Embassy of the
Republic of Yemen

FA M IL IAR
B UT D IST IN C T :Understanding the Houthi Ideology
and its Consequences on Yemen
Hussein Al-Houthi Fascicles, the Intellectual and Cultural Document

Author: Salem Bahfi
September 2020

Issued by the Embassy of Yemen in Washington, DC.

C ON T ENTS
1.

Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.

The Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
A Deep Relationship with Iran .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Hezbollah Influence on Houthi Ideology.  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
The Slogan. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 15
The Divine Selection of the Houthis .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17
The Houthi Call for Jihad .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20

3.

The Roots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
The Indoctrination of Yemeni Youth .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 24

4.

The Branches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
The Attacks on Jews .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 31
The Attacks on Women.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 35
The Attacks on the Baha’is .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 37
The Attacks on the Press and Democracy.  .  .  .  .  .  . 38
Arms, not Peace .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 40
Intellectual and Cultural Document. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 42

5.

Conclusion and Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . .  45

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Are the Houthi principles and ideology extremist, contrary towhat some Western activists believe?
The Dracaena Cinnabari, commonly known as the Socotra “Dragon
Tree,” is native to the island of Socotra, off the coast of Yemen, andis a unique form of plant life exclusive to Yemen. When one cuts into
its bark, the resin runs bright red, which had made it infamous in theancient world. Its branches, supported by a weighty trunk, spreadout several feet, resulting in the display of its large canopy – anadaptation after thousands of years to support young saplings fromthe heat of the sun. Despite its similarities to several other dragon
trees indigenous to other arid lands, the Socotra tree is distinctly
Yemeni.

The Dracaena Cinnabari, commonly known as the Socotra “Dragon Tree,” is native to the island of Socotra,
off the coast of Yemen. Source: MXCity

3

Analogous to the Dragon Tree, the Houthis are a radical or extremistgroup that is definitively only found in Yemen; but they are arguably
like other terrorist organizations that exist elsewhere and which are
motivated by backward, extremist or sectarian beliefs. The Houthi
ideology started as a seed derived from the goals of the Iranian
Revolution and was shaped by the ideas of “The Believing Youth”
groupa, which formed in 1998 and was one of the earliest iterationsof the Houthi project. The tenets of that group, with the influence ofHussein Badr El Din Al-Houthi, has resulted in the Houthis’ Fascicles(i.e., set of books published in installments as separate pamphlets orvolumes), whose essence can be summarized by its slogan, “God isGreat, Death to America, Death to Israel, Curse the Jews, Victory
to Islam.” It regards Iran and Hezbollah as masters of resistanceto an American empire, but calls on its followers to be even more
assertive, as members of an honorable lineage, one that praises
Osama bin Laden as a leader.

a
The Believing Youth (BY): The Group was established in 1998 in Sa’dah Governorate, which is theold name of Ansar Allah, of the Houthi Movement. The Believing Youth Group was establishedby Mohameed Azzan, who defected from the Group. He was succeeded by Hussein Badr El Din
Al-Houthi

4Notable about its foundation is its emphasis on the disadvantaged,
particularly the youth. For more than two decades, the Houthis havesought to influence the mindset of a generation of young Yemenis
to support the tenets of Iran and its terrorist network and to hate theUnited States and Israel. Since taking up its rebellion in Yemen, theHouthis have been able to recruit more than 70,000 children under
the age of 15 to attend radicalization centers and programs aimed
at training them to face the Houthis’ enemies on the front lines. The
Houthis are proud of these camps and know that their effects will
last for generations.
This radical thought process is used to target and hurt the mostmarginalized people in Yemen. Yemen’s women and children, Jews
and Baha’i population have been the most affected. The basis of AlHouthi’s Fascicles takes direct aim at these groups, proclaiming themas hypocrites, apostates, traitors and/or tempters. Furthermore, therebel group takes physical action by seeking to eliminate all it deems
unworthy.

5

This research analyzes the Houthis’ warped ideology in depth,
aiming to not only illustrate how the group bears similarities toother Iranian-backed terrorist organizations such as Hezbollah in
Lebanon, but also to show its uniqueness and negative impact on
the Yemeni people. Moreover, this research will further demonstrate
the threat that the Iran-backed Houthi militias pose to the world,
and the lasting effect it could have on future generations (as the
Embassy has rightfully asserted in recent years).1 The Houthis are
more than just a political movement, but are radical extremists
that seek to infect all parts of Yemeni society, including religious,
cultural, socially, with its warped ideology and ultimate dismay forthe ideals of unity, coexistence and acceptance.
This research also will more closely identify the movement’s pipeline,
starting with its ideological birth to examine its peculiar tenets,
to reveal its intended audience, and to conclude by taking a deep
dive into the substantial danger this group poses to the Yemeni
community and the wider world. Before the Houthis undemocratic
seizure of Sana’a, political entities did not recognize the true
ideological and political threat posed by the rebel movement.
The Houthis were allowed to participate in the National Dialogue
Conference in 2013-14. They were given representation in the newly
formed government. Nevertheless, the rebel group continued tospread hatred and violence throughout Yemen, aiming to change
the hearts and minds of innocent men, women and children. This
paper aims to inform those who still forget or fail to recognize thistrue menace that the Houthis present, and to aid those who are stillworking towards peace in Yemen or other germane peace initiatives.
The international community cannot allow the Houthis to continue
their attempted rein of terror. It will take a consorted effort by theinternational community to thwart their efforts.
6

Image of the Houthi Fascicles.

THE SEEDS"What do we do? I tell you, brothers, cry out, do you not have a cry to
shout: {God is Great, Death to America, Death to Israel, Curse theJews, Victory to Islam}. Isn't this a cry that any of you can make?
Rather, it is a great honor. If we now launch it in the hall, then thisschool will be the first to shout this cry, which of course, Godwilling, will be a cry not in this place but in other places, and you
will find those crying with you, God willing, in other regions.

From: “The Cry in the Face of the Arrogants”, p. 580"
7

Hussein Al-Houthi, author of the Fascicles that act as the guiding principles for the Houthi rebels.
Source: AKG Images

The basis of the Houthi ideology rests in Hussein Al-Houthi’s
Fascicles, a document of more than 2,000 pages that Al-Houthi
claims is inspired by the Qur’an, thus giving him the name “Speaking
Qur’an and Martyr Leader” by his followers. They are widely
syndicated throughout Yemen, even more so with the creation ofaudio and video formats on YouTube and Al-Masira, the group’s
official television channel.
The Fascicles explain all matters of Houthi thoughts and practices,
including the organization’s relationship with local, regional, andinternational members, as well as its view on societal diversity inthe public square. These topics range from religious topics such as
the interpretation of Holy Qur’an verses and the responsibility of thedescendants of the Prophet, to international relations such as thedanger of US involvement in Yemen.
8Compounded by the warped ideology and support of Iran, theFascicles present a dangerous threat that seeks to indoctrinate andinculcate young and “marginalized” Yemenis and thus radicalize
them through reeducation. It emphasizes the divine selection of its
followers to be led in jihad against the United States, Israel and theirsupporters. The Houthis seek to reeducate the Yemeni youth with
their extremist and radical ideals to have a lasting impact on Yemen
for generations to come.

A Deep Relationship with IranOver the past several years, the international community has widely
recognized the undeniable connection between the Houthi militiasof Yemen and the regime in Tehran. From the moment that Yemeni
President Abdrabuh Mansur Hadi took office in 2012, Yemeni forces,
in partnership with the US Navy, have seized numerous ships ofadvanced Iranian-made weaponry headed for the Houthis in Yemen.
Despite United Nations Security Council Resolution 2216 banningthe export of weapons to the Houthis, Iran persists in its efforts todeliver weapons.
In 2017, former US Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley first publicly
presented Iranian weapons exported to the Houthis in Yemen.2
In 2019, UN experts reported that the Houthis had received new,advanced weaponry, which included Delta drones and land-based
cruise missiles.3 Just this past November, Arab Coalition forces incooperation with the legitimate government of Yemen intercepted
more than one hundred Iranian Dehlavieh anti-tank guided missiles
off the coast of Yemen.4

9

Houthi spokesman Mohammed Abdul Salam meeting with Iran’s Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.
Source: Islamic Republic News Agency

These weapons have been used to target civilian centers in Yemen
and neighboring countries such as Saudi Arabia. The Houthi militias havelaunched hundreds of ballistic missiles in Yemen, with some targeting
civilian areas. Several civilians have been killed by these attacks, including
women and children, and even more have been injured.
Even as the international community has attempted to tighten its
grip on the Iranian exportation of weapons to the Houthis in Yemen,
there have been reports that the regime in Tehran has begun using
its proxies in Somalia to export weapons to the Houthis in Yemen.5
But the links run deeper than just logistical, economic and military
support, as Iran uses the Houthis as a tool to export its warped
ideology throughout Yemen. Since the Houthis signed a contract
with the Iranian regime in 2015, the relationship has only expanded.
6

The Houthis have appointed an Ambassador to Iran, who presented

his official credentials to the President of Iran. In 2019, Mohammad
Abdul Salam, Houthi Spokesperson, met with Iranian Foreign Minister
10

Mohammed Javad Zarif and Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei in Tehran.
From these meetings, Iranian leaders reaffirmed Iran’s support for
the Houthis’ (illegal) cause.7
Hussein Al-Houthi did not hide his affinity for the Iranian regime,
often praising Ayatollah Khomeini for the progress and openness heachieved as a part of the Islamic Revolution. As proof of Khomeini’s
worthiness, Al-Houthi spoke on the achievements he saw during avisit to Iran, stating, “Khomeini is a man of the type who performs
the prayer, a man whose perfection is a religious perfection
according to God's guidance. What happened to Iran? After theIslamic Revolution, and under the leadership of this religious man,
who is not a religious man who understands religion in a limited
way away from life. In a short period he built hospitals, bridges andfactories.” (Surat Al-Maedah, Lesson 2, page 469)
The Iranian Revolution and radical ideology preached by Khomeini
are the foundation for the Houthis’ anti-Western beliefs. Several of
Al-Houthi’s Fascicles praise Khomeini as a “great, sincere man, aman who really shook the West, a man who terrified America andterrified all arrogant countries, and terrified Israel with his wisdomand courage.” (World Jerusalem Day, page 621)
Al-Houthi also regarded Iranian society as one “that managed to build
itself” in the face of Western hostility, aggression, and sanctions.
Thus, American antagonism is not seen as intimidating, but rather abadge of honor.
Iranian leaders have relied on their ideological influence to further
build and solidify relations with the Houthis. In a meeting with Houthi
leaders, Ali Khamenei praised the group for what he regarded as the“vigilance, steadfastness, and jihadist spirit of the Yemeni people in
the face of aggression.”8 The leaders then confirmed via a letter from11

Abdul Malik Al-Houthi that Khamenei’s mandate was an extension of
the Prophet Mohammed and Imam Ali, calling Iran “the guardianshipof the Islamic jurist.”
Iran has manipulated the Houthis to establish control over various
parts of the Middle East via proxy. Notably, former Iranian intelligencechief Haider Moslehi stated, “Iran really controls four Arab capitals,”
after the Houthis took over Sanaa in 2015.9
Despite the fact that Iran has demonstrated that it does not wantpeace in Yemen under any circumstance, the Houthis have remained
unwavering in their commitment to the appeasement of the regime
in Tehran. After the death of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani, Abdul
Malik Al-Houthi issued a statement expressing his condolences toIran, and supporters took to the streets threatening to take military

Houthi supporters protest in the streets of Sana’a, Yemen after the death of Iranian military commander Qasem Soleimani and Iraqi
military commander Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis. Source: Reuters/Khaled Abdullah

12action to avenge him.10 According to a Wilson Center report, Ali
Akbar Velayati, Chief Advisor to Ali Khamenei, the Houthi movement
is an achievement of the Islamic awakening that Iran fully supports.11
Furthermore, the US House of Representatives and US Senate
introduced Concurrent Resolutions 50 and 21, respectively,12acknowledging and warning of Houthi cooperation with Iran andseverely criticizing the Houthis’ violations of human rights and theuse of violence against civilians. This is further to the Countering
America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA), whichbroadly recognizes Iran’s asymmetric activities in the region,
including funding and providing lethal training to Houthi fighters in
Yemen.13
Indeed, The Houthis and Iran have cultivated a deep relationshipbased on a radical ideology that poses a grave threat to innocent
Yemeni men, women and children, and the greater region.

Hezbollah Influence on Houthi Ideology
The Houthi Fascicles give high praise to Hezbollah, the Iranianbacked extremist group based in Lebanon, noting their common
ground in terms of its anti-Western, anti-Israel ideology, going as
far as calling it an “axis of resistance.” Al-Houthi states that the
Hezbollah leaders are “the masters of the Mujahideen in thisworld, they are the ones who gave martyrs, they are the ones
who really preserved the face of the nation.” He goes on to statethat Hezbollah has become “the strongest enemy of America andIsrael…” (The Cry in the Face of the Arrogant).

13

Houthi spokesman Mohammed Abdul Salam led a delegation to meet with Hezbollah’s Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah.

Similar to his personal praise of Ali Khamenei’s leadership, Al-Houthi
bestows the same importance on Hezbollah’s leaders. He repeatedly
mentions Hezbollah leaders by name, most notably Hassan Nasrallah(the Knight of the Arabs). (Al-Maeda Lesson 1, page 447). Al-Houthi
often imitated him in his oratory style, vocabulary, dress and theexchange of praise in official speeches. Al-Houthi calls on his followers
to walk in the example of Hezbollah and its terrorist attacks against“apostates and hypocrites,” especially Jews and their culture and media.
The relationship between the two groups has only expanded overtime. It has evolved to the point where the Houthis continue to
openly campaign for donations in support of Hezbollah’s nefarious
activities. The Houthis have already raised approximately $300,000
to support Hezbollah, while Yemenis living in their controlled areas
continue to suffer from a lack of essential aid.14 During Ramadan
2019, the Houthis used a radio station to raise funds to support what
they called the “Lebanese Islamic Resistance.” The radio director,
14Hammoud Mohammed Sharaf, praised the move as “support from thefaithful Yemenis to Lebanese resistance.”15 The Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace also reported in 2010 that the Houthis enjoy
military training from Hezbollah advisers, alongside Iranian ones.16
Leaders of both organizations have enjoyed meetings with eachother. In 2018, Hassan Nasrallah met the Houthis’ spokesman,
Mohammed Abdel Salam, in Lebanon, where Salam thanked
Nasrallah for his solidarity with the Yemeni people and called him amaster of resistance.17
Following the US Department of State’s lead, many countries havedesignated Hezbollah as a terrorist organization. Notable countries
include the United Kingdom, Germany Austria, Colombia and the
Gulf Cooperation Council member states.

The Houthi Slogan
God is Great, Death to America, Death to Israel, Curse to the Jews,
Victory to Islam. The Slogan, outlined in the Fascicle Cry in the Faceof the Arrogant is the basis for the Houthis’ ultimate goal of victoryand empowerment in Yemen. Al-Houthi requires his followers to
repeat the slogan and follow in the footsteps of Iran and Hezbollah
in the face of their adversaries, namely the United States, Israel andJews. He frames this against prior Yemeni generations, who he states
have put “an order of silence… to protect the interest of the people,”against the misdeeds of the United States.
The slogan was not fully formed and used until January 2002, when
Hussein Al-Houthi chanted it in the hall of Imam Al-Hadi School in
Maran, Sa’dah Governorate. He states:

15

Houthi supporters march and wave posters of the Houthi rebel flag.

If we know that we can act, and that many actions are in our hands,
and this cry (God is Great, Death to America, Death to Israel, Curseon the Jews — because they are the ones who move the world,
who spoil this world, Victory to Islam) it will leave its mark, it will
leave a huge impact on the souls of people. What is the effect?
Discontentment, which the Jews avoid through all possible means.”(Cry in the Face of the Arrogant, page 579)
Al-Houthi instituted the slogan chanting at schools to emphasize theimportance of reeducating the Yemeni population, from the educatedyoung population to the educated elite, to establish dominance in
Yemeni thought. It has reached the elementary and high schools,
where students are forced to recite the slogan every morning.
In addition to the slogan being forced unto young Yemeni children,
many experts and news publications have recognized the sheer
maliciousness of it. It is explicit that Al-Houthi’s slogan presents a
deeper animosity for the Jews than raised by its backers in Tehran.
The Khomeini slogan says “Death to America and Death to Israel,”
while the Houthis’ slogan adds “curse on the Jews.”18
16

Further, Al-Houthi exclaims that chanting the slogan will instill fear
into the souls of the enemy. On page 590 of his Fascicles, Al-Houthi
emphasized, “If Yemenis want to be safe from the evil of America, so
let them all shout in its face, and say: There would be no terrorism
in our country. But what is happening? An order of silence from theold to the young, and all of it is presented under the title ‘in order toprotect the interest of the people.’” He later goes on to state that if
people fail to cantillate the slogan, then they are worse than the enemy.
His Excellency Dr. Ahmed BinMubarak, Ambassador of the Republicof Yemen to the United States, published a compelling article in The

Hill on the lasting effects of the conflict on Yemen. In this article,
H.E. Dr. Ahmed BinMubarak explained that one does not have to look
much farther than the slogan printed on the Houthi flag to see theevil they wish to express.19
The Houthi militias have forcibly indoctrinated thousands ofinnocent Yemeni children into believing that their backward
teachings are revelations from God and will guide them to victory.
If this continues, Yemen will have a generation educated in religious
hatred, discrimination and sectarianism.20

The Divine Selection of the Houthis
In his lectures, Hussein Al-Houthi emphasizes the idea of the divine
selection of the Houthis, that they are the one group of Yemeni
society who are exclusively entitled to rule and lead, to be given
loyalty and obedience, and from whom a true understanding of the
Qur’an and Islam should be derived. In Fascicle One, he states: "Thisis what is necessary when guided by religion. I leave in you thatto which if you adhered, you will never be lost after me, the bookof God and my descendants, which is a safety valve of aberrance
17

in all areas of religion, in all areas of life." (Surat Al Imran, Lesson 1,
page 379)
This tenet of the divine selection or divine right of the Houthis ispredicated on their perception of themselves as the descendants of
the Prophet Mohammed (pbuh), entrusted as holy men with religious
and social authority, and has been central since the group’s founding as
the Believing Youth in 1998. Al-Houthi targeted Yemeni youth with thisideology, pushing for the return of the Imam’s rule, directly in contrast
to the goals of Yemen’s 1962 revolution and the country’s constitution,
thus rejecting the values of equal citizenship under the law.
This entitlement was further affirmed when Al-Houthi professed,"If the Shia Imamate, as we see it now, are they not distinguishedfrom among all Arabs with their high position among the Arabs! Do
they not hold their heads high among Arabs in Iran and in Southern
Lebanon! Those who have the mandate of Imam Ali, we, the Zaidis,
will deserve to be a force greater than them because our loyalty is
to Imam Ali and the descendants of the Prophet." (Surat Al Maedah,
Lesson One, page 457)
By comparing the Houthi rebellion to “successful” movements inother places, Al-Houthi declares that Yemen should follow their lead.
Al-Houthi preached that “The Twelver doctrine sects are respected,
they have a State and strong parties, they have great capabilities,
newspapers, magazines, presses, media, and many other things tofill the world with, Al-Makarima, who consider themselves Shiites,
and Bohra in India, who consider themselves as Ismaili Shiites, they
are all sects in good positions.” (Surat Al Imarn Lesson One, page379)
Mohammed Azzan, founder and former secretary-general and now
defector of Believing Youth, states that this tenet was exported18Caption: Abdulmalik Al-Houthi, head of the Houthi rebel movement. Source: Presstv.com

directly from Iran after Al-Houthi and his father returned to Yemen
from a trip in 1992. After this visit, Azzan noted that Al-Houthi began
to emphasize the mandate of the people of the Hashemite family(the prophet’s descendants) to which he belonged, and that only the
return of the Imam to Yemen would pull the country from its stateof misguidedness.21 He added that the Houthi movement exploits
religious, doctrinal, sectarian, tribal, and regional emotions, and theprinciple of the guardianship of Islamic Jurist to recruit members
and supporters.
The Houthis apply this tenet in their zakat (fifth) regulations – inwhich they assert that the Houthis have the authority to seize anduse 20% of Yemen’s economic gains and natural resources, including
its industries in oil, minerals, gold, fisheries, animal products,
honey, agricultural crops, commercial profits and livestock, among
others. These regulations further plunge the Yemeni population intopoverty while subsequently increasing the power of Houthi leadersin their controlled areas. This further drives the Yemeni population,19

especially its youth, to sympathize and join the Houthis, in order togain access to these resources.

Houthi Call for Jihad
Hussein Al-Houthi has insisted that they were in a religious conflictwith the West, calling on his followers to fight the true jihad andretaliate against those who wish to destroy Islamic societies. He
states, "The word jihad is now transformed into the word terrorism,a Mujahid is a terrorist and the word jihad is terrorism…TheAmericans are the terrorists, they are the sources of terrorism andthey are the roots of terrorism. They, as Imam Khomeini, may God
have mercy on him, said about them, he said that America is theGreat Satan.” (Terrorism and Peace, page 1489)
Al-Houthi argued that the world cannot heal and move forward withthe continued presence of evil countries such as the United States,
saying “We will not do anything until all evil has ended from this20

Houthi rebels burning the United States of America and Israel flags during a protest in the streets of Yemen.
Source: Mohammed Huwais / AFP/Getty Images

arena, from this world, there will be no America, there will be no
Israel, there will not be any state that we fear, and there will be noparty to fear, then we will work.” (The Seriousness of the Stage,
page 1650)
The Houthis’ extremist ideology supports terrorism and violence andis used by the rebel militia to incite relentless hostilities against theinnocent Yemeni people, who they believe to be agents of America.
Al-Houthi echoes this sentiment by stating, “Replacing the wordjihad-with the word terrorism, who is a Mujahid is a terrorist, andthe meaning of him being a terrorist, is that he has done somethingthat gives America the legitimacy to strike against him, which gives
an agent of America the legitimacy to strike against him. Whoever
chants this slogan (Cry) in this mosque, he is a terrorist, so he should
be struck, who told him to talk about jihad? He is a terrorist so let
him be struck. Who told him to open a school here that educatesyoung people according to the spirit of the Qur’an? And whose
spirit is jihad, if he is a terrorist, let him be struck." (Terrorism andPeace, page 1488)

Soldier surveying damage after a Houthi missile attack on mosque in Marib, Yemen. Source: Reuters/Ali Owidha
21

The Houthi militia’s practices are no different than that of a terroristgroup. Since the group’s inception, it has committed numerous
egregious attacks on mosques and other places of worship, targeting
innocent men, women and children. The US State Department's 2019
report on International Religious Freedom in Yemen states that on
Eid, the Houthis raided mosques in Sanaa, Hajjah, Dhamar and Ibb
Governorates and kidnapped worshippers because they celebrated
Eid al-Fitr on June 4, according to the government's declaration,
while the Houthis considered the holiday to be on June 5.22 In January
2020, the group targeted a mosque in Marib province with a ballistic
missile that killed 116 soldiers and injured dozens while they werepraying.23
This behavior has also led the Houthis to sympathize, and evencooperate with, other known terrorist organizations, such as alQaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and (Islamic State in Iraq
& Syria—ISIS) Yemen operations. Al-Houthi has praised Osama bin
Laden in the past, writing, "Osama bin Ladenb will not be the saviorof the nation even if he is sincere, and if his intentions are good, itis the fixed Sunnah of divine existence, and the reason is that he is
not a descendant of the Prophet." (The Descendants of the Prophet,page 1731) Nevertheless, the two groups cooperate, most often in
the exchange of prisoners, ranging from low-level security to highlevel organization leaders, such as al-Qaeda leader Mazen Souda.24
Houthi leadership preaches and promotes the use of violent jihad
to support the Houthis’ struggle. It is what the Houthi rebels areteaching young Yemeni children in school and demanding the men
and women to live by in their controlled regions.
Osama bin Laden: Al-Qaeda leader responsible for the terrorist operations that targeted several
countries, including the attacks of September 11, 2001. On May 02, 2011, Former US President
Barak Obama announced the death of Bin Laden. The Organization appointed Al-Zawahiri as his
successor.

b

22

Houthi tribesmen hold their weapons as they chant the Houthi death slogan in Sana’a, Yemen. Source: AP/Hani Mohammed

THE ROOTS"America wants us to fight terrorism, any terrorist book, any
terrorist school, or any school for memorizing the Qur’an andis classified as terrorist by America. Are they not the ones
who draw our interests, and we surrender? Even though it is
not real interests… Let the young people shout in the face ofAmerica and you will see how America will be nice to you.

"

From: To Follow the Example of the Children of Israel, page 589

23

The Indoctrination of Yemeni YouthIn order to have a generational hold on the Yemeni population, theHouthis have long targeted youth for recruitment, raising themin ideological schools so that they are willing to fight on the front
lines as they grow older. Al-Houthi realized this when creating the
Houthis, instituting its slogan at a local school to attract children andteachers to his message.
According to the Houthi TV channel Al Masira, children are educatedin various summer camps and religious centers that bombard theirminds with Houthi ideology and Houthi interpretations of the Qur’an.25
Children are required to recite the slogan and memorize the Fascicles
as part of their assignments. Governorates across the Houthi-Children attending Houthi summer schools in Sana’a, Yemen

24controlled areas contain hundreds of these camps and schools,
with the Hajjah Governorate having nearly 300 such camps.26 The
camps have grown increasingly full – according to Yemen’s Ministerof Information, H.E. Mr. Muammar al-Eryani. The Houthis recruited nearly
70,000 children under the age of 18 in the summer of 2019.
Al-Masira often reports27 on the children’s summer camps in governorates
such as Ibb28, Sana'a29, Capital's secretariat,30 Al-Bayda31 and other
Houthi-controlled areas. These reports often show children deliveringspeeches containing extremist sentiments, and Al Masira’s coverage
often showed the group took children on visits to graves of children
killed on Houthi fronts to motivate them to follow their example.
Al-Houthi has explicitly written on the need to teach Muslim students
sectarian thinking. In one of his speeches, Al-Houthi criticized former
UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan for his call to spread religious
tolerance and understanding between Muslim and Jewish children
so that they might live in future harmony and peace. Al-Houthi stated,“We care about children, as Kofi Annan said while preaching to
Muslim leaders: We do not want the Jewish child to fight with the
Muslim child, and the Jewish child cries and the Muslim child cries!
If they all coexist in a world like what he says: if a state of prosperity,
mutual respect and peace prevails for everyone!! These are all lies,
all lies, they want to kill in us, kill in us all the feelings of aggression
through education and then terrorism.” (Loyalty and Hostility, page1562-1563)

25

A young Yemeni boy with an assault rifle during Houthi gathering in Sana’a. Source: AFP

The Houthis pull their methods from Iran and Hezbollah. The schools
often show speeches from not only Al-Houthi himself and other
Houthi leaders, but their equivalent peers in Iran and Lebanon.
Lesson plans often follow a curriculum similar to the Hezbollahrun Mustafa schools in Lebanon, which also teach children to be
in combat against the West, Israel and Jews. Hezbollah, in turn, has
unequivocally supported the Houthi movement.32
The extremist ideology often fuels children as young as 15 toparticipate in the ongoing conflict, encouraged to fight on thefront lines alongside adults. The Houthis often negotiate with local
parents to have their children fight, paying them nearly $100 USD
a month.33 There is no discrimination in who gets approached, as
General People’s Congress (GPC) member Abdul Salam al-Dahbali
26

stated that his son was approached by the Houthis without his
knowledge, forcing his family to flee Taiz Governorate to escapethem. If the parents disagree, the Houthis may also kidnap thechildren. According to the Rasd Coalition, from 2014 to 2019, theHouthis abducted nearly 1000 children under the age of 18.34 35
When children go to the frontlines, the Houthis give them a “paradisekey,” similar to the Iranian recruitment of children during the 19801988 Iran-Iraq war. The children are told that Al-Houthi has given
them the key to paradise in exchange for jihad, the logical and holyconclusion to the Houthi ideology. The children that have survived
often go on field trips to the graves of children that did not, motivatingthem to follow their “holy example.”

Young Yemeni boys at Houthi gathering. Source: Altarbawy.net

27

The 2010 UN report36 found that half of the Houthis’ fighters were as
young as 18 years old. Ms. Leila Zeroki, the Special Representativeof the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict from2012 to 2017, confirmed that in 2014, the Houthis had increased therecruitment of children. Human Rights Watch37 also declared thatthe Houthis had increased the level of their recruitment of children
similar to other terrorist organizations such as AQAP, and that the
Houthis had recruited a seven-year-old boy and sent him to a militia
checkpoint in Sanaa carrying a machine gun.

Thus, the Houthi ideology has quickly taken root in a generation of
Yemenis, provided that they survive the conflict. The generation
has been taught to support an imam-backed governing style where
Houthis are the primary benefactors, and all other Yemenis will
receive after them.
28Houthi textbooks used to educate children with radical ideology.

THE BRANCHES"S hould we be silent about cursing them? We will curse
Jews and Christians, we will curse America and Israel,
we will curse their supporters until this is established inour circles, among the nations, the Yemenis, and what
is it to us if others have cried out or did not cry out.

From: The Cry in the Face of the Arrogant, page 579"

The Houthis’ dangerous ideology and rigorous education systemhave seeped into the everyday life of Yemenis forced to live in therebel-controlled areas. With the support from their radical backers
29

in Tehran, the Houthis are able to carry out attacks and campaigns
against marginalized groups of Yemeni society.
These despicable attacks range from harassment and forced
segregation to abductions, convictions and even death. The Houthis
seek to control anyone inside the country, including workers whose
mission it is to support the 80 percent of Yemenis who depend onsome form of humanitarian assistance. As outlined in the previous
sections, the Houthis do not intend to create an inclusive anddiverse environment, where people of different faiths, religions,backgrounds, and ethnicities can coexist. Instead, their leaders
teach their followers to commit deplorable acts against those who
cannot defend themselves.
The Houthis have made clear that they will not end their behavior
at any cost, even in the face of various countries and internationalorganizations such as the United Nations.

Sana’a, Yemen. Source: Weather-Atlas.com
30

The Attacks on Jews
Al-Houthi’s Fascicles contain extensive anti-Semitic rhetoric andcontent, calling for the eradication of the Jewish people and further
disseminating falsities about them as a people.
Al-Houthi’s Fascicles make clear one message: that Jews are theenemies of Yemen. (Loyalty and Hostility, pages 1555-1666) Hestates, “Arab countries and all Islamic countries will not be safe
from Jews except through their eradication and the elimination of
their entity.” (World Jerusalem Day, page 619)
In fact, Al-Houthi tasks his followers with being more aggressive
than Iran and Hezbollah towards Jews, calling his militia the mostcapable by saying, “Don’t we criticize Arab regimes, we criticize
other Arabs and most of them are Sunnis; ok we are Shiites, andthe Shiites have really emerged as the worst enemies of Israel
and America. Iran, Hezbollah, have emerged as the strongest
sworn enemy of America and Israel, and its best media outlets are
creating awareness among Muslims ... We, the Shi’ites, the Zaidis,
should be more aware than the Iranians, than Hezbollah…The Zaidis
believe they are the righteous sect, their awareness should rise to
the highest level; they should be among the most capable sects
facing the Jews." (World Jerusalem Day, page 654)
Furthermore, Al-Houthi continues this sectarian argument in thesame Fascicle when he states that only a descendant and follower of
the Prophet, following in the footsteps of Ali bin Abi Talib can defeat
the Jews, unlike the “King of Morocco and the King of Jordan, who
handed over leadership to Israel.” (World Jerusalem Day, page 631)
This rhetoric most affects the Yemeni Jewish minority, of which
there are several in Houthi-controlled areas. Al-Houthi portrays
31them as people who expect a “divine selection” in their own right,
and who would persecute other Yemenis if given the chance. These
stereotypes are throughout the Fascicles, notably in the Surat Al-

Ma’ida, where he speaks about a Jew telling a Muslim that he would“not walk behind you unless we would attempt murder if we could.” AlHouthi has thus supported considerable discriminatory regulations
against the Yemeni Jews, stating that they are not people qualified
for citizenship and leadership. (The Guardianship, page 1619)
Al-Houthi’s preferred curriculum not only teaches young children
violent and extremist ideas, but it also instills a deep hatred forreligious minorities. Al-Houthi states, “Where are the curriculathat educate our children to hold animosity against America andIsrael? To hold animosity against Jews and Christians? Where is theaction – from which ministry – to make the people have the level ofsteadfast, even for a month if they enter a war with Israel?” (TheWorld Day of Jerusalem, page 642)

Young Houthi boy holding assault rifle at a rally in Sana’a, Yemen. Source: AP
32

The Houthis’ anti-Semitic rhetoric and actions have had tangible
effects on the Yemeni Jewish population, which has declined
considerably as persecution continues. According to the US
Department of State Report38 on International Religious Freedom’s
section on Yemen, only 50 Yemeni Jews remain in the country –largely unable to practice due to Houthi interference. Reports also
show that the Houthis have seized the homes of Yemeni Jews for use
as education camps, continuing a cycle of hatred.
This rhetoric has also integrated into Yemeni society: During a trip
to a Jewish community in the Amran Governorate, New York Times
journalists39 were approached by Yemenis who asked why they werefriendly towards “a dirty Jew.” The Jewish community indicated thatthey were unable to communicate with other members of theirvillage due to this mentality.
In some instances, the Houthis will displace Jews in order to use theirhomes as recruitment facilities. The Embassy of Yemen in Washington
received a complaint from a rabbi who claimed the Houthis “hadtaken over my house and all Jewish homes in the village of Raydah inAmran Governorate, north of Sana’a, and turned them into schools
and religious centers to indoctrinate and recruit children.”
The Houthis have shown that they do not have any respect for the
Jewish people in Yemen, and more broadly, around the world. Their
attacks, both physical and rhetorical, have negatively impacted therich and storied Jewish history and Yemen.

33

The Attacks on WomenThe Houthis deny several rights and freedoms to women, believingthat these rights do not exist. They thus regard women’s rights
movements and laws as “American-Israeli made” and “an aberrance
and a waste of the nation.” (To Follow the Example of the Children of
Israel, page 593)
Al-Houthi states that the West wants “to have mercy on these women,
and to rid these women of this humiliation, provide them withprojects, provide them with electricity, provide them with waterprojects, and provide them with centers that nurture motherhoodand childhood. You provide them with everything, and do not tellthem: That progress, that freedom is the true participation in thatshe seeks to crowd out men inside their offices, inside the officesof government departments.”

Women Houthi supporters carrying weaponry and chanting. Source: Realyemen.net
34

The Houthi ideology regards women as corruptors of the workplaceand seducers. Paradoxically, they assert instead that such a denial
is for the protection of women in general: And Al-Houthi cites in his
Fascicles unverifiable accounts of harassment and rape of European
women due to their entrance into the workplace. (To Follow the
Example of the Children of Israel, page 594)
These beliefs have made the average Yemeni woman’s everyday
life much more dangerous. In 2019, Nabil Fadhil, the head of the
Yemeni Organization against Human Trafficking,40 stated that hehad received reports from families and former detainees that the
Houthis were kidnapping women under accusations of prostitution
and treasonous connections with Saudi Arabia. Fadhil also received
reports that the Houthis torture and abuse these kidnapped womenin illegal prisons.
According to Rasd Coalition,41 from September 2014 to May 2019,
it documented 220 cases of abduction, disappearance and tortureof women. Yemeni women, human rights activists and foreign
humanitarian workers were harassed, kidnapped and imprisonedby the Houthis. The Houthis often target Yemeni women’s rights
advocates or female human rights activists, including 87 politicalactivists, 30 female students, 10 Baha'is, six human rights activists andtwo female journalists. Sana'a accounted for the largest proportionof 204 cases. Various international organizations, such as Amnesty
International, have called on the Houthis to release these womenand to stop attacks on women activists.
The Houthis have also targeted women foreign aid workers whocome to the country to help with the humanitarian crisis. In 2015,
Nooran Hawass, a French national working for the Red Cross,35

was kidnapped, along with two Yemeni employees of the sameorganization, in the Hada area of Sana'a. However, while her Yemeni
colleagues were released soon after, she remained in custody for
11 months. That same year, the Houthis kidnapped another French
citizen, Isabel Prem, along with her Yemeni translator, Shirin Makawi,
for six months for an undisclosed reason.

The Attacks on the Baha’i People
Despite the Bahai’s’ origins in the Middle East, the Houthis consider
them and the Baha’i faith as American-Israeli made, used to divide
and weaken Islam, and that the Houthis must confront them to unite
the sects. (Islam and the Culture of Following, page 1510)
According to a recent Anti-Defamation League publication, thisanimosity stems from similar teachings of Hezbollah, whose curriculum
describes Baha’is as agents of Jews and enemies of Islam.42
As such, the abuse of members of the Baha’i faith is widespread across
Houthi-controlled areas. This abuse ranges from discriminatory
jailing to kidnappings. The Houthis have imprisoned several Baha’is,including leader Hamed bin Haydara. After there being no detailsof his whereabouts43 and sentenced to death, the Houthis finallyreleased him and five other Baha’i leaders in late June 2020.44
Further, the Houthis attempted to charge twenty Baha’is withespionage and apostasy. The Houthi court sentenced three to deathin this case.45 In another case, the Houthi militias abducted the Baha’i
spokesman in Yemen on his way to the market and took him to an
unknown location.46

36

The Houthis have increasingly targeted Baha’i women and children
in abductions and imprisonments. In 2016, the Baha’i University
reported that the Houthis raided a Baha’i youth group meeting andkidnapped 60 attendees, including 19 women. They released theseyouths only after they signed away their possessions and pledged to
not carry on with religious or social activities.47
In the 2019 International Religious Freedom Report, the US
Department of State addressed the Houthis’ human rights violations
against Baha’i supporters. Specifically, the report highlighted thatthe Houthi prosecutor called for the expulsion of all Baha’is currently
living in Yemen and banned any future re-entry.48 The US House ofRepresentatives acted by adopting Draft Resolution 823, placing
responsibility on the Iranian regime for directing the Houthi rebels
to persecute and harass the Baha’i minority in Yemen.49

Six influential Baha’is released from prison after being wrongfully detained by the Houthi authorities.
Source: Baha'i World News Service

37

Attacks on the Press and Democracy
The Fascicles of Al-Houthi are incompatible with democracy due totheir goal of restoring the Imam as leader and establishing the Houthis
as divine interlocutors. Al-Houthi regards democracy as a destructive
system to Islamic society, where political parties “enslave” opinions.
Thus, the Houthis’ largely ideological war against the Yemenis also
includes a political war against the Yemeni government and politicalsystem, resulting in the 2014 coup. Al-Houthi states that democracy
was “transmitted by the West within our society, to disperse us andscatter us from a call for freedom, parties, press, opinion, and theother opinion." (Surat Al-Imran, Lesson Fourteen, page 1109)
The Houthis believe that freedom of opinion and therefore freedomof the press is “slavery,” which is why they target Yemeni journalists
for their reporting, arguing that they are spies for the West. Al-Houthi
states, “The word freedom of opinion and other opinion differs
greatly from the word ijtihad, because ijtihad embraces and unites
a nation; but freedom, opinion, and other opinion tear a nation
apart and disperse it." (Islam and the Culture of Following, page 1511)
Following the collapse of the Saleh-led government, there werereports that claimed that Yemen enjoyed substantial freedom of thepress, where journalists were able to operate with unprecedented
liberties until the Houthi undemocratic coup in 2014.50 The Houthis
quickly restricted journalistic freedoms, arresting, torturing andassassinating those who refused to cooperate. According to H.E. Mr.
Muammar al-Eryani, Yemeni Minister of Information, the Houthis blew
up several television stations and closed more than 300 media sites,
including international publications, in the initial days of the coup.51

38

Ten journalists held since 2015 by the Houthi rebels are now facing execution for false allegations. The tenjournalists are (from left to right): Hassan Enab, Essam Belgheeth, Abdel Khaleq Omran, Tawfiq al-Mansouri,
Hisham Tarmoom, Salah Al-Kaadi, Hisham al-Yousefi, Haitham al-Shihab, Hareth Homaid, Akram al-Walidi.
Source: Reporters Without Borders

There have even been reports of the Houthi rebels ordering andcarrying out assassinations against Yemeni journalists. For example,
Yemeni journalist Mohammed Al-Absi was assassinated in Sana’awhile leading an investigation into companies illegally importing oil inorder to help fund the Houthi war effort. Yemen Life, owned by Houthi
spokesman and lead negotiator Mohamed Abdelsalam, is most known
for their illicit business activities. Al-Absi’s report highlighted that
Abdelsalem used income generated from illicit business activities tobribe families and recruit their child as soldiers.

39

Arms, Not Peace"

If you want to be safe from those, follow their rule.
They are the ones who say if you want peace, bear arms.
To follow the example of the children of Israel, page 590"

The Houthis have largely discounted any peace negotiations; infact, they have ignored the terms of every peace agreement they
have entered. Since 2014, the Houthis have forsaken local, regional,
and international peace talks, ranging from the Peace and National
Partnership Agreement (PNPA) with the Yemeni government to the
UN-facilitated Stockholm Agreement. Instead, they have continued toviolate the agreement with attacks on peace negotiators, most notably
the Head of the Redeployment Coordination Committee (RCC),
and Commander of the International Observer Team to monitor theceasefire in the city of Hodeidah, Dutch General Patrick Cammaert.52
For years, the Houthis have faced only mild international pressure
by countries to implement these agreements, which they in turnperceived as a “green light” to extend the war and to expand theinternational humanitarian response to benefit them. Various reports
have revealed how the Houthis have largely interfered with the workof UN organizations rather than facilitate the UN’s work to help themillions of desperate Yemenis living under their oppressive control.
This has been exploited by the Houthis to enrich themselves andto protract the conflict. The Houthis have also consolidated thismismanagement with the establishment of the Supreme Council
for the Administration and Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs by
November 2019.

40

The Iranian regime has supported the Houthis’ behavior with militarytraining and weaponry, varying from drones to land-based cruise
missiles, according to a 2019 report by UN experts.53 Several otherglobal leaders, such as Nikki Haley, former US Ambassador to theUnited Nations, have claimed54 that the similarities to this weaponry andIranian products are uncanny. The Houthis have used these weapons
to target Yemen and Saudi Arabia, usually civilian populations. Several
hundred civilians have been killed just by Iranian-supplied ballistic
missiles in Yemen, and many more civilians have also been injured.
The Houthis have also extended the conflict into the Red Sea,
attacking US warships,55 humanitarian ships and oil tankers
alike.56 Of most concern today is the state of the Floating Storage
Offloading (FSO) oil tanker Safer, which sits outside the Port of Ras
Issa in the Red Sea. The UN has claimed57 that without immediate
review and repair of the disintegrating ship, the one million barrelsof oil that it is carrying could spill, or at worst, explode, causing amajor environmental disaster. However, the Houthis have made false
promises and have denied United Nations inspectors access to theship to and assess the situation and provide recommendations for
FSO Safer’s maintenance to avert any potential calamity.

Iranian weapons bound for the Houthis in Yemen intercepted by the Arab Coalition.
Source: Saudi Joint Forces Command

41

Intellectual and Cultural Document
The Intellectual and Cultural document came directly from Hussein
al-Houthi’s Fascicles and is considered the constitution andcenterpiece for the current Houthi rebels’ beliefs and principles. The
document explicitly reads, “This is an agreement between the Zaidis
in general and among them the Mujahideen and in the forefront Mr.
Abdul Malek Al-Houthi and some of the Zaidi scholars, led by the
Eminent Sheikh Abdel Rahman Hussein Shayim and the Eminent
Sheikh Hussein bin Yahya Al-Houthi." Some Zaidi Sheikhs endorsed
this document, which was written and signed by Abdul Malek AlHouthi in 2012. The document states, "God chose the descendantsof the Prophet and made them a gift to the nation and heirs of theBook after the Messenger of God until judgment day; and God has
prepared in every age one who will be a beacon for His servants
and able to lead the nation and advance it in all fields.”
The document affirms the idea of divine right given to descendantsof the Prophet over all other Yemenis, in a clear indication that Abdul
Malek Al-Houthi is the rightful leader.
The document consists of several clauses, namely the Sunnah of
the Prophet, divine selection, principles of jurisprudence, ijtihad andIslamic scholastic theology. On divine selection, the collection reads,"The path of guidance, deliverance and safety from aberrance
is adherence to the al-Thaqalayn (the two weighty things): God’sbook, the source of guidance and the light and to a lesser degree,
the descendants of the Messenger of God and the readers of thebook until the day of proclamation and who are God’s authority in
his land." The principle of selection is meant to undermine the legal

42

His Excellency Dr. Ahmed Awad BinMubarak, Ambassador
of Yemen to the United States of America

democratic and political system in Yemen, which is based on justice,equality, participation, and equal opportunity.
Similar to Hussein Al-Houthi Fascicles, these documents promote
extremist and terrorist actions and call for members of the Houthi
movement to fight their enemies, especially the foremost “leadersof heresy, represented in this time of ours by America and Israel, andwhoever helped them, supported them, and stood by their side.”43

CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONSThis research is an analysis of how the beliefs of the Houthis are
influenced by known terrorism facilitators such as Iran and Hezbollah,
and how the Houthis have endeavored to instill their ideology within
Yemeni society, primarily through the re-education of Yemeni youth,
and to impose it onto the daily lives of Yemenis, especially those they
deem “marginalized.” This is only a sample of Al-Houthi’s Fascicles,
which have regrettably propagated hatred and violence throughout
the country. This is contrary to the goal of the many Yemenis wholong for the strengthening of democracy and their human rights.
The continuation of this conflict only serves to benefit the Houthis,as the Yemeni people either grow weary of the conflict, are inspired
to join the organization or simply die. The Houthis aim to become asuccessor to the Iranian regime in the line of Khomeini and Khamenei,
and to expand their terrorism in a manner similar to Hezbollah andNasrallah. The Houthis deify their leader, calling him a Manar al-Huda(the guidance torch) and a savior to the nation – a worthy successor
to restore Yemen as an imam-based nation.
The international community must join the efforts of localorganizations to disrupt the Houthis’ ideological pipeline targeting
Yemeni youth, and rehabilitate the intellectual environment that
supports a free and democratic state governed by a constitution
and laws allowing for diversity in Yemeni society to flourish. Only byattacking the roots of this problem will Yemen be able to escape thebranches and vines of the Houthis.
Click here to be directed to Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi’s Intellectual and Cultural Doctrine.
44

President of the Republic of Yemen, His Excellency Abdrabuh Mansour Hadi. Source: Reuters

Recommendations
It is imperative that the Houthi ideology be studied in depth andaccurately comprehended before making any decision to perhaps
sympathize with the group. Perplexingly, some Western activists andofficials continue to express sympathy with the Houthi group directly
or indirectly, even erroneously portraying their existence as a resultof political and social injustice, while totally ignoring the Houthis’ideological and idiosyncratic underpinnings. Before issuing any ruleor taking any side, it is necessary to fathom their ideology, thoughts
and beliefs, to grasp their true effect on Yemeni society, and to realizethat they harbor an ideology that threatens both the regional andinternational community. Any tolerance for the extremist ideologyof the Houthi group increases its power and persistence, and gives
it an opportunity to further propagate its distorted ideology.
Such tolerance portends the eventual coming of Hezbollah's scenario
in Lebanon: a “state within a state” in Yemen. Hezbollah is considered45

to be at a competitive level with the Lebanese government, a status
the Houthis seek to attain by prolonging the war and exhausting theinternational community so that it will accept them as a fait accompli.
As such, Yemen needs the efforts of the international community forthe following:
1. Sanctions: International leverage must be applied against
individuals, companies, media institutions and restrictions must beplaced on social media to stop the spread of the Houthi extremist
ideology by targeting:
Individuals: Imposing sanctions on individuals who try to spreadthis extremist ideology, and religious scholars and sheikhs who
appear directly on the Houthi channels. These individuals should beconsidered as working to poison the minds of children, attempting
to recruit them and spreading hatred that instills the Houthi ideology.
Companies: Companies working to import oil, loot and smuggle
antiquities and engage in other commercial activities that enrich
Houthi warlords and further fuel the civil war with the Yemeni people.
Media Institutions: There is already the tainting of children’s minds
from Houthi educational curricula and the reprehensible recruitmentof child soldiers by Houthis from their summer camps. But at anotherwider level, the Houthi media has also played a significant deleterious
role. Al-Masira TV is considered the official media outlet of the Houthis,and as the American scholar Ms. Hannah Porter affirms in her latest
research, the Al-Masira channel has produced programs with strong
production values similar to those of Hezbollah’s al-Manar channel.
The channel also operates from Lebanon and is directly supervised by
Hezbollah elements. The channel regularly broadcasts the speechesof Hussein Al-Houthi, Abdul Malik Al-Houthi, Hassan Nasrallah andthe Iranian religious leadership. It also broadcasts regular reports46

on the Houthi summer camps along with songs and poetry praisingwar, rousing speeches from young children and other disturbing
propaganda. This broadcast material is replete with extremist content
and incendiary language, including calls to kill Jews, Christians, andMuslims or Yemenis considered hypocrites or traitors. It also aims tomaximize the Khomeini imamate project
Extremist Social Media Accounts: The group uses social media
platforms to spread its malign ideas and negative agenda and to
recruit new group members. Most Houthi leaders use Facebook
and Twitter to spread the group's vile rhetoric. Continuing to leave
space for those leaders of the group, both political and religious,
to spread their extremist ideas, will continue exposing the lives ofmany Yemenis to more death and danger and should be forbiddenby these social media companies.
Entities: All countries must classify the military wing of the Houthis
as a terrorist organization to make it stop its extremist practices. If
this doesn't work, harsh measures must be taken. In 2016, the Arab
League designated Hezbollah as a terrorist group, following theactions of many Western countries. If we look at the reasons that
led to Hezbollah’s designation and compare them with the Houthis’actions and aspirations, we will see that the Houthis engage in
identical practices. Therefore, the Houthi militia’s military wing
should be also designated as a foreign terrorist organization by theinternational community.
2. Direct UN and international pressure on the Houthis: There mustbe broad pressure applied to stop the Houthis from spreading theirextremist ideology among Yemenis and to abide by all agreements,
peace initiatives, UN Resolution 2216, obligations to the Gulf
Cooperation Council Initiative and outcomes of the National Dialogue47

Conference. Indeed, international pressure has not reached thelevel necessary to make the Houthis respond to, comply with andimplementing what they have agreed to. Instead, the Houthis havebeen violating ceasefires and attacking Yemenis or inciting violenceagainst Jews, Baha'is, women and journalists.
3. Rehabilitating the People After Restoring the State: The Houthis
have taken away the rights and equality of all other groups in Yemen.
Because of this, Yemen was sentenced to a state of constant chaos
and absolute destruction. In order to restore the Yemeni state,
we have to be active in producing reforms that target preserving
minorities, including:
Initiatives that help women and children: The Houthis havespecifically oppressed the rights of these groups, and the Yemeni
government has a responsibility to its people to help restore rule oflaw that protect them.

48

Prime Minister of the Republic of Yemen, H.E. Dr. Maeen Abdulmalek Saeed. Source: www.mofa-ye.org.

Combatting the recruitment of terrorist organizations: Under the
Houthis, terrorist organizations have felt as if they can act outside thelaw. The government need to act with its partners in the Middle Eastand around the world, including the US, to put institutions in place.
Eliminating extremist ideology throughout the state:Thegovernment must work with religious organizations to spread thetrue form of Islam and accept other faiths.
Building and strengthening the Yemeni army: There must be soundreform plans to build a national Yemeni army that serves the citizens,the constitution and the law. Strengthening the Yemeni army is seen
as strengthening the state, which will play its part in confronting
outlaw groups and will not allow for another competitive force.

 herefore, the military wing of the" THouthis
should also be designated asa foreign terrorist organization by theinternational community.

"

49

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7

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12

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13

h t t p s : //w w w.t h e n a t i o n a l . a e /wo r l d /m e n a /ye m e n - s - h o u t h i - re b e l s - r a i s e - n e a r l y-3 0 0 - 0 0 0 - fo rhezbollah-1.889034

14

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16

https://twitter.com/abdusalamsalah/status/1030212806229020673

17https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/curse-the-jews-yemens-houthi-rebel-slogan-handed-out-atuniversity-569074
18

https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/428602-congress-please-consider-theconsequences-of-your19

https://www.yemenembassy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/The-Houthis-Legacy-in-Yemen.pdf

20

h t t p s : //a l a r a b.c o.u k / % D 9 % 8 5% D 8% A D % D 9 % 8 5% D 8% A F- % D 8% B 9 % D 8% B 2 % D 8% A 7 % D 9 % 8 6 % D 8% A 7 % D 9% 84% D 8% A D % D 9% 88% D 8% A B % D 9% 8 A- % D 9% 88% D 8% AC % D 9% 9 1 % D 9% 87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81

21

https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/yemen/22

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7908277/Iran-backed-Houthi-rebels-slaughter-116-Yemeni-troopsweekend-missile-strike-barracks-mosque.html

23

https://www.yemenembassy.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Houthis-and-Terrorism-Facts-on-HiddenCoexistence-and-Interdependence.pdf

24

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYpUW3OPT9425

https://twitter.com/YemenEmbassy_DC/status/1199086187459305478

26

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jewE_5QkSlA

27

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2opFl1zkY88

28

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biqLhxeJB_M

2950

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHdvD3osrJI30

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JzyzmcAh0c

31

https://carnegieendowment.org/files/war_in_saada.pdf

32

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/why-so-many-children-are-fighting-in-yemens-civilwar/2015/05/10/7602d9be-e7a8-11e4-8581-633c536add4b_story.html

33

http://ycmhrv.co/Home/MonthlyReport/uJpSQvEG/Child-Recruitment-in-Yemen-from-July2014-to-July201834

http://ycmhrv.co/Home/MonthlyReport/AAmdHAu1/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9-35

https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/255105

36

https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/05/12/yemen-houthis-send-children-battle

37

https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/yemen/38

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/19/world/middleeast/persecution-defines-life-for-yemens-few-jews.
html?auth=login-email&login=email

39

https://apnews.com/0b4af81e4c1a4e5abce813d5eacdd975

40

http://ycmhrv.co/Home/MonthlyReport/V5reiNsQ/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%
D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%8C-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81

41

https://www.adl.org/antisemitism-and-terrorism-in-hezbollah-schools

42

https://www.arabnews.com/node/1572331/middle-east

43https://sanaacenter.org/publications/the-yemen-review/8363#Court-Seizes-Assets-of-Bahai-Detainee

44

https://www.bic.org/news/member-bahai-community-arrested-yemen

45

https://twitter.com/BahaiBIC/status/1050773951784394758

46

http://ycmhrv.co/Home/MonthlyReport/AAmdHAu1/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9-47

https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/yemen/48

https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/823

49

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2018/11/12/the-houthis-have-no-right-to-talkabout-freedom-of-the-press/

50

https://themedialine.org/news/opinion/the-houthi-death-sentences/51

https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/yemen-un-says-patrick-cammaert-safe-after-shooting-inhodeidah-1.814797

52

https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/S_2019_83_E.pdf

53

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-arms/in-first-u-s-presents-its-evidence-of-iran-weaponry-fromyemen-idUSKBN1E82J654

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-usa-ship-idUSKCN12A082#:~:text=WASHINGTON%20(Reuters)%20%2D%20A%20U.S.,two%20missiles%20hit%20the%20ship.

55

https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/S_2019_83_E.pdf

56

https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/06/26/world/middleeast/ap-ml-houthis-floating-bomb-abridged.
html

57

51

The following is an English version of Abdul-Malik
Badreddin al-Houthi’s Intellectual and Cultural Doctrinereferenced in the research paper above. In order toprovide readers with a more complete view of theradical and irrational teachings being promulgated by
the Houthi rebels, we found it pertinent to share alHouthi’s full doctrine. It is important to note that theviews expressed in the document are not shared by thelegitimate and internationally recognized governmentof Yemen as well as the vast majority of the Yemeni
people.

52

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Compassionate
Intellectual and Cultural Doctrine
Praise be to Allah Almighty, Who says: (And hold fast by the covenant (rope) of Allah all together
and be not disunited), and prayers and blessings of Allah be upon His Prophet Mohammad and his
Family.
On Friday, 03/17/1433 AH [02/10/2012], a meeting was held by the Committee commissioned withdrafting of the Covenant of the Zaidis, including the Mujahideen, in the forefront of whom stands
Mr. Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi, a number of Zaidi scholars and their followers, including themost revered scholars Abdul Rahman Hussein Shaim and Hussein Bin Yahya Al Houthi. During themeeting, the Committee concluded as follows:First: Concerning the fundamentals of religion, we believe that Allah is the One and Only. He begets
not, nor is He begotten, and there is none comparable to Him. Allah has full knowledge of all things
is Ever-Determiner over everything. He is the First, the Last, the Manifest, and the Hidden as no
vision can encompass Him- neither in this world nor in the hereafter- but he encompasses all vision.
Allah is the Kind, the All-Aware, and the Independent, to Whom parts, organs, hands, feet and anyother tool, as well as movement, dormancy, disappearance, and transition may not be applied, Who
is not contained by Time or Place.
We also believe that Allah Almighty is the Utterly Just, the Wise, Who never oppresses or wrongs
His slaves. Allah does not impose upon any soul a duty but to the extent of its ability, does not impose
acts, but has given His slaves free will “Then whosoever will, let him believe, and whosoever will, let
him disbelieve.” (Al-Kahf: 29); He only punishes people for their sins “ and no bearer of burdens
shall be made to bear another's burden” (Al-Anaam: 164) “And that there is not for man except that
[good] for which he strives” (Al-Najm: 39).
We believe that Allah is honest in His promise to believers and threat to sinners and that He will not
break His promise and threat; Allah Almighty says, “The word will not be changed with Me andnever will I be unjust to the servants" (Qaf: 29). Heaven is the everlasting shelter of those who obey
Him, and Hell is the everlasting destiny of those who Allah inflicts His punishment on. Intercession
is not awarded to disbelievers, oppressors and the defiantly disobedient (Committers of the grievoussins); it is Awarded as promised by Allah Almighty: “ and they cannot intercede except on behalf of
one whom He approves. And they, from fear of Him, are apprehensive.” (Al-Anbeya: 28) “For thewrongdoers there will be no devoted friend and no intercessor [who is] obeyed.” (Ghafir: 18)
We believe in Allah, His Angels, His Books, His Messengers, the Day of Judgment, and the greatest
and the last of Messengers, Prophet Mohammad- may the prayers and blessings of Allah be upon
him- and his Book, the Quran, sent by Allah to this Ummah to guide the believers and remain as aneverlasting miracle that cannot be changed, replaced, increased or decreased “Falsehood cannot
approach it from before it or from behind it; [it is] a revelation from a [Lord who is] Wise andPraiseworthy.” (Fussilat: 42). This is our Great Quran, our Constitution, and our Book of Guidanceat all times.
53

The Imam chosen as the successor of the Prophet, may the prayers and blessings of Allah be upon
him and his family, is his brother and guardian, the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali bin Abi
Taleb, then Al-Hassan, then Al-Hussain, then their descendent Imams, such as Imam Zaid, Imam
AL-Qassem Bin Ibrahim, Imam AL-Hadi, Imam AL-Qasem AL-Ayani and Imam AL-Qassem Bin
Mohammed and then those Imams who follow their method.
Guidance, surviving and safety from error is to uphold two classes [the Quran and the Prophet
Family]: the Book of Allah- the source of guidance and light- “By which Allah guides those who
pursue His pleasure to the ways of peace and brings them out from darknesses into the light, by His
permission, and guides them to a straight path” (Al-Maida: 16) “ for it is an intercessor whose
intercession will be accepted. Whoever gives it the lead it will take him to paradise. Whoever leaves
it behind, then it will drive him to the fire. It is a guide that shows the best path. It is the book that
contains details and explanations, and accomplishments. It is a criterion and not a useless thing. Its
wonders do not end and its rare facts do not become old. In it there is the torch of guidance, and thelighthouses of wisdom. It serves as proof of veracity of knowledge… end of Hadith”
and the smaller class, relatives of the messenger of Allah (the guides of nation) as a parallel to theBook until the day of judgment (Almighty told me the two classes will not depart until they come to
AL-Hawdh — a pool of purified water specified only for righteous people on the day of Judgment),
and they are the Arguments of Allah on earth.
The promotion of virtue and prevention of vice, fighting unjust rulers, and standing against the
oppressors are of the greatest religious duties imposed on all people. People must be loyal to Awlia
Allah (pious people who are beloved by Allah) and must fight the enemies of Allah such as leaders ofdisbelief, America and Israel and their supporters who stand against Islam and Muslims. "You will
not find a people who believe in Allah and the Last Day having affection for those who oppose Allahand His Messenger” (Al-Mujadila: 22).
Second: Learning and teaching the religion of Allah is a religious duty commanded by Allah- someof it is Fard Ain (Individual obligation) and some is Fard Kifayah (Communal obligation)- as thisduty results in learning religion and complying with the duties commanded by Allah. The divine
scholars who do what they teach are awarded a special position. Allah Almighty says: “Allah willraise those who have believed among you and those who were given knowledge, by degrees. And
Allah is Acquainted with what you do.” (Al-Mujudila: 11) and “Say, "Are those who know equal tothose who do not know?” (Az-Zumar:9). Therefore, they should be honored and revered.
Criticism to scholars is not intended to the scholars of the Family of the Prophet of Allah (Ahl AlBayt) and their Shi`a who perform good deeds or to their knowledge. It is intended to those who
believe that Jihad (fight) should not be conducted, that good deeds should not be ordered, and baddeeds should not be forbidden; those who believe in silence and in obeying those who should not beobeyed.
Jihad for raising the Word of Allah is a duty required from all and commanded by the Book of Allah
Almighty and the Sunnah of His Prophet, may the prayers and blessings of Allah be upon him.
Moreover, Jihad was also conducted by the Imams of Ahl Al-Bayt, may the peace of Allah be upon54

them, and is only denied by the ignorant who transgresses the path of Ahl al-Bayt, may the peace ofAllah be upon them.
Generally, everyone agrees to the approach of Ahl Al-Bayt, may the peace of Allah be upon them, intheir fundamentals and beliefs, which have been followed by the rightly guiding Imams (Al-A’emma
Al-Hudat) since the dawn of Islam, whether antecedent or subsequent, although we prefer theapproach of the antecedents, such as Al-Hadi and Al-Qassem, as it is closer to the Quranic approachand the human instinct instilled by Allah.
Prophet’s Sunna:
Our position towards Sunna is similar to that of Imam Al-Hadi, may the peace of Allah be upon him,
which is described in his Anthology “The Book of Sunna”, where he requires that Sunnah should
only be considered valid if it is consistent with Quran, within the framework of Quran, connected to
Quran, but not overruling nor contradicting with Quran. It must also be connected with the rightly
guided Imams of Ahl Al-Bays (Prophet Mohammad family) in their capacity as the trustees of theSunnah who determine valid or invalid Sunnah. This pertains to Sunna deeds attributed to theProphet of Allah, may the prayers and peace of Allah be upon him and his family, despite not being
continuously recurrent or the agreed upon. The agreed upon, which is knowingly attributed to theProphet of Allah is deemed self-evident. Allah Almighty says in this regard: “Nor does he speak from[his own] inclination,” “So take what the Messenger assigns to you, and deny yourselves that which
he withholds from you.”
Divine Selection (Estifaa):
Concerning Divine Selection (Estifaa), we believe that Allah Almighty selects those He favors fromamong His worshipers, whether as groups or as individuals. Allah Almighty says in this regard:“Indeed, Allah chose Adam and Noah and the family of Abraham and the family of 'Imran over theworlds,” (Al Imran: 33), while the Prophet said, “Indeed Allah has chosen Isma'il from the childrenof Ibrahim, and He chose Banu Kinanah from the children of Isma'il, and He chose the Quraish from
Banu Kinanah, and He chose Banu Hashim from Quraish, and He chose me from Banu Hashim”.
We believe that Allah Almighty has chosen the family of the Prophet (Ahl Al-Bayt) to be the rightly
guided Imams of this Ummah and the successors of the Prophet in maintaining the Book of Allah
until the Day of Judgement and that Allah chooses and prepares in each age to guide His worshipers
and be able to rule and be in charge of all matters related Ummah “For every innovation that arises
after me - by which is sought the weakening of the faith - there will be a guardian from the people of
my house in charge of it (faith) who will defend it, he will speak by inspiration from Allah and willproclaim the truth and illuminate it, he will repulse the plot of the plotters and speak out in defenseof the weak ones, so pay heed O possessors of insight and rely upon Allah.” Our approach invalidating and appointing this Imam is the same that is followed by Ahl Al-Bayt, may the peace ofAllah be upon them.

55Fundamentals of Fiqh (Jurisprudence):
Concerning the fundamentals of Fiqh, we reject and criticize everything that contradicts with theHoly Quran or replaces Al [the family of] Mohammad. However, we accept and do not object or
oppose anything that is consistent with the Holy Quran and can be used to understand
Sharia provisions, within the framework of Al Mohammad, while noting the serious role of being
faithful to Allah Almighty and accepting everything that leads to the righteous path: “if you fear
Allah, He will grant you a criterion” (Al-Anfal: 29); “And those who strive for Us - We will surely
guide them to Our ways. And indeed, Allah is with the doers of good” (Al-Ankabout: 69); “Andthose who are guided - He increases them in guidance and gives them theirrighteousness.” (Mohammad: 17).
Ijtihad (Interpretive Reasoning):
Concerning Ijtihad, that which leads to division and disagreement in religion, belief in Allahand other Sharia fundamentals or to contradiction with Ahl Al-Bayt or causes damage to the unityof the Muslims and the composition of the Ummah, which must conform to the command of Allah:“And let there be [arising] from you a nation inviting to [all that is] good, enjoining what isright and forbidding what is wrong, and those will be the successful,” (Al Imran: 104) or violates
the command of Allah to obey them and make them the Walis of the Ummah- must be rejected,
dismissed and refused as it corrupts religion.
On the other hand, Ijtihad which exerts all efforts and capacities to research the provisions ofreligion and the Sharia [Islamic Law] of Allah, while complying with the approach of the Holy
Quran and Ahl Al-Bayt, without causing conflict in Ummah or disagreement with those whom weshould obey under the command of Allah, and who Allah has chosen them as guardians (Walis) of
the Ummah, and the Ijtihad which is governed by the regulations set and followed by the Imams,
may the peace of Allah be upon them, is accepted, required and needed to gain religious
knowledge, especially in respect of newly emerging matters.
Ilm al-Kalām (Theological Rhetoric):
Concerning the criticism against Ilm al-Kalām, this branch of knowledge does not refer to religion
fundamentals (Osool) or the doctrines followed by the infallible Imams. It refers to the in-depth
study and the style followed by the philosophers, the Isolationist (Mutazala) and others inaccordance with their methodology and their method, which is different to the method andapproach of Ahl al-Bayt peace be upon them.
This is our doctrine and our united vision in these matters, which must be invoked by othervisions and be referred to for matters that may be problematic for this or that party
May Allah guide us all to His righteous path, and may this Ummah be united and blessed under thename of Mohammad and his family, prayers and peace of Allah be upon them. May Allah reward
me with guidance and success.

56

Praise be to Allah
Issued on 03/21/1433 AH
Corresponding to February 13th, 2012 ADThis embodies our vision and doctrine.
Written by Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi
03/22/1433 AH [02/14/2012]
Hussain Yahia Al-Houthi, may Allah bless him
may Allah bless him
Hussain Majdudin Al-Mu’ayyadi, may Allah blesshim Al-Rabidi, may Allah bless him

Abdul-Rahman Shaim,
Ali Ali MasoudPraise be to Allah for the righteous path and united thought and word. It is certain that the persons
in disagreement seek the word of truth. It is commonly known that the disagreement involves mattersthat do not constitute prejudice to or deviate from the fundamentals of the pure Sunna or the Holy
Quran. We need to adhere to the continuously recurrent of the understanding reached by theantecedents, the pure ahl Al-Bayt, the Prophet and Al-Hadi (rightly guided Imam), may the blessingsand peace of Allah be upon them. These doctrines have been issued by the seeker of the mercy ofAllah, Mohammad Mohammad Al-Mansour, who reviewed the commandments in Rabi Al-Awwal
1433 AH.
Mohammad Mohammad Al-Mansour
Hmoud bin Abbas Al-Mo’ayyad

57

Embassy of
the Republic of Yemen© 2020 Embassy of the Republic of Yemen
Washington, DC.
2319 Wyoming Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20008
Phone: 202.965.4760
Fax: 202.337.2017
Information@yemenembassy.org
www.yemenembassy.org@Yemenembassy_DC58@Yemenembassy.DC