EARTHQUAKE HAZARD AND RISK IN ROMANIA
D. Lungu, R. Vacareanu, A. Aldea, C. Arion
ABSTRACTThe paper presents the evolution of seismic zonation and seismic design codes, focusing theprobabilistic seismic hazard map and design spectra in new Romanian seismic design code
P100-1/2006 following Eurocode 8 format. The paper target is historical earthquake damage andlearned lessons and strengthening of tall RC fragile buildings in central Bucharest including
conservation of heritage buildings. Intervention strategies of public authorities on pre WWII RC
buildings are included.

INTRODUCTION
The Vrancea region, located where the Carpathians Mountains Arch bends, at about 135km epicentral
dis-tance from Bucharest, is a source of subcrustal seismic activity, which affects more than 2/3 of theterritory of Romania and an important part of the territories of Republic of Moldova, Bulgaria andUkraine. The Vrancea source induces a high seismic risk in the densely built zones of the South-Eastof Romania.

VRANCEA EARTHQUAKES CATALOGUES
The catalogues of earthquakes occurred on the territory of Romania were compiled by Radu
(1970, 1974, 1980 and 1994 manuscripts published by Lungu et al., 1997) and Constantinescu andMarza (1980, 1995). In 1997 Romplus – a version of Constantinescu and Marza catalogue waspresented at First International Seminar on Vrancea earthquakes, updated daily on the web site(www.infp.ro) by National Institute of Earth Physics, INFP, Magurele. A graphical representation of
Romplus Catalogue and of seismic areas affecting Romania is given in Figure 1. The most complete
Vrancea historical catalogue is Radu Catalogue, even the significant events are also included inConstantinescu and Marza Catalogue. A selection of Radu Catalogue is presented in Table 1. In Table
2 is presented an comparison of earthquakes parameters given by different authors.
The magnitude in the Radu catalogue is the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude, M. From existingcatalogues, one may note: during the time interval 984-1900, one event/century with epicentral
intensity I0 ≥ 9.0 and during the period 1901-2000, two events per century with intensity I0 ≥ 9.0 (ormagnitude M ≥ 7.2).
The most powerful Vrancea earthquake is generally accepted to be the 26th of October 1802
event (MG-R≥7.5). It was felt on a surface over 2 000 000 km2 (Popescu, 1941). Strong earthquakes
followed on 26th of Nov 1829 and on 23rd of Jan 1838 (maximum seismic intensity 8 ÷ 9).
The Vrancea earthquake with the highest magnitude during 20th century is the Nov 10th,
1940 event (MG-R=7.4).
The most destructive Vrancea earthquake during 20th century was the March 4, 1977
(MG-R=7.2, moment magnitude Mw=7.5) earthquake. On this occasion was obtained the first strong
ground motion in Romania (on SMAC B Japanese instrument at INCERC, National Institute for
Building Research, seismic station, Eastern Bucharest).
Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest (UTCB)

Fig. 1 Romania: Location of the epicenters from 984 to 2003 and seismic regions (Arion 2003)
Table 1. Radu’s historical catalogue of major Vrancea subcrustal earthquake, I0 ≥ 9 (Radu manuscripts,
1994 published Lungu et al., 1997, 1), 2), 3)
No. Date
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

1196
1230
1446
1471
1516
1620
1679
1681
1738
1802
1838

Magnitude
Max MSK Intensity,
Io
MG-R
Ms
Radu
OthersRadu Others
Feb 13(8) 8-9
9/CM(6.7) 7.2 7.0/KS 7.3/CM
May 10(8-9) 9+8.5/CM(6.9) 7.4 7.1/KS 7.1/CM
Oct 1088.5/CM, 8-9RT
6.7
7.3/KS 7.3/CM
Aug 29(8) 9 9/CM, 8-9 KS (6.9) 7.4 7.1/KS 7.3/CM
Nov 8
9
9/CM, 8/KS
7.2
6.8/KSNov 8(8-9) 9 9/CM, 8/KS (6.9) 7.2 6.5/KS 7.3/CM
Ian29?/Aug 9
(8) 6
9/CM
(6.7) 5.5 6.8/KS 7.3/CM
Aug 189
8/CM(6.7) 7.4 6.8/KS 6.8/CM
May 31/ Jun 11 (8-9) 9
9.5/CM(6.9) 7.4 7.0/KS 7.5/CM
Oct 269
10/CM
7.5
7.4/KS 7.7/CM
Jan 238
9/CM
6.7
6.9/KS 7.3/CM

Radu’ssourceRT, R
RT, R, N
RT, R
RT, R
RT, R
RT
RT
RT
RT, R
R
R

1) Source abbreviations: R - Radu, C., 1971, 1974 catalogues; RT - Radu, C., Torro, E., 1986 catalogue; N - Nikonov catalogues; CM Constantinescu and Marza, 1980 catalogue; KS - Kondorskaya N. V., Shebalin N.V., 1977 catalogue; SKH - Shebalin, N. V., Karnic V.,
Hadzievski, D., 1974 catalogue;
2) Focus depth h is considered as intermediate depth: 60 ≤ h ≤ 170km;
3) The intensity in parenthesis indicates the previous estimations made by Radu (1980).

Past strong earthquakes
1802 and 1838 earthquakes
The 26 Oct 1802 (MS = 7.4 – 7.7) earthquake is considered to be the strongest Vrancea subcrustal
event; there are no precise information on causalities but some information on damages. The
earthquake was felt in Ukraine, Russia, Poland, Bulgaria and Turkey. The event was felt on a total
estimated area of more than 2 millions square kilometers.

Table 2. 20th century strong Vrancea earthquakes, MG-R or Ms ≥ 6.0 (Lungu et al., 2000)
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Focus depth h
Magnitude3)km
Ms
Mw MG-R Mw
Radu Marza infp.ro Marza infp.ro Radu 1)
1903 Sep 13 45.7 26.6 ≥60 70
70
5.7
6.3
6.3 6.6
1904 Feb 6 45.7 26.6 ≥60 75
75
6.3
6.6
5.7 1908 Oct 6 45.7 26.5 150 125
125
6.8
7.1
6.8 7.1
1912 Mai 25 45.7 27.2 80
90
90
6.4
6.7
6.0 6.3
1934 Mar 29 45.8 26.5 90
90
90
6.3
6.6
6.3 6.6
1939 Sep 5 45.9 26.7 115 120
120
6.1
6.2
5.3 1940 Oct 22 45.8 26.4 122 125
125
6.2
6.5
6.5 6.8
1940 Nov 10 45.8 26.7 1332) 1352) 150
7.4
7.7
7.4 7.7
1945 Sep 7 45.9 26.5 75
80
80
6.5
6.8
6.5 6.8
1945 Dec 9 45.7 26.8 80
80
80
6.2
6.5
6.0 6.3
1948 Mai 29 45.8 26.5 140 130
130
6.0
6.3
5.8 1977 Mar 4 45.34 26.30 109 94
7.2
7.4
7.2 7.5
1986 Aug 30 45.53 26.47 133 131
7.1
7.0 7.3
1990 Mai 30 45.82 26.90 91
91
6.9
6.7 7.0
1990 Mai 31 45.83 26.89 79
87
6.4
6.1 6.4
Date

Lat. Long.
N°
E°

Notes: 1) Mw ≅ MG-R + 0.3 for 6.0 ≤ MG-R ≤ 7.4 (Lungu, 1999)
2) In present the value accepted for focus depth for Nov.10, 1940 event is h=140km
3) Magnitudes: MG-R - Gutenberg-Richter Magnitude, MS – surface waves magnitude, MW - moment magnitude.

The 23 Jan 1838 (MS = 6.9 – 7.3) earthquake was felt on an extended area in Europe:
Ukraine, Poland, Bulgaria, up to Constantinople and to NE of Italy. The following description of theeffects of 1838 earthquake effects in Bucharest is given in the book "Voyage dans la Russie
Méridionale et la Crimée par la Hongrie, la Valachie et la Moldavie", par M. A. de Démidoff, Illustré
par Raffet, E. Bourdin, éditeur Paris. 1841 & 1854, page 144.
1940 earthquake“The November 10, 1940 earthquake put damages all around Romania and throw the people inmourning”, Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences de Roumanie, 1941. "Numéro
consacré aux recher-ches sur le tremblement de terre du 10 Novembre 1940 en Roumanie", Tome V,
numéro 3, mai-juin, Cartea Romaneasca, Bucuresti, p. 177-288, Fig.2.
In Bucharest the most significant loss from the Nov. 10, 1940 earthquake (MG-R = 7.4) was
the complete collapse of Carlton building (Fig. 3), the highest RC building (47m, 12 storeys) in
Romania at that moment.

Fig. 2 Comptes Rendus des Séances del’Academie des Sciences de Roumanie, 1941

Fig. 3 Carlton building in Bucharest,
collapsed during 1940 earthquake (postcard)

The earthquake was felt on about 2 millions square kilometers: from East (Odessa, Cracovia,
Moscow were the estimated intensity was V-VI) to north up to Leningrad, to West up to Tissa river andin South in Yugoslavia and all Bulgaria up to Istanbul.
In Romania were identified two zones of maximum intensity: one is in the area of Panciu andFocsani and the second one in Campina to Bucharest. In those areas the seismic intensity was over VIII
on Mercalli-Sieberg scale i.e. close to IX in Campina, Focsani, Tecuci, Beresti, and about X in Panciu.
No realistic estimation of the number of deaths was reported. Some authors indicated thefollowing numbers: >1000 (Beles, Ifrim, 1962; Coburn & Spence 1992), 980 (EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database.
1977 earthquake
The March 4, 1977 (MG-R = 7.2) was the most destructive earthquake in the history of Romania.
International experts dispatched in Romania in the aftermath of the earthquake reported as follows.
“The unusual nature of the ground motion and the extent and distribution of the structural
damage have important bearing on earthquake engineering efforts in the United States.” Jennings &Blume foreword in Berg et al 1980.
“It mostly affected the densely populated and rapidly developing centres of Craiova, Pitesti,
Zimnicea, Bucharest, Ploiesti, Focsani, Barlad” Ambraseys, N.N., 1977. “Long-period effects in the
Romanian earthquake of March 1977”, Nature, Vol.268, July, p.324-325.
The March 4, 1977 earthquake killed 1,578 people including 1,424 in Bucharest and injured
11,221 people including 7,598 in Bucharest. According to the World Bank Report 16.P-2240-RO,
1978) the total losses in Romania worth 2.05 billion (1977!!) USD.
SEISMIC RECORDS
The first strong ground motion recorded in Romania was the 1977 record in Eastern Bucharest, atseismic station of INCERC on a Japanese SMAC - B instrument. The ground motion was digitized andanalysed by Building Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, Japan, 1978 and was published"Digitized data of strong-motion earthquake accelerograms in Romania (March 4, 1977)" by
Observational Committee of Strong Motion Earthquake in Kenchiku Kenkyu Shiro No.20.
The unusual 1977 record, characterized by a long predominant period of ground vibration,
Tp ≅ 1.6s, has been used for calibrating design response spectra in Romanian seismic code for theperiod 1977-1992 when almost 40% in Bucharest buildings stock has been built. After the 1977
earthquake a significant ground motion database of more than 40 records was collected in Bucharest
during the 1986 and 1990 earthquakes.
The envelope of the peak ground acceleration recorded in Romania during the last 3strongest Vrancea events in Romania are interpolated in Figure 4 and shows the NE-SW directivity ofthe subcrustal Vrancea source, as it has been firstly observed by Montessus de Ballore, 1906.
The database of Vrancea strong ground motions contains records from 47 free-field stations
in Romania distributed on networks and events. The “free field” accelerograms were obtained at the
ground level or the basement of 1 - 2 storey buildings. The distribution of the recorded accelerograms
is given in Table 3.
Table 3. Distribution of the free field accelerograms used in the attenuation analysis
Seismic network
Romania
Rep Moldova Bulgaria Total
Earthquake
INCERC INFP GEOTEC1)
IGG2)March 4, 1977
1
1
Aug. 30, 1986
24
8
3
2
37
May 30, 1990
23
10
2
2
5
42
Total
48
18
5
4
5
80
1)GEOTEC, Institute for Geotechnical and Geophysical Studies, Bucharest2)IGG, Institute of Geophysics and Geology, Moldavian Academy of Science, Chisinau

ROMANIA. Maximum peak ground acceleration PGA, cm/s2 recorded during 1977, 1986 and 1990 VRANCEA earthquakes
N
W

E

22

21
S

48

Ukraine 25

11.5

Moldova
146.4

47

#

&

#

Chisinau

212.8

%

Cris
Cluj-Napoca

Bacau

%

132.0
BarladOnesti232.1 #

Transilvania#

Adjud 86.6

168.6

#

Banat

Cahul

&

Vrancioaia

Mures

1990
157.2 #
· Focsani· #Surduc 1940
%

Olt

$

#

Vidra Lotru$

Vidraru Arges
$

14.3

79.1

%

·
Valenii de Munte#Campina #

61.5

223.8

Bolintin Vale

208.6

Craiova#

Yugoslavia· Epicenters of strong
#

#

158.6

#

#

%

109.4

0

100

#

#Otopeni 219.8# # Branesti

Bucuresti 150.8
194.9

Baia

Valahia

Fetesti Cernavoda

100.4 #
Calarasi

200 Kilometers# 107.1##

Constanta

Black
Sea

Shabla32.9&
Kavarna 36.2&

Bulgaria
100

93.6

90.8 #
Dobrogea

112.2

Vrancea events(Mw > 6.9)

164.0 Tulcea

Carcaliu

Giurgiu 114.1#& Ruse112.4
Turnu Magurele

Danube44#%

Istrita

Peris#

45.8

Mw - moment magnitudeh - focus depth

1977

Ploiesti

Pitesti #45

May 30, 1990
Mw=7.0h=91 km97.2

186.9 #

26.1

Aug.30, 1986

297.1

·1986 Ramnicu Sarat#

Muntele Rosu

Mw=7.5h=109 km136.6%

Timisoara

March 4, 1977

82.0

50.9

#

46

&

Dochia#Lungu, Aldea, 1999

Krasnogorka

Iasi

Seismic stations with
free-field records:

Mw=7.2h=133 kmRepublic ofMoldova

Prut

#

#

Satu-Mare

OradeaINCERC network% INFP network$ GEOTEC network& R. of Moldova network& Bulgaria network

29

28

27

26

Botosani

Hungary

PGA, cm/s2
0 - 7575 - 150
150 - 200
200 - 300

24

23

Provadia48.2
&

Varna
&

33.6

ArcView GIS version 3.1, ESRI Inc. CA.

Fig. 4 Maximum recorded peak ground acceleration during the last Vrancea strong events
Based on the very important conclusions from 1977, 1986 and 1990 earthquakes, the seismic
instrumentation of Bucharest has been recently extended and improved by various national andinternational efforts. Presently Romania has more than 100 digital K2 & ETNA, Kinemetrics
instruments, about half in Bucharest, distributed in three seismic networks: INCERC, INFP and
NCSRR (National Center for Seismic Risk Reduction).
The maximum of the two horizontal components of the ground motions was considered for
PGA attenuation. The following attenuation model was selected for the attenuation analysis:
ln PGA = c0 + c1 Mw + c2 lnR +c3R +c4 h + ε(1)where: PGA is peak ground acceleration at the site, Mw- moment magnitude, R - hypocentral
distance to the site R = h 2 + Δ2 , h - focal depth, c0, c1, c2, c3, c4 - data dependent coefficients and ε random variable with zero mean and standard deviation σε = σln PGA. The coefficients obtained from theregression are as follows [Lungu, Demetriu et al., 1999]: c0 = 3.098, c1 = 1.053, c2= -1.000,
c3=-0.0005, c4=-0.006, σlnPGA =0.502.
The seismic hazard assessment for Vrancea subcrustal source took into consideration themagnitude recurrence. The classical recurrence relationship was modified into the truncatedGutenberg-Richter relationship that for Vrancea source gives [Elnashai & Lungu, 1995]:n(≥ M w ) = e8.654−1.687 M w

1 − e −1.687(8.1−M w )1 − e −1.687(8.1−6.3)(2)

In Eq.(2), the threshold lower magnitude is Mw=6.3, the maximum credible magnitude isMw,max=8.1, and α = 3.76 ln10 = 8.654, β = 0.73 ln10 =1.687.
The relationship between the magnitude of a potentially destructive Vrancea earthquake(Mw≥6.3) and the corresponding focal depth shows that higher the magnitude, deeper the focus [Lungu
et al., 1997]:
ln h = - 0.866 + 2.846 lnMw - 0.18 P(3)

where P is a binary variable: P=0 for the mean relationship and P=1.0 for mean minus one
standard deviation relationship.

ZONATION STANDARDS AND CODES FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF
STRUCTURES IN ROMANIA
The first seismic zonation of Romania was done after the 1940 Vrancea earthquake. The 1941 zonation
map contains two areas: one seismic area (Moldova, Valachia and Brasov area) and a second one
considered as being not seismic (the remaining part of Romania).Two Romanian engineers wrote thefirst modern Romanian code for seismic design of buildings in 1954, but the first official regulation
appeared only in 1963. Table 4 presents the evolution of the seismic zonation and seismic design codes
for buildings in Romania during the last 50 years. The P100-1/2006 Code for earthquake-resistantdesign of buildings - Part 1 (244p), was approved by Ministry of Transportation and Constructions order
No.1711/19.09.2006 and it was enforced on Jan 1, 2007.
Table 4. Classification of codes for design of earthquake resistant buildings and of standards for seismic
zonation of Romania (1940-2008)
Code for earthquake
resistant buildings

PeriodPrior to the 1940
P.I. - 1941
earthquake andI - 1945
Prior to the 1963 code
Low-code,
Inspired by the Russian P 13 - 63
1963-1977
seismic practiceP 13 - 70
Moderate-code, After the great 1977
P 100 - 78
1977–1990
earthquake
P 100 - 81
Moderate-code
After the 1986 and the P 100 - 90
to High-code,1990 earthquakes
P 100 - 92
after 1990
High code,
Inspired by Eurocode 8 P100 –1/2006
after 2006

Seismic zonation standard
P.I. – 1941
I – 1945
STAS 2923 - 52

Pre-code,
before 1963

STAS 2923 - 63
STAS 11100/1 - 77
STAS 11100/1 - 91
SR 11100/1 - 93
In P100 –1/2006 code

After the 1977 event, ductility rules for RC structures were imported into Romanian codesfrom American Concrete Institute ACI code of practice. Those ductility rules were improved andenlarged in 1990 according to the EUROCODE 8 requirements.
The evolution of normalised acceleration response spectra in the listed codes is indicated in Fig. 5.

3.0

P13-637 yr.

ξ = 0.05
P13-70
6 yr.
P100-78 after March 4, 1977
P100-81
12 yr.

(T )

2.5
2.0
3/T
1.0
0.6

0.8/T

0.9/T

P100-90
after Aug.30, 1986
P100-92
6 yr.
1.0
0.75
0.6

0.0
0 0.3 0.4 0.7

1

1.5

2 2.2 2.5
Period T , s

3

4

Fig. 5 Normalized acceleration elastic response spectra in Bucharest, 1963 – 2000
NEW ROMANIAN SEISMIC DESIGN CODE
Based on the results of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment from Vrancea source and taking into
account the macroseismic fields from the crustal seismic sources in Romania, in Fig. 6 is presented theseismic hazard map from P100-1/2006 earthquake resistant design code, enforced from January 1st,

2007. The map presents the design ground acceleration (PGA) for an event with mean recurrence
interval MRI=100 years. The MRI=100 yr represents a transition MRI towards the MRI=475years
recommended by Eurocode 8 & ASCE7. Certainly the next version of P100 code, after 2010, willdefinitely introduce 475yr-PGA for design in Romania. For Bucharest the PGA having 475 yr
recurrence interval is about 0.36g.

Fig. 6 P100–1/2006 design ground acceleration ag, for an event with MRI=100 yr.
In the P100-1/2006, the ground conditions are characterized by the control period of
response spectra TC. The TC macrozonation in the P100-1/2006 is based on processed ground motion
from 1977, 1986 and 1990 events records. The studies made on the complete database of strong
motion accelerograms of Romania [Lungu et.al., 2000] showed that the control period of response
spectra TC is the most reliable and stable indicator for characterizing the frequency content of groundmotions. Microzonation maps for control period of response spectra TC for 1986 earthquake ispresented in Fig. 7.
BUCHAREST. Aug. 30, 1986 Vrancea earthquake: control period of response spectra Tc, s
BU
CU
R

Y
#

ES
TI -

0.67
Otopeni

TUNARI

TIR
GO
VIS
T

E

AI
OD
A

LU
I

Drumul Sarii

IN
IC

NS
TA
NT
A
CO

FUNDENIRILOR
AVIATOIMARASTI

1.26

Y PAND
#

UR
I

Y
#

MA

Z
$

UNIRII
STI
SE
RA

D

A
GHENCE

BR
AI
IH

B IR
ZE S
T

I

M

INCERC
1.43
Colentina river

RE
SS U
CA
VU
MIL
A

Dambovita river

SA
LA
J

R
O

V IT
AN

PI

I
RIE

RI

AL
EB

B UC
UR
ES
TI M

AG
UR
E

LE

ND

NA
TA
EP

EC

Y
#

IL
VI

E XA
AL

CERN
IC A

ISPH/ARMU

CENTURATIM ISOARA

D

1.07 OTRO CENC
Panduri

TE
RA
EI
SA
LT
CU
CO
LA
LE
NT
STEFAN CEL MARE GAR
IN
II O
A
BO
R
PAN TELIMON
UI
UL
IANC

CHISINAU

UV
ER
TU
RII

ST
EF
AN
E

NORDULUIRUDENI

CU

V

Y 0.90
#

I
AT
UM
AF

A
UR
NT

II
IC
BL
PU
RE

Militari
PAC II

Titulescu
I
G
TI
OL #
Y
T U 1.10
ES
IR

CE

EREN
Y
0.76 #
1M
AI

RA
PE
PI

TII
LIBERTA

TU

IL
TR
PE

ST
I

BA
NA

M
AR
AS
TI

CE
N

OL
TE
NIT
EI

Metalurgiei

Y 1.51
#

A

I
EN
RC
BE

TUR

CE

A
UR
NT

Bucuresti-Magurele[ 1.05%
Time:

21:28:37 GMT

Epicenter:

45.53 Lat.N
26.47 Long.E

Moment magnitude:

Mw=7.2Focus depth:

h=133 kmAverage epicentral distance to Bucharest: d=125 km

Lungu, Aldea, 1999
Tc, s

N

Free-field seismic stations:

0.4 - 0.7
0.7 - 1.0
1.0 - 1.3
1.3 - 1.6

# INCERC stationsYZ GEOTEC station$[ INFP station
%

W

E
S

ArcView GIS version 3.1, ESRI Inc., CA.

Fig. 7 Bucharest - Aug.30, 1986 earthquake: microzonation of TC

Fig. 8 Bucharest. Microzonation map for shear wave velocity (m/s) averaged on 30m
A direct characterization/classification of ground conditions based on soil data (soil profileand shear velocities profile) is not yet possible due to the lack of significant soil data correlated withrecorded strong ground motions. The few cases where such information exists (i.e., soil data andearthquake records) showed that imported criteria and corresponding design spectra from othercountries are not valid in the area under the influence of Vrancea source [Aldea, 2002]. Using recent PS
logging results (from NCSRR) the average shear wave velocities in the top 30 meters of soil, arepresented in Fig. 8 for Bucharest.
For each area zones with same TC, a normalised acceleration elastic response spectrum is
recommended according to the EC8 format, Fig. 9. The seismic action in the P100-1/2006 design
spectra is to be used at ultimate limit state design, in connection with 3 other new Romanian codes:
Basis of design, Wind action and Snow action. The new set of codes has been prepared in 2005 at
Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest following the EC0 and EC1 format and contents.
The Ministry of Development, Public Works and Housing in 2007 enforced them.
3.5

ξ =0.05

3

Amplification factor

2.5

4.4/T

2.75/T

2

8.8/T

1.5

2

1.925/T
8.25/T2

5.775/T2

T D =3
3

3.5

1
0.5

T D =2
T C =0.7

000.5

T C =1

T C =1.6

1

1.5

2
2.5
Period T , s

4Fig. 9 P100-1/2006 - Normalized acceleration response spectra for horizontal ground motion

REFERENCE
Aldea, A., 2002. Vrancea source seismic hazard assessment and site effects, PhD thesis Technical
University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, Bucharest, 256p.
Ambraseys, N.N., 1977. Long-period effects in the Romanian earthquake of March 1977. In Nature,
Vol.268, July, p.324-325.
Arion, C., 2003. Seismic Zonation of Romania considering the soil condition and seismic sources. PhD
Thesis UTCB, Bucharest, 181p.
Arion,C., Lungu D., Calarasu E., Neagu,C., 2009. Geotechnical in situ investigation used for seismic
design of buildings in Romania, Proc. of IS-Tokyo 2009, International Conference p. 1293-1301,
published by CRC Press/Balkema, ISBN 978-0-415-55614-9
Beles, A.A., 1941. Cutremurul si constructiile. In Buletinul Societatii Politehnice din Romania, an LV,
nr.10-11, Oct.-Nov., p.1045-1211
Beles, A., Ifrim, M., 1962. Elemente de seismologie inginerească, Bucureşti, Editura Tehnică, 247 p.
Berg, G., Bolt, B., Sozen, M., Rojahn, Ch., 1980. Earthquake in Romania March 4, 1977. An
Engineering Report. Edited by National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1980.
Coburn, A.W. y Spence, R.J.S. 1992. Earthquake Protection. Chichester: Wiley.
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