Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

All living being may have a long life

ADRC VR FY2016B
FY2016B-Research
Research Report
Final Presentation

JJ.M.A.R.Jayrathne
M A R Jayrathne
Deputy Director Emergency Operation
Disaster Management Center

J.M.A.R.JayrathneJ
M A R Jayrathne
Visiting Researcher(Sri Lanka)
Asian Disaster Reduction Center

Presentation Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Places visitPl
i it dduringi VR 2016B program
Research Topic
E l W
Early
Warningi S
Systemt
IIn Sri
S i Lanka
L k
Early Warning System In JapanR
Researchh Design
D i
Methodology
Data Collection
Category of Data collected
Data Evaluation Method
Limitation of the Research
Evaluation of data
Conclusion
Recommendations

Places visit during my stay
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

DRI museum
Memorial walk 17th Jan -GHAE
P t i Hotel
Portopia
H t l ffor theth DisasterDit Reduction
R d ti AllianceAlli
program.
University of Kobe, Research center for urban safety and security.
Tsunami/ storm surge disaster prevention station in Midosuji.
Ouji, Kamenose Landslide.
Osaka Castle,
Kaeru Caravan at JICA office
National Museum of Ethnology.
JMA - Kobe local Met Office.
OfficeDRI museum library
HONJO BOSAIKAN LIFE SAFETY LEARNING CENTER.
Akihabara Viainn Hotel.
Tsukuba, NIED with JICA team

•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•

Lager
g scale EQ simulator and world largestgrain fall simulator
Landslide and slop failure early warning and new instruments
has introduced by OSASI TECH Company with their pilot
project.
project
Mitsubishi corporation Insurance.
JMA HQ Museum
Visit of Cabinet office and Tokyo RINKAI Disaster Prevention
Park
H
Hyogo
policeli anddH
Hyogo Di
Disastert M
Managementt C
Centret
Osaka city Abeno life safety learning centre
River tide gate operation, Shirinashigawa flood gate
Miki city area and Midorigaoka. Dondo Dame-defense NIED.
Oldest siphon water transport system, INSARG training areawith fire department and stadium allocated with DM relief
stored facilities.
Hyogo prefectural University.

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Landslide Monitoring - Kobe university.
Field visit - preparation of hazard map
Visit Tsurukabuto bokomi
Community tsunami drill in Wakinohamakaigandori
Rokko sabo office of MLITT
Yakigahara sabo dam
dam.
Awaji Island
Kyoto University Uji campus
Uji
UjigawaO
Open
Laboratory,
L b t
DPRI,
DPRI K
Kyoto
t University
U iit
Kobe to Sendai
Nakano Tsunami Evacuation tower.
Ishinomaki Visit
Ishinomaki community center
Tohoku Universityy
Sendai city government
Tsunami affected Takekoma, Natori area

Presentation Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Places visitPl
i it dduringi VR 2016B program
Research Topic
E l W
Early
Warningi S
Systemt
IIn Sri
S i Lanka
L k
Early Warning System In JapanR
Researchh Design
D i
Methodology
Data Collection
Category of Data collected
Data Evaluation Method
Limitation of the Research
Evaluation of data
Conclusion
Recommendations

Analysis of the Effectivenessof Early Warning System toFace Future Tsunamis in
S i LankabySri
L k b comparing
i
with
ith
Japanese Early warningysystemEarly
WarningyIn
SystemSri Lanka

EarlyWarningyIn
SystemJapan

Research Design
Specific Aims:• To identify current issues in the early warning system in Sri
Lanka
• To
T analyzeltheh effectiveness
ff i
off theh established
bli h d earlylwarning system to face future Tsunamis in the in Sri Lanka,
in comparison with Japanese early warning system

Expected Results:• Validation of the effectiveness of the Tsunami early warning
system in Sri Lanka• Comparison of the EW systems in Sri Lanka and Japan• Identification gaps in the current Early Warning System andremedial measures for further improvements.

M th d l
Methodology¾ Data and information collected from the both countries.
¾ A survey data was gathered by using a questionnairemethod that is utilized to correct, analyze and interpret theviews of a group of people.
people¾ Data are analyzed by ranking method.
¾ Finally, the conclusion and recommendation could be
forwarded through SWOT analysis techniques.

Data Collection
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾

Information and data of the current Tsunami early warning system in Sri Lanka.
Collect the information and data of the Tsunami early warning system in Japan.
g of Practical experience.
p
Shearing
Presentations and discussions in the ADRC VR 2016B in Japan.
Review of Literatures delivered by Universities in japan with lesson learn.
Site visit in tsunami and earthquake areas in the Japan.
Hyogo prefecture Disaster Management Centre and Hyogo police
Exhibitions / Museums and other relevant sources.
Web sites.
Japan Meteorological Agency (National Government)
Tsunami Storm Surge Prevention Station, Osaka (Local Government)
Tsunami Education Centers
DRI museum andd otherth observationbti
Meeting with relevant stakeholders and communities.
2011 Tsunami Site visit and ccurrent preparedness and mitigation activities inJapan¾ Field visits¾ Questioner survey

Category of Data collected for evaluation,
both Japan and Sri Lanka¾ General Information¾ New Technologies for Early Warning (satellite etc.)¾ Conventional Methods for Early Warning (Drum, bells, flags, etc.)¾ Social media and electronic media (blog(blog, bulletin board
board, Facebook
Facebook,
twitter, etc.) for Early warning¾ Other Network for Early Warning (Self-defense, Military & police etc.)¾ Rehearsals,
R hl TestingT ti off Early
E l Warning
W i Equipment
E it¾ Different Administrative levels of Warning Dissemination¾ Timing for Tsunami Early Warning (Alert, Warning, Evacuation, Standdown)¾ Awareness of tsunami early warning system¾ Effectiveness of Earlyy Warningg¾ Cost and Benefit investment for EW systems

Data Evaluation Method Data were analyzed by ranking analyzing method.
 RankR k were arrayedd fromf
Z
Zero
to ten (0 – 10).
10) ZeroZ(0) = Dissatisfied,Dii fi d 10(ten) = 100% Satisfied, 5 (five) = Average of Satisfaction. Bellow five (5)= Bellow average (need to be improved). Above five (5) = More than
average but there are gaps to be fulfilled. In the other hand, it does imply
the value from Zero (0) to ten (10) is equal to the 0% to 100%.
ybyy the descriptive
pstatistics method such as Mean,, Data will be analyzed
Median, Mode, Range, Standard deviation etc.
 All relevant data will be compared by qualitatively and quantitatively.
 Percentage is used to describe the data proposition of the sample
sample.
 In order to present the data, Pie charts, bar charts tables will be used.
 Finally find the Gaps and consequences.

Questioner survey

Limitation off the Research
1. Time: Three months’ period is not enough to gather thedata with other works.
2. Field observation: Inadequate discussions has had
with affected communities and relevant officers.
3. Literature review: Lack of available research on theearly warning system.
4. Analysis: Simple analysis method has been used to
discuss the result.
5. Inadequate questioner survey in the Japan in eachprefectures.

Presentation Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Places visitPl
i it dduringi VR 2016B program
Research Topic
E l W
Early
Warningi S
Systemt
IIn Sri
S i Lanka
L k
Early Warning System In JapanR
Researchh Design
D i
Methodology
Data Collection
Category of Data collected
Data Evaluation Method
Limitation of the Research
Evaluation of data
Conclusion
Recommendations

1. Evaluation of General Information to Early Warning
No

ActivityJapan

Sri Lanka

Description

1

Land size

378

65

2

Population density

336

325

3

Gini co‐ efficient

25‐30

40‐45

4

Human development index.
(HID)

20
(0.89)

73(0.75)(000) Japan is 06 time bigger than Sri
Lanka. Cost line length of Japan 29751 Km
and SL is 1340
(Sq km) Density is almost same. But Japan
has high Population distribution in coastal
area due to 70% land belong tomountainoust i
andd fforestt while
hil SL iis 30%
Inequality of income or wealth is higher in
the SL.
Life expectancy, Education and per capita
income are high in japan it is rank no. 20.

5Political intervention on EW

10 %

30 %

Sri Lanka has a more political intervention
thanh jjapan.

6

Cultural impact on EW

05 %

40 %

Sri Lanaka has multi‐culture

7

L
Languagebarrierb i ffor EW

10 %

60 %

SL is
i multinationallti til country.
t ManyMlanguage have been using in Sri Lanaka
specially Sinhala ,Tamil and English.

8

Number of EW messages issue
for an incident.

90 %

70 %

SL issue only four numbers of EW
message for one incident but japan issue
more number of different EW messages
to the community for tsunami.

Comparisum of General Facters
378

400

336

350

325

Numb
bers

300
250
200
150
100

73

65

50

25

40

20

0
Land size (000) Sq km Population density sq
Gini co‐ efficient
Human developmentkm
index. (HID) world no.
Different General impact areas to early warning.
Japan

Sri Lanka

Impact of General Information to Early Warning
100%

90%

90%

Impaact persentage

80%

70%

70%

60%

60%
50%

40%

40%

30%

30%
20%

10%

10%

5%

10%

0%
Political intervention on Cultural impact on EW
EW
Japan

Sri Lanka

Language barrier for
EW

Different General Impact areas to Early Warning

Number of EW
messages issue for an
incident.

Both the high population density of coast line and long length of the costal line of the Japan willbe created the disadvantage for tsunami disaster early warning. There is a high frequency ofchance to missing the warning of entire vulnerable costal belt thus if the one warning tower fail todisseminate warning that will be affect more peoples in the vulnerable area due to high density of
population in the costal belt. However, these facts can be ignoring with the available warning
systems.
systems
Inequality of income is high in Sri Lanka. Life expectancy, Education and per capita income arehigh in japan it is rank no.20. This wealth also effects to the receive the warning due tounavailability of radios,radios television,
television mobile phones and internet facilities to some vulnerable
communities in Sri Lanka. Political intervention to the early warning dissemination in Sri Lanka is
bit higher than the japan. It is also effect to consume the timing of warning dissemination. Sri
Lanka is multinational country therefore it has multi-culture.
multi-culture Many languages have been using in
Sri Lanka specially Sinhala, Tamil and English. Sri Lanka has to pass the messages based on
the culture and language in order to control the panic situation. For instance, east and the northof the country are majority of Tamils and the moor.
moor Because of that disseminate the messages by
Tamil languages is more effective. Also Sri Lanka is tourist country. All the costal belt is enrichedwith foreigners. Therefore, it is very important to pass the messages by English language too.

Japan Coast

Sri Lanka Coast

2 .Use of New Technologies for Early Warning
Japan
%
90

Srii Lanka
k
%
60

i i
Description

Public response for
new technologicalearlyy warningg

90

80

III.

Operationalarrangement of new
early warning system

95

70Japan is highly depending on thisnew system thus available ineverywhere. SL also highly
depend but systems are notcommon.
Japan has fully automaticallywarningi system.
t
B
Butt SL ddependdinitial data and information
getting from regional countries.

IV.

Reliability of new early 80
warning systems

60

V.

Maintenance andupgrades

90

80

No

Activityi iI.

Available newtechnological early
warning methods

II.

Japan has more systems withsatellite.
ll
But SL has
h onlyl few
fsystem early warning towers, nosatellite.

Though it is reliable in bothcountries, SL don’t have system.
Tsunami rare in SL than Japan.
Japan has technology, skill and,knowledge. SL has to hire the all.
Big issue to SL.

Impact perssentage

Use of New Technologies for Early Warning
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

90%

95%

90%

90%

80%

80%

80%
70%

60%

60%

Available new
Public response forOperational
Reliability of new Maintenance andtechnological early new technological arrangement of new early warning
upgradeswarning methods
early warning
early warning
systems
systemDifferent impact of New technological EW Methods
Japan

Sri Lanka

線形 (Japan)

線形 (Sri Lanka)Japan has Early warning systems based on the satellite operation. They have own satellite which
is J-Alert. But Sri Lanka does not have any satellite. A few systems have operated by satellite
technology which are early warning towers and Thuraya satellite communication.
communication Japan is highly
depending on these new technological early warning systems. Those systems are allocated towhere it is vulnerable locations in the country. Japan has fully automatic warning system. Peoples
in the Japan are highly response to the new technological warning systems like early warning
towers. Sri Lanka also highly depend on the new technological early warning system but systems
are not commonly available in the country. Only 77 early warning towers are available in costal
belt in the country.
country Also Sri Lanka is being depending on the initial data and information which areforwarding by regional countries specially India, Indonesia and Australia. Though these newtechnological systems are reliable in both countries, Sri Lanka don’t have proper maintenancemechanism due to unavailability of such technological expertise in the country.
country This is big issue of
Sri Lanka. Japan has their own technology, skill and, knowledge. However, the Tsunami is veryrare in Si Lanka than Japan. In the past decade the only one tsunami has recorded in Sri Lanka
while having more tsunami in Japan.
Japan

3. Use of Conventional Communication
Methods for Early Warning (CCM)
No

Activity

Japan %I
I.

Available conventional
communication
methods

05

Sri Lanka
%
40

II.

Public response forconventional early
warningg

1040

SL has high respond but it isdepending on person to person andother factors also. eg. environment
andd llocationi etc.

III.

Public response forconventional early
warning05

60This system has depend on thenational systemyand information
receiving system.

IV.

Reliability of
conventional warning
systems

10

30

Most popular in rural area in SL. Butvery low
l reliability
li bilit iin bboththcountries.

V.

Maintenance andupgrades

80

60

Japan
p has pproperp maintenancemechanism if the systems are exist.

Description
SL has mostly depend on CCM due
to lack of new systems while japan
has very few.

Impaact persantage

COMPARISUM OF CONVENTIONAL EARLY WARNINGMETHODS.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

80
60
40

60

40
30
10

5
Available
conventional
communication
methods

Japan

Public response
for conventional
earlyy warningg

5

10

Maintenance andPublic response
Reliability of
upgradesfor conventional
conventionalyearlyy warningg
warningg systems

Different impact of Conventional EW Methods

Sri Lanka

CONVENTIONAL EARLY WARNING METHODS.

Sri Lanka has mostly depended on Conventional Communication
Methods due to lack of new technological systems. Sri Lanka has
been highly responded to these conventional communication
systems but it is depending on person to person and also the otherfactors which are environment,
environment location,
location number of system
available, kind and type of the communication system etc. Thissystem also has depended on the national system because theycannot predict the tsunami. Therefore, they have to be alert on thenational warning and information receiving system. If there is a gaps
or failure in national system,
system entire conventional communicational
system has failed. Due to low cost of operation and maintenancethis CCM is very much popular in rural area in Sri Lanka. Japan has
a very few systems are operations such as megaphone and public
address systems. Japan has proper maintenance mechanism if thesystems are existing.
existing But it is very low reliability in both countries.
countries

4. Utilization of social media and electronic media for
Early warning
No Activity

Japan %

Sri Lanka Description%

I.

Contribution ofelectronic media
for early warning

50

30

Japan has separate media
channel for EW. SL has dependon Pvt and Govt channels.

II.

Contribution ofsocial media forearly warning

30

20

Both countries predominantly
using but SL has not propermechanism to use for EW.

5 . Social media and electronic media for Early warning

Impacct Percentagge

60%
50%

50%

40%

30%

30%

30%
20%

20%
10%
0%
Contribution of electronic
media for early warning
Japan

Contribution of social media
for early warning

Sri Lanka

Japan has separate media channel for early warning and they can operate independently.
p
on p
privet and g
government broadcastingg and telecastingg channels
Sri Lanka has depended
and those are not working at 24 hours’ basis. Both countries predominantly using but Sri
Lanka has not proper mechanism to use this media during night time. Face book, twitter,
WhatsApp, Skype, messenger, viber and other social media are being used by the bothcountries. But in the night no one has responded to getting warning from social media.

6. Use of Other Network for Early Warning (Military & police etc.)
Japan % Sri
Description
Lanka %No Activity

I
I.

10

Contribution
Ct ib ti off
other network forearly warning

JJapan use own systemtwhilehil SL
more utilized other com
systems such as Military,
Police etc.
etc

40

Japan use their own communication system while Sri Lanka has been more utilized theother communication systems such as Military,
Military Police,
Police fire brigade,brigade coast guard,
guard
railway etc. This is very reliable when the main system has fail the other alternative
system has existed. Also peoples more confidence when it is coming morecommunication channels.
channels

7. Rehearsals, Testing of Early Warning Equipment
No

Activity

Japan %

I.

Voice testing (Livetesting)
Communication
testing80

PublicP
bli awareness onrehearsals.

90

II.
III
III.

80

Sri Lanka Description%
Japan frequently testing. SL has
50
not satisfactoryifllevel.l
Both countries are above average
70level.
60
SL peoples
l are alwayslpanic.
i

60%

90%
0%
70

80%
50%

IMPACT PERRSENTAGE80%

REHEARSALS TESTING OF EARLY WARNING EQUIPMENTREHEARSALS,

VOIC E TESTING (LIVE COMMUNICATIONPUBLIC AWA R E NES STESTING))TESTINGON R E H EA RSA L S .
Japan Sri Lanka
DIFFERENT IMPACT OF CONVENTIONAL EW METHODSRehearsals, Testing of Early Warning Equipment

Japan has frequently testing of theircommunication systems by full strength.
strength But Sri
Lanka has not operated the system frequently
i thein
th fullf ll strength.
tth SriS i Lanka
L k isi beingb i usedd pollll
testing method to test the early warning towers
in order to prevent the panic. But it does not
imply
p y the workabilityy of the voice disseminationof the warning towers. Both countries are being
displayed the above average level in the testingof communication systems.

8. Responsibility of Different Administrative levels for
Warning Dissemination
No

ActivityI.

National level

Japan %
10

Sri Lanka %80

II.

Subnational level

95

82

III.

Communityy level

05

30

Persentage of con
P
ntribution to EW

Early Warning Dissemination of different Administrative
levels.
95%

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

82%

80%

30%
10%

5%

National level

Subnational level

Community level

Different Administrative Levels of EW dissiminationJapan

Sri Lanka

線形 (Japan)

線形 (Sri Lanka)

Description
SL has higher responsibility to EW at any
time.
Prefecture level has very highresponsibility while districts of SL also
has almost same responsibility.
SL communities have high responsibility
due to inadequate EW equipment. Butjapan has national EW system to cater all
the vulnerable areas.

Different Administrative levels for Warning Dissemination

Sri Lanka national government has higher responsibility to
early warning dissemination at any time. Districts of Sri
Lanka also has same responsibility to pass the message tothe district level and community level. Sri Lankan village
level communities have high responsibility to disseminate
the early warning among their communities due toinadequate technological early warning equipment. Japan
has each prefectures level early warning system to cater all
the vulnerable areas in the country. But japan don’t have
any responsibilities to warn the people nationally. If
Prefecture could not able to disseminate the national
government pass the messages immediately through thebroadcasting,telecasting
and
by
using
other
communication techniques.

9. Evaluation of communication in the Tsunami Early Warning
Description

95

Sri Lanka%
80

Satisfaction of reception of
EW messages

9070Japan direct delivery and received. But
SL has different integrated system.

Identification of tsunami
disasters.

95

50Japan has technical body. SL has
mostly depend on International body.
Japan Peoples can feel theearthquake. But SL isn’t it.

No

Activity

Japan %

I.

Satisfaction of EW
messages delivery

II

III.

Identification, dissemination and reception of
Identification
Tsunami Early Warning
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

95%

95%

70%
50%

Identification of tsunami
disasters.
Japan

90%
80%

Sri Lanka

Satisfaction of EW messages Satisfaction of reception of EWgmessagesdeliveryy

Different satisfactory leveles of communication

SL also satisfied if the messages
received on time.

communication in the Tsunami Early Warning

Most of the time Japan Peoples can feel theearthquake.
q
Theyy have their own sign
g for tsunami
disaster, the people can take the decision to moveto safe location.
location Japan has direct delivery andreceiving early warning mechanism without depend
otherthnation.
ti
J
Japan
h
has
hi h technicalhight h i l bodyb d totanalyze the situation. Sri Lanka also satisfied if themessages received on time but Sri Lanka has to be
dependpon the International bodyy to gget thetsunami warning. However, Sri Lanka has
integrated early warning system pass the message
as soon as possible to the vulnerable communities.

10. Awareness of tsunami early warning system
No

Activity

Japan %

Sri Lanka%

Description

I.

Public awareness on
warning mechanism

90

50

Japan has good awareness among the
public. Awareness has to be improved
in SL.

Japan has an excellent awareness system among the public sector. Japan had
past decade. This experiencespalso convenience toseveral tsunamis in the ppeoples in alert to the tsunami awareness. Therefore, most of the peoples know
the tsunami. However, if the peoples receive tsunami warning, they could notknow about where to go,go what time to go,go what to bring etc.
etc Especially they don
don’ttknow about transportation arrangement. Therefore, all the peoples are comewith their vehicles. That would be major issue in the japan. The japan warning
system has not yet concern about this issues. Sri Lanka has to improve thepublic awareness on early warning mechanism with the all the communities.
Only the coastal communities know the tsunami warning system. But the othercommunities should have also known the warning system in order to prevent the
impact from tsunami disasters.

11. Effectiveness of Early Warning System
No

ActivityI.

96
Effectiveness of
havingg earlyy warningg
system.

II

Effectiveness of early
warning

Sri Lanka Description%
95
Both countries high priorities.

Japan %

95

Effectiveness of the EW dependon the Quality of messages andtheh warning received
d by
b public.
bl87

Both countries have given higher priorities on early warning systems
to save the lives and properties. Effectiveness of the early warning
system depend on the Quality of messages and the warning
received by public. More tsunamis have to be happened in order toanalyze the effectiveness of the warning system. If there is no
tsunami effectiveness also zero.
zero Therefore,
Therefore Japan has higheffectiveness why it is operated in 2011 tsunami successfully. But in
Sri Lanka do not have any tsunami after the establishment ofttsunamii towerstsimplyi l after
ft 2004.
2004

12. Analysis of Cost and Benefit investment for EW
Systems
No

Activity

Japan %I

Investment of early
warning system

98

II

Satisfaction of investment to 95
the early warning system

Sri Lanka%
70

Description
Comparatively SL also spend moremoney on EW.
Japan has high vulnerability totsunami. But SL has only one
experience. Based on the frequency oftsunami occurrence, Investment
should be focused on Multi hazards
warning system.

74

Effectiveness of Early Warning System
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

96% 95%90%

95% 97%

98%

95%
70%

74%

50%

Public awareness Effectiveness of Effectiveness of
on warning
having early
early warning
mechanism
warning systemJapan
Sri Lanaka
線形 (Japan)

Investment of Satisfaction ofearly warninginvestment tosystemthe early warning
systemCost and Benefit investment for EW Systems

Comparatively Sri Lanka also invested
more thanth theth returnt
off investmentitt (ROI)to the tsunami early warning system. But
Sri Lanka has only one experience in2004 tsunami. Bu Japan has highvulnerability to tsunami. Based on thefrequency of tsunami occurrence,occurrence
Investment has focused on Multi hazards
angle.
l Therefore,Th f
it can beb usedd tot any
impending disasters.

Available and usability of the Early Warning Methods
No Communication System
LLandd lineli telephonest l hEarly Warning Towers/ CDMAJapan

Sri Lanka

Common use
C
Commonly using for every disasters

Common use
C
77 towers only. Use for tsunami and cyclone.

Satellites

Common use

Tower operation and very rare use for communication.

SMS

Always using for public at any network.

Cell Broadcast

No useUse for selected costumes.
Cannot operate all the networks
networks.
Fairly use but do not have confidence.

VHF/HF Radio
Mobile Network

Common use
Common use

Television channels

24 hours channels

Radio channels
Press media
Fax

24 hours channels and separate channels areavailable.
Not enough time
Ordinary use

Moderate use.
Common use. But in the disaster, network systemjammed.
No 24 hours channel.
channel During night time have to inform tostart the telecast.
No 24 hours’ channel. During night time have to inform tostart the telecast
Not enough time
Only 15 minutes can use after that system jammed
jammed.

EmailInternet

Always using.
Common use

Selected personal only
Messages Upload but not common use.

By Vehicles –Announcements

Fire brigade, police vehicles and helicopters areused.
Not much involved
Commonly fixed systems are being used.
Very common
Not useCommon use
Not useNot use.
Not useNot prominent. No mechanism.

No helicopters used, police, military vehicles.

Very rare

Higher relationship among the communities. Most
common practices.

NGOs and CBOs
PA Systems
Mega phones.
Hand Sirens
Electric Sirens
Temple and church bells
Mosque PA system
Riders/ Push Bicycle & Motor
Early Warning Committees (Door to Door)
Fl
Flags
and
d diffdifferent colourlcords.
d
Other institutional communication systems
Mouth to mouth.

High involved.
Always used. Mobile Pa systems also use.
Very common.
Ordinary use.
A very few use.
Common use.
Common use
Ordinary use.
Committees are available. In the disasters cannot find thecommittee.
R
Rare
use
O di
OrdinaryuseJapan has dedicated line to communication.
SL always depend on other communication system such
Therefore, not depend on other communication. as military, police, fire brigade etc.

SWOT Analysis

No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

Strengths

Weakness

Opportunities

Threats

Strengths

Weakness
Weakness,

Opportunities

Threats

Information effect to EWJapan
Land size and coastal belt of the country
Weakness
Costal Population density
Threats
Gini co‐ efficient
Opportunity
Human development index. (HID)
Strength
Political intervention for EW
Opportunity
Cultural impact for EW
Strength
Language impact for EW
Opportunity
Use of different Type of messages to EW
Weakness
Availability of very high sophisticated (Satellite etc) early warning Strength
methods
Public response for new technological early warning
Opportunity
Operational arrangement of new early warning system
Strength
Reliability of new early warning systems
Strength
Maintenance and upgrades
Opportunity
Available conventional communication methods
Weakness
Public response for conventional early warning
Weakness
Operational arrangement of conventional early warning system Weakness
Reliability of conventional warning systems
Weakness
Contribution of electronic media for early warning
Opportunity
Contribution of social media for early warning
Opportunity
Contribution of other network for early warning
Opportunity
Voice testing (Live testing)Strength
Communication testing (poll test)
Opportunity
National level EWOpportunity
Subnational level EWStrength
Community level EW
Weakness
Satisfaction of delivery and reception of EW messages
Opportunity
Public awareness on warning mechanism
Opportunity
Effectiveness of having early warning system and early warning
Strength
Investment of early warning system
Strength

Sri Lanka
Weakness
Opportunity
Weakness
Weakness
Weakness
Weakness
Threats
Strength
Strength
Opportunity
Strength
Weakness
WeaknessgStrength
Opportunity
Weakness
Opportunity
Opportunity
Opportunity
Strength
Opportunity
Opportunity
Strength
Strength
Opportunity
Opportunities
Opportunity
Strength
StrengthPresentation Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Places visitPl
i it dduringi VR 2016B program
Research Topic
E l W
Early
Warningi S
Systemt
IIn Sri
S i Lanka
L k
Early Warning System In JapanR
Researchh Design
D i
Methodology
Data Collection
Category of Data collected
Data Evaluation Method
Limitation of the Research
Evaluation of data
Conclusion
Recommendations

Conclusion
A complete and effective early warning system comprises of four elements
I. Identification of Disaster Risk, Sign and Threats
A complete early warning system should have a system to identify the impending
disaster risk,
risk sing and threats independently.
independently
II. Timely Disseminate and Reception of Messages.
Identified disaster risk, sign and threats has to process to the valuable message andth t message shouldthat
h ld haveht disseminate
todii t timely
ti l andd it should
h ld beb verified
ifi d theth
reception of relevant communities in the appropriate mechanism.
III. Efficiency of the Warning Mechanism
Efficiency of the early warning messages has depended on the time ofdissemination and reception, accuracy of the message, short and clarity, community
perceptionppand acceptancepand communityy respond.
p
IV. Effectiveness of the system
The effectiveness of the system would be depended on number of disasteroccurrence availability of the system and reliability of the system.
occurrence,systemPresentation Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Places visitPl
i it dduringi VR 2016B program
Research Topic
E l W
Early
Warningi S
Systemt
IIn Sri
S i Lanka
L k
Early Warning System In JapanR
Researchh Design
D i
Methodology
Data Collection
Category of Data collected
Data Evaluation Method
Limitation of the Research
Evaluation of data
Conclusion
Recommendations

Recommendations
1. To make complete and effective early warning system should be inter-related with many
elements, knowledge of hazards and vulnerabilities, education and training for people atrisk dissemination strategies and reception strategies as well as preparedness capacity torisk,
respond.
2. Responsibilities need to be clearly defined and people need to be well-informed and feel adegree of ownership of the implementation process.
process Much depends on establishinginstitutional capacities to ensure that early warning systems are well integrated into
governmental policy and decision-making process. Focusing on early warning systems
itself - show how communities can be involved in this process or how they can initiate theestablishment of an early warning system at local level in connection with those at national,
regional and international levels.
3 People3.
People-centeredcentered early warning systems is to be empowered individuals and communities
exposed to hazards to act in sufficient time and in an appropriate manner to reduce thepossibility of personal injury, loss of life and damage to property and the environment.
4. Stakeholders comprising both information suppliers and information receivers should bemade educated on all key elements of the end-to-end system and the relevant SOPs andcommunications which have to be complied.
5. Early Warning is the uttermost important thing. It has to be validated periodically.

Recommendations for Japan
1. Japan has to be developed a traffic plan and it should be integrated with the early
warning system to ensure the evacuation of the vulnerable communities due tohigh density of costal population and
2. When the earthquake magnitude is more than 07, the population of the 01
kilometer from the beach should be evacuated to the safer location with theirvehicles within 05 – 10 minutes and if they unable to evacuate within given time,
timeaware the people to evacuate without vehicles in order to avoid traffic jam.
3. The Japan has to enhanced the awareness of the early warning systems,
channels, mechanisms and type and kind of early warning massagers which aregoing to be send the communities.
p
is beingg disseminated several messages
g to ggeneral p
public and vulnerable
4. Japancommunities. Therefore, each and every people could not be taken appropriate
decision. In order to reduce this panic situation before the relevant time, Japan has
to reduce the number of advisory,advisory alert,
alert warning messages.
messages People do not needearthquake messages, magnitude, epicenter, etc. when consider the tsunami.
Japan has to emphasized to the communities on evacuation message as soon as
possible
ibl dued tot limited
li it d timeti
f tsunamis.
forti

5. Japan has to be improved the conventional communication system toresponse even during the night time. Early warning towers and othersystem could not be explained the evacuation locations and further
additional details, in such situation conventional mechanism are importantto guide the people until reach to safe locations. Therefore, Megaphone,public address systems etc, has to be ready in appropriate locations.
6. Japan has more than 60 % elderly peoples. They are taken more than
15 minutes to evacuate to the safe location by foot.
foot Most of elderly anddifferent abled people will die due to tsunami while they are moving tosafe location and lack of awareness on early warning. In order to prevent
such situation, Evacuation messages has to disseminated as soon as
possible.
7 Japan ordinary used Japanese language to warn the communities but
7.
japan has to take keen attention about foreign delegates who are working
pTherefore, jjapan
p has to p
provided warningg message
g at leastin the jjapan.
English language too like “Tsunami, Tsunami, please Evacuate,
Evacuate”.

Recommendations for Sri Lanka
1. Improve the dedicated communication system with the regional warning
centers between the national tsunami warning center to avoid thecommunicationi ti
i t
interruption.
ti
S i LankanSri
L kpeoplesl
could
ld nott gett thethearthquake feeling where Sri Lanka is not locating in the earthquake
fault or Ring of fire.
2. Sri Lanka has cultural and social impacts for early warning speciallylanguage and giving night time evacuation order. The women cannot beseen in the night around 7pm due to transport barriers, less security,
culture itself refuse to see the women in the night, dependence are notallowed etc,
etc therefor Sri Lanka has to do Drill in the night time by using
early warning system to avoid the such situation. Only the early warning
towers has provided messages by three languages. But each and every
warning messages has to be disseminate by “Sinhala, Tamil, English”
language in order to prevent the language barriers in Sri Lanka and thus
each administrative levels have to be kept in ready the prerecorded
warning messages to disseminate at the disasters.

3. Sri Lanka has been struggling with new technology involvement after established3
with the early warning system in 2009. Sri Lanka has to hired the technology from theoriginal suppliers and it has to upgrade by time to time expending high cost. It ishighly recommending to integrate with local technologies which can be sustained andeffective by corporate with technical institutes.
4. The Sri Lanka has a well-established early warning system. Though it is wellestablished, there is no any dedicated channel to conform the dissemination andreception of the message.
message Sri Lanka is being utilized many other channels which are
military, police, etc. to overcome the current gap of early warning system. It is
recommended to arrange a dedicated line with several locations to get the feedback
off early
l warningi messages.
5. After the ggreat 2004 tsunami the word “TSUNAMI” is famous in the country.
y Butscience, aptitude of the hazard and many other response activates are not known by
many other communities in the middle part of the country. Awareness on tsunami has
to be provided and enhanced to the communities in order to save the life from future
tsunamis.

Common recommendation to the world on early warning
mechanism
1. In the past decade most of the peoples in the world has died by tsunamis due to lack of tsunami
early warning system without concerning region, country, race, religion or any other factors.
Most off countries theyy don’t have enoughg moneyy to cover the entire area byy warningg systems.
ySome systems are very expensive. Some countries are doing business and earn large profit by
selling early warning system. Most of the countries are struggled with the technologies.
Therefore, it is recommended to identified and established a common early warning system (onesystem)t ) forfallll countriestisuch
h as digitaldi it l HF communicationi tisystemt
or satellite
t llit basebcommunication system etc. to overcome the early warning issues in the world and save the lives
form tsunamis.
1. There are many warning systems exist in the word at the present. Many sirens, many colour
codes are been using for communicate the warning information to the public. Therefore, it isrecommended to standardized the sound that can be utilized as a Common sound for disasters
such as ambulance sound.
sound That common sound will help to identified the disasters in anywherein the world and it can be integrated to mobile phones, radios, early warning towers, emergency
response vehicles even during night time and also SMS alert for elderly people, foreigners.
1. Create awareness among the communities to “improve their ability to judge the disasters” takeappropriate action like “Kamaishi Higashi Junior High School” in japan 2011 tsunami respond.

9Thanks for all the ADRC staff.
9Resource personals
personals.
9Other Institutes where I gain knowledge.
9Other who are encourage me.
g
9DK house manager.
9My friends from Pakistan and Thailand.
9Specially Shiomi san for coordinate
coordinate.
9Finally Japan.

Thank youyou.