RIHN-China
SeriesNo.3
RIHN-China
StudyStudy
SeriesNo.3ฯ↝ྵཞ↗சஹӧᏡࣱ‒ᕝ➃ၿ୍㑻ࠊᏍᾏ༡ࠊ࿋ᚨពࠊ⚟ኈ⏤⣖ࠊ❑⏣㡰ᖹ ⦅ 編
川端善一郎、孔海南、呉徳意、福士由紀、窪田順平

RIHN-China Study Series No.3

湖泊的现状与未来可能性

川端善一郎

孔海南

吴德意

福士由纪

窪田顺平

编

Our Lakes: From the Present towards
a Future Perspective

Edited by
Zen’ichiro KAWABATA, Hainan KONG, Deyi WU,
Yuki FUKUSHI, Jumpei KUBOTA

Published by:
SHOUKADOH Book Sellers
Copyright © by Zenʼichiro KAWABATA, Hainan KONG, Deyi WU, Yuki FUKUSHI, Jumpei KUBOTAISBN 978-4-87974-677-1

C3025

First Edition: March 2014
Printed in JapanSHOUKADOH Book Sellers
Shimodachiuri Ogawa Higashi, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8048, Japan
Email: shoukadoh@nacos.com
Cover illustration: © by Zenʼichiro KAWABATA

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Changes in Ways of Livelihood and Cultural Adaptation in the Bai Fishing Village Viewed
from an Eco-anthropological Perspective---Focusing on Daoyipang Village, a Bai Fishing Village in Shuanglang Town,
Dali City, Yunnan Province Ju ZHANG, Huilin DUAN, Yuki FUKUSHI  
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Development of Conventional Symbiotic Systems
and Sustainability of Lake Preservation as Observed with Life on the Water Ping YANG   3w}+h]_*"$0acU)I+LlZµn<?@2¶ ¹ · j i x ,,  ^ v    Environmental Changes in the Lakeside Regions of Japanand the Health Problems of the Residents
 Lake Biwa Hikone Malaria (1920 to 1950) – Tomo ICHIKAWA, Bumpei TOJO   

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Impact of Human Activities on the Water Environment of Lake Taihu Watershed
and Solutions for Environmental Problems Aimin HAO, Takahiro KUBA, Yasushi ISERI, Zhenjia ZHANG, Chunjie LI   5+auc)q   R v  i [B ­   
Environmental Change of Lake and Infectious Disease Toshifumi MINAMOTO, Zen'ichiro KAWABATA  Part 3

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Environmental Preservation of Lake

6Countermeasures for the Non-Point Pollution Control in the Watershed of Lake Erhai, China Xiao SHANG, Hainan KONG  
7UlVj9/_!&eU [4Tmko J G L   : >  7 A *  ' \    Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus with Low-Concentration
by Constructed Wetlands Integrated with Calcium Silicate Hydrate and Zeolite Chunjie LI, Deyi WU, Zhenjia ZHANG, Hainan KONG   
8

Y\Ht|N{ } L ¸  : >   
Study and Evaluation of the Service Function of Lake Erhai Jie XIE, Deyi WU   

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An On-Site Empirical Study on the Role of Aquatic Plants in Improving Lakefront Water Quality Qiang XIE, Deyi WU, Toshifumi MINAMOTO, Hiroki YAMANAKA Mie N. HONJO, and Zen’ichiro KAWABATA   \® +a4;9A6
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Part 4 Environmental Governance of Lake
 10 
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and Collaboration Kenji OTSUKA   
 11 
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Epilogue Hainan KONG   4

5 ,+1&KLQD6WXG\6HULHV1R ࡢห⾜࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚
ᨵ㠉㛤ᨺ௨᮶ࠊ⤒῭Ⓨᒎ࡟కࡗ࡚ࠊ୰ᅜࡣ᪥ࠎ኱ࡁࡃኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ࣭୰ᅜ⎔ቃၥ㢟◊✲ᣐⅬ࡛ࡣࠊ ᖺࡢタ❧௨᮶ࠊ୰ᅜྛᆅ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᆅ⌫◊ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝ࡟❧⬮ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⤒῭Ⓨᒎࡸ㛤Ⓨ࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠺ᆅᇦࡢᩥ໬࣭♫఍࣭⮬↛⎔ቃࡢኚᐜࡢᐇែࢆゎ᫂ࡋࠊᆅᇦࡢⓎᒎ࡜ᩥ໬࣭♫఍࣭⎔ቃಖ඲ࡢᮃࡲࡋ࠸ጼࢆ
ࡉࡄࡿ࡭ࡃࠊ◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
 ᖺᗘ࠿ࡽ  ᖺᗘࡢ➨  ᮇ◊✲ᮇ㛫࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕ୰ᅜࡢ♫఍㛤Ⓨ࡜⎔ቃಖ඲ࠖ࡜
࠸࠺ࢸ࣮࣐ࡢୗࠊỈ㈨※ࢆࡵࡄࡿ⎔ቃᨻ⟇࡜ࡑࡢᆅᇦ♫఍࣭ᩥ໬࡬ࡢᙳ㡪  ࠊ༙஝⇱ᆅᖏࡢ⎔ቃኚ໬࡜ேࠎࡢ⏕ά࣭♫఍ࡢኚ໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ᡂᯝ  ࢆࠊ୰ᅜ⎔ቃၥ㢟◊✲ᣐⅬ◊✲ሗ࿌㞟㸦5,+1&KLQD6WXG\6HULHV㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ห⾜ࡋࡓࠋ ᖺᗘ࠿ࡽ  ᖺᗘࡢ➨  ᮇ◊✲ᮇ㛫࡛ࡣࠊࠕࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡍࡿ୰ᅜ⎔ቃၥ㢟࡜ᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ᡂ⇍♫఍ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡢᶍ⣴ࠖࢆ᪂ࡓ࡞ࢸ࣮
࣐࡜ࡋ࡚ᥖࡆࠊ୰ᅜࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ᅪࢆど㔝࡟ධࢀࡘࡘࠊఫẸࡢ⏕άᇶ┙ࡢಖ㞀࡜࣮ࣜࢪࣙࢼࣝ࡞㈨※㛤Ⓨ࣭⎔ቃಖ඲ࢆ୧❧ࡉࡏࡿࠕᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ᡂ⇍♫఍ࠖࡢ࠶ࡾࡼ࠺ࡢ⪃ᐹࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡣ➨  ᮇࡢ  ෉ࡢ◊✲ሗ࿌㞟࡟⥆ࡃࠊࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ  ෉┠ࠊ➨  ᮇ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ᭱ึࡢሗ࿌㞟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ᭩ࡣࠊ ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥࡟ࠊୖᾏ஺㏻኱Ꮫ⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ⯅ᕤ⛬Ꮫ㝔࡜ඹദࡋࡓ➨  ᅇ୰ᅜ⎔ቃၥ㢟◊✲ᣐⅬᅜ㝿ࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘ࠕ†ࡢ⌧≧࡜ᮍ᮶ྍ⬟ᛶࠖࡢᡂᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘ࡣࠊ➨  ᮇࢸ࣮࣐ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊ୰ᅜࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ᪥ᮏࢆど㔝ධࢀࡓᅜ㝿ẚ㍑ࡢ
どⅬࠊ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎேᩥ♫఍⛉Ꮫ࠿ࡽࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆྵࡵࡓศ㔝ᶓ᩿ⓗどゅ࠿ࡽ௻⏬ࡉࢀࠊᆅ⌫◊ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠕ⑓ཎ⏕≀࡜ே㛫ࡢ┦஫స⏝⎔㸦 ᖺᗘࠊ௦⾲㸸ᕝ➃ၿ୍㑻㸧ࡢᡂᯝࢆ᰾࡜ࡋࡘࡘࠊᗈࡃ᪥୰ࡢ㛵㐃ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡢཧຍࢆᚓ࡚ࠊ୰ᅜࡢ†࡟㛵ࢃࡿ⌧≧࡜௒ᚋࡢ᪉ྥᛶࢆᒎᮃࡋࡓࠋ
†ࡣࠊே㛫࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㈗㔜࡞Ỉ㈨※ࡸ⁺ᴗ㈨※࡞࡝ࢆ౪⤥ࡍࡿሙ࡛࠶ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᩥ໬
ࢆྵࡴከᵝ࡞⏕ែ⣔ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛Ỉࡢὶࢀࡀ⦆៏࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺≉ᚩ࠿ࡽࠊ࿘㎶ࡢே㛫άືࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡸࡍࡃࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇởᰁࡉࢀࡿ࡜᚟ඖࡀᅔ㞴࡜࡞ࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡣࠊ
୰ᅜ࣭᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ†ࢆࡵࡄࡿㅖၥ㢟ࠊྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆከศ㔝ࡢどゅ࠿ࡽ⤂௓ࡋࡓㄽ⪃ࢆ཰㘓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡀࠊ୰ᅜࡸ᪥ᮏࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊୡ⏺ࡢ†ࢆࡵࡄࡿࠊ௒ᚋࡢே㛫࡜⎔ቃࡢᮃࡲࡋ࠸ጼࢆࡉࡄࡿ◊✲ࡢ୍ຓ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㢪ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊᮏ᭩ࡢห⾜࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊ㥖㔝ᜤᏊẶ࡟⦅㞟࣭ࣞ࢖࢔࢘ࢺసᴗ࡞࡝ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸
ࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟ឤㅰࡢពࢆ⾲ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ࣭୰ᅜ⎔ቃၥ㢟◊✲ᣐⅬ
❑⏣㡰ᖹ
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
⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ࣭୰ ᅜ⎔ቃၥ㢟◊✲ᣐⅬ࢚ࠗࢮࢿ᪝ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕Ⓨᒎ࡜⮬↛ಖㆤࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࠘
㸦⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤ࣭୰ᅜ⎔ቃၥ㢟◊✲ᣐⅬࠊ ᖺ㸧
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ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ†ࡣἙᕝ࡟୪ࢇ࡛ே㛫ࡀ⏕ࡁ࡚ࡺࡃࡓࡵ࡟୙ྍḞ࡞ῐỈ㈨※࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡋࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࡶ
ࡑࡢ㈗㔜ࡉࡣኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ㏆ᖺࠊୡ⏺୰࡛†ࡢᐩᰤ㣴໬ࡸ⎔ቃᨵኚࡀᛴ⃭࡟㐍ࡳࠊ†ࡢ⏕ែ⣔ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢຎ໬ࡀᛴ㏿࡟㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣ୕ࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣ†⮬㌟ࡢ⎔ቃ≉ᛶ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ
†ࡣ㛢㙐ᗘࡢ㧗࠸Ỉᇦ⏕ែ⣔࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊே㛫ࡢ†ෆࡸ†ᓊࡢάືࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ㞟Ỉᇦࡢάື࡟ࡶᙉࡃ
ᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࠋ➨஧ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣ㞟Ỉᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿே㛫ࡢᅵᆅ฼⏝ᙧែࡢኚ໬ࡸ⤒῭άືࡀࡇࡇᩘ༑
ᖺࡁࢃࡵ࡚άⓎ࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡉ࡟†ࡣே㛫άືࢆᫎࡋࡔࡍ㙾࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୕ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣ†ࡢከ㠃ⓗ฼⏝࡟ࡼࡿ฼ᐖࡢㄪᩚࡢᅔ㞴ࡉ࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿࠋ
†ࡢᣢ⥆ⓗ฼⏝ࡣ†ࡢಖ඲ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀከࡃࡢ†࡛ࡑࡢ⎔ቃಖ඲ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࡢ⎔ቃಖ඲ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ␃ពⅬࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊ†ࢆ㛢ࡌࡓ⣔࡜ࡍࡿᚑ᮶
ᆺࡢ⌮ゎ࡟␃ࡲࡽࡎࠊ᫬㛫ⓗ✵㛫ⓗ࡞ᗈࡀࡾࡢ୰࡛ࠊ†ࡢ≉ᚩࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ†࡜㞟Ỉᇦ࡜ே㛫ࡢ┦஫㛵ಀࢆ㐣ཤࠊࡑࡋ࡚⌧ᅾࡢ᫬㛫㍈ୖ࡛⌮ゎࡋࠊᮍ᮶ࡢ࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁ┦஫㛵ಀ࡟እᤄࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊከ㠃ⓗ࡞どⅬ࡜ࡑࡢ㛵ಀࡢ୰࡛ၥ㢟ࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ†ࡢ⎔ቃຎ໬ࡢཎᅉࢆᚑ
᮶ࡢ⮬↛⛉Ꮫⓗ⌮ゎ࡟␃ࡲࡽࡎࠊࡑࡢཎᅉࡢཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡿே㛫ࡢάືࡢ⌮ゎࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᨵၿ
⟇ࡢᥦ᱌࡜ࡑࡢᐇ⾜࡟ࡣࠊ♫఍ࡢㅖไᗘࡸே㛫ࡢព㆑ࡢ⌮ゎࡲ࡛ᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡉ࡟ࠊ⥲ྜ◊✲ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୕࡟ࠊ†ࡢ฼⏝⪅࡜◊✲ࡸಖ඲άື࡟㛵ࢃࡿከᵝ࡞ே࡜⤌⧊ࡢ㐃ᦠࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ†ࡢ฼⏝
࡟ࡣᵝࠎ࡞฼ᐖ㛵ಀࡀక࠺࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௒ࡸ◊✲ᶵ㛵ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡔࡅࡢၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᕷẸࡢ㌟㏆ࡌ࠿࡞ၥ㢟࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ◊✲⪅ࡀᚓព࡜ࡍࡿศᯒࡸ୍⯡໬࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡓ▱ぢ࡜ࠊᕷẸࡢ⏕άࡢ▱ᜨࡸឤぬࠊࡑࡋ࡚⤒῭ⓗ࡞άືࢆࡍࡿேࠎ࡜ࡢㄪᩚࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
†ࡢᜠᜨࢆ෌ㄆ㆑ࡋࠊ⌧ᅾ†ࡀ┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿၥ㢟ࢆศᯒࡋࠊ†࡜ே㛫ࡢᮃࡲࡋ࠸㛵ಀࢆ⠏ࡃࡓࡵࡢල
యⓗ࡞ᥦ᱌࡜⾜ືࡀࠊ⌧௦࡟⏕ࡁࡿ⚾ࡓࡕ࡟࠶ࡽࡓࡵ࡚ồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣୡ⏺ඹ㏻ࡢၥ㢟࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ࡜୰ᅜࡢᮍ᮶࡟ྥࡅࡓ†◊✲ࡀୡ⏺ࡢ†἟ࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᮇᚅࡋࡓ࠸ࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡣୖグࡢ⎔ቃಖ඲ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸␃ពⅬ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࡢ†ࡢಖ඲ᑐ⟇ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋᐇ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃሙྜ࡟ཧ⪃࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᮇᚅࡋ࡚⦅㞟ࡋࡓࠋ ⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤࠋ኱Ꮫඹྠ฼⏝ᶵ㛵ἲேே㛫ᩥ໬◊✲ᶵᵓࡢ⌧௦୰ᅜᆅᇦ◊✲᥎㐍஦ᴗࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚ᆅ⌫◊࡟タ⨨ࡉࢀࡓ◊✲⤌⧊ࠋ

6

Our Lakes: From the Present towards a Future Perspective
Zen’ichiro KAWABATA1

This book is a compilation of edited papers presented at the symposium, “The Present Status andFutuarability of the Lakes” and several invited papers. The symposium was held on 13 June, 2013, at Shanghai Jiao
Tong University organized by School of Environmental science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University(Shanghai, China), Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (Kyoto, Japan), and The RIHN Initiative for Chinese
Environmental Issues (RIHN-China) (Kyoto, Japan)2.
Lakes are indispensable resources for human survival.

However, global observations show that theecological services of lakes are shrinking rapidly due to human-induced environmental degradations such as
eutrophication and habitat degradation. Three main causes are attribute to responses of the lakes. Firstly, lakes are
sensitive to human activities within the entire basin as well as in the lake and littoral area because they are highly
closed systems. Secondly, an enhancement of human economical activities and changes in land use have occurredin basins over the past few decades and lakes act as mirrors reflecting human activities. The third cause is the difficultyin adjusting the requirements from diversified user-interests.
Sustainable usage of lakes can only be ensured by conservation of the lakes. Nevertheless we have taken
a tremendous amount of time and effort to recover lakes, and unfortunately it is very difficult to present examples ofsuccess. A few important points need to be adhered to when considering lake conservation. Firstly, it is necessary
to understand the lake’s features as a spatially-temporally expanded system rather than only a closed system. Theinteractions between humans and lakes and their associated basins need to be understood on a past and present time
axis in order to formulate a proposal for future lake management. Secondly, any problems need to be understood interms of multidimensional relationships and within a particular context. Wide range of knowledge of all humanactivities is indispensable. In addition, to make suggestions and ultimately implement the improvement of a lake’s
environment, it is also necessary to understand the local human social system and associated concepts. It is therefore
considered that the use of interdisciplinary studies is undoubtedly required. Thirdly, inter-institutional cooperation isrequired between lake users and those who have been, and will be, involved in environmental conservation at various
levels of activities, mainly because of their different sort of interests that they have in the usage of the lakes.
Nowadays the conservation of lakes is of interest not only to researchers, but also to citizens. Synthesizing andadjusting the knowledge obtained by analyses and theorizing by researchers, the perceptions and experiences ofcitizens, and the opinions of people who are engaged in economical activities, are also required.
Living in our present society we urgently require substantial suggestions and actions which lead to theestablishment of a good relationship between lakes and humans. This will evolve through our analyses of the problems
which we are now facing, and through the recognition of eco-services, and such a method should be disseminated to
all global citizens. It is my wish that we construct an adequate model for lake conservation through cooperative
research with Japanese and Chinese researchers. This book is a compilation of edited papers that show innovative 5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWHIRU+XPDQLW\DQG1DWXUH
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7points of views and new findings, and aims to contribute to society and provide perspectives for those intending to
implement such ideas.

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ᆈⲴᴰสᵜⲴ⍫ࣘǄ⢩࡛ᱟѪ㧧ᗇ伏⢙Ⲵ䳶ഒǃ⍫ࣘǃᢰᵟㅹ㻛ᙫ〠Ѫ Ā⭏ъ˄䇑˅ᯩᔿāǄഐ↔൘㘳㲁Ӫ㊫⭏⍫ᰦቡᗵ享㘳ሏһ⢙䍴ⓀⲴ࠶ᐳǃ⭏䇑ᯩᔿ઼㑱⇆ᯩᔿㅹйњ䰞仈Ǆ൘⭏ᘱӪ㊫ᆖѝ⭏䇑ᯩᔿᱟᴰสᵜⲴ⹄ウ䰞仈˄ᒴ䭑᰼ᆉᘇ≁˖˅Ǆ㘼᮷ॆ䘲ᓄѫ㾱ᱟᤷ᮷ॆሩ⧟ຳⲴ䘲ᓄˈᱟа⿽᮷ॆ൘䶒ሩ⭏ᆈ⧟ຳⲴਈॆᰦˈᡆࠪҾᨀ儈ሩ㠚❦䍴ⓀⲴ
࡙⭘᭸⦷Ⲵ䴰㾱ˈ䙊䗷ᇎ䱵䘀㹼ԕᯠ䱸ԓ䉒Ⲵᯩᔿ␈⊠ǃ᭩䙐઼ᯠ໎ḀӋ᮷ॆ㾱㍐ˈ䙀↕䘋㹼᮷ॆ㾱㍐઼㔃ᶴⲴ䟽㓴઼ᮤਸˈᖒᡀа⿽ᴤާ⭏ᆈ㜭઼࣋っᇊᔦ㔝㜭࣋Ⲵᯠර᮷ॆ˄㖇ᓧ䲶˖˅Ǆᵜ᮷ṩᦞㅄ㘵൘བྷ⨶ৼᓺ䭷ዋ‫׍‬ᯱ㠚❦ᶁⲴ⭠䟾䈳ḕˈӾ⭏ᘱ᮷ॆӪ㊫ᆖⲴ㿶䀂ˈ࠶᷀ⲭ᯿⽮४Ⲵᖃԓ⭏ᘱ⧟ຳਈॆǃ⑄≁⭏䇑ᯩᔿо᮷ॆ䘲ᓄᙗѻ䰤Ⲵӂࣘ‫ޣ‬㌫ˈ࣐␡ሩӪо⧟ຳǃ᮷ॆ‫ޣ‬㌫Ⲵ⨶䀓Ǆዑ‫ד‬᯷Ᾰ߫਀⍧⎭⑊ѐਇኋਨዋ‫׍‬ᯱսҾབྷ⨶ᐲ⍡⎧⍱ฏⲴьे䀂ˈ䳦኎ҾӁইⴱབྷ⨶ᐲৼᓺ䭷བྷᔪᯱ㹼᭯ᶁˈ‫ޘ‬ᶁ㍗䛫⍡⎧ˈ⎧ᤄ  ㊣ˈᒤᒣ൷≄⑙ ćˈᒤ䱽≤䟿  ∛㊣Ǆ‫ޘ‬ᶁԕ⑄ъ᭦‫ޕ‬Ѫѫˈᰐ⭠ᰐ㙅ൠǄ‫ޘ‬ᶁ䈕 ᶁ ᴹ ߌ ᡧ  ᡧ ˈґᶁӪਓ‫  ޡ‬Ӫ ˈަ ѝ ⭧ ᙗ  Ӫ ˈྣ ᙗ  Ӫ Ǆަѝ ࣣ ࣘ ࣋  Ӫ ˈ‫ ޘ‬ᶁ 䜭 ᱟ ⲭ ᯿ Ǆ ዋ ‫ ׍‬ᯱ ᱟ а њ ާ ᴹ й ॳ ཊ ᒤ শ ਢ Ⲵ ⑄ ᶁ ˈ‫ ޘ‬ᶁ ц ԓ 䜭ᱟ ⑄ ≁ ˈ  ц 㓚  ᒤ ԓ ԕ ࡽ ˈ ‫ ޘ‬ᶁ ⑄ ≁ 䶐 ⎧ Ѫ ⭏ ˈ ‫ ؍‬ᤱ ઼ ਁ ኅ Ҷ ԕ ᦅ 劬 Ѫ ѫ Ⲵ Ր 㔏 ⭏䇑ᯩᔿǄ㘼Ӻˈ⭡ҾਇࡠгњᴸⲴሱ⎧䲀ࡦˈഐ↔䲔Ҷ㘱а䖸Ⲵ⑄≁㔗㔝പᆸՐ㔏Ⲵ⑄ъ⭏䇑ᯩᔿˈᒤ䖫аԓࠐѾᆼ‫ޘ‬䖜රˈ᭮ᔳҶՐ㔏Ⲵ⑄ъᦅᦎⲴ⭏䇑ᯩᔿˈ䖜㘼 Ӿһ᯵⑨ъǃሿ⭏᜿઼ཆࠪᢃᐕǄབྷ⨶ਔԓ‫⎧☂≁ݸ‬㘼ትˈ䘉䟼Ⲵት≁ˈ䲔ߌъཆˈᦅ劬ᱟԆԜⲴѫ㾱㓿⍾⭏⍫ѻаǄӾ ᒤ  ᴸ㠣  ᴸˈབྷ⨶㣽ኡൠ४ਁᧈⲴ傜嗉䚇൰઼֋亦䚇൰ѝˈ൷ਁ⧠⸣㖁ඐǄ㖁ඐⲴࠪ൏䈤᰾ˈӪԜᦅ劬ᐢ㓿⭘㖁ˈ⭘㖁ᦅ劬ᱟа⿽䖳ਁ䗮ⲴᦅᦎᯩᔿǄ޽ԕ↔᧘䇪ˈ⍡⎧ൠ४Ⲵᦅ劬⍫ࣘ䘈ᓄᰙҾᯠ⸣ಘᰦᵏˈ੖ࡉˈ⋑ᴹ䮯ᵏⲴ⑄ъᇎ䐥ˈᱟнਟ㜭ਁ᰾ᒦ䘀⭘⑄㖁ⲴǄӾ⍡⎧ൠ४Ⲵਁኅশਢ઼᮷⥞䇠䖭ᶕⴻˈ⍡⎧ާᴹ䖳ѠᇼⲴ≤ӗ䍴Ⓚˈ⑄ъⲴਁኅҏ䖳ਁ䗮Ǆୀԓ›㔠ǉ㴞ҖǊ䇠䖭˖Ā勛劬ˈ㫉㠽⊐勛劬བྷ㘵䟽ӄᯔǄ㾯⍡⋣৺ᰶ⊐ѻই᧕⓷ ⊐ˈߜᴸˈӁইབྷᆖ≁᯿⹄ウ䲒ˈᰶ᰾५、བྷᆖ‫ڕ‬ᓧ⹄ウᡰӁইᔰ᭮བྷᆖ
ᰕᵜ㔬ਸൠ⨳⧟ຳᆖ⹄ウᡰ䈕ᮠᦞ⭡བྷ⨶ᐲৼᓺ䭷བྷᔪᯱ㹼᭯ᶁᶁငՊᨀ‫׋‬13劬咠ˈѠ䳹ˈ≤᡾呏䚇Ҿ䟾ѝ≤䱵Ǆāᵾ‫ݳ‬䱣ǉӁই䙊ᘇǊ䇠䖭˖Āབྷ⨶ᓌ劬ѻ኎ॱгˈ㫉ॆᓌ劬ѻ኎гǄāഐ↔ˈ⍡⎧ൠ४Ⲵት≁ѝˈаⴤ‫⮉؍‬ᴹу䰘Ⲵ⑄ъӪਓˈṩᦞ≁ഭҼॱഋᒤഋᴸࠪ⡸ⲴǉӁইⴱߌ䛘䈳ḕ䇠䖭Ǌ˖Ā൘⍡⎧Ӿһ⑄ъѻ⑄≁ˈᦞབྷ⨶৯᭯ᓌ䈳ḕˈᴹ⑄ᡧҼⲮҼॱ‫ޝ‬ᡧˈ䇑аॳҼⲮӄॱഋбਓˈ䲔ቁᮠެ㩕ߌъཆˈ൷㌫у㩕⑄ъˈ↔о⓷⊐⑄≁н਼ѻ⛩Ǆā䘉Ӌ⑄≁Ӿਔ㠣Ӻ‫⮉؍‬ᒦ⋯⭘⵰Ր㔏Ⲵᦅ劬ᐕާ઼ᦅ劬ᯩ⌅ˈ⍡⎧⑄≁ ᑨ⭘劬ާᴹĀ劬㖁ǃ劬ㅬǃ劬㖙ǃ劬咠઼ሿᵘ㡩ˈᦅᦎⲴᯩ⌅ᴹ劬ึǃ劬ネǃ劬⍎ǃᣒ≤⋏ā˄ᶘ㚚˖˅ˈ䘉Ӌᦅ劬ᯩᔿᴹⲴ㠣Ӻ䘈൘⋯⭘ˈഐ↔ˈབྷ⨶⍡⎧ൠ४Ⲵ⑄ъਁኅਢˈቡᱟа䜘⑄≁ॳᒤⲴ㠚❦ᦅᦎਢǄ ⍧⎭⭕ᘷ⧥ູфⲳᰅ⑊≇⭕䇗ᯯᕅ਎䗷⭏䇑⁑ᔿᱟн਼ⲴњӪǃ㗔փᡆ⽮Պ‫ޘ‬փᡀઈ൘аᇊⲴ⽮ՊᶑԦࡦ㓖઼ԧ٬㿲ᤷሬлᡰᖒᡀⲴ┑䏣㠚䓛⭏⍫䴰㾱Ⲵ‫ޘ‬䜘⍫ࣘᖒᔿо㹼Ѫ⢩ᖱⲴփ㌫Ǆ⭏䇑⁑ᔿᱟ᮷ॆⲴਖа⿽㺘䘠ˈо᮷ॆާᴹ਼ᶴᙗˈᆳᱟа⿽⍫ࣘо㹼Ѫփ㌫˄傜ຎቄg㧛ᯟ˖˅Ǆṩᦞ⍡⎧⭏ᘱ⧟ຳਁ⭏Ⲵਈॆˈਟԕ࠶Ѫйњн਼Ⲵ⭏ᘱᰦᵏˈ⑄≁Ⲵ⭏䇑ᯩᔿ൘н਼ᰦᵏҏ䲿ѻ䶒Ѥ䟽ᯠ䘹ᤙˈӾѝⴻࠪ⍡⎧⭏ᘱ⧟ຳ‫؍‬ᣔѝⲴ᮷ॆ⢩⛩Ǆ⍧⎭⭕ᘷ⧥ູ⴮ሯᒩ㺗фⲳᰅ⑊≇Ֆ㔕⭕䇗ᯯᕅⲺᔬ㔣 ц㓚  ᒤԓࡍ㠣  ᒤԓˈ⍡⎧⍱ฏⲴ≤䍘䖳ྭǄ൘䘉а䱦⇥ˈ劬Ⲵ⿽㊫䶎ᑨѠᇼˈᮠ䟿㑱ཊǄĀṩᦞᔪഭਾⲴ䈳ḕо㔏䇑ˈ⍡⎧Ⲵ劬㊫ᴹॱ‫ޛ‬њ൏㪇૱⿽Ǆ㠚  ᒤ㠣 ᒤˈ⍡⎧劬㊫ӽԕ൏㪇劬㊫Ѫѫˈަѝ৸ԕᕃ劬ǃ匄劬Ѫѫ ā˄ᶘ㚚˖˅Ǆ䮯ᒤӾһ⍡⎧⭏ᘱ⹄ウⲴᆖ㘵ᤷࠪˈӾᖃᰦⲴ劬㊫⭏ᘱսⲴ࠶ᐳᔰⴻˈᱟ∄䖳ਸ⨶Ⲵˈਟࡔᯝ⍡⎧Ⲵ⭏ᘱ
㌫㔏༴Ҿᒣ㺑⣦ᘱǄ൘⒆䗩ਟԕᦅࡠ⍵≤劬ˈ൘⒆Ⲵ␡༴ਟԕࡂ㡩ᦅࡠ␡≤劬˄ᶌᇍ≹˖˅Ǆ⍡⎧≤䶎ᑨ␵▸⭈⭌ਟԕⴤ᧕侞⭘ˈ≤⭏Ἵ⢙൘⍡⎧䟼䲿༴ਟ㿱Ǆ䘉а䱦⇥ˈ⑄≁㔗㔝⋯⭘Ր㔏⭏䇑ᯩᔿˈԓ㺘Ҷᰙᵏ⍡⎧⑄ъ᮷ॆǄ⑄≁ᔦ㔝цԓ⴨ՐⲴᦅ劬ᢰᵟ઼ᯩᔿǄᦅ劬䇮༷ӽ⋯⭘аӋ劬‫ތ‬ǃሿ⑄㖁઼Ր㔏ᵘ㡩Ǆ⑄≁ԕњӪᡆ㘵Ր㔏ᇦᓝѪঅս䘋㹼ᦅ劬ˈᦅ劬Ⲵᰦ䰤ǃൠ⛩нਇ䲀ࡦˈᴹⲴ⑄≁ᩝᔪㆰ᱃ⲴѤᰦᦅ劬ᑀ㈧ˈᑖк⭏⍫ᡰ䴰ˈਲ਼տ൘ᑀ㈧䟼˗ҏᴹⲴᖃཙ߼Იаᰙࠪਁᦅ劬ˈᦅᆼਾᖃཙቡഎᇦǄ䘉а䱦⇥㢟ྭⲴ⭏ᘱ⧟ຳˈ劬㊫䍴Ⓚ䖳ѪѠᇼˈሩ⑄≁Ⲵᦅ劬ᢰᵟ઼ᯩ⌅⋑ᴹᨀࠪཚ儈㾱≲ˈ⑄≁ሩ⑄㊫䍴ⓀⲴ㧧ਆ⋑ᴹ䲀ࡦˈสᵜк㜭ཏ┑䏣аᡧՐ㔏ᇦᓝⲴᰕᑨᔰ䬰ˈ⭏ᘱ䍴Ⓚо⑄≁ᦅ劬㹼Ѫѻ䰤༴Ҿ⴨ሩᒣ㺑⣦ᘱǄ⍧⎭⭕ᘷ⧥ູ਎ौфⲳᰅ⑊≇⭕䇗ᯯᕅⲺཐ‫╊ݹ‬਎ ц㓚  㠣  ᒤԓˈ䘉а䱦⇥ˈՐ㔏⭏䇑ᯩᔿഐ䍴Ⓚᴹ䲀㘼ਇࡠߢࠫǄփ⧠Ѫ⑄≁о⭏ᘱ⧟ຳˈԕ৺⑄≁ѻ䰤ˈ⑄≁оᖃൠߌᡧѻ䰤ሩ≤ӗ䍴ⓀⲴᰐᒿㄎҹǄ ц㓚  ᒤԓԕਾ䲿⵰ሩ≤䍴ⓀⲴ䗷ᓖᔰਁ઼⋯⒆≤⊑ḃ⣦ߥⲴ࣐䟽⍡⎧≤䍘ᔰ࿻ᚦॆǄ⭡ҾӪᐕ᭮㖞ཆᶕ劬⿽ˈ֯ᗇ⍡⎧Ⲵ劬㊫໎㠣  ⿽ˈ਼ᰦˈ⍡⎧ᔰ࿻ᕅ䘋ཚ⒆䬦劬ˈ
ཚ⒆䬦劬ᴹᧂᆳᙗ઼੎伏ަԆ劬㊫Ⲵ⢩ᖱˈф䬦劬⭏䮯Ⲵ⧟ຳˈᖸቁᦅࡠަԆ劬㊫Ǆ䘉аᰦᵏˈ⭡Ҿཚ⒆䬦劬Ⲵᕅ⿽ᡀ࣏ˈ⑄≁ⴻࡠҶ䬦劬䖳儈Ⲵ㓿⍾ԧ٬ˈഐ↔ˈᖸཊ⑄≁᭮ᔳҶѻࡽⲴՐ㔏ሿᵘ㡩ᦅ劬ˈ䟷⭘Ҷᵪࣘ⑄㡩ᦅ劬ˈࡪ◰Ҷᵪࣘ⑄㡩Ⲵབྷ㿴⁑ਁኅˈ⭡Ҿᵪࣘ㡩Ⲵ⟳ᯉᱟḤ⋩ˈҏᡀѪ⍡⎧⊑ḃⲴѫ㾱ᶕⓀǄ ц㓚ᒤԓࡍഐ⭏ᘱ⧟ຳ઼⭏ᆈ⣦ߥਁ⭏Ҷਈॆˈⲭ᯿⑄≁Ր㔏Ⲵ⭏䇑ᯩᔿнᯝਇࡠ

14᥁ᡈ઼ߢࠫˈᔰ࿻ੁཊ‫ਁݳ‬ኅ઼╄ਈǄ൘᭯ㆆ઼㓿⍾Ⲵৼ䟽ࡪ◰лˈᴹⲴ⑄≁ҏᔰ࿻Ӿһ൘⒆䗩Āത⒆䙐⭠āਁኅࡍ㓗ߌъˈ⿽кᡀ⡷Ⲵᒴぬˈ൘⍡⎧≤ฏ᣹䎧⑄㖁ˈӪᐕ᭮㖞劬㤇ˈ䘋㹼㖁㇡ޫ劬Ǆ㘼ᖃൠѫ㾱ӾһߌъⲴᶁ≁ҏᔰ࿻㠚⭡ޫ⇆઼ᦅᦎˈ⑄≁઼ߌъᶁ≁ѻ䰤ᔰ࿻ࠪ⧠ሩ劬㊫䍴ⓀⲴᰐᒿㄎҹˈ⍡⎧䟼Ⲵᦅ劬Ӫᮠнᯝ໎࣐ˈᦅ劬Ⲵ㤳ത൘нᯝᢙབྷˈᦅ劬Ӫਓ䖳ᇶ䳶Ǆ⭡Ҿ⑄≁ѻ䰤Ⲵㄎҹнᯝࠪ⧠ˈࠪ⧠Ҷ⑄≁Āᦅ劬䳮āⲴ䰞仈ˈ⑄≁ҏᔰ࿻ਁኅо䇮䇑Ҷ䇨ཊᯠරⲴᦅ劬ᢰᵟ઼ᯩ⌅ˈֻྲ˖Ā㖁⵬㓶ᇶⲴ⑄㖁ˈᵪࣘ⑄㡩ˈ⛨㦟ǃ∂㦟ǃ⭥࣋䀖劬ā˄ᶘ㚚˖˅ˈ䘉Ӌᦅ劬ᐕާ઼ᯩ⌅ˈሩ劬㊫Ⲵᦅᦎᕪᓖᶱབྷˈሬ㠤ᒬ劬ᒬ㲮㻛བྷ䟿ᦅᦎкᐲˈ䗷⑑ᦅᦎ઼⎸㙇ˈаᯩ䶒֯⍡⎧⭏ᘱ㌫㔏䶒Ѥ䟽䟽ডᵪˈਖаᯩ䶒ҏ‫≁⑄֯׳‬䶒Ѥ⭏ᆈⲴ᥁ᡈ઼ㄎҹǄ ⍧⎭⭕ᘷ⧥ູᚬौфⲳᰅ⑊≇⭕䇗ᯯᕅⲺഔᖈф䖢ශ ц㓚  ᒤԓᔰ࿻ˈ⭡Ҿ⭏ᘱ⧟ຳо⭏ᘱ᭯ㆆⲴৼ䟽঻࣋ˈᶱབྷ䲀ࡦҶ⑄≁ሩ⑄㊫䍴
Ⓚ㧧ਆˈഐ↔ˈ⑄≁Ⲵ⭏䇑ᯩᔿᔰ࿻䘋‫ޘޕ‬䶒䖜ර䱦⇥Ǆ ᒤо  ᒤˈ‫ݸ‬ਾє⅑⍡⎧㬍㰫བྷ⠶ਁˈᐕল䟼ᧂࠪⲴᐕъᓏ≤ǃߌ⭠䟼Ⲵߌъᓏ≤઼ት≁Ⲵ⭏⍫⊑≤⋑ᴹᴹ᭸༴⨶ˈⴤ᧕⍱‫ޕ‬⍡⎧ˈ䙐ᡀ⍡⎧≤䍘ѕ䟽ᚦॆǄ਼ᰦˈᔰ࿻
ሱ⎧⾱→ᦅ劬ˈሱ⎧ᵏӾ⇿ᒤⲴ  ᴸаⴤᔦ㔝ࡠ  ᴸǄ䘉аᰦᵏˈ䲿⵰ᖃൠ⭏ᘱ⧟ຳ᭯ㆆⲴ
ᇎᯭо᭯ㆆ᧘࣋Ⲵᖡ૽ˈ⑄≁Ր㔏Ⲵ⭏䇑ᯩᔿᔰ࿻䶒Ѥഎᖂо䖜රǄᡰ䉃Ր㔏⭏䇑ᯩᔿⲴഎᖂˈণ⑄≁൘ӄњᴸⲴᔰ⎧ᦅ劬ᵏˈ䟽ᯠ֯⭘Ր㔏Ⲵᦅ劬ᐕާ઼ᦅ劬ᯩ⌅Ǆ⭏ᘱ᭯ㆆⲴ᧘࣋
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㚄㌫ˈ⑄≁ሩҾ⍡⎧⭏ᘱ⧟ຳ‫؍‬ᣔⲴ䴰㾱ҏᶱަ䘛࠷ˈ⭏ᘱ⧟ຳ‫؍‬ᣔⲴ䴰㾱ᰒᱟ⽮Պਁኅ䴰㾱ˈҏᱟ⑄≁Ⲵ⭏ᆈ䴰㾱Ǆഐ↔ˈӾњӪࡠ⽮४䜭㜭ཏ㠚㿹䚥ᆸሱ⎧ᵏⲴᦅ劬䲀ࡦˈ ൘ሱ⎧ᵏ޵䖜ਈ⑄≁Ⲵ䓛ԭо⭏䇑ᯩᔿˈ֯ӪԜሩ⍡⎧⭏ᘱ䍴Ⓚ‫׍‬䎆Ⲵ঻࣋߿ሿǄ 㔉䈣
⭡Ҿ‫⭏Ⲵ਼ޡ‬ᆈൠฏˈ‫≁Ⲵ਼ޡ‬᯿ѫ仈ˈ֯⭘‫⭏Ⲵ਼ޡ‬ӗᐕާ઼ᢰᵟˈ൘⍡⎧४ฏᖒᡀҶԕⲭ᯿Ѫ≁᯿ѫփⲴⲭ᯿⑄᮷ॆ४Ǆⲭ᯿⑄᮷ॆ४Ⲵ࣏㜭൘Ҿ൘⭏ᘱ⧟ຳ‫؍‬ᣔⲴṶᷦлྲօਁᥕሩާᴹ‫਼ޡ‬᮷ॆ⢩䍘ⲴӪ㗔䘋㹼ਟᤱ㔝ᙗⲴ㔬ਸਁኅǄӾ⑄≁Ⲵ㿶䀂ᶕሩ㠚䓛Ⲵ⭏䇑ᯩᔿ઼⭏⍫ᯩᔿ䘋㹼䀓䈫ˈਟԕ֯⭏ᘱ᭯ㆆ൘ᢗ㹼䗷〻ѝⲴᴹ᭸ᙗ໎࣐Ǆ ⭏ᘱ⧟ຳਈ䗱ᕅ䎧⭏䇑ᯩᔿⲴਈ䗱઼᮷ॆⲴ䈳䘲ˈй㘵൘ӂࣘѝᇎ⧠Ӫо㠚❦Ⲵ઼䉀ਁኅǄ⭡Ҿ⭏ᘱ⧟ຳⲴਈॆˈᕅ䎧Ҷ᮷ॆ޵䜘ⲴаӋഐ㍐ਁ⭏ਈ䗱ˈ䙊䗷᮷ॆሩ⭏ᘱ⧟ຳⲴ䘲16ᓄо䈳䘲ˈӗ⭏Ҷ䘉њ≁᯿ሩҾ㠚❦⭏ᘱ⧟ຳⲴ䘲ᓄᙗփ㌫ˈवᤜҶ䘉њ≁᯿޵䜘㠚㿹ӗ⭏Ⲵо⭏ᘱ⧟ຳ‫؍‬ᣔ⴨‫⭏Ⲵޣ‬⍫Ґᜟǃ⭏䇑ᯩᔿǃ⾱ᗼҐ؇ǃᇇᮉؑԠ઼㿲ᘥǄ փ⧠Ҷቁᮠ≁᯿⭏ᆈᯩᔿѝⲴ⭏ᘱՖ⨶Ცភˈᇒ㿲к䎧ࡠҶ‫؍‬ᣔ⧟ຳⲴ֌⭘Ǆ䘉ҏᱟ⍡⎧ൠ४⧟ຳ‫؍‬ᣔ㛼ਾᕪབྷⲴ᮷ॆ䘲ᓄᙗⲴާփփ⧠ˈҏᱟн਼ҾަԆൠ४⧟‫؍‬䰞仈Ⲵн਼ѻ༴Ǆ৸ 㘹ᮽ⥤
ᒴ䭑᰼ᆉᘇ≁  ǉ᮷ॆӪ㊫ᆖⲴ⨶䇪ᶴᷦǊ⎉⊏Ӫ≁ࠪ⡸⽮ᶝᐎ 亥ˈᙫ
 亥
㖇ᓧ䲶˄˅䇪᯿㗔‫ޣ‬㌫䗷〻ѝⲴ᮷ॆ䘲ᓄ!唄ইᐎ≁䰤᮷㢪ᇦॿՊ㕆ǉᆸᣔ㋮⾎ⲴᇦഝǊ
֌ᇦࠪ⡸⽮ेӜ 亥ᶘ㚚˄˅ǉབྷ⨶㓿⍾ਁኅਢはǊӁই≁᯿ࠪ⡸⽮˖Ӂইˈᙫ  亥>⌅@傜ຎቄg㧛ᯟˈ։⻗ᒣ䈁˄˅
ǉ⽮ՊᆖоӪ㊫ᆖǊк⎧䈁᮷ࠪ⡸⽮к⎧ 亥ᶌᇍ≹˄˅ǉབྷ⨶ᐎ⧟ຳ‫؍‬ᣔᙍ㘳оሩㆆǊ֌ᇦࠪ⡸⽮˖ेӜᙫ  亥㖇ḣᆱ˄˅⭏ᘱ⧟ຳਈ䗱о᮷ॆ䈳䘲ԕᒯ㾯⸞ኡᶁ༞᯿Ѫֻ!ǉᒯ㾯≁᯿ᆖ䲒ᆖᣕǊ
ᴸ 亥䎥₩˄˅⍡⎧४ฏ৏࿻ߌ㙅᮷ॆࡍ᧒!ǉӁই≁᯿ᆖ䲒ᆖᣕǊㅜйᵏ 亥㯋⩣˄˅ǉᯠ㕆བྷ⨶仾⢙ᘇǊӁইӪ≁ࠪ⡸⽮˖ᰶ᰾  亥ᙫ  亥੤ᲃӞ˄˅᰾␵ᰦᵏ⍡⎧ઘ䗩㠚❦⧟ຳਈ䗱о⽮Պॿ䈳‫ޣ‬㌫⹄ウ!ǉӁই⽮Պ、ᆖǊㅜйᵏˈ 亥

17

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ᅾࡍࡿࠕᮃࡲࡋ࠸†ࢆḟୡ௦࡬ཷࡅ⥅࠸࡛࠸ࡃࠖ࡜࠸࠺†ࡢᮍ᮶࡬ࡢேࠎࡢᛮ࠸ࡣࠊඹ㏻ࡍࡿࡶ
ࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄞࡳྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
࡛ࡣࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞௙⤌ࡳࡀࠊ†ࡢᣢ⥆ⓗಖ඲ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ௙⤌ࡳࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ㍈࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡣఱ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ†࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡇ࠺ࡋࡓඹ㏻ၥ㢟ࡢゎ᫂ࡢ⣒ཱྀࢆࠊ†࡜⏕ࡁࡿࠕỈୖ⏕άࠖࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ
†ࡢಖ඲࡜ᬽࡽࡋ
᪥ᮏࡢ⍇⍈†ࡸ୰ᅜࡢኴ†࡛ࡣࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢ฼Ỉ࣭἞Ỉ஦ᴗࠊ㜵Ἴሐࡢᘓタ࡞࡝ࡢỈ⎔ቃࡢ⥲ྜ
㛤Ⓨ࠿ࡽࠊ⌧ᅾ⾜ࢃࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ†⎔ቃࡢ෌⏕ࡲ࡛ࠊᵝࠎ࡞ヨ⾜㘒ㄗࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ†ࡢ⎔ቃಖ඲ࡸᆅᇦࡢάᛶ໬ࢆᅗࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⾜ᨻࡸఫẸ࡟ࡼࡿᵝࠎ࡞ྲྀ⤌ࡳࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᡂ
ᯝࡀୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⌧ᅾ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ†⎔ቃࡢᙧᡂ࡟ࡣࠊ⾜ᨻ࡟ࡼࡿᨻ⟇ࡢᐇ᪋ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ
ࡑࡢᆅᇦ࡛ᬽࡽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓேࠎࡢ⏕άࡸ⏕ᴗࡶᐦ᥋࡟㛵ࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ†࡛ࡣࠊேࠎࡢ⏕άࡸ⏕ᴗ࡟ᛂࡌࡓࠊࡑࡢᆅᇦ࡞ࡽ࡛ࡣࡢከᵝ࡞ࠕ⤒㦂ࠖࡀ✚ࡳ㔜ࡡࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
㏆ᖺࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᆅᇦ⊂⮬ࡢࠕ⤒㦂ࠖࡸࠕᩥ໬ࠖࢆά࠿ࡋࡓ†ࡢ⎔ቃಖ඲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡀ⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ⎔ቃẸ಑Ꮫࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣࠊ」ྜⓗ࡞⏕ά࣭⏕ᴗࡢ᳨ウࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊே࡜⎔ቃ࡜ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࢆᗈ࠸どⅬ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡿ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊⳢ㇏ࡣࠊ
ࠕỈ㎶ࠖࡢ㈨※࡜⏕ᴗάືࡢከᵝ
ᛶࢆぢ┤ࡋࠊỈ㎶࡜࠸࠺⎔ቃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿே㛫ࡢႠࡳࢆㄽࡌ࡚ࡁࡓ Ⳣ㸸 ࠋࡲࡓே࡜†ࡸỈ⎔ቃ࡜ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࢆᢅ࠺◊✲ᡂᯝࡶከ࠸ 㫽㉺㸸ࠊ჆⏣㸸ࠊฟཱྀ㸸ࠊ⋤㸸 ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ୰
ᅜ࣭ኴ†ࡢ⎔ቃၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿᚑ᮶ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡸ㏆௦ⓗᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡿၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࠊᩥ໬ᬒほ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢỈ㎶⎔ቃࡢᩚഛ࡞࡝ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ㄽࡌࡿ◊✲ࡀከࡃ⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ኴ†ࡸ࿘㎶Ỉᇦࡢ⎔ቃࡀኚᐜࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ⌧ᅾࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡑࡢ⌧ሙ࡟ᬽࡽࡍேࠎࡣࠊ†࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺
࡟㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡢᬽࡽࡋࡣࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ†࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ㏆ᖺࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓㄢ㢟ࡀࠊ†࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⎔ቃ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ⾜ᨻࡸእ㒊࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᥎㐍ࡉࢀࡿࠊ⎔ቃ㈨※࡜ࡋ࡚†ࢆά࠿ࡑ࠺࡜ࡍࡿྲྀ⤌ࡳࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢබ┈ࡢㄽ⌮࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃせ⣲ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ཯ᫎࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ†ಖ඲࡜ࡑࡇ࡟ᬽࡽࡍேࠎࡢ⏕ά࣭⏕ᴗάື࡜ࡢ㛫࡟㱈㱒ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ࠺ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ†࡜ࡑࡇ࡛⏕ࡁࡿேࠎࡢ⏕άࡢႠࡳࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓୖ࡛ࠊ†ࡢಖ඲ᨻ⟇ࢆྛᆅ࡟ᾐ㏱ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢព࿡࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᪥ᖖ⏕ά࡟࠾ࡅࡿ†ࡢ⎔ቃ฼⏝ࡢᐇែࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㔜せᛶࢆࡶࡘࠋ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ୰ᅜ࣭ኴ†࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈ㎶ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࢆ஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊ†࡜ࡑࡇ࡛⏕ࡁࡿேࠎࡢ⏕ά័⩦࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⏕ά⌧ሙ࡛ࡢࠕ⤒㦂ࠖ࠿ࡽ௒ᚋࡢ†ಖ඲࡟ᛂ⏝ྍ⬟࡞ㄽ⌮ࢆ᥈ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳࡿࠋ†࡜ඹ࡟ᬽࡽࡍ࡜ࡣ
⁠㈡┴❧⍇⍈†༤≀㤋

27Ỉୖࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕
୰ᅜ࣭ኴ†࡛ࡣࠊྂࡃ࠿ࡽ⁺ᴗࢆ⏕ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚†࡜ᬽࡽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓேࠎࡀ࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ㶼ே┦Ỉ஑௦ࠊ༑
௦ࠖ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ†࡜ᬽࡽࡍᩥ໬ࡣ௦ࠎཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ†࡜ᬽࡽࡍேࠎࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࡣᒃఫ⏝ࡢ⯪࡛ᬽࡽࡋࠊ⁺ᴗ⏝ࡢᮌ㐀⯪࡛†ࡸࡑࡢ࿘㎶ࡢỈᇦ࡛⁺ᴗࢆ⾜࠺㸦ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣᙼࡽࢆࠕỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࠋኴ†࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡣࠊྂࡃ࠿ࡽ†ࡸἙᕝࡢỈ㎶࡟೵Ἡࡋࠊඹྠ࡛ᬽࡽࡍ
ᑓᴗ⁺Ẹ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Ỉୖ⏕ά⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊ⼎ࠊⲡ㨶ࠊ㩾ࠊⶈ㨶࡞࡝ࡢ⁺⋓✀㢮࡟ࡼࡿ⁺ᖌࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ศ࠿ࢀ࡚⁺ᴗࢆ⾜࠺ࠋᮅ᪥ࡀ᪼ࡿ๓࡟Ἀྜ࡬ฟ࠿ࡅ࡚⾜ࡁࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⁺ሙ࡛⁺ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⁺ᴗάືࡣࠊ୺࡟⏨ᛶࡀ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⁺ලࡢಟ⌮࡞࡝ࡢసᴗࡣዪᛶࡀ⿵ຓⓗ࡟⾜࠺ࠋỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊ⁺ᴗ௨እ࡟†ୖࢆ᧯⯪ࡋ࡚⛣ືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㏻ᖖࠊᩘ㞘ࡢ⯪ࡀ࠿ࡓࡲࡗ࡚†㎶࡟㏆࠸≉ᐃࡢሙᡤ࡟೵Ἡࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃࠊ㛗ᖺ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚㞟ᅋ࡛ᬽࡽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ
࠺࡞Ỉ㎶࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓ⏕ά㞟ᅋࢆࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠕỈୖࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢỈୖࢥ࣑ࣗࢽ
ࢸ࢕ࡣࠊᩘᡞ࠿ࡽᩘⓒᡞ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࠊ⁺⋓ࡍࡿ㨶ࡢ✀ࡈ࡜࡟ศࡅࡽࢀࡿ⤌⧊࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ
࢕㐠Ⴀࡸ⟶⌮ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Ỉୖࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࿘㎶ࡢỈ㎶✵㛫࡛ࡣࠊỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡓࡕࡣ⁺ᴗࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊᑠ㨶ࡸ㬞࡞࡝ࢆ㣫ࡗࡓࡾࠊⴺࢆ᳜࠼ࡓࡾࠊỈ㎶࡟㏆࠸㝣ᆅࡢ∦㝮࡛㔝⳯ࢆ᱂ᇵࡍࡿ⏕άࢆႠࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ⳻࡞࡝ࡢ᳜≀ࡣᑠ㨶ࡢ㣵࡟࡞ࡾࠊᑠ㨶ࡣ㬞ࡢ㣵࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡉࡽ࡟㬞ࡣேࡢ㣗ᩱࡢ୍㒊࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊⴺ࡞࡝ࢆㄪ
⌮⏝⇞ᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ಖㆤࡋ⫱࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ័⩦࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ㛗ᖺࠊ†࡜⏕ࡁࡿỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡣࠊࠕ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ㈨※ࢆ↓㥏࡞ࡃᚠ⎔ⓗ࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⫢ᚰࠖࡔ࡜ㄒࡿࠋ
Ỉୖ⏕ά࡜⅏ᐖኴ†ࡢ໭㒊࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿ↓㘏ᕷ࡛ࡣࠊ ᖺ௦ࡢྎ㢼ࡸ  ᖺࡢὥỈ⅏ᐖ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࡑࡢ࿘㎶ࡢᮧⴠࡢ༙ᩘ௨ୖࡀᾐỈࡋࠊ ୓ᡞࡢᐙᒇࡀಽቯࠊ ୓ேࡀ㞳㒓ࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࡢ⿕ᐖࢆཷࡅࡓ ↓㘏ᕷᨻᗓ㸸㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊ ᖺ࡟ࡘ࡙ࡁࠊ ᖺࡢኟ࡟ࡶὥỈࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊࡇࡢ᫬ࠊኴ†࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭱㧗Ỉ఩ࡣ  ᖺ᫬ࡼࡾ㧗࠸ 㹫ࡀほ ࡉࢀࡓ ࿋ࠊẟ㸸㸧ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⮬↛⅏ᐖ࡟క࠸ࠊኴ†ὶᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㜵⅏ᇶ‽ࡀᐃࡵࡽࢀࠊ†࡟ὶධࡍࡿἙᕝࡢ␯Ỉᕤ஦࡞࡝ࡢᑐ⟇ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ ↓㘏ᕷᨻᗓ㸸㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊ†㎶ࡢ㒔ᕷᩚഛ࡟క࠸ࠊ†ỈࡢỈ఩ㄪᩚࡸ㒔ᕷ࠿ࡽࡢởỈࡢኴ†࡬ࡢὶධࢆ
㜵ࡄࡓࡵࡢሖࡶᘓタࡉࢀࡓࠋ†໭ࡢ†ᓊ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿỈୖࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㹉ࡢ࿘㎶࡛ࡣࠊ ᖺ࡟†ᓊ㐨㊰ࡸᶫࡢᘓタࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡓࠋ⮬↛⅏ᐖࡣࠊ㝣ᆅࡢఫẸࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ†㎶࡛ᬽࡽࡍỈୖ⏕ά⪅࡟ࡶ⬣ጾ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ୍⯡࡟ࡣࠊ†ࡢ⬣ጾ࡜ゝ࠼ࡤὥỈ࡞࡝ࡢ⮬↛⅏ᐖࡀᛮ࠸ᾋ࠿࡭ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡢỈୖ⏕ά⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ†ࡢ⬣ጾ࡜ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
ࠕ†ࡀࡍ࡭࡚ࡔࠖ࡜ㄒࡽࢀࡿゝⴥ࠿ࡽࡣࠊỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡓࡕࡢᬽࡽࡋࡀ࠺࠿ࡀ࠼ࡿࠋ⁺ᴗࢆ⏕ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚⏕ィࢆ❧࡚ࡿỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊࠕ✜ࡸ࠿࡞†࡛ࡶࠊཝࡋ࠸†࡛ࡶྥࡁྜࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞
࠸ࠋ†ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡛ࡶࠊࡑࡢ†࡜ඹ࡟ᬽࡽࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠕ⅏ᐖ࡜ࡣᖖ࡟㞄ࡾྜࢃࡏ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ
ࠕ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿ⩦័࡙ࡅࢆࡋ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ
࡜ㄒࡿࠋ࡛ࡣࠊỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡣ⅏ᐖ࡟ഛ࠼᪥ᖖⓗ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྲྀ⤌ࡳࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋỈୖࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㹉ࡢ஦౛ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
Ỉୖࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㹉ࡣࠊྎ㢼ࡸὥỈࡀ㢖⦾࡟㉳ࡁࡿ†㎶Ỉᇦࡢ୍ࡘ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ⮬↛⅏ᐖࡢ୰࡛ࡣࠊ
Ỉᐖࡼࡾྎ㢼࡟ᩄឤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྎ㢼᫬࡟ࡣࠊ⁺࡟ฟࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋேࠎࡣࠊᙉ㢼࡟ࡑ࡞࠼ࠊᒃ
ఫ⏝࡜⁺ᴗ⏝ࡢ⯪ࢆᅛᐃࡉࡏࡿࠋ࣮ࣟࣉࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ྛᡞࡢᒃఫ⯪ࢆ⧅࠸࡛ᅛᐃࡋࠊࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊẚ㍑ⓗ㢼ࢆࡼࡅࡸࡍ࠸†㎶ࡸᑠࡉ࡞ᕝ࡬௰㛫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⛣ືࡋࠊ㑊㞴ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢඹྠࡢ㑊㞴ሙᡤࡣࠊ⁺࡟ฟࡸࡍ࠸ࡼ࠺ࠊ†࡟ẚ㍑ⓗ㏆࠸Ἑᕝࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃࠊ⁺ᴗࢆ㍈࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⅏ᐖ࡟క࠺ࣜ
2ᮏㄪᰝෆᐜࡣࠊ ᖺ࠿ࡽ  ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ᮏ஦౛ᆅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⁺ᖌࡓࡕ㸦Ỉୖ⏕ά⪅㸧࡬ࡢ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙

ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ

28

ࢫࢡࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ෗┿  ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢ୧⬥࡟ࡣࠊⴺᖏࡀ᳜࠼௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡣࠕඛ♽ࡢ௦࠿ࡽࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ㛗ᖺ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚௦ࠎⴺᖏࡢಖㆤ⟶⌮ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋⴺᖏࡣ
Ỉୖ⏕ά⪅ࡢඹྠ㈨※࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊࡇࡢⴺᖏࢆ⁺ලࡢᮦᩱࠊᒃఫ⯪ࡢᒇ᰿ᮦࡸ
⅕㣤᫬ࡢ⇞ᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㜵㢼ࡸ㜵⅏ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡶ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ⅏ᐖࡢኳᩛࡣࠊᬑẁࡢඹྠసᴗ࡜⟶⌮ࡔࠖ࡜ᙼࡽࡣࡼࡃཱྀ࡟ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦౛ࡣࠕ⅏ᐖࠖ࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࣄࣥࢺࢆ
♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ෗┿  †Ỉࡢᜨࡳ࡜᪥ᖖⓗ⎔ቃಖ඲Ỉୖ⏕ά⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡟⏕άࡸ⏕ᴗ࡞࡝࡟ᚲせ࡞ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢỈࢆኴ†ࡸἙᕝ࡟㢗ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
㣧ᩱỈࡸ⁺ᴗ࡟⏝࠸ࡿỈࡣࠊ†ࡸἙᕝࡢἈྜ࡛ྲྀỈࡋࠊᶡࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᐜჾ࡟ධࢀ࡚ᒃఫ⯪ࡢ୰࡟ഛ࠼࡚࠾ࡃࠋὙ℆⏝ࡢỈࡸࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⏕ά⏝Ỉࡣࠊ೵Ἡࡍࡿ⯪ࡢᶓ࠿ࡽྲྀỈࡋ࡚฼⏝ࡍࡿࠋ†㎶࡟ẚ࡭ࠊἙᕝࡢỈ㎶࡛ᬽࡽࡍỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡣࠊ⯪ࡢฟࡋධࢀࡀࡋࡸࡍࡃࠊࡲࡓ⯪ࡢ೵Ἡᆅ࡛
ྲྀỈࡋ࡚Ỉࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࡓࡵࠊᐃᮇⓗ࡟ᕝࡢἾࢆࡍࡃ࠸ୖࡆࠊỈⲡࢆสࡾྲྀࡿ⩦័ࢆྂࡃ࠿ࡽཷࡅ⥅࠸࡛ࡁࡓࠋ†࡬࡜ὶࢀࡿἙᕝࡢỈ㎶࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓỈୖࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㹂࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡶἙᕝࡢἾࡸỈⲡࠊ࢔࢜ࢥࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢసᴗࡣࠊ᫓࠿ࡽኟ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡣࠊྛ⮬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᒃఫ⯪ࡢ㏆ࡃ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࠊࡲࡓ⁺㛩ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊ⁺ᖌࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⤌ࡈ࡜࡟ᐃᮇⓗ࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㹂࡛ࡣࠊ ᖺࡈࢁ࡟ඹྠࡢ஭ᡞࢆ᥀ࡗ࡚௨ᚋࠊ୺࡟஭ᡞỈࡀ฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟
࡞ࡾࠊࡲࡓྛỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡣࠊ⏕ά⤌⧊ࡈ࡜࡟ࠊ࣏ࣥࣉ࡛†㎶ࡢᆅୗỈࢆᘬࡁࠊ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡶ
࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ஭ᡞỈࡀ฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚௨ᚋࡶࠊᚑ᮶㏻ࡾᕝࡢἾࡸỈⲡࢆ㝖ཤࡍࡿάືࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝ࡛☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓࠋỈ฼⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡓࡎࡡࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡣ⁺ᴗࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ⏕ά⏝Ỉ࡞࡝ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࢆ†Ỉࡢᜨࡳ࡟㢗ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ᅇ⟅ࢆᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋ
࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣࠊ⯪ࡢ೵Ἡሙࡢ┿ୗࡢ†Ỉࡣࠊ⏕ά⏝Ỉ࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⼎ࡸ㨶㢮࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⁺⋓≀ࢆಖᏑࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢỈ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⁺ᖌ࡛࠶ࡿỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊࡑ
3ᮏ஦౛ᆅ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝෆᐜࡣࠊ୺࡟  ᖺ࠿ࡽ  ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ᮏ஦౛࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⁺ᖌࡓࡕ࡬ࡢ⪺ࡁㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙

ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ

29

ࡢ᪥࡟࡜ࢀࡓ㨶ࡸ⼎࡞࡝ࢆࠊ⁺ሙ࠿ࡽᡠࡗ࡚ࡍࡄ࡟†Ỉࢆ⏝࠸࡚ಖᏑࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊⓑ⼎㢮ࢆΎỈࡀධࡗࡓᶡ࡟⣲᪩ࡃධࢀ᭰࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㩭ᗘࢆಖࡘ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࡜࠸ࡗࡓಖᏑ᪉ἲࡀఏ࠼ࡽࢀ
࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊዪᛶࡓࡕࡣࠕ⯪ࡢᶓ࡛Ὑ℆ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࠊᑠ㨶ࡸ⼎ࡀὋࡄࡢࡀぢ࠼ࠊ⏣⼺ࢆᩘ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ
࡯࡝Ỉࡀ⃈ࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࠖ࡜ࡼࡃཱྀ࡟ࡍࡿࠋ≉࡟ኟ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊỈⲡࡸἾࢆྲྀࡗࡓᚋࡢᕝ࡛Ὃࡂ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
ᡭ࡛ᤕࡲ࠼ࡓ⼎ࢆᣢࡕᖐࡾࠊ࠾࠿ࡎ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶከ࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦౛ࡣࠊỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡓࡕࡢỈ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᛮ࠸ࢆࡼࡃ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Ỉୖ⏕ά⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊ
ࠕ†Ỉࡣே࡟ࡶ㨶࡟ࡶ౑࠼ࡿࠖ
ࠊࠕ†Ỉࡀேࡸ㨶ࡸ⼎ࢆᏲࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠖ
ࠊࠕỈࡲࢃࡾࡣ᪥ᖖ⏕άࡢሙࠖࠊ
ࠕởࡉ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ኱஦ࠖ࡜ㄒࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
ࠕ†Ỉࢆࡁࢀ࠸࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࡝
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞άືࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠖ࡜ࡓࡎࡡࡿ࡜ࠊ
ࠕᕝࡢἾࠊỈⲡࡸ࢔࢜ࢥࢆ࡜ࡿࠖ
ࠊࠕⴺᖏࢆࡘࡃࡿࠖ
࡜࠸ࡗࡓᅇ⟅ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝⪺࠿ࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㏆ᖺࠊኴ†࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔࢜ࢥࡸỈⲡࡢ኱㔞Ⓨ⏕࡞࡝ࡀᮍゎỴࡢ⎔ቃၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⌧ᅾࠊ†࡟㛵ࢃࡿᵝࠎ࡞ಖ඲άື࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡔࡀࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡢ⎔ቃಖ඲ព㆑ࡀప࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࢃࡅ
࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋඛ♽௦ࠎ†࡜ᬽࡽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓỈୖ⏕ά⪅࠿ࡽࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ†ࡸἙᕝࡢ⎔ቃࢆಖ඲ࡍࡿࡇ࡜⮬యࡀࠊ௦ࠎཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚ࡁࡓఏ⤫ⓗ࡞᪥ᖖⓗ⾜Ⅽ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ †ಖ඲ࡢ※ὶ௨ୖࠊỈୖࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢỈ㎶✵㛫฼⏝ࠊ⅏ᐖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᪥ᖖⓗ࡞ᑐᛂࠊỈ⎔ቃ࡬ࡢㄆ㆑࡜⩦័ⓗ࡞⎔ቃಖ඲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦㇟࠿ࡽࡣࠊỈୖ⏕ά⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ†ࡸἙᕝ࡜࠸ࡗ
ࡓ⮬↛ࡣࠊᬽࡽࡋࡢ୰ࡢᖖ࡟㌟㏆࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡟࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᖖ⏕ά࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀඹ
㏻ࡋ࡚ぢ࡚࡜ࢀࡿࠋಖ඲࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡣࠊ⮬↛ࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆಖ඲ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࠊ⌧≧ࡢ⏕άᵝᘧ࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓᙧ࡛⮬↛࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᖖ࡟ᡭࢆධࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Ỉୖ⏕ά࡟ࡣ஧ࡘࡢඹ⏕ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡣ᳜≀ࡸ⏕≀࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⮬↛ࡢᚠ⎔ⓗ฼⏝ࡢᛮ᝿࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣࠊ⮬↛ࡀᖖ࡟᪥ᖖ⏕άࡸ⏕ᴗ࡜ᐦ᥋࡟㛵ࢃࡾ⥆ࡅࡿ⏕άᵝᘧࡢ⥔ᣢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࠊỈୖ⏕ά⪅ࡓࡕࡀ†࡜ඹ࡟⏕ࡁ࡚ࡁࡓ୰࡛ࠊ⵳✚ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓᬛᜨ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
Ỉୖ⏕ά⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ†ࡸἙᕝࡣ⏕ά࣭⏕ᴗࡢሙ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ័ࢀぶࡋࢇࡔᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡢ
⏕ά⾜ືࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡣࠊ†ࡢ⎔ቃಖ඲࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᙼࡽ⮬㌟ࡀࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟⮬ᕫホ౯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᙼࡽ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡣ⏕άࡢ୍㒊࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋỈୖࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟࠾
࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⏕ά࡟ෆᅾࡍࡿ⮬↛฼⏝ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࡀࠊ⏕άಖドࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚⥔ᣢࡉࢀ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⮬↛฼⏝ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࡢ⥅ᢎ࡜ᣢ⥆ࡣࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚†࡜࠸࠺ᐇ⏕άࡢሙࢆᏲࡿࡇ࡜࡟⧅ࡀࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋඛ♽௦ࠎࠊ†࡜⏕ࡁ࡚ࡁࡓࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓỈୖ⏕άୡ⏺࡟ෆᅾࡍࡿከᵝ࡞せ⣲ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ†ࡢ⎔ቃಖ඲࡟᪂ࡓ࡞♧၀ࢆ୚࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋ
†ࡢ⎔ቃಖ඲ࢆᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ᪉⟇ࡣࠊࡑࡇ࡛⏕ࡁࡿேࠎࡢᬽࡽࡋ࡟┠ࢆྥࡅ࡚ࡇࡑࠊࡑࡢ⟅࠼ࡀぢࡘ࠿ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ


ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
⛅㐨ᬛᙗ㸦㸧ࠗỈ࡜ୡ⏺㑇⏘̿ᬒほ࣭⎔ቃ࣭ᬽࡽࡋࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚࠘ᑠᏛ㤋⛅㐨ᬛᙗ࣭ᑠᯇ࿴ᙪ࣭୰ᮧᗣኵ㸦㸧ࠗே࡜ỈϪ Ỉ࡜ᩥ໬࠘ຮㄔฟ∧ෆᒣ⣧ⶶ࣭࢝ࢸ࢕࣭ࣜࣥࢻࢫࢺ࣒ࣟ⦅㸦㸧ࠗᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ෆᾏᩥ໬ᅪࡢᬒほྐ࡜⎔ቃ ➨  ᕳ ᬒほ࠿ࡽᮍ᮶࡬࠘᫛࿴ᇽ
኱ሯ೺ྖ㸦㸧ࠗ୰ᅜኴ†ὶᇦࡢỈ⎔ቃ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ㸫ᑐヰ࡜༠ാ࡟ࡼࡿ෌⏕࡟ྥࡅ࡚㸫࠘࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭◊✲ᡤ
჆⏣⏤⣖Ꮚ㸦㸧ࠕỈ฼⏝ࡢኚ໬࡜Ỉࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ†ᓊᇦࡢỈㄪᰝࡼࡾࠖࠗỈ࡜ேࡢ⎔ቃྐ࠘࠾Ⲕ
ࡢỈ᭩ᡣ

30

჆⏣⏤⣖Ꮚ㸦㸧ࠗ⏕άୡ⏺ࡢ⎔ቃᏛ㸫⍇⍈†࠿ࡽࡢ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪ㸫࠘㎰ᒣ⁺ᮧᩥ໬༠఍
჆⏣⏤⣖Ꮚ㸦㸧ࠕ㌟㏆࡞⎔ቃࡢ⮬ศ໬㸫⛉Ꮫ▱࡜⏕ά▱ࡢᑐヰࢆࡵࡊࡋࡓ࣍ࢱࣝࢲࢫࠖỈ࡜ᩥ໬◊✲఍⦅ࠗࡳࢇ࡞࡛࣍ࢱࣝࢲࢫ㸫⍇⍈†ᆅᇦࡢ࣍ࢱࣝ࡜㌟㏆࡞Ỉ⎔ቃㄪᰝ࠘᪂᭙♫ฟ
∧S
჆⏣⏤⣖Ꮚ㸦㸧ࠗỈ㎶ࡄࡽࡋࡢ⎔ቃᏛ㸫⍇⍈†࡜ୡ⏺ࡢ†࠿ࡽ࠘᫛࿴ᇽฟ∧Ⳣ㇏㸦㸧ࠕࠕỈ㎶ࠖࡢ⏕άㄅ̿⏕ィάືࡢ」ྜⓗᒎ㛤࡜ࡑࡢ♫఍ⓗព࿡̿ࠖࠗ᪥ᮏẸ಑Ꮫ࠘➨ ྕ
ฟཱྀᬗᏊ㸦㸧ࠗヨࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢẸ಑Ꮫ̿⍇⍈†ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻ࠿ࡽ࠘㞝ᒣ㛶㫽㉺ⓡஅ㸦㸧ࠗヨࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⎔ቃẸ಑Ꮫ ⍇⍈†ࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻ࠿ࡽ࠘㞝ᒣ㛶㫽㉺ⓡஅ㸦㸧ࠗ㟘ࣨᾆࡢ⎔ቃ࡜Ỉ㎶ࡢᬽࡽࡋ㸫ࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࢩࢵࣉⓗⓎᒎㄽࡢྍ⬟ᛶ㸫࠘᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫฟ∧㒊
㫽㉺ⓡஅ㸦㸧ࠗỈ࡜᪥ᮏே࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ
㛗἟ࡉࡸ࠿㸦㸧ࠗᗈᮾࡢỈୖᒃẸ ⌔Ụࢹࣝࢱ₎᪘ࡢ࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸ࢕࡜ࡑࡢኚᐜ࠘㢼㡪♫㝞ቨ㢧㸦㸧ࠓ୰ᅜ኱㐠Ἑྐࠔ୰⳹᭩ᒁ
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⁠㈡┴ࡢ†ᓊᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃ࡜ேࡢᬽࡽࡋࡢ㛵ಀᛶࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟฼⏝ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ ⾜ᨻห⾜≀ࡸ᪂⪺㈨ᩱ࡞࡝ࠊ ⤫ィ㈨ᩱࠊ ᆅ⌮᝟ሗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅵ╔࣐ࣛࣜ࢔
୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࠊ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡣࠊ⇕ᖏ ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣள⇕ᖏࡢឤᰁ⑕࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ
Ṕྐⓗᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚᪥ᮏ࡟┤᥋㛵ಀࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡣࠊᡓ๓ᡓᚋࡢ⌰⌫࣭Ἀ⦖ࡸ᳜Ẹᆅᮇࡢ
ྎ‴ࢆ୺࡞ὶ⾜ᆅ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ୧ᆅᇦࡣẼೃⓗ࡟ࡣள⇕ᖏ࡟ᒓࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
㏆௦໬ࡢ㏵ୖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ᑐ⟇ࡣࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㔜せ࡞ㄢ㢟ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦㣤ᓥ㸸㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ᪥ᮏิᓥྛᆅ࡛ࡶࠊ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡣᗈ⠊ᅖ࡟ศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋྠ⑓ࡣࠊ⑓ཎ
࡜࡞ࡿཎ⹸ࡢ✀㢮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚  ࡘ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᪥ᮏྛᆅ࡛ᗈࡃࡳࡽࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊࢩࢼࣁ࣐ࢲ
ࣛ࢝㸦 $QRSKHOHVVLQHQVLV 㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚፹௓ࡉࢀࡿࠊẚ㍑ⓗⰋᛶ㸦⮴Ṛ⋡ࡀప࠸㸧ࡢ୕᪥⇕࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡔࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢ⑌⑓ࡣ⒚㸦࠾ࡇࡾ㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀࠊ㢼ᅵ⑓࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᆅ᪉⑓࡜
ࡋ࡚ᆅᇦᅛ᭷ࡢၥ㢟࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࢩࢼࣁ࣐ࢲࣛ࢝ࡣࠊὶࢀࡀࡺࡿࡃỈ㉁ࡢⰋ࠸Ỉ㠃㸦 ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊỈ⏣ࡸὸỈ㠃࡞࡝㸧࡛⦾Ṫࡍࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋᙪ᰿ᕷࡣࠊᙪ᰿ᇛ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢ࿘㎶ࡢᇛୗ⏫ࢆ୕㔜࡟ྲྀࡾᅖࡴ
ᇼࢆ፹௓⺅ࡢᏤ໬ᆅ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⃰ཌ࡟ởᰁࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⤫ィࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽุ᩿ࡍࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡢⓎ⏕ࡣࡼࡾᗈᇦⓗ࡛ࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ࡞⎔ቃ᮲௳࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡓ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ᡓ๓ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊ ᖺ๓ᚋ࠾ࡼࡧ  ᖺ࡟኱つᶍ࡞ㄪᰝࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡀ᪥ᮏิᓥࡢ࡯ࡰ඲ᇦ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦ෆົ┬⾨⏕ᒁ㸸ࠊྠ㸸㸧ࠋ ᖺ௦࡟ࡣࠊᗓ┴⤫ィ᭩࡟࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ⨯ᝈࢹ࣮ࢱࡀィୖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡀࠊ⁠㈡┴ࡢሙྜࡣ㒆ูࡢධ㝔グ㘓࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ඲ㇺࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶㛗ᓮ኱Ꮫ⇕ᖏ་Ꮫ◊✲ᡤᮾி኱Ꮫ་Ꮫ㒊௜ᒓ⑓㝔⾑ᾮί໬⒪ἲ㒊41

ࡿ㸦⁠㈡┴㸸㸧ࠋ ᖺ  ᭶࡟ࡣ⁠㈡┴࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ண㜵ㄪᰝጤဨࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀࠊᮏ᱁ⓗ࡞ㄪᰝࡶᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡓࠋྠᖺࡢ⁠㈡┴࡟࠾ࡅࡿᆅ᪉⑓ㄪᰝ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ⍇⍈†࿘㎶࡛ᗈ⠊ᅖ࡟ࢃࡓࡾ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡀ⶝ᘏࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦ෆົ┬⾨⏕ᒁ㸸 ᖺ㸧ࠋᡓᚋࡣࠊᐩᒣࠊ▼ᕝࠊ⚟஭ࠊឡ▱ࠊ⁠㈡ࡢ஬┴࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ᖺ௦ึ㢌ࡲ࡛࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ
Ⓨ⏕ࡀ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⁠㈡┴†ᓊࡣࠊ௚ᆅᇦ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚⨯ᝈᩘࡀከࡃࠊᡓ๓࠿ࡽ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔
ண㜵᧞⁛㐌㛫ࡢᐇ᪋࡞࡝ࠊ୍ᐃࡢᑐ⟇ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓ  ᖺ௦ᮎ࡟ࡣࠊ⁠㈡┴࡟࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡢⓎ⏕ࡀ㞟୰ࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊᡓᚋࡢ་⒪࣭⾨⏕ᨵ㠉ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸦 )LJXUH㸧ࠋ)LJXUH1XPEHURIPDODULDSDWLHQWVLQSUHIHFWXUHV
6RXUFH㸸.RED\DVKL   ᙪ᰿࣐ࣛࣜ࢔◊✲ᡤ࡟ࡼࡿ᧞⁛஦ᴗࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᙪ᰿ࡢ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡀၥ㢟໬ࡋࡓࡢࡣᡓᚋ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᖺ  ᭶ࠊᙪ᰿࣐ࣛࣜ
࢔ᑐ⟇ጤဨ఍ࡀタ❧ࠊ⩣ᖺ  ᭶࡟ࡣ⁠㈡┴ᗇ࡛࣐ࣛࣜ࢔᧞⁛ᑐ⟇఍㆟ࡀ㛤ദࡉࢀࡓࠋ⫼ᬒ
࡟ࡣࠊ*+4 ࡟ࡼࡿಖ೺⾨⏕஦ᴗࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࠊᙪ᰿ࡢ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ᑐ⟇ࡀ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࠊ᪥ᮏഃ࡟່
࿌ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆཷࡅࠊᙪ᰿ᕷࡣ  ᖺ  ᭶࡟ᙪ᰿࣐ࣛࣜ࢔◊✲ᡤࢆタ❧ࠊ㛗ᓮ་⛉኱Ꮫࢆ༞ᴗࡋᆅඖ࡛㛤ᴗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᕷ㛗ࡢᏊᜥ࣭ᑠᯘᘯ㸦㸧ࢆᡤ㛗ව⾨⏕
ㄢ㛗࡟ᤣ࠼ࠊ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ᑐ⟇ࡢ◊✲࣭ㄪᰝ஦ᴗࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓ㸦ᑠᯘ㸸㸧ࠋࡇࡇ࡛Ỵᐃⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓே≀ࡢࡦ࡜ࡾࡀࠊᙜ᫬ྠ◊✲ᡤ࣭㢳ၥࡢ᳃ୗ⸅㸦ࠊ኱㜰኱Ꮫᚤ⏕≀⑓◊✲ᡤ࣭ᩍᤵ㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᳃ୗࡣࠊᡓ๓࡟ྎ໭ᖇᅜ኱Ꮫ་Ꮫ㒊ᐤ⏕⹸Ꮫᩍᐊࡢᩍᤵࢆࡘ
࡜ࡵࠊྎ‴ࡢ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ᑐ⟇ࢆ୺ᑟࡋࡓே≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᚑ᮶ࠊྎ‴࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ᑐ⟇ࡢ᪉ἲㄽࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࠊ᳃ୗࡣ⎔ቃᨵኚ࡟ࡼࡿ⺅ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟
࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㢳㸸㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊྎ‴࡛ᐇ⌧ࡋࡓᑐ⟇ࡣࠊఫẸ࡬ࡢཎ⹸᳨ᰝ࡞࡝࡟୺║ࢆ࠾࠸ࡓࠊᑐேⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᡓᚋᙪ᰿ࡢ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ᑐ⟇࡟᳃ୗࡀ῝ࡃ࠿࠿ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜ࡣࠊᑐ⺅ᑐ⟇ࢆᛕ㢌࡟࠾࠸࡚⎔ቃᨵኚࢆࡍࡍࡵࡿ࠿ࠊཎ⹸ࡸ⺅࡜ࡢ᥋ゐࢆῶࡽࡍࡓࡵ࡟
ఫẸࡢ⏕ά⾜ືࢆ┘どࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ᑐ⟇ ࡢᡭἲࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡀ⥅⥆ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚

42

࠸ࡿࠋ
ᙪ᰿࣐ࣛࣜ࢔◊✲ᡤ࡟ࡼࡿ᧞⁛ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣࠊձ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔፹௓⺅ࡢศᕸㄪᰝࠊղ ''7 ᄇ㟝ࠊճ⾨⏕ᅵᮌ஦ᴗࠊմᆅᇦఫẸ࡬ࡢᩍ⫱ᐉఏࡢ  ࡘ࡟኱ูࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊձ
ࡢ፹௓⺅ㄪᰝࡣࠊ◊✲ᡤࡢタ⨨┤ᚋ࠿ࡽࠊ ෆᇼࠊ୰ᇼࠊእᇼࡢྛᇦࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢩࢼࣁ
࣐ࢲࣛ⺅ࡢᗂ⏕ࡢ⏕ែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚☜ㄆసᴗࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ ᇛࡢ໭ഃ࡟࠶ࡿᴦࠎᅬ௜
㏆ࠊㆤᅜ⚄♫㏆ࡃࡢ୰ᇼࠊእᇼࡢ୍㒊ࡀ⃰ཌ⏕ᜥᆅ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ᝟ሗ࡟ᇶ
࡙ࡁࠊᙪ᰿ࡢ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ᑐ⟇ࡣ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ 㸦ᑠᯘ㸸㸧ࠋᙪ᰿࣐ࣛࣜ࢔◊✲ᡤࡀࡶࡗ࡜ࡶຊࢆ࠸ࢀࡓࡢࡀճࡢ⾨⏕ᅵᮌ஦ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ
ᖺ࠿ࡽ  ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ➨୍ḟ஬࢝ᖺィ⏬࠾ࡼࡧ  ᖺ࠿ࡽ  ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ➨஧ḟ஬࢝ᖺィ⏬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᙪ᰿ᇛࡢᇼ࠾ࡼࡧ࿘㎶‵ᆅᖏࡢᇙࡵ❧࡚ࡀ⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋ࡞࠿࡛ࡶࠊᇛࡢ໭ഃ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿ኱‵ᆅᖏࡢᇙࡵ❧࡚࡜እᇼࡢᨵಟᕤ஦ ࡣࠊ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ᑐ⟇ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㔜せㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ‵ᆅᖏࡣࠊ➨୍ḟ஬࢝ᖺィ⏬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑࡢ኱༙ࡀᇙࡵ❧࡚ࡽࢀ ࡓࠋ㊧ᆅ࡟ࡣࠊᙜึࡣ㐟ᅬᆅࢆᘓ⠏ࡍࡿィ⏬ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ ࡑࡢᚋィ⏬ࡀኚ᭦ࡉࢀࠊᕷẸබᅬ㸦⌧ᅾࡢ㔠டබᅬ㸧࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊእᇼࡢᨵಟᕤ஦ࡣࠊ➨୍ḟ࠾ࡼࡧ➨஧ḟ஬࢝ᖺィ⏬
ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࢥࣥࢡ࣮ࣜࢺ࡟ࡼࡿ⁁Ὼ໬ࡀ᏶஢ࡋࡓࠋ௚࡟ࡶղࡢ ''7 ᄇ㟝࠾ࡼࡧ㝖⹸⳥ங๣ᩓᕸ࡟ࡼࡿ፹௓⺅ࡢᗂ⏕㥑㝖ࡸࠊմᫎ⏬ࡸ᧞⁛㐌㛫࡞࡝ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢᆅ
ᇦఫẸ࡬ࡢၨⵚάືࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᑐ⟇஦ᴗࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ ᖺ࡟ࡣᙪ᰿ࡢ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔⨯ᝈ⪅ࡣࢮࣟ࡟࡞ࡾࠊ ᖺ  ᭶࡟ᙪ᰿࣐ࣛࣜ࢔◊✲ᡤࡣ㛢㙐ࡋࡓ㸦ᑠᯘ㸸ࠊ⏣୰㸸㸧ࠋᙪ᰿࣐ࣛࣜ࢔◊✲ᡤࡀᒎ㛤ࡋࡓᑐ⟇ࡣࠊ⾨⏕ᅵᮌ஦ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃᨵኚ࡟ຊⅬࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡋ࠿࡟ࠊ⺅ࡢศᕸࢆㄪᰝࡋࠊࡑࡢỈ㠃ࢆᇙࡵ❧࡚ࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࡣㄝᚓຊ
ࢆᣢࡘࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᐇ㝿࡟ᇙࡵ❧࡚ࡀ᏶ᡂࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊᙪ᰿ᇛ໭ഃࡢ‵ᆅᖏࡢࡳ࡛ࠊࡑࢀ௨እ
ࡢᇼࡣࠊ፹௓⺅ࡢ⏕ែࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊࡑࡢࡲࡲṧࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡣὀពࡀᚲ
せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢᇙࡵ❧࡚஦ᴗࡢᡂᯝ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᐇ㝿࡟࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡀᾘ⁛ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡢ㸬㸬㸬 㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬 㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᙜ᫬ࡢྛ✀ሗ㐨ࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࡣࠊၨⵚ᭩ ࠗ ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ㄞᮏ ࠘ ࡢฟ∧ ࡸ‵ᆅࡢᇙࡵ❧࡚㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬ࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ ࠊ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ ᧞⁛ࡢᡂຌࡀఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࠊࡑࡢᡂᯝࡀ࠸ࡉࡉ
࠿㄂ᙇࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦ࠗ⁠㈡᪂⪺࠘ ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᙪ᰿࣐ࣛࣜ࢔◊✲ᡤࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢຠᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊྠ⑓ࡢᾘ⁛ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ↓⌮ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ  ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔⨯ᝈ⪅Ⓨ⏕ࡢ✵㛫ศᕸ࡜ࡑࡢ᥎⛣࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⎔ቃᨵኚࡢᙳ㡪 ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᅵ╔࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡣ≉࡟⁠㈡┴࡛ࡢ⨯ᝈ⪅ᩘࡀ௚ᆅᇦ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ከࡃࠊࡋ࠿ࡶ  ᖺ௦ᮎ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡀ㞟୰ࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᡓᚋࡢ་⒪࣭⾨⏕ᨵ㠉ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⍇⍈†ࡢᮾᓊ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿᙪ᰿ᕷ࡛ࡣࠊᙪ᰿ᇛ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢ࿘㎶ࡢᇛୗ⏫ࢆྲྀࡾᅖࡴᇼࡀ፹௓⺅ࡢᏤ໬ᆅ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ┴ෆ࡛ࡶ≉࡟⃰ཌ࡞࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ởᰁᆅᇦ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸
ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ⤫ィࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡢὶ⾜ࡀࡼࡾᗈᇦⓗ࡛ࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ࡞ᆅ⌮ⓗ⎔ቃ᮲௳࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸ࡓ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 
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DQGODQGXVH /RZODQGSDGG\6ZDPS,QQHUODNH RIVKLJDSUHIHFWXUHLQ
6RXUFH1DLPXVKR(LVHLN\RNX㸦㸧

)LJXUH ࡣసᡂࡉࢀࡓ

㔞ᆅᅗ㸦⦰ᑻ  ୓ศࡢ 㸧࠿ࡽࢹࢪࢱ࢖ࢪࣥࢢࡋࡓ  ᖺ᫬ⅬࡢỈ⏣࣭ὸỈᇦ㸦ෆ†㸧࣭Ἶ⏣࡜࠸ࡗࡓᆅ⌮ⓗ⎔ቃ࡜ࠊ⤫ィ㈨ᩱ㸦ෆົ┬⾨⏕ᒁ㸸 ᖺ㸧࠿ࡽసᡂࡋࡓᮧูࡢᝈ⪅Ⓨ⏕⋡ࡢ஧ࡘࡢ✵㛫ศᕸࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᅗ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ
 ᖺ᫬Ⅼࡢ†ᓊᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᮧẖࡢ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔⨯ᝈศᕸ㸦ᑐேཱྀ 㸧ࡣ✵㛫ⓗ࡟ᴟࡵ࡚୙ᆒ୍࡛࠶ࡾࠊձ୍ᐃᩘ௨ୖ㸦༓ேᑐẚ࡛  ே௨ୖ㸧ࡢ⨯ᝈ⪅ศᕸᇦ࡜Ỉ⏣ᇦࡢศᕸࠊ
ղෆ†➼ὸỈᇦ⎔ቃࡢศᕸ࡜⨯ᝈ⪅Ⓨ⏕ࡢ࣍ࢵࢺࢫ࣏ࢵࢺࡢศᕸࠊࡢ㛫ࡢ┦㛵ࡢ㧗ࡉࡀఛ࠼ࡿࠋ)LJXUH ࡣࠊ†ᓊࡢෆ†ࡢศᕸࢆࠊ ᖺ࡜  ᖺࡢ஧ࡘࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ẚ㍑ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᖺ᫬Ⅼࡢෆ†࡞࡝ὸỈᇦ⎔ቃࡣࠊ ᖺ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛࡟ᙪ᰿ᕷ㸦ᪧ≟ୖ㒆㸧࠿ࡽⵦ⏕㒆ࡢ†ᓊ㒊ࢆ㝖࠸࡚ࠊᇙࡵ❧࡚➼࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡯ࡰᾘኻࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ᭦࡟ᅗ  ࡣࠊ ᖺࡢ㛫ࡢ†ᓊᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔⨯ᝈ⪅ࡢ✵㛫ศᕸࡢ᥎⛣࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⁠㈡┴࡟࠾࠸࡚࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡀ᭱ࡶ⊛ጾࢆ᣺ࡿࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ  ᖺࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠊ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔⨯ᝈ⪅ᩘࡣ┴඲య࡛  ேࢆඃ࡟㉸࠼ࠊࡑࡢศᕸࡢ࣍ࢵࢺࢫ࣏ࢵࢺࡣᙪ᰿୍ᖏࡼࡾࡶࠊ†ᓊ໭㒊㸦ᮾᓊ࡛ࡣ㛗὾ᕷ௨໭㸧࡜ᮾᓊ༡➃㸦㔝Ὢᕷ㸧࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀ  ᖺࡲ࡛࡟ᙪ᰿ᕷࢆ୰
ᚰ࡜ࡋࡓศᕸ㸦ࡓࡔࡋ⥲ᩘࡣ⣙  ࡟ῶᑡ㸧࡟཰᮰ࡋࠊ ᖺ࡟ࡣ┴඲య࡛࡯ࡰᾘ⁛ࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
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)LJXUH'LVWULEXWLRQRIVKDOORZZDWHUDUHD
)LJXUH1XPEHURIPDODULDSDWLHQWVLQVKLJDSUHIHFWXUHE\GLVWULFWZLVH
6RXUFH.RED\DVKL㸦㸧 ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡜⤖ㄽ⤫ィ᝟ሗࡢ✵㛫ⓗ࡞ྍど໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ  ᖺ௦ࡢᮇ㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ†ᓊᆅᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᅵ╔࣐ࣛࣜ࢔⨯ᝈ⪅ᩘࡢ⥲ᩘ࡜ศᕸࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ኚ໬ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞
ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢኚ໬ࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣࠊෆ†ࡢᇙࡵ❧࡚㸦㎰ᆅ໬㸧࡟ࡼࡿ†ᓊὸỈᇦࡢ኱つᶍ࡞⦰ᑠࡢ㐍⾜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔፹௓⺅ࡢ⦾Ṫᇦࡀ࣐ࢡࣟࢫࢣ࣮࡛ࣝᾘኻࡋࡓ࠿ࡽࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜

45

ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ᡓᚋࡢᙪ᰿ᕷ࡛♫఍ၥ㢟࡜ࡉࢀࡓ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡢⓎ⏕ࡣࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣᡓ๓࠿ࡽᗈᇦ࡛⃰ཌ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡓ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ὶ⾜ࡢṧ⁦࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ≧ἣ࡛ࠊ⾨⏕ᅵᮌ஦ᴗ࡞࡝ࡢᙪ᰿࣐ࣛࣜ࢔◊✲ᡤࡢάືࡣࠊࡑࢀ༢య࡛࣐ࣛࣜ࢔᧞⁛࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠋᙪ᰿
ᇛࡢᇼࡸ‵ᆅᖏࡢᇙࡵ❧࡚ࡣࠊᙪ᰿ᕷෆ࡟㝈ᐃࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺࡣ↓ど࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ†ᓊᆅᇦ඲య࡜࠸࠺ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࡣࡑࢀࡀᯝࡓࡋࡓᙺ๭ࡣᴟࡵ࡚
ᑠࡉ࠸ࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ゝࢃࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋ ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢ†ᓊᆅᇦ࡟ࡣࠊෆ†ࡢᗈࡀࡾ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊேࠎࡢᒃఫ࣭ ⏕ά✵㛫ࡣὸỈᇦ࡟ᅖࡲࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡀ᫬௦࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ኱つᶍ࡞†ᓊࡢ⎔ቃᨵኚࡀ㐍ࡳࠊேࠎࡢᒃఫ࣭⏕ά✵㛫࡜Ỉᇦࡣษࡾ㞳ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋᡓᚋࡢᙪ᰿࡟࠾
ࡅࡿ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔᧞⁛άື࡟㛵ࡍࡿホ౯࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞⎔ቃᨵኚࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ†ᓊᆅᇦ඲య࡛ᅵ╔࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡀ⤊ᜥ࡟ྥ࠿࠸ࡘࡘ࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ゎࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊ◊✲ᡤࡢάືࡀ᭱ᚋ࡟ᙉ࠸୍ᢲࡋࢆຍ࠼ࡓ࡜ゎ㔘ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ཧ ⪃ᩥ⊩
⁠㈡┴㸦㸧ࠕ⑓㝔ᝈ⪅⑓㢮ูࠖࠗ⁠㈡⦩⤫ィ඲᭩࠘ ⁠㈡┴㸸኱ὠෆົ┬⾨⏕ᒁ㸦㸧ࠗྛᆅ᪉ࢽ᪊ࢣࣝࠕ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࠖ࡟㛵ࢫࣝᴫἣ࠘ෆົ┬⾨⏕ᒁ㸸ᮾிෆົ┬⾨⏕ᒁ㸦㸧ࠗᮏ㑥࡟᪊ࡅࡿᆅ᪉⑓ࡢศᕸ࠘ෆົ┬⾨⏕ᒁ㸸ᮾிࠕ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ㄞᮏࠖห⾜ ᫎ⏬⩼ࡶࡘ⇕⑓ࡶ㏆ࡃ᏶ᡂࠖࠗ⁠㈡᪂⪺࠘➨  ྕࠊ ᖺ  ᭶ ᪥ᑠᯘᘯ㸦㸧ࠗᙪ᰿ᕷࡢ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ᑞ⟇㸸グᛕ➨୕ᅇಖ೺ᩥ໬㈹ཷ㈹⾨⏕ㄢタ⨨୕࿘ᖺ ࠘ᙪ᰿ᕷᙺᡤ㸸ᙪ᰿
ᑠᯘᘯ㸦㸧ࠕᙪ᰿ᕷ࡟᪊ࡅࡿ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ␿Ꮫⓗ◊✲ࠖࠗ㛗ᓮ་Ꮫ఍㞧ㄅ࠘➨  ᕳ➨ ྕᑠᯘᘯ㸦㸧ࠗᙪ᰿ᕷ࡟᪊ࡅࡿ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔㜵㐤㸸ᙪ᰿ᕷ࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ᑐ⟇➨  ḟ➨  ḟ  ࢝ᖺィ⏬ᐇ᪋ሗ࿌᭩࠘ᑠᯘᘯ㸸ᙪ᰿
⁠㈡┴ྐ⦅ࡉࢇጤဨ఍㸦㸧ࠕ㢼ᅵ⑓㸦ᆅ᪉⑓㸧࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࠖ
ࠗ⁠㈡┴ྐ ᫛࿴⦅࠘➨  ᕳ࣭♫఍ཌ⏕⦅ࠊ⁠㈡┴㸸኱ὠ㢳㞞ᩥ㸦㸧ࠕ᪥἞᫬ᮇྎ‴⒚⑌㜵㐤ᨻ⟇㸸ࠕᑐேἲࠖ㸽ࠕᑐ⺅ἲࠖ㸽ࠖ
ࠗྎ‴ྐ◊✲࠘➨ ᕳ➨  ᮇ㣤ᓥ΅㸦㸧࣐ࠗࣛࣜ࢔࡜ᖇᅜ㸸᳜Ẹᆅ་Ꮫ࡜ᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢᗈᇦ⛛ᗎ࠘ᮾி኱Ꮫฟ∧఍㸸ᮾி⏣୰ㄔ஧࡯࠿㸦㸧ࠕ㢼ᅵ⑓࣐ࣛࣜ࢔ࡣ࠸࠿࡟᧞⁛ࡉࢀࡓ࠿㸸➨஧ḟ኱ᡓᚋࡢ⁠㈡┴ᙪ᰿ᕷࠖࠗ᪥ᮏ་ྐᏛ㞧ㄅ࠘➨  ᕳ➨  ྕ

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ࢥࣥࢭࣉࢺࡢỈ㉁ί໬ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࠊኴ†ὶᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᑐᛂྍ⬟࡞Ỉᇦ⎔ቃཬࡧ฼⏝≧ἣࡢホ౯ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋኴ†ὶᇦࡢᴫせ⮬↛ᴫἣኴ†ὶᇦࡣࠊ㛗Ụࢹࣝࢱࡢ୰ᚰ࡟఩⨨ࡋࠊᮾ⤒ r͛㹼r͛ࠊ໭⦋ r͛㹼r࡛͛ࠊỤ⸽┬ࠊύỤ┬ࠊᏳᚯ┬ཬࡧୖᾏᕷ࡟㊬ࡾࠊὶᇦ㠃✚ࡣ NP  ࡛࠶ࡾࠊỤ⸽┬ 㸣ࠊύỤ┬ 㸣ࠊୖᾏᕷ 㸣ࠊᏳᚯ┬ 㸣ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏὶᇦࡣᏘ⠇㢼Ẽೃ࡟ᒓࡋࠊᖺᖹᆒẼ㹼Υࠊᖺ㛫ᖹᆒ㝆Ỉ㔞 PPࠊᖺ㛫Ỉ㠃⵨Ⓨ㔞 PP

࡛࠶ࡾࠊ෤Ꮨࡣ஝⇱ᐮ෭ࠊኟᏘࡣ㧗ከ‵ࠊ⥲㝆Ỉ㔞ࡢ⣙ 㸣ࡀ 㹼 ᭶࡟㞟୰ࡍࡿࠋὶ

ᇦࡢᆅᙧࡣす㧗ᮾప࡛ࠊᖹ㔝㒊࡜ᒣᓅ㒊࡟ศࡅࡽࢀࠊす࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿᒣᓅ㒊ࡢᶆ㧗ࡣ 㹼
P ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟࠶ࡾࠊኴ†࡬ࡢỈࡢ౪⤥ᇦࢆᙧᡂࡋࠊ඲ὶᇦࡢ㠃✚ࡢ 㸣ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࠋᖹ㔝㒊ࡣὶᇦ㠃✚ࡢ 㸣ࢆ༨ࡵࠊ࿘㎶㒊ࡀ㧗ࡃ୰㛫㒊ࡀప࠸┅ᆅ≧ࢆ࿊ࡋࠊኴ†ࡣࡑࡢᖹ㔝ࡢ୰ᚰ࡟࠶ࡿࠋᮾ㒊ࡢᶆ㧗ࡣ 㹼P ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟࠶ࡾࠊ୰ᚰ㒊ࡣ࡯ࡰ P ⛬ᗘ࡛ኴ†ࡢỈࡣ⸽ᕞ࠿ࡽୖᾏࢆ⤒⏤ࡋ࡚ᮾࢩࢼᾏ࡟ὀࡄࠋỈ⣔ࡣἙᕝࠊ†἟ࠊࢲ࣒࡞࡝࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࠊ⥲Ἑ㐨ࡢ㛗ࡉ  ୓ NPࠊᐦᗘ NPyNP  ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᓲ㸸㸹=KHQJ㸸㸧ࠋኴ†ࡣࠊ†㠃㠃✚NP  㸦⍇⍈†ࡢ⣙  ಸ㸧ࠊ᭱኱Ỉ῝ PࠊᖹᆒỈ῝ Pࠊ࿘ᅖ㛗 NPࠊᖹᆒ㈓Ỉ㔞  ൨ P  ࠊᖺ㛫ࡢὶධỈ㔞  ൨ P  ࡛࠶ࡾࠊὶᇦෆࡢỈ⣔ㄪ⠇࡜Ỉ⏕ែࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟
࠾࠸࡚୰ᚰⓗᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦=KHQJ㸸㸧ࠋ ♫఍⤒῭ⓗ≧ἣཬࡧỈ⎔ቃኚ㑄≉ᚩኴ†ὶᇦࡣᆅ⌮ⓗ࡟㔜せ࡞఩⨨࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㈗㔜࡞⮬↛⎔ቃཬࡧṔྐᩥ໬ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜ඹ࡟ࠊ
⤒῭Ⓨᒎ࡟᭷฼࡞᮲௳ࡀഛࢃࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୰ᅜᅜෆ࡛ࡶᕤᴗ໬ࠊ㒔ᕷ໬ࡢỈ‽ࡀ᭱ࡶ㧗࠸ᆅ༊ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ୡ⣖  ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛ኴ†ὶᇦࡢỈ㉁ࡣⰋዲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊὶᇦෆࡢᛴ㏿࡞⤒῭Ⓨᒎཬࡧ㒔ᕷ໬ேཱྀࡢ㞟୰࡟క࠸ࠊே㛫άືࡀỈ⎔ቃ࡟ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᙳ
஑ᕞ኱Ꮫᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔⎔ቃ◊✲ᶵᵓ ஑ᕞ኱ᏛᕤᏛ◊✲㝔⎔ቃ♫఍㒊㛛 す᪥ᮏᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨᰴᘧ఍♫⎔ቃ㒊 ୖᾏ஺㏻኱Ꮫ⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ୚ᕤ⛬Ꮫ㝔

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ᝏ໬ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦㯤㸸㸧ࠋ㏆ᖺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊởᰁ㈇Ⲵ㔞๐ῶࡸ࢔࢜ࢥᅇ཰࡞࡝ࡢᑐ⟇ࡀኴ†࡛ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᐩᰤ㣴໬ࡣᖺࠎຍ㏿ࡋࠊỈ⎔ቃࡢᨵၿࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸
㸦=KHQJ㸸㸹*X㸸㸧ࠋ58ᅗ  ኴ†ࡢㄪᰝᆅ㸦ᕥ㸸ᮾኴ†ࠊ୰㸸ᱵᱱ‴ࠊྑ㸸す㒊ἢᓊἙᕝ㸧ኴ†ࡢỈ㉁ㄪᰝ
ㄪᰝỈᇦ࣭ᆅⅬࡢタᐃᮾኴ†ࡣࠊኴ†ࡢ༡ᮾ㒊࡟఩⨨ࡋࠊ㛗ࡉ NPࠊ᭱኱ᖜ㛗 NPࠊỈᇦ㠃✚ NP  ࠊᖹᆒỈ῝ P ࡢỈ⏕᳜≀ࡢከ࠸†‴࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ  ᕥ㸧ࠋᱵᱱ‴ࡣࠊኴ†ࡢ໭㒊࡟఩⨨ࡋࠊỈᇦ㠃✚ NP  ࠊᖹᆒỈ῝ P ࡢᾋ㐟⸴㢮ࡢከ࠸†‴࡛࠶ࡿࠋኴ†ὶᇦ࡛ࡣኟᏘࢆ୰
ᚰ࡟༡ᮾ㢼ࡀ༟㉺ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊኴ†ࡢỈ㠃ᾋ㐟≀ࡣ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚໭㒊ࡢᱵᱱ‴Ỉᇦ࡟྿ࡁᐤࡏ
ࡽࢀࠊࡇࡢỈᇦ࡛ࡣ࢔࢜ࢥࡢ㞟✚ࡀ῝้࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ  ୰㸧ࠋ୍᪉ࠊす㒊ἢᓊࡣேཱྀᐦᗘࡀప
࠸ࡀࠊᯘᆅࡸ㎰ᆅࡀከ࠸ࡓࡵࠊ㐣๫᪋⫧࡟ࡼࡿὶධἙᕝࡢỈ㉁ởᰁࡀ῝้࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⏕ែ⣔ࡀ◚ቯࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ  ྑ㸧ࠋ௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝࡣᮾኴ†࡜ᱵᱱ‴ཬࡧす㒊ἢᓊࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࠊㄪᰝᆅⅬࢆ ᅗ  ࡢࡼ࠺࡟タᐃࡋࡓࠋ ᖺ  ᭶ 㹼 ᪥࡟ᮾኴ†࡛ࡣ (( ࡢ  ᆅⅬࠊᱵᱱ‴࡛ࡣ 00 ࡢ  ᆅⅬࠊす㒊ἢᓊ࡛ࡣ୺せ࡞ὶධἙᕝࡢἙཱྀ㒊࡟࠾࠸࡚ 77 ࡢ  ᆅⅬࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋ
ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ࣭ศᯒ
Ỉ ㉁ ㄪ ᰝ ࡣ ከ 㡯 ┠ Ỉ ㉁ ィ +\GURODE/RJJHU'6; ࢆ⏝࠸ࠊᅗ  ࡟♧ࡋࡓྛᆅⅬ࡛Ỉ῝᪉ྥ࡟ FP 㛫㝸࡛Ỉ

㨛1㼻Ǝ†ᐅ⯆ᐃࡋࡓࠋྠ᫬࡟ᰤ㣴ሷศᯒ⏝࡟ࣁ࢖ࣟ༡࣮ࢺᆺ᥇Ỉჾ P/ ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊྛᆅⅬ

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Ỉ㉁ᖹ㠃ศᕸࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋㄪᰝ᫬ᮇࡀኟᏘᅗ  ኴ†ࡢㄪᰝᆅⅬࡢ  ᭶࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ඲࡚ࡢㄪᰝᆅⅬ࡟࠾

59

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ヨᩱࡢ 71 ࢆ⣸እศගගᗘἲཬࡧ 73 ࢆศᮺ00

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ࡢ⾲ᒙỈ P ࢆ᥇ྲྀࡋࡓࠋ᥇ྲྀࡋࡓỈ⤖ᯝཬࡧ⪃ᐹ(㼻Ǝ

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'2ࠊࢡࣟࣟࣇ࢕ࣝ D &KOD ࠊ(&ࠊ⃮ᗘࢆ↓㘏ᕷ(㼻Ǝ┤

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D ࡣ Υࢆ㉸࠼ࠊᱵᱱ‴ࡢἢᓊ௜㏆ࡢ୍㒊࡛ Υ๓ᚋ࡟㐩ࡋࠊ㧗Ỉ

ࡓᆅⅬ࡛ࡣ࢔࢜ࢥࡢⓎ⏕ࡶ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㧗Ỉ࡜ࡗ࡚୙㐺࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㧗್ࢆ♧ࡋ᮲௳ࡣከᩘࡢ᳜≀ࣉࣛࣥࢡࢺࣥࡢቑṪ࡟⪏ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࢔࢜ࢥࡢඃ༨ࡢ୍ᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ 

S+ E ࡣ 㹼 ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛඲యⓗ࡟࢔ࣝ࢝ࣜᛶࡢỈ㉁࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ S+ ࡢୖ᪼࡟Ỉ୰ࡢ⁐ゎⅣ㓟࢞ࢫࡢᯤῬࡀక࠺࡜ࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡞Ỉ⏕᳜≀ࡸ᳜≀ ࣉࣛࣥࢡࢺࣥࡢቑṪࡶไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿ㸦Ώ㎶㸸㸧ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ0LFURF\VWLV ࡣ⁐ゎⅣ㓟࢞ࢫ࡟ຍ࠼㔜Ⅳ㓟࢖࢜ࣥࢆ฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿ㸦Ώ㎶㸸㸧ࡓࡵࠊ࢔ࣝ࢝ࣜᛶࡢỈ⎔ቃ᮲௳ࡣ࢔࢜ࢥࡢඃ༨ࡢ୍ᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
'2 F ࡣᮾኴ†࡛ࡣ 㹼PJy/  ࠊᱵᱱ‴࡛ࡣ 㹼PJy/  ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᱵᱱ‴࡟
࠾࠸࡚ࡣ '2 ࡀ PJy/  ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᴟᗘࡢ㈋㓟⣲≧ែ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᆅⅬࡶ࠶ࡗࡓ ࠋỈ୰ࡢ⏕≀࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ⏕Ꮡࡢཝࡋ࠸≧ἣ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ &KOD G ࡣᮾኴ†࡛ࡣ 㹼ȣJy/  ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୍㒊ࡢᆅⅬࡢ್ࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋᱵᱱ‴࡛ࡣ 㹼ȣJy/  ࡛ᆅⅬ㛫ࡢᕪࡀᑠࡉ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ&KOD ࡣኴ†ࡢᐩᰤ㣴໬ࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿ㔜せ࡞ᣦᶆ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦㖹㸸㸧ࠋ࢔࢜ࢥࡢ㞟✚ᆅ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᒁᡤⓗ࡟ &KOD ࡀ㧗⃰ᗘ࡜࡞ࡿഴ ྥ ࡀ ࡳ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ Ỉ ᇦ ᖹ ᆒ ࡛ ࡳ ࡚ ࡳ ࡿ ࡜ ࠊ ẚ ㍑ ⓗ ࢔ ࢜ ࢥ 㞟 ✚ ࡢ ᑡ ࡞ ࠸ ᮾ ኴ † ࡛ ࡣ ȣJy/  ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᱵᱱ‴ࡢ ȣJy/  ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣᱵᱱ‴࡛ࡣ኱㔞࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓ࢔࢜ࢥࡀ &KOD ࢆᕥྑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᮾኴ†࡛ࡣỈ⏕᳜≀ࡸ⥳⸴㢮ࡶྵࡵࡓከᵝ࡞᳜≀ࣉࣛࣥࢡࢺࣥࡢᏑᅾࡀ &KOD ࡟཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
(& H ࡣ඲࡚ࡢㄪᰝᆅⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㧗࠸್࡛࠶ࡗ ࡚ࠊᆅ㉁ⓗࡶࡋࡃࡣேⅭⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ⃮ᗘ I ࡣᮾኴ†࡛ࡣ 㹼178ࠊᱵᱱ‴࡛ࡣ 㹼178 ࡛㧗࠸ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋᱵᱱ
‴࡟࠾࠸࡚⃮ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃࠊᮾኴ†ࡢᩘ༑ಸࡢ್࡟㐩ࡍࡿᆅⅬࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⌧ᆅほ࡛ᱵᱱ‴࡛ࡣὶᇦ࠿ࡽࡢ⃮ỈࡢὶධࡸἼᾉ࡟ࡼࡿᗏἾࡢᕳࡁ࠶ࡆ⌧㇟ࡀ☜ㄆ ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ᅗ  J  K ࡟ࡣᮾኴ†ࠊᱵᱱ‴ཬࡧす㒊ἢᓊ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛㄪᰝᆅⅬ⾲ᒙỈ㉁ࡢ 71ࠊ73 ࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋᅗ୰࡟♧ࡋࡓᩘ್ࡢ࠺ࡕᮾኴ†࡜ᱵᱱ‴ࡢ್ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢỈᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
᭱኱್࡜᭱ᑠ್࡛࠶ࡿࠋ71 J ཬࡧ 73 K ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ 㹼PJy/  ཬࡧ 㹼
PJy/  ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ᐩᰤ㣴໬ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ 71 ⃰ᗘ PJy/  ཬࡧ 73 ⃰ᗘ PJy/ ࡢᇶ‽್㸦ᓲ㸸㸧࡟ẚ࡭඲యⓗ࡟࠿࡞ࡾ㧗࠸್ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋᮾኴ†࡛ࡣ 71 ⃰ᗘࡀ 㹼PJy/  ࡜ᇶ‽್ PJy/  ࡢ 㹼 ಸࠊ73 ⃰ᗘࡀ 㹼PJy/  ࡜ᇶ‽್ 
PJy/  ࡢ 㹼 ಸ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᱵᱱ‴࡛ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀᇶ‽್ࡢ  ಸࠊ ಸࠊす㒊ἢᓊ࡛ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ  ಸࠊ ಸ࡛ᴟࡵ࡚㧗⃰ᗘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ᮾኴ†ࡣẚ㍑ⓗỈ㉁ࡀⰋዲ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚑ᮶ࡢኴ†ࡢỈᇦ⏕ែ⣔ࡀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿỈᇦ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋከᵝᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ⏕ែ⣔࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ≉␗࡞⏕≀ࡢ␗ᖖቑṪࡀ⏕ࡌ࡟ࡃ࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ
⏕ែⓗ࡞స⏝࡟ࡼࡾỈ㉁ࡀᨵၿࡉࢀࠊ࢔࢜ࢥࡢ␗ᖖቑṪࡀᢚไࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⌧≧࡟࠾࠸࡚኱つᶍ࡞࢝ࢽ㣴Ṫ࡟ࡼࡿேᕤ㣫ᩱࡢᢞධࡸ࢝ࢽࡢ᤼ἥ≀࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡉ
ࡽ࡞ࡿᰤ㣴ሷ㈇Ⲵ㔞ࡢቑ኱ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᑗ᮶ⓗ࡟࢔࢜ࢥࡢ኱㔞Ⓨ⏕ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᠱᛕࡉࢀࡿࠋ
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60

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ᱵᱱ‴ࡣ  ࡘࡢ኱ࡁ࡞Ἑᕝὶධཱྀࡢᱱ⁇Ἑ࡜┤†ࢆ᭷ࡋࠊࡑࡢ࿘㎶ࡢᛴ㏿࡞⤒῭Ⓨᒎࡸ㒔ᕷ໬ࡢᣑ኱࡟క࠺ὶධở⃮㈇Ⲵ㔞ࡢᛴቑ࡛Ỉ㉁ࡀᝏ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋở⃮≀㉁୰ࡢ㧗⃰ᗘࡢ᭷ᶵ≀ࡸᰤ㣴ሷ࡞࡝ࡣỈ⏕᳜≀࡟ᑐࡋᝏᙳ㡪ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ㈇Ⲵ㔞ࡀỈ⏕᳜≀⮬యࡢί໬⬟ຊࢆୖᅇࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀỈ⏕᳜≀⩌ⴠࡢ⾶㏥ࡢ୍ᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜᥎ᐹࡉࢀࡿ ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⏕ែⓗ࡞ί໬⬟ຊࡀኻࢃࢀࡓ≧ែ࡟ࠊ†Ỉࡢὶື࡟క࠺ኴ††ᚰᇦ࠿ࡽࡢ࢔࢜ࢥࡢ㞟✚ࡀຍࢃࡾࠊ'2ࡀᯤῬࡍࡿ࡯࡝ࡢᐩᰤ㣴໬≧ែ࡟⮳ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋす㒊ἢᓊࡣ⫼ᚋࡢᒣᆅࡀኴ†ࡢ୺ᾰ㣴ᇦ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋす㒊ἢᓊὶᇦࡢேཱྀࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ
ᯘᆅ࡜㎰ᆅࡀከࡃࠊ㐣๫᪋⫧ࡢ㎰ᆅ࡞࡝ࡢ㠃※㈇Ⲵ※࠿ࡽἙᕝࢆ⤒⏤ࡋ࡚ὶධࡍࡿᰤ㣴ሷ㈇Ⲵࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᓲ㸸㸧ࠋ⌧ᆅㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡛ࡶࠊ71 ࡜ 73 ࡀ᭱኱್࡜࡞ࡗࡓᆅⅬࡀ♧ࡉࢀࠊ࢔࢜ࢥࡀ㞟✚ࡍࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ࢔࢜ࢥࡢቑṪࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿᰤ㣴ሷ౪⤥Ỉᇦ࡛࠶ࡿ61   ( g)) TN (mg ·L -1 )

                 ( h)) TP (mg · L -1 )ᅗ  ㄪᰝᆅⅬ 71ࠊ73 ࡢኚ ໬ࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ ⤖ㄽ
ኴ†࡟࠾࠸࡚ᮾኴ†ࠊᱵᱱ‴ཬࡧす㒊ἢᓊࡢ  Ỉᇦ࡛ࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓỈ㉁≉ᛶཬࡧ⏕≀⎔ቃࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋỈ⏕⏕≀ࡢ✀ᵓᡂཬࡧศᕸࡣỈ㉁⎔ቃ࡟ࡼࡾᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࠊ
࢔࢜ࢥⓎ⏕ࡢỈᇦ࡛ࡣỈ㉁ᝏ໬࡟ࡼࡾỈ⏕᳜≀ࠊ᳜≀ࣉࣛࣥࢡࢺࣥ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚୙㐺࡞⎔ቃ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋᮾኴ†࡛ࡣẚ㍑ⓗỈ㉁ࡀⰋዲ࡛࠶ࡾࠊỈ⏕᳜≀⩌ⴠࡀከࡃࠊࡑࡢỈ⏕᳜≀⩌ⴠࡀ࢔࢜ࢥࡢቑṪࢆᢚไࡋࠊ⏕ែⓗỈ㉁ί໬࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ
ᱵᱱ‴࡜す㒊ἢᓊ࡛ࡣỈ㉁ở⃮ࡀ῝้࡛࠶ࡾࠊỈ⏕᳜≀⩌ⴠࡀ⾶㏥ࡋࠊ࢔࢜ࢥࡢ᭱⤊㞟✚Ỉᇦ࡜㎰ᆅ࠿ࡽࡢᰤ㣴ሷ౪⤥Ỉᇦ࡜ࡋ࡚࢔࢜ࢥࡢⓎ⏕ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋኴ†࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈ㉁ởᰁ≧ἣࡢᨵၿཬࡧⰋዲ࡞Ỉ⏕⏕ែࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᅇ ᚟ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ
Ỉ⎔ቃởᰁ㜵Ṇᢏ⾡ཬࡧᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞Ỉ⎔ቃ⟶⌮ᑐ⟇ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢᡂᯝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊỈ⎔ቃᨵၿࡢゎỴ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ᐩᰤ㣴໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋࡓỈᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿே㛫⏕άࠊ⏘ᴗάື࡜Ỉᇦ⏕ែ⣔ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾྜ࠸ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ୰ࡢ≀㉁ືែ࡟╔┠ࡋࠊᆅᇦάᛶ໬ᶵ⬟ࠊᣢ⥆ⓗỈ⎔ቃᨵၿຠᯝࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠕ⏕ែᕤᏛࢲ࣒ࠖࡢỈ㉁ί໬ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ⠏ࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣᕤᏛⓗࠊ⏕ែᏛⓗ࡞᪉ἲࢆ⥲ྜⓗ࡟ᛂ⏝ࡋࠊᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞Ỉ⎔ቃᨵၿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᅇ᚟
ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
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ࡑࡢᆅᇦ♫఍ࡢ⏘ᴗ࡞࡝࡟ά⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞௙⤌ࡳࡸở⃮᤼ฟ⪅ࡀ✚ᴟⓗ࡟⏕ែᕤᏛࢲ࣒ࡢ⟶⌮ࢆ⾜࠺௙⤌ࡳࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡴࠋղᅾ᮶ࡢ⏕≀⩌ࠊ⏕ែ⣔ࠊࡲࡓࡣ᪤⏕≀⏘ᴗ㈨※㸦㣴Ṫᑐ㇟✀ ➼㸧ࢆᇶᮏ࡟ࠊࣇࣛࢵࢡࢫ
ࡢࡏࡁṆࡵࠊኚ᥮᪉ἲࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋᐩᰤ㣴໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋࡓᚋࡢ⌧≧⏕ែ⣔ࡢ฼⏝ࡢࡳ࡛ࡣ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡉࢀࡓሙྜࠊ୍᫬ⓗ࡞᭚Ẽ᪋タ➼ேᕤⓗ࡞᪋タࡢే⏝ࢆ᳨ ウࡍࡿࠋ62ᅗ  ⏕ែᕤᏛࢲ࣒࡟ࡼࡿỈ㉁ί໬ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᶍᘧᅗ

ճ⏕ែ⣔ࢲ࣒ࡢ᏶ᡂ Ᏻᐃ ࡟ࡣ༑ᩘᖺࢆせࡍࡿ࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊᙜึ࠿ࡽ᭱⤊࢖࣓࣮ࢪ࡟฿㐩ࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ⏕ែ⣔㑄⛣ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㏵୰㐣⛬࡛ࡣ㡰ᛂⓗ⟶⌮ࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
մேᕤⓗ࡞᪋タ࡟ᚲせ࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡣ୍᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣ⣔እ࠿ࡽ౪⤥ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟⮬↛࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢆά⏝ࡋࠊᣢ⥆ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ㄪᩚࡍࡿࠋ
յỈࡢὶࢀࠊᅾ᮶Ỉ⏕⏕≀ࡢ₯ᅾ✀ሙ VHHGSRSXODWLRQ ࡢศᕸ࡞࡝ࢆᢕᥱࡋࠊ」ᩘࡢ⏕ែᕤᏛࢲ࣒ࢆቑタ㓄⨨ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡀ⏕ែࢥ࢔ࢲ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࿘㎶ࡢỈ⎔ቃࡢᨵၿࢆಁࡋࠊ
✀ሙࡢ౪⤥※࡜࡞ࡾࠊ⏕ែࢥ࢔ࢲ࣒㛫ࡀ᭷ᶵⓗ࡟㐃⤖ࡋ࠶ࡗࡓࠊᕧ኱࡞ ⏕ែᕤᏛࢲ࣒࡜
ࡋ࡚᏶ᡂࡍࡿࠋ⏕ែᕤᏛࢲ࣒ࡢ⏕≀ᵓ㐀࡜ࡑࡢ≀㉁ኚ᥮⬟ຊࡢ㛵ಀཬࡧ㐃⤖ྍ⬟࡞⏕ែᕤᏛࢲ࣒㛫ࡢ㊥㞳ࡣࠊᑐ㇟Ỉᇦ࡛␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊẁ㝵ⓗᐇ᪋ࡢࡶ࡜ࠊỈᇦ⎔ቃࡢࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ նᇶᮏⓗ࡟↹㞧࡞⟶⌮ࢆせࡋ࡞࠸ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ᵓ⠏ࡋࠊ᭱⤊ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⏕ែᕤᏛࢲ࣒ࡣ
ࡑࡢỈᇦࡢ⮬↛⏕ែ⣔ࡢ୰࡟ྠ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࠋ ௨ୖࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᐇ⏝໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ ᖺኟᏘࡼࡾኴ†ὶᇦࡢ㣴Ṫሙࢆࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻ࡟᪥
୰ඹྠ◊✲࡛⌧ሙ᳨ドヨ㦂ࢆ㛤ጞࡋࠊேᕤỿỈ⏕≀ᖏࢆタ⨨ࡋࡓࠋ ࢝᭶ࡢᚋࠊࢥࣥࢺࣟ
࣮ࣝᐇ㦂༊ཬࡧ†἟ࡢỈ㉁࡟ẚ࡭ࠊỈయࡢ㏱᫂ᗘࡢᨵၿᶵ⬟ࢆ᭷ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡲ
ࡓࠊேᕤỿỈ⏕≀ᖏ࡟ࡼࡿᠱ⃮≀ࡢ௜╔ཬࡧἼᾉࡢᢚไ࡟ࡼࡿᠱ⃮ែࡢ᭷ᶵ≀࣭ᰤ㣴ሷࡢῶᑡࠊ᳜≀ࣉࣛࣥࢡࢺࣥཬࡧỈ⏕᳜≀࡞࡝ࡢከᵝᛶࡢቑຍ࡞࡝ᅛ᭷ࡢỈ⏕⏕≀⩌㞟ࡢᅇ᚟ຠᯝࢆ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ⏕ែᕤᏛࢲ࣒ෆ㒊ࡀᏳ඲࡞㣴Ṫ࢞ࢽࡢ⬺⓶ሙᡤ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋࠊ㣴Ṫࡢຠ⋡໬࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ௒ᚋࠊᘬࡁ⥆ࡁࠊኴ†ࡢỈ⎔ቃಖ඲ࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆ㐙⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᮇ㛫୰ࠊࠕ⏕ែᕤᏛࢲ࣒ࠖࡢ⌧ሙヨ㦂ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿணᐃ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠕ†ࡢ⌧≧࡜ᮍ᮶ྍ⬟ᛶࠖࡢ๰⏕࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ➹⪅ࡽࡣᮏ⣬ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊࠕ†἟ၥ㢟ࠊࡑࡋ࡚⎔ቃၥ㢟ࡣே㛫ࡀ㐀ࡾฟࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊே㛫ࡢᬛᜨ࣭⬟ຊ࡟ࡼࡾ†἟ၥ㢟 ࠊ⎔ቃၥ㢟ࡶᨵၿࡍࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ಙᛕࢆ㏙࡭ࡓ࠸ḟ➨࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

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㸦7$.$+$5$HWDO㸧ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊỈኚືࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓࢥ࢖ࡣ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࢥ࢖࡜ẚ࡭࡚ࢥ࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ࡬ࡢ⪏ᛶࡀᙅࡲࡿࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕྠࡌ㔞ࡢ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ࡟᭚㟢ࡉࢀࡓ㝿ࡢṚஸ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ࡜ࠊ†ᓊࡢᆶ┤໬ࡣࠊỈ⎔ቃࡢኚ໬ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࢥ࢖࡟ࢫࢺࣞࢫࢆ୚

࠼ࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ឤᰁ⑕࡟࠿࠿ࡾࡸࡍ࠸≧ἣࢆసࡾฟࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ†ᓊࡢᆶ┤໬࡟ࡼࡿỈࢫࢺࣞࢫࡔࡅࢆྲྀࡾᢅࡗࡓࡀࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࢫࢺࣞࢫࡢቑຍࡀⓎ⑓࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ

ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧௦ࡢ†἟࡟⏕ᜥࡍࡿ㔝⏕⏕≀࡟ࡣࠊỈࢫࢺࣞࢫࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊỈ㉁ࡢᝏ

໬ࠊࣞࢪ࣮࣮ࣕ࣎ࢺ➼ࡢ㦁㡢ࠊ㒔ᕷᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿኪ㛫ࡢග࡞࡝ࠊே㛫άື࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿᵝࠎ࡞ࢫࢺࣞࢫࡀຍࢃࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ㠃࠿ࡽࡶỈᇦࡢಖ඲ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
⏘༸㐺ᆅࡢῶᑡ࡜ࢥ࢖ࡢᐦ㞟ࢥ࢖ࡢ⏘༸࡜⪺࠸࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࠿ࢆ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ࡛ࡁࡿேࡣ ከࡃࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࢥ࢖ࡣ᫓ඛ࡟ὸ℩ࡢᢳỈ᳜≀ᖏ࡟㞟ࡲࡾࠊ୍༉ࡢ࣓ࢫಶయࢆ」ᩘࡢ࢜ࢫಶయࡀ
㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡿᙧ࡛㞟ᅋ⏘༸ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋᡃࠎࡣࠊࡇࡢ⏘༸ሙᡤࡀࢥ࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ⑓ࡢ᪂つឤᰁࡢሙ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸦8&+,,HWDO㸧ࠋ⏘༸ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࢥ࢖ࡀὸ℩࡟㞟ࡲࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜
ࡁࠊỈ୰ࡢࢥ࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ㔞ࡀᒁᆅⓗ࡟ቑຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊឤᰁᒚṔࢆ♧ࡍᢠయ౯ࡀ⦾Ṫ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿయ㛗࠾ࡼࡑ FP ࢆቃ࡟ᛴቑࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞࡝ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢘࢖ࣝࢫഃ

76࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊ⦾Ṫ⾜ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢫࢺࣞࢫࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓಶయࡀᐦ㞟ࡍࡿ⏘༸ሙᡤࡣࠊឤᰁᣑ኱ࡢ
⤯ዲࡢᶵ఍࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊ⍇⍈†࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢥ࢖ࡢ⦾Ṫ㐺ᆅࡣᖺࠎῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⁠㈡┴࡟ࡼࢀࡤ  ᖺ࠿ࡽ ᖺࡢ⣙  ᖺ㛫࡟ࡧࢃ†ᓊࡢࣚࢩ⩌ⴠࡣ࠾ࡼࡑ༙ῶࡋࡓࠋឤᰁࡢሙࡀῶࡿࡢࡔ࠿ࡽឤᰁ⑕ࡀ㉳ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣚࢩ⩌ⴠࡢῶᑡࡣࠊ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ⦾Ṫ㐺ᆅ࡬ࡢࢥ࢖ࡢᐦ㞟ࢆᣍࡁࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ࢥ࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ⑕ࡢࡲࢇᘏ࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛
ࡶ†ᓊࡢ⎔ቃᨵኚࡀࢥ࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ⑓ࡢᣑ኱࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊேⅭⓗ࡞ࢥ࢖ࡢᨺὶ࡟ࡼࡿࢥ࢖ᐦᗘࡢቑຍࡶࢥ࢖ࡢᐦ㞟ࢆᣍࡃ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊࡸࡣࡾឤᰁ⑕ᣑ኱ࡢ୍ᅉ࡜
࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ
ࢥ࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ⑓ࡢ୚࠼ࡓᙳ㡪ࢥ࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ⑓ࡢⓎ⏕࡟ࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࡣከᒱ࡟ࢃࡓࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊࢥ࢖ࡸࢽࢩ࢟ࢦ࢖㣴Ṫ࡬ࡢቯ⁛ⓗ࡞ᡴᧁࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊⲈᇛ┴ࡢ㟘ࣨᾆࡣᅜෆ᭱኱ࡢࢥ࢖㣴Ṫᆅ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ
 ᖺ࠿ࡽ  ᖺ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢ࢔࢘ࢺࣈࣞ࢖ࢡⓎ⏕ᚋࠊ⣙  ࠶ࡗࡓ㣴Ṫᴗ⪅ࡣ඲࡚ᗫᴗ࡟㏣࠸
㎸ࡲࢀࡓ  ࠋ࢖ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࢔࡛ࡢᮏ⑓Ⓨ⏕࡟ࡼࡿ⤒῭ᦆኻࡀ  ୓⡿ࢻࣝ࡟ࡢࡰࡿ࡜ࡢヨ⟬ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ⤒῭ᦆኻࡔࡅ࡛ࡶィࡾ▱ࢀ࡞࠸つᶍ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ⑓ࡣࢥ࢖ࡢ㑇ఏⓗከᵝᛶ࡟ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓࠋ᪥ᮏࡢࢥ࢖࡟ࡣ᪥ᮏᅛ᭷ࡢᚑ᮶ᆺࢥ࢖
࡜ࠊேⅭⓗ࡟ᑟධࡉࢀࡓ⛣ධᆺࡢࢥ࢖ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ≉࡟⍇⍈†࡟ࡣᚑ᮶ᆺࡢࢥ࢖ࡀከࡃ⏕ᜥࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᆅඖ࡛ࡶࣀࢦ࢖࡞࡝࡜࿧ࡤࢀࠊ⛣ධᆺࡢࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ༊ูࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᅾ᮶ᆺ࡜⛣ධᆺ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ஺㞧ࡶ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᅾ᮶ᆺࡢῶᑡࡀ༴᝹ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࠊࢥ࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ⑓
ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ⛣ධᆺࡼࡾᅾ᮶ᆺࡢࢥ࢖ࡢ᪉ࡀከࡃṚࢇࡔ࡜ࡢሗ࿌ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊᮏ⑓ࡢⓎ⏕࡟ࡼࡾᅾ᮶ᆺࡢࢥ࢖㞟ᅋࡀࡉࡽ࡟ῶᑡࡋࠊ⛣ධᆺ࡜ࡢ஺㞧ࡀࡼࡾ㐍ࢇࡔࡇ࡜ࡶ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ㸦8&+,,HWDO㸧ࠋேⅭⓗ࡞ࢥ࢖ࡢᑟධࡀឤᰁ⑕࡜┦ࡲࡗ࡚ࢥ࢖ࡢ㑇ఏⓗከᵝᛶࢆῶᑡࡉࡏ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ⏕ែ⣔࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔✀࡜ࡶ࿧ࡤࢀࡿࢥ࢖ࡢ኱㔞Ṛ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⏕ែ⣔඲య࡬ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ
㡪ࡶᙜ↛⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡢ඲ㇺᢕᥱ࡟ࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᅔ㞴ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ⌧᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣ᥎ィࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࡀ㉳ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ㉳ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࠊὀព῝ࡃぢᏲࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ†ࡢ೺඲ᛶࡀឤᰁ⑕ࢆᢚไࡍࡿࡢ࠿
ᡃࠎࡣᅜෆࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ୰ᅜࡢ†࡛ࡶࢥ࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫࡢㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ୰ᅜ࡛ࡶ㣴Ṫሙ࡛ࡢ࢔࢘ࢺࣈࣞ࢖ࢡࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㞼༡┬ࡢὩᾏ࡜࠸࠺†࡛ࠊ୍ᖺ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࡇࡇ࡟ࡶࢥ࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࢥ
࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ⑓ࡢ࢔࢘ࢺࣈࣞ࢖ࢡࡣ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟ࡣᐇࡣ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶぢࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏࡢ୍⣭Ἑᕝࡢ ௨ୖࡀࢥ࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ࡟ởᰁࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࡀࠊ࢔࢘ࢺࣈࣞ࢖ࢡࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡢࡣ⣙༙ᩘࡢἙᕝ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸㸦0,1$0272HWDO㸧ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ࢘࢖ࣝࢫࡢᏑᅾ࡜࢔࢘ࢺࣈࣞ࢖ࢡࡢⓎ⏕ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶࣜࣥࢡࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡣఱ
ࡀ࢔࢘ࢺࣈࣞ࢖ࢡࡢⓎ⏕ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ⌧᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞⤖ㄽ࡟ࡣ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊ
Ỉᇦࡢ೺඲ᛶࡀ㘽ࢆᥱࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋከᵝ࡞Ỉࡢᥦ౪࡟ࡼࡿࢫࢺࣞࢫࡢῶᑡࠊ⮬↛࡞Ỉ㎶ࡀᗈࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿ⏘༸᫬ࡢឤᰁࣜࢫࢡపୗࠊ≉ᐃࡢ✀࡟೫ࡽ࡞࠸ከ✀ࡢඹᏑࡍࡿ⎔ቃ࡞࡝ࠊ⎔ቃ࡜⏕≀ࡢከᵝᛶࢆಖࡘࡇ࡜ࡀࠊỈᇦࡢ೺඲ᛶࢆಖࡘࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ

77࠺ࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶ୰ᅜ࡛ࡶ⎔ቃಖ඲ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡣ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⍇⍈†࡛ࡣ  ᖺ࡟⍇⍈†⥲ྜಖ඲ᩚഛィ⏬ࡀ⟇ᐃࡉࢀࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠕ⍇⍈†ࢆ೺඲࡞ጼ࡛ᮍ᮶࡟ᘬࡁ⥅ࡄࠖࡇ࡜ࡀ
࠺ࡓࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉Ὡᾏ࡛ࡶࠊ ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢ㛤Ⓨࡸእ᮶✀ᑟධ࡟ࡼࡾỈ㉁ࡢᝏ໬ࡸከᵝᛶࡢῶᑡࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊᅜࢆᣲࡆ࡚ࡢỈ㉁ᨵၿࡢࡓࡵࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࠊ୍ᗘࡣேཱྀㆤᓊ࡛ᇙ
ࡵᑾࡃࡉࢀࡓ†ᓊࡶࠊ௒ࡣ⮬↛†ᓊ࡟㏆࠸ጼ࡟ᡠࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡟ࡼࡾࠊὩ
ᾏࡢỈ㉁ࡣᨵၿࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⎔ቃࡸ⏕≀ࡢከᵝᛶࢆྵࡴ†ࡢ೺඲ᛶࡶᅇ᚟࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ୰ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ†ࢆ೺඲࡟ಖࡘヨࡳࡀࢫࢱ࣮ࢺࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡣᕼ
ᮃࡀࡶ࡚ࡿࠋ
࠾ࢃࡾ࡟ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊே㛫άື࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃᨵኚࡀࢥ࢖࣊ࣝ࣌ࢫ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ⑓ࡢᣑ኱࡟ᐤ୚
ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ␲࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀࡓၥ㢟ࡣࡓࡔ༢࡟㨶ࡢឤᰁ⑕ࡔࡅࡢၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
⑓ཎయࡀ㔝⏕ື≀㞟ᅋ࡜㣴Ṫື≀㸦ᐙ␆ࡸᐙ⚺ࢆྵࡴ㸧ࡢ㛫ࢆ ࡁ᮶ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᣑᩓࡍࡿጼࡣࠊ
ᵝࠎ࡞ឤᰁ⑕࡛࠾ࡇࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ  ᖺ௨㝆኱ὶ⾜ࡋࡓ +1 ᆺࡢ࢖ࣥࣇ࢚ࣝࣥࢨࡸࠊ
 ᖺ᫓࡟ே࡬ࡢឤᰁࡀⓎぬࡋࡓ +1 ᆺࡢࢺࣜ࢖ࣥࣇ࢚ࣝࣥࢨ࡞࡝࡛ࡶࠊ㔝⏕ື≀࡜ᐙ␆ࡸᐙ⚺ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾ᪉ࡀឤᰁ⑕ࡢⓎ⏕࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ⎔ቃࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࡑࢀࡀࡉࡽ
࡟ᣑ኱ࡍࡿ࠾ࡑࢀࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୓ேࡢ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ೺඲࡞⎔ቃࢆṧࡍࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟ࡣே㛫ࡢ฼┈࡟ࡶࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞†ࢆᮍ᮶࡟ṧࡍࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿ࠊ
ࢃ࠿ࡾࡸࡍ࠸┤᥋ⓗ࡞฼┈࠿ࡽᑡࡋ㞳ࢀ࡚ぢ┤ࡍ࡜ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋㅰ㎡ᮏ✏ࡣ⥲ྜᆅ⌫⎔ቃᏛ◊✲ᡤࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠕ⑓ཎ⏕≀࡜ே㛫ࡢ┦஫స⏝⎔ࠖ㸦ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ
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劬㊫䍴Ⓚশਢкԕ⍡⎧⢩ᴹⲴ൏㪇⿽Ѫѫˈᴹ㓿⍾ԧ٬䖳儈Ⲵ哴༣劬˄൏㪇勔劬Ⲵ㔏〠˅ˈᕃ劬˄བྷ⨶
㻲㞩劬˅ˈ⋩劬˄⋩ഋ享劳˅ˈ匄劬˄⍡⎧ഋ享劳˅ˈ勛劬ㅹǄഐѪཆᶕ⑄⿽Ⲵᕅ‫ˈޕ‬ሬ㠤⍡⎧൏㪇劬㊫ᴹл䱽Ⲵ䎻࣯Ǆᶌᇍ≹ㅹ䇪䘠Ҷ aᒤԓ⍡⎧劬㊫Ⲵࣘᘱਈॆ ᶌᇍ≹ ˈᤷࠪˈ ᒤԓˈ勛劬⿽㗔ᮠ䟿⥋໎ˈᒤ勛劬ӗ䟿ঐ⍡⎧ᙫᙫ劬㧧Ⲵ ԕкˈ൘⍡⎧⑄ъѝঐ俆սˈ ᒤԓਾˈཚ⒆䬦劬઼ᵲ劬ӗ䟿໎࣐Ǆ䍩僕ភ 䍩僕ភ ㅹሩ  ᒤ⍡⎧Ⲵᒤ劬ӗ䟿ᛵߥ‫ڊ‬Ҷ䈖㓶䈳ḕ˄മ ˅Ǆമ ̚ ᒤ⍡⎧Ⲵ劬ӗ䟿

126

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䬦劬ᕅ⿽ᡀ࣏ਾˈ⭡Ҿަ䖳儈Ⲵ㓿⍾ԧ٬ˈᶱབྷൠࡪ◰Ҷ⑄≁Ⲵᦅᦎ࣋ᓖˈ࣐ѻ䬦劬㖁ާ㖁⵬㓶ᇶˈབྷ䟿ᒬ劬㻛ᦅᦎкᐲǄ劬㊫㗔փⲴ޽⭏ӗ࣋䚝ࡠ⹤ൿˈਟ㜭ᱟሬ㠤  ц㓚  ᒤԓ⑄ӗ䟿ᤱ㔝վлˈᒦ൘ ᒤԓᵛ僔߿Ⲵѫ㾱৏ഐǄ ц㓚ԕᶕˈ⍡⎧࣐བྷҶ⑄ъ㇑⨶Ⲵ࣋ᓖˈ劬㊫ཙ❦ᦅᦎ䟿ᤱ㔝кॷˈᒣ൷ᒤ劬ӗ䟿䗮 Wˈф  ᒤԕਾⲴᒤ劬ӗ䟿൷൘ W ԕкǄᦞ䈳ḕˈ൘⍡⎧ьየⲴ᥆㢢䭷⎧ঠᶁа
ᑖˈ࠶ᐳᴹབྷ䟿Ⲵየ┙᣹㖁ˈަа㖁⑄㧧䟿ਟ䗮 NJˈ⑄㧧⢙ѫ㾱Ѫ㔰㱾劬 㓖ঐ ˁ ǃཚ⒆ᯠ䬦劬㓖ঐ ˁ ǃ勖劬 㓖ঐ ˁ ઼㲮 㓖ঐ ˁ Ǆδӂε㲴㊱䍺Ⓠ⍡⎧ӵᴹа⿽փ䮯  ৈ㊣Ⲵ㊣㲮˄৸ਛሿ㓒㲮˅Ǆਾ⭡བྷ⨶ᐎ伏૱‫ޜ‬ਨ൘  ᒤӾᰶ᰾⓷⊐ᕅ‫ޕ‬ᰕᵜ⋬㲮ˈ‫ݸ‬൘བྷ⨶ᐎ劬㊫ㄉ޵ຈ䈅ޫˈഐ  ᒤਁབྷ≤ˈ㘼⍱‫ޕ‬⍡⎧Ǆᴰ儈ӗ䟿䗮  ੘˄ ᒤ˅ˈԕਾᒤӗ䟿൘  ੘ᐖਣǄδпε䍓㊱䍺Ⓠ
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ѪՈ࣯⿽Ⲵ㔃ᶴ⢩⛩ ᡤ㠚⾿˖ Ǆ⧠൘൏㪇⑄⿽ᐢ⭡  ц㓚  ᒤԓⲴ  ⿽䙂߿Ѫ⧠൘Ⲵ  ⿽Ǆ⍡⎧൏㪇劬㊫Ӿަ⭏⍫४Ⲵ࠶ᐳǃᩴ∿ᯩᔿ৺ӗথҐᙗㅹᯩ䶒Ⲵ⭏⢙ᆖ⢩ᙗкⲴᐞᔲˈᴹ࡙Ҿަ⿽㗔ᒦᆈˈ㓴ਸ䶒䊼ਸ⨶ǄնӾ  ᒤԓᔰ࿻ˈ൏㪇劬㊫ཊॺᐢ༴Ҿ☂ড⣦ᘱǄδӂεᕋ䘑劲〃⍡⎧ᕅ䘋劬⿽䎧࿻Ҿ  ᒤˈ䲿⵰䶂ǃ㥹ǃ勒ǃ匉ഋབྷᇦ劬Ⲵᕅ‫਼ˈޕ‬ᰦᑖ‫ޕ‬ཊ⿽ሿᵲ劬Ǆ ᒤ䎧〫Ἵཚ⒆䬦劬ˈᡀѪ⍡⎧ᴰ䟽㾱Ⲵ㓿⍾劬㊫Ǆ ᒤԓཚ⒆ᯠ䬦劬ᕅ⿽ᡀ࣏ˈ൏㪇劬㊫䙀⑀⚝㔍ˈᣅ᭮Ⲵ䶂ǃ㥹ǃ勒ǃ匉ǃഒཤ劲ㅹ㓿⍾劬㊫ӗ䟿л䱽ˈሿරൠ䍘劬㊫∄ֻкॷˈ劬㊫ཊṧᙗࠪ⧠ѕ䟽ডᵪǄ⧠ཆᶕ劬⿽‫ޡ‬䇑  ⿽ˈ䳦኎  、  ኎ˈ֯⍡⎧Ⲵ劬㊫Ӿ৏ᴹ  ⿽໎࣐ࡠ  ⿽Ǆօᖖ᭿ օᖖ᭿ ㅹሩ⍡⎧劬㊫䍴Ⓚ⧠⣦䘋㹼Ҷ䈳ḕ⹄ウˈമ  ᱟሩ⍡⎧й⅑劬㊫䍴Ⓚ䈳ḕ∄䖳࠶
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ᴹĀഋ⍢ǃӄ⒆ǃҍᴢ઼‫ޛ‬ᲟāǄ仾Ჟ਽㜌ѫ㾱ᴹཙ⭏ẕǃ⍡⎧‫ޜ‬ഝǃ⎧ዋᲟ४ǃ㖇㥳ሪᲟ४ǃሿᲞ䱰઼ই䇿仾ᛵዋǄ⍡⎧⍱ฏᴹ⵰ѠᇼⲴ᯵⑨䍴Ⓚ઼ᶱ儈Ⲵ᯵⑨⸕਽ᓖǄ᭩䶙ᔰ᭮  ᒤᶕˈቔަᱟ  ц㓚ԕᶕˈ⍡⎧⍱ฏⲴ᯵⑨ъᴹҶ䮯䏣Ⲵ䘋↕Ǆമ  ࠶࡛ᱟབྷ⨶ᐲ᧕ᖵ᯵⑨㘵Ӫᮠ઼᯵⑨⽮Պᙫ᭦‫ޕ‬Ǆ128മ  བྷ⨶ᐲ᧕ᖵ᯵⑨㘵Ӫᮠਟԕⴻࠪˈབྷ⨶ᐲ᯵⑨Ӫᮠ઼᭦‫੸ޕ‬кॷ䎻࣯ˈ൘  ᒤᵏ䰤ˈ⮕ᴹл䱽ˈ䘉ਟ㜭ᱟ⭡Ҿ ᒤ⍡⎧㬍㰫⠶ਁˈሬ㠤⑨ᇒ߿ቁǄ⭡Ҿഭᇦሩ⍡⎧⧟ຳ‫؍‬ᣔⲴ䟽㿶ˈ⽮४⭏ᘱ⧟ຳᗇࡠ᭩ழǄྲੁ䱣ᶁᔪ・Ҷ⊑≤༴⨶লˈ֯ੁ䱣ᶁ‫ޕ‬⒆⋣䚃≤䍘᰾ᱮ᭩ழǄ䶒ኡ㔯ॆǃᲟ४㔯ॆǃ⧟⒆‫ޜ‬䐟㔯ॆǃ⋬≄⊐ᔪ䇮ㅹ䜭ਆᗇҶ䖳བྷ䘋↕Ǆն⭡ҾӪԜⴢⴞ䘭≲㓿⍾࡙⳺઼ਇՐ㔏Ⲵнਸ⨶Ⲵ⭏⍫ҐᜟⲴᖡ૽ˈ޽࣐к᭯ᓌ㇑⨶䜘䰘Ⲵн䟽㿶ˈ֯᯵⑨⽮४⧟ຳ‫؍‬ᣔ䶒Ѥ⵰ᐘབྷ঻࣋ˈᒦᴹ䘋а↕ĀᚦॆāⲴ‫ੁٮ‬Ǆ⒌┞ᑜ≪䍞߶ौᵃࣗࣕ㜳⍡⎧⒆┘ᑖ㤳തѫ㾱ԕ‫ޜ‬䐟ᓺ䚃Ѫ䗩⭼ḷᘇ⢙Ǆṩᦞᇎൠ䐿ई⺞ᇊˈ⒆┘ᑖ४ฏ䶒〟Ѫ NPǄ
⍡⎧⒆┘ᑖਟԕࡂ࠶Ѫ  њ४ˈ⇿њ४৸ਟ࠶Ѫ㤕ᒢ⒆┘ᑖ㊫රǄे䜘⋣ਓй䀂⍢४ѫ㾱ᴹ⋣ਓරǃ┙ൠර वᤜ⒯ൠ ǃߌ⭠ර઼๔䱢ර㾯䜘৺ьই䜘վൠᒣඍ४ѫ㾱ᴹߌ⭠රǃ⋣ਓරǃ劬ຈරǃ┙ൠරǃ๔䱢රǃᶁ㩭ර઼⸱ཤරই䜘෾ᐲᔪᡀ४઼᯵⑨Ձ䰢४ѫ㾱ᴹ⸱ཤරǃ⒆┘‫ޜ‬ഝරǃ⒆䗩Ձ䰢ൠරǃ┙ൠර઼ߌ⭠රь䜘վኡш᷇४ѫ㾱ᴹ䲑የරǃ᯵⑨Ჟ⛩රǃ๔䱢ර઼ߌ⭠රǄⴞࡽ⍡⎧⒆┘ᑖ≤սл䱽ˈ≤䍴Ⓚ‫׋‬䴰⸋⴮࣐ࢗˈ䶎⛩Ⓚ⊑ḃѕ䟽ˈ‫ץ‬ঐ┙ൠ‫؞‬ᔪ≤⭠ǃതᔪ劬ຈǃປㆁᆵสൠ઼ປ⎧ᔪ⸱ཤㅹ㳅伏⒆┘ᑖ⧠䊑ѕ䟽ˈ⍡⎧⒆┘ᑖ㠚❦㗔㩭Ⲵ⭏ᘱ㔃ᶴᐢ㓿⹤ൿ↶ቭˈ⒆┘ᑖⲴ࣏㜭ҏ䲿ѻ߿ᕡ⭊㠣їཡǄ
⍡⎧⒆┘ᑖⲴ࣏㜭ѫ㾱㺘⧠Ѫ⒆┘≤䱶Ӕ䭉ᑖ޵⭏⢙ᡆ䶎⭏⢙ഐ㍐Ⲵӂ⴨֌⭘ˈሩӔ䭉ᑖ޵㜭䟿⍱઼ࣘ⢙䍘ᗚ⧟Ⲵ䈳㢲ㅹǄহᚙॾ হᚙॾ ㅹ  ᒤ  㠣  ᴸሩ⍡⎧⒆┘ᑖἽ㻛䘋㹼Ҷ  ⅑䈳ḕˈ‫ޡ‬䢤ᇊࠪ㔤㇑Ἵ⢙  、  ኎  ⿽ˈަѝ҄♼ᵘ  ⿽ǃ⒯⭏㥹ᵜἽ⢙  ⿽ǃᥪ≤Ἵ⢙  ⿽ǃ⎞ਦ઼┲⎞Ἵ⢙਴  ⿽ǃ⊹≤Ἵ⢙  ⿽˗ᴹ㓒ḣ˄6DOL[ FDYDOHULHL˅ǃ㨠˄=L]DQLDODWLIROLD˅
ǃ㨡˄7UDSDQDWDQV˅઼哴э㥹˄3RWDPRJHWRQPDDFNLDQXV˅ㅹ  њἽ⢙㗔㩭ˈ≤⭏Ἵ⢙㾶ⴆ䶒〟ঐ⍡⎧䶒〟Ⲵ ˁˈ਴⛩սᒣ൷⢙⿽ᮠ઼⭏⢙䟿࠶࡛Ѫ  њ઼ NJ ): Pˈ⊹≤Ἵ⢙ 0DUJDOHI ⢙⿽ѠᇼᓖᤷᮠѪ Ǆ㔃ਸ䍴ᯉ࠶᷀㺘᰾˖㓿  ։ᒤⲴ⋫⨶઼‫ˈ༽؞‬⍡⎧Ἵ⢙ཊṧᙗᴹᡰᨀ儈ˈे䜘Ἵ⢙ཊṧᙗ䱽վⲴተ䶒ᗇࡠ᭩ழˈնᆈ൘⵰⒆┘ᑖ⤝ゴǃᥪ≤Ἵ⢙㗔㩭㊫රঅ䈳ǃἽ㻛㾶ⴆ䶒〟ਈሿǃപᴹ४㌫ᡀ࠶ᴹᖵᚒ༽ㅹ䰞仈Ǆᓄ࣐ᕪ㕃ߢ४ᔪ䇮ˈ

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൘⴨‫ޣ‬᮷⥞㔬䘠Ⲵส⹰кˈ᧒䇘Ҷ⍡⎧൘侞⭘≤Ⓚൠ˗≤ӗ૱‫׋‬㔉˗劬㊫Ṇ᚟ൠ˗᯵⑨оՁ䰢ၡҀ˗
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138≤ ⭏Ἵ⢙᭩ழ⒆┘ᑖ≤䍘Ⲵ⧠൪ᇎ䇱ᙗ⹄ウ䉒ᕪ  ˈ੤ᗧ᜿  ˈⓀ࡙᮷  ˈኡѝᕈṁ  ˈᵜᒴйᜐ  ˈᐍㄟழа䛾  ⹊ガ㜂Ქ䘁ᒤᶕˈᡁഭ⒆⋺ᇼ㩕ޫॆ䰞仈ᰕ⳺ѕ䟽ˈ⒆⋺⧟ຳ‫؍‬ᣔᐕ֌ԫ䟽㘼䚃䘌Ǆᡁഭ⒆⋺Շཊˈфѫ㾱Ѫнӗ⭏䏳⑙ቲⲴ⍵≤ර⒆⋺ǄӪԜᐢ㓿䇔䇶ࡠ⍵≤⒆⋺ѝ ᆈ൘⵰є⿽н਼Ⲵっᘱ˖㥹ර␵≤っᘱ઼㰫ර⍺≤っᘱǄ䘉є⿽っᘱѻ䰤ਟԕ⴨ӂ䖜ᦒ 6&+()(5˖ˈ㔬ਸൠ⨳⧟ຳᆖ⹄ウᡰ ˈ䈕䖜ᦒ䗷〻ާᴹєབྷ⢩⛩Ǆަаˈࡽ㘵䖜ᦒѪਾ㘵ᇩ᱃ˈ㘼ਾ㘵䖜ᦒѪࡽ㘵ᖸ䳮˗ަҼˈ⊹≤Ἵ⢙൘ߣᇊっᘱ㊫රкާᴹ䟽㾱֌⭘ 6&+()(5˖ Ǆ❦㘼ˈ㓥㿲ࡽӪⲴ⹄ウᐕ֌ˈਟԕਁ⧠൘⁑ᤏ⭏ᘱ㌫㔏䟼ˈ≤⭏Ἵ⢙᭩ழ≤䍘Ⲵ⹄ウᖸཊˈቔަᱟ≤⭏Ἵ⢙Ⲵॆᝏ֌⭘Ⲵ⹄ウᖸཊ˄ᒴⓀ⳺ㅹ˖ˈ㜑⍚㩕˖ˈᵾ䬻≁˖˅Ǆնᱟ൘ᇎ䱵⒆⋺ѝˈ‫ޣ‬Ҿє㘵ѻ䰤‫ޣ‬㌫Ⲵᣕ੺ᖸቁǄഐѪᇎ傼ᇔ⹄ウ኎Ҿॺᔰ᭮㌫㔏ˈ⑙ᓖǃオ≄઼‫➗ݹ‬ㅹ⧟ຳഐᆀ䜭ਟ᧗ˈ㘼ᇎ䱵⒆⋺তᱟᆼ‫ޘ‬ᔰ᭮㌫㔏ˈᆳⲴԫօањ⧟ຳഐᆀ䜭оઘത⧟ຳᇶнਟ࠶ˈ㘼ф⧟ຳഐᆀ༽ᵲǃᰦ䰤઼オ䰤ⲴਈᔲᙗབྷǄ ᵜ᮷ԕӁইєབྷ儈৏⒆⋺ü⓷⊐઼⍡⎧Ѫ⹄ウሩ䊑ˈ൘єབྷ⒆⋺࠶࡛䘹ਆ≤⭏Ἵ⢙㾶ⴆ⣦ߥ᰾ᱮн਼Ⲵൠ⛩ˈ䙊䗷ሩн਼ᆓ㢲≤䍘Ⲵ࠶᷀ˈ䙊䗷⧠൪ᇎ䇱ᙗ⹄ウᶕ䇱ᇎ≤⭏Ἵ⢙ሩ⒆┘ᑖ≤䍘Ⲵᖡ૽Ѫਸ⨶Ⲵ⒆⋺㔬ਸ㇑⨶઼‫؍‬ᣔᨀ‫׋‬Ҷ、ᆖ‫ᦞ׍‬Ǆ 䟽ṭ⛯
ᡁԜ⺞ᇊ⓷⊐઼⍡⎧֌Ѫ⹄ウሩ䊑˄䉒ᶠㅹ˅ˈѫ㾱ᱟสҾԕлࠐᯩ䶒Ⲵ৏ഐ˖
˄˅




≄‫⴨ى‬լ˗˄˅䶒〟ᐞᔲнབྷ˖⍡⎧ NP ˈ⓷⊐ NP ˗˄˅⊑ḃ〻ᓖн਼ˈ⍡⎧༴Ҿᇼ㩕ޫॆࡍᵏˈ㘼⓷⊐༴Ҿᇼ㩕ޫॆਾᵏǄ˄˅⒆┘ᑖ≤⭏Ἵ⢙㾶ⴆᓖн਼ˈ⍡⎧ ԕкˈ⓷⊐ӵ Ǆ˄˅ਆṧ⛩࠶ᐳᴹԓ㺘ᙗǄᰒᴹἽ⢙㾶ⴆᓖ䖳ྭⲴ䟷ṧ⛩ˈҏᴹἽ⢙㾶ⴆᓖ䖳վ⭊㠣⋑ᴹ≤⭏Ἵ⢙Ⲵ䟷ṧ⛩˄㺘 ˅Ǆ⓷⊐о⍡⎧Ⲵਆṧ⛩㿱മ Ǆ
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к⎧Ӕ䙊བྷᆖ⧟ຳ、ᆖоᐕ〻ᆖ䲒ǃк⎧Ӕ䙊བྷᆖߌъо⭏⢙ᆖ䲒к⎧Ӕ䙊བྷᆖ⧟ຳ、ᆖоᐕ〻ᆖ䲒⾎ᡨབྷᆖབྷᆖ䲒Ӫ㊫ਁኅо⧟ຳᆖ⹄ウ、嗉䉧བྷᆖ⨶ᐕᆖ䜘Ӝ䜭བྷᆖ⭏ᘱᆖ⹄ウѝᗳ㔬ਸൠ⨳⧟ຳᆖ⹄ウᡰ

139



⒆਽

亩ⴞ

1

2

3

4

5

6

Ἵ⢙ᮠ 䟿

++

++

+++++

+

ᰐ

ᰐ

Ἵ⢙⿽ ㊫

⊹≤Ἵ ⢙

⊹≤Ἵ ⢙

⊹≤Ἵ ⢙

ᰐ

ᰐ

⍡⎧

⊹≤Ἵ ⢙Ѫ ѫቁ䟿⎞ ≤Ἵ ⢙ൠ⨶඀ ḷ(°)

Ἵ⢙ᮠ 䟿⓷⊐

E100.2325

E100.1561

E100.1037

E100.1714

E100.2138

E100.2763

N25.6095

N25.749

N25.9266

N25.9345

N25.8563

N25.6639

+++++

ᰐ

ᰐ

++

ᰐ

+++++

ᰐ

ᰐ

⊹≤Ἵ ⢙

ᰐ

⊹≤Ἵ ⢙Ѫ ѫἽ⢙⿽ ㊫⎞≤Ἵ ⢙Ѫ ѫቁ䟿⎞ ≤Ἵ ⢙⊹≤Ἵ ⢙Ѫ 䖵

E102.6494

E102.664

E102.6081

E102.6867

E102.7761

E102.6319

N24.9757

N24.8414

N24.7577

N24.6979

N24.8758

N24.996ൠ⨶඀ ḷ(°)* ṩ ᦞⴞ ⍻ ᛵߥ Ⲵ ՠ㇇ ˈ“+”ㅖ ਧ 䎺ཊ ˈ Ἵ⢙ ᮠ 䟿˄ ᇶ ᓖ˅ 䎺儈 ˈ +++++㺘⽪ Ἵ ⢙ᇶ ᓖ ᴰ儈 Ǆ㺘  䟷ṧ⛩ս㖞৺≤⭏Ἵ⢙࠶ᐳᛵߥമ  є⒆Ⲵ䟷ṧ⛩⽪᜿മ

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140

 㔉䇰ф䇞䇰κ ᒪཅᆙњ⒌Ⲻ≪䍞∊䖹⓷⊐े䜘㥹⎧˄' ઼ '˅ާᴹᴰ儈Ⲵᙫ≞ 71 ઼ᙫ⼧ 73 ⎃ᓖ˄㺘 ˅Ǆ⍡⎧ࡉ䲔े䜘Ⲵ⋉ක⒮˄(˅ཆˈ⍡⎧㾯䜘Ⲵਖཆєњ䟷ṧ⛩˄( ઼ (˅ҏާᴹ∄ь䜘⒆≤ᴤ儈Ⲵ㩕ޫⴀ⎃ᓖǄ䘉а㔃᷌оᴰ䘁ቩᔦ䴷ㅹ  ᣕሬⲴ㔃᷌а㠤ˈ৽᱐Ҷ⍡⎧⭏Ⓚ⢙䍘⊑ḃ䍏㦧ѫ㾱ᶕ㠚े䜘ߌъ४઼㾯䜘ߌъо᯵⑨४ˈ㘼ь䜘ኡ४Ⲵ⊑ḃ䍏㦧ࡉ⴨ሩ䖳վǄ Ӿ㺘  ѝᡁԜਟԕⴻࡠ⓷⊐े䜘㥹⎧˄' ઼ '˅ԕ৺⍡⎧े䜘Ⲵ⋉ක⒮˄(˅൘਴㠚⒆⋺ާᴹᴰ儈Ⲵ㩕ޫⴀ⎃ᓖ઼⭥ሬ⦷ˈնਦ㔯㍐ D ਜ਼䟿ত⴨ሩᖸվǄ㘼фˈ䘉йњ䟷ṧ⛩Ⲵ S+٬ҏ⴨ሩ䖳վǄ༿ᆓ⒆≤ S+ Ⲵॷ儈ѫ㾱ᱟ⭡Ҿ㰫㊫‫ݹ‬ਸ֌⭘Ⲵ㔃᷌ˈഐ↔վⲴਦ㔯㍐ D ⎃ᓖሩᓄҾվⲴ S+ ٬˄㺘 ˅Ǆն‫ޣ‬䭞䰞仈ᱟˈѪӰѸ儈ᙫ≞ǃ儈ᙫ⼧⎃ᓖᒦ⋑ᴹሬ㠤儈ਦ㔯㍐ D⎃ᓖ˛⭡㺘  ਟ⸕ˈ䘉а⧠䊑о䟷ṧ⛩˄'ǃ' ઼ (˅༴བྷර≤⭏Ἵ⢙㾶ⴆᓖᴹᇶ࠷Ⲵ‫ޣ‬㌫Ǆ
ҏቡᱟ䈤ˈབྷර≤⭏Ἵ⢙Ⲵᆈ൘ᣁࡦҶ㰫㊫Ⲵ⭏䮯о㑱⇆Ǆ൘ަᆳ਴䟷ṧ⛩ҏާᴹབྷර≤⭏Ἵ⢙㾶ⴆᓖ઼㰫㊫⭏⢙䟿ѻ䰤Ⲵ䍏⴨‫ޣޣ‬㌫ Ǆ

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䟷ṧ⛩

pH

⭥ሬᓖ

ORP

TN

TP

Chl-a

⎞⑨ࣘ⢙ᮠ䟿

(mS/cm)(mV)(μg/mL)(μg/mL)(μg/L)(њ/10ml)

D1

7.56

0.6

231

9.54

0.175

59.1

2

D2

9.55

0.43

207

4.85

0.139

60.9

0

D3

9.52

0.44

204

4.70

0.118

78.4

1

⓷

D4

9.96

0.46

190

6.23

0.118

148.5

0

⊐

D5

9.54

0.41

203

4.48

0.142

87.5

0

D6

8.85

0.66

226

8.92

0.319

87.3

33

ᒣ൷٬

9.16

0.50

210

6.46

0.168

86.9

–

ḷ߶ᐞ

0.86

0.10

15

2.25

0.077

32.6

–

E1

8.62

0.26

189

0.65

0.029

23.1

–

E2

8.33

0.28

230

0.76

0.062

15.9

–

E3

7.89

0.36

253

0.63

0.050

2.7

–

⍡

E4

8.85

0.25

215

0.26

0.032

21.6

–

⎧

E5

8.95

0.27

218

0.29

0.040

37.1

–

E6

8.86

0.26

224

0.27

0.030

19.1

–

ᒣ൷٬

8.58

0.28

222

0.48

0.040

19.9

–

ḷ߶ᐞ

0.41

0.04

21

0.22

0.013

11.1

–

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㺘  ༿ᆓє⒆Ⲵ≤䍘∄䖳

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141

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മ  ⍡⎧⒆⋺≤փᙫ≞ǃᙫ⼧ǃ⑙ᓖ৺ਦ㔯㍐D Ⲵᆓ㢲ਈॆ˄䉒ᶠㅹ˅

 ⍧⎭≪䍞Ⲻᆙ㢸਎ौ䲔к䘠Ⲵ≤䍘䈳ḕཆˈѪ䘋а↕Ҷ䀓儈৏⒆⋺Ⲵ≤䍘ᆓ㢲ਈॆˈᡁԜ㔗㔝Ҿ üᒤሩ⍡⎧⒆┘ᑖⲴ  њ䟷ṧ⛩䘋㹼Ҷ䈳ḕ৺ਆṧ࠶᷀ മ  Ǆн਼䟷ṧ⛩ѻ䰤Ⲵ≤䍘ᐞᔲ䖳བྷǄӾн਼ᆓ㢲ᶕⴻ˄മ ˅ˈ ᴸ઼  ᴸⲴ≗ॆ䘈৏⭥ս儈Ҿ  ᴸ઼  ᴸˈ㘼 S+ ৺⭥ሬ⦷
нާᴹ᰾ᱮⲴᆓ㢲䰤ᐞᔲǄᙫ≞઼ᙫ⼧  ᴸ઼  ᴸ儈ˈ㘼  ᴸ઼  ᴸվˈ‫ޘ‬ᒤԕ  ᴸԭⲴ㩕ޫⴀ⎃ᓖᴰ儈Ǆ㩕ޫⴀⲴ䘉аᆓ㢲ਈॆ㿴ᖻоᴰ䘁ቩᔦ䴷ㅹ˄˅ᣕሬⲴ㔃᷌а㠤Ǆ৽᱐㰫㊫⭏⢙䟿Ⲵਦ㔯㍐ D ⎃ᓖҏާᴹ᰾ᱮⲴᆓ㢲ਈॆˈণ  ᴸ઼  ᴸ⎃ᓖ儈ˈ㘼  ᴸ઼ 
ᴸ⎃ᓖվǄᖡ૽㰫㊫⭏⢙䟿Ⲵѫ㾱ഐᆀѪ≤⑙ǃ‫➗ݹ‬৺≤ѝⲴ㩕ޫⴀ⎃ᓖㅹǄ٬ᗇ⌘᜿Ⲵᱟˈ ᴸⲴ≤⑙᰾ᱮվҾ  ᴸˈն  ᴸⲴਦ㔯㍐ D ⎃ᓖত᰾ᱮ儈Ҿ  ᴸǄഐ↔ᡁԜ䇔Ѫ˖⍡⎧⒆┘ᑖ㰫㊫⭏⢙䟿ѫ㾱ਇ㩕ޫⴀ⎃ᓖ˄73˅ᖡ૽Ǆཝශ≪⭕ὃ⢟ሯ㰱㊱Ⲻᣇ࡬֒⭞ᵰ࡬བྷර≤⭏Ἵ⢙ሩ㰫㊫Ⲵᣁࡦ֌⭘ᵪࡦྲл˄䠁⴨⚯˖˅˖˄˅བྷර≤⭏Ἵ⢙о㰫㊫ѻ䰤ሩ㩕ޫⴀⲴㄎҹ֌⭘˗˄˅䚞‫ॆ˅˄˗⭘֌ݹ‬ᝏᣁࡦ֌⭘˗˄˅≤⭏Ἵ⢙ࡋ䙐ࠪ∄䖳っᇊⲴ≤փ⧟ຳˈᣊ㛢ࠪ儈ᇶᓖⲴ⎞⑨ࣘ⢙ˈབྷ䟿ᦅ伏⎞⑨㰫㊫˗˄˅⢙⨶᭸ᓄǄ൘ᔰ᭮ᙗǃӔᦒᙗᕪⲴ⒆⋺⧠൪ˈབྷර≤⭏Ἵ⢙䙊䗷ሩ㩕ޫⴀⲴㄎҹ֌⭘ᣁࡦ㰫㊫нབྷਟ㜭˄ߥф⓷⊐े䜘㥹⎧ԕ৺⍡⎧े䜘Ⲵ⋉ක⒮ާᴹᴰ儈Ⲵ㩕ޫⴀ⎃ᓖ˅Ǆ䲔䟷ṧ⛩ ' ཆˈ䟷ṧ⛩ ' ઼ (༴ⲴἽ⢙⿽㊫ѫ㾱Ѫ⊹≤Ἵ⢙ˈഐ↔䙊䗷䚞‫᧗Ⲵ⭘֌ݹ‬㰫᭸᷌ҏᖸᴹ䲀Ǆ↔ཆˈ⊹≤Ἵ⢙ҏн‫ۿ‬ᥪ≤Ἵ⢙䛓ṧབྷ䟿੨䱴㰫㊫ˈഐ↔⢙⨶᭸ᓄᒦн䎧֌⭘Ǆࡍ↕ՠ䇑ˈབྷර≤⭏Ἵ⢙䙊䗷

142࠶⋼ॆᝏ⢙䍘ᣁ㰫ԕ৺⎞⑨ࣘ⢙Ⲵᦅ伏֌⭘ਟ㜭ᱟሬ㠤ਦ㔯㍐ D ⎃ᓖ䖳վⲴѫ㾱৏ഐǄ൘⓷⊐㥹⎧ˈᡁԜ⺞ᇎ㿲ሏࡠҶ᰾ᱮ䖳儈Ⲵ≤㳔㊫⎞⑨ࣘ⢙ᇶᓖ˄ 㺘 ˅Ǆ⍡⎧ᇼ㩕ޫॆ〻ᓖվˈ( 䟷䳶Ⲵ / ≤ṧѝ㲭ᵚ㿲ሏࡠ⎞⑨ࣘ⢙Ⲵࠪ⧠ˈն䈕४ฏ⎞⑨ࣘ⢙ᇶᓖ儈Ҿᰐབྷර≤⭏Ἵ⢙࠶ᐳ४ᱟᶱᴹਟ㜭ⲴǄ㺞  њ⒌уੂ൦⛯Ⲻп〃 '1$ ⯻∈Ỷ⎁㔉᷒≪⭕ὃ⢟⣬߫ф⯻∈Ⲻީ㌱ᡁԜҾ  ᒤ  ᴸ䘋㹼Ҷ≤ѝ '1$ ⯵∂ⲴỰ⍻ᐕ֌ˈ㔃᷌ਁ⧠ˈ' ઼ ' 㩕ޫⴀ儈Ⲵ४ฏᵚਁ⧠⯵∂ᆈ൘˄㺘 ˅ˈն൘ 'ǃ'ǃ' 䘉Ӌ⊹≤Ἵ⢙ቁⲴ䟷ṧ⛩তਁ⧠⯵∂Ǆ&\+9&\+9 ઼ &\+9 䜭ᱟ '1$ ර⯵∂ˈ൘ц⭼䇨ཊഭᇦⲴ␑≤≤փѝާᴹ䖳ᒯ⌋Ⲵ࠶ᐳ (DONG et.
al. 2011, XU et.al. 2013).Ǆ&\+9 ઼ &\+9 у䰘ᝏḃ勔劬(SANO et.al. 1985, HEDRICK et.al.
2000)ˈ㘼 &\+9 ࡉᝏḃ䠁劬(JUNG and MIYAZAKI 1995)઼勛劬(DOSZPOLY et.al., 2011)Ǆ⍡⎧㾯䜘 NP ⒆┘ᑖ≤⭏Ἵ㻛ᐢ㓿สᵜᗇࡠᚒ༽ˈަь䜘Ⲵᮠњ⒆⒮৺⋣ਓҏާᴹ㢟ྭⲴ≤⭏Ἵ㻛࠶ᐳˈഐ↔⍡⎧Ⲵ⒆┘ᑖἽ㻛઼≤䍘⣦ߥ䘌ՈҾ⓷⊐Ǆ↔⅑൘⍡⎧ᵚỰࠪй⿽⯵∂Ⲵᆈ൘ˈ൘⓷⊐≤䍘ᐞն≤⭏Ἵ⢙䖳Ѫਁ䗮Ⲵ㥹⎧ҏᵚỰ⍻ࠪ⯵∂Ǆ⴨৽ˈỰ⍻ࠪ⯵∂ᆈ൘Ⲵ䟷ṧ⛩䜭ᱟսҾ⓷⊐⒆┘ᑖѝᰐ≤⭏Ἵ㻛࠶ᐳᡆ≤⭏Ἵ㻛〰ቁⲴ⒆┘ᑖǄഐ↔ˈᡁԜⲴỰ⍻㔃᷌ࡍ↕㺘᰾≤⭏Ἵ⢙нӵ㜭᧗㰫ˈ㘼ф㜭᧗⯵∂Ǆഐ↔བྷර≤⭏Ἵ⢙൘␵≤ර⒆⋺Ⲵᔪ䇮ѝާᴹ䶎ᑨ䟽㾱Ⲵ֌⭘Ǆ㔉䇰 ሩ⓷⊐઼⍡⎧⒆┘ᑖⲴ≤䍘࠶᷀㔃᷌㺘᰾ˈ⊑ḃ䍏㦧 ˄㩕ޫⴀ⎃ᓖ˅儈Ⲵ४ฏˈਚ㾱≤⭏Ἵ⢙Ⲵ㾶ⴆᓖ儈ˈਦ㔯㍐ D Ⲵਜ਼䟿ᖸվˈᒦդ䲿⵰վ S+ ٬Ǆ࠶᷀䇔Ѫˈབྷර≤⭏Ἵ⢙䙊䗷࠶⋼ॆᝏ⢙䍘ᣁ㰫ԕ৺⎞⑨ࣘ⢙Ⲵᦅ伏֌⭘ਟ㜭ᱟሬ㠤ਦ㔯㍐ D ⎃ᓖվⲴѫ㾱৏ഐǄ ֌Ѫ儈৏⒆⋺Ⲵ⍡⎧ˈަ⒆┘ᑖ㩕ޫⴀ৺ 253 Ⲵਈॆᴹ⵰䖳᰾ᱮⲴᆓ㢲ᙗ㿴ᖻǄӾн਼ᆓ㢲Ⲵ≤䍘࠶᷀㔃᷌ᶕⴻˈ≤⑙઼㩕ޫⴀ⎃ᓖᱟᖡ૽㰫㊫⭏⢙䟿Ⲵ䟽㾱ഐ㍐Ǆ 143 ሩє⒆⋺≤փѝ⯵∂Ⲵࡍ↕࠶᷀㔃᷌㺘᰾ˈ⓷⊐⒆┘ᑖ≤⭏Ἵ⢙㾶ⴆᓖվⲴйњ䟷ṧ⛩≤փѝỰ⍻ࠪ &\+9 ઼ &\+9 ⯵∂Ⲵᆈ൘ˈ㘼⍡⎧≤փѝᵚỰ⍻ࠪਇ䈅 '1$ ⯵∂Ǆࡍ↕
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C. DONG, S. WENG, et.al. (2011) Characterization of a new cell line from caudal fin of koi,
Cyprinuscarpio koi, and first isolation of c yprinid herpesvirus 3 in China. Virus
Research 161(2): 140-149.
J. XU, L. B. ZENG, et.al. (2013) Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection emerged in cultured gibel carp,&DUDVVLXVDXUDWXVJLEHOLR in China. Veterinary Microbiology 166(1-2): 138-144.
T. SANO, H. FUKUDA, et.al. (1985) Herpesvirus-cyprini biological and oncogenic properties.
Fish Pathology 20(2-3): 381-388.
R. P. HEDRICK, O. GILAD, et.al. (2000) A herpesvirus associated with mass mortality ofjuvenile and adult koi, a strain of common carp. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 12(1):44-57.
S. J.JUNG and T. MIYAZAKI (1995) Herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis of goldfish,&DUDVVLXVDXUDWXV(L). Journal of Fish Diseases 18(3): 211-220.
A. DOSZPOLY, M. BENKO, et.al. (2011) Introduction of the family Alloherpesviridae: the firstmolecular

detectionofherpesviruses

AllatorvosokLapja133(3): 174-181.
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In recent years, lake eutrophication has become increasingly severe in China, leading to a needfor more efforts to be made in protecting lake environments.
There are many lakes in China, the majority of which do not generate thermo cline due toshallow lake. It has been recognized that there are two different kinds of stable states for shallow lakes: aclear state dominated by submersed plants and a turbid state dominated by phytoplankton. Conversion may
occur between these two stable states (SCHEFER: 1990, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature:2010), and the process of such conversion has two main characteristics. First, it is easy for submersed-plant
dominated states to convert to phytoplankton-dominated states, while it is difficult for the reverse to occur.
Second, submersed plants play an important role in determining the stable states (SCHEFER: 1990). By
analyzing previous study results, we can find that in a simulated ecological system. Many studies have been
carried out on the role of aquatic plants in improving water quality, and especially on the allelopathic
effects of aquatic plants (Yuanyi ZHUANG et.al.: 1995, Hongying HU: 2006, Fengmin LI: 2007). But instudies of real lakes, there are few reports about the relationship between the two. This is because
laboratory study belongs to a semi-open system, in which temperature, air, light and other environmental
factors are all controllable; while a real lake is a completely open system, in which any of its environmental
factors is inseparable with the surrounding environment, with complex environmental factors and great
variability of time and space. In this paper, we take two plateau lakes in Yunnan, Lake Dianchi and Lake
Erhai, as the subjects of study, to provide a scientific basis for the feasible comprehensive management andprotection of lakes. An empirical study was carried out by choosing places with obvious differences in theircoverage of aquatic plants, analyzing water quality during different seasons, and confirming the influenceaquatic plants have on lakefront water quality.
6DPSOLQJSRLQWV
On-site empirical study was carried out in Lake Dianchi and Lake Erhai (Jie XIE et.al.: 2013).
These two lakes were chosen as the subjects of study for the following reasons: (1) similar climates; (2) nosignificant difference in size (298.4 km2 for the former, and 250.0 km2 for the latter); (3) different levels ofpollution, with the former being at the later stage of eutrophication, while the latter at the early stage ofeutrophication; (4) a difference in the coverage of aquatic plants in lakefront areas, with only 6.8% for the
1 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Agriculture and Biology,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
2 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
3 Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University
4 Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University
5 Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University
6 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature145

former, while over 50% for the latter; (5) the existence of a representative distribution of sampling points,
including ones well covered by vegetation, and ones with either low coverage of vegetation or even withoutaquatic plants. The sampling points in both Lake Dianchi and Lake Erhai are shown in Figure 1, and thestatus of vegetation coverage was listed in Table 1.

Figure 1

Sampling points of the two lakes. (Redrawn from XIE et al. 2013).

Table 1. Location of sampling points and distribution of aquatic plants1465HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQV&RPSDULVRQRIWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\RIWKHWZRODNHVLQVXPPHU$XJXVW
Table 2 shows that total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in Caohai (D1and D6), which is in the north of Lake Dianchi, were the highest. As for Lake Erhai, the nutrient
concentrations of the lake water at two sampling points (E1, E2) in the west was higher than that in the east,
with the exception of E3for TP. This result was in agreement with the one reported by Yanzhen YIN, et al.
(2011), and indicates that the nutrients pollution load of Lake Erhai mainly comes from agricultural areas in
the north and the agriculture and tourism area in the west, while the pollution load in the eastern mountainarea is relatively lower.
Table 2 also shows that Caohai (D1 and D6) in the north of Lake Dianchi and Shaping Bay (E3)in the north of Lake Erhai had the highest electrical conductivity within their own lake areas, but D1 andE3 contained very low levels of chlorophyll-a. Moreover, the pH values of these three sampling points werecomparatively lower, too. The increase of pH value of the lake water in summer is believed to be mainly
due to algae photosynthesis, so the lower chlorophyll-a concentration corresponds to the lower pH value(Table 2). But the key quesWLRQ LV ZK\ KDYHQ¶W WKH KLJK concentrations of total nitrogen and total
phosphorus led to high chlorophyll-a concentration? As shown in Table 1 and Table 2, this phenomenon has
a close relationship with the coverage of macrophytes at the sampling points (D1, D6 and E3). In
other words, the existence of macrophytes inhibits the growth and reproduction of algae. The negative
correlation between the coverage of macrophytes and the amount of algae also exists in other sampling
points.
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WLRQTable 2. Water quality of the two lakes in summer, August 20101476HDVRQDOFKDQJHVRIWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\RI/DNH(UKDLIn addition to the above mentioned water quality investigation, we continued our investigationand sample analysis of the 6 sampling points of lakefront areas of Lake Erhai during 2010 and 2011 (Figure2). There was a great difference in the water quality of different sampling points. Judging from different
seasons, the redox potential in February and May was higher than in August and November, while the pH
value and electrical conductivity showed no obvious seasonal differences. Total nitrogen and total
phosphorus were higher in August and November than that in February and May, and nutrient
concentration reached to the highest in November. Such a pattern of seasonal change of nutrient
concentration was in accordance with the results that were reported by Yanzhen YIN, et.al. (2011). The
chlorophyll-a concentration that reflects the amount of algae also had obvious seasonal changes, withhigher concentrations in August and November, and lower ones in February and May. The factors
influencing the greater amount of algae are mainly caused by the higher water temperature, light andnutrient concentration in water. It is worth noting that the water temperature in November was clearly lower
than that in May, but the chlorophyll-a concentration in November was significantly higher than that inMay. Therefore, we believe that the amount of algae in the lakefront of Lake Erhai is mainly influenced by
the nutrient concentration (TP).

Figure 2

Seasonal changes of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, temperature and chlorophyll-a in Lake Erhai.
(Redrawn from XIE et al., 2013)148,QKLELWLRQPHFKDQLVPWKDWPDFURSK\WHVSHUIRUPRQDOJDHThe inhibition mechanism that macrophytes perform on algae is as follows (Xiangcan JIN:
2001): (1) the competition between macrophytes and algae for nutrients; (2) shading effects; (3)allelopathic inhibition; (4) aquatic plants are able to create a more stable water environment and nurture ahigh density of zooplankton, which then preys on large numbers of phytoplankton; (5) physical effects. In
an open and changeable lake area, it is unlikely for macrophytes to inhibit algae through their competition
for nutrients in Caohai in the north of Lake Dianchi and Shaping Bay in the north of Lake Erhai because
they had the highest nutrient concentration. The plants in D1,D6 and E3 were mainly submersed plants,
therefore, the effect of inhibiting the growth of algae through shading effect is believed to be limited.
Moreover, submersed plants cannot absorb as much algae as emergent aquatic plants, so there is no
physical effect. It is deemed that the main reasons for lower chlorophyll-a concentration are the secretion ofallelochemicals by macrophytes to inhibit the growth of algae and the predation of zooplankton. Densityof Daphnia zooplankton was clearly higher in Caohai of Lake Dianchi (Table 2). The degree of
eutrophication of Lake Erhai was relatively low, and though zooplankton was not observed in the
0.5L water sample collected in E3, it is very likely that the density of zooplankton in this area was higher
than that in the area without macrophytes.
5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHFRQGLWLRQRIDTXDWLFSODQWVDQGYLUXVHVDNA virus detection was performed at August, 2010, and no viruses were found in the D1
and D6 areas where the content of nutrients was high (Table 3), but they did exist in the D3, D4, and D5
sampling points where there were fewer submersed plants. &\SULQLG KHUSHVYLUXV (CyHV 1), &\SULQLG
KHUSHVYLUXV (CyHV 2) and &\SULQLGKHUSHVYLUXV (CyHV 3) all belong to DNA viruses. CyHV 1 and 3
specifically infect common carp (SANO et.al. 1985, HEDRICK et.al. 2000), while CyHV 2 infects goldfish(JUNG and MIYAZAKI 1995) and &DUDVVLXVDXUDWXVJLEHOLR (DOSZPOLY et.al., 2011). The fish diseases
caused by these viruses have been reported in many countries including China (DONG et.al. 2011, XU et.al.
2013).
The aquatic vegetation on the 46 km lakefront in the west of Lake Erhai has been basically
restored, and the several bays and estuaries in its east also have a good distribution of aquatic vegetation.
Because of this, the lakefront vegetation and water quality of Lake Erhai are far better than those of
Lake Dianchi. These three viruses were not detected in Lake Erhai, and no viruses were detected in Caohaiof Lake Dianchi either, which has poor water quality but more aquatic plants. On the contrary, the sampling
points where viruses were detected are all located at the lakefront of Dianchi where there is no or very little
aquatic vegetation. Therefore, our detection results probably suggest that aquatic plants can not only inhibit
the growth of algae but also viruses. For this reason, macrophytes play a very important role in the makeupof lakes with clear water.

149

Table 3. Detection of the three DNA viruses at different locations of the two lakes

&RQFOXVLRQFrom these on-site empirical studies, we could obtain conclusions as below:
(1) The results of water quality analysis of Lake Dianchi and Lake Erhai indicate that the areas with higher
coverage of aquatic plants had lower content of chlorophyll-a and pH value with high nutrient
concentration. The analysis suggests that the main reason for lower chlorophyll-a concentration that themacrophytes secrete allelo chemicals which inhibit the growth of algae and the predation of
zooplankton.
(2) For Lake Erhai, a plateau lake, the variation of nutrient concentration on its lakefront shows obvious
seasonal patterns. Judging from the results of water quality analysis of different seasons, watertemperature and nutrient concentration are important factors influencing the amount of algae.
(3) The preliminary analysis of the tested viruses in these two lakes indicates that CyHV1 and 2 exist in
the water bodies of the three sampling points with low coverage of aquatic vegetation and on thelakefront of Dianchi, while no these viruses were detected in Lake Erhai. The preliminary results
suggest that aquatic plants have the effect of inhibiting the growth of algae and viruses.

5HIHUHQFHVMˊSCHEFER (1990) Multiplicity of stable states in freshwater systemsˊHydrobiologia 61:475²487
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) (2010) RIHN Encyclopedia of Global Environmental
Studies. Koubundou Tokyo, p140-141, total 664 pages. < ,Q-DSDQHVH!
Yuanyi ZHUANG, et.al. (1995) The restrain effect of Higher Aquatic Plants on Algae Growth.
Environmental Science Progress, No. 3, p 44-49. <,Q&KLQHVH!
Hongying HU, et.al. (2006) Research Progress on Plant Allelopathy Inhibiting Algae Growth. Ecotope, No.
15, p53-157. <,Q&KLQHVH!

150

Fengmin LI, et.al. (2007) The Influence of Phragmitesallelochemicals on Algae Cell Selected Membrane
Permeability. Environmental Science No.28, p453-2456.<,Q&KLQHVH!
Yanzhen YIN, et.al. (2011) Temporal and Spatial Variations of Lake Erhai Water Quality. China
Environmental Science, No. 31, p192-1196. <,Q&KLQHVH!
Jie XIE, et.al.(2013), Relationship between aquatic vegetation and water quality in littoral zones of
Lake Dianchi and Lake Erhai, Environ. Sci.& Technol  <,Q&KLQHVH!
Xiangcan JIN (2001) Lake Eutrophication Control and Management Technology. Chemical Industry Press:
Beijing, total 224 pages. <,Q&KLQHVH!
T. SANO, H. FUKUDA, et.al. (1985) Herpesvirus-cyprini biological and oncogenic properties Fish
Pathology 20(2-3): 381-388.
R.P. HEDRICK, O. GILAD, et.al. (2000) A herpesvirusassociated with mass mortality of juvenile
and adult koi, a strain of commoncarp. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 12 (1): 44̢57
S. J. JUNG, and T. MIYAZAKI (1995) Herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis of goldfish,
Carassius-auratus(L) Journal of Fish Diseases 18(3): 211-220.
A. DOSZPOLY, M. BENKO, et.al. (2011) Introduction of the family Alloherpesviridae: the firstmolecular

detectionofherpesvirusesofcyprinidfishin

Hungary

MagyarAllatorvosokLapja133(3): 174-181.
C. DONG, S. WENG, et.al. (2011) Characterization of a new cell line from caudal fin of koi,
Cyprinuscarpio koi, and first isolation of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in China Virus Research161(2): 140-149.
J. XU, L. B. ZENG, et.al. (2013) Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection emerged in cultured gibel carp,
Carassiusauratusgibelio in China Veterinary Microbiology 166(1-2): 138-144.

151

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ኴ †ὶᇦࡢỈ⎔ቃ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ̿ ᑐヰ࡜༠ ാ࡟ࡼࡿ 㛗ᮇ᭷ຠ ⟶⌮࣓࢝ ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ ᶍ⣴̿኱ሯ೺ྖ  ୰ᅜࡢỈ⎔ቃᨻ⟇࡜࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ
୰ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⎔ቃၥ㢟ࡢゎỴ࡟ྥࡅࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࡍ࡛࡟  ᖺ㏆ࡃ⤒ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ  ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟ᕤᴗởᰁ※࡟ᑐࡍࡿつไᙉ໬㸪ᨻᗓ㸪ேẸ௦⾲኱఍㸪ሗ㐨ᶵ㛵ࡢ༠ㄪ࡟ࡼࡿୖ࠿ࡽୗ࡬ࡢ┘╩᳨ᰝάືࡢᙉ໬㸪Ỉởᰁ≀㉁ࡢ᤼ฟ๐ῶᑐ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ὶᇦ༢఩
࡛ࡢ⥲㔞ᢚไ⟇ࡢᑟධ࡞࡝ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪 ᖺ௦࡟ධࡗ࡚ࡶ⎔ቃ㛵㐃ἲつ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㐪ἲ஦௳ࡀከⓎࡋ㸪ྛᆅ࡛Ỉởᰁ஦ᨾࡀ⤯࠼ࡎ㸪୺せἙᕝࡢᆅ⾲Ỉ㉁ᣦᶆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᴦほ࡛ࡁࡿ≧ἣ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸦኱ሯ㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⎔ቃᨻ⟇ࡢኻᩋ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪つไᙉ໬ࡸබඹᢞ㈨ࡢቑᙉ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿ୍㐃ࡢᑐᛂࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿ୍᪉࡛㸪௻ᴗࡸᨻᗓ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚┤᥋ၥ㢟ゎỴࢆ㏕ࡿఫẸࡽ࡟ࡼࡿ㞟ᅋᢠ㆟㐠ືࡶᩓⓎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࡞
࠿࡛㸪௻ᴗࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡸఫẸࡢཧຍࢆࡩࡲ࠼ࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡀᶍ⣴ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦኱ሯ㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ୰ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ከᵝ࡞ࢫࢸ࣮ࢡ࣍ࣝࢲ࣮ࡢཧຍ࡟ࡼࡿὶᇦ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪୰ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿὶᇦࡣ㸪᪥ᮏࡸ௚ࡢඛ㐍ㅖᅜ௨ୖ࡟㸪ࡑࡢ✵㛫ࡢࡶࡘᨻ἞ⓗ≉㉁࡟༑ศ␃ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋὶᇦࡣ㸪ୖ࠿ࡽࡢ⤫἞㸪ᆅᇦ㛫ࡢᶒ㝈ࡢศᩓ㸦ศ᩿㸧㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ୗ࠿ࡽࡢཧຍࢆไ⣙ࡍࡿㅖไᗘ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ㔜ᒙⓗ࡞ᨻ἞✵㛫࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୰ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅ
ࡿὶᇦࡢ⎔ቃಖ඲࣭෌⏕࡟ྥࡅ࡚㸪ᨻᗓ㸪௻ᴗ㸪ఫẸ࡞࡝㸪␗࡞ࡿ❧ሙ࡜࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ
ࢆࡶࡘࢫࢸ࣮ࢡ࣍ࣝࢲ࣮㛫ࡢ฼ᐖㄪᩚ࡜ྜពᙧᡂࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࡋࡓไᗘᵓ⠏ࢆ⾜࠺࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚
୰ᅜࡣ㸪㝵ᒙࡀከࡃ㸪㛵ಀࡍࡿ୺యࡀከᩘ࡟ཬࡪࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪୰ኸ࣭ᆅ᪉㛵ಀࡀ」㞧࡛㸪ᆅ᪉ᨻᗓ࡟⤒῭ᡂ㛗ᚿྥࡀᙉ࠸࠺࠼࡟㸪Ẹ୺ⓗ࡞ㅖไᗘࡀ༑ศᩚഛࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ㅖ
᮲௳ࢆ⪃៖࡟ධࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ୰ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈ⎔ቃၥ㢟ࡢゎỴ࡟ྥࡅࡓὶᇦ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢไᗘᵓ⠏ࡣ㸪ୖ࠿ࡽࡢ⤫἞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ ࡢᨵ㠉㸪ୗ࠿ࡽࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ไᗘᵓ⠏㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ᆅᇦ㛫ࡢ஺΅࣭ㄪᩚ࣭༠ຊ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ␗࡞ࡿ࣋ࢡࢺࣝࡀ┦஫స⏝ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽኚ
ᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸪」㞧࡛ࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊ ᖺỈ༴ᶵ௨㝆ࡢኴ†ὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈ⎔ቃ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢ≉ᚩࢆᴫほࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡟Ḟࡅ࡚࠸ࡿබ⾗ཧຍࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆ᥈ࡿ࡭ࡃ  ᖺ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡾὶᇦ୍㒔ᕷ࡟࡚
ヨ⾜ࡋࡓࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇༟఍㆟ࡢ฿㐩Ⅼ࡜ㄢ㢟ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊኴ†ὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
࣎ࢺ࣒࢔ࢵࣉ࣭࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ㄢ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿ ኱ሯ⦅ ࠋ ᖺỈ༴ᶵ௨㝆ࡢኴ†ὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈ⎔ቃ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ
 ᖺ ᭶୰ୗ᪪㸪ኴ†࡟࡚౛ᖺࡼࡾ᪩ࡃ࢔࢜ࢥࡀ␗ᖖⓎ⏕ࡋ㸪 ᭶ୗ᪪࡟ࡣỤ⸽┬↓㘏ᕷ᭱኱ࡢྲྀỈཱྀࡢ࠶ࡿ㈉†Ỉ※ᆅ࡟኱㔞࡟྿ࡁࡔࡲࡗࡓ࢔࢜ࢥࢆྵࢇࡔ†Ỉࡀࠕ㯮Ỉᅋࠖ࡜໬ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ྠ᭶  ᪥࡟ࡣᕷෆୖỈ㐨ࡢỈࡀ␗⮯ࢆᨺࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪⣙  ୓ேࡢ㣧⏝࣭⏕ά⏝Ỉ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓࠋᕷࡣ ᭶ ᪥࡟Ᏻ඲ᐉゝࢆฟࡍࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫㸪ṇᖖ࡞⤥Ỉ᪥ᮏ㈠᫆᣺⯆ᶵᵓ࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭◊✲ᡤ155ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎ㸪ᕷẸࡣ࣎ࢺ࢛࣮ࣝ࢘ࢱ࣮ࡢ㈙࠸༨ࡵ࡟㉮ࡗࡓࠋᕷࡣྛᡤ࡟࡚⣧Ỉ౪⤥ᣐⅬࢆタࡅࡿ࡞࡝ࡢᥐ⨨ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ᛴࢆࡋࡢࡄ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ᆅඖࡢሗ㐨ᶵ㛵ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㝶᫬ᑐᛂ≧ἣࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚ࣃࢽࢵࢡࡢỿ㟼໬࡟ດࡵࡓ㸦᳿㸧ࠋኴ†ࡣ  ᖺ௦࠿ࡽᕤሙ㸪㎰ᆅ㸪ఫᏯᆅ࡞࡝࠿ࡽὶධࡍࡿởᗫỈ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐩᰤ㣴໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪࢔࢜ࢥࡢ኱Ⓨ⏕࡟ࡼࡿୖỈ౪⤥༴ᶵࡶ  ᖺ௨㝆㸪ࡍ࡛࡟」ᩘᅇⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ㅰ㸧ࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ࡞࠿  ᖺࡢỈ༴ᶵࡣ㸪ᅜෆእࡢ࣐ࢫ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ከࡃ
ࡢ⾗┠࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀࡿ࡞࠿㸪ᆅ᪉࠾ࡼࡧᅜࡢᣦᑟᒙ࡟⥭ᛴᑐᛂࢆ㏕ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ኴ†ὶᇦࡢỈ⎔ቃᨻ⟇ࢆ኱ࡁࡃ㌿ᅇࡉࡏࡿዎᶵ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ኴ†ὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈ⎔ቃᨻ⟇ࡣᅜࡢ㔜どࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡢᆅ᪉࡟ࡼࡿ஦ᴗᐇ᪋࠾ࡼࡧไᗘᨵ
㠉ࡢඛ⾜ⓗྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ㸦ᆅ᪉࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈ㸧ࢆ࠾ࡶ࡞ὶࢀ࡜ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ᅜ࡜ᆅ᪉ࡢ㔜ᒙⓗ࡞ᨻᗓᵓ㐀ࡢ࡞࠿࡛㸪ኴ†ὶᇦࡢỈ⎔ቃᨻ⟇ࡀ␗࡞ࡿ㝵ᒙࡢᨻᗓ㛫࡛┦஫࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡞ࡀࡽᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᖺࡢỈ༴ᶵ࠿ࡽ୍ᐃᖺᩘࡀ⤒ࡕ㸪ࡲࡓ  ᖺ࠿ࡽᅜࡢ♫఍⤒῭Ⓨᒎ➨  ḟ ࢝ᖺィ⏬ࡀጞືࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆཷࡅ࡚㸪ኴ†ὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈ⎔ቃᨻ⟇ࡣ㸪ᨻ⟇ᨵ㠉ࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽᨻ⟇ࡢᐇ᪋࣭ㄪᩚࡢẁ㝵࡟⛣ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽὶᇦ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜㸪ኴ†ὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈ⎔ቃᨻ⟇ࡣ㸪ࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ᨵ㠉࡜஦ᴗᐇ᪋ࡀ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪᝟ሗබ㛤ࡸබ⾗ཧຍࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣎ࢺ࣒࢔ࢵ
ࣉⓗ࡞ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡣᩓⓎⓗ࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡣ㸪ࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ࣥⓗ࡞࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࢆ⿵ᙉࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪⤒῭ⓗᡭἲࡸே஦⪃ㄢไᗘ࡞࡝ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࣭࣓࢝
ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᑟධࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ᗈࡃேࠎ࠿
ࡽࡢࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ᝟ሗබ㛤࡜බ⾗ཧຍࡀḞ࠿ࡏ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟
ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ⤒㦂࠿ࡽぢ࡚ࡶࠊ†἟ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛢㙐⣔ỈᇦࡢỈ⎔ቃᨵၿ࡟ࡣ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡿྲྀࡾ
⤌ࡳࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡣᨻᗓࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ஦ᴗ⪅ࠊఫẸࢆྵࡴከࡃࡢࢫࢸ࣮ࢡ
࣍ࣝࢲ࣮㛫ࡢ㐃ᦠ࡜༠ാࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ኴ†ὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇༟఍㆟ࡢヨ⾜ኴ†ὶᇦ࡛ࡣ  ᖺࡢỈ༴ᶵ௨㝆㸪ᅜ࠾ࡼࡧᆅ᪉ྛ㝵ᒙ࡟࡚ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᨻ⟇ᨵ㠉ࡸ⥲ྜᑐ⟇஦ᴗࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ༴ᶵ⟶⌮࠿ࡽᨻ⟇ᨵ㠉ࡢẁ㝵ࢆ⤒࡚㸪ᨻ⟇ᐇ᪋࣭ㄪᩚẁ㝵࡟ධࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ࡞࠿㸪ᨻ⟇ᨵ㠉ࡸ⥲ྜᑐ⟇஦ᴗࡢᐇຠᛶࢆ࠸࠿࡟☜ಖࡋ㸪ࡲࡓࡑࡢຠᯝ
ࢆ࠸࠿࡟⥔ᣢࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿㸪࡜࠸࠺㛗ᮇᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞⎔ቃ⟶⌮ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡀㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ࡞࠿㸪ᇶᒙ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ୺య㸦ࢫࢸ࣮ࢡ ࣍ࣝࢲ࣮㸧ࡢᑐヰ࡜༠ാࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇༟఍㆟ࠖࡢヨࡳࡀ㔜せ࡞ព࿡ࢆࡶࡘࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛㸪ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇༟఍㆟ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸪ᨻᗓ㸪௻ᴗ㸪ఫẸࡀࡦ࡜ࡘࡢࢸ࣮ࣈࣝ࡟╔ࡁ㸪ᆅᇦࡢ⎔ቃၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᑐヰࢆ⾜࠺௙⤌ࡳࢆᣦࡍࠋ୰ᅜ࡛ࡣ⎔ቃᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᝟ሗබ㛤ࡸබ⾗ཧຍ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞᪋⟇ࡀヨ⾜࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ࡞࠿㸦኱ሯ 㸧㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇༟఍㆟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪Ụ⸽┬࡟࠾࠸࡚ୡ⏺㖟⾜ࡢ༠ຊࢆᚓ࡚  ᖺࡼࡾヨ⾜ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀ㸪 ᖺ࡟ࠕ⎔ቃ᝟ሗ෇༟ᑐヰไᗘᴗົ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࠖࡀ⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓ㸦:$1*%,DQG*(㸧ࠋࡇࡢỤ⸽┬࡟࠾ࡅࡿヨ⾜ࢆࡩࡲ࠼㸪࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭◊✲ᡤ࡜༡ி኱Ꮫ⎔ቃᏛ㝔⎔ቃ⟶⌮࣭ᨻ⟇◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡣ㸪 ᖺᗘࡼࡾࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇༟఍㆟ࡢ♫఍ᐇ㦂࡟㛵ࡍࡿඹྠ◊✲ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ㸪Ỉ⎔ቃಖ඲ࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻᗓ㸪௻ᴗ㸪ఫẸ࡟ࡼࡿᑐヰࡢಁ㐍ࢆヨࡳ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡿᐅ⯆ᕷࡣ㸪ኴ†ࡢὶධἙᕝࢆᢪ࠼ࡿᕤᴗ㒔ᕷ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ኴ†࡬ὶධࡍࡿở156

ᰁ≀㉁ࡢ๐ῶࡀ኱ࡁ࡞ㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇༟఍㆟ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྠᕷ <༊ࡣ⤒῭㛤Ⓨ༊࡜ࡋ࡚ᕤᴗࡀ㞟✚ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪௨๓࠿ࡽ࿘㎶㎰ᮧ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ࡢ⣮ தࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓ௻ᴗ⏝ᆅࡢ☜ಖࡢࡓࡵ࡟㎰ᮧఫẸࡢ᪂つ㐀ᡂఫᏯᅋᆅ࡬ࡢィ⏬ⓗ⛣㌿ࢆ⾜࠸㸪᪂ࡓ࡞ࠕ♫༊ࠖᘓタࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪂♫༊࡛ࡣ㸪㛤Ⓨ༊࡟❧ᆅࡍࡿ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃởᰁ࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪࢖ࣥࣇࣛᩚഛࡢ୙ഛ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃၥ㢟ࡶ㢧ᅾ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ  ᖺᗘ࠿ࡽ  ᖺᗘ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡣ <༊࡟࡚  ᖺ  ᭶ ᪥㸪 ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥㸪࠾ࡼࡧ ᭶ ᪥ࡢ ᅇ㸪*♫༊࡟࡚  ᖺ  ᭶ ᪥࡟ ᅇ㸪ィ ᅇ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚఍㆟ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪 ᖺ ᭶ࡢ఍㆟ࡣ㸪๓ᖺ  ᭶ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇༟఍㆟ࡢࣞࣅ࣮ࣗ
ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ᖺᗘ࠾ࡼࡧ  ᖺᗘࡣ㸪⌧ᆅ࡟࡚ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇༟఍㆟ࡢ♫఍ᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜࠺࡟ ࠶ࡓࡾ㸪༡ிᕷ࡟࡚㸪᪥୰཮᪉ࡢ◊✲ࢳ࣮࣒࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪⌧ᆅ࡟࡚෇༟ ఍㆟ࡢ⤌⧊໬࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿ
㛵ಀ⪅ࢆ஺࠼ࡓ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࢆ  ᖺ ᭶  ᪥࠾ࡼࡧ  ᖺ ᭶  ᪥࡟㛤ദࡋ㸪➹⪅ࡶࡇࢀ࡟ཧ⏬ࡋࡓࠋᅇࡢ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪᪥୰཮᪉ࡢ◊✲ࢳ࣮࣒࡜⌧ᆅ㛵ಀ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇༟఍㆟ࡢ‽ഛ㸪ᐇ᪋㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ࣇ࢛࣮ࣟ࢔ࢵࣉ࡟⮳ࡿ୍㐃ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪᪥ᮏࡢ⤒㦂ࡢ⤂௓ࡶ஺࠼࡞ࡀࡽពぢ஺᥮ࢆ⾜࠸㸪ၥ㢟ⅬࡢⓎ᥀࡜ඹ᭷ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚♫఍ᐇ㦂ࡢᨵⰋ࡟ດࡵࡓࠋ
㸦࠶ࢃࡏ࡚ࠊ࢘ࢵࢻ࣮࣭ࣟ࢘࢕ࣝࢯࣥࢭࣥࢱ࣮୰ᅜ
⎔ቃࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛ࡜༡ி኱Ꮫ⎔ቃᏛ㝔⎔ቃ⟶⌮࣭ᨻ⟇◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ ཬࡧ࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭◊✲ᡤࡀඹྠ࡛㸪 ᖺ  ᭶༡ி㸪 ᖺ  ᭶࣡ࢩࣥࢺࣥ '& ཬࡧࢩ࢝ࢦ㸪 ᖺ  ᭶ᮾிཬࡧㄶゼ†࡟࡚ࢫࢱࢹ࢕࣮ࢶ࢔࣮࡜࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࢆ㛤ദࡋࠊྛᅜ†἟ὶᇦ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ࡟࠾
ࡅࡿබ⾗ཧຍࡢ⤒㦂ඹ᭷ࢆᅗࡗࡓࠋ㸧ࡑࡋ࡚㸪 ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥࡟ *♫༊࡟࡚ఫẸ఍㆟ࢆ㛤ദࡋ㸪 ᖺ ᭶  ᪥࡟ 6♫༊࡟࡚㸪ྠᖺ  ᭶  ᪥࠾ࡼࡧ⩣ᖺ ᭶  ᪥࡟ࡣ *♫༊࡟࡚ࡑࢀࡒࢀ෇༟఍㆟ࢆ㛤ദࡋࡓࠋ➹⪅ࡣ  ᖺ  ᭶ࡢ *♫༊ఫẸ఍㆟ࢆཧ୚ほᐹࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪 ᖺ  ᭶㸪 ᖺ  ᭶࠾ࡼࡧ  ᭶ࡢ఍㆟㛤ദᚋ࡟ࡑࢀࡒࢀ⌧ᆅ࡟࡚⎔ቃၥ㢟ࡢ≧ἣᢕᥱ࡜ཧຍ⪅࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ㸦⾲㸯㸧ࠋ 157⾲ 㹗༊ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇༟఍㆟ࡢᴫせ ኴ†ὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣎ࢺ࣒࢔ࢵࣉ࣭࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ㄢ㢟ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ♫఍ᐇ㦂ࡢ࡞࠿࡛㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇༟఍㆟ࡣ㸪♫༊ࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟ࡋࡓఫẸ㸪௻ᴗ㸪ᨻᗓࡢ㛫࡛ࡢᑐヰࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ⾲ ࡟ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕෇
༟఍㆟ࡢࢸ࣮࣐ࡣẖᅇᑡࡋࡎࡘ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋኴ†ὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈ⎔ቃၥ㢟ࢆఫẸཧຍࡢ࡞࠿࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ゎỴࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ୍㐃ࡢ♫఍ᐇ㦂ࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚ᥖࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪఍㆟ࢆᡂ❧ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣఱࡼࡾࡶࡲࡎఫẸ࡜ࡢᑐヰࢆඃඛࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࡞࠿࡛㸪ఫẸࡸ♫༊࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡢ㛵ᚰࡣ㸪௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃởᰁၥ㢟࡜♫༊ࡢබඹ⟶⌮ၥ㢟࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ⎔ቃởᰁၥ㢟ࡣ㸪ኴ†ὶᇦࡢỈ⎔ቃၥ㢟ࡢせᅉࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪  ᖺ ᭶࡟㛤ദࡉࢀࡓ᭱ึࡢ෇༟఍㆟ࡢ᫬࠿ࡽヰ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ఫẸࡢ㛵ᚰࡣࡴࡋࢁᆅᇦ⎔ቃ࡬ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪࡟࠶ࡾ㸪෇༟఍㆟࡛ࡣ㸪Ỉ⎔ቃၥ㢟ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪ᝏ⮯ࡸ↴ሻࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୙‶ࡢኌࡀ࠶ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪 ᖺ ᭶࡟ 6♫༊࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓ෇༟఍㆟࡛ࡣ㸪ࢸ࣮࣐࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ㎰ᴗ࣭㎰ᮧ⏕ά᪉ᘧ࡜Ỉ⎔ቃಖㆤࠖࡀᥖࡆࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪఍㆟࡟ཧຍࡋࡓ㎰Ẹࡢ㛵ᚰࡣᕤሙ᤼Ỉ࡟ࡼࡿỈ⎔ቃၥ㢟࡟㞟ࡲࡗࡓࠋ෇༟఍㆟୺ദ⪅ഃࡣ㸪Ỉ⎔ቃಖ඲ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ᕤᴗ᤼Ỉࡸ⏕ά᤼Ỉࡢฎ⌮࡟ຍ࠼࡚㸪⌧ᅾࡢከ⫧ᩱ࣭ከ㎰⸆ࡢᢞධ࡟ࡼࡿ㎰ᴗ⏕⏘࠾ࡼࡧ㎰ᮧ⏕ά᪉ᘧࡢぢ┤ࡋࡶᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢၥ㢟ᥦ㉳ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢ㸪㎰Ẹࡢ࡯࠺ࡣ㸪<༊࡟❧ᆅࡍࡿ໬Ꮫ⫧ᩱᕤሙࡢ᤼Ỉ࡟ࡼࡿỈ⏘㣴Ṫ⿕ᐖࢆ࠶ࡆ࡚㸪ࡑࡢゎỴ㐣⛬࡟୙‶ࢆ࠶ࡽࢃ࡟ࡋࡓࠋ

158

௻ᴗࢆྵࡵࡓᑐヰ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟఍㆟ࡢ⤌⧊໬ࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻᗓ㸪௻ᴗ㸪♫༊࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡢ㛫ࡢㄪᩚࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪௻ᴗࡀ㞟୰❧ᆅࡍࡿ <༊࡟ᒃఫࡍࡿᆅ
ᇦఫẸ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚௻ᴗࡢ⎔ቃởᰁၥ㢟࡟㛵ᚰࡀ㧗࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㸪௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ┤᥋ᑐヰ࡟ࡣៅ㔜࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠺࠿ࡀ࠼ࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪 ᖺ  ᭶ࡢ *♫༊෇༟఍㆟࡟ཧຍࡋࡓఫẸࡽࡣ㸪௨๓࠿ࡽ௻ᴗࡢ⎔ቃởᰁၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୙‶ࡣ࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪௻ᴗ࡜ࡢᑐヰࡣ㸪ࠕᮧᖿ㒊ࡢᙺ๭࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ
࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⮬ࡽ┤᥋ᑐヰ࡟⮫ࡴࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ㌋㌉ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ<༊࡛ࡣ௻ᴗ࡜ఫẸࡢ㛫࡛⎔ቃ⣮தࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⣮தࢆᮍ↛࡟㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡶ෇༟఍㆟ࡀᐃᮇⓗ࡟㛤ദࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸࡜ <༊ᖿ㒊ࡶᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᨻᗓ㸪௻ᴗ㸪ఫẸ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ᑐヰࢆ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
௚᪉࡛㸪*♫༊࡛ࡢ෇༟఍㆟࡛ヰ㢟࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㌴ᗜᨵ㐀࡟ࡼࡿ᤼Ỉᆶࢀὶࡋࡸᒃఫᆅᇦ࡛
ࡢ㔝↝ࡁࡸࢦ࣑ࡢᩓ஘࡞࡝㸪♫༊ࡢ⎔ቃ⾨⏕ၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ♫༊࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡸఫẸࡢ㛵ᚰࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡲࡓ㸪 ᖺ  ᭶࠾ࡼࡧ  ᖺ ᭶ࡢ * ♫༊෇༟఍㆟ཧຍ⪅ࡢከࡃࡣ㸪ࡑࡢཎᅉࢆእᆅ࠿ࡽࡢฟ✌ࡂປാ⪅࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࠕఫẸࡢ⮬ぬⓗ⾜ືࠖ࡟ࡶཎᅉࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ᅇ⟅ࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸦⾲ 㸧ࠋ ᖺ  ᭶࠾ࡼࡧ  ᖺ ᭶࡟ *♫༊࡛㛤ദࡉࢀࡓ ᅇ┠ࡢ෇༟఍㆟ࡣࡑࡇ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㝵ࡢ㌴ᗜࡢᨵ㐀ၥ㢟ࡣ㸪✺ࡁワࡵࢀࡤタィẁ㝵࡛ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬᢕᥱࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᘓタ୰ࡢ *♫༊➨୕ᮇᑠ༊࡛ࡣ㸪㌴ᗜ
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In China, nearly 40 years have already passed since the initial efforts to find solutions toenvironmental problems were launched. Since the 1990s, various measures have been taken ,including the enforcement ofstricter regulations against industrial pollution sources,

reinforcement of the supervision and inspection against polluters and local governments through a
top-down approach that involved the central government, 3HRSOH¶V 1ational Congress and mass
media, and the adoption of the scheme to control the total emission control of water pollutants ineach of major river-lake basins. Despite of all these efforts, violations of environment -related laws
and regulations were frequently detected even after entering the 2000s, and the problem of waterpollution accidents recur in many parts of the country. Any optimistic view of seeing improvementin the surface water quality of main rivers seemed out of the question. (OTSUKA: 2010) While thegovernment, in response to the failure with its past environment policies mentioned above, istaking a series of countermeasures to enforce stricter rules and expand the public investment, massprotests led mainly by the residents suffering from pollution are arising sporadically in the attempt
to directly demand the industries causing the pollution as well as the government for immediate
actions to solve the environmental problems. Under such circumstances, we are seeing a new
move to pursue the establishment of a new type of governance over the water environment, basedon the cooperation of incentivized enterprises and participation of local residents. (OTSUKA:
2011)
Nonetheless, to examine the possibility of establishing a ³basin governance´ in China
based on the participation of diverse stakeholders, there is a need to keep in mind that the politicalaspects of Chinese basins have a lot more meaning than in Japan or other developed
countries(TURNER and OTSUKA: 2005, OTSUKA: 2008, 2010, 2012). Each basin in China
forms a complex multi-layered political arena. On the top layer is the state government thatadministers the basin. In the middle are local governments around the basin that respectively claim
for their own authoritative rights, which are dispersed (split apart). In the bottom layer are various
systems and regulations that impose restrictions on the participation of the residents living along
the basin. In order to build a viable system to conserve and revitalize the environment around thebasins in China, a complex set of considerations must be taken into account. The stakeholders
range widely from the government, enterprises, residents, to other interest groups. They havedifferent interests and incentives in realizing an improved water environment, which need to becarefully coordinated in order to reach a consensus about how to move on with the joint efforts to

1 Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Orgnanization

163

clean the environment. Not only are the stakeholders numerous, but they also represent manysocial classes. In addition, the relationship between central and local governments is complex,
especially because the local governments are very strongly oriented toward growing their regional
economies. Moreover, the country itself is still lacking in regulatory systems that work
democratically. In other words, the institutional building for basin governance in China thatfunctions as a driver to find possible solutions for the recovery of water environment in thiscountry has to be a multi-faceted dynamic process that continues to evolve by transforming
repeatedly while the government attempts to reform its administrative systems from the top, while
voluntary actions emerge from the bottom seeking for self-governance(OSTROM:1990), and while
the negotiations, coordination and cooperation between communities that work on different
vectors come to mutual agreements, may they be interactive with each other.
In the following paragraphs, the overview of the characteristics of water environment
governance established in Taihu Lake Basin after the water crisis occurred in 2007 will be
introduced first. It will be followed by detailed description of the achievements and remaining
LVVXHV LGHQWLILHG LQWKHSLORWSURMHFW WRKROG³FRPPXQLW\ URXQG -WDEOH PHHWLQJV´LQ a county-levelcity nearby the lake that has been carried out for the last four years in an attempt to find aworkable mechanism for the general public to participate in the making of a viable system forconservation and healthy use of their valuable water environment. Lastly, the feasibility of abottom-up governance in Taihu Lake Basin and the challenges that need to be addressed to realize
such form of governance will be discussed. (OTSUKA: 2010, 2012):DWHU(QYLURQPHQW*RYHUQDQFHLQ7DLKX/DNH%DVLQ6LQFHWKH:DWHU&ULVLVLQ 
In mid-April of 2007, blue-green algae bloom occurred in Lake Taihu earlier than usual.
By the end of May that year, the surface of the water source of lake Gonghu where the largest
intake to supply water to Wuxi City in Jiangsu Province is located was literally blackened with theabnormal massive bloom of blue-green algae. On May 29 th , the tap water for drinking and otherdomestic use supplied to become stale, emitting abnormal odor, and affected the lives ofapproximately 2 million citizens to which this water was regularly supplied. Until the municipal
authorities declared on June 5 th that the city water is safe, speculative stocking of water spreadamong the citizens who rushed to the stores to buy bottled water because they could not receive
their regular water supply from their faucets. As an ad-hoc countermeasure, the city selected
several sites as tentative clean water supply centers, and the local media continued to report thelatest progress in the recovery actions taken by the government to calm down the citizens from thepanic mode. (YANG : 2008)
From the 1980s, the eutrophication of Lake Taihu accelerated as the amount of influent
polluted wastewater discharged from plants, farmlands, and residential areas increased. Due to themassive blue-green algae bloom in the eutrophied lake, the local supply of tap water faced acritical state in several occasions in the 90s. (XIE: 2008) The water crisis that occurred in 2007
became widely known to the public as a social issue through the detailed coverage of both
domestic and international media. This incident not only pressured the local and national
leadership to take urgent actions, but also became a trigger for the water environment policy

164implemented in Taihu Lake Basin to take a drastic turn.
The water environment policy implemented in Taihu Lake Basin is going through adynamic process of adjustments made by different levels of complexly structured local andnational government bodies that continue to affect each other, while local projects and attempts toreform the system set the mainstream approach to lead and drive the progress of necessarychanges (as local initiatives) under the supervision of the sta te. (OTSUKA: 2010). During theseveral years that have passed since the water crisis in 2007, the water environment policy
implemented in Taihu Lake Basin has gradually but definitely come to shift from policy reform
planning stage to policy reform implementation and coordination stage. ( OTSUKA: 2012)
However, when viewed from the standpoint of basin governance, the water environment
policy implemented in Taihu Lake Basin is mainly based on top-down policy reform and project
implementation, and bottom-up approach driven by disclosure of information and participation of
the general public is limited to sporadic activities. Moreover, the local gover nment is
implementing new incentive mechanisms, such as, introducing economic incentives andperformance assessment system, to reinforce the top-down governance. To make these newmechanisms function effectively, there is a need to monitor the m extensively, and to do so,
disclosure of information and participation of the general public are essential. Furthermore, pastwater conservation efforts in Japan suggest that the process to improve the water environment of alake, which is a closed eco-system, will inevitably be long-term, and the success of such long-term
approach will only come when, not only the government, but also all the other corporate andprivate stakeholders communicate and collaborate well. (OTSUKA et.al.: 2011)
3LORW&RPPXQLW\5RXQGWDEOH0HHWLQJLQ7DLKX/DNH%DVLQ
Since the water crisis in 2007,

various policy reforms and comprehensive

countermeasures have been put into effect in Taihu Lake Basin by the national government andvarious groups in the local levels. Following the crisis management phase and policy reform phase,
this region is now in the transitional phase where the activities are becoming more and moreoriented toward the direction of new policy implementation and coordination. The current
challenges are to figure out how to ensure the viability of policy reforms and comprehensive
countermeasures, and maintain their effectiveness. In other words, there is a need to define theappropriate method of managing the environment sustainably for a long period of time. In thisrespect, one significant attempt to promote the dialogue and collaboration between key
VWDNHKROGHUVLQWKHEDVLFOHYHOZDVWKHDUUDQJHPHQWRI³FRPPXQLW\URXQG -WDEOHPHHWLQJ´
7KH WHUP ³community round-WDEOH PHHWLQJ´ refers to the mechanism to gather those
representing the governments, enterprises and local residents around one table to discuss andexchange thoughts about local environmental issues. In China, various pilot projects andinstitutionalized mechanisms to promote disclosure of information and par ticipation of the generalpublic on environmental policies are being established (OTSUKA: 2010) 㸪 and community
round-table meeting is one of such initiatives that originally began as a pilot project in 2006 in
Jiangsu Province under the cooperation of the World Bank, and was later defined more specifically
LQ WKH ³:RUNLQJ *XLGHOLQH RI ,QVWLWXWLRQ RI (QYLURQPHQWDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ 5RXQG -WDEOH 'LDORJXH´

165

established in 2008(WANG, BI and GE:2009). Triggered by this pilot project in Jiangsu Province㸪the Institute of Developing Economies (IDE) and the Center for Environmental Management andPolicy(CEMP), School of the Environment, Nanjing University launched a joint study on thesocial experiments carried out by the participants of the community round-table meetings with acommon aim to promote the dialogue between the governments, enterprises and local residents on
matters pertaining to environmental conservation.
A region where this joint study conducted was Yixing City, an industrial county-levelcity that was faced with a serious problem of polluted substances flowing through the waterways
running through this city and eventually flowing into Lake Taihu. Selected as the site of thecommunity round-table meeting in this city was Y District, which is an economic development
zone that attracted numerous industrial players that have long been in dispute with the neighboring
farming villages. 7KLV LV DOVR QHDU WKH DUHD ZKHUH QHZ ³6KHTX XUEDQ FRPPXQLWies ´ are being
built on the vacated farmland that were once inhabited by the farming villagers who have accepted
the urban redevelopment plan to move to a newly developed residential apartment for the purposeof making more open lots available for corporate use. These new Shequ have also emerged as thecenter of attention for bringing about additional environmental issues that were attributable topoorly developed infrastructure, in addition to the environment al pollution caused by theenterprises operating in the economic development zone.
From 2008 to 2009, three community round-table meetings were held in Y District (onDecember 3 rd , 2008, and on January 8 th and August 6 th , 2009), and one in G Shequ (on December
8 th , 2009). Among them, the meeting scheduled in January 2009 was held main ly for the purposeof reviewing the matters discussed in the previous meeting in December 2009.
In the years 2010 and 2011, two workshops were held (one on September 24 th , 2010 andthe other on August 10 th , 2011) in Nanjing City, where the members of Chinese and Japanese study
groups, including the author (myself), and the local keypersons contributing to the building ofcommunity round-table meetings in their localities assembled to find ways to improve the pilot
program for organizing community round-table meetings, and to identify and share the issues thatneeded to be addressed. Through these two workshops, the aforesaid participants exchanged
opinions on the comprehensive process of how to make the community round -table meeting work,
beginning from how it should be prepared, then implemented and finally followed up after holding
the meeting. The opinions from the members of the Japanese study group included theintroduction of similar experiences the local residents in various parts of Japan have gone throughin the past. (Also, China Environmental Forum of Woodrow Wilson International Center for
Sclolars, based in Washington D.C. has co-organized with CEMP and IDE to hold study tours andworkshops in Nanjing (Janauary 2010), D.C. and Chicago in U.S.(August 2010), and Tokyo andSuwa in Japan(December 2011) for the purpose of studying three countries experiences on public
participation in lake basin governance.) On November 18 th , 2010, the residents in G Shequorganized a meeting of their own, followed by the community round-table meeting in S Shequ on
January 15 th , 2011. On December 10 th , 2011 and February 18 th , 2012, two community round-table
meetings were held in G Shequ. The author participated in the G Shequ residents meeting held in
October 2010 as an observer, and conducted post-meeting interview sessions to the participants of166

the three meetings held in November 2010, and in January and December 2011, for the purpose ofgaining hands-on information on the latest status of local environment issues. (Table㸯)

Table 1 Community Round-table Meetings in Y district

3RVVLELOLW\DQG,VVXHVRI%RWWRPXS*RYHUQDQFHLQ7DLKX/DNH%DVLQ
Among the various pilot programs carried out so far, community round -table meetings
indicated that the residents and enterprises based in Shequ and the government can get into a
constructive three-way talk. Table 1 shows that the theme selected for each community roundtable
meeting differed slightly each time. Although these pilot programs have been aimed at making theresidents involved in the process of finding solutions to the water environment issues in Taihu
Lake Basin, the dialogue with the residents must be considered a top priority for any community
event to be successful. Another thing that became increasingly clear was that the residents and theleaders of Shequ shared a common interest in investigating the problem of environment alpollution caused by the enterprises and poor public management in each Shequ.
One of the problematic factors that led to the water environment issues in Taihu Lake
Basin was the environment pollution caused by the enterprises. Naturally, it was included as oneof the agenda in the first community roundtable meeting held in December 2008. The residents
who attended this meeting, however, were more concerned about the direct adverse effect onregional environment in general, rather than on the water environmental pollution itself. In the167roundtable meeting, they not only complained about the poor water environment, but also raised
their angry voice on problems like bad odor and soot dust. Moreover, the theme selected for S
Shequ round-table meeting held in -DQXDU\  ZDV ³$JULFXOWXUH /LIHVW\OH LQ )DUPLQJ 9LOODJH
and ProtectiRQRI:DWHU(QYLURQPHQW´%XWWKHIDUPHUV LQWKLVGLVWULFWDVVHPEOHG WR WKLV PHHWLQJ
with the common interest on the problem of water environment al pollution caused by wastewater
discharged from the local plants. The organizers of this roundtable meeting c laimed that forconservation of water environment, the treatment of wastewater discharged from plants andhouseholds is not the only counteraction that must be considered, but also the farmers needed to
re-examine and change their conventional methods of farming that relied heavily on the abundantuse of fertilizers and agrochemicals. On the other hand, the farmers expressed their dissatisfactionin the way the problem of wastewater discharged from the plants manufacturing chemicalfertilizers in Y District was handled by giving the damage of aquaculture caused by thiswastewater as an example of how seriously their living environment is ill-affected.
For having a dialogue with the enterprises, the problem was how to coordinate between
the government, enterprises and Shequ leaders to come up with an agreeable method to organize
the round-table meetings, which will be discussed more in detail later on. Although the residents
in Y District where many enterprises have gathered were very keen about the environmen tal
pollution caused by these enterprises, they seem to be cautious about holding a direct dialogue
with the enterprises. The residents who participated in G Shequ round -table meeting in December
2011 expressed the dissatisfaction they had been feeling for a long time about the environmental
pollution caused by the enterprises, but also said that they were reluctant to talk directly to the
HQWHUSULVHV EHFDXVH WKH\ WKRXJKW WKDW LW ZDV WKH ³UROH RI WKH YLOODJH OHDGHUV´ WR KROG D GLDORJXH
with the enterprises and not theirs. In Y District, the enterprises and the residents were frequently
in dispute on who should be responsible of maintaining the environment. One of the leaders of Y
district commented that holding a roundtable meeting regularly was a desirable solution to prevent
such disputes from escalating, and that it was very important for the government, enterprises andresidents to keep on communicating between each other.
Other issues of concern raised by the residents and the community leader in G Shequround-table meeting were about the problems related to environmental sanitation, such as,
draining of wastewater from a remodeled facility that originally designed as a garage, fieldburning and litter scattering in residential areas. Moreover, many of th e participants of G Shequroundtable meetings held in December 2011 and February 2012 believed that these problems
related to environmental sanitation were caused mainly by the migrant workers who came fromoutside of the city. It should be also noted that there were not D IHZ UHPDUNV WKDW WKH ³UHVLGHQWV¶VXEMHFWLYHEHKDYLRU´PLJKWKDYHDOVREHHQWKHUHDVRQIRUVXFKVDQLWDU\SUREOHPVWRDULVH 7DEOH 
These points have been the focus of the second round -table meeting held in G Shequ in February
2012, following the first meeting in December 2011. Specifically, the problem of remodeling the
1 st floor of the garage occurred as a result of the ODFNRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKHXVHUV¶QHHGV LQ WKHdesign phase. In the residential area of 3 rd term construction plan undergoing within G Shequ, theremodeling of the garage itself was underway. The problem was that the residents were not aware
at first about the need of connecting the remodeled garage to the drainage pipe. The fact that this168

recognition has started to spread among the residents can be perceived as one of theaccomplishments of holding a roundtable meeting.

%"( %." # %"( %." #7566
7567
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;

/760

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7

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8

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%" #!,
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Table 2 Perception of environmental sanitary problems in the community

Y District is an area that is transforming from a village to a Shequ for the purpose ofaggregating the blocks of land and using them more efficiently. The public management of Shequis an issue for not having appropriate governance over the residential area. This problem is not
only affecting G Shequ, but is also considered as one of the common issues affecting the urban
communities developed in other cities of China. (KOJIMA: 2011) For an appropriate governanceto work, the residents have to be involved and can do so in many different ways, including
community round-table meeting, which can be considered as one of the effective means to solv e
the issue of poor public management of urban communities.
According to the leader of G Shequ who has cooperated with this joint study project inorganizing the community roundtable meeting, this Shequ had voluntarily ran four

separateround-table meetings of their own, prior to the community round-table meeting organized as a partof the pilot program for this joint project. In these voluntary meetings held in January, March,
April and November of 2011, the residents, government officials and police officers discussed
about various issues in G Shequ, including the environment, sanitation and social order. The
leader of G Shequ said that the residents were hesitant at first about participating in this meeting,but became more actively involved as they got used to attending this meeting in subsequent rounds.
This case example shows that community round-table meeting in G Shequ that initially started as apilot program for this joint study is now gradually evolving into an autonomous dialoguemechanism within the Shequ.
The extensive development of community round-table meeting seen in G Shequ is still
one of the few ³successful´ cases. For a community round-table meeting to work out successfully,169there apparently seem to be several requisites that need to be met: the experience of this joint
study tells that there must be one or more serious issues in the community that the residents feel adesperate need for them to be resolved; the leader of the community must have a strong will tosolve these issues; the community must be able to gain a certain level of support from the local
government authorities; there must be a local group of experts that can coordinate theparticipation of all the different stakeholders that have an interest in these issues (in the case withthis joint study project, the study team of Nanjing University served this role), among others.
Nevertheless, even when these requisites are fully met, a large challenge yet remains, which is KRZWRVHFXUHWKH³OHJLWLPDF\ (SABATIER et.al.:2005) RIRUJDQL]LQJ´WKHFRPPXQLW\URXQG-table
meeting in the context of current governance system in China.
&RQFOXVLRQBased on the past efforts and experience in promoting dialogue and collaboration in
Japan and other developed countries, we can see that the various programs currently implemented
to support the water environment policy enforced in Taihu Lake Basin have been effective in
PDNLQJWKHVWDNHKROGHUVUHFRJQL]HWKHQHFHVVLW\RI³SDUWLFLSDWLRQ´ . However, these programs havenot been able to make the stakeholders realize the need for ³UHVWRUDWLRQ WKURXJK their mutual
collaboration´ $QG most probably, the reason why it is so difficult to institutionalize any
experimental approach like the community roundtable meeting in this basin is because the key
stakeholders including the local government do not share WKH QHHG WR ³UHVWRUH´ WKH HQYLURQPHQW³by collaborating´. Moreover, other mechanisms to promote the participation of the general publicshould also be examined, besides the roundtable meeting. What kind of roles can the specialists on
any given issue play to make the best use of their expertise? How can NGO (NPO ) be involved in
the overall process? These are some of the questions that still remain unanswered.
In examining which mechanisms are workable, one thing is clear from the experience ofexperimenting with the community roundtable meeting. It is not only th e government, research
institution or NGO that makes a mechanism work. It is the community leader who isknowledgeable about the actual conditions of the community and also trusted by the communitythat plays the key role in driving the mechanism. To elevate the level of participation to a newstage where dialogue and collaboration can be further induced , various challenges lie ahead,
including the reform of policy support programs, examination of diverse workable mechanisms,
and development of community leadership.
To seek for the restoration of the environment in Taihu Lake Basin that is adaptive andsustainable for a long term, there is a need to keep in mind that top-down form of governance has
limitations in supporting the environment policy enforced in China. In the context of Taihu Lake
Basin, the changes in the political, economic and social basins must also be taken into account.
From here onward, the main theme to discuss and explore for new system building should be about
how to incorporate bottom-up mechanism into the new system.
Going forward, it is desirable to continue holding community round -table meetings as aforum for mutual learning to build up a system of participation and collaboration for maintaining
and enriching the public space in the community that shares the same environment. If the170

participants of this meeting can nurture their literacy and stewardship necessary for the pursuit ofparticipation and collaboration through trials and errors, they will most likely be able to project amore promising outlook toward reconstructing the publicness of their community (SAITO: 2000)
with their own hands.

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172

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ࠕ㝵ᒙ໬ࡉࢀࡓὶᇦ⟶⌮ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓὶᇦ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ᪉ἲࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ
⍇⍈†ὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉၥ㢟࡜ࡣ㸽⍇⍈†㸫ᾷᕝỈ⣔ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ே㛫άື࡟ࡼࡾࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿὶᇦࡢࡦ
࡜ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢὶᇦࡣࠊ኱ࡁࡃୖὶࡢ⍇⍈†ὶᇦ࡜ୗὶࡢᾷᕝὶᇦ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࠋ⍇⍈†ὶᇦࡣࠊ⁠㈡┴࡜࡯ࡰ୍⮴ࡋࠊ᪥ᮏ᭱኱ࡢῐỈ†࡛࠶ࡿ⍇⍈†ࢆྵࡳࠊ≉࡟†ᮾ࠿ࡽ†໭࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢ†ᓊᖹ㔝࡟✄స㎰ᴗᆅᖏࡀᗈࡀࡿࠋᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ୗὶࡢᾷᕝὶᇦ࡟ࡣࠊி㒔࣭኱㜰࡞࡝ࡢ኱㒔ᕷࢆྵࡴ㒔ᕷᇦࡀᗈࡀࡾࠊ⣙  ୓ேࡀ⍇⍈†࡟Ỉࢆ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⍇⍈†ὶᇦ࡛ࡣࠊ ᖺ௦ࡢᐩᰤ㣴໬ࢆࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡟ࠊ㝣ᇦ࠿ࡽࡢở⃮㈇Ⲵ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ⎔ቃᇶ‽࡟ࡼࡿἲⓗつไࡸୗỈ㐨ᬑཬ⋡ࡢྥୖ࡞࡝ᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ᑐ⟇ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ㏆ᖺࡣࠊᚋ㏙
ࡍࡿ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉࢆྵࡵࡓ㠃※㈇Ⲵࡢᑐ⟇ࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟㔜せㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ᾋୖࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
Ỉ⏣✄స㎰ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊỈ⏣ࡢỈᣢࡕࢆࡼࡃࡋࠊ⪔సࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡼ࠺࡟Ỉ⏣ࢆᖹࡽ࡟ࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡟ࠊ⏣᳜࠼๓࡟Ỉ⏣࡟Ỉࢆᙇࡗ࡚ᅵࢆ⪔ࡍ㸦ࡋࢁ࠿ࡁ㸧ࠋࡋࢁ࠿ࡁᚋࡢἾỈࡣࠊࡺࡿࡸ࠿࡟⮬↛ὶୗࡍࡿࡀࠊἾࡢỿ㝆ࢆᚅࡓࡎ࡟ᙉไⓗ࡟᤼Ỉࡍࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦ᙉไⴠỈ㸧ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ⏣ࡢ࠶ࡐࡢ✰࠿ࡽࠊࡲࡓ㝆㞵࡟ࡼࡿ࠶ࡩࢀ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡾὶࢀ࡛ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ᤼Ỉ㊰࡟ὶࢀࡓ⃮Ỉࡣࠊᆅᇦࡢ୰ᑠἙᕝ ࡟㞟✚ࡋࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊἙཱྀ࠿ࡽ⍇⍈†࡬࡜ὶࢀฟࡿࠋ
ࠕ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࠖ࡜ࡣࠊ㸲᭶࠿ࡽ㸳᭶ࡢ㐃ఇࡢ᫬ᮇࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࠊ≉࡟⍇⍈††ᮾ࠿ࡽ†໭࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢ†ᓊ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ⃮Ỉὶධࡀどぬⓗ࡟㢧ⴭ࡟⌧ࢀࠊ⃮Ỉ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿᅵተ⢏Ꮚࠊ❅⣲࣭ࣜࣥ࡞࡝ࡢᰤ㣴ሷࡀ⍇⍈†ࡢ⎔ቃ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪࡬ࡢᠱᛕ࠿ࡽ ࠊၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺
࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ 㸧ࠋ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉࡣࠊ඾ᆺⓗ࡞㠃※㈇Ⲵࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ㍍ῶࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊἲⓗ࣭᪋タⓗᩚഛ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࣁ࣮ࢻⓗ࡞ᑐ⟇ࡔࡅ࡛ ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㎰ᴗࡢᢸ࠸ᡭ࡛࠶ࡿಶࠎࡢ㎰ᐙ࡜ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿࢯࣇࢺⓗ࡞ᑐ⟇ࡀ㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⫼ᬒࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ ࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࡣࠊ㝵ᒙᛶࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࡢὶᇦ⟶⌮◊✲ࠊி㒔኱Ꮫ⏕ែᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮

173ே㛫㸫⮬↛┦஫స⏝⣔ࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⍇⍈†ὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉၥ㢟࡟╔┠ࡋ࡚◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࠊ⍇⍈†ὶᇦࢆධࢀᏊ≧ࡢᵓ㐀࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ ⍇⍈†ὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉၥ㢟࡟㛵ࢃࡿࠊ⍇⍈†ὶᇦ㸦⁠㈡┴㸧
㸸࣐ࢡࣟࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࠊ⁠㈡┴ᙪ᰿ᕷ✄ᯞᆅᇦ㸸࣓ࢯࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࠊ✄ᯞᆅᇦෆࡢ㞟ⴠ⩌㸸࣑ࢡࣟࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࡢ㸱ࡘࡢ✵㛫ⓗ࡞㝵ᒙࢆ౽ᐅⓗ࡟タᐃࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ㸰㸧ࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊྛ㝵ᒙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ ࠕ≀㉁ືែࠖࠊࠕ♫఍ᩥ໬ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖࠊ
ࠕ⏕ែ⣔ࠖࠊࠕὶᇦ᝟ሗࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢࠖࡢ  ⌜ࡢᩥ⌮㐃ᦠ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦㇂ෆ௚㸸ࠊ
࿴⏣㸸㸧ࠋ௨ୗࠊ➨  ⠇࡛ࡣ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࡢᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ➨  ⠇࡛ࡣ⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓ♫఍ⓗ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋᅗ㸯 †ᓊ࠿ࡽ⍇⍈†࡟ὶධࡍࡿ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉ㸦ୖ㸧࡜ᙪ᰿ᕷ✄ᯞᆅ༊ࡢ఩⨨㸦ୗ㸧 㸸㸦࿴⏣㸧 㡫 ᅗ  ࠾ࡼࡧ  㡫 ᅗ  ࡼࡾᘬ⏝

㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࡢᙳ㡪 
ࡲࡎࠊ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉࡀ⍇⍈†࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆࡉࡄࡿࡓࡵࠊྛ✀ࡢᏳᐃྠ఩
యࡸᚤ㔞ඖ⣲ࢆࠊ†ࠊᕝࠊேࡢ㉁ⓗ࡞ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆ㏣㊧ࡍࡿ⎔ቃᣦᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝ࡋࡓࠋ⍇⍈†ὶᇦ࡜࠸࠺࣐ࢡࣟࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ࠿ࡽࡢ᳨ウ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⍇⍈†࡬ࡢὶධ  Ἑᕝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࢖࢜࢘ࠊ
ࢫࢺࣟࣥࢳ࣒࢘ࡢᏳᐃྠ఩యẚࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ⍇⍈†࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈ㉁㸦Ᏻᐃྠ఩య

174⤌ᡂ㸧ኚ໬ࡢཎᅉࡀࠊ୺࡟†ᮾᆅᇦࡢ㎰ᴗᆅᖏࢆὶᇦ࡟ࡶࡘ୰ᑠἙᕝ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗ
ࡓࠋ㎰ᴗ⫧ᩱ࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ◲㯤ࡢᏳᐃྠ఩య⤌ᡂ࠾ࡼࡧ†ᮾᖹ㔝ࡢᆅᒙࡸᅵተࡢ஺᥮ᛶ
ᡂศࡢࢫࢺࣟࣥࢳ࣒࢘ࡢᏳᐃྠ఩య⤌ᡂࡣࠊ୰ᑠἙᕝࡢ್࡜Ⰻ࠸୍⮴ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ㎰ᴗάື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓྛ✀ࡢ㓟ࡀᖹ㔝ࡢᅵተࡸᒾ▼࠿ࡽ࣑ࢿࣛࣝᡂศࢆ⁐⬺ࡋࡓ ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ†ỈࡢỈ㉁ࡀኚ໬ࡋࡓࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡀᾋ࠿ࡧୖࡀࡗࡓࠋᅗ㸰 ⍇⍈†ὶᇦࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀࡜ࠕ㝵ᒙ໬ࡉࢀࡓὶᇦ⟶⌮ࠖ ḟ࡟ࠊ⍇⍈†ࡢ⏕≀άືࡣࣜࣥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つไࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ†ᮾࡢ୰ᑠἙᕝࡀ⍇⍈†ࡢᐩᰤ㣴໬࡟࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆࠊ⌧ᆅ㎰ᐙࡢ༠ຊࡢୗࠊᅡሙᐇ㦂࡟ࡼࡾ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ୰ᑠἙᕝࡢỈ㉁ࡣࠊ᪋⫧ࡸ℺₅࡞࡝࿘㎶ࡢỈ⏣ࡢ⎔ቃኚ໬࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ኚ໬ࡍࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉ࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣜࣥ࡜❅⣲ࡢ⃰ᗘࡣࠊỈ⟶⌮ࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ࡟ࡼࡾ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࠋ ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉࡢ㈇Ⲵࢆホ౯ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ௦⾲ⓗ࡞⢒ᨺⓗỈ⟶⌮࡛࠶ࡿࠕᙉไⴠỈࠖ࡟ࡼࡾࠊỈ⏣ KD
࠶ࡓࡾࠊỈ⏣ᅵተ NJࠊ❅⣲ NJࠊࣜࣥ NJ ὶฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ ⍇ ⍈ † ໭ † 㞟 Ỉ ᇦ ࡢ Ỉ ⏣ ඲ య ࡟ 㐺 ⏝ ࡍ ࡿ ࡜ ࠊ ⏕ ά ᤼ Ỉ ⏤ ᮶ ࡢ ❅ ⣲ 㔞 ࡢ ࠊ ࣜ ࣥ ࡢࡀࠊ୍ᅇࡢᙉไⴠỈ࡛ὶฟࡍࡿࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ⃮ỈࡢⓎ⏕ࡣ▷᫬㛫㸦 ᪥⛬ᗘ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ໭†࡟ὶධࡍࡿ❅⣲ࡢ 㸣ࠊࣜࣥࡢ 㸣ࡀ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ⍇⍈†ࡢỈ㉁ᙧᡂ࣭ᐩᰤ㣴໬࡟ࠊ†ᮾࡢ୰ᑠἙᕝ࡬ࡢ㎰ᴗάືࡢ₯ᅾⓗ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᆅᇦఫẸ࡟ࡼࡿ࣎ ࢺ ࣒ ࢔ ࢵ ࣉ ࠿ ࡽ ࡢ ࡁ ࡵ ⣽ ࠿ ࠸ Ỉ ⟶ ⌮ ࡸ Ỉ ㊰ ᤲ 㝖 ࡞ ࡝ ࡀ ࠊ ⍇ ⍈ † ࡢ ⎔ ቃ ಖ ඲ ࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚᭷ຠ࣭ᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ
୍᪉࡛ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⃮Ỉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊỈ⏣࠿ࡽࡢᅵተࢩࣝࢺࡢሁ✚࡟ࡼࡾࠊ୰ᑠἙᕝࡢἙ
ᗋࡢ⁐Ꮡ㓟⣲⃰ᗘࡢῶᑡࡸ࣓ࢱࣥ࢞ࢫࡢⓎ⏕࡞࡝ࠊở⃮ࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ࣑ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ✵㛫ⓗ㝵ᒙ࡛ࡣࠊ㎰ᐙ࡟ࡼࡿ㎰ᮧ㞟ⴠࡢỈ㎶⎔ቃࡢᝏ໬ ࡀ⏕ࡌ175ࡿࠕ⮬ᕫᅇᖐᆺࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࡀⓎ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ୺࡟⁺ᴗ⪅࡬ࡢ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝ࠿ࡽࠊ
⃮Ỉࡀἢᓊ⁺Ẹࡢ⁺ᧄάື࡬ࡢ⁺ᴗ⿕ᐖࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ༴㝤ᛶࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ࣓ࢯࣞ
࡛࣋ࣝࡣࠊཎᅉ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ㎰ᐙ࡜⿕ᐖ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ⁺ᴗ⪅ࡀศ㞳ࡍࡿࠕຍᐖ࣭⿕ᐖᆺࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࡀ⌧ࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᆅᇦ♫఍࠿ࡽࡢ⃮Ỉࡢὶධࡀ⥆ࡃ࡜ࠊ௚ࡢே㛫άືࡢ㈇Ⲵࡀ」ྜⓗ࡟ാࡃࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ࣐ࢡ࡛ࣟࣞ࣋ࣝ࠶ࡿ⍇⍈†඲యࡢᐩᰤ㣴໬ࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊỈ㉁ᝏ໬ࡀᛴ⃭࡟㐍ࡴࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢩࣇࢺࡀ༴᝹ࡉࢀࡿ㸦ࠕᆅ⌫⎔ቃၥ㢟ᆺࠖ㸧ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࡣࠊ࣑ࢡࣟࠊ࣓ࢯࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ࡜ࡑࡢ✵㛫ⓗ㝵ᒙࢆ⛣⾜ࡍࡿ࡟ࡋࡓࡀ࠸ࠊ⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࢆ
ኚ໬ࡉࡏࠊၥ㢟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ✵㛫ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ࡜ࢱ࢖࣒ࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࢆᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ⃮Ỉၥ㢟࡜ࡣࠊ㐃⥆ࡍࡿࡀ␗࡞ࡿࢱ࢖ࣉࡸࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࢆࡶࡘࠕ」ྜၥ㢟ࠖ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦⾲㸯㸧ࠋ⾲㸯 ⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࡣࠕ」ྜⓗၥ㢟ࠖ㸸㸦࿴⏣㸧 㡫 ⾲  ࢆ୍㒊ᨵኚࡋ࡚ ᘬ⏝  ⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓ♫఍ⓗ⫼ᬒ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࡢୗὶ㸦ᙳ㡪㸧ࡢศᯒ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ」ྜ
ၥ㢟ࠖࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠕୖὶࠖࡢ♫఍ⓗ࣭ᨻ⟇ⓗ⫼ᬒࡢศᯒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⍇⍈††ᮾ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ᡓᚋ᪥ᮏࡢ㎰ᴗᨻ⟇ࡢୗ࡛ࠊᅡሙᩚഛ࡜✄సࡢᶵᲔ໬࣭໬Ꮫ⫧ᩱ ࣭㎰⸆ࡢᬑཬࠊ⍇⍈†࠿ࡽࡢࣃ࢖ࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ℺₅࡜⏝Ỉ࣭᤼Ỉࡢ᏶඲ศ㞳㸦ᅗ㸱㸧࡞࡝ࠊ୍㐃ࡢᅵᆅᨵⰋ஦ᴗࡀ㐍ᒎࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊỈ⏣ࡢỈ⟶⌮୺యࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࠿ࡽಶே୺య࡬࡜ኚ໬ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ
㎰ᴗ⏝Ỉ࣭᤼Ỉ㔞ࡀቑຍࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㎰ᐙࡢ➨㸰✀වᴗ໬࡜㧗㱋໬࣭ᚋ⥅⪅୙㊊ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊỈ⟶⌮ࡀ⢒ᨺ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࡀ㢧ᅾ໬ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢṔྐⓗ࡞⃮Ỉၥ㢟Ⓨ⌧ࡢ㐣⛬࡛ὀពࡍ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⮳㏆ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊᆅᇦࡢᅵᆅᨵⰋ஦ᴗࡢ᥎㐍࡟క࠺ࠊ㏆௦
ⓗ࡞℺₅ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᑟධࡀ⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࢆ㢧ᅾ໬ࡉࡏࡓࢃࡅࡔࡀ㸦ᅗ㸱㸧ࠊࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣࠊᅜ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㎰ᴗࡢ㏆௦໬ᨻ⟇ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㏆௦໬ᨻ⟇ࡣࠊ㎰ᴗࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊពᅗࡏࡊࡿ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡓỈ⎔ቃ⟶⌮㸦Ỉ⏣ࢆྵࡴ㸧ࢆపୗࡉࡏࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉ࡟ࡼࡿ⍇⍈†࡬ࡢ㈇Ⲵࡣࠊእ㒊୙⤒῭໬ࡉࢀࡓࡲࡲ࡟࡞ࡾࠊᐇຠᛶࡢ࠶ࡿᑐ⟇ࡸྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡀᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠸ࡀࡓ࠸ࠋ 176ᅵᆅᨵⰋ஦ᴗࡀ㐍⾜ࡋࡓ᪥ᮏࡢ㧗ᗘ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ᮇࡢ๓ᚋࡣࠊ▷࠸ᮇ㛫࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟
࠾ࡅࡿࠊே㛫࡜⮬↛ࡢ┦஫స⏝⣔ࡀᛴ⃭࡟ኚ໬ࡋࡓ㔜せ࡞ࣇ࢙࣮ࢬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊ⍇⍈†㸫ᾷᕝỈ⣔࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊୗὶᾷᕝὶᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈ㔞ኚືࡢᏳᐃ໬࡜฼Ỉ㟂せࡢせồࢆዎᶵ࡟ࠊ⍇⍈†ࡢከ┠ⓗࢲ࣒໬ࠊࡑࡢぢ㏉ࡾ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢୖὶ⍇⍈†ὶᇦࡢ⥲ྜⓗ࡞㛤Ⓨࡀ࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀࠊே㛫࡜⮬↛ࡢ┦஫స⏝⣔ࡀࠊ㧗ᗘ࡞ேᕤ⣔࡬࡜኱ࡁࡃኚ໬ࡋࡓࠋ⍇⍈†ࡢ㎰ᴗ⃮Ỉၥ㢟࡜ࡣࠊ⍇⍈†㸫ᾷᕝỈ⣔࡟࠾ࡅࡿ኱ࡁ࡞ኚ໬ࡀࠊ✄స㎰ᴗᆅᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚㢧ᅾ໬ࡋࡓၥ
㢟ࡢ୍➃࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࠊ⍇⍈†࡛ࡣ⏕ែ⣔ࡢᐩᰤ㣴໬࡟ࡼࡿᛴ⃭࡞ኚ໬ࡢ༴㝤ࢆྵࡵ࡚ࠊ
ࣞࢪࣜ࢔ࣥࢫࡢపୗࡀ㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୍᪉ࠊ†ᮾࡢ㎰ᮧᆅᇦ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㎰ᴗ࡜ᆅᇦ♫఍࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ኱ࡁ࡞㌿᥮ᮇ࡟࠶ࡾᑗ᮶ࢆᶍ⣴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㏵ୖ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᅗ㸱 ℺₅ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢኚ໬㸸㸦࿴⏣㸸㸧 㡫ᅗ  ࢆᘬ⏝ 㝵ᒙ໬ࡉࢀࡓὶᇦ⟶⌮ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᥦ᱌
⃮Ỉၥ㢟ࡢࠊ㝵ᒙ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑࡢၥ㢟ࡢⓎ⌧ࡢ௙᪉ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࠕ」ྜၥ㢟ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ㉁ࡣࠊ
㝵ᒙ㛫࡛ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㜼ᐖࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ㔜せ࡞せᅉࡢ୍౛࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㎰ᮧᆅᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚋ⥅⪅ၥ㢟ࡸ㎰ᴗࡢᑗ᮶࡞࡝ࠊ⃮Ỉ ၥ㢟ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ௚࡟ࡶษᐇ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㝵ᒙ㛫࡛ࡢၥ㢟ㄆ㆑ࡢ㐪࠸ࡶࡲࡓࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㜼ᐖࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧ᐇࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊࢃࡓࡋࡓࡕࡀ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿୖ࡛ᥦ᱌ࡋࠊᣦ㔪࡜ࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊ㡰ᛂⓗ⟶⌮ࢆྲྀࡾ㎸ࢇࡔࠕ㝵ᒙ໬ࡉࢀࡓὶᇦ⟶⌮ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ 㸦⬥⏣㸸㸧㸦ᅗ㸰㸧ࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࠊ
ࠕ㝵ᒙ໬ࡉࢀࡓࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡤࡣࠊὶᇦ⟶⌮ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀࠊ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡘ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊὶᇦࡣࠊࢫࢸ࣮
ࢡ࣍ࣝࢲ࣮࡟␗࡞ࡿၥ㢟ㄆ㆑ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡿ㝵ᒙᛶࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࠊࡇࡢ஦ᐇࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ὶᇦ⟶⌮ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ὀពࢆ࠺࡞ࡀࡍࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࠕ㝵ᒙ໬ࡉࢀࡓὶᇦ⟶177

⌮ࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊձࠕ㝵ᒙࡈ࡜ࡢ㐺ษ࡞㡰ᛂⓗ ⟶⌮㸦3'&$ ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ㸧ࠖ࡜ࠊղࠕ㝵ᒙ㛫ࡢ཮᪉ྥࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠖࡢ  Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾࠊձ㝵ᒙࡈ࡜ࡢ㡰ᛂⓗ⟶⌮࡟ᚲせ࡞ࠕὶᇦデ᩿ࠖࡢලయⓗ࡞᪉ἲࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࠊ⾜ᨻࡸᆅᇦఫẸ࡟ࡼࡿὶᇦ⟶⌮ࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊղࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㝵ᒙࡈ࡜ࡢ⎔ቃデ᩿ࡢ᪉ἲࢆ㐃㛵ࡉࡏࠊྠ᫬࡟ࠊ㝵ᒙ㛫ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢᅇ㊰ࢆ㇏ᐩ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡛ࠊಶࠎ
ࡢ㝵ᒙࡢࡶࡘಶูᛶ࡟㓄៖ࡋࡓᙧ࡛ࡢὶᇦ඲యࡢ⟶⌮ࡢ᪉ἲࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡀ
ࠕ㝵ᒙ໬ࡉࢀࡓὶᇦ⟶⌮ࠖࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᡓ␎࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ࠕὶᇦデ᩿ࠖࡢලయⓗ࡞᪉ἲ࡜ࡣࠊᣦᶆࠊ
ࣔࢹࣝࠊ*,6㸦ᆅ⌮᝟ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸧ࠊ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝࠊ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࠊ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ ࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᵝࠎ࡞ࠕὶᇦデ᩿ࠖࡢ᪉ἲࢆ᭷ᶵⓗ࡟㐃㛵ࡉࡏ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㝵ᒙ㛫࡟ ศᩓࡋࡓከ
ᵝ࡞฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊὶᇦࢆඹྠ⟶⌮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵࡢ
ࠕ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࠖࢆ☜❧ࡋࠊࠕཧຍ࣭ཧ⏬ࠖ࡜ࠕ༠ാࠖ࡟ࡼࡿὶᇦ⟶⌮ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࢃࡅ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋḟࡢ➨  ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ≉࡟࣓ࢯ࣭࣑ࢡࣟࢫࢣ࣮ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᡭ
ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ
 ᆅᇦ♫఍࡜⎔ቃಖ඲ࡢ᥋Ⅼࢆ᥈ࡿㄪᰝᆅᇦࡢ㞟ⴠ➼  ⮬἞఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊỈ⎔ቃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⟶⌮ࡸỈ฼⏝ࡢ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝࢆ
࠾ࡇ࡞࠸ࠊㄪᰝᆅ࿘㎶ࡢヲ⣽ࢹ࣮ࢱࠊ⍇⍈†ὶᇦ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ *,6 ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋
ࢫ࡟⤫ྜࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊᆅᇦෆࡢ㸱㞟ⴠ࡟࠾࠸࡚࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࢆ㛤ദࡋࡓࠋఫẸ⮬ࡽࡀࠊᆅᅗࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࠕ⨾ࡋ࠸Ỉ㎶࣭ᴦࡋ࠸Ỉ㎶ࠖࡣ࡝ࡇ࠿ࢆ㆟ㄽࡋࠊࡑࡇ࠿ࡽᆅᇦ
ࡢỈ⎔ቃࡸࡑࡢᮍ᮶ീ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿࠊఫẸ⮬㌟࡟ࡼࡿᆅᇦ⎔ቃ┠ᶆീసᡂࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿ ヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㎰ᴗ⤒Ⴀࡸ㎰ᴗࡢᮍ᮶࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࠕ㎰ᴗࢭࣥࢧࢫࠖࢆ౑ࡗࡓ୺ᡂศศᯒ
ࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊㄪᰝᆅᇦࡢ  㞟ⴠࡢ㎰ᴗ⤒Ⴀ෌⦅࡜ᢸ࠸ᡭࡢ⌧≧ࢆ㢮ᆺ໬ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ㞟ⴠࡈ࡜࡟ᑗ᮶ࡢႠ㎰ࡢᒎ㛤ྍ⬟ᛶ࡟㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿᡂᯝ ࡣࠊ㞟ⴠࡢಶูᛶࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋࡓࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᡭἲ㛤Ⓨࡢᚲせᛶࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊㄪᰝᆅᇦࡢ㸴㞟ⴠ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᙜヱᆅᇦ࡛ࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆࡶ࡜࡟సᡂࡋࡓỈ⎔ቃࡢ⌧ἣࡸಖ඲⟇࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗᥦ౪ࡀࠊ㎰ᐙࡢ⎔ቃ㓄៖ࡢព㆑ࡸ⾜ື࡬ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿ ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࢆ㛤ദࡋࡓࠋࡑ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࠊ ձ ྜ ⌮ ⓗ ㄝ ᚓ 㸦 Ỉ㉁ở⃮ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ໬Ꮫⓗ≀㉁࡜
ࡑࡢ⏕≀ⓗᙳ㡪࡞࡝ࡢ⛉Ꮫⓗ᝟ሗࢆᥦ♧ࡋࠊ㎰ᐙࡢࣜࢫࢡㄆ▱࡜୍⯡ⓗែᗘࢆಁ㐍 㸧࡛ ࡣ ࠊࠕ⎔ቃࢆᏲࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺୍ ⯡ ⓗ ែ ᗘ ࡢ ಁ 㐍 ࡟ ࡣ ࡘ ࡞ ࡀ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡢ ࠊ⾜ ື ពᅗ ࡢ ಁ 㐍 ࡟ ࡣ ࡘ ࡞ ࡀ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ♧ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࠋ ୍ ᪉ ࠊ ղ ᝟ ື ⓗ ㄝ ᚓ 㸦 ᆅᇦ࡬ࡢឡ╔ࡸ⏕≀࡬ࡢឡ╔࡞࡝ࡢ᝟ሗࢆᥦ♧ࡋࠊ♫఍つ⠊ホ౯࡜⾜ືពᅗࢆಁ㐍㸧 ࡛ ࡣ ⾜ ື ព ᅗ ࡢ ಁ 㐍࡟ ຠ ᯝ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ♧ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࠋࡲ ࡓ ࠊ୧᮲௳ࢆྜࢃࡏࡓճྜ⌮࣭᝟ືⓗㄝᚓ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ⃮ Ỉ๐ ῶ ࡟ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ែ ᗘ࣭⾜ ື ព ᅗ ࡢ ୧ ᪉ ࡀ ಁ 㐍 ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࠋ≉࡟᝟ሗᥦ♧ࢆࡋ࡞࠸մ
⤫ไ⩌࡟ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ࠊ ⌧ ≧ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ᝟ ሗ ᥦ ♧ ࠊ ཧ ຍ ⪅ ྠ ኈ ࡢ ヰ ࡋ ྜ ࠸ ࡀ ᭷ ຠ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࠊ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࡑࢀ⮬యࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡀ᳨ドࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⃮Ỉ๐ῶ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㎰ᐙࡢែᗘࡸ⾜ືࡀಁ㐍ࡉࢀࡿୖ࡛ࡣࠊ⎔ቃಖ඲࡜ᆅᇦ♫఍ᅛ᭷ࡢㄢ㢟ࡢ᥋
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178

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192

湖の現状と未来可能性
ISBN 978-4-87974-677-1

2014 年 3 月 28 日発行

編

C3025

¥5000E

者 川端善一郎・孔海南・呉徳意
福士由紀・窪田順平

印

刷 中西印刷株式会社
京都市上京区下立売通小川東入る

発

行 松香堂書店
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