(3) Lectures "Protecting Lives: Lessons learned and Future prospects"
1) Views for Post-2015: Achievements and Challenges in the Field of Disaster Risk Reduction
Mr. Sálvano Briceño, Chair of theScience Committee, Integrated Researchon Disaster Risk and Former Director ofUN International Strategy for DisasterReduction reiterated that the trend ofincreasing natural disasters is not due
to the increase in natural phenomena andhazards but due to the increase invulnerability of society. Traditionally,societies have been focused on preparing
for response to disaster. However, there
is an urgent need to focus on risk
reduction, i.e. addressing the vulnerabilities that are the main causes of disaster. Thesevulnerabilities include poorly constructed and located buildings, ecosystem and natural
resource depletion, lack of risk awareness and risk governance institutions andaccountability. Then, universities are still training professionals of different
disciplines in a fragmented manner rather than with integrated and holistic approaches.
These problems led to the creation of the topic of “disaster risk reduction” (DRR) and thelaunch in 2000 of the United Nationals International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR).
ISDR is a conceptual framework aimed at building disaster-resilient communities byincreasing awareness of disaster reduction’s importance as an integral component ofsustainable development, with the goal of reducing human, social, economic andenvironmental losses due to natural hazards and related technological and environmental
disasters.
ISDR was launched as a successor to the International Decade on Natural Disaster Reduction(IDNDR) from 1990 to 1999. In 2005 the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was adopted by 168
Member States of the United Nations at the World Disaster Reduction Conference. The HFA
is a 10-year plan to make the world safer from natural hazards. ISDR is now preparing forthe third World Disaster Reduction Conference in 2015 where a post-Hyogo regime will beadopted. The HFA set up the basis for risk-governance mechanisms; however, governments arestill in the early stages of developing them and there is a need to strengthen them as apolicy priority. That governance needs to include accountability, transparency andparticipatory approaches. DRR also needs to be recognized not only in the climate change
adaptation process but also as the first step before adaptation can take place in all othersectors. DRR is also an essential requirement in the next phase of the Millennium Development
Goals (MDG). Environmental policies need to include formal recognition of DRR as anessential ecosystem service. There is also a need for greater awareness of the importanceof safety in all buildings, which can only be achieved through greater high-level
leadership.
Because the academic world is at the origin of the problem through the fragmentation ofeducation of professional disciplines, the Integrated Research on Disaster Risk program
was launched aiming to have the scientific community develop more integrated approaches

to understanding risk in research and in education.

2) Long-Period Ground Motion as a New Urban Threat
Mr. Kazuki Koketsu, Professor at theEarthquake Research Institute of theUniversityofTokyo

explainedthat

long-period ground motion (LPGM) has
become an important issue due to therecent rapid increase in number oflarge-scale structures, and it can also
affect base-isolated buildings. Large
subduction-zone

earthquakes

andmoderate to large crustal earthquakes
can generate far-source LPGM in distantsedimentary basins through path effects,
while near-fault LPGM is mostly generated through the source effects of rupture directivity.
Far-source LPGM consists primarily of surface waves with a longer duration than that ofnear-fault LPGM. Unlike short-period ground motion, LPGM can only be predicted throughnumerical simulation.
The Japanese government’s Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (HERP) set up theSection for Subsurface Velocity Structures (SSVS). Numerous institutions constructedvelocity structure models across Japan, and SVSS has begun a three-year project to update
those models for LPGM hazard maps. These maps are being created through numerical simulation.
The updated models will be combined into a Japan integrated velocity structure model.
Velocity structure models control the accuracy of LPGM hazard maps more than source models.
A velocity structure consists of three parts, called the “surface soil layers,” the “deepsedimentary layers” and “crustal structure deeper than the seismic basement.” Surface soillayers do not affect LPGM as much as the other two parts, so the focus is on the two parts
that are lower than the engineering bedrock. The use of accretionary wedges has been shown
to be very important in developing a velocity structure model for LPGM. For the final
difference algorithm, numerical simulation requires the velocity structure topography to
be flattened, and the “squashing” method—pushing topographical features from above sea
level to below sea level—has been shown to be superior to “bulldozing” or removing thosefeatures.
To date, three wide-area 1st grade models have been developed. The performance of the modelfor Tokai and Tonankai earthquakes was tested by comparing simulations against data recorded
for the 1944 Tonankai earthquake, and showed a good agreement. The results have been
published and have been incorporated into the third edition of a television program

MegaQuake by NHK.

3) Structural Design Requirement on the Tsunami Evacuation Buildings
Mr. Hiroshi Fukuyama, Director of theDepartment of Structural Engineering at
BRI explained that his lecture would
first cover the categorization of damage
to buildings caused by tsunami, and would
thenconsider

requirements

forstructuraltsunami

designevacuationbuildings. In the Great East Japan
Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011, the cityof Rikuzentakata was hit by tsunami waves
15 meters high. Most of the wooden
structures were washed away, while mostreinforced concrete (RC) buildings remained structurally intact. That said, several RC
buildings suffered severe damage. The first example is the total collapse of a two-story
structure when the tsunami load exceeded the horizontal resistance capacity of the building.
Second, the first story of a two-story structure collapsed when tsunami pressure on thesecond story propagated to the first story. Third, a building overturned due to a highbuoyancy and insufficient building weight. In cases such as this, pile foundations can beused to increase resistance to overturning; however, even some buildings with pilefoundations overturned. Accumulated air pockets under floor slabs increase buoyancy, whichshould be considered in structural design. The fourth example is the deformation of walls
through failure of shear walls and columns to resist aftershocks and secondary tsunami.
Fifth is tilting due to scouring at the corner of a building by strong whirling streamsof the tsunami. Sixth is sliding, which can be avoided by utilizing pile foundations. Seventh
is impact by debris causing shear wall failures and debris entering buildings.
Turning to damage to steel buildings, failure of exposed column bases and column top
connections was quite frequent, resulting in upper structures being washed away. In othercases, although the exterior finishing survived almost intact, tsunami load and buoyancy
caused overturning. Most steel buildings entirely lost the exterior and interior finishing,with only the skeleton remaining. However there was a large residual deflection.
Based on these examples, BRI’s Department of Structural Engineering reviewed 2005 structuraldesign requirements for tsunami evacuation buildings. Where no high ground is available
for tsunami evacuation, tsunami evacuation buildings should be constructed on the highest
ground for quick evacuation, particularly in coastal areas. The study reviewed the influence
on resistance of building height, defense, and distance from the sea. The targets for thestructural design of tsunami evacuation buildings are to not collapse, overturn or slide.
Structural design to meet those targets is based on calculations incorporating tsunamipressure and load, story shear force and buoyancy. BRI strongly hopes that the proposed
structural design method will accelerate the construction of tsunami evacuation buildings
for protecting lives from tsunami disasters.

4) The Importance of Collaboration for Complementary Research in the Field of Earthquake
Engineering—An Example SAFECAST Project in Europe
Mr. Faruk Karadoğan, Professor andformer Rector of Istanbul TechnicalUniversity (ITU) told participants that
hewould

providesomebackgroundinformation in order to then be able topose a question.
Collaboration

andcomplimentaryresearch is important in structural
engineering and research topics. Turkey
has

engagedinthreesuccessive

collaborative projects in Europe. The
first two, ECOLEADER and PRECAST EC8
aimed to quantify the ductility capacity of precast concrete structures compared to
cast-in-situ concrete structures. The outcome confirmed that precast frames and buildings
can exhibit ductile behavior comparable to cast-in-situ structures. However, it was clear
from the findings that the deformability of the floor system, and in particular the actual
design of the connections between the floor/deck system and the vertical columns, was not
fully understood and therefore difficult to model correctly for the numerical studies usedin design of precast buildings structures.
The SAFECAST project emerged from these two projects, as a consortium of RTD providers and
SME associations from Italy, Spain, Portugal, Turkey and Greece. The project aimed to fill
the gap in knowledge of seismic behavior of precast pre-stressed structures, with specificreference to connections, deformability and interaction between precast and cast-in-situ
elements. Further, the project aimed to develop reliable numerical tools, and to codify
new criteria for the design of precast structures in seismic regions exploiting theproperties of connection devices. A series of monotonic, cyclic and shaking-table tests
werecarriedouton

connection

devices,

jointsandsubassemblies.

Large-scale

pseudo-dynamic testing was carried out on single-story and multi-story frames. Numericalsimulation was employed to verify adequate numerical models.
SAFECAST was completed in March 2012 with the publication of the Design Guidelines forConnections of Precast Structures under Seismic Actions. In conclusion, the outcome
demonstrates the importance of regional cooperation, as well as the need for increased
budgets for cooperative projects. Local administrative bodies and peoples should be engaged
to satisfy the local needs.
Five years previously, at the UNESCO kick-off meeting, it had been said that there aresufficient laboratories, training centers and trained students around the world, and it
was time to increase the cooperation of these institutions by linking local and individual
efforts together. Mr. Karadoğan concluded by asking whether IPRED can be improved to be
an organization that can coordinate predefined collaborative projects.

5) Question and Answer Session
Question for Mr. Fukuyama: In your study, why did you determine that a distance of 500
meters from the coastline is considered safe? When determining inundation depth and pressure,is it not necessary to also take into account the topographical shape and height of theground? In cases of very low ground, what building height should be considered safe forrefuge in case of tsunami?
Mr. Fukuyama: Topographical conditions were outside of the scope of our study. Based onlimited data we considered 500 meters from the coastline to be a safe distance; however,
we do not have definitive data. Going forward we will continue to improve our design methods.
We recommend a building height of at least two stories above the inundated stories, andthose stories must have flooring.