g]kfn e"sDk @)&@ sf] :d[lto"g]:sf] ljZj ;Dkbf If]qdf k/Dk/fut >f]tx?sf] pkof]u/ :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?sf] cg'ej
gfuaxfn|OnfggL|s'ltaxfn

The Memory of2015 Earthquake
Experience of Local Residents Utilizing Traditional Resourcesin UNESCO World Heritage Site
Nagbahal | Ilanani | Kutibahal

Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage,
Ritsumeikan University

k|sfzg ldlt M @)&^ ;fn kf}if

Date of Publication: December 2019k|sfzs M
OlG:6Ro'6 ckm l8hf:6/ ldltu];g km/ c/ag sNr/n x]l/6]h,		l/r'd]Osfg ljZjljBfno

Published by:
Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage,
		Ritsumeikan University
		
58 Komatsubara Kita-machi, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8341 Japanof]hgf / ko{j]If0f M 8f= ntf zfSo

Planning & Supervision : Dr. Lata Shakya;Dkfbg M 8f= ntf zfSo, 8f= tfs]o'sL cf]s'af] / 8f= 8f]jg lsd

Edited by : Dr. Lata Shakya, Dr. Takeyuki Okubo & Dr. Dowon Kimn]cfp6 M cf= rfFbgL zfSo

Layout by: Ar. Chandani Shakya

cfj/0f tyf lrq n]vg M cf= l/dL:gf dfgGw/

Cover and Illustration by: Ar. Rimishna ManandhartYofÍ ;+sng / ;Dkfbgsf ;xof]uLx? M
cf= rfFbgL zfSo, ;l/gf zfSo, kbdf>L zfSo, ;fg;L/f] tfsf;'uL, vfh'df cf]ufjf

Contributors for collecting data & editing process:Ar. Chandani Shakya, Sarina Shakya, Padma Shakya, Sanshiro Takasugi,
Kazuma Ogawad'›0f M;'efif lk|lG6Ë k|];, gsjlxn, nlntk'/

Printed by: Subhash Printing Press, Nakabahil, Lalitpur© ;jf{lwsf/ k|sfzsdf x'g]5 .
o; k':tssf] s'g}klg c+z pNn]lvt clwsf/ k|fKt ;+:yfsf] lnlvt :jLs[ltljgf k'gM pTkfbg
ug{, l8lhtndf ;+/If0f ug{ jf k|sfzssf] lnlvt cg'dlt lagf s'g} klg ?kdf k|zf/0f ug{lgif]w 5 .
© All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced, restored in retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form without the written permission from the publisher.

ljifo ;"rLk|sfzsLo==========================================================================================! !
k|:tfjgf ========================================================================================= # #:yfgLo afl;Gbfx?sf] cg'ej
e"sDk uPsf] If0f ============================================================================& &e"sDk cfP nfut} ===========================================================================@#@#
cfktsfnLg cf>odf latfPsf ;do ==================================================#%#%– k/Dk/fut ggL÷rf]slt/ efUbfsf] cj:yf =================================#&#&$(– a;fO{sf] cj:yf / ;d'bfosf] k|ltls|of ======================================$(– ;xof]uL ultljlwdf ;d'bfo ===================================================^&^$– cfktsfnLg cf>odf latfPsf] a]nfsf] ;d:ofx? ======================^&^(– cfktsfnLg cf>odf latfPsf] cg'ejsf] ;s/fTds kIfx? ===== &(– cfktsfnLg cf>odf latfPsf] cg'ejsf] kf7x? ====================== *#c:yfoL a;fO{sf] ;do =====================================================================(%*&sf]n'd;fd'bflos cg';Gwfg ultljlwx?sf] glthf ======================================== (#(%– eljiodf ;Defljt ljkb\sf] k"j{ tof/L s;/L ug]{ =======================!)#(*– ljkb\ cNkLs/0f gS;f ==========================================================!)^!)@– ljkb\ cNkLs/0f sfo{ of]hgf ==================================================!!)!)$– cfkTfsfnLg hLjgsf pkof]uL ;fdfu|Lx? =================================!!@!!!
kl/lzi6 ===========================================================================================!!(!!(
of]ubfgstf{x?sf] kl/ro / b'O{ zAb =====================================================!@&!##
cfef/ ==============================================================================================!$!

CONTENTS
Foreword .........................................................................................

2

Preface ............................................................................................

5

EXPERIENCES OF LOCAL RESIDENTS
At the moment of the earthquake .....................................................

7

Immediately after the earthquake ..................................................... 23
Evacuation Life Phase ..................................................................... 35- Evacuation to traditional courtyards ..................................... 37- Living condition and resoponse of community ....................... 49- Involvement of community in supporting activities .................. 64- Problems during evacuation life............................................ 69- Positive aspects from the evacuation life experience................ 79- Lessons learned from the evacuation life experience............... 83
Temporary Living Phase .................................................................. 87
COLUMN: Outcomes of Community Based Research Activities ............ 93- How to prepare for future disaster ........................................ 96- Disaster mitigation map ...................................................... 100- Disaster mitigation measures ............................................... 103- Useful goods during the evacution life ................................. 104
Appendix ........................................................................................ 111
Profiles and Personal Notes of Contributers ........................................ 119
Acknowledgement ............................................................................ 135

k|sfzsLo
l/r'd]Osfg ljZjljBfno cGt/utsf] æInstitute of Disaster Mitigation for
Urban Cultural Heritage (R-DMUCH) zx/L ;f++:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ljkb\ cNkLs/0fsf]

nflu ;+:yfÆ sf] :yfkgf ljkb\ cNkLs/0f ;DaGwL lzIff / cg';Gwfg ug{ P]ltxfl;s zx/
Kyoto -Sof]6f]_ hfkfgdf ePsf] xf] .
o; ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf k"j{ lgb]{zs k|f= s]Ghf] 6f]sLn] O{=;+= @))# df æCenter
for Disaster Mitigation of Urban Cultural HeritageÆ sf] ¿kdf ug'{ ePsf]lyof] . :yfkgfsfn b]lv o; ;+:yfn] zx/L ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljkb\ cNkLs/0fnfO{ d'Vo
nIosf] ?kdf sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] lj1fg / OlGhlgol/Ë tyf dfgjLsL /;fdflhs zf:qnfO{ Plss[t u/]/ ljZjljBfnodf cWoog cWofkg ug]{ sfo{ ub]{ cfPsf]
5 . oxL sf/0fn] 21st century global center of excellance project (COE) / Global
COE eGg] cfly{s ;xof]u hfkfg ;/sf/af6 kfPsf] lyof] . ut cfly{s jif{ O{=;+= @)!#b]lv o; ;+:yfn] “Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritages" sf]?kdf ;lqmo eP/ hfkfg ;/sf/ / lghL pBd;Fu cg';Gwfg ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf z}lIfs tyf
cg';Gwfg d'ns sfd ul/cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;F:s[lt / ;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iff xf] .
o; ;+:yfn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]]/ O{=;+= @))*–@)!! ;Dd“Disaster Risk Management Plan for Patan as World Cultural Heritage Site in
Nepal” sf] d:of}bf tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . o;kl5 lg/Gt/ ?kdf ljkb\ cNkLs/0f ;DalGwt

sfo{x? ljleGg sfo{zfnf dfkm{t oxfFsf] :yfgLo gfuaxfn / OnfggL 6f]ndf ub} cfPsf]
5 . t/ b'ef{Uojz @)&@ sf] e"sDkn] ;'Gb/ kf6g zx/nfO{ klg Iflt k'¥ofof] . efUoj;
kf6gdf dfgljo Iflt sd eof] eg] cfktsfnLg cf>o jf k"g{jf;sf nflu :yfgLo
afl;Gbfx?n] Ps cfk;df cfˆg} k/Dk/fut ;d'bfo, cfˆg} 3/sf] rf]s / kfgLsf] >f]tk|of]u uof{], h'g xfdL hfkfgLx?n] klg oxfFsf] cg'ejaf6 lzIff k|fKt u/]sf 5f} . ;fy}k/Dk/fut ;d'bfosf] zlQm / ljkb\ cNkLs/0fsf] >f]tsf] af/]df lzIff k|fKt u/]sf 5f}+ .
o; :d[lt k':tsdf @)&@ sf] e"sDksf] cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt jf:tljs ljj/0fnfO{;f/f+zdf n]v]/ eljiodf cfpg] ljkb\ /f]syfd ug{ ;sf]; eGg] dg;fon] k|sfzg u/]sf 5f}F .
csf]{ 7'nf] e"sDkn] xfdLnfO{ kv{b}g . cem 7"nf]] a9L Iflt x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf]b]lvG5 . ctM of] k':ts k9]/ eljiodf tkfO{x?n] ;Defljt csf]{ ljkb\sf] nflu k"j{ tof/Lu/]df / of] k':tsnfO{ ;Demg' ePdf xfdLnfO{ v';Lsf] cg'ej x'g]5 .
lgb]{zs, k|f= tfs]o'sL cf]s'af]
OlG:6Ro'6 ckÞm lbHff:6/ ldltu];g km/ ca{g sNr/ x]l/6]h
l/r'd]Osfg ljZjljBfno
1

FOREWORD
We as Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage,
Ritsumeikan University (R-DMUCH) is established to activate education andresearch on Disaster Mitigation Study for Urban Cultural Heritage at the
representative historic city Kyoto in Japan.
Since the establishment of former institute as “Center for Disaster
Mitigation of Urban Cultural Heritage” in 2003 by former director Prof. Kenzo
Toki, we have promoted collaborative activities between science & engineeringand social & human studies in integrated university. For this purpose, we won thefinancial support as 21st Century Global Center of Excellence Project (COE) andGlobal COE from national government.
Since 2013 fiscal year, “Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural
Heritage” has been updated as an eternal research institute for promotion of
educational and research activities with governmental and/or private enterprises
and aimed to protect human, culture and cultural heritage.
We developed draft of “Disaster Risk Management Plan for Patan as
World Cultural Heritage Site in Nepal” with Tribhuvan University IoE from 2008
to 2011. After that, we continuously keep working for implementation with local
communities through workshops and site trainings etc., but unfortunately, Gorkha
Earthquake was occurred in 2015 and beautiful city Patan also got damage.
Fortunately, in case of Patan, human damage was minimum and they
tried to rehabilitate by themselves with traditional community bond, courtyards
and water point. And we learnt so much lessons from their experiences insurvival life with traditional community power and traditional disaster mitigation
resources.
This memory-book was published for summarizing our researchoutcomes, promotion of disaster prevention with traditional cultural resources,
and sharing the actual documentation of Gorkha Earthquake for future. Next big
one will not wait for us and that will be more serious than this time. It would be
our pleasure if you read this and prepare for next disaster, and keep in touch with
us for our future activities.
Director, Prof. Takeyuki OKUBO
Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage,
Ritsumeikan University2

k|:tfjgf@)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] :yfgLo ;do laxfg !!M%^ df &=^ DoflUgRo'bsf]
e"sDk uf]/vf lhNnfnfO{ s]G›laGb' agfO cfPsf] lyof] . of] s]G›laGb' sf7df8f}+af6 s/Lj&^ lsnf]ld6/ sf] b"/L df lyof] . To;kl5sf] a}zfv @( ut]sf] k/fsDk &=@ DoflUgRo'bsf]lyof] . oL e"sDkx?n] ubf{ sf7df8f}+, nlntk'/, eQmk'/sf P]ltxfl;s zx/x¿ nufotrf}w lhNnfx¿nfO{ uDeL/ Iflt k'of{Psf] lyof] . nueu (,))) sf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] eg]
sl/a ^ nfv eGbf a9L 3/x¿sf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] . oBlk nlntk'/sf] k'/fgf] zx/L If]q
kf6g eg] t'ngfTds ?kdf sd Iflt ePsf] zx/x¿ dWo] Ps xf] . t/ klg o; e"sDkn];a} afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ v'Nnf :yfgx¿df a:g afWo t'Nofof] . efUoj;, k'/fgf zx/L If]qdf
k/Dk/fut ggL jf rf]s tyf ;fd'bflos ejgx¿ ePsf] x'gfn] To;nfO{ cfktsfnLg
cf>osf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsof] .
;fdfGotof, cfktsfnLg cf>osf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df jf cf>o:ynaf6 kfPsf
hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf cg';f/ /fxt cfk"lt{ k|bfg ul/G5 . t/ g]kfndf ljkb\ cNkLs/0fof]hgf Toltsf] lasf; ePsf] 5}g, ;fy} k'/fgf] zx/L If]qsf] k/Dk/fut ggL jf rf]snfO{
cfktsfnLg cf>osf] ¿kdf btf{ ul/Psf] 5}g . oBlk e"s'Dk kLl8tx¿n] k/Dk/fut>f]tx¿ / ;fdflhs g]6js{x¿sf] pkof]u u/]/ cfktsfnLg cf>osf] hLjgnfO{{ kf/ u/] .
e"sDksf] nuQ}, :jb]z tyf lab]zsf dflg;x¿n] e"sDk k|lt/f]wL ejgx¿ /ljkb\ cNkLs/0f ultljlwx¿df ulx/f] rf;f] b]vfP . t/ klg ;do laTb} hfFbf, dflg;x¿n]ljkb\sf] hf]lvdtfnfO{ la;{g yfn]sf] 5 . e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds l8hfOgdf vf; Wofg glbO{
k'glg{df{0f ul/Psf 3/x¿ e"sDk cl3 h:t} g} cUnf] agfOPsf]] 5 . ;fy} e"s'Dk lkl8tx?n]
cg'ej u/]sf cfktsfnLg cf>osf] hLjg jf c:yfoL a:ffOsf] hLjgsf ;Demgfx¿
klg la:tf/} la;{b} uO/x]sf] 5 . csf]{ e"sDk jf k|fs[lts k|sf]kx¿ h'g s'g} klg ;dodf
x'g;Sg] ePsf]n] To;sf] tof/Lsf nflu cg'ej u/]sf] s'/fx?af6 s] kf7x¿ l;Sg ;lsG5eg]/ yfxf kfpg' dxTjk"0f{ 5 . oL cg'ejx¿ jf ;Demgfx? jf:tjdf eljiosf] k|fs[ltsk|sf]kx¿sf] tof/Lsf nflu ;DklQ g} x'g\ . t;y{, of] k':ts cg'ej jf ;Demgfsf s'/fx?nfO{{;+ufn]/ /]s8{ ug]{ p2]Zon] k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] . o;df lghL cg'ejx¿, efjgfx¿, v'Nnf
7fpFdf cf>osf] hLjg latfO/x]sf] a]nfsf] cj:yfx?, l5d]sL jf ;fd'bflos ultljlwx¿,;xof]uL xftx¿ cflbsf] af/]df lrq ;lxt b]vfOPsf] 5 .
Oltxf;nfO{ x]g{] xf] eg] @)&@ ;fn sf] e"sDk cl3sf] dxfe"sDk eg]sf] !(()
;fnsf] e"sDk xf] . o; ;DalGw n]lvPsf] Pp6} dfq k':ts kfOG5 . a|Dx;D;]/ /f0ff åf/f
lnlvt æg]kfnsf] dxfe"sDk !(()æ eGg] k':ts xf] . o;df Tof] a]nfsf] ;/sf/n] s] s;/L
sfd uof]{ eGg] af/]df a9L n]lvPsf] 5 t/ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfx?sf] cj:yfsf] af/]df
la:t[t laj/0f n]lvPsf] 5}g . of] k':ts afx]s c? s'g} l/kf]6{x? klg vf;} kfOb}g . lsgeg]
3To; ;dodf xfd|f] b]z k[ys /fHo lyof] . jt{dfg cj:yfdf b]z To:tf] cj:yfdf 5}g,
/ ;"rgf k|ljlw klg olt w]/} ljsf; ePsf] 5 ls OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 ;lhn} laleGg
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . oBlk Ps ljlzi6 :yfgLo jftfj/0f leqsf] cg'ejsf] ljj/0feg] pknAw 5}g .
o; k':tssf] d'Vo p2]Zo Ps df}lns :d[lt k':ts l;h{gf ug'{ xf], h;n]o'g]:sf]s f] ljZj ;Dkbf If]q df a:g] e"sDk lkl8tx?sf] cg'ej, efjgf, ultljlwsf;fy}k/Dk/fut >f]t / ;fdflhs g]6js{sf] s;/L pkof]u ul/of] eGg] af/]df j0f{g u5{ . t;y{,of] lgb]{zg lbg] ufO{8 k':ts jf Dofg'cn xf]O{g h;n] ljkb\ hf]lvd cNkLs/0fsf nflu
ultljlwx¿sf] dfu{bz{g ub{5 . of] ;Lldt ;+Vofsf e"sDk kLl8tx¿sf]] cg'ej a6'n]sf]gf]6 a's xf] . k':tssf ;a} ;fdu|Lx¿ O{= ;+= @)!% ;fnsf] gf]e]Da/ lt/ gfuaxfn /OnfgfgL 6f]nsf sl/a ^) 3/kl/jf/ ;+u ul/Psf] cGtjf{tf{ ;j]{If0fdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . ;fy}
O{= ;+= @)!% / O{= ;+= @)!^ df gfuaxfn / OnfgfgL 6f]n ljsf; ;ldlt, tyf6f]nsf af}l4s / k|efjzfnL JolQmx?;+usf] sfo{zfnfx¿sf] glthf klg ;dfj]z 5 .
k':tsdf æe"s'Dk uPsf] If0fæ b]lv æc:yfoL a;fO{ sf] hLjgæ elg ;donfO{ cfwf/ u/L
qmda4 ?kdf e"s'Dk kLl8tx?sf] cg'ejsf] s'/f /flvPsf] 5 . ;fy} xfd|f] l/;r{ l6dsf]
clxn];Ddsf] cg';Gwfg ultljlwsf] ;+lIfKt kl/0ffdx¿ klg /flvPsf] 5 .
of] k':ts ljleGg k|sf/sf kf7sx¿nfO{{ nlIft u/L n]lvPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfb]lv lnP/ a'9];sfn;Ddsf / :jb]ZfL b]lv cGt/fl{\i6«o :t/sf cg';Gwfgstf{x?sf ;fy} hf]sf]xL @)&@ ;fnsf] e"sDk jf g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s zx/ / o;sf] ;+/If0fsf] af/]df rf;f]/fVb5g\ . o;sf ;a} lrqx?df jf:tljs e"sDk kLl8tsf] cfjfh / efjgf cfcf]; eg]/df} l ns ¿kdf g} sf] l /Psf 5g\ . ;fy} lrqdf e"sDk k|efljt If]qsf] P]ltxfl;s /k/Dk/fut g]jf/ a:tLsf] ljz]iftfx? klg b]vfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . o;n] lgb]{zg k'l:tsfsf]-ufO{8a's_ ?kdf of]ubfg gu/]klg lglZrt ¿kdf kf7sx¿nfO{{ ljklQ lgjf/0f of]hgf
jf ultljlwx¿sf] af/] cfˆg} tl/sfn] ljrf/ ug{ d2t k'of{pg] 5 eGg] d}n} cfzf lnPsL
5' . wGojfb .
l/;r{/, 8f= ntf zfSo
OlG:6Ro'6 cf]kÞm lbHff:6/ ldltu];g km/ ca{g sNr/ x]l/6]h
l/r'd]Osfg ljZjljBfno

4

PREFACE
On April, 2015, magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck the Gorkha
district at 11:56 AM local time, with its epicenter located about 76 km
from Kathmandu. This event and its following aftershocks of magnitude
7.2 earthquake on May 12, 2015 severely damaged 14 districts including
historic cities, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur. The casualty of nearly 9,000
and damage of more than 602,257 houses are reported. However, Patan,
the old city area (Newar town) of Lalitpur is one of the comparatively lessdamaged cities. The event forced all residents to live in open spaces (outof their houses). Fortunately, the old city area has traditional courtyards orsquares and community buildings that residents could use it as emergency
shelters.
There are usually designated evacuation shelters, and relief supplies
are provided depending on the capacity of the shelter or according to theinformation gathered from the shelters. In Nepal, however, the disasterprevention plan is not so advanced, and the traditional courtyard in the oldcity area is not registered as an evacuation shelter. The victims survived theirevacuation life by utilizing traditional resources and the social networks.
Immediately after the earthquake, people showed keen interest inearthquake resistant buildings and disaster mitigation activities. But as time
passed, people started to forget the disaster risk. Rebuilding the high-risehouses in the old city area without paying much attention to seismic resistancedesign, has started same as before the earthquake and the memories of thehard time of the evacuation (emergency shelter) life or the temporary living
phase is also getting faded out gradually. It is very important to make arecord of what the victims had experienced and what lessons can be learnt
to prepare for next disasters that may occur anytime. These memories are
actually the assets for the preparation for future disasters. So, this bookis created from the idea of recording the memories (the experiences, thefeelings, the panics, the hard time living in open space, the life only thinking
about survival, the neighborhood or community activities, the helping handsetc.), before being forgotten.
In history, the Great Earthquake before the 2015 earthquake wasthe 1934 earthquake. There exists a book named "Great Nepal Earthquake1990" written by Bramha Samsher Rana. The book is about governmental
5

activities quick after the earthquake and has not included the situation of
local residents. And there is no other literature showing the situation of thattime. That is because the country was in an isolated state at that time. At
present, country is not in that situation, and information technology has beendeveloped so much that various information can be obtained via internet
easily. However, the details of experience within a specific local environment
are not available.
This book aims to create a fundamental memory book, which will
narrate the feelings, the panics, the activities of the victims residing in the
UNESCO World Heritage site, utilizing traditional resources and social
networks. Thus, it is not a guide book or manual which guides the activities
for disaster risk reduction. This is an experience note book of a limited
number of the victims. All the contents of the book are created based oninterview questionnaire survey to 60 households of Nagbahal and Ilananiarea, conducted in 2015 November. The contents also include researchoutcome of group interview or workshops conducted in 2015 and 2016
with the members of Nagbahal and Ilanani tole development committee,
and some of intellectual/influential persons of the community. The book
is compiled with victims’ experience in timeline basis. However, very brief
outcomes of our team’s community-based research activities also added.
The book is targeted to various kinds of audiences, from children
to elderly and national to international scholars, whoever is interested on
impacts of 2015 earthquake, Nepal’s historic town and its preservation etc.
All the illustrations are drawn in an original form so that the real voices
and feelings of the victims can be reproduced. In addition, the illustration
has been devised to show the characteristics of the disaster-affected area, ahistoric and a traditional Newar settlement.
It does not provide guidebook type information but I believe it
certainly help readers to consider disaster mitigation plan or activities in theirown way.
Visiting Researcher, Dr. Lata SHAKYA
Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage,
Ritsumeikan University

6e"sDk uPsf] If0f
At the moment of the earthquake7

8

klxnf] cfef;
First Feelings]lx cgf}7f] jftfj/0f lyof]
It was a strange environment
r/fx? w]/} htftt} p8L/x] . w'nf] p8]/ cWof/f] ePsf] lyof] .
Birds started flying. There was dust everywhere and it was dark, likesomething was odd.

af6f]df rf/}lt/ w'nf] p8]/ s]xL gb]lvg] cfsfzdf sfux¿ s/fP/ p8\g yfn] .
ePsf] lyof] . clg 7"n} x'/Latf; cfpg clg af6f]df dflg;x¿ lxF8\bflxF8\b} n8\gyfn] .
nfu]sf] eg]/ ;f]r]sf] lyP .
Dust was flying all around theroad and I couldn’t see anything. I
thought a big storm was coming.

The crows started screeching andflew all around the sky. People
walking also started to fall.
9x'/L atf; cfPsf] h:tf] eof]
It felt like a storm was comingx'/L cfPsf] h:tf] 8/nfUbf] cfjfh cfPsf] lyof] .
There was a different and frightening storm like sound.

s;}n] xNnfPsf] h:tf] ePsf]
lyof]
It felt like someone wasshaking me
dnfO{ s;}n] xNnfPsf] h:tf] nfUof] . t/
otfptL x]bf{ sf]xL klg gb]Vbf d tl;{PF .
At first, I thought that someone wasshaking me but when I saw no one
around, I was terrified.
10

klxnf] k|ltls|ofFirst Reaction

8/, qf; lyof]
There was fear
/S;L agfO/fv]sf] a]nf crfgs
hldg xlNnof] . To;} n ] kÞ m \ j l;-/S;L agfpg] ef8f]_ ;dft]/ a;F] .
While brewing Elaa (traditionallymade newari alcohol), the floor
suddenly moved, so I held onto
the Fwasi (alcohol making pot).

d t glhs}sf] lah'nLsf] nÝf
c+ufn]/ a;]F .
I hugged the nearby electric
pole.
11

5fgfaf6 lemGutL em/] / Pshgf
cfOdfO{nfO{ nfUof] . 6]sf lbg /flv/fv]sf] kfOkx? klg v;] .
3/sf] sf} ;L / a/G8fdf /flvPsf
udnfx? klg em/L /fv]sf] b]lvGYof] .
Roof tiles were falling down and
one even hit a woman. Pipes thatwere being used for shoring also
fell down.
Flower pots from the roof andbalconies of houses also fell
down.
12

Psbd cflQPsf] lyP
Was terrified
cfdf dfly x' g' e Psf]n ] d aflx/
hfg'sf] ;§f 3/sf] dflysf] tNnfdf
uPF . t/ d}n] h'Qf b'O{j6} nufpg
EofO{ gF . Pp6f v' § fdf dfq h'Qf
nufP/ dfly uPF.
My mother was upstairs, so instead of going out I went upstairs
to get her. But I could not wear
both the shoes while rushing.

d 3/af6 aflx/ cfPF / @–# ldg]6 aflx/ a;] . d]/L cfdf 3/ leq} x'g'ePsf]n] dpxFfnfO{ lng km]/L 3/ dfly uPF .
I got outside my house. I stayed outside for 2-3 minutes and went back to
my home again to bring my mother down.

d 5}7f}F tNnfdf g'xfP/ al;/x]sf] lyPF .
tn;Dd cfpg a;La;L eof{Ë cf]n]{F .
cfwf 306f nfUof] . p7]/ tn cfpg
8/ nfUof] / cfpg ;lsg . eof{ ËxNn]sf] h:tf] nfUof] .
I was sitting on terrace (kausi) after
taking a bath. I was scared to go
down the stairs. It took me half anhour to get down the stairs by sitting
one by one on each step. It felt likethe stairs were shaking.

13

d 3/sf] kfrf}F tNnfdf lyPF . s;/L tn hfg] clg s;/L v'nf 7fpFdf hfg] egL
lrGtf eof] .
I was on the 5th floor. So I was very worried about how to go down and toopen space.

14

d l6eLdf lkmNd x]b}{ bfx|L
sfl6/x]sf] lyPF . d}n] 9f]sfsf]rf}sf]; ;dft]/ a;F] . d]/f]
5f]/f PstNnf dfly lyof] clg
p;nfO{ tn cfp eg]/ af]nfPF .
I was watching a movie
while shaving. I grabbed theframe of the door. My son
was upstairs and I called
him to come downstairs sothat we could stay together.

6]a'nd'gL n'sL a;]F .
I hid under the table.

15

d g'xfO/fv]sf] lyPF . e'OFrfnf] cfPsf]
yfxf kfPkl5 d cflQP clg k]l6sf]6
dfq nufP/ 3/af6 aflx/ lg:s]F .
I was bathing at that time. I
panicked and came out of thebathroom with nothing on, but apetikot (inner wear for sarees).

lk|mh xNn]/ v:nf h:tf] eO/fv]sf]
lyof] . ToxL lk|mh v:5 eg]/ lk|mh;dft]/ a;]+ .
The refrigerator was going to fall,
so I was holding the it so that it
would not fall down.

lrRofP
Screamedkl/jf/sf] ;a}hgfnfO{ cfcfˆgf]sf] 7faf6 aflx/ lg:s eg] /lrRofPF .
I screamed to call my family
members to come out of theirrooms.
16

s]xL ug{ ;lsg
Was unable to do anything
d 3/df ;fyLx?;+u s'/fsfgL ub}{lyPF . crfgs 3/ xlNng yfNof] . xfdL p7\g};s]gf}F . To;}n] al;g} /XofF} .
I was talking with friends at home, and suddenly the house started shaking.
We couldn’t stand up, so we kept on sitting.

dnfO{ l/Gu6f nfu]sf] h:tf]eof] / d lxF8\g klg ;lsg
clg aflx/ hfg klg ;lsg .
I felt dizzy and I couldn’t
walk or go outside.

17

xfdL kl/jf/sf] ;a}hgf Pp6}
7fpFdf ;Fu} al;/fVof}F . c? st}uPgf} .
All of my family members
gathered at one place andstayed together.

sf};Ldf cfdf 5f]/f / a'xf/L al;/x]sf lyof} . crfgs e"sDk cfP/ sf};L v:nfh;/L xNn]sf] lyof] . xfdLx? Ps csf{nfO{ cFufnf] df/L Ps} l9Ssf eP/ ToxfF
al;/fv]sf lyof}F .
We mother, son and daughter-in-law were on the terrace and it felt like theterrace was going to fall off. We embraced each other and stuck together
as a rock.

18

v'Nnf 7fpFlt/ efu]F
Ran away to open spaced ;'/lIft v'Nnf 7fpF
lt/ efu]+ .

d e'OFrfnf] cfPsf] sd x'G5 sL eg]/ s'/]/ a;] t/emGemg} xNnfpg yfn]kl5 3/af6 aflx/ efuF] .

I ran to the safe open
space.

I was waiting for the earthquake to subside butwhen it didn’t, I ran out of my house.

klxn] t d}n] ;fgf] e'OFrfnf] dfq xf]nf, Ps}l5gdf /f]lsG5 eg]/ s]lx ul/g . t/e'OF xNnL /Xof], /f]lsbF} /f]lsPg . To;kl5 7'n} e'OFrfnf] kf] /x]5 eg]/ yfxf kfPF /aflx/ bf}l8PF .
At first, I thought that it was a minor earthquake and thought it would stop
after a few seconds but it kept on shaking. Then I realized that it was amajor earthquake and it is not going to stop any time soon. After that I ran
out of the house.
19d k;nd} al;/x]sf] lyPF .
e'Orfnf] cfPkl5 d k;nsf];f] s ] ; dflyaf6} pk| mF ] clg
gfuaxfnlt/ bf}l8PF .
I was just sitting in the
shop. When the earthquake struck, I jumped
over the racks in the shopand ran to the courtyard.

d kfrfF} tNnfdf lyPF . 5f]/f />LdtL t];|f] tNnfdf lyP . d
klg t];|f] tNnfdf uPF / To;kl5;a}hgf aflx/ uof}F .
I was on the 5th floor, my wifeand son were on the 3rd floor.
So I first went to the 3rd floor,
then, all family members went
to an open space.

20

bf}8]/ v'Nnf 7fpFdf uPF .
I ran to the open space (park).

21

3/ c;fWo} xlNnof] / l5d]sLsf] k'/fgf] 3/ ePsf]n] Tof] 3/ elTsPnf eg]/ xfdL
v'Nnf 7fpF gfuaxfn cfP/ a:of}F .
Earthquake violently shaked the buildings. Since our neighbor’s house wasold and might have collapsed, we went to stay at open space in Nagbahal.

22

e"sDk cfP nuQ}
Immediately after the earthquake

23

24

3/ aflx/ lyP
Was away from homee'Orfnf] uO/x]sf] a]nfdf d clkm;df al;/xF] . e'Orfnf] /f]lsgf;fy clkm;af6 tnem/]/ v'Nnf 7fpFdf uPF .
I stayed at the office until the shaking stopped. Then, I
came down and went to open space immediately after
the earthquake stopped.

d clkm;af6 3/ kms]{F .
Came back home fromoffice.

d lah'nLsf] lan ltg{ nfOg al;/x]sf] a]nf e'Orfnf] cfof] / d ToxfFaf6 efu++] .
I was in a queue to pay the electricity bill when the eathquake struck and I
ran from there.

25

lrGtf nflu/Xof]
Was worriedkl/jf/;+u ;Dks{ gePsfn] lrGtfeof] .
I was worried about family
because I could not contact
them.

3/sf] lrGtf eof] .
I was worried about thehouse.

k'/fgf] 3/sf] dfq lrGtf eof] .
I was much worried about
the old house.

d 8/fPsf] lyPF / 5f]/fx?sf]af/]df lrGtf eO/x]sf] lyof] .
5f]/fx? Sjfaxfn;Fu}sf] k;ndf
sfd u/L/x]sf lyP .
I was scared and worried
about my sons who were
working in the shop near
Kwa-baha.
26

;'/lIft 7fpF vf]h]Searched for Safe place9f]sfsf] gLgf c?eGbf alnof] x'G5 eGg]] ;'gs
] f] lyP . To;sf/0f gLgfd'lg a:g uPF .
Nina (main beam) is said to be strong so I stayed under the Nina of thedoor till the earthquake subsided.

d s'df/Lkf6Lsf] rr{df lyPF . slDtdf afx| ;o hgf dfG5] lyP xf]nf . xfdL
eujfgsf] 3/df a;]sf] xfF] eg]/ 8/ nfu]klg xfdL aflx/ uPgf}F . sxLF n'Sg klg
uPgfF} .
I was at a church at Kumaripati. There were around 1200 people. Since wewere in God’s home, we neither went outside nor hid in safe place though
we were frightened.
27

9f]sf hfd eof]
Door got jammedk|j]z ug]{ d"n 9f]sf hfd ePsf]lyof] .
Entrance main door was
jammed.

d Tolta]nf 3/df a:g klg ;lsg
aflx/ hfg klg ;lsg . d s]xL ug{g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]F . d}n] t ca
oxL d]/f] hLjgsf] clGtd lbg xf]eg]/ ;f]lr;s]sf] lyPF .
I could neither stay at home nor
get out. At that time, I thoughtthat it was the last day of mylife.

xfdL 3/leq kl/jf/sf] tLg}hgf lyof}+ .
aflx/ hfg] 9f]sf aGb eP/ xfdL tLg}
hgf lgl:sg ;s]sf lyPgfF} . aflx/af6csf]{ dfG5]n] 9f]sfdf nft xfg]kl5 dfq
9f]sf v'Nof] / xfdL aflx/ hfg ;Sof}F .
All 3 of my family members were
inside the house and we were unable to get out because the door got
jammed. The door opened only after
someone from outside kicked it andwe escaped.
28

sf]7fsf] 9f]sf hfd eP/ xfdL aflx/ lg:sg ;ls/fv]sf lyPgfF} . aflx/af6 s;}n]wsnL lbPkl5 dfq xfdL aflx/ lg:sg ;Sof}F .
The door in our room couldn’t be opened as it was jammed. Someone fromoutside had to push the door to open it.

d]/f] 3/df b'O{hgf 5f]/Lx? dfq lyP .
aflx/ hfg] 9f]sf hfd eP/ l5d]sLsf]
d4tn] 9f]sf vf]n]/ pgLx? aflx/ lg:s] .

9f] s f vf] N g g;s] / l5d] s Lsf];xof]un] 9f]sf vf]n]/ dfq d aflx/
lg:sF] .

Only my two daughters were there in
my house. My neighbors helped toopen the door from outside the houseand then my daughters got out.

We couldn’t open the door. With
the help of our neighbors, wewere able to come out of thehouse.

29

cGof}ndf k/]
Confusion
3/sf] d"n 9f]sf aGb u?F ls v'Nn}/fvF' eGg] s'/f dnfO{ yfxeO/fv]sf]
lyPg lsgeg] 9f]sf Psrf]l6 nufP
kl5 vf]Ng ufx|f] lyof] . 9f]sf aGbu/]g eg] klg rf]/ cfpnf eGg] lk/
lyof] .
I didn’t know if I should close themain door of my house or keep
it open. If I closed the door, I
was worried that I would not beable to open it again and if I left
it open, I worried about a burglary in my house.

xfdL efUg vf]Hbf lah'nLsf]
n¶f clg ?vx? v;]/ nfUnfeg]/ lrGtf nflu/x]sf] lyof] .
We feared that the electricpole and tress would fallon us while running away.

30

v'Nnf 7fpFdf hfFbfsf] cj:yf
Conditions while moving to open spacev'Nnf 7fpFlt/ hfFbf afwf c9\rg lyP
Obstructions while moving to open space

Pp6f 3/sf] k5f8Lkl§sf] leQf v;]/rf]s lt/ emof]{ t/ efUoj; Tof] ;dodfsf]xL klg lyPgg\ / s;}nfO{ rf]6 nfu]g .

Hjfun;Dd hfFbf af6f]df w]/} kvf{nx?
eTs] s f] cj:yfdf lyP t/ klg d;'/lIft 3/ k'u]/ km]/L gfuaxfn kms]{F .

Back wall of a house fell towards
the courtyard but fortunately nobody
was hurt.

Most of the wall (on the way to
Jwagal) fell down but I was able
to safely return home and went toNagbahal for safety.

31

3/ / axfn cufl8 /flvPsf] df]6/;fOsnx?n] aflx/ efUg]a]nf afwf k'of{O/x]sflyP .
Motorcycles parked in front of houses and courtyards caused obstruction to
run out.

aflx/ hfg vf]Hbf uNnL /rf]sx?df 3/sf] leQfaf6
Knf:6/ / w'nf]x? v;] .
While trying to go out,
plaster and dust fell fromthe wall of houses in thealleys and courtyards.

32

3fOt] eP
Was injured
d 3fOt] ePsf]n] k|fylds
pkrf/sf] cfjZostf ePsf]lyof] . d]/f] b]j/ klg rf]sdf
lrKn]/ n8\g'ePsf] lyof] .
I was injured so I needed
first aid care. My brotherin-law also slipped in the
courtyard.

a]xf]; ePsf] b]v]F
Saw someone
unconscious
d 8/fP/ kfs{df hfFb}
ubf{ Pshgf dfG5] a]xf];
ePsf] b]v]F .
When I was going
to open space, I saw
one person being
unconscious.
33

34

cfktsfnLg cf>odf
latfPsf ;doEvacuation life phase

35

36

k/Dk/fut ggL÷rf]slt/ efUbfsf] cj:yf
Evacuation to traditional courtyardse"sDk uPsf] If0f
At the moment of earthquakes'ltaxfndf @%–#) hgf dflg;x¿ hDdf ePsf lyP .
There were 25-30 gathered in Kutibahal.

w]/} dflg;x¿ ql;t lyP / ;a}hgf ;d"xdf g} al;/x]sf lyP .
Most of the people were scared and stayed together in a group.
37

gfuaxfndf lbp;f] sl/a %)) hgf dflg;x¿ lyP .
There were around 500 people in Nagbahal in daytime.

OnfggLdf sl/a $)) b]lv %)) hgf dflg;x¿ lyP .
There were about 400-500 people in Ilanani.

38

k|fygf ug{ yfn]
Started to pray
dflg;x¿ :qf]t k9\g yfn] .
People were chanting hymns (religious script).

hfgsf/L h'6fpg yfn]
Started gathering
information;a}hgf jl/kl/sf] ultljlwsf] hfgsf/L
h'6fpg nflu/x]sf lyP .
Everyone was gathering information about the ongoing activities in the vicinity.

dflg;x¿ e"sDksf] af/]d} s'/f ul//x]sf lyP . ;a}hgf ca s] ug]{ s] gug]{ eGg]
cGof]ndf lyP .
People were talking about the earthquake and everyone was confused
about what to do next.

ko{6ssf ultljlw
Activities of tourists
ToxL /x]sf ko{6sx¿ uf]na4 eP/ g]kfn /g]kfnLx?sf]nflu k|fy{gf ug{ yfn] .
Foreigners made a circle and started
praying for Nepal and Nepalese.
39

e"sDk uPsf] lbgsf] ultljlwx?
Condition/Activities in Open space on the day ofearthquake

a:gsf]nflu 7fpF
Place to stay;'s'n cf]5\ofP/ a:g yfn] .
I laid hay mat(sukul) and sat there.

6f]nn] a:g] 7fpFsf] Joj:yf ul/lbof] .
Tole community arranged for a place to stay.
40

e"sDk uPsf] /ftsf] ultljlwx?
Condition at Night
axfnlt/ kms]{sf] 3/ ePsf dflg;x¿ eg] cfˆg} 3/sf] e'OFtNnfdf a;] .
People with house facing the courtyard stayed in the ground floor of theirhouse.

w]/} h;f] dflg;x¿ e"sDksf] af/]df
5nkmn ul//x]sf lyP . clg e"sDk uPsf]a]nf lvlrPsf le8Lof] x]b}{ lyP . s]xL
cfOdfO{x? k|fy{gf ul//x]sf lyP .
Most of the people were discussing
about the earthquake and some werewatching the videos captured of theearthquake time. Some women werepraying.
41

To; /ft kfgL k/]sf] lyof] . d]/f] n'uf ;a} leh]sf
lyP . t}klg d}n] /fte/L d]/f] $ jif{sf] aRrfnfO{
af]ls/xF] .
It was raining that night and my clothes got wet.
Still I carried my 4 year old child the whole night.

;'Tgsf]nflu ;fdfg / 6]G6x? ldnfO/x]sf lyP .
Tripaal were set up and bedding accessories were being arranged.

aflx/ axfndf ;'Tgsf]nflu ;a}hgf cfcfˆgf] 3/
af6 l;/s / 8;gf NofO/x]sf lyP . /ftL pHofnf]sf]nflu ;f]nf/ aQLx?n] ;xfotf k'of{P .
People started bringing mattress for sleeping in
the courtyard. The Solar street lamps helped forlight throughout the night.
42

/ftL lgs} lr;f] lyof] .
It was very cold at night.

Tolta]nf kfgL kl//x]sf]n] lr;f] eO/x]sf] lyof] . ToxfF nfdv'§]n] 6f]s]/ ;'Tg klg
lgSs} ufx|f] eO/x]sf] lyof] .
It was raining and it was cold. Mosquito bites made it difficult to sleep.

w]/}h;f] dflg;x¿ cfcfˆgf] kl/jf/ /;fyLx?nfO{ ;Dks{ ug{ vf]lh/x]sf lyP .
sf] x L kfnsf] eg] sf] x L vfg] s ' / fsf]vf]hLdf lyP, sf]xL eg] e"sDksf] s'/fub}{ /l8of] ;'Gb} lyP . sf]xL eg] la:s'6,
rfprfp vfb} lyP .
Most of the people were trying tocontact their family and friends. Somewere looking for tents, and some forfood. Some were talking about theearthquake, some were listening to
the radio, and others were eating
noodles and biscuits.
43

/ft latfpg j}slNks 7fpFsf] vf]hL
Finding alternative space to spend the night
gfuaxfn kfs{leq c;lhnf] eO/x]sf] lyof] To;sf/0f xfdL cfˆgf] gofF 3/sf]auF}rfdf ;'Tg uof}F .
It was uncomfortable to sleep in the Nagbahal park, therefore we went tosleep in the garden of our new house.

dflg;x¿ cfkm' ;'Tg] 7fpF / 8;gf ldnfpg Jo:t lyP . sf]xL dflg;x¿ t emg
af6f]d} ;'Tg yfn] .
People were busy managing their sleeping space and mattresses. Somepeople even started sleeping on the walkway of the road.

44xfdLx? w]/} lbg uf8L d} ;'Tof}F .
We slept in car for many nights.

l5d]sLsf] l58L sf]7fdf aL;, klRr; hgf ;+u} ;'t]sf lyof}F . 7fpF gk'u]sfn] d/ d]/L a'xf/L kfn}kfnf] b'O{–b'O{ 306f ;'Tg] / a:g] u/]sf lyofF} .
We slept on the ground floor of neighbour’s house. There were 20-25
people. There wasn’t enough space. Me and my daughter-in-law slept 2hours each in turns.

45

d e"sDk cufl8 agfOPsf] d]/f] gofF 3/df a:g uPF .
I shifted to my new house which was built before earthquake.

xfd|f] rf]ssf] dlxnfx? ;a} l5d]sLsf] clsaxfndf /x]sf] gofF 3/df a:g uP .
Tof] 3/ OlGhÞlgo/n] agfPsf]] e"sDk dfks 3/ xf] .
All the ladies of my courtyard stayed at my neighbors’ new house at
Akibahal which was built by an engineer.

46

e"sDk uPsf] a]n'sfsf] b[ZoScene of open space at evening

lbp;f]eGbf a]n'sf dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof w]/} lyof] .
Number of people increased at evening as compared to that of day.

47

gfuaxfndf a]n'sf sl/a &)) b]lv *)) hgf dflg;x¿ lyP .
There were around 700-800 people at evening in Nagbahal.

48

a;fO{sf] cj:yf / ;d'bfosf] k|ltls|of
Living condition and response of community

lbgel/sf ultljlwx?
Daytime activitiessf]xL /]l8of] ;'lg/x]sf lyP, sf]xL tf; / r]; v]ln/x]sf lyP / cfOdfO{x? aQL
sfl6/x]sf lyP . sf]xL ;dfrf/ ;'g]/ ;"rgf hDdf ul//x]sf lyP .
Some people were listening to the radio, and some were playing cards andchess, women were making cotton wick oil lamp (ita).

49

sf]xL dflg;x¿ ToxLF a;]/ cfˆgf] Jofj;flos sfd ug{ yfln;s]sf lyP .
Some people had started their professional handicraft work there itself.

w]/} h;f] dflg;x¿ cfˆgf] 3/ / ;DklQ s;/L ;'/lIft ug]{ s'/f ul//x]sf lyP .
lsgeg] ;a}hgfnfO{ cfˆgf] 3/ aflx/ g} a:g kl//x]sf] lyof] . sf]xL /fli6o 6«df;]G6/ uP/ cfˆgf] 6f]nsf]nflu ;xof]u dflu/x]sf lyP .
Most of the people were talking about how to protect their property athome because everyone was out of the house. Some went to the National
Trauma Center to get help for the community

dflg;x¿ glhs}sf] 7fpFx? h:t} b/af/ :Sjfo/, OnfgfgL 8'Ng uP .
People roamed around nearby places like durbar square and Ilanani.
50

k|fy{gf ul//x]sf lyP
Prayings]xL dflg;x¿ vfgf agfpg d2t ul//x]sf lyP, s]xL v'Nnf 7fpFsf] ;/;kmfO{
ul//x]sf lyP / sf]xL k|fy{gf / ukm ul//x]sf lyP .
People were volunteering for cooking, and cleaning the open space. Somewere worshipping and chatting.

;a}hgf gfd;ËtL kf7 ul//x]sf lyP .
Everyone collectively chanted the Namasangiti.

sf]xL dflg;x¿ lkO/x]sf lyP, sf]xL k|fy{gf ub}{ lyP / sf]xL v]Nb} lyP .
People were drinking. Some people were praying, and others were chatting
and playing.
51

n'uf wf]O/x]sf lyP
Was washingclothes
dflg;x¿ ToxLF a;] / n'ufwf]O/x]sf lyP . aRrfx? eg]
aflx/ v]Ng kfpbf lgs} v';LlyP .
People were doing laundry,and children were very
happy about getting to playoutside.

aRrfx? v]ln/x]sf lyP . sf]xL ;dfrf/ ;'lg/x]sf lyP / sf]xL ;"rgf hDdf
ul//x]sf lyP .
Children were playing, some were listening to the news and others
were gathering information

52

kfgLsf] cj:yf
Condition of Watercfˆgf] 3/sf] hldg 6\ofÍLsf] kfgLsf] k|of]u u/] .
I used the stored water from underground tank of my own house.

e"sDkn] hldg xNnfPsf] x'gfn] Ogf/sf] kfgLdf kmf]xf]/
ldl;of] / # lbg;Dd Tof] kfgL k|of]u ug{ ldn]g .
Water from well couldn’t be used for drinking for
3 days because dirt mixed with water after shaking
due to earthquake.

53

gfuaxfn lxltsf] kfgL efF8f df‰g k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
Water from Nagbahal Hiti (stone water spout) was used to wash dishes.

gfuaxfn kfs{sf] hldg 6\ofÍLsf] kfgL vfgf ksfpg k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . ToxfF
ePsf] lkmN6/ ug]{ k|0ffnLn] kfgL 5fGg'sf] ;fy} hldg 6\ofÍL k'gM el/gsf] nflu ;xof]uk'u]sf] lyof] .
Water from underground watertank in Nagbahal park was used to cook
food. Also, we have a water filtration system in Nagbahal to filter the waterfrom well. This helped to recharge the reserved underground water tank.

54

vfgfsf] cj:yf
Condition of Foodd;Fu vfgsf]nflu w]/} s]xL lyPg To;}n]d}n] h] hlt 5 ToxL vfPF . Tof] lbg d}n]lrp/f / lrof dfq vfP/ lbg latfPF .
I didn’t have a lot of food to eat.
Therefore I ate whatever was available.
I had to survive on only beaten riceand tea at that time.

6f]naf6 vfgfsf] Joj:yf
Arrangement of food by the communitye"sDk uPsf] lbg xfdLn] 6f]naf6 lrof dfq kfPsf lyof}F / vfgf cfcfkm}n]
Joj:yf u/]sf lyof}F .
On the day of earthquake, we got tea from the community and we
managed food individually.

6f]naf;Lx?n] vfg]s'/f h'6fpg nfu] .
The residents started to manage food.

dflg;x¿ cfˆgf] 6f]n]sf] nflu vfgfsf]
Joj:yf ul//x]sf lyP / jl/kl/ eO/x]sf]
s'/fx?sf] hfgsf/L klg a6'Nb} lyP .
People were managing food forthe community and also gathering
information on ongoing activities inthe vicinity.
55

gfuaxfndf em08} !))) hgfsf] nflu
v'Nnf 7fpFdf g} vfgf agfOPsf] lyof] .
Tolta]nf ;a}n] g} Pp6f 7'nf] ef~5fk|of]u u/]sf] h:t} ePsf] lyof] .

OnfggLdf !) lbg;Dd x/]s lbg$%) dlg;x?sf] nflu vfgf
ksfOPsf] lyof] . ToxfF /x]sf] ;fdfg
e08f/ ug{ /flvPsf] c:yfoL cf>o
leq vfgf ksfpg] sfd eof] .

Food was prepared in open area foralmost 1000 people in Nagbahal.
Everyone shared the common
kitchen in open space. Mass feedingin the open space.

Food for 10 days for 450 people
was prepared daily in Ilanani.
Food was made in the temporary
shelter that was used as a store.

k|fo dflg;x¿ ;fd'lxs vfgf agfpg Jo:t lyP . To;}sf]nflu sf]xL ahf/ uO/x]sf
lyP, sf]xL bfn / rfdn s]nfpb} lyP / sf]xL t/sf/L sflt/x]sf lyP .
People were busy preparing food. Some went shopping, some were removing
impurities (such as husk, small stones, mud balls) from rice and lentils andsome were chopping vegetables.

gfuaxfndf vfgf agfO/x]sf] a]nf
56

Scene of food preparation in Nagbahal

dflg;x¿ kfs{sf] aflx/ vfgf ksfO/x]sf lyP . rfprfp, bfndf]7 / lrp/f eg];fFemsf] vfgfsf] ?kdf ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] eg] ljt/0f ubf{ 6f]njf;L afx]ssf
ef8fdf a:g]x?nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] .
People cooked food outside of the park. Instant noodles, dalmoth and chiura(beaten rice) were distributed as evening meal. Food was distributed not only
to local residents but also to residents of rental rooms.

d s's -;'jfM_ ePsf]n] gfuaxfndf ;a}sf] nflu vfgf
ksfPsf] lyPF .
Since I am a cook, I cooked food for all the people
in Nagbahal during that time.

57

;fd'lxs ;/;kmfO{
Cooperative cleaning activities
dflg;x¿ ;d'bfodf :jo+ ;]js eO sfd ul//x]sf lyP . ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno ;a}dlg;sf] nflu v'nf ul/of] . ToxfF kfgLsf] cefj eO/x]sf] lyof] .
People were working as volunteers for the community.Toilets in community
buildings along with few toilets of individual houses were made accessible
to everyone. There was a scarcity of water.

6f]nsf] ;a} dflg;x¿ ldn]/ ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno ;kmf ul/of] .
Toilets of community building were cleaned together by community people.

58kfn÷lqkfn / 6]G6n] el/Psf] ggL÷rf]s
Scene of the courtyards covered by tents and tripaal@ – # lbgkl5 g} dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof 36\b} uof], #–$ cf]6f kl/jf/ rflxF ! xKtf
;Dd a;] .
People started to decrease after 2-3 days. 3-4 families stayed for a week.

dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof & b]lv !) lbgkl5 sd x'Fb} uof] / ;a}hgf cfcfˆg} 3/ kmls{b}uP .
People moved out slowly by 7th to the 10th day and the tripaals started todecrease.

59$)) – %)) dflg;x¿ lqkfndf !% lbg;Dd a;]sf lyP .
400-500 people stayed in tripaal for 15 days.

gfuaxfndf e"sDk kl5sf lbgx?df cGbfhL @)) hgf dflg;x¿ a;]sf lyP .
About 200 people stayed in the courtyard in the consecutive days after
earthquake.

gfuaxfndf cGbfhL @)) hgf dflg;x? kl5Nnf lbgx?;Dd /lx/x] .
About 200 people were staying in Nagbahal in the consecutive days.

#))–$)) dflg;x¿ lqkfn d'gL /x] .
300-400 people stayed under the tripaal.

60

dflg;x?sf] ;ª\Vof 36\b} uPsf] lyof]
People starting to decrease

gfuaxfndf $–% lbgkl5 dflg;x¿k/fsDkg /f]lsof] eg]/ cfcfˆgf] 3/
kmls{/x]sf lyP .

OnfggLdf dflg;x¿ la:tf/} ggLaf6
3/lt/ hfg yfn] . sl/a !) lbgkl5of] ;+Vof 36\b} uof] .

People moved out slowly from
Nagbahal after 4-5 days thinking
that the aftershocks stopped.

People started leaving the courtyard
and the number started decreasing
after 10 days in Ilanani.

61

OnfggLdf ! – @ cf]6f kl/jf/ eg] lqkfndf geO{ 6f]nsf] c:yfoL cf>odf-h:tfsf] 6x/f_ a;F] .
1-2 families of Ilanani lived in the temporary shelter (of CGI sheet), notunder tripaal.

k/fsDkgkl5 @–# j6f 6]G6x?df rflxF Ps dlxgf;Dd dfG5]x? /lx/x] .
2-3 tents remained for a month after the aftershock.

62

Ps xKtfkl5 gu/kflnsfn] 3/ sltsf] ;'/lIft 5 eg]/ /ftf], kx]+nf] / x/Lof] lrGx
lbP/ uP .
After one week, assessment of building were carried out by the municipality
marking the buildings in red, yellow, and green.

k/fsDkg
Aftershock$)) – %)) hgf dflg;x¿ lyP| .
There were 400-500 people.

dflg;x¿ cfkm" klxnfsf] e"sDkdfa;]sf] 7fpF vf]h]/ TolxF a:g yfn] .
People were searching for thesame spot they stayed during
the first earthquake.
63

;xof]uL ultljlwdf ;d'bfo
Involvement of community in supporting activities;xof]usf] cfbfg k|bfg
Receiving and providing support
ljleGg AolStx?sf] cg'bfg / ;fd'bflos sf]ifaf6 rGbfsf] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] .
Pshgf :yflgo AolStn] kfgL klg bfg u/]sf lyP . o;sf ;fy;fy} ;/sf/åf/f
l;ldt rfprfp / kfn k|bfg ePsf] lyof] .
We collected donation from people and used money from the community
fund. A shopkeper also donated drinking water. We received a limited amountof water, noodles and tents from the government as well.

;a}sf] vfgfsf] nflu 6f]nsf af;Lx? / u'l7af6 rGbf pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
We got utensils for cooking from guthi. Funds were collected from communitiypeople which was also used for common kitchen.

64

;fdfGotof xfdL] af}4 ljxf/sf] leIf'x?sf] nflu vfgkfgsf] k|aGw u5f}F{ . t/ To;a]nf
pxfFx?n] Pslbg xfd|f]nflu vfgkfgsf] k|aGw ul/lbg' ePsf] lyof] .
We usually cater for monks in Bihar. But the monks from a Bihar catered
food for us for a day during the evacuation period.

k};f, cf}ifwL, lqkfn / 6]G6 hDdf u/L xfdLn] a'+udltsf e"sDk lkl8tnfO{ af9\g
k7fPsf lyof}F .
We collected money, medicine, tripaal and sent them to earthquake victims
in Bungamati.

65

o'jfx?sf] ;ls|otf
Youth mobilizationo'jfx? ;lqmo ?kdf sfddf nfu] .
Youths of community were active at that time.

6f]nsf] o'jfx? ldn]/ u:tL ul/of] .
Patrol was done by youth in the community.

66#) – $) hgf :jo+;]jsx? /fte/L 6f]nsf] ;'/Iffsf]nflu u:tL u/] .
30 - 40 volunteers were patrolling the courtyard of tole throughout the nightfor security (due to the threat of thieves).

xfdLn] kfn}kfnf] u:tL uof}{F . /flt lr;f] ePsfn] cfuf] tfKb} a:Yof}F .
We took turns to patrol. It was cold at night so we burned some wood andsat by the fire.

;a} kfndf uP/ ;Grf] la;Grf];f]Wg] uYof{}F .
We went around asking
each tent if everything was
alright.

67

:jo+;]js eO{ ahf/ uOof] .
We volunteered for shopping.

xfdL o'jfx? gfuaxfndf ;fd'lxs vfgf ksfpg] ;fdfg lsGg k;n uPsf lyof}F .
We, a young group went to buy goods for communal cooking.

68cfktsfnLg cf>odf latfPsf] a]nfsf] ;d:ofx?
Problems during evacuation life

6]G6 lyPg
Not enough tents
lqkfn k'u]sf] lyPg . @ cf]6f dfq
7'nf] lqkfn lyof] .
There weren’t enough tripaal.
Only 2 big tripaals wereavailable.

kfnlagf v'Nnf cfsfz d} b'O{ lbg ;'ltof] .
We slept two nights under open sky without Paal.

69

a:g] 7fpF / alQsf] ;d:of lyof] . c;fWo} lr;f] lyof] / b'O{ lbg;Dd v'Nnf
cfsfz d} 6]G6 lagf g} ;'ltof] .
There were problems of living space and light. It was too cold, we slept
under open sky for two days without tent (Paal, blue sheet).

kfs{sf] df6f]sf] ;lb{ dfly cfP/ xfdLn] cf]5\ofPsf] 8;gfdfly k/]/ 8;gf lr;f]eP/ ;'Tg ufx|f] ePsf] lyof] .
Moisture from the soil seeped to the mattress that created dampness andmade it difficult to sleep.

70lr;f]
Cold
7fF p sf] ;d:of lyof] clg
cf]9\g] -AnfGs]6_ klg k'u]g .
lr;f] eP/ /fd|f];Fu ;'Tg;s]g .
Space and blankets were
scarce, and it was cold, so
I coudn’t sleep.

hlt /ft kg{ yfNof], lr;f] Tolt g} a9\Yof] . lr;f]n] u/]/ aRrfx? ?g yfn] / ;'Tg]
jftfj/0f klg ePg .
It was very cold outside, especially at night and the children started to crythat disturbed everyone.

71

la/fdL / j[4x?sf] cj:yf
Condition of old and sick peoplea'9f] / la/fdL dflg;x?nfO{ e'Orfnf] cfPsf]a]nf
Pp6f 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf n}hfg lgSs} ufx|f] eof] .
Tolta]nfsf] df};dn] klg pxfFx?sf] :jf:Yodfg/fd|f] c;/ eof] .
It was difficult to shift old and sick people
from one place to another. In addition, theweather was also not favorable for their healthcondition.

xfdLaLr Pshgf kIf3ft ePsf] JolQm x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] lb;f ubf{ Psbd uGw
cfPsf] lyof] lsgeg] Tolta]nf pxfF;Fu 7'nf] dfG5]x?n] nufpg] 8fOk/ lyPg .
There was a paralyzed old man amongst us. When he started to defecate, it
smelt really bad as we didn’t have adult diapers at that time.

72

alQ lyPg
No electricity* lbg ;Dd alQ lyPg .
No electricity for 8 days.

zf}rfno / kfgLsf] sdL
Inadequete toilets and waterzf}rfno / kfgLsf] sdL b]lvof] .
Toilets weren’t enough and there was shortage of potable water.

73

/f]huf/sf] ;d:ofDifficulty to get work
xfdL lbglbg} sdfP/ vfg'kg]{ dfG5]xfF}, To;}n] e'Orfnf] uP/ sfd ug{
gldNbf xfdL;Fu cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t g}ePg .
We are day to day earning people. So we didn’t have source ofincome as there were no jobs
due to earthquake.

dfgl;s qf;
Mental disturbance

xfdLdf dfgl;s qf; a9\of] . clnslt rsf]]{ cjfh cyjf sDkgn] klg xfdL
8/fP/ ql;t x'GYof}F .
We were mentally disturbed and even the slightest of sounds and shaking
scared us.
74

elTsg} nfu]sf] u'ly 3/
Vulnerable guthi house
Pp6f vfl;xfNnf h:tf] 8/nfUbf]
3/ lyof] . Tof] 3/ hlta]nf klg
v:g] eo lyof] .

lbbL e]6\g hfFbf Tof] 8/nfUbf] 3/ eP/ hfg
kYof]{ . 3/ v:g] 8/n] d / 5f]/L ;w}F ToxfFaf6bf}8]/ hfGYof}F .

One house was vulnerable,
and it looked like it would fall
down any moment.

I had to pass through this house
whenever I had to visit my elder sister. Me
and my daughter quickly ran through it
as we were always scared of the housecollapsing at any point of time.

75

8/nfUbf] lgsf;L af6f]
Dangerous evacuation route

xfd|f] k/Dk/fut a:tLdf ;fª\3'/f] uNnL w]/} ePsfn] e"sDk hfFbf ToxfFaf6 efUglgs} 8/ nfUof] .
Our traditional settlement has a lot of narrow alleyways which made it
scary to run through.
76

3/sf] dd{tRepairment of housed]/f] 3/ elTsPsf] klg lyPg t/ a:g of]Uo klg lyPg .
My house was not collapsed but it was not suitable to live in either.

d]/f] 3/ l5g]{ 9f]sf g} lau|]sf] lyof] / 9f]sf aGb ug{ ldNb}g lyof], To;}n] 3/sf];'/Iffsf] af/]df lrGtf eO/fVYof] .
The door of my house was damaged and it could not be closed. So I was
always worried about security of the house.

d]/f] 3/ k'/} rls{Psf] lyof] t/ elTsg
rflxF elTsPg .
My house had many cracks but did
not collapse.

d]/f] 3/ dd{t ug'{kg]{ ePsf] lyof] .
My house needed repairing.

3/sf] lrGtf lyof] . lsgeg] 3/sf];a} 9f]sfx? tfnf nufpg gldNg] u/L
lalu|Psf] lyof] . To;}n] d 3/s} l58Ldfa;] . d}n] x/]s tNnfdf 6]sfx? nufP .
I was worried about my house because
all door locks were damaged. So I
could not sleep in open space. For
security I slept in ground floor ofhouse. I added supporting wooden
props to every floor after the second
earthquake.
77bf];|f] e"sDkn] 3/sf] Iflt a9L eof] . w]/} lrGtf lyof] . To;}n] leQfx? agfPF .
;fy} 6]sfx? klg /fv]F .
The damage was greater in the 2nd earthquake. I was very stressed. And, I
repaired the walls and added wooden props (shoring).
78

cfktsflng cf>odf latfPsf] cg'ejsf] ;s/fTds kIfx?
Positive aspects learned from the evacuation life
experiencealnof] ;d'bfosf] k|efj
Impact of strong community
gfuaxfn sldl6 ePsf]n] vfg], a:g], lkpg], s]lx ;d:of ePg . clg To:tf] 7'nf]e"sDk cfPklg 8/fpg' k/]g . o;df uj{ dx;'; ePsf] 5 .
Because of Nagbahal committee, there was no problem of eating, staying,and drinking. We felt secure even during such a huge earthquake and I am
proud of it.

xfdL;Fu uO;s]sf] e"sDksf] cg'ej lyof] . To;}n] xfdLnfO{ vfgf / ;'Tg] 7fpFsf]
Joj:yf s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lyof] . o;kfnL xfdLn] ;xh ?kdf o;sf]
Joj:yf ug{ ;Sof}F .
We had experience from the first earthquake. Therefore, it was easy to
manage food and sleeping space in the courtyard.
79

l5d]sdf /fd|f] ;DaGw
Better Neighborhood
Relationl5d]sLx? ;Fu} ;'Tg] vfg] u/]sf]n] Tolt
8/ lyPg .
We weren’t much fearful ofearthquake because all neighbors
slept and ate together.

5/l5d]sL ;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw eof] .
It created good relationship with neighbors.

l5d]sLx?sf] lardf hflto e]befjsf] cGt eof] .
Caste discrimination ended within the neighborhood.

c? dflg;x¿;Fu ;Dks{ a9\of] .
Communication with other people
improved.

xfdLn] Tolta]nf Pscfk;aLr ;xof]u/ ;lxi0f'tfsf] dxTj a'‰of}F . xfdLn]
ldlnh'nL sfd ug'{k5{ eg]/ yfxf kfof}F/ l5d]sLx?sf] dxTj klg a'‰of}F .
We understood the value of sharing
and co-operation at that time. We
realized the importance of neighbors
and the power of teamwork.
80l5d]sLx? ;Fu} a;]sf]n] ;DaGw cem /fd|f] eof] . l5d]sLx? lhGbuLdf rflxg] g}/x]5 eGg] dx;'; eof] .
We stayed with our neighbors (eating, sleeping together), so ourrelationship got better and we realised that neighbors are necessary in life.

kfgL kl//x]sf]a]nf xfdLn] uNnL leqlt/ 3/ ePsf] dfG5]x?nfO{ cfˆgf] 3/sf] e'OFtNnfdf a:g lbof}F lsgeg] xfd|f] 3/ axfnd} v'NYof] / s]xL eOxfn] klg lgl:sg;lhnf] x'GYof] . xfdLn] xfdL;Fu ePsf] vfg]s'/f klg afFl8rF'8L vfof}F . axfndf g}
a:bf klg xfdLn] ;a}nfO{ k'Ug]u/L ;'Tg] 7fpF ldnfofF} .
We let the people stay in the ground floor of our house when it was raining.
Our ground floor directly opens to the courtyard. We shared whatever food
we had with each other. We also adjusted the sleeping area to fit all thepeople of the community.

81

gfuaxfn 6f] n df a:b} cfPsf Psljb]zL;Fu ePsf] Aof6«Lsf] d2tn] aQL
gePklg OG6/g]6 rflxF rln/x]sf] lyof] .
Internet (WiFi) was working evenwhen there was no electricity.

aQL gePsf] a]nf xfdLn] cfˆgf] 3/df
ePsf] OGe/6/ k|of]u uof}{F .
We used the inverter we had in ourhomes when there was no electricity.

w]/} jif{kl5 3/sf] wf/f / Ogf/df kfgL cfof] .
After many years, water was available in house taps and in wells

82cfktsflng cf>odf latfPsf] cg'ejsf] kf7x?
Lessons learned from the evacuation life experience

3/ jl/kl/sf] v'Nnf 7fpFsf] dxTj a'lemof] .
I realized the importance of the open spaces in the vicinity of the house.

xfdLnfO{ clxn] ;fgf] ;fgf] e'OFrfnf]
cfpbfF Tolt 8/ nfUb}g . xfdLn]
To:tf] avtdf zfGt /x]/ a:g l;SofF} .

e"sDkn] gelTsg] alnof] 3/
agfpg' k5{ eGg] lzIff kfOof] .

We are not scared of small shocks ofearthquake anymore as we learned
to remain calm at those times.

We understand the importanceof building earthquake resilent
houses.

83

kfgLsf d'xfgx? ;+/If0f ug'{ k5{ .
Water sources need to be preserved.

v'Nnf ;fj{hlgs 7fpFx? hf]ufO /fVg'k5{ .
Public open spaces should be preserved.

84

;fj{hlgs zf}rfnosf] ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ .
Public toilets need to bepreserved.

;f}o{ phf{sf] ljsf; / j[l4ug'{k5{ .
Solar energy need to be
developed and its use should
be increased.

Aof6«Lsf] phf{ arfO /fVg'k5{ .
Battery power needs to be
saved.

;f}o{ phf{sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
Solar energy should be
used.

85

86

c:yfoL a;fO{sf] ;doTemporary living phase

87

88

3/ kmls{Pkl5 $ – % tNnf dflyaf6 efG5f tn e'OFtNnfdf ;fl/Psf] lyof] .
After going back home we shifted our kitchen from 4-5th floor to groundfloor.
89

3/x?sf] dd{t ;'? eof] . htftt} 6]sf nufpg yflnof] .
Repairing of houses started. Shoring was added everywhere.

90leqsf] rf]sklg 3/sf] a:g] 7fFpem} k|of]u eof] .
Inner courtyard was also used as extended living space.

s]lx 3/x?df w]/} Iflt ePsf] lyof] . To:tf #–$ kl/jf/x?sf] slxF a:g] 7fpF
gePsf]n] gfuaxfnsf] ;d'bfon] pgLx?nfO{ e08f/ 3/df -e+;f 5]+M_ sl/a ^dlxgf;Dd a:g] Joj:yf ul/lbPsf] lyof] .
Some houses were heavily damaged. As they didn’t have any other place
to live, the community offered the living space to them in community housefor 3-4 families for around 6 months.
91

92

sf]n'd;fd'bflos cg';Gwfg
ultljlwx?sf] glthf
COLUMN

Outcomes of Community
based research activities

93

94

eljiosf] ljkb\sf] nflu s;/L tof/L ug]{dxTjk"0f{ s'/f eg]sf] eljiosf] ljkb\ cNkLs/0fsf] nflu rflxg] tof/LnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg' xf] . ;fdfGotof, :yfgLo ;d'bfon] ljkb\ cNkLs/0fsf] ultljlwx? of]hgf
x? ug{ g]t[Tj ug]{ ub{5 . hfkfgdf, :yfgLo gu/kflnsfn] :yfgLo jftfj/0f cg';f/k|Lkm]Sr'/n / Do'lgl;kn l8hf:6/ Dofg]hd]G6 sfplG;nsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . :yfgLo
gu/kflnsf ;lqmo gePdf :yfgLo ;d'bfo g} ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg sfof{Gjog ug]{d'Vo cleg]tf x'G5 . xfdL, l/r'd]Osfg ljZjljWofno cg';Gwfg 6f]nL O= ;+=@)!@ b]lv o;P]ltxfl;s a:tLsf] cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg 5f} / xfdLn] O= ;+=@)!$ kl5 vf; ul/ ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t hf]lvd k|a+wg / ;d'bfo ljsf;sf] nfuL kxn u/]sf xf} .
ljkb\ cNkLs/0f of]hgfsf] nflu ;a}eGbf klxn] t o; P]ltxfl;s a:tLsf] :yfgLo
jftfj/0f / ;Defljt >f]tx?nfO{ k"0f{?kn] a'‰g cfjZos 5 . To;}n] xfdLn] gfuaxfn/ OnfgfgLsf afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ e]nf u/fof}+, / j/k/sf] hf]lvd jf Toxfsf] >f]tx?sf];Defjgfx¿ a'‰gsf] nflu æzx/ cjnf]sgæ / æljkb cNkLs/0f u]d -8LcfO{hL_æsf] nflu
sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf uof}{ . / cGtdf sfo{zfnfsf] gtLhfsf] ¿kdf ljkb\ cNkLs/0f gSzf
l;h{gf ug{ g]t[Tj uof}{ . xfdLn] cfktsfnLg vfg]kfgLsf] >f]tsf] ;Defjgfsf ¿kdf
lxlt / k/Dk/fut Ogf/x¿nfO{ e]§fpg ;Sof} . ;fy} xfdLn] cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] cf>o:ynsf] ?kdf k/Dk/fut ;f+k|bflos v'Nnf 7fpFx¿nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ >f]tsf] ¿kdf d'Nof+sg
u‍{of}+ . æljkb cNkLs/0f u]d -8LcfO{hL_æ v]Ng, ;a} ;xefuLx¿n] e"sDkkl5sf] cj:yfsf]af/]df cg's/0f ug{‘sf] ;fy} k'j{tof/L / cfktsfnLg k|ltlqmofx¿ h:t} kmfo/ kmfOl6+u,
p4f/ / ;'/lIft 7fpF lt/ lgsf;L sf] af/]df 5nkmn u/] . / of] ;a} 5nkmnn] ljkb\
cNkLs/0f gSzf sf] k|:tfj ug{sf] nfuL of]ubfg k'‍of{of] -k]h g+ (* x]g{'xf];\_ .
o;} aLrdf xfdLn] ljkb cNkLs/0f sfo{ of]hgfx¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu
:yfgLox¿nfO{ ;fd]n u/L, o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu @@ j6f egfOx? lg0f{o u/]sf5f} -k]h g+= !)@ x]g'{xf];\_. xfdLn] of] of]hgf O{= ;+= @)!@ b]lv lg/Gt/ sfo{zfnf dfkm{tl;h{gf ug{ z'¿ uof}{+ h;n] ubf{ nfdf] ;do lnP/ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t sfo{ of]hgfx¿sf]af/]df 5nkmn ug{ ;Sof} . of]hgf agfpg] k|lqmofsf] avtdf , O{= ;+= @)!% sf] e"sDkn]o; Pltxfl;s a:tLdf klg k|efj kf/] h'g dfkm{t xfdLn] dxQ\jk"0f{ kf7x¿ l;Sof}+ . /yk ¿kdf, tL kf7x? jf e"sDksf] cg'ejsf] ;b'kof]u ub}{ cNkLs/0f of]hgf ck8]6 ug{
cfjZos 5 . To;}u/L O{= ;+= @)!* df, k|ZgfjnL ;j]{If0fdfkm{t s/Lj ^) kl/jf/x¿nfO{
xfdLn] To; ljkQLdf pkof]uL jf cfjZos ePsf] rLhx¿sf] af/]df ;f]w]sf lyof} . To;sf]
kl/0ffd klg ln:6 agfPsf 5f} -k]h g+ !)$ x]g{'xf];\_ . clxn], xfdLn] ljkb\ cNkLs/0fof]hgf cGt/utsf] cfktsfnLg cf>o hLjgsf] nflu rflxg] ;fdfgsf] e08f/ of]hgf
tof/ ug{ cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf 5f} .
95How to prepare for future disaster
The important point is to continuously consider the mitigation for futuredisaster preparation. Basically, the local community takes the lead to promote disastermitgation. In Japan, the local municipality which represents the Prefectural andMunicipal Disaster management Council engages Local Disaster management Plan
according to local circumstances. Local community is the main actor to implement
disaster risk management unless the local municipality is passive to manage it.
We, the Ritsumeikan research team has involved in the research investigationon this historical settlement since 2012 and we have taken the initiative for community
based risk management and community development since 2014.
It is necessary to fully understand the local context and potential resourcesof the town. So, we gathered the participants from residents of Nagabahal andIlanani and conducted the Town Watching, Disaster Imagination Game (DIG) to
understand risks and possibilities, and finally, we led all the participants create theDisaster Mitigation Map as outcomes of the workshops. We could find the Hiti andtraditional wells as the possibility of emergency water resources, and we evaluatedthe traditional communal open spaces as an important resource on the emergency
situation. To play DIG, all participants simulated the post-earthquake situation in town
and discussed the preparation and emergency response such as firefighting, rescue,and evacuation. And all this discussion contributed to proper Disaster Mitigation
Map. (Refer to pg 100 for the map)
Meanwhile. we have involved locals to complete the Disaster Mitigation
Action Plans which has 22 statements to implement. We started to create this plansince 2012 through continuous workshops that could discuss community based
action plans. During the process of planning, the 2015 earthquake affected the sitethrough which we learned important lessons.
Furthermore, taking advantage of the experience of the earthquake in2015, it is necessary to update the mitigation plan. In 2018, we extracted items thatwere useful or necessary at the time of disaster, and also examined which entities(individuals, communities, or government) can make arrangement of those items (Refto pg 103 for the map)
In addition, we conducted questionnaire survey to the same 60 households
to figure out useful goods during the evacuation life (Refer to pg 104). Moreover,
we are continuining out research works to prepare stockpile planning for disastermitigation.

96

;DalGwt lrqx?
Related Figures97

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lx6L, Ogf/sf] ;kmfO{ ug]{ 3/ 3/af6 6'l/i6
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98

99

C,S

C,S

C,S

C,S

ko{6s

T

C

OnfggL

C

C,T

C

C,S,T

C,S

s'l6axfnC

cfbz{ ;/n df=la=ONxg] lx6L

cfbz{ ;/n df=la=gfuaxfn hfg] uNnL
;fF3'/f] ePsf]n] ljkb
cj:yfdf uf¥xf] x'g]

C,S

lx6L ;kmf ug]{ rf8-l;7L gvM_ df tflnd;+~rfng ug]{
ljkb Joj:yfkg af/]kf]i6/ agfP/ `+Gof
k'GxLsf lbg k|bz{g ug]{
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lbj;df tflnd
sfo{qmd ug]{・ljkt Joj:yfkg
sfo{qmd / :yfgLo
rf8kj{

gfuaxfn, OnfggLsf:yfgLox?sf aLrdfd]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f
agfpg]
gfuaxfn / OnfggLnfO{ hf]8\g] JolQmut
rf]s / uNnLx? ljkb\;dodf vf]Ng] ;xdlt
ul//fVg]
ljkb cj:yfdf
gfuaxfn / OnfggLsf]
afl;Gbfx?df kfgL,vfg]s'/f, cf}hf/, OGwg,
v'Nnf 7fpFx?sf] ;fEfmfk|of]u ;Sg] /fd|f] ;DaGw
agfO/fVg' kg]{

:jo+d;]jssf] Joj:yf
tyf uNnLsf] Joj:yfsdhf]/ 3/nfO{-/]6«f]lkmlnË_ ug]{
clUg lgoGq0f ;DaGwL
pks/0f tyf k|lzIf0f
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af/] hfgsf/L lbg]
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sfpG6/sf] Joj:yf
a[4 / o'jf aLr;dGjo, ;xsfo{ x'g]
jftfj/0f agfpg]

sfo{qmd

Date：27th September 2014（Saturday）Venue: Kwalakhu、Lalitpur、Nepal
Participants: Shanti Bajracharya, Puspa Raj Shakya, Gyan Bahadur Shakya, Rumina Shakya, Prabin Dhakhwa, Organizer & Co-operator：Ilanani Tole Development Committee
Ganga Shakya, Radha Aryal, Sanu Nani Shakya, Maya Shakya, Trishna Shakya, Babu Kaji Shakya, Raju Shakya,
Nagbahal Tole Development Committee
Ratna Kaji Shakya, Sunil Shakya
Sarthak Shiksha（NGO）
Helpers: Arjun Koirala, Ramuna Shakya, Sabina Shakya, Udit Timilsina
Creation：Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage,
Facilitators: from R-DMUCH: Takeyuki Okubo, Lata Shakya, Dowon Kim/ from Sarthak Shiksha: Dipu Shakya
Ritsumeikan University, JAPAN（R-DMUCH）

NAGBAHAL, ILANANI TOLE - Disaster Mitigation Map

C,SuNnLdf u'7Lsf] 3/
ePsf]n] dd{t ug{;a}sf] ;xdlt h'6fpg
cfjZosgfuaxfn

100

CHALLENGES

MEASURES

ActorsNarrow and lower
alleys are blocked
by an earthquake

Seismic reinforcement

Residents on eachhouse help
evacuation of
tourists

Tourists

Preparing the tools
for rescue

Seniors and children Belated support tohave diﬃculty totourists for the ﬁrst
evacuate from home prior response tofamily and home
Uninformative
evacuation route
Understanding thefor tourists
needs of
Insuﬃcient rescue handicapped on
disasterequipments

The main actors in community:Tole, Guthi, Youngsters, Ladies, Taremam Sanga, Dafa Basanuse courtyard as
car parking lots
(e.g. Kutibahal)

Possibility of collapsionof old houses

Seismic reinforcement Sharing thefor narrow alleys
information ofsmall chowk for
Appropriate athe multiple
monthly fee for
evacuation routehouseholds who

Possibility ofcollapsion of alleys

Parking lot problem Electric wire problem

From home to open
space, it needs topass through otherhouses and alleys

・First Aid Methods for the People
Requires the Assistance on Disaster

The Result of the Discussion from the Workshop

・Methods of Evacuation andPreparations for Disaster

Preservation andmaintenance ofwells and Hiti

An earthquake
mitigation plan for
installation a large
capacity water
cistern, but thebudget is an issue

Water amount of
Hiti and well are
not stable all year
round

Issue of power
outage on the
supply from water
cisternC

NAGBAHALC

Fully equip theoverhead water
cistern in each
communities andhousesTo maintain
together with city
municipality the
pond to collectrainwater and Hiti

Limit duration ofcistern water forlong term storingon disaster

Demands increase
for water bypopulation grows

・Maintenance Methods ofTraditional Water Resources

T

T

T

Chiba Choka

NanichaT

Dhakhwa Choka

Ilanani Hiti ASSS

C,T

T

AkibahalAkibahal

C,S

Construction ofseismic reinforcementbuilding

Construction ofseismic reinforcement building
Necessity of ﬁreequipment andhuman resource

Events for awarenessraising of disaster
Establish volunteers

Rescuing educationand training toyoung people

Earthquake
education to children

Imagination forpost disasters

・Needs for the
Future Preparation

Lack of equipment
and technology tomanage thechallenges

Rescue by young
peopleDisaster education toyoung and residents

Security issue

Eﬀective coordination

Immediate recovery
from the earthquake
shock

Emergency
response to the ﬁreand lifesaving

Fire hazard: Each
courtyard needs a bell
for alarming ﬁre as
like as Nagbahal has

・Other Issues for
Disaster
Mitigation andCountermeasures

C：Children
S：Senior Citizens
T：Tourits: Buildings: Open Space
Route for Access: Water Resource(Hiti, Well, Cistern): People Requires Help

＜INDEX＞

101

C,S

C,S

C,S

C,S
Tourists

T

C

ILANANI

C,T

C

C,S,T

ASSS

C,S

KUTIBAHALCIlanani Hiti ASSS

Narrow alley to access
Nagbaha：l high risk ofevacuation that has
diﬃculty to cross by morethan two passenger

C,S

Conduct disaster drills
at the earthquake day
・Maagh２Gate

Advertise disaster
information on festivals
・Yanya Punhi

Conduct disaster
drills on the festival(cleaning Hiti)
・Sithi Nakha

・Linking with Local
Festivals and Disaster
Prevention Activities

Sharing water acrossIlanani and Nagbahal
districts in the
post-earthquake

It is possible themeals and utensils
sharing on two Toles

・Mutual Supports
between Ilanani andNagbahal
Making an
agreement ofemergency plan for
passing eachcourtyard between
Ilanani and Nagbahal

Building a cooperation system between
the young and elder

・Role Sharing andCooperation between
the Elder and Young

Establish thedepartment for areal
disaster management

Necessity of ﬁreequipment andhuman resource
Necessity of ﬁrst
aid kids and humanresource develop
Education of pastdisasters

Date：27th September 2014（Saturday）Venue: Kwalakhu、Lalitpur、Nepal
Participants: Shanti Bajracharya, Puspa Raj Shakya, Gyan Bahadur Shakya, Rumina Shakya, Prabin Dhakhwa, Organizer & Co-operator：Ilanani Tole Development Committee
Nagbahal Tole Development Committee
Ganga Shakya, Radha Aryal, Sanu Nani Shakya, Maya Shakya, Trishna Shakya, Babu Kaji Shakya, Raju Shakya,
Sarthak Shiksha（NGO）
Ratna Kaji Shakya, Sunil Shakya
Creation：Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage,
Helpers: Arjun Koirala, Ramuna Shakya, Sabina Shakya, Udit Timilsina
Ritsumeikan University, JAPAN（R-DMUCH）
Facilitators: from R-DMUCH: Takeyuki Okubo, Lata Shakya, Dowon Kim/ from Sarthak Shiksha: Dipu Shakya

NAGBAHAL, ILANANI TOLE - Disaster Mitigation Map

C,S

Needs of agreement for reinforcement the alley ofGuthi` PropertyCljkb\ cNkLs/0f sfo{ of]hgf!= c:yfoL cf>osf] :yfg tf]Sg]]@= lgsf;L dfu{x¿sf] lgoldt dd{t ;+xf/#= p4f/ / /fxtsf nflu e08f/ ;'ljwfsf] :yfkgf$= /fxt ;fdu|L / pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]u%= lgsf;L / p4f/ of]hgfsf] u7g^= lgsf;L / p4f/ cEof;sf] sfof{Gjog&= ljkb\sf] a]nf hf]lvddf kg{ ;Sg] afl;Gbfx¿sf] ju{ lgsfNg]]*= /fxt kfgL cfk"lt{ ug{ Aofsck -hu]8f_ pks/0fsf] dd{t;Def/(= lgsf;L k|lzIf0fdf ;xeflutf!)= ljkb\ /f]syfd pks/0fsf] tof/L!!= p4f/ / /fxt k|lzIf0fdf ;xeflutf!@= /fxt pks/0fx¿sf] tof/L!#= lxltsf] kfgL gfnLsf] dd{t!$= cfuf]nfuLsf] cj:yfdf k|of]u ul/g] kfOksf] d'vsf] dd{t;Def/!%= ;fgf] kmfo/ 6«ssf] -bdsn_ Joj:yf!^= cfktsfnLg ;jf/L ;fwgx?sf] nflu af6f]] ldnfpg]!&= kfgL pkof]usf] ;dfof]hg ug]{!*= lxltnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ldNg] tl/sfn] j/k/sf] jftfj/0f v'Nnf / ;kmf /fVg]!(= cfktsfnLg ;jf/LnfO{ 6«flkms cj/f]w gkg]{ u/L cGo ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ ;fg]{@)= kfls{+u ug]{ 7fpF 5'tfpg] / lgodx¿sf] ;+zf]wg u/L s8fO{sf ?kdf nfu' ug]{@!= b}lgs /]vb]v ug]{ h:t} ;kmfO{@@= cfktsfnLg uf8L rNg] ;8ssf] ;fy} 3/sf] cufl8 af6f]nfO{ afwf /lxt
agfpg]@#= ljkb\sf] a]nfdf ko{6ssf] nflu Joj:yf ldnfOlbg]@$= ljkb\sf] a]nfdf kfgLsf] >f]t k|of]usf] nflu lgod agfpg]@%= ljkb\ a]nfdf vfgf ksfpg] af/]df lgod agfpg]@^= cfktsfnLg cf>osf] hLjg latfO{/x]sf] a]nfdf ck/fw /f]syfd ultljlwx¿sf]sfof{Gjog ug]{@&= cfktsfnLg cf>osf] hLjgsf] ;dodf zf}rfno tof/ ug]{@*= k|To]s 3/df e"sDk k|lt/f]wL pkfox? lgsfNg]@(= lah'nL / ;~rf/ dfWodsf nflu pkfox¿ rfNg]
102

Disaster mitigation measures
1. Designation of temporary shelter
2. Maintenance of evacuation routes
3. Establishment of stockpiling facilities for rescue and relief
4. Deployment of relief goods and instruments
5. Formulation of evacuation and rescue plan
6. Implementation of evacuation and rescue exercises
7. Confirmation of inhabitants who can be vulnerable to disaster
8. Maintenance of backup equipment to supply relief water
9. Participation in evacuation drills
10.Preparation of disaster prevention tool
11.Participation in rescue and relief training
12.Preparation of relief tools
13.Maintenance of Hiti’s water conduit
14.Maintenance of intake of fire-fighting water
15.Introduction of small fire truck
16.Maintenance of the passage of emergency vehicles
17.Adjusting water usage
18.Improvement of surrounding environment to make Hiti available
19.Movement of vehicles and others obstructing traffic of emergency 		
vehicles
20. Maintenance of parking spaces and regulations
21. Daily maintenance such as cleaning
22. Maintenance in front of home along the road of emergency vehicles
23. Responding to tourists in the event of a disaster24. Making rules for water source use in case of disaster25. Making rules on cooking in case of disaster
26. Implementation of crime prevention activities during evacuation life
27. Prepare toilet during evacuation life
28. Earthquake countermeasure of each house
29. Measures for electricity and communication means

103

cfkTfsfnLg hLjgsf pkof]uL ;fdfu|Lx?
Useful goods during evacuation life:6]r/Stretcher

104

lXjOn r]o/k|fylds pkrf/sf] ;fdfg

clS;hg l;lnG8/Wheel chairFirst aid kit

Oxygen cylindercf}ifwLdfS;

l6:o' k]k/

Medicine

Mask

Toilet/tissue paper

8fok/ -aRrf÷j[4_;flg6/L Kof8

Diaper (Children/Adult)

Sanitary padOGe/t/lrd

Aof6«L

Inverter

Bulb

Batteries

lj:tf/ s8{d}gaQL

6r{

Extension cord

CandleTorch light

l;¶L

8f]/L

Whistle

Rope

;fa]n

xyf}8f

ShovelHammer105

106sfnf] Dof6;'s'nl;/s÷cf]8\g]

Mat (Durafill)

Hay matBlanketkfn÷lqkfn÷6]G6:kGh

Tent/paal/tripaal

Spongen'ufrKkn÷h'Qf

Clothes

Slippers/Shoes

kGhf

5ftf

jiff{lt

GlovesUmbrella

Raincoatlkpg] kfgL

kfgL z'4Ls/sb'w

Drinking water

Water purifierMilk

rfprfpbfndf]7rsn]6Instant noodles

Dalmoth

Chocolate

la:s'6

nfvfd/L

u'F8kfs

Biscuit

LakhamariGudpaak(traditional newari fried
sweet made with flour
coated in sugar syrup)(traditional newari sweet madeof jaggery, nuts and evaporated
milk)

lrp/f

;'s]sf] vfgf -u'G›'s÷;'s'lt_

Beaten rice

Dried food (vegetable/meat)107

vfgf ksfpg] ;fdfg

UofF; l;lnG8/

UofF; :6f]kCooking tools

LPG cylinder

Gas stove

7"nf] efF8f

sf7

Big pot

Timber:jo+;]js
Volunteers108cf/lIft kfgL 6\ofÍLReserve water tankOG6/g]6 -jfOkmfO{_

kl/jf/sf] hfgsf/L sfuh

Internet (WiFi)

Family information sheet

jfsL 6sL
Walkie-talkie/]l8of]

;fO/g

Radio

Siren

109

110

kl/lzi6
Appendix

111

112

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x'G5g\ . bf];|f] tNnf a}7ssf] nflu xf] jf kl/jf/ a:g] sf]7f ÷ sfd ug]{ sf]7f xf] /t];|f] tNnf vfgf vfg] sf]7f / efG5f sf]7f ÷ k"hf sf]7f ÷ sf};L sf] nflu xf] . of]
cfjf; k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff uf]kgLotf / 7fpFsf] z'4tf åf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .
k/Dk/f cg';f/ s'g} klg 7fpF eF"O ;txaf6 hlt dfly x'G5 Toltg} a9L lghL
/ …z'4Ú 7fpF dflgG5 . cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] sf/0f tNnfsf] ;+Vof, ;+/rgf / df]x8f
kl/jt{g ePtf klg k/Dk/fut cfjf; k|0ffnL eg] k'/fgf] ;x/L] If]qdf sfod} ePsf]
kfO~5 . cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] ;fy, e'OFdf e"ldut kfgL e08f/ ug]{ 6\ofÍ jf JolQmut
3/sf] sf};Ldf cf]e/x]8 kfgL e08f/ ug]{ 6\ofÍ /fVg] rng b]lvG5 .
gfuaxfn tyf OnfggL If]qsf 3/ tyf ejgx¿ ;fdfGotof dfly

kl/jf/sf] 7fFp

Goft+ M rf}yf} tNnf
z'4a}uM M t];|f] tNnf-k]t+ vfgf vfg] sf]7f
efG5f sf]7f
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kl/jf/ a:g] sf]7f
sfd ug]{ sf]7f

kl/jf/ afx]s klg
cfpg ;Sg]] 7fFp

dft+ M klxnf] tNnf;'Tg] sf]7f
kfx'gf sf]7f5]ln M e'O{+ tNnfk;nzf}rfno
e08f/
0

1

2m

sd z'4

cuf8L df]x8f M a9L ;f{jhlgs k5f8L df]x8f M a9L lghL

lrq g+ ! g]jf/L 3/x?sf] k/Dk/fut cfjf; k|0ffnL(n]vs 4f/f Guchow (2011) sf] lkmu/df hfgsf/L ylkPsf] xf])113

pNn]v ul/Psf] k/Dk/fut cfjf; k|0ffnL cg';f/ s} % b]lv ^ tNnfsf 5g\ . e'OFtNnf sd z'4 7fpF / ;fdfGotof efG5f jf vfgf vfg] 7fpF xf]Og . t/ @)&@
;fnsf] e"sDk kl5 s]lx ;dosf nflu clwsf+z afl;Gbfx¿n] c:yfoL a;fO{sf?kdf e' O F t Nnf g} efG;f, vfg] / ;'T g] nufot 3/sf] ;a} sfdsf nflu k| o f] uu/]sf lyP .

ggL jf rf]sg]jf/ zx/df rf/ jf ;f]eGbf a9L tNnf ePsf 3/x? ;fF3'/f] ;8s / ggL jfrf]s df nfOg ldnfP/ plePsf] x'G5 . ggL jf rf]s sf ejgx¿ k|foM ;+/rgfTds¿kdf PsLs[t x'Fb}gg\ . oBlk, af}4 ljxf/, b/af/ kl/;/ / ;DkGg kl/jf/sf 3/x?sfrf]sx? eg] w]/} h;f] PsfTds rf/sf]gf - Ppt} ;+/rgf _ sf x'G5g\ .
PsfTds rf/sf]gf eg]sf] af}4 ljxf/sf] ljlzi6 jf:t'ut ¿k xf] / of] ljZjf;
ul/G5 ls b/af/sf] kl/;/ / ;DkGg kl/jf/sf 3/x? o;} jf:t'snfsf] k|efjsf
kl/0ffd x'g\ . lrq @ df b]vfOP h:t} ggL jf rf]s nfO{ wfld{stfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6% k|sf/df juL{s[t ug{ ;lsG5 .
;j{ k|yd t af}4 laxf/ sf] gfd æaxf jf axLÆ ePsfx? / gePsfx?df
ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . s, v / u æaxf jf afxLÆ gfd ePsfx? x'g\ .
k|sf/ s M k"0f{ ¿kdf af}4 laxf/sf] ejgn] 3]l/Psf], rf]ssf] gfddf laxf/sf] gfd
hf]l8Psf] . h:t} M Sjf axf, lkGt' axL
k|sf/ v M cf+lzs ¿kdf af}4 ljxf/sf] ejgn] 3]l/Psf], rf]ssf] gfddf laxf/sf] gfd
hf]l8Psf] . h:t} M cfgGb axf
k|sf/ u M JolQmut 3/x¿åf/f 3]l/Psf] t/ ggL / rf]sdf wfld{s :df/s æuGws'ltÆ
wfld{stf ePsf]
laxf/ sf] gfd ePsf]

laxf/ sf] gfd gePsf] wfld{stf gePsf]

df]8n
lrq
gfd

s

v

axf jf axLaf}4 laxf/sf] ejgaf}4 laxf/ Affx]ssf] ejg

uggL jf rf]sªuGws'lt æSjfkf Bf]Æ /fVg] d'Vo :yfg
ggL jf rf]sær}ToÆ jf æwd{wft'Æ jf cGo b]jnx?

lrq g+ @ g]jf/L zx/sf] ggL÷rf]sx?
114

3

cjl:yt ePsf] . æuGws'ltÆ eg]sf] laxf/sf] dxTjk'0f{ b]jtf æSjfkf Bf]Æ /fVg]
d'Vo :yfg xf] . k|sf/ s / v df cnUu} sf]7f x'G5 . ;fy} af}4 laxf/sf] ejg
gePklg af}4 laxf/ x'g] lalQs} o;sf] Joj:yfkg ;+u7g æ;+3Æ klg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .
h:t} M u0f]z axf
kf6gsf] k'/fgf] zx/ If]qleq, !^^ af}4 laxf/x? 5g\ . tL ;a}df rf]s eg]
5}g . af}4 laxf/sf gfd gePsfx? eg] k|sf/ 3 / ª x'g\ .
k|sf/ 3 M 3/x?n] dfq 3]l/Psf] t/ wfld{s :tDex? ær}ToÆ jf æwd{wft'Æ jf cGob]jnx? ePsf] . h:t} M ttL ggL
k|sf/ ª M 3/x?n] dfq 3]l/Psf] / wfld{s :tDex? gePsf] . h:t} M ls;L ggL
ckjfbsf ?kdf af}4 laxf/ ePtfklg axf jf axL gelgsg ggL sf] gfddf
lrlgg]x? klg 5g\ . h:t} M OnfggL, Gofvf r's
ggL 7"nf] xf] eg] rf]s ;fgf] xf] . ;fgf] rf]sx?df æ;fMufMÆ gfd lbOPsf]rf]s klg kfOG5 . ;fMufM eGgfn] k/Dk/fut kmf]xf]/ hDdf ug]{ 7fpF xf] . xfn ;x/L
If]qdf kmf]xf]/ hDdf ug]{ rng x6L;s]sf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ æ;fMufMÆ eGg'sf] ;§f clxn]
ærf]sÆ g} elgG5, h'g cGo rf]sx¿ ;dfg g} 5g\ .
ggL / rf]s If]qsf] cfsf/ @) ju{ dL= b]lv $))) ju{ dL= ;Ddsf klg
5g\ . gfuaxfn -d"n gfd OltNxg] _ #*)) ju{ dL= sf] cf;kf; 5 eg] OnfggL!&@) ju{ dL= sf] cf;kf; 5 . b'a} ggLx? 7"nf] cfsf/sf 5g\ eg] b'a} JolQmut
3/x¿n] dfq geO{ af}4 laxf/sf ejgx¿ jf 6f]n / u'l7sf ;fd'bflos ejgx¿n]3]/]sf 5g\ . / tL laxf/ jf wfld{s ejgx¿ ePsf] x'gfn], ToxfF k|To]s laxf/sf]
æ;+3Æ 5g\ eg] r}To wd{wft' h:tf :df/sx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg u'lyx¿ klg
5g\ . To; ;+3 tyf u'lysf ;b:ox¿ :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿g} x'g\, h;n] ubf{ ToxfFsf
afl;Gbfx¿sf] ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf æIf]qdf cfwfl/t -6f]n jf;L_ ;DaGwÆ / æ/ut
df cfwfl/t -cfkmGtx?_ ;DaGwÆsf] cltl/Qm æwd{÷;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs;DaGwÆ klg l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . oL ax'–:tl/t ;DaGwx¿n] ubf{ :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?sf]
aLrdf jf:tjdf l5d]sL ;DaGw ulx/f] / alnof] x' g] u/] s f] 5 / olx ulx/f] /alnof] 6f]n ePsf] sf/0fn] jf:tjdf @)&@ sf] ljgf;sf/L e"sDksf] a]nfdf;/sf/sf] ;xof]u lagf klg gfuaxfn / OnfggL sf] v'Nnf If]qnfO{ cfktsfnLg
cf>osf] ?kdf /fd|/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;kmn ePsf] xf] . ;fy} k/Dk/fut >f]tx¿n]el/k'0f{ P]ltxfl;s If]q ;flRrs} ljkb\df klg alnof] / k'g l/se/L x'g ;Sg]æ/]lhlnPGt ;dfh Resilient SocietyÆ ePsf] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 .
115

Background Knowledge

Written by Dr. Lata Shakya

Newar Residence
Newar residences are of 4-5 stories. Regardless of the size of theresidence, the Newar residence has a traditional dwelling system, which isvertically orientated. The spatial structure is shown in Fig 1. The ground flooris space for toilet and storeroom that opens to the courtyard which provides
security and privacy. The 1st floor is space for sleeping/guest rooms, the 2nd
floor is for living or family room/working room and the 3rd floor is for dining/
kitchen/pray room/terrace. This concept is determined by the privacy andpureness of space, according to tradition it is considered that the higher the
distance from the ground floor level the more private and ‘purer’ space is.
Although the number of storeys, structure, and appearance has changed due
to modernization, the Newar residence style and functionality are inherited in
the old city area. With modernization, the installation of underground water
storage tanks on the ground floor and/or overhead water tanks at the terraceof the individual house have become an essential part.
Residences in the Nagbahal area are normally 5 to 6 storied with
the newar spatial structure mentioned above. Being the ground floor lesspure space and usually the kitchen or dining are not located on the groundfloor but during the temporary living phase (up to 6months) after Gorkha
earthquake, most of the residents used it for all of the household functions
including kitchen, dining and sleeping space.

・Kitchen・Dining room
・Pray room
・Terrace

Chota; 3F・Family room
・Working room

Mātã; 2F

・Bed room
・Living room

Cheli; 1F・Shop・Toilet・Store room0

the Front:more public

12m

the Rear:more private

Space of Famlily

Baiga/Pyatã; 4F

Pure（Ritual food,the holy,the solar)

Accesible place forguestsNyāta/Pātā; 5F

Impure（the animal,
excremental,
outcastes, death)Fig 1. Spatial structure of Newari Residence(author added information on the base figure which is from ref. Gutschow Neils (2011)116

Courtyards
Newar town is formed by four or more storied Newar residences lined
in narrow streets and courtyards. The buildings in courtyards are usually not
structurally integrated. However, courtyards of the Buddhist monastery, thepalace compound and typify houses of the well-to-do are unitary quadrangles.
Unitary quadrangles are the typical architectural form of a Buddhist monasteryand it is believed that palace compound and typify houses of the well-todo are also results of influences from monastery architecture. In figure2,
courtyards are classified into 5 types from the viewpoint of religiosity.
Type A courtyard is completely surrounded by Buddhist monastery building.
Type B courtyard is partially surrounded by Buddhist monastery building.
Type C courtyard is surrounded by individual houses but in courtyard exist
monument which refers Gandakuti; the main space of Buddhist deities.
All above 3 types are the Buddhist monastery courtyards that haveparticular monastery name and its management organization “Sangha”.
They are called Baha or Bahi.
Type D and Type E are normal courtyards called Nani or Chuka. Nani is alarger courtyard and Chuka is a smaller courtyard. Some Nani and Chuka
also have religious artifacts like chaitya or dharmadhatu. A small-scaled
courtyard or space called a “Saagaa” also existed that functioned as a

Courtyard with religiosity
Courtyard with the name of Buddhist monastery

Courtyard without

Courtyard without thereligiosity
name of Buddh. monastery

Model
Figures
A

Name

B

C

Baha or Bahi

monastery building（with “Gandhakuti”)
buildings except monastery buildingDE

Nani or Chowk
Gandhakuti (room of main shrine)
courtyard
Chaitya/Dharmadhatu/other religious monuments

Fig 2. Classification of Courtyards

117

common garbage dump site; recently, however, the houses in the urban
areas, common garbage dumpsite is no longer needed and instead of calling
it a “Saagaa”, it is now called a “Chuka,” similar to other normal courtyards.
In Patan’s old city, there are 166 Buddhist monasteries. However, all
Buddhist monasteries do not possess courtyards. The size of the courtyard
area varies from 20m2 to 4000m2. Nagbahal (original name Itilhane-Nani)
is around 3800m2 and Ila-Nani is around 1720m2. Although both of thecourtyards are of larger size, both of the courtyards are surrounded by not only
individual but also monastery buildings or community buildings. And becauseof the existence of those religious buildings, there exist Sangha organizationof each monastery and various Guthis related to monuments and its rituals.
The members of the organizations are the local residents, and it created an
extra social relation in addition to territory base relation and blood relation
between the residents. These multi-layered relations between the residents
actually created a deep and strong bond within the neighborhood. And it
actually functioned very well in response to the earthquake and proved thehistoric area with traditional resources as a Resilient Society.

References
Shakya Lata, Takada Mitsuo, Morishige Sachiko: Spatial structure of a courtyard-style settlement originating from a Buddhist monastery: A study of acooperative space management system in an old city area of Patan, part 1.
Jpn Archit Rev. 2018;00:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/2475-8876.12027
Jpn Archit
Locke John K. Buddist Monasteries of Nepal, A Survey of the Bahas andBahis of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu: Sahayogi Press Pvt. Ltd; 1985
Pruscha Carl (Government of Nepal with the United Nations and UNESCO).
Kathmandu Valley, Preservation of Physical Environment and Cultural Heritage A protective Inventory (vol. 2). Vienna: Anton Schroll & Co.; 1975.
Pant Mohan, Funo Shuji. Spatial Structure of a Buddhist Monastery Quarterof the City of Patan, Kathmandu Valley. J Arch Planning Environ Eng, AIJ, No.
513, pp. 183-189, 1998
Gutschow Neils: Architecture of Newars, Serindia Publications; 2011118

of]ubfgstf{x?sf]
kl/ro / b'O{ zAb
Profiles and Personal notesof Contributors

119

120

of]ubfgstf{x?sf] kl/roProfiles of contributorsk|f]= 8f= tfs]o'ls cf]s'af]
Prof. Dr. Takeuki Okubocf]s'af] tfs]o'sL l/r'd]Osfg ljZjljBfnosf] Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering sf k|fWofks x'g\ / the Instituteof Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage sf] lgb]{zsklg x'g'x'G5 . jxf ICORP / JP-ICOMOS sf] ;b:o klg x'g'x'G5
jxfn] l;len OlGhlgol/Ë, cfls{6]Sr/ / global environmental
engineering ;DalGw cWoog ug'{ePsf] 5 . / o; ljifo nfO g} k[i7e"ldsf] ?kdf lnP/ clxn] æk|sf]k cNkLs/0fsf nflu zx/L l8hfOgæ lt/
cg';Gwfg sfdx? ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . oL cg';Gwfgsf sfo{x? d'Votof
k/Dk/fut 1fg / sf7sf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pkof]u;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .
Takeyuki OKUBO is a professor at the Graduate School and College of
Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University and the director at theInstitute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage (R-DMUCH). He
is also a member of ICORP and JP-ICOMOS. He has a doctoral degreeof engineering from Kyoto University, March 1999. His background in civilengineering, architecture and global environmental engineering informs
his current research interests in urban design for disaster mitigation andarchitectural designs which promote the utilization of traditional knowledge
and wooden materials. So, his main research subject is the interdisciplinary
area that covers preservation of cultural heritage and urban disasterprevention that have been handled separately so far. He is currently engaged
in designing safe and beautiful cities and regions based on his research.

121

8f= ntf zfSo
Dr. Lata Shakya
ntf zfSo 6f]lsof] l;l6 ljZjljBfno, Department ofEnvironmental Studies sf n]Sr// x'g'sf] ;fy} Institute of Disaster
Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage, l/r'd]Osfg o'lgjl;{6L sf
l/;r{/ x'g'x'G5 . pgn] dLdf;fsf o'lgjl;{6L -cf]sfofdf, hfkfg_
af6 cfls{6]Sr/df :gfts l8u|L, Sof]6f] lk|km]Sr'// ljZjljBfno-Sof]6f], hfkfg_ af6 Human Environmental Sciencedf :gftsf]
Q/ l8u|L, Sof]6f] ljZjljBfno -Sof]6f], hfkfg_ af6 Urban andEnvironmental Engineering df 8S6/]6 l8u|L u/]sf 5g\ . pgLn] kLPr8Ldf P]ltxfl;szx/ kf6gdf ;fDk|bflos 7fpF -ggL / rf]s_ sf] Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL sf] af/]df thesisn]v]ls x'g\ . pgL xfn g]kfnsf] zx/L / u|fdL0f Onfsfx¿df k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f of]hgf,
l/se/L / k'glg{df{0f cfjf; of]hgfsf] cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg l5g\ . ;fy} NepaleseEngineers Association Japan sf] cWoIf x'g'x'G5 . pgLnfO{ O{ = ;= @)!$ df æPcfO{h]-cfls{6]Sr/n O+l:66\o"6 hfkfg_sf] k|f]T;fxg k'/:sf/æ, O{ = ;= @)!$ df P;f]l;P;g ckm
ca{g xfplhË ;fOG;]haf6 “the Doctoral Dissertation Award” / O{ = ;= @)!% df “the1st JUSOKEN Doctoral Dissertation Award” k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
Lata Shakya is a lecturer (part-time) at Department of Environmental studies,Tokyo City University and visiting researcher at Institute of Disaster Mitigation
for Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan University. She received her Bachelor
degree in Architecture from Mimasaka University (Okayama, Japan) , master’s
degree in Human Environmental Science from Kyoto Prefectural University(Kyoto, Japan), doctoral degree in Urban and Environmental Engineeringfrom Kyoto University (Kyoto, Japan).She dealt with the management systemof communal spaces (courtyards) in historic city Patan in Ph.D. dissertation.
She is currently involved in the research of disaster mitigation planning,
and recovery and reconstruction housing planning in urban and rural
areas of Nepal. She is also contributing as president of Nepalese Engineers
Association Japan. She is awarded with “the Encouragement Prize of AIJ
Architectural Institute of Japan)” in 2014, “the Doctoral Dissertation Award”
from Association of Urban Housing Sciences in 2014, and “the 1st JUSOKEN
Doctoral Dissertation Award” in 2016. Currently she is also president of
Nepalese Engineers Association Japan.
122

8f= 8f]jg lsd
Dr. Dowon Kim
8f]jg lsd O{ = ;+= @)!( clk|n b]lv l/r'd]Osfg ljZjljBfno,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering sf pk
k|Wofks x'g\ . xfn, pgsf] cg';Gwfg P]ltxfl;s a:tL / ljZj
;Dkbf ;fO6df k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;d'bfosf];xeflutf / zx/L l8hfOgdf s]lG›t 5 . o;afx]s, pgL;Fu lbuf];Dkbf ;+/If0f / plrt zx/L of]hgf lgoGq0fsf] rf;f] 5 .
Dowon Kim is an associate professor of Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Ritsumeikan University (R-DMUCH) since April 2019. In
additionally, he is in charge of UNESCO Chair Programme on Cultural
Heritage and Risk Management on the Institute of Disaster Mitigation for
Urban Cultural Heritage (R-DMUCH). Currently, His research focuses oncommunity involvement and urban design for Disaster Risk Management on
historical settlement and World Heritage Site. Moreover, he has interests ofthe sustainable heritage conservation and the proper urban planning control
on heritage districts.

;'>L ;l/gf zfSo
Ms. Sarina Shakya;l/gf zfSo >L dbg :df/s dfWoflds ljBfno / Go" ;'lDgdf
OGuln; :s"nsf lzlIfsf x'g\ . pxfFn] la=la=P; g]kfn sdz{
SofDk; af6 @)%* ;fndf / la=P8= nlnt lzIff SofDk;af6@)&$df k'/f ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxfF gfuaxfndf a:g' x'G5 . pxfFnfO{;fdflhs sfo{ ug{] OR5f 5 .
Sarina Shakya is a teacher in Shree Madan Smarak
Secondary School and New Sumnima English School.
She completed Bachelors in Business Studies from Nepal Commerce Campus
in 2058 B.S. She did her Bachelors in Education from Lalit Sikshya Campus in
2064 B.S. She is a resident of Nagbahal and is very interested in social work.
123cf= rfFbgL zfSo
Ar. Chandani Shakya
rfFbgL zfSo O{= ;+= @)!& ;fNfdf k'Nrf]s SofDk;, OlG:6Ro'6 ckm
O{lGhlgol/Ëaf6 jf:t'snfljbsf] ¿kdf :gfts ptL0f{ ePsL lyOg\ .
pgL clxn] dfy]df P08 kf6{g\; k|f ln ;g]kf, g]kfndf cfls{6]S6sf]¿kdf sfo{/t l5g\ . pgL clxn] g]kfnsf] kf6g, emfD;Lv]ndf Ps
ckf6{d]G6 k|f]\h]S6sf] g]t[Tj ul//x]ls l5g\ . pxfF @)!$ ;fndf j]d]g
ln8 g]kfn -Ps g]t[Tj / jsfnt ljsf; ;+:yfg_ df ;j{>]i7 d]G6f]/
x'g ;kmn x'g'ePsf] lyOg . k/Dk/fut snf :s]lr+udf k|lzlIft,
pgL pT;'s kf7s klg x'g\ / pgnfO n]vg / a]ls+u /dfOnf] nfU5 .
Chandani Shakya graduated as an architect from Pulchowk Campus, Instituteof Engineering in 2017 A.D. She is currently working as an associate architect
at Mathema and Partners Pvt. Ltd., Sanepa, Nepal.She is presently leading
an apartment project at Jhamsikhel, Patan, Nepal. She was recognized as thebest mentor in Women lead Nepal (a leadership and advocacy development
institute) in 2014. Trained in traditional art sketching, she is also an avid
reader who enjoys writing and baking.

>LdtL kbdf >L zfSo
Mrs. Padma Shree Shakya
kbdf >L zfSon] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, g]kfn sd;{ SofDk;af6:gfts k"/f ug{'eof]. xfn pgL u[lx0fL x'g\. pgL nlntk'/ gu/
kflnsfaf6 cGtjf{tf{ ;j]{If0f, sfo{zfnf / k|lzIf0fdf ;lqmotf;fy;xefuL x'b} cfpg'ePsf] 5.
Padma Shree Shakya has completed Bachelor incommerce (B.B.S.) from Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Commerce Campus. Currently she is house wife but
actively involved on interview survey, workshop and trainings by Lalitpur
Municipality124cf= l/dL:gf dfgGw/
Ar. Rimishna Manandharl/dL:gf dfgGw/n] sf7df8f}+ OlGhlgol/u+ sn]haf6 jf:t'snfzf:qdf:gfts u/]sL x'g\ . pgLn] cfO=cf]=O= af6 æPd=P;=O=P;=P;=l8=Æ
df df:6;{ l8lu| ;sfPsL x'g\ . clxn] pgL 6fsf/f
OlGhlgol/u+ k|f=ln=df jf:t'snfljbsf] ?kdf sfo{/t l5g\ . pgLO{= ;+= @)!# sf] sn/ sf7df8f}+ k|f]h]S6\sf] lx:;f lyOg\ /To;a]nfb]lv :jtGq lelQ lrqsf/ / On:6«]6/ eOg\ . pgn] dfOqmf]
Uofn/Lh sf7df8f}+, O{= ;+= @)!* df klg efu lnPsLlyOg . pgsf]
xf:o l:6«K; / lrq0fx¿ OG:6fu|fddf @o_mimi_cha gfd cGtu{t cgnfOg pknAw 5g\ .
Rimishna Manandhar is an architecture graduate from Kathmandu Engineering
College (Institute of Engineering, TU). She has a masters degree in Engergy
for Sustainable Social Development (MSESSD,2019). She is currently working
as an architect in Takara Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu, Nepal. She was apart of Kolor Kathmandu project, 2013 and has been a freelance mural artist
and illustrator ever since. She also participated in Microgalleries Kathmandu,
2018. Her comic strips and illustrations are available online on instagram
under the username @o_mimi_cha.

O{= ;fglz/f] tfsf;'uL
Er. Sanshiro Takasugi;fglz/f] tfsf;'uL Penta-Ocean Construction Co. Ltd,Tokyo, Japan.df sfo{/t 5g . pgn] @)!* ;fndf Ritsumeikan
University af6 Civil and Disaster Mitigation Engineeringfor Historic Cities df :gfts tx pQL0f{ x'g'ePsf] lyof] . :gfts
txsf] Ps aif{ / df:6/ l8lu|sf] @ aif{df pxf+n] @)&@ ;fnsf]
e"sDk a]nfsf] k/Dk/fut ggL / rf]sx?sf] pkof]lutf af/]
cg'zGwfg u/]sf lyP .
125

Sanshiro Takasugi is working for Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd, Tokyo,
Japan after graduation of master degree. He has graduated the Civil andDisaster Mitigation Engineering for Historic Cities Course, on the Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University in 2018. During
his 1 year bachelor and 2 years master degree, he researched for the actual
utilization status of traditional courtyards as evacuation sites and shelters
during the post-earthquake, Gorkha .

O{= sfh'df cf]ufjf
Er. Kazuma Ogawa
sfh'df cf]ufjf Ritsumeikan Unversity sf :gfts txsf] ljBfyL{
x'g\ . pgn] uf]/vf e"sDksf] ;dodf k/Dk/fut ggLdf stock
piling sf] af/]df cg';Gwfg u/]\sf lyP . pgsf] o; sfdsf] nflu
cg';Gwfgdf d2t ug]{ ;xsdL{x?sf ;fy} c? w]/} JolQmx?n] klg;xof]u u/]sf lyP . pgn] @)!* ;fndf klxnf] k6s g]kfnsf]
e|d0f u/]sf lyP / pgnfO{ of] 7fpF w]/} dg k/]sf] 5 .
Kazuma Ogawa is a graduate student at Ritsumeikan University. He
conducted research on stockpiling plan in traditional space at the time of
Gorkha earthquake. He was supported by many people, including those who
cooperated in the research. He visited Nepal for the first time in 2018 andbecame very fond of it.

126

s]xL of]ubfgstf{x?sf b'O{ zAb
Personal note from some of contributors

8f= ntf zfSo Dr. Lata Shakya
O= ;+= @)!# df Sof]6f] ljZjljBfnoaf6 kL Pr 8L ;sfP/ l/r'd]Osfg
ljZjljBfnodf kf]:6+–8S6/n zf]wstf{sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ yfn]kl5 dfq d}n] e"sDk /k|sf]k kl5sf] ljkb lgjf/0f;DaGwL ?lr lng yfn]sf] x'+ . () ;fnsf] e"sDk sf] af/]df
afNosfndf xh'/cfdfaf6 w]/} s'/f ;'g]sf] lyPF . s'g} klg ejg slxn] ag]sf] eGg] cg'dfg
ubf{ () ;fnsf] e"sDk nfO cfwf/ dflgg] u/]sf] kfO~5 . o;af6 klg To; e"sDkaf6
slt xfgL k'u]sf] 5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ To; e"sDk ;DalGw l;ldt ?kdf
dfq lnlvt sfuhx? ePsf] x'gfn] Tof] a]nf ;flRrs} s] ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f cem} klg
ANofs aS; h:t} 5 . d}n] O= ;+= @)!$ ;fndf () ;fnsf] e"sDkaf6 ar]sf JolQmx?;+ucGtjf{tf{ lnP/ s]lx cg';Gwfg sfo{ u/]sf] lyPF . To; af6 rf]s / ggLx? c:yfoL cf>oIf]qsf] ¿kdf ^ dlxgf eGbf a9Lsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf] a'lemof] . t/ cGtjf{tf lbg]x? *)aif{ eGbf a9L pd]/sf j[4j[4f ePsfn] k|fKt u/]sf] hfgsf/L Psbd yf]/} lyof], / csf]{;j]{If0fsf] nflu cufl8 a9\g d]/f] nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ lyof] . o;} aLr crfgs @)&@ a}zfvdf
e"sDk uof] . Toltv]/, d hfkfgdf d]/f] 5f]/f hGdg] lbgx¿ uGtL ub}{ lyPF . cGtdf
5f]/fsf] hGdkl5, d 5f]/fnfO{ lnP/ c:ff]hdf g]kfn cfpg ;s] . efUoj;, d l/r'd]Osfg
ljZjljBfnosf] cg';Gwfg 6f]nLsf] Ps ;b:osf] ?kdf sfo{zfnfx¿ / cGtjf{tf{ ;j]{If0fsf]
sfddf ;xefuL x'g ;s+] . 		
;fdfGotof, ljb]zLx¿åf/f ;+rflnt cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfx¿sf] glthf /fli6«o jf
cGt/fl{\i6«o hg{n klqsfdf k|sflzt x'G5g\ / o;sf] k|ltlnlk of]ubfgstf{x¿nfO{ lbOG5 .
t/ d hfkfgsf] OlG:6Ro"6sf] zf]wstf{ dfq xf]Og Ps :yfgLo afl;Gbf klg ePsf] gftfn]:yfgLo ;xof]uLx¿ -cfls{6]Sr/ ljBfyL{ / :yfgLo afl;Gbf_ / hfkfgL lj1x¿;Fu ldn]/
sfd u/+] / ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] of]ubfgsf] ¿kdf :yfgLo efiff ;lxtsf] Pp6f k':ts agfpg]of]hgf u/]+ . of] k':ts k"/f ug{ nueu b'O{ aif{ nfUof] . of] d]/f] ;kgf ;kmn ePsf] h:t}xf] . of] ;kmntf s]jn k':tssf] k|sfzgsf] af/]df dfq xf]Og, of] 6f]nLsf] sfd -l6d js{_sf] s'/f xf] . g]kfndf :yfgLo ;xof]uLx?;+u cGt//fli6«o :t/sf] lstfa lgsfNg' ;lhnf]5}g . sfddf lbg] ;do, nugzLntf km/s 5 . t/ of]ubfgstf{x?n] of] sfd w]/} /fd|f];Fu127

k"/f u/] . d tL ;a}k|lt w]/} cfef/L 5' . / cj:o klg, k|f]km];/ cf]s'af]Ho'sf] 6f]nLnfO{ d]/f]of]hgfdf ljZjf; ug{ / of] 6Ld js{nfO{ ;dy{g u/Llbg' ePsf]df wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . o;k|sf/sf] :yfgLo l6d js{ u/L k|sfzg ug]{ sfd d]/f] nflu Ps ;'?jft dfq xf] . eljiodf
klg o; k|sf/sf] kl/of]hgfdf ;+nUg x'g rfxG5' h;n] g]kfn / hfkfg b'a}nfO{ of]ubfg
k'‍of{pF5 .
I became interested in earthquake and disaster mitigation issues after I
joined Ritsumeikan University as a post-doctoral fellow in 2013. I had heard a lot
from my grandmother about the Great Earthquake in 1934 in my childhood. Now,
I could assume the extent of damage to the buildings at that time because while
mentioning the building age, instead of building construction dates it is common tomention the survival of buildings in reference to the 1934 earthquake. Due to thelack of documented information, the situation of the 1934 earthquake is still like a
black box. So, I conducted an interview survey with the survivors of 1934 earthquake
and figured out that the courtyards were used as evacuation centers as well as atemporary shelter area for more than 6 months. As the survivors were more than 80
years old elderly and the gained information was very little, it was challenging for me
to proceed with the further survey. And suddenly the 2015 earthquake happened.
At that time, I was counting days for my son’s birth in Japan, and finally, I could
come to Nepal in September. Fortunately, I could be a member of the Ritsumeikan
University research team and could conduct the workshops/interview surveys every
year. 		Normally, results of research projects conducted by foreign researchers are
published in national or international journal/conference papers and a copy of it isgiven to contributors. But for myself, not only as a researcher of Japan’s institute but
also as a local resident, I teamed up with local collaborators (architecture student
and local residents) and Japanese experts and planned to create a book with local
language as a contribution to the surveyed site. It took almost two years to complete
this book but it was like a dream come true. It is not only about the success of the
publishing book but it is about the teamwork and it is about the local collaborators
who are the main contributor to this book and who accomplished this work very well.
I am very thankful to all of them. And of course, thankful to Prof. Okubo team forbelieving me and supporting this teamwork. For me, this is a very beginning step.
I wish to involve in this kind of project which really contributes to both Nepal andJapan in the future as well.

1288f= 8f]jg lsd

Dr. Dowon Kim

O{= ;+= @)!$ df d klxnf] kN6 P]ltxfl;s :yfg g]kfndf cfPsf] lyP+ . laxfg
dlGb/df eujfgsf] k|fy{gf u/]sf] / dlGb/sf] 306f ahfPsf] ;'g+] . d laxfg p7\g g;Sg]
dflg; laxfg rfF8} p7]/ oxfFsf] :yfgLo dflg;sf] /fd|f] ;+:sf/ k|lt d k|efljt eP .
dnfO{ OnfggL 6f]nsf] Pshgf ;b:on] cfˆgf] 3/df Ps xKtfsf nflu a:g lbg'eof] .
h;n] ubf{ dnfO{ cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lhnf] / :yfgLo afl;Gbf;Fu ;lhn} s'/f ug{ cj;/
ldNof] . dnfO{ Ps cg';Gwfgstf{sf] ?kdf cltly ;Tsf/ ug'{ ePsf] Tof] If0f d slxn]
klg la;{g ;lSbg . O{= ;+= @)!% sf] e"sDk kl5 gfuaxfn, OnfggL / s'ltaxfnsf]:yfgLo afl;Gbfx?n] ef]u]sf] cg'ejnfO{ cg';Gwfg ul/ k"0f{ ljkb\ hf]lvd Aoj:yfkgsf]
k"0f{ of]hgf agfP . o;df s'g} b'O{dt 5}g ls of] cg';Gwfgaf6 xfdLn] hf]lvd cNkLs/0fug]{ yfxf kfOof] . xfd|f] 6f]nLn] cGtjftf{ ln+bf :jfgLo afl;Gbfn] Gofgf] :jfut
ug'{sf ;fy} ckl/lrt AolQmx?n] klg xfdLnfO{ vfgf ;Dd lbg' eof] . o:tf]:jfut ug]{ ;+:s[lt / ;a} ;Fu ldn]/ a;]/ ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg ug]{ jftfj/0f ePsf]b]lvof] . dnfO{ ljZjf; 5 ls of] k':tsn] eljiodf ljkb\af6 Iflt sd ug]{s'/fdf eljiosf ;Gtltx?n] l;Sg] 5g\ .
September 2014 when I firstly stayed on this historical village, I vividly
listened the voices of the local people, clear sound of the ring for calling the god
and strong noises of the footsteps which were the living culture of daily morning
service. I was addicted this living culture that I attended this service several times tofeel the highly religious nobility by the normal activities in local people, although I am
not a good person of early morning. Kindly, the tole leader of the Ilanani hosted me
to stay his house for 1 week of my research days in this village so that I could easily
communicate with local people to understand their culture and also feel their warm
hospitability to this young foreign researcher. I can not forget the special moment of
one night which I made a toast with young tole members at the small but humanity
place on the courtyard of Nagbahal. After the earthquake 2015, we redesigned
the disaster risk management plan which I supported by the research based, thatis included the lessons and experiences by the Ilanani, Nagbahal and Kuthibahal
people. There is no doubt we learned a lot from the post-earthquake that how we
could reduce the risks, but I found that there is a strong culture which local community
already had. Our team interviewed and felt the warm and heart hospitality of local
community to help by themselves and shared the food not only to the community but
also the strangers who visited this village to ask the food. This hospitality of living
together strongly have solidated the community to beautiful cultural bond and villagethat created the risk management culture. I believe this booklet could continuously
contribute to the future risk communication that our children can learn and listen to
the risk management culture.
129cf= rfFbgL zfSo

Ar. Chandani Shakyad]/f] ;d'bfodf of] k|f]h]S6 ub}{ ubf{ d}n] dx;'; u/] ls d d]/f] hLjg e/ ;Fu} /x]sf
dflg;x¿eGbf w]/} d]/f sn]hsf ;fyLx¿;Fu ghLs lyPF . olxFs} al;Gbf ePklg d}n] slxNo}
guPsf rf]sx? uP / ToxfFsf ;d:ofx¿ b]v]F . glthf :j¿k, ;d'bfodf d]/f] ;+nUgtf a9\of] /d}n] sfd u/]sf] a]nf ;d'bfon] dnfO{ lkmtf{ e/f];f uof]{ . d}n] o; ;d'bfo;Fu ggLdf cfˆgf]
lgsf;L hLjg latfPsf] 5' / o; cg';Gwfg ubf{ clg :yfgLo dflg;x¿;Fu s'/f u/]/ d}n]cfˆgf] cg'ejx¿sf] leGgtf / ;dfgtf dx;'; u/] . d hlxNo} cl3Nnf] e"sDkx?sf] ;dodf
dfG5]x¿ oxfF s;/L al;/x]sf lyP eg]/ k9\g] OR5f lyof] / of] k':ts d]/f] ;d'bfosf] nflu
;dlk{t 5 .
While doing the project in my community, I realized that I was more incontact with my college mates than the people I had lived around all my life. Inspiteof being a local resident, I realised a number of courtyards I had never been to andtheir problems. As a result, my attachment to the community grew and the community
trusted me back when they saw me in action. I have lived the evacuation life in the
courtyards of this community and in this research, and by talking to the locals, I
realised the differences and similarities of our experiences. I craved for reading about
how people lived here during earlier earthquakes and this book is a tribute to mycommunity.

cf= l/dL:gf dfgGw/

Ar. Rimishna Manandhar

rfFbgLn] dnfO{ æof] k|f]h]S6df sfd ug'{x'G5 <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wbf dnfO{ æx'G5 Æ eGgw]/} a]/ nfu]g lsgls, of] Pp6f /fd|f] l;Sg] cj;/ xf] h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] . tL cg'ejx¿
ePsf 7fpFx¿df uP/ To;nfO{ lrqdf ptfg{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ / rfvnfUbf] klg lyof] . ;d'bfo
Ps;fy cfP/ Ps cfk;df k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ ;xof]u k'of{Psf] s'/f yfxf kfpg' o;k|lqmofsf] ;a} eGbf /fd|f] kIf lyof] . of] cg'ejn] e"sDksf] d]/f] cfˆg} ofbx? lkmtf{ Nofof] . of]lstfa …cfzfÚ sf] Ps /]s8{ xf] lsgls o;sf syfx¿n] kf7sx?nfO{ eljiodf cfpg ;Sg]o;} k|sf/sf laklQsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] lxDdt / cfzf k|bfg ug{;S5 . of] lstfa…cfzfÚ sf] Ps /]s8{ xf] h;df laklQaf6 cfl3 a9\g] cfzsf] syfx? 5g\ h;n] eljiodfo:t} laklQ cfPdf To;sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] cfzf o;sf kf7sx?nfO{
lbg;S5 .
130

When Chandani asked me if I was willing to contribute to this project, it did
not take me long to say yes as I expected it to be a good learning opportunity. Going
to the places where the experiences took place and its decpiction was challenging
and interesting as well.The best part of this process was knowing how a community
came together and supported each other in getting through the disaster. The working
process brought back earthquake memories of my own. This documentation is arecord of ‘hope’, with stories from those who hoped to live through for those who willneed it if something similar were to happen again.

;'>L ;l/gf zfSo

Ms. Sarina Shakya@)&@ ;fnb]lv o; cg';Gwfgsf] 6f]nL ;b:osf] ?kdf 3/3/df uP/ cGtjftf{lng] sfd u/]sf lyP . cGt{jftf{sf] qmddf 6f]nsf ;Dk"0f{ cGtjftf{ lbg] bfh'efO{ lbbL
alxgLx?n] v'n:t ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ s'/f JoQm ug'{ ePsf]df ;Dk"0f{ lbbL alxgL bfh'efO{x?nfO{
wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . cGtjftf{sf] qmddf e"sDk lkl8tsf lk8fsf s'/f ;'g]/ d cGtjftf{sf]
qmddf ?Fb} cGtjftf{ klg lnPsf] lyP . h] eP klg o:tf] 7"nf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkdf cfˆgf]
6f]nsf s'g} klg 3/ / dfgljo Iflt gePsf]df dnfO{ v';L nfu]sf] 5 . o; cg';Gwfgaf6d}n] 6f]n ;DaGwL w]/} s'/f l;Sg kfPsf] / hfkfgsf] cWoog ug]{ tl/sf / ;f] cWoogsf]
lstfasf] ?kdf k|sfzgdf ;d]t ;xkf7Lsf] ?kdf sfd ug{ kfPsf]df v';L nfu]s]f 5 /o:tf] cg';Gwfg eljiodf klg lg/Gt/tf xf];\ eGg] rfxgf u5'{ . eljiodf cfkm"n] klg
6f]nsf] k|ultsf] sfddf nflu /xg] 5' .
I worked as a member of the research team and took many interviews indifferent places(tole) regarding the massive earthquake of 2072 in Nepal whichcaused the loss of more than 9000 lives. I am very thankful to all the interviewees
who clearly and openly answered the questions asked by us. During the interview
session I was really dis heartened and overwhelmed with sadness to hear sufferingsof all the people during earthquake. I am very happy that there wasn’t any loss of
innocent people from my hometown because of this massive earthquake. Working
as a member was a great opportunity and I got to learn many things. I am reallygrateful to be a part of this workshop whose main objective was to publish a bookwhich will be a collection of people’s experiences during earthquake. I hope thesetypes of research continues in future. I will always step forward for the betterment of
my society.

131

>LdtL kbdf >L zfSo

Mrs. Padma Shree Shakya@)&@ a}zfv !@ / @( ut]sf] dxfe"sDksf] af/]df l/r'd]Osfgsf l/;r{/6f]nLsf lgb]{zgg';f/ d klg Pp6f ;xof]uL ?kdf sfd ug{ kfPF . h;df d}n]gfuaxfn, s'ltaxfn, OnfggLsf ;fyL efO{ lbbL axLgL;Fu cGt/jftf{ lnP/ cg'ejx?
Aff9\g kfPF, h"g cg'ejx? xfdLn] l/s8{ u/L ;'Gb} 6fO{k ubf{ dlxgf}F nfu]sf] lyof] .
To;a]nfsf pgLx?sf ;d:of / b'Mvsf ef]ufOx? cfˆg} h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] h"glhGbuLdf e"Ng g;Sg] If0fx¿ dWosf lyP . @)&@ ;fnb]lv jif}{ lkR5] cGt/jftf{lnb}F cfO/x]sf] s|ddf s;}n] æo;/L cGt/jftf{ lnP/ s] ug{] <Æ eGb} emsf]{ dfGb};f]w]sf lyP . cfh Tolx cGt/jftf{af6 Pp6f sf6'{g ;lxtsf k':ts k|sflzt ePsf] 5h"g k':tsdf ;a}sf] ;d:of / cg'ej, kl5Nnf] k':tfsf] nfuL s]lx lzIff, xf};nf / l;sfO{x'g]5 eGg] d]/f] cfzf 5 . d of] k':ts k9\g kfPsf]df jiff}{Fsf] ldx]gt v]/ uPg eGb} leq}b]lv v'zL nfu]sf] 5 .
I worked as a helper for Ritsumeikan University as I was assigned byresearch team to collect information regarding the massive earthquake that occured
in 2072 B.S., Baisakh 12 and 29. It was an unforgettable disaster for all Nepalesepeople causing huge loss of life and property. Working as a helper for research
was a great opportunity for me. I had a really great and a lifetime experience. I
went for taking interviews in Naghbahal, Kutibahal, Sasunani etc. We recorded aswell as wrote and typed as per the questionnaire prepared by the Univesity which
included many questions with regard to their problems and hardship during and after
the eathquake. We conducted the interview with 1 year gap. Many people asked
about the objective of research. According to the objective of the interview, a bookis now being published which is a collection of experiences of different people during
earthquake and also a piece of information for future generation. I hope this bookresults to be a source of knowledge for future generation. Lastly, I am really happy
and had a really great time being a part of this. Thank you.

132

cfef/@)&@ a}zfv !@ ut]sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf] ;dfrf/n] d :tAb ePsf] lyP .
lsgeg] gfuaxfn / OnfggL 6f]nsf :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] ;xsfo{ -sfo{zfnf, ;fd'lxs
cGt/jftf{_ sf] cfwf/df ljkb\ cNkLs/0f ;DaGwL gS;f agfP/ 6f]n k|ltlglwnfO{ ;'Dkg]
sfd nuQ} of] e"sDk uPsf] lyof] . t/ klg kf6g zx/df b]zsf cGo :yfgdf eGbf sd
Iflt ePsf] hfgsf/Ln] dnfO{{ clnslt ;fGTjgf k|fKt eof] .
Ps dlxgf kl5 cfls{6]Sr'/n OlG:6Ro'6 ckÞm hfkfg (Architectural Instituteof Japan) sf] tTsfn cg';Gwfg 6f]nLsf] ;b:osf] gftfn] d /f]daf6 l;wf Ifltu|:6
sf7df8f}+sf] lgl/If0f e|d0fdf cfP . To;a]nf /f]ddf d ICCROM ;+:yfsf] kfx'gf l/;r{/sf] ?kdf sfo{/t lyP . g]kfnsf :yfgLo afl;Gbfx? laz]; u/L gfuaxfn / OnfggL
6f]nsf afl;Gbfx? ;a} ldn]/ k/Dk/fut ggL jf rf]sdf cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] alnof] ;DawnfO{
pkof]u ub}{ Tof] cfktsfnLg ;do;+u zfx;sf ;fy nl8/x]sf] b]Vbf d w]/} k|efljt eP .
xfdLn] clwsf+z afl;Gbfx¿n] k/Dk/fut 7fFp / ;f+:s[lts >|f]tx¿nfO pkof]u ub]{w}o{tfsf ;fy cfktsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] kfof} . h:t}M k/Dk/fut ggL jf rf]sdf ;'Tg]
7fFp agfpg], AolQmut 3/x¿sf] zf}rfno ;a}nfO{ k|of]u ug{ lbg], k/Dk/fut kfgLsf]>f]t -lxlt_ af6 kfgL pknAw u/fpg], ef]het]/df k|of]udf NofOg] ;/;fdfgx? k|of]u ul/
vfgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ cflb . o:tf] b[Zon] dnfO{ g} ;fx; a9]sf] cg'e"lt eof] .
Tof] tTsfn cg';Gwfg kl5 xfdLn] @)&@ ;fnsf] e"sDksf] cg'ejaf6 k/Dk/fut;+:s[ltdf ljkb\ cNkLs/0f ;DalGw cWoog ug]{ lg0f{o uof}+ . clwsf+; ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?
ljutdf uPsf sof}+ e"sDksf] ;fdgf ul/;ssf] t/ klg h:tfsf] To:t} oyfj6 ;+/rgf
glau|]sf] kfOof] . o;n] k|dfl0ft u5{ ls o:tf k/Dk/fut ;+/rgfx? cfw'lgs k|ljlw k|of]ulagf klg ljkb\af6 aRg ;S5 . olb xfdLn] ljkb\af6 aRg'sf /x:ox¿ ktf nufpg ;Sof}/ eljiosf] nflu cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] klg pkof]u ub}{ ltgLx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sof}eg], xfdL cfufdL uDeL/ lakb\nfO{ cNkLs/0f ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5f} .
of] :d[lt k':ts :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ultljlwx¿sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 kf6g / k"/fg]kfn b]zsf] nflu g} "Build back better" cyf{t æcem /fd|f] lgdf{0f ug]{æ sf] nflu
klxnf] kxn x'g]df d ljZj:t 5' .
of] k':ts k|sfzg w]/}sf] ;xof]un] dfq ;Dej ePsf] 5 . ;j{ k|yd t cg';GWffgsf]
nflu :jLs[lt lbg'sf] ;fy} rflxg] ;xof]u ul/lbg' ePsf gfuaxfn 6f]n sldltsf k"j{cWoIf :j= >L 1fg axfb'/ zfSo, o'jfSnasf cWoIf /ljg zfSo / OnfggL 6f]n sld6Lsfk"j{ cWoIf >L afa'sfhL zfSo nufot 6f]n sld6Lsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:onfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg
rfxG5' . ;fy} of] cg';GWffg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?df cfef/ JoQm133

ub{5' . cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofOlbg' ePsf d]/f laBfyL{x? 8f]jg lsd, xf?sL gfuflzdf,
h'gk]O ofdfu'rL, ;fGzL/f] tfsf;'uL / vfh'df cf]ufjf k|lt s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' .
o; cg';Gwfg sfo{ / k':ts k|sfzgsf nflu rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ of]hgf tyf
sfof{Gjogsf] g]t[Tj ub}{ cfpg' ePsf 8f= ntf zfSo nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' .
pgLn] xfd|f] x/]s cg';Gwfg e|d0fsf] sf]lb{g];g ug{'sf];fy} cg';Gwfgsf] ;x lgb]{zgklg ug{' ePsf] 5 . pgL afx]s xfdLnfO{ cg';Gwfg / k|sfzg k|lqmofdf ;xof]u ug{'x'g];a} :yfgLo ;dy{sx¿ k|lt d cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . cf= rfFbgL zfSon] tYof+s ;+sng,
cg'jfb / n]cfp6df, cf= l/ld:gf dfgGw/n] lrq n]vgdf, ;'>L ;l/gf zfSo / >LdtL
kbdf >L zfSon] tYof+s ;+sng / cg'jfbdf, ;'lgn zfSon] ljleGg Aoa:yfkgdf of]
ubfg lbg'ePsf] 5 .
To:t} k' :ts k|sfzgsf] af/]d f ljleGg pkof]uL ;'emfa lbg'ePsf tf]df]sL
df]tf]h'sf -n]Sr//, g]zgn O+l:66\o"6 ckm 6]Sgf]nf]hL, cfsfzL sn]h, hfkfg_, n]cfp6
l8hfOg sf] af/]df ;'emfa lbg'ePsf O{= czf]g zfSo, g]kfnL efiff r]s ul/lbg'ePsf cf=uf}/j g]kfn, g]kfnL tyf OËln; efiffsf] r]s ul/lbg'sf] ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofsf] ko{j]If0fdf;'emfa lbg'x'g] 8f= sla/ zfSo, / cGtdf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofsf] ;'emfa lbg'x'g] >L k"0f{sfhL
zfSo k|lt klg xflb{s wGoafb lbg rfxG5' .
æg]kfn / hfkfgsf] eljiosf] ;'/Iffsf] sfdgf ub}{Æ

lgb]{zs, k|f= tfs]o'sL cf]s'af]
OlG:6Ro'6 ckÞm lbHof:6/ ldltu];g km/ ca{g sNr/ x]l/6]h
l/r'd]Osfg ljZjljBfno

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I felt shock in Japan to hear the sudden news on Gorkha Earthquake
in 25th April 2015. Because it was occurred just before our important mission
as distribution of disaster mitigation map for local community people who
kindly supported our activities and which was developed through community
workshops, onsite trainings and group interviews. I couldn’t have enoughinformation in Japan and I didn’t know what to do at that time, but with somemore information, I gave a sigh of relief to hear that the damage in Patan
was not so serious than the other world cultural heritage sites and humandamage was also not so much.
One month after, I visited Kathmandu as a member of urgent researchteam of Architectural Institute of Japan, directly from Rome where I stayed as
a visiting fellow of ICCROM. At that time, I moved to see the local community
people who tried to rehabilitate powerfully with strong community bond in
traditional courtyards which became temporary evacuation spaces. We foundthat most of residents tried to keep their life using traditional spaces andcultural resources, such as finding sleeping spaces in traditional courtyards,
serving private toilets to evacuees by surrounding residential houses, serving
water from traditional water points such as Hitis, and serving foods withcustoms of traditional events such as wedding ceremony. And we as visitors
got power from resilient local peoples.
After that urgent research, we decided to start study on disastermitigation resources in traditional culture from the experiences in Gorkha
earthquake. All of cultural heritages have survived each long history ofdisasters and still remain. It should be evidences that they already survived
many historical disasters without any modern technology and material. If we
can learn the secrets from them and implement them with modern technology
for future, we will be able to mitigate the incoming next serious one.
I believe this memory-book will be the first step to “build back better”
for Patan and Nepal from the view point of local community activities.
I would like to explain my deepest gratitude to all the people as
below who strongly contributed to make this handbook. My lab’s member as
Dr. Dowon KIM, Ma. Haruki Nagashima, Ba. Junpei Yamaguchi, Ma. Sanshiro
Takasugi and Ba. Kazuma Ogawa who made research enthusiastically.
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Also my deepest gratitude to Dr. Lata Shakya who contributed not only thecoordination of all the field surveys but also assisting research supervising,and finally made this proposal and lead all of this book publishing mission.
And my gratitude to all the local supporters who kindly helped us withresearch and publishing process. Ar. Chandani Shakya for contributing
to data collection, translation, editing, and layout Ms. Sarina Shakya andMrs. Padma Shakya for contributing to data collection and translation; Ar.
Rimishna Manandhar for illustrations; Mr. Sunil Shakya for contributing tovarious background managements during workshops.
I would like to extend our deepest appreciation towards Dr. Tomoki
Motozuka (Lecturer, National Institute of Technology, Akashi College, Japan)
who introduced us to the concept for making this book; Er. Ashon Shakya forsharing his technical skills and feedbacks during layout; Ar. Gaurav Nepal for
Nepali language editing; Dr. Kabir Shakya for Nepali and English language
proofreading and feedbacks; Mr. Purna Kaji Shakya for feedbacks during thewhole process.
For beloved Nepal’s and Japan’s safety in future.
Director, Prof. Takeyuki OKUBO
Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage,
Ritsumeikan University

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