REPORT
Sato Umi Application and the Environmental Assessment of Jakarta Bay for
Regional Indonesian Sustainable Coastal Management
Suhendar I Sachoemar1, Yuichi Hayami2, Akihiko Morimoto3, Tetsuo Yanagi4
Agus Sudaryanto1, Endro Soeyanto1, and Ratu Siti Aliah1
1Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), INDONESIA
2Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, JAPAN
3Saga University, Japan. Institute of Lowland and Marine Research, JAPAN
4 RIAM, Kyushu University, JAPAN1. Introduction
Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world with an area of ± 7.8
million km2, where the sea area is 5.8 million km2 with the number of islands 17,504
where 92 islands are the leading islands of Indonesia. Indonesia has also 1.2 million haof brackishwaterpond area, but only 37.5% of them are used for aquaculture activities.
The low utilization of brackishwater pond is generally caused by environmental damage
due to the excessive exploitation by intensive aquaculture activities during the period of
1980s. In line with the growing global paradigm in the face of change and goodenvironmental damage caused by excessive exploitation of natural resources and theconsequences of climate change and global warming, it is time for Indonesia toimplement the concept of management and utilization of natural resources taking into
account the balance and stability of the natural resources and the environment, such as
in the concept of SATO-UMI as promoted by Yanagi (2008). To support those paradigm,
it is necessary to develop a management and utilization concept of fishery, coastal andmarine resources wisely, balanced, harmonious, integrated and more productive byactively involving the community. To implement the SATO-UMI concept and to improve
the productivity of the marginal brackishwater pond in the coastal area, a sustainableaquaculture model should be developed. An integrated and environmental friendly
farming technology model such as the Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), canbe applied to improve the productivity of marginal brackishwater pond by increasing thediversity product through biorecycle system to ensure the sustainable utilization ofbrackishwater pond in the coastal area.
On the other hand, Jakarta Bay, a semi enclose estuary in the northern coastal
area of Jakarta has faced serious environmental degradation due to human andindustrial activities. The environment of the rivers surround Jakarta was polluted due to1

the increasing of the domestics and industrial waste as response to the rapid
development of the anthropogenic activities within the city since the decades. As
consequence, the carrying capacity of the water ecosystem was degraded including
Jakarta Bay as the estuary of the passing rivers of the Jakarta City..This led toecosystem disturbance including loss of biodiversity due to for example mass mortalityof fish as a result of oxygen depletion (hypoxia). It was supposed that the upwelling ofoxygen depleted water (hypoxic water mass) would induced the massive fish kill
(Sachoemar and Wahjono, 2007).
II. Aim/Objective
This report briefly discusses the Sato Umi concept and its implementation tosupport the sustainable aquaculture development, and also discusses the pollution
problem within the Jakarta Bay to understand the formation mechanism of hypoxic
water mass.
III. Method
3.1. Sato Umi and IMTA
An experiment to clarify the sustainable model of Integrated Multi TropicalAquaculture (IMTA) as a model of Sato Umi Concept was conducted during 4 monthsfrom June to September 2010 in the marginal brackishwater pond area of the northerncoastal area of Karawang, West Java, Indonesia (Fig.1). The experiment used four (4)aquaculture models using 500 m2 pond of each with three (3) replications (Fig.1).

Fig 1. Location and experimental design of IMTA, as a Sato Umi Concept at thenorthern coastal area of Karawang23.2. The assessment of Jakarta Bay environment
As for the assessment of Jakarta Bay environment, surveys of the water quality
distribution was conducted 3 times (May, September and December) and a survey forthe sampling of macrobenthos and bottom sediment (September) during a year. The
continuous observation using a mooring system conducted from April 2017 was finishedin May 2018. The locations of the stations are shown in Fig.2. During these surveys,
the water sampling for the analysis of nutrients and chlorophyll a with a Van-Dorn
sampler was conducted at 8 stations in May (Stn. 8, 14, 18, 20, 30, 44, 46, 47) and 5stations in September and December (Stn. 6, 18, 29, 30, 32).

Figure 2. Map of Jakarta Bay and locations of the water quality observation stations.
IV. Result and Discussion
3.1. Sato Umi and IMTA
Based on the data shown in Fig.3, the DIN concentration of P-4 is the lowest
even compared to the control. This situation indicates that P-4 containing green muscle
as the organic consumer organism and seaweed as an inorganic consumer has
contributed on the reduction of DIN concentration through the biorecycle system. In thissystem, organic material derived from residual feed, fish waste and other sources will
be used for the growth of seaweed and green muscle. As the result, water quality andecosystem of P-4 to be more stable compare to the other models.
The result of experiment has shown that P-4 containing 4 cultivated organism as
an integrated multi trophic aquaculture model was the most productive aquaculture
system with the most stable water quality compared to monoculture and polyculture nonintegrated multi trophic aquaculture system (Fig 4.). This result indicates that theaquaculture system with integrated multi trophic polyculture will be more benefit to3

sustain the aquaculture system in the coastal area and more productive to provide
finacial benefits for the society compared to monoculture and polyculture non integrated
multi trophic aquaculture system without algae and benthic organism as shown in P-1,
P-2 and P-3. With integrated multi trophic aquaculture models, the risk of failure
aquaculture business is expected to be reduced, because at least one or more
cultivation organisms are still expected to be harvested. The farmer can also reduce therisk of capital farming and maintain the coastal area to sustain aquaculture activities
with the natural balance.

Fig. 3. Mean average of DIN (Dissolve Inorganic Nitrogen) and DIP (Dissolve InorganicPhosphorus) of each brackish water pond model.
The result of experiment has shown that P-4 containing 4 cultivated organism(tilapia, shrimp, seaweed and shellfish) that are cultured integrity in one pond as anintegrated multi trophic aquaculture model was the most productive aquaculture systemwith the most stable water quality compared to monoculture and polyculture nonintegrated multi trophic aquaculture system (Fig 4.). This result indicates that theaquaculture system with integrated multi trophic polyculture will be more benefit tosustain the aquaculture system in the coastal area and more productive to providefinacial benefits for the society compared to monoculture and polyculture non integrated
multi trophic aquaculture system without algae and benthic organism as shown in P-1,
P-2 and P-3. With integrated multi trophic aquaculture models, the risk of failure
aquaculture business is expected to be reduced, because at least one or more
cultivation organisms are still expected to be harvested. The farmer can also reduce therisk of capital farming and maintain the coastal area to sustain aquaculture activities
with the natural balance.

4Fig.4. Productivity profile of each brackish water pond model
4.2. The assessment of Jakarta Bay environment
The distributions of temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a fluorescence in thesurface layer (0.5 m depth) and the distribution of temperature, salinity and DO in thebottom layer (0.5 m above bottom) in May were shown in Figures 4. The same ones in
September and December were shown in Figure 5 and 6. Figure 7 shows therelationship between chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll a observed in the 3surveys. The nutrient samples are under analysis. In May, surface temperature washigher in the inner most of the bay. There was a low salinity water mass distributed at
the south east end of the bay. The chlorophyll fluorescence was high in the coastal area
especially south eastern area. However, such structure was not observed in the bottomlayer. The water with temperature lower than 30.1 °C and salinity higher than 31.8
distributed wide area of the bay. Bottom temperature was low along the eastern coast.
Temperature was high and salinity was low in the southern coastal area. The bottom
water DO was in low the eastern Jakarta Bay. The hypoxic water mass which had DO
lower than 3 mg/L was formed in the south eastern area. The minimum DO was 0.3
mg/L which was observed at Stn. 10 just above the bottom. In September, the surface
temperature was higher in the coastal area. Low salinity water distributed in the innermost of the bay. The chlorophyll fluorescence was relatively high in the coastal area
where the salinity was low. It was especially high in the south eastern area. Compare tothe surface salinity, the bottom water salinity was homogeneous. The water with hightemperature and low salinity distributed along the southern coast. The bottom DO waslower in the eastern area. The minimum DO was 1.6 mg/L which was observed at Stn.
13 just above the bottom. In December, the surface temperature was high in the innermost of the bay. A low salinity water mass was distributed in the central area. The
chlorophyll fluorescence was high in the southern coastal area. The bottom temperature5and salinity were relatively homogeneous. The high temperature and low salinity water
distributed along the coast. The bottom DO was low in the eastern area. The minimum
DO was 0.3 mg/L which was observed at Stn. 9 just above the bottom.

Figure 4. Horizontal distribution of temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a fluorescencein the surface layer (0.5 m) and temperature, salinity and DO in the bottom
layer (0.5 m above the bottom) in May, September and December 2018.
V. Conclusion Remark
1. An Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (IMTA) by using tilapia, shrimp, seaweed
and shellfish as a model of Sato Umi Concept has demonstrated highproductivity and environmental stability compared to the monoculture.
2. In Jakarta Bay, the hypoxic water mass was formed almost throughout the year.
ReferenceYanagi, T. 2008. Sato-Umi—A new concept for sustainable fisheries.Fisheries for global
welfare and environment, 5 World Fisheries Congress. 351–358 pp.
Sachoemar, S.I. and H.D. Wahjono (2007) Kondisi Pencemaran Lingkungan Perairan
Teluk Jakarta. Jurnal Air Indonesia (Indonesian Water Journal) Vol.3, No. 1: 114.

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Publication/conference presentation,
1. International symposium on coastal ecosystem change in Asia. LaMer-Center forMarine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan 14-16
November 2019. Presentation Topic : The environmental study to understand thehypoxia behavior in Jakarta Bay.
2. The 2th lnternational Conference on the Environment Managemen of the Enclosed
Coasta Seas (EMEC12). Cooperative stewardship for Integrated management
toward resilient coastal seas. Pattaya. Thailand. 4-8 November 2018. Presentation
Topic : Sato Umi Movement in Indonesia
3. The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES)-2018 Annual Meeting. Oct,30 – Nov 2, 2018, Yokohama, Japan. Presentation Topic : Development of
Sustainable Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (IMTA) as a Model of Sato Umi
Concept in the Coastal Area of Indonesia
4. Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS)-CCore-RENSEA Second Joint
Seminar on Coastal Ecosystems in Southeast Asia. University of the Philippines
Visayas (UPV), Iloilo City Campus. 27 February–1 March, 2018. Presentation Topic :Sato Umi Application and the Environmental Assessment of Jakarta Bay for Regional
Indonesian Sustainable Coastal Management.
5. The 85th Anniversary-Commemorative International Symposium of The JapaneseSociety for Fisheries Science (JSFS). Fisheries Science for Future Generations
Abstract Submission Secretariat. “Fisheries Science for Future Generations”. Tokyo
University of Marine Science and Technology. Tokyo, Japan, on 22–24 September,2017. Presentation Topic :Development of sustainable aquaculture model base onsato umi concept in the coastal area of Indonesia.
Perspectives in future
Sato Umi Application and the Environmental Assessment of Jakarta Bay are useful tosupport the sustainable development of the environment and fisheries resources in thecoastal area. The result can be used as a fundamental scientific research data base fordeveloping an advance research of the Sato Umi and the environmental research ofthe coastal area in the future.

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