TITLE OF RESEARCH PROJECT
Investigation on the Occurrence of PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs in Cisadane Riverof Banten Province, Indonesia
PROJECT MEMBERS
NameFuzi Suciati

Affiliation
BRIN Indonesia

Position
Principal
Investigator

Agus

BRIN Indonesia

MemberDwindrata
Basuki
Aviantara

BRIN Indonesia

MemberSusi Sulistia

BRIN Indonesia

MemberDedeEhime University Postdoc.
Researcher

Sudaryanto

Falahudin
LaMer Faculty
member incharge

Contribution partResearch
designing,
sampling, analysis,
report writing,paper manuscript
preparation
Researchdesigning,
sampling, analysis,
paper manuscript
preparationResearch
designing,
sampling, reportwriting, paper
manuscript
preparation
Sampling, analysis,
paper manuscript
preparation
Analysis, paper
manuscript
preparation

Prof. Shin Takahashi

PROJECT PURPOSES
The purposes of this study are to determine PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs in water
ecosystem of Cisadane River in order:a) to understand the occurrence and distribution of PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs
in the Cisadane River, andb) to estimate the potential health risk of PCBs and dioxin-like PCB to human inrelating with public utilization of Cisadane River.
This study will comprehensively provide information on large number of PCBs
congeners parameters and serve to enrich the inventory of PCBs and dioxin-like
PCBs on a global scale, elucidate whether public are at risk, and identify potential
PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs sources in the country, which will provide importantdata for decision makers. Beside determination of PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs,
3 / 10this study is also aimed at conducting survey in order to collect additional samples
of environmental matrices in selective sensitive area(s) for further environmental
contaminants of concern.
METHODS
Sampling and Sample
The study combined sampling survey and laboratory analysis. The collected
samples were sediment and fish taken from the Cisadane River representing
upstream, middle, and lower reaches of the river. In each of the watershedsegment will be evaluated the presence of PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs. The
determination of sampling sites referred to observation station location built by
the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) as shown in Figure 1. Thereare 14 water quality monitoring stations along the channel of Cisadane River.
Samples of the upstream part were taken at the Empang Bogor Dam and thedownstream part were taken at the Cisadane River Monitoring Post in Tangerang
City. For the middle part samples were taken by purposive sampling based on
the situation in the field.

Figure 1. Map showing sampling area for PCBs and dl-PCBs
Target Chemicals and Analyses
The target environmental pollutants to be evaluated in Cisadane River ecosystem
are total polychlorinated biphenyls (Table 1) with special attention of dioxin-like
PCBs consisted of 13 congeners (Table 2). Up to the present no research ondioxin-like PCBs has been carried out for Cisadane River.

4 / 10Table1 Total PCBs congeners
Chlorinated number
1Congener
CB-1
CB-3
CB-10, CB-4

2

CB-8
CB-15

3CB-18, CB-19
CB-22, CB-28, CB-33, CB-37
CB-54
CB-44, CB-49, CB-52

4CB-70, CB-74
CB-81
CB-77
CB-104
CB-95
CB-87, CB-99, CB-101, CB-119

5CB-110, CB-123
CB-118
CB-114
CB-105
CB-126
CB-155
CB-149, CB-151, CB-153, CB-168
CB-138, CB-158

6CB-128, CB-167
CB-156
CB-157
CB-169CB-188
CB-171, CB-177, CB-178, CB-180,

7CB-183, CB-187, CB-191
CB-170CB-189

8CB-194, CB-199, CB-202, CB-201
CB-205

9CB-206, CB-208

10CB-209

5 / 10Table 2 Special attention Dioxin-like PCBs
Type
Non-ortho
Mono-ortho

Di-ortho

BZ number77
126
169
105
114
118
123
156
157
167
189
170
180

Congener
IUPAC name3,3',4,4'-TCB
3,3',4,4',5-PeCB
3,3',4,4',5,5'-HxCB
2,3,3',4,4'-PeCB
2,3,4,4',5-PeCB
2,3',4,4' ,5-PeCB
2',3,4,4',5-PeCB
2,3,3',4,4',5-HxCB
2,3,3',4,4',5'-HxCB
2,3',4,4',5,5'-HxCB
2,3,3',4,4' ,5,5'-HpCB
2,2' ,3,3',4,4' ,5-HpCB
2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-HpCB

TEF
0,00050,1
0,01
0,00010,00050,00010,00010,00050,00050,000010,00010,00010,00001

The chemicals analysis was conducted at Center of Advanced Technology for theEnvironment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Japan
under collaboration technical laboratory analysis by Mr. Dede Falahudin andsupervised by Prof. Shin Takahashi. Samples would be extracted according toestablished Method.
RESULTS
Sampling
Sampling to obtain representative environmental samples in Cisadane River
including sediment and fish were carried out using purposive sampling technique.
Then 5 subsampling’s were composited for each single location as shown inFigure 1. Sampling campaign were conducted during 9-29 May 2023. All thesamples were stored in the Laboratory of Center of Advanced Technology for theEnvironment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University. Figure 2
shows the sampling activities in the Cisadane watershed. Table 3 shows samples
and sampling locations conducted at Cisadane River.

Figure 2. Sampling activity

6 / 10Table 3 Samples and sampling locations conducted at Cisadane River.
NoID

Location Name

Latitudinal

Date

Samples1

CSD 1

Muara Jaya, Bogor (Upstream)

6°43'17.3"S 106°48'57.8"E 09/05/2023

Sediment, Fish2

CSD 2

Pancasan, Bogor (Upstream)

6°36'19.8"S 106°47'32.8"E 09/05/2023

Sediment, Fish

3

CSD3

Brajamustika, Bogor (Upstream)

6°34'59.5"S 106°46'33.5"E 09/05/2023

Sediment

4

CSD 4

Yasmin, Bogor (Upstream)

6°34'01.3"S 106°45'38.5"E 09/05/2023

Sediment, Fish5

CSD 5

Rumpin, Bogor (Upstream)

6°28'24.9"S 106°40'04.3"E 29/05/2023

Sediment

6CSD 66°20'46.7"S 106°38'57.4"E 26/05/2023

Sediment

Kranggan, South Tangerang(Middle)
6°18'40.5"S7

CSD 7Cisauk, South Tangerang (Middle)

29/05/2023

Sediment

6°15'32.8"S 106°38'52.1"E 29/05/2023

Sediment

106°39'27.19"E8

CSD 8Cihuni, South Tangerang (Middle)

9

CSD 9

Kebon Nanas, Tangerang (Middle) 6°13'01.8"S 106°37'43.3"E 23/05/2023

10

CSD 10 Cikokol, Tangerang (Middle)

6°12'05.3"S 106°37'26.0"E 23/05/2023

Sediment, Fish11

CSD 11 Robinson, Tangerang (Middle)

6°10'32.6"S 106°37'45.5"E 23/05/2023

Sediment

12

CSD 12 Ps. Baru, Tangerang (Middle)

6°09'38.9"S 106°37'46.1"E 16/05/2023

Sediment, Fish

13

CSD 13 Kelor, Tangerang (Downstream)

6°06'57.8"S 106°37'55.1"E 16/05/2023

Sediment, Fish

14

CSD 14 K. Baru, Tangerang (Downstream) 6°03'42.7"S 106°38'00.0"E 16/05/2023

Sediment, Fish

15

CSD 15

Sediment, Fish

Tl. Naga, Tangerang
6°03'10.7"S 106°38'03.9"E 16/05/2023

Sediment, Fish(Downstream)

Result of Laboratory Analysis
Up to the present the majority analysed samples for PCBs were sediments. For
the fish samples are still on preparation for laboratory analysis. Results of thelaboratory analysis on PCBs in sediment samples collected from Cisadane Riverare shown in the Table 4. PCBs were detected in all the sediment samples
analyzed with total PCBs concentration ranged from 0.046-0.41 ng/g dry wt.
Relatively higher concentration of PCBs were found in the middle than in theupper part of Cisadane River in particular for locations across to South Tangerangand Tangerang City where high anthropogenic activities are known. The levels ofPCBs detected in the present study were relatively similar in the range of thosesediments collected from several rivers in Surabaya City, Indonesia, i.e. 0.29 –6.1 ng/g dry wt. (Ilyas et al., 2011). However, the levels were still lower than thoseof reported sediments from some Asian countries such as Tonghui River, Beijing(3.3 ng/g dry wt.; Zhang et al., 2004), and Sai Gon-Dong Nai River, Vietnam (6.8ng/g dry wt., Minh et al., 2007).
As for PCBs profile, the proportion of PCBs homolog as presented in Figure 3
shows demonstrated variation among sampling locations. For instance, hexaCBs were detected in all sampling locations, whereas other homolog of PCBs
7 / 10were detected at some locations. Large variation of PCBs homolog were detected
at downstream of the river (mono- to octa-CBs) compared to the upstream (monoto hexa-CBS). Generally, the downstream sediments were composed of lower
PCBs homolog particularly tri-CBs as the dominant type, whereas the upstream
part of the river by higher PCBs homolog, particularly hexa-CBs. Considering that
sediment acts as a repository of environmental contaminants and PCB profiles in
sediment generally resemble to origin sources, then the variation of PCBs
homolog within the river segment may indicate variation in use of technicalformulation of PCBs in the study area. Further analysis of the remaining samples(n=5) would make clear the spatial variation of PCBs in the sediment of Cisadane
River. Following the findings further analysis of PCBs in the collected biota would
be important for bioaccumulation nature of these compounds as well as further
assessment to human risk.
Table 4. Results of PCBs analysis of Cisadane River sediment
Sampling location

PCBs level (ng/g dry wt)

CSD 1
CSD 2
CSD 3
CSD 4
CSD 5
CSD 6
CSD 7

0.046
0.045
0.072
0.049
0.250
0.410
0.290

CSD 8
CSD 9
CSD 10
CSD 11
CSD 12
CSD 13
CSD 14–
0.290
0.360
4.36
1.49
2.77
6.40

8 / 10CSD-10

Mono-CBs
Di-CBs
Tri-CBs
Tetra-CBs
Penta-CBs
Hexa-CBs
Hepta-CBs
Octa-CBs
Nona-CBs
Deca-CB

CSD-09
CSD-07
CSD-06
CSD-05
CSD-04
CSD-03
CSD-02
CSD-01

0%

20%

40%
60%
80%
Percentage to total PCBs

100%Figure 3. PCBs homolog proportion found in each sampling point
In order to provide an ecotoxicological aspect of sediment contamination, thenconcentrations of detected PCBs were compared to available sediment quality
guidelines (SQGs) for fresh water ecosystems such as probable effect level (PEL)
which represents the concentration above which adverse effects on aquatic biota
are likely to occur, and interim sediment quality guideline standards (ISQGS). The
two guidelines are proposed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment(CCME, 2002). Findings of the current analysis of Cisadane River sediments
demonstrated that none of collected samples exceeded the Canadian sedimentquality guidelines, PEL value (277 ng/g dry wt.) for the protection of aquatic biotaand ISQGS (34.1 ng/g dry wt.).
FUTURE CHALLENGES
There is variation of PCBs concentrations as well as homolog profiles in thesediment of Cisadane River, which may suggest variation in amount of sources
input as well as type of technical commercial of utilized PCBs. Further analysisof PCBs in the remaining samples (n=5) would make clear the spatial variation ofPCBs in the sediment of Cisadane River. Furthermore, analysis of PCBs in thecollected biota would be important for bioaccumulation nature of this compound
as well as further assessment of human health risk. Considering that there aremany substances that are listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention thenfurther analysis on POPs contaminants is of concern. For example, there has
been concern for PFAS that listed as POPs under Stockholm Convention, which
also Indonesia priority of concern. Through LaMer Call for Proposal for FY 2024,
by utilizing of water samples collected during 2023 from the Cisadane River,characterizing of PFAS in this ecosystem is proposed.

9 / 10References
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), 2001. Canadian sediment quality
guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: introduction.
Ilyas, M., Sudaryanto, A., Setiawan, I.E., Riyadi, A.S., Isobe,T., Takahashi, S., Tanabe, S.
(2011). Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame
retardants in sediments from riverine and coastal waters of Surabaya, Indonesia. ,62(1), 89–98. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.006
Minh, N.H., Minh, T.B., Iwata, H., Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Takahashi, S., Viet, P.H., (...), Tanabe,S. (2007). Persistent organic pollutants in sediments from Sai Gon-Dong Nai Riverbasin, Vietnam: Levels and temporal trends. Archives of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology 52 (4), pp. 458-465
Zhang, Z., Huang, J., Yu, G., Hong, H. 2004. Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine
pesticides in the Tonghui River of Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution 130 (2), pp.
249-261.

10 / 10