects of the1945 tsunami are summarized by Hoffmann et al, in a review of several types of information including
scientific reports, newspaper articles and eyewitness reports to evaluate the impact of the 1945 Makran
tsunami on the Makran coastlines. Based on their investigations, they concluded that the death toll of4000 people due to the 1945 Makran tsunami is overestimated and the actual number of deaths is in theorder of a couple of hundreds. A field survey was carried out in 2010 to investigate and report the
impacts of the 1945 Makran tsunami on the southeastern Iran’s coasts. The run-up amplitudes due tothe 1945 Makran were estimated at 3 to 7, by combining the information from tsunami survivor
interviews and field measurements for nine locations along the coastline of Iran. This survey was donein parallel with similar efforts in Oman, Pakistan, and India under the United Nations umbrella.
Qualitative results compiled in an online booklet.

8

Figure 2-4. The results of the 2010 fieldwork by Okal et al in terms of estimated run-up (brown bars)
or splash (orange bars) caused by the 1945 Makran tsunami for nine locations along the coastline of
Iran
The only available instrumental records of the 1945 tsunami are two tide gauge records at
Karachi and Mumbai. These two gauges were derided and exploited in numerical modeling studies of
the 1945 tsunami. Recently, Adams et al detided and analyzed the long version of the Karachi marigram
for the 1945 Makran tsunami. They detected an early anomaly before the main shock, through an
unconventional detiding manner, and interpreted it as the result of an instrumental or human error, oran earthquake precursor. The tide-gauge may also undervalued the maximum tsunami wave height due
to a perceived gap in the marigram that likely coincided with the largest wave. As stated in two different
ways, the maximum gauged height is about 0.50.5 m. The ungauged wave of the marigram gap was
probably higher; however, as judged from effects elsewhere in Karachi Harbour.

2-2.

Japan
Japan as a well-developed state has a marvelous mechanism for combating disasters such as

Tsunami, Earthquake, Floods, volcanic eruption etc. Further, the east Japan earthquake and Tsunami of2011 has badly affected Japan and as per economic experts’ view more than 40 % of total GDP has been
lost in this devastating disaster. However, the early warning system can be used as a tool for minimizing
the human, property and economic loss but it seems the east Japan earthquake was more than the
expectation of the Japanese Government. The Government Department has only limited implementation
measures which were of enough to complete the 2011 tsunami of Japan. In addition to such measures,a new institution for early warning systems for combating earthquake and tsunami requires studies with9

modern technologies, proper training, mock exercises for every level. Disaster risk Reduction shouldbe part of the education system for sensitizing the community towards natural disasters. More, better
coordination will lead the nations towards success.
The national government, local governments, and research organizations have installed
seismometers, seismic intensity meters, and tsunami monitoring facilities throughout the country. The
Japan Meteorological Agency collects this observation data to monitor seismic activity and tsunamis.
In Japan, to reduce disaster-related damage at initial level, it is considered highly important to makeresidents of at-risk areas aware of safe evacuation methods and nearby evacuation routes and sites aheadof time so that they can take appropriate actions based on early warning information. The publicawareness sessions are also considered as a more proactive approach as 1st September (the day of the1923 Great Kanto Earthquake) has been declared Disaster Day in Japan and from August 30th to 5th
September a week has also been designated as disaster week. During this weekly time different publicawareness events are organized, including disaster reduction drills and outreach activities conducted.
The Government of Japan has developed various model for early warning system and state of
the art system to reach covers nationwide services such as JMA, FDMA, MLIT, prefecture to local
municipalities level are the frontline responders and ensuring the dissemination of early warning system
by using different platforms which make them able to combat the impacts of earthquake and tsunami.
Early Warning System in Japan
Today Japan has become one of the leading countries in the world to effectively manage
disasters in pre and post occurrence scenarios. The country has developed some most advanced versionsof early warning equipment that are continuously being upgraded by time and again. The early warning
information evacuation prior to the occurrence of a tsunami or any other disaster is well calculated andensures the message should reach every concerned person and organization. The early warning about
disasters during the disaster period is imminent information upon which propriety and life of people
depend therefore, all means and resources including town level radio communication systems, J-Alert(a satellite-based system that allows authorities to quickly broadcast alerts to local media and to citizens
directly via system of speakers), television, mobile phones etc are utilized, and tsunami warnings are
effectively delivered to the people.

10

Figure 2-5. Outline of Early Warning System in Japan(Source: Japan Meteorological Agency)
Japan Meteorological Agency JMA
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) is the national organization that manages all theaffairs related to the issuance of the disaster early warnings. The organization is mandated for theprovision of accurate and real-time disaster and hazard information to the governmental organizations,prefecture governments, municipality and the residents for the purposes of avoiding the disaster affects.
In its structural framework with the central government of Japan, the Japan Meteorological Agency
works as an extra-ministerial institution with the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport andTourism (MLIT). The organization, with its own capability and through joint ventures with othernational organizations, issues almost all the early warning messages about the hazards and disasters.
The Japan Meteorological Agency for its part of the Disaster Response Mechanism provides
appropriate and exact disaster information to various disaster management authorities of Japan that aims
at delivering such information to the masses through governmental organizations. Such disaster
information effectively comprises of warnings, advisories that include:-

Warnings and advisories on weather, high tides, high waves and flooding
Earthquake Early Warnings
Tsunami Warnings and Advisories
Volcanic Warnings
Proving timely information about typhoons, heavy rain, tornadoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic
eruptions et
The Japan Meteorological Agency is also mandated with monitoring, forecasting and developmentof warnings for various kinds of risk and natural hazards like earthquakes and changing pattern ofweather conditions.

11Figure 2-6. Shows Earthquake Early Warning system in Japan(Source: Japan Meteorological Agency)
Tsunami Early Warning
During the outbreak of earthquakes, the Japan Meteorological Agency through its capability
estimates about the possible occurrence of the tsunami. The organization issues warnings and advisories
to evacuate in case of the threat of tsunami. The Japan Meteorological Agency in such a situation issues
tsunami early warnings information and alerts shortly within a time of three minutes following anearthquake.

Figure 2-7. Shows flow of information for Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan(Source: Japan Meteorological Agency)

12

Earthquake Early Warning System
The Japan Meteorological Agency along with various national organizations working forweather-related issues has installed and maintained seismometers for analysis of the epicenter locationand the magnitude level of the earthquake and forecast about the possible tsunami. The seismic intensity
meters installed at various places, measure the intensity according to the ground motion and constantly
monitor the developments and the seismic activities.

Figure 2-8. Japan Metrological Agency Seismic Monitoring Station(Source: Japan Metrological Agency)
The Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) information is used for the announcements of thepredictable hypocenter and magnitude of an earthquake as well as the possible reaching period of the
S-waves of any earthquake including the level of seismic intensity in the area. This accurate analysis isbased upon the calculated information through detecting the P-waves near the epicenter that follow a
procedure of prompt data analysis keeping in view the speed differences of the P-waves that arecomparatively quicker than the S-wave and result into high destructions.

13

Figure 2-9. Epicenter of Emergency Warning system installed by JMA(Source: Japan Metrological Agency)
Emergency Warning System
From 30 August 2013, the Japan Metrological Agency has also launched an Emergency
Warning System. The Emergency Warning is used to provide information about likelihood ofcatastrophes and other types of emergencies. The alert helps communities to take necessary measuresand observe precautionary measures.

Figure 2-10. Describe the method of communication for precautionary measures to community(Source: Japan Metrological Agency)

143. Current DRR activities in Pakistan
3-1.

Effectiveness of Tsunami Response Plan for coastal areas in Pakistan
Pakistan is moving from disaster prone country to resilient state by adopting various mitigative

approaches. The Government has comprehended the value of Disaster Risk Management for a longterm social, economic and environmental progress embarked by working applicable policies, legal
arrangements and implementing strategies to minimize the risk. Additionally, the proper disastermanagement system is promulgated in Pakistan in the shape of National Disaster Management
commission and Authority (NDMC)/ NDMA, led by Prime Minister of Pakistan a superior body formaking rules of law, act, plans and strategies for reducing the risk while implementing the policies.

Figure 3-1. Seismic Monitoring Network, Pakistan(Source: Pakistan Metrological Department, Karachi)
Accordingly, the Provincial Disaster Management Authorities has been established across thecountry to frame and implement relevant policies for reducing the impacts of disasters and the District
Disaster Management Authority has the bottom level/ first responder to chalk out the emergent situation
within the local level. However, a coastline of 1026 km consists on Sindh and Balochistan province
including the well-known areas for regional trade Gwader the shortest way to connect with central Asian
countries but the 28th November, 1945 earthquake/ Tsunami cannot be ignored which killed more than
4000 people and left a devastating impact on economy.

15

Figure 3-2. News for volcanic eruption during 1945 tsunami by Dawn Newspaper agency(Source: 1945, Tsunami strikes Karachi cost, killing 4000, DAWN.Com)
Further, being a seismic prone country and located near to Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ),
requires developing a comprehensive early warning system for earthquake and tsunami. The Tsunami
which came in 2004 into the Indian ocean resulted in huge human and economic loss and attracted theattention of the state and Government of Pakistan initiated to chalk out the work on tsunami near coastal
areas to ensure the safety of the public. In this regard Pakistan signed an agreement with the United
Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to support it technically. The basic
theme of the pregame was to assess and strengthen the government agencies in terms of ocean-related
warning systems as well as to work out on mitigation. However, project studies were carried out in the
coast of Pakistan and different loopholes identified by the experts, i.e lack of installation of tide gauge,
protection walls, Siren, etc. Initially four places were pointed out for installation of tide gauge named
as Karachi, Ormara, Ketti Bunder and Gwadar. Among these four areas only 2 tide gauges have been
provided to the Government of Pakistan for fixing the items at Jinnah Naval Base- Ormara and Karachi
while the other areas are still awaited. These instruments will monitor the ocean waves and can facilitate
the actual data for further planning.

16

Figure 3-3. It is the tide Gauge Building near to Karachi coast(Source: UNESCO, Gauging sea level rise in Karachi)
Currently 15 officers/officials of Pakistan Metrological Department have been trained on
SeisComp and GUITAR software. Every year a drill on Tsunami preparedness and response isconducted by PMD at Gwadar and Karachi including relevant agencies. The brochures are beingtranslated into Urdu language for easy understanding of the local community. In connection with theabove, the 3 automatic Sirens have also been installed at Gwadar, Karachi and Pasni port for early
warnings. Now, the PMD team can rectify the epicenter of an earthquake with magnitude along withthe real time of tsunami arrival at the coast and can disseminate a tsunami alert within 7 minutes.

3-2.

Community Based Response Mechanism for Tsunami in Pakistan
As mentioned earlier, the MSZ can still have the potential and is posing a high risk ofearthquake followed by tsunami in the coastal areas of the country as most areas along the coastline aresituated at a distance of more or less 100km from the fault line. However, it is believed that the generated
tsunami will take minutes to reach the coastline which can be very devastating to the coastal areas of
Gwadar, Ormara and Pasni. Further, a community base tsunami response Plan is in progress but
Standard Operating Procedures have been designed in NDRP 2012-2022 in a slight manner. Most of
the population are under threat due to their housing near the coast. It is the primary responsibility of thestate to provide a pleasant and safe environment to the coastal community for living a peaceful life. In
this regard, the Government has taken many positive steps to ensure the safety of the public and withthe support of the United Nation Devolvement Program has installed two automatic sirens at Gwadar
and Pasni under administrative control of Pakistan Metrological Department PMD.
Accordingly, Gwadar District Disaster Management Plan 2008, there are few steps taken forcommunity response during tsunami and earthquake which can help and support local people during
17

emergency. Further, to encourage community level disaster risk management programs, the DDMA
will facilitate to community-based organizations (CBO) for conduction of mock exercises/ drills. In
case of non-availabilities of CBO, the District Government will initiate community awareness activities
including all the relevant department and community leaders for ensuring the maximum participationin the program. However, CBOs/ local community will be trained in terms of early warning systems,
identification of evacuation sites, first aid, Search and Rescue, firefighting trainings etc. It is also
necessary to build a strong coordination mechanism in between CBO and relevant stakeholders forsharing of experiences, skills, mobilization of financial and human resources in times of untoward
situations. Other organizations and institutions present in communities such as religious leaders andgroups farmers associations, parents and teacher associations, etc. shall likewise be drawn, enhanced
and coordinated to support DRM. Moreover, DDMAs initiatives for awareness about tsunami are as
under;-

Dissemination of District Disaster Risk Management Plan to all Government agencies.
To the Tehsil, Union Council and Village leadership.
Through mass media to the public in the district.
To all CBOs and existing NGOs at district level.

Orientation to conduct a mock drill for safe evacuation
Subsequently, is it essential to set some goals and objectives for conduction of mock drill, here
are some proposed step for the conduction of mock exercise/ drill;

Figure 3-4. Shows process/stage for conduction of mock drill(Source: Gwader DDRMP, 2008)-

Organizing the Drills
Monitor all the levels of drills
Ensure enrolments of community leaders along with local people for successful event
18

-

Ensure maximum participation of government personal
Designate any Government officer/officials to monitor and evaluate the gaps and improvement
areas
Agencies and departments should also conduct drills based on the hazard scenarios and areas ofcompetence

Figure 3-5. Some local instruments for early warning system(Source: Pakistan Metrological Department, Islamabad)
However, the DDMA will also ensure that disaster preparedness and response drills are
conducted by the other Department on a regular basis, especially in the disaster-prone areas to maintainthe readiness of communities and departments, about operational procedures, personnel and equipment
and orderly response. It is further decided by DDMA Gwader that at least two drills on tsunami will be
carried out in a calendar year by local Government under the supervision of DDMAs and lesson learned
experiences and other incidents should be discussed and included in next DDRMP.

Figure 3-6. Tsunami Temporary Camp during conduction of mock exercise/drill in Gwadar(Source: Evacuation site during mock exercise/drill, photo by Rehan Dashti)
19

3-3.

Tsunami Early Warning System in Pakistan
As per Standard Operating Procedure of Pakistan Metrological Department, Karachi office, itis the mandate of PMD Karachi office to issue warning bulletins for tsunami in the country. Moreover,
PMD is equipped with the latest seismic instruments along with two automatic sirens installed in
Gwadar and Pasni and have capabilities to issue warnings and can disseminate the information within
13 minutes.

Figure 3-7. Showing the Automatic sirens installed by PMD neat to Gwadar Cost
(Source: PMD installed automatic sirens at Gwadar port supported by UNDP, Pakistan)
However, only need to revise SOPs for settling down the tsunami, which are not enough to do
more at municipal level to ensure the safety of the public. Some initiatives of PDMA Balochistan for
DDMAs are designed as under;--

Establish UC level early warning system committees working under the UCDRMCs and TDRMCs
in the coastal areas of the district.
Arrange light equipment used by the early warning system committee for detection anddissemination.
Arrange training for the members of such committees.
Prepare resource inventory of available communications equipment with user location / addresses
based on individual agency inventories and plan for purchasing new equipment used for the suchcause.
Develop school safety guidelines to prepare for earthquake and tsunami hazards and conduct mock
drills on it at school level.

20Figure 3-8. Evacuation Sites at Gwadar(Source: Dealing with local Tsunami on Pakistan Coast)21

4. Country Profile in Pakistan
4-1.

Disaster Context & Risk Profile of Pakistan
Pakistan is the second biggest Islamic republic state in the world covering almost 881,913 sq. km

with 243 .9 million populations. It lies between 24 and 37 latitudes and 62 to 75-degree longitude in theeast. Pakistan comprises five provinces namely, Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and
Gilgit- Baltistan. However, Azad Jammu & Kashmir has been declared as a state of the country. Pakistan
has a border with India in the east, Afghanistan in the north-west, Iran in the west and China in the north.
There is a Parliamentary Government system and the Prime Minister as the executive Head and thePresident of the country as constitutional head. The coastal belt is about 1,026 km.

Figure 4-1. Map of Pakistan sharing the border with other countries(Source: https://www.welt-atlas.de/map_of_pakistan_5758#:~:text=%C2%A9-,2023%20Welt%2DAtlas.de,-All%20maps%20are)
Pakistan comprises on five portions including, Northern high mountain ranges (the Himalayas;
the Karakorum and the Hindukush), the Balochistan Plateau along western bordering, the Indus River
plains in the east, the Salt range across the northern portion of the Punjab province and the Deserts(Cholistan in Punjab and Thar in Sindh province).
22

Pakistan is the country which is prone to a number of Natural disasters and most frequentdisasters are Floods, Flash floods, Earthquake, Drought, GLOF, Avalanches in northern parts, typhoons
and tsunami in the coastal areas of the country. Some of the prevailing disaster condition along withareas has been shown in attached map for further clearance /understanding;Figure 4-2. Hazards map of Pakistan(Source: National Disaster Management Authority, Pakistan)
According to Historical Background of the country in terms of disaster, several events occurredin the past which resulted Approximately 1 million casualties and left behind more than 9.5 million
people homeless with an economic loss of 2.8 billion dollars. The following pie chart will describe theclearer pictures of past event occurred in Pakistan since 1945 to 2017;23

Figure 4-3.the pie chart showing the history of different disasters occur in Past
(Source: National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy, 2013, NDMA, Pakistan)

4-2.

Disaster Management System in Pakistan
Prior to Earthquake 2005, the West Pakistan National Calamities Act of 1958 was the available

legal remedy that regulated the maintenance and restoration of order in areas affected by calamities andrelief against such events. An Emergency Relief Cell within the Cabinet Division has been serving
since1971 as an institutional disaster relief support at the national level. Similar institutionalarrangements existed at the provincial level in the form of relief commissioners.

Figure 4-4. Describe the evaluation of Disaster Management System in Pakistan(Source: NDMA Act, 2010, Pakistan)24

The National Disaster Management Authority Act of 2010 will provide the further
comprehension in terms of making an effective Disaster Management system in Pakistan along withbottom to top approaches for countering any mishappaens. Additionally, the major earthquake of 2005
and climate change conditions laid down the Government to establish a well-managed and comprehend
Disaster Management system in the country. Initially, an ordinance was passed in 2006 to create Disaster
Authorities and later it became an Act after soughting approval from Parliament in 2010.
However, this legislation works as a principal law in the ground of Disaster Management andto enact the policies with regards to Disaster Management. Similarly, the Provincial Disaster
Management Commission was formed under NDMC, for combating a worst-case scenario and to
regulate the various strategic policies across the country in the subject matter.

Figure 4-5. Describing the NDMC at National Level and PDMC at Provincial level(Source: NDMA, Act, 2010, Pakistan)25

National Disaster Management Commission NDMC
The National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC) is the highest body to establish theoverall strategy and implement the disaster relevant policies in the country. The composition of National
Disaster Management Commission for Pakistan and the Key members of NDMC are as under:

Figure 4-6. Describe the composition of NDMC in Pakistan
As per NDMA Act, 2010 the following powers and function of NDMC have been assigned;-

Lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management
Approve the National Plan
Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Divisions of the Federal Government in accordancewith the National Plan
Arrange for, and oversee, the provision of funds to mitigation measures, preparedness and response
Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as the Federal Government may
determine.

26

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
According to NDMA Act, 2010, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was
formulated in 2007 as a lead agency for the entire band of Disaster Management pregame in the country.
Further, in case of any untoward situation in the country all the Ministries, Divisions, Organizations,
including Armed forces, International, National and Local NGOs will work together to counter the
emergent situation.

PolicyFormulationCoordination

Implementation

Monitoring

Figure 4-7. Disaster Management Spectrum in Pakistan(Source: National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy, 2013, NDMA, Pakistan)
Act as the implementing, coordinating and monitoring body for disaster management;
Prepare the National Plan to be approved by the National Commission;
Implement coordinate and monitor the implementation of the National policy;
Lay down guidelines for preparing disaster management plans by different Ministries or
Departments and the Provincial Authorities;E) Provide necessary technical assistance to the Provincial Governments and the Provincial
Authorities for preparing their disaster management plans in accordance with the guidelines laid
down by the National Commission;F) Coordinate response in the event of any threatening disaster situation or disaster;G) Promote general education and awareness in relation to disaster management;
H) Pay down guidelines for, or give directions to the concerned Ministries or Provincial Governments
and the Provincial Authorities regarding measures to be taken by them in response to any
threatening disaster situation or disaster.
A)
B)
C)
D)

27

Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA)
The Provincial Disaster Management Authorities have been established at each province as wellas in Azad Jammu & Kashmir as State Disaster Management Authority under Ministry of Interior as anadministrative department. The powers and other disaster relevant functions of the Provincial
Authorities mentioned below:-

To Conduct Multi-Hazard Vulnerabilities Risk Assessment (MHVRA) for all districts of theprovince with technical support of NDMA.
Responsible for implementing policies and plans for disaster management in the Province.
Formulate the provincial disaster management policy obtaining the approval of the Provincial
Commission.
Coordinate and monitor the implementation of the National Policy, National Plan and Provincial
Plan.
Examine the vulnerability of different parts of the Province to different disasters and specify
prevention or mitigation measures.
Lay down guidelines to be followed for preparation of disaster management plans by the Provincial
Departments and District Authorities.
Promote general education, awareness and community training.
Ensure that communication systems are in order and disaster management drills are being carriedout regularly.
Coordinate response in the event of disaster
Evaluate preparedness at all governmental or non-governmental levels to respond to disaster and toenhance preparedness.
Directions to any Provincial department or authority regarding actions to be taken in response todisaster.
Provide necessary technical assistance or give advice to district authorities and local authorities forcarrying out their functions effectively.
Advise the Provincial Government regarding all financial matters in relation to disastermanagement.

28

District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA)
The District Disaster Management Authority, DDMAs have been established in each district
which will be the leading body for Planning, Coordination, and implementation of disaster relevant
policies in its territory. Being a first responder to cater the disastrous situation into normal the various
powers have been assigned to district administrations;

-

-

-

Coordinate and monitor the implementation of the National Policy, Provincial Policy, National Plan,
Provincial Plan and District Level Plan along with program
Ensure that the areas in the district vulnerable to disasters are identified and measures for theprevention of disasters and the mitigation of its effects are undertaken by the departments of theGovernment at the district level as well as by the local authorities;
Ensure that the guidelines for prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response measures as laid
down by the National Authority and the Provincial Authority are followed by all departments of theGovernment at the district level and the local authorities in the district
Organize and coordinate specialized training programs for different levels of officers, employees
and voluntary rescue workers in the district
Facilitate community training and awareness programs for prevention of disaster or mitigation withthe support of local authorities, governmental and non-governmental organizations;Figure 4-8. DDMA composition at district/local level(Source: PDMA Balochistan Rules of Business 2012)29

National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
The National Disaster Management Institute NIDM, Pakistan has promulgated in 2008 as topromote disaster relevant program, research activities with close coordination of academia. Further,some of core functions of NIDM are as followed;-

To Develop curriculum on various factors of Disaster Management
To undertake training, research and other related activities on disaster management
To develop linkage, and build partnership with national and international academic insinuations
To develop network of disaster management professionals and master trainers working in different
disciplines in the country and abroad
Publish newsletters, books, research journals and audiovisuals to raise disaster risk awarenessamong public
Liaison with NIDM and NDMA and engage them in various activities, capacity building, workshop
and technical assistanceEstablish and maintain database on disasters in the country and gave regular through NIDM website

Figure 4-9. Level of training courses for disaster management in PAkistan by NIDM
(Source: National Institute for Disaster Risk Management, NIDM, Pakistan)30

National / Provincial Funds for Disaster Management
The NDMA Act, 2010 provided the clause to establish the National Disaster Management Fundat national level to fill the gap of financial resources as the resource plays pivotal roles in the
management of disasters in the shape of preparedness, Response and rehabilitation. The Governmentof Pakistan has established the National Disaster Risk Management Fund (NDRMF) to settle down theissues relevant with financial constraints. There are some key functions of NDRMF;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Agreement with International /National Banks for receiving donations, Loans etc.
Loans, aid and donations from the UN agencies, International /Local NGOs.
Donations received from any other source with close coordination of federal Government
Support to the National/ Provincial government to settle down the Disaster related projects.
Mostly, provide loans to civilian administration for retrofitting, construction of flood protection
walls etc.

31

Provincial Disaster Management Funds
Subsequently, NDMA Act, 2010 also provides that all Provincial Governments shall create
Disaster Management Fund and should be under the administration of the Provincial Authority, to meetthe expenses and extend its cooperation towards civilian governments for management of financial
resources to mitigate the disaster risk and to put the state on a resilient path. The PDMF shall be createdat provincial level accordingly;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Grants made by the Federal Government or Provincial Governments; andAll the PSDP schemes shall keep at least 2% for disaster relevant activities in case of emergencies.
All the credits, financial assistance and donations from the national or international agencies
provided in accordance with prescribed procedure.
It should be made essential for National and Provincial Government to allocate some fixed amountfor retrofitting of buildings
Provide subsidies to the public for retrofitting of their homes etc.

32

5. Pakistan Disaster Management & International Obligations
5-1.

Pakistan’s Participation in International Cooperation & Commitments
To live in a peaceful, present and resilient environment is the dream of every human being.

Further, to achieve the target, is a time taking process and needs to take a lot of initiatives from bottom
to top and standardized as per experts. The most valuable part is to create awareness among the public,
comprehended strategies from all domains incorporating societies, Provincial and National level. The
country has been significantly facing hydro-metrological hazards, and specially the recent floods which
killed more than 6,000 people and more than 1 million people became shelter less, so such challenges
need to be addressed accordingly;

Flash Floods

Urban Floods

Riverine
FloodsGLOF

Avalanches

Land slides

Drought

Cyclones

Figure 5-1. Some hydrological Hazards of Pakistan(Source: National Disaster Risk Management Plan 2012-2022, NDMA, Pakistan)
Pakistan’s Participation in International Cooperation & Commitments
Pakistan always left a positive gratitude towards international laws specially on disaster risk
Reduction. It is essential to get the attention of international organizations towards disaster risk
reduction awareness programs. Many worldwide organizations are playing a vital role in eradication ofdisaster risk through awareness and educating the different programs, events etc. Such global level
platforms and networks can do much more aiming to reduce the disaster risk across the border to build
a safer and pleasant environment. It is important to enhance the effective coordination among all
countries in terms of financial/ technical, as the world becomes a global village and all countries areconnected. It should be the priority of every state to contribute and stop affecting ozone layers as it
damages the consequences that will be faced by the entire world. Pakistan is contributing much to makethe world as a resilient town, by progressing the Tsunami billion tree program and making a record withmore than 1 million trees in a day.
33

5-2.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR -2015-2030)
The Sendai framework was adopted at third United Nation World conference on Disaster Risk

Reduction in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015 with certain objective to achieve the substantial
reduction of Disaster risk and to minimize the losses of life, livelihood, to improve health, economic,
physical and environmental assets of persons, business community and state over the next 15 years.
Subsequently, Pakistan, has made so much efforts to achieve these goals, specially focused with
community awareness, conduction of mock drills for relevant stakeholders is the part of annual work
plans, and media which is considered the most informative source of knowledge have been the part ofthis agenda. Further, the DRR policies have been reviewed to further extend the awareness session atgross root level towards building back better concepts.

5-3.

The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)The Hyogo Framework was the five-priority action plan (2005-2015), which was endorsed by

168 countries. Mainly, two actions were related to Governance and risk identification. Aftermath, thisconference Pakistan established a designated Disaster Management system in the country from top tobottom in the shape of National, Provincial and District Disaster Management Authorities. However, italso shaped DRR/DRM plans including Disaster Management Response Plan DRMP-2012-2022. These
initiatives were positive gratitude towards action and achievement of Hyogo Framework andappreciated at various forums. Pakistan lies in disaster prone areas where many faults lines are passing
and to cater such phenomena, the state has revised and developed a building code plan and implemented
in the country, specially focusing on earthquake prone areas. Initiated various awareness programs to
reduce the impacts of disaster through community education at the state level.
National DRR Policy Perspective
The Plan sets out several implementation strategies such as; advocacy, information, capacity
building, community education on disaster risk reduction/ management, climate change and its
institutionalization, mainstreaming, involving research, technology development and knowledge
management, as well as monitoring and evaluation, networking and partnership building among
relevant stakeholders. Additionally, NDRMP, leads and implementing partner agencies were identified.
The main objective of NDRMP is ensuring the implementation and monitoring of national disaster risk
reduction plans accordingly. The NIDM has an important role to play in advising on the design of suchcampaigns but also in creating capacity within NDMA, PDMAs and DDMAs to design, conduct andevaluate public awareness campaigns in the appropriate regional languages.
The intervention in the field on DRR has played a significant role by promoting DRR education into
curriculum at all levels and should be revised and focused. It helps to reduce the DRR/DRM by adopting
34

various interventions through capacity buildings. The development of DRR as a principal discipline andtechnical education is in dire need to put forward at national and provincial level.

Figure 5-2 The National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2013, stages for reducing the risk ofdisasters by adopting the policy with above mentioned way(Source: National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2013, NDMA, Pakistan)35

6. Community Based EWS in Pakistan
6-1.

Institutional Commitments for Community Capacity Building
The National Disaster Management Act- 2010 specifies the roles and responsibilities of NIDM,

its primary objectives are creating community education, sponsoring the research, training andestablishment of fundamentals principles in the field of disaster management. The Major functions of
NIDM are describe as under;-

Inclusion of disaster management chapters into basic courses of educational institutions.
Conduction of mock drills/ in schools.
Promotion of disaster reduction systems in all Government departments.
Holding of awareness programs at national level.
Organizing national disaster management workshops, conferences, training, celebration of national
disaster day, exhibition etc.
Launching of awareness campaign through electronic and print media.

Disaster Management
Cycle

Figure 6-1 Disaster Management Cycle(Source: NDRMP, 2012-2022, NDMA, Pakistan)
Organizing training of NDMA/ PDMA/ DDMAs staff.
-

Training of Staff of Federal Ministries, academic staff etc.
Establishment of effective coordination among all stakeholders who organize the capacity buildingin the field of disaster management.
Provision of technical assistance for deployment of human resource, for conduction of drills/
trainings.

36

6-2.

The NDMP Perspective
Under the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), Pakistan has chalked out a wellcomprehended Human Resource Devolvement Plan and that could perform as the national cause fordisaster Management during emergencies.

Figure 6-2 Conduction of mock drill at school level(Source: School Safety Framework, 2022-2030, NDMA, Pakistan)
The HRDP Plan under the Priority Actions and Programs starting from 2012 to 2022 hasinitiative some numerous activities for disaster planning, management and on disaster education:i.

To establish NIDM (National Institute of Disaster Management) to encourage human resource

development in the field of disaster management.
ii.

Develop the capacity of government leading agencies working in the field of Disasters.

iii.

Improve DRR through capacity building of governmental officers/officials.

iv.

To initiate a community awareness education program.

v.

To facilitate, Disaster Risk Reduction program at Local Level:vi.

Identification and notify of safer places in times of emergent situations.

vii.

To ensure implementation of CBDRM plan and activities.

viii.

Disseminate self-help and mutual help efforts in disaster management.

ix.

To develop preventive measures including ongoing programs in the field of disastermanagement, the Disaster Information Resource Center shall be established for providing disaster
related data/information.
x.

To enhance the capacities of Disaster Managers through training/workshop etc. formainstreaming the DRM programs for implementation at gross root level.
37

xi.

To conduct the search & rescue training program for emergency responders. Create awarenessamong individuals through DRM for reducing the impacts of any untoward situation while adopting
latest techniques for countering the disasters. It is further submitted that a close coordination shall be
developed among academia for conduction of research studies, practices on different model, publishingof magazine, report, articles etc. in the field of disasters which is quiet cheaper way to create awarenessamong community responders.

Figure 6-3 Showing the safety measures taken by school children during earthquake(Source: School Safety Framework, Pakistan,2022-2030)

38

7. Disaster Context & Management System in Japan
7-1.

Disaster Management Structure in Japan (National and Prefecture)
Japan is covered by the ocean and geographically it lies near to different fault lines which is thecause of various disaster events. Further, it is also known as the ring of fire where all seismic volcanic
activity takes place. It is said that more than 7% of the world's energetic volcanoes are present in Japan.
Due to its topography and metrological condition, the state also receives various devastating events like,
Typhoons, torrential rains, floods, flash floods, snowfall, earthquake and tsunami etc. The earthquakeof 1923, typhoons of the 1960s, and great Hanshin Awaji earthquake and Tsunami of 2011, caused ahuge loss of human’s life and left a bad impact on the economy of Japan. It is said that the great Hanshin
Earthquake gave a more than 40% economic loss of annual budget of Japan.

Figure 7-1 Disaster Management Structure in Japan (National and Prefecture)(Source: Basic Act on Disaster Management of 1961, JapanThe Disaster Management Structure in Japan has a bottom to top approach and has
perpendicular partitions as well as the strong bounding among local to municipal Government
influences. The Government system in japan has three vertical stages and a 4th layers was added tostructure aftermath of 1995 Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake as mentioned in below table;

39

Figure 7-2 Disaster Management System of Japan(Source: 1961 Basic Disaster Management Act, Japan)
The disaster management system came into force after 1959s typhoons in the shape of Basic
Act on Disaster Management 1961, a well comprehend plan with dedication of specific role andresponsibilities for combating the systematic disaster management in the country. This Act clearly
defines the entire stages for prevention, mitigation, response and recovery along with duties of every
level. The act had been revised and got few amendments after the great Awaji Earthquake of 1995 and2011 Tsunami with adaptation of latest techniques to reduce the incidents of unattended cars for clearing
the roads in case of emergency. The rules were also got slight change for evacuation sites along withinformation and rules were framed for smooth evacuation in times of disaster event. After the dominant
government system in Japan, the minister for state was appointed in 2001 for better coordination,
ensuring the DRR policies inclusion in all sectors and monitoring of all developing projects for further
strengthen of disaster management system in japan.

40

Figure 7-3 Destruction after Ise bay Typhoon in Japan(Source: Nagoya City Port Disaster Risk Reduction Center Ise Bay Typhoon Library)41

Figure 7-4 Organizational Structure of Cabinet Office , Japan(Source: Cabinet Office Japan, 2017, White Paper Disaster Management in Japan 2017)
The Director General of the cabinet office is fully authorized to compile the initial response
plan in case of major disaster event and also coordinate with relevant agencies. However, in terms ofpreparation of National Disaster Management Policies the national disaster management council holds
the special session and promulgate further course of action on strategies.
Central Disaster Management Council
Based on Basic Disaster Management Act, the central disaster management council wasformulated and the Prime Minister of Japan is designated as chairperson of this council, including all
ministers, Deputy Chief of Cabinet Secretariat for Crises management, Chief of public authorities like
BOJ, JRC, NHK, NTT and academic experts etc.
According to Act the following role and responsibilities have been assigned to central disastermanagement council;-

Development and effective coordination in terms of Basic Disaster Management Plans
Promulgation of disaster management basic policies, contingency planning etc.
42-Briefing and advice to Prime Minister and Minister of state for disaster Risk reduction and disaster
Risk Management

Figure 7-5 Define the Central Disaster Management Council of Japan(Source: Asian disaster Reduction Center, ADRC, Japan)

7-2.

Disaster Management Plan in Japan (National and Prefecture)
The Basic Disaster Management plan is considered as a master program and the base for DRR

activities in Japan. Further, based on BDMP. The Central Disaster Management Council promulgatedthis plan with clearly defined the role and responsibilities of Government, public partners, communitybased organizations and municipalities as first responders. Subsequently, all the government institutions
from center to bottom fabricate their disaster management operation plans and each prefecture and local
government disaster management council prepare its plans for dealing with any untoward situation.
Above in view, the council is authorized to constitute a special committee on facts and findings of thereport whether it requires some sort of changes in the basic act of 1995 or not. Even though, expert teamwas constituted in connection with earthquake and tsunami facts and findings from the great east japan
earthquake later the report of experts the Government brought some changes in the Basic Disaster
Management Plan. The following figure will help to understand the Disaster Management plans alongwith executing agencies in Japan;

43

Figure 7-6 Basic Disaster Management Plan along with roles at National/Prefecture/local level(Source: Basic Plans for Disaster Management in Japan, cabinet office, Japan)
Additionally, each prefecture has a different chief for leading the emergency /disastermanagement system likewise, Governor, Deputy Governor, minister of State, etc. but similar roles andresponsibilities have been assigned to each prefecture. The main roles are to formulate, implement the
local disaster management plans with close coordination of the municipal disaster management council
for effective coordination and response.
Subsequently, the third stage for formulation, implementation of disaster management plans is
the municipal disaster management council under the supervision of city Mayor including other relevant
stakeholders, ministries etc. Mostly, it depends on the scale of disaster events, if the scale is large andthe municipal government doesn’t have resources to manage then the Prefecture will come forward to
respond to that emergency and similarly, the national government will support the prefecture & affectedarea accordingly.
The fourth level plan is known as Community Disaster Risk Reduction Plan developed by thecommunity and endorsed by local authorities. This plan was included in Basic Disaster
Countermeasures law June, 2013 after the Great East Japan Earthquake with the aim of encouraging
community participation in town planning and management even during the initial phase ofreconstruction. Later on the community disaster risk reduction SOPs developed with the technicalsupport of experts, incorporation of local people, traders, educational institutions and Governmental
officials. The theme of CDMP is to provide knowledge to the public in terms of disaster events, saveevacuating methods among business and local communities. However, information sharing is the key
component before disaster events as people will have the time to evacuate themselves and such acts willlead towards reducing the risk index. Further, to encourage the community, award system has been
44

recognized by the Japanese to get attention and ensure maximum participation of residents in
preparation of CDMP.

7-3.

Early Warning System in Japan
Japan Metrological Agency has installed more than 1700 seismometers across the country andalmost every 60 km, which provide intensity of earthquake information to approximately 3900 local
stations. Further, this seismometer frequently notices the shaking of earth through online data sources.
However, JMA has also installed 4332 seismic intensity meters in every municipality for measuring the
ground motion. In addition, the Geographic Survey Institute (GSI) has established almost 1200 GPS
stations throughout Japan, which facilitate monitoring purposes and can be used for analyzing the datafrom different seismometers and seismic intensity meters. If earthquake occurred the JMA team start
analyzing the data from all resources specially rely on seismic intensity meters and within two minutes
generate seismic intensity information report for earthquake of intensity 3 or greater, and within fiveminutes issues a report with location of epicenter along with its magnitude to local responders where
earthquake exactly occurred.

Figure 7-7 Early earthquake alert system remains flawed but tolerated(Source: Asahi Shimbun)
Accordingly, the JMA within three minutes not only issued an alert for tsunami based on wave
heights but also arrival time of high-tides on regions. When such values are used, estimated maximum
tsunami heights are expressed in qualitative terms such as "Huge" and "High" rather than as quantitative
expressions. Once the exact magnitude is determined, JMA updates the warning with quantitatively
estimated maximum tsunami heights, which are included in subsequent tsunami information.
45

Figure 7-8 Earthquake and Tsunami Information Receiving and Warning System
The tsunami information receiving system get data of earthquake and tsunami within a few
minutes while JMA receives the information on actual time through Geostationary Meteorological
Satellite GMS and at the same time a threat alert and buzzer start sound to the administrator of thesystem to notify. The computer/system highlights the first information on screen and prints out the dataof tsunami occurrence along with actual arrival time to different areas.

Figure 7-9 Open ocean buoy - Source JMA

7-4.

CBDRM against Tsunami in Japan
Community plays a vital role in handling any type of disasters because everybody would look

to one another for help, support and care specially to disabled and old age people who require more
support in times of evacuation and emergency situations. Japan received a major disaster in the shape46

of a tsunami on 11th march, 2011 which killed so many people and caused nuclear calamities from
Fukushima. According to JMA, the waves hit the coast with 40.5-meter height along with 9.0
magnitude. The severity of the damage incurred was enormous. As per the report of Japan’s National
Policy agency more than, 2561 people are still missing and 15894 lost their lives and 6152 got injuries.
However, 121,805 buildings were affected/ damaged. The area was witnessed for its physicaldestruction and submerged land under water after the devastating tsunami of east Japan.
Volunteer DRR Organization/ BOKIMIThe disaster Management planning of Japan is facilitating to volunteers in terms of disastereducation to build their capabilities for supporting other during emergent situation. In case of any major
event these volunteers put forward their services to participate in search and rescue, relief activities.
The Japanese Government not only provides the basic equipment for rescue and response activity but
also provides some stipend to these volunteers on an annual basis i.e. 140,000 yen and encourages themto take part in mock drills, awareness campaigns etc. Additionally, these organizations are known as
BOKOMI and Japanese name is “BOSAI”. In Kobe, there are some 191 BOKOMI institutions andevery organization has been provided the first aid box, firefighting materials etc. by Kobe city
Government to meet any challenges in times of disaster. Volunteers also join the DRR activities andyearly more than 800 drills, rescue exercise, different training course, lectures, making of hazard map,
flood control room visits of government institutions within the city.
The “Iza! Kaeru Caravan!” is a disaster prevention education event that combines local disaster
drill program and “Kaekko Bazaar,” a toy exchange bazaar, created by artist Hiroshi Fuji. In this event,children learn about disaster prevention as a 73 continuation of play. Started in 2005, this event has
been held nationwide in cooperation with various enterprises and organizations. It is basically a disaster
drill program, where participants can obtain the knowledge and skills necessary for disaster
preparedness, while enjoying the program. It was first conducted as an event in the Message from KobeTen Years after the Earthquake project commemorating the recovery from the earthquake, which was
carried out over six months from April 2005, with Hyogo Prefecture and Kobe City as the secretariat.
More than 3,000 parents and children came to the Green Arena Kobe Stadium, one of the venues forthe program, to participate. The number of participants exceeded the expectations of those involved,
and there were large crowds of people even outside the stadium. The Iza! Kaekko Bazaar is a system inwhich children bring toys that they do not want any more to an event venue and exchange them for“Kaeru points”, which are a kind.
CBDRM in Hirono-town, Iwate prefecture
The community-based disaster risk management system considers the main source incombating the disaster risks. Further, CBDRM, is a proactive approach that helps communities to reduce
the risk and enhance the ability of special groups to combat and decrease the risk for loss of life, property
47

and climate impacts. The concept of CBDRM was introduced in 1990-1999 at United Nation
International decade of Natural Disaster Reduction. Later, different approaches, concepts andtechniques were adopted to minimize the effects of disasters. However, Sendai Framework (2015-2030)
also emphasized investment money on mitigation which not only help in reducing the losses but also
decrease the budget spender on response after havoc disasters.
In Japan, the CBDRM is an active approach and the community is always supported by theGovernment for adopting the latest techniques for reducing the impacts of disasters. Further, thecommunity of Hirono Town-Iwate prefecture is well known and actively organize the DRR session in
their area because of 2011 tsunami which destroyed everything and left a devastating impact on theirlife. Community of Hirono town has formulated its town leader’s committee which conducts the mock
drills for creating awareness against tsunami. The town committee has built an evacuation site bythemselves which shows great contribution and coordination among residents.

Figure 7-10 Community leaders in Hirono-town(Photo by ADRC)
Further, the committee has developed a risk hazard map of their town with the consensus of thecommunity, especially the old age people who have faced various disasters in this town. The risk map
supports them to find the exact location of a safer place as more than 80% people of this town are 60
years old which requires the help/ support of other during the evacuation in case of an emergency.

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Figure 7-11 Tsunami Hazard Map in Hirono-town(Photo by ADRC)
Moreover, the map of Hirono town, describes the resident area along with evacuation sites
located in the town. However, the yellow dots in the map show houses of old age people, the red line
shows evacuation sites and the red circle identified as shelter/ temporary community hall for the people
during an emergency.

49

8. Comparison between Pakistan and Japan
Pakistan and Japan are the most prone countries in terms of disasters by location. Further, threemajor faults are crossing Pakistan, among two major plates are near to cost of Pakistan like, Makran
Subduction zone and Quetta –Chaman fault line. However, the great Tsunami of 1945, with 7.6
magnitude occurred at Makran subduction Zone (MSZ) and killed more than 4000 people.
Subsequently, Japan has got major subductions zone specially the Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic
Line (ISTL) which cuts across Honshu from north to south and just west of Tokyo and Median Tectonic
Line (MTL) which is an east-west trending strike-slip fault that parallels the Nankai Trough from the
KII Peninsula into the heart of Kyushu and Kobe earthquake of 1995 occurred on Rokko-Awaji Shima
Fault Zone, known as the branch of Median Tectonic Line to the south. Japan is more prone to Tsunamias, Pakistan received only 1945 as a major earthquake/Tsunami while Japan has received major eventsin the shape of Kobe Earthquake of 1995, and 2011 Tsunami which left a devastating impact on theeconomy of Japan.
Pakistan has installed 05 automatic Sirens on the coastal areas which not only help in early
warning systems but also support evacuation of communities during earthquakes and tsunamis. Below
mentioned table shows a slight comparison between Pakistan and Japan towards monitoring network
for Earthquake and Tsunami.
Table 8-1 Comparison between Japan and Pakistan in terms of monitoring mechanism for earthquake
and Tsunami(Source: JMA & PMD)

Seismometer
Seismic Intensity Meters
Tide Gauge
Ocean gates
Automatic sirens

Japan

Pakistan

1700
4332
11
29,798
173

147
157
188
Not installed yet
10Time Frame for issuance of Earthquake & Tsunami Early Warning information system in Japanand Pakistan
Japan frequently receives earthquakes and Tsunami as compared to Pakistan. Now, Pakistan ismoving from Disaster prone to disaster resilient country after adopting international policies to counterthe disaster Risk from the state. However, JMA/PMD had been given the mandate to monitor and issueadvisories/alerts for earthquake /tsunami and evacuation advisory in case of major events. Below is thetime of Japan and Pakistan for issuance of information about earthquake /tsunami hazards is worth
mentioning here to compare the mechanism for alerts and dissemination of information; mechanism for50

alerts and dissemination of information;
Table 8-2 Describe the timeline for dissemination of earthquake/Tsunami early warning to relevant
stakeholders and community(Source: JMA & PMD)Japan

Pakistan

Seismic intensity/ Magnitude

1.5 to 2 minutes

03 minutes

Earthquake

Within 5 minutes

5-10 minutes

Tsunami Warning

2 to 3 minutes

7 to 11 minutes

Earthquake Early Warning

1 minutes

3 to 5 minutes

Figure 8-1 Define the historical seismic activity on MSZ(Source: DRR Plan for Gwadar-2008)

51

Figure 8-2 Show the seismic occurrence in Japan(Source; Document Reality. The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Japan)

The above-mentioned picture clearly defines the frequency of seismic activity occurring in bothcountries. However, Japan and Pakistan have four bulletins for early warning from bottom to top but
only time differences have been noticed. Pakistan should reduce the time frame for early warning as itis the only source to secure the community in time of earthquake/tsunami warning.
Generally, few different mechanisms have been set for both countries for ensuring the safety of
their people. Pakistan has established the special industrial zones which are away from coastline and as
well as from city areas, while the Japanese Government has constructed its industries near to the coast
which can cause a huge damage during disasters as experienced in past specially, Fukushima Nuclear
Power plants. In Japan the resident areas are near to the coast while in Pakistan the public is not allowed/
construct the house near to the coast.
-

Japan has constructed protection walls near its coast but in Pakistan protection walls can be in a
few areas.
Pakistan has identified the evacuation site near to its coast which are for limited populations but inJapan in every town/coast area they have constructed the evacuation site with symbols.
Japan has installed a flood gate on different points of its cities while no flood gate has been
constructed by Pakistan on its coastal areas.
52

-

-

-

Pakistan has only installed limited tide gauges while Japan has done much more.
For evacuation Japan has made a single board on government/ public places while Pakistan has
done only in Government buildings and needs to do more.
After the Earthquake of 2005, Pakistan has declared 8th October as National Disaster Day but
celebrated only in government offices but Japan has designated different disasters with various dates
and celebrated it on both public or Government level.
Japan has a BOKKIMI festival to educate the school’s children while Pakistan established school
safety Guidelines and accordingly initiated work on different programs.
Japan has a different education system to educate its public while Pakistan has launched a
Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction Program in all provinces.
Mostly, Japan disaster relevant literature is in Japanese while Pakistan has translated it into English+ local language for better understanding of community and international visitors.
The Japanese Government has signed a contract with a private company to supply food in times of
emergency while Pakistan has established warehouses in each locality to ensure timely supply of
all relief goods to the community.
On a yearly basis, national mock drills are conducted at NDMA while twice at Provincial level andaccording to vulnerabilities different program/ activities are conducted at district level in Pakistan
while in Japan days are designated for different program/activities.

53

9. Recommendations
Earthquake and flooding are the most common phenomena of Pakistan but cannot ignore thetsunami of 1945 which left a bad impact and swallowed more than 4000 human lives. Further, the local
population of coastal areas of the country have significantly faced several disasters, in the shape ofearthquake, tsunami, typhoons of 2004-2007 and Yemyin Cyclone which brought huge destruction on
the coast of Balochistan and Sindh. Due to presence of Arabian Sea, Indian ocean and Gulf of Oman
near to Makran subduction Zone (MSZ), and past events in this region are predicting the big earthquake
and tsunami can hit the coastal belt of Pakistan at any time. As per the expert, the fault line is only 100
km away from Gwadar, and a huge amount of energy has been stored in this fault line which can abruptly
reach to the coast and can bring a huge amount of destruction.
After the 2004 tsunami in the Indian ocean, the government has taken some serious initiatives
for tsunami hazards and risk mitigation. Pakistan has fabricated the Disaster Risk Reduction policy anddeveloped guidelines for responding to the earthquake and tsunami in the coastal areas of the country
but it requires more focus as the Japanese government is dealing with the tsunami. This section
recommends earthquake and tsunami risk assessment and proactive measures for making the coast as
disaster resilient. Being a prone state for earthquake and tsunami, Pakistan is in process of making
policy towards earthquake and tsunami with the support of UNDP which will be further implemented
at national/provincial and district level. It will also enhance the resilience of coastal communities tolivelihood opportunities. The policy will cover Gwadar, Lasbela, Malir, Keamari, Ketti Bander andKarachi district. The following are some remedial measures which can be helpful / supportive to reduce
threats and impacts of earthquake and tsunami vulnerabilities in the coastal areas of Pakistan;--

To detect the earthquake and subsequent local tsunami vulnerabilities in between hazards and risk
assessment along the coastline in a well-defined manner.
To ensure the usage of tide gauge, deep ocean buoys and other capabilities (International/ National
information system to gather more data in terms of tsunami).
Later, the data should be used by the experts for analyzing and forecasting the tsunami threat in theregion.
It is also very important that accurate warnings should be disseminated among all stakeholders
including community and all line enforcement agencies for a quick response.
Identification of mitigative measures which involve long term action that reduce the risk to humanlife and property from tsunami hazards.
A well-defined plan with clear objectives to make the community resilient against earthquake andtsunami be launched and awareness sessions must be increased in the said region.
Scientific approaches, research-based studies along with social efforts for improving the better
understanding of tsunami risk assessment, predictions, warnings and reducing the tsunami hazards
must be appreciated at all levels.
The most important thing is to strengthen the coordination among all stakeholders, counterparts’organizations and sign an agreement to reduce the common threats & impacts of earthquake andtsunami. a54

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Pakistan http://drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami1945Pakistan.html
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https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10090372
3. Rashidi A. Numerical Simulation and Hazard Assessment of the effect of Tsunamigenic scenarios
on the western Makran Region using Structural Detection Restoration Ph.D., Thesis, Universityof Tehran, Iran, 2018.https://scholar.google.co.jp/citations
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(Tokyo: Springer, 2016). http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et.bitstream,2016
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Serious Damage from A Large Scale Disaster: Studying The Kumamoto Earthquake in 2016",
Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 1 (2018): 199-204. http://www.jstage.go.jp
7. Dealing with local Tsunami on Pakistan Coast. By Ghazala Naeem http://www.intechopen.com
8. Marc Audi and Amjad Ali, "Socio-Economic Development, Demographic Changes and Total
Labor Productivity in Pakistan: A Co-Integrational and Decomposition Analysis", Journal of
Academy of Business and Economics 17, no. 2 (2017): 7-24 http:// mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de
9. Arshad Ali, Somana Riaz and Shahid Iqbal, "Deforestation and Its Impacts On Climate Change
an Overview of Pakistan", Papers on Global Change IGBP 21, no. 1 (2014): 26-32.
http://bibliotekamuki.pl
10. Atta-ur- Rahman, Disaster Risk Reduction Approaches in Pakistan, 1st ed. (Tokyo: Springer
Verlag, JAPAN, 2016). Http://www.amazon.co.jp
11. Rajib Shaw, Juan M Pulhin and Joy J Pereira, Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction, 1st ed. (Bingley, UK: Emerald, 2010). http://www.nlb.gov.sb
12. Zubair Ahmed, "Disaster Risks and Disaster Management Policies and Practices in Pakistan: A
Critical Analysis of Disaster Management Act 2010 Of Pakistan", International Journal ofDisaster Risk Reduction 4, no. 3 (2013): 15-20. http://www.sciencdirect.com
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Authority (PDMA) And Asian Development Bank (ADB): Evidence from Pakistan", Advances in
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Sage Publications India Pvt, Ltd., 2015). http://readersend.com
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Verlag, JAPAN, 2016). http://jica.go.jp
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17. Gwader Disaster Risk Management Plan, 2008, http://cms.ndma.gov.pk
18. National Disaster Risk Management Plan 2022-2030, http://www.dmc.gov.ik
19. Provincial Disaster Management Authority, rules of Business 2012 http://www.pdma.gob.pk
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1.

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[Acknowledgement]
Disaster Risk management is not a stand-alone process, rather it’s a collaborative effort. Disaster
Risk Reduction is the most challenging task in the disaster management process. Prevention andPreparedness must be imbibed as a culture in the society, if disaster risk management must be successful.
However, in most cases it’s an uphill task for disaster managers who try to build a culture of safety inthe society despite adversity and challenges. The task is more tedious when the target group is large.
Japan is known for its disaster management practices and most of the global DRR frameworks havebeen adopted in this country. Therefore, it is quite exciting for me to be a part of the Visiting Researcher
Program of ADRC, Japan for the FY-2022. I sincerely thank the Ministry of Climate Change, Govt. ofPakistan, Govt. of Japan, Govt. of Balochistan and the Asian Disaster Reduction Centre, Japan for
accepting my research topic and giving me the opportunity for doing the research.
I would like to convey my deep sense of gratitude towards the Cabinet Office, Japan, Hyogo
Prefecture Government office, IRP, Educational institutions (Kyoto & Nagoya University), the private
entities and the other DRR organizations of Japan that helped me in fruitful conduct of my research.
During my stay in Japan, I had an opportunity to visit different cultural heritages, DRR structural, nonstructural materials, Tsunami tide gages, various waves gates installed in different ocean to countertsunami, drills/ mock exercises etc. which provided a learning experience for me as I was a part of thecommunity of Chuo ward and could discern how warnings are disseminated in case of emergencies,
how disaster is managed and the way people cope with the disaster as well as resilience of infrastructures(communication, electricity etc.) are striking examples for me.
Last but not the least, I am grateful to the ADRC staff who arranged several site visits andfacilitated my learning. Special thanks to Mr. Sashara Akio as Executive Director, Mr. Arakida Masaru,
Ms. Miki Kodama, Ms. Nakamura San, Dr. Gerald Potutan, Mr. Yamaguchi Naoki, Mr. Ikeda Makoto
as Mentors, and Mr. Kawahara san, without their efforts it won’t have been possible for me to complete
the program and compile this report.
I am also thankful to my VR colleagues Ms. Mi Mi TUN (Myanmar), Ms. Sophita Thanyalkmetha(Thailand), Ms. Ani Gevorgyan (Armenia), Mr. Pravin Bhagwantrao Dhat (India), Ms. Thai Minh
Huong (Vietnam), Ms. Ariuntungalag Batjargal (Mongolia) and Ms. Fujimoto San, Kobe for theircooperation during the stay. I hope this research work will be useful for me in my career as disastermanagers and to the Provincial Disaster Management Authority, Government of Balochistan,
Government of Pakistan and Government of Japan.

56