Japan Association for Social Policy Studies (JASPS) 147th Conference
7-8 October 2023
“Right to Care” and the “Right Not to Care”: Breaking Away from Obligatory Care as a Family Member
DAY 1 (7 October 2023)
9:30- 11:30 Special Theme and General Sessions
SPECIAL THEME SESSIONS
9:30-11:30
Special Theme Session 1: The Rapid Decline of birthrate and Countermeasures in Asia
Chair: MATSUE Akiko (International University of Health and Welfare)
Coordinator: ZHU Min (Chiba University of Commerce)
Discussant: KOJIMA Katsuhisa (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research)< Theme of the Session >In Asia, the declining birth rate is progressing rapidly. In 2022, the number of births in Japan fell
below 800,000, the lowest level since 1899 when statistics began to be recorded. In South Korea, thetotal fertility rate was 0.78, the lowest in the world. Even in China, a country with a large population,
the number of births fell below the 10 million mark, and the population began to decline for the firsttime in 60 years.
Until now, Asia has been perceived as strong familism, and as a result, governments' public support
policies for the family are weaker than in the West. However, the progress of the declining birth rate,
which exceeds expectations, could shake the conventional premise of familyism. The governments ofAsian countries have a sense of crisis about extremely low birthrates and are implementing various
measures to stop the declining birthrate.
This subcommittee will incorporate the perspective of the "family," which has not been sufficiently
discussed in previous comparative studies on welfare in Asia. (1) What kinds of challenges are facing
Asia, which is undergoing a "compressed demographic transition," that are different from those facedby Western countries? (2) What are the differences in countermeasures against the declining birthrateeven in the same less developed country, and whether it can be an effective prescription.
Based on the above issues, this subcommittee consists of three reports: a general discussion on
family formation and declining birthrates in Asia, and a detailed discussion on countermeasuresagainst declining birthrates in South Korea and China.

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MIZOGUCHI Yuki (Niigata University)
Title: Factors of Low Birth Rates in Japan and East Asia
East Asia is currently facing a common challenge of extremely low birthrates. Japan, South Korea,
and China have already entered a phase of population decline, which is expected to continue in thelong term, with adverse implications for their economies. What are the factors contributing to lowbirthrates, and are there any shared characteristics in East Asia?
Examining the perspective of family formation costs in East Asia, a noticeable common issue
emerges. It pertains to the increasing difficulties associated with starting a family in Japan, South
Korea, and China. What underlies these challenges?
In East Asia, families have traditionally been assigned the critical societal role of raising the next
generation. They are considered the fundamental unit for maintaining vertical parent-childrelationships, and this ideology has prioritized corporate growth, often at the expense of families.
While this strategy was effective for a certain period, families are now experiencing deterioration due
to the burden they bear.
The specific nature of the familial burden varies across countries and societies. It is desirable to
It is desirable to promote burden-sharing within society through the identification and resolution ofits various aspects.
KIM Yong-Mi (the Committee on Low Fertility and Aging Society directly under the president)
Title: Direction and Future Strategy of Policy on Declining Birthrate in South Korea
In spite of past policy efforts, South Korea has been experiencing an ultra-low birthrate for morethan 20 years. In 2022, the total fertility rate hit a new record of 0.78. Factors leading to the ultralow birthrate are high housing costs, work environments and organizational cultures that make it
difficult to balance work and child-rearing, instability of youth employment and prolonged
preparation period for employment, cultural heritage of Confucianism, and hyper-competitive social
environment. , weakening of families and communities, etc., are highly complex and diverse.
In March 2023, the Committee on Low Birthrate and Aging Society, which is the control tower forSouth Korea's population policy, announced the direction and core issues of countermeasures against
the declining birthrate. The policy goal is to create a social environment in which marriage, childbirth,and childrearing are happy choices.
The five major issues are (1) detailed and high-quality care and educational support, (2) support forbalancing work and child-rearing, (3) expansion of family-friendly housing support, (4) reduction ofchild-rearing cost burden, and (5) support for pregnancy, childbirth, and health. In addition, the four
major promotion strategies are (1) selection and concentration, (2) elimination of blind spots anddisparities, (3) reform of social structure and awareness, and (4) strengthening of policy promotion
bases.
In South Korea, along with strengthening support for childbirth and child-rearing in order tomitigate the declining birthrate, it plans to simultaneously promote strategies to respond to changes
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in the demographic structure due to the declining birthrate and aging population. . We plan the social
system formed during the period of population growth, and examine "adaptation" and "planning"strategies to actively respond to future changes in the times. We are trying to turn the current
population crisis into an opportunity to restore family and community values, catch up with theadvanced welfare state, and realize a virtuous cycle of welfare and growth.
ZHANG Ji Yuan（East China Normal University）
Title: Characteristics of China's low birth rate and policy responses
China officially entered the era of population decline in 2022, and the issue of population decline
has become a widely discussed topic in the country. However, China's population decline did not juststart recently but has been quietly underway for a long time. The total fertility rate in China has been
below the replacement level of 2.1 since 1992. In 2015, it dropped below the critical threshold of 1.5
for the first time. Although there was a slight recovery in 2016 and 2017 with the implementation of
the comprehensive two-child and three-child policies, the rate continued to decline starting from 2018
and reached 1.07 in 2022.
China's population decline is characterized by its compressive nature and regional disparities. The
compressive nature is reflected in the speed of decline. Comparing the time it took for the fertility
rate to drop below 20 per thousand, France took 200 years, while European countries such as the UK
and Germany took 100-160 years, and Japan took approximately 45 years. In contrast, China
accomplished this in just 35 years. Regional disparities are evident in cities like Shanghai and othermajor coastal cities, where the total fertility rate has dropped to 0.7, significantly lower than thenational average of 1.07.
To address the challenges of population decline, China has ended the decades-long implementationof the one-child policy and successively introduced policies such as the "comprehensive two-child" and"three-child" policies. Efforts have been made to establish and improve childcare services, enhancematernity leave and childcare leave, pilot child allowances, and promote the construction of a childfriendly society. Although numerous challenges exist in terms of governance, policy systems, service
networks, and social environments, China has made remarkable progress in addressing population
decline through policy measures and the establishment of service systems.

GENERAL SESSIONS
9:30-11:30
General Session A: Community Social Work
Chair: TANAKA Satoko (Prefectural University of Hiroshima)
KASHIWAGI Aya (Doshisha University, graduate student)3

Title: Factors Required for "Local Public Interest Initiatives of Social Welfare Corporations-Frominterview surveys of chairpersonsAs a result of the 2016 amendments to the Social Welfare Law, social welfare corporations weremade responsible for “Local Public Interest Initiatives”. Social welfare corporations are required toactively resolve complex and diversified issues in the community.
In recent years, surveys have been conducted on the status of implementation and the challenges
of “Local Public Interest Initiatives”. These surveys have provided the issue of lack of human andfinancial resource as practical issues, however these surveys are questionnaires which do not clarify
the specific approaches of the “Local Public Interest Initiatives”. Therefore, this research conductedinterview surveys of the chairpersons of social welfare corporations that are implementing “Local
Public Interest Initiatives” based on an understanding of community needs.
In analyzing the interviews, I focused on Fayol and Newman’s definition of business management
to identify the factors necessary for the development of “Local Public Interest Initiatives”.
OHMURA Kazumasa (Ritsumeikan University)
Title: Case Study of Local Youth Support Station in Kansai and Active Inclusion for YouthIn this report, I would like to consider the role of employment support and social inclusion for youth
from the perspective of active inclusion. I would challenge by taking up the cases a few local youth
support stations(hereinafter referred LYSS). LYSS is an important collaboration between local public
sectors and local private sectors. Not much research. This report takes up a few LYSS in the Kansai
region. I would like to examine the relationship between the operating organizations of LYSS, theircharacteristics, and the nature support business, the ideal pre-employment support for young people
with difficulty. I would offer a consideration how to work for social inclusion of difficult young people
and how to corporate in the community to realize these.
MORI Mizuki (Osaka Metropolitan University)
Title: Changes in town planning actors perspectives on the balance between public and mutual aid
In recent years, it has been recognized that local residents as stakeholders should be in charge oftown planning, and an increasing number of municipalities have actually been actively carrying out
resident-led town planning. However, there are still many municipalities in which town planning iscarried out in an opaque state, with public assistance being the primary means of town planning, orwithout a place to collect the requests and opinions of local residents. However, the original role ofgovernment is to provide services to local residents, and it cannot be said that this state of affairs isa mistake.
This report looks back on the past, when town planning was carried out by the administration,
to the present, when town planning is being carried out under the initiative of the local residents. The
report clarifies the areas in which public assistance and mutual assistance should be provided, andproposes a balanced approach to town planning that is not biased towards one or the other.
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9:30-11:30
General Session B: Labor Union
Chair: KANAI Kaoru (Saitama University)
KIM Ho-won (Hitotsubashi University, graduate student)
Title: Why were Platform Businesses Proactive in Labor Negotiations - A Case Study on Korea’sFirst “Social Agreement”
On October 6, 2020, a "Social Forum for Creating Alternative Solutions to Platform Labor",
composed of four academic experts, four labor representatives, and four company representatives
respectively, was held in South Korea. During this forum, a "social agreement" regarding delivery
platforms was reached. This agreement is significant as it is the first self-regulated agreement
between labor and management in Korea without government mediation. And it establishes rules
applicable to the entire Korean delivery platforms, characterized by enterprise-level unions.
Recently, there has been a growing awareness of the need for legal protection of platform workers,
which has led to increased discussions on their solidarity and organization. However, previous
research has often overlooked the perceptions and motivations of the user side, who plays a crucialrole in the industrial relationship. Based upon these concerns, this study focuses on actors in themarket, one of the political conditions that contribute to the diversity of industrial relations in theplatform economy. It sheds light on the perceptions, motivations, and background of the company
through qualitative research conducted targeting the company representatives who participated in
the forum.
HASHIGUCHI Shoji (Otani University)
Title: Grievance Procedures of GU
The General Union (formed in 1991; hereinafter referred to as "GU") has been trying to prevent
disputes from arising by concluding agreements with companies and school corporations regarding
prior consultation and grievance handling. On the other hand, for companies that have not signed anagreement, GU has adopted a method whereby GU send members' grievances in writing, and GU
attempts to resolve them through written or telephone communication. The reason for adopting sucha method is to reduce the burden of collective bargaining and to devote more effort to organizing.
However, GU has also offered collective bargaining and conducted strikes when necessary. Thismethod differs from the grievance system, which is a private dispute resolution system createdvoluntarily by labor and management within a company, and from dispute resolution using collective
bargaining rights through the Community Unions and other means. This report clarifies the actual
situation of the grievance system in GU based on union materials and interviews, and discusses
implications for the industrial relations in Japan.
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WATANABE Hiroaki Richard (Ritsumeikan University)
Title: The changes in the policymaking processes of labor market reforms since the 2010s – Havelabor unions lost their raison d’être?
This article examines the characteristics of the changes in the policymaking processes of labormarket reforms since the 2010s and their impact on the raison d’être of labor unions in the cases ofJapan, Italy and Spain. The Japanese LDP government mostly implemented labor market
deregulation based on neoliberalism until the 2015 amendment to the Temporary Agency Work Law
by the second Abe administration, but it introduced worker-protective measures such as equal pay
for equal work in the 2018 Work-style Reform. However, this was not because labor unions increased
their power resources but because the government aiming to achieve economic growth intervened in
the labor policymaking process in a manner of doing damage to labor-management autonomy. In Italy
and Spain, labor unions could restrain the extent of deregulation before the 2010s by taking
advantage of institutionalized participation in the policymaking process during the center-leftgovernments and by resorting to such actions as mass mobilization during the center-rightgovernments. However, labor unions have been essentially removed from the policymaking process
by governments with less distinctive partisanship since the 2010s and could not prevent the
deregulation of dismissal rules. This article considers if labor unions have lost their raison d’être inthese situations due to the expansion of the government’s role in industrial relations.

11:30-12:50 Lunch Time

12:50-14:50 Special Theme and General Sessions
SPECIAL THEME SESSION
12:50- 14:50
Special Theme Session 2: Issues Observed in Process of Implementing Livelihood Support Systems
Chair and Coordinator: KURODA Ashiya (National Institute of Population and Social Security
Research)
Discussant: TOKORO Michihiko (Osaka Metropolitan University)< Theme of the Session >Recent years have seen a trend toward increased design of livelihood support systems that devolve
significant discretionary authority to those in the field and to local communities. For this reason, an
exclusive focus on the enactment of laws or overviews of systems fails to clarify their reality: it is also6

necessary to focus on the actual operation of such systems. Subsequent revisions of such systems may
also be influenced by their operational realities, and the system may differ significantly from its
original design as a consequence. Thus, in order to clarify the issues surrounding such systems, acomprehensive study is required that considers not only the design stage of such systems but also
their operational stages.
This subcommittee will therefore focus on recently enacted programs related to the elderly, theneedy, children, and housing, and clarify both their design and actual operation. These are distinct
systems in that each of them envisions their own population in need of support and methods ofproviding support. Comprehensively addressing this matter through this subcommittee can be
expected to yield suggestions on issues surrounding the formation of policy for, and operation of,various systems providing livelihood support.
SHIRASE Yumika (Hitotsubashi University)
Title: Changes in Policy Concerning Livelihood Support for the Elderly through Comprehensive
Community Care
This report examines the relationship between principles and reality in the policy formation process
and operation of livelihood support systems for the elderly. Focusing on why comprehensive projects
for long-term care prevention and daily life support have been introduced in the long-term careinsurance system, what kind of functions have been expected of them, and the true nature of suchprojects, we aim to clarify the significance of, and challenges facing, policy development ranging fromcomprehensive community-based care to an inclusive community society. This report therefore
addresses the period from the 2005 amendment up to the 2020 amendment, which encompasses thethird through to the eighth Long-term Care Insurance Project Plan. This study will examine the laws,
regulations, notifications, and directives related to amendments to the Long-term Care Insurance
system, as well as guidelines and committee documents published by the Ministry of Health, Labourand Welfare (MHLW), reports from MHLW scientific studies and elder health projects, as well as priorresearch literature and journal articles. This discussion will pay particular attention to ① thepositioning of integrated preventive care and daily livelihood support in the Long-term Care
Insurance system, ② the roles and issues around projects to improve livelihood support systems, and③ the relationship between livelihood support and consultation support.
HATAMOTO Yusuke (Doshisha University)
Title: On the Diversity Created by the Process of Implementing Self-Reliance Support Systems for
Needy Persons
The overall state of such systems is not determined by legal prescription or ministerial ordinances,and both the intent and specifics of such systems may vary according to the policy implementation
process. The Self-Reliance Support System for Needy Persons discussed here can be said to be atypical example. The Act contains only 23 articles, making it impossible to specify a detailed7

implementation of the system. In this report, we wish to provide a clearer view of the system than
the text of the Act alone affords by reviewing committee documents related to this system, documents
on amendments to the system, as well as case studies from specific municipalities. Specifically, we
intend to review the development of the system with a focus on the following issues: ① how did thedivergent intentions of the various actors involved in the process of establishing the system shape its
development; and ② did diverse assumptions about the system’s target population (whether it
included only those in financial need or also those facing social isolation) result in confusion in thesystem?
KURODA Ashiya (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research)
Title: The Policy Formation Process and Real Operation of Child Abuse Prevention Systems
The Child Abuse Prevention Act (Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act) came into effect in2000. Relevant provisions of the Act have since been subject to frequent revisions as has the Child
Welfare Act. Among other factors, this report primarily examines the 2020 revision to the Child Abuse
Prevention Act in terms of its definition of “abuse” and its guidelines, as well as the history anddiscussion around the 2022 revision to the same Act concerning recent trends in responses to abuse.
It also analyzes how policy decisions to revise the Act and to create the guidelines were made andhow they are reflected in the system’s operation in practice. In this analysis, we analyze in detailcommittee documents concerning the enactment of the Act and revisions to it, the laws andregulations prescribing the structure of the system, and notices affecting the practical operation of
the system, primarily with reference to previous studies on the system’s actual operation.
IZUMIDA Nobuyuki (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research)
Title: Challenges in Collaboration and Coordination in Policies for Livelihood Support including
Housing
This report is intended to examine changes in the policy environment as well as coordination andcollaboration between social security and social welfare policy and housing policy with respect topolicy formation and systems operation, and to suggest solutions to future issues from theperspective of livelihood support.
Under the 2007 Housing Safety Net Act, low-income earners, disaster victims, elderly persons,people with disabilities, and families raising children were designated as persons requiring special
consideration for housing security. These individuals were receiving personal support from social
security and social welfare and housing policies before the Act was enacted.
Coordination was also sought between social security and social welfare policies and housing
policies before the Act was enacted, and this tendency has strengthened following its amendment.
On the other hand, both policies have faced common changes related to the policy environment,such as fiscal constraints, the shift to tax credits, and reforms to special corporations as a result ofreforms to the “trinity system,” as well as an increase in the elderly population and widening
8inequality. We examine policy formation and operation for policy coordination and collaboration
amid this changing policy environment, as well as the related outcomes and challenges.

12:50- 14:50
Special Theme Session 3: Ceasing to “put it on the back burner”: Policy Change and Current
Practices of Osaka Prefectural High School Correspondence Courses
Chair: NAGAMATSU Namie (Kwansei Gakuin University)
Coordinator: OTAYA Satoshi (Ritsumeikan University)< Theme of the Session >In the past, correspondence high schools (correspondence courses) had the main function ofproviding opportunities for junior high school graduates to obtain high school diplomas whileworking. In recent years, it has become a source of support for students who have experienced
school refusal, students who are not good at communicating and keeping regular hours, andstudents from economically difficult families.
Such a fundamental change in student demographics will prompt changes not only in subject
guidance but also in career guidance, especially employment guidance at the school level on the one
hand, and changes in projects and budgets at the educational administration level on the otherhand. In Osaka Prefecture, which is the target case of this session, however, the policy change ofprefectural high school correspondence courses has been incremental in the last 30 years or so, andthe new practice of job guidance has only started relatively recently.
How and why has been its reform proceeded, which had been "put on the back burner"? Whatkind of employment guidance is currently provided? After clarifying these questions, the session
would like to discuss the significance and challenges of public high school correspondence courses.
TSUTSUI Miki (Hosei University)
Title: Correspondence Courses in Osaka Prefectural High School Policy since the 1990s: The
Structure of Incrementalism
According to the Osaka Prefectural Board of Education (1999) "Educational Reform Program,"
which provides a long-term policy outlook, at the time there were 155 prefectural full-time highschools, 29 part-time, and 1 correspondence. This distribution might suggest that correspondence
course has been of low policy priority, and this is indeed the case. It was not until the 2012 school yearthat a proposal for substantive restructuring and expansion of the correspondence course was made.
It was six years later, in 2018, that the proposal to enhance the use of external specialists in thecourse was made, and since then, the allocation of SSWs and the expansion of budget hours for career
counselors have finally progressed.
It has been a long time since students with various difficulties have been enrolled in the9correspondence course, and guidance and support for their careers, especially for employment, hascontinued to be an important issue. Despite this, why has it been put off for so long? This presentation
elucidates the structure of this incrementalism by reviewing the policies of Osaka Prefectural highschools since the 1990s and by contextualizing the correspondence course within them.
TANAKA Maho (Osaka Kyoiku University) and IGAMI Koh (Kobe International University)
Title: Issues and Prospects of Correspondence Courses in Prefectural High School
In this presentation, we focus on the employment support of Osaka Prefectural CorrespondenceHigh School (only one in number), and examine its actual situation and challenges. The school has
accepted a diverse range of students, including new junior high school graduates, transfer students
from other high schools, and working adults who want to re-learn. In response to this situation, theschool (1) has implemented originality and ingenuity such as in career guidance, and (2) the
principal's leadership function has been demonstrated. What is particularly noteworthy is thedifficulty in and the way of providing employment support through centering on the class teacher due
to the fact that a variety of students with different graduation years are enrolled in the class, which
can be said to be a characteristic of correspondence high schools.
Public correspondence high schools have the function of guaranteeing learning as the last safety
net for diverse students. In terms of career education, opportunities are provided to encourage diverse"independence" and self-actualization. In this presentation, we would like to consider the prospectsof public correspondence high schools through this case study.
OTAYA Satoshi (Ritsumeikan University)
Title: How Can Local Communities Support the Employment of High School Graduates?
Compared to the high level of interest in the inputs (student enrollment) and throughput(educational practices) of correspondence high schools, both academically and practically, there is lessinterest in the outputs (guarantee of career). Specifically, public correspondence high schools have ahigher percentage of graduates not in education, employment, or training compared to private ones.
Public ones not only accept a diverse range of students but also lack sufficient resources for providing
employment guidance, resulting in a high concentration of employment-related challenges for thiergraduates.
Given this situation, the question arises as to how to secure resources to support students' career
paths. In this presentation, we focus on the local community, specifically Ikuno Ward in Osaka
Prefecture, which serves as the subject of our study. Students from the correspondence course at
Osaka Prefectural Momodani High School engage in part-time job experience at some local welfare
providers. The intermediary for this initiative is a federation of local welfare providers. What were
the intentions and relationships among the various actors involved that facilitated these efforts? This
presentation examines the intentions of and connections between public correspondence high schools
and the various actors involved, based on interviews with key individuals in the community and10school officials.

12:50- 14:50
Special Theme Session 4: Actual State of Employment Support System for Persons with Disabilities
Chair and Coordinator: TAKANO Tsuyoshi (Ritsumeikan University)
Discussant: WATANABE Yukiyoshi (Doho University)< Theme of the Session >An environment for everyone to work according to their motivation and ability is becoming
necessary due to the rapid decrease in the productive age population. Meanwhile, innovative change
in labor policy is essential for ensuring employment of people who have difficulty finding work at
general business facilities and difficulty competing with general workers in a competitive labormarket.
The field of employment support for persons with disabilities aims to achieve a society in whichpeople with and people without disabilities work together. Society will serve as a model of labor policy
reform. The Work Support Center for Continuous Employment (hereinafter, Type A Center) functions
as the core of facilities for employing people with disabilities while training them for work. The TypeA Center, however, has systemic problems. For example, a Type A Center is required to achieve thesame level of productivity as general companies despite the fact that the Type A Center is intended
to employ people with disabilities who require work training. Furthermore, the actual state ofoperation and support for people with disabilities in Type A Centers is not clearly known. The living
conditions of people using Type A Centers and social resources available in a region where a Type A
Center is located are different depending on whether the Type A Center is located in a rural or an
urban area. Initiatives taken by Type A Centers are identical regardless of their location and do nottake into consideration the characteristics of their location.
The sectional committee focuses on Type A Centers as institutions for creating new possibilities forlabor policy. The first report reveals the results of analysis of Type A Centers nationwide based on“Information on Welfare Services for Persons with Disabilities.” The second report shows the actual
state of Type A Centers in rural areas based on a door-to-door survey in X prefecture.
KANAYA Nobuko (Hiroshima City University) and TONDA Tetsuji (Prefectural University ofHiroshima)
Title: A Performance Analysis of Support Centers for Continuous Employment Type A
The welfare policy for people with disabilities has recently been reformed, introducing a market
system. Support centers for continuous employment type A were established as a mixture of publicwelfare services and ordinary businesses, providing necessary job training, support, and employment
opportunities to connect people with disabilities to ordinary jobs. However, achieving the goal of11balancing welfare and business ethics remains unclear. Therefore, using managerial data, weanalyzed the performance of support centers for continuous employment type A.
First, we examined welfare services’ qualities and business performance results by comparing theperformance of different ownership types. Second, we studied determinants for business performance
considering business location, ownership, productive activities, welfare service features, and so on.
EMOTO Junko (Prefectural University of Hiroshima), TONDA Tetsuji (Prefectural University ofHiroshima) and KANAYA Nobuko (Hiroshima City University)
Title: Actual State of Employment Support for Persons with Disabilities as both Workers andWelfare Service Users in Rural Areas
The field of employment support for persons with disabilities as both workers and welfare service
users aims to achieve a society in which people with and people without disabilities can work together
by combining labor and welfare initiatives. Society will serve as a model of labor policy in the future.
Type A Centers are necessary for employing people, such as those with disabilities, who havedifficulty getting jobs at general business facilities when they compete with general workers in acompetitive labor market, and also for a new labor society and function as important social resources
causing regional activation. Detailed regulations, however, are not set for their operation, and work
training programs and the actual state of their operation and their support are not clearly known.
Consequently, the author conducted interview research for business owners of Type A Centerssatisfying the designated standard under the Act on Comprehensive Services and Support for Persons
with Disabilities in rural and urban areas to clarify the actual state of operation and support by theType A Centers, the position of Type A Centers in the employment support system for persons withdisabilities, and the structure of Type A Centers for effective operation in accordance with location
characteristics.
The report clarifies the following three points based on the analysis result of Type A Centers inrural areas: (1) operational state of Type A Centers; (2) support by Type A Centers for persons withdisabilities as both workers and welfare service users so that they can find employment at generalbusiness facilities; and (3) approaches taken by Type A Centers for improving the wages of workers
with disabilities.

GENERAL SESSIONS
12:50-14:50
General Session C: Gender
Chair: ASANO Kazuya (Tsu City College)
NAITO Tomoe (Seikei Univerisy)
12Title: The Long-Term Impact of Work-life Balance on Women
Around 1990, dual-earner households began to outnumber one-earner households, and by 2019 thenumber of dual-earner households had more than doubled (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare2020). On the other hand, looking at the employment type of women, it is known that many are in
non-regular employment. In addition, more women leave the workforce because of the burden ofhousework and childcare than other reasons. This suggests that although dual-earner households
have already been the majority, women still work in the labor market after taking on the primary
responsibility for household work. On the other hand, looking at the data for men, the share of men'stime for housework/childcare and market labor in dual-earner households from 1994 to 2020 is about
16.4% and 61.4%, respectively. Regarding time allocation, women's work-life balance may be poor. So,
this study first provides an overview of women's work-life balance, then attempt to quantitatively
analyze the impact of women's work-life balance on their lives and later employment.
KISHIDA Miki (Ritsumeikan University)
Title: The gender wage gap and salary mapping in Sweden
There is a growing movement worldwide to disclose information on the gender pay gap as a methodof reducing the gender pay gap. In Sweden, job evaluation and wage mapping have been mandatoryfor employers since the 2000s under the Anti-discrimination Act. In fact, the pay ratio of women tomen is 90.1% (2022, Medlingsinstitutet), down 6.4% from 83.7% in 2005. It is known that solidaristic
wage policy based on the principle of equal pay for equal work have been promoted in Sweden sincearound the 1950s, mainly by blue-collar trade unions, and the current narrowing of the gender pay
gap is often understood in connection with this wage policy. However, both wage policy of trade unions
and the role of job evaluation in setting individual wages have changed significantly since the 1990s
as a turning point. This report highlights the actual approach to tackling the gender pay gap in
Sweden (job evaluation-based pay mapping) and its changing position in trade union pay policy.
KIM Joonyoung (Korea Employment Information Service)
Title: Gender Gap in the Platform Economy: Study for Using a Korean Survey Data
In this paper, we conduct a comparative study on the income, occupations, and motivations of maleand female platform workers. Based on survey data conducted in October 2022 in South Korea, it isevident that the platform labor market exhibits a strict gender segregation similar to the generallabor market. Male platform workers are predominantly engaged in occupations traditionallyconsidered male-dominated, such as transportation and delivery, while female platform workers havea higher representation in occupations traditionally associated with women, such as caregiving andhousehold tasks. Furthermore, the analysis results suggest that gender disparities observed in the
traditional labor market persist within the platform economy. For both men and women, the primary
motivation for participating in the platform economy is to "earn a higher income." Additionally, bothgenders consider "flexibility in platform work" as an important motivating factor. However, the13percentage of women citing "compatibility with their schedule" as a reason is significantly higher
compared to men, indicating that household and caregiving responsibilities constrain women morethan men.

12:50-14:50
General Session D: Laor 2
Chair: HISAMOTO Takashi (University of Teacher Education Fukuoka)
SHIMONAGA Tomohiro (Doshisha University, graduate student)
Title: Vocational Training for un-employment person at Polytechnic Centers in Japan
In Japan, the labor shortage in the manufacturing industry is becoming serious. On the other hand,about 1.65 million peoples are unemployed, and their employment opportunities are also being lost.
In order to solve these problems, public vocational training is attracting attention. Public vocational
training is expected to increase the employment rate of the unemployed, and especially for women, it
is expected to increase the rate of full-time employment and wages after employment. Therefore, there
are high expectations for the implementation of public vocational training by the current Kishidacabinet for the purpose of "drastically strengthening 'investment in human resources'". But, public
vocational training in Japan tends to lump all unemployed workers together and does not criticallyexamine what kind of unemployed workers are included in the public vocational training and who are
excluded from it. So, in this study, we conduct interviews at Polytechnic Centers A and B and we
examine what kind of unemployed people can take a public vocational training or not in terms of theannual number of training sessions for the unemployed, the capacity of participants, the ratio of thenumber of participants, percentage of seat filled , the employment rate, the existence of experience inthe job market, the ratio of gender and the ratio of age of participants.
NIE Yijun (Japan Women's University)
Title: Timing of Mothers' Employment After The First Childbirth
Using data from the Panel Survey of Consumer Lifestyles conducted by the Keio Institute of
Economic Research, analyzed changes in the timing of reemployment for married women born in the
1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, focusing on human capital factors, cultural capital factors, and community
environment, in the 10 years after leaving work after the birth of their first child. In addition, we will
examine the various factors that influence the transition from informal employment to formal
employment for women reentering the workforce by cohort.
TAKAHASHI Yoshiaki (Meikai University) and SAKISAKA Kayako (Kaichi International
University)
Title: Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance under the COVID-19 pandemic
14

In Japan, a lockdown with penalties was not implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. As aresult, it is estimated much more work-related infections than other countries (Takahashi & Sakizaka2021). The Ministry widely recognizes industrial accidents such as leave of absence due to COVID-19
infection among doctors, nurses, and caregivers. They also include other cases under a highprobability that they have been infected. 190 thousand cases have been recognized so far. In this paper,
we will examine the occupations with high risk of covid-19 infection based on official statistics andother data, and provide suggestions for future measures against infectious diseases.

12:50-14:50
General Session E: Poverty
Chair: YAMAMURA Ritsu (Nihon University)
KATO Hodaka (Fukushima University)
Title: Analysis of Factors Contributing to Regional Differences in Public Assistance Rates
The number of persons receiving public assistance per thousand (PA rate) varies widely from region
to region. For example, while the national PA rate for fiscal 2020 is 16.0 ‰, PA rate by prefecture
varies from a high of 31.0 ‰ in Osaka Prefecture to a low of 3.7 ‰ in Toyama Prefecture, a differenceof 8.37 times. These regional differences in PA rates may be due in large part to differences insocioeconomic conditions in each region (such as the unemployment rate, the percentage of elderly
single-person households, the percentage of single-mother households, etc.), but also to differences in
the operation of the system by the local government (welfare office) that administers public assistance.
In this report, we conduct a quantitative analysis of the protection rate at each welfare office,focusing on differences in the entities that established the welfare office, based on the hypothesis that
regional differences in PA rates may be caused by differences in the way welfare offices operate theirsystems.
SON Uisub (Hitotsubashi University, graduate student)
Title: Succession Concerning the Genealogy of Homeless Research: Reexamination of “Integration
Theory” and “Emancipation Theory”
In Japan, homelessness has become a social problem since the 1990s against the backdrop of aperiod of low economic growth, and research has been conducted on this issue. Existing studies onhomelessness can be divided into two major categories. One is the “integration theory” represented
by Masami Iwata, which has its lineage in the study of poverty in postwar Japan. On the other side,“emancipation theory”, represented by Hideo Aoki, has been oriented, and research has been
constructed by inheriting the problematic consciousness from the discriminatory structure of Yoseba.
However, although homelessness research is said to have been built on the basis of Yoseba research,
it cannot be said that there is necessarily a continuity between research conducted prior to the 1990s
15

and subsequent research areas. One factor that can be pointed out is that the differences in the wayof recognizing social problems that conventional research attempted to depict are also reflected in theway of perceiving the relationship between homeless people and society.
Therefore, this report aims to present a research agenda that can be addressed in the future byexamining the validity and limitations of the cognitive framework on which conventional
homelessness research has been premised.
KASAI Nao (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research) and MURAKAMI
Sayuri (Osaka Metropolitan University)
Title: Relocation practices in central Tokyo’s homelessness support systems
In the context of the policies of community-based society and ageing-in-place, social welfare services
are increasingly provided in a way that enables users’ continuity and independence in daily life attheir own home. However, when losing a home, individuals and families are responded through theprovision of temporary accommodation, which, in the case of large cities, often causes relocation(s)beyond local government borders. With this gap between the philosophy of living-in-place andhomelessness responses in mind, the current study examined relocation practices within the public
homelessness support system in central Tokyo and the factors contributing to such practices.
Questionnaire surveys and interviews with welfare officers from 18 special wards of Tokyo revealed
that on average each ward had around 200 cases a year in which people without a fixed address
started to receive public assistance. Of these cases, the most frequently used type of accommodation
was “low-cost lodging facilities.” Relocations beyond local government borders were driven by thewelfare office’s usage of organizations that ran many facilities in widespread locations for securingaccommodation, but also by the shrinkage of accommodation capacity in central Tokyo in the face ofstricter regulations on low-cost lodging facilities.

15:00-17:00 Special Theme and General Sessions
SPECIAL THEME SESSIONS
15:00- 17:00
Special Theme Session 5: Empirical Analysis of Hardship faced by children
Chair and Coordinator: ABE Aya (Tokyo Metropolitan University)< Theme of the Session >It has been a while since the problem of child poverty had gained a recognition as one of the mostpressing social problems of modern Japan. Recently, with the accumulation of empirical data on childpoverty, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the child poverty is often associated with problems
16

other than financial constraints. In this session, using these newly available data, we will firstexamine the change in the hardship faced by poor children before and after the COVID-19 outbreak.
Then we will discuss two specific issues, namely bullying and young carers. Lastly, we will conclude
by showing mapping of families according to their preferences and to recommend what types of social
policy are needed for each.
ABE Aya (Tokyo Metropolitan University)
Title: Comparing the Hardship of poor families with children before and after the COVID-19
The COVID-19 crisis which started in 2020 has highlighted the hardship faced by families withchildren. The initial impacts of the crisis on economic situations are well-documented. There are also
many reports documenting hardship of poor families. However, these reports do not distinguishbetween hardship caused by the COVID-19 and hardship that existed before the COVID.
While the Covid-19 was degraded to Grade 5 infectious diseases and economic and academic
activities resumed to normality. It is the right time to investigate if and to what extend the crisis
affected poor families with children.

This paper is an attempt to measure the impact using large

scale surveys on children conducted by municipalities before and after the crisis.
KAJIWARA Katsuhito (Fukuyama Heisei University)
Title: An empirical analysis of association of child's belongings with bullying victimization.
Research on "bullying" among children has gained much attention within the research community
in Japan and abroad. This analysis focuses on lack of material possessions due to poverty on being
victims of bullying. It is based on Tess Ridge’s monumental work showing that children from poorfamilies, due to the lack of belongings such as pocket money and clothes necessary to establish andmaintain positive relationship with friends, faced challenges in fully "fitting in" and were vulnerable
to bullying or carried the anxiety of becoming victims (Ridge 2002). Ridge referred to theseexperiences within the school environment endured by children from poor families as "exclusion
within school."
Therefore, this report aims to analyze the aspect of bullying victimization as one form of"exclusion within school" by specifically focusing on the lack of belongings among children. The
analysis utilizes integrated data that includes individual survey data from "Child Poverty Surveys"
independently conducted by multiple local governments.
HORIGUCHI Ryoko（Tokyo Metropolitan University）
Title: Factors associated with Young Carers
Young carers are "children who are not able to do what they want to do, because they routinely
perform household chores and care for family members that are supposed to be the responsibility ofadults, and whose own rights are not considered to be protected". The purpose of this study was toextract subjects who fit the definition of young carers from the results of the 2022 Tokyo Living
17

Conditions Survey, which was conducted among fifth graders, eighth graders, and 16- to 17-year-olds,
and the results of the 2016 Tokyo Living Conditions Survey, which was conducted in the past. The
dependent variable is the presence or absence of young carers, and the independent variables were
living difficulties. The dependent variable is the presence or absence of young carers, and the
independent variables were family environment and guardianship status, such as the degree of living
difficulties and single-parent households. The environmental and parental factors associated withyoung carers are then explored. By comparing and examining data from 2016 and 2022, the report
also analyses the differences in the situation of young carers in the past and present.
KURIHARA Kazuki（Tokyo Metropolitan University）
Title: A drawing of child-rearing space in Tokyo
In this report, we attempt to draw a rough sketch of the child-rearing space in Tokyo based on asurvey of the actual living conditions in the Tokyo metropolitan area conducted in 2022. Until now,
sociologists have attempted to understand the multidimensional space for child-rearing based on the
Bourdieu school's socio-spatial approach. In this report, we will conduct a multiple correspondence
analysis based on those previous studies. Specifically, we will use the questions on parenting
preferences included in this survey to construct the social space, and introduce the demographic
variables of parents as additional variables. We will then group the individuals in the social spaceand examine the characteristics of each group's preferences. In addition, this survey is characterized
by the fact that it targets both parents and children. Therefore, this report examines the constructionof children's social space and the relationship between this space and the space of their parents, inaddition to the space of their parents, which has been examined in existing studies.

15:00-17:00
Special Theme Session 6: Future of European Welfare Regimes after the Corona Crisis
Chair and Coordinator: KAMEYAMA Toshiro (Chukyo University)＜Theme of the Session＞
The temporary measures and medium- to long-term recovery strategies adopted by the EU and its
member states in response to the new coronavirus pandemic that began in 2020 have brought aboutsignificant changes in the European welfare regime. In September 2023, we published a co-edited
book on this subject, "The Corona Crisis and the Transformation of the European Welfare Regime"(Showado). Based on these results, this subcommittee will examine the transformation of theEuropean welfare regime that is proceeding under the Corona crisis. Do New developments in the
EU and its Member States imply a shift in the European welfare regime, or are they temporary
trends? And will the current policy trends contribute to the construction of a welfare regime under a
new world order triggered by crises such as infectious diseases and current wars and conflicts that18

are expected to continue in the future? We would like to deepen our discussion in this session.
NAKAMURA Kengo (Osaka Metropolitan University)
Title: Transformation of the EU after the Corona-Crisis and the War over Ukraine： Financial
Federation equipped with Stronger Social Dimension?
In the wake of the Euro Crisis since 2009, the EU, on the one hand, has strengthened its austerity
framework at the European level, while on the other hand, has made efforts to strengthen the social
dimension of the Economic and Monetary Union. Faced with the Corona Crisis from 2020 onwards,
the EU has launched ambitious projects such as the "European Health Union" for health policy, the"Next Generation EU" for public finance, and the "European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan" forsocial policy. Among them, the "Next Generation EU" is a measure with a time limit, but it contains
a mechanism of "fiscal transfer" in which the EU raises funds from the market by issuing joint bonds
and provides the funds to the Member States with poor fiscal space. It is an epoch-making fund.
However, the war over Ukraine, which began in 2022, has significantly increased the weight of
securing resources and military strategy in the EU's long-term project. Will the EU really evolve into
a fiscal federation equipped with a strong social dimension?
DOKI Chikako (Kaishi professionl University）
Title: Italian Social Welfare Policy with and after Covid-19: Focusing on Transitional Support for
Young People
In Italy, amid signs of recovery from the Covid-19 disaster, a populist party that appeals to "family"
and "tradition" and distances itself from the EU has come to power, and Italy has its first ever female
prime minister. This is due to a variety of factors, including the refugee crisis, distrust of the EU's
response to the early stages of the Covid-19 disaster, and a long-standing distrust of the governmentby the people. On the one hand, support for young people's transition to adulthood, which has cometo be recognized as an important social issue against the backdrop of the increase in NEETs, is being
implemented by the Italian government under the EU's "Youth Guarantee" framework, which alsouses funds from the EU Reconstruction Fund, and goes beyond familism and nepotism. On the other
hand, there is also an active movement toward mutual assistance by people who do not rely on public
assistance for various social issues. This presentation reports on current trends in welfare in Italy,
with a focus on social policies related to support for the transition to adulthood.
SAGA Yoshiko (Osaka Metropolitan University)
Title: The Minimum Income Reform and the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany
In November 2019, the German Federal Constitutional Court ruled unconstitutional against
sanctions with benefit reductions in the "Basic income support for jobseekers" (SGBII) and called fora review of the sanction provisions. The response to the corona pandemic after 2020 was mainly
through the use of Short-time work benefits and the relaxation of requirements for Basic income
19support for jobseekers.
The restrictions on social contact opportunities due to the lockdown also affected the relationshipbetween Jobcenter staff and recipients. Following the unconstitutional ruling by the Federal
Constitutional Court and the Corona pandemic, changes were observed in the operational reality ofthe sanctions. In the German Bundestag elections held in September 2021, the Social Democrats
became the leading party and the government was replaced by Scholz's government after 16 years in
power by Merkel. The new government proposed a "Citizens’ Basic Income (Bürgergeld)" in place ofthe previous "Basic income support for jobseekers" which was phased in on January 1, 2023. The new
system aims to increase benefits, revise sanctioning provisions, and relax asset and otherrequirements.
SHIMAUCHI Takeshi (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research)
Title: Employment Security, Social Protection and A Typical Employment in Denmark During the
COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis
During the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the unemployment rate in Denmark increased toapproximately 6%. The number of employed persons sharply decreased in industries like air transport,
hotels, restaurants, arts, entertainment and recreation activities and so on. In Denmark, existing
unemployment insurance and social assistance successfully functioned as safety net systems
protecting most of the unemployed against the crisis. Offering generous wage compensation andexpanding job-sharing schemes for the employees who were forced to stay at home, the Social
Democratic government also coped with preventing them from becoming a financial hardship. The
Danish welfare state proved enough ability to protect their citizen in the crisis. However, it has been
pointed out that atypical workers might have been excluded from the generous social protection
system when they lost their jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging new types of atypicalemployment have been increasing, the Corona crisis has triggered new challenges to Danish society
how to integrate them into the social protection system.

GENERAL SESSIONS
15:00-17:00
General Session F: Labor 1
Chair: YOSHIMURA Rimpei (Aichi Gakuin University)
SHIBATA Teppei (Iwate Prefectural University)
Title: Compensation structure of platform workers and its structure：What drives compensationdifferences among food delivery workers?
The characteristics of workers' compensation systems have always been an extremely important20

topic in human resource management research. This is because the compensation system and its
structure affect the degree of exploitation and the management of workers. Various studies have been
conducted on the compensation structure of workers, but few studies have analyzed and examinedthe compensation structure of dependent contract workers. If it is platform workers, a situation thatis increasing worldwide today, there are few. However, given the reality of precarious employment ofplatform workers, it is clear that they are exploited by platform companies, and it is of great social
significance to clarify this reality from the perspective of the compensation system.

Based on aquantitative survey of food delivery workers conducted by the author, this study will determine what
is responsible for the difference in their compensation. We will also examine the compensation
structure of UberEats and Demaekan, two companies that account for 80% of Japan's food delivery
market, respectively, and clarify the compensation structure of the leading Japanese platform
companies.
TAKAHASHI Yusuke (Ehime University)
Title: Factors Associated with Changes in Employment Status and Working Environment of Nonregular Workers
This study presents an empirical analysis of the probability of transitioning from non-regular
employment to regular employment or unemployment using a multinomial logit model and nine yearsof panel data.
The findings indicate that the likelihood of unemployment is low, even for those working in nonregular jobs reluctantly. If a worker has no employment contract, they can be promoted to regular
employment within the company. Contract employees or temporary workers could be promoted toregular employment within the same company, whereas those working in government agencies could
transition to regular employment in a different company. Attending a public vocational training
school also influences the transition to regular employment in SMEs, with contract employees or
temporary workers being likely to transition to regular employment in both SMEs and large
companies/government agencies. Dispatched workers have a high probability of transitioning to othernon-regular jobs; however, the transition to regular employment is more likely for those working in
SMEs.
FUJII Mayu (Hokkaido University of Education)
Title: Diverse work schedules and employees' well-being: Evidence from an Internet survey inJapanOver the past few decades, socioeconomic changes such as globalization, technological innovation,and servitization of industry have led to an increase in atypical employment and diversification inworkers' work schedules. The diversification of work schedules has, on the one hand, increased
workers' choice regarding their working styles. However, such a trend has also been said to increase
the number of workers facing "precarious work schedules" such as nonstandard work timing and21

unpredictable working hours. Against this background, in the US and European countries, a numberof empirical studies have investigated the impact of diverse work schedules on workers' well-being.
Using data from an Internet survey conducted by the author in February 2022, this study aims togain understanding of diverse work schedules among Japanese non-executive employees and examine
how employees' well-being vary by work schedule.

15:00-17:00
General Session G: Welfare 1
Chair: ODAMA Takaaki (Dokkyo University)
TAKEZAWA Junko (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research)
Title: International Comparison of Social Protection Financing - Analysis Using Statistics of EU
Standards
The National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (NIPSSR) has begun to publish
new EU-standard data on social protection financing in Japan from 2023. This makes international
comparisons with European countries possible for the first time in a quarter of a century since theupdating of ILO standard data ceased in the late 1990s.
This research attempt to examine Japan's financial resource structure from an international
comparative perspective, based on previous studies of welfare state regime theory, using time series
data on social protection financing in Japan and European countries.
Furthermore, this research will show the difference between the Ministry of Finance's national tax
and social security contribution as a rate to NI or GDP based on the national accounts (SNA), which
has been widely cited in Japan in discussions of social protection financing, and the EU standard forsocial security financing, and then discuss the significance of utilizing the EU standard based
financing data in future policy discussions on social security financing and the direction of the future
expansion of the statistics in response to the needs of users.
AKAGI Taku (Kyoto University, graduate student)
Title: The Effect of cash transfers on the probability of the occurrence of child abuse: A Quantitative
Analysis Using the JACSIS Survey data
The purpose of this study is to clarify which cash transfer policies are effective in preventing theoccurrence of child abuse. In certain countries, there have been many studies showing that cashtransfers are effective in preventing the occurrence of child maltreatment. On the other hand,previous studies in Japan have conducted quantitative analyses of the causes of child abuse and theeffect of in-kind transfers (use of childcare services) on the probability of child abuse, but there has
been no quantitative analysis of the effect of cash transfers on the probability of child abuse. In
response to these issues, this study used cross-section data from the JACSIS 2022 survey and panel
22

data from the combined JACSIS2021 and JACSIS2022 surveys to examine whether the receipt ofgovernment cash transfers to households raising children is associated with the probability ofphysical, and psychological abuse. In response to these issues, we will analyze the effects of the receipt
of government cash transfers to households raising children on the probability of physical abuse, theprobability of psychological abuse, and the probability of neglect. Since the analysis is still in progressat the time of the Free Thesis Report.
YAMANAKA Shikatsugu (Npo coporation Kinki area activenetwork)
Title: A proposal for Realistic BasicIncome Introduction in Japan
In Japan, research on basicincome, which has been gaining momentum little by little sincearound2000, and the movement to realize it, have gained momentum with the publication of an
introductory book on basic income in 2009, However, there is a repeated process of dissatisfaction
with basicincome, mainly due to work and other forms of social security will be cut. Instead of choosing
between the pros and cons of a basicincome, we propose to consider whether or not to implement afull-scale basicincome after implementing temporary benefits such as disasters and limited benefits
such as youth allowances for the time being.

15:00-17:00
General Session H: Welfare 2
Chair: ENDO Kiwako (Kinjo Gakuin University)
MATSUMOTO Naoko (None)
Title: Perspectives on “Child Poverty” in Germany: The "Balancing Family and Work" Discourse andSingle Parents
Currently, the proportion of minors living in single-parent households in Germany has increased to
one in five. Despite an overall declining trend in fertility at a level that requires action, the actual
number of children living with a single parent is also increasing. Single-parent households, as in othercountries, tend to be at risk of poverty and are associated with "child poverty.” It was not until themid-2000s that this association began to be politicized.
In this paper, I will examine how "child poverty" became a political issue in Germany in relation to
single parenthood and the context of the "balancing family and work" discourse that was widely
shared before and after the issue was raised. By showing the role of the "balancing family and work"
discourse in activation policies for single parents and the characteristics of these policies, the paper
will also show that single parents are regarded not merely as the target groups to be socially protected,
but also as the subjects who can balance family and work, and that an environment has been created
for them to do so. It also clarifies that there are challenges that still remain.

23

UMEGAKI Hirotsugu (Nanzan University)
Title: Formation Process of Comprehensive Dental Services in the British Welfare State after theSecond World War
Dental services are crucial for maintaining and improving overall health and quality of life. They
not only address masticatory dysfunction and nutritional disorders but also identify the relationshipbetween dental disease and general disease. Notably, there have been only a few discussions focusing
on dental services within the context of the formation process of the UK’s National Health Service(NHS). Therefore, we examine the Interim Report (1944) and the Final Report (1946) by the Interdepartmental Committee on Dentistry (Teviot Committee), as well as relevant materials related to
the National Health Service Bill, to shed light on the formation process of comprehensive dental
services under the British Welfare State after the Second World War. Particularly, we aim to provide
insights into the understanding and resolution of the challenges faced by dental services under the
National Health Insurance scheme (NHI, 1911-46), as well as the concerns expressed by stakeholders,
including dentists.
SAITO Ryuji (Osaka Sangyo University)
Title: Is the veil of ignorance only a concept about risk in loss contexts?
It is important to distinguish between an individual’s risk preference in fluctuations in their payoffs
and social preference for considering others’ payoffs behind the veil of ignorance (VoI). In this study,
we adapted Schildberg-Hörisch’s (2010) experimental design by applying it to the loss domain in order
to distinguish two preferences. Our main results can be summarized as threefold. First, on average,
there is a significant difference between risk preference and social preference. Second, social
preference leads to more equal choices than risk preference; that is, social preference is more averse
to fluctuations in the outcomes than risk preference. Third, risk preference and social preference.
differed even in males although the previous study have not been able to identify this. Our results
indicate that the VoI may work even in a loss domain.

17:10- 18:10
General Meeting24DAY 2 (8 October 2023)

9:30-11:30 Book Review Sessions

9:30-11:30
Book Review Session: Gender
Chair: KIMURA Makio (Nagoya University of Economics）● KAMURO Ayami (Atomi University), Analysis of Employment Systems that Produce Disparities

between Employment Status: A History of the Division of Labor and the Formation of Order within
Firms using Gender Perspective
Reviewer: IMAI Jun (Sophia University)● MIYASHITA Saori (Nagoya City University), Work and Life in Small Family Businesses:

Reflections of Gendered and Patriarchal Post-war Japanese Society
Reviewer: KASUYA Misako (Showa Women’s University)● HORIKAWA Yuuri (Niigata University of International and Information Studies), Working
Women during Wartime in Japan： Aiming to Achieve Gender Equality in the Workplace
Reviewer: ISHII Kae (Doshisha University)

9:30- 11:30
Book Review Session: Social Welfare Studies
Chair: SAHASHI Katsuhiko (Hokusei Gakuen University）● KANAYA Nobuko (Hiroshima City University), Nursing Care Services and Market Mechanism:

Dilemma between Efficiency, Service Quality, and Civil Society
Reviewer: TAKAHASHI Yukihiro Junko (Shobi University)● JEON Hong-Gyu (Osaka Metropolitan University), Action Research to tackle Poverty andexclusion: Linking the experiences of Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong to research
Reviewer: KANEKO Ju (Meijigakuin University)● OKAMOTO Yoshihiro (Chukyo University), The pathway to housing poverty, and Housing for

welfare and well-being
Reviewer: TOKORO Michihiko (Osaka Metropolitan University)25

9:30- 11:30
Book Review Session: Labor
Chair: WATANABE Asami (Iwate University）● ICHIHARA Hiroshi (Dokkyo University), Corporate Engineers in Modern Japan: Human

Resources Development and Personnel Management
Reviewer: SUZUKI Makoto (Nagano University)● AOKI Hiroyuki (Kagawa University), Japanese Management-Labor system: Historical

Development in the Steel Industry
Reviewer: UMEZAKI Osamu (Hosei University)● ASAHI Kichitaro (The International University of Kagoshima), Labor and Capital in Modern

Capitalism - A Comparison of Japanese and German Systems Reviewer: ISHIZUKA Fumiki (Meiji University)

9:30- 11:30
Book Review Session: Welfare States
Chair: SASAKI Takao (Japan College of Social Work）● KIM Sung-won (The University of Tokyo), Challenges of the Korean Welfare State
Reviewer: KIM Myoung-Jung (NLI Research Institute)● ONO Taichi (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies), Formulating Social Security in Post-

WWII Japan - The Advisory Council on Social Security and Its Key Experts
Reviewer: NAKAO Yuki (Japan Women’s University)● SHIMAUCHI Kota (Takushoku University), Human Resource Development in Corporate Training

Schools
Reviewer: YANAKA Yoshinori (Saitama University, graduate student)

11:30-12:50 Lunch Time26

12:50-17:00 CONFERENCE PLENARY SESSION“Right to Care” and the “Right Not to Care”: Breaking Away from Obligatory Care as a Family Member<Theme of The Session>
Every one of us needs to be cared for at some stage in our life. Not only at the time of birth but also
when our physical functions decline as we enter the later years of life moreover, there is always apossibility of finding ourselves in a situation where we cannot maintain our life without care due todisability. To rephrase this, care is one of the basic components of life, and it is socially desirable toensure and guarantee it. Many welfare states have been facing the challenge of how to adequately
provide care needs in both quality and quantity, and various measures have been developed to date.
One of the issues that has always been debated is "who should take charge (provide) of care?", which
is a question of taking balance between the family, the government, and the market. On the other
hand, care is provided by people, and it is labor in every sense however, those engaged in care arerarely recognized as a worker or a citizen particularly in Japan. Nevertheless, caregivers, especiallyfamily members, are not just producers of care. For family members, care is part of family
relationships and activities, and labor at the same time, and it is also an activity in which they shouldtake the initiative.
If we look again at the various systems and formal services related to care in Japan, we can see theclear pattern that self-help and mutual assistance by families and communities are assumed and theonly “insufficient'' areas would be compensated for through social services. This is supported by the
implicit norm that “family members should take care of their families,'' which is backed by strong
family values. To put it another way, families have been burdened with formal and informal careobligations. Family, especially women in the household are in a situation where it is difficult to choose“not to provide care”.
If we consider this as a violation of the “right not to care," then there is a situation where the “rightto care" is threatened on the other hand. If care is viewed as work within the home, entry into thelabor market and engagement in care are generally an either-or relationship - this creates the needto make choices in care on a different level than the former. Pressure to give up the “right to care''and move towards paid work is stronger in a society where the risk of exiting the labor market is highand limits choices for caregivers. As a result, people are forced to let go of their caregiving roles.
Based on the awareness of the issues above-mentioned, the common theme of this conference willbe the “Right to Care'' and the “Right Not to Care'' – we will discuss how have these rights beenguaranteed or threatened, and how care provision policies related to these issues.

Chair and Commentator: UZUHASHI Takafumi (Doshisha University, Professor Emeritus)
27

Speakers:
MAKI Yoko (Sophia University)
Title: Obligation to Care for Children and Older Parents: A Comparative Analysis of Japan, France
and Sweden
In the rapidly changing society with the transformation of families and women’s participation in
the labour force, the care of family members, traditionally assumed by women, has become a crucial
concern in many industrialized countries. This presentation aims to elucidate the differences inparental and filial obligation to care for children and older parents by investigating the case in three
countries: Japan, France and Sweden. The objective is to extend the discussion on the congress’s
principal theme: ‘The Right to Care and the Right Not to Care’. The study highlights two aspects,
legal obligation and social norms in the three countries.
The finding is that parental and filial ‘obligation’ to care for children and older parents is notuniversal; it varies across time and countries. In all three countries, parents seem to be obligated tocare for their own children. The obligation to care for older parents, however, differs between the three
countries, and a gap can be found between legal obligation and social norms. In France and in Sweden,
where families tend to outsource the provision of physical care, some studies show that it does not
weaken emotional supports and family bond. This can imply that the outsourcing of the provision ofphysical care from families does not necessarily mean that they abandon the child or older parents insome countries.
SOMA Naoko (Yokohama National University)
Title: Priorities and Choices Regarding Double Responsibilities of Elderly Care and Childcare
In East Asian societies, under the later marriages and the aging population, double responsibilities
of elderly care and childcare (multiple caregiving) is a contemporary social risk. However, theoverlapping childcare and elder care period has not only been insufficiently studied as a social anddemographic phenomenon. Still, it has not been adequately envisioned as a social policy issue.
In this paper, first, through literature review on multiple care, the absence of “official carestatistics” to capture it in Japan. Second, based on a qualitative analysis, it discusses the difficultiesof those who perform double responsibilities of elderly care and childcare. The issues discussed
include (1) the priorities and choices of childcare, caregiving, work, etc., and their resources; (2) thesocial structures that do not allow them to choose whether or not to care; (3) the lack and inefficiency
of modern social policies that have been constructed by three subjects, such as child, disability, andelderly; and (4) the linkage between double-carer and young-carer. Third, it examines the social,economic, and political spheres of care in local societies. Efforts to support multiple care are spreading
throughout Japan, and “social spheres of care” have been formed involving existing NPOs and new
civil groups. Institutionalizing long-term care insurance and childcare support has also created“economic spheres of care.” However, this has led to the creation of low-paid care work in local societies.
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Furthermore, from the perspective of support for double-carer and young-carer, movements thatquestion the nature of new care support - creating a “political sphere of care” - can be seen. In
conclusion, it considers future issues from the linkage between the social, economic, and politicalspheres of care.
YAMANE Sumika (Jissen Women’s University)
Title: The Concept of "Participatory and Collaborative Care" and the Evaluation of Care Work: A
Critique of Marketization in Feminist Care Theory
The reduction of the burden of domestic care for women in the home has been promoted throughthe introduction of market competition and the entry of for-profit companies into the welfare services
provision. In "market-based care," users are the subjects who can express their own needs and choose
services, and the relationship among care providers and recipients is based on a "supplier-consumer"
model. The quality of care is maintained through the purchasing power and choices of consumers, notthrough the motives and relationships of providers. In contrast, feminist theories of care havecriticized the application of the market model to care from the perspectives of "rationality of care,""responsiveness," and "development of relationships. In addition, domestic care workers are paid lessand they are not recognized as a profession in the market.
This paper will argue the importance of “participation and cooperative model,” developing theconcept of “life model" that views support in social policy as an "accompaniment" to an exploratory
decision-making process based on the agnostic nature of quality of life. In the model, care workers are
not the agent who are outsourced already existing (consumer) "needs," but as an active subject who
uses professional and experiential knowledge in an individualized relationship with the person being
cared for to discover needs and ways to realize them. Based on this view of care, I will prospect howcare systems should be designed to ensure that both the person being cared for and the person
providing care "participate" in the decision-making process of how care is provided and how resources
are allocated, and to guarantee time and discretion for "collaboration" among family members,
caregivers, and care workers.
HIRONO Shunsuke (Doshisha University)
Title: Examining the Logic of the Cared-for -A Study of the Independent Living Movement of the
Disabled
This report attempts to examine the logic of those who are cared for while focusing on the
independent living movement of people with disabilities. The theme of care tends to be organized asa variety of issues concerning those who provide care. In this paper, I will discuss the attainments
and challenges of the care sought by people with disabilities from the standpoint of those who arecared for.
First, the first stage of care is the situation in which family members exclusively provide care in
the absence of support. Care in this situation was unstable and oppressive. In exchange for the29

necessary care, the disabled were restricted in their freedom and had to fear for their future. Thissituation made the disabled want to go to residential care.
However, as the current state of residential care became clearer, disappointment grew among thedisabled. This is because some of them could no longer bear the restrictive life with its rules andregulations and escaped from the residential facilities. The disabled people who were currently livingin the institutions also revealed very oppressive conditions.
They are now seeking to live in the community. In some cases, they got married without any support,
lived in apartments, and eventually hit their limits. There are several ways to achieve independent
living. One is to set up houses with care and to live in small, community-based facilities. The other is
to live independently with the help of able-bodied people who are also involved in the movement as
part of the movement. Some of them realized that free assistance would not last, and while realizing
a close relationship with their caregivers, they demanded that the local government guarantee theirassistance. Finally, centers for independent living have become popular since 1980 as centers for the
independent living movement. In these centers, caregivers are recruited by the centers anddispatched to persons with disabilities who are living independently.
Today, in many cases, caregivers are dispatched from independent living centers to persons withdisabilities who are living independently. There is no doubt that independent living has spreadthrough independent living centers, but there are some problems. If a situation arises in which only
certain people can provide care, that care can be unstable under any circumstances.

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