╙㧡┨☨࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ⊒ዷߣᯏ⢻☨࿖ߩេഥઃ߈㓹↪߿࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߪߥߗ಴⃻ߒߚߩ߆‫☨ߪ߃╵ߩߘޕ‬࿖ߩᱧผ⊛⚻✲ߩਛߦ⷗಴ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫☨ޔߪ┨ᧄޕ‬࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚዞഭᡰេߩᄌㆫࠍㅢߒ
ߡ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪߿࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴߇⊓႐ߒߚ⚻✲ߣ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߒߚ⎇ⓥߩᚑᨐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
1960 ᐕઍ㗃߹ߢߩ☨࿖ߢߪ‫ޔ‬㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬ቇⴚ⊛ߥߎߣࠍቇ⠌ߒߚࠅ઀੐ࠍりߦઃߌߚࠅߢ߈
ߥ޿ੱߚߜߛߣߺߥߐࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬㓚ኂⷰߪ޽߹ࠅߦᒝ࿕ߢ޽ߞߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩኻ⽎⠪ߣߐࠇࠆ߹ߢߦߪ⋧ᒰߩᐕ᦬ࠍⷐߒߚ‫ޕ‬ർ᰷ߩࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦᕁᗐ߇‫☨ޔ‬࿖ߩ㓚ኂⷰߦᄌൻࠍ߽ߚࠄߔᒝജߥᓟࠈ⋫ߣߥߞߚ‫߹߇ߛޕ‬ߛ‫ߪߢߌߛࠇߘޔ‬චಽߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ਇน⢻ߣߐࠇߡ޿ߚ㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩ৻⥸㓹↪ࠍ‫ޔ‬น⢻ߦߔࠆታ㓙⊛ߥᛛⴚߣ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬᥉෸ߐߖࠆ೙ᐲࡕ࠺࡞߇⏕┙ߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᛛⴚ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲࡕ࠺࡞ߎߘ‫࠴࡯ࠦࡉ࡚ࠫޔ‬ᡰេࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߣេഥઃ߈㓹↪ߛߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߢߪេഥઃ߈㓹↪ߣ࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇಴⃻ߒߚᔅὼᕈ‫ޔ‬⢛᥊ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߚ߼‫☨ޔ‬࿖ߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂⷰߩಽᨆ߆ࠄᆎ߼ࠆߎߣߦߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬╙㧝▵ 1960 ᐕઍ߹ߢߩ⢛᥊㧝ᢎ⢒࡮⸠✵ਇน⢻ߣ޿߁㓚ኂⷰ㩷䋨䋱䋩⍮⢻ᬌᩏߩ㐿⊒㩷⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ࠍઁߩੱ‫್ࠄ߆ޘ‬೎ߔࠆᛛⴚߪ‫ޔ‬ቇᩞᢎ⢒߿ァߩⷐ⺧ߦᔃℂቇ߇ᔕ߃ࠆᒻߢᕆㅦߦ⏕┙ߐࠇߚ‫್ߩߘޕ‬೎ᛛⴚߣߪ‫ߢࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޔ‬㐿⊒ߐࠇߚ⍮⢻ᬌᩏߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬߩࡆࡀ࡯㧔Binet,A.㧕ߣߘߩ౒ห⎇ⓥ⠪ࠪࡕࡦ㧔Simon,T.㧕ߪ‫ޔ‬1904 ᐕߦሶߤ߽ߩ⍮⊛⢻ജߦ㑐ߔࠆ 30 㗄⋡ߩ࠹ࠬ࠻㨯ࡃ࠶࠹࡝࡯62ࠍ㐿⊒ߒ‫ޔ‬1908 ᐕߦߪߐࠄߦ⍮⊛⊒㆐Ბ㓏ߩᜰᮡߣߒ
ߡ‫␹♖ޟ‬ᐕ㦂 Mental Age‫ߚ޿↪ࠍޠ‬ᡷ⸓ ࠍ⊒⴫ߒߚ63‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷62ⶄᢙߩ࠹ࠬ࠻ࠍ㧝࠮࠶࠻ߦߒߚ߽ߩ‫ੱޔߪ࡯ࡀࡆޕ‬㑆ߩ⍮⢻ࠍ‫ߩࠅ߆߫ߚߒ↢⺀ߢ࠷ࠗ࠼ޔ‬ᔃℂቇ߇ኻ⽎ߣߒߡ޿ߚ⍮ⷡ࡮ㆇേߩࠃ߁ߥන⚐ߥᯏ⢻ࠃࠅ㜞ᰴߩ‫ޟޔ‬௑ะߩ᧤ߩࠃ߁ߥో૕⊛ߥሽ࿷‫ޔߢޠ‬ℂ⸃ജ‫ޔ‬Ꮏᄦജ‫ޔ‬ᣇะઃߌ‫ޔ‬ᛕ್ജߩ 4 ᯏ⢻ࠍᜬߟߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ߚߩߢ‫ߩ࠻ࠬ࠹ޔ‬ౝኈ߽‫▚⸘ޔ‬㨯࿑ᒻ㨯⍮⼂㨯↢ᵴᛛ⢻╬ߩࠃ߁ߥቇᩞ↢ᵴߦහߒߚ࠹ࠬ࠻㗄⋡߇ណࠅ౉ࠇࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬63 ᒰᤨߩࡈ࡜ࡦࠬߢߪ‫ޔ‬1881 ᐕߩ⟵ോᢎ⢒ᴺ೙ቯએ㒠‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߣ‫ޔ‬ቇ⠌⢻ജࠍᜬߞߚቇᬺਇᝄఽߣߦ‫ޔ‬ߘࠇߙࠇ⇣ߥࠆᢎ⢒ᣇᴺࠍ↪ᗧߔࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬ਔ⠪ࠍ್೎ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ᷹ቯᴺߩ㐿⊒߇᳞߼ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬

㩷

－111－

☨࿖ߩ࠲࡯ࡑࡦ㧔Terman,L.M.㧕ߪ‫࠼࡯ࠜࡈࡦ࠲ࠬࠆ޽ߢ ⺆⧷ߩ࠻ࠬ࠹࡯ࡀࡆޔ‬㨯ࡆࡀ࡯ᑼ⍮⢻ᬌᩏࠍ 1916 ᐕߦ㐿⊒ߒ‫ࡦ࡞࠹ࡘࠪߩ࠷ࠗ࠼ޔ‬㧔Stern,W.㧕߇ឭ໒ߒߡ޿ߚ⍮⢻ᜰᢙ㧔IQ㧦Intelligence
Quotient㧕ߩࠕࠗ࠺ࠕ64ࠍዉ౉ߒߡ‫ޔ‬⍮⢻ᜰᢙ߇ 100 ࠍਛᔃߦᱜⷙಽᏓߔࠆߎߣࠍታ⸽‫ޔ‬⍮⢻ᜰᢙ߇᦭ᗧߦૐ޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊࠍᬌ಴ߔࠆᣇᴺ⺰ࠍ⏕┙ߒߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬9㨪25 ᱦߢ IQ150 એ਄ߩ 1,500 ฬߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ↪޿ߡ‫ߦᦼ┬ఽޔ‬⍮⢻ᜰᢙ߇㜞߆ߞߚੱߪᚑੱᦼߦߥߞߡఝࠇߚᬺ❣ࠍ޽ߍࠆ௑ะ߇޽ࠆߣਥ
ᒛߒߚ65‫☨ޕ‬࿖ᔃℂቇળߩࡗ࡯ࠠ࡯࠭㧔Yerkes,R.M.㧕ળ㐳ߪ‫ߩࡦࡑ࡯࠲ޔ‬୘೎ᑼ⍮⢻ᬌᩏࠍෳ⠨ߦ‫ޔ‬☨ァ౓჻ߩㆬᛮ㨯㈩⟎ߩߚ߼ߩ㓸࿅ᑼㆡᕈᬌᩏ‫࠻ࠬ࠹ࠔࡈ࡞ࠕ࡯ࡒ࡯ࠕޟ‬㧔⸒⺆ᑼ㧕‫ޠ‬෸߮‫࡯ࡒ࡯ࠕޟ‬ࡌ࡯࠲࠹ࠬ࠻㧔㕖⸒⺆ᑼ㧕66‫ࠍޠ‬ቇળࠍ޽ߍߡ㐿⊒ߒߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ቇᩞᢎ⢒ߩಽ㊁ߢ߽‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬୘೎ቇജ࠹ࠬ࠻ߦട߃ߡ㓸࿅ᑼ⍮⢻ᬌᩏ߇ታᣉߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬⍮⢻ᬌᩏߪ⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢ߽ᵴ↪ߐࠇߚ߇‫ޔ‬⍮⢻߇᳃ᣖ‫ޔ‬ᕈᏅ‫ޔ‬ㆮવߦࠃߞߡⷙቯߐ
ࠇࠆߣߔࠆ⚛࿃⺑ߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߡ‫ⵍޔ‬㛎⠪ߩᣣᏱ↢ᵴ߿‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ↢ᵴߢ⊒ើߐࠇࠆ⢻ജߩ୘ੱᏅࠍ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒߿⸠✵ߦࠃߞߡᄌൻߒߥ޿߽ߩߣߒߡᜰᢙ߿ὐᢙߢ⴫ߔ௑ะ߇޽ߞߚ‫ࠞࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠹࡝ࡆࡂ࡝ޕ‬࠙ࡦ࠮࡜࡯߇ㆊᐲߦ࠹ࠬ࠻ߦ㗬ࠅ‫⚿࠻ࠬ࠹ޔ‬ᨐࠍᩮ᜚ߣߒߡ᳿ቯ⺰⊛ߥ್ቯ߿⸻ᢿࠍਈ߃ࠆߣ޿߁
ࠕ࠮ࠬࡔࡦ࠻ߩࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞߇ቯ⌕ߒߡ޿ߚ߇‫ߪߣߎߩߎޔ‬ᓟߦ෻⋭ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬㩷䋨䋲䋩‫⊒ޟ‬⢒ߩ஗ᱛ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬⠨߃ᣇ㩷☨࿖ߢߪ 1950 ᐕ㗃߹ߢߦ‫ޔ‬㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߪᢎ⢒น⢻
㧔Educable㧕ߢ߽‫ޔ‬߹ߚ⸠✵น⢻
㧔Trainable㧕㧚㧚ߢ߽ߥ޿∔ᖚߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᚑੱߦߥߞߡ߽ㅢᏱߩᣣᏱ↢ᵴࠍㅍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߕ‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޔ‬㐳ᦼߩ⋙⼔
㧔Custody㧕ࠍⷐߔࠆߣ޿߁⠨߃ᣇ߇ቯ⌕ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⸻ᢿߩᮭᆭ‫࡞࠼ޔ‬㧔Doll ,E.㧕ߩቯ⟵ߦࠃࠇ߫‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂߣߪ‫ޔ‬ቇ⠌⢻ജ߿␠ળ↢㧚㧚㧚ᵴ⢻ജߦᰳߌߚ⁁ᘒ㧔Social incompetence㧕ࠍᗧ๧ߒ‫ޔ‬⍮⢻ߩ⊒⢒߇‫ޟ‬ᐔဋએਅ‫ߩޠ‬᳓Ḱߢᱛ߹ߞ㧚㧚㧚ߚ߹߹ᚑੱߣߥࠅ‫⸃ߪࠇߘޔ‬೬ቇ⊛ߥ᭴ㅧߦ↱᧪ߒ‫ߥ⊛⾰ᧄޔ‬ᴦ≹߇ᦼᓙߢ߈ߥ޿‫∔ޟ‬ᖚ‫ࠇߐߣޠ‬ߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬⢻ജ߇⊒㆐ㅜ਄ߢᱛ߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄌൻߒߥ޿ߣ޿߁㓚ኂⷰߪ‫ޔ‬1959 ᐕߩࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ♖␹ㆃṛቇળ67ߦࠃࠆቯ⟵ߦ߅޿ߡ߽〯ⷅߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬1961 ᐕ‫␹♖ࠞ࡝ࡔࠕޔ‬ㆃṛቇળߪ IQ85 એਅࠍ‫ޟ‬ᐔဋએਅ‫ޔޠ‬IQ67㨪
83 ࠍ‫ޟ‬Ⴚ⇇✢⚖ Borderline‫ޔޠ‬IQ 50-66 ࠍ‫ޟ‬シᐲ Mild‫ߣߤߥޠ‬ቯ⟵ߒߚ68‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷♖␹ᐕ㦂ࠍ↢ᵴᐕ㦂ߢ㒰ߒߡ 100 ࠍਸ਼ߓߚ୯ࠍ IQ ߣቯ⟵ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ఽ┬ᦼߩ⍮⢻߇ᚑੱᦼߩ⾗⾰ࠍ੍᷹ߔࠆߣ޿߁࠲࡯ࡑࡦߩቇ⺑ߪ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߦኻߔࠆᢎ⢒ߩലᨐࠍุቯ
ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬೨ㅀߩࠪࡕࡦߪ‫ࠅ߿ߩࡦࡑ࡯࠲ޔ‬ᣇߪ⍮⢻ᬌᩏߩ⋡⊛ߦ෻ߔࠆߣỗߒߊᛕ್ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ࠪࡕࡦ߿ࡆࡀ࡯ߦߣߞߡ⍮⢻ᬌᩏߪሶߤ߽ߩ․ᕈߦᔕߓߚᢎ⢒ᣇᴺࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߪㆡ
ಾߥᣇᴺߦࠃߞߡᢎ⢒น⢻ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬66 ⧷⺆ࠍℂ⸃ߢ߈ߥ޿⒖᳃ะߌߦ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬67 American Association on Mental Deficiency㧦AAMD
68 ߎߩࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ♖␹ㆃṛቇળߦࠃࠆ IQ ߩ඙ಽߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓟߩቯ⟵ᡷ⸓ߢᄌᦝ߇ട߃ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬1992 ᐕߩᡷ⸓╙ 9߆ࠄߪ㓚ኂ⠪ᧄੱߦኻߔࠆシᐲ‫ޔ‬㊀ᐲ╬ߩ඙ಽࠍ߿߼‫ޔ‬ᡰេ⠪஥߆ࠄߩ੺౉ߩᔅⷐᕈߦߒߚ߇޿‫ޠ⊛ᤨ৻ޟ‬‫ޟ‬㐳ᦼ⊛‫ߣ╬ޠ‬ಽ㘃ߔࠆᣇᴺߦᄌᦝߐࠇߚ㧔ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ♖␹ㆃṛቇળ,1999㧕‫ޕ‬
64
65

㩷

－112－

߹ߚ‫ޔ‬ቇ㦂ᦼߦ޽ࠆ⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߩ㓚ኂ⒟ᐲߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޟ‬ᢎ⢒น⢻ Educable‫ޔޠ‬‫✵⸠ޟ‬น⢻ Trainable‫ޠ‬ߣ޿߁඙ಽᣇᴺ߇‫ޔ‬ฦᎺߩቇᩞᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆࠢ࡜ࠬ✬ᚑ߿‫߽ߘ߽ߘޔ‬ᢎ⢒ߩኻ⽎ߦߥࠅᓧࠆ߆ุ߆
ߩ್ᢿߢណ↪ߐࠇߚ69‫ޟޕ‬ᢎ⢒น⢻‫ޔߪߣޠ‬න⚐ߥቇ⑼߿ᛛ⢻ࠍጁୃߢ߈‫␹♖ࠞ࡝ࡔࠕޔ‬ㆃṛቇળߦࠃࠆቯ⟵ߩ‫ޟ‬シᐲ‫⋧ߦޠ‬ᒰߒ‫࠼࡯ࠜࡈࡦ࠲ࠬޔ‬㨯ࡆࡀ࡯ᑼ⍮⢻ᬌᩏߢ♖␹ᐕ㦂߇ 8㨪12 ᚽߣ್ቯߐࠇ
ࠆ⍮⊛㓚ኂࠍᗧ๧ߒߚ‫✵⸠ޟߚ߹ޕ‬น⢻‫ޔߪߣޠ‬ᣣᏱߩりߩ๟ࠅߩߎߣߪ⁛ࠅߢߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ
߇‫ޔ‬ቇ⑼߿ᛛ⢻ߪ߶ߣࠎߤ⠌ᓧߢ߈ߕ‫ޔ‬ቇળቯ⟵ߩ‫ޟ‬ਛᐲ‫⋧ߦޠ‬ᒰߒ‫␹♖ޔ‬ᐕ㦂߇ 3㨪7 ᚽߣ್ቯߐ
ࠇࠆ⍮⊛㓚ኂࠍᗧ๧ߒߚ‫ ⼔⋙ⷐޟߦࠄߐޕ‬Custodial‫߁޿ߣޠ‬඙ಽ߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒㨯⸠✵߇ߢ߈ߕ↢ᶦߦࠊߚߞߡ㙃⼔߇ᔅⷐߣߐࠇࠆߣߺߥߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ቇળቯ⟵ߩ‫ޟ‬㊀ᐲ‫⋧ߦޠ‬ᒰߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᓟߩេഥઃ߈㓹↪ߪ‫ߩߎޔ‬㊀ᐲߩጀߦ⟎߆ࠇߚੱߚߜߩ৻⥸㓹↪ࠍ⋡ᜰߔ߽ߩߣߒߡ⊓႐ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨ‫ޔ‬ቇᩞᢎ⢒ߩ޽ࠅᣇߪㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߢߪߥߊᎺߩኾ᳿੐㗄ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂߦ㑐ߔࠆ೨ㅀߩࠃ
߁ߥቯ⟵߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇࠆߣ‫ࠍࠇߎޔ‬ណ↪ߒߚ޿ߊߟ߆ߩᎺ᡽ᐭߢߪ‫ޟ‬Ⴚ⇇✢⚖‫ޠ‬෸߮‫ޟ‬ᢎ⢒น⢻‫ޠ‬ߣ್ቯߐࠇߚሶߤ߽ߚߜ߇ᢎ⢒ߩኻ⽎ߣߐࠇߚ߇‫ోߩߘޔ‬ຬ߇౉ቇߢ߈ߚࠊߌߢߪߥߞߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ߘߩ৻ᣇߢ‫✵⸠ޟ‬น⢻‫ߥޠ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂఽࠍ౉ቇߐߖߡ޿ࠆᎺ߽޽ߞߚ70‫ޕ‬㓚ኂఽᢎ⢒ࠍታᣉߔࠆቇᩞߪ
1948 ᐕߦߪోኰ೙ࠍ฽߼‫ ߢ☨ోޔ‬868 ᩞ‫ޔ‬1958 ᐕߦߪ 3,202 ᩞ߇㐿ᩞߒߡ޿ߚ71‫ޕ‬1961 ᐕ‫ࠖ࠺ࡀࠤޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂኻ╷ߩᬌ⸛ߩߚ߼ߩ⻁໧ᯏ㑐㧔એਅ‫ޟޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળ72‫ޠ‬ߣ⸒߁㧕ࠍ⸳⟎ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળߪ⠉ᐕ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂߪో☨ߩ 9 ੱߦ 1 ੱߦߣߞߡᷓೞߥ୘ੱ⊛໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸷߃73‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂኻ╷ߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍ⛔⸘⊛ߦ␜ߒߚ‫ ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬1962 ᐕߩᤨὐߢ‫ޔ‬IQ70 એਅߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߪో☨ߩ 3㧑㧔540 ਁੱ㧕ࠍභ߼‫ߩઁޔ‬㓚ኂ⒳೎ߣߩ㑆ߢഀวࠍߣࠆߣ‫⋤ోޔ‬⠪㧩2‫ޔ‬ࡐ࡝ࠝᓟㆮ∝⠪㧩3‫ޔ‬⣖ᕈ㤗∽⠪㧩3.5‫࠴ࡑ࠙࡝ޔ‬ᕈᔃ∔ᖚ㧩7 ߦኻߒ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ㧩30 ߢ޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߦߟ޿ߡㅪ㇌᡽ᐭ߿Ꮊ᡽ᐭ߇૗ࠄኻ╷ࠍᛂߚߥ޿߹߹ 1970 ᐕઍࠍㄫ߃ߚ႐ว‫ߩߘޔ‬ᢙߪ޽
ߣ 100 ਁੱჇ߃ࠆߣ⹜▚ߒߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߪᲤᐕ 126,000 ੱ⺀↢ߒ‫ޔ‬6 ᚽᧂḩߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߩ 75㧑ߪ‫ޔ‬ૐり㐳‫ޔ‬㛽߿྾⢇ߩᒻᚑਇో‫ޔ‬⍮ⷡ࿎㔍‫ޔ‬⡬ⷡ࡮ⷞⷡ㓚ኂ‫ޔ‬ද⺞ㆇേਇ⦟ࠍ૬ߖᜬߞߡ
޿ߚ߇‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߩ߁ߜ 110,000 ੱ㧔87.3㧑㧕ߪ․೎ߥ⸠✵ߣᡰេ߇޽ࠇ߫઀੐ࠍᓧߡ⥄┙ߢ߈ࠆシᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂఽ߇ㅢ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆቇᩞ࡮ᢎቶߪ౉ᚲᣉ⸳߶ߤჇ߃
ߡ߅ࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ቇᩞߦㅢቇߢ߈ߡ޿ࠆ⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߪ߅ࠃߘ 20㧑ߒ߆޿ߥ߆ߞߚ74‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷69 ‫ޟ‬ᢎ⢒น⢻ߥ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪‫✵⸠ޟ߆ߣޠ‬น⢻ߥ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪‫ޔߪ⃻⴫߁޿ߣޠ‬2000 ᐕએ㒠ߩቇᩞᢎ⢒ಽ㊁ߩቇ

ⴚ⺰ᢥߢ߽‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨߣૃߚࠃ߁ߥ⺆⟵ߢ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫☨ޔߪߣߎߩߎޕ‬࿖ᢎ⢒⋭ᢎ⢒⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲߩ
“Education Resources Information Center”㧔ERIC㧕ߩᢥ₂࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ╬ߦࠃߞߡ⏕⹺ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬70 President’s Panel on Mental Retardation. (1962b).
71 President’s Panel on Mental Retardation. (1962a).
72 ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળ̌President’s Panel on Mental Retardation̍ߩ 27 ฬߩᆔຬߩ߁ߜ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩⷫߩળ߆ࠄᛮᠾߐࠇߚߩߪ Boggs,E.ᅚผ৻ੱߩߺߢ‫ߪઁޔ‬කᏧ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇᢎ᝼‫ޔ‬Ꮊ߿Ꮢߩ㓚ኂኻ╷ᜂᒰቭ‫ޔ‬ᴺᓞኅ‫ޔ‬⸒⺆⡬ⷡ჻‫ޔ‬ડᬺኅߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળߪᓟߦ̌President’s Committee for People with Intellectual
Disabilities㧔PCMR㧕̍ߣᡷ⒓ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬2008 ᐕ 1 ᦬⃻࿷ߩࡉ࠶ࠪࡘ᡽ᮭਅߢߪ̌President’s Committee for
People with Intellectual Disabilities̍ߣᡷ⒓ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/pcpid/㧕‫ޕ‬
73 ࠤࡀ࠺ࠖᄢ⛔㗔ߩᆂߩ߭ߣࠅ Rose Marie Kennedy ߪ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߢ޽ߞߚߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬74 President’s Panel on Mental Retardation. (1962b).

㩷

－113－

㩷

㧞ᄢဳ౉ᚲᣉ⸳߆ࠄ࿾ၞዬ૑߳㩷䋨䋱䋩ᄢဳᣉ⸳߳ߩ㐳ᦼ౉ᚲ㩷
1960 ᐕߩᤨὐߢߪ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩ߁ߜዋߥߊߣ߽ 21 ਁੱ߇㐳ᦼߩ౉ᚲ㧔౉㒮࡮ዬ૑㧕ᣉ⸳ߦ࿷☋ߒ‫ ߜ߁ޔ‬16 ਁੱߪᎺ┙ᣉ⸳‫ޔ‬4 ਁੱߪ♖␹⑼∛㒮‫ޔ‬1 ਁੱߪ᳃㑆ᣉ⸳ߦߘࠇߙࠇ౉ᚲ㨯౉㒮ߒߡ޿ߚ‫౉ߩߎޕ‬ᚲ⠪ߩ߁ߜዋߥߊߣ߽ 67㧑ߪ 15 ᱦએਅߩሶߤ߽ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᣂⷙ౉ᚲ⠪ߩᐔဋᐕ㦂ߪ 11ᱦߢ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᄢㇱಽߪ 9 ᱦߦḩߚߥ߆ߞߚ‫౉ޕ‬ᚲᓙߜߩ㓚ኂ⠪ߪჇട௑ะߦ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળߪ‫ޔ‬㒢ࠄࠇߚ੍▚‫ޔ‬቟޿⡯ຬ⛎ਈߣᷓೞߥੱ᧚ਇ⿷߇౉ᚲᦝ↢ᣉ⸳ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ⾰ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿
ࠆߣਥᒛߒߚ‫ޕ‬
1966 ᐕߦ಴ ߐࠇߚࡏࠬ࠻ࡦᄢቇ․ᱶᢎ⢒ቇㇱ㐳ߩࡉ࡜࠶࠻㧔Blatt,B.㧕ߣ౮⌀ኅߩࠞࡊ࡜ࡦ
ࠇࠎߏߊ㧔Kaplan,F.㧕ߦࠃࠆ౮⌀㓸̌Christmas in Purgatory㧔ᾃₐߩࠢ࡝ࠬࡑࠬ㧕̍ߪ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ᣉ⸳ߩ㕖ੱ㑆⊛ߥ⋙⼔ߩ޽ࠅᣇࠍᐢߊ৻⥸ߩੱ‫߳ޘ‬વ߃‫☨ޔ‬࿖਎⺰ࠍ⣕ᣉ⸳ൻ㧔Deinstitutionalization㧕߳ะ߆ࠊߖࠆᄢ߈ߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߚ75‫ޕ‬䋨䋲䋩ࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣ⊒㆐ࡕ࠺࡞㩷ࠕ. ർ᰷ࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦᕁᗐߩầᵹหߓ㗃‫ޔ‬ർ᰷ߢߪ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߽ㆡಾߥᡰេߐ߃޽ࠇ߫‫ޔ‬᥉ㅢߩ↢ᵴࠍㅍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߎߣ߇
ታ⸽ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬੐ታߪ‫ޔ‬ᓟߦ☨࿖ߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂⷰࠍᩮᧄ߆ࠄᄌ߃ࠆ߈ߞ߆ߌߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬એਅߢߪߘߩ⚻✲ࠍߺߡ޿ߎ߁‫ޕ‬╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢ⚳⚿ᓟߩ 1950 ᐕઍೋ㗡ߩ࠺ࡦࡑ࡯ࠢߢ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩⷫߩળ߇⊒⿷ߒߚ‫ߩⷫޕ‬ળߪ‫ޔ‬ሶߤ߽ߚߜ߇౉ᚲߒߡ޿ࠆᣉ⸳ߩಣㆄߩ޽ࠅᣇࠍ⷗⋥ߔࠃ߁᳞߼‫̌ ޔ‬Normaliserling㧔ࡁ࡯ࡑ࡝࠮࡯࡝ࡦࠣ㧕̍ߣ㗴ߔࠆឭ⸒ᦠࠍ 1953 ᐕߦ␠ળᄢ⤿߳ឭ಴ߒߚ76‫ޕ‬ߎߩឭ⸒ᦠߩ૞ᚑߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨ␠ળ⋭ߢ㓚ኂఽ㨯⠪ߩᣉ⸳⑔␩ࠍᜂᒰߒߡ޿ߚⴕ᡽ቭࡃࡦࠢࡒࠤ࡞࠮
ࡦ㧔Bank-Mikkelsen,N.E.㧕߇ᷓߊ㑐ࠊߞߚߎߣ߇ࠃߊ⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ77‫ޕ‬એਅߪᓐߩ⸒⪲ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷౮⌀㓸̌Christmas in Purgatory̍ߩ╙㧝ㇱߪ‫☨ޔ‬࿖᧲ㇱߩ 3 Ꮊߦ޽ࠆ 4 ߟߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ᣉ⸳ߢߩข᧚⸥੐
ߣ‫ޔ‬㋕ᩰሶߏߒߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪㧔‫ޟ‬ᖚ⠪ patient‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇߡ޿ߚ㧕‫ޔ‬ਇⴡ↢ߢኙ‫ߚߒߣޘ‬ቶౝ‫ࠍ᦯⴩ޔ‬⣕޿ߛ߹߹ᑈਅߦߒ߾߇ߺߎ߻౉ᚲ⠪‫ޔ‬㊁ᚢ∛㒮ߩࠃ߁ߥ߅߮ߚߛߒ޿ᢙߩࡌ࠶࠼㨯㨯㨯╬‫ߩޘ‬౮⌀ߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ ╙ߊ⛯ޕ‬2 ㇱߪ‫ ╙ޔ‬1 ㇱߣኻ⽎⊛ߥᥦ߆޿㔓࿐᳇ߩ೎ߩᣉ⸳߇⚫੺ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇‫╩ޔ‬⠪ߪߎߩ╙ 2 ㇱߦߟ޿ߡ‫ ╙ޔ‬1 ㇱ߇ᣉ⸳ൻߩᔅὼߩ⚿ᨐߢߪᔅߕߒ߽ߥ޿ߎߣࠍ␜ߔߚ߼ߦᝌ౉ߒߚߣᦠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬76 ᣣᧄߢߪ᥉ㅢ‫ߩߎޔ‬ឭ⸒ᦠ߇ࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧔ࡁ࡯ࡑ࡝࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣ߽⸒߁㧕ߩᕁᗐߦ㑐ߔࠆೋ߼
ߡߩᢥ₂ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ᴡ᧲↰(2005)ߪ‫ޔ‬1946 ᐕߩࠬ࠙ࠚ࡯࠺ࡦ␠ળᐡߦࠃࠆႎ๔ᦠ߇ೋ಴ߢ
޽ࠆߣ෻⸽ࠍട߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬77 ᓐߪ╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢਛ‫ࡦࠥ࡯ࡂࡦࡍࠦޔ‬ᄢቇߢᴺቇୃ჻ࠍขᓧᓟ‫ޔ‬ᣂ⡞␠ߦൕ߼ࠆறࠄ࠽࠴ࠬ߳ߩᛶ᛫ㆇ
േߦടࠊࠅ‫ޔ‬ㅱ᝝‫⸃ޔ߇ߚࠇߐ⑌⋙ޔ‬᡼ᓟߩ 1946 ᐕߦ␠ળ⋭߳౉⋭ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
75

㩷

－114－

ᚢᓟ䈱䊂䊮䊙䊷䉪䈮䈲䇮␠ળ䉕䈭䉖䈫䈎ᡷ㕟䈚䉋䈉䈫䈇䈉᳇ㆇ䈏䈅䉍䉁䈚䈢䇯䊅䉼䉴䈏භ㗔䈚䈩䈇䈢㑆䈲䇮␠ળ⑔␩䈮㑐䈚䈩૗䉅ⴕ䉒䉏䈩䈇䈭䈎䈦䈢䈎䉌䈪䈜䇯䍃䍃䋨ਛ⇛䋩䍃䍃♖␹⭯ᒙ78
䈱ㇱ㐷䈮㈩ዻ䈮䈭䈦䈩䈎䉌䇮ᓐ䉌䈏↢ᵴ䈚䈩䈇䉎ᣉ⸳䈮ⴕ䈒ᯏળ䈏䈅䉍䉁䈚䈢䇯䈠䈱↢ᵴ䈲䇮䈾䉖䈫䈉䈮ᖤᗌ䈪䇮䊅䉼䉴䈱ᒝ೙෼ኈᚲ䈫ዋ䈚䉅ᄌ䉒䉍䈭䈇䉅䈱䈪䈜䇯⑳䈲䇮ᓐ䉌䈱↢ᵴ᧦ઙ䉕䈭䉖䈫䈎䈚䈩䇮ዋ䈚䈪䉅ะ਄䈘䈞䈢䈇䇮ᡷ㕟䈚䈭䈔䉏䈳䈭䉌䈭䈇䈫ᗵ䈛䉁䈚䈢79䇯ߔߥࠊߜ‫ޔ‬ർ᰷ࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪᕁᗐߪ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩᣉ⸳⑔␩ߩ޽ࠅᣇߦォ឵ࠍ᳞߼ࠆ߽ߩ
ߣߒߡ⊓႐ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬⢛᥊ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᚢᓟߩ࿖ኅࠍᑪߡ⋥ߘ߁ߣߔࠆ࿖᳃⊛᳇ㆇߣ‫ߩࠬ࠴࠽ޔ‬ㄼኂߦኻߔࠆህᖡᗵ߇޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬䈚䈎䈚䇮⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪䉕⥄ಽ䈫䈎䈎䉒䉍䈏䈭䈇䈫ᗵ䈛䈩䈇䉎৻⥸䈱Ꮢ᳃䈲䇮කቇ⊛䈭ಣ⟎㵪ఝ↢ᚻⴚ㵪 䉕ᔅⷐ䈣䈫⸒䈇䇮䉁䈢䈠䉏䈣䈔䈪චಽ䈣䈫⠨䈋䉁䈚䈢䇯䈘䉌䈮䇮⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪䉕䇮⥄ಽ䈢䈤䈱⋡䈮䈧䈎䈭䈇䉋䈉䈮䇮䈬䈖䈎䈮㓒㔌䈚䈩䈍䈇䈩䈒䉏䉎䈖䈫䈏৻⇟䉋䈇䈫䉅⠨䈋䉁䈚䈢䇯䈣䈎䉌䇮䊉䊷䊙䊥䉷䊷䉲䊢䊮䈱ℂᔨ䉕ℂ⸃䈪䈐䈝䇮䈠䉏䈏⃻ታ䈫䈭䉎䈖䈫䈮ᕟᔺ䉕ᗵ䈛䇮ᒝ䈒ᛶ᛫䈚䈢䈱䈪䈜䇯䈠䈱䉋䈉䈭૑᳃৻⥸䈱ᗵ䈛ᣇ䉇ᘒᐲ䉕ᄌ䈋䉎䈮䈲䇮ᒝജ䈪⛮⛯⊛䈭໪⫥ᵴേ䉕ᾲᔃ䈮䈜䈜䉄䉎䈖䈫䈏ᔅⷐ䈪䈚䈢 79䇯࠺ࡦࡑ࡯ࠢߢߪ⚿ᨐ⊛ߦ‫ߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯ࠗ࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁޔ‬ℂᔨ߇৻⥸ߩᏒ᳃ߩਛߦᕆㅦߦᶐㅘߒ‫ޔ‬ឭ⸒ᦠ߇ឭ಴ߐࠇߚ⠉ᐕߦ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⋭ߦ‫ޟ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩ⑔␩ߣᣉ⸳ߩᡷ㕟ߩߚ߼ߩᆔຬળ80‫ޔࠇߐ⟎⸳߇ޠ‬
1958 ᐕ‫ޔ‬ᣂᴺ᩺ࠍ฽߻ႎ๔ᦠ߇ឭ಴ߐࠇߚ‫ߩߘߦࠄߐޕ‬⠉ᐕߩ 1959 ᐕ‫̌ޔ‬Normaliserling̍ߩ⺆ࠍ᧦ᢥߦ฽߻ผ਄ೋߩᴺᓞ㧔એਅ‫ޟ‬1959 ᐕᴺ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬㧕߇ᚑ┙ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
1959 ᐕᴺߩ⋡⊛ߪ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇ߢ߈ࠆߛߌࡁ࡯ࡑ࡞ߥ↢ᵴ߇ㅍࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߎߣߦ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨߩ࠺ࡦࡑ࡯ࠢߦ߅޿ߡࡁ࡯ࡑ࡞ߥ↢ᵴߣߪ‫ޔ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩࠍᜰߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ሶ䈬䉅䈲䇮ኅᣖ䈫৻✜䈮↸䈪ኅ䈮૑䉂䇮ᚑੱ䈮䈭䉎䉁䈪ኅᐸ䈪⢒䈤䉁䈜䇯ቇᩞ䈮ⴕ䈦䈩䇮ᢎ⢒䉕ฃ䈔䉁䈜䇯ᚑੱ䈮䈭䉎䈫⡯ᬺ䉕䉅䈤䇮⚿ᇕ䈚䈩䈇䈩䉅䇮⁛り䈪䉅䇮ⷫ䈎䉌㔌䉏䈩⁛┙䈚䈢↢ᵴ䉕䈚䉁䈜 79䇯ࡃࡦࠢࡒࠤ࡞࠮ࡦ⥄り߇⹺߼ߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨߩࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦ᭎ᔨߪ߹ߛ↢ᚑㆊ⒟ߦ
޽ߞߚ 79‫ޕ‬᭎ᔨߩ⏕┙ߦ⽸₂ߒߚߩߪ‫ߩࡦ࠺࡯ࠛ࠙ࠬޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩⷫߩળߩ੐ോዪ㐳ࠍോ߼ߡ޿ߚ
㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷78⍮⊛㓚ኂ㧔⸶ᦠߩ⴫⸥ߩ߹߹㧕⧎᧛. (1998).
80 ᆔຬળߪ‫ߩⷫޔ‬ળߩᓎຬ 2 ฬ‫ޔ‬කᏧ 7 ฬ‫ⴕޔ‬᡽ 6 ฬߩ⸘ 15 ฬߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯߆ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
79

㩷

－115－

࠾ࠖ࡝ࠛ㧔Nirje,B.㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߩࠢ࡯ࡑࡦ࠺ߪࠛ࡝ࠖ࠾ޕ‬1959 ᐕᴺࠍ 1963 ᐕߦ⍮ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨࠬ࠙ࠛ࡯
࠺ࡦ␠ળᐡߩක≮㘈໧ߛߞߚࠣ࡞ࡦࡀࡢ࡞࠼㧔Grunewald,K.㧕ߣ౒ߦ‫ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯ࠗ࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁޔ‬ℂᔨ
ࠍ⋓ࠅㄟࠎߛࠬ࠙ࠛ࡯࠺ࡦ ߩᴺᓞ೙ቯߦะߌ‫ޔ‬ㆇേࠍዷ㐿ߒߚ81‫ޕ‬ࠗ. ⊒㆐ࡕ࠺࡞ߣᢥൻᄙ᭽ᕈ
1966 ᐕ‫☨ޔ‬࿖ࡒࡀ࠰࠲Ꮊ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ⷫߩળߩ੐ോዪ㐳࠙ࠜ࡞ࠪࡘ㧔Walsh,J.㧕ߩ৻ⴕ߇‫ޔ‬ർ᰷ࠍⷞኤߒߚ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬ᓐࠄߪ‫☨ߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬࿖ߢߪᢎ⢒ਇน⢻ߣߺߥߐࠇߡ޿ߚ㊀ᐲߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂఽ߇ᢎ⢒ࠍฃߌ‫ޔ‬ቇ߱᭽ሶࠍ⋡ߩᒰߚࠅߦߒ‫ޔ‬㓚ኂఽࠍขࠅᏎߊⅣႺ‫ޔ‬๟࿐ߩੱ‫ߩޘ‬ଔ୯ⷰ‫ޔ‬ᘒᐲߥߤ߇‫ޔ‬㓚ኂߩ޽ࠆੱߚߜߦ෸߷ߔᓇ㗀ߩᄢ߈ߐࠍࠍᕁ޿⍮ࠄߐࠇߚ‫ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯ࠗ࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁޔߢߎߘޕ‬ᕁᗐࠍᐢ߼ࠆ໪⫥ࠠࡖࡦࡍ࡯ࡦࠍ☨࿖ߢ߽ዷ㐿ߒࠃ߁ߣ⠨߃‫ߩߘޔ‬දജ⠪ߣߒߡ࠾ࠖ࡝ࠛࠍ☨࿖߳᜗⡜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬1969 ᐕ‫☨ޔ‬࿖ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળ߇⊒⴫ߒߚႎ๔ᦠ82ߢߪ‫ޔ‬೨ㅀߩ࠾ࠖ࡝ࠛ‫࡞ࠣޔࡦ࠮࡞ࠤࡒࠢࡦࡃޔ‬ࡦࡀࡢ࡞࠼߇ಽᜂၫ╩ࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߦടࠊߞߚ‫ޕ‬ႎ๔ᦠߩ✬⪺⠪ߩ৻ੱ‫ࠞࠬ࡜ࡉࡀޔ‬ᄢቇක≮࠮ࡦ࠲࡯Ḱᢎ᝼ߩࡧࠜ࡞ࡈࠚࡦࠬࡃ࡯ࠟ࡯㧔Wolfensberger,W.㧕ߪ‫ޔ‬ႎ๔ᦠߩ╙㧡┨83ߢ‫ޟޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߪ‫ޔ‬ߘߩ㓚ኂ߇ߚߣ߃㊀ᐲߢ޽ߞߚߣߒߡ߽‫⊒ޔ‬⢒‫⊒ޔ‬㆐‫ޔ‬ቇ⠌ߒᓧࠆ‫ߣޠ‬ᢿ⸒ߒ‫ޔ‬㓚ኂߩ࿕ቯࠍ೨ឭ
ߣߔࠆ‫ޟ‬කቇࡕ࠺࡞‫ߦޠ‬ኻߒ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒࡮⸠✵߇น⢻ߥ‫⊒ޟ‬㆐ࡕ࠺࡞‫ߢޠ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂఽࠍᝒ߃ࠆߴ߈ߛߣ
ਥᒛߒߚ‫ޕ‬ࡧࠜ࡞ࡈࠚࡦࠬࡃ࡯ࠟ࡯ߦࠃࠆߎߩਥᒛߪ‫ޕߚߞߛߩ߽ߥ⊛ᦼ↹ޔ‬೨ㅀߒߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ߪߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬シᐲߥࠄシᐲߩ⊒㆐Ბ㓏ߢ‫ޔ‬㊀ᐲߥࠄ㊀ᐲߩ⊒㆐Ბ㓏ߢ‫⊒ޔ‬⢒߇஗ᱛߒߚ㓚ኂߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒࡧࠜ࡞ࡈࠚࡦࠬࡃ࡯ࠟ࡯ߪ‫ޔ‬ർ᰷ߩታ଀ࠍ⢛᥊ߦ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߪ⊒⢒ߩ㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚ㅜ਄ߦ޽ࠅ‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޔ‬ቇᩞ߿ડᬺߢㆡಾߥᢎ⢒࡮⸠✵ࠍฃߌࠇ߫ᣂߒ޿⍮⼂߿ᛛ⢻ࠍ⠌ᓧߒᓧࠆߣ⺰ߓߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬એᓟ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⠪߿ታ〣⠪ߩദജߪ‫☨ޔ‬࿖ߦ߅޿ߡߎࠇࠍታ⸽ߒߚࠅ‫ޔ‬ታ଀ࠍ⊒⷗ߒႎ๔ߔࠆߎߣߦᵈ߇ࠇࠆߎߣߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬หߓߊᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળႎ๔ᦠਛ‫߇ࠛ࡝ࠖ࠾ޔ‬ၫ╩ߒߚ╙㧣┨84ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ർ᰷ࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦℂᔨߩ⸃⺑߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ႎ๔ᦠߩᦨ⚳┨ߢ‫ޔ‬ၫ╩⠪ߩࡑࠨ࠴ࡘ࡯࠮࠶࠷Ꮊ㨯ࡉ࡜ࡦ࠳ࠗࠬᄢቇᢎ᝼ߩ࠺ࠖ
ࡃ࠶࠼㧔Dybwad,G.㧕ߪ‫╙ߚ޿ᦠ߇ࠛ࡝ࠖ࠾ޔ‬㧣┨ࠍ‫☨ޔ‬࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ੹ᓟߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪⑔␩ࠍ⠨߃㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷࠾࡯࡝ࠛ,B.(2004)ࠃࠅ‫ߩߎޕ‬ㆇേߪ߿߇ߡ‫ ߽ߢࡦ࠺࡯ࠚ࠙ࠬޔ‬1968 ᐕߩᴺᓞ೙ቯ߳ߣ⚿ታߒߚ‫ߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬ർ᰷ߢ⢒߹ࠇߚࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩℂᔨߪ‫ޔ‬1971 ᐕߩ࿖㓙⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ᮭ೑ት⸒߿ 1975 ᐕߩ࿖㓙㓚ኂ⠪ᮭ೑ት⸒ߦ߽ᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚ‫߅ߥޕ‬ᣣᧄߢߪ‫ߪߦ⥸৻ޔߪ⪲⸒߁޿ߣࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯ࠗ࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁޔ‬ᔅߕߒ߽ᶐㅘ
ߒߡ޿ߥ޿㧔ౝ㑑ᐭᄢ⤿ቭᚱ᡽ᐭᐢႎቶ,2001㧕‫ޕ‬
82 ‫ޟ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩ౉ᚲࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍᡷༀߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧔Changing Patterns in Residential Services for the
Mentally Retarded.㧕‫ޠ‬㧩President's Committee on Mental Retardation. (1969)83 ‫☨ޟ‬࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆᣉ⸳ಣㆄࡕ࠺࡞ߩ⿠Ḯߣ․ᓽ㧔The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models.㧕‫ޠ‬
84 ‫ߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯ࠗ࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁޟ‬ේℂߣߘߩੱ㑆⊛ಣㆄߣߩ߆߆ࠊࠅว޿㧔The Normalization Principle and Its
Human Management Implications.㧕‫ޠ‬
81

㩷

－116－

ࠆ਄ߢᦨ߽㊀ⷐߥ⺰ᢥߛߣ㜞ߊ⹏ଔߒߚ‫ߪ⺰ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯ࠗ࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁߩࠛ࡝ࠖ࠾ޕ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߦ㧤ߟߩ஥㕙߆ࠄᚑࠅ‫ޔ‬ർ᰷ߩℂᔨࠍࠃࠅ৻ጀ᣿⏕ߦߒߚ߽ߩߦߥߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ާࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦේℂߩ㧤஥㕙ިԘ 㧝ᣣߩࡁ࡯ࡑ࡞ߥ࡝࠭ࡓԙ 㧝ㅳ㑆ߩࡁ࡯ࡑ࡞ߥ࡝࠭ࡓԚ 㧝ᐕ㑆ߩࡁ࡯ࡑ࡞ߥ࡝࠭ࡓԛ ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆࡁ࡯ࡑ࡞ߥ⊒㆐⊛⚻㛎Ԝ ࡁ࡯ࡑ࡞ߥ୘ੱߩዅ෩ߣ⥄Ꮖ᳿ቯᮭԝ ߘߩᢥൻߦ߅ߌࠆࡁ࡯ࡑ࡞ߥᕈ⊛㑐ଥԞ ߘߩ␠ળߦ߅ߌࠆࡁ࡯ࡑ࡞ߥ⚻ᷣ᳓Ḱߣߘࠇࠍᓧࠆᮭ೑ԟ ߘߩ࿾ၞߦ߅ߌࠆࡁ࡯ࡑ࡞ߥⅣႺᒻᘒߣ᳓Ḱߎࠇࠄߩ߁ߜԝ‫ޔ‬Ԟ‫ޔ‬ԟߦߪ‫ߩߘޟ‬ᢥൻ‫␠ߩߘޟޠ‬ળ‫ߩߘޟޠ‬࿾ၞ‫ޔࠅ޽ߣޠ‬ᢥൻ‫␠ޔ‬ળ‫ޔ‬࿾ၞߩ㆑޿ߦࠃࠅߘࠇߙࠇߦ࿕᦭ߩ‫ߣࠆ޽߇ޠ࡞ࡑ࡯ࡁޟ‬ㅀߴߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ⷗߃ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᱷᔨߥ߇ࠄ࠾ࠖ
࡝ࠛߩ⺰ᢥߢߪߘߩߎߣ߇ᔅߕߒ߽᣿⏕ߦ⺰ߓࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫☨ޕ‬࿖ߢߎߩߎߣࠍᱜ㕙߆ࠄขࠅ਄ߍ
ߡ⺰ߓߚߩߪ‫ޔ‬೨ㅀߩࡧࠜ࡞ࡈࠚࡦࠬࡃ࡯ࠟ࡯ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐߪ 1972 ᐕߩ⪺ᦠߩਛߢ‫ޟޔ‬㧔ࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ
࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣߪ‫ޔ‬㧕น⢻ߥ߆߉ࠅᢥൻ⊛ߦㅢᏱߢ޽ࠆり૕⊛ߥⴕേ߿․ᓽࠍ⏕┙ߒߚࠅ‫⛽ޔ‬ᜬߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬น⢻ߥ߆߉ࠅᢥൻ⊛ߦㅢᏱߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆᚻᲑࠍ೑↪ߔࠆߎߣ85‫ߣࠆ޽ߢޠ‬᣿⏕ߦㅀߴߚ‫ߎޕ‬ߩ⷗⸃ߪ‫ޟ‬ᢥൻ㧙․ቯ⊛‫☨ޔߡߒߣ⺰ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯ࠗ࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁߥޠ‬࿖ߢߪ㜞ߊ⹏ଔߐࠇߚ‫☨ޕ‬࿖ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥੱ⒳‫ޔ‬᳃ᣖ‫ޔ‬ቬᢎࠍౝ൮ߒ‫ޔ‬୘ᕈ⊛ߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߇⥄Ꮖਥᒛߔࠆ࿖ߢߪ‫ࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬߇ᜬߟ⢛᥊߿࡜ࠗࡈࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ࠍዅ㊀ߒว߁߆‫ߪߚ߹ޔ‬ᐓᷤߒߥ޿߆‫ߪߊߒ߽ޔ‬᛬ࠅว߁ࠃ߁ߦᔀᐩ
⊛ߦ⹤ߒวࠊߥߌࠇ߫‫ޔ‬࿾ၞ‫ޔ‬ቇᩞ‫ޔ‬ળ␠ߢߩੱ㑆㑐ଥ⥄૕߇ᚑࠅ┙ߚߥ޿‫ޕ‬ቬᢎߦߟ޿ߡ⸒߃߫‫ޔ‬ᣣᏱ↢ᵴߢᣣᧄࠃࠅ߽ߪࠆ߆ߦቬᢎ߇ᗧ⼂ߐࠇࠆ☨࿖ߢߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળߩਥᵹࠍභ߼ࠆࠕࡦࠣࡠࠨࠢ࠰ࡦ
♽ߩ⊕ੱߩਛߢߐ߃߽‫ࠍࠢ࠶࡝࠻ࠞ߿࠻ࡦ࠲ࠬ࠹ࡠࡊޔ‬ᆎ߼ᄙ᭽ߥቬᵷߦࠃߞߡ೑ኂ߇ಽ߆ࠇࠆߎ
ߣ߇޽ࠆ‫ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯ࠗ࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁޕ‬ᕁᗐ߇☨࿖Ꮢ᳃ߦᐢߊฃߌኈࠇࠄࠇࠆߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᢥൻᄙ᭽ᕈߦ㈩ᘦߒ
ߚࡧࠜ࡞ࡈࠚࡦࠬࡃ࡯ࠟ࡯ߩࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⺰߇㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߚ‫ޕ‬䋨䋳䋩ᄙ᭽ߥ࿾ၞዬ૑ߩ޽ࠅᣇ㩷
1960 ᐕ㗃߹ߢߩ☨࿖ߢ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩ౉ᚲᣉ⸳ߣ⸒߃߫‫ޔ‬Ꮢⴝ࿾߆ࠄߪࠆ߆ᓐᣇߩ⨹ᶭߣߒߚේ
㊁ߦᑪ▽ߐࠇߚ‫ޔ‬කᏧ߿⋴⼔Ꮷࠍ㈩ߔࠆࡌ࠶࠼ᢙ 1,000㨪5,000 ᐥߩ⿥Ꮒᄢᣉ⸳ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻ㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷85

㩷

Wolfensberger,W.(1982).

－117－ߒᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળߪ‫ޔ‬ㇺᏒ߳ߩࠕࠢ࠮ࠬ߇ኈᤃߥ႐ᚲߦ㧔ߢ߈ࠇ߫ㇺᏒߩਛߦ㧕‫ޔ‬ዬ૑ᣉ⸳ߣ࠺ࠗࠤ
ࠕᣉ⸳߇৻૕ߣߥߞߚዊⷙᮨ86ߩᣉ⸳ࠍᣂߚߦ⸳ߌ‫ޔ‬ᚑੱ߿ሶߤ߽ߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ࠍߘߎ߳ᓢ‫ߦޘ‬⒖ⴕ
ߐߖࠆߴ߈ߛߣਥᒛߒߚ87‫ޕ‬ᣂߚߥᣉ⸳ߪ‫ޔ‬ᷡẖߢ‫ޔ‬㓞ੱห჻ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦṁߌㄟࠎߛ߽ߩ߇⋡ᜰߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ᣉ⸳ߩᢙߦߟ޿ߡ߽‫ߩߘޔ‬࿾ၞߦ޽ࠆ৻⥸ߩ౏⋉ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍߒߩߋ߶ߤᄙᢙߦߥࠄߥ޿
ࠃ߁ߦ㈩ᘦߐࠇߚ88‫ߩߘޕ‬㓙‫ߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯ࠗ࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁߩࠛ࡝ࠖ࠾ޔ‬ේೣߪ‫ޔ‬น⢻ߥ㒢ࠅኅᐸ⊛ߥⅣႺߩታ⃻ࠍ⋡ᜰߔ߽ߩߣ⸃ߐࠇߚ‫߼ߚߩߎޕ‬ᣉ⸳ߩⷙᮨߪ‫߫ࠇ߃଀ޔ‬ዊደ Cottage ߩࠃ߁ߦዊⷙᮨߢ‫ޔ‬ߤߎߩኅᐸߦ߽޽ࠆࠃ߁ߥኅ⽷㆏ౕࠍឥ߃‫౉ޔ‬ᚲ⠪ߩᐕ㦂ߦᔕߓߚⅣႺ߇ᢛ߃ࠄࠇ‫ޔ‬ᄖ಴߇⥄↱ߦߢ߈‫ࠍ↥⽷᦭⑳߿࡯ࠪࡃࠗ࡜ࡊޔ‬ᜬߟߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ‫ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ᣉ⸳ߩ޽ࠅᣇ߇੕޿ߦዅ㊀ߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߢߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ߆ߞߚ89‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߡ‫౉ߩߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬ᚲᣉ⸳㧔Residential institute㧕ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ࿾ၞዬ૑㧔Community
Residence㧕ߩ޽ࠅᣇ߇ᮨ⚝ߐࠇ‫ߩޘ╬ࠬࡆ࡯ࠨ࠻ࠗࡄࠬ࡟ޔ࡞࠹ࠬࡎࠬ࡯࡙ޔࡓ࡯ࡎࡊ࡯࡞ࠣޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥ੐଀߇↢߹ࠇߚ90‫ޕ‬䋨䋴䋩⼱㑆ή߈ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬㅪ៤㩷
1960 ᐕઍߩ☨࿖ߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂኻ╷ߪ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩ⊓႐ߦะߌᄢ߈ߥォ឵ᦼߦ౉ߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨߩᄢ⛔㗔ຬળ91ߪ‫ߩߎޔ‬ᄌൻࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆ਄ߢ․ߦ㊀ⷐߥࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߣߒߡ‫ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯ࠗ࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁޔ‬㧔ᧄႎ๔ᦠߩ 114 ࡍ࡯ࠫ㧕ߣ⊒㆐ࡕ࠺࡞㧔หߓߊ 116 ࡍ࡯ࠫ㧕ߦട߃‫⼱ޔ‬㑆ή߈ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬㅪ៤㧔Continuumof Care㧕92ࠍ᜼ߍ‫౉ޔ‬ᚲᣉ⸳߆ࠄ಴ߡ߈ߚ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇࿾ၞ↢ᵴࠍ⛮⛯ߔࠆ਄ߢ㊀ⷐߥ⺰ὐߛߣᜰ៰ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
⼱㑆ή߈ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬㅪ៤ߣߪ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇ߘߩ↢ᶦߩฦ႐㕙ߢ⚻㛎ߔࠆ㓚ኂࠍน⢻ߥ㒢ࠅᛥ߃ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁‫ޔ‬୘‫ߦޘ‬ᔕߓߡᔅⷐߥක≮‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒‫ࠍࠬࡆ࡯ࠨ␩⑔ޔ‬ㆬᛯߒ‫ߔߦ߁ࠃࠆ߃૶ޔߒࠫࡦ࡟ࠕޔ‬ࠆߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ㆊ⒟ߢකᏧߪ‫ޔ‬୘‫ߩޘ‬໧㗴ߩ⸥タ‫ޔ‬੐ታߩ․ቯ‫⹏ޔ㉼⸃ޔ‬ଔ㧔Evaluation㧕‫ޔ‬⸘↹ߩ┙᩺㧔Planning㧕‫ޔ‬ታⴕ㧔Implementation㧕‫ޔ‬ౣ⹏ଔ‫ޔ‬ౣ⸘↹‫ޔ‬ታⴕ㨯㨯㨯╬‫ߩޘ‬ၮᧄⷐ⚛߆ࠄᚑࠆᐢ▸ߥಽ㊁ࠍ▤ℂߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળߦࠃࠇ߫‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬୘‫ߩޘ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩකቇ⊛‫ޔ‬ᔃℂቇ⊛‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ⊛ߥᯏ⢻ࠍน⢻ߥ㒢ࠅᐢߍࠆࠃ߁▤ℂߔࠆ㧔Administrate㧕ߩߢ޽ࠆ㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷ዊⷙᮨߣߪ⸒ߞߡ߽ 500 ᐥ⒟ᐲ߇ᗐቯߐࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬หߓ㗃‫ᦨޔߪߢࡦ࠺࡯ࠚ࠙ࠬ߿ࠢ࡯ࡑࡦ࠺ޔ‬ᄢߢ߽ 300ᐥ߇⋡ᮡߣߐࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬87 President’s Panel on Mental Retardation.(1962a).
88 Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities ߩ Web ࡍ࡯ࠫࠃࠅ
89 International League of Societies for the Mentally Handicapped.(1969).
90 President's Committee on Mental Retardation. (1975)‫ޕ‬ᚑੱ㓚ኂ⠪ะߌ 12 ⒳‫ޔ‬㜞㦂㓚ኂ⠪ะߌ 5 ⒳‫ޔ‬㓚ኂఽะߌ 13 ⒳ߩ․ᓽ⊛ߥ੐଀߇౮⌀౉ࠅߢಽ߆ࠅᤃߊ⚫੺ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬หߓࠣ࡞࡯ࡊࡎ࡯ࡓߢ߽
᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᒻ߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬91 President’s Panel on Mental Retardation.(1962a).
92 ⋥⸶ߔࠇ߫‫ߩࠕࠤޟ‬ㅪ⛯૕‫ࠅߥ߆ߪޠࠕࠤޟ߁⸒ߢߎߎޔ߇ߛޠ‬ᐢ޿ᗧ๧ߢ‫ޔ‬ක≮ⴕὑ‫ޔ‬りㄝಣℂ߿ᣣᏱ↢ᵴߩᜰዉ‫ޔ‬ၮ␆ቇജߩᢎ⢒‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺᜰዉ‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ⸠✵ߦ⥋ࠆ߹ߢߩᐢ▸ߥౝኈ߇ᔒะߐࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
86

㩷

－118－

߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬කᏧߦࠃࠆߎߩㅢᏱߩක≮ⴕὑࠍ⿥߃ߚ઀੐ߪ‫࠻ࡦࡔࠫࡀࡑޔ‬㧔Management㧕93ߣ⸒޿឵߃
ߚᣇ߇⦟޿ߩߛߣ޿߁94‫଻␹♖ޕ‬ஜಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆࡑࠢࠬ࡝࡯㧔Moxley,D.㧕ߩࠤ࡯ࠬࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻⺰95ߩ⪚⧘ߣ߽⸒߃ࠆ⼱㑆ή߈ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬㅪ៤ߩ᭎ᔨߩᗧ⟵ߪ‫ޔ‬વ⛔⊛ߥᣉ⸳ಣㆄ߇↢ᵴߩ࠾࡯࠭ߩߔߴ
㧚㧚ߡࠍࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߆ࠄ㓒㔌ߐࠇߚᣉ⸳ߛߌߢⴕ߅߁ߣߒߡ޿ߚߩߦኻߒߡ‫⼱ޔ‬㑆ή߈ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬㅪ៤
ߦࠃߞߡ㒮ᄖߩⶄᢙߩ␠ળ⾗Ḯ߿ኾ㐷ኅߣߩද௛߇᭴ᗐߐࠇߚߎߣߦ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬䋨䋵䋩ᄢဳ౉ᚲᣉ⸳߳ߩㅒᚯࠅߣήఘഭ௛㩷㧚㧚㧚㧚ઁᣇ‫ޔ‬ଐὼߣߒߡવ⛔⊛ߥᄢဳߩ౉ᚲᣉ⸳ߩᢝ࿾ౝߢ‫ޔ‬ታ⾰⊛ߥഭ௛ߦᓥ੐ߒߡ޿ߚ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߩ઀੐ߪ‫ޔ‬Ἲ੐‫ޔ‬ᵞữ‫ޔ‬ᣉ⸳ୃ❲‫౉ߩઁޔ‬ᚲ⠪ߩ਎⹤‫ޔ‬ᣉ⸳ߢᶖ⾌ߔࠆ㘩♳ߩ⥄⛎ߩߚ߼ߩ⇌઀੐‫⵾ߩ᦯⴩ޔ↥⇓ޔ‬૞╬‫ޔޘ‬ᣉ⸳ߩㆇ༡ߦ⽸₂ߔࠆ㘃ߩ઀੐ߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޟߪࠄࠇߎޔ‬ᴦ≮‫ޠ‬96ߩ৻Ⅳߣߺߥߐࠇߡ޿ߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬ήఘഭ௛ߢ޽ߞߚ97‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߩਛߦߪ‫ޔ‬࿾ၞዬ૑߇ታ⃻ߒ‫ߞߖޔ‬㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚
߆ߊᣉ⸳߆ࠄ࿾ၞ߳಴ߡⴕߞߚߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ‫઀ޔ‬੐ࠍ᳞߼ߡౣ߮ᣉ⸳߳ᚯߞߡ௛ߊੱ߽޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄ߇㐳ᦼ౉ᚲᣉ⸳߆ࠄ಴ߡ࿾ၞߢ᥵ࠄߔߚ߼ߦߪ‫ޔ‬૑߻႐ᚲߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬௛ߊ႐߇ᔅⷐߛߞߚߩ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩⷫߩળߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥታᘒࠍႎ๔ߒ‫ޔ‬㐳ᦼ౉ᚲᣉ⸳ߦ޿ࠆ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩਛߦ‫⥸৻ޔ‬ഭ௛Ꮢ႐ߢㅢ↪ߔࠆഭ௛⠪߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣߩ⸽ߢ޽ࠆߣਥᒛߒߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળߪ‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬ᣉ⸳ౝߢߩήఘഭ௛ߪ⾓㊄ 125 ਁ࠼࡞ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆߣ⹜▚ߒ‫ޔ‬ᡷༀࠍ๭߮߆ߌߚ‫ޕ‬㧟࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߣ଻⼔Ꮏ႐㩷䋨䋱䋩࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㩷ᣉ⸳߆ࠄ಴ߡߊࠆ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩ࠾࡯࠭ߪ‫ޔ‬ዞഭࠍ฽߻ᣣਛᵴേߩ႐ߩ⏕଻‫ޔ‬ኅᐸ↢ᵴ߳ߩㆡᔕ㧔߽ߒߊߪኅᐸએᄖߩ࿾ၞዬ૑߳ߩㆡᔕ㧕‫ޔ‬࿾ၞߢ᥵ࠄߔߚ߼ߩ␠ળ↢ᵴࠬࠠ࡞ะ਄ࠍ࿑ࠆߚ߼ߩ⸠✵ߩᯏળ╬‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ዞഭߩ႐ߣߒߡ଻⼔Ꮏ႐߇⸳┙ߐࠇߚ߇‫ޔ‬ዞഭߩၮ⋚ߣߥࠆ࿾ၞ↢ᵴߩࠬࠠ࡞߇ᄢ᏷ߦਇ⿷ߒߡ޿ࠆ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߽޿ࠆ╬‫ޔ‬൮᜝⊛ߥ␠ળ⾗Ḯߩᬌ⸛߇ᔅⷐߛߞߚ‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷93ߎߎߢ⺒⠪ߦ߅߆ࠇߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߩਛߦડᬺኅ߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߚߎߣࠍᗐ⿠ߒߡ޿ߚߛ߈
ߚ޿‫ޕ‬
94 President’s Panel on Mental Retardation. (1962a).
95 Moxley, D.P.(1989).
96 112 ࡍ࡯ࠫߢ⸅ࠇߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂߪᧄ⾰⊛ߥᴦ≹߇ᦼᓙߢ߈ߥ޿‫∔ޟ‬ᖚ‫౉ޔ߇ߚߞ޽ߢޠ‬ᚲᣉ⸳ߢߪකᏧߩਅߢ‫ޟ‬ᴦ≮‫ޕߚ޿ߡࠇࠄߺ⹜߇ޠ‬97 Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities ߩ Web ࡍ࡯ࠫࠃࠅ

㩷

－119－

ߎߩ࠾࡯࠭ߦኻᔕߒߚߩ߇‫ޔ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㧔Activity Center98㧕ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ ߦߢߔޕ‬1952ᐕߦࡍࡦࠪ࡞ࡃ࠾ࠕᎺߦᦨೋߩೋ߼ߡߩ࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯߇⸳⟎ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ห᭽ߩขࠅ⚵ߺ߇ઁߩᎺ߽߳ᐢ߇ߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯߇ឭଏߔࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪᎺ߿࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߦࠃߞߡ
ᄙ᭽ߢ‫ޔ‬ฬ⒓߽̌Day activity center̍߿̌Work activity center̍╬ߣ᭽‫ޔ߇ߛޘ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴߢߩ⥄┙ࠍ⋡ᮡߦᝪ߃ߡ޿ߚὐ߇౒ㅢߒߡ޿ߚ‫ ߜ߁ߩ࡯࠲ࡦ࠮ޕ‬85㧑ߪ‫ޔ‬ዞ⡯Ḱ஻ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㧔Work
activity program㧕ࠍታᣉߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޔઁߩߎޕ‬ᢛኈߩ⠌ᘠ߿ᛛ⢻‫ޔ‬ኅ੐‫ޔ‬ኅ߿ኅౕߩୃ❲‫࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߿ੱઃ߈ว޿╬ߩࠃ߁ߥኻੱᛛ⢻‫ޔ‬ㅢൕࠍߦࠄࠎߛ੤ㅢᯏ㑐ߩ૶޿ᣇ‫ޔ‬᭽‫⿰ߥޘ‬๧ߣ޿ߞߚᣣᏱ↢ᵴ߿␠ળ↢ᵴߢᔅⷐߥ࠻࡟࡯࠾ࡦ߽ࠣⴕࠊࠇߚ‫౉ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᚲᣉ⸳߆ࠄኅᐸ߳ߩᓳᏫ߇⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡ޿ߚߎߣ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ඨᢙએ਄ߩ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯߇ኅᣖߣߩ㑐ଥᒻᚑࠍⴕ߁ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍታᣉߔࠆ╬‫ޔ‬ኅᣖߦ቟ᔃࠍ߽ߚࠄߔߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦ߽⹜ߺࠄࠇߚ99‫ޕ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯߳ߩ᧪ᚲ⚻〝ߪ‫↢ᦝޔ‬ᣉ⸳‫┙౏ޔ‬ቇᩞ100‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ੐ോᚲ‫ޔ‬ߘߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩⷫ‫ߩ࡯࠲ࡦ࠮ޕߚߞ޽ߢޘ╬ޔ‬೑↪⠪ߪ‫ ↢✵⸠ޔ‬Trainee‫↢ޔ࠻ࡦࠛࠗ࡜ࠢޔ‬ᓤStudent ╬ߣ๭߫ࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩ߭ߣߟߢ 1956 ᐕߦ࠾ࡘ࡯ࠫࡖ࡯ࠫ࡯Ꮊߢᆎ
߹ߞߡ޿ߚ⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߩߚ߼ߩ‫ࠢ࡯ࡢޟ‬㨯ࠬ࠲࠺ࠖ㨯ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫৻ޔߪߢޠ‬ᣣߩඨಽࠍ౉ኰဳߩቇᩞ
ߢㆊߏߒ‫ޔ‬ᓟߩඨᣣߪᏒⴝ࿾߳௛߈ߦ಴߆ߌࠆߣ޿߁߽ߩߛߞߚ‫ߩࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ਅߢᵴേߒߡ޿ߚ⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߪ‫ޔ‬ᣉ⸳ࠍ಴ߚᓟ߽หߓࠃ߁ߦᏒⴝ࿾ߢ௛޿ߚ‫ޕ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߪ 1960 ᐕઍߦో☨߳ߣᕆㅦߦᐢ߇ࠅ‫ޔ‬1972 ᐕᤨὐߢߪࡒࡀ࠰࠲Ꮊߦ 86 ࠞᚲ‫ࠢ࡯࡛࡯ࡘ࠾ޔ‬Ꮊߦ 50 ࠞᚲߥߤ‫ ߢ☨ోޔ‬706 ࠞᚲߦ߹ߢჇ߃‫ޔ‬㐳ᦼ౉ᚲᣉ⸳ߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩ࿾ၞ
߳ߩ⒖ⴕࠍ࿑ࠆ਄ߢ㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᜂߞߚ‫ޕ‬䋨䋲䋩଻⼔Ꮏ႐ߢߩ㓹↪㩷

ࠕ. ⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣߒߡߩ଻⼔Ꮏ႐࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩዞ⡯Ḱ஻ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߆ࠄ⒖ⴕߔࠆవߩ㓹↪㧔Employment101㧕ߣߪ‫ޔ‬ၮᧄ⊛ߦߪ଻⼔Ꮏ႐㧔Sheltered workshop㧕ߢߩ㓹↪ࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
̌Activity Center̍ߪ‫ޔ‬ㅢᚲᵴേ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯‫ޔ‬ᣣਛᵴേ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯‫ࡦ࠮࡮ࠖ࠹ࡆࠖ࠹ࠢࠕ߹߹ߩߘߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬࠲࡯ߣ๺⸶ߒߡ߽ࠃ޿߆߽⍮ࠇߥ޿‫ᧄߒ߆ߒޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ☨⺆ߩ̌Activity̍߇ታ㓙ߦᵴേߒߥ߇ࠄᛛ⢻ࠍቇ߱⸠✵߿✵⠌ߩ⺆⟵ࠍᜬߟߎߣߦ⌕⋡ߒ‫ޔ‬೨ㅀߩ࿾ၞዬ૑ᣉ⸳ߩࠃ߁ߥ‫౉ޔ‬ᚲᣉ⸳߆ࠄߩ࿾ၞߩฃߌ⋁ߣߒߡߩ↢ᵴߩ႐ߩᗧ๧ว޿ࠍ⿥߃‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ↢ᵴ㧔Work Activity㧕ࠍ฽߻࿾ၞ↢ᵴߩ࠻࡟࡯࠾ࡦࠣ߇ࠃࠅᒝߊᗧ⼂ߐࠇߚࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢ޽ߞߚߎߣࠍ߽ൊ᩺ߒ‫ޟޔ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯‫߅ߥޕߚߒߦߣߎߔ⸶ߣޠ‬ᓟㅀߔࠆࠃ
߁ߦ‫ߩߎޔ‬႐วߩ⡯ᬺ↢ᵴߪ଻⼔Ꮏ႐ߢߩ㓹↪߇ਛᔃߢ‫⥸৻ޔ‬੐ᬺᚲ߳⒖ⴕߒߚࠤ࡯ࠬߪዋߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬99 Cortazzo,A. (1972).
100 ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩߚ߼ߩ౏ᢎ⢒ߪ‫ޔ‬ᣢߦ৻ㇱߩᎺ߿᳃㑆ߦࠃߞߡⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߚ߽ߩߩ‫ޔ‬㊂⾰ߣ߽ߦ࿾ၞߦࠃߞ
ߡᄢ߈ߥᩰᏅ߇޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬1965 ᐕߦೋ╬ਛ╬ᢎ⢒ᴺ㧔The Elementary and Secondary Education Act㧕߇ᚑ┙ߒ‫ߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬Ꮊ߇ⴕߞߡ޿ߚ౏ᢎ⢒ߦኻߒㅪ㇌߇੍▚੤ઃࠍ㐿ᆎߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᎺߏߣߩᩰᏅࠍዋߥߊߔࠆߎ
ߣ߇⋡ᜰߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬หᴺߪ⠉ᐕᡷᱜߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߦ㓚ኂఽᢎ⢒ዪ㧔Bureau for Education of theHandicapped㧕߇⸳⟎ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
101 ⧷⺆ߩ̌Employment̍ߪ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߢ⸒߁޿ࠊࠁࠆ⑔␩⊛ዞഭࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆߎߣߦᵈᗧ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
98

㩷

－120－

ᣢߦ 1943 ᐕߩᡷᱜ⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦᴺߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬り૕㓚ኂ⠪ߣหߓࠃ߁ߦ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩኻ⽎ߣߐࠇߡ޿ߚߩߛ߇‫ޔ‬1960 ᐕઍߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߦኻߔࠆ⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߣ⸒߃߫‫ޔ‬߽ߞ߬ࠄ଻⼔Ꮏ႐ߢߩ૞ᬺߩឭଏߩߎߣߛߞߚ‫ޕ‬
1961 ᐕ⃻࿷‫ޔ‬42 ߩᎺߦ 200 ߩ଻⼔Ꮏ႐߇⸳⟎ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩ 3㧑߇ߎࠇࠄߩ଻⼔Ꮏ႐ߦㅢߞߡ޿ߚ102‫ޕ‬

ࠗ. ଻⼔Ꮏ႐ߢߩ․೎ᦨૐ⾓㊄ߩㆡ↪
ᦨૐ⾓㊄ߩቯ߼ࠍ฽߻ 1938 ᐕ೙ቯߩ౏ᱜഭ௛ၮḰᴺ103ߪ‫ޔ‬㓚ኂߩ޽ࠆੱߩഭ௛ߦߟ޿ߡߪߘߩ㒰ᄖⷙቯࠍ⸳ߌ‫⼔଻ޔ‬Ꮏ႐ߦㆡ↪ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ᦨߩߎޕ‬ૐ⾓㊄㒰ᄖߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬1966 ᐕߩᡷᱜᴺߢߪ৻
⥸ᦨૐ⾓㊄ߩ 50㧑એ਄ߦ⸳ቯߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߣߐࠇࠆ․೎ᦨૐ⾓㊄ߩ೙ᐲ߇ᣂ⸳ߐࠇߚ߇‫ߎޔ‬ߩⷙቯߪ‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦᯏ㑐ߩᛚ⹺ࠍฃߌࠇ߫㒰ᄖߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߡ޿ߚ‫ߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬ߡ଻⼔Ꮏ႐ߢ௛޿ߡᓧࠄࠇࠆ⾓㊄᳓Ḱߪ‫ޔ‬ଐὼૐ޿߽ߩߦߥࠄߑࠆࠍᓧߥ߆ߞߚ104‫ޕ‬䋨䋳䋩ਇචಽߛߞߚ৻⥸㓹↪߳ߩ⒖ⴕ㩷ో☨߳᜛ᄢߒߚ࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩዞ⡯Ḱ஻ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫⼔଻ޔ‬Ꮏ႐߳ߩ⒖ⴕ߇♖৻᧰ߢ‫ޔ‬౏┙ቇᩞ߆ࠄ৻⥸㓹↪߳⒖ⴕߢ߈ߚ‫ޟ‬ᢎ⢒น⢻‫ߥޠ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ࠍ㒰ߌ߫‫⥸৻ޔ‬㓹↪߳⒖ⴕߢ߈ߚ㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߪߏߊࠊߕ߆ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬1979 ᐕᤨὐߩ⺞ᩏߢ߽‫ޔ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ࠍ೑↪ߔࠆ㓚ኂ⠪ߩ߁ߜ଻⼔Ꮏ႐߳⒖ⴕߢ߈ߚੱߪ 3㧑‫⼔଻ޔ‬Ꮏ႐೑↪⠪ࠍ೑↪ߔࠆ㓚ኂ⠪ߩ߁ߜ⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝
࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ੐ോᚲߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߳⒖ⴕߢ߈ߚੱߪ 7.4㧑‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ੐ോᚲߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍ
೑↪ߒߚ㓚ኂ⠪ߩ߁ߜ৻⥸㓹↪߳⒖ⴕߒߚੱߪ 11.3㧑ߒ߆޿ߥ߆ߞߚ105‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨ‫ߩߎޔ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯߆ࠄ৻⥸㓹↪߳⥋ࠆ৻ㅪߩᵹࠇߪ‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩㅪ⛯૕㧔Continuum㧕106ߣ๭߫ࠇ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߪߎߩㅪ⛯૕ߦਸ਼ߞߡ৻⥸㓹↪߳Ბ㓏⊛⒖ⴕࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣ߇⋡ᜰߐࠇߚ‫ߘ߇ߛޕ‬ߩᚑᨐߪ‫ߩⷫޔ‬ળ߿ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળࠍḩ⿷ߐߖࠆ߽ߩߢߪᔅߕߒ߽ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߩߎޔߢߎߘޕ‬ㅪ⛯૕ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ⿥߃ߚᣂߚߥขࠅ⚵ߺ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇߚ107‫ޕ‬⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩὶὐߪ‫ޔ‬ᓢ‫ߦޘ‬㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩ㓹↪ߩታ⃻ߩㅊ᳞߳ߣ⒖ࠄߑࠆࠍᓧ
ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬1963 ᐕ‫ߦ☨ోޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩߚ߼ߩ 12 ߩ⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯‫ޔ‬18 ߩᄢቇઃዻᣉ⸳‫ޔ‬242 ߩ࿾㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
President’s Panel on Mental Retardation.,1962b‫⥸৻ޕ‬ડᬺߢߩ㓹↪ഭ௛ߎߘ߇⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪ
ࡦߩᚑᨐߢ޽ࠆߣߩ⹺⼂߇᣿⏕ߦߐࠇࠆߦߪ‫ޔ‬2000 ᐕࠍᓙߚߨ߫ߥࠄߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬103 Fair Labor Standards Act
104 ᧄႎ๔ᦠߩ 140 ࡍ࡯ࠫએ㒠ߢ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߩ଻⼔Ꮏ႐߿េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩ೑↪⠪ߩᚲᓧߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
105 Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities ߩ Web ࡍ࡯ࠫࠃࠅ‫߅ߥޕ‬หߓ⾗ᢱߢ‫ޔ‬଻⼔Ꮏ႐ࠍ೑↪ߔࠆ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩ߁ߜ 2.7㧑߇৻⥸㓹↪߳⋥ធ⚿߮ߟ޿ߡ޿ߚߣ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬106 ߎࠇߪ 118 ࡍ࡯ࠫߩ⼱㑆ή߈ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬㅪ៤ߩ޽ࠅᣇߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬107 ਭ଻(1989)ߪ‫̌ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬Continuum̍ߩ᭎ᔨࠍขࠅᛄ߁߽ߩߣߒߡេഥઃ߈㓹↪߇⊓႐ߒߚߣㅀߴߡ޿
ࠆ‫ޕ‬
102

㩷

－121－

ၞᣉ⸳ߩᑪ⸳⸘↹ࠍ⋓ࠅㄟࠎߛᣂߚߥᴺᓞ108߇ᚑ┙ߒ‫ޔ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯߿଻⼔Ꮏ႐ߩ᜛ల߇
࿑ࠄࠇߚ‫ޔ޿઻ߦࠇߎޕ‬೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ↢ᵴᡰេ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍታᣉߔࠆ․ᱶᢎ⢒ቇᩞ߽Ⴧ߃ߚ߇‫ߪߣߎߩߎޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂఽᢎ⢒ߩ⊒ዷࠍ߽ଦߒߚ‫ࡦࠧ࡟ࠝޔߚ߹ޕ‬Ꮊ‫ࡦࠪࡦࠦࠬࠖ࠙ޔ‬Ꮊ‫࡯ࡃޔ‬ࠫ࠾ࠕᎺߩᄢቇ⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߢ‫ޔ‬㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߳ߩዞഭᡰេᛛᴺߩ⎇ⓥ߇ⴕࠊࠇ‫৻ߩߘޔ‬Ⅳߣߒ
ߡេഥઃ߈㓹↪߿࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ߩ⹜ߺ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧠৻⥸㓹↪߳ߩ⒖ⴕࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ㩷䋨䋱䋩⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪㓹↪ߩ⚻ᷣലᨐ㩷೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬1960 ᐕઍߩ☨࿖ߢ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߦኻߒߡⴕࠊࠇߚᦨ߽৻⥸⊛ߥ⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯
࡚ࠪࡦߪ‫⼔଻ޔ‬Ꮏ႐ߢߩ૞ᬺឭଏߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળߪ‫ޔ‬1,578 ੱߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩᐕ㑆෼౉ࠍㅊ〔ߒߚ 1958 ᐕߩ⺞ᩏߢ‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯
࡚ࠪࡦࠍታᣉߔࠆએ೨ߦߪ✚㗵 7 ਁ࠼࡞ߢ޽ߞߚ߽ߩ߇‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦታᣉᓟߦߪ৻⥸ડᬺߢߩ㓹↪ߦࠃߞߡ 250 ਁ࠼࡞߹ߢჇ߃ߚߣߒ‫⥸৻ޔ‬ડᬺߢߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪㓹↪ߦ⚻ᷣ⊛ലᨐ߇޽ࠆߣਥᒛߒߚ109‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળߪ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߦኻߒ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪㓹↪ࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦ൘ᅑߒߚ‫ޕ‬એਅߪ‫ޔ‬੐ᬺਥ߿ੱ੐ᜂᒰ⠪߳⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩੱ੐▤ℂࡁ࠙ࡂ࠙ࠍવ߃ࠆߚ߼ߦᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળ߇1963ᐕߦ૞ᚑߒߚ࡝࡯ࡈ࡟࠶࠻ߩ৻ㇱߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬䍃䍃䍃৻⥸䈱ᣂ౉␠ຬ䈏䇮䈢䉁䈢䉁⍮⊛㓚ኂ䉕䉅䈦䈩䈇䈢䈫⠨䈋䈩᥉ㅢ䈮ធ䈚䈩䈒䈣䈘䈇䇯⍮⊛㓚ኂ䈏䈅䉎䈎䉌䈫䈇䈦䈩ሶ䈬䉅䈱䉋䈉䈮ᛒ䈦䈢䉍䇮䉁䈒䈚┙䈩䈩⸒䈇⽶䈎䈠䈉䈫䈚䈢䉍䈚䈭䈇䈪ਅ䈘䈇䇯䍃䍃䍃䋨ਛ⇛䋩䍃䍃䍃ᜰ␜ౝኈ䈲⸒⪲䈣䈔䈪ᢎ䈋䉋䈉䈫䈜䉎䉋䉍ታṶ䈚䈩␜䈚䈢ᣇ䈏ലᨐ⊛䈪䈜䇯䍃䍃䍃䋨ਛ⇛䋩䍃䍃䍃઀੐䈱ᤨ㑆䇮઀੐⌕䇮ᜬ䈤႐䇮ႎ๔⋧ᚻ䇮⾓㊄㗵䇮ㅢൕ䈮૶䈉䊋䉴஗䈱䋶䈧䈲․䈮ᔨ౉䉍䈮⺑᣿䈚䇮䉒䈎䈦䈢䈎䈬䈉䈎⏕䈎䉄䉎䈢䉄䈮䇸䈪䈲䇮䈅䈭䈢䈱⡯႐䉕᩺ౝ䈚䈩䈒䈣䈘䈇䇹䈱䉋䈉䈭⾰໧䉕䈚䈩䈒䈣䈘䈇䇯䍃䍃䍃䋨ਛ⇛䋩䍃䍃䍃ห௥䉇਄ม䈮䈚䈦䈎䉍⚫੺䈚䈩䈒䈣䈘䈇䇯ᆎ䉄䈲ౝ᳇䈮⷗䈋䉎䈎䉅䈚䉏䉁䈞䉖䈏䇮⾰໧䈮╵䈋䇮໧㗴䈮⡊䉕⾉䈜ห௥䈏৻ੱ䈪䉅䈇䈩䈒䉏䉏䈳䇮ઁ䈱⊝䈘䉖䈫䉅ᛂ䈤⸃䈔䉎䈖䈫䈏䈪䈐䉁䈜䇯110㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷̌Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act̍President’s Panel on Mental Retardation(1962a)
110 President's Committee on Mental Retardation. (1963).ࠃࠅᒁ↪‫ⵣߩ࠻࠶࡟ࡈ࡯࡝ߩߎޕ‬㕙ߦߪ‫⛯⛮ޔ‬㓹↪⚿ᨐࠍ⺞ᩏߒߚ⚿ᨐߣ㧠ߟߩᅢ੐଀߇⚫੺ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
108
109

㩷

－122－

䋨䋲䋩ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߦࠃࠆ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪㓹↪㩷
1963 ᐕ߆ࠄ 10 ᐕ㑆‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭ⥄ࠄ߇⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ࠍ㓹↪ߔࠆߣ޿߁ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߇ታⴕߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ߘߩߨࠄ޿ߪ‫ޔ‬᳃㑆ડᬺߦ߅ߌࠆ㓹↪ଦㅴࠍᗖ⿠ߔࠆߎߣߦ޽ߞߚ‫ߢ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߩߎޕ‬ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߪ‫ޔ‬㐿ᆎ߆ࠄ⠉ᐕߩ 1964 ᐕᤨὐߢ 361 ੱ‫ޔ‬3 ᐕᓟߩ 1967 ᐕᤨὐߢߪ 3,241 ੱߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ࠍ㓹↪
ߒ‫ޔ‬10 ᐕ㑆ߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ᦼ㑆ਛߢ⚂ 7,500 ੱߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇㓹↪ߩᯏળࠍᓧߚ‫ࠚࠫࡠࡊޔߚ߹ޕ‬ࠢ࠻ߩ㐿ᆎ߆ࠄ 1967 ᐕ߹ߢߩ㑆‫ޔ‬หߓ઀੐ߦ⛮⛯ߒߡዞ޿ߡ޿ߚ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߪ 79㧑ߢ޽ߞߚ111‫ޕ‬⡯ോౝኈߪ 64 ⡯⒳ߦ෸߮‫ޔ‬3,241 ੱਛᦨ߽ᄙ߆ߞߚߩߪ૞ᬺຬ㧔24㧑㧕‫ޔ‬ᰴ޿ߢ৻⥸੐ോຬ㧔11㧑㧕‫ޔ‬ㇷଢ‛ㆇ៝ຬ㧔11㧑㧕‫࡯ࡖࠫࡦ࠮࠶ࡔޔ‬㧔6㧑㧕‫↪ޔ‬ോຬ㧔6㧑㧕ߥߤߛߞߚ112‫ޕ‬䋨䋳䋩ⷫߩળߦࠃࠆࠝࡦ࡚ࠩࠫࡉ㨯࠻࡟࡯࠾ࡦࠣ੐ᬺ㩷ㅪ㇌ߦࠃࠆ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪㓹↪ࠍᡰ߃ߚߩߪ‫ޔ‬௛ߊ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߣ⡯႐ߩੱߚߜߦኻߒⷫߩળ113ߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯߇⋥ធᡰេࠍⴕ߁‫ࡉ࡚ࠫࠩࡦࠝޔ‬㨯࠻࡟࡯࠾ࡦࠣ੐ᬺ114ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬1964 ᐕ߆ࠄᆎ߹ߞߚߎߩ੐
ᬺߪ᳃㑆ડᬺߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪㓹↪ߩᡰេߦ߽ㆡ↪ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬1969㨪79 ᐕߩ㑆ߦ 2 ਁ 5 ජੱߩ৻⥸㓹↪ࠍታ⃻ߐߖߚ‫ޕ‬੐ᬺߩታᣉਥ૕ߪ‫ߩⷫޔ‬ળ߇ㆇ༡ߔࠆో☨ࡕ࠺࡞੐ᬺ⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯115ߢ‫╙ޔ‬ਃ⠪ᯏ㑐ߢ޽ࠆ⻁໧
ᆔຬળ116߇ߎࠇࠍࡃ࠶ࠢࠕ࠶ࡊߒߚ‫ޕ‬੐ᬺߩ╙৻✢ߩᡰេ⠪ߪ‫ޟ‬ᔒ㗿⠪ Volunteer‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇ‫ߩⷫޔ‬ળߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯߿৻⥸ߩ᦭ᔒ߆ࠄㆬ߫ࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ᡰេ⠪ߩᢙߪ‫▤ޔ‬ロ࿾ၞߩੱญ‫ޔ‬੐ᬺᚲᢙ‫ޔ‬ዞ⡯Ꮧᦸ⠪ᢙߦࠃߞߡ⺞ᢛߐࠇߚ߇‫ߩⷫޔ‬ળߩᜰฬߦࠃߞߡੱຬࠍ⏕଻ߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᡰេ⠪㧔ᔒ㗿⠪㧕ߩ⥄⊒ᕈ߇ఝవߐࠇߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߥ⾗⾰ࠍ஻߃ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ᡰេ⠪ߩ⾗ᩰⷐઙߣߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷111⛮⛯ߒߥ߆ߞߚℂ↱ߢᦨ߽ᄙ߆ߞߚߩߪ‫ޟ‬㧔ഭ௛᧦ઙߥߤߦߟ޿ߡᧄੱ߇㧕ਇḩ⿷ߛߞߚ߆ࠄ‫ޔߢޠ‬3,241ฬߩ߁ߜ 7.1㧑ࠍභ߼ߚ‫ޕ‬ᰴ޿ߢ‫ޟޔ‬㧔઀੐ߩᣇ߇㧕৻ᰴ⊛ߥછോߛߞߚ߆ࠄ‫ޠ‬㧔4.5㧑㧕‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭౝߩౣ
㈩⟎㧔2.0㧑㧕‫ޔ‬ℂ↱ߥߒ㧔1.9㧑㧕‫∛∔ޔ‬㧔1.6㧑㧕‫ޔ‬ォዬ㧔1.0㧑㧕‫ޔ‬ᓽ౓㧔0.8㧑㧕‫઀ߩઁޟޔ‬੐ࠍតߒߚ
޿߆ࠄ‫ޠ‬㧔0.6㧑㧕‫ޟޔ‬ቇᩞ߳ᚯߞߡീᒝߒߚ޿߆ࠄ‫ޠ‬㧔0.6㧑㧕‫ޔ‬᳃㑆ડᬺ߳ォ⡯㧔0.4㧑㧕‫ޔ‬ㅢൕߦ໧㗴
㧔0.2㧑㧕‫ޔ‬᣹ㅴ㧔0.2㧑㧕‫ޔ‬ᱫ੢㧔0.1㧑㧕ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬112 United States Civil Service Commission. (1967).‫ޔ‬United States Department of Health, Educationand Welfare. (1969)
113 ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩⷫߩળߩో☨⚵❱̌National Association of Parents and Friends of Mentally RetardedChildren̍ߪ 1950 ᐕߦ⚿ᚑߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬࿾ၞߩᵴേߪߘࠇએ೨߆ࠄⴕࠊࠇ‫ࠝࠗࡂࠝޔ‬Ꮊߢߪᣢߦ 1933 ᐕߦᵴേ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚߣ޿߁⸥㍳߇޽ࠆ‫ߩߘߪ❱⚵☨ోޕ‬ᓟ 1953 ᐕߦ̌National Association for RetardedChildren̍‫ޔ‬1973 ᐕߦ̌National Association for Retarded Citizens̍‫ޔ‬1981 ᐕߦ̌Association for
Retarded Citizens of the United States̍‫ޔ‬1992 ᐕߦ̌The Arc of the United States̍߳ߣᡷ⒓ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ర᧪‫̌ޔ‬ARC̍ߪ⇛⒓ߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߢߪᱜᑼฬࠍ̌ARC̍޽ࠆ޿ߪ̌Arc̍ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔ARC ߩ WEB
ࡍ࡯ࠫ http://thearc.org/ ࠃࠅ㧕‫ޕ‬114 ̌ARC National On-the-Job Training Project̍‫ߩߎޕ‬੐ᬺߪ 1987 ᐕߦ̌National Employment andTraining Program (NETP)̍߳ᡷ⒓ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ౝኈ߇᜛ᒛߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬115 ̌ARC National Research and Demonstration Institute̍
116 ᄢᚻ଻㒾ળ␠ߩ੐ᬺਥ‫࡯ࠞ࡯ࡢ࡞ࡖࠪ࡯࠰ޔ‬දળߩᐙㇱ‫ޔ‬Ꮊߩᜂᒰㇱ㐳‫ޔ‬Ꮊߩⷫߩળߩᐙㇱ߇ࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߦ
ߥߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㩷

－123－

Ԙ ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇ᜬߟജ߿ᚑഞน⢻߳ߩ೨ะ߈ߥᘒᐲԙ ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇⡯႐ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ৻ຬߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ળ␠ߦ⽸₂ߔࠆੱ᧚ߦᔅߕߥࠇࠆ
ߣ޿߁ାᔨԚ ࡆࠫࡀࠬߩ਎⇇ߢㅢ↪ߔࠆലᨐ⊛ߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജԛ ⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦኾ㐷⡯ߣߩㅪ៤߳ߩᔒะᕈߣ⢻ജߎࠇࠄࠍ⺒߻ߣ‫⚻ߩ‛ᧄޔ‬ᷣ␠ળ߳⌀ᱜ㕙߆ࠄಾࠅㄟࠎߢ޿ߊࠕࡔ࡝ࠞੱࠄߒ޿࠴ࡖ࡟ࡦࠫ♖␹ߣ‫ޔ‬ኾ㐷⡯ߣ߽ၴ‫ߣޘ‬ද௛ߔࠆ⹶ࠅ㜞޿ᆫ൓߇ᗵߓࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ᔒ㗿⠪㧔ᡰេ⠪㧕ߪ‫ࠬࠨࠠ࠹ޔ‬Ꮊߦ޽ࠆ੐ᬺߩ✚᜝ᧄㇱߩਅ‫ߩⷫޔ‬ળ߇ฦ࿾඙ߦ⸳ߌߚ․೎⚵❱‫ޟ‬㓹↪ᆔຬળ Employment Committee‫ޔࠅߥߣࡈ࠶࠲ࠬߩޠ‬3㨪5 Ꮊߏߣߦ㈩⟎ߐࠇߚࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼࡮
ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡀ࡯࠲࡯ߦࠃࠆࠬ࡯ࡄ࡯ࡆ࡚ࠫࡦ߿‫ޔ‬ᡰេ࠷࡯࡞ߩឭଏ╬ࠍฃߌߚ‫ޕ‬㓹↪ᆔຬળߪ‫ޔ‬ኻ⽎㓚ኂ⠪ߩ൐㓸ߣ᳞ੱ㐿ᜏߦ߅޿ߡ⚵❱⊛߆ߟᚢ⇛⊛ߥജࠍ⊒ើߒߚ‫┙౏ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ቇᩞ‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ੐ോᚲ‫⼔଻ޔ‬Ꮏ႐‫ߩⷫߡߒߘޔ‬ળߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߩኅᣖߩਛ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺḰ஻߇ᢛߞߡ
޿ࠆ117᳞⡯⠪߇ㆬ߫ࠇ‫ߩߘޔ‬⡯ᬺ⥝๧‫ޔ‬ഭ௛᧦ઙߩᏗᦸ‫ޔ‬ᛛ⢻ߥߤߩ୘ੱᖱႎߩ࡝ࠬ࠻߇૞ᚑߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᦝᣂߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ઁᣇ‫ޔ‬᳞ੱ㐿ᜏߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫☨ోޔ‬ฦ࿾ၞߩᘏༀᵴേ߿࿾ၞ⽸₂ߦ㑐ᔃࠍነߖࠆࠢ࡜ࡉ118ࠍㅢߓ‫ޔ‬᦭ജߥ੐ᬺਥ߿ੱ੐ᜂᒰ⠪ߦធㄭߔࠆ╬‫ߚࠇࠊⴕߦ⊛❱⚵ޔ‬119‫࠻ࠬ࡝ࠠޕ‬ᢎળ߿ഭ௛⚵ว120ߥߤߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦ߽௛߈߆ߌ‫ޔ‬໡Ꮏળ⼏ᚲࠍ๧ᣇߦઃߌߡ‫ࡦ࡯ࡍࡦࡖࠠߥ⊛⛯⛮ޔ‬ᵴേ߇ዷ㐿ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬࠹࡟ࡆዪ߿࡜ࠫࠝዪߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᴺߦၮߠ߈౏⋉੐ᬺࠍᐢႎߔࠆᨒࠍ⸳ߌߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ⷙቯ߇޽ࠆߎ
ߣ߽᦭೑ߦ௛޿ߚ121‫ޕ‬ᣂ⡞ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᅢ੐଀ࠍ⚫੺ߔࠆ⸥੐ࠍឝタߒߚ‫✵⸠ޕ‬ਛߪ‫ޔ‬੐ᬺਥߦ⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ੐ോᚲ߿੐ᬺᧄㇱ߆ࠄഥᚑ㊄߇ᡰ⛎ߐࠇߚ‫ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬ቇᩞߩ⻠ၴ߿ᢎળߩ␞᜙ၴࠍ
୫ࠅ‫ޔ‬ડᬺࠍࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠲࡯ߣߒߡ᜗⡜ߒዞ⡯ࡈࠚࠕࠍ㐿௅‫ޔ‬ળ႐ౝߦࡉ࡯ࠬࠍ⸳ߌߡ᳞⡯⠪ߣߩ㕙ធߩ႐ࠍ⸳ቯߒߚ122‫ޕ‬᳞⡯⠪ߢ޽ࠆ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߣ‫ޔ‬᳞ੱ⠪ߢ޽ࠆ੐ᬺᚲߣߩਔᣇ߇․ቯߐࠇࠆߣ‫ߩⷫޔ‬ળߩ㓹↪ᆔຬળߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬੐ᬺᚲߦߟ޿ߡࠃࠅ⹦ߒ޿ᖱႎࠍ㓸߼ߚ‫ߩⷫޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ળ߿໡Ꮏળ⼏ᚲߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ
ᦨᄢ㒢ߦ㚟૶ߒ‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦߘߩળ␠ߢ௛޿ߡ޿ࠆੱ‫ޔ‬ขᒁవߩ੐ᬺᚲ‫⚻ޔ‬༡⠪ߩ⍮ੱ╬ࠍតߒᒰߡߡ‫ޔ‬ᓥᬺຬᢙ‫ޔ‬੐ᬺᚲߢ୘‫ߩޘ‬ᓥᬺຬ߇ታ㓙ߦⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ઀੐‫ߦࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ᔅⷐߥᛛ⢻‫ޔ‬㔌⡯₸߇㜞޿㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
117ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᘒߪ‫࡯ࠖ࠺࡟ࡉ࡚ࠫޟ‬㧔Job-ready㧕‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㕍ᐕળ⼏ᚲ‫࠭ࡦࠝࠗ࡜ޔ‬㨯ࠢ࡜ࡉ‫ࠬࡉࡦࡠࠦޔࡦ࠰࡯ࡔ࡯࡝ࡈޔࠬࠢ࡞ࠛޔ‬㛉჻ળ‫☨ోޔࠣ࡯࡝ࠕ࠾ࡘࠫޔ‬ᅚᕈᯏ᭴‫ࠬ࠾ࡢࠠޔ‬㨯ࠢ࡜ࡉ‫࠻ࠬࡒࠖ࠹ࡊࠝޔ‬㨯ࠢ࡜ࡉ‫࡯࡝࠲࡯ࡠޔ‬㨯ࠢ࡜ࡉ‫ࡦࡑ࡯࠙ࠬࡀࠫࡆ☨ోޔ‬ห⋖╬‫ޕ‬
119 ߎߩ㓙‫ޔ‬੐ᬺਥ߳ߩࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ↪޿ࠆࠬ࡜ࠗ࠼ߣ⺑᣿ߩ࠹࡯ࡊ߿‫ޔ‬੐ᬺਥ߇㓹↪ߦᶖᭂ⊛ߦߥࠆߣ߈ߦ⊒ߒᤃ޿ᄙ᭽ߥ⾰໧㧔e.g.‫∛ޟ‬᳇߿ᰳൕ߇ᄙ޿ߩߢߪ㧫‫ޟޠ‬੐᡿߇ᄙ޿ߩߢߪ㧫‫ޠ‬㧕߳ߩㆡಾߥ࿁
╵ߩ઀ᣇߩᢎೣᧄ╬߇↪ᗧߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬120 ☨࿖ߩഭ௛⚵วߪ⡯⒳න૏ߢ⚿ᚑߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ฦ⡯⒳ߩ⾓㊄ߣ⡯ോ⸥ㅀᦠߩౝኈ‫ޔ‬㓹↪ߦߟ޿ߡฦડᬺߦኻߒߡ
৻ቯߩᓇ㗀ജࠍᜬߜ‫ޔ‬ડᬺන૏ߢ⚿ᚑߐࠇࠆᣣᧄߩഭ௛⚵วߣߪ੐ᖱ߇⇣ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛⚵ว߇㓚ኂ⠪㓹↪ߦℂ⸃ࠍ␜ߔ߆ߤ߁߆ߪ‫ߩⷫޔ‬ળߦߣߞߡᄢ߈ߥ໧㗴ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
121 ࠹࡟ࡆߢߪ 19.5 ⑽ߩࠬࡐ࠶࠻ᐢႎ‫ޟ‬㓝ߐࠇߚ⾗Ḯ The Hidden Resource‫߇ޠ‬᡼ᤋߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬122 Association for Retarded Citizens National Research and Demonstration Institute. (1980).
118

㩷

－124－

ᜬߜ႐‫ޔ‬੐ᬺਥߩ⿰๧㨯༵ᅢ╬‫޿ߒ⹦ޔ‬ᖱႎࠍ⡞߈಴ߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫߿࠴࡯ࠨ࡝ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬᳞ੱ㐿ᜏࠍ⚵❱⊛ߦⴕ߁ὐ߇‫․ߩ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߩߎޔ‬ᓽߩ߭ߣߟߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧡㪈㪐㪍㪇 ᐕઍ߹ߢߩ⢛᥊㩷 㵩߹ߣ߼㵩㩷⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߦߣߞߡ 1960 ᐕઍߩ㓹↪ഭ௛ߪ‫⼔଻ޔ‬Ꮏ႐ߣ৻⥸ડᬺߩ㧞ᒻᘒ߇޽ߞߚ123‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬଻⼔Ꮏ႐߿࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩ೑↪⠪ߩਛߦߪ‫⥸৻ޔ‬ડᬺߢ௛ߌࠆ㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇߹ߛᄢ൓
ሽ࿷ߔࠆߣ޿߁⹺⼂߇‫ߩⷫޔ‬ળ߿ᄢ⛔㗔ᆔຬળߩਛߦߪᒝߊ޽ߞߚ124‫ޕ‬ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߦࠃࠆ㓹↪߿ⷫߩળߦࠃࠆࠝࡦ࡚ࠩࠫࡉ㨯࠻࡟࡯࠾ࡦࠣ੐ᬺߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᵴ〝ࠍ⷗಴ߔ߈ߞ߆ߌߦߥߞߚ߆ߦ⷗߃ߚ߇‫ޔ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯߿଻⼔Ꮏ႐߆ࠄߩ⒖ⴕߪ޽߹ࠅㅴ߹ߥ߆ߞߚ125‫ޕ‬╙㧞▵ ࡄ࡜࠳ࠗࡓࠪࡈ࠻
࠙ࠖࠬࠦࡦࠪࡦᄢቇࡑ࠺ࠖ࠰ࡦᩞߩࡉ࡜࠙ࡦ㧔Brown,L.㧕ߪ‫ޔ‬ሶߤ߽㆐ߪߘߩ㓚ኂߩ᦭ήߦ߆߆ࠊࠄ
㧚㧚ߕ‫⊝ޔ‬หߓ႐ߢᢎ⢒ࠍฃߌ‫઀ޔ‬੐ࠍߒ‫ࠍ࡯ࡖࠫ࡟ޔ‬ᭉߒߺ‫ޔ‬࿾ၞ␠ળߢ৻ቯߩᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔߴ߈ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬㧚㧚߹ߚᨐߚߖࠆߪߕߛߣ޿߁ାᔨࠍ‫ޔ‬ᡰេ⠪߿ⷫ߇ᜬߟߴ߈ߛߣਥᒛߒߚ126‫ߩߎޕ‬ℂᗐߪ‫ޔ‬ᚑੱߦ߅޿ߡ
ߪ‫ޔ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯߿଻⼔Ꮏ႐ߢߪߥߊ‫⥸৻ޔ‬ડᬺߢߩᧄ‛ߩ઀੐ߩਛߢᧄ‛ߩ⛎ᢱࠍᓧࠆ㧔̌real
work for real wages in integrated settings̍㧕ߎߣߢታ⃻ߐࠇࠆ‫઀ߩ‛ᧄޟ߁⸒ߢߎߎޕ‬੐ Real Work‫ޠ‬ߣߪ‫ޔ߫߃⸒ߦ⊛┵ޔ‬㓚ኂߩή޿ੱ߇ႎ㈽㨯⾓㊄ࠍᓧߡᓥ੐ߒߡ޿ࠆ઀੐ߣหߓ઀੐ߩߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿
ࠆ‫ޕ‬㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇‫઀ߩ‛ᧄޟ‬੐‫ߦޠ‬ዞߊ੐ࠍ⋡ᜰߔᣂߚߥầᵹߪ‫ޔ‬1970 ᐕઍߦ⿠ߎߞߚ‫ޔߪࠇߘޕ‬㓹↪ታ⃻߳ߩ⏕࿕ߚࠆାᔨߣ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߥᡰេᛛᴺߣߩਔベߦࠃߞߡታ⃻ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬㓙‫ޔ‬೨ㅀߩർ᰷ߦ⿠Ḯࠍᜬߟࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩේೣ߇ౣ⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ‫ઁޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ℂᔨࠍታ⃻ߐߖ‫ޔ‬ታ⸽ߔࠆ‫ޔ‬ਔベߩ߽߁ ᣇߢ޽ࠆౕ૕⊛ߥᡰេᛛᴺ߇ᔅⷐߛߞߚ‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷123೨ㅀߒߚࠃ߁ߦ‫⥸৻ޔ‬ડᬺߢ௛ߊ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇ሽ࿷ߒߥ߆ߞߚࠊߌߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߢߎߎޕ‬໧㗴ߦߐࠇߡ޿
ࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯߿଻⼔Ꮏ႐ߦ৻ᐲㅢ߁ࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩ‫⥸৻ޔ‬ડᬺߢߩ㓹↪߳ߩ⒖ⴕߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
124 President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, President’s Panel on Mental
Retardation. (1969).
125 ߎߩ‫ޟ‬⒖ⴕ߇ㅴࠎߢ޿ߥ޿‫⥸৻ޔߪ⸃⷗ߩߣޠ‬ડᬺߢ㓹↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ㓚ኂ⠪ᢙ߇ዋߥ޿ߣ޿߁ࠃࠅߪ‫⼔଻ޔ‬Ꮏ႐߿࿾ၞ↢ᵴ⸠✵࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩਛߦ‫⥸৻ޔ‬ડᬺ߳⒖ⴕߢ߈ߘ߁ߥ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇߹ߛᄢ൓ሽ࿷ߔࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ๧
ว޿ߩᣇ߇ᒝ߆ߞߚߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
126 ࠙ࠖࠬࠦࡦࠪࡦᄢቇߩ Web ࡍ࡯ࠫ http://www.education.wisc.edu/ࠍෳᾖ‫ੱޔߚ߹ߪࡦ࠙࡜ࡉޕ‬ญߦභ߼ࠆ㓚ኂ⠪ߩഀว㧔Natural proportions㧕ߣ‫ޔ‬⡯႐ߦ߅ߌࠆ㓚ኂ⠪ߩഀวߪหߓߢ޽ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆߣ߽
ਥᒛߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔ‬ᓐߩਥᒛߪ‫ޔ‬ᕆㅴ⊛ㆊ߉ࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡฃߌᱛ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬

㩷

－125－

೨㗄߹ߢߦߺߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬1960 ᐕઍ߹ߢߩ☨࿖ߢߪ‫⥸৻ޔ‬ડᬺߩਛ㧔ߟ߹ࠅᣉ⸳ߩᄖ㧕ߢ‫ޔ‬㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߦኻߒߡ઀੐ࠍᢎ߃ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ⠨߃ࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ‫ ߽ߘ߽ߘޔࠄߥߗߥޕ‬1960 ᐕઍ߹ߢߩ
㧚㧚㧚☨࿖ߦ߅޿ߡ㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬㓚ኂቯ⟵਄‫ޟޔ‬ᢎ⢒น⢻ Educable‫✵⸠ޟ߽ߢޠ‬น⢻ Trainable‫ޠ‬㧚㧚㧚㧚ߢ߽ߥ߆ߞߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߣߎࠈ߇ 1970 ᐕઍߦߥࠆߣ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬Ᏹ⼂ࠍᛂߜ⎕ࠅ‫ޔ‬ౣ⃻ᕈߩ޽ࠆᣇᴺߢ㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߦ઀੐ࠍᢎ߃ࠆታ⸽⊛ߥᣇᴺࠍ⠨߃಴ߔੱߚߜ߇⃻ࠇߚ‫ࡦࠧ࡟ࠝޕ‬Ꮊ‫ࡦࠪࡦࠦࠬࠖ࠙ޔ‬Ꮊ‫ࠕ࠾ࠫ࡯ࡃޔ‬Ꮊ╬ߩᄢቇߢߪ‫ޔ‬ታ⸽⎇ⓥ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ‫ޕ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߣ࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ߩᣇᴺ⺰ߪ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬ขࠅ⚵ߺߩਛ߆ࠄ
↢߹ࠇߚ.

㧝ࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߩ̌㪫㫉㫐㩷㪘㫅㫆㫋㪿㪼㫉㩷㪮㪸㫐̍ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴㩷䋨䋱䋩̌㪫㫉㫐㩷㪘㫅㫆㫋㪿㪼㫉㩷㪮㪸㫐̍ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ㩷ࠞ࡝ࡈࠜ࡞࠾ࠕᎺߢዊቇᩞߩ㓚ኂఽቇ⚖ߩᢎᏧࠍോ߼ߡ޿ߚࠧ࡯࡞࠼㧔Gold, M.㧕ߪ‫ޔ‬1966㨪76ᐕߦࠗ࡝ࡁࠗᄢቇߢ౒ห⎇ⓥ⠪ߣ౒ߦⴕߞߚ⎇ⓥߩᚑᨐࠍ⪺ᦠ127ߦ߹ߣ߼‫ߩߘޔ‬ਛߢ㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂߩ޽ࠆᚑੱߦኻߔࠆ૞ᬺᜰዉߩᣇᴺ⺰̌Try Another Way̍ࠕࡊࡠ㧙࠴ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ128‫ޕ‬ᓐߪ‫ޔ‬⥄ォゞߩࠦ࡯ࠬ࠲࡯ࡉ࡟࡯ࠠ129ߩ⚵┙૞ᬺߣ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶၮ⋚ߩ⚵┙૞ᬺ130ߣߩ 2 ⒳㘃ߩࡢ࡯ࠢࠨࡦࡊ࡞
ࠍ↪޿‫ߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬ᢎ⢒߿⸠✵߇ਇน⢻ߣߐࠇߡ޿ߚ㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߦኻߒߡ૞ᬺࠍᢎ߃‫⥄ޔ‬ജߢߩ૞ᬺࠍน⢻ߦߒߡߒ߹ߞߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬㑐ଥ⠪ࠍ㛳߆ߖߚ‫ޕ‬ߎߩ߁ߜࠦ࡯ࠬ࠲࡯ࡉ࡟࡯ࠠ⚵┙૞ᬺߩ߿ࠅᣇࠍ‫ޔ‬IQ32 ߣ⸥㍳ߐࠇߚ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦߣ޿߁ 29 ᱦߩ↵ᕈߦᢎ߃ࠆ᭽ሶࠍ‫ޔ‬એਅߦ⷗ߡ޿ߎ߁131‫ߩߎޕ‬૞ᬺߪᐳߞߡⴕ߁‫ߪࠠ࡯࡟ࡉ࡯࠲ࠬ࡯ࠦޕ‬ᄢዊ᭽‫ޘ‬
ߥ 14 ୘ߩ㊄ዻㇱຠ߆ࠄᚑࠆ‫ޕ‬૞ᬺบߩ਄ߩ઀ಾࠄࠇߚࠦ࡯࠽࡯ߩਛߦߪ‫┙⚵ޔ‬ᚻ㗅ㅢࠅߦᏀ߆ࠄ㗅⇟ߦㇱຠ߇෼߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ԙ ᜰዉຬߩࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߩዉ߈ߢ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦ߇⌕Ꮸߔࠆߣ‫ߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬ᓐࠍ૞ᬺߦ߿ߐߒ
ߊᱜኻߐߖ‫ࠍ✢ⷞ߽ࠄ⥄ޔ‬૞ᬺߩᣇ߳ะߌߡ‫ޔ‬หᤨߦㇱຠߩ૏⟎ࠍᓐߩߘ߫߳ነߖ
㧚㧚ߡขࠅᤃ޿ࠃ߁ߦߒߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᓐߩᏀ⣁ߦ⌕Ꮸߒߚ‫ߛ߹ߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔߢ߹ߎߎޕ‬૗߽㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
1980 ᐕ⊒ೀߩ”Did I Say That? : Articles and Commentary on the Try Another Way System”.
”Try Another Way”㧔㨬߶߆ߩ߿ࠅᣇߢ߿ߞߡߺߥߐ޿㨭㧕ߪ‫ޔ‬૞ᬺࠍᢎ߃ࠆߣ߈ߩᜰዉຬߩ࠮࡝ࡈߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
129 ࡍ࠳࡞ࠍㅒ࿁ォߐߖࠆߣ೙േߔࠆ‫⥄ޔ‬ォゞߩᓟベߩゲฃߦౝ⬿ߔࠆࡉ࡟࡯ࠠ‫ޕ‬ਥߦ࡛࡯ࡠ࠶ࡄߢ᥉෸ߒ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߢߪ⃟ߒ޿ߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
130 ߎߎߢߪ‫ޔ‬ඨ↰ઃߌߩਅḰ஻ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ቢᚑ⷗ᧄࠍ⷗ߥ߇ࠄ૞ᬺ 15㨪20cm ྾ᣇߩၮ⋚ߦᛶ᛫ེ߿ࠦࡦ࠺ࡦ
ࠨ╬ߩㇱຠࠍᏅߒㄟ߻૞ᬺࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫߽ࠅࠃࠠ࡯࡟ࡉ࡯࠲ࠬ࡯ࠦޕ‬ㇱຠ߇⚦߆޿ߚ߼ᜰవࠍࠃࠅེ↪ߦ૶߁ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬૞ᬺ⠪ߪⶄᢙߩㇱຠߩ㆑޿‫ޔ‬ᣇะ‫ޔ‬Ꮕߒㄟ߻႐ᚲࠍᙘ߃ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬131 ߎߎߢߪਥߣߒߡ̌Marc Gold & Associates̍ߩ Web ࠨࠗ࠻ߣ‫ޔ‬Web ਄ߢ౏㐿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ࠺ࡕࡦࠬ࠻
࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦ VTR ╬ࠍෳ⠨ߦ”Try Another Way”ࠕࡊࡠ㧙࠴ߦߟ޿ߡ⚫੺ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
127
128

㩷

－126－

㧚㧚㧚
⹤ߐߕ‫⴫ߥ࠻ࡈ࠰߽ߢ߹ߊ޽ޔ‬ᖱߣᘒᐲߢធߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ԙ ࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߪ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦߩᏀᚻࠍขࠅ‫ޔ‬1 ⇟⋡ߩㇱຠࠍឞ߹ߖ‫ޔ‬2 ⇟⋡ߩㇱຠࠍฝᚻߦ
ឞ߹ߖߚ‫ᦼߩ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޕ‬ᓙㅢࠅ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦߪߎࠇࠍ 1 ⇟⋡ߩㇱຠߦขࠅઃߌߚ‫ޔ߇ߛޕ‬࿁ߒߡขࠅઃߌࠆߴ߈ߣߎࠈࠍ‫⁁޿ࠆࠁޔ‬ᘒߩ߹߹ߢേ૞߇ᱛ߹ߞߡߒ߹ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Ԛ ࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߪή⸒ߩ߹߹࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦߩฝᚻࠍᜬߜ‫ޔ‬2 ⇟⋡ߩㇱຠࠍ࿁ߒߡࡀࠫࠍߒ߼
ࠆࠃ߁ߦߘߩᚻࠍേ߆ߒߡߺߖߚ‫ߦࠇߎߪࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ޕ‬ᓥ޿‫ࠍࠫࡀޔ‬࿁ߒߚ߇‫⋧ޔ‬ᄌࠊࠄߕࠁࠆ޿⁁ᘒߩ߹߹‫ޔ‬ౣ߮േ૞߇ᱛ߹ߞߚ‫ߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޕ‬ή⸒ߩ߹߹ౣ࡙߮࡯ࠫ࡯
ࡦߩฝᚻࠍᜬߜ‫ޔ‬2 ⇟⋡ߩㇱຠࠍᦨᓟ߹ߢ࿁ߔࠃ߁ߦዉ߈‫ߦࠇߎ߇ࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ޔ‬ᓥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ԛ ᰴߦࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߪ 3 ⇟⋡ߩㇱຠߩߣߎࠈ߳⥄ಽߩᚻࠍ߆ߑߒߚ‫ࠍࠇߎߪࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ޕ‬⷗ߡ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽ߆ࠄ 3 ⇟⋡ߩㇱຠࠍฝᚻߢขࠅ‫ޔ‬2 ⇟⋡ߩㇱຠߩ਄ߦ߆߱ߖߚ‫ ߇ߛޕ‬3 ⇟⋡ߩㇱຠࠍⵣ⴫ࠍㅒߦߒߡߒ߹ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Ԝ ࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߪߎߎߢೋ߼ߡ‫޿ߒߐ߿ޔ‬ญ⺞ߢ‫ࠅ߿ߩ߆߶ޟޔ‬ᣇߢ߿ߞߡߺߥߐ޿ 㧔Try
another way.132㧕 ‫ߌߛߣޠ‬ᜰ␜ߒߚ‫߇ࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙߇ߛޕ‬േ߆ߥ޿ߩߢ‫߇࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦߩᚻࠍᷝ߃ߡⵣ⴫ࠍㅒߦߔࠆࠃ߁ߦዉߊߣ‫ࠍ⴫ⵣߪࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ޔ‬ᱜߒߊ㄰㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚
ߒߚ‫ߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧߢߎߎޕ‬හᐳߦߪߞ߈ࠅߣ‫޿ߒࠈࠃߢࠇߘޟޔ‬㧔Good.㧕‫ߞ⸒ߌߛߣޠ‬ߚ‫ޕ‬ԝ ߎߩᓟ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦߪ‫ࠍ⴫ⵣޔ‬ᱜߒߊ㄰ߒߚ 3 ⇟⋡ߩㇱຠ߆ࠄᚻࠍ㔌ߐߥ޿߹߹േ߆
ߥߊߥߞߡߒ߹ߞߚ‫ߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޕ‬ᓐߩਔᣇߩᚻߦ⥄ಽߩᚻࠍᷝ߃‫ޔ‬3 ⇟⋡ߩㇱຠ߆ࠄᚻࠍ㔌ߔࠃ߁‫ޔߊߒߐ߿߽ߢ߹ߊ޽ޔ‬ᚻᣧߊ‫ޔ‬ή⸒ߢዉߊߣ‫ߦࠇߎ߇ࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ޔ‬ᓥߞߚ‫ޕ‬Ԟ ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦ߇ᱜߒߊ‫⥄߽߆ߒޔ‬ಽ߆ࠄ૞ᬺࠍㅴ߼ߡ޿ࠆߣ߈‫ߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬ᓐߩᚻరࠍ⷗ߥ߇ࠄ‫ޟ‬ታߦߔ߫ࠄߒ޿઀੐߱ࠅߛߨ㧔You’re doing a very nice job.㧕‫ߞ⸒ߣޠ‬ߚ‫ޕ‬ԟ ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦ߇ㇱຠߩะ߈ࠍ਄ਅㅒߦߒࠃ߁ߣߒߚߣ߈‫ߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬හᐳߦ‫߆߶ޟޔ‬ߩ߿ࠅᣇߢ߿ߞߡߺߥߐ޿ 㧔Try another way.㧕‫޿ߒߐ߿ޔߌߛߣޠ‬ญ⺞ߢᜰ␜ߒߚ‫ࠍࠇߎޕ‬⡞޿ߚ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦ߇਄ਅࠍᱜᣇะߦߒߚߣ߈‫ߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬හᐳߦ‫ࠇߘޟޔ‬ߢࠃࠈߒ޿㧔Good.㧕‫ޕߚߞ⸒ߌߛߣ ޠ‬Ԡ ⚂㧝ᤨ㑆ߩ૞ᬺ߇⚳ࠊࠅ‫ޔ‬ቢᚑߒߚ޿ߊߟ߽ߩࠦ࡯ࠬ࠲࡯ࡉ࡟࡯ࠠࠍ೨ߦߒߡ‫࡯ࠧޔ‬࡞࠼ߪ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦߦ‫઀޿ࠃ߽ߡߣޕࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ޔ޿ߐߛߊߡ⷗ࠍࠇߎޟޔ‬੐ࠍߒߡߊ
ࠇߚ‫ᧄޕ‬ᒰߦ޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁‫߁ߘ߽ߚߥ޽ޕ‬ᕁ޿߹ߔࠃߨ㧫 ᧄᒰߦࠃߊߢ߈ߚ‫⛘ߣޠޕ‬⾥ߒߚ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ⛯ߌߚ‫઀ߩߎߣߞ߽ޔࠄߚߞ߆ࠃߒ߽ޟޕ‬੐ࠍߒߡ޿ߚߛ
㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷ࠧ࡯࡞࠼߇“Try another way.”ߣ⸒߁ᤨ‫ޔ‬Ⓩ߿߆ߥශ⽎ߩჿߢ‫”ޔ‬another”㧔߽ߞߣઁߩ㧕ߦࠕࠢ࠮ࡦ࠻
߇⟎߆ࠇ‫”ޔ‬way”ߩ⺆የߪ” way㧫”ߩࠃ߁ߦఝߒ޿࠾ࡘࠕࡦࠬߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬

132

㩷

－127－

ߌ߹ߖࠎ߆㧫 ‫ޕ࡯ࠤ࡯ࠝޟޔߣߊߕߥ߁ߦ߆ߕࠊ߇ࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ޕޠ‬᣿ᣣ‫ࠬࡦࡖ࠴ޔ‬߇޽ࠅ߹ߔࠃ‫ߣޠ‬વ߃ߚ‫ޕ‬䋨䋲䋩ࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߩᣇᴺ⺰㩷࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦߪߎߩᓟ‫ߩߎߢࠅ⁛ޔ‬૞ᬺࠍߎߥߖࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ‫ޔ‬1 ᣣ 1 ᤨ㑆ߩ૞ᬺࠍ 10 ᣣ㑆⛮⛯ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬㑆ߦ૞ߞߚ⵾ຠߩ 4.6㧑ߦࡒࠬ߇⷗ߟ߆ߞߚ߇‫ޔ߫ࠇࠃߦ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬หߓ૞ᬺ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿
ࠆ৻⥸ߩᎿ႐ߢߪ 6㧑ߩ⵾ຠߦࡒࠬ߇಴ࠆߩߛߣ޿߁‫ޔߪࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬૞ᬺߩᱜ⏕ߐߢߪ৻⥸ߩ૞ᬺຬࠍ਄࿁ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߪหߓᣇᴺߦࠃߞߡߎߩઁߦ૗⊖ੱ߽ߩ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߦ૞ᬺࠍᢎ߃ࠆߎߣߦᚑഞߒߚ‫ߎޕ‬ߩߎߣߦࠃߞߡࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߪ‫ޔ‬㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈‫ޔ‬ቇ߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߎߣ߇ታ⸽ߐ
ࠇߚߣਥᒛߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߐߡᚒ‫߇࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔߢߎߎߪޘ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߥᡰេᛛᴺࠍ㚟૶ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦ᳇߇ߟߊ‫ޕ‬

ࠕ. ᔅⷐᦨዊ㒢ߩ⸒⺆⊛ᜰ␜㧔Minimal Use of Language㧕
࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦ߇ㇱຠߩᣇะ߿ⵣ⴫╬ࠍ㑆㆑߃ߚᤨ㧔޽ࠆ޿ߪ㑆㆑߃ߘ߁ߦߥߞߚߣ߈㧕‫࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬ߪ‫ࠅ߿ߩ߆߶ޟ‬ᣇߢ߿ߞߡߺߥߐ޿㧔Try another way.㧕‫ߌߛߣޠ‬ᜰ␜ߒ‫ⴕ⹜ޔ‬㍲⺋ࠍଦߒߚ133‫ޕ‬ࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߩ⸒⪲ߪ‫ޔ‬a)‫ࠅ߿ߩ߆߶ޟ‬ᣇߢ߿ߞߡߺߥߐ޿‫߁޿ߣޠ‬໑৻ߩᜰ␜ߩ⸒⪲‫ޔ‬b)‫ࠈࠃߢࠇߘޟ‬ߒ޿‫߁޿ߣޠ‬໑৻ߩᛚ⹺ߩ⸒⪲‫ޔ‬c)‫ޟ‬ታߦߔ߫ࠄߒ޿઀੐߱ࠅߛߨ‫ ߩ⪲⸒߼߶ߩ╬ޠ‬3 ⒳㘃ߒ߆ߥߊ‫ޔ‬૛⸘ߥേ૞߽৻ಾ⷗ࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬

ࠗ. 㕖⸒⺆⊛ᜰ␜㧔Non-verbal Instruction㧕⹜ⴕ㍲⺋ߦࠃߞߡ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦ߇⠨߃಴ߔߎߣ߇಴᧪ߥ޿ߣ߈ߪ‫ߥߪߢߡߞࠃߦ⪲⸒ߩ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬ߊ‫ޔ‬એਅߦ᜼ߍࠆࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߩ㕖⸒⺆⊛ᜰ␜ߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬ㆡಾߥ૞ᬺⴕേ߇␜ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬a) ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦߩᚻ߿ᜰߦ߿ߐߒߊᚻࠍᷝ߃‫ߩߘޔ‬ᚻ߿ᜰࠍ⋥ធേ߆ߒߡേ૞ߐߖࠆb) ࠧ࡯࡞࠼߇࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦߩᚻ㚂ࠍᜬߜ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩㇱຠߩᣇ߳േ߆ߒߡߺߖࠆc) ࠧ࡯࡞࠼߇ᚻߦㇱຠࠍᜬߚߕߦᰴߩേ૞ࠍⴕ߁߰ࠅࠍߔࠆd) ࠧ࡯࡞࠼߇ᰴߩᲑขࠅߩㇱຠ߿‫ޔ‬ㇱຠߩ▎ᚲࠍᚻ߿ᜰߢ␜ߔ

㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷133

㩷ߎࠇߪ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߩ̌Systematic Instruction̍ߦߪή޿ᣇᴺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬－128－

ߎࠇࠄߩ㕖⸒⺆⊛ᜰ␜ߪ‫ߩߎ߇ࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ޔ‬૞ᬺߦߟ޿ߡ߹ߛᚻ㗅ࠍ⍮ࠄߥ޿߆‫ߚ߃ⷡߪߚ߹ޔ‬ᚻ㗅ࠍᔓࠇߚࠅㅅߞߚࠅߒߡ޿ࠆߣ߈ߦਈ߃ࠄࠇߚ134‫ޕ‬߽ߒ߽࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦ߇㆑߁ㇱຠࠍᚻߦขࠅߘ߁ߦߥߞߚ႐วߪ‫ߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬ή⸒ߢ‫ޔ‬ᐢߍߚᚻߩ߭
ࠄߢㇱຠࠍⓏ߿߆ߦߐ߃߉ࠅ‫ޔ‬㑆㆑޿ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍવ߃ߚ‫߇ࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙߽ߒ߽ޕ‬㆑߁ㇱຠࠍขߞߡ
ߒ߹ߞߚߣ߈ߪ‫⚛ߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬ᣧߊ‫ࠍࠇߘߊߒߐ߿߇ߛޔ‬ขࠅ਄ߍ‫ޔ‬రߦᚯߒ‫ޔ‬ᡷ߼ߡ೨ㅀߩ㕖⸒⺆⊛ᜰ␜ࠍ಴ߒߚ‫ޕ‬࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦߩฝ஥ߦ޽ࠆㇱຠߪ‫ߩࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ޔ‬Ꮐ஥ߦᐳߞߡ޿ࠆࠧ࡯࡞࠼߆ࠄߪᚻ߇ዯ߆ߥ޿૏
⟎ߦ޽ߞߚ‫ߩࠄࠇߎ߇࠼࡞࡯ࠧޕ‬ㇱຠߦߟ޿ߡ㕖⸒⺆⊛ᜰ␜ࠍ಴ߒߚ޿ߣ߈‫ߩߘߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬ฝᚻࠍ‫ߩࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ޔ‬⢛ਛ߆ࠄฝ⢋߳ᚻࠍ࿁ߒ‫ޔ‬ฝ⣨ߩઃߌᩮࠍ߿ߐߒߊឞߺ‫ޔ‬ฝ⣨ో૕ࠍᄖ஥߳㐿ߊࠃ߁ߦዉ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ฝᚻࠍฝ஥ߩㇱຠߩᣇ߳ะߌߐߖߚ‫ޕ‬หᤨߦࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߪ⥄ಽߩᏀᚻߩవߢ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯
ࡦߩᏀᚻࠍ߿ߐߒߊ⓭߈‫ޔ‬ฝߩᣇߦ޽ࠆㇱຠߩᣇะ߳᛼ߒ಴ߔࠃ߁ߥേ૞ࠍߒߚ‫࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ߣࠆߔޕ‬ࡦߪ‫ޔ‬૕ࠍฝߩᣇ߳ะߌ‫ޔ‬િ߫ߒߚฝᚻߢߘߩㇱຠࠍขߞߚ‫ޕ‬࠙. ᵈᗧߩᜬ⛯ (Concentration Throughout the Session)ࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߩⷞ✢ߪ⚳ᆎ૞ᬺߦะߌࠄࠇ‫ߦࠇߎޔ‬ዉ߆ࠇߚ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯ࡦߩ㓸ਛജߪ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߩ૞ᬺߩᚻ
ర߆‫ߪߚ߹ޔ‬ᰴߩㇱຠߦ⚳ᆎᵈ߇ࠇ⛯ߌߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬

ࠛ. ⢐ቯ⊛ߥ߆߆ࠊࠅᣇ (Positive Relationship)ࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߪ⚳ᆎఝߒߊⓏ߿߆ߥᘒᐲߢធߒ‫ޔ‬ᛚ⹺߿߶߼⸒⪲ߩࠃ߁ߥࡐࠫ࠹ࠖࡉߥࡈࠖ࡯࠼ࡃ࠶
ࠢ߇৻⽾ߒߡⴕࠊࠇ‫ޔ‬ᜰዉ⠪ߣ⸠✵↢ߣߩ೨ะ߈ߥ㧔㧩੕޿ߦᚑഞࠍ⏕ାߒߚ㧕ੱ㑆㑐ଥ Positive
trainer-learner relationship㧕߇▽߆ࠇࠆࠃ߁㈩ᘦߐࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬૞ᬺ߇⚳ࠊࠆߣ⚿ᨐ߇ౣ⏕⹺ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬‫઀޿ࠃ߽ߡߣޟ‬੐ࠍߒߚߨ‫ᧄޟޠ‬ᒰߦ޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁‫ߣޠ‬ዅᢘߩᯏળ㧔An opportunity for respect㧕߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬䋨䋳䋩ࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߩℂᔨ㩷⍮⊛㓚ኂఽߩቇᩞᢎᏧߩ⚻㛎߆ࠄ‫ߩ߆ߟߊ޿ߪߦ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬ାᔨ߇޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬a) ㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇ẜ࿷⊛ߥജࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦ‫ޔ‬๟ࠅߩੱߪ޽߹ࠅ᳇ઃ߆ߥ޿‫ޕ‬b) 㓚ኂߩ޽ࠆੱߦߪ‫ޔ‬㓚ኂߩή޿ੱߣหߓࠃ߁ߦ‫⥄ੱߩߘޔ‬りߩੱ↢ࠍ↢߈ࠆ࠴ࡖࡦࠬ
㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷ᣣ☨ߩ࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴߇ⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ̌Systematic Instruction̍ߩ੺౉㧔Prompt㧕‫̌ߜࠊߥߔޔ‬Physical
Prompt̍‫ޔ‬̌Modeling̍‫ޔ‬̌Gesture̍‫ޔ‬̌Verbal Instruction̍ߩ 4 ߟߩ߁ߜ‫ᧄޔ‬ᢥਛߩ a)ߣ b)ߪ‫ޔ‬
̌Physical
Prompt̍ߦ‫ޔߚ߹ޔ‬c)ߣ d)ߪ̌Gesture̍ߦߘࠇߙࠇ⋧ᒰߔࠆ‫ߩ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޕ‬㕖⸒⺆⊛ᜰ␜ߦࠃߞߡ࡙࡯ࠫ࡯
ࡦߩⴕേ࡟ࡄ࡯࠻࡝࡯߇Ⴧ߃‫߁޿ߣޠ޿ߒࠈࠃޟߩ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޔ‬ᱜߩࡈࠖ࡯࠼ࡃ࠶ࠢߢ‫ߩࡦ࡯ࠫ࡯࡙ޔ‬ᱜߒ޿૞ᬺⴕേ߇ᒝൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬

134

㩷

－129－

߇ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬c) ోߡߩੱߪቇ߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߦ߁ࠃࠆࠇߥ߁ߘޕ‬ᢎ߃ࠆᣇᴺߪᔅߕ⸃᣿ߢ߈ࠆ‫ࠇߘޕ‬ࠍ⠨߃ࠆ⽿છ߇ᢎᏧߦߪ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇૞ᬺࠍ⠌ᓧߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚࠅ‫↢ޔ‬ᵴ߿઀੐ߩ⢻ജᕈ㧔functioning㧕ࠍ⊒ើߢ߈ߥ޿ߩߪ‫ޔ‬⠌ᓧߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦᢎ߃ߡ޿ߥ޿߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬ᢎ⢒߿⸠✵ࠍታᣉߔࠆ஥ߩᛛⴚߩ໧㗴ߢ޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߦ↢‛ቇ⊛ߦౕࠊߞߚ⚛⾰ߦ೙㒢߇޽ࠆ߆ࠄߢߪߥ޿‫“ߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧޕ‬Train,
Don’t Test(࠹ࠬ࠻ߢߪߥߊ⸠✵ࠍ)”ߣㅀߴ‫ޔ‬㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߪ⠨߃‫ޔ‬ቇ߮‫ޔ‬ᚑ㐳ߒ‫⥄ޔ‬Ꮖ▤ℂߒ‫ޔ‬ຠᩰࠍ஻߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣᢿ⸒ߒߚ‫ޕ‬૗߆ࠍቇ߱ߩ߇࿎㔍ߥੱ߇޿ߚࠄ‫ޔ‬ᢎ߃ᣇࠍ૗ߣ߆⠨߃಴ߒ‫ޔ‬ቇ߱ߎߣࠍኈᤃߦߔࠆ⽿છ߇‫ޔ‬ᢎ߃ࠆ஥ߦߪ޽ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆‫ޔߪ࠼࡞࡯ࠧࠅ߹ߟޕ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩ⢻ജࠃࠅ߽‫ޔ‬ᢎᏧ߿ᜰዉຬߩᢎ߃ᣇߦὶὐࠍᒰߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᡷༀࠍ⸷߃ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫࡞࡯ࠧ߇ߘߎࠇߎޕ‬࠼ߩࡊࡠࡈࠚ࠶࡚ࠪ࠽࡝࠭ࡓߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᓐߦ౒ᗵߒߘߩᣇᴺࠍቇ߷߁ߣߔࠆታ〣ኅ߇Ⴧ߃ߡ޿ߞߚℂ↱ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧞࠙ࠚ࡯ࡑࡦߩ̌㪡㫆㪹㩷㪚㫆㪸㪺㪿̍ࡕ࠺࡞㩷䋨䋱䋩ࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩታ⃻ߣߒߡߩ৻⥸㓹↪㩷࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴(Job Coach)ߩࠕࠗ࠺ࠕࠍᦨ߽ᣧߊ߆ࠄ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚߩߪ‫ࠕ࠾ࠫ࡯ࠔࡧޔ‬㨯ࠦࡕࡦ࠙ࠚ
࡞ࠬᄢቇߩ࠙ࠚ࡯ࡑࡦ(Wehman, P.)ߢ޽ࠆ135‫ޕ‬ᓐߪ 1981 ᐕߩ⪺ᦠ̌Competitive Employment̍ߩਛߢ‫⥸৻ޔ‬㓹↪(Competitive Employment) 136
ߣ޿߁⸒⪲ࠍ㓒㔌⊛㓹↪(Segregated employment)ߩኻ⺆ߣߒߡ↪޿‫ࠕ࠾ࠫ࡯ࡃޔ‬Ꮊߦ߅ߌࠆេഥઃ
߈㓹↪(Supported Employment)ߩ⹜ⴕࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻137ࠍ⢛᥊ߦ‫⥸৻ޔ‬㓹↪ߎߘ⌀ߩ⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝
࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߛߣਥᒛߒߚ‫ޕ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߪេഥ(Support)ࠍ઻߁㓹↪ߢ޽ࠅ‫߿࡯ࡑ࡯࠲࠻࡯ࡄޔ‬ᄾ⚂␠ຬ╬ߣਗ߱௛߈ᣇߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߪ⛮⛯⊛ߥᡰេࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߣ৻૕ൻߒߚ㓹↪ᒻᘒߢ޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᡰេࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߘߩ߽ߩߢ߽‫⥸৻ޔ‬㓹↪ࠍ⋡ᜰߔḰ஻⸠✵ߢ߽ߥ޿138‫␹♖ޔߪࠇߘޕ‬㓚ኂ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ‫ޔ‬ቇ⠌㓚ኂ‫ޔ‬⣖ᄖ்ߩࠃ߁ߥ㓚ኂߩ޽ࠆੱߚߜߩ৻⥸㓹↪ࠍታ⃻‫ޔߦ߼ߚࠆߖߐ⛯⛮ޔ‬ᜬ⛯⊛ߥᡰេ(On-going Support)139ࠍ઻߁㓹↪ᒻᘒߢ޽ࠅ‫࠴࡯ࠦࡉ࡚ࠫޔ‬ᡰេ(Job Coach Support)ߪ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߦ߅ߌࠆᡰេᣇᴺߩ߭ߣߟߢ޽ࠆ140‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
Wehman,P. & Bricout,J. (1999)
Wehman,P. (1981)
137 Kregel, J. et al. (1990)
138 Wehman, P., & Kregel, J.(1992)
139 ߎߩ̌Support̍ߣ޿߁⸒⪲ࠍ‫ޟ‬ᡰេ‫ߣޠ‬๺⸶ߔࠆ႐วߪᵈᗧ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫̌ߩߢߎߎޕ‬Support̍ߣߪ‫ޔ‬଀߃߫᦭ᮭ⠪߇ㆬ᜼ߩ୥⵬⠪ࠍᡰᜬߔࠆ႐ว߿‫৻ޔ‬ኅߩ௛߈ᚻ߇ኅ⸘ࠍᡰ߃ࠆ႐วߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᡰេࠍฃߌࠆ
ਥ૕ߩ஥ߩᵴേ߿ਥᒛ߇߹ߕవߦ޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᡰេ⠪ߩ஥߇ߘࠇߦหᗧߒߚࠅᚻഥߌߒߚࠅߔࠆ࠾ࡘࠕࡦࠬߢ૶
135
136

㩷

－130－

࠙ࠚ࡯ࡑࡦߩ࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេࡕ࠺࡞ߩⷐ⺼ߪ‫ޔ‬㓚ኂߩ޽ࠆੱ߇‫․ޔ‬೎ߥᣉ⸳ߢߪߥߊ‫ߩ⥸৻ޔ‬Ꮏ႐‫ޔࠬࠖࡈࠝޔ‬ደౝᄖߩᐫ⥩‫ޔ‬ᷡ᝹߿Ꮏ੐╬ߩᧄ‛ߩ઀੐ߩ⃻႐ߢ‫ޔ‬ኾ㐷ኅߩᡰេࠍฃߌߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㓚ኂߩߥ޿ੱߣ৻✜ߦ௛߈‫⾓ޔ‬㊄߿ႎ㈽ࠍᓧࠆ‫ߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯࡯࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ታ⃻ߦዧ߈ࠆ‫ߘޕ‬ߩ⢛᥊ߦߪ‫ޔ‬೨ㅀߩࠧ࡯࡞࠼ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦߺࠄࠇߚࠃ߁ߥ㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇ᢎ⢒࡮⸠✵น⢻ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ታ⸽ߣ‫․ޔ‬೎ߥታ㛎ቶߢߪߥߊᣣᏱ↢ᵴ߿৻⥸㓹↪ߩ⃻႐ߢ߽‫߽ߡߊߥ޿↪ࠍ⪲⸒ߚ߹ޔ‬૞ᬺࠍቇ⠌ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޔ‬ᔕ↪ⴕേಽᨆߩᛛⴚ߇ᄢ߈ߊ⽸₂ߒߚ141‫ޕ‬䋨䋲䋩♖␹⑼࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ߅ߌࠆᣂߚߥዷ㐿㩷♖␹⑼࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦಽ㊁ߢߪ࠾ࡘ࡯ࡂࡦࡊࠪࡖ࡯Ꮊߩࡌ࠶ࠞ࡯‫߇╬࠼ࡦࡏޔࠢࠗ࡟࠼ޔ‬142‫ޔ‬
24 ᤨ㑆૕೙ߩ∛㒮ࠬ࠲࠶ࡈ࠴࡯ࡓߦࠃࠆᖚ⠪ߩ↢ᵴᡰេࠍ‫∛ޔ‬㒮ߢߪߥߊ࿾ၞߢⴕ߁‫ޟ‬൮᜝ဳ࿾ၞ
↢ᵴᡰេࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ(PACT㧦Program of Assertive Community Treatment)‫ࠍޠ‬ዷ㐿ߒ‫࡝ޟߦࠇߎޔ‬ࠞࡃ࡝࡯(Rcovery)143‫ߩޠ‬⠨߃ᣇ߿࠙ࠚ࡯ࡑࡦߩ࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេࡕ࠺࡞ࠍណ↪ߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߦ‫ޟ‬୘೎⡯ᬺ⚫੺ߣࠨࡐ࡯࠻(IPS㧦Indivisual Placement and Support)‫ࠍ࡞࠺ࡕߩޠ‬᭴▽ߒߚ‫ޕ‬IPS ࡕ࠺࡞߇࠙ࠚ࡯ࡑࡦߩ࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេࡕ࠺࡞߆ࠄቇࠎߛᦨᄢߩὐߪ‫∛ޔ‬㒮߿㓚ኂ⠪ᣉ⸳ߢߩ⡯ᬺ↢ᵴḰ஻ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍᦨዊ㒢ߦᱛ߼‫ޔ‬᥉ㅢߩ⡯႐ߢ઀੐ࠍߔࠆߚ߼ߦᔅⷐߥᡰេࠍߔߴߡឭଏߔࠆߣ޿߁
⠨߃ᣇ‫ࠅ߹ߟޔ‬Ḱ஻ᕈ߇ᢛߞߡ߆ࠄ⡯ᬺ⚫੺ࠍⴕ߁(Train-to-Place)ߣ޿߁વ⛔⊛ߥ㗅⇟ࠍㅒォߐߖ‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ⚫੺ߒߡ߆ࠄ⡯႐ߢታ㓙ߩ⸠✵(Place-to-Train)ࠍⴕ߁ߣ޿߁⊒ᗐߢ޽ࠅ‫࠴࡯ࠦࡉ࡚ࠫޔ‬ᡰេߦࠃߞߡߘࠇ߇น⢻ߦߥࠅᓧࠆߣ޿߁੐ታߢ޽ߞߚ144‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷ࠊࠇࠆ⸒⪲ߢ޽ࠆ‫߇ࠈߎߣޕ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߢ㓚ኂ⠪ߩ‫ޟ‬ᡰេ‫ޔߣ߁⸒ߣޠ‬ᡰេ⠪஥ߩᐓᷤ㧔Intervention㧕߿੺౉㧔Treatment㧕ߦࠃߞߡⴕേᄌኈ߿ᴦ≮ࠍᣉߔ߽ߩ߹ߢ߽฽߻႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫̌ޕ‬Supported Employment̍ߪ‫ޔ‬௛ߊ㓚ኂ⠪ߩᗧᕁ߿ⴕേࠍ೨ឭߦ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ᚻഥߌߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬௛ߊࠃ߁ߦ઀ะߌࠆߩߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬140 Office of Disability Employment Policy ߩ Web ࠨࠗ࠻ࠃࠅ‫߽ߦઁޕ‬⒖േᡰេ(Transportation)‫ޔ‬ᡰេᯏེߩㆡ↪(Assistive Technology)╬߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
141 Rusch,F.R., & Hughes,C. (1989).
142 ࡌ࠶ࠞ࡯,D.R.㨯࠼࡟ࠗࠢ,R.E.(2004)‫ޔ‬Drake,R.(1998)‫ޔ‬Bond,G.(1998)
143 ࠕࡦ࠰࠾࡯(Anthony, W.A.,1993)ߦࠃࠇ߫‫∔␹♖߫߃ߣߚޔߪߣ࡝ࡃࠞ࡝ޟޔ‬ᖚߦࠃߞߡੱ↢߇უṌߒߘ߁ߦߥߞߡ߽‫ࠇߎޔ‬એ਄ߘߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦ‫ߩߣߎࠆ߈↢ޔ‬ଔ୯߿⋡⊛ࠍᣂߒߊ⊒⷗ߔࠆߎߣ‫߹ߟޔ‬ࠅੱ㑆⊛ߦᚑ㐳ߔࠆߎߣ‫ޕࠆ޽ߢޠ‬144 Bond,G.(1998)‫␹♖ߒߛߚޕ‬㓚ኂ⠪ߩ႐ว‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬ዪ㕙ߢߪዞഭᡰេߦ㊀ὐ߇⟎߆ࠇߚߣߒߡ߽‫ߩ⁁∛ޔ‬ᄌൻߦᔕߓ‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ↢ᵴߩၮ⋚ߣߥࠆ࿾ၞ߿ኅᐸߢߩ↢ᵴࠍᜬ⛯࡮቟ቯߐߖࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬PACT ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍឭଏߒߚ
ᣇ߇ࠃ޿႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

㩷

－131－

䋨䋳䋩࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ߦ᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆ⢻ജ㩷࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᡰេࠍᜂ߁ੱ᧚‫߿࠴࡯ࠦࡉ࡚ࠫߜࠊߥߔޔ‬ዞᬺᡰេኾ㐷ኅ(Employment
Specialist)145ߩ⾗⾰߇㊀ⷐߥࡈࠔࠢ࠲࡯ߣߒߡ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬૞ᬺ⠌ᓧ߇࿎㔍ߥ㓚ኂ⠪ߦ઀੐ࠍᢎ߃ߚ޿ߣ߈‫ޔ‬㓚ኂ⠪ߩ⢻ജߦ㒢⇇߇޽ࠆ߆ࠄߣ⺼߼ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᢎ߃ᣇࠍᎿᄦߒߡᚑഞߒߚߩ߇‫ޔ‬೨ㅀߩࠧ࡯
࡞࠼ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᢎ߃ᣇࠍᎿᄦߔࠆ႐ว‫ޔ‬㓚ኂ⠪ᣉ⸳ߩਛߢ޽ࠇ߫‫ޔ‬૞ᬺⅣႺࠍኈᤃߦᄌ
ᦝߢ߈‫ޔ‬ᜰዉߩᤨ㑆ߪή㒢ߦ޽ࠅ‫ߩࡈ࠶࠲ࠬߩઁޔ‬ᚻࠍ୫ࠅࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆ‫߇ߛޕ‬㓹↪ഭ௛ߩ⃻႐ߢߪ‫ޔ‬૞ᬺⅣႺߩ▤ℂࠍⴕ߁ߩߪ੐ᬺਥߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ዞᬺᤨ㑆ߪ㒢ࠄࠇ‫ޔ‬ᄢᛶߩ႐ว࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴߇৻
ੱߢኻಣߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ߦ࠴࡯ࠦࡉ࡚ࠫߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆ⾗⾰ߪ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿઀੐ࠍ⥄ࠄ⍴ᤨ㑆ߢ⠌ᓧߒ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬㓚ኂߩ޽ࠆੱߦല₸ࠃߊᢎ߃‫ߩߘޔ‬ലᨐࠍ੐ᬺਥߦ⺑ᓧജࠍᜬߞߡવ߃ࠆߣ
޿߁ᣉ⸳ౝߩ૞ᬺᜰዉຬߦߪᔅߕߒ߽ᔅⷐߣߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚ⢻ജߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧟ㅪ㇌ߦࠃࠆ೙ᐲൻߣߘߩᄌㆫ㩷࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេࡕ࠺࡞ߪ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߣ޿߁㓹↪ᒻᘒ߇ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߩ೙ᐲߣߥࠆߎߣߢ‫☨ోޔ‬ߦᐢ߇ߞߚ‫ޕ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩో☨ᴺ೙ൻߪኈᤃߦߪታ⃻ߖߕ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᱠߺߪ 1970 ᐕઍߦᆎ߹ߞߚ‫ޕ‬䋨䋱䋩㪈㪐㪎㪊 ᐕ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦᴺߦ߅ߌࠆ೙ᐲኻ⽎⠪ߩ᜛ᄢ㩷ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߦࠃࠆ⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫ޔ‬㓚ኂ⠪ߢ޽ࠇ߫⺕ߢ߽ฃ⛎ߢ߈ࠆ౏⊛⛎
ઃ㧔Entitlement Program㧕ߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫⹺ޔ‬ቯߦၮߠߊ㧔Eligibility-based㧕⛎ઃ೙ᐲߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ߚ߼ߎߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍ㓚ኂ⠪߇೑↪ߔࠆߦߪ‫ޔ‬Ԙ㓹↪਄ᡰ㓚ࠍ߈ߚߔ㓚ኂ߇޽ࠆߎߣ‫ޔ‬ԙ㓹↪ߐࠇᓧࠆ⷗ㄟߺ߇޽ࠆߎߣ‫ޔ‬Ԛ㓹↪ߦ㓙ߒߡ⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍᔅⷐߣߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߩ 3ߟߩ⹺ቯၮḰࠍหᤨߦḩߚߔᔅⷐ߇޽ߞߚ146‫ߜ߁ߩߎޕ‬ԙߩၮḰߪ 1992 ᐕߦ✭๺ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬Ꮊ᡽ᐭ߇෻
⸽ࠍ᜼ߍߥ޿㒢ࠅ‫ߩߡోޔ‬㓚ኂ⠪ߪ㓹↪ߐࠇᓧࠆߣߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩో☨ᴺ೙
ൻߩ᧦ઙߣߒߡߎߩ✭๺╷ߪᔅⷐ᧦ઙߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
145ዞᬺᡰេኾ㐷ኅߣ࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ߪૃߚࠃ߁ߥᗧ๧ߢ૶ࠊࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿‫ߣ߁⸒ߣ߆ࠄߜߤޔߛߚޕ‬೨⠪ߩᣇ߇ᐢ޿▸࿐ߩᬺോࠍⴕ߁࠾ࡘࠕࡦࠬࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ㧔ଐ↰,2007㧕‫ޕ‬
146 United States Commission on Civil Rights.

㩷

－132－

䋨䋲䋩㪈㪐㪏㪋 ᐕ⊒㆐㓚ኂᴺߣ೙ᐲߩቯ⟵㩷☨࿖ߩㅪ㇌೙ᐲߢᦨೋߦេഥઃ߈㓹↪(Supported Employment)߇ቯ⟵ߐࠇߚߩߪ‫ޔ‬1984 ᐕ೙ቯߩ⊒㆐㓚ኂᴺ147╙ 102 ᧦ਛ‫ޔ‬એਅߩ᧦ᢥߦ߅޿ߡߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬╙ 102 ᧦ ᧄᴺߩㆡ↪਄‫ޔ‬㨯㨯㨯㧔ਛ⇛㧕㨯㨯㨯
(F)‫ޟ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪148‫ޔߪߣޠ‬ႎ㈽ࠍ઻߁ዞᬺᒻᘒߢ޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬એਅߩ᧦ઙࠍḩߚߔ߽ߩࠍ⸒߁‫ޕ‬(γ) ৻⥸ഭ௛Ꮢ႐ߢ‫ᦨޔ‬ૐ⾓㊄߆߹ߚߪߘࠇએ਄ߩ⾓㊄ࠍᓧࠆߎߣ߇㔍ߒ޿⊒㆐㓚ኂ⠪ߩߚ߼ߩ‫ߩߘߚ߹ޔ‬㓚ኂࠁ߃ߦᒝജ߆ߟ⛮⛯⊛ߥᡰេࠍ‫ޔ‬௛ߊ⃻႐ߢฃߌࠆᔅⷐ߇޽
ࠆ⊒㆐㓚ኂ⠪ߩߚ߼ߩ‫ޔ‬ዞᬺᒻᘒ‫ޕ‬(δ) ᭽‫ߥޘ‬௛ߊ⃻႐ߢߩ‫ߦ․ޔ‬㓚ኂߩߥ޿ੱߣ৻✜ߦ௛ߊ‫ޔ‬ዞᬺᒻᘒ‫ޕ‬(ε) 㓚ኂߩ޽ࠆੱ߇ႎ㈽ࠍ઻߁઀੐ߦ⛮⛯ߒߡዞߌࠆࠃ߁‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ᔅⷐߥ઀੐ߩᜰ␜‫ޔ‬⸠✵‫ޔ‬ㅍㄫ╬‫ࠆࠁࠄ޽ޔ‬ᡰេࠍฃߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆዞᬺᒻᘒ‫ޕ‬

ߎࠇࠄ 3 ߟߪ‫੹ޔ‬ᣣߩេഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩၮᧄⷐ⚛‫ߜࠊߥߔޔ‬Ԙኻ⽎ߪ㊀ᐲ㓚ኂ⠪ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ‫ޔ‬ԙᣉ⸳߳ߩ㓒㔌ߢߪߥߊ᥉ㅢߩ↢ᵴ߿ᵴേߩ႐߳ߩ⛔ว㧔ࡁ࡯ࡑ࡜ࠗ࠯࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧕‫ޔ‬Ԛ⾓㊄࡮ႎ㈽ࠍ઻
߁ዞᬺᒻᘒߢ޽ࠆߎߣ‫ ߩޔ‬3 ߟߦㅢߓࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩ (F) 㗄ߩ⋥೨ߦ޽ࠆ (E) 㗄‫ޟ‬ዞഭ㑐ㅪ੐ᬺ(Employment Related Activities)‫ⷙߩޠ‬ቯਛߦ߽‫ޔ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߦេഥઃ߈㓹↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆቯ߼߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬(E) ‫ޟ‬ዞഭ㑐ㅪ੐ᬺ‫ޔߪߣޠ‬௛ߊߎߣࠍㅢߒߡ‫⊒ޔ‬㆐㓚ኂ⠪ߩ⥄┙߿↢↥ᕈࠍะ਄ߐߖ‫ޔ‬␠ળ߳ߩ⛔วࠍ࿑ࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߪߦࠇߎޕ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪߳⒖ⴕߔࠆ೨ߦⴕ߁Ḱ஻߿⡯ᬺ⊛⸠✵‫⊒ޔ‬㆐㓚ኂ⠪ߩ㓹↪ߦߟ޿ߡ੐ᬺਥߩᗧ᰼ࠍ㜞߼ࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ޔ‬ᣉ⸳߆ࠄេഥઃ߈㓹↪߿৻⥸㓹↪߳⒖ⴕߔࠆࠃ߁ᡰេߔࠆࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ╬߇฽߹ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬వ⒟‫(ޔ‬F)㗄ߦេഥઃ߈㓹↪߇‫ޟ‬ዞᬺᒻᘒ‫߇ߣߎࠆ޽ߢޠ‬᣿␜ߐࠇߡ޿ߚߎߣࠍ⚫੺ߒߚ߇‫ߩߎޔ‬(E)㗄ߢߪ‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺḰ஻ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߆ࠄេഥઃ߈㓹↪߳ߩ⒖ⴕ߇޽ࠅᓧࠆߎߣࠍㅢߒߡ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪߇⡯ᬺḰ஻ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߘߩ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߪࠄࠇߎߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬೨ㅀߩ࠙ࠚ࡯
ࡑࡦߩ⠨߃ᣇߣ߽ว⥌ߔࠆ߽ߩߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷“Developmental Disabilities Act of 1984”ߩ㗡ᢥሼࠍขࠅ”DDA”ߣ⇛ߔ႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ ╙ߩߘޕ‬100 ᧦ߦ‫ޔ‬
หᴺߩ TitleΣࠍ‫⊒ޟ‬㆐㓚ኂ⠪ᡰេ෸߮ᮭ೑┨ౖᴺ Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights
Act‫ߣޠ‬⒓ߔࠆߣߩቯ߼߇޽ࠆ߇‫ߪࠇߎޔ‬หᴺߩ೨ߩᡷᱜᴺߦᒰߚࠆ 1981 ᐕᴺߩ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ߣหߓߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
148 ⧷⺆ߩ̌Employment̍ߦߪ‫⥸৻ޔ‬ડᬺߢߩ㓹↪ߛߌߢߪߥߊ⥄༡߿⑔␩⊛ዞഭ߽฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߢߎߎޕ‬ߪ޽߃ߡ‫ޟ‬ႎ㈽߿⾓㊄ࠍ઻߁(Paid)‫ࠆ޿ߡࠇߐߣޠ‬ὐ߇㊀ⷐߢ‫☨ޔ‬࿖ߢߪㆊ෰ߦᄢဳߩ㓒㔌ဳᣉ⸳ߢ㓚ኂ⠪߇ήႎ㈽ߩᓎോ㧔Unpaid Work㧕ߦᓥ੐ߐߖࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ⚻✲߇⢛᥊ߣߒߡ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
147

㩷

－133－

䋨䋳䋩㪈㪐㪏㪍 ᐕᡷᱜ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦᴺߣో☨߳ߩ᜛ᄢ㩷ㅪ㇌߆ࠄᎺ߳ഥᚑߐࠇࠆታ⸽⎇ⓥ(Demonstration)ߩ੐ᬺߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬㓚ኂ⠪ߩ㓒㔌⊛㓹↪
(Segregated employment)߆ࠄ৻⥸㓹↪(Competitive Employment)߳ߩ⒖ⴕ߇ᴺ೙ൻߐࠇ‫ౕߩߘޔ‬૕⊛ᣇᴺߣߒߡេഥઃ߈㓹↪߇ⷙቯߐࠇ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߦࠃࠆ৻⥸㓹↪ߩታ⃻߇⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯
࡚ࠪࡦߩᱜᑼߥᚑᨐߣߒߡ⹺߼ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ߎߩᡷᱜએ㒠‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌ߦࠃࠆេഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩ೙ᐲൻߦࠃߞߡ‫ߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ࠍታᣉߒߡ޿
ߥ߆ߞߚᎺ߽߳េഥઃ߈㓹↪߇ᐢ߇ߞߡ޿ߞߚ‫ޕ‬1980 ᐕઍߦេഥઃ߈㓹↪߇ฦᎺ߳᜛ᄢߒߡ޿ߞߚ
᭽ሶࠍ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩࡍ࡯ࠫߩ࿑⴫㧡㧙㧝149ߦࠃߞߡ⷗ߡߺࠃ߁‫ࠕ࠾ࠫ࡯ࡃޔߦࠄߐޕ‬㨯ࠦࡕࡦ࠙ࠚ࡞ࠬᄢቇ
࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⎇ⓥ㨯⎇ୃ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻̌National Supported Employment
Consortium̍ߦࠃࠆ⺞ᩏ࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍߦេഥઃ߈㓹↪߇߽ߚࠄߒߚലᨐࠍ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩࡍ࡯ࠫߩ
࿑⴫㧡㧙㧞150ߦࠃߞߡ⷗ߡߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬‫׋‬ᘙᲯᲧᲫ ቟‫׎‬ੲя˄ƖᨽဇƷ‫ݣ‬ᝋᎍƷਘ‫ٻ‬Ტ㪈㪐㪏㪍᳸㪈㪐㪏㪏 ࠰ŴҥˮᲴʴᲣ㩷Ꮊࠝ࡟ࠧࡦࡍࡦࠪ࡞ࡃ࠾ࠕ
ࡠ࡯࠼ࠕࠗ࡜ࡦ࠼
ࠨ࠙ࠬࠞࡠ࡜ࠗ࠽
ࠨ࠙ࠬ࠳ࠦ࠲
࠹ࡀࠪ࡯
࠹ࠠࠨࠬ
࡙࠲
ࡃ࡯ࠫ࠾ࠕ
ࡃ࡯ࡕࡦ࠻
ࡢࠪࡦ࠻ࡦ
࠙ࠖࠬࠦࡦࠪࡦ
࠙ࠚࠬ࠻ࡃ࡯ࠫ࠾ࠕ
ࡢࠗࠝࡒࡦࠣ
ว⸘

1986 ળ⸘ᐕᐲ
147
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
184
226
913
1,691
0
18
9,876

1987 ળ⸘ᐕᐲ
147
89
0
0
0
0
138
62
420
281
1,087
1,797
86
41
17,871㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
149
150

㩷

Wehman, P., et al.(1992).,p.16.
Wehman,P. & Bricout,J. (1999).

－134－

1988 ળ⸘ᐕᐲ
642
245
543
176
49
117
696
150
715
502
1,265
1,985
160
67
32,342‫׋‬ᘙᲯᲧᲬ ቟‫׎‬ƴƓƚǔੲя˄ƖᨽဇƷјௐ㩷࠺࡯࠲េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩኻ⽎⠪េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩ࠲ࠗࡊኻ⽎⠪ߩᐔဋᤨ⛎
ኻ⽎⠪ߩᐔဋㅳ⛎
ㅳᐔဋഭ௛ᤨ㑆េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩታᣉᯏ㑐ᢙኻ⽎⠪ߩ㓚ኂ

⍮⊛㓚ኂߩ㓚ኂ⒟ᐲ

࠽࠴ࡘ࡜࡞ࠨࡐ࡯࠻ߩታᣉ

࠽࠴ࡘ࡜࡞ࠨࡐ࡯࠻߇
ਥ૕ߦߥࠆ㗫ᐲ

1993 ળ⸘ᐕᐲ
105,381 ੱ୘೎ᡰេ 79㧑ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᡰេ 21㧑
4.53 ࠼࡞
107.10 ࠼࡞
22.5 ᤨ㑆3,739 ᯏ㑐⍮⊛㓚ኂ 70.3㧑♖␹㓚ኂ 19.3㧑
り૕㓚ኂ 7.2㧑
ߘߩઁ 3.0㧑
シᐲ 47.0㧑ਛᐲ 40.1㧑
㊀ᐲ 12.9㧑
Ⴧട 74㧑
ᄌࠊࠄߥ޿ 7㧑ᷫዋ 0㧑ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿ 18.5㧑
㗫❥ 3.7㧑ᤨ‫ޘ‬33.3㧑
߹ࠇ 29.6㧑
ਇ᣿ 33.3㧑

1995 ળ⸘ᐕᐲ
139,812 ੱ୘೎ᡰេ 77.4㧑
ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᡰេ 22.6㧑
4.7 ࠼࡞
114.43 ࠼࡞
23.8 ᤨ㑆3,690 ᯏ㑐⍮⊛㓚ኂ 61.5㧑♖␹㓚ኂ 26.0㧑
り૕㓚ኂ 9.6㧑
ߘߩઁ 3.1㧑
シᐲ 51.9㧑
ਛᐲ 37.7㧑
㊀ᐲ 10.3㧑⺞ᩏਛ⺞ᩏਛ̪ ⴫ਛ‫ޔ‬㨬ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᡰេ㨭ߪ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩࠛࡦࠢ࡟࡯ࡉ㨯ࡕ࠺࡞߿ࡕࡃࠗ࡞ࡢ࡯ࠢ㨯ࠢ࡞࡯╬ߦࠃߞߡታᣉߐࠇࠆዊࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᡰេࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ࠊߕ߆ 2 ᐕ㑆ߩ⍴ᦼ⊛ߥ⚿ᨐߦ㒢ࠄࠇࠆ߇‫ޔ‬೨ࡍ࡯ࠫߩ࿑⴫㧡㧙㧞ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ኻ⽎⠪߇Ⴧടߒߡ
޿ࠆߎߣ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂ߇ਛᔃߢ޽ߞߚ⁁ᴫ߇ᓢ‫␹♖ߦޘ‬㓚ኂ╬߳⒖ⴕߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ‫ޔ‬ኻ⽎⠪ߩᐔဋ⾓㊄߇਄߇ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ╬ߪᵈ⋡ߦ୯ߔࠆ‫৻ߩߘޕ‬ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪೙ᐲߩ⿰ᣦ߇ᧄ᧪㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ‫ޔ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂߩ⒟ᐲ߇シᐲൻߒߡߒ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬䋨䋴䋩㪈㪐㪐㪐 ᐕᦨ㜞ⵙࠝ࡞ࡓࠬ࠹࠶࠼್᳿ߣ৻⥸㓹↪ߩᧄᩰൻ㩷
1990 ᐕઍ߹ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ቭ౏ᐡ߿᳃㑆ડᬺߢߩ㓹↪ߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫⼔଻ޔ‬Ꮏ႐ߢߩ㓹↪߽‫ޔ‬೙ᐲ਄‫ޔ‬⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩᱜᒰߥᚑᨐߣߺߥߐࠇߡ޿ߚ151‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪೙ᐲߩᚑᨐ߽‫ޔ‬ታߪᔅߕߒ߽৻⥸㓹↪ࠍ⋡ᜰߐߥߊߡ߽৻ቯߩ⹏ଔ߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆߒߊߺߦߥߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ߣߎࠈ߇‫ޔ‬1999 ᐕߦㅪ㇌ᦨ㜞ⵙ್ᚲ߇ਅߒߚࠝ࡞ࡓࠬ࠹࠶࠼್᳿152ߢߪ‫ޔ‬㓚ኂ⠪ࠍਇᔅⷐߦᣉ⸳
153ߦ౉ᚲߐߖ࿾ၞ␠ળ߆ࠄಽ㔌㨯㓒㔌ߔࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬㓚ኂࠍᜬߟࠕࡔ࡝ࠞੱᴺ154ߦⷙቯߐࠇߚᏅ೎ߦᒰߚ

㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷151㩷଻⼔Ꮏ႐ߢߩ㓹↪ࠍㅢᏱߩ㓹↪ߣ඙೎ߒߡ‫ޟ‬᜛ᒛ㓹↪(Extended Employment)‫ߣޠ‬๭߱႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬－135－

ࠆߣߐࠇߚ155‫߈ߣߩߎޕ‬ㅪ㇌ᦨ㜞ⵙߪ‫ޔ‬Ꮊ߇‫ޔ‬ᣉ⸳ߩ㓚ኂ⠪߇‫ߥ↱⥄ࠅࠃޟ‬ⅣႺ156‫߳ޠ‬⒖ⴕߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߥ‫ޟ‬൮᜝⊛߆ߟታലᕈߩ޽ࠆⴕേ⸘↹157‫ޔ߫ߖ␜ࠍޠ‬ADA ߇ቯ߼ࠆวℂ⊛ߥᡷༀߩ⟵ോ158ߦᛶ⸅ߒߥ޿ߣ್ߓߚ‫ޔ߼ߚߩߎޕ‬ᢌ⸷ߒߚ࡚ࠫ࡯ࠫࠕᎺࠍᆎ߼ฦᎺ߇㓚ኂ⠪ߩ⣕ᣉ⸳ൻߣ࿾ၞ↢ᵴߩታ⃻ࠍ࿑ࠆⴕേ⸘↹ࠍ૞ᚑߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚ159‫ޕ‬߽ߜࠈࠎ‫⼔଻ޔ‬Ꮏ႐ߪ㓹↪ߩ႐ߢ޽ࠆߣหᤨߦ㓚ኂ⠪ᣉ⸳ߢ߽޽ࠆ‫್࠼࠶࠹ࠬࡓ࡞ࠝޕ‬᳿ߩᓇ㗀ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬એᓟ‫⼔଻ޔ‬Ꮏ႐ߢߩ㓹↪ߪ⡯ᬺ࡝ࡂࡆ࡝࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩᚑᨐߢߪߥߊߥࠅ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪೙ᐲ߿࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ⋡ᮡߪ৻⥸㓹↪ߦ㒢ࠄࠇࠆߎߣߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬╙㧟▵ᱧผ⊛⚻✲ߩ߹ߣ߼એ਄ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ߹ߣ߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬╙ 1 ߦ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩℂᔨ⊛஥㕙ߦߟ޿ߡߢ޽ࠆ‫ߡߟ߆ޕ‬ᄢဳᣉ⸳ࠍ૞ࠅ‫ޔ‬㊀ᐲ㓚ኂ⠪ࠍ౉ᚲߐߖࠆ੐ᘒߪ‫ޔ‬ኅᣖߩᱛ߻ߦᱛ߹ࠇߧⷐ⺧ߣߣߘࠇࠍᡰ߃ࠆ␠ળ⾗Ḯߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ߦઁޔ‬ㆬᛯ⢇߇ή޿ਛߢ↢߹ࠇߚ‫ޔ߇ߛޕ‬㓒㔌ߐࠇߚᣉ⸳ߩ޽ࠅᣇࠍ⋥ⷞߔࠆߎߣߢ㑐ଥ⠪ߩ㑆ߦ↢߹ࠇߚ㆑๺ᗵ‫ޔ‬⟋ᖡᗵ߇‫⃻ޔ‬ઍ␠ળࠍ↢߈ࠆหߓੱ㑆ߣߒߡ࿾ၞ␠ળߦㄫ޿౉ࠇ‫ޔ‬࿾ၞߦ૑ߺ‫઀ߩ‛ᧄޔ‬੐ࠍછߐࠇߚ௛߈ᚻߣߥࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߩദജ߳ߣᓐࠄࠍะ߆ࠊߖߚ‫ޕ‬╙ 2 ߦ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩᣇᴺ⊛஥㕙ߦߟ޿ߡߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿾ၞߦ૑ߺ‫઀ߩ‛ᧄޔ‬੐ࠍછߐࠇߚ௛߈ᚻ
ߣߥࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߩദജߪ‫ੱޔ‬㆏⊛‫ޔ‬᷷ᖱ⊛ߥℂᔨߦ⚳ࠊߞߡߪߥࠄߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬૶๮ᗵ‫⽿ޔ‬છᗵࠍታ⃻ߔࠆߦߪ‫ޔ‬㓚ო߇޽ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬࿾ၞዬ૑ߩౕ૕⊛ᣇᴺߣ‫ޔ‬ዞഭ↢ᵴߩౕ૕⊛ᣇᴺߦߟ޿ߡߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦ․ޕ‬ᓟ⠪ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬વ⛔⊛ߦߪ‫ޟ‬㓚ኂ‫઀ޟ߇⪲⸒߁޿ߣޠ‬੐߇ߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޠ‬ߣห⟵⺆ߣߒߡ૶ࠊࠇ‫ޔ‬㓚ኂ⠪ߪ઀੐߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ᗧ⼂߇ᐢߊฃߌ౉ࠇࠄࠇߡ߈ߚߚ߼‫⥸৻ޔ‬ડᬺߢᚢജߦߥࠇࠆ߆ุ߆߇㓚ኂߩ᦭ήߣ㑐ଥߥ޿ߣ⸒߃ࠆࠃ߁ߥ‫ޔ‬ታലᕈߩ޽ࠆᣇᴺ߇ᔅⷐߢ㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
Olmstead v. L.C.(No. 98-536) 527 U.S. 581 (1999)‫ࠦޕ‬㧙ࡀ࡞ᄢቇࡠ㧙ࠬࠢ㧙࡞ߩ Web ࡍ࡯ࠫ
̌Supureme Court Collection̍ෳᾖ‫ޔߪ್ⵙߩߎޕ‬⍮⊛㓚ኂߣ⛔วᄬ⺞∝ࠍ૬ߖᜬߟᅚᕈ L.C.ߣ⍮⊛㓚ኂߣੱᩰ㓚ኂࠍ૬ߖᜬߟᅚᕈ E.W.ߦߟ޿ߡ‫౉ޔ‬㒮ߒߡ޿ߚ࡚ࠫ࡯ࠫࠕ࿾ၞ∛㒮஥߇࿾ၞࡌ࡯ࠬߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜
ࡓ߳⒖ⴕߔࠆߎߣࠍน⢻ߣ್ᢿߒߚߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ‫ޔ‬Ꮊᒰዪ߇ߎࠇࠍᜎุߒߚߚ߼࿾ၞ↢ᵴߦᔅⷐߥភ⟎߇ฃߌࠄࠇߕߘߩᓟ߽♖␹⑼∛᫟ߦ㐽ߓㄟ߼ࠄࠇߚ㧔confined for treatment in a psychiatric unit㧕ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬࡚ࠫ࡯ࠫࠕᎺஜᐽ⑔␩ዪࠝ࡞ࡓࠬ࠹࠶࠼ዪ㐳ઁࠍ⋧ᚻขߞߡឭ⸷ߐࠇߚ⸷⸩ߢ‫ޔ‬ㅢ⒓‫ޠ್ⵙ࠼࠶࠹ࠬࡓ࡞ࠝޟ‬ߣ߆‫್࠼࠶࠹ࠬࡓ࡞ࠝޟ‬᳿‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
153 ߎߎߢ⸒߁ᣉ⸳ߣߪ‫∛ޔ‬㒮㧔ක≮ᣉ⸳㧕ߣ⑔␩ᣉ⸳ߩਔᣇࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆ
154 Americans with Disabilities Act
155 ർ㊁(2000)‫ޔ‬ᤐฬ㨯᧲᣿.(2005)
156 less restrictive settings
157 comprehensive, effectively working plan
158 reasonaable-modification standard
159 ̌Georgia's Olmstead Strategic Plan̍ߦߟ޿ߡߪ࡚ࠫ࡯ࠫࠕᎺஜᐽ⑔␩ዪߩ Web ࡍ࡯ࠫࠍෳᾖ‫ޕ‬
152

㩷

－136－

޽ߞߚ‫☨ޕ‬࿖ߢߪߘߩᣇᴺߩ߭ߣߟ߇េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߢ޽ߞߚߣ޿߁ࠊߌߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߦߎߘޕ‬ኾ㐷ኅߩ૶๮ᗵ‫⽿ޔ‬છᗵ‫ޔ‬ኾ㐷ኅߩሽ࿷ଔ୯ࠍ߆ߌߚദജ߽޽ߞߚߣ⸒߃ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩℂᔨߪታലᕈߩ޽ࠆᣇᴺߦࠃߞߡⵣઃߌࠄࠇ‫ޔ‬หᤨߦߘߩᣇᴺߪ
ℂᔨߦࠃߞߡଔ୯ઃߌࠄࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ࡦࡑ࡯ࠚ࠙ޕ‬160߇‫ޟ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪‫ޔߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬េഥઃ߈ᢎ⢒߿េഥઃ߈↢ᵴ߇߽ߞߡ޿ࠆẜ࿷⊛ߥജߣߪ‫ື߇ࠄࠇߘޔ‬ቇ⊛ߥℂᔨ㧔⥄Ꮖ᳿ቯ㧕ߣታ〣⊛ᚢ⇛㧔ᡰេ㧕ࠍ৻૕ൻߒߚᒝജߥᚻᲑߦߥࠅ߁ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠅ‫⥄ߪࠇߘޔ‬Ꮖ᳿ቯߣ⥄↱ㆬᛯߩℂᔨߣ⚿߮วࠊߐࠇߚᤨߦ⊒ើߐࠇࠆ‫ߣޠ‬ㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ਔ⠪ߪ⋧⵬⊛㑐ଥߦ޽ࠅ‫߇ࠄߜߤߩߘޔ‬ᰳߌߡ߽☨࿖ߩេഥઃ߈㓹↪ߪ᦭ലߦᯏ⢻ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯ࠗ࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁޔߚ߹ޕ‬ℂᔨߣ‫ߩߘޔ‬ℂᔨࠍℂᔨߦ⚳ࠊࠄߖߕታ⃻ߐߖߚ೨଀ߣ߇ർ᰷߆ࠄ߽ߚࠄߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇߽ߒή߆ߞߚߣߒߚࠄ‫ޔ‬ߎߩࠃ߁ߥࡄ࡜࠳ࠗࡓࠪࡈ࠻ߪ⿠߈ߥ߆ߞߚߩߢߪߥ޿߆‫ޕ‬╙㧠▵ ੹ᣣߩេഥઃ߈㓹↪
㧝Ꮊ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេ㩷ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߩ೙ᐲߣߒߡߩេഥઃ߈㓹↪ߪ‫ޔ‬એਅߩ 3 ߟߩၮᧄⷐ⚛ࠍ஻߃ߡ޿ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬

Ԙႎ㈽߿⾓㊄ࠍ઻߁ഭ௛(Employment)ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ‫ޕ‬㓹↪ഭ௛ߩ႐ว‫⾓ޔ‬㊄‫⾨ޔ‬ਈ‫ޔ‬ભᥜ‫⑔ޔ‬೑ෘ↢╬ߪ㓚ኂߩή޿␠ຬߣหߓ᧦ઙߢฃߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆㅳ 18 ᤨ㑆એ਄ߩഭ௛ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ‫ޕ‬ԙ㓚ኂߩߥ޿ੱߣ౒ߦ௛ߊߎߣ‫ޕ‬㓚ኂߩ᦭ήߦ߆߆ࠊࠄߕ৻✜ߦ௛߈‫ޔ‬หߓ᧦ઙߢ઀
੐ߩ࠴ࡖࡦࠬ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ‫ޕ‬Ԛ㓹↪߇⛯ߊ㒢ࠅᔅⷐߦᔕߓߡᡰេࠍฃߌࠄࠇࠆߎߣ‫ޕ‬

ߎߩ 3 ߟ߇ߥߗេഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩၮᧄⷐ⚛ߥߩ߆ߪ‫ߢ߹ࠇߎߢ┨ᧄޔ‬᭎⺑ߒߚ☨࿖㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩዞഭᡰេߩᄌㆫ߆ࠄ᣿ࠄ߆ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߛߚޕ‬ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߦࠃࠆߎߩࠃ߁ߥ೙ᐲ਄ߩ⺑᣿ߛߌߢߪ‫࡚ࠫޔ‬ࡉࠦ࡯࠴ߩ࡝ࠕ࡞ߥᵴേߪࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩㆇ↪߿⎇ⓥߩ੍▚ߪ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌߆ࠄߩ⵬ഥ㊄߿
ഥᚑ㊄ߣߒߡฦᎺ߳ᡰ⛎ߐࠇࠆ߇‫ޔ‬Ꮊ⁛⥄ߩᎿᄦ߽ߺࠄࠇࠆ‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬ታ㓙ߩᆫࠍߥ߇߼ࠆߦߪ‫ޔ‬ฦᎺߦ߅ߌࠆ⃻⁁ࠍ⷗ࠆߣ⦟޿ߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷160

㩷

Wehman,P.(2006)－137－ߘߩෳ⠨ߣߒߡ‫ࠕ࠾ࠫ࡯ࡃޔ‬Ꮊߩ࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߦߟ޿ߡ‫ࠕ࠾ࠫ࡯ࡃޔ‬Ꮊ᡽ᐭߩ㓚ኂ⠪ᆔຬળ161߇ડᬺ‫ޔ‬㓚ኂ⠪‫ߩઁߩߘޔ‬㑐ଥ⠪ะߌߦ⵾૞ߒߚ࡝࡯ࡈ࡟࠶࠻ߩో⸶ࠍએਅߦឝタߔࠆ162‫ޕ‬ᴾἊἹἨἅὊἓầ˖ಅểᨦܹᎍỉӑ૾ỆờẺỤẴẆἇὊἥἋểἳἼἕἚᴾ
ᴾᵐᵎᵎᵕ ࠰ ᵏᵐ உἢὊἊἝỴ߸ᨦܹᎍ‫ۀ‬Ճ˟ÙỊẳỜỆᴾᴾ ẮủộỂ‫ܭܤ‬ẲẺᨽဇỆ‫ݼ‬ẬễẦẾẺẆẝỦẟỊ΁ẨዓẬỦẮểầᩊẲẦẾẺẆ᣻ẟᨦܹửấਤẼỉ‫ٶ‬Ẫỉ૾ẉờẆἊἹἨἅὊἓૅੲἇὊἥἋầẝủị‫࣎ܤ‬ỂẴẇᴾ
ᴾ ἊἹἨἅὊἓૅੲἇὊἥἋỊẆ῏ᅦᅍẦỤі΁ồῐἩἿἂἻἲởẆᡚࢫ៾ʴẆ᭗ᱫᎍẆૼᙹ‫ܖ‬ఄҡಅᎍỉẺỜỉἩἿἂἻἲሁẆẲịẲị˂ỉἩἿἂἻἲểᡲѣẲề੩̓ẰủộẴẇẺẻẲẮủỤỉἩἿἂἻἲỆỊ໯ẟἊἹἨἅὊἓૅੲἇὊἥἋỉཎࣉỊẆᨦܹửਤếỴἳἼỽʴඥỉɦỂᘍỪủỦểẟạໜỂẴẇẮỉඥỉɦỂ˖ಅỊẆᨦܹᎍửѪᨼὉ੔ဇỆӼẬềỄỉợạễᣐॾầỂẨỦỉẦử౨᚛ẲễẬủịễụộẶỮầẆẸỉᣐॾỉɟ࿢ểẲềἊἹἨἅὊἓૅੲἇὊἥἋầẲịẲị෇ဇẰủỦỉỂẴẇἢὊἊἝỴ߸ỉ˴ᅈẦỉ˖ಅỊẆᨦܹᎍᨽဇửᡶỜỦẺỜỆẆଏỆἊἹἨἅὊἓૅੲἇὊἥἋử෇ဇẲ‫ڼ‬ỜềẟộẴẇᴾᴾÙἊἹἨἅὊἓૅੲἇὊἥἋỉཎࣉᴾ——ἊἹἨἅὊἓểỊᾎᴾ ἊἹἨἅὊἓỆỊẆ‫ᧉݦ‬ᎰểẲềỉಮẉễᏅ୿ẨầẝụộẴẇỺὅἩἿỶἳὅἚὉἋἬἉἵἼἋἚẆἊἹἨἚἾὊ
ἜὊẆἊἹἨἅὅἇἽἑὅἚẆʴ஬ᣐፗἋἬἉἵἼἋἚῒῒῒሁẉỂẴẇἊἹἨἅὊἓỉኺഭờಮẉỂẆ૙ࠖẆἼἡἥἼἘὊἉἹὅ‫ᧉݦ‬ᎰẆ˟ᅈՃሁầẝụộẴẇἊἹἨἅὊἓỉᝧ˓ር‫׊‬ỊẆ̾ẉỉᨦܹᎍầᐯЎỆӳẾẺˁʙửᙸếẬẆዒዓẲề΁ẬỦợạỆẴỦẺỜỉᎰ‫ئ‬ỂỉႺ੗ૅੲỆẝụộẴẇộẺẆᨦܹᎍầᎰಅႎễኺഭử᣻ỈỦẺỜỉỿἵἼỴૅੲờẆᝧ˓ር‫׊‬ỆԃộủộẴẇᴾᴾ ᡫࠝễỤ଺᧓ầኺềịᐯ໱ỆˁʙỆॹủẆ༌ጀẲẺˁʙầỂẨỦợạỆễụộẴầẆᨦܹᎍỆỊẸạỂễ
ẟ‫ئ‬ӳầẝụộẴẇἊἹἨἅὊἓỊẮủửỂẨỦợạỆẲộẴẇẸỉแͳểẲềẆᨦܹᎍầ˓ẰủỦˁʙỉᝧ˓ር‫׊‬ở˺ಅ೅แử‫ܖ‬ốẺỜỆẆʙЭỆᨦܹᎍầᨽဇẰủỦᎰ‫ئ‬ỆЈẦẬộẴẇᴾ
ᴾ——ἊἹἨἅὊἓૅੲἇὊἥἋểỊᾎᴾ χ‫׹‬ႎễἇὊἥἋửẟẪếẦắኰʼẲộẲỢạẇẮủỤỊẆᨦܹᎍầ΁ẪᎰ‫ئ‬ỉɶẻẬỂỊễẪẆᡫѮỆ᧙ẴỦẮểễỄỉợạỆ‫ٳ‬ỂờᘍỪủộẴẇᴾᴾẸỉᨦܹᎍỆếẟềଏỆᘍỪủẺᚸ̖ἙὊἑửᨼỜẺụẆẸỉᨦܹᎍầᐯ៲ỉᐻԛὉ᧙࣎ở২ᏡỆếẟềờẾểჷỦẮểầỂẨỦợạỆяẬẺụẲộẴẇᴾ
Ẹỉ˟ᅈỉɶồλẾềᎰѦЎௌửᘍẟẆẸủẹủỉᅈՃầᣐፗẰủẺਤẼ‫ئ‬ỉऴ‫إ‬ửᨼỜềẆẸỉ
ᨦܹᎍỆӳạἯἊἉἹὅửᙸếẬộẴẇᴾἰὅ἖Ὂἰὅỉ᚞ጀửẆஜཋỉྵ‫ئ‬ỂᘍẟộẴẇᴾᨽဇዒዓỉẺỜỆẆʙಅɼểᨦܹᎍểỉɲ૾ửૅੲẲộẴẇᴾૅੲἇὊἥἋỉјௐửย‫ܭ‬ẲẆἾἯὊἚử੩ЈẲộẴẇᴾ
ᴾ——ἊἹἨἅὊἓỊᛡửૅੲẴỦỉẦᾎᴾ ἊἹἨἅὊἓỊᨦܹᎍểʙಅɼểỉɲ૾ửૅੲẲộẴẇɲ૾ểờẆἊἹἨἅὊἓỆểẾềỊ‫ٻ‬Џễ᫑ܲỂẴẇẮỉ˂ẆᨦܹᎍỉᚃẆ‫؏ע‬ỉᝠ૎࢘‫ޅ‬ẆᨦܹᎍỉẺỜỉ˂ỉἩἿἂἻἲểờ᧙ỪụẆႻᛩỆʈụộẴẇ——ἊἹἨἅὊἓỊỄỮễẮểửẴỦỉẦᾎᴾ ഏỉạẼμᢿộẺỊɟᢿỂẴẇૅੲẴỦᨦܹᎍở˖ಅỆợẾềἊἹἨἅὊἓầௐẺẴỔẨࢫлỊီễụộẴẇ㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
161
162

㩷

Virginia Board for People with Disabilities
Virginia Board for People with Disabilities.(2007).

－138－ᨦܹᎍỉೌМઢᜱửᘍẟộẴᴾ
ᨦܹᎍỉᐻԛở২Ꮱỉଢᄩ҄ẲộẴᴾ
ܱᨥႎễˁʙỉਦ‫ݰ‬ửᘍẟẆἰὅ἖ὊἰὅỆợỦἴἙἽửᅆẲộẴᴾ
ଏ‫܍‬ỉᎰѦửႆ‫ޒ‬ẰẶẆ˖ಅỆểẾềМႩểễụࢽỦૼẺễᎰѦử੩కẲộẴᴾ
ỄỉợạễᣐॾầӧᏡẦửଢᄩỆẲộẴᴾᎰ‫ئ‬ᢘࣖỉẺỜỆዒዓႎૅੲửᘍẟộẴᴾ
ᴾ——ἊἹἨἅὊἓỉἅἋἚỊᛡầ᝟ਃẴỦỉẦᾎᴾ ἊἹἨἅὊἓỊẆੲя˄ẨᨽဇểẟạСࡇỉɦỂᨽဇẰủộẴẇẮỉСࡇửਃạỉỊẆɼểẲề‫ܫ‬ൟỉᎰಅἼἡἥἼἘὊἉἹὅೞ᧙ỂẴẇẮỉ˂Ẇ߸ሁầᘍạችᅕᨦܹᎍởჷႎᨦܹᎍỉẺỜỉἩἿἂἻἲỉɟ࿢ểẲềੲя˄Ẩᨽဇầܱ଀ẰủỦ̊ờẝụộẴẇộẺẆἳἙỵἃỶἛỉೌМ્ూСࡇẆᅈ˟̬ᨦዅ˄᣿ỉᨽဇ̟ᡶСࡇẆᝠ‫ׇ‬ỆợỦЈ᝻ễỄờẆἊἹἨἅὊἓૅੲἇὊἥἋỉҾ᝻ểẲề෇ဇẰủềẟộẴẇᴾᴾ——˖ಅỉ᧙࣎Ịᾎᴾ ἊἹἨἅὊἓỆếẟềợẪ˖ಅẦỤ݃ẶỤủỦឋբỊˌɦỉểấụỂẴẇᴾ
ᴾἊἹἨἅὊἓầૅੲẲềẟỦ଺᧓ởἇὊἥἋỉἅἋἚỊẆᛡầૅ৚ạỉẦᾎᴾ
˟ᅈϋỂἊἹἨἅὊἓầẬầửẲẺ‫ئ‬ӳỉඥႎᝧ˓ỊẆᛡầểỦỉẦᾎᴾἊἹἨἅὊἓầྵ‫ئ‬ỆλỦ஖᧓ỊᾎᴾἊἹἨἅὊἓỉ෉ᢔΨỊẆἊἹἨἅὊἓỉእᘍửẼỞỮểἓỹἕἁẲềẟỦỉẦᾎᴾ
ỄỉợạễᨦܹửਤẾẺʴầஹỦỉẦᾎᴾ
˟ᅈͨầᨦܹᎍỆˁʙử૙ảẺẟ‫ئ‬ӳẆỂẨỦỉẦᾎᴾ
ᨦܹỆᣐॾẴỦỆỊỄạẴủịợẟỉẦᾎᴾ ẸỉἅἋἚỊ᭗ẟỉẦᾎᴾᨦܹᣐॾỆẦẬỦἅἋἚỆ᝻᣿ੲяẴỦСࡇỊễẟỉẦᾎᴾ
ờẲờ˟ᅈϋỉỄỉˁʙờỂẨễẟểỪẦẾẺỤẆ˴Ầբ᫆ỆễỦỉẦᾎᴾᴾᴾ ἊἹἨἅὊἓỊᢘЏễሉửắဇॖẲềẆ˖ಅẦỤ݃ẶỤủỦẮỉợạễឋբửࢳẾềẟộẴẇᴾ㩷——˖ಅỆểẾềỉἳἼἕἚỊᾎᴾ ᨦܹᎍỉѪᨼở੔ဇỊẆ˂ỉμềỉʴ஬Ệ‫ݣ‬ẴỦỉểӷಮẆ৲᝻ỂẝỦẮểỆ‫٭‬ỪụỊẝụộẶỮẇἊἹἨἅὊἓૅੲἩἿἂἻἲỆợẾềẮỉ৲᝻ầ෇ẦẰủẆᨦܹᎍửԃớᎰ‫ئ‬ỉဃငࣱầɥầụẆẲẺầẾềẸủầ
˖ಅỉӓႩӼɥỆᝡྂẴỦờỉẦỄạẦầẆ˖ಅỆểẾềஇờ᧙࣎ỉ᭗ẟểẮỨỂẲỢạẇẮỉᙻໜẦỤẆ˖ಅỆểẾềỉἊἹἨἅὊἓỉἳἼἕἚửẟẪếẦਫậềỚộẲỢạẇᴾᴾ൭ᎰᎍửѪᨼẴỦἅἋἚửถỤẴẮểầỂẨộẴẇᴾ
ཎỆ൭ᎰᎍỉᢠᎋểᨽẟλủỉᢅᆉỂẆἊἹἨἅὊἓỊ˖ಅỉấࢫỆᇌẼộẴẇᴾ
ᨦܹᎍỉᎰಅ᚞ጀởˁʙỉᙀ‫ܦ‬ỊẆẸỉ˟ᅈỂᡫࠝᘍỪủỦἋἑỶἽỆᢘӳẲẺ࢟ỂᘍẟộẴẇộ
ẺẆᨦܹᎍỉˁʙầ৑‫ܭ‬ỉἋἦὊἛộỂ‫ܦ‬μỆᢋẴỦộỂỉ᧓Ẇ࣏ᙲễ᚞ጀởᙀ‫ܦ‬ầዒዓẰủộẴẇᴾ
ૅੲỉ‫ݣ‬ᝋểễẾềẟỦᨦܹᎍˌ‫ٳ‬ỆếẟềờẆ‫ٶ‬ಮễཎࣱửͳảẺಮẉễᅈՃỉẸủẹủỆ࣏ᙲễᣐॾỆếẟềẆ‫ᧉݦ‬ႎễᇌ‫ئ‬ẦỤἅὅἇἽἘὊἉἹὅửӖẬỦẮểầỂẨộẴẇᴾᆋ᫇੘ᨊỆếẟềỴἛἢỶἋởऴ‫إ‬ầࢽỤủộẴẇᴾ‫࣎ܤ‬ẲềᨦܹᎍửᨽဇỂẨỦợạẆዒዓႎễૅੲầ੩̓ẰủộẴẇᴾᴾÙӋᎋ૨ྂểỸỹἨἇỶἚίႾဦὸᴾ
㩷ࡃ࡯ࠫ࠾ࠕᎺߦߪ‫ߣ࠴࡯ࠦࡉ࡚ࠫޔ‬ዞᬺᡰេኾ㐷ኅߣߩ᣿⏕ߥ඙೎߇ߥ޿‫╬࠴࡯ࠦࡉ࡚ࠫߩߎޕ‬߇ࠗࡦ࠹࡯ࠢ‫ޔ‬ዞഭᡰេ‫ޔ‬㐳ᦼߩᡰេ㧔long-term follow-along service㧕ࠍ୘೎ߦታᣉߒߡ޿ࠆ‫࡚ࠫޕ‬ࡉࠦ࡯࠴╬߇ᚲዻߔࠆ᳃㑆ߩᡰេᯏ㑐㧔SE provider㧕ߪⶄᢙሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㓚ኂ⠪߇េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩࠨ࡯

㩷

－139－

ࡆࠬࠍ೑↪ߔࠆߎߣࠍᦸ߻ߣ‫ޔ‬㓚ኂ⠪߇េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩታᣉᯏ㑐ࠍㆬᛯߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁‫ޔ‬Ꮊߩࠬ࠲࠶ࡈ
㧔Department of Rehabilitative Services Counselor㧕߇ߘߩᗧᕁ᳿ቯࠍᡰេߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞☨࿖࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩ⺖㗴㩷㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇৻⥸㓹↪ߢߩ઀੐ࠍ⛮⛯ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ળ␠ౝߢߩ৻ቯߩᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔߎߣ
߇ߢ‫̌ߡߞ߇ߚߒޔ‬᥉ㅢߩ̍␠ળੱߣߒߡߩ࿾૏߇ᓧࠄࠇ‫ߩߘޔ‬ႎ㈽ߦࠃߞߡᶖ⾌↢ᵴࠍㅍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ
߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ኅᐸౝߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᚑੱߦߥߞߡૐ޿࿾૏ߦ↞ࠎߓࠆߎߣߥߊ‫ޔ‬ኅᣖߣߩ㑆ߢ⦟ᅢߥ㑐ଥࠍ▽ߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ࠍࠄࠇߎޔߪ࠴࡯ࠦࡉ࡚ࠫޕ‬ታ⃻ߐߖࠆ㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩዅ෩ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߣ޿߁೙ᐲߩਛߢᨐߚߘ߁ߣߒߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬ߛ߇৻ᣇߢ‫☨ޔ‬࿖ߩ࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴ᡰេࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ߇ਸ਼ࠅ⿧߃ࠆߴ߈޿ߊߟ߆ߩ໧㗴߇޽ࠆ163‫ޕ‬໧㗴ߩ╙ 1 ߪ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭో૕ߩᣉ╷ߦ߅ߌࠆࡔࠗࡦࠬ࠻࡝࡯ࡒࡦࠣ࡮ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߣ‫߇࠴࡯ࠦࡉ࡚ࠫޔ‬ߘߩᵴべߩ႐ߣߒߡ߈ߚេഥઃ߈㓹↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆᱧผ⊛ォ឵߳ߩኻಣߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠕ࡮ࠣࡦࡒ࡯࡝࠻ࠬࡦࠗࡔޕ‬ࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߣߪ‫ੱޔ‬⒳‫ޔ‬᳃ᣖ‫ޔ⺆⸒ޔ‬࿾ၞ‫ޔ‬ᕈ೎‫ޔ‬ᐕ㦂‫ޔ‬㓚ኂ‫⽺ޔ‬ን‫ޔ‬ஜᐽ⁁ᘒ╬‫ߦ࠭࡯࠾ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ࠃߞߡⶄ㔀ߦಽᢿߐࠇߡ޿ߚᄙ᭽ߥ೙ᐲ࡮ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍ‫ޔ‬ಽ㊁ߏߣߩᄢ߈ߥᨒ⚵ߺߦౣ⛔วߒߡ੍▚ߩ૬
วࠍ࿑ࠆ⽷᡽᡽╷ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬వㅴ࿖ߦ㒢ࠄߥ޿᭽‫ߥޘ‬࿖ߢᬌ⸛‫ޔ‬ታⴕߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ⽷᡽ߩᛮᧄ⊛⷗⋥ߒ╷ߢ޽ࠆ‫☨ޕ‬࿖ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߦࠃࠆᢎ⢒‫ޔ✵⸠ޔ‬㓹↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆᣉ╷ࠍ⛔วߔࠆ 1998 ᐕߩഭ௛ജᛩ⾗ᴺ164ߦၮߠ߈‫ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠹࡝ࡆࡂ࡝ߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ᣉ╷ߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡᢎ⢒⋭߇ၫⴕߒߡ߈ߚេഥઃ߈㓹↪೙ᐲߩ೑↪
⠪ࠍ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⋭߇ᚲ▤ߔࠆ৻⥸᳞⡯⠪ะߌߩࡢࡦࠬ࠻࠶ࡊ㨯ࠠࡖ࡝ࠕ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩ೑↪⠪߳วᵹߐߖࠆ᡽╷⺃ዉ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ165‫߼ߚߩߎޕ‬ᢎ⢒⋭ߦ߅ߌࠆฦᎺ᡽ᐭะߌߩេഥઃ߈㓹↪⵬ഥ㊄ߪ 2002 ᐕળ⸘ᐕᐲ
એ㒠ẋᷫߒ166‫ ߦ޿ߟޔ‬2009 ળ⸘ᐕᐲߩฦᎺ᡽ᐭ߳ߩ⵬ഥ㊄ߦలߡࠆេഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩḰ஻੍▚ߦߟ޿ߡࡉ࠶ࠪࡘᄢ⛔㗔ߪ‫ޔ‬ᒝ೙(Mandatory)ߢߪߥߊ⋭ߩⵙ㊂(Discretionary)ߩ▸࿐ߢߪ޽ࠆ߇‫ ࠍ▚੍ޔ‬0㧔࠯ࡠ㧕ߣߔࠆࠃ߁ᢎ⢒⋧ߦⷐ⺧ߒߚ167‫ޕ‬㓹↪ಽ㊁ߩࡔࠗࡦࠬ࠻࡝࡯ࡒࡦࠣ㨯ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬೑↪⠪ߩᗧᕁࠍࠃߊ⏕⹺ߔࠆ╬ߩ‫ߪߢࠬࡆ࡯ࠨߩ⥸৻ޔ‬ᒰὼߛߞߚኻᔕ߇‫ߩߤޔ‬㓚ኂ⠪ߦኻߒߡ߽⥄ὼߦⴕࠊࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆ‫ઁޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ᄙߊߩ႐วߘࠇ߹ߢ৻⥸᳞⡯⠪ࠍᜂᒰߒߡ޿ߚ⃻႐ࠬ࠲࠶ࡈߦߪ᏷ᐢ޿
᳞⡯⠪߳ߩኻᔕജ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇ‫࠻ࠬࠦޔ‬೥ᷫലᨐ߇ᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆ߆߽⍮ࠇߥ޿߇‫ޔ‬ኾ㐷ᕈࠍᰳ޿ߚࠅኻᔕ࿎
㔍ߦ㒱ߞߡߒ߹߁ߎߣ߽ෂᗋߐࠇࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻಣߔࠆߦߪ‫ࠍ࠙ࡂ࠙ࡁ߇ࡈ࠶࠲ࠬޔ‬⠌ᓧߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁㓚ኂ⠪ߩዞഭᡰេࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩਛߢ⫾Ⓧߐࠇߡ߈ߚኾ㐷ᕈࠍᢛℂ㨯૕♽ൻߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬໧㗴ߩ╙ 2 ߪ‫ޔ‬ኻ⽎⠪ߩ㓚ኂ⒟ᐲߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩኻ⽎⠪ోㇱߩ߁ߜ㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪߇භ߼ࠆ㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷⥪(1989)‫ޔ‬૒⮮(1993)‫ޔ‬Training and Research Institute for People with Disabilities (1993)‫ࠥ࡯࡟ࠢޔ‬࡞,J.(1994)‫ޔ‬ᜰ↰(1998)‫ޔ‬Gilmore,D. et al. (2001)‫౎ޔ‬㊀↰ (2006b)‫ޔ‬ଐ↰(2007)
164 Workforce Investment Act.
165 ᣢߦࡢࡦࠬ࠻࠶ࡊ㨯ࠠࡖ࡝ࠕ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߢߪ‫ޔ‬᭽‫ߥޘ‬㓚ኂ⠪ߦࠞࠬ࠲ࡑࠗ࠭ዞᬺ߇ታᣉߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
166 FY 2001-2009 State Tables. U.S.Department of Education.
167 FY 2009 President's Budget . U.S.Department of Education Budget Tables.
163

㩷

－140－

ഀวߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬1988 ᐕߩ࠺࡯࠲168ߢߪ 12㧑‫ޔ‬135 ࡍ࡯ࠫ㧔࿑⴫㧡㧙㧞㧕ߦ᜼ߍߚ 1993 ᐕߣ 1995 ᐕߩ
࠺࡯࠲169߆ࠄ⸘▚ߒߚ୯ߢߪߘࠇߙࠇ 9.1㧑ߣ 6.3㧑‫ޔ‬1998 ᐕߩ࠺࡯࠲170ߢߪ 5.3㧑ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࠄࠇߎޕ‬੕޿ߦ⺞ᩏᣇᴺ߇⇣ߥࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬ᔅߕߒ߽ㅛᷫߒߡߒࠆߣߪ⸒޿ಾࠇߥ޿߇‫⺞ߩߤޔ‬ᩏߢ߽㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ⠪ߩኻ⽎⠪ᢙ߇ዋߥ޿ߎߣߪ౒ㅢߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㊀ᐲ㓚ኂ⠪ࠍਥߥ࠲࡯ࠥ࠶࠻ߣߔࠆߎߣ߇ᑪ೨ߣߐࠇࠆេ
ഥઃ߈㓹↪ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ߩߎޔ‬ഀวߩૐߐߪ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲᜬ⛯ߩน⢻ᕈࠍ໧߁਄ߢ㊀ᄢߥ໧㗴ߣߥࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬໧㗴ߩ╙ 3 ߪ‫ޔ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߦࠃߞߡታ⃻ߒߚ৻⥸㓹↪߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇࠆᚲᓧߩૐߐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩኻ⽎⠪߇௛޿ߡⒿߋᚲᓧߪ 1991 ᐕ߆ࠄ 1998 ᐕߦ߆ߌߡჇ߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬໧㗴ߪߘߩૐߐߢ޽ࠆ171‫ޕ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ߩኻ⽎⠪ߩ 1998 ᐕߩᐔဋᐕ෼ߪ$6,500 ߢ‫ߩߘޔ‬㗵ߪ଻⼔Ꮏ႐ߩ೑↪⠪ߩ$2,747 ࠃࠅ߽ᄙ߆ߞߚ‫☨ోޔ߇ߛޕ‬ᐔဋߩ$23,319 ࠃࠅ߽᣿ࠄ߆ߦዋߥߊ‫ޔ‬หᐕߦ߅ߌࠆ☨࿖ߩ 2 ੱ਎Ꮺߩᴺቯ⽺࿎࡟ࡌ࡞172$10,850‫ޔ‬1 ੱ਎Ꮺߩ$8,050 ࠃࠅ߽ߐࠄߦዋߥ޿㗵ߛߞߚ‫ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬េഥઃ߈㓹↪ࠍ೑↪ߒߥ߆ߞߚหߓ㓚ኂߩઁߩੱࠃࠅ߽ዋߥ߆ߞߚ㧔࿑⴫㧡㧙㧟㧕173‫ޕ‬‫׋‬ᘙᲯᲧᲭ ੲя˄Ɩᨽဇ‫ݣ‬ᝋᎍ 㪈 ʴŴ㪈 ᡵ᧓࢘ƨǓƷ৑ࢽƷൔ᠋Ტ㪈㪐㪐㪏 ࠰ŴҥˮᲴȉȫᲣ㩷េഥઃ߈㓹↪ࠍ೑↪ߒߥ߆ߞߚ㓚ኂ⠪េഥઃ߈㓹↪ࠍ೑↪ߒߚ㓚ኂ⠪シᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ

187.62134.76ਛᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ

165.01117.37㊀ᐲ⍮⊛㓚ኂ

135.5197.40

េഥઃ߈㓹↪೙ᐲߪ‫ޔ‬㐿ᆎᒰೋ߆ࠄኻ⽎⠪ߩᐕ෼ߦߟ޿ߡ⋡ᮡ୯ࠍ᣿␜ߒߡ޿ߚࠊߌߢߪᔅߕߒ߽ߥ
޿߇‫ߩࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࠯ࠗ࡜ࡑ࡯ࡁޔ‬ℂᗐࠍㅊ᳞ߔࠆਛߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩᲑ㓏ߣߒߡߎߩὐߩᡷༀ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆߣߎ
ࠈߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬໧㗴ߩ╙ 4 ߪ‫ࠆࠇ߆⟎߇࠴࡯ࠦࡉ࡚ࠫޔ‬ㆊ㉃ߥഭ௛᧦ઙߦߟ޿ߡߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣉ⸳ౝߩ૞ᬺᜰዉߩ઀੐ߣ
ߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫ޔߪ࠴࡯ࠦࡉ࡚ࠫޔ‬㓚ኂ⠪߇ᄌൻߒᚑ㐳ߒߡ޿ߊ᭽ࠍ⋡ߩᒰߚࠅߦߢ߈ࠆߎߣ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߩᜂᒰ⠪߇㓚ኂ⠪ࠍฃߌ౉ࠇߡߊࠇࠆ⃻႐ߦ┙ߜળ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߎߣߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߥ༑߮ߢ޽ࠅ઀੐߳ߩ⹶ࠅߦ߽

㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
Training and Research Institute for People with Disabilities (1993)
Wehman,P. & Bricout,J. (1999).
170 Gilmore,D. et al. (2001)
171 Gilmore,D. et al. ห਄
172 ㅪ㇌⽺࿎࡟ࡌ࡞(Federal Poverty Level)ߣߪ‫☨ޔ‬࿖ߢᦨૐ㒢ߩᏒ᳃↢ᵴࠍ༡߻ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣߐࠇࠆᴺቯ
ߩᚲᓧ㗵ߢ‫⽺ޔ‬࿎ኻ╷ߩ೙ᐲߢฃ⛎⾗ᩰߩ⹺ቯ╬ߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
173 Gilmore,D. et al. ห਄
168
169

㩷

－141－

ߥࠆߛࠈ߁‫ߩߘ߇ߛޕ‬ඨ㕙‫࡞ࠥ࡯࡟ࠢޔ‬174߇‫߇ࠆ޽ߪ޿߇ࠅ߿ޟ‬ᄢᄌߥ઀੐‫ߣޠ‬ㅀߴߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫࡚ࠫޔ‬ࡉࠦ࡯࠴ߩ઀੐ߪ‫ޔ‬ห௥ࠬ࠲࠶ࡈ߆ࠄ㔌ࠇߚ႐ᚲߢᰴ‫ߣޘ‬ቅ⁛ߥ್ᢿࠍਅߒߡ޿߆ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥᣂߒ޿઀੐ࠍ⸘↹ᦼ㑆ౝߦりߦઃߌ‫ޔ‬⒖േᤨ㑆߿ᡰេ㐿ᆎᤨೞࠍ⠨ᘦߒߡᣧᦺ߿ᷓᄛߩ઀੐߽⊒↢ߒ‫⋧ߡ޿ߢࠇߘޔ‬ᚻవ੐ᬺᚲߩ␠ຬ߿⚻༡⠪ߦ᳇ࠍ㆜޿‫ޔ‬㓚ኂ⠪ߣ੐ᬺᚲߣߩੱ㑆㑐ଥߦ߽ᔃࠍ⎈ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᔃりߩ∋ᑷߩෂᯏߦߐࠄߐࠇ߆ߨߥ޿ㆊ㉃ߥ⡯ോߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁‫ߩߎޕ‬໧㗴ߦኻಣߔࠆ㎛ߪ‫࡯࠴ޔ‬ࡓࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴‫ࡦ࡚ࠫࡆ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠬޔ‬૕೙‫޿ߒࠊߐ߰ߦ࠴࡯ࠦࡉ࡚ࠫߡߒߘޔ‬ಣㆄߩ⏕଻ߢ޽ࠆ‫☨ޕ‬࿖ߦߪ࡚ࠫࡉࠦ࡯࠴㙃ᚑ⺖⒟ࠍ⟎ߊᄢቇ߇޽ࠆ߇175‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޔ‬ኾ㐷ᕈߩ⏕଻ߣ૬ߖߡ‫ޔ‬એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ࡚ࠫࡉ
ࠦ࡯࠴߇௛ߊ᧦ઙߩ✎ኒߥ⺞ᩏߣ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᡷༀ╷ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆᔅⷐᕈ߇޽ࠅߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷
174
175

㩷

ࠢ࡟࡯ࠥ࡞,J.(1994)ଐ↰(2007)－142－