ࠑෆ㛶ᗓ⤒῭♫఍⥲ྜ◊✲ᡤࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ 2017 ᖺࠒㄽ  ᩥ

ਫ਼ං‫ڒ‬ओ͂‫֗ޗ‬ൎ঩͈ࠐफ‫ڠ‬㸨⏣୰ 㝯୍㸨㸨㸺せ᪨㸼ᮏ✏ࡣࠊᩍ⫱᱁ᕪࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢୡ௦㛫㐃㙐࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟╔┠ࡋࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜ᑗ᮶ࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ᫖௒ࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇドศᯒࢆᴫほࡋࡓᚋ࡟ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ḟୡ௦ࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡬࡜⥅ᢎࡉࢀ࡚⾜ࡃ࠿ࢆᥥ෗ࡋࡓᵝࠎ࡞ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊ㈨ᮏᕷሙ
ࡢ୙᏶඲ᛶ࡟╔┠ࡋࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡀ⚾ⓗ࡟ࡢࡳ⾜ࢃࢀࡿሙྜࡸࠊබᩍ⫱࡜⚾ᩍ⫱ࡀ㑅ᢥ࡛ࡁࡿሙྜࠊࡉࡽ࡟බᩍ⫱ࡀᨻ἞ⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡼࡾෆ⏕ⓗ࡟㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ
࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ୡ௦㛫࡛㐃㙐ࡋࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞᱁ᕪ࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢࡿࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢢࣟ
࣮ࣂࣝ໬ࡸ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࡀࠊୡ௦㛫ࡢᡤᚓ㐃㙐ࡸぶ࡟ࡼࡿᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢពᛮỴᐃ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶゐࢀࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࢆ⦰ᑠࡋࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽᮃࡲࡋ࠸ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿୖ࡛ຠᯝⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࠋJEL Classification Codes㸸D31, D72, H42, I22, O15
Keywords㸸ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗㸨ᮏ✏ࡣ 2011 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 15 ᪥ࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ሗ࿌ࠗᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘㸦2011 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 15 ᪥㸪ᮾி኱Ꮫ㸧࡛ࡢሗ࿌ෆᐜࢆᇶ࡟ࠊ኱ᖜ࡞ຍ➹ಟṇࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ
ࠕESRI ᅜ㝿ࢥࣥࣇ࢓ࣞࣥࢫࠗேཱྀ
ῶᑡ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤒῭♫఍࡬ࡢᙳ㡪࠘ࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᵽཱྀ⨾㞝ඛ⏕ࠊᶲᮌಇペඛ⏕ࠊཬᕝᾈᕼඛ⏕ࠊடᆏᏳ⣖Ꮚඛ⏕ࠊ኱➉ᬡ⥲ᣓᨻ⟇◊✲ᐁ࠿ࡽ᭷┈࡞ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟グࡋ࡚ឤㅰࡢពࢆ⾲ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ㸨㸨⏣୰ 㝯୍㸸ᮾி኱Ꮫ♫఍⛉Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ෸ᩍᤵ1ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ

Economics of Income Inequality and Educational Investment
By Ryuichi TANAKA

Abstract
This paper examines the effects of current income inequality on future economic growth andincome inequality focusing on educational investment as a mechanism generating intergenerational
income persistency. After reviewing empirical studies on the relationship between income inequality and economic growth, we review theoretical models of educational investment and intergenerational income dynamics with special focus on imperfect capital market. We review the models withprivate schools and public schools whose quality and quantity are determined by political process.
Finally we try to draw some policy implications for Japan.

JEL Classification Codes㸸D31, D72, H42, I22, O15
Keywords㸸Educational Investment, Income Inequality, Economic Growth2ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ◊✲⪅ࡸᨻ⟇❧᱌⪅ࢆጞࡵከࡃࡢேࠎࡢ㛵ᚰࡢ୰ᚰࢆ༨
ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡸ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜࢆጞࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ OECD ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㏆ᖺࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡣࠊᅜෆእࡢᨻ἞ⓗ≧ἣ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ῝้࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞
ὶࢀࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿಖㆤ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ືࡁࡣࠊᅜ㝿㈠᫆ࡢ⦰ᑠࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ୡ⏺⤒῭ࡢᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㈇ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ࡢ༴᝹ࡶከࡃ⪺࠿ࢀࡿࠋ ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࢆ⦰ᑠࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜⮬యࡣࠊ⤒῭ᶵ఍ࡢᖹ➼࡞ศ㓄࡜࠸࠺೔⌮ⓗ࡞ほⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚኱ษ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࠸࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⤒῭ᶵ఍ࡢᖹ➼࡞ศ㓄ࡣࠊ೔⌮ⓗ࡞ㄽⅬࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࠊࡼࡾάⓎ࡞⤒῭άືࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᶵ⬟ⓗ࡞ഃ㠃ࡶᣢࡕ࠺ࡿⅬࡣ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᶵ⬟ⓗഃ㠃࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㛵ᚰ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⌮ㄽ࡜ᐇドࡢ୧㠃࠿ࡽࡢᩘከࡃࡢ◊✲ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊOECD㸦2014㸧࡛ࡣOECD ㅖᅜࡢࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᐇドศᯒࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡣࡑࡢᚋࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㈇ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ⤖ㄽ࡟⮳ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⤒㊰ࡣᩘከࡃ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ୰࡟ࡣᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢ
ᣑ኱ࡀᢞ㈨᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊୡ⏺୰ࡢ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ㈨ᮏᕷሙࡶ᏶඲࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ࠿ࡽฟⓎࡍࡿࠋ㏫࡟࠸࠺࡜ࠊ㈨ᮏᕷሙࡀ᏶඲࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡣᢞ㈨⾜ື࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ࡶ↓㛵ಀ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ㈨ᮏᕷሙࡀ᏶඲࡞≧ែࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿ࡜Ⰻ࠸ࠋேⓗ㈨ᮏ࡛࠶ࢀࠊ≀ⓗ㈨ᮏ࡛࠶ࢀࠊᢞ㈨ࡢ཰┈⋡ࡀ೉ࡾධࢀ㔠฼ࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࡢࡀ᭱㐺࡛࠶ࡿࡋࠊ㏫࡟ప࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࡢࡀ᭱
㐺࡜࡞ࡿࠋ᏶඲࡞㈨ᮏᕷሙ࡛ࡣࠊ୍ᐃࡢඹ㏻㔠฼࡛ㄡࡶࡀ㈚ࡋ೉ࡾࢆ⮬⏤࡟࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᢞ㈨ᶵ఍ࡢ཰┈⋡ࡣࡇࡢඹ㏻㔠฼࡜ྠࡌ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࡢேࠎࡀ┤㠃ࡍࡿᢞ㈨ᶵ఍ࡀ඲ࡃྠࡌࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡓ࡜࠼ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ᏶
඲㈨ᮏᕷሙࡢୗ࡛ࡣᡤᚓࡢከᐻ࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎ᭱㐺㔞ࡢᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡣ࠾ࡶ࡟࣐ࢡࣟ
⤒῭඲యࡢ඲せ⣲⏕⏘ᛶ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡢࡳ࡛ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᡃࠎࡢ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧ᐇୡ⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᏶඲࡞㈨ᮏᕷሙࡣᏑᅾࡏࡎࠊୖ
グࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ
ࡓ࡜࠼ᢞ㈨ࡢᮇᚅ཰┈⋡ࡀ㧗࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ
ᢞ㈨ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㈨㔠ࢆㄪ㐩࡛ࡁࡎ࡟ࡑࡢ཰┈ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ேࠎࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡜
࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ୡ⏺࡛ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫ㈨㔠ࢆጞࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩⬟ຊࡢ᱁ᕪ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᐇ⌧ࡉ
ࢀࡿᢞ㈨ࡢ཰┈ࡀᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ
 ㈨ᮏᕷሙࡢ୙᏶඲ᛶࡣᵝࠎ࡞ᙧ࡛ほ ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏᢞ㈨ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㔠⼥ᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࡑࢀࡣ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢሙྜࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨࡟ࡼࡾ࡝ࢀࡔࡅࡢ཰┈ࡀᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࡣ
୙☜ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡀண᝿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡅࡢ཰┈ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡉ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ㈨㔠ᅇ3ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ཰ࡀᅔ㞴࡟࡞ࡿࠋ୙᏶඲࡞㈨ᮏᕷሙ࡛ࡣࠊ㈚ฟ㈨㔠ࡢ↔ࡆ௜ࡁࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌ
ࡵᢸಖࢆせồࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࡀࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨࡟ࡼࡾᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓேⓗ㈨ᮏࡣࠊᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡓᮏ
ே࡟య໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊᢸಖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢞ㈨ࢆཷࡅࡓேࢆࠕᅇ཰ࠖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊያ㞔ไࡢㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸⌧௦♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㔠⼥ᕷሙࡢ୙᏶඲ᛶࡣ୙ྍ㑊࡜࡞ࡾࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ඲࡚ࡀබⓗ࡟㈥ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀḟୡ௦ࡢᩍ⫱᱁ᕪࡢỴᐃせᅉ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ
ྠ᫬࡟ࠊᩍ⫱᱁ᕪࡣᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢ※Ἠ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ
⌧ୡ௦ࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡣୡ௦ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᩍ⫱᱁ᕪࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ୡ௦㛫࡛㐃㙐ࡍࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟╔┠ࡋࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜ᑗ᮶ࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ≉࡟ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᑗ
᮶ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏᙧᡂ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪㸦᱁ᕪࡢ෌⏕⏘➼㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ
㛵ಀ࠿ࡽ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋࡣࡌࡵ࡟᫖௒ࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇドศᯒࢆᴫほࡋࡓᚋ࡟ࠊṧࡾࡢ㒊ศ࡛ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ḟୡ௦ࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡬࡜⥅ᢎࡉࢀ࡚⾜ࡃ࠿ࢆᥥ෗ࡋࡓᵝࠎ࡞ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⤂௓ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᐇドศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ࡝࠺ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ≉࡟ࠊ㈨ᮏᕷሙࡢ୙᏶඲ᛶ࡟╔┠ࡋࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡀ⚾ⓗ࡟ࡢࡳ⾜ࢃࢀࡿሙྜࡸࠊබᩍ⫱࡜⚾ᩍ⫱ࡀ㑅ᢥ࡛ࡁࡿሙྜࠊࡉࡽ࡟බᩍ⫱ࡀᨻ἞ⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡼ
ࡾෆ⏕ⓗ࡟㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ୡ௦㛫࡛㐃㙐ࡋࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞᱁ᕪ࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚௒ࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲ࢆ⤂௓ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ
໬ࡸ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࡀࠊୡ௦㛫ࡢᡤᚓ㐃㙐ࡸぶ࡟ࡼࡿᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢពᛮỴᐃ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶゐࢀࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࢆ⦰ᑠࡋࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽᮃࡲࡋ
࠸ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿୖ࡛ຠᯝⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ⓗᑐᛂࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊྍ⬟࡞㝈ࡾゝཬࡍࡿࠋ ᮏ✏ࡢᵓᡂࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨㸰⠇࡛ OECD ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㏆ᖺࡢືྥࢆᴫほࡋࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡ࢆᘬࡁୗࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ⌮⏤ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ೫ࡾࡀ᭷ຊ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄝࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸱⠇࡛ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡࠾ࡼࡧᐃᖖ≧ែࡢ⥲⏕⏘࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㈇ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᣢࡕ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍືᏛࣔࢹࣝࢆ
⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸲⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀࡀࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ
♧ࡍࠋ➨㸳⠇࡛ࡣᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡀᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡿࡇ
࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫⓗຠᯝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㑅ᢥ⮬య࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫࣔࢹࣝࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸴⠇࡛ࡣࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽᮃࡲࡋ࠸ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࡢ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ➨㸵⠇࡛⤖ㄽࢆ㏙࡭
ࡿࠋ㸰㸬ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀ ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣࣉࣛࢫࡢຠᯝ࡜࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢຠᯝࡢ୧᪉ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࣉࣛࢫࡢຠᯝࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡀ⤒῭඲యࡢ㈓⵳ࢆቑࡸࡍ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍⯡ⓗ4ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ

࡟㈓⵳ᛶྥࡣ㧗ᡤᚓ⪅ࡢ᪉ࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ⤒῭඲యࡢ⥲ᡤᚓࢆ୍ᐃ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᣑ኱ࡍࡿ
࡜ᐩ⿱ᒙ࡟ᒓࡍࡿேᩘࡀቑຍࡍࡿࠋ
ᐩ⿱ᒙࡣ㧗࠸㈓⵳⋡ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㈓⵳㢠ࡀቑ࠼ࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚㧗࠸⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡ࢆ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ௚᪉ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡋ࡚୚࠼ࡿ࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢຠᯝࡣᵝࠎ࡞ࡶࡢࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᣑ኱ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊపᡤᚓ⪅ᒙࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡀῶᑡࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᐙィࡀ೉ࡾධࢀไ⣙࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈨㔠ࡢ೉ࡾධࢀࡀᅔ㞴࡞ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨㔞ࡀᐙィᡤᚓ࡟౫Ꮡࡍ
ࡿࠋᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᡤᚓࡀ᭱㐺࡞ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺Ỉ‽࡟㐩ࡋ࡞࠸ᐙィࡢ๭ྜࡀቑ
࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢᮇᚅ཰┈⋡ࡣ༑ศ࡟㧗࠸࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆᐇ⌧࡛ࡁࡎࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚⤒῭඲య࡟࠾ࡅࡿேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ㐣ᑡ⵳✚ࡀ⏕ࡌࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡ࡀపࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ1ࠋ ࡑࡢ࡯࠿࡟ࡶࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡣᨻ἞ⓗ࡞୙Ᏻᐃᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࠊ⤒῭άື࡟㈇ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾపᡤᚓ⪅ᒙࡀቑ࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ෌ศ㓄ⓗᨻ⟇࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨻ἞ⓗ㟂せࡀቑ኱ࡍࡿࠋ෌ศ㓄ⓗᨻ⟇ࡢᐇ⿦࡟ࡣ㧗ᡤᚓ⪅ᒙ࡬ࡢ⣼㐍ⓗ࡞⛯⋡ࡢ㐺⏝ࡸ௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿἲே⛯ࡢቑຍ࡞࡝ࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⛯ไࡢኚ໬ࡣ⤒῭άື࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮ㄽⓗ௬ㄝࢆฟⓎⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊCingano㸦2014㸧ࡣ OECD ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐇドศᯒࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࠋCingano㸦2014㸧ࡢ⤖ᯝࡢせ⣙࡛࠶ࡿOECD㸦2014㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ1980 ᖺ࠿ࡽ⌧ᅾࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫࡟ࠊOECD ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᐩ⿱ᒙ࡜㈋ᅔᒙࡢ⤒῭᱁ᕪࡀቑ኱ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ1980 ᖺ௦࡟ࡣ OECD ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿேཱྀࡢୖ఩
10%ࡢᐩ⿱ᒙࡢᡤᚓ࡜ୗ఩ 10%ࡢ㈋ᅔᒙࡢᡤᚓࡢẚ⋡ࡣ࠾ࡼࡑ 7㸸1 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ2011/12
ᖺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ 9㸸1 ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿỈ‽࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊูࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣦᶆ࡛࠶ࡿࢪࢽಀᩘࢆぢ࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡟ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᣑ኱ࡋ࡚᮶ࡓࡇ࡜
ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᅗ⾲ 1 ࡣ OECD㸦2014㸧࡟ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓࠊᐙィᡤᚓࡢࢪࢽಀᩘࡢ 1985 ᖺ࠿ࡽ
2011/12 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢኚ໬ࢆ OECD ㅖᅜ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊᐙィࡢྍฎศᡤᚓ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ィ⟬ࡉࢀࡓࢪࢽಀᩘࡢ OECD ㅖᅜࡢᖹᆒࡣࠊ1980 ᖺ௦༙ࡤ࡟ࡣ 0.29
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ2011/12 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 0.32 ࡬࡜ 3 ࣏࢖ࣥࢺୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᅜู࡟ぢ࡚ࡶከࡃࡢᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐙィᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡀほ ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ≉࡟ࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻࡸࢫ
࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻࡸ࢖ࢫ࢚࡛ࣛࣝ㢧ⴭ࡟ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ
ࡢᩘᏐࡣࠊ㐣ཤ 30 ᖺ࡟Ώࡗ࡚ከࡃࡢ OECD ㅖᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᣑ኱ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ
≀ㄒࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

1೉ࡾධࢀไ⣙ࡢ࠶ࡿ᫬࡟ࡣࠊ᭱㐺࡞ேⓗ㈨ᮏᢞ㈨Ỉ‽ࡀ㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡎࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡ࡀపࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㆟ㄽࡣேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡢᙧ≧࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡀᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨㔞ࡢพ㛵ᩘ࡛࠶ࡿ᫬࡟ࡣࠊపᡤᚓ⪅࡯࡝㧗࠸ேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ㝈⏺⏕⏘ᛶ࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢഴྥࡣࡉࡽ࡟㢧ⴭ࡜࡞ࡿࠋᩍ
⫱ࡢ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡢィ ࡣᐇドୖࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᑗ᮶ୡ௦ࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㸳⠇࠾ࡼࡧ㸴⠇࡛㆟ㄽࡍࡿࠋ5ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕᅗ⾲㸯: ᖹᆒྍฎศᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢ᥎⛣㸦1985 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2011 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢࢪࢽಀᩘࡢኚ໬㸧㸦ഛ⪃㸧ฟ඾㸸OECD ᡤᚓศ㓄ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ㸦ttp://www.oecd.org/social/inequality-and-poverty.htm㸧

 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡔࢁ
࠺࠿ࠋCingano㸦2014㸧ࡣࠊOECD ㅖᅜࡢࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓィ㔞⤒῭Ꮫⓗศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ
ࡇࡢၥ࠸࡟⟅࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ୍ேᙜࡓࡾ GDP ࡢᡂ㛗⋡࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ௨ୗࡢᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࢆ᥎ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ (

, )–

(

,

)=

(

,

) +

,

+

,

+

+

+

,

, )ࡣ i ᅜࡢ t ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୍ேᙜࡓࡾᐇ㉁ GDP ࡢ⮬↛ᑐᩘ್࡛࠶ࡿࠋྛᅜࡢᐇ㉁ GDP ࡣ 2005 ᖺࡢ US ࢻࣝࢆᇶ‽࡟ࡋ࡚㉎㈙ຊᖹ౯࡟ࡼࡾኚ᥮ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1 ᮇ㛫ࡣ 5 ᖺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢᘧࡢᕥ㎶ࡣ㸳ᖺ㛫ࡢ୍ேᙜࡓࡾᐇ㉁ GDP ࡢᡂ㛗⋡࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࠋྑ㎶ኚᩘࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ

,ࡣᖹᆒᐙィᡤᚓࡢࢪࢽಀᩘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡢศᯒ࡛ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㔜せ࡞ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྑ㎶ࡢ➨ 1 㡯ࡣ๓ᮇࡢ୍ேᙜࡓࡾᐇ㉁ GDP ࡢᑐᩘ್࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ึᮇ᫬Ⅼࡢ GDP ࢆไᚚࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

,ࡣඹኚ㔞ࡢ࣋ࢡࢺ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊ≀ⓗ㈨ᮏ㔞ࡢ㏆ఝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ㉁㠀ఫᏯᅛᐃ㈨ᮏࡢᐇ㉁ GDP ࡟ᑐࡍࡿẚ⋡ࢆࠊࡲࡓேⓗ㈨ᮏ࡜
ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ15 ṓ࠿ࡽ 64 ṓࡲ࡛ࡢேཱྀ࡟༨ࡵࡿᖹᆒಟᏛᖺᩘࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋຠᯝࠊࡣ i ᅜࡢᅛᐃ

2

ࡣ t ᖺࡢᅛᐃຠᯝ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ2ࡇࡢ⥺ᙧࡢᐃᘧ໬࡛ࡣࠊ⤒῭᱁ᕪࡀᡂ㛗⋡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚୚࠼ࡿ⣧㸦ࢿࢵࢺ㸧ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡋ࠿࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ
ᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿຠ⋡ᛶ࡜බᖹᛶࡢࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࢜ࣇࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ GDP ᡂ㛗⋡࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ㠀⥺ᙧ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ༑ศ࡟⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟୚࠼ࡿ㠀⥺ᙧ࡞ຠᯝࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࡼࡾ
ᰂ㌾࡞ᐃᘧ໬ࡢᅇᖐᘧࢆ⏝࠸ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

6ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫᅗ⾲㸰: ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡢᅇᖐศᯒ⤖ᯝ


㸦1㸧



㸦2㸧

ᖹᆒྍฎศᡤᚓࡢࢪࢽಀᩘ㸦t-1㸧

-0.744 **㸦0.319㸧

-0.800 **㸦0.306㸧y㸦t-1㸧

-0.136 **㸦0.054㸧

-0.080㸦0.051㸧ேⓗ㈨ᮏ㸦t-1㸧

-0.005
㸦0.011㸧≀ⓗ㈨ᮏ㸦t-1㸧

0.197
㸦0.318㸧

ᶆᮏࢧ࢖ࢬ
ᅜᩘ

127
31

127
31

***,**,* ࡣ 1, 5, 10 ࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺỈ‽࡛᭷ព࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⾲ࡍ㸦ഛ⪃㸧Cingano㸦2014㸧ࡢ Table 1 ࡼࡾᢤ⢋ ୖグࡢᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࢆࠊ5 ᖺ㛫ࢆ㸯ᮇ㛫࡜ࡍࡿ 1970 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2010 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ 31 ࡢ OECD ㅖᅜࡢࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ୍⯡໬᭱ᑠ⮬஌ἲ࡟ࡼࡾ᥎ᐃࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࢆᢤ⢋ࡋ࡚ᥖ㍕ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀ⾲㸯࡛࠶ࡿࠋศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࢆ⾲ࡍኚᩘࡢಀᩘࡣ㈇࡛࠶ࡾࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡣ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࢆホ౯ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊOECD ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㐣ཤ 20 ᖺ㛫ࡢᖹᆒⓗ࡞ࢪࢽಀᩘࡢୖ᪼ᖜࢆព࿡ࡍ
ࡿ 3 ࣏࢖ࣥࢺࡢࢪࢽಀᩘࡢୖ᪼ࡣࠊ25 ᖺ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡾ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡ࢆẖᖺ 0.35%ࡎࡘప࠸ࡶࡢ
࡜ࡋࠊࡇࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡ࡢῶᑡศࢆ 25 ᖺ㛫࡟Ώࡗ࡚⣼✚ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊGDP ࡢῶᑡ⋡ࡣ 8.5%࡟ࡶ
ཬࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀࡑࡢᚋࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࡜࠸࠺ᐇ
ドศᯒ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ௒ࡲ࡛ࡶ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ◊✲࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡶᩚྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࢡࣟࢫ࢝ࣥࢺ࣮ࣜࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀࢆศᯒࡋࡓ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊAlesina and Rodrick㸦1994㸧ࡸ Persson and Tabellini㸦1994㸧ࠊPerotti㸦1996㸧࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡶᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢ
㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ௚᪉ࠊࢡࣟࢫ࢝ࣥࢺ࣮࣭ࣜࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᐇドศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ Barro㸦2000㸧࡛ࡣࠊ㈋ࡋ࠸ᅜ࡛ࡣᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀࡣ࣐࢖ࢼࢫ࡜
࡞ࡿࡀࠊ㇏࠿࡞ᅜ࡛ࡣ㏫࡟ࡑࡢ㛵ಀࡀࣉࣛࢫ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋCingano㸦2014㸧ࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊBarro㸦2000㸧ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡣⱝᖸ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊపᡤᚓᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⓎぢ࡜ࡣᩚྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿ3ࠋ

3

ࡉࡽ࡟ Barro㸦2000㸧ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭Ⓨᒎࡢ㛵ಀࡣ༢ㄪⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ⤒῭ࡢⓎᒎẁ㝵࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ึࡵ
ࡢ࠺ࡕࡣࣉࣛࢫࡢ㛵ಀࢆᣢࡘࡀࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢ⤒῭Ⓨᒎࢆ㐙ࡆࡓࡢࡕࡣ㏫࡟ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭Ⓨᒎࡢᗘྜ࠸ࡢ
㛵ಀࡣ࣐࢖ࢼࢫ࡜࡞ࡿࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕࢡࢬࢿࢵࢶ௬ㄝࠖࡣࢡࣟࢫ࢝ࣥࢺ࣮ࣜࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ࡣ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ
ྛᅜࡢ᫬⣔ิ࡛ࡣ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆྜࢃࡏ࡚Ⓨぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

7ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᐇドศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ㛵ಀࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿศᯒࡣከࡃぢࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡲ࡛㋃ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔศᯒࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶከࡃࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
౛እ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊPerotti㸦1994ࠊ1996㸧࡛ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ⌮⏤ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᐙィ࡟ࡼࡿ㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㈨ᮏᕷሙࡢ୙᏶඲ᛶ࡟╔┠ࡋࠊᡤᚓ᱁
ᕪࡀ㈨ᮏᢞ㈨࡟୚࠼ࡿ࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ㈨ᮏᕷሙࡢ୙᏶඲ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ᅜ㸦ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣఫᏯ࣮ࣟ
ࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ೉ධ㔠㢠࡜ఫᏯホ౯㢠ࡢẚ⋡ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡀప࠸࡯࡝೉ࡾධࢀ࡟ᢸಖࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡟࠾࠸࡚㈨ᮏᕷሙࡀ୙᏶඲࡜ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ᙉࡃほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
 Cingano㸦2014㸧ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀࡑࡢᚋࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࣓࢝
ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆࡉࡽ࡟ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࡑࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ᭷ຊ࡞ࡶࡢࡢ୍ࡘ࡜
ࡋ࡚ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱࡟ࡼࡾ㈋ᅔᒙࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡀ㜼ᐖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟୚࠼ࡿ㈇ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࠊᡤᚓศᕸࡢ࡝ࡢศ఩Ⅼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤᚓࡢῶᑡ࡟ࡼ
ࡾᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆヲ⣽࡟ㄪ࡭ࡿࡓࡵࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࢆᡤᚓศᕸࡢୗ఩࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᱁ᕪ
࡜ୖ఩࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᱁ᕪ࡜࡟ศࡅࠊࡑࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᅇᖐศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾㄪ࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᡤᚓศᕸࡢୗ఩㸦40 ࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺࡲ࡛㸧࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤᚓࡢῶᑡ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ḟ࡟ୗ఩ᒙࡢ┦ᑐⓗ࡞ᡤᚓࡢῶᑡࡀேⓗ㈨ᮏ⵳✚࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆᐇドࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊOECD ࡟ࡼࡾ㏆ᖺᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡓᡂேᢏ⬟ㄪᰝ㸦PIAAC㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊぶࡢ♫఍⤒῭ⓗᒓᛶ࡜Ꮚࡢᢏ⬟㸦ேⓗ㈨ᮏ㸧࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄪ࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ῝⏫㸦2008㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊOECD ᡂேᢏ⬟ㄪᰝ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࠕ♫఍ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿປാ⛣ືࠊ㧗㱋ேཱྀࡢቑຍ࡜࠸࠺ࠊඛ㐍
ㅖᅜඹ㏻ࡢᨻ⟇ㄢ㢟࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᡂேࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ㛗ᮇⓗ࡛኱つᶍ࡞ᅜ㝿ㄪᰝ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࠕ୍⯡ᡂேࢆㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࠊࡑࡢಶேࡀಖ᭷ࡍࡿㄞࡳ᭩ࡁ࣭ィ⟬➼ࡢࢥࣥࣆࢸࣥࢩ࣮
ࡸ⫋ሙ࡛ᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࢫ࢟ࣝࠊࡑࡢಶேࡢປാᕷሙ࡛ࡢホ౯࡞࡝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᅜ㝿ẚ㍑ྍ⬟࡞ᑻᗘࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ᇶ┙ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ཰㞟ࢆ⾜࠺ㄪᰝィ⏬࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊᡂேࡢࢫ࢟ࣝ࡜ྜࢃࡏ࡚ࠊぶࡢᏛṔࡸ⫋ᴗ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ♫఍⤒῭ⓗᒓᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶㄪᰝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋCingano㸦2014㸧ࡣࡇࡢㄪᰝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ୍ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄪ࡭࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀᅗ⾲㸱࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶓ㍈ࡣࢪࢽಀᩘ࡛ ࡗࡓᖹᆒᐙィྍฎศᡤᚓࡢ୙ᖹ➼ᗘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⦪㍈ࡣᩘⓗࢫ࢟ࣝࡢࢫࢥ࢔࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊྛ⥺ࡣࠊ୧ぶࡢᏛṔࡈ࡜࡟ィ⟬ࡋࡓᩘⓗࢫ࢟ࣝࡢᖹᆒࢫࢥ࢔ࢆ⧅࠸ࡔࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ୖ࠿ࡽ㡰࡟ࠊ
ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ୧ぶࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࡀ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢಟ஢⪅࡛࠶ࡿᡂே㸦㧗ᏛṔࡢ୧ぶ㸧ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ୧
ぶࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࡀ୰➼ᩍ⫱࠾ࡼࡧ㧗➼ᩍ⫱௨እࡢᚋᮇ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢಟ஢⪅࡛࠶ࡿᡂே㸦୰ᏛṔࡢ୧ぶ㸧ࠊ୧ぶࡀඹ࡟ᚋᮇ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᮍಟ஢⪅ࡢᡂே㸦పᏛṔࡢ୧ぶ㸧࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ
ᅗ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ୧ぶࡢᏛṔ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᩘⓗࢫ࢟ࣝࡢᖹᆒࢫࢥ࢔ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡾࠊ㧗ᏛṔࡢぶࢆᣢࡘᡂேࡢ᪉ࡀࡼࡾ㧗࠸ᩘⓗࢫ࢟ࣝࡢࢫࢥ࢔ࢆ㐩ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟㔜せ࡞Ⓨぢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᒃఫᅜࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࢀࡤ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊ㧗ᏛṔࡢ୧ぶࢆᣢࡘᡂே࡜పᏛṔࡢぶࢆᣢࡘᡂேࡢᩘⓗࢫ࢟ࣝࡢࢫࢥ࢔ࡢᕪࡣᣑ኱ࡋࠊࡑࡢᣑ኱ࡣపᏛṔ8ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ

ࡢぶࢆᣢࡘᡂேࡢࢫࢥ࢔ࡢῶᑡ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᣑ
኱ࡍࡿ࡟ࡘࢀࠊపᏛṔࡢ୧ぶࢆᣢࡘಶேࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏࡣపୗࡍࡿࡀࠊ୰ᏛṔࡲࡓࡣ㧗ᏛṔࡢ୧ぶࢆᣢࡘಶேࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ඲ࡃᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡣᩍ⫱ࡢ㔞㸦ಟᏛᖺᩘ࡞࡝㸧࡜㉁㸦ᢏ⬟⩦⇍ᗘ࡞࡝㸧ࡢ୧㠃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ
☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅗ⾲㸱:୧ぶࡢᏛṔูࡢᩘⓗࢫࢥ࢔ࡢᖹᆒⅬ
Low PEB

Medium PEB

High PEB

Numeracy Score

305
300
295
290
285
280
275
270
265
260
255
250
245
0.200

0.222

0.257

0.287

0.317

0.337
0.360
Inequality㸦Gini㸧㸦ഛ⪃㸧14 ṓ㡭ࡢ୧ぶᏛṔ㸦Low PEB㸦పᏛṔ୧ぶ㸧ࠊMedium PEB㸦୰ᏛṔ୧ぶ㸧ࠊHigh PEB㸦㧗ᏛṔ୧ぶ㸧㸧ูࡢᩘⓗࢫࢥ࢔ࡢᖹᆒⅬࠋฟ඾ࡣ OECD ᡤᚓศ㓄ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ
㸦http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality-and-poverty.htm㸧

 ࡇࢀࡽࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࠊ୧ぶࡢᏛṔ࠾ࡼࡧᐙィᡤᚓࡣᏊࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏᙧᡂ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡣపᡤᚓᒙࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆᢚไࡋࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᭷ຊ࡞ᨻ⟇ࡢೃ⿵࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ༢࡞ࡿᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊዡᏛ㔠ࡸᩍ⫱ࣦ࢓࢘ࢳ࣮ࣕ࡞࡝ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ↓ൾࡢᩍ⫱ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᥦ౪࡞࡝ࠊᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᨵ㠉࡟ࡼࡿపᡤᚓᒙࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢಁ㐍ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊᢏ⬟㛤Ⓨࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊప
ᢏ⬟⪅ྥࡅࡢ⫋ᴗカ⦎ࡸ⫋ᴗᩍ⫱ࢆᣑ඘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ㔜せ࡞ᨻ⟇ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿ4ࠋ
4

୧ぶࡢᏛṔ࠾ࡼࡧᐙィᡤᚓࡀᏊࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏᙧᡂ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ୖグࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⤒㊰ࡢ୍ࡘࡀᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢከᐻ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⤒㊰ࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊḟ⠇௨㝆࡛⤂௓ࡍࡿᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊᡤᚓศᕸࡢୖ఩ 1%ࡢ᱁ᕪᣑ኱ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆពᅗࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⤒῭඲యࡢᖹᆒ
ⓗ࡞ᡤᚓࡢୖ᪼ࢆ୰㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡍᩍ⫱ࡢᙺ๭࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᱁ᕪ࡜ᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡢ㛵ಀ࠿ࡽ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡓ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊLucas and Moll㸦2014㸧ࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇ࡜ࠋࡲࡓࠊᡤᚓศᕸ
ࡢୖ఩ 1%ࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶㄽࡌࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ Jones and Kim㸦2017㸧ࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇ࡜ࠋ9ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ㸱㸬ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱᱁ᕪࡢୡ௦㛫ఏ᧛ࣔࢹࣝ ๓⠇࡛ࡳࡓᐇドศᯒ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࠊᐙィᡤᚓࡢ㐪࠸ࡣᏊࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏᙧᡂ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱᱁ᕪࡣࢩࢫࢸ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ࡟㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀ
ࡿࠋᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᩍ⫱᱁ᕪࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢពᛮỴᐃࡀᐙィᡤᚓ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ➨㸯⠇࡛ࡶ㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢពᛮỴᐃࡀᐙィᡤᚓ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿ୍ࡘࡢ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ୍㒊ศࡀ⚾ⓗ࡟㈥ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᩍ
⫱㸦ேⓗ㈨ᮏ㸧ᢞ㈨ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㔠⼥ᕷሙࡀ୙᏶඲࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ᏶඲࡞㈨ᮏᕷሙ
࡛ࡣ୍ᐃࡢ㔠฼ࡢඖ࡛ㄡࡶࡀ⮬⏤࡟㈚ࡋ೉ࡾࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊ㔠⼥ᕷሙࡀ୙᏶
඲࡞ሙྜࡣࠊ೉ࡾධࢀ㔠฼ࡣ㈚ฟ㔠฼ࡼࡾࡶ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊᴟ➃࡞ሙྜ࡟ࡣ඲ࡃ೉ࡾධࢀࡀ࡛
ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
 ㈨ᮏᕷሙࡀ୙᏶඲࡞ࡓࡵᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢࡓࡵࡢ೉ࡾධࢀࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸≧ἣ࡛ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢືᏛⓗ㛵ಀࢆศᯒࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝࡣᩘከࡃ⪃᱌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ5ࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡶࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢࡓ
ࡵࡢ೉ࡾධࢀࡀ୍ษ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸≧ἣ࡛ࠊ᏶඲ணぢⓗ࡞ᐙィࡢ᭱㐺໬ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢື
Ꮫࢆศᯒࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝ࡟ Ray㸦2006㸧࠾ࡼࡧ Mookherjee and Ray㸦2002㸧ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ
Ray㸦2006㸧ࡢ࢚ࢵࢭࣥࢫࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋRay㸦2006㸧ࡣᐙィࡀ೉ࡾධࢀไ⣙࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊᡤᚓศᕸࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㐍໬ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡢ࠿ࢆ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ⤒῭࡟ࡣ㐃⥆ⓗ࡟ᐙィࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊ඲ᐙィᩘࡣ 1 ࡟ᇶ‽໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྛᐙィࡣぶ࡜Ꮚࡢ஧ே࠿ࡽ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋྛᐙィࡢぶࡣ⇍⦎ປാ⪅࠿ࠊᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ぶࡣປാᕷሙ࡛ാࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾᡤᚓ㸦㈤㔠㸧ࢆᚓࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ್ࡣ⇍⦎ᗘ࡟ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡿࠋ ປാᕷሙ࡟ࡣ⇍⦎࡜ᮍ⇍⦎ࡢ 2 ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࠋ⏕⏘άື࡟ࡣ⇍⦎ປാ⪅࡜ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ୧᪉ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ஧ࡘࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅ࡣ୙᏶඲௦࡛᭰࠶ࡾࠊ᭱⤊㈈ࡢ⏕⏘࡟ࡣ୧ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࠊ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡣ௨ୗࡢࡶࡢ࡛୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ= (⇍⦎, ᮍ⇍⦎)ࡇࡇ࡛⇍⦎ࡣ⏕⏘࡟ᦠࢃࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ᩘࠊᮍ⇍⦎ࡣ⏕⏘࡟ᦠࢃࡿᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⏕⏘㛵ᩘ (. , . )ࡣ୍ḟྠḟ࡛㐃⥆࡞พ㛵ᩘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ✄⏣᮲௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡍ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ᩘ㸦๭ྜ㸧ࢆȢ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊປാ⪅୍ேᙜࡓࡾ⏕⏘㔞 ࡣ= ( ,1െ )࡜᭩ࡁ࠶ࡽࢃࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⇍⦎ປാ⪅࠾ࡼࡧᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢປാ⪅5

౛࠼ࡤࠊLoury㸦1981㸧ࠊGalor and Zeira㸦1993㸧ࠊLjungqvist㸦1993㸧ࠊBanerjee, A. and Newman, A.㸦1993㸧ࠊBenabou㸦1996㸧ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋ࡚ᯛᣲ࡟࠸࡜ࡲࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ

10ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㝈⏺⏕⏘ᛶ࡛୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ

=( , 1 െ )㺂=( ,1െ )

ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ⇍⦎࠾ࡼࡧᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࠊ ࡣࡑࢀࡒ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ ,ࢀࠊ➨ 1 ᘬᩘ࠾ࡼࡧ➨ 2 ᘬᩘ࡛ࡢ೫ᚤศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࡣ⤒῭࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡀከࡃ࡞ࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ୗࡀࡗ࡚ࡺࡁࠊ㏫࡟ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࡣ㸦┦ᑐⓗ࡞⛥ᑡᛶࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡓࡵ㸧㈤㔠ࡀୖࡀࡗ࡚ࡺࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⇍⦎ປാ⪅࡜ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅
ࡢ㈤㔠᱁ᕪࡀ஧ࡘࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ෆ⏕ⓗ࡟ỴࡲࡿⅬࡣᮏ◊✲ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞≉ᚩࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ྛᐙィࡢぶࡣ⮬ศࡢປാᡤᚓࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
௒ᮇࡢᾘ㈝㢠࡜Ꮚ࡬ࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨㢠ࢆỴࡵࡿࠋྛᐙィࡢᏊࡀḟࡢᮇ࡟⇍⦎ປാ⪅࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࡜ࡶᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࠿ࡣࠊぶ࡟ࡼࡿᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨㔞࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚ỴࡲࡿࠋᏊࡀ⇍⦎ປാ⪅࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᅛᐃ㈝⏝ x (>0) ࢆୖᅇࡿᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᅛᐃ㈝⏝࡟‶ࡓ࡞࠸ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡋ࠿࡞ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᏊࡣ
ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅࡜࡞ࡿࠋ ぶࡣ⮬ศࡢᾘ㈝࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿຠ⏝࡜Ꮚࡢຠ⏝ࡢ๭ᘬ⌧ᅾ౯್ࢆ㊊ࡋࡓࡶࡢࢆ᭱኱࡟ࡍࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡟ᾘ㈝࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋぶࡢᾘ㈝࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢពᛮỴᐃၥ㢟ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ
ᘧ໬࡛ࡁࡿࠋ{
࡜ࡋࠊ ࡜

,

}

ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀ⇍⦎ປാ⪅࡜ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࡢ᫬Ⅼ 0 ࠿ࡽࡢὶิ

ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀ᫬Ⅼ t ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅࡜ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ⏕ᾭຠ⏝ࡢ๭ᘬ⌧ᅾ౯್࡜ࡍࡿࠋྛ᫬Ⅼ t ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ⏕ᾭຠ⏝ࡢ๭ᘬ⌧ᅾ౯್ࡣࠊ
=
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+

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൒

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࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ ( )ࡣᾘ㈝ ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿຠ⏝࡛ࠊ (. )ࡣᙉพࡢᙉቑຍ㛵ᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ ‫( א‬0,1)ࡣ๭ᘬᅉᏊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ⏕ᾭຠ⏝ࡢ๭ᘬ⌧ᅾ౯್ࡣࠊ
=
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࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
 ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢືᏛࡣ⤒῭඲య࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜȢ࠾ࡼࡧྛࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅ࡢ㈤11ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ㔠ࡢὶิ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚グ㏙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ➇தᆒ⾮ࡣࠊ௨ୗ࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋ‫( א‬0,1)ࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ௨ୗࡢ㸰ࡘࡢ᮲௳ ➇தᆒ⾮㸸᫬Ⅼ 0 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࢆ‶ࡓࡍὶิ{ ,,}ࡣ➇தᆒ⾮࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸯 ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡢ⤒㊰{ }ࡣୖグࡢᐙィࡢຠ⏝᭱኱໬ၥ㢟ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࠋ㸰 ྛ᫬Ⅼ t ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ

=( ,1 െ

)㺂=( ,1 െ

)ࡀ‶ࡓࡉࢀࡿࠋ ➇தᆒ⾮࡛ࡣࠊປാᡤᚓࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊẖᮇຠ⏝ࢆ᭱኱࡟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᾘ㈝࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ
Ỵᐃࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊྛᐙィࡢពᛮỴᐃࢆ㞟ィࡋࡓ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜ࡛ḟࡢᮇ㸦ୡ௦㸧ࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡀỴࡲࡿࠋḟࡢୡ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅࠾ࡼࡧᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡀỴࡲࢀࡤࠊ෌ࡧྛࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࡀỴࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ࡚ࡉࡽ࡟ḟࡢୡ௦ࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡀỴᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ➇தᆒ⾮࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨⾜ື࠾ࡼࡧᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ໬ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃ࠿ࢆศᯒࡍ
ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡲࡎ㛗ᮇⓗᖐ⤖࡛࠶ࡿᐃᖖ≧ែࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽጞࡵࡿࠋᐃᖖ≧ែ࡜ࡣࠊ➇தᆒ⾮ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ( ,,)ࡢ඲࡚ࡀ᫬㛫ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠸≧ែࡢࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋᐃᖖ

≧ែ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௒ᮇࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜȢࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ࡚ྛᐙィࡀ᭱㐺࡟ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ᮶ᮇࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡶྠࡌȢ࡜࡞ࡿ≧ែ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ᢞ㈨࡟ᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡟㠀ฝᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࠿ࡘ೉ࡾධࢀไ⣙ࡢ࠶ࡿࣔࢹࣝࡢከࡃ࡟࠾
࠸࡚ࡣࠊᐃᖖ≧ែࡀ」ᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊGalor and Zeira, 1991 ࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇ࡜㸧ࡀࠊᮏࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᐃᖖ≧ែࡶ୍⯡ⓗ࡟」ᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᐃᖖ≧ែࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡟‶ࡓࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࢆᘧ࡛⾲ࡍ࡜ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋᐃᖖ≧ែࡢ୙➼ᘧ㸸 ()െ (െ )൑ (

െ

)൑ (

)െ (

െ )

 ୍ࡘ┠ࡢ୙➼ᘧࡣࠊᐃᖖ≧ែ࡟࠾࠸࡚⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡀᏊ࡟ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᭱㐺࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵࡢ᮲௳࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊ஧ࡘ┠ࡢ୙➼ᘧࡣᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡀᏊ౪࡟ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᭱㐺࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵࡢ᮲௳࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ୙➼ྕࢆྠ᫬࡟‶ࡓࡍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡣ㐃⥆ⓗ࡟」ᩘᏑᅾࡋ࠺ࡿࡀࠊୖグࡢ୙➼ᘧࢆᥥ࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡀᅗ⾲ 4 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᐃᖖ≧ែࡢ୙➼ᘧࢆ‶ࡓࡍ⠊ᅖࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡣኴ⥺࡛᭩࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⠊ᅖ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ
ࡢᅗ࠿ࡽࢃ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᐃᖖ≧ែࡢࡓࡵࡢ᮲௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡣ඲࡚ᐃᖖ≧ែ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᐃᖖ≧ែࡀ㸦ࡇࡢሙྜࡣ㐃⥆ⓗ࡟㸧」ᩘ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ6ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ
6

ࡇࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ㐃⥆ⓗ࡞ᢏ⬟ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟୍⯡໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀ Mookherjee and Ray㸦2003㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣᐃᖖ≧ែࡀ୍ព࡟Ỵࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

12ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢᐃᖖ≧ែ࡛ࡣࠊ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡣᏊ࡟ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡣᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࡢࡀ᭱㐺࡜࡞ࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜȢࡀᐃᖖ≧ែ࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᐃᖖ≧ែ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣୡ௦㛫ࡢᡤᚓ⛣ືࡣ඲ࡃ㉳ࡇࡽࡎࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡣୡ௦ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ᅛᐃ໬ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ᅗ⾲㸲㸸ᐃᖖ≧ែࡢ୙➼ᘧ࡜ᐃᖖ≧ែ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜ ᐃᖖ≧ែࡀ」ᩘ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊ࡝ࡢᐃᖖ≧ែࡀ㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ
᥎⛣ືᏛ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᥎⛣ືᏛࡣࠊึᮇࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡀᐃᖖ≧ែ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ್ࡢ⥺ศࡢୗ㝈ࡼࡾࡶᑠࡉ࠸᫬࡜ୖ㝈ࡼࡾࡶ኱ࡁ࠸᫬࡛␗࡞ࡿࠋ ࡲࡎึᮇࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡀᐃᖖ≧ែ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ್ࡢ⥺ศࡢୗ㝈ࡼࡾࡶᑠࡉ࠸᫬࡟ࡣࠊ
ࡑࡢ⥺ศࡢୗ㝈࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚༢ㄪⓗ࡟཰᮰ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡇ࡜ࡀド᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᥎⛣ືᏛ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ୍᪦⇍⦎ປാ⪅࡜࡞ࡗࡓᐙィࡣࠊᚲࡎᏊ౪࡟ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ
ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ୍㒊ࡣᏊ౪࡟ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊṧࡾࡣ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟୍㒊ࡢᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢࡳࡀᏊ౪ࡢᩍ⫱࡟ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࠿ࡣḟࡢࡇ࡜࡟╔┠ࡍࢀࡤ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ
ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡀ඲ဨᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊḟࡢᮇ࡟ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢᩘࡣࢮࣟ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡣ✄⏣᮲௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡢ࡛ࠊḟࡢᮇࡢᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ㝈⏺⏕⏘ᛶࠊࡘࡲࡾ㈤㔠ࡣ↓㝈኱࡜࡞ࡾࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸࡯࠺ࡢຠ⏝ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࡢࡀ᭱㐺࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺๓ᥦ࡜▩┪ࡍࡿࠋ㏫࡟ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡀㄡࡶᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᅗ࠿
ࡽࢃ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡣᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡯࠺ࡀ㧗࠸ຠ⏝ࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᢞ㈨ࢆ
⾜࡞ࡗࡓ᪉ࡀⰋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୍㒊ࡢᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢࡳࡀᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ13ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕࡑࡢᩘࡣࡕࡻ࠺࡝ᮍ⇍⦎⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࡜⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࡢࡀ↓ᕪู࡜࡞ࡿỈ‽࡛Ỵࡲࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ែࡀ᥎⛣ືᏛࡢ㛫⥆ࡁࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣᐃᖖ≧ែࡢୗ㝈ࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜ࡟཰᮰ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
 ㏫࡟ึᮇࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡀᐃᖖ≧ែ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ್ࡢ⥺ศࡢୖ㝈ࡼࡾࡶ኱ࡁ࠸᫬࡟ࡣࠊ
୍㒊ࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡀᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࡸࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡀῶࡿࠋࡓ
ࡔࡋࠊඛࡢሙྜ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢㄪᩚࡣ㸯ᮇ㸦㸯ୡ௦㸧࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊᐃᖖ≧ែ࡬ࡣ㸯ୡ௦࡛฿㐩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢ⯆࿡῝࠸⤖ᯝࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ࡶ኱ࡁ࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ
ప఩ࡢᐃᖖ≧ែ࡟㝗ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࠊ㈋ᅔࡢࢃ࡞ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋఱࡽ࠿ࡢ⌮⏤࡛ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᣑ኱ࡋࠊ⤒῭඲య࡟࠾ࡅࡿᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࢆ኱ࡁࡃᘬࡁୗࡆ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋప࠸㈤㔠ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡣࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࢆࡲ࠿࡞࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡓ࡜࠼ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ཰┈⋡ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ೉ࡾධࢀไ⣙࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᐙィࡣᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚⤒῭඲యࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᮏ⠇࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ೉ࡾධࢀࡀ୍ษ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸୙᏶඲㈨ᮏᕷሙࡸࠊᩍ⫱ࡣ඲࡚⚾ⓗ㈝⏝࡛㈥ࢃࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ᐃࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣྠࡌࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅ࡣ඲ဨྠࡌ㈤㔠ᨭᡶ࠸ࢆཷ
ࡅࡿ࡞࡝ࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ⌧ᐇⓗ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸タᐃࡀ௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ೉ࡾධࢀ
ไ⣙ࡢ࠶ࡿ᫬࡟ࡣࠊᐙィᡤᚓࡀᏊ౪ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏᙧᡂ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿⅬࡸࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡣ㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ᣢ⥆ࡋ࠺ࡿⅬࡣࠊᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞ྵព࡟ࡶᐩࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⿵ຓ㔠ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊዡᏛ㔠ࡢᏑᅾࡸࠊᩍ⫱࣮ࣟࣥ࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡢࡋࡸࡍࡉ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㔠⼥ᕷሙࢆ⿵᏶
ࡍࡿไᗘࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ㈋ᅔࡢࢃ࡞࠿ࡽᢤࡅฟࡋࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞⤒῭Ⓨᒎࡢᗘྜ࠸࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿᨻ⟇࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿⅬࡶ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟
ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ୍ᐃࡢ᮲௳ࡢୗ࡛ࡢᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࡶྠᵝࡢຠᯝࢆᣢࡕ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮏࣔࢹࣝࡢᨻ
⟇ⓗ࡞ྵព࡜ࡋ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡿ7ࠋ㸲㸬ᅜ㝿໬࡜ᩍ⫱᱁ᕪ࠾ࡼࡧ⤒῭ᡂ㛗 ➨㸱⠇࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓືᏛࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣࢩࢫࢸ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ
࡞㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟☜ㄆࡋࡓࡀࠊᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇࡜ྠᵝࡢຠᯝࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍᨻ⟇࡜
ࡋ࡚ࠊ㈠᫆⮬⏤໬ᨻ⟇ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋTanaka㸦2007㸧ࡣ➨㸱⠇ࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ㛤ᨺ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᣑᙇ
ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㈠᫆⮬⏤໬ࡀᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⤒㊰ࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᇶᮏࣔࢹࣝࡣ➨㸱⠇࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⇍⦎ປാ⪅࡜ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ㸯༢఩ࡢ୰㛫㈈ࢆ⏕⏘ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ୰㛫㈈ࡣ㈠᫆ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ᭱⤊㈈ࡣࡇࢀࡽ
ࡢ୰㛫㈈ࢆ➨㸱⠇ࡢ⏕⏘㛵ᩘࢆ⏝࠸࡚⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊ⇍⦎㸦ᮍ⇍⦎㸧ࡣ⇍⦎ປാ⪅㸦ᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅㸧ࡢ⏕⏘ࡋࡓ୰㛫㈈ࡢᢞධ㔞࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
7ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢୡ௦㛫㐃㙐࡜ዡᏛ㔠ไᗘࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤᵽཱྀ࣭ⴗཎ㸦2017㸧ࡶཧ↷ࡢࡇ࡜ࠋ

14ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ ➨㸱⠇࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓ㛢㙐⤒῭ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊྛࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࡣྛࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅ࡢ㝈⏺⏕⏘ᛶ࡛୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ್ࡣ㸯ᅜෆࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜ࡛Ỵࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㛤ᨺ⤒῭ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟㈤㔠ࡣྛࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅ࡢ㝈⏺⏕⏘ᛶ࡛Ỵࡲࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞
ࡀࡽࠊ㛤ᨺ⤒῭ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣྛࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅࡬ࡢ㈤㔠ࡣ㸯ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜ࡛ࡣ
࡞ࡃࠊ㈠᫆ᅜ඲࡚࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊྛᅜ㛫ࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊྛᅜࡢẚ㍑ඃ఩ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊ▷ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣ㈠᫆࡟ࡼࡗ࡚඲࡚ࡢᅜ࡟࠾ࡅ
ࡿཌ⏕ࡀᨵၿࡉࢀࡿࠋ
 ㈠᫆⮬⏤໬ࡀᡤᚓศᕸ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿືᏛ
ⓗ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡢ␗࡞ࡿᅜ࡜㈠᫆ࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊྛࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࡀኚ໬ࡋࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝᡤᚓศ㓄ࡀኚ໬ࡍࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊᡤᚓศᕸ
ࡢኚ໬ࡀᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢពᛮỴᐃ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝḟୡ௦ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏศᕸ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋḟୡ௦ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏศᕸࡣࠊḟୡ௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿẚ㍑ඃ఩ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᑗ᮶
ⓗ࡞ẚ㍑ඃ఩࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋẚ㍑ඃ఩ࡢኚ໬ࡣ⏕⏘せ⣲࡬ࡢᨭᡶ࠸
䠄ࡇࡢሙྜࡣྛࢱ࢖ࣉࡢປാ⪅࡬ᨭᡶࢃࢀࡿ㈤㔠㸧ࢆኚ࠼ࠊᡤᚓศᕸࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ୍㐃ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ㐃㙐ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ▷ᮇⓗ࡞⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞⤒῭≧ែ࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
 ㈠᫆⮬⏤໬ࡀᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢಁ㐍ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᅗ⾲ 5 ࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ⮬ᅜ࡜௚ᅜࡢ㸰ᅜ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿୡ⏺⤒῭ࢆ⪃࠼ࠊ⮬ᅜࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࢆࠊ௚ᅜࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࢆ࡜ࡍࡿࠋୖẁࡢᅗ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㙐ᅜ⤒῭ࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀูࡢᐃᖖ≧ែ࡟࠶ࡿ㸦

‫א‬

࠾ࡼࡧ

‫א‬

㸧ሙྜࡀᥥ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸

ࡿࠋ㈠᫆ࡀ⮬⏤໬ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㈠᫆ᅜ඲య࡛ࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡢேཱྀ࡛ࡢຍ㔜ᖹᆒ㸧ࡀ㠀ᐃᖖ≧ែࡢỈ‽࡜࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡍࡿ㸦

‫א‬

㸦ࡘࡲࡾࠊ

࡜

㸧࡜ࠊ㛢㙐⤒῭ࡢୗ࡛ࡣᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᭱㐺࡛࠶ࡗࡓ୧ᅜࡢᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢᐙィ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺᪉ࡀ㧗࠸ຠ⏝ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊ୧ᅜࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡀᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢቑຍࢆ
㏻ࡌ࡚ቑຍࡋጞࡵࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ㟼Ꮫⓗ࡞ព࿡࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈠᫆࡟ࡼࡿཌ⏕ࡢᨵၿࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᡤᚓศᕸࡢኚ໬ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ேⓗ㈨ᮏ࡬ࡢᢞ㈨ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏࠊື
Ꮫⓗ࡞⏕⏘ᛶࡢୖ᪼ࡶ㉳ࡁࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜࡀᡓᚋ㧗࠸Ỉ‽ࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⦰ᑠࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ⌧㇟ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ືᏛⓗኚ໬࡜ࡶᩚྜⓗ࡞⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
㏫࡟ࠊ㈠᫆⮬⏤໬ࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᅗ⾲ 5 ࡢୗẁࡢᅗ࡛ࡣࠊ㈠᫆⮬⏤໬࡟ࡼࡾࠊ⮬⏤໬ᚋࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡀࠊప఩ࡢᐃᖖ≧ែࡢỈ‽࡟ⴠࡕ㎸ࢇࡔሙྜࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡀẚ㍑ⓗ㧗࠸ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ㛢㙐⤒῭ࡢୗ࡛ࡣࡑࡢ๭ྜࡀẖୡ௦ቑຍࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡀ኱ࡁ࡞ᅜ࡜ࡢ㈠᫆ࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅ࡢ㈤㔠ࡀⴭࡋࡃపୗࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ㈝⏝ࢆ㈥࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡀṆࡲࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺ሙྜࡀᥥ෗ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1980 ᖺ௦࡟୰༡⡿࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈠᫆⮬⏤໬࡜ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㕌໬ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮ㄽ15ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕண ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘᩚྜⓗ࡞ഃ㠃ࢆᣢࡕྜࢃࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡶᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢᨻ⟇ⓗྵព࡜ࡋ࡚≉➹ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃ࡭ࡁࡶࡢࡣࠊ௚ᅜࡢᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࡀ⮬ᅜࡢ▷ᮇ࠾ࡼࡧ㛗ᮇⓗ⤒῭Ⓨᒎ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࠺ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ௚ᅜࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡀቑຍࡋࡓ࡜ࡍࡿࠋᅗ⾲ 5 ࡢୖẁࡢᅗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ௚ᅜ
࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡀቑຍࡋࡓᚋ࡛ࡶࠊ㈠᫆ᅜ඲య࡛ࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡀᐃᖖ≧ែࡢỈ‽࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᮍ⇍⦎ປാ⪅࡟ࡼࡿ୰㛫㈈ࡢ⏕⏘࡟ẚ㍑ඃ఩ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⮬ᅜ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ⤒῭ཌ⏕ᨵၿࡍࡿຠᯝࢆᣢࡕ࠺ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ௚ᅜࡢᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࡀࠊ⮬ᅜࡢ⤒῭ཌ⏕ࢆᨵၿࡋࠊྠ᫬࡟ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣢࡘࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ⾲㸳㸸㈠᫆⮬⏤໬࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀ ௚᪉ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࡀᐃᖖ≧ែ࡬ࡢ᥎⛣ࡢ㏵୰࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡜ࡍࡿࠋᅗ⾲ 6ࡢୗẁࡢᅗࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ᫬ࡢࠊྛᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࢆᅗ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚ᅜ࡛ࡢᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࡀᐃᖖ≧ែ࡬ࡢ᥎⛣୰࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡓሙྜࡣࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞⮬ᅜࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡀῶᑡࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ⮬⏤㈠᫆ୗ࡛ࡣࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞㈠᫆ᅜ඲య࡛ࡢ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡣ୍ᐃࡢ๭ྜ࡟཰᮰ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ௚ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࡢቑຍࡣ⮬ᅜࡢ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞⇍⦎ປാ⪅๭ྜࢆῶࡽࡍࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋࠊሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞⤒῭ཌ⏕ࢆᦆࡡࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㈠᫆┦ᡭᅜࡢᨻ⟇ࡀ⮬ᅜ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣࠊࡑࡢᨻ⟇ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࢱ࢖࣑ࣥࢢ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚඲ࡃ཯ᑐࡢ㛗ᮇⓗᙳ㡪ࢆᣢࡕ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊୡ⏺⤒῭ࡀᐃᖖ≧ែ࡟࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࢆ࠸ࡕ᪩ࡃᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᦆኻࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

16ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫᅗ⾲㸴㸸ᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࡢ௚ᅜ࡬ࡢἼཬຠᯝ

㸳㸬ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ไᗘࡢᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ ➨㸱⠇࠾ࡼࡧ➨㸲⠇࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊᏊ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⚾ⓗ࡞ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡀᏊࡢᑗ᮶ࡢᢏ
⬟Ỉ‽ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᩘከࡃࡢඛ㐍ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊึ➼୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢከࡃࡣබᩍ⫱࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋබᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀᏊࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏᙧᡂࡢ኱㒊ศࢆ༨ࡵࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊぶୡ௦ࡢᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶᩍ⫱᱁ᕪࢆព࿡ࡏࡎࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀࡶࡲࡓᚲࡎࡋࡶ⮬࡛᫂ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ୍ᅜࡢᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊබᩍ⫱࡜⚾ᩍ⫱ࡢ༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡣᅜ࡟ࡼࡾᵝࠎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ
⾲㸵ࡣ OECD ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ 2012 ᖺ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢ 15 ṓࡢ⏕ᚐࡢබ❧Ꮫᰯᅾ⡠ẚ⋡ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ฟ඾ࡣ 2012 ᖺࡢ OECD ⏕ᚐࡢᏛ⩦฿㐩ᗘㄪᰝ㸦PISA㸧࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࠋ࣋ࣝࢠ࣮ࡸ࢜
ࣛࣥࢲࠊࢳ࡛ࣜࡣ⣙୕ศࡢ㸯⛬ᗘࡢ⏕ᚐࡋ࠿බ❧Ꮫᰯ࡟㏻ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸୍᪉࡛ࠊࢺࣝࢥࡸ࢔
࢖ࢫࣛࣥࢻࠊ࢖ࢫ࢚࡛ࣛࣝࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⏕ᚐࡀබ❧Ꮫᰯࡢ⏕ᚐ࡛࠶ࡿࠋOECD ㅖᅜࡢᖹᆒ࡛ࡣ⣙ 80 ࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺࡢ⏕ᚐࡀබ❧Ꮫᰯ࡟㏻ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ බᩍ⫱ࡀ༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡀᅜ࡟ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᅜࡢ㑅ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟
㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ8ࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ㑅ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࡣࠊ✲ᴟⓗ࡟ࡣࡑࡢᅜ࡟ఫࡴேࠎࡢᣢࡘࠊᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㑅ዲࢆᨻ἞ⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡼࡾࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ⤖ᯝ࡜ぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࢆ
8

ᅗ⾲ 7 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿබ⚾ẚ⋡ࡣ 15 ṓ᫬Ⅼࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᩍ⫱ẁ㝵࡟࠾ࡅࡿබⓗᨭฟࡢẚ⋡࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ17ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕᅗ⾲㸵㸸OECD ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿබ❧Ꮫᰯ⏕ᚐẚ⋡㸦ഛ⪃㸧15 ṓேཱྀ࡟༨ࡵࡿẚ⋡ࠋPISA 2012 ࡼࡾసᡂࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ෌ศ㓄ⓗᨻ⟇࡟ᑐࡍࡿேࠎࡢ㑅ዲࡣࠊᡤᚓỈ‽࡟኱ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ⟇࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㑅ዲࡀኚࢃࡿྍ⬟18

ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫᛶࡀ༑ศ࡟⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢኚ໬ࡀᨻ἞ⓗ࡞⤒㊰ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚⤒῭඲యࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏᢞ㈨࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࠺ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀබᩍ
⫱࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㑅ዲࡢᙉࡃ࡞࠸ேࠎࡢቑຍࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊබᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᣢ⥆ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ༴࠺ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ➨㸱⠇࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡀ⚾ⓗ࡞ᢞ㈨࡟኱ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡ
ࡍࡿୡ⏺ࡀ෌ࡧᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ෌ࡧᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᩍ⫱᱁ᕪ
ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿୡ⏺࡟㏫ᡠࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ᡤᚓศᕸࡀᐙィࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢពᛮỴᐃࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶᨻ἞
ⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ Tanaka㸦2004㸧ࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿ9ࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡶࠊ➨㸱⠇࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊྛᐙィ࡟ぶ࡜Ꮚࡀ୍ேࡎࡘ࠸ࡿ≧ἣࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠋぶࡣᐙィᡤᚓࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮚ౪࡬ࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࡀࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⛯㔠࡛㈥ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿබ❧Ꮫᰯ࠿ࠊ⊂⮬ࡢᤵᴗᩱ࡟ࡼࡾ㐠Ⴀࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⚾❧Ꮫᰯࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࢆ㑅ࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋබ❧Ꮫᰯ࡜⚾❧Ꮫᰯࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࡟Ꮚࢆ
ධࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ
ᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣᏊ౪ࡀᑗ᮶㌟࡟ࡘࡅࡿேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢỈ‽ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࠋ
⚾❧Ꮫᰯࡢ㉁ࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᨭᡶ࠺ᤵᴗᩱ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿࡀࠊ⛯㔠࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㐠Ⴀࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿබ
❧Ꮫᰯࡢ㉁ࡣࠊྛᐙィࡢᢞ⚊࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋぶୡ௦ࡢබᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜Ꮚ࡬ࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ꮚୡ௦ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏศᕸ࠾ࡼࡧᡤᚓศᕸࡀỴᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ᅗ⾲ 8 ࡣୖグࡢືᏛⓗ᥎⛣ࢆᥥ෗ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫⓗせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢぶୡ௦ࡢᡤᚓศᕸࡀබ❧Ꮫᰯࡢ㉁ࡢᨻ἞ⓗ㑅ᢥࡢỴᐃせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྛᐙィࡢぶࡣ࣑ࢡࣟⓗ
どⅬ࡟❧ࡗ࡚ࠊබᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁ࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊබ❧࡜⚾❧ࡢ㛫ࡢᏛᰯ㑅ᢥࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࡳࡎ࠿ࡽࡢ
ຠ⏝ࢆ᭱኱࡟ࡍࡿᏛᰯࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋᏊ౪ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏࡣࠊཷࡅࡓᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁࡜⮬ࡽࡢ⬟ຊ㸦㐠㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ⓗせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᏊୡ௦ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏ࠾ࡼࡧᡤᚓࡢศᕸࢆ
Ỵࡵࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅗ⾲㸶㸸Ꮫᰯ㑅ᢥ࡜ᡤᚓศᕸࡢືᏛⓗ᥎⛣9ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㑅ᢥࡢᨻ἞⤒῭ᏛࣔࢹࣝࡣᩘከࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡢࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊTanaka
㸦2004㸧࠾ࡼࡧ Takii and Tanaka (2009)ࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇ࡜ࠋ19ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ බ❧Ꮫᰯ࡛ࡢᩍ⫱࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⛯㔠௨እࡢᤵᴗᩱࢆᨭᡶ࠺ᚲせࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ୍ேᙜࡓࡾᩍ
⫱ᨭฟ㸦ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁࡟㛵ࡍࡿ ᗘ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࡣ඲࡚ࡢ⏕ᚐ࡟ᑐࡋ୍࡚ᐃ࡜࡞ࡿ
ࡓࡵࠊᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁ࢆಶࠎࡢ⏕ᚐ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ᚤㄪᩚࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ௚᪉ࠊ⚾❧Ꮫᰯ࡟Ꮚ౪
ࢆධࢀࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊẚ౛ᡤᚓ⛯ࢆᨭᡶࡗࡓୖ࡛ࠊࡉࡽ࡟⊂⮬ࡢᤵᴗᩱࢆᨭᡶ࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⚾❧ࡢᏛᰯ࡟ࡣᵝࠎ࡞㉁ࡢᏛᰯ㸦⊂⮬ࡢᤵᴗᩱ࡛㡰␒࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᐙィࡣ⮬⏤࡟⚾❧ࡢᏛᰯࡢ㉁ࢆ㑅ᢥ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ ୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡛ࡣࠊᏊ౪ࢆ⚾❧Ꮫᰯ࡟ධࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࡜ࡶබ❧Ꮫᰯ࡟ධࢀࡿࡢ࠿
ࡢពᛮỴᐃࡀᐙィᡤᚓ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋ᫬Ⅼ ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛᐙィࡢぶࡣ⮬ࡽࡢᾘ㈝ ࡜Ꮚ౪ࡢᡤ
ᚓ࠿ࡽຠ⏝ࢆᚓࡿ࡜ࡋࠊࡑࡢ࿴
( )+

(

)

ࢆ᭱኱࡟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᩍ⫱ࡢ㑅ᢥࢆ⾜࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛㛵ᩘ u ࡜ v ࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟ᙉพ࡞ᙉቑຍ㛵ᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᏊ౪ࡢᡤᚓࡣཷࡅࡓᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁࡜⮬ࡽࡢ⬟ຊ㸦㐠㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿࠋබᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊබ❧Ꮫᰯ࡟࠾࠸୍࡚ேᙜࡓࡾᨭฟ ࡔࡅࡢᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ⬟ຊࢆ ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᡤᚓࡣ= ݄( )
࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊh(E )ࡣேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ⏕⏘㛵ᩘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊቑຍ㛵ᩘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ බ❧Ꮫᰯࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ᫬ࡢ㛫᥋ຠ⏝㛵ᩘࢆ
( ; ,

( ; ,

) = ((1 െ)࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ) )+( ݄( ))

࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ ࡣぶୡ௦ࡢᐙィᡤᚓ࡛ࠊ ࡣẚ౛ᡤᚓ⛯⋡࡛࠶ࡿ10ࠋ௚᪉ࠊ⚾❧Ꮫᰯࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ᫬ࡢ㛫᥋ຠ⏝㛵ᩘࢆ( ; )࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ( ; ) = max ((1 െ

)

െ

)+

( ݄( ))

࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ ࡣ⚾❧Ꮫᰯࡢᤵᴗᩱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᅗ⾲ 9 ࡣ⚾❧ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ᫬࡜බ❧ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ᫬ࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㛫᥋ຠ⏝Ỉ‽ࢆᥥ࠸ࡓࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋබᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇㸦ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊබ❧Ꮫᰯࡢ㉁࡜ẚ౛ᡤᚓ⛯⋡㸧ࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡽ
ࡢ㛫᥋ຠ⏝㛵ᩘࡣ㸯⟠ᡤ࡛஺ࢃࡾࠊᐙィᡤᚓࡀࡑࡢ஺ⅬࡢỈ‽ ‫ ( כ‬,)ࡼࡾࡶప࠸ࡢ࡛࠶

10
Tanaka㸦2004㸧࡛ࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ⬟ຊ ࢆ☜⋡ኚᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠸ࠊྠࡌᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶᑗ᮶ᚓࡽࢀ
ࡿᡤᚓࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆチᐜࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ⬟ຊ ࢆᐃᩘࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚グ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࡀࠊᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞㐪࠸ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡢᐃᘧ໬࡛ࡣࠊぶ࡟ࡼࡿᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡣᏊ౪ࡢ⬟ຊ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ
ࡼࡾ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᐃᘧ໬ࡢඖ࡛ࡣぶ࡟ࡼࡿᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡀᏊ౪ࡢ⬟ຊ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝࡶ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

20ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࢀࡤබ❧ࡢᏛᰯࢆࠊ㧗࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ⚾❧ࡢᏛᰯࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋබᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋࠊ⚾ⓗ࡞ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ➨㸱⠇࡛ぢࡓࣔࢹࣝ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ᐙィᡤᚓࡢከᐻ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢỈ‽ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ᅗ⾲㸷㸸බ❧Ꮫᰯ࡜⚾❧Ꮫᰯࡢ㑅ᢥၥ㢟

V Pr i ( y;W )V Pub ( y;W , E )y*y (W , E )ᮏࣔࢹࣝࡢ኱ࡁ࡞≉ᚩࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊබᩍ⫱ࡢỈ‽ࡀྛᐙィࡢᢞ⚊࡟ࡼࡾỴᐃࡉࢀࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋྛᐙィࡢぶࡣ㸯⚊ࡎࡘᢞ⚊ᶒࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᨻᗓࡢண⟬ไ⣙ᘧࢆ‶ࡓࡍẚ౛ᡤᚓ⛯⋡࡜බᩍ⫱ᨭฟࡢ୰࠿ࡽࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᡤᚓࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ࡚᭱ࡶᮃࡲࡋ࠸࡜ᛮ࠺බᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇࡟ᢞ⚊ࡍࡿࠋබᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࢆẚ౛ᡤᚓ⛯⋡࡜୍ேᙜࡓࡾබᩍ⫱ᨭฟࡢ࣌࢔( ,)࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊᮃࡲࡋ࠸

බᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢຠ⏝᭱኱໬ၥ㢟ࡢゎ࡜ࡋ࡚୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ( ‫כ‬,‫כ‬) = argmax{( ; ),

( ; ,

)}

( , )

. .

=

=

( ‫ (כ‬,))ࡓࡔࡋࠊ ࡣ⥲ᐙィᡤᚓ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࡣබ❧Ꮫᰯࡢ⏕ᚐᩘ࡛ࠊt ᮇࡢᐙィᡤᚓศᕸ ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ࡜ࠊᐙィᡤᚓࡀබ❧㑅ᢥࡢ㜈್࡛࠶ࡿ ‫ ( כ‬,)ࡼࡾࡶᑠࡉ࠸ᐙィࡢᩘ࡛⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㑅ࡤࢀࡿබᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࡣከᩘỴ࡛Ỵࡲࡾࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ㸯ᑐ㸯ࡢẚ㍑࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ 50%ࡢᐙィࡀᨭᣢࡍࡿබᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࡀᆒ⾮࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ࡤࢀࡿ㸦ከᩘỴᢞ⚊ᆒ⾮㸧ࠋྛᐙィࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸
࡜ᛮ࠺බᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࡣᐙィᡤᚓࡢỈ‽࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᐙィᡤᚓࡢศᕸࡀኚ໬ࡍࢀࡤࠊᆒ⾮࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ࡤࢀࡿබᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࡶኚ໬ࡋࠊබᩍ⫱࠾ࡼࡧ⚾ᩍ⫱࡟ࡼࡿேⓗ㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ḟࡢୡ௦ࡢᡤᚓศᕸ࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

21ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕ

 Tanaka㸦2004㸧࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㛗ᮇᐃᖖ≧ែ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊබᩍ⫱ࡢࡳࠊࡲࡓࡣ⚾ᩍ⫱ࡢࡳࡀ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞⤒῭࡜ẚ࡭࡚ࠊබ❧࡜⚾❧ࡢᏛᰯ㑅ᢥࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㛗ᮇᐃᖖ≧ែ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖹᆒᡤᚓࡸ⤒῭ཌ⏕ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘኚ໬ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࡍ࡭࡚
ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࡀ⚾ᩍ⫱ࡢࡳ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿ⤒῭࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࠊබ❧Ꮫᰯࡶ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞⤒῭ࡢ᪉ࡀᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡣᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᖹᆒᡤᚓ࠾ࡼࡧ⤒῭ཌ⏕ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ11ࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ⚾Ꮫᤵᴗᩱ⿵ຓ㔠㸦ࣦ࢓࢘ࢳ࣮ࣕ㸧ࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᖹᆒᡤᚓࡸ⤒῭ཌ⏕ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ⚾Ꮫ⿵ຓ㔠ࣦ࢓࢘ࢳ࣮ࣕࡣࠊࡑࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ಁ㐍ຠᯝࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣᖹᆒᡤᚓ࡜⤒῭ཌ⏕ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ12ࠋ Tanaka㸦2004㸧࡛ࡣࠊᾘ㈝࠿ࡽࡢຠ⏝ࢆᑐᩘ㛵ᩘ ( ) =( ) ࡜ࡋ࡚ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ

ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊ
ྛᐙィ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᮃࡲࡋ࠸ᡤᚓ⛯⋡ࡣ㸦බ❧Ꮫᰯࢆዲࡴ㝈ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸧
ඹ㏻ࡢ⛯⋡ࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࡿࣔࢹࣝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊබᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁ࡣ⤒῭඲యࡢᖹᆒᡤᚓ
࡜ࠊ࡝ࢀࡔࡅࡢ๭ྜࡢᐙィࡀබ❧Ꮫᰯ࡟Ꮚࢆධࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚Ỵࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ከᩘỴᢞ⚊࡟ࡼࡾබᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡣࠊ୰఩ᢞ⚊⪅ཎ⌮࡟ࡼࡾࠊ୰఩ᡤᚓࢆ
ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᐙィ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᮃࡲࡋ࠸බᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡿࡢࡔࡀࠊ࡝ࡢᐙィࡀ୰఩ᢞ⚊⪅࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࠿ࡣࠊᾘ㈝࠿ࡽࡢຠ⏝㛵ᩘ u (c) ࡢᙧ≧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊu (c) ࡀ CRRAᆺࡢຠ⏝㛵ᩘࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ௦᭰ࡢᙎຊᛶࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢ್࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᮃࡲࡋ࠸⛯⋡ࡀᐙィࡢྍฎศᡤᚓࡢቑຍ㛵ᩘ࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࠊῶᑡ㛵ᩘ࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࡀỴࡲࡿࠋᾘ㈝࡜Ꮚࡢᡤᚓࡢ㛫ࡢ௦᭰ࡢᙎຊᛶࡀ㧗࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ㈋ࡋ࠸ᐙィ࡯࡝ࡼࡾ㧗࠸⛯⋡ࢆዲࡴࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ㏫࡟௦᭰ࡢ
ᙎຊᛶࡀప࠸᫬࡟ࡣࠊ㈋ࡋ࠸ᐙィࡣᏊ࡬ࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡼࡾࡶ⌧ᅾࡢᾘ㈝ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞
ࡿࡓࡵࠊప࠸⛯⋡ࢆዲࡴࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ᮃࡲࡋ࠸⛯⋡ࡀᐙィᡤᚓࡢቑຍ㛵ᩘ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᡤᚓศᕸࡢ୧ᴟ➃㸦ࡘࡲࡾ㈋ᅔᒙ࡜ᐩ⿱ᒙ㸧ࡣప࠸⛯⋡ࢆᮃࡲࡋࡃᛮ࠸ࠊ୰㛫ᡤᚓᒙࡢࡳࡀ㉁ࡢ㧗࠸බᩍ⫱ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࡣࠕ୧➃ᒙ࠿ࡽࡢ୰㛫ᒙ࡬ࡢ㏫く㸦ends against the middle㸧ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡾࠊEpple and Romano㸦1996㸧࡛ヲ⣽࡟㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡤᚓ
᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱ࡣ୧➃ᒙࡢቑຍࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᴟ➃࡞ሙྜ࡟ࡣබᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢᣢ
⥆ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⬣࠿ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏ⵳✚ࡢ୰ᚰⓗ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒
࡛࠶ࡿᏛᰯᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿࢳࣕࣥࢿࣝࡲ࡛⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊᡤᚓ᱁

11

ྠᵝࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆඣ❺ປാ࡜බᩍ⫱࡜ࡢ㑅ᢥၥ㢟࡟ᛂ⏝ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀ Tanaka㸦2002㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊⓎᒎ
㏵ୖᅜࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚ඣ❺ປാ࡜බ❧Ꮫᰯࠊ⚾❧Ꮫᰯࡢ㑅ᢥၥ㢟ࢆྠ᫬࡟ᢅࡗࡓ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊGutierrez and
Tanaka㸦2009㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ12ࡇࡇ࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝࡣ୺࡟⩏ົᩍ⫱ẁ㝵ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࡣὀពࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ኱Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊබ❧ᏛᰯࡢᤵᴗᩱࡣᏳࡃࠊ⚾❧ࡣ㧗࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊᮏࣔࢹࣝࡢ᝿ᐃࡢ
ୗ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᡤᚓࡢ㧗࠸ぶࡢᏊࡣ⚾❧኱Ꮫ࡟⾜ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊ⌧ᐇࡣ㏫࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡢ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ๓ẁ㝵࡟࠾ࡅࡿᏛᰯእᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡀබ❧Ꮫᰯࡢሙྜከࡃ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌧≧ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊබ❧ࡢ኱Ꮫ࡟㐍Ꮫࡍࡿ㈝⏝ࡀ⥲㢠࡛ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

22ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫᕪࡀᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚኱ࡁࡃኚ໬ࡋ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ13ࠋ㸴㸬⏕⏘ᵓ㐀࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨
 ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢពᛮỴᐃࢆேⓗ㈨ᮏ࡬ࡢᢞ㈨࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ⵳✚ࡉࢀࡓேⓗ㈨ᮏࡀ࡝ࢀࡔࡅࡢ⤒῭ⓗ౯್ࢆᣢࡘࡢ࠿ࡀᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡿୖ࡛㔜せ࡞Ỵᐃせᅉ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨࡟ࡼࡗ࡚✚ࡳቑࡉࢀࡓேⓗ㈨ᮏࡀࠊᑗ᮶ປാᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚࡝ࢀࡔࡅホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࡀࠊ
⌧ᅾࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞せᅉ࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ➨㸱⠇ࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡶぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊಶࠎேࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ཰┈ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢỈ‽ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤒῭඲య࡛ศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡶ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚Ỵࡲࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡶࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢศᕸࡣ㔜せ࡞ព࿡ࢆᣢࡕ
࠺ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊICT ࡸࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜࠺᝟ሗ㏻ಙᴗࡸࠊ⏕⏘ⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ㑅ูࡸࣜࢫࢡศᩓࢆࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᢞ㈨࣏࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣜ࢜ࢆ⤌ࡴᚲせࡢ࠶ࡿ㔠⼥ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤒῭άື࡟࠾࠸࡚㣕ࡧᢤࡅ࡚ඃࢀࡓ⬟ຊࢆᣢࡘேࡢά㌍ࡀ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜ࡀࡼࡃ࠶ࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊ⮬ື㌴〇㐀ࡸᐙ㟁⏕⏘࡜࠸ࡗࡓ〇㐀ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟⥥ᐦ࡟タィࡉࢀࡓ㛗࠸ࣟࢵࢺ࡟ᩘከࡃࡢேࠎࡀ㛵୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ୍࡚ࡘࡢ〇ရࡀసࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⏘ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㣕ࡧᢤࡅࡓᡯ⬟ࡢᣢࡕ୺ࡼࡾࡣࠊࡑࡢᶆ‽໬ࡉࢀࡓ⏕⏘ᕤ⛬࡟㛵ࢃࡿ඲࡚ࡢேࠎࡢ⬟ຊࡀࠕ⢏ࡒࢁ࠸࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ᪉ࡀ⏕⏘ࢆ෇⁥࡟⾜࠺ୖ࡛㔜せ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࡀᑟධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ
࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢศᕸࡀ⏕⏘ᛶ࠾ࡼࡧ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡀ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᩍ⫱᱁ᕪࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᑗ᮶ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏศᕸ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡑ
ࡢࡶࡢࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ௒ࡲ࡛ぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀࡜ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ
㛵ಀ࠿ࡽࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ Takii and Tanaka㸦2009㸧ࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ
Takii and Tanaka㸦2009㸧ࡣࠊ␗࡞ࡿேⓗ㈨ᮏࣞ࣋ࣝࢆᣢࡘປാ⪅ࡢศᕸ࡜࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟╔┠ࡋࠊ⏕⏘άື࡟࠾ࡅࡿປാ⪅㛫ࡢ௦࣭᭰⿵᏶㛵ಀ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀࡜ࡑࢀ࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓᮃࡲࡋ࠸ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ⪃ᐹࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿࠋ Takii and Tanaka㸦2009㸧ࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢᇶᮏᵓ㐀ࡣ➨㸳⠇ࡢබ❧Ꮫᰯ࡜⚾❧Ꮫᰯࡢ㑅ᢥࡀ࡛ࡁࡿୡ௦㔜」ືᏛࣔࢹࣝ࡜࡯ࡰྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ௨ୗࡢⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚➨㸳⠇ࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡣ␗࡞
ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ➨㸳⠇ࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊྛປാ⪅ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏࡣ㈈ࡢ⏕⏘άື࡟࠾࠸࡚᏶඲௦᭰ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣປാ⪅ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏࡀ⏕⏘άື࡟࠾࠸࡚୙
᏶඲௦᭰ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ㔞ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡿࡀࠊಶࠎே
ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏࡣ␗࡞ࡿᛶ㉁ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ௚ேࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏ࡛᏶඲࡟ࡣ⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸≉Ṧᛶࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋඛࡢ ICT ⏘ᴗ࡜⮬ື㌴⏘ᴗࡢ౛ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ࡜ࠊICT ⏘ᴗࡢ
13ࠕ୧➃ᒙ࠿ࡽࡢ୰㛫ᒙ࡬ࡢ㏫くࠖࡢ࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ࠊ⛣Ẹࡢ኱㔞ὶධࡀཷࡅධࢀᅜࡢබᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࡝ࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࠿ࢆศᯒࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊCoen-Pirani㸦2011㸧࠾ࡼࡧ Tanaka, Farre, and Ortega㸦2016㸧ࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇ࡜ࠋ

23ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕሙྜࡣ㣕ࡧᢤࡅࡓᡯ⬟ࢆᣢࡗࡓேࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࡀࡑࡢ௚ࡢேࠎࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࢆ෽㥙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࠊಶࠎேࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ௦᭰ᛶࡀẚ㍑ⓗ㧗࠸⏕⏘ᵝᘧࢆᣢࡘ⏘ᴗ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ௚᪉ࠊ⮬ື㌴⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣ඲࡚ࡢປാ⪅ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏࡀ┦஫ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛⿵᏶ᛶࡢᙉ࠸⏕⏘ᵝᘧࢆࡶࡘ⏘ᴗ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊྛಶேࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ㔞࡜⏕⏘ᛶ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ཰✭㏴ቑⓗ࡞㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᝿ᐃࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ Lucas㸦1978㸧࡛ᥦၐࡉࢀࡓไᚚ⠊ᅖ㸦Span of control㸧࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡛ࠊಶேࡢ⬟ຊࡀ㧗࠸࡯࡝ࠊྠࡌᢞධ≀ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚⏕⏘ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㝿ࡢ㝈⏺⏕⏘ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ேⓗ㈨ᮏࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ㧗࠸ே࡯࡝ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞⏕⏘άື࡟ᦠࢃࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᭱㐺࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព
࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢಶே࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ཰✭㏴ቑࡢഴྥࡀࠊປാ⪅㛫ࡢ⿵᏶ᛶࡢᗘྜ࠸ࡼࡾࡶ኱
ࡁ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ
㸦⥲㔞ࡣ୍ᐃ࡜ࡋ࡚㸧ேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢศᕸࡢศᩓࡀ኱ࡁ࠸᪉ࡀ㣕ࡧᢤࡅ࡚᭷⬟࡞ேࠎࡢᩘࡢከࡉࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ㏫࡟ࠊಶேࣞ࣋ࣝ
࡛ࡢ཰✭㏴ቑࡢഴྥࡀࠊປാ⪅㛫ࡢ⿵᏶ᛶࡢᗘྜ࠸ࡼࡾࡶᑠࡉ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ
ศᕸࡢศᩓࡣᑠࡉ࠸᪉ࡀࡼࡾ㧗࠸⏕⏘ᛶࢆ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲య࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡜ேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢศᕸࡢ㛫࡟ࢩࢫࢸ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ࡞㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡢ࠿ࡣࠊ࣐ࢡ࡛ࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⏕⏘άືࡢᛶ㉁࡟኱ࡁࡃ౫
Ꮡࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊබᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊᩍ⫱ࡢ㈝⏝ࢆ⛯㔠࡛ࡲ࠿࡞࠸ࠊ
ᆒ୍ࡢᨭฟࢆ඲࡚ࡢ⏕ᚐ࡟⾜࠺ࡓࡵࠊᩍ⫱ᡂᯝࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⵳✚ࡉࢀࡓேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢศᕸࡣᆒ
୍໬ࡍࡿഴྥࢆࡶࡘࠋࡶࡋ㣕ࡧᢤࡅ࡚᭷⬟࡞ேࠎࡢάືࡀ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟ከ኱࡞ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏศᕸࡢᆒ୍໬ࡣ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᚲࡎࡋࡶࣉࣛࢫ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ⚾ᩍ⫱ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ࢚࣮ࣜࢺᩍ⫱ࡀ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ
࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢศᕸ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㐪࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᩍ⫱ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ㐪࠸ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᩍ⫱ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ㐪࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣ⏕ᚐಶேࡢ㸦⏕᮶ࡢ㸧⬟ຊ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚㑅ูࡋ࡚ᤵᴗࢆ⾜࠺㸦tracking㸧ሙྜ࡜ࠊ඲࡚ࡢ⏕ᚐࢆ୍ᣓ 䠄mixing㸧ࡋ࡚ᩍ⫱ࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜࡢ஧ࡘࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ⪃࠼ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢሙྜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࢆẚ㍑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᩍ⫱ᨭฟࢆබⓗ࡟㈥࠺ࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࡜ࡶ⚾ⓗ࡟㈥࠺ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ᩍ⫱㈈※࡜ࠊࡇࡢᩍ⫱ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ㐪࠸ࢆྠ᫬࡟⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᅗ⾲ 10 ࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 4 ࡘࡢᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢẚ㍑ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢẚ㍑ࢆࠊ▷ᮇࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࠾ࡼࡧ㛗ᮇ㸦ᐃᖖ≧ែ㸧ࡢ GDP ࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⾜ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊಶே࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ཰✭㏴ቑᛶࡀ᭱⤊㈈㒊㛛࡛ࡢ⿵᏶ᛶࡢᗘྜ࠸
ࡼࡾࡶẚ㍑ⓗᙉ࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏศᕸࡢศᩓࡢᣑ኱ࡣ▷ᮇ࡜㛗ᮇࡢ୧᪉࡟࠾࠸࡚ GDPࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢẚ㍑࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
㸦1㸧㑅ูᩍ
⫱ࡀ⚾Ꮫࡢࡳ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ⚾ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ᪉ࡀ୍ᣓᩍ⫱ࢆ⾜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿබᩍ
⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸ GDP ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦A ࡜ B ࡢẚ㍑㸧㸹㸦2㸧ྠࡌᩍ⫱ࣉࣟࢢ24ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࣒ࣛࡔ࡜ࠊබᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ᪉ࡀᚲࡎ㧗࠸ GDP ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ㸦C > AࠊB > D㸧
㸹㸦3㸧ྠࡌᩍ⫱㈈ᨻࡔ࡜ࠊ࡝ࡕࡽࡢ᪉ࡀ㧗࠸ GDP ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࠿ࡣࠊ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿ㸦A ࡜ D ࡢẚ㍑ࠊC ࡜ B ࡢẚ㍑㸧࡜࠸࠺⤖ㄽࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅗ⾲ 10㸸ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢẚ㍑

ᩍ⫱ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ

ᩍ⫱㈈ᨻ



㑅ู

୍ᣓ

⚾ᩍ⫱

A

D

බᩍ⫱

C

B

 ࡇࢀࡽࡢࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿྵពࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐᛂ
ࡋࡓᮃࡲࡋ࠸ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀỴࡲࡿࡓࡵࠊ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀࡜ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣไᗘ⿵᏶ⓗ࡞㛵ಀࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࡣࠊࡓ࡜࠼♫఍⤒῭ⓗ࡞⎔ቃࡀ㸦౛࠼ࡤࢢࣟ
࣮ࣂࣝ໬ࡸࣟ࣎ࢵࢺ໬࣭ேᕤ▱⬟ࡢᬑཬ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸧ኚ໬ࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᩍ⫱ไᗘ࡟ᑐᛂࡋ
ࡓ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࡀᅛᐃ໬ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࡢኚ໬࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡢ࡟᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ
࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᢏ⾡㐍Ṍࡸ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࡢ㐍໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ேⓗ㈨ᮏศᕸࡀ኱࠸࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᆒ୍ⓗ࡞ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢୗ࡛ࡣ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ
ࡸࣈࣞ࢖ࢡࢫ࣮ࣝࡀ㉳ࡁ࡟ࡃࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௒ᚋࠊࣟ࣎ࢵࢺ໬ࡸேᕤ▱⬟ࡢᛴ㏿࡞ᬑཬࡀ㉳ࡁࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ᪂ᢏ⾡ࢆ࠺ࡲࡃ౑࠸ࡇ࡞ࡍࡓࡵࡢ⬟ຊࡀࡼࡾ୍ᒙᚲ
せ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࣟ࣎ࢵࢺ໬ࡸேᕤ▱⬟ࡢᬑཬࡣࠊไᚚ⠊ᅖࡢᣑ኱ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ಶேࣞ࣋
࡛ࣝࡢ཰✭㏴ቑഴྥࢆ኱ࡁࡃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࡢྥୖࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀ
࡟ᛂࡌࡓᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡺࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
௙஦๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࣔࢹࣝ ປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿேⓗ㈨ᮏศᕸࡢᙧ≧ࡀປാ⪅࠾ࡼࡧ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟୚࠼ࡿ
ᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡍࡿูࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊປാᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿேᮦ࡜⫋ࡢ๭ᙜ࡟╔┠ࡋࡓ Takii andTanaka㸦2013㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ௙஦ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡜ປാ⪅ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࡢ୧᪉࡟␗㉁ᛶ
ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ௙஦ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡜ປാ⪅ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࡢ㛫࡟⿵᏶ⓗ࡞㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿ≧ἣࢆศᯒࡋࠊ⏕⏘ᛶࡢ㧗࠸௙஦࡟㧗࠸ேⓗ㈨ᮏࢆᣢࡘປാ⪅ࡀ๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ṇࡢ๭ࡾᙜ࡚㸦positive
assortative matching㸧ࡀ㉳ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௙஦ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡜ປാ⪅ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࡢ㛫࡟⿵᏶㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ
௙஦ࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࡢศᕸࢆᡤ୚࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ
ேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ⥲㔞ࡣ୍ᐃ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ேⓗ㈨ᮏศᕸࡢศᩓࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡯࡝࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺≧ἣࡀⓎ⏕ࡍ25

ࠗ⤒῭ศᯒ࠘➨ 195 ྕࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣඛ࡟ぢࡓປാ⪅㛫ࡢ⿵᏶ᛶ࡜ಶே࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢไᚚ⠊ᅖࡢ཰✭㏴ቑഴྥ࡜ࡣࡲࡓ
␗࡞ࡗࡓ⌮⏤࡟ࡼࡾࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆᣢࡕ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍ⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ௙஦ࡢ๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊTakii and Tanaka㸦2013㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ 4ࡘࡢᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ๓ฟࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝ࡜ྠᵝࡢ⤖ㄽࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊປാ⪅㛫ࡢ⿵᏶ᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡏࡼࠊ௙஦ࡢ๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡏ
ࡼࠊ㧗࠸ேⓗ㈨ᮏࢆᣢࡘேࡀ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡕ࠺ࡿ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࡢ᫬࡟ࡣࠊ
ᩍ⫱᱁ᕪࡀ⏕⏘ᛶ࡜ṇࡢ㛵ಀࢆᣢࡕ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡟
ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡣ⤒῭ࡢᖹᆒⓗ࡞ேⓗ㈨ᮏᢞ㈨㔞ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㣕ࡧᢤࡅ࡚ඃࢀࡓேᮦࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ᱁ᕪࡢ㈇ࡢຠᯝࢆᡴࡕᾘࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ➨㸰⠇࡛ᴫほࡋࡓᐇドศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࠾ࡼࡧᩍ⫱᱁ᕪࡢ⦰ᑠ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣṇࡢ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᮏ⠇࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ⥲㔞ࡢቑຍࡣᖖ࡟ GDP ࡢቑຍࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊබⓗ࡞㈈※࡟ࡼࡿබᩍ⫱ࡣపᡤᚓᒙࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿ࡜࠸࠺ຠ
ᯝࡣᖖ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢศᯒࡣࠊࡴࡋࢁᐇドศᯒ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀࡓᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࠾ࡼࡧᩍ
⫱᱁ᕪࡢ⦰ᑠ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛫࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡓṇࡢ㛵ಀࡀ㐣ᑠ࡟ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊపᡤᚓᒙࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ಁ㐍ࡢຠᯝࡣࡉࡽ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ
♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௒ᚋࡣࠊᐇドศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࡸேⓗ㈨ᮏศᕸࡢ␗㉁ᛶࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ព㆑ࡋࡓୖ࡛ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢຠᯝࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

㸵㸬࠾ࢃࡾ࡟ ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᡤᚓ෌ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࡣ༢࡞ࡿ೔⌮ୖࡢၥ㢟ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࠊᶵ⬟ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡢୡ௦㛫㐃㙐࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡞ࡀࡽ⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᡤᚓ෌
ศ㓄ᨻ⟇ࡸබᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࡢࡶࡘᶵ⬟ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㆟ㄽࡋࡓࠋᮏ✏࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓᵝࠎ࡞ࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀࡣ༢⣧࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࡸᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ⤒῭ࡢᅜ㝿໬࡜࠸ࡗࡓᵝࠎ࡞せᅉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣṇࡢ㛵ಀࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ➨㸰⠇࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓ OECD㸦2014㸧࡟ࡼࡿᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇドศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ㈇ࡢ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ୺࡞⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ᡤᚓࡢప࠸㝵ᒙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㐣ᑠ࡞ேⓗ㈨ᮏᢞ㈨㸦ᩍ⫱㸧ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᮏ✏࡛ぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࡀᩍ
⫱ᢞ㈨࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⤒㊰ࡣᵝࠎ࡛࠶ࡾࠊỴᐃⓗ࡞⤖ㄽࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢ⤒㊰ࢆࡋࡗ࠿ࡾ࡜㆑ูࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢ㛵ಀࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿⅬࡣゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡸ⏕⏘ᵓ㐀ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀᡤᚓ᱁ᕪࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚ෆ⏕ⓗ࡟ኚࢃࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊಶேࡢ⾜ືࡣᨻ⟇࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚ໬ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺࣮ࣝ࢝ࢫᢈุࡀ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲య࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿ࡜

26

ᡤᚓ᱁ᕪ࡜ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡶ࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢሙྜࡣࠊࡼࡾᵓ㐀ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓᐇドศᯒࡀጾຊࢆⓎ᥹ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᵝࠎ࡞⌮ㄽⓗྍ⬟ᛶࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࡢᐇドศᯒ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࠊࡼࡾຠᯝⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡺࡃୖ࡛ᚲせ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡢ⪃ᐹࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡿ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞ྵព࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡃࡘ࠿㏙
࡭࡚࠾ࡃࠋࡲࡎࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨࡟㛵ࡍࡿ೉ࡾධࢀไ⣙ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿሙྜࠊᩍ⫱࡟ᑐࡍࡿබⓗᢞ㈨ࢆᣑ඘ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭඲యࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡶຠᯝࢆᣢࡕ࠺
ࡿᨻ⟇࡜࡞ࡿࠋ≉࡟೉ࡾධࢀไ⣙࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿேࠎ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ዡᏛ㔠ࡸࣦ࢓࢘ࢳ࣮ࣕ࡜࠸
ࡗࡓ⿵ຓ㔠ࢆ⤥௜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊேཱྀࡀῶᑡࡋ࡚ࡺࡃ♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ேⓗ㈨ᮏỈ‽ࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ࡚ࡺࡃୖ࡛⪃៖࡟್ࡍࡿᨻ⟇࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊᮏ✏࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨ࢆ♫఍඲య࡛ᨭ࠼࡚ࡺࡃࡓࡵࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᨻ἞ⓗ㑅ᢥࢆྵࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊᩍ⫱ࡀᑗ᮶ୡ௦࡬ࡢᢞ㈨࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᏊࡢ᭷↓࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨㈝⏝ࢆ♫఍඲య࡛㈇ᢸࡍࡿ௙⤌ࡳࢆసࡾࠊ
ࡑࡢ᫝㠀ࢆ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡇ࡜ࡶࠊ㈈※࡜ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆಖࡕࡘࡘᑗ᮶ୡ௦ࡢேⓗ㈨ᮏ࡬ࡢᢞ㈨ࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿୖ࡛኱ษ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸
࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
ᵽཱྀ⨾㞝࣭ⴗཎ㔛⣪㸦2017㸧ࠗ኱Ꮫ࡬ࡢᩍ⫱ᢞ㈨࡜ୡ௦㛫ᡤᚓ⛣㌿: ዡᏛ㔠ࡣᩆୡ୺࠿࠘ວⲡ᭩ᡣ.
῝⏫⌔⏤㸦2008㸧
ࠕOECD ࡟ࡼࡿ PIAAC㸦ᅜ㝿ᡂேᢏ⬟ㄪᰝ㸧ࡢ㛤Ⓨືྥࠖࠗ᪥ᮏປാ◊✲
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