Cognition of Ninja in Foreign Countries : Analysis of Questionnaire to Students ofUniversities
Kazuhiro AJIKI （Mie University, Japan）
In recent years Japanese Ninja has been very popular in many foreign countries.
Why are foreign people fascinated by Japanese Ninja? What kind of image do they haveabout Ninja? The purpose of this study is to clarify the contents of cognition of Ninja inforeign countries. Data was collected at the events called as “lecture and demonstrationof Ninja culture study”, which were organized by Mie University and held in several
foreign countries from 2017 to 2019.

In this study, the results of questionnaire tostudents of universities in Vietnam, Indonesia, Bulgaria, and Hungary are mainly used.
The author will try to analyze the results with a viewpoint of regional comparison, thensome differences in terms of cognition of Ninja between Asia and Europe will be clear.

Presentation title
Tokugawa Ieyasu's Passing through Iga
and Hattori Naka Yasutsugu from Iga Province―Reevaluating Japanese native horses from Mongolian horses
and considering escape strategies and routes―

Abstract of presentation
According to "Kanei syoke keizuden" Hattori Yasutsugu's birthplace was Iga, and he wasentrusted with ﬁfty foot soldiers using matchlocks by helping Tokugawa Ieyasu to passthrough Iga,but he is not as famous as Hanzo Hattori. Most of the history books of Igamono
have in common that Ieyasu entered Iga from Yamato and that 'Hattori Naka' who is thought
to be Yasutsugu appears, but Ieyasu is said to have passed through Yamashiro, Shigaraki andIga. Therefore, the description of Yasutsugu has been ignored.
Documents related to Ieyasu's relatives, such as "Todaiki", "Sogyoki koi ", and "Gonenpu

fubi", state that Ieyasu surpassed Yamato. In addition, Ieyasu's letter addressed to Michikiyo
Takemura and others, who was appointed to the Iwami Ginzan magistrate, suggests that
Ieyasu crossed Takenouchi Pass, and the letter addressed to Oribe Wada suggests that
Ieyasu detoured to Takami Pass. This agrees with the route map written in thememorandum of the Yoshikawa family in "Fucho yoroku" and the contents of "Gonenpu

fubi",and these two documents both say that the Igasyu came to Takami Pass to pick up
Ieyasu's party. So they reinforce the contents of the history books of Igamono.
Many historical materials such as "Shincho koki" say that in Sakai Ieyasu received the news
that the Honnoji Incident had occurred. In that case, I don't think Ieyasu will head for Kyoto
where Mitsuhide is. Does the "strategy" in "Uno Mondo Nikki" refer to this?
Modern Mongolian horses have the ability to run more than 250km a day, but Japanesenative horses are genetically similar to Mongolian horses. Therefore, it is inferred thatJapanese horses at that time also had similar abilities. If you think that Ieyasu, who was goodat horseback riding, galloped from Yamato to Iga on horseback and sent his retainers to thenorth as a diversionary troop as a strategy, it would be in the tactics of ''call out to the east
and attack the west''. It may have been Ieyasu's ruse, and the traces of it may have been thebasis for the common theory. In that sense, it is interesting that in the entry of Shigetada
Sakai in "Kansei choshu shokafu", it is written that ”Ieyasu rode on a horse and proceededalong the Yamato Road and passed through the Iga Road''.

Ninjutsu Presentation

Guillaume LEMAGNEN

I propose a presentation of ninja and ninjutsu, speci cally adapted to foreigners people.
Making them able to understand how ninjutsu image spread into the world and providing them acorrect understanding of ninja, over the mass media.
Preliminary title : « How to understand what is a Ninja » (20mn / English)
My presentation would be divided into three parts :1) How foreigners did know ninja only from entertainment mass media’s (Cultural explanation).
2) What is shinobi and ninjutsu for real (Historical presentation).
3) How to study and learn authentic ninjutsu (Real perspective).
PART ONE (5mn)- Explaining how NINJA character start to spread in America, and from there, all around the world.
- Recalling this actual representation is not accurate.
PART TWO (5mn)- Explaining what is a shinobi and his duty in Japan historical period- Showing old documents
PART THREE (5mn)- Presentation of Mie university academical research about Shinbi- Promotion of Ninjutsu tourism in Japan- Promotion of NINDÔ PROJECT, for practicing real historical Ninjutsu
QUESTION TIME
- Answering to the audience question

Academical researchs

Historical tourism

Japanese project promotion

fiForeign image

A Study of Hattori Hanzo's Residence and Hanzomon Gate
During the reign of Ieyasu, Igamono leaders(伊賀者頭) of the Tokugawa were HattoriHanzo(服部半蔵) and Hattori Naka(服部仲). In 1590, Ieyasu moved to the Kanto region andentered Edo Castle, and his vassals also lived in Edo. Igamono lived in Kojimachi, according
to their history book. On the other hand, Hattori Hanzo is said to have lived in the area aroundcurrent the Hanzomon Gate, which is thought to be the origin of the name Hanzomon.
However, in "Murasaki no Hitomoto," a book on the geography and history of Edo writtenby the poet Toda Mosui (1629-1706), published around 1680, there is an interesting passage
that indicates the location of Hattori Hanzo's residence.
This book said, the gate of Kojimachi Mitsuke is called “Hanzo-guchi no Gomon” (gate ofHanzo-guchi). When Ieyasu and his vassals moved to Edo, Hattori Hanzo's residence and thehouse of the cohort under Hanzo were located in Kojimachi, so it was called Hanzo-guchi.
Hanzo's residence was located south of Kojimachi 4-chome, where Matsudaira Dewanokami
Tsunachika(松平出⽻守綱近)'s elderly mother currently lives.
Is this description correct? Looking at "Shoho Nenchu Edo Ezu" (Edo Picture Map in
Shoho Era, circa 1645), there is indeed a plot of land south of Kojimachi 4-chome (near thecurrent Kojimachi 3-chome and Hirakawacho 1-chome) with the name "Matsudaira Dewa"
written on it. This land bordered Hattori Genbe(服部源兵衛), who is said to be a relative ofHattori Hanzo, and also the residence of Hattori Naka, who together led the Igamono acrossthe Koshu Kaido Avenue. Then, It is also close to Shimizu-dani, where the Anyo-in Temple(later Sainen-ji Temple, founded by Hanzo), is said to have been located. Based on the above,it is highly probable that Hattori Hanzo lived in the south of Kojimachi 4-chome.
But another question arises. If Hanzomon Gate is not the site of Hattori Hanzo's residence,then what is the origin of the name of "Hanzomon"?
Looking at the "Keicho Edo no Zu" (Edo Map in Keicho Era), which was created in 1606,
the characters "Hanzo-cho Kuchi(半蔵町⼝)" can be seen, and it seems that Kojimachi wascalled "Hanzo-cho" at that time. In general, the origin of the name "Kojimachi" is said to be"many small streets" or because there were many houses trading malted rice for sake. Thesewould be matters that could be said only after the population had increased. Therefore, it ishighly possible that the name of this area was not Kojimachi, especially when Ieyasu firstentered Edo. Probably, it was called "Hanzo-cho", based on the residence of Hattori Hanzo
and the Igamono. And since the gate was built at the Hanzo-cho entrance, it was named"Hanzomon. Therefore, the name of “Hanzomon” was derived from the name of the area.
In addition, not only Hattori Hanzo but also Hattori Naka left his name in the place names.
Looking again at the "Shoho Nenchu Edo Ezu", the house of Hattori Naka's subordinate canbe seen in the vicinity of the current Yotsuya Junior High School. Later, this area was called"Yotsuya Naka-cho" or "Yotsuya Nakadono-cho," which name was derived from their house.
It is also well known that the Igamono under Hattori Hanzo moved from Kojimachi to thearea around Yotsuya, and that this area became Kita-Iga-cho and Minami-Iga-cho. Both Nakacho and Iga-cho disappeared from the name of the address when the Tokyo Metropolis wasestablished in 1943.

An Attempt to Analyze Trace Elements in Residual Materials on theSurface of a Wooden Tube Cannon (in the Collection of the Iga NinjaMuseum)
Susumu Kato, and Masaki Kihira(Iga Research Center, Mie University)
Introduction: The Iga Ninja Museum has wooden cannon tubes (hereafterreferred to "cylinder") in its collection, which is thought to be fireworks,
smoke bombs, or wooden cannons. The samples for analysis are traces ofobjects adhering tovarious parts of the large
cylinder (Photo 1). The
purpose of this study wasscientific verification ofthe presence or absenceof traces of black powder
use in the past by
instrumental analysis.
Materials
andMethods: We used scanning electron microscope + energy-dispersion X-ray
fluorescence (SEM + EDX) analyzer to identify and semi-quantitatively
analyze these adhering objects. Fiber-like materials were ultrasonicated with
distilled water(30min), and then an water soluble anion was analyzed by ion
chromatograph. Fiber and metal materials were also analyzed by X-ray
fluorescence analysis (wavelength dispersion type). Residual materials wereobserved and identified by elemental identification using a SEM+EDX.
Samples were collected from the main body of the cylinder①, inside the fusehole②, the bottom of the cylinder③, the cleft space④ (fiber material), andthe cleft space⑤ (metallic material) (Photo 1). The material adhering toeach site was collected by a spartel, Scotch tape, or removed by an engraving
knife.
Results and Discussion: An opening space, which appeared to be a fuse hole
② (D=8 mmφ), was present at the bottom of the cylinder. There were twoclefts spaces at the bottom. The cleft④ was filled with blue-color fiber.
Metallic material was present in cleft⑤, which was placed at 90° to crevice

④; Fe, K, Si, S, Al, Ca and P were detected in the fiber sample. Highconcentrations of Fe and trace amounts of S and K were detected in themetallic material. In this report, the basic composition of black powder isassumed to be KNO3(saltpeter): 75, S: 10, and C: 15%. Since grasses andtrees do not contain S in principle, the detected S was assumed to be derived
from black powder. Grasses and trees contain large amounts of K as aconstituent element. However, the detected K concentration level was low.
Therefore, K was assumed to be a saltpeter-contribution. In addition to themajor elements (C, O), K and S were detected in the bottom sample of thecylinder. The results of the surface-mapping analysis showed that the spatial
distribution of K and S were generally overlapped. In addition, white powdermaterial was scattered on the inner surface of the cylinder. This white powder
was determined to be mainly composed of C, N, and O and was not an
inorganic substance. In addition to C, O, S, K, and Si, which had been
detected in most of samples, the presence of N was identified from the fusehole②. Then it is considered that the combustion reaction and temperature
differ between the area near the fuse hole and the main bulk of the cylinder.
At high temperatures, the combustion reaction of black powder is extremelycomplex. Typical estimated reaction equations are;
10KNO3+3S+8C→2K2CO3+3K2SO4+6CO2+5N2↑,
2KNO3+S+3C→K2S+N2↑+3CO2
Based on the these reason so far, N was not detected from the deposits in thecylinder body. The reason for this may be that N derived from KNO3 isescaped into the air as nitrogen gas, as shown in the reaction equation. Inaddition, as the reaction equation indicates, K and S are thought to remain in
the form of K2SO4. K and S were also detected inside the remaining two
wooden tubes, suggesting the use of black powder. Furthermore, a highly
sensitive analysis of the water-extracted solution from the fiber confirmed
the presence of SO42- (160 mg/l) and NO3- (40 mg/l) in the solution. Basedon these results, the possibility that black powder was used in the cylinder inthe past is extremely high.

Establishment and Development of the Tottori Domain Oshinobi
This research report attempts to examine the establishment and development of the Tottori
Domain's ninja, focusing on the Tottori Domain's administrative materials (in the possessionof the Tottori Prefectural Museum). Research on ninja in the early modern period has so far
accumulated case studies on the shogunate and various domains, including the Tokushima,Kumamoto, Matsue, and Fukui domains, as well as the Tokugawa shogunate. However, casestudies on ninja in the Tottori domain have not yet been examined. Therefore, we decided toexamine the case studies of the Tottori Domain's ninja, focusing on the "Hikaecho","Hanshikahu", and "Oshihaicho" of the Tottori Domain's administrative materials.
The Oshinobi served in the Ikeda family, which ruled Inaba and Hoki for many generations.
Although they were of low status among the samurai, they were allowed to meet directly withthe lord of the domain. This is thought to have originated from the family background of theOshinobi, who were called "Kagyoke", and they served as professionals who took over thefamily role from generation to generation.
The "Hanshikahu” (family historyʼs document) of the Oshinobi of the Tottori domain are
kept for a total of 16 families. In this report, we will begin with a brief overview of the ninja.
The first section of this report will begin with a brief overview of the ninja: (1) changes intheir names, (2) the duties of the Oshinobi, and (3) the amount of their stipend. The firstsection is an introduction to the transition from the ninja of the Tottori domain, who wereonce called “Yato”, to being called “Oshinobi”. The second section introduces the specificduties of the Oshinobi. These duties ranged from guarding the fire, to accompanying the“Sankinkotai” on their missions, to searching for information, and so on. Oshinobi were also
sometimes asked to perform duties directly by the feudal lord through a function called“Ouchigoyo”. This shows the uniqueness of the ninja in the Tottori domain, as they wereallowed to meet directly with the lord of the domain despite their status as low status among
Samurai. The third section introduces the stipend of the Oshinobi. The stipend for a Oshinobi
was 26 pyo 3 ninbuchi, and in some cases, the stipend was increased. Conversely, the stipend
was sometimes reduced for adopted sons and young heirs.
After touching on the above three points in an overview of the ninja, the sixteen families ofninja will be introduced. The Oshinobi of the Tottori domain can be divided into four Atarashi
families, one Iga family, seven Yoshioka families, two Kokuhu families, and two Yasuba
families. However, due to time constraints, it is not possible to introduce all the families one
by one, so this report will begin by describing some of the history of the ninja. The details ofthe history of the ninja in the pre-modern period are described in the "Hanshikahu" of theAtarashi and Iga families. Among them, the Atarashi Chojiro family has the oldest historyamong the sixteen Oshinobi families. Therefore, this report introduces the history of theAtarashi chojiro family and their background up to the time of the “Kagyo-ohanachi” (Beingrelieved of the role of the family). The ancestors of the Atarashi Chojiro family are thedescendants of Atarashi Hehachi Hattori Yasumoto. In other words, the family originated inIga. The first Sakube was summoned by Terumasa Ikeda in 1601. Later, he served under Ikeda
Toshitaka and Ikeda Tadao. Atarashi Chojiro family moved to Tottori when the second
Modayu served under Ikeda Mitsunaka. In the end, the eighth relieved of the role of the family(“Kagyo-ohanachi”) in 1860. (601 words)