Summary

Overview of emerging countrylevel response to providing
educational continuity under
COVID-19
What’s working? What isn’t?
Authors
Chris Joynes, Education Development Trust
Emma Gibbs, Education Development Trust
Kate Sims, Education Development Trust
Input from Rob Rodney (UK Department for Education) and Jamie Proctor (UKDepartment for International Development and the EdTech Hub)
April 2020
Part of our EdTech and coronavirus (COVID-19) series: edtechhub.org/coronavirus
Full report: edtechhub.org/coronavirus/resources-and-tools/
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Executive summary
Scope of study
This report describes national policy and strategy responses for ensuring educational
continuity in the context of widespread school closures implemented as a result of the
COVID-19 pandemic. The study focuses on a selection of high-income and low-income
contexts deemed to be of greatest interest to the EdTech Hub (including key stakeholders
from DfE and DfID). The selected countries include:• Asia: China, Japan, Singapore, South Korea• South Asia: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal• Sub-Saharan Africa: Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Ghana
The evidence highlights the current, and rapidly changing status of national policy andstrategy responses to date. The report examines key themes emerging form policy andstrategy response and reﬂects on these: which are working, and which are not working sowell? The nature of the evidence and material available at this stage of the crisis makes ﬁrm
conclusions hard to reach. Despite this the report concludes with a set of recommendations
supported by the literature as it stands.

Key themes
Policy and strategy development are nascent and prioritising accessfollowing school closure
At a global level, most countries aﬀected by the COVID-19 pandemic are in the process of
formulating and implementing their initial responses in terms of educational provision. The
policy/strategy landscape is best described as emerging and ﬂuid, and the available
documentation that describes this is ‘grey’ and often lacks detail. It is diﬃcult to makecategorical statements about what is and is not working.
Despite this, it is possible to get a sense of the range of approaches that governments havetaken as they attempt to ensure educational continuity. Perhaps unsurprisingly there is, at thisstage in the crisis response, there is little documentation about policy and planning above andbeyond the immediate challenge of providing access to education. Notably, this review foundlittle material concerned with how states are designing policy to support to teachers, protect
the most vulnerable pupils and continue to ensure that safeguarding is taken seriously.

Centralised systems are better able to take swift action
The resources collected in this review suggest that more centralised systems have been able
to mobilise their responses extremely quickly and have utilised their ability to take rapid
action to enact substantial policy changes at short notice. China, South Korea and Uganda aregood examples of this approach.

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These centralised approaches do not necessarily come at the expense of a degree of local
autonomy. China and South Korea have provided a central educational platform to support
distance learning with resources and some guidance and/or training but schools and teachers
have autonomy to plan and deliver remote learning to suit their context, within the guidelines
provided. The balance of central direction and action combined with locally delivered support
at the level of the school is an important aspect of this approach.

Multi-partner approaches to delivery, including in partnership withprivate sector on ICT infrastructure seem important
Multi-level and cross-sectoral partnerships appear to be key to a successful and rapid roll-out
of remote learning. In general the focus of such partnerships has been on: improving
communications infrastructure; providing students with (or loaning them) EdTech equipment
such as tablets; subsidising internet access or mobile data; developing educational content or
making existing content freely available and; developing new educational platforms (forexample, mobile apps).
Partnerships with multilateral organisations seem to have played an inﬂuential role indecision-making in low income countries during the immediate response.

Delivery mechanisms for remote learning, matched to capacity,
existing infrastructure and user access to technologies requires
careful consideration
Many governments seem are leaning towards high-tech solutions over low- or no-techsolutions. Most countries, particularly higher income countries, are not prioritising anythingother than online education, except in one or two cases where TV broadcasting is being used
to ensure the hardest to reach have access to education. Even then, this appears to be ashort-term solution, with a move to online being favoured.

Swift roll-out of educational content accompanied by clear
messaging
The rapid decision-making and action taken by many governments has been impressive.
Approaches to communicating this roll-out have varied. In China, large scale tele-conferences
to communicate the roll-out of online learning contributed to consistency of messaging. In
other countries, including several in sub-Saharan Africa, where communication of new policy
initiatives has been through social media channels, the messaging has been less clear.

Beyond access to remote education
Our document review uncovered little focus on the quality of education. The priority has
been access. A next stage emphasis on quality of home schooling will need to follow if school
closures are protracted. How to keep children safe, how to support staﬀ, how to engage
families and parents, how to tackle equity; these are all important areas that have not, as yet,received much attention.
Page 3 of 14

Measuring the impact of policy
There is an urgent need to review the eﬃcacy of approaches to the monitoring and evaluationof the impact of remote learning policies, both for ongoing decision making and longer-term
learning. Programme pilots, phasing of scale up and the introduction of dedicated task-forces
are all methods in use currently by governments responding to the COVID-19 crisis.

Recommendations for policymakers
1. Learn from policy and strategy development around the world
and adapt policy based on data
Policymakers should follow and learn from the steps taken in other countries, drawing on
evidence from countries that were impacted by the pandemic earlier. Adopting an adaptive
data-driven policy-making approach will support success longer term and is essential in a
rapidly changing policy context.

2. Promote access and reduce costs to learners
Online learning can involve costs to students. In many instances charges for internet
connectivity will bar students in marginalised groups from participation in learning. Such costs
could, as in China, be reduced by government collaboration with internet service providers
and other telecommunications companies.

3. Prioritise or move towards centralised action combined withscope for an element of local autonomy
Centralised systems appear better able to act quickly and decisively and the country
responses analysed in this report suggest this is good. Centralised action does not preclude
some autonomy. Agile local response is a vital element and can sustain support for learners,
focus school and teacher action and underpin good pedagogy for remote learning1.

4. Plan for both the immediate and the long term
There is a need for twin track planning. Responding to the immediate crisis while planning forthe long term. Initiatives undertaken in response to COVID-19 will change participation in
education after the pandemic has eased and schools have re-opened. Long term planningshould include approaches to teacher development, resource development, agreements with
operators and other factors that will have value and utility over time.

1 See sister report on best practice and pedagogy for remote teaching.

Page 4 of 14

5. Ensure remote learning plans are based on the most limited
estimate of technological infrastructure and make necessary
system upgrades
Action should be taken that is appropriate to estimates of limited access to electrical andcommunications infrastructure.
Key private-sector, civil-society and governmental internet platforms will experience great
increases in demand during the emergency. It is essential that these systems can functioneﬀectively under these increased demands. Such upgrades might be necessary to bandwidth,
servers, security features or other items.

6. Strive for clarity, decisiveness and support in government action
and coherence in donor and geographic coordination
The point has been made already that centralised systems appear able to move swiftly. It isalso important that action is taken and supported by clear communication and support of theright nature provided to key system stakeholders (as in China).
Where donor, partner and/or regional government structures bring additional complexity,
coordination and coherence is key. Coordination among activities can be missing (as inPakistan), and should be initiated as soon as possible. Lack of coordination among donor
agencies can be exacerbated by decentralisation or by provincial/prefectural responsibility foreducation.

7. Support cross-sectoral collaboration and alliances
Collaboration across government and with partners appears, in some cases, to have aided theeﬀectiveness of the emergency response in the current crisis. Within government, suchcollaboration can involve the Ministry of Education and a ministry of telecommunication or
technology. But such collaborations can also range between government and the private
sector or, in the case of LMICs, between donor agencies and the private sector, withgovernment facilitation (as in Rwanda).

8. Consider education equity in relation to all forms of remoteeducation
As many countries focus their eﬀorts on online learning, equity issues resulting from diﬀerent
forms of digital divide will proliferate. No country currently has internet connectivity, device
penetration and the absence of poverty necessary to ensure that online learning is equitable.
Print, broadcast and other means should in many instances supplement and even supplanteﬀorts to shift education online.

Page 5 of 14

9. Engage parents and families in home-based education, while
recognising that many disadvantaged learners lack eﬀective
family support
Family engagement is crucial to home-based education. Parents and family members caninﬂuence the activities of their children, determine the use of devices (including radios), andestablish norms and priorities (notably in relation to girls’ education in some countries).
Encouraging parents and family members to support home-based education—and the focus
that it requires—seriously, is critical for success. It is also extremely important to consider thevery real diﬀerent family circumstances children live in. Not every child has access to eﬀective
family support and, without mitigation of the risk, existing disadvantage will deepen during aperiod of school closure.

10. Adopt a learning-focused and adaptive mindset
Countries are reacting rapidly to a crisis and developing (and implementing) new policy at a
speed that does not always allow for things to be properly worked through. This speed of
implementation also does not allow for unintended consequences to be recognised before it
is too late.
Adopting a learning-focused and adaptive mindset will aid governments in keeping track ofwhether these policy interventions are working and will allow opportunities to tweak or pivot
where they are not. Such approaches are common in policy and programming in normal times
but are even more important in a context of unforeseen crisis and rapidly shifting
circumstances.

Page 6 of 14

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