DISASTERS
Geographically, Indonesia is located in South East between two Ocean which are Indian and Pacific Ocean. As a tropical country, Indonesia has fertile land with tropical forest on it.
However in the last several years, many tropical forest regions have been damage due to the increasing land demand as an effect of demographic growing (The number of IndonesianPopulation exceeds 220 million in the year of 2000). As a result, environment quality is decreasing thus generates, or at least exacerbated the worse impact of natural disaster.
Indonesia is well known as active tectonic region. It consists of three major active tectonics plates which are Euasia in the north, Indian Ocean-Australia in the south and pacific platein the east. The plate movements generate subduction type of boundary which takes control on volcanic arc building and produces Sumatera Island, Java Island, Nusa Tenggara andmaluku.

The regions is seismically very active
Besides island arc building, the subduction processes also generate seismic active belt along the volcanic arc. Fortunately, shallow epicenter earthquakes usually occur in the remoteareas with less number of populations. However in some cases major earthquake stroke dense populated region such as Bengkulu, Liwa, bali and Nusa Tenggara (Flores Island).
Another type of natural hazards are generated by the tectonic activities are Volcanic Eruption and Tsunami. Some active transforms faults are well known as earthquake generator are
The Great Sumatra Fault (Sumatra Island), Palu-Koro (Central Sulawesi/Celebes) Fault and Sorong Fault (Papua Island)
Indonesia consists of more than 500 young volcanoes including 128 active volcanoes. It is representing 15 % of the active volcanoes in the world. The most active volcano in Indonesia
is Merapi which is situated 20 kilometers to the north of Yogyakarta. This volcano has been observed continuously by means of telemetric equipment as well as field investigation.
Thus, volcanic eruption disasters can be mitigated very well. Many others have also observed quite well in order to minimize volcanic eruption impact.

The Distribution of Volcanoes in Indonesia
Other natural disasters which are generated by or exacerbated by human activities are floods, landslides, drought, land/forest fire. Those are believed as an impact of land orenvironmental degradation. In the monsoon, Indonesia is threatened by flood and/or landslides which caused loss of human life and property. On the other hand in the dry season, we
are facing drought and land/forest fire as well as urban and building fire. Coping with those disasters Indonesian Government was launching a National Movement for Environment
Rehabilitation Policy by conducting land rehabilitation and forestation. It was launched by H.E President of the Republic of Indonesia on January 21st 2004 in Gunung Kidul District
where is known as mountainous infertile region which is administratively under Yogyakarta Province in Java Island.

Drought is another serious problem faces in the dry season between April and September. Government assisted to have priceless rice and other livestock. This condition also effects onhydro power supply due to significantly lower of water in many reservoir and forest fire. Those types of disasters are considered to be generated by environmental degradation due todeforestation.
Besides natural disaster, Indonesia is also facing man-made type of disaster. The nation of Indonesia is composed of multi ethnics, tribes and religions. This condition is vulnerable tothe social conflict which is usually followed by setting fire and demolition of building or settlement.

Major Disaster in Indonesia in the year 2003
Floods and landslides were predominantly Indonesia's natural disasters in 2003. The global climate changes and regional climate condition were most likely influenced on
those natural disasters. Human activities are also exacerbated the disaster. The regional integrated climate monitoring by means of climate data and information exchangewill be very useful.
The major and worst disaster in year 2003 was flash flood in Bahorok (North Sumatra). It was caused 160 peoples died and many others are still missing. The disaster has
been identified as natural disaster due to high intensity of rain fall few days before the incident happened.

The impact of ﬂash ﬂood in Bahorok, North Sumatra in Nopember 2003

Table 1. Disaster in Indonesia in 2003
Causalities

No Type of Disaster

Number ofOccurrence Died

1Flood229

416

3,897

383,9122Flood and Landslides

43130

94

71,321

3

Landslides

10620128713,244

4Storm

42

35

1,961

5Land/forest ﬁre and Haze 28-

12,851

1,460

6

Urban/building Fire

91

26

794

17,282

7Earthquake

2747

300

2,977

8Epidemic

42308

15,683-9Social unrest

121.038 872

71,277

10 Drought

25-

-

-

11 Outbreak

7-

-

-

12 Pollution

21283-

13 Technological failure

10223

48-

14 Tidal

5-

-

324

15 Bomb blast/explosion

516149-16 Volcanic eruption

13-

-

1,722

TOTAL

687

2,409 35,218

565,480

Injured/ Displacedaﬀected persons

Emergency Relief from Abroad Against Disaster
Under coordination and supervision from the Government, humanitarian assistance from other countries, organizations under the UN, International NGO's andprivates from abroad usually give participation almost in all natural or man made disaster as well as IDP's problems especially in the large scale disasters.

DISASTER COUNTERMEASURES
Law and Regulation
There are no specific laws or regulations for disaster management in Indonesia. Each type of disaster covered by arrangement of disaster countermeasures is in the sector
laws, such as:
Act No. 11 /1974 concerning Water Resources Management
Act No. 6/1974 concerning Basic Arrangement on Social Welfare
Act No. 4/1984 concerning Epidemics
Act No. 5/1990 concerning Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Its Ecosystems
Act No. 23/1992 concerning Health
Act No. 24/1992 concerning Spatial Planning
Act No. 23/1997 concerning Environmental Management
Act No. 41/1999 concerning Forestry
Presidential Decree arranges Establishment of National Coordinating Board for Disaster Management. The last arrangement is PD No. 3 / 2001 and No. 111 / 2001.

Organization
Government of the Republic of Indonesia has established a national coordinating board for disaster management since 1966, the so-called TKP2BA (1966), BAKORNAS PBA(1967), BAKORNAS PB (1980-2000), BAKORNAS PBP (2001-present).
BAKORNAS PBP is abbreviation of BADAN KOORDINASI NASIONAL PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA DAN PENANGANAN PENGUNGSI (National Coordinating Board for Disasterand Internal Displaced Persons Management), a non-structural organization (board) for disaster management operating under and responsible to the President.
The duties of BAKORNAS PBP are:
To formulate and decide a national disaster management policies and strategies.
To coordinate the implementation of disaster management activities before, during and post disaster.
Rendering guidance and directive on related policies in the efforts to manage disaster (prevention, mitigation, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction).

The BAKORNAS PBP (based on Presidential Decree No. 111/2001) is composed of:Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia (chairman)
Coordinating Minister for Peoples Welfare (vice chairman)
Minister of Interior (member)
Minister of Social Affairs (member)
Minister of Health (member)
Minister of Settlement and Infrastructures (member)
Minister of Communications (member)
Minister of Finance (member)Commander in chief of the Armed Forces (member)Head of National Police (member)
Secretary of Vice President (secretary)

To support the duties of BAKORNAS PBP, it was established a Secretariat led by Secretary of BAKORNAS PBP.
Secretary of BAKORNAS PBP assisted by Vice Secretary and 4 (four) Deputies (Disaster Management, IDP's Management, Cooperation and People Participation,Administration).
The establishment of BAKORNAS is followed by the establishment of similar organizations to cope with disaster and IDP's in provincial as well as district level.
In provincial level, it is established SATKORLAK PBP (Coordination of Implementing Unit) consist of related services, chaired by the Governor.
To cope with disaster in the location, in the district / municipal level is established SATLAK PBP (Implementing Unit), which is chaired by Bupati (Head of District) / Mayor.
The SATLAK compose of SATGAS (task forces) of the institutions and services concerned such as health, SAR, army, police, social, public works, Indonesian Red Cross (PMI)and NGO's. District units as front line organization can mobilize all related agencies at their respective districts, sub-districts and villages as well as local community
organizations.
The Structure of Disaster Management in Indonesia as follows:Total Risk Disaster Management
Strategy and policy coordination in the aspects of prevention and mitigations activities are handled by BAKORNAS PBP. The implementation of the activity, each ministry isdealing with its task respectively.
During disaster in the aspects of rescue, emergency relief to be handle directly by SATLAK PBP in the district level, SATKORLAK PBP in the provincial level and BAKORNASPBP in the national level respectively.
After disaster in the aspect of rehabilitation to be handle directly by SATLAK PBP or SATKORLAK PBP with line ministry agencies under coordination State Government. Withcoordination system as mention above all manuals, hazards map, risk assessment are handled directly by each ministry in connection with their task.

List of Experts
NoNamaSubject

No. Telp

Dr. Ir. Hery Harjono

2

Dr. Ir. Harkunti P. Rahayu Disaster Mitigation

3

Dr. Nanang T. Puspito

Tsunami/Geophysics Institut Teknologi Bandung

4

Fauzy, PhD.

62 21 6546311ext 5318
Earthquake/Tsunami BMG (Meteorological and Geophysical Agency) 62 21 6546316
Fax 62 21 4246703

5Ir. Erna Sri Adiningsih

Remote sensing

LAPAN

62 21 4892802

6Dr. Paulus Agus Winarso

ClimateBMG (Meteorological and Geophysical Agency)

62 21 6546311
Fax 62 21 4246703

7

Dr. Krishna S Pribadi

Disaster Mitigation

Gd ALSI lt 2 Departemen
Teknik Sipil ITB Jln Ganesha
10 Bandung 40132

8

Dr. Dwikorita Karnawati

Landslides

UGM - Yogyakarta

62 274 562880

9Dr. Agus Maryono

Floods/Hydrology

UGM - Yogyakarta

62 811254254

10 Dr. Bambang Hero

Forest fire

IPB (Bogor Institute of Agriculture)

11 Dr. Gatot Irianto

Floods/Hydrology/Agro-Climatology

Center for Soil & Agroclimate Research
Jl. Juanda 99 Bogor

12 Ir. Engkon Kertapati

Earthquake

P3G, Diponegoro 57, Bandung

13 Dr. A Djumarma

Volcanology

Directorate of Volcanology andGeological hazards Mitigation
Jln Diponegoro 57, Bandung

14 Dr. Surono

Earthquake

Instansi

1

Landslides

LIPI - Geotechnology

62 22 8757075

Institut Teknologi Bandung

62 811238946
Fax 62 22 2503961

Directorate of Volcanology andGeological hazars Mitigation
Jln Diponegoro 57, Bandung

62 811238946

022 2510718, 022
2502272

62 22 7272606
Fax 62 22 7202761
62 22 7272606
Fax 62 22 7202761

DISASTER REDUCTION COOPERATION AMONG ASIAN COUNTRIESThe Government of the Republic Indonesia and Government of Malaysia signed MoU concerning Disaster Cooperation and Assistant in Kuala Lumpur December 11, 1997. Both parties
agree to promote and maintain cooperation and may request for assistance upon any occurrences of any disaster in line with the spirit of mutual cooperation. A joint Committee on
Disaster Cooperation and Assistance conducted a meeting in Jakarta in July, 1998 to discuss activities such as training, exchange of experts as well as technical and scientificinformation related any disaster.
On September 23, 1999, BAKORNAS PB and Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) concerning Program for Understanding Extreme
Climate Events. The management experiences of 1997-1998 El Nino and 1998-1999 La Nina revealed that direct application of global forecasting information at the local level passed
operational constrained due to uncertainties involved in relating them in a micro geographical setting.

DISASTER EDUCATION

Improving knowledge about disaster in all aspects is required not only for government official but also for the community. The better understanding on disaster management will
significantly reduce the impact of disasters.
Promotion of community awareness particularly those who live in disaster's prone areas have to be prioritized. Empowering communities is conducted by optimizing their own
resources and by providing initial limited incentives to enable them to help themselves. Mapping of disaster prone areas in line with disaster information system are also important.
BAKORNAS PBP has made a module to conduct a Basic Training in Disaster Management for SATKORLAK and SATLAK staff. It is also some training like Emergency Management andContingency Planning (in cooperation with UNHCR).

Person in charge of the ADRC Activities
Name:

Sugeng TriutomoJob Title:

Director of Disaster Mitigation

Division/Dept.:

Disaster Management

Organization:

BAKORNAS PBP

Office Address:

Jln. Ir. Djuanda 36, Jakarta 10120

Phone:

62-21-3458400 ext 523

Fax:

62-21-3458500

List of Disaster related Websites
No

InstitutionWebsite

1

BAKORNAS PBP
www.bakornaspbp.go.id(The National Coordinating board for Disaster and IDPs Management)

2

Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigationwww.vsi.esdm.go.id

3

Meteorological and Geophysical Agency

www.bmg.go.id

4

Ministry of Environmentwww.menlh.go.id» Page Top» Country Report Top