SRI LANKA
1. General Information
1.1. Geography
Sri Lanka is an island country located in the Indian Ocean.
Total land area is about 65,610 square kilometers. The
central part of the southern half of the island ismountainous with heights more than 2.5 Km. The coreregions of the central highlands contain many complex
topographical features such as ridges, peaks, plateaus,basins, valleys and escarpments. The remainder of theisland is practically flat except for several small hills thatrise abruptly in the lowlands. These topographical features(Figure 1) strongly affect the spatial patterns of winds,seasonal rainfall, temperature, relative humidity (RH) andother climatic elements, particularly during the monsoon
season.

Sri Lanka's highest Mountain is Pidurutalagala which is2,524 meters in height and the elevation map of Sri Lanka
shows in (Figure2). Most of the island's surface consists ofplains between 30 and 200 meters above sea level.
Hundred and three rivers in the Central Highlands andflow in a radial pattern toward the sea. Most of theserivers are short. There are 16 principal rivers longer than
100 kilometers in length, with twelve of them carrying
about 75% of the mean river discharge in the entire
country.The longest rivers are the Mahaweli Ganga (335km) and the Aruvi Aru (170 km). The river system map of
Sri Lanka shows in (Figure 3), in the highlands, rivercourses are frequently broken by discontinuities in theterrain, and where they encounter escarpments,
numerous waterfalls and rapids have eroded a passage.
Once they reach the plain, the rivers slow down and thewaters meander across flood plains and deltas. The upper
reaches of the rivers are wild and usually un-navigable,
and the lower reaches are prone to seasonal flooding.
Human intervention has altered the flows of some rivers inorder to create hydroelectric, irrigation, andtransportation projects. In the north, east, and southeast,
the rivers feed numerous artificial lakes or reservoirs(tanks) that store water during the dry season. More than
90% of Sri Lanka's surface lies on Precambrian strata,
some of it dating back 2 billion years. The granulites faces
rocks of the Highland Series (gneisses, sillimanite-graphite
gneisses, quartzite, marbles, and some charnokites) makeup most of the island and the amphibolites gneisses,
granites, and granitic gneisses of the Vinjayan Series occur
in the eastern and southeastern lowlands.

Fig1.showing the topographical map of Sri Lanka

Fig2.showing the elevation map of Sri Lanka

Fig1.showing the topographicalFig3.showing
map of Sri Lanka theelevation map of Sri
Fig3.showin
g

Lanka
the

elevation
map of Sri1.2 Climate

Fig.04. Agro-Geological map of Sri Lanka

Due to the location of Sri Lanka, within the tropics between 5o 55' to 9o 51' North latitude and between
79o 42' to 81o 53' East longitude, the climate of the island could be characterized as tropical. The Climateof Sri Lanka is dominated by the above mentioned topographical features of the country and theSouthwest and Northeast monsoons regional scale wind regimes. The Climate experienced during 12months period in Sri Lanka can be characterized in to 4 climate seasons (Figure 3) as follows.
1. First Inter-monsoon Season - March - April
2. Southwest monsoon season - May - September
3. Second Inter-monsoon season - October - November
4. Northeast monsoon season - December - February
Due to increase of global warming and climate change scenarios above mentioned time period has slightly
been changed. The rainfall pattern is influenced by the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean and Bay of
Bengal and is marked by four seasons. The mean annual rainfall varies from under 900mm in the driest
parts (southeastern and northwestern) to over 5000mm in the wettest parts (western slopes of thecentral highlands) (Figure 4). Sometimes tropical cyclones bring overcast skies and rains to the southwest,
northeast, and eastern parts of the island. The average yearly temperature for the country, as a whole,ranges from 26° C to 28° C.

1.3 Demography

Percentage disttribution of populationby ethnicity, 2001
5.10%

7.90%

0.70%

Sinhalese

4.30%

Tamil
82%

Indian Tamil
SL MoorAccording to the last population census held in 2011 the whole population of the country was 21,045,222
while being 50.66 females and rest was males. As the ethnic groups in the country Sinhalese 82.0%, Sri
Lankan Moors 7.9%, Indian Tamil 5.1%, Sri Lankan Tamil 4.3%, other 0.7% (2001 census provisional data)
Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% note: English,
spoken competently by about 10% of the population, is commonly used in government and is referred toas the link language in the constitution
The Sinhalese make up 74.9% of the population (according to 2012 census) and are concentrated in thedensely populated south-west and central parts of the Island. The Sri Lanka Tamils live predominantly inthe north-east of the island forming the largest minority group at 11.2% (according to the 2012 census) of
the population.
The Moors, who descend from Arab traders that settled in Sri Lanka, form the third largest ethnic group at
9.2% of the population. They are mostly concentrated in urban areas in the southern parts of the islandwith substantial populations in the Central and Eastern provinces. During times of Portuguesecolonization, Moors were persecuted, and many forced to retreat to the central highlands and the eastern
coast. There are also Indian Tamils who form distinct ethnic group which comprises 4.2% of the
population. The British brought them to Sri Lanka in the 19th century as tea and rubber plantation
workers, and they remain concentrated in the "tea country" of south-central Sri Lanka. In accordance witha 1964 agreement with India, Sri Lanka granted citizenship to 230,000 "stateless" Indian Tamils in 1988.
Under the pact, India granted citizenship to the remainder, some 200,000 of whom now live in India.
Another 75,000 Indian Tamils, who themselves or whose parents once applied for Indian citizenship, now
wish to remain in Sri Lanka. The government has stated these Tamils will not be forced to return to India,
although they are not technically citizens of Sri Lanka.
Smaller minorities include the Malays who descent from South East Asian settlers, and the Burghers, who
are descendants of European colonists, principally from Portugal, the Netherlands and the UK. (Wikipedia)

1.4 History of Sri Lanka
History of Sri Lanka begins around 30,000 years ago when the island was first inhabited. The Chronicles,
including the Mahawansa, the Dipawansa the Chulawansa and the Rajawaliya, record events from therd
beginnings of the Sinhalese monarchy in the 6th century BC. The Buddhism was introduced in the 3
century BC by Arhath Mahinda (son of the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great). The European Colonialisttharrived in the 16 century and disestablishment of the monarchy in 1815. The Portuguese arrived in 1505
and ruled a part of the country’s coastal Area. Then the Dutch rule Lasted from 1656 to 1796 and ruled apart of the country. The British ruled the country from 1796 to1948. However by a peaceful process and constitutional evolution, Sri Lanka won back her independence
in 1948 and is now a sovereign republic. In 1983 a civil war was started and it ended in 2009.

2 Natural Hazards in the Country.
2.1 Natural Hazards likely to affect the country
Over the past few decades disaster losses in Sri Lanka have increased substantially. The country is prone
to natural disasters caused by floods, cyclones, landslides, droughts and coastal erosion withincreasing instances of environmental pollution related hazards. The d e v a s t a t i o n caused by the
Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 h a s highlighted that Sri Lanka also vulnerable to tsunami. Except tsunami,
Sri Lanka is affected by different kind of natural hazards such a s floods, droughts, cyclones, land slights
and coastal erosion. Other localized hazards include lightning strikes, epidemics, high winds, fires and wild
elephant attacks. Figure 5 shows the loss of human Lives due to disasters from 1974 to 2008 in the
country.
Loss of life due to disasters from 1974-2008

2.55%
2.69%
1.22%
0.25%
2.37%
90.08%

TsunamiDrought
Extrim wind event
Flood
Fire
Landslide

Figure.05. the loss of human lives due to disasters from 1974 to 2008 in the country.

Table 1 shows the disaster Impact in Sri Lanka by all hazards from 1974 to 2008. Number of people
affected due to disasters by district wise from 1974 to 2008 is shown in the Figure 6 and Number ofpeople died due to disasters by district wise from 1974 to 2008 is shown in the Figure 7.

Figure.06.people affected due to disasters
Spatial distribution: 1974 -2008

Table 01 impact of the human life by disaster from 1974 to 2008

Figure.07. Loss of life due to disasters
Spatial distribution: 1974 -2008

2.2 Hazard Profile of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka being a small island in the Indian Ocean in the path of two monsoons is mostly affected byweather related hazards. Floods mostly due to monsoonal rain or effects of low pressure systems anddroughts due to failure of monsoonal rain are the most common hazards experienced in Sri Lanka. In
2009, Disaster Management Centre (DMC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
initiated a hazard profiles development process in collaboration with the relevant technical agencies,
which are responsible for disaster mitigation activities of the country. Hence, it was decided to developnine hazard profiles of the country namely; Coastal Erosion, Drought, Floods, Landslides, Lightning, Sea
Level Rise, Storm Surge, Tropical Cyclone and Tsunami.

Figure.08. affected no of people during recent past for different disaster2.3. M a j o r D i s a s t e r s
The tsunami on 26th of December 2004 was the biggest havoc the Sri Lanka has ever faced. The
southern, western, eastern and northern coastal belt was prone that tsunami event. It was almost thetwo third of Sri Lanka’s coastal belt. More than30,959 people were killed while 5,644 people were missing and around
100,000 houses had been completely destroyed. A number of 500,669 people were displaced. The
Figure 8 shows the tsunami affected area of the country. Figure 9 and Figure 10 shows two pictures oftsunamiFigure.09. impact of tsunami calamity

Figure .10 Tsunami affected areas in Sri Lanka

In past, 1957 flood considered as the severe flood occurred in Sri Lanka. After 2003 was the severe flood
created great impact of Sri Lankans. Due to that catastrophic event, floods as well as landslides were
occurred in many parts of the country. Reported human deaths were 369 while 123 people were injured.
Thirty thee people were reported missing and 756027 were affected. 8652 houses were completely
destroyed and 26942 houses were damaged partiallyFigure.11 Flood impact in some districts in Sri Lanka

In 2010 and 2011 again with foods and landslides 26 people were died and 19 people were injured.
Completely destroyed houses were 1196

while 7281

houses were partially damaged and 1165618

people were affected. Except the above mentioned major disaster events lots of people were affected
and big economic lost was occurred by the droughts, wild elephant attacks and other small scale disasterevents in June 2014 due to landslides and cutting failure 36 people died after unprecedented rain morethan 300mm within few hours. Due to bad practices of land use and anthropogenic activities, the cutting
failures had been created. Recently National Building Research Organization (NBRO) has introduced therules and regulation system with building codes for general public specially for landslide prone areas
unawareness and ignorance, and political interference those policies are not implemented smoothly.
Figure 11 shows the recent flood impact in some districts

Drought
One of the major disasters which severely impair food production is agricultural drought. Unlike otherdisasters it is a slow onset natural hazard often covering large area with duration ranging from few
months to several years. One cannot define the exact beginning and end of drought event so much so
the exact boundary of the drought affected region. These characteristics make drought particularly
challenging to quantify and provide relief as compared to other natural hazards.figure12 shows droughtstduring 1 inter monsoon period in year 2005.

Figure .12 NDVI Anomaly (%) during March, April & May relative to 2005

3 Disaster Management System
3.1 Administration System
Politics of Sri Lanka takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic,
whereby the President of Sri Lanka is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party
system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both thegovernment and parliament. The Parliament has 225 members, elected for a six year term, 196
members elected in multi-seat constituencies and 29 by proportional representation. The president may
summon, suspend, or end a legislative session and dissolve Parliament. Parliament reserves the power
to make all laws.
Mainly, Sri Lanka have three levels in the political and administrative level. They are National, Provincial
and local authority level. Under the national government all cabinet and non cabinet ministries aregoverning all the national and Grama Niladharee (smallest administrative unit) level administrationaffairs. However, provincial level provincial government is consisted of provincial level ministries. Under
those ministries, several government institutions such as provincial level schools, hospital, and somegovernment department are servicing to the people.
Sri Lanka have three administrative levels of governance; national, provincial councils and local
authorities.

Under the nationalorganization for disasterlevel,

Ministry ofDisaster Management is

the mandated

management activities. Disaster Management Centre, Disaster Relief

Service Centre, National Building Research Organization and Department of Meteorology arefunctioning under the Ministry of Disaster Management. Under the Provincial Councils no mandated
body for disaster management activities, but in the stage of disaster relief services, the social service
department operating under the provincial councils act to distribute relief services. But the provincial
councils don’t have a disaster management organization or budget line for disaster management. The
local authorities (may be Municipal Councils, Urban Councils or Pradeshiya Saba) also don’t have amandated section for disaster management as the both local council and Divisional Secretariat divisionconsidered as same geographical area, and however they work inthe both stages of disastermanagement that means in pre-disaster management activities and post disaster management activities.
The main administration system for disaster management of the country operates under the central
government and through the Ministry of Disaster Management by district level. There are 25 districts
and each district is administered under a District Secretary, who is appointed by the central government.
The main tasks of the District Secretariat are to coordinate, implement and communicate activities of
the central government Through Divisional Secretariats. The District Secretariat is also responsiblefor implementing and monitoring development projects at the district level and assisting lower-levelsubdivisions in their activities, as well

as revenue collection and coordination of elections in the

district. A district is divided into a number of Divisional Secretary Divisions (commonly known as DS
divisions), which are in turn subdivided into Grama Niladari Divisions.

3.2 Legal System and Framework

Figure.13 Structure of National Disaster Management Council

The Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No.13 of 2005 is the main legal document for disastermanagement in Sri Lanka and it was enacted in July 2005 which provides the legal basis for instituting adisaster risk management system in the country. The National Council for Disaster Management (NCDM)
is a high-level inter-ministerial body. The chairman and vice chairman of the NCDM is H.E. The
President and Hon Prime Minister respectively. Other members are Leader of the Opposition, Ministers
in charge of 20 selected subject areas, Provincial Council Chief Ministers and five members of the
Opposition. The Act also provides for establishing the Disaster Management Centre (DMC) under theCouncil to be the apex body for the purpose of planning, co-coordinating and implementing of certain
natural and other forms of disasters. The Figure 13 shows the structure of the National Council for
Disaster Management.
Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No.13 of 2005 provides for a framework for DRM in Sri Lanka andaddresses disaster management (DM) holistically, leading to a policy shift from response based
mechanisms to a proactive approach towards disaster risk reduction (DRR). Twenty one hazards comeunder the purview of the act. DMC was established in July 2005. In December 2005 the Ministry for
Disaster Management and Human Rights (M/DM&HR) was established with the subject of DM listed

under its purview. The principal functions of the Disaster Management Centre as per the act are as
follows.
1) Assisting the Council in the preparation of the National Disaster Management Plan and the
National Emergency Operation Plan and proposals for upgrading the same when it becomes
necessary2) Taking responsibility for the implementation of the National Disaster Management Plan and the
National Emergency Operation Plan, and upon the declaration of a state of disaster to direct
and coordinate the implementation of the National Emergency Operation plan3) Ensuring that the various Disaster Management Plans prepared by Ministries, Government
Departments or public corporations conforms to the National Disaster Management Plan
4) Based on Disaster Management Plans prepared by various Ministries, Government Departments
and public corporations under section 10, preparing and implementing programs and plansfor disaster preparedness, mitigation, prevention, relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities and coordinating of organizations which implement suchprograms and plans andobtain financial assistance from the Treasury for such activities and release the same to therelevant regions and monitor and evaluate these activities
5) Issuing

instructions

andguidelines toappropriateorganizations, non-governmentalorganizations, district secretaries and divisional secretaries on activities relating to disastermanagement and initiating and implementing work programs in co-ordination with suchorganizations and secretaries
6) Promoting researchand development programs in

relation

to disaster management andsetting up and maintaining a data base on disaster management
7) Submitting reports to the Council from time to time and whenever required by the Council in
regard to its activities.
8) To implement the above functions, the Disaster Management Centre has organized
The disaster management mechanism in intermediate and local level is shown below in figure 13 anddevolved mechanism for DMC is showed in figure 14.

The coordination mechanism of disaster management from the national level to divisional level is shown in Figure 13.

Figure 14 Coordination mechanism in DMC

Figure.15 Structure of Disaster Management Center

District Disaster Management Coordinating Unit (DDMCUs) under the Disaster Management Center has
been set up at district level for the coordination of local level disaster management activities. By thistime, under the Ministry of Disaster Management, one officer was been assigned as disastermanagement coordination officer at divisional level to coordinate disaster management activities at
local level as shown in figure 15. DDMCU is doing all most all kind of disaster management activities
under the supervision of particular District Secretary at district level.

4. Disaster Management Strategy, Policy and Plan

“Towards a Safer Sri Lanka: A Road Map for Disaster Risk Management” is the master plan for disastermanagement in Sri Lanka. DMC has been accorded the lead role in directing the strategic planning process
for disaster prevention, mitigation, response and recovery. A comprehensive DRM framework for Sri Lanka
will unify the efforts of all agencies working in various sectors across all regions and levels of development
activity. The DMC has prepared the road Map to identify and coordinate multi stakeholder efforts in thenext 10 years through a holistic strategy. According to the Road Map it is focused on seven thematiccomponents which are consistent with ongoing and past efforts in the field of disaster risk managementand development planning, and as in the Hyogo Framework of Action 20052015. The seventh thematiccomponents are as follows.

1.

Policy, Institutional Mandates, and Institutional Development

2.

Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment

3.

Tsunami & Multi- hazard Early Warning Systems

4.

Preparedness and Response Plans

5.

Mitigation and Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into Development Planning

6.

Community-based Disaster Risk Management

7.

Public Awareness, Education and Training
The projects and activities for disaster management of the country are based on above seventh
components.

4.1. Comprehensive Disaster Management Plan
Sri Lanka comprehensive Disaster Management Plan 2014-2018, was introduced in new read-map for DRM
activities by Ministry of Disaster Management. It is mainly focused on next five year disaster management
countermeasures and Disaster Risk Reduction program hope to be carried out by Sri Lankan government.
In the comprehensive Disaster Management Plan clearly identified the 45 institutions which arecontributed their service when its implementation. Currently the plan has been taken the approval from
National Planning Department and the cabinet of Sri Lanka. UNDP and the Treasury funds will be used forthe implementation

4.2. National Disaster Management Policy

The National Policy on Disaster Management (the ‘Policy’) is a core component of Sri Lanka’s national
regime for disaster management. It articulates agreed overarching principles and preferred outcomesfor disaster management in Sri Lanka. It also provides policy directives to address the issues such as
inadequate coordination among stakeholder agencies, duplication of efforts and insufficient policy
directives to reduce the human and economic impacts of disasters which were identified in theaftermath of the 2004 Tsunami and the other recent disaster situations.
The 2005 Parliament Select Committee on Natural Disasters recommended formulation of a national
policy to manage disasters after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The Disaster Management Act, No.13
of 2005 (the ‘Act’) provides that the National Council for Disaster Management (the ‘Council’) shallformulate such a policy.1 Its preparation was the first listed of 60 outcomes for the period 2006-2016
under the document Towards a Safer Sri Lanka: A Road Map for Disaster Management (‘the Road Map’).
In accordance with the Road Map, the Ministry of Disaster Management, as Secretariat of the Council,

led a consultative process to formulate the Policy with input and guidance from relevant agencies andstakeholders.

4.3. National Disaster Management Coordination community
Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a cross-cutting and complex issue. Therefore, it requires political andlegal commitment, public understanding, scientific knowledge, careful development planning,
responsible enforcement of policies and legislation, people centered early warning systems, andeffective disaster preparedness and response mechanisms. A multi-stakeholder national coordination
for DRR can provide or mobilize the combined knowledge, skills, and resources required for DRR and its
mainstreaming into development policies, planning and programmes.

Under the Chairmanship of the Secretary, Ministry of Disaster Management the NDMCC’s roles andresponsibilities are:•

It is a national mechanism by which the country can address inter-related social, economical andenvironmental problems;•

It supports the identification of urgent needs in the area of DRR, allocating resources, presenting
time table for actions and monitoring and reviewing the implementation of DRR activities in linewith HFA and Road Map;•

It works towards better resourced, effective and integrated DRR efforts amongst national
stakeholders and amongst national, regional and international organizations. It supports
development goals, by providing a framework for systematic thought and commitment to priority
actions across sectors and the territory;•

It serves as catalyst for national consultations and consensus building, as well as for DRR priority
identification and policy formulation, implementation and monitoring DRR activities. The
emphasis should be on managing progress towards DRR objectives rather than producing a•“Plan” as an end product; andIt facilitates the allocation of resources from donors, development banks, and UN agencies thatare not represented in their respective countries. This can be advanced by advocating theimportance and necessity for UN country offices to support the integration of DRR into UN backed
development programs.

Primary activities•

Establishing baseline information for DRR, including disaster and risk profiles, national policies,
strategies, capacities, resources and programmes;•

Identify targets, gaps, concerns and challenges and setting forth accepted priority areas in
DRR;Advocating the urgent need for developing or adopting policies and legislations for DRR;•

Benchmarking progress made in promoting DRR and its mainstreaming into development policies,
planning and programems;•

Developing result-oriented work plan for National DM Coordination Committee to coordinate the
DRR activities in line with the HFA and “Road Map for Disaster Risk Management; Towards a Safer
Sri Lanka”;•

Coordinating joint efforts among members of National DM Coordination Committee to reduce thevulnerability of people at relatively high risk;•

Monitoring, recording and reporting of DRR actions at national and community levels in line with
HFA and “Road Map for Disaster Risk Management; Towards a Safer Sri Lanka”;•

Documenting lessons learned and good practices, and share the findings at national, regional andinternational levels;•

Working towards better integration of DRR into national planning, policies and programmes indevelopment and humanitarian assistance;•

Initiate the Community Based/Led Disaster Management (CBDM) approach at national level tostrengthen community’s decision making process; and5. Recent major project
In Sri Lanka, major disaster mitigation projects are currently going on in various places giving highpriority for vulnerability and needy of the country. In Kandy district, Garadialle project for landslide
mitigation; Jaffna, Kalutara, and Dhabulla flood mitigation projects etc are major projects Sri Lankan
government implemented recently for disaster mitigation. For next five years, by comprehensive
disaster management plan, all prioritized disaster mitigation projects were identified and based onbudgetary provision those projects will be implemented and some new projects were already started.

5.1 Progress of Implementation of Hyogo framework for Action (HFA)•

Sri Lanka has prepared the National progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo
Framework For Action (2009-2011) – interim. According to the report, lot of outcomes, have beenable to achieve by the Sri Lanka. Only a few of them have been mentioned here.

•

National Planning Department of the Ministry of Finance has agreed to consider DRR in approving
development plans provided guidelines are developed for such a process. DMC is working with
Central Environmental Authority (CEA) and other agencies to develop such guidelines. National
Water Supply and Drainage Board has initiated implementation of augmentation programme inwestern, central, and southern provinces. New water supply schemes are been developed fornorthern and eastern provinces. (Area 1)•

NDMCC meets regularly and discuss programmes implemented by members and policy
requirements to make the implementation more effective. Hazard cycle for Sri Lanka has beendeveloped and given to district administration to prepare disasters such as floods, landslides andcyclones. Nearly 40% of the activities identified in the Road Map have been commenced.DM Act isbeing modified giving more authority to DMC for coordination of DM Activities. Draft Act has
been

forwardedtoAttorneygeneralDepartment.Disaster Management concepts were

included in the Local Government policy which has been approved by the govt. DMC has
already provided disaster concerns to be incorporated in to the act based on the LG policy.
Development DM plans for Northern Province has been commenced. Training of officials in Govt
and LG sector on DM and development of plans commenced. (Area 2)•

DMC with the assistance of Urban Development Authority, practical Action and ADPC hascommenced three pilot projects in southern and eastern provinces to prepare Urban
development plans for selected towns. UDA has agreed to issue instructions to planning officers tofollow Guidelines developed in future urban development planning process. Mainstreaming
disaster risk reduction in to housing is being undertaken with the assistance ofADPC. All agencies in state sector were involved. Training programme conducted for technical
Officers in the Eastern province to introduce the guidelines developed for construction ofdisaster resistance buildings. Building application used by Local Authorities for for approval of land
subdivision plans and building plans are being modified with theConcurrence of UDA to included DRR concepts. Draft format has been submitted to UDA for theirconsideration. Environment Authority invites DMC for the meetings where EIA reports are discussed.
Integrated Strategic Environment Assessment (ISEA) for the Northern Province is been developed withthe assistance of all stakeholders. Proposed development plans are incorporated in the ISEA and areas
for development are been identified. Discussions are in progress with relevant development agencies to
identify conflict areas and find solutions. Hazard maps for landslides in Nuwaraeliya districts were given
to agencies involved in development and development control and officers were trained for the usedhazard maps.

6. References
Sri Lanka National Report on Disaster Risk, Poverty and Human Development Relationship.2015.
Disaster Management Act No 13 of 2005.
Disaster Management Policy of 2014.
Disaster Management Center. (2014).National Disaster Management Plan. (Rev. ed.2013-2017).
Colombo.
5. Disaster
Preparedness.
In
Wikipedia.
Retrieved
August
12,
2014,
from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparedness
1.
2.
3.
4.

6.

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2006) Disaster Preparedness
and Contingency Planning. The International Federation’s Global Agenda. (2006-2010) Switzerland.

Ministry of Disaster Management. (2014) Sri Lanka Comprehensive Disaster Management
Programme, (2014-2018), Government of Sri Lanka, March, 2014.
8. MoEF, 2002. Initial National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka, October, 2002.
7.

9.

http://www.dmc.gov.lk/attchments/Corporate%20Plan/document.pdf

10. http://www.dmc.gov.lk/Publications/Roadmap%20Vol.1.pdf
11. www.desinventar.lk
12. http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/?cid=162
13. http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2011/en/bgdocs/hfa/15598_lka_NationalHFAp rogress_2009-11.pdf
14. http://www.meteo.gov.lk
15. http://www.treasury.gov.lk/FPPFM/fpd/pdfdocs/annualReport2010/AnnualReport2010-eng.pdf