Disaster Waste
Management
Guideline
for Asia and the Paciﬁc

Contents
Targets of this guideline
Targets of this guideline
Around the world, under the influence climate change and urbanization, disasters are becoming more frequent anddamage from them—more immense. This tendency is most pronounced in the Asia and Pacific region. To this area
requiring immediate adaptation, we hope that this guideline is especially useful.

Foreword
Introduction
Guideline

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【1】Disasters in Asia and the Pacific【2】Disaster Wastes in Asia and the Pacific【3】Overview of Disaster Waste Management and Planning【4】Development of Disaster Waste Management Policies【5】Beyond Disaster Waste Management/Response

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Appendix highlight･･･23

Appendix

Published in Japan, June 2018 by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan
Godochosha No. 5
Kasumigaseki 1-2-2
Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-8975, Japanhairi-saigai@env.go.jp
Japanese experts contributing to the editing works from the Japanese Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management(JSMCWM): Prof. Shin-ichi SAKAI (Kyoto University), Prof. Toshiaki YOSHIOKA (Tohoku University), Mr. Makoto TSUKIJI(JSMCWM), Dr. Tomoko OKAYAMA (Taisho University), Dr. Kohei WATANABE (Teikyo University), Dr. Tomonori ISHIGAKI(National Institute for Environmental Studies), Dr. Ryo TAJIMA (National Institute for Environmental Studies), Shinya SUZUKI(Fukuoka University), Atsushi TAKAI (Kyoto University), Ms. Miyuki KAJI (Editorial office of JSMCWM), Mr. Keiji TOMODA(Towa Technology Corporation), Dr. Misuzu ASARI (Kyoto University)
Cover illustration：High Moon (Prof. Hiroshi TAKATSUKI)

The Formulation Process and Participants
Based on the 2017 framework of the guideline, this guideline was developed through workshops, international
conferences, and exchanges between experts in the fields of waste, disaster waste, and waste prevention in Asia and thePacific. We want to express our gratitude to the participants of these workshops and exchanges as well as to othercooperators, most of whom are listed as follows.

【A】Case studies of disaster responses in Japan (English summaries)
Great East Japan Earthquake
Landslide in Hiroshima
Joso city flood
Kumamoto Earthquake【B】English version of guidelines on DWM and responses at large scale disasters in Japan※English manual on the separation and treatment of disaster waste in the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami(2011) published by JSMCWM can be found in Asari M., Sakai, S., Yoshioka, T., Tojo, Y., Tasaki, T., Takigami, H.,
Watanabe, K.: Strategy for separation and treatment of disaster waste: a manual for earthquake and tsunami disaster
waste management in Japan, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 15 (3) 290-299 (2013).

Abbreviations and Acronyms
BBB
CC
CD
CP
DW
DWM
IP

Build Back Better
Climate Change
Capacity Development
Contingency Plan
Disaster Waste
Disaster Waste Management
Implementation Plan

MoEJ
MSW
RRP
SDGs
TSS
WM
3R

Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan
Municipal Solid Waste
Risk Reduction Plan
Sustainable Development Goals
Temporary storage site
Waste Management
Reduce, Reuse and Recycling

Ms. Margherita Fanchiotti (UN Environment/OCHA Joint Unit (JEU))
Dr. Mahesh Pradhan (UN Environment International Environment Technology Centre)
Ms. Camilla Andersson (Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB))
Prof. Agamuthu Pariatamby (University of Malaya)
Ms. Intani Nur Kusuma (ASEAN Secretariat)
Ms. Natalia Derodofa (ASEAN Secretariat)
Ms. Vachiraporn Meesingh (Bangkok Metropolitan Administration)
Mr. Purna Chandra Lal Rajbhandari (UN Environment Post-Conflict and Disaster Management Branch, Nepal)
Dr. Vicki Hall (The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP))
Mr. Faafetai Sagapolutele (J-PRISM*-II)
Ms. Rosemary Apa (Solomon Islands, Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology)
Ms. Uluiviti Miriama (Solid Waste Agency of Tuvalu)
Mr. Minpei Ito (Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA))
Mr. Yasuhisa Tsukada (Tokyo Metropolitan Government)* Japan Technical Cooperation Regional Project on Promoting Regional Initiatives on Solid Waste Management in PacificIsland Countries (promoted by JICA)

References to this guideline
MoEJ: Guideline on DWM and responses at large scale disasters in Japan (2018)
UNOCHA/MSB/UN Environment: Disaster Waste Management Guidelines (2011)
UNDP: Guidance Note Debris Management (2013)
WHO: Technical Notes on Drinking water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Emergencies (2013)
European Union (EU) and UN organizations: Post- Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) Guideline (2013)
WB: A Handbook for Reconstructing After Natural Disasters (2010)
OXFAM: OXFAM’ s Technical Brief (2002)
NIES: Flood Waste Management Guidelines for Bangkok (2015)
EPA, US: Planning for Disaster Debris/EPA (2008)
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), US: Public Assistance Debris Management Guide (2007)
Other international and local guidelines, technical information and reports

Foreword
Disasters are becoming more frequent and more intense around the world. Even in Japan, after the Great East Japan
Earthquake in 2011, we have experienced many disasters such as storm and floods, landslides, damaging snow storms,
and volcanic eruptions. When disasters occur, not only are human life and wealth affected, but a large amount of waste is
generated at once too, leading to many issues in terms of preserving living environments, including the contamination ofdisaster waste, occurrence of pests and terrible odors, and deterioration of public health through the diffusion of
hazardous waste and damage to buildings and infrastructure.
In order to promptly restore and reconstruct from disasters, it is crucial to manage disaster waste consisting of damagedbuildings, household goods, and other materials in an appropriate and rapid manner. In Japan, we have responded byutilizing waste management technology developed toward the goal of establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society.
Furthermore, we will continue to reflect on our experiences in disaster waste management conducted in previous cases
and take measures from various institutional, technical, economic, and systematic aspects.
The experiences and lessons in disaster response in Japan, a disaster-prone country, must be effective and adaptable forother countries around the world after considering differences in geographical conditions and types of disasters.
Therefore, we have actively disseminated our experiences and information through our participation in the World
Conference on Disaster Reduction held in Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture in 2015, a series of meetings organized by the
UN Environment-International Environmental Technology Center (IETC), and the G7 Alliance Workshop.
Furthermore, in order to make effective use of our findings and to contribute to the challenges in developing resiliencearound the world, we have decided to compile these findings as the “Disaster Waste Management Guideline for Asia andthe Pacific” . This Guideline is supported by the Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management (JSMCWM), a
member of the D.Waste-Net established in September 2015—a supporting network of experts made to effectively utilize
knowledge and technology in related academic spheres, business, and organizations as a means of strengthening
capacity development in disaster response for various places in Japan. I hope other countries will become conscious ofdisasters and emerge with a sense of mission, and that this guideline can provide great help in enhancing the capacity of
local governments in properly coping with crisis.

Yoshihiro YAMAMOTO

Introduction
disasters are becoming more frequent around the world and more intense in urban areas. Effective
implementation of disaster waste management (DWM) will lead to smooth recovery of living
environments and risk reduction for disasters and other environmental changes.
This guideline is developed with the aim of enhancing preparedness for disasters by exchanging
information, awareness, and human resources during normal (non-hazard) times.

Necessity of strategic pre-disaster measures
People are apt to pay less attention to disaster waste (DW) before a disaster occurs. However, once disasters breakout, inadequate DWM causes adverse effects on living environments and sanitary conditions instantly. Moreover, it
could impede disaster recovery. This situation causes serious damages for society.
Thus, this guideline is focused on not only acting as an effective and useful guideline at the time of disaster, but also
during post-disaster recovery by preparing DW disposal in advance and making it a smooth process.
We expect to achieve this, as pre-disaster preparation enables progress in regular WM systems, reduces disaster risks,and encourages continuous progress during normal times.
Persons in charge must deepen their understanding of DWM first and clarify the importance of preparation topolicymakers and citizens, while at the same time drawing up contingency plans by starting with plans for disasters
which directly affect the capacity of regular WM and, thus, developing it strategically.

Strategical strengthening of DWM starting from normal times[Before a disaster] Contingency plans + Preparedness
To reduce the potential of waste generation
To strengthen the framework of waste disposal
To keep disposal facilities in a potentially useful conditioneven in disaster times[Before a disaster]
Understanding of DWM(including the budget) inpolicymakers and citizens[Disaster time]
actions during disaster (especially at the beginning) from contingency plans → support for disaster recovery

Director General
Environmental Regeneration and Material Cycles Bureau
Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Expected readers of this guideline

Reference: Do pre-disaster (contingency) plans make DW treatment more
effective and efficient?
As preparedness for frequent disasters, countries drawing up contingency plans for DW disposal have arisen, with Japan as an example inAsia. Local municipalities in Japan are required to draw up contingency plans in DW disposal after the experiences in the Great East Japan
Earthquake in 2011 and every other large-scale disaster imaginable. As of March in 2018, more than 80% of prefectural governments andabout 30% of local municipalities are expected to complete plans for their respective area. Frameworks are also important to effectively
maintain plans.
There is an interesting survey result from the US: statistical tests suggest apparent discrepancies in counties with or without contingency
plans in their recycle rates and amount of public assistance.* Though disasters are not favorable, the importance of preparedness isevaluated quantitatively in Asia and the Pacific if disaster cases accumulate in the future. *Crowley, J. (2017). A measurement of theeffectiveness and efficiency of pre-disaster debris management plans. Waste Management, 62, 262-273

1This guideline mainly aims to be read by the national government, state and municipal officials in charge of DWM in Asianand Pacific countries. Though the exact structure of government may differ in each country and municipality, it is essential
to determine which division will be responsible for DWM and how to cooperate with other divisions. Other stakeholders
who may be involved in DWM, such as humanitarian agencies and NGOs, are also targeted (see Chapter [5]).
Although there are many kinds of disasters, this guideline mainly focuses on disasters.

Various countries in Asia and the PacificAsian and the Pacific countries have a wide variety of nationalities, cultures, environments, and social systems. The
character and quantity of solid and disaster wastes, along with their respective management systems and technologies
also differ between countries. Therefore, we must understand differences, gaps, and characteristics to promote DWM
activities and networks in this region.
As a starting point, this guideline tries to compile various examples in the region to share information and goodpractices.

2

1. Disasters in Asia and the PacificManagement of Risks of Disasters
The figures below (Fig. 1-1 and 1-2) show the trend in the number of disasters. The number of disasters has been rapidly increasing in
the past 50 years, especially in Asia. This is likely attributed to the region having the largest and most rapidly increasing population. Thatis, disasters induced by Climate Change (CC) (floods and storms) occur in conjunction with urbanization and result in immense damage toFrequent disasters in Asia and the Pacific region relating to geophysical activities are earthquakes, tsunamis,the region.

and volcanic eruptions, while those relating to climate are floods, tropical cyclones, and cloudbursts.

Even though people have mitigated and adapted to disasters, the rising severity of disasters (especially by CC) in recent years is

Preparing for these disasters is considered one of the most important actions in climate change adaptation.

increasingly beyond their capacity. Damage by disasters is exacerbated by regional vulnerability, based on poverty, land use, and poor

Disasters are increasing year by year. Social factors, such as urbanization, exert a large influence on disasters.

preparation and command systems for emergency cases. Disaster itself is hard to prevent, but damage by disasters can be prevented andFrom the viewpoint of DW, greater attention has to be given to high functionalized building materials as wellattenuated by appropriate countermeasures which combine physical barriers, governance systems, social dissemination, and financial
allocations. This allows damaged cities to recover earlier and is a motivation for creating resilient societies against disasters.

as to the increase of the amount of furniture in each household.

Tackling disaster reduction requires various fields, including cities, infrastructure, transportation, education, and, most importantly, DWM.
From the viewpoint of DW, high functionalized building materials and the increase of the amount of furniture in each household in many
Asian and Pacific countries increases the risk of disasters quantitatively and qualitatively. This guideline puts importance on the necessityof contingency plans in order to reduce this risk, in addition to earthquake resistance, the traceability of building materials, and hazardous
materials.

Management of Risks of Disasters
disaster risk have mentioned that the achievement of long-term development efforts may disappear in an instant once some disasteroccurs. In order to manage disaster risk, strategic policy on the following five points is necessary. Appropriate control of waste generated
by disasters is essential for quick recovery from disasters and reconstructing livable cities.

1

4 Financial

preparedness

5 resilient

supportEarthquake

150

Flood
Storm

100

Drought
Epidemic

50

construction

Other types0

Fig.1-1 The trend ofYear
the type of disasters

150
Africa100

Americas
Asia
Europe50

Oceania
0

2012
2008
2004
2000
1996
1992
1988
1984
1980
1976
1972
1968
1964
1960
1956
1952
1948
1944
1940
1936
1932
1928
1924
1920
1916
1912
1908
1904
1900

Risk
reduction

3

200

2010
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
1945
1940
1935
1930
1925
1920
1915
1910
1905
1900

Risk
identification

2

200

Number of disasters per disaster typedisasters in the world are recognized as one of the most significant barriers to sustainable development. The Sendai dialogues on

Number of disasters per disaster type250

Fig.1-2 The trend of the disaster in regions

Year
Data Source: Center for research on the Epidemiology of Disaster

Examples of Disasters in Asia and the PacificFig.1-3 Examples of disasters in Asia and the Pacific2011

earthquake

cloudburst

earthquake

earthquake

tsunami

2015

2008

2015

2011

Several buildings were destroyed and severely
damaged, including World Heritage Sites in
Nepal (the 2015 Nepal earthquake)Houses and Buildings destroyed by the tsunami(Great East Japan Earthquake, Japan, 2011)

Buildings and properties damaged by waterplume and vegetation dirtied by mud and sand(Kanto-Tohoku cloudburst, Japan, 2015)

Buildings and vegetation damaged byvolcanic ash (Mt. Pinatubo eruption,
Philippines, 1991)

Buildings and vegetation destroyed by gales(Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines, 2013)

Huge amount of DW transported to a
landﬁll in Port Vila, Vanuatu (Cyclone PAM,
Vanuatu, 2015)

Community aﬀected by ﬂooding caused by
the cyclone (Cyclone Evan, Samoa, 2012)2017

cloudburst

2013

cyclone

2014

flood

2015

2008

2015

flood

cyclone2006

volcano2004

tsunami

2014

flood

2017

cyclone2012

volcano

flood

2004

2013
2018

cycloneearthquake

Properties and vegetation damaged by inundation(the 2011 Thailand ﬂood)

山路を登りながら

Reference: Disaster risk reduction and SDGs
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations include many related to disasterprevention and reduction. Goal 11 ( “make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” ) is one such
example. This goal states that, by 2020, adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards
inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation, and adaptation to climate change, along with resilience todisasters by 2030, significantly reduces the number of deaths and people affected, while substantiallydecreasing the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters.

3

2006

volcano2018

earthquake2014

volcano2016

cyclone2009

earthquake2009

tsunami2014
2018

cyclone4

2. Disaster Wastes in Asia and the PacificType of DW and materials
Wastes may consist of destroyed buildings and the objects they held inside, destroyed pavements or other infrastructure, wood, sands,
and other natural derivatives and so on. Not only are wastes directly generated from disasters, activities in recovery and reconstruction inSpecific measures and approaches for DWM should be determined according to the characteristics of eachtype of disaster and waste.
It is necessary to consider the type of disaster, its scale, location, and time of occurrence, which all have an
impact on the amount and characteristics of DW.

the post-disaster phase also generate waste.
The identification of materials is essential to promote proper WM. Table 2-4 shows the categorization of DW generated by type of disaster.

Table 2-4. Category of waste generated by disasters
Category

Characteristics of DW

Image

(

Type of Disaster; frequently generated,; generated)

Earthquake Tsunami

Large amount of DW generation
Table 2-2. Estimated amount of DWs in the past disasters
Date
Name of the Disaster
Earthquake/Tsunami

disasters—such as earthquakes,
tsunamis, and cyclones—occur
frequently in Asia and the Pacificas shown in Chapter [1]. These
generate a large amount of waste
due to their strong destructive
force. The amount of DW can equaltens of years worth of regularmunicipal waste amount, while DW
is difficult to treat due to its
characteristics (Table 2-1, 2-2 and2-5)

Estimated amount of DWs

Dec 2004

Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (Indonesia)

7 million-10 million m3

May 2008

Sichuan earthquake (China)

20 million tons

Jan 2010

Haiti Earthquake (Haiti)

23 million-60million tons

Mar 2011

The Great East Japan Earthquake (Japan)

31 million tons

Apr 2015

Nepal earthquake (Nepal)

14 million tons

Cyclone/Typhoon/Hurricane/Flooding
Aug 2005

Hurricane Katrina (USA)26.8 million tons

Oct 2011

Thailand floods (Thailand)

100,000 tons

Nov 2013

Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) (Philippines)

19 million tons

Feb 2016

Tropical Cyclone Winston (Fiji)

23,525 tons

Source; Framework of DWM Guideline in Asian & the Pacific

Table 2-2. Examples of DW generation (Case of Japan)

DateType of waste

Municipality

Amount(1000 ton)

Compared toannual MSW

Characteristics

Earthquake

Iwate
Prefecture

4,233*

56-79 years **Various types of communities, from small fishing villages
to industrial areas
Large damage from tsunami

MiyagiPrefecture

11,530*3.7-95 years**Same as Iwate prefecture

and Tsunami
Mar
2011

(The Great
East Japan
Earthquake)Aug 2014
Sep 2015

Flood andland slide
Flood

Sendai city***

1,369*

3.7 years

Ordinance-designated city
Big damage at the sea side area by Tsunami and some at
the hill side area by earthquake

Ishinomaki
ward***

5,265*

95 years

Large part of the city was damaged
Fishery and industry were damaged

Hiroshima
city

584

1.6 years

Limited part of the city was damaged
Large amount of waste mixed with soil and water

Joso city

52

3 years

Large part of the city was flooded and some houses weredestroyed*Not include Tsunami sediment, **Calculated in each city/area, ***Part of Miyagi Prefecture

How to manage various disaster wastes
In the event of a disaster, in addition to regular municipal waste generation, wastes from evacuation centers, excreta from temporary
toilets, and DW are generated (Table 2-3). These must be treated promptly and appropriately, while preparations and countermeasuresneed to be considered in advance for the following reasons:life-threatening risk, public health risk, environment risk, impact on regular WM services in place, economic impact (resource
efficiency/cost effectiveness and benefit), resilience (community, comm unication, gender, training, etc.).

Table 2-3. Types of DW

5Household Waste

Wastes generated from household in daily life

Evacuation

Wastes generated from evacuation centers such as containers and packaging, cardboard, clothing, relief
goods and so on.

Excreta

Excreta from temporary toilets, andWastewater from sewage flowing into the toilet bowl due to the disaster

Disaster Wastes

Wastes when the residents clean up damaged objects in and around their homes,
Wastes generated due to removal of damaged houses (dismantling as necessary), andAll types of wastes listed in table 2-4.

Green wastes

Vegetation such as fallen trees, glasses and timbers

Building rubble

Timber, wood chips, waste wood (such as column,
beam wall-material), bulky items, cables
Concrete/bricks *Asbestos should be categorized as

Flood

CycloneSteel, rebar, aluminum material, etc.

Householdmaterials

Food wastes, tatami mats, wastes mixed with fibers, paper,
wood chips, packaging materials, household furnishing andbelongings, other wastes (such as plastics, cardboard, paper)

Mixed wastes

Mixed wastes consisting of a small amounts of concrete,wood chips, plastics, glass, soil and sand, etc.

Electricalappliances

Televisions, washing machines, and air conditioners
discharged from affected houses, which are damaged bydisasters and become unusable

Automobiles

Vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles that are damaged bydisasters and cannot be used

Vessels

An unusable ship damaged by a disaster

Wastes difficult totreat properly

Dangerous goods, such as fire extinguishers, cylinders; anditems which are difficult to treat at local government facilities,
such as pianos and mattresses (including radiation sources for
nondestructive inspection), fishing nets, gypsum boards, etc.

Hazardous wastes

Hydrocarbons, such as oil and fuel; paint; varnishes andsolvents; pesticides and fertilizers; medical waste in debris;
waste posing healthcare risks; asbestos-containing waste; PCB;
infectious waste; chemical substances; toxic substances, suchas chlorofluorocarbons, CCA (waste using chromium copper
arsenic wood preservative), and tetrachloroethylene;
pharmaceuticals; pesticides hazardous waste; solar panels andaccumulators; etc.

Mementos,
Valuables

Albums, photos, Ihai tablets, cash, passbooks, precious metals

Bulky wastes, hazardous wastes, food wastes, marine products
Industrial wastes, and foodstuffs discharged from refrigerators, raw materials
Commercial wastes and products generated from fishery processing plants andfertilizer factories, machinery, equipment

Tsunami sediment

Sand and sludge sediments launched to land from the bottomof the sea as well as farmland soils by tsunami

Sand and stone

Sand and stone launched to land from mountains, rivers andother areas

Household wastes

General and bulky wastes discharged from households

Wastes from
evacuation centers

Waste discharged from evacuation centers, waste from relief
supplies

Reference: Common and regional-specific waste – case of JapanAs a common challenge in Asia and the Pacific, kitchen wastes and timber are among DW for which quick response is tied to safety inliving environments and recycling. Kitchen wastes should be a priority, collected and managed from unusable refrigerators. By swiftly
separating timber from other waste and sand, the options for recycling widen. Treatment of DW affected by seawater should be also
considered. If salt-watered DW is disposed directly, it may damage treatment facilities. Leaving such waste in the rain for a while lowers
their salinity. This might be the simplest pre-treatment.
Waste is typified by regional characteristics, and disaster waste is no exception. As part of Japanese culture,tatami mats, made of igusa (Japanese rush), are used as floors in Japanese style house. Watered or
muddied by water disasters, these mats become useless, heavy, and unwieldy disaster waste and need special
storage and treatment.

6

Composition by type of DW

Table 2-5 Amount of disaster waste generation classified by material type (as of Dec. 14, 2017)

Although waste composition differs widely according to the type and scale of disaster, the ratio of inorganic waste is high. Thus, that
there are many situations which require high-efficiency material recycling deserves emphasis.
Especially in earthquakes and tsunamis, as many buildings and infrastructure are damaged, much waste is composed of inorganic

Waste generated
mainly byhousehold clean up*1,000 ton
Apr – Aug 2016

material like cement, as shown in Fig. 2-1. The Great East Japan Earthquake is a typical example. A high recycling ratio was achieved toensure efforts in reusing these materials.
There is characteristic data from the Kumamoto Earthquake, which indicates that waste composition depends on the source of DW
generation. As Table 2-5 shows, shortly after the time disaster breaks out, the ratio of mixed and combustible waste ratio is high, as theDisaster waste components (1,000
ton; wet weight) beside tsunami
sediment

Combustible , 2,554

waste (1,000 ton; wet weight) besidetsunami sedimentLandﬁll,
Incineration , 2,384 1,232

Wood ,
1,346

Waste
metal

Mixed
waste
(landfill)

Combustible
material

Tiles

Other

45

4

153

68

45

18

100%

29.1%

9.6%

0.9%

32.4%

14.5%

9.6%

3.8%

2,422

1,233

411

9

263

63

252

190

Ratio (%)

100%

50.9%

17%

0.4%

10.9%

2.6%

10.4%

7.9%

Total*

2,893

1,371

456

14

416

131

297

208

Ratio (%)

100%

47.4%

15.7%

0.5%

14.4%

4.5%

10.3%

7.2%

Sep 2016 – Mar 2018

Estimated generation amount*inorganic waste rise. On the other hand, theTreatment methods of disaster

Waste
wood

137

Ratio (%)

buildings, and the amount and ratio of

Others (remaining materials)

471

Disposal amount*

Waste generated
mainly by building
demolitions

waste is mainly generated by household clean-up. In the disaster recovery phase, DW generation increases mainly by the demolition of

Recycling for disaster waste

Waste disposal/
estimated
Waste
generation
concreteamountThailand flood case in Fig.2-2 shows theNote: Some totals do not match due to calculations after decimal point rounding.

highest ratio belongs to wooden furniturewaste, since the survey (conducted by the
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration) is based

Case of Thailand

on household hazardous waste and infectious

Flood, Bangkok, Thailand, 2011

waste.

Flood waste includes: MSW, infectious waste (from medical treatment, research, etc.), andindustrial waste, all of which were generated both during and after flood events.
Among these, the main types of flood waste the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA)

Concrete , 10,340

dealt with were MSW (including household hazardous waste) and infectious waste.
Incombustible ,4,783

Recycling , 16,062

Metal, 654

The exact amount and composition of flood waste depends on each flood event. For example,

Fig. 2-1 Composition and recycling of DW
during 2011 Great East Japan earthquake
and tsunami
Almost 100% of tsunami sediment (11,000ton) was recycled.
http://www.nikkenren.com/doboku/saigai/pdf/report/data_gaiyou.pdf

according to the waste composition survey by the Department of Environment (DoE) of the BMA,
the composition of waste during flooding in 2011 was as listed in Fig. 2-2.
As for the quantity, the estimated flood waste
amount (i.e. amount of additional waste collectedby BMA compared to normal times) for each BMA
district is shown in Table 2-6. The total flood
waste amount in Bangkok was estimated as ca.

No.

District(a)Average waste (b)Total waste amount Flood waste(=(b) Flood waste perfrom 2011/12/1
amount during-(a)*60)(tons)
house-hold(kg)to 2012/1/12
normalsituation

1

Don Mueang

157

29,642.74

20,222.74

313

2

Lak Si147

13,263.14

4,448.14

96.7

3

Sai Mai

166

18,037.13

8,077.13

94.5

4

Bang Khen

237

17,955.30

3,735.30

41.6

5

Chatuchak338

22,509.39

2,229.39

25.9

Category Five Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston cut a path of destruction

6

Min Buri169

10,915.25

775.25

15.4

7

Khlong Sam Wa

127

8,567.50

947.5

14.9

across Fiji from 20th to 21st of February 2016, claiming 43 lives with

8

Nong Chok

88

5,682.04

402.047.9

9Khan Na Yao

98

7,724.28

1,844.28

53.4

10

Bang Khae

258

19,622.16

4,142.16

53.5

11

Bang Phlat

143

10,532.28

1,952.28

43.2

12

Taling Chan

113

7,677.55

897.5524.2

13

Phasi Charoen

149

10,388.89

1,448.89

31.3

14

Nong Khaem

164

12,136.88

2,296.88

41.9

15

Thawi Watthana

92

6,579.84

1,059.84

35.5

16

Bangkok Noi

186

11,857.77

697.7715.7

17

Bangkok Yai

885,410.72

130.72

4.9

18Bang Bon187

11,267.78

47.78

1.1

19

Lat Krabang

203

12,615.37

435.37

6.1

20

Lat Phrao

157

9,781.29

361.297.2

21

Chom Thong

192

11,024.47

22

Bang Khon Thian

256

14,957.11

23

Bueng Kapi

284

18,690.91

1,650.91

18.7

24

Bueng Kum

151

10,434.29

1,374.29

21.8

25

Thon Buri

163

9,558.52

26

Khlong Toei

283.54

18,328.94

1,316.54

23.1

27

Khlong San

121.18

7,386.14

115.34

3.4

28

Din Daeng

230.53

15,149.36

1,317.56

25.4

29

Dusit

176.0910,670.05

104.653.3

30

Thung Khru

115.54

6,279.52

125.32

7,109.97

Case of Fijipile of chips

152,000 tons, the highest amount being ca.
20,000 tons in Don Mueang district.

Tropical Cyclone (TC) Winston, Cyclone Winston, February 2016

plant pot/vase/water closet
3%

160 people injured. 35,000 evacuees found shelter in 424 evacuation
centers. 97 schools were damaged while 100% of crops were destroyed

CD/VDO/tape5%

in affected areas. A 30-day state of disaster was declared.

books and magazines
11%

An estimated 9410 loads (23,525 tons) of waste was generated fromurban centers alone, excluding rural and maritime areas.
Fiji is still recovering from these disastrous impacts, even two years

brick/concrete/cement
1%
mud
5%

ﬂoor vinyl mat
2%

later (housing, schools, agriculture, etc.).

wood fumiture
44%

Response lead by Lautoka City Council
Lautoka City Council has a 3R Promotional Plan which targets

clothes/shoe/bag
6%

recycling of green waste from wood chipping (for mulching ingardens, fuel for sugar mill, and as a component for composting).

electric/electronic devices
3%

Estimated 575 tons of green waste were chipped after TC Winston.
Lautoka City Council has allocated a separate site within a landfill fordailywaste
10%

bedding10%

31
32

Fig. 2-2 Composition of flood waste during 2011
flooding (Source: Department of Environment,
BMA).

the reception of disaster wastes (though it requires improvements).

33

Bang Kho Laem
Bang Sue
Bang Na

158.239,818.41

321.617

189.84

11,660.77

270.37

5.1

34Bang Rak

152.56

9,794.88

641.2824.9

35

Pathum Wan

218.5

15,653.47

2,543.47

97.6

36

Prawet214.64

12,947.04

68.64

1

37

Pom Prap Sattru Phai

87.24

5,365.83

131.43

6.8

38

Phaya Thai

148.87

9,853.58

921.3825.8

39

Phra Nakhon

135.57

11,151.34

3,017.14

163.4

40

Phra Khanong

190.538,661.33

41

Yan Nawa

159.129,869.73

322.53

7.5

42

Ratchathewi

173.99

11,625.57

1,186.17

30.8

43

Rat Burana

118.2

6,704.02

44

Wang Thonglang

195.12

12,968.18

1,260.98

22.8

45

Watthana

232.3

15,171.61

1,233.61

22.1

Involves intensive labor46

Saphan Sung

187.196,071.93

47

Sathon155.27

10,357.28

1,041.08

29.2

High maintenance cost of chipping machine

48

Samphanthawong

58.2

3,757.87

265.8720

49

Suan Luang

187.1912,347.63

1,116.23

20.9

50

Huai Khwang

149.41

10,615.56

1,650.96

32.8

51

Othew public sectors

73,657.62

73,657.62

Resource recovery is also promoted (biofuel, reuse, and recycling).
127 tons of disaster waste was recovered from landfills by waste
pickers and an estimated 1,800 tons of green waste was recoveredfor biofuel by residents after TC Winston.

Chips used for composting andas mulch for a flower garden

Source: Flood Waste Management Guidelines for Bangkok,
National Institute for Environmental Studies Japan, 2015

Challenges
Fire breakout at storage site is a risk.

Source: Mr. Shalend Prem Singh, Senior Health Inspector, Lautoka City Council, Fiji

7

Table 2-6. Statistics relating to the quantities of waste collected from November
2011 to January 2012 (Flood Waste Management Guidelines for Bangkok).

Recyclables separated from disaster waste

Other cases can be seen in the Appendix.

8

3. Overview of DWM and Planning

Preparedness, Contingency Plan, and Implementation Planemergency response, recovery, and reconstruction after disaster.
To achieve effective DWM, formulating a contingency plan (including estimations of DW generation), grasping
the current system and capacity in WM, and identifying necessary activities and resources are crucial.

Management cycle of large-scale disasters and disaster waste
Understanding the basic management cycle of DW is important. Especially when dealing with large-scale disasters, it isnecessary to develop plans in the long-term, from the emergency phase to the recovery and reconstruction phase, in addition to
conducting contingency plans for waste management. Understanding and cooperation with not only WM but disaster prevention
and emergency response too are essential (Fig. 3-1).



DisasteroutbreakEstablishment of
DWM cluster〜 daysEmergency phase［rescue operations］

Identify victims anddamage, open evacuation
centers, clear roads
Open temporal storagesites, open contact inlocal government〜 weeks

Early recovery phase［preserving the living
environment, removal of
dangerous objects］〜 years

Risk reduction andpreparedness:
emergency drills,
agreements oncooperation withstakeholders ororganizations, etc.

Implementation
Plan
(IP)

Risk reduction:
Reducing
potential waste
generation plan(quality andquantity)

Review

Preparedness:
Makingframeworks,
securing storagesites,
strengthening

DWM

Risk reduction

Progress and improvement of pre-waste
management in normal times

Review based on
the experiences

Fig.3-2 Plans and actions pre- and post- disaster〜 months
Restart industrial
activities

Recovery phase［secure infrastructure
for daily life andlifelines］〜 years

Reconstruction phase［create a renewed community］

Basic Flow of Disaster Waste
For treating DW including large and hazardous materials, we recommend removing them out of living environments and stowing
them in temporary storage sites (TSS) promptly. Then separation or intermediate treatment should be completed effectively, whilereuse, recycling, and appropriate treatments could follow. In some cases, wide-area treatments may be done out of the affectedarea.

Maintain evacuation
centers
Priorities management of
dangerous objects〜 months

Early recovery/relief phase［recover distribution channel］

Development of
new industries

Risk
Deduction
Plan (RDP)

Decisions on theexecution of DWM
implementation plans,
CHECK MARK Preparation
for DW treatment

Closure of evacuation
centers
DW treatment / disposal

Planning and management
Cleaning andcollection

Storage andseparation

Treatment, recycle, and final
disposalReuse and Recycle

Pretreatment

Completion of DW treatment

Final disposal

Contingency
Plan
(CP)

Preparedness phase［local administration］

Implementation
Plan
(IP)

〜 hours

Initial phase

DWM
contingency
planning

Contingency
Plan
(CP)
plan

The smooth removal, separation, and proper management of various types of DW are essential measures for

Disasteroutbreak

Activity

Identifying the whole picture of management cycle of disaster and DWM must be the first and important step.

There are some steps for developing plans andactions which depend on the content and timing ofdisaster waste.
First, there are two kinds of plans: the Contingency
Plan (CP) and the Implementation Plan (IP). CP is thepre-disaster plan which specifies how to react andproceed with DW disposal at the time of a disasterbreakout. IP is the post-disaster plan compiling actual
response policies using CP and ascertaining the realdisaster situation immediately after a disaster breaks
out. In some instances, it is possible forcountermeasures in risk reduction to be compiled in
Risk Deduction Plans (RDP).
As for the content of actions, this is also divided into
three parts. Post-DWM is the most basic and can be
implemented more smoothly if plan-making andsecuring storage sites are completed before a disasteroccurs.
As for Risk Reduction Plans, if potential waste
reduction is implemented, less amount of DW will be
generated. Additionally, these preparations for DWM
could encourage progress and strengthening of
pre-waste management in normal times.
With these relationships in mind, formulating a CP
should be the first step.

Intermediate treatment(incineration)
Fig.3-1 Management cycle of large-scale disasters

Source: Hatayama, M. presentation for the 4th meeting on public-private cooperation (13 Sep 2011)
and MoE Japan "Guidelines on Disaster Waste Management (Mar 2014), modiﬁed by Okayama T.

9Fig. 3-3 Flow of DW treatment

10

Main contents of Contingency Plans for DWM
The main contents of Contingency Plans are:

The main contents of Contingency Plans for DWM are:Estimate the amount of DW → Speculation on temporary storage sites (TSS): Give concrete thoughts on the necessary

Prescribe actions to be taken immediately after a disaster; organizational arrangements and resources needed fornumber of sites, required capacity/area, layouts for separate unloading, line of on-site traffic, arrangement of supervisors,

implementation should also be considered

etc.

Understand issues and improve existing waste management and 3R systems in normal times

Identify the current system and capacity in WM and recycling, including private sectors and voluntary groups.

→

Identify what external assistance is needed, avoiding confusion from inconsistent decisions made spontaneously (orConclude MOUs for cooperation in disaster times with waste collection providers, treatment service providers, recyclers,

indecisiveness)voluntary relief organizations, etc.

Inform citizens and businesses beforehand so they are prepared

According to the treatment timeline, define necessary activities and gauge the required manpower and equipment toMake citizens and businesses aware that separated treatment will contribute to swift recovery with smaller environmental

conduct such activities → Define what items require external assistance (along with what can be outsourced)

burdenMain contents of Contingency Plans for DWM
Contents

A.

Risk Reduction Plan (RRP)

1. Officer/team/organization for
DWM

Designate the officer/team and organization as wellas their roles and responsibilities in DWM (including
excreta and wastes from evacuation center)

2. Stakeholders

Identify networking and cooperation withstakeholders, such as other clusters, line ministries
and local governments (city-city), private sectors(Cooperation Agreement), and media groups

Institutional
Framework
on DWM

Identify networking and cooperation withstakeholders, such as NGOs, and community groups,
including churches, youth and women's groups

3. Community

5. DW Information

B.
Treatement
Flow
6. WM Inventory

7. Awareness &Outreach

C. Law,

BudgetD. Capacity

8. Law,
Regulation, Plan,
and Budget

9. Workshop,
Development Training, Site Visit,
Awareness, etc

11

Implementation Plan (IP)
Establishment and coordination of
DWM clusters

Collect and update all waste management
information, such as waste audits, progress of 3R
awareness and activities, incoming waste tolandfills, and landfill conditions, etc.
Analyze the WM system in place based on the risk
and hazard maps (See DWM Impact Assessment)

Identify an estimation technique for generated DW
and a list of RaNA for DWM

Investigate capabilities of WM facilities fordisasters and meet needs for reconstruction andimprovement
Prepare necessary WM facilities and procurenecessary machinery and equipment (See DWM
Impact Assessment)
Reduction of hazardous materials

Develop an inventory of capacities and techniquesin WM as well as hazardous waste mapping
Develop a feasible DWM treatment flow, including
temporary sites, intermediate treatment,
incineration (if available), hazardous waste
management, final disposal, awareness, andcoordination of volunteers and regional
collaboration (see IP template)

Provide DWM awareness and education to school
students and communities (incorporate DWM
component into the WM or DRR awareness inplace)
Provide mutual learning opportunities among
cities and local governments (as well as among
countries)
Relevant laws, regulation and plan development,or amendments
Budget allocations
Self-check list (current and necessary resources,
waste inventory, budget, awareness, hazardous
waste mapping, data collection capacity, etc.)

Estimate amount of DW and its treatment capacity
Confirm human, technical, and financial resources to treat DW
Develop the IP based on baseline information in accordance with CP
Preparation and Coordination

CD program for (D)WM regulators andimplementers
Awareness programs for private sectors, NGOs,
and communities

Discuss and introduce IP with stakeholders
Discuss closure of temporary sites based on CP
Contract (advanced agreement) for emergency DWMDiscuss designation of temporary toilets and their excreta, as well as DW generated
from evacuation centers

Temporarystorage site

1st

Selection of 1st temporary site

temporaryTransportation/temporary disposal

storage site

Separation(※)

Closure of the site

2nd
temporarystorage site(※)

Treatment
Flow

Selection of 2nd temporary site
Introduction of treatment facility
Crush & separation
Closure of the treatment Facility
Closure of the site

Demolition andtransportation

Intermediate treatment(Pre-treatment)

Develop awareness and outreach activities in DWM
including training programs (for consistent US
spelling), and tool and material development both forcommunities along with evacuation centers

Demolition of collapsed houses and transportation of DW
Discussion on recyclable materials with recycling companies and on the reuse oforganic wastes with farmers
Collection of recyclable materials
Organic waste management
Municipality meetings

C. Law,

Subsidies
Fundraising (plan)

DWM team cluster, rotation of staff
Coordination of supporters, external/internal actors, other stakeholders
Initiate all relevant data collection (in collaboration with stakeholders)Identify the features of DWM in accordance withdisaster type

4. Disaster type

Regulation &Contingency Plan (CP)Regulation &BudgetIncineration (if necessary)and Landfill

Test incineration (if required)

Hazardous waste
management

Confirm and allocate temporary stock (disposal) site

Monitoring

Monitor the environment and DW to prevent pollution

Final disposal

Final disposal (including designated DW space)

Regional collaboration

Intermediate treatment, incineration, final disposal

Volunteers/
Awareness

Incineration and landfill

Community baseContract with community groups for DWM, Prepare for PPE

Media

Implement media awareness on DWM

Specific concerns

Manage wastes from evacuation centers & excreta from temporary toilets
Special measures which abide the law
Seek financial support, coordinate the budget※ In the case of a large-scale disaster, temporary storage site (TSS) may be divided into the 1st TSS to bring DW and separate roughly and 2nd TSS where detailed separation andintermediate processing (pre-treatment) would be done.

12After planning the Contingency Plan (CP)Preparedness in various aspects of DWM—including public authorities in charge of DWM, waste management operators, citizens,and the city—need to be enhanced (see Fig. 3-3). Related discussion is in Chapter [5].
Components of preparedness are interlinked. Plans are tested by their execution and/or regularly and are revised according toCon�ngency planning
Pre-disaster arrangements

Capacity development ofresponding organization

Training/exercise
Vulnerability assessment

Enhances resilience of the city (buildings/housings, infrastructures, and waste management facilities)
Enhances resilience of the people and waste management operators

Reference: Implementation plans in Japan
In the planning phase, frameworks and sharing roles are important. In Japan, after the Great East Japan Earthquake,drawing up plans for DWM along with establishing frameworks have progressed. One of the features of this progress iscooperation with disaster reduction field. In other words, DWM Policy (refer to Appendix) has been enacted based on the
Disaster Risk Management Basic Law and Master Plan as well as the Waste Management Law. This makes smooth andefficient initial action for DW possible, even during the confusion at the time of a disaster.
Another feature is the hierarchical approach which has been taken, phased in along with national government,
prefectural government, and local municipalities, making use of the general administrative system. As a general rule, DW
disposal is carried out as a responsibility of municipalities in Japan. Therefore the formulation of CPs by local municipalities
should be important. This plan is formulated based on municipal waste treatment plans and local contingency plans at first.
However, CPs by prefectural governments also become important in situations exceeding the response capacity of local
municipalities or when a disaster affects a wide area. In order to support both governments to formulate CPs, MOEJ
prepared the Disaster Waste Management Policy for DW treatment plans and technical data, which can be adjusted
appropriately and provide new perspective.

Fig.3-4 How to prepare after the CP
Fig.3-6 Planning and Institutional

Regular communication with stakeholders regarding the CP is important to provide appropriate information to the public, withcooperation between other fields and citizens being necessary. It is especially necessary to situate DWM as important in the CP
and disaster recovery plans. For this reason, efforts in promoting awareness through hearings at relevant departments, gaining
understanding and cooperation, and asking for opinions on the completed plan are crucial in making a CP.
A related discussion is in Chapters [4] and [5].

Waste Management Law

Disaster Risk Management Basic Law
Master Plan

DisasterNational

Reference: Estimating the amount of DW generation - a typical example in planning in Japan

Disaster Waste management Policy

There are several methods for estimating the amount of DW generation. Fig. 3-5 and following example of calculationshows typical method used in Japan.

DWM Master PlanDMW Policy

Fig.3-5 Estimation flow of DW generation
1 Predicting damage to buildings[Building Information]
CensusCollection of residential
land statistics
Overview of fixed assets

2 Setting DW Generation Intensity[Hazard Information]
Liquefaction
Shaking
Tidal waves
Fire[Reported Information]
Disaster waste treatment reports of the Great East
Japan Earthquake (rate by quantity and category)Damage reports from Fire and Disaster Agency(FDMA)(number of buildings with complete/partial destruction, partial damage,flooded above/under floor level)

Estimate Structural Damage

The amount of generation (ton)= Number of damaged buildings × Intensity(ton/building) × Rate of each category (%)

City Town
Village

Waste Management Plan

Disaster Risk Management Plan
(Regional/Prefectural)

DWM Action Plan (contingency plan)

Municipal Waste
Management Plan

Disaster Risk Management Plan(city level)

DMW
Implementation
plan

DWM Action Plan (contingency plan)

Statistical analysis

Number of damaged buildings(complete/partial destruction, flooded above/under floor

3 Estimating the amountof disaster generation

Regional
Prefectural

Disaster Waste Generation Intensity (ton/building)
rate by categories of disaster waste

multiply

The amounts of disaster waste generation classified by areas and categories

Example of calculation:(100 fully collapsed households×113 tons per building)＋(1000 inundated households above floor level× 4.6 tons per building)＋(10000 inundated households below floor level×0.62 tons per building)=22,100 tons

Given that DW generation rate for fully collapsed, inundation above the floor level, and inundation below the floor level are
113 tons/building, 4.6 tons/building, and 0.62 tons/building respectively

13

14

4. Development of Disaster Waste Management Policies
The basic principles of DWM are listed as the preservation of the living environment and the promotion of the
3Rs. It is necessary to examine circumstances from various angles and proceed to treatment.
In general, the goal is to make use of existing facilities and equipment for appropriate management to the

The hard aspect: Ideas on treatment skill and flow

The soft aspect: Ideas on the treatment process

Reduce healthandenvironmentalrisks

BBB (Build
Back Better)

Community
Resilience/
Awareness/
Training

Supportreconstructionof infrastructure
to be stronger
than inpre-disastertimes(in Chapter [5])Acquireunderstanding
and cooperationfrom residents
and thecommunity (inthe second page
to follow)

3Rs (Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle)
and proper
treatment

Organization/
Stakeholder
Coordination

Networking/Information
sharing/
Communication

greatest limits. For this, waste management system during normal times is critical.
Promotion of the 3Rs depends on the source of DW, in addition to the skill levels, treatment methods,
instruments, and equipment available.

Guiding Principles of DWM
Here we confirm the basic principles of DWM (excluding the preparation during normal times). To decide the process and flow oftreatment, we need to examine the conditions of both hard and soft aspects and from various angles too. For this, the following principles
are required.
Obviously, depending on the condition of the disaster, it might be hard to follow the principles of DWM perfectly. In the CP,
countermeasures are considered using these principles, with the intention to apply them to the IP as well.

Prevent thedeterioration of
the living
environment
and/or health due
to abandoned DW/ accident due tohazardous
materials (in thenext page)

Promote thereuse, recycle
and reductionof final disposal
for large
amounts of DW(next page)

Coordinate
framework
structures,variousstakeholders andsupportingorganizations (inthe second page
to follow)

Smoothtreatment with
networking,information
sharing, andcommunication(in the second
page to follow)

Timeline focused on DW
Establishment of DWM cluster〜 hours〜 days

Initial phase

Emergency phase[rescue operations]

Early recovery phase〜weeks[preserve the living environment,
remove dangerous objects]〜 months

Early recovery/ relief phase［recover distribution channel］

months~Recovery phase［secure infrastructure fordaily life and lifelines］〜 years

Reconstruction phase

Set up a disaster
waste management
team/cluster
Coordinate withstakeholders

Mobilize staff for
operation andmanagement
Coordinate withexternal/internal
actorstreatment. To ensure feasibility, some candidate sites should bemonitoring the height of buildings to avoid fire or environmental
pollution. The layout and rules should be decided in advance.

15

Disaster waste

Secure temporary toilets
Secure treatment facilities
for excreta

Disaster response headquarter

Estimate amount of DW generated
Arrange vehicles for waste collection
Prioritize management of dangerous objects
and corruptible waste
Remove collapsed houses
Open temporal storage sites

Confirm damages on treatment facilities
Confirm collection method and awarenessRespond to infectious waste

Clear roads and open to the transportation of DW.

Decide execution of DWM implementation plans
Seek financial support
Prepare DW treatment and contracting
Arrange wide-area treatment
Demolish or remove houses

Open temporal storage sites

Conduct DW treatment/disposal
Prevent environmental pollution
Monitor

Close evacuation shelters
Restart ordinary treatment

Complete DW treatment
Fig. 4-2 Timeline after outbreak and example of response to DW

Table 4-1. Conditions of TSS
Enough space

Enough for storage, traffic, and separation

Low disaster risk

Located in low flood risk area

examined considering the conditions in Table4-1.
In operation, we should promote separation, while

Waste from evacuation centers

Identify victims and damage, open evacuation shelters, clear roads, open contact in local government

Restart ordinary treatment

Securing and operating TSS
Securing and operating TSS are indispensable for smooth

Excreta

Easily accessible
road

Easily accessible to disaster victims (but not too
close to hospitals, schools, and residential areas)
Located along a wide road (to enable access by
10-ton trucks)

Venting kan

Preventing leakage of oil or hazardous substances to thesoil with a simple water-shielding sheet

Fire prevention

Separation of hazardous
waste

Hand sorting area in TSS

16

Reducing Health and Environmental Risks
The following measures could be considered to preserve living environments and health.
Estimating the amount by type.

Hasten collecting, separating DW, removing mud or DW

Prioritizing treatment: as shown in Table 4-2, DW may
degrade living environments and health; this is why collection

High priority

and treatment deserve priority.
Warning residents: attention towards not burning in fields or
Low priority

touching/mixing hazardous materials without reason.

① long sleeves / long pantsout of affected houses, and other activities involving

Table 4-2 Priority of treatment
Infectious waste, food waste, excreta(night soil), hazardous waste② thick-soled shoes/boots

people/volunteers in order to reduce injury (Fig. 4-3).

③ thick-rubber work gloves

Monitoring: manage and monitor ambient levels of④ waste bags
⑤ towelshazardous materials and the condition/temperature in

Wooden waste, other burnable waste

TSSs or DW treatment facilities to prevent fires,

Plastics, concrete/ceramics, othernon-putrefactive recyclables

pollution, or other incidents.

⑥ hats/helmets⑦ food/drinking water⑧ identiﬁcation cards⑨ household medicines/masks【Note】Identification and segregation of hazardous materials is essential to address international cross-border collaboration on DWM based on the Basel Convention.

Fig. 4-3

Example of equipment and clothes for DW removal

Equipment and resources for 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and proper treatment
We must consider the various types of DW to decide management strategies based on sources and materials of DW. Fig. 4-4 shows an

Though the availability and capacity of equipment differs in each country and region, DWM might be a chance to improve WM techniques

example of categories based on sources, tasks, and required equipment.

by implementing various equipment for amounts of waste larger than usual.

Category based on sources

Required equipment and resources

Elimination of roadobstacles, removalof objects requiring
special care

Removal of sediment(mud), timber, log,
rubble,dangerous/hazardous
objects, etc.
Recovery andsafekeeping of corpses.

Bulldozer,
excavator,
tarpaulinsheets,body bags

Waste from
evacuation centersand ordinary houses

Waste collection from
evacuation shelters in public
facilities and camps.
Waste collection for people
remaining in existing
housing can be suspended
and resumed if
circumstances allow.

Collection vehicles,
cardboard boxes
and bags forseparated collection,equipment forevacuation camp(timber, tarps,
blankets etc.)

Damaged furniture etc,
debris and mud from
affected houses.
Collection system andtemporal storage siterequired.

Collection vehicles,
TSS, signage forseparatedunloading, on-site
supervisor,
information flyers

Damagedobjects

Rubble fromdemolition

Toilets andhuman waste

17

Description of task

System for receiving
requests and schedulingfor demolition. Provide
temporal storage site andtreatment facilities fordemolition waste.

Provision of portable toilets
or latrines,
simple wastewater
treatment.

Heavy equipment
for demolition,
shredder, sieve,
workers(demolition andsorting), temporarystorage site

Portable toilets,
galvanizedsheets, tarps,
diggerequipment,
pipes

Large, special
trucks are usefulto remove rubble
and logs.

Boats are used ininundated areas.
Also useful tocollect vegetative
wastes (e.g. water
hyacinth)

Hand barrows
are useful for
narrow streetsand short
distancetransportation.

Support from otherlocal
municipalities andthe private sector(throughcontracts) isneeded to collect
MSW and wastefrom evacuation

Shovels formud removal

TSS, signs for separation
Vehicles to temporary storage sites

Flatbed trucks withsides are useful forbulky disaster
waste collection
and long-distancetransportation.
Chainsaw

Chipping (wood)

Heavy machine for demolition and separation

Simple digger
equipment isuseful inemergency
situations.
Portable toilet

Simple toilet

Temporary toilet

Manhole toilet

Self-processing toilet

Fig. 4-4 Example of items, tasks, and required equipment for typical disaster wastes

18

Community Resilience, Awareness, Training

Internal and external coordination of organizations

For appropriate treatment of DW, understanding from residents, volunteers, and the private sector is indispensable. Awareness ofwaste separation in normal times is useful in case of a disaster. Educational activities regarding the following points are
implemented, sequentially, to promote residents’ understanding.

Identifying networks and cooperation with stakeholders, such as other clusters, line ministries, local governments (city-city),
private sectors (Cooperation Agreement), and media groups is important.

How to separate and discharge corruptible waste or hazardous waste at TSSs

As shown in Fig. 4-5, inside organizations (theAttention needed for foods, vegetation, timber, metals, hazardous materials, glass, and oil.

government/ municipalities) each line ministry

Prohibited treatment methods, such as illegal dumping or burning in fields

leads each cluster and responds after a

After a disaster outbreak, information needs to be unified to avoid confusion. As for announcements on DW treatment, we
coordinate with publication offices and confirm the means and contents of printed publications, media, and evacuation centers.
Immediately after a disaster outbreak, we need to make a publication plan reflecting a timeframe regarding the opening of
TSSs and the “with or without” of waste collection as soon as possible.

Fig. 4-5

Internal coordination

UN field cooperation image in disasterdisaster. Organizations like WM departments
need to organize clusters for DWM according
to each country’ s case and collaborate withthem.
This framework is as same as the cluster
system promoted by UN. DWM is across-national activity, so organizing individual

Examples of actions to enhance community resilience in DWM

clusters is recommended.

Disaster response in Asia and the Paciﬁc: A guide tointernational tools and services（OCHA-ROAP, 2013)https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/
about-clusters/what-is-the-cluster-approach

After structuring the framework, the following points are important for organizational coordination:

Understanding and participation from

Coordinating with other disaster response operations (e.g. reconstruction, evacuation center management)

residents and the community are very

Negotiating resource allocations (e.g. open space, personnel, budget)

important for the following points

Collecting and sharing latest disaster (response) information

regarding inevitable disasters. In Asiaand the Pacific, there are examples ofadvanced approaches; therefore

External coordination (coordination of supporters)

sharing good practices is effective.

Beyond organizations exist various stakeholders, and the following points of cooperation and support are important. For efficient andeffective cooperation and support it is necessary to share roles among organizations. Especially in developing countries, it is highly

Resilient communities will

important to support and adjust through international agencies or governments. We should plan the framework for acceptance inproduce less disaster waste, andwill respond to DW appropriately.
Resilient communities arecommunities which can manage
waste appropriately in normal
times.
Residents who frequently
experience disasters know how tocope with them; sharing theirskills and knowledge is useful.

advance.
Residents in high-flood risk areas

Public space, including waterways,

know how to prevent furniture fromshould be waste-free in normal

getting soaked. For example, thetimes, as wastes may clog theresident of this house knows when,drainage system and increase flood

where, and how to evacuate herrisks. Besides regular waste

belongings when the area is at highcollection, awareness, raising andrisk of inundation. This kind of

improvement of waste collection

preparedness action could be

system should also be considered toenhanced by mutual support of

tackle problems upstream (Bangkok,

community members (Sena, Thailand).

Thailand).

Request and coordinate support for additional resources
Request exceptional arrangements (e.g. fast-track contracting, fast-track permitting process)Seek expert opinions
Seek assistance from donors

Networking and Information sharing
Considering the countermeasures in large-scale disasters or small nations with few material possessions, as in the Pacific,
networking of DWM over local or national government frames is also important. In normal times, sharing information, plans, andexperiences through face-to-face relationships enable building of support and the smooth acceptance of frameworks using suchnetworks. Networking support groups and allowing them to operate more efficiently are effective.

Examples of regional networks for DWM
In the Pacific, SPREP establishes the platform and educates persons
responsible in waste management to be experts of DWM. They promote
networking to respond to disaster over nations or local areas. Concretely, theiractivities include promoting:
DWM is one of the main activities for

Opportunities to learn and discuss

Avoid excessive accumulation ofDisaster Waste Management Guide in the Pacific (DWMGP)

disaster volunteers. Opportunities to

DWM are effective to enhance

hazardous and flammable wastes,

Knowledge-sharing & Information Hublearn and think about volunteer activities

preparedness of the community. A

including pesticides, oils, and paints.

Capacity Development

in disaster areas are effective to know

workshop supported by WM experts is

They should be disposed

Database of experts on DWM

about proper DWM. Youth, citizens, anda simple but powerful tool. In theappropriately in normal times;

Funding mechanisms to respond DWM in the Pacificeven high school students can beworkshop shown in the picture, actions

otherwise, it is difficult to deal with

Development of the pilot projecttargeted in lectures and table-top

to be taken by individual residents

these substances during DWM,

exercises. (Kyoto City, Japan)

before and after disasters werewhich could lead to environmental

discussed, and the results wereand health impacts (Miyagi

delivered to local authorities

prefecture, Japan.)(Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan).

19

In Japan, experts of DWM (societies and industry groups) are networked as
D.Waste-Net. In normal times, they share information and make theframework, e.g., after outbreak they go in the affected area and support theinvestigation, planning, and coordination. Actually, D.Waste-Net participates
actively in recent disasters.

20

5. Beyond DWM and response

Continuous usage of DWM equipment and capacity building
DWM can be a chance to use new equipment (see examples in Fig. 4-4) and improve ordinary WM technology. Accordingly, the option ofDisaster waste management requires a much know-how, systems, and techniques. As such, sharing
experiences, developing human resources and organizations are important. It requires too the following waysof thinking

providing new equipment, which could lead to improvement of ordinary WM, can be considered in order to support developing countries
in disaster times.
Capacity building is essential before and after a disaster. There are several aspects as follows:
Develop capacity of WM officers to enhance effectiveness of the contingency plan.

Completing preparations in normal times

Skills and knowledge regarding WM are important in both normal and in emergency circumstances.

Coordinating with actors in the private sector

Have staff regularly train and exercise to avoid loss of skills/knowledge by staff rotations.

Setting policies toward better recovery (BBB: Build back better)

Table 5-1. Key training methods

Evolution of DWM into ordinary 3R policies and stakeholders
Incorporating DWM in ordinary WM is important to improve community resilience, ordinary waste management skills, capacity andtechnology, as well as to keep motivation for DWM preparedness.

DWM
planning

Strengthen the WM organization
Improvement of WM planning
based on data analysis

DW
discharge
andseparation

5. Awareness &Capacity Development

Respond to a hypothetical disaster situation inwhich various DWM issues occur

On-site training

Test operation procedures and DW separation
skills at a simulated TSS

DWM Networking and stakeholders
Many stakeholders are getting involved in DWM. As the examples shown in Fig. 5-2, it is effective to build up face-to-face relationships on

4. Final Disposal

Policy and Planning
Government

Contractor

How to treat large
amounts of DW?

Capacity
developmentof thecommunity
Developmentof networks

1. Waste Discharge
Business(Private) Collector
WM sector

Increase capacity, newtechnology introduction
Proper contracts withprivate sectors

How to treat

Community

DW
treatment

large amounts
of DW?

Challenges in DWM
Incorporate of ordinary WM in DMW

Fig.5-1 Incorporation of ordinary waste management in DWM

Civil engineeringand construction

Support local
government

Waste treatment

Community

2. 3Rs & Waste
Collection

3. Intermediate
Treatment

Private sectors

Recycling

Industry

Volunteer(NGO, women＆youth groups,
welfare organizations,churches ,etc.)

Municipalities (damaged by disaster)Financecluster
Civil cluster

DWM
cluster

Disastercluster
PR cluster

Media(TV, radio, newspapers, web, etc.)

Experts
Ministry of Environment(Secretariat)

Ordinary WM Cycle

Finaldisposal of
DW

Victims and their communities➡ DW

How to separate
properly andsmoothly?

Community

21

Tabletop exercise/Functional exercise

a daily basis, organized in light of characteristics and the actual situations of countries and regions.

Communication
on DWM

Increase
capacity
Propercontracts with
contractors

Intensive group discussion on a specific topic on
DWM (e.g. What is our vulnerability? How can we
prepare and manage TSSs?)

How to decide DWM plan and with what kind oforganization? How to grasp the DW amount and quality?

Securing communication
channels
Handling through self-helppublic assistance

How to provide andreceive information
effectively?
Settled self-help
systems become
essential.

WorkshopInternational

Fig.5-2 Example of stakeholders related to DWM

DWcollection

Recording, data analysis, and accumulation of lessons learned
Recording, analyzing, and sharing facts and experiences from disaster are important for other countries. As for the content of records, an
overview of the disaster and damage, damage situation of the waste treatment facility, quantity of DW generation (by composition), theHow to collect large
amounts of DW?
Continuous
operation
Increase capacity
Proper contracts
with collectors

Community Resilience
Development through WM
incorporated DWM

flow of DW (qualitative and quantitative),temporary storage sites, sorting and processing methods, frameworks, budgets, and the like areuseful. For reference, the appendix of this guideline compiles some treatment cases of DWM from recent disasters in Japan.

Resilient communities and Build Back Better (BBB)
In order to improve resilience in local areas, there are several ways which reduce DW:
Earthquake-proof housing and buildings* should be widely constructed to reduce damage and the amount of DW.
Local reinforcement works should be supported and enhanced by national or international institutions.
Construction works should avoid high disaster (floods, landslides, tsunami) risk areas: land use planning should incorporate disasterrisks.
It is essential to incorporate these points in post-disaster recovery plans or BBB policy.
*UNESCO guidelines for earthquake-resistant non-engineered construction

22

Introduction of Appendix Case Studies (see more details in the Appendix)

Landslide in Hiroshima , August 20, 2014
This section reports the damage and disaster waste created by the Hiroshima landslide (resulting from heavy rainfall on August 2014)

Great East Japan Earthquake , March 2011

and outlines the waste management (WM) process that was applied. Immediately after the disaster, the government’ s investigation

The Japanese archipelago was hit by an unprecedented earthquake on March 11, 2011. This resulted in a significant loss of life, with aEnvironment Japan (MoEJ) and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport) was established in response. The municipal waste

tsunami causing catastrophic damage along the Pacific coast of eastern Japan. Infrastructure and houses were damaged across a wide

disposal department responded to disaster waste (DW) right after the disaster outbreak. A large volume of earth and sand mixed waste

area of eastern Japan by shaking, liquefaction and subsidence resulting from the earthquake. The disaster waste (DW) generated was

generated by the landslides disaster was a particular issue we struggled to manage. Therefore, this report is a pioneering effort toestimated to be over 30 million tons (including tsunami sediment deposits). The government set up local countermeasures headquarters

address such difficulties. The national and local organizations responsible for DW and those for lifelines and infrastructures consideredin the three worst affected areas (Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima prefectures) and established various discussion and liaison groups withthe division of roles and enforced its relationship between planning of operation. Some private sectors were registered by public offers

relevant ministries and prefectures. It requested cooperation from relevant organizations and municipalities and implemented a range ofto respond to disaster emergency, which enabled prompt responses during the disaster. We also describe the complete disposal

initiatives, such as applying special measures under laws and ordinances (including budget matters), waste processing across a wide

process of DW through a year and a half.

team conducted field inspections. A local countermeasure office consisting of ministries and agencies (including the Ministry of thearea, and recycling measures. Various DW disposal processing and recycling initiatives were put in place under the DW management(DWM) guidelines (Master Plan) formulated in May 2011 after the disaster. The processing and disposal of DW and material deposited by
the tsunami in Iwate and Miyagi prefecture was completed by the end of March 2014, as intended under the plan. This disaster has
highlighted a number of key themes and provided valuable knowledge. This must be utilized effectively to ensure the country moves
from being “disaster susceptible” to being “disaster prevention aware” .

Outline of landslides in Hiroshima
Heavy rain: in northern area of Hiroshima city, heavy rain by Backbuilding storm due to topography on August 19-20, 2014
Landslides: DW flow and flood by closure of water channels

Outline of the Great East Japan Earthquake

Hiroshima city Asakita-ku, Asaminami-ku on August 20, 2014
Damage to life:

Main shock – Date: March 11, 2011, 14:46 JST

Death toll: 76

Epicenter: 130 km off the Pacific Coast of the Tohoku District, depth 24 km

Injured:68

Scale: Magnitude 9.0, maximum seismic intensity 7 (Miyagi Prefecture, Kurihara City;
the largest earthquake ever recorded in Japan)

Damage to houses

Aftershocks (in three weeks): Over 400 times (M5 and above)
Epicenter

Scope of damage (As of March 1, 2016, by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency)
Damage to life

Seismic intensity map

Injured:
6,219
Damage to houses
121,291

Half-collapsed:

272,81081,903

Sendai City
(Photo by Sendai City)

Minamisanriku-cho,Miyagi Prefecture

Higashimatsushima City,
Miyagi Prefecture

Timeline of DWM

as of December 26, 2014

Apr.

③Reducing landfills and promoting recycling④Creating local employment

May

Jun.

waste

Securing temporary storage sites(TSS)

DW in the primary TSS

Collection
Intermediate treatment
Final disposal
Recycling waste wood & concrete

Setting an appropriate timeframe in light ofdemand for recycled materials and within a periodthat will not cause degradation or decomposition.

Modification/
classification

RubbleClassification/ crushing

Collection

Final disposal

4. Assistance to promote WM

23

Management
Plan developed

Waste volume survey

Setting appropriate timeframe in light of demand
for recycled materials and within a period thatwill not cause degradation or decomposition.

Monitoring progress

Establishing and operating councils
Master Plan
developed
Assistance by central government and research institutes (fiscal support, Guidelines for the Removal of
Damaged Houses and Structures after the Tohoku‐Pacific Ocean Earthquake, Guidelines for the UNFINISHED

See more in this guideline
Waste components and recycling
ratio for DWM is shown in Fig. 2-1.

Treatment in the intermediate
treatment facility

Landslide mixed
wasteIntermediate treatment

Recycling waste wood & concrete

3. Establishment ofmanagement structure
suited to local conditions

Deshima interchange

Landfillarea No.3
Waste landfill site

Aug. FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FT2014& aheadJul.

Securing TSS

2. Management of other

Hiroshima Highway No.3

①Preserving the living environment of citizens②Aiming treatment to affected areas⑤Trying to reduce costs⑥Cooperating with relevant organizations

Schedule for disaster waste management

1. Management of waste
near evacuation centersand residential areas(harmful to the living
environments)

Inundation below floor level: 3,080

DW flow was determined by the following principles:

Public buildings: 14,179

Mar.

as of December 16, 2015

Flow of DW treatment

Partially collapsed: 766,097
Non-residential damage
Other:
Fires: 330

217

Inundation above floor level: 1,084

2,655

Fully collapsed:

179

Half-collapsed:

Partially collapsed: 189

Deceased: 18,958 (secondary casualties: 3,472, Reconstruction Agency)
Missing:

Fully collapsed:

Landslide mixed
waste

Materials after treatment (580,000 ton)

Classified landslide (530,000)

Landfills materials → Hiroshima Port
Deshima area, landfill area No. 3

Crushed waste concrete (25,000)

Recycling crushed rocks

Metal materials (5,000)

Recycling metal materials

Non-chlorinated flammable materials(paper, plastic, wood etc.) (2,000)

Solid fuel

Chlorinated flammable materials (vinyl
chloride tubes) (1,000)

Incineration → intermediate facility

Residuals (tiles, bricks) (5,000)

Landfill treatment → Hiroshima Port,
Deshima area, waste landfill etc.

Wood chips (timbers, square logs)(10,000)

Biomass materials

Fallen trees (2,000)

Composting materials

24Joso city Flood , Sep 09, 2015

Kumamoto Earthquake , April, 2016

This section reports on the damage caused by flooding from the Kanto-Tohoku Heavy Rainfall disaster in Joso City in Ibaraki PrefectureThis section reports on the damage and disaster waste (DW) created by the Kumamoto earthquakes in 2016 and outlines the waste

and the management of the disaster waste (DW) generated. Joso City has an area of 123.64 km2 and a population of about 64,000

management process that was applied. “Recycling” is a key aspect of the process for managing DW. Therefore, this report gives

people. The main part of the city is located on a plain that is bounded on one side by the Kinugawa River flowing through the center ofexamples of how primary and secondary temporary storage sites (TSS) were established in Kumamoto, along with full-scale stand-alone

the city and on another by the Kokai River in the east. Around 1/3 of the area of the city (40 km2) was flooded by the collapse of therecycling systems. We have also described specific examples of the establishment of cooperative networks in the municipalities, whichriverbanks. The Ministry of the Environment Japan (MoEJ) dispatched technical experts, such as D. Waste-Net, along with experts fromare critically important for dealing with DW. In addition, we outline the development of contingency DW management (DWM) initiatives,

its Kanto office to provide support and advice. About 35,400 tons of waste (68% of the total waste generated by this disaster) was

providing information and further data related to the events in Kumamoto.

so-called “mixed waste” that could not be disposed of in the city. When the disaster occurred, DW and household waste was mixed up at
the collection points in the city due to poor instructions for temporary storage sites (TSS) given to residents and contractors. A DW
management (DWM) plan was formulated for the mixed waste. The basic policy was for treatment across a wide area, utilizing private
processing facilities in the prefecture and waste disposal facilities outside the prefecture. As a result, the processing of large volume,
highly perishable waste was completed by the end of March 2016—one year after the disaster. In addition, waste material such as scrap
metal, home appliances, tatami mats, and tires were successfully recycled.
Based on lessons learned from this, networks and support systems for disaster contingency planning, as well as the initial response
are noted for being important. Joso city is planning to strengthen cooperation between the city, the private sector, and residents toensure that it is an “advanced city for disaster prevention” , with a system in place to transmit and promote the lessons of this disasterthroughout the country.

Outline of the Joso City flooding
Foreshock
Magnitude 6.5 beneath Mashiki town on April 14, 2016
Main shock
Magnitude 7.3 beneath Mashiki town on April 16, 2016
Damage to life
Death toll: 244
Injured: 2,709
Damage to houses
Fully collapsed: 8,664

Outline of the Joso City flooding

Half-collapsed: 34,026
Partially collapsed: 147,742

Heavy rainfall:

Flow of DW treatment

Caused by extratropical low pressure from Typhoon 18 and concentrated torrential
rain from numerous precipitation bands from Typhoon 17 (highest value in recorded

Storage site

history) (September 9 - 11, 2015; known as the “Kanto-Tohoku Heavy Rainfall,
September 2015", Japan Meteorological Agency)

Flammable materials

Flood (Kinugawa River):Overflow in Wakamiyado region (AM 6.30)
Collapse of 200 m of riverbank in Kami-misaka District (12.50) on September 9, 2015
Damage to life:

Water overflow in Wakamiyado

Deaths 2 (8)as of February 19, 2016,

Wood debris/
fallen tree

Waste plastic

Flammable
waste

Other Flammablematerials

Other flammablematerials(paper,
straw, etc.)

Waste concrete

Half-collapsed: 1,581 (7,200)

Masonry/Tile/
pottery/ glass

Partially collapsed: 3,484 (343)
Flooding above floor level: 165 (1,925)

Waste plaster board

Flooding below floor level: 3,084 (10,353)
Flooding in front of City Hall

Metal

Treatment of “mixed waste”

Wall clay/othernon-flammable“Mixed waste” accounted for about 60% of DW and most of the total waste processed. DW was treated as general waste. Although theMixed waste

law states DW should be processed by the municipalities (cities) where a disaster occurred, the basic policy in this case was to utilize

Direct landﬁll at privatecompany disposal sites
910 t (3%)

Processing at existing
facilities outside Joso City
242 t (1%)

Processing at Joso
Environmental Center
1,193 t (3%)

Treatment at private
processing facilities
33,649 t (93%)

25

Results of processing “mixed waste”

Incineration
Construction
material

Waste tile

Crushing

Construction
material
Landfill
Recycling

Glass/ pottery

Landfill
Waste plasterboard

Plasterboard

Metal scrap

Recycling

Residuals

Storage

Storage/ pre treatment

Landfill

Crushing/
clasiffication

Flammable
waste

Incineration

Non-flammablewaste

Cementing/Landfill

Crushing/classification

Recycling

Target items for recycling

Recycling

Residuals

Landfill

Professional

Valuable goods/
mementos

Treatment
facility
Police Return
goods to owners

Fig. 3 Disaster Waste management Flow In Kumamoto

See more in this guideline
Mixed waste at TSS

Incineration

Recyclable products based on Recycling Law

Hazardous materials/
Hazardous waste

Incineration

Crushing

sorting stations for handling DW to be processed at existing facilities. For this process, resources were recycled as much as possible
Home appliances

CementingWaste concrete

processing facilities owned by private enterprises (see figure below). This reflects the problems arising from establishing temporary(wood chips, concrete rubble, scrap metal etc.), and RPF (Refuse Paper & Plastic Fuel) initiatives were implemented.

Cutting/
Crushing

Wood fuelThermal recycling whenever possible

Fully collapsed 53 (80)

as of February 16, 2016

Chipping

Non-flammablematerials

Damage to houses:

Treatment

Wood debrisClassification

njured 44 (80)Kumamoto castle was also damaged

as of Aug.10, 2017

Amount of DW generation classified by material
type in different periods is shown in Table 2-5.

Technical information accompanying this guideline will be provided.
If interested, please contact through e-mail (hairi-saigai@env.go.jp).
26