HCG27-01

Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Collaboration between scientists and stakeholders at the scene of environmental issues*Akihiko Kondoh1, Koichi Kimoto2, Koki Teshirogi3
1.Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, 2.Faculty of Foreign Studies, Setsunan
University, 3.Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
Realization of the "science for the society" has become pressing subject after frequent incidencesof environmental issues. Future earth as a solution-oriented science display collaboration withstakeholders as an important target. However, there are many complicated subjects, such as
hierarchy of stakeholders, conflict on interests, relationship between decision maker andstakeholder, and so on. This session will be discussed the role and position of scientists in thesociety through case studies, in order to get clues of careful consideration under serious
environmental issues our facing to.
Keywords: scene of environmental issues, scientist, stakeholder, future earth©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Transdisciplinary science toward the adaptive watershed governance: Biodiversity-driven
nutrient cycling and human well-being*Noboru Okuda1
1.Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
1. Research background and objectives
Technological innovations in the use of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, to produce foodcontributed to the great global increase in population, life expectancy, and economic prosperity
experienced in the twentieth century. Overexploitation of nutrient resources, however, causes
disturbance of natural biogeochemical cycles, accounting for serious eutrophication in many
watershed ecosystems around the world. Such nutrient imbalances are a main driver of biodiversity
loss on a global scale, leading to deterioration of its ecosystem functions and services. It is now
recognized that nutrient imbalances and biodiversity loss are prevalent throughout the planet,posing a risk to sustainable human development. In order to solve these problems related tonutrient imbalances and to ultimately ensure sustainable social-ecological systems, we have toenhance nutrient recycling on watershed scales.
Under such a background, we aim to facilitate cross-linkage of the multi-level governance, in whichgovernments and researchers with a systemic view intend to solve nutrient imbalance-derived issues
on the regional and global scales, while civilians want to solve social and environmental issues in
the context of their life and livelihood. For such watershed governance to be successful, local andscientific knowledge must be shared and integrated by a variety of stakeholders to reconcile
conflicts and interests emerging on different scales. Here I will develop a framework for theadaptive watershed governance, in which civilians are empowered for nature conservation, resulting
in enhancement of their well-being, while scientists show how biodiversity enhances nutrient
recycling through their conservation activities.
2. Hypothesis
Our hypothesis is that human activities affect biodiversity through alteration of nutrientbalances, while biodiversity affects human well-being through alteration of social capitals. A
working hypothesis is proposed to explain how the well-being is enhanced through the nature
conservation (Fig. 1). First, local communities will be empowered for the nature conservation when
they valuate biodiversity whose wise and sustainable use has been fostered by local knowledge forindigenous culture (Fig. 1-1). If bonding social capitals are accumulated through sharing of theindigenous cultural values among the community member (Fig. 1-2), the well-being will be enhanced(Fig. 1-3). If scientific knowledge showing that the community activities contribute to enhancementof biodiversity-driven nutrient recycling, which ensures public values for sustainability ofsocial-ecological systems, is shared among a variety of stakeholders in the watershed society (Fig.
1-4), the community activities will be supported by non-community members directly or indirectly
through social evaluation of public values produced from the biodiversity conservation (Fig. 1-5).
A shift from bonding to bridging social capitals will also enhance the well-being (Fig. 1-6). These
processes will be driven by transdisciplinary science (Fig. 1-7).
3. Methods
To test this hypothesis, my research project will practice the adaptive watershed governance in two
extreme systems, the Lake Biwa Watershed and the Laguna de Bay Watershed, in Asia: the former isinfrastructure-oriented low-loading society and the latter high-loading developing society.
Finally, I want to find the fundamental framework of the adaptive watershed governance applicable
to a variety of society.

©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

4. Perspectives
In developed societies, establishment of infrastructure, such as sewage treatment and tap water
systems, has reduced eutrophication, making human life more comfortable and convenient. However,environmental consciousness has been distant from the nature of wetlands as lifeworld. So, what
enhances human well-being? Is it enhanced by the infrastructure? We want to seek answers to thesequestions.
Keywords: Nutrient imbalance, Social capital, Biodiversity, Transdisciplinary science, Humanwell-being, Watershed governance©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Attempt at Clinical Volcano Disaster Studies*Hidenori Nakamura1, Koshun Yamaoka1, Masae Horii1
1.Nagoya University
Disaster prevention is a major area of collaboration with the society for earth science
communities. One example is volcano eruption disaster mitigation and management. The eruption of
Mt. Ontake in central Japan revealed that local governments and other stakeholders are not able tosufficiently take initiative and effectively collaborate for volcano disaster management, though
there are many governmental organizations contribute for mitigation and management. This
presentation introduces the MEXT-J funded research project for local disaster management support(“Clinical Volcano Disaster Studies”) focusing on three volcanos in central Japan to solve theabove mentioned problem, in collaboration among local governments and natural science/policy study
researchers. This project is an application of a university’s institutional trial oftrans-disciplinary research called “Clinical Environmental Studies,” to volcano disastermanagement. The presentation elaborates Clinical Environmental Studies.
Keywords: volcano disaster, Clinical Environmental Studies, transdisciplinary©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Land use and vulnerability of atoll nations in the Pacific and Indian Oceans*Hironobu Kan1
1.Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Global Society, Kyushu University
Atoll nations established on cays on coral atolls in the Pacific and Indian Oceans face thepotential risk of future sea level rise. This paper reports the status of disasters based on fieldresearch in the atoll nations, and then discusses the relationship between disaster andgeomorphology/land use based on the examples of Tuvalu, Kiribati, and Maldives.
In Tuvalu, half of the national population of ~10,000 lives on the capital island, Fongafale,located on the Funafuti Atoll. The traditional settlements are located on the beach ridge besidethe lagoon at a height of ~2 m. New settlements and facilities such as power plants are built on
the lowland between the windward storm ridge and the beach ridge and suffer flooding during thespring tide.
In Kiribati, 34,000 (one third of the national population) people live in the capital, South
Tarawa. The elevation of a traditional settlement is 2 to 3 m above Mean Sea Level. The newresidential areas including a school, small factories, and shops, are built on the lower part ofthe cay. In addition, many reclamation activities by residents are observed along the lagoon coast
in South Tarawa.
In Maldives, 154,000 (one third of the national population) people live on the capital island,Malé, which has an area of ~2 km2. The area of Malé Island has been doubled by landfills andsurrounded by breakwaters.
The fully equipped island is recognized as a safe from coastal erosion due to sea level rise andtsunamis. Therefore, the population of such an island increases and advances the urbanization onthat particular cay. The vulnerability of atoll nations should also be considered from the point ofview of the uneven distribution of the population owing to the rapid migration of people as well asfrom that of the measures taken against sea level rise.
Keywords: Atoll Nation, Land Use, Settlement, Sea Level Rise

©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Surprising, Learning and Encouraging: Interaction researcher and local people on the fieldof desertification study in the Sahel*TAKAO SHIMIZU1
1.Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
In this presentation, I will discuss the similarity and differency of scientific knowledge andindigenous knowledge through the case of scientist's intervention to farmars for improvement ofland degradation (desertification) in Sahel area such as Niger and Burkina Faso. To considering
this topics, I will use the notion of "etic" and "emic" which are used in cultural anthropology.
Keywords: Etic and Emic, Scientific knowledge and indeginous knowledge, Conbat against
desertification©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Co-designing local water resources management with stakeholders*Jumpei Kubota1
1.Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
The concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) was first proposed in the 1990s, during
an increasing worldwide environmental awareness, and has been recognized as a fundamental principle
for comprehensive water resources management, involving various sectors and many stakeholders.
However, IWRM implementation in local communities and effective assessment of the influence ofhuman activities on the water environment is yet challenging. Therefore, this study aimes topresent water resources management at the local level, which is the foundation of IWRM, to be asocial implemented, and to develop the knowledge structure and ability for implementing thismanagement among the concerned parties. In particular, we considers a management structure thatreflects the relationship among various water users. Based on this specific content and thenecessary conditions for establishing the management structure, this study aims to suggest
desirable local water resources management guidelines through co-operation between science andsociety.
Keywords: collaborative actions with stakeholders, Local water resources management, Social
learning©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Transdisciplinarity surrounded by a common goal for sound hydrologic cycle in Inbanuma
watershed.
*Akihiko Kondoh1
1.Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University
An idea of "Future Earth," decadal international initiative on environmental changes, is theestablishment of transdisciplinarity through collaboration between scientists and stakeholders. The
subject should be solution-oriented one, and participants will make collaboration for achievementof solution being common goal.
Inbanuma is a closed lake located in Tokyo metropolitan area, and serve as a water resource of
Chiba Prefecture. The water quality, however, keeps the worst one recently. To improve water
quality and attain good region, Chiba Prefecture founded a council for sound hydrologic cycle inInbanuma watershed in 2001. The activity includes collaborations of many stakeholders in different
sectors. This is one of the realization of transdisciplinarity, the is the idea of future earth
initiative.
Keywords: sound hydrologic cycle in Inbanuma watershed, future earth, transdisciplinarity,
stakeholder©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Attitude of collaboration between scientists and stakeholders in nuclear disaster*Akihiko Kondoh1
1.Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University
Who is the stakeholder in nuclear disaster? Government is one of the stakeholders, and local
government, local residents, evacuees, all are also stakeholders. Stakeholders in the nuclear
disaster has hierarchy, likewise other disasters. There are divergent views, and even conflict. The
evacuees are stakeholder and also the victims in offender-victim relationship. Who is thestakeholder scientist should collaborate in this circumstance.
Keywords: FUKUSHIMA, nuclear disaster, scientists and stakeholders©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Issues of Stakeholders "or" Stakeholders on Co-operarion among them - Position of Scienceand its Exellence*Koichi Kimoto1
1.Setsunan University, Faculty of Foreign Studies
After the "modern", the science tightened its subject and methods; we have established a system ofas each academic discipline and field. At present, the systemizing reached throughout the education
program, it seems to be a tacit agreement in between the researchers, that there is, or there canbe, no point that can have a bird's-eye view of the whole science. However, on the other hand, as
is notably reflected in Future Earth (FE) program, theestablishment of fusion and interdisciplinary area of the field has been exalted to be a toppriority in the "science". In case that in science "and" society it wants to be built a
relationship, what standing position will "scientist", who bears of science, and what kind of
relationship will "scientist" constitute.
In this presentation, I would like to refer to the material for future discussion aboutco-operation between stakeholders and scientists, by tracing the genealogy of the concept and termof stakeholder, being basedon discussion of the history of science, and the presenter's experience on the field.
1) Current situation of science - from the discussion of A. Bloom 2) Encounter with the "scientists" - from the field in the experience 3) Expert in science and amateur on the field
Keywords: Scientist, Field, Stakeholder©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Collaboration between local people and other stakeholders in the case of desertification
issue*Koki Teshirogi1
1.Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
Desertification is hard environmental problem to solve since it is primarily caused by activities
related to basic human survival and daily livelihood, such as cropping, livestock herding. To solve
this problem, it is necessary to study the resource use of local people, to provide a solution
based on their knowledge and livelihood value, and to share the decisions making process. This
presentation aims to introduce some case studies of coping with desertification in arid land and to
examine the relationship between scientists and local people from the experience of environmental
field work in African arid land.
Keywords: Desertification, Africa, Fieldwork, Local people©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Collaboration between scientists, forest volunteers, goverment staff and public at theForest Health Check activity in the whole Yahagi River Basin*Koichiro Kuraji1, Toko Suzaki2, Kenji Niwa3
1.Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2.Toyota Yahagi River
Institute, 3.Yamorikyou
Planted forests, which occupies 40 percent of the Japanese forest was mostly planted in 1955-70 andis left unmanaged because of a wood import liberalization, a strong yen rate, wood demand decrease,lack of a forestry practitioner. Such forests is dark, consists of tall and thin trees, noundergrowth, a raindrop erosion occur, water holding capacity is weak, and tends to collapse. But
no one can grasp correctly by how much percentage such forest exists by the river basin scale
including a specialist. A forest volunteer takes the leading part and has begun "Forest Health
Check Activity" from 2005 with a researcher in the Yahagi River basin. General citizen, guided by askillful forest volunteer, enter a mountain, and check the health condition of a planted forest by
a scientific and handy method. The data is analyzed by a researcher and shares a result byparticipants and also proposes for forest administration officers. An implication to thescientist's role in the society and the state of the scientist's participation to a problem
solution is considered from an outcome of having a Forest Health Check Activity which is continued
and has ended in 2014 for 10 years from 2005.
Keywords: Planted Forest, Forest Health Check Activities, Yahagi River Basin©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

The gaps on the way of thinking between scientists and local stakeholders-A case study of Hakusan Tedorigawa Japanese Geopark*Shinsuke Nakamura1
1.Hakusan Tedorigawa Geopark Promotion Council
Introduction
Recently, scientists have been encouraged to carry out social contributions, and their cooperation
with the local stakeholders are increasing. Geoparks, mostly lead by the local governments, have
employed scientists as practical staffs. It can be said as a pioneer of a contact point between
science and society. Most of them sit beside the local government staffs in their offices daily,
and also they have opportunities to cooperate with citizens such as guides. However, there is a gap
on the way of thinking between the scientists and these local stakeholders, which causes a varietyof conflicts and troubles.
This paper will report the present situation and extract the issues, in cooperation between
scientists and local stakeholders, through the cases of Hakusan Tedorigawa Japanese Geopark,
focusing especially on geotours.
.
Gaps between scientists and local government staffs
Geotourism is one of the main geopark activities. Many geoparks train guides and conduct geotours.
Geotours are expected as a method to get incomes from outside the area. Regarding the tourism
promotion, its aim is to attract tourists from the outside. However, the methods are hard to say aseffective.
In our geopark, the main method to attract tourists are flyers. Until a little while ago, most ofthem had been distributed inside the area. Geoparks are mostly managed by the local governments,
which cooperates mostly with internal bodies such as community centers, road side stations,accommodations or tourist facilities. But if it is outside the area, under other local governments,
local government staffs find it hard to take cooperation with the bodies.
However, considering objectively, if the aim is to attract tourists from outside, we should
distribute most of the flyers outside. In this case, the objective and the method is not matching.
In addition, as a background, we can point out that the local government staffs do not have many
opportunities to train the cycle of Introduction - Methods - Results - Discussions, like scientists
as in the process of presentation at academic meetings or scientific articles.
.
Gaps between scientists and citizens
Although geoparks are training some citizens as guides, in many cases, the age group of guides are
based in the elderly. Since they can survive by the pensions, they are not eager to get incomes as
guides, and tend to be volunteers.
In 2015, our geopark has conducted a monitoring of the geotours by college students. From thismonitoring, many issues came to the front such as “There was no advance notice on dresses in awoodland tour, and I was the only one wearing town clothes.” “Guide was only explaining to specificparticipants”.
The guides were not malicious, and were just under their “common sense” which can be said as“guiding the children of relatives.” However, the guides are not guiding “the children of
relatives” but “customers” which they receive the fee, and it is necessary to adjust to the “common
sense” of “customers”.
Scientists could have opportunities to receive others’ opinions through academic meetings and©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

objectively view themselves, but citizens scarcely have such opportunities. It is quite difficult
to break this “common sense” that has been cultivated over the years. In order to let the guides
view themselves objectively, there is no choice but to repeat the dialogue over time.
.
Conclusion
Scientists fortunately have opportunities to train the cycle of Introduction to Discussions, andalso to objectively view themselves. Whatever their discipline is, scientists can be said as
specialists of logical thinking. On the other hand, local stakeholders scarcely have suchopportunities. Scientists should understand the way of thinking of their partners well, and takethe approach adaptive for their partners, in order to cooperate with the local stakeholders.
Keywords: scientists, local government staffs, citizens, geoparks, cooperation©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Collaboration between Local Farmers and Scientists towards Introduction of Flood- andDrought-adaptive Cropping Systems*Yuichiro FUJIOKA1, Yoshiaki Nishikawa2, Tetsuya Hiyama3, Hiroki Mizuochi4, Awala Simon5, Osmund
Mwandemele5, Morio Iijima6
1.Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, TOHOKU UNIVERSITY, 2.Faculty of
Economics, Ryukoku University, 3.Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya
University, 4.Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,
5.University of Namibia, 6.Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University
1. Introduction
For the effective tackling of environmental issues through sustainable development in rural areas,
one of the important factor is how to share the information about natural resources and theirecosystems among stakeholders, especially local people and scientists, and create a ‘new’ frameworkfor natural resource use. A technical cooperation and research project named “Flood and drought
adaptive cropping system to conserve water environments in semi-arid regions” has been implemented
in northern Namibia by Japanese and Namibian scientists since 2012 to 2017. This project aims todevelop “Flood- and drought-adaptive cropping techniques (rice-millet mixed cropping)" which canpreserve water resources and produce staple foods to cope with the yearly fluctuation of flood anddraught through the use of seasonal wetlands. The aim of this presentation is to examine thepossibility of harmonizing scientists’ knowledge and farmers’ perceptions to create the ‘new’ mixed
cropping system related with the use of seasonal wetland environments.
2. Methods
A field survey was conducted in three villages in northern Namibia and data on physical conditionsof seasonal wetlands such as precipitation, surface water fluctuations and vegetation werecollected. To understand the farmers’ perceptions on seasonal wetlands, interviews were conductedwith the households’ heads (or household members) who have the seasonal wetlands in their own farmland. Besides, information on local knowledge regarding mixed-cropping was collected throughinterviews, and the participants’ remarks were also recorded. We also observed the farmers’
perceptions on the ‘new’ mixed-cropping system suggested by the project at the workshops.
3. Result and Discussion(1) The study area is located in the Cuvelai system seasonal wetlands (CSSWs). Numerous pan-shaped
seasonal ponds (known as ondombes) are formed on the slight upland area. As the results of fieldsurveys, ondombes are categorized into various types based on their differences in physicalconditions such as vegetation types, patterns of water fluctuation and soil conditions.
(2) Local farmers recognized the differences of the various types of ondombes by some indexes ofwater fluctuating patters and vegetation types.
(3) In this area, local people didn’t use the seasonal wetlands for crop cultivation. In theprocess of the introduction of the rice- millet mixed cropping system by the project, farmer’srecognitions of wetland environment have changed and created the ‘new’ local knowledge of wetland
environment.
(4) Various gaps among the farmers’ perceptions and practices and the scientists’ knowledge
regarded as ‘new’ and indigenous mixed-cropping techniques were observed. There were somedifferences between the scientists’ initial knowledge and the farmers’ perceptions at the beginningof the project, so it was important for the scientists to understand the causes of such gaps andmodify the project framework to co-create the ‘new’ mixed-cropping system harmonized with naturalenvironments.

©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Note: This study has been supported by JST/JICA SATREPS ‘Flood- and Drought-adaptive Cropping
Systems to Conserve Water Environment in Semi-arid Regions.’
Keywords: Participatory approach, Mixed cropping, Local knowledge, Wetland uses, Arid land

©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2016

Evolving socio-ecological policy formulation and field dialogue for sustainable
development: A role of in-house scientist of UNU-IAS OUIK, Ishikawa, Japan*Yoshihiko iida1
1.United Nations University Institute of the Advanced Study for Sustainability, Operating Unite
Ishikawa/Kanazawa
In Ishikawa prefecture, centered in Japan, there are several international designated areas such as
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) in Noto peninsula, UNESCO Creative Cities(Craft & Folk art) in Kanazawa city, UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Hakusan city. UNU-IAS OUIK locatedin Kanazawa city has contributed to these related municipalities in the international designations
in order to formulate local conservation policy of biocultural diversity since 2008.
In this paper, I aim to discuss on the role of scientist on policy formulation in the context ofinternational conservation activities of natural and cultural resources and sustainable development
through the case of UNU-IAS OUIK.
The scientists should be expected for finding something new not only in the paper-based research
but also in the social implementation such as policy formulation.
The scientists can be an information focal point in terms of academic skills and critical thinking.
The scientists can organize and promote a field dialogue among international organizations,
national governments, local governments such as prefectures and municipalities, local residents.
The scientists can support interactive communications between global community and local society
with communication tools.
Keywords: Multi-stakeholders, Academic skills, Local empowerment, Global contribution©2016. Japan Geoscience Union. All Right Reserved.

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