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Zero carbon London:
A 1.5ºC compatible plan
December 2018

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

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Copyright

Contents

Greater London Authority
December 2018

What has London committed to?

5

How will we get there?

8

Key messages

11

What role will the Mayor
and others play in realising
London’s ambition?

30

Published byGreater London Authority
City Hall
The Queen’s Walk
London SE1 2AA
london.gov.uk/zero -carbon-planenquiries 020 7983 4100
minicom 020 7983 4458
ISBN
Cover image © TfL

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

5What has London
committed to?
The Mayor of London has some of themost ambitious plans to tackle climatechange in the world.
In 2015, the UK signed up to theParis Agreement along with 178 othercountries. The aim was to try to limit
the global average temperature rise
to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.
The IPCC Special Report highlighted
the huge impacts there would be if
average temperature increases exceed
1.5C. It would affect weather patterns,
sea level rise, create food and water
shortages, and affect human security
and economic growth.
The world is now clearly in the midstof a climate emergency. The Mayor's
London Environment Strategy (May2018) was one of the first plans of any
world city to be compatible with thehighest ambition of the Paris Agreement.
It commits London to being a zerocarbon city by 2050. It sets out theactions the Mayor will take, within his
powers, to get there as soon as possible.
Our research shows that to up the pace ofaction, the Mayor will need more powers
and funding from national government.
That is the only way to tackle this mosturgent issue and protect Londoners both
now and in the future.

Image © TfL

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

7What is neededby 2050?
To make London a zero carbon cityrequires action from the Mayor,
businesses, communities, boroughs
and national government.

2018
Minimum energy
performancestandards for all
rented properties

2017
Central London
transport emissions
surcharge (T- Charge)

2016
Zero carbon
new homes

2019
All new buildings
zero carbon

2019
Central London
Ultra Low Emission
Zone (ULEZ)

2020
Smart meterin every homeand SME

2018-22
40% CO 2
reduction
2021
ULEZ expanded
to inner London
for light vehicles

By 2030
UK government
decision onlong term
decarbonisationof heat2028-32
60% CO 2
reduction

By 2030
15% of demand
met by renewableand district
energyFrom 2030
All GLA groupheavy vehicles
are fossil
fuel–free
By 2030
100 MW solar
PV installations
By 2030
1 GW of solar
PV installations

Mayor of London lead

UK government lead2030’sCity wide
deployment of
low carbon
heating systems
like heat pumps

London-wide action

2037
All bus fleet
zero emission

2020’sInsulation ofremaining lofts
and cavity walls
and replacementof remaining
low efficiency
gas boilers

2023-27
50% CO 2 reduction
2026
Zero waste to landfill

2040’sGas and electricity
networks reachzero carbon

2025
GLA car fleet zero
emission capable

2050
2 GW of solar
PV installations

2050
Any remaining
residual emissions
offset2025
Local zero
emission
zones

2050
Zero emissions
from all transportand buildings

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

9How will we
get there?
We used the following approach:

Modelling approach
Identify suite of policy measuresneeded to transition to a zero emissions
transport network and enable a shift to
public transport, cycling and walking

The four scenarios rely on adifferent mix of technologies:
1 - Decentralised energy
focus on heat networks

Identify suite of policy measuresneeded to improve energy efficiency
in London’s buildings 1

Use the modelled transport and energy
efficiency measures to develop four
scenarios for achieving a zero carbon
energy and transport system to 2050 2

Identify further measures required tomeet the 2050 zero carbon target

All four scenarios achieve deep
decarbonisation but some have higher
cumulative emissions and are morerisky. For example, the decarbonised
gas scenario relies on carbon captureand storage to enable high volumes ofhydrogen to be made from natural gas.
This has not yet been proven at scale
and there are no firm plans to rollthis out nationally. In contrast, thePatchwork scenario used in our 1.5C
pathway is less risky because it
relies on a mix of technologies.

2 - High electrification
heat pumps dominate (electric heating)40

3 - Decarbonised gas
Hydrogen replaces gas in the gas grid.
Relies on carbon capture and storage

35

4 - Patchwork
Combination of heat pumps,
heat networks and a partialhydrogen network

Set carbon budgets for the next 15
years to get us on the right path

1 Arup (2018) Zero Carbon Buildings Policies london.gov.uk/zero-carbon-plan

2 Element Energy (2018) Zero Carbon Energy Systems london.gov.uk/zero-carbon-plan

Understanding these different pathways
has enabled us to set an ambitious
emissions pathway in line with the IPCC
recommendations. It will see London
reduce its emissions by 60 per cent on
1990 levels by 2030 and by nearly 80
per cent by 2040.

Figure 1: London's projected emissions

Annual emissions Mt CO 2/year

To understand how we'll meet our target,
we did a detailed 'bottom-up' analysis.
We used spatial models of London'sbuildings and energy systems to assess
the impact of specific policies, as well as
the cost implications.

Baseline

DecentralisedHigh electrification
Decarbonised gas

30

Patchwork

25
20
15
10
5

2020

2025

Figure 1: Element report, p9

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

11

Key messages

Carbon budgets place a recommended
limit on London’s carbon emissions
over the next 15 years. London’s carbon
budgets are more ambitious than thenational government's and set us on our
way to be a zero carbon city by 2050.
Carbon budgets help London’sbusinesses, communities, boroughs,
the Mayor and national government
manage the transition to zero carbon, sothat we don’t leave everything until thelast minute, incurring greater cost.

Budgets spread over five year periods
also help manage annual changes inenergy demand due to factors like theweather. For example, heating emissions
may go up in a cold winter.
Meeting the next three budgets will
require strong action to improve energy
efficiency and greater use of public
transport and cycling. This should
be followed by a big increase in theelectrification of heat and transport.

1. We urgently need to increase thenumber of buildings retrofitted withenergy efficiency measures.

• However, national government
support for energy efficiency was
cut drastically in 2012 and building
retrofits have fallen since then.
Londoners have also struggled toaccess the national programmesthat do exist.

Figure 2: London's carbon budgets

GHG Emissions (MtCO2e)

25
20
15
10
5

2018–22
GLA group

Figure 2: London Environment Strategy, p127

2023–27
Transport

Workplaces

2028–32
Homes

Number of buildings installingwall insulation (000s)

Figure 3: Level of wall insulation achieved with past programmes compared withlevel required in London's zero carbon pathway

30

0• All our pathways to zero carbon in
2050 rely on a high level of energy
efficiency building retrofits by 2030.
Only 35 per cent of homes currently
achieve adequate energy efficiency
performance (EPC C or above) andmany will still be in use by 2050.
At least 70 per cent of London’sbuildings need to reach EPC C
by 2030.

180
160
140
120
100

Installations withhistoric and current
programmes

80
60
40

Installations required inzero carbon pathway

20
0

2008

Figure 3: Arup report, p31

2014

2020

2026

2032

2038

2044

2050

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N• Energy efficiency enables a switch
to low carbon heating. Heat pumps
and district heat networks are mosteffective in buildings with reasonableenergy efficiency (EPC C or above).
This is due to the lower temperatureof these systems; they provide heatmore slowly so will not warm up aleaky building.
• However, achieving this would
require building retrofit rates
per year to reach more thanfour times their historical peak.
In 2012, around 40,000 houses
in London were reached withenergy efficiency programmes.
By the mid 2020s we would
need to reach nearly 160,000.
• Early action will reduce cumulative
carbon emissions; the carbon intensityof the electricity grid is likely to fall
further as more renewables power
the national grid. That means any
cuts in electricity use in buildings
for heating and lighting we makenow, will save more carbon than
reductions in future.

13• A five year delay could leadto an additional 33 MtCO 2e,or a seven per cent increase
in total emissions over themodelled period.
• Retrofitting a building now reduces
energy bills sooner which is especially
important for the fuel poor. The
building also starts to save carbon
straight away. Waiting longer would
mean that more buildings would need
to be retrofitted to achieve the same
cumulative carbon reduction.
• If we delay these energy
efficiency actions until 2022,
it will cost around £2.5bn moreto achieve the same cumulative
carbon reductions.

Image © Lucy Barrett Lee

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

15

2. Strong national government policy
and programmes are needed to get
London’s buildings to the required
levels of energy efficiency.

• Regulation with effective enforcement
to bring buildings up to an EPC C
rating will be the best way to achieve
the building energy efficiency
levels needed. This includes setting
Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards
to EPC C across all building types.

• We estimate capital cost of
installing the required numberof energy efficiency measures
to total £10bn by 2050. National
government must put in place
new policies to start attracting
investment into these measures.

Figure 5: Range of policies modelled to bring London's non-domestic sector up torequired energy efficiency levels

Figure 4: Range of policies modelled to bring London's homes up to requiredenergy efficiency levels

3,000

40,0002,500

Number of buildings

Number of homes

35,00030,00025,00020,00015,00010,000

2,000
1,500
1,000
500

5,000
-

• Improving social housing will require
much greater investment at a national
level. Further work is needed tounderstand how these measures canbe funded at the buildings level.

2015

2020

2025

Fuel Poor - Extended domestic retrofit

Fuel Poor - Landlord MEES - EPC C

Fuel Poor - All buildings MEES - EPCC

Fuel Poor - Extended whole house retrofit

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

2020

2025

SME - Energy efficiency programmeAble to pay - Council tax variation by EPC

SME - Landlord MEES - EPC C

Able to pay - Landlord MEES - EPCC

Able to pay - Stamp duty energy efficiency scaling

Able to pay - Extended whole house retrofit

Social housing - Extended whole house retrofit

ALL - Stronger planning requirement for smart controls

Figure 4: Arup report, central scenario, p21-22

2015

Able to pay - Building Regulations and planning policy

Social housing - Extended domestic retrofit

Social housing - All buildings MEES - EPCC-

Able to pay - All buildings MEES - EPCC

2030

2035

SME - Energy performance tax grading - business rates

SME - All buildings MEES - EPC C

Large Enterprise - Landlord MEES - EPC C

Large Enterprise - Energy performancetax grading - business rates
Figure 5: Arup report, central scenario, p23-24

2040

2045

2050

Large Enterprise - All buildings MEES - EPC C

Public - Extended non-domestic retrofit
Public - All buildings MEES - EPC C

ALL- Stronger planning requirement
for smart controls

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

17

3 . London's path towards zerocarbon relies on continued griddecarbonisation and more ambitious
national government action.
• Significant carbon reductions have
and will be achieved by electricity
sector decarbonisation. However,greater action is needed toreach our carbon targets.

• With only the levels of grid electricity
decarbonisation committed to in
current national government policy,
London's emissions will only be 35 percent lower than 1990 levels by 2050.

• The remainder of emissions requires
further action. This could either befrom national government, or fromthem devolving powers and resources
to the Mayor or boroughs to deliverin London.

• If government further
decarbonised energy systems
and buildings UK wide, we could
reduce carbon by an extra 30
per cent. This is in line withcurrent government policies
and proposals to achieve UK
carbon budgets.

• It will be difficult to eliminate someresidual emissions from old building
stock, aviation and parts of industry.
The zero carbon pathway assumes
there will be 10 per cent residual
emissions. These will need to beoffset through negative emissions
technologies such as carbon captureand storage or tree planting.
• The only way London can reach zerocarbon faster than currently modelled
is for the government to increase its
action sooner. Alternatively, London
needs to be given more funding andpowers to enable it to take the action.

50

-10%

45

0%
10%

40

20%

35

30%

30

40%
50%

20
15
10
5
0

2000

No additional action

60%

With additional electricity and gas grid decarbonisation

70%

With additional local actions

80%

Reported Emissions – LEGGI

90%

2005

2010

2015

Figure 6: London Environment Strategy, p208

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

100%

Reduction over 1990 levels

GHG Emissions (MtCO 2e)

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C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

19

4. Any increases in London’s energy
demand should be offset by energy
efficiency deployment and increasinguse of smart technology to smoothpeaks in demand.

scenarios, improvements inenergy efficiency and demandside flexibility will be enough tomanage the additional peak load.

• We modelled peak electricity
demand under each scenario down tosubstation level to assess the impacts
of increasing numbers of heat pumps
and electric vehicles.

• Our modelling showed that strong
energy efficiency policy could enablepeak electricity demand to decline
to 2035.
• Beyond 2035 only the highelectrification scenario results in a big
increase in London’s peak demand.

• Meeting the additional load fromheat pumps and electric vehicle
charging doesn't have to meanbuilding large scale electricity
generation capacity. In most

• Peak demand can also be reduced bydemand side response initiatives, suchas time of use tariffs.

London-wide peak demand (GW)

Figure 7: Modelled London-wide peak electricity demand

Image © TfL

13
12
11
10
9
8

Baseline

DecentralisedHigh electrification
Decarbonised gas
Patchwork
With DSR

7
6
5
4
2015

2020

Figure 7: Element report, p55

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

21

5. Costs associated with grid upgrades
should be manageable.
• Cumulative electricity grid upgrade
costs in all scenarios are less than
£4bn to 2050.

• To put that into perspective, thecumulative cost of London's electricity
bills to 2050 will be over £200bn.
• This analysis also does not consider
the cost to London if nothing is done
to reduce emissions and London has
to pay to adapt to climate change
impacts. These costs could be manytimes higher.

Figure 8: Modelled number of London primary substations requiring reinforcement
200

Baseline

Number of primary substations
requiring reinforcement

180

Decentralised

160

High electrification

140

Decarbonised gas

120

Patchwork

100

With DSR

80
60
40
20
0
2015

2020

Figure 8: Element report, p55

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

6. Government must decide which low
carbon heat pathway the UK will takeby the mid-2020s at the latest.

23

In the meantime, there are important
short-term actions London and thenational government should focus on.
These include rapidly scaling up energy

Now
Low regrets actions•

Energy efficiency measures to bringbuildings to EPC C by 2030.

•

Roll-out of heat networks.

•

Increase in heat pump deployment.

•

All new buildings supplied byindividual heat pumps or
district heating.

•

Coordinate roll-out of EV
charge points.

•

Quality assurance programmes,
information campaigns andinvestment in supply chains
and infrastructure.

•

Trials of hydrogen for heating and
CCS development outside London.

efficiency improvements, rolling out heat
networks and heat pumps, and taking
a coordinated approach to electricvehicle charging.

2025
Developing evidence base fordecision on long term pathway•

Consumer surveys on satisfaction
with heat pumps, heat networks& EVs.

•

Data collection on real world
efficiency for example, heat pumps
in domestic buildings.

•

Monitor reductions in capital,
installation and operational costs
for example, PV, heat pumps and EVs.

•

Monitor heat network connection
rates & cost effectiveness, including
wider system benefits.

•

Updated assessment of biomethaneand bio-SNG (synthetic natural gas)potential and cost.

•

Business models & feasibility studies
for hydrogen production & CCS atscale & gas network repurposing.

•

Study decarbonisation efforts inother cities.

•

Assess effectiveness of allpolicies rolled out.

Government
agreeslong-term
decarbonisation
pathway by2025-2030

2030

2050

Option 1: Decentralised

Heat zoning, existing building connection policy
and other policy support leading to 1.4 million
district heating connections in London.

Option 2: High electrification

CO 2 standards for replacement heating systems
and other policy support leading to 3.8 million heatpumps and 1 million direct electric heaters in London.

Option 3: Decarbonised gas

Coordinated effort to convert London’s gas
grid to hydrogen between 2040 and 2045.
3.7 million boilers replaced or converted.

Option 4: Patchwork

CO 2 standards for replacement heating systems, heatzoning & other policy support. This would lead to 3.8
million heat pumps & hybrid heat pumps & 900,000 heat
network connections. hydrogen backbone constructedby 2040.

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

25

7. Each different energy system
pathway has its own pros andcons. However, costs may be similar
and business as usual is not thecheapest option.

Some of the zero carbon pathways havelower fuel and energy bill costs than thebusiness as usual pathway. This offsets
the further investment in buildings andlow carbon infrastructure needed.
For a summary of cumulative discounted
scenario costs to 2050, see Table 1 on
page 26.

Annual total cost £ bn

Figure 9: Annual total costs to 2050 by scenario
18
16
14
12
10

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

Baseline

High electrification

Decentralised

Decarbonised gas

Figure 9: Element report, p63

2040

2045
Patchwork

2050

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

27

Table 1: Summary of cumulative discounted scenario costs, with associatedemissions results
Scenario summary

BASELINE

DecentralisedHigh

Decarbonised

Patchwork

Annual emissions in 2050 MtCO 2

18.5

6.9

3.4

3.5

4.4

Cumulative emissions to 2050 MtCO 2

820

626

597

617

600

Total Cost £ bn

£278

£279

£292

£274

£288

Total Cost w/o fuel £ bn

£40

£55

£61

£48

£61

Building level

Total

£39

£49

£57

£42

£56

Energy Efficiency

£10

£10

£10

£10

£10

Heat networks

£1

£5

£1

£3

£3

Heat Pumps & HHP

£2

£12

£24

£2

£24

Solar thermal

£1

£1

£1

£1

£1

Hydrogen Boilers

£0

£0

£0

£5

£0

Gas Boilers

£23

£18

£16

£19

£16

Electric heating

£0.8

£0.6

£1.4

£0.7

£0.5

PV

£0.3

£1.9

£1.9

£0.7

£0.7

Smart installation

£0.00

£0.02

£0.03

£0.00

£0.03

Add. thermal storage

£0.0

£0.1

£0.2

£0.0

£0.1

Total

£1.8

£6.5

£4.4

£5.8

£5.1

Elec. grid upgrades

£0.0

£0.0

£0.9

£0.0

£0.1

Elec. Network storage

£0.0

£0.0

£0.5

£0.0

£0.0

Heat networks

£0.7

£4.1

£0.7

£2.7

£2.7

Hydrogen grid

£0.0

£0.0

£0.0

£1.2

£0.1

EV charging

£1.0

£2.2

£2.2

£1.4

£2.0

Hydrogen refuelling

£0.1

£0.1

£0.1

£0.4

£0.2

£238

£224

£231

£227

£226

£ bn

Infrastructure£ bn

Fuel £ bn

Table 1: Element report, p7

electrification

gas

Credit: Alamy

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

29• By 2050, all of London’s motorised
road transport will need to be battery
electric or fuel cell electric vehicles.
The split between electric vehicles(EVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles(FCEVs) run on hydrogen depends
on the wider energy scenario. FCEVs
will only be an option at scale in the
decarbonised gas scenario.

30

15

Figure 12: Element report, p48

50

48

20

20

44

42

40

20

38

20

20

36

34

20

32

20

20

30

28

20

26

18

16

20

20

50

48

20

46

20

20

20

44

42

40

20

20

38

36

20

34

20

20

32

30

20

28

20

20

26

20

22

Figure 11: Element report, p49

20

20

20

20

20

24

5

20

5

18

10

16

10

Rail

20

Rail

Petrol ICE/HEV

20

15

Diesel ICE/HEV24

Petrol ICE/HEVPetrol PHEV

20

22

Diesel ICE/HEV

Diesel PHEV

20

Petrol PHEV

Energy (TWh/yr)

Diesel PHEV

20

BEV

25

46

BEV

FCEV

20

FCEV

25

Energy (TWh/yr)

Figure 11: Energy use in transport in the decarbonised gas scenario

2030• Fully decarbonising aviation is going to
be difficult. That means we will need acombination of approaches, such as
switching to rail, or relying on negativeemissions technologies.

20

Figure 10: Energy use in transport in the Patchwork Scenario

20• By 2041, around 80 per cent of
all trips in London should be madeby sustainable modes of transport
including cycling, walking andpublic transport.

• Coordination at a city level is neededso public charge points are compatible
with the widest possible range ofvehicles and impacts on the electricity
grid can be managed.

20

8. Decarbonising transport andincreasing use of active and public
transport remains a key objective
for London.

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

What role will the
Mayor and others
play in realising
London’s ambition?
The Mayor has already set out his
London Environment Strategy and put
a number of policies and programmes
in place to help London become a zerocarbon city. Here we outline some of the
key actions needed to make this happen.
However, it's not just the Mayor
that needs to act. We can all playa part.

31

What will the Mayor and the
GLA group do?
• Work with boroughs and otherstakeholders to deliver a zerocarbon transport system by 2050.
This includes the new T-Charge andUltra Low Emission Zone, developmentof a public network of rapid EV
chargers, no longer licensing newdiesel taxis and making sure all new
taxis are zero emissions capable, androlling out electric buses.
• Ensure new buildings are zerocarbon through setting strong
policy through the London Plan.

• Support boroughs, Londoners andbusinesses to do their part throughtechnical and support frameworks forenergy efficiency and heat networks,
and grant programmes.

• Work with pension funds and otherinvestors to divest from fossil fuelsand boost investment in energy
efficiency, low carbon transport andlow carbon heat solutions.

• Lead by example to make all GLA
buildings more energy efficientand transition vehicle fleets to zero
emissions. We will also increase
renewables on our estates, and use
collective energy procurement toencourage new renewable projects
inside and outside London.

• Work with the private sector to drive
action, for example, through the
EV taskforce and London BusinessClimate Leaders group.
• Continue to call on national
government to introduce policies
and incentives to enable a 1.5C
compatible pathway.

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

What can London boroughs do?
• Ensure new buildings comply with
London Plan zero carbon policies.
• Collect and use carbon offset funds
from new developments to drive
carbon reductions acrossthe boroughs.
• Work with the Mayor and GLA groupon rolling-out a public network of rapid
EV chargers and the delivery of zero
emission zones.

33• Work with pension funds and otherinvestors to divest from fossil fuels
and increase investment in energy
efficiency, low carbon transport andlow carbon heat solutions.
• Use low cost funding available from
the Mayor for energy efficiency
and renewable projects from the£500m Mayor’s Energy Efficiency
Fund (MEEF).

What does the national government
need to do?
• Provide the regulatory framework andfinancial support for energy efficiency:- Allocate funds to tackle harder, more
expensive measures, for example,
solid wall insulation- Bring in Minimum Energy Efficiency
standard regulations for all buildings
and remove loopholes fromexisting regulations• Accelerate building stock
improvements, including building
fabric using support from the Mayor’s
Energy for Londoners programmes
RE:FIT and RE:NEW.

- Provide greater support andincentives for home owners and
SMEs to improve their buildings,
for example, a successor to thefailed Green Deal

• Roll out solar PV and storage
installations on their building
stock and land.

- Ensure London gets its fair share offunding under the Energy Company
Obligation (ECO) by reforming thescheme to better target hard to treat
homes or setting regional targets.

• Use heat mapping and energy
masterplans to identify heat network
opportunities. Use support from thegovernment’s Heat Network Delivery
Unit and GLA Decentralised Energy
Enabling Project to speed up the build
out of heat networks.

• Help London generate moreclean energy:- Provide support for small scale solar- Ensure tax regime supports uptake ofstorage, solar and other renewables- Provide direct support forcommunity energy- Establish a clear and realistic planfor the long-term decarbonisationof heat- Offer long term support for
renewable heat projects and heat
networks beyond 2020/21- Ensure adequate customer
protection and quality control
for heat networks and heatpump installations• Support the transition tosustainable transport:- Ensure adequate financial support
is provided to buyers of electricvehicles to maintain demand for new
vehicles so costs continue to fall
- Provide a targeted scrappage
scheme which also assists with wider
health, transport and environmental
objectives. It should also offer
rewards for changing behaviour
rather than just focus on payments
to help buy a new car- Commit funding for charging
infrastructure beyond 2020 toboth support the private sector in
expanding charging infrastructure
and increase residential onstreet charging

C L I M AT E AC T I O N P L A N

What role could businesses play?
There are a number of ways businesses
can help make London a zero carbon
city by 2050.
Here are some of the most important:• Measure and report on greenhousegas emissions and set longterm targets.
• Adhere to Minimum Energy Efficiency
Standards (MEES) building regulations.
• Ensure new buildings are as energy
efficient as possible and include
measures to reduce cooling needs.
• Look to connect new buildings to low
carbon heat networks to use local
sources of waste heat or installheat pumps.

35• Use procurement to encourage
decarbonisation, for example,
switch to additional green electricity
and gas tariffs.
• Work with staff to drive behaviouralchanges that help reduce businessemissions, for example, travel less.

What can all Londoners do?
There are many actions that Londoners
can take.
Here are some of the most important:• Get an Energy Performance Certificate(EPC) assessment to see how best to
improve your home.
• As landlords you should adhere to
Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards,
bring poorly performing buildings up
to a higher rating and develop a plan
to improve all your stock.
• Explore whether your home is suitable
for solar and/or electricity storage
installations. Look at installing a
low carbon heat technology so you
can benefit from the Renewable
Heat Incentive.

• Replace old boilers with more
efficient ones and consider renewable
options like heat pumps. Support isavailable for SMEs through Cleaner
Heat Cashback or for all businesses
through the Renewable Heat Incentive.

• Only buy energy efficient appliances.

• Optimise fleet movements and switch
owned vehicles to electric vehicles.

• Switch energy supplier to a green
tariff for electricity and gas.

• Walk, cycle or use public transport
instead of driving where possible.
Use car clubs, ideally those withelectric or hybrid vehicles.

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