Republic of Malawi
Ministry of Mining

Final Reportofthe Project for Establishment ofIntegrated Geographic Information
System (GIS) Databasefor Mineral Resources

July 2013

Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA)
Sumiko Resources Exploration & Development Co., Ltd.

dummyFrontispiece 1

Map of Malawi

Former capital: Zomba
Headquarters of Geological Survey
Department, Ministry of Mining islocated. Base of the Project.

National capital: Lilongwe

Largest city: Blantyre

Frontispiece 2

Photos related to geology

Lake Chilwa located in the southeastern part of Malawi and Chisi Island: Chisi Island is composed of syenite.

Upper left: Ilmenite (black sands) deposited on
the shore of Lake Malawi
Upper right: Syenite distributed in Chilwa
Alkaline Province in the south of Malawi(Cretaceous, Mesozoic)
Lower right: Gneiss of Basement Complex(Proterozoic)

Contents
1. Outline of the Project ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background of the Project .................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Basic concepts of the Project .............................................................................................. 3
1.3 Objectives of the Project ..................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Basic policies for implementation of the Project ................................................................ 4
1.5 Method of project implementation...................................................................................... 5
1.6 Outputs of the Project ......................................................................................................... 6
1.7 Flow chart of the Project ..................................................................................................... 8
1.8 Organization of the Project ................................................................................................. 9
1.8.1 Study Team .................................................................................................................. 9
1.8.2 Counterpart agency .................................................................................................... 11
1.9 Time schedule of the Project ............................................................................................. 13
2. Works in Japan ........................................................................................................................ 14
2.1 The 1st Work in Japan ....................................................................................................... 14
2.2 The 2nd Work in Japan ..................................................................................................... 15
2.3 The 3rd Work in Japan ...................................................................................................... 17
2.4 The 4th Work in Japan ...................................................................................................... 17
2.5 Training in Japan ............................................................................................................... 18
2.6 The 5th Work in Japan ...................................................................................................... 19
3. The Works in Malawi .............................................................................................................. 20
3.1 The 1st Work in Malawi.................................................................................................... 20
3.1.1 Objectives of the Work .............................................................................................. 20
3.1.2 Study Team ................................................................................................................ 20
3.1.3 Schedule of the Work................................................................................................. 20
3.1.4 Contents of work implementation ............................................................................. 21
3.1.5 Inception Meeting ...................................................................................................... 24
3.2 The 2nd Work in Malawi .................................................................................................. 26
3.2.1 Objectives of the Work .............................................................................................. 26
3.2.2 Study Team ................................................................................................................ 26
3.2.3 Schedule of the Work................................................................................................. 26
3.2.4 Setting up of equipment ............................................................................................. 27
3.2.5 Target personnel for the OJT ..................................................................................... 27
3.2.6 Policy of the OJT ....................................................................................................... 28
3.2.7 Contents of the OJT ................................................................................................... 29i3.3 The 3rd Work in Malawi ................................................................................................... 31
3.3.1 Objectives of the Work .............................................................................................. 31
3.3.2 Study Team ................................................................................................................ 31
3.3.3 Schedule of the Work................................................................................................. 31
3.3.4 Target personnel for the OJT ..................................................................................... 32
3.3.5 Contents of the OJT ................................................................................................... 32
3.3.6 Technology transfer seminar...................................................................................... 33
3.3.7 Results completed until the 3rd Work in Malawi ...................................................... 34
3.4 The 4th Work in Malawi ................................................................................................... 36
3.4.1 Objectives of the Work .............................................................................................. 36
3.4.2 Study Team ................................................................................................................ 36
3.4.3 Schedule of the Work................................................................................................. 36
3.4.4 Action plan................................................................................................................. 36
3.4.5 Workshop of results presentation ............................................................................... 37
4. Equipment to be provided ....................................................................................................... 38
4.1 Reason for selection .......................................................................................................... 38
4.2 Equipment provided .......................................................................................................... 39
5. Basic information of geology and mineral resources .............................................................. 42
5.1 National policy related to mining ..................................................................................... 42
5.1.1 Policy related to mining............................................................................................. 42
5.1.2 Governmental organization related to mining ........................................................... 44
5.2 Situation of mining sector ................................................................................................. 44
5.2.1 Active mines .............................................................................................................. 46
5.2.2 Exploration activities of mineral resources ............................................................... 48
5.3 Geology and structure ....................................................................................................... 49
5.3.1 Geology ..................................................................................................................... 49
5.3.2 Geological structure................................................................................................... 52
5.4 Mineral resources .............................................................................................................. 53
5.4.1 Mineral deposits associated with the Basement metamorphic and igneous rocks .... 53
5.4.2 Mineral deposits associated with alkaline magmatism .............................................. 62
5.4.3 Mineral deposits associated with sedimentary and volcanic cover rocks .................. 68
5.4.4 Deposits resulting from residual weathering, placer and rift-related sedimentation . 73
5.5 Mining law ........................................................................................................................ 78
6. Satellite data analysis .............................................................................................................. 81
6.1 Satellite data for analysis .................................................................................................. 81
6.2 ASTER data analysis ........................................................................................................ 83
6.2.1 Pre-processing ........................................................................................................... 83ii

6.2.2 Basic analysis ............................................................................................................ 84
6.2.3 Advanced analysis ..................................................................................................... 86
6.2.4 Analyzed images ........................................................................................................ 86
6.3 PALSAR data analysis ...................................................................................................... 87
6.3.1 Creation of mosaic image .......................................................................................... 88
6.3.2 Extraction of lineament ............................................................................................. 88
6.4 Ground truth...................................................................................................................... 89
6.4.1 Survey schedule ......................................................................................................... 89
6.4.2 Survey contents ......................................................................................................... 89
6.5 Manual of satellite data analysis ....................................................................................... 90
7. GIS data creation ................................................................................................................... 115
7.1 GIS data creation of geological map ............................................................................... 115
7.1.1 Capture of existing geological map ......................................................................... 115
7.1.2 Preparation............................................................................................................... 116
7.1.3 Creation of shapefile in ArcMap (Digital trace) ...................................................... 117
7.1.4 Creation of map file in ArcMap ............................................................................... 118
7.2 Manual of digitization of geological map ....................................................................... 119
8. Potential of mineral resources ............................................................................................... 129
8.1 Mineral resources map .................................................................................................... 129
8.2 Potential of mineral resources ......................................................................................... 129
8.3 Methods to evaluate mineral resources potential ............................................................ 130
9. GIS database.......................................................................................................................... 133
9.1 Data collection ................................................................................................................ 133
9.2 GIS database creation ..................................................................................................... 133
9.3 Manual to manage GIS database..................................................................................... 133
10. Personnel training................................................................................................................ 139
10.1 Program of personnel training ...................................................................................... 139
10.2 OJT of satellite data analysis ........................................................................................ 140
10.2.1 Method of OJT ...................................................................................................... 140
10.2.2 Contents of OJT ..................................................................................................... 140
10.2.3 Evaluation of technology transfer.......................................................................... 140
10.3 GIS data creation .......................................................................................................... 143
10.3.1 Contents of OJT ..................................................................................................... 143
10.3.2 Evaluation of technology transfer.......................................................................... 143
10.4 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 144
10.5 Technology transfer seminar ......................................................................................... 145

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10.6 Training in Japan ........................................................................................................... 145
10.7 Workshop of Project results presentation ...................................................................... 147
10.8 JICA training in Japan................................................................................................... 148
11. Problems and recommendations .......................................................................................... 152
11.1 Problems ....................................................................................................................... 152
11.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 152
11.3 Action Plan .................................................................................................................... 153
12. References ........................................................................................................................... 155

Appendix 1 Minutes of Meeting (M/M)
Appendix 2 Record of Discussions (R/D)
Appendix 3 Inception Meeting
Appendix 4 Manual of satellite image analysis
Appendix 5 Manual of GIS data creations
Appendix 6 Manual of GIS database managementiv

List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1.1 Basic concepts of the Project ....................................................................................... 3
Figure 1.2 Flow chart of the Project .............................................................................................. 8
Figure 1.3 Personnel plan of the Study Team.............................................................................. 10
Figure 1.4 Organization chart of GSD ........................................................................................ 11
Figure 2.1 Concept for plan of capacity building ........................................................................ 16
Figure 4.1 Photo of printers, projector and projector screen ....................................................... 41
Figure 4.2 Photo of PC, peripheral equipment and UPS ............................................................. 41
Figure 5.1 General geological map in Malawi ............................................................................ 50
Figure 5.2 Mineral resources map ............................................................................................... 54
Figure 6.1 Bands location of ASTER sensors ............................................................................. 93
Figure 6.2 Flow chart of ASTER data processing (1/3) .............................................................. 94
Figure 6.2 Flow chart of ASTER data processing (2/3) .............................................................. 95
Figure 6.2 Flow chart of ASTER data processing (3/3) .............................................................. 96
Figure 6.3 Location map of ASTER data .................................................................................... 97
Figure 6.4 ASTER browse image of whole Malawi ................................................................... 98
Figure 6.5 All bands images of ASTER data .............................................................................. 99
Figure 6.6 ASTER band composite image (RGB=B3,B2,B1) .................................................. 100
Figure 6.7 ASTER mask data (vegetation, water, cloud, shadow) ............................................ 100
Figure 6.8 ASTER integrated mask data ................................................................................... 101
Figure 6.9 ASTER VNIR band composite image (RGB=B3,B2,B1) ....................................... 101
Figure 6.10 ASTER SWIR band composite image (RGB=B4,B6,B8) ..................................... 102
Figure 6.11 ASTER band ratio image (RGB=B4/B8,B3/B8,B3/B1) ........................................ 102
Figure 6.12 ASTER TIR band composite (RGB=B10,B12,B14) ............................................. 103
Figure 6.13 ASTER PCA image (RGB=PCA-B2,B4,B6) (left) and geological map (right) .... 103
Figure 6.14 Flow chart of PALSAR data processing ................................................................ 104
Figure 6.15 Location of PALSAR data ..................................................................................... 105
Figure 6.16 PALSAR mosaic image of whole Malawi ............................................................. 106
Figure 6.17 PALSAR mosaic image of the southern Malawi ................................................... 107
Figure 6.18 ASTER G-DEM color gradient topographic map of the southern Malawi ............ 108
Figure 6.19 Lineament map of the southern Malawi ................................................................ 109
Figure 6.20 Location map of field verification for satellite data ............................................... 110
Figure 6.21 ASTER image of field verification area..................................................................111
Figure 6.22 Example of data sheet for field verification ........................................................... 112
Figure 6.23 Photos of field verification for satellite data .......................................................... 113
Figure 6.24 ENVI procedure manual for satellite data analysis ................................................ 114
Figure 7.1 Flow chart of GIS data creation of geological map (1/2) ........................................ 122
Figure 7.1 Flow chart of GIS data creation of geological map (2/2) ........................................ 123v

Figure 7.2 Location of 1/100,000 scale geological maps (all 40 sheets) .................................. 124
Figure 7.3 Geological maps at 1/100,000 scale of the whole Malawi ...................................... 125
Figure 7.4 Digital geological maps of the whole Malawi(all 40 sheets) ................................... 126
Figure 7.5 Geological map with a scale of 1/100,000 (Sheet no.16: Zomba) ........................... 127
Figure 7.6 Geological map digitized on GIS (Sheet no.16: Zomba) ......................................... 128
Figure 8.1 Mineral resources map ............................................................................................. 132
Figure 9.1 GIS map of geographic data .................................................................................... 135
Figure 9.2 GIS map of administrative data ............................................................................... 136
Figure 9.3 Tree directories of GIS database (1/2) ..................................................................... 137
Figure 9.3 Tree directories of GIS database (2/2) ..................................................................... 138
Figure 10.1 Photos of technology transfer through OJT (1/2) .................................................. 149
Figure 10.2 Photos of technology transfer through OJT (2/2) .................................................. 150
Figure 10.3 Other photos of personnel training ........................................................................ 151
Table 1.1 Detail of work assignments of Study Team members ................................................... 9
Table 1.2 Dispatch schedule of the Study Team.......................................................................... 10
Table 1.3 GSD staffs related to the Project ................................................................................. 12
Table 2.1 Schedule of the training in Japan................................................................................. 18
Table 3.1 Schedule of main jobs in the 1st Work in Malawi ....................................................... 20
Table 3.2 List of target persons for technology transfer and their training histories ................... 22
Table 3.3 List of participants of Inception meeting..................................................................... 25
Table 3.4 Schedule of main jobs in the 2nd Work in Malawi ..................................................... 26
Table 3.5 Target personnel for the OJT and attendance rate ....................................................... 27
Table 3.6 Schedule and contents of the OJT ............................................................................... 29
Table 3.7 Schedule of main jobs in the 3rd Work in Malawi ...................................................... 31
Table 3.8 Schedule and contents of the OJT ............................................................................... 33
Table 3.9 Participant list of technology transfer seminar ............................................................ 34
Table 3.10 Schedule of main jobs in the 4th Work in Malawi .................................................... 36
Table 4.1 List of equipment to be provided................................................................................. 40
Table 5.1 Mineral production and monetary values (2008~2010) .............................................. 45
Table 5.2 Main mine developments and exploration projects ..................................................... 46
Table 6.1 List of satellite data and created files .......................................................................... 81
Table 6.2 Schedule of ground truth ............................................................................................. 90
Table 6.3 Results of field verification for satellite data analysis ................................................. 92
Table 7.1 Name of geological map and its short name.............................................................. 121
Table 10.1 List of GSD staffs participated in personnel training program ................................ 139

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List of Abbreviations
AIST

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, JAPANArcGISArcGIS for Desktop Basic (software name) / Previous name is ArcView.

ASEAN

Association of South-East Asian Nations

ASTER

Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer

BGS

British Geological Survey

BRGM

Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières

C/PCounterpart

DB

Data Base

DEM

Digital Elevation ModelDM

Department of Mines, MALAWI

dpi

dots per inch

EITI

Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative

ENVI* ENVI is the software name.

EPL

Exclusive Prospecting License

ERSDAC

Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center, JAPANFS

Feasibility Study

GCP

Ground Control PointGDP

Gross Domestic Product

GIS

Geographic Information System

GPS

Global Positioning System

GSD

Geological Survey Department, MALAWI

GSJ

Geological Survey of JapanHIPC

Heavily Indebted Poor Countries

IMF

International Monetary Fund

IRGS

Intrusion Related Gold System

JICA

Japan International Cooperation Agency

JOGMECJapan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation

JORC

Joint Ore Reserves Committee

JPEG

Joint Photographic Experts Group

JSS

Japan Space Systems (former ERSDAC)

LOI

Loss On Ignition

MEGS

Malawi Economic Growth Strategy

MEM

Ministry of Energy and Mines, MALAWIMGDSMalawi Growth and Development Strategy

MGGSP

Mining Governance and Growth Support Projectvii

MINETEC

International Institute for Mining Technology, JAPANMM

Ministry of Mining, MALAWI

M/M

Minutes of Meeting

MNREE

Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment, MALAWIMWKMalawi Kwacha

NDVI

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NMSP

Malawi National Mining Sector Policy

OCM

Office of the Commissioner for Mines, MALAWI

OJTOn-the-Job Training

PALSAR

Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar

PCA

Principal Component Analysis

PGM

Platinum Group Minerals

PGRM

Project of Governance of Mineral Resources

R/D

Record of Discussions

RGB

Red Green Blue (color model)

SADC

Southern African Development Community

SAR

Synthetic Aperture RadarSRED

Sumiko Resources Exploration & Development Co., Ltd.

SMM

Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.

SWIR

Short Wave Infrared Radiometer

TIR

Thermal Infrared Radiometer

UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator

VNIR

Visible and Near-infrared Radiometer

WB

World Bank

XRF

X-ray fluorescenceviii

1. Outline of the Project
1.1 Background of the Project
Malawi is located at the southern end of the Great Rift Valley that traverses longitudinally theeastern part of the African continent. Lake Malawi, elongated in the north-south direction
along the eastern edge of Malawi with a total length of 580 km, is characteristic of the Great
Rift Valley. The Great Rift Valley has a special geology and geological structures. This area
is known for the occurrence of mineral resources which are peculiar to this zone.
The main industry of Malawi is agriculture (tobacco, sugar cane, cotton, tea, etc.), which
accounts for 1/3 of GDP and over 90% of export revenues.

The economy of Malawi depends

upon economic assistance from IMF, the Work Bank and other donors.

In 2006, as one of the

Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC), Malawi was approved for debt relief under the HIPC
debt relief system.

The former president Mutharika, who was elected in 2004, promoted the

reduction of poverty through sustainable economy growth as a basic national goal.

The

Malawi Economic Growth Strategy (MEGS) was formulated in 2004 and the Malawi Growthand Development Strategy 2006-2011 (MGDS) in 2006. The second phase of MGDS, MGDS
II 2011-2015, was formulated in 2011 and was approved by President Banda who was assumed
on April 2006 and the Parliament.
Background 1: National development plan (MGDS) and mining development
The MGDS 2006-2011 has five main objectives. The first objective “sustainable economic
growth” is the highest priority issue to attain the goal of poverty reduction in Malawi.

Themining sector is placed as the main “growth sector” in “sustainable economic growth,” and thedevelopment of this sector is particularly regarded as important.
The MGDS II 2011-2015 has the same objectives as MGDS, and consists of nine priority areas
as a means to promote economic growth. The second key priority area is composed of energy,
industrial development, mining and tourism. It is described that the development of mining
industry can significantly boost economic growth of the country through employment creationand generation of foreign exchange.
Malawi has been actively promoting the entry of private enterprises into the mining sector since
the promotion of the mining sector was an important method of economic growth in MGDS and
MGDS II.

Mining products in Malawi were mainly bituminous coal, precious stones,

limestone and construction aggregates, of which only precious stones were produced for export.
Kayelekera Uranium mine, which started its production in early 2009, is the only large-scalemine operated in Malawi on an international level. The operation of this mine sharply changed
the situation of the mining sector in Malawi.

1

The mining industry in Malawi had been neglected since independence in 1964.

Its

contribution to GDP had been less than 3% until 2009, but it increased up to about 10% in 2011
after the operation of Kayelekera Uranium mine.

The mineral resources exploration, minedevelopment and investment plans for uranium, rare metals and rare earth elements have been
recently implemented by private enterprises based in Australia, China and other countries. The
present Mining Law in Malawi is the Mines and Minerals Act, established in 1981.

A new

Mining Law is now deliberated and is expected to be enacted in 2013.
Background 2: Need of up-to-date geological and mineral resources information
Malawi has only old geological maps which were prepared during the British colonial period,
from the 1950s to the 1960s. The geological information has been rarely updated and themineral resources information is insufficient. As the existing data are not digitalized, it isdifficult to store and manage them.

GIS data of geology and mineral resources also have notbeen maintained. These situations seem to be caused by the shortage of equipment, funds andpersonnel in the mining sector in Malawi.
Background 3: Need of human resources in the counterpart agency
The counterpart agency in the JICA Project is the Geological Survey Department (GSD), whichis the agency of the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). The GSD is in charge of themineral resources exploration, the management of mineral resources information and thepromotion of mineral resources development.

Equipment of hardware and software for remotesensing and GIS are not sufficient in GSD. Thus, some of GSD staff members have took thetraining courses of remote sensing and GIS held by JICA and JOGMEC, however, they havecurrently difficulties to develop their training skills. On the other hand, the problem has
occurred, that engineers (in particular, geological engineers and mining engineers) with remotesensing and GIS skills transferred to private enterprises. Therefore, the maintenance anddevelopment of such technical personnel and their capacity building are very important issues informulating future survey plans and promoting investments in the mining sector.
Based on the background described above, the Government of Malawi has requested Japanese
government for cooperation in ① collection, processing and analysis of necessary geologicalinformation by remote sensing; ② building of GIS ; and ③ capacity development of the GSD.
In response to the request, JICA implemented a preliminary study in October 2011 to confirm
the relevance of a cooperative project focused on fostering human resources in the mining sector,
and signed the Minutes of Meeting (M/M). In November 2011, JICA signed the Record of
Discussions (R/D) on “The Project to Establish an Integrated Geographic Information System(GIS) Database for Mineral Resources in Malawi” (“this Project”), for which the counterpart
agency is GSD.

M/M and R/D are attached in the Report as Appendices.

2

1.2 Basic concepts of the Project
The basic concepts of the Project implementation are shown in Figure 1.1. The details areshown in section 1.1 and section 1.3 to 1.6.

Sustainable Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Malawi* Sources of foreign currency acquisition: Mining sector,
Tourism Sector and Manufacturing Industry* Assistance byWorld Bank

Project to Establish an Integrated Geographic Information System(GIS) Database for Mineral Resources
Background of the Project･ Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS) and Mining Development･ Promotion of Investment by Private-Sector Companies in Mining Sector･ Need of up-to-date geological and mineral resources information･ Need of human resources in counterpart agency

Objectives of the Project･ To reinforce the system for the developmentof mineral resources information in order tocontribute to the future development of andinvestment in the mining sector.
･ OJT of personnel for independent actions

Basic Policies of the Project･ Capacity development throughthe Project･ Partnerships with other donors･ Public-private partnership anduse of Japanese technology

Contents of the Project･ Monitoring, analysis and summarization of present state of mining sector･ Analysis and summarization of remote sensing satellite data
･ Building of mineral resources GIS database･ OJT of personnel for independent actions

Outputs of the Project･ Existing geological and mineral resources data will be reviewed and summarized.
･ Remote sensing data will be summarized through analysis of satellite data .
･ Mineral resources GIS database will be built in the standard format.
･ Mineral resources potential can be evaluated.
･ Data analysis manual and GIS management manual will be prepared.
･ Human resources to continue activities independently will be trained and theircapacity will be improved.

Higher-level Goal of the Project＊Development and Promotion of Mining Sector＊Acceleration of exploration and development of mineral resources
by private-sector companies
Figure 1.1 Basic concepts of the Project3

Japaneseorganization- JOGMEC- AIST- JSS

1.3 Objectives of the Project
Objective 1: To develop management capacity of mineral resources information in order tocontribute to the future development and promotion in the mining sector.
Objective 2: To build personnel capacity through on-the-job training (OJT) in order to enable
the analysis of remote sensing data and the construction and management of GIS
database for mineral resources in a self-reliant and sustainable way.

1.4 Basic policies for implementation of the Project
Policy 1: Personnel training and capacity building by implementing the Project
When implementing the Project in Malawi, the Study Team will undertake the joint work with
the C/P in order to achieve technology transfer through OJT.

The Study Team will prepare thework manual of remote sensing data analysis and the management manual of GIS database incooperation with the C/P through the technology transfer.
Policy 2: Implementation of the Project considering the higher-level goal of the
Project and understanding fully geology and mineral resources
The higher-level objectives of the Project are the development of the mining sector in Malawi
and the promotion of investment by private enterprises.

As the development of mineral

resources has just begun in earnest in Malawi, the worldwide attention is focused on its highpotential of mineral resources, such as uranium, rare earth elements and rare metals. Therefore,
the Study Team would fully understand geology and mineral resources in Malawi and reporttheir information in detail and precisely even in order to contribute the higher-level goal of the
Project and also to improve the quality of works.
Policy 3: Use of Japanese technology
Remote sensing data obtained by Japanese satellites ASTER and PALSAR will be used. The
ASTER optical sensor data features multi-band data of VNIR, SWIR and TIR with highresolution, while the PALSAR SAR sensor data is characteristic of L-band multi-polarization
data with high resolution.
Policy 4: Partnerships with other donors and international programs
The World Bank approved “Mining Governance and Growth Support Project (MGGSP)” with ascale of 30 million US dollars as the aid for the mining sector in Malawi in March 2011. The
MGGSP includes the program to develop the mining sector, in which geophysical prospecting,geochemical exploration, geological survey and satellite data analysis are implemented, and thecapacity development through training is also planned.

4This JICA Project, therefore, willcontinuously have the tie-up and cooperation with the WB MGGSP, taking care to avoid the
duplication between both projects activities. The trend of Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative (EITI) will be watched closely.
Policy 5: Government and private sectors partnership in Japan
Several geologists of GSD have taken the trainings in JOGMEC Botswana Geologic Remote
Sensing Centre. OJT and technology transfer seminar in this JICA Project will be designedwith reference to the training curriculum in the JOGMEC Center, through the coordination andconsultation with JOGMEC if needed. The information exchange with JOGMEC and AIST
projects will be planned.

1.5 Method of project implementation(1) Monitoring, analysis and summarization of the present state of the mining sector
・Monitoring of position and roles of the mining sector in national development, poverty
reduction and economy
・Collection and review of existing materials relating to the mining sector, and analysis ofproblems
・Collection and review of materials and data relating to geology and mineral resources, andanalysis of problems
・Monitoring of the state of personnel system, technical level, equipment and materials of
the organizations including GSD, and analysis of problems
・Examination of policies of personnel training for GSD staffs (OJT and seminar in Malawi
and training in Japan) and formulation of implementation plans
・Examination and determination of specifications of equipment and materials necessary to
implement the JICA Project(2) Analysis and compilation of satellite data by remote sensing
・Analysis of ASTER and PALSAR satellite data covering the entire land area of Malawi
・Technology transfer through OJT in satellite data analysis method, etc.
・Evaluation and analysis of mineral resources potential
・Preparation of the processing manual to enable the C/P to continue the satellite data
analysis on a self-reliant basis
・Selection and procurement of equipment and materials necessary for satellite data analysis
・Field verification study for the results of satellite data analysis(3) Development of mineral resources GIS database・Monitoring of existing GIS data and data management system, and identification ofproblems

5

・Monitoring of the state of GIS data which agencies other than GSD possess
・Examination of the optimum method for database operation and design of GIS database toallow sustainable database management
・Input of satellite data analysis results and geological and mineral resources data into the
GIS database・ Input of various types of data on topography, water systems, infrastructure andadministration into the GIS database・Preparation of the self-reliant management manual of GIS database and submission ofrecommendations on the optimum system and method
・Arrangement of the website and its contents for dissemination of the basic information
obtained in the Project・Selection and procurement of equipment and materials necessary for construction of the
GIS database(4) Training of personnel to continue self-reliant activities
・Technology transfer through OJT in joint work with C/P personnel in order to enable GSD
to continue the works described above in (2) and (3) on a self-reliant basis.
・Technology transfer seminar on the themes of remote sensing and GIS・Training in Japan of GSD staff for mineral resources database and GIS development
・Drawing up of the Action Plan for the C/P agency’s system and personnel training policy
for effective utilization of the Project outputs
・Workshop of results presentation by the Study Team and the C/P engineers(5) Preparation of reports
・Preparation of various kinds of reports describing the work progress and results in thegiven time schedule

1.6 Outputs of the ProjectOutput 1: Review and compilation of existing data on geology and mineral
resources・Geological, mineral resources, remote sensing, geophysical prospecting and geochemical
data
・Situations of mineral resources exploration and development
・Information on infrastructure and peripheral environment
・Mining Law, investment data by the Investment Promotion Agency, other related laws andregulations, and policies
・Personnel systems and present situation regarding equipment and materials of relevantorganizations in the mining sector

6

・Compliance with the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)・Trends and status of tie-ups with other donors
Output 2: Compilation of satellite images and analyzed images using remotesensing data analysis
・Collection and analysis of ASTER data for the entire territory of Malawi
・Collection and analysis of PALSAR data for the entire territory of Malawi
Output 3: Building of GIS database for mineral resources in a standard format
・GIS database based on the analysis results of the above remote sensing data
・Input of geological maps and mineral resources data set into the GIS database・Input of the study results of geology and mineral resources into the GIS database・Input of various types of data (topography, water systems, mountains, infrastructure,administration, facilities and environment) into the GIS database
Output 4: Evaluation of mineral resources potential
・Creation of mineral resources potential map based on collected and analyzed data
Output 5: Preparation of data processing and database management manuals
・Preparation of the processing manual for satellite data analysis to enable beginners to do
works
・Preparation of the GIS database management manual for mineral resources
Output 6: Training to improve the capacity of personnel to undertake the above
activities on a self-reliant basis
・Training of personnel by means of technology transfer through OJT in joint works
・Capacity building through technology transfer seminar in Malawi and training in Japan・Self-reliant and sustainable data analysis and database management by C/P agency resulted
from the technology transfer and the manuals mentioned above7

1.7 Flow chart of the ProjectWork 1Work 2Work 3

Information collection ofmining sector* 1st to 3rd works in Malawi(see chapter 5)

Information collection ofgeology- Literature, WEB site
- Geological map- GIS data
* 1st to 3rd works in Malawi(see chapter 5 and 9)

Procurement of equipment- Specification- Procurement* 1st to 2nd works in Malawi(see chapter 4)

Work 3
Policy of personnel
development- Method of OJT- Seminars* 1st to 2nd works in Malawi(see section 3.1.4)

Work 5
Satellite data analysis- ASTER data
- PALSAR data
- Ground truth- Creation of manual* 2nd to 3rd works in Malawi(see chapter 6)

Work 8Personnel development- OJT of satellite data analysis- PALSAR data
- OJT of GIS data creation- Technology transfer seminar- Training in Japan- Workshop* 2nd to 4th works in Malawi(see chapter 10)

Work 6
GIS database construction- Geological maps
- Satellite data
- Existed data
- Creation of manuals* 2nd to 3rd works in Malawi(see chapter 7 and 9)

Work 7
Preparation of mineral
resources information- Potential evaluation- GIS database* 3rd works in Malawi(see chapter 8 and 9)
Figure 1.2 Flow chart of the Project8

1.8 Organization of the Project1.8.1 Study TeamThe Study Team consists of five members shown in Table 1.1. All of them belong to SRED.
Mr. Onuma, Mr. Takeda and Mr. Kobayashi are mainly engaged in works in Malawi. Mr.
Ishikawa and Mr. Machida are engaged only in works in Japan.

Dispatch schedule andpersonnel plan are shown in Table 1.2 and Figure 1.3.
Table 1.1 Detail of work assignments of Study Team members
NameWork assignment

Work description

Takumi

Project Management

・General management of the Project and implementation schedule

ONUMA/ Related Information

・Negotiation and coordination with C/P agency and external

Compilation

related agencies
・Collection, organization and analysis of existing geological andmineral resources information
・Trainings in remote sensing and GIS・Remote sensing data analysis
・Evaluation and analysis of mineral resources potential
・Lecturer in technology transfer seminar・Preparation for training in Japan and hosting of trainees
・Drawing up of the Action Plan

Masahiro

Remote Sensing /・Procurement of satellite data, equipment and materials

TAKEDA

Mapping and Mineral・Setting up of equipment and materials

Evaluation

・Analysis and interpretation of remote sensing data
・Mapping of geological structures and mineralization
・Technology transfer through OJT in satellite data analysis andother technologies
・Support for preparation of the data analysis manual
・Review of geological publications and exploration reports
・Evaluation and analysis of mineral resources potential

Hirohisa

Mineral Resources

・Management of collected data

KOBAYASHI

Database / GIS・Design of GIS database・Construction of GIS database・Technology transfer through OJT in GIS operation
・Examination of GIS database management and operation
methods
・Support for preparation of the database management manual・Lecturer in technology transfer seminar

Hiromasa

GIS

・GIS data creation of geological maps (works in Japan)

GIS

・GIS data creation of geological maps (works in Japan)

ISHIKAWA
Satoshi
MACHIDA

9

Table 1.2 Dispatch schedule of the Study Team
Name / Work assignment

Works in

Period / Days

Days in

Malawitotal

Takumi ONUMA

1st

31 March 2012～19 April 2012：20 days

Project management,

2nd

4 June 2012～9 July 2012：36 days

Related information

146

26 August 2012～20 September 2012：26 days

compilation

3rd

27 October 2012～20 November 2012：25 days
23 January 2013～15 February 2013：24 days

4th

18 May 2013～1 June 2013：15 days

Masahiro TAKEDA

1st

31 March 2012～19 April 2012：20 days

Remote sensing,

2nd

4 June 2012～1 September 2012：90 days

Mapping and mineral

3rd

27 October 2012～7 December 2012：42 days

evaluation

4th

18 May 2013～1 June 2013：15 days

Hirohisa KOBAYASHI

1st

31 March 2012～19 April 2012：20 days

Mineral resources database,

2nd

25 June 2012～20 September 2012：88 days

GIS

3rd

6 January 2013～15 February 2013：41 days

4th

18 May 2013～1 June 2013：15 days

Work

Name

Works in Malawi
Works in Japan

Onuma

Remote sensing

TakedaGIS database

Kobayashi

Progect leader

Onuma

Remote sensing

TakedaGIS database

Kobayashi

GIS

Ishikawa

GIS

Machida

164

2012
2

3

4

5

6

20

2013

7

1st
Progect management

167

8

9

10

11

2nd
36

20

12

2

3rd
26

90
88

: Works in Malawi,: Works in Japan

25

Figure 1.3 Personnel plan of the Study Team

3

4

5

6
4th

24

42

20

10

1

15
15

41

15

7

1.8.2 Counterpart agency
The counterpart agency in this Project is the GSD, which is the agency of the Ministry of Mines(MM). The GSD sets up the head quarter in Zomba.

Dr. Leonard S. N. Kalindekafe had been

the director of GSD for a long time, but was promoted to principal secretary of MM on
December 2012. Mr. Jalf Salima, former vice director of GSD, became the director.

The

GSD has a staff of about 40, including 14 members of geological engineers and 24 members of
the other engineers. Organization chart of GSD and staffs directly related to this Project are
shown in respectively Figure 1.4 and Table 1.3.

Ministry of Mines
Geological Survey Department
Geological Administration

Geoscience Services
Mineral Exploration

Management and Support
Services

Geological Services

Geological Research

Computing in

Remote Sensing and GeographicalGeosciences

Information Systems (GIS)

Geochemical

Geostatistics andExploration

Modeling

Geological Mapping

Analytical Chemistry
Laboratory
Human Resources andGeophysicalEnvironmental Geology

Office Administration

Exploration

Geohazard Assessment

Industrial Minerals

and Seismology

Laboratory

Industrial Minerals

Cartographic Services

Coal Analysis

Laboratory

and Documentation

Laboratory

Drilling

Lapidary andCeramics Research

Petrographic Services

CentreStores

Accounting andComputer Services

Figure 1.4 Organization chart of GSD

11

Table 1.3 GSD staffs related to the Project
Position
A
B

Participation

Acting Director

Official meetings, Training in Japan

Previous Director
Principal Secretary in Ministry of Mining

Official meetings, Inception meetingC

Principal geologist

Training in JapanD

Principal geologist

Training in JapanE

Principal geologist

Inception meeting

F

Geologist

Inception meeting, OJT

GGeologist

Inception meeting, OJT

HGeologist

Inception meetingI

Geologist

Inception meetingJ

Geologist

Inception meeting

K

Geologist

Inception meetingL

Geologist

Inception meeting, OJT

M

Senior seismology technician

Inception meeting

N

Senior geochemist

Inception meeting, SeminarO

Geological technician

OJT

P

Geological technician

OJT

Q

Cartographer

OJTR

PC technician

OJT

S

Cartographer

OJT

T

Librarian

OJTU

Geologist

SeminarV

Geologist

SeminarW

Geologist

SeminarX

Geologist

SeminarY

Geologist

SeminarZ

Geologist

SeminarAA

Geologist

SeminarBB

Geologist

SeminarCC

Geologist

Seminar12

1.9 Time schedule of the Project
The Project was started in February 2012 and will be completed in July 2013. The Projectcontains following four stages of works in Malawi, five stages of works in Japan and once
Training in Japan.

Five kinds of reports have been prepared and submitted during the Project.

・1st Work in Japan: From middle March to late March 2012
Inception Report was submitted in late March.

・1st Work in Malawi : From late March to middle April 2012
・2nd Work in Japan: Early May
Progress Report was submitted in early May.

・2nd Work in Malawi : From early June to late September 2012
・3rd Work in Japan: Early October 2012
Interim Report is submitted in early October.

・3rd Work in Malawi : From late October 2012 to middle February 2013
・4th Work in Japan: From late February to early march 2013
Draft Final report was submitted in early March.

・Training in Japan: From middle April to late April 2013

・4th Work in Malawi : From middle May to early June 2013
・5th Work in Japan: From middle to late June 2013
Final Report was submitted in early July.

13

2. Works in JapanThe five stage Works in Japan from 1st (March 2012) to 5th (June 2013) were executed.

2.1 The 1st Work in JapanThe 1st Work in Japan was carried out in March 2012 before the 1st Work in Malawi.
(1) Collection and analysis of various types of information about Malawi
Information about the mining sector in Malawi was collected. The basic mining agendas,
activities and roles of the mining sector, and issues for the mining promotions and private
investment promotions, were grasped.
were analyzed.

And then, the matters to be considered in the Project

The results of these collection and analyses were reflected in the Inception

Report.
Information, data and reports about the geology and mineral resources in Malawi were collected.
The brief summary of the geology and mineral resources in Malawi were described in the
Inception Report.
(2) Consideration of basic policies, methods and schedules of the Project
Basic policies and contents of the Project were considered, and the schedules of the Project were
decided. The whole plan of the Project is shown in Figure 2.1 and the schedule of technology
transfer seminar and training in Japan is shown in Table 2.1. Human resources development,
the method of OJT, and the schedule and contents of the technology transfer seminar and thetraining in Japan, were plotted out.
(3) Consideration of equipment and materials to be procured
Satellite data, hardware including PCs and software necessary for the execution of the Project
were considered to determine the specifications and quantities of those items.

As theimportant software used in OJT of satellite data analysis and GIS database construction, ENVI
and ArcGIS were selected based on the actual usage in other donors and neighbor countries.
(4) Preparation of Inception Report
The Inception Report was prepared, in which included basic policies of the Project, study
method, work processes, and personnel plan. The contents of the Inception Report wereconferred with JICA before the submission, and the Inception Reports were submitted to the
GSD during the 1st Work in Malawi.

142.2 The 2nd Work in JapanThe 2nd Work in Japan was carried out in May 2012 after the 1st Work in Malawi.
(1) Preparation of Progress Report
The Progress Report was created, in which results of the Works until the 1st Work in Malawi
were described. The contents of the Progress Report were conferred with JICA before thesubmission. The Progress Reports were submitted to the GSD during the 2nd Work in Malawi.
(2) Procurement of equipment and materials
Satellite data, hardware and software as the equipment and materials necessary for the works in
Malawi were ordered to the companies which were selected by the prescribed procedures. The
equipment procured is described in chapter 4.
(3) Planning of OJT in the 2nd Work in Malawi
The schedule and contents of OJT during the 2nd Work in Malawi was planned. The earlystage program was lecture and OJT of satellite data analysis, and the middle stage program was
OJT of satellite data analysis and lecture of GIS data creation, and the late stage program was
OJT of GIS data creation.
(4) Approach of capacity building after the 2nd Work in Malawi
The concept to improve the capacity of personnel after the 2nd Work in Malawi is shown in
Figure 2.1. The contents of OJT are shown in Chapter 6 and 7, and the contents of technology
transfer seminar and training in Japan are shown in Chapter 10.

15

8 persons of GSD engineers

Other engineers

2nd Work in Malawi

Technology transfer through OJTStudy by observing OJTJune to September･Satellite data analysis

・Satellite data analysis

2012･Creation of GIS Data

・Creation of GIS Data

3rd Work in Malawi

Technology transfer through OJTStudy by observing OJTOctober 2012

Training on subjects for satellite

Attendance for technology

to February 2013transfer seminardata analysis
Creation of processing manual
for analysis and management
manual for GIS database

Training in Japan

GIS training in Japan for GSD

April 2013

Director and two engineers

4th Work in Malawi

Workshop of results presentation

Attendance for workshop of

May to June 2013

･Reporting the Project results

results presentation･Reporting the results of the
training on subjects･Explaining two kinds of manuals
Formulation of the Action Plan

Self-reliant and sustainable data analysis and database management
Capacity building and system reinforcement

Figure 2.1 Concept for plan of capacity building

16

2.3 The 3rd Work in JapanThe 3rd Work in Japan was carried out in October 2012 after the 2nd Work in Malawi.
(1) Preparation of Interim Report
The Interim Report was created, in which results of the Works until the 2nd Work in Malawi
were described. The contents of the Interim Report were conferred with JICA before thesubmission.
(2) Planning of OJT in the 3rd Work in Malawi
The schedule and contents of OJT during the 3rd Work in Malawi was planned based on the
progress of the 2nd Work in Malawi. The early stage program was OJT of satellite data
analysis and the late stage program was OJT of GIS data creation.

2.4 The 4th Work in JapanThe 4th Work in Japan was carried out from November 2012 to March 2013 after the 3rd Workin Malawi.
(1) GIS data creation of geological maps
Twenty sheets of geological maps were digitized from November 2012 to January 2013.
In the same periods which the Study Team was absent in Malawi, C/Ps continued to digitize
geological maps by themselves. The Study Team supported them with contact by emails.
(2) Planning of OJT in the 4th Work in Malawi
The schedule and contents of OJT during the 4th Work in Malawi was planned.
(3) Planning of training in JapanThe training in Japan, which would be held on April 2012, was planned for schedule andcontents, and was prepared.
(4) Preparation of Draft Final Report
The Draft Final Report was created, in which results of the Works until the 3rd Work in Malawi
were described. The contents of the Draft Final Report were conferred with JICA before thesubmission.

17

2.5 Training in JapanThe training in Japan was carried out from 12 to 21 April 2013. The schedule is shown in
Table 2.1.
(1) Trainees
・Acting director of GSD
・Principal Geologist of GSD
・Principal Geologist of GSD(2) Schedule
Table 2.1 Schedule of the training in Japan
Date

Time

12 (Fri) to 14

Contents

Place

Movement from Lilongwe to Tokyo

April (Sat)15 April (Mon)

10:00~12:00

Briefing of training.

Tokyo International Center of
JICA (TIC)

14:00~15:00

Activities of JICA,

JICA headquarters

Explanation of training.
15:40~16:20

Courtesy call,

Smiko Resources Exploration &Explanation of training.

Development Co., Ltd. (SRED)

Move to Tsukuba
16 April (Tue)10:00~12:20
13:10~17:30

Courtesy call, Activities of AIST,

National Institute of Advanced

Mineral resources and exploration.

Industrial Science andNon-metal mineral resources,

Technology (AIST)

Rare earth elements resources frommineralogy,
Remote sensing and exploration.
17 April (Wed)10:00~12:00

Observation of mineral analysis

AIST

equipment.
13:00~15:00

Observation of rock specimens.

Geological museum in AIST

Move to TIC
18 April (Thu)

10:00~12:00

Activities of JSS,

Japan Space Systems (JSS)ASTER, PALSAR, HISUI projects.
Distribution system of satellite data.
14:00~17:00

Courtesy call,Japan Oil, Gas and Metals

Present exploration and challenges

National Corporationof mineral exploration.

(JOGMEC)

Exploration of deep sea mineral
resources.

1819 April (Fri)10:00~12:00

Preparation for reporting.

14:00~15:00

Report of training results,

JICA Global Plaza, Ichigaya

discussion of future plan.
15:00~18:00

Seminar of Malawi mining sector:“Investment in mineral sector”,“Present status and future
prospects”

18:00~19:00
20 (Sat) to 21

Social meetings
Movement from Tokyo to Lilongwe

April (Sun)

2.6 The 5th Work in JapanThe 5th Work in Japan was carried out in June 2013 after the 4th Work in Malawi.
(1) Preparation of Final Report
The Final Report was created, in which results of entire Works in the Project were described.
The contents of the Interim Report were conferred with JICA before the submission.

19

3. The Works in Malawi
Four stages of Works in Malawi from 1st (March 2012) to 4th (June 2013) were implemented.

3.1 The 1st Work in Malawi
3.1.1 Objectives of the Work・Explanation of the whole schedule of the Project and discussion of work items
・Consideration of personnel training method
・Collection and analysis of mining-related diverse information
・Consideration and procurement of equipment and materials

3.1.2 Study Team・ONUMA Takumi: Project management / related information compilation(Team leader)・TAKEDA Masahiro: Remote sensing / mapping and mineral evaluation

・KOBAYASHI Hirohisa : Mineral resources database / GIS

3.1.3 Schedule of the Work
The 1st Work in Malawi was executed from the 31st of March till the 19th of April.

The

schedule of the main jobs is shown in Table 3.1. All members worked on the same schedule.
Table 3.1 Schedule of main jobs in the 1st Work in Malawi
Date
2 April (Mon)

Content
Courtesy call on MNREE: Explanation of project plan
Meeting at GSD Lilongwe branch: Explanation of project plan
Visit to shops to procure materials: Explanation of procurement, confirmation of

3 April (Tue)estimate
Courtesy call with coordinator of World Bank: Explanation of project plan

4 April (Wed)
5 April (Thu)
10 April (Tue)11 April (Wed)Movement: Lilongwe－Zomba
Meeting at GSD: Explanation of project plan
Inception Meeting at GSD: see 3.1.5
Purchase of goods
Meeting at GSD: Discussion of study policy
Conclusion of M/M of Inception meeting
Meeting at GSD: Explanation of the next works in Malawi
Movement: Zomba－Lilongwe

20

12 April (Thu)
13 April (Fri)16 April (Mon)

Visit to shops to procure materials: Notification of selection result of suppliers,
Purchase of goods
Preparation of procurement: Confirmation of specification
Courtesy call on Japanese Embassy: Explanation of project plan
Preparation of procurement: Confirmation of specification

3.1.4 Contents of work implementation(1) Comprehension of information for geology and mineral resources
Geological maps, mineral resources maps and geophysical survey maps, which are printed
papers, are available at GSD. The other data are available at the other government agencies.
(a) Existing geological map
・1/1,000,000 scale geological map (the whole of Malawi, made in 1966) : 1 sheet
・1/100,000 scale geological map (the whole of Malawi, made in 1960's-1970's) : 40 sheets
・1/50,000 scale geological map (Ngana Coalfield, Chilwa Island, Tundulu Carbonatite
Complex, Nathace Hill, Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex) : 5 sheets(b) Existing mineral resources data
・1/1,000,000 scale mineral resources map (the whole of Malawi, compiled in 2000): 1
sheets(c) Other related survey data
・1/1,000,000 scale air-borne magnetic map (the whole of Malawi, compiled in 2000) : 1
sheet
・1/250,000 scale air-borne magnetic map(d) Other related data
・1/250,000 scale topographic map (the whole of Malawi) : 10 sheets
・1/50,000 scale topographic map (the whole of Malawi) : 162 sheets
・Digital data of administrative boundary, infrastructure and etc. (the whole of Malawi)
・Aerial photograph(2) Comprehension of implementation system and personnel(a) System and personnel of GSD
・The director was Dr. Leonard S. N. Kalindekafe at that time.
・The organization chart (Figure 1.4) described in M/M of the Project is not changed.
new president was inaugurated on April 2012, organization was changed later.

21

As a

・Numbers of the technical experts in April 2012 are as follows.
geologist : 14, seismologist : 1, geochemist : 2, prospector : 3, cartographer : 1,
librarian : 1, geological technician : 6, seismological technician : 10
・In July (new fiscal year in Malawi), GSD has plan to recruit ten and more new geologists.
(b) Target persons for technology transfer
・Ten engineers selected for technology transfer are shown in Table 3.2. Their training
histories (the training at the JOGMEC Botswana Remote Sensing Center and the JICA
Thematic Training Programs at MINETEC, Japan) are shown in Table 3.2. However, theactual persons taking OJT were changed later as Table 3.5.
Table 3.2 List of target persons for technology transfer and their training histories

A

Position

JOGMEC
Seminar in Botswana Remote
Sensing Center

Principal geologist

5 weeks: Aug to Sep 2010
2 weeks: Jun 2011

B

Geologist

5 weeks: Aug to Sep 2010
2 weeks: Jun 2011

C

Geologist

5 weeks: Aug to Sep 2010
2 weeks: Jun 2011

JICA
Seminar in MINETEC
Kosaka, Japan－
5 weeks: Feb to Mar 2010－

D

Geologist

2 weeks: Jun 2011－

E

Geologist－－

F

Geologist－－

G

Geologist－－

H

Geologist

1 week: Jul 2009

5 weeks: Feb to Mar 2011

I

Geologist

1 week: Jul 2009

6 weeks: Feb to Mar 2012

J

Cartographer－－(3) Consideration of personnel training methods(a) Initial trainings for satellite data analysis using ENVI and GIS data creation using ArcGIS・The initial trainings were originally planned for four days from 12 June on satellite data
analysis and four days from 2 July on GIS data creation. It was agreed that number ofdays would be changeable according to the experience and ability of trainees.
(b) Technology transfer through OJT・It was confirmed that there were no problem for overall contents and methods oftechnology transfer using five PCs which would be provided to GSD.

22

・Field verification of satellite data analysis was planned for about one week.

However, theDirector of GSD requested to increase the target areas and days of ground truth.
・The Study Team replied that it was impossible to increase them in considering primaryobjectives and schedule of the Project even though the Team understood the importance ofground truth. Then, the Director agreed it.
・It was agreed that such ground truth or field geological survey would be a matter to be
discussed in future. The field works could be recommended as a new project.
・Though target persons for technology transfer were decided to be ten in total, the Director
requested the attendance of observers in OJT in order to bring up as many experts as
possible. The Study Team agreed to accept observers.
(c) Implementation of the examination to estimate the performance of technology transfer
・As main objective is technology transfer, it was confirmed that the examination to estimate
objectively the performance was necessary.
(d) Implementation of the training on subjects for satellite data analysis
・C/P appreciated not only OJT but also the way to draw self-reliant work.
・C/P requested to select the target areas near Zomba, and the Study Team agreed it.
・If the areas would be located near Zomba, C/P could visit the areas to verify results of data
analysis by themselves.
(e) Reporting at workshop of results presentation
・C/P appreciated the workshop of results presentation, where C/P would report theoutputs of technology transfer.
・It was confirmed that all of ten C/P would have presentations.
(f) Implementation of technology transfer seminar
・C/P appreciated that the seminar for satellite data analysis and creation of GIS data would
be held for C/P other than ten C/P who would take OJT.
(g) Implementation of the training in Japan・The schedule and participants of the training in Japan were confirmed.
・The Study Team referred that two participants other than the director of GSD would bebasically selected according to the performance on OJT.
(h) General evaluation
・It would be very fruitful for GSD that the number of OJT trainees would be ten at least.
It was highly appreciated that many engineers would be able to receive the technology
transfer through the observing OJT and technology transfer seminar.
(4) Decision of the policy of procurement of the equipment and setting
・The contents and quantities of equipment provided to GSD were confirmed.

23

The list of

equipment which was finally provided is shown in Table 4.1.
・It was agreed that the present meeting room in GSD would be exclusively used as a room
for OJT and that the necessary equipment like PCs, printers and others would be set up in
the room.
・It was confirmed that GSD should prepare the necessary facilities like desks, chairs, airconditioners and others except for equipment provided by JICA.
・It was confirmed that the Study Team would use the room next to the present meetingroom as an reserved office, in which the user had been absent by a long-term training.
・It was confirmed that GSD should finish the preparation of the room for OJT before thenext visit of the Study Team, early June. The hardware procured in Lilongwe would bedelivered to GSD during May, and the Study Team would visit Zomba and set up them on
early June.
・GSD requested the electric generator to be provided also at the Inception meeting.

It wasconfirmed, however, that the equipment supplying electricity was considered as anecessary facility and GSD should prepare it according to the M/M and R/D of the Project.
・It was confirmed that OJT for the satellite data analysis and the establishment of GIS
database would be enabled and the technology transfer could be carried out certainly andeffectively when equipment would be set up properly as mentioned above.
(5) Comprehension of problems in GSD (hearing from GSD)(a) Organization and personnel system in GSD
・An opportunity for training and lecture by experts is necessary, as staffs have not enoughtechnical skills.
・Lack of technical skill makes it difficult to succeed the technology.
・Declination of the number of staffs who got technical skill weakens the system of GSD.
・Lack of IT technology disables the establishment of system.
・OJT by experts is indispensable in order to develop technical skills of staffs.
(b) Facilities in GSD
・To expand facilities for data management is necessary.
・The library has not enough space.
・Facilities to store rock samples and drill cores are insufficient.
・Geological or specimen museum is necessary.

3.1.5 Inception Meeting
The Study Team brought and submitted Inception reports to GSD on the 4th of April 2012.
Inception meeting was held at the meeting room in GSD from 10 to 12am on the 5th of April
2012. The list of participants is shown at Table 3.3.

24

Table 3.3 List of participants of Inception meeting

Name

Position

Geological Survey Department (GSD)A

Director

B

Principal Geologist

C

Senior Geochemist

D

Geologist

E

Geologist

F

Geologist

G

Geologist

H

Geologist

I

Geologist

J

Geologist

K

Senior Seismology Technician

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Yoshitaka Hosoi

Senior Advisor, JICA Headquarter

Hiroki Tazawa

Project Formulation Advisor, JICA Malawi office

Michael Malewezi

Programme Officer, JICA Malawi office

Sumiko Resources Exploration & Development Co., Ltd. (SRED)
Takumi Onuma

Leader of the Study Team, Chief Geologist

Masahiro Takeda

Geophysicist

Hirohisa Kobayashi

Geologist25

3.2 The 2nd Work in Malawi
3.2.1 Objectives of the Work・To report the Progress report・To procure, inspect and install the equipment
・To collect information and data
・To examine the contents of technology transfer
・To execute the technology transfer through OJT for satellite data analysis and GIS database
construction
・To create manuals

3.2.2 Study Team・ONUMA Takumi: Project management / related information compilation(Team leader)・TAKEDA Masahiro: Remote sensing / mapping and mineral evaluation

・KOBAYASHI Hirohisa : Mineral resources database / GIS

3.2.3 Schedule of the WorkThe 2nd Work in Malawi was executed from the 4th of June till the 20th of September. The
schedule of the Work is shown in Table 3.4. The schedule of personnel is different from theTeam members as follows.
・ONUMA: 4 June to 9 July, 26 August to 20 September (62 days in total)

・TAKEDA: 4 June to 1 September (90 days)

・KOBAYASHI : 25 June to 20 September (88 days)
Table 3.4 Schedule of main jobs in the 2nd Work in Malawi
Date

Schedule

5 June (Tue)Procuring equipment, confirmation of specification of new equipment.

6 June (Wed)

Visiting Japanese Embassy: Explanation of this work plan

8 June (Fri)Meeting with GSD: Explanation of this work plan

9 (Sat) ~13 June (Wed)Inspection and installation of equipment

14 (Thu) ~24 June (Sun)

Initial training for satellite data analysis
OJT of satellite data analysis (details in Table3.6)

12 September (Wed)

Initial training for GIS
OJT of satellite data analysis and GIS (details in Table3.6)

17 September (Mon)

Courtesy call on Japanese Embassy: Explanation of work results

25 June (Mon) ~26

3.2.4 Setting up of equipment
The equipment procured in Malawi and Japan was set up in GSD on late June. Though themeeting room would be planned to be used for GSD in the 1st Work in Malawi, GSD requested
to use a cartography room when the Study Team visited GSD in early June.

As thecartography room was larger than the meeting room, the Study Team accepted this offer. Then,
C/P made enough space to set up equipment and cleaned the room.
The Study Team carried the equipment procured in Japan to Malawi as luggage by airplane andbrought them to GSD in Zomba.
to GSD.

The equipment procured in Lilongwe was delivered directly

GSD bought new desks and chairs for exclusive use of OJT.

Data and equipment used in OJT is shown in Table 4.1 and photographs of hardware are shownin Figure 4.1 and 4.2. They will be provided to GSD in the end of the Project.

3.2.5 Target personnel for the OJTGSD selected 13 personnel shown in Table 3.5, who would receive the technology transfer
through OJT.

As apparent in Table 3.5, however, the attendance rate of C/P who has theexperience of technical training is very bad.

As a matter of fact, five C/Ps listed upper in Table

3.5 have not received the OJT of satellite data analysis and GIS data creation and are notexpected to attend the OJT in the future.
In the initial policy of OJT, 13 C/Ps were divided into two groups, experienced five person’sgroup and inexperienced eight person’s group, and the OJT was planned to be held by twogroups in the morning session and the afternoon session according to the technical level of twogroups.

However, as the experienced person’s group had not attended the OJT, theinexperienced person’s group have been received the OJT in all day from July.

Table 3.5 Target personnel for the OJT and attendance rate
Position

Experience

Attendance for OJT

1

AGeologist

Yes

Several days in the beginning

2

B

Geologist

Yes

None

3

C

Geologist

Yes

Several days in the beginning

4

D

Geologist－

Several days in the beginning

5

E

Geologist

Yes

Only join in September

6

F

Geological technician－

more than 80%

7G

Geologist－

more than 80%

8H

Geologist－

more than 80%

27

9

I

Geological technician－

more than 80%

10J

Cartographer－

more than 80%

11K

PC technician－

more than 80%

12L

Cartographer－

more than 80%

13M

Librarian－more than 80%

3.2.6 Policy of the OJTThe Study Team considered the OJT policy and plan, and then confirmed that the OJT would beheld as follows.
(1) Grouping
Thirteen C/Ps are divided into two groups according to the experience of the technical training(see Table 3.5). Two groups have the OJT alternately in the morning session and the afternoon
session as follows.
- Morning session: Group B: 8 inexperienced persons: No.6 to 13 in Table 3.5- Afternoon session: Group A: 5 experienced persons: No.1 to 5 in Table 3.5
However, as C/P of group A stopped to attend the OJT in the end of June, C/P of group B haveattended the OJT in all day from July.
(2) Schedule
The OJT is held in 5 days a week from Monday to Friday except for holidays in Malawi.
Timetable of the OJT is basically as follows. The attendance of each C/P is checked every day
by the attendance table.
- Morning session: from 9:00 to 10:30 and 10:45 to 12:00- Afternoon session: from 13:30 to 15:00 and 15:15 to 16:30
The OJT of GIS started in the middle of July.

As the delay of GIS data creation became

apparent in August, C/P came to perform the OJT in addition to the above time from August on
a voluntary basis.
(3) Process
The OJT is held alternately for satellite data analysis and GIS data creation in weekly. The
schedule is planned considering both progresses.
(4) Policy
While proceeding the OJT in the first stage, the Study Team recognized the large difference ofthe technical level among C/Ps. C/Ps seem to be divided into three groups by their work
history, technical experience and personal ability. The Study Team gives the jobs adjusted thequality and quantity according to their levels.

28

3.2.7 Contents of the OJTThe schedule and contents of the OJT executed in the 2nd Work in Malawi is shown in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6 Schedule and contents of the OJT
DateSatellite data analysis using ENVI

14, 15, 18
and 19June

・Theory of spectral and satellite remote sensing
data・Spectral measurement by using spectral meter
・Case study of satellite data analysis relatingmineral resources－

20 June~22 June・Basic operation of ENVI・Input and display of satellite data
・Display of data value of image
・Comparison of satellite images
・Creation of mask data－

25 June~29 June・Creation of mask data
・Integration of ASTER bands
・Calculation of NDVI・Creation of masks for vegetation , water, cloudand cloud-shadow areas－－

2 July~5 July9 July~13 July－

16 July~
20 July・Creation of color composite image and saving it
as GeoTIFF file・Calculation of band ratio
・Resize of VNIR data
・Creation of integrated mask data－

23 July~
27 July
30 July~
3 August

・Resize of VNIR data
・Integration of VNIR and SWIR data
・Creation of integrated mask data・Calculation of band ratio
・Creation of color composite image

29

Creation of GIS data using ArcGIS・Theory of GIS・Data kinds used in GIS・Operation of ArcGIS
・Basics of computer
・How to use ArcGIS・Georeference
・Display of coordinate data
・Hyperlink－

・Operation of pentablet
・How to trace geological maps
・Digital trace of geological maps－

6 August~
10 August
13 August~
17 August
21 August~
24 August27 ~ 31
August3 ~7September
10 ~ 12September

・Scan of geological maps
・Georeference of geological maps
・Digital trace of geological maps－－

・Creation of integrated mask data・Calculation of band ratio
・Creation of color composite image
・Creation of integrated mask data・Calculation of band ratio
・Creation of color composite image－－

・Digital trace of geological maps－

・Digital trace of geological maps－

・Digital trace of geological maps

30

3.3 The 3rd Work in Malawi
3.3.1 Objectives of the Work・To report the Interim report
・To collect information and data
・To execute the technology transfer through OJT for satellite data analysis and GIS database
construction
・To create manuals
・To hold the technology transfer seminar

3.3.2 Study Team・ONUMA Takumi: Project management / related information compilation(Team leader)・TAKEDA Masahiro: Remote sensing / mapping and mineral evaluation

・KOBAYASHI Hirohisa : Mineral resources database / GIS

3.3.3 Schedule of the Work
The Third Work in Malawi was executed twice as the first phase from 27 October to 7
December and as the second phase from 6 January to 15 February 2013. Two schedules areshown in Table 3.7.
The first phase program is composed of the OJT for satellite data analysis, the ground truth foranalytical results and the creation of data processing manual. The second phase program iscomposed of the OJT for GIS data creation, the creation of GIS database and manual, and thetechnology transfer seminar.

The schedule of personnel is different from the Team members as

follows.
: 27 October to 20 November 2012, 23 January to 15 February

・ONUMA(49 days in total): 27 October to 7 December 2012 (42 days)

・TAKEDA・KOBAYASHI : 6 January to 15 February (41 days)
Table 3.7 Schedule of main jobs in the 3rd Work in Malawi
Date

The first phase

29 October (Mon)

Visit JICA and Japanese Embassy

30 October (Tue)

Attend the seminar on forest preservation by the Department of Forestry

1 November (Thu)

Meeting with GSD: Explanation of this work plan

31

2 (Fri)～3 November (Sat)

Creation of documents and explanation about OJT (Field verification of satellite
data analysis results)

5 (Mon)～9 November (Fri)OJT (Field verification of satellite data analysis results)

10 November (Sat)～4 December (Tue)GIS database creation, OJT of satellite data analysis (details in Table 3.8)

Date

The second phase

9 January (Wed)Meeting with GSD: explanation of this work plan

26 (Thu)～28 January (Mon)OJT of GIS (details in Table 3.8), GIS database creation
Preparation of technology transfer seminar

29 January (Tue)～1 February (Fri)Technology transfer seminar (see 3.3.6)

2 (Sat)～8 February (Fri)OJT of GIS (details in Table 3.8), GIS database creation

12 February (Tue)Visit Japanese Embassy: Explanation of work results

3.3.4 Target personnel for the OJTThe same eight C/Ps listed lower in Table 3.5 had received the OJT in the 3rd Work in Malawi.

3.3.5 Contents of the OJTThe schedule and contents of the OJT executed in the 3rd Work in Malawi is shown in Table 3.8.
Between the 2nd Work and the 3rd Work in Malawi, from middle September to early November,and between the first phase and second phase in the 3rd Work in Malawi on December, when
the Study Team was absent in Malawi, C/Ps have executed the digitization of geological mapsby themselves as part of OJT. Twenty sheets of geological maps, which is half amount of all
40 sheets, were consequently digitized by C/P. The rest 20 sheets were digitized by the Study
Team during the 4th Work in Japan.

32

Table 3.8 Schedule and contents of the OJT
Date / Week

Satellite data analysis by using ENVI

5 to 9 November

・Ground truth for results of ASTER data analysis

1st week

5 to 7 Nov.：North, Northwest and West of Zomba
8 to 9 Nov.：Southwest and East of Blantyre

First

12 to 16 November

・Summary of ground truth

Phase

2nd week

・Summary of ASTER data analysis

19 to 23 November

・PALSAR data analysis

3rd week・Extraction of lineament

26 to 30 November

・Creation of GIS database

4th week

・Creation of data processing manual

Date / Week

GIS database creation by using ArcGIS

8 to 11 January

・Summary of GIS data creation

5th week・Correction of polygons
・Creation of geological map

14 to 18 January
Second6th week

Phase

21 to 25 January

・Creation of GIS database
・Creation of GIS data creation manual

7th week
29 January to 1 February・Technology transfer seminar (see Table 4)

8th week
4 to 8 February

・Creation of GIS database management manual

9th week

・Methods to manage GIS database

3.3.6 Technology transfer seminar(1) Participant
The Study Team requested to the director of GSD that the main participants should be newgeologists who entered to GSD in 2012. As a result, ten geologists shown in Table 3.9
participated in the seminar(2) Schedule- 29 January to 1 February 2013
- AM: 9:00 to 12:00, PM 13:30 to 16:30(3) Place- OJT room at GSD
with 5 PCs provided and used in OJT

33

(4) Contents- 1st day: Theory of remote sensing, case study of ASTER data, practice of analysis by ENVI
- 2nd day: Practice of analysis by ENVI
- 3rd day: Theory of GIS, usage of ArcGIS, practice by ArcGIS- 4th day: Practical data creation by ArcGIS
Table 3.9 Participant list of technology transfer seminar
Position

Remarks

1

A

Geologist

New face

2

B

Geologist

New face

3

C

Geologist

New face

4

D

Geologist

New face

5E

Geologist

New face

6F

Geologist

New face

7

G

Geologist

8

H

Geologist

9I

Senior geochemist

Two days participation

10

J

Geologist

Half day participation

3.3.7 Results completed until the 3rd Work in Malawi(1) Satellite data analysis(a) ASTER data (79 scenes)
・Preprocess (creation of mask data and band integrated data)
・Five kinds of band composite image
・Two kinds of band ratio image
・Principal Component Analysis (only in some area)(b) PALSAR data (64 scenes）
・Mosaic image
・Lineament extraction (only in some area)(c) Manual・Data processing manual(2) GIS data creation(a) 1/100,000 scale geological map (40 sheets)

34

・Scan・Georeference・Digital trace (20 sheets)*note: The Study Team completed digital trace works during the 4th Work in Japan.
・GIS geological data (40 sheets)(b) Manual
・GIS data creation manual・Creation and printing of maps(3) Other GIS data(a) Data collection
・Roads, railways, rivers, lakes, villages
・Administrative boundaries, international boundary
・Topographic contours
・National parks, protected areas(4) GIS database construction(a) GIS database construction
・All of results of satellite data analysis, GIS geological data and other GIS data werestored as one GIS database.
(b) Manual
・GIS database management35

3.4 The 4th Work in Malawi
3.4.1 Objectives of the Work・To report the Draft-final report and discuss the contents
・To create an action plan
・To hold the workshop to report the project results

3.4.2 Study Team・ONUMA Takumi: Project management / related information compilation(Team leader)・TAKEDA Masahiro: Remote sensing / mapping and mineral evaluation

・KOBAYASHI Hirohisa : Mineral resources database / GIS

3.4.3 Schedule of the WorkThe Fourth and last Work in Malawi was executed from 18 May to 1 June 2013. The scheduleis shown in Table 3.10.

All members worked on the same schedule.

Table 3.10 Schedule of main jobs in the 4th Work in Malawi
Date

Schedule

21 May (Tue)Meeting with GSD: Report the Project results

22 May ~ 23 May (Wed)Preparation of Workshop, creation of action plan

24 May (Fri)Workshop for Project results presentation (see 3.4.5)

27 May (Mon)

Visit the coordinator of World Bank in Ministry of Mining:
Information exchange, explanation of project plan.
Visit Japanese Embassy: Report the Project results

28 May (Tue)Visit Principal Secretary of Ministry of Mining: Report the Project
results

3.4.4 Action plan
The Study Team created the Action Plan in consultation with C/P; how will GSD make full use
of personnel achievements of technology transfer in the Project, how will GSD utilize results of
the Project and how will GSD contribute to development of mining sector in Malawi.

36

3.4.5 Workshop of results presentation(1) Participant
78 persons: Ministry of Mining, Department of Mines, GSD(each domestic office), privatecompanies, universities, local institutions concerned, newspaper company, JICA Malawi office,
JICA Study Team and so on.
(2) Place
Conference room, Masongola Hotel in Zomba(3) Date and time
20 May 2013 (Monday), from 9:00 to 15:00(4) Program- Self introduction of participants- Opening prayer: AHRMO of GSD- Opening speech: Acting Director of GSD- Speech: Deputy Resident Representative of JICA Malawi office- Summary of the JICA Project: Mr. Onuma, Leader of JICA Study Team
- Remote sensing data analysis and OJT: Mr. Takeda, Member of JICA Study Team- Coffee break- GIS database and OJT: Mr. Kobayashi, Member of JICA Study Team- Results of JICA Project: Mr. Onuma, Leader of JICA Study Team- Results of OJT: GSD staff- Results of OJT: GSD staff- Discussions- Poster session (satellite images, geological maps): JICA Study Team
- Lunch break- Impression of JICA Project and OJT: GSD staff- Impression of JICA Project and OJT: GSD staff- Impression of JICA Project and OJT: GSD staff- Results of Training in Japan: GSD staff- JICA Training Course in Japan: GSD staff- Discussions- Closing speech: Acting Director of GSD- Closing prayer: AHRMO of GSD

37

4. Equipment to be provided
The equipment necessary for the works in Malawi, which was composed of satellite data,
software and hardware, was procured in Malawi and Japan after the companies had been
selected according to the prescribed procedures of procurement.

The list of data andequipment provided is shown in Table 4.1 and photographs of hardware are shown in Figure 4.1
and 4.2. They will be provided to GSD in the end of the Project.
The Study Team carried the equipment procured in Japan to Malawi as luggage by airplane andbrought them to GSD in Zomba.

The equipment procured in Lilongwe was delivered directly

to GSD. GSD bought 8sets of new desks and chairs for exclusive use of OJT.

The Study

Team set up the equipment in the cartography room on late June 2012.

4.1 Reason for selection(1) Satellite data
Because the use of Japanese technology is the basic policy of the Project, remote sensing data ofJapanese satellites ASTER and PALSAR were obtained. The ASTER optical sensor data
features multi-band data with high resolution. The PALSAR SAR sensor data is characteristicof L-band multi-polarization data with high resolution.

Free downloadable data of LANDSAT

and ASTER G-DEM were also obtained.
(2) Software
As satellite data analysis software, ENVI of Exelis VIS was selected because it has spread
globally and has become a standard particularly in South African countries.

As GIS software,

ArcGIS for Desktop Basic was selected for the same reason.
As software to make reports and presentations, Office 2010 of Microsoft, Illustrator and Acrobatof Adobe globally used in the world were selected. Kaspersky Anti-Virus of Kaspersky Lab
was selected in order to prevent virus from PC, which is widely spread with high valuation.
The Study Team made the license registration of above software.
(3) Hardware
Large size printer and scanner is necessary because large maps are commonly handled in GSD.
A0 size printer & scanner of HP which is widely spread with high valuation was selected. A4
size scanner of Canon, which has high scanning speed and is easy to handle, was selected inorder to scan and store documents and books like bulletins of geological maps. A3 size color
printer of HP which is inexpensive was selected in order to print ordinary documents and simple
small maps.

38

PC and monitor of HP were selected because of global spread and easy procurement. They
have higher specification because large amount of image data and GIS data would be treated.
Large size pen tablet was installed in order to improve the operation of GIS data creation.
Projector and screen are necessary for OJT and lecture.

Projector has higher resolution andhigher brightness in consideration of the usage in small room. UPS is indispensable because
blackout happens frequently. UPS with high capacity was selected in order to work longer as
much as possible.

However, the working time using UPS is limited and blackout continued forseveral hours, then small size and high capacity generator of Ryobi was installed in addition.
External hard disk is necessary for data backup and storing Project results. Two hard disks
were prepared for working and backup saving. GPS is necessary to find route for survey site
and to obtain position data in ground truthing OJT of satellite data analysis. GPS of Garmin
was selected because of global spread and high quality. Ethernet hub is necessary to constructintranet in the OJT room. Five PCs, two external hard disks, A0 size printer & scanner, A3
size printer and PCs of the Study Team were connected by wired LAN.
(4) Consumables
Two sets of each color ink of A0 size printer and one set of print head for reserve were prepared.
Three sets of each color ink of A3 size printer were prepared in advance.

However, all of themwere consumed and these inks were additionally bought as necessary. Each two rolls of matte
paper and photo paper were prepared for A0 size printer.
Burglarproof steel chain with keys was prepared to prevent equipment from theft. Steel wires
were attached to PCs, PC monitors and projector and fixed to desks

4.2 Equipment provided
The list of equipment provided which were procured according to above reasons and settled at
GSD in Zomba is shown in Table 4.1. All equipment were procured and settled in 2012.

39

Table 4.1 List of equipment to be provided
Name

Model number, specification

AmountProcurement

Satellite data
SoftwareHardwareConsumables

ASTER

L3A product, Ortho data

79 scenesJapan

PALSAR

L1.5 product, HH polarization

64 scenesJapan

LANDSATFree download

12 scenesWEB

ASTER GDEM

Free download

One setWEB

ENVI

Ver.4.8, stand-alone license

5

Japan

ArcGIS

Ver.10, stand-alone license

5

Japan

Microsoft Office

Professional 2010

5

Japan

Illustrator

CS5

5

Japan

AcrobatStandard

5

Japan

Kaspersky

Antivirus 2012, two year license

5

MalawiDesktop PC

HP Elite 7300 MT, 8GB RAM, Windows 7

5

MalawiKeyboard and mouse

Professional 64bits

LCD monitor

HP, 24 inches, 1,920x1,200 pixels

5

MalawiUPS

240V/1kVA, 600W

6Malawi

Generator

Ryobi, RG-2700, 2300W, 230V

1

MalawiPentablet

Wacom Intuos 4, 481x304mm

5

Japan

External hard disk

Baffalo, 4 TB, LAN connection

2

Malawi

Color printer / scanner

A0 size, HP Designjet T2300

1

Malawi

Color printerA3 size, HP Officejet K8600

1

MalawiFlatbed scanner

A4 size, Canon, CanoScan LiDE210

1

Japan

Print server

Planex, MZK-SP300N2, Wi-Fi connection

1

Japan

Projector

EPSON EB915W, WXGA

1

Malawi

Projector screen

i-View, Wide 80 inches

1

MalawiEathernet hub

Cnet, 16 ports

1

Japan

GPS

Garmin GPSmap62S

3

Japan

Printer ink

HP72, HP88

One set

MalawiPrinter paperA0 size roll paper (mat, photo)

3

Japan

Printer paper

A3 and A4 size paper

One set

MalawiHDMI cable

1

Malawi

LAN cable

10

Malawi

8

Malawi

Extension cable

2

Malawi

Burglarproof chain

One set

MalawiPower strip cableMulti-plug adapter, multi outlets

40

Projector screenwith 80 inches

Color printerA3 size

Color printer & scanner
A0 size

Projector
WXGA resolution

Figure 4.1 Photo of printers, projector and projector screen

LCD monitor
24 inches, 1,920×1,200 pixels

Pen-tablet
481×304 mm

UPS
1000VA/600W
Desktop PC
Win7 64bits

Figure 4.2 Photo of PC, peripheral equipment and UPS

41

5. Basic information of geology and mineral resources
5.1 National policy related to mining
5.1.1 Policy related to mining
The Malawi Government designed MGDS 2006-2011 in 2005 with a fundamental principles,“The overall objective of the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy is to reduce poverty
through sustained economic growth and infrastructure development.” The Theme One of thefive themes in the MGDS 2006-2011 is Sustainable Economic Growth. It is emphasized thatpoverty reduction through the sustainable economic growth and infrastructure development is
the top priority to create wealth and employment. These include: maximizing the contribution toeconomic growth through the potential growth sectors. Increasing the contribution of the mining
sector to GDP by at least 10 percent annually is one of the Long-Term Goal. Actually, is was
about 2 percent in 2009, but rose up about 10% in 2011.
The Key Strategy of maximizing contribution to economic growth through potential growth
sectors is as follows;
Big goal
To accelerate the geological and mineral data acquisition and dissemination to strengthen
public-private partnerships in infrastructure provision.
Main strategies include:
・Strengthening the institutional capacity of Geological Surveys to effectively promote
mining, monitoring and enforcement of environmental safety standards;
・Ensuring compliance by small, medium and large scale miners to environmental and safety
standards;
・Supporting small scale miners by integrating them into the minerals market and increasing
their value added;
・Increasing investment by private sector companies in medium and large scale mining; and・Providing up-to-date information and geographical mapping on mineral resources.
The medium term expected outcome for mining is to increase production output and value
added by small, medium and large-scale miners, to supply industrial raw materials in the
country (import substitution) and to begin exporting minerals. To achieve this, a number of
constraints facing the sector need to be addressed. These include; lack of up-to-date information
on mineral resources, poorly coordinated institutional setting, high initial investment costs andinadequate incentives for private sector to engage in medium scale mining. In addition, smallscale miners lack skills to add value to mineral products, while electricity disruptions threaten
production and safety of miners. Government will work with mining companies to accelerate42the geological and mineral data acquisition and dissemination to strengthen public-private
partnerships in infrastructure provision. It will continue to provide extension services to smallscale miners to learn value added skills. It will also improve the regulation and monitoring ofmining to reduce threats to the environment, enforce safety standards, and reduce smuggling.
With development of exploration of the private companies headhunting of administration
official, expert about mining by the private companies causes a decrease in management abilityof the government for the mining sector. This JICA project establishes the object of maintaining
and adapting the human resources related to the mining sector for both quality and quantity
because they are regarded as critical issues.
The MGDS II is designed as the second medium term national development strategy formulated
to attain the country’s long term development aspirations. This is adopted by Mrs. Joyce Banda,
president of the republic of Malawi, assumed in April 2012 and National Assembly of Malawi.
MGDS II 2011-2015 maintains the same themes as MGDS 2006-2011 and involves 9 keypriority areas. Mining included in the theme 1: Sustainable economic growth along with Energy,
Industrial Development and Tourism and all that, is situated on the second priority. The Mining
is stated in the MGDS II 2011-2015 as follows;
Malawi has abundant mineral resources that can be exploited. These resources include bauxite,
heavy mineral sands, monazite, coal, uranium, precious and semi-precious stones, limestone,
niobium, dimension stones and rock aggregates. Government recognizes that the developmentof the mining industry can significantly improve the country’s foreign exchange earnings andcontribute to economic growth and development. To derive maximum potential of the mining
industry, Government will pursue the following goal, expected outcomes and key strategies.
Goal
The goal is to increase production and value addition of mineral resources.
Medium-Term Expected Outcomes
The medium-term expected outcomes include the following:・Updated geological information system;
・Increased exploration and mining;
・Increased participation by small and medium miners; and・Improved legal and institutional framework.
Key Strategies
The following are the key strategies for realizing the sector’s objectives:
・Producing detailed geological map of Malawi;
・Strengthening institutional capacity of the sector;
・Developing an integrated data management system;

43

・Strengthening seismic monitoring;・Promoting both local and foreign investment;
・Enforcing environmental, occupational health and safety in the mining sector; and・Enforcing legislations on sustainable use and management of mineral resources.

5.1.2 Governmental organization related to mining
In recent years, the Ministry having jurisdiction over the mining sector has changed rapidly,
from the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) in a few years ago, through the Ministry of theEnvironment, Energy and Natural Resources (MNREE), the Ministry of Energy and Mines(MEM), to the Ministry of mines (MM) at present. Being created a separate Ministry of"Mine", the Malawi government regards entirely the mining industry as very important.
The following public organizations in the Ministry of Mines are responsible for the management
and regulation of the mining sector.
(1) Office of the Commissioner of Mines
It includes Mineral Rights Office.
Responsible for the handling and delivery of mining license application and enforcement of the
Mining Act.
(2) Department of Mines
Responsible for mine development, mine safety and industrial health, reporting and monitoringof mining sector.
(3) Department of Geological Survey
To conduct basic geological mapping and mineral exploration, and publish the results.

5.2 Situation of mining sector
Malawi produces uranium concentrates, coal, gemstones, cement, crushed stones, kaolin, lime
and limestone from its mineral deposits at present. Malawi exports only uranium, dimension
stone and gemstones among them. Kayelekera Uranium Mine is only large scale mine, which
was developed by Paladin Energy Ltd and started production in 2009.

Other mining

production is from small scale mining
Recent situation of mining production is shown in Table 5.1.

Amount of mining production in

2010, total exports was 116 million US$ and national revenue was 1,135,000 US$ in 2010.
Kayelekera Uranium Mine started in 2009 greatly distributes to the economy and its monetary
value is extremely high and reached about 15% of total exports in Malawi.

44

Table 5.1 Mineral production and monetary values (2008~2010)
2008
Type

2009

2010

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

(t)

(K US$)(t)(K US$)(t)(K US$)

Coal

57,4772,524

59,201

2,600

79,186

4,483

Cement limestone

45,980213

47,150219

57,296277

Agriculture lime

23,495

109

25,900120

31,790

881

---

---

58,582

9,192

772,622

131,389

Granulated clay

7,023

246

8,050

282

1,020

38

Dimension stones

332

55

240

40

435

99

Rock aggregate

348,080

4,972

970,550

13,864

989,750

14,643Clay pottery

4,210

---

---

---

---

---

Gemstones

11

46

306

1,811

207

4,329

10,15074

12,355

91

4,434

136

Uranium concentrates

Terrazzo< Value is calculated as 1US$=140 MWK>
<Source: Undi and Mtaula, 2011>
Mining activities in Malawi has been mainly for coal, cement limestone, gemstones, precious
stones, rock aggregate and industrial raw minerals, almost of which were utilized for small
domestic demand.

However, Paladin Energy Inc. began to operate Kayelekera uranium minein 2009, and then the mining industry in Malawi has reached a large turning point. At first,
Malawi government revenue from the mine has become a huge amount. In addition, therevenue that the Malawi government has held a 15% stake in the Paladin Energy Inc. occurs.
Because the total amount of uranium concentrates that has been produced in the mine isexported, the foreign exchange reserves of Malawi chronically suffering from a lack of foreign
currency has been greatly increased.

From these points, the Malawi government now

recognizes that the mining is essential as a sector of the economy in order to carry out the basic
policy of the nation, such as medium-and long-term socio-economic MGDS.
Mineral explorations by foreign and domestic companies have been gradually recovering
despite the slowdown due to the global economic recession which began in 2008. In fact, thenumber of exploration licenses which exploration companies have applied in southern Africancountries has been increasing due to the global economic recovery, and mineral exploration
activities in Malawi have increased rapidly since 2009 compared to 2008. In addition, in the
background of factors such as worldwide tight supply and demand of rare earth elements since
the autumn of 2010 and the results that the large-scale mine was developed for the first time in
Malawi, exploration activities in Malawi by foreign companies have become currently very
active. The target mineral species are mainly uranium and rare earth elements, but including45

rare metals like niobium and tantalum, and also diamond.

Main mine developments andexploration projects are shown in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 Main mine developments and exploration projects
Project
Kayelekera

Region/Owned enterprises

District(ratio %)Commodity
U

Remarks

North /

Paladin Energy

Produced in April 2009.

Karonga(85%), Malawi

Production in 2011 : 1,160 t (U3O8)

government (15%)

Mineral resources : 14,728 t (U3O8)
Average grade : U 0.081%

Ilombe Hill

North /

Resource Star (90%),

Chitipa

Nyalihanga

U, Nb, REE

Airborne magnetic survey and soil
geochemical survey in 2010

Enterprises (10%)
Kanyika
Livingstonia

North /

Globe Metals and

Nb, Ta, Zr,

F/S stage at present.

Karonga

Mining (100%)U

Production will start in 2014.

North /

Resource Star (80%),

U

Provable reserve : 7.7 Mt

Karonga

Globe Metals &Estimated average grade : U 0.027%

Mining (20%)
KangankundeSouth /

Lynas Corp (100%)

REE

BalakaU and Th are low grade.
Malawi government approved theacquisition of rights in December
2010.

Songwe Hill
Salambidwe
MulanjeSouth /

Mkango Resources

Phalombe(100%)South /

Globe Metals &Chikwawa

Mining (100%)South /

Spring Stone (100%)

REE

Drilling survey in 2011~2012.

REE

Rock, pit and auger surveys in2010~2011.

REE

MulanjeMachinga

Exploration license was approved in
November 2011.

South /

Globe Metals &Nb, Ta, Zr,

Drilling survey in 2010.

Machinga

Mining (80%),

U, REEHREE mineralization was confirmed.

Resource Star (20%)

5.2.1 Active mines(1) Kayelekera mine
The Kayelekera Mine (KM) is located in northern Malawi, 52km west (by road) of theprovincial town of Karonga at the northern end of Lake Malawi.

The Central Electricity

Generating Board of Great Britain (CEGB) discovered the high grade Kayelekera sandstone46

uranium deposit in the early 1980's.

CEGB spent US$9 million working on the project over an

8-year period, culminating in a full feasibility study in 1991 assessing the viability of aconventional open pit mining operation. This study indicated that the project was uneconomic
using the mining model adopted and the low uranium prices prevailing at that time.

The

project was abandoned in 1992 due largely to the poor outlook for uranium, as well asprivatisation of CEGB and resultant pressure to return to its core business.
The Company acquired the Kayelekera Project from Balmain Resources Pty Ltd (Balmain) in
February 1998 under a joint venture agreement whereby the Company could earn an 80%
interest in the project. In October 1999, the Company acquired a further 10% interest to bring
the Company’s equity to 90%. In July 2005, the Company announced the purchase of theremaining 10% stake held by Balmain. KM is owned 100% by Paladin (Africa) Limited(PAL) a subsidiary of Paladin. In July 2009, Paladin issued 15% of equity in PAL to theGovernment of Malawi under the terms of the Development Agreement signed between PAL
and the Government in February 2007.
Kayelekera is a sandstone hosted uranium deposit associated with the Permian Karoo sediments
and is hosted by the Kayelekera member of the North Rukuru sediments of the Karoo. The
mineralization is associated with seven variably oxidised, coarse grained arkoses, separated byshales and chocolate coloured mudstones.

Uranium mineralization occurs as lenses within

primarily the arkose units and to a lesser extent in the mudstone units. The lowest level ofknown mineralization currently is at a depth of approximately 160m below surface.
Economic analysis on this Resource has indicated a break-even cut-off grade of 400ppm.
Ore Reserve
Estimate

Grade U3O8

Amount U3O8

Proved Reserve0.62 Mt

1,388 ppm

859 t

1.9 Mlb

Probable Reserve7.08 Mt

935 ppm

6,614 t14.6 Mlb

Stockpiles

1.82 Mt

877 ppm

1,598 t

3.5 Mlb

Total Ore Reserve9.52 Mt

953 ppm

9,071 t20.0 Mlb

Work in financial year 2012 concentrated at the mine site targeting deep mineralization to thewest of the previous resource area and involved 9,554m of drilling in 62 holes.
exploration drilling completed 37 holes totaling 6,656m.
the onset of the rainy season.

Regional

Drilling was terminated early due toRegional exploration work continues to expand along the North

Rukuru Basin, south of the mine site into the Mazongoni and Nthalire areas. Although only
sub-economic uranium mineralization was identified at Mazongoni, geological mapping andground radiometrics located prospective targets for follow-up drilling in 2012 in the Nthalire47

area. Scout drilling at Mwankenja, Mlowo and Mpata, all approximately 15km east of themine site, identified uranium mineralization in two arkose units of up to 10m at 600ppm eU3O8(MP0317).

5.2.2 Exploration activities of mineral resources
Foreign companies doing active exploration in Malawi are from United Kingdom, Australia,
Canada and China.
Retail Star Ltd. of UK has carried out explorations for PGM, base metals, radioactive minerals
and REE in Mzimba, Kasungu and Lilongwe Valley.

Britannia Mining (UK) has done theexploration for iron ore in Mindale area near Blantyre.
Globe Metals & Mining Ltd. of Australia (East China Mineral Exploration and Development
Bureau (ECE) held a 52.8% stake in April 2011) has actively carried out explorations foruranium in Livingstonia of northern Malawi, niobium, tantalum, zircon and uranium in Kanyika
of central Malawi, rare earths in Machinga and Salambidwe. The Kanyika project is on final
FS stage at present and will begin the operation in 2014. Paladin Energy Ltd. (Australia) has
actively done the exploration for uranium in Chilongo, Chilumba and Mpata near Kayelekara
mine.

Lynas Corporated (Australia) is promoting the exploration of rare earths in

Kangankunde body in southern Malawi, and it is said to be close to the development stage.
Oropa Exploration Inc. (Australia) is exploring radioactive elements and base metals in Mzimba
and Kasungu areas. MM Mining Inc. (Australia) is exploring base metals and PGM in Zomba
and Kasungu areas.
Mkango Resources Inc. of Canada advances the exploration of rare earths in Songwe body insouthern Malawi, and caught the enriched zone of medium and heavy rare earths as dysprosium(Dy), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), currently at the stage of FS.

Gold Canyon Inc. (Canada) is

engaged in exploration targeting rare earths in Mulanje alkaline rocks of southern Malawi.
Beijing Zhongxing Joy Investment (ZXJOY) of China has the exploration for heavy mineralsands in Mangochi-Makanjira, the shores of Lake Malawi. Tengani Titanium Minerals has the
exploration in Tenigani for rutile and ilmenite contained in the sediment of Shire River.
Lafarge Cement Malawi and Zagaf Cement are domestic companies to explore the limestone in
the southern part of Balaka district.

Premier Team Work and Batolwe Mining explores coal in

the Northern Province of Malawi.

Lisungwe Mineral Resources explores pyrite and pyrrhotite

in Malingunde near Lilongwe.
Carbonatite is a peculiar igneous rock mainly composed of carbonate (calcite, ankerite and soon) and is distributed in Chilwa alkaline province in the southern Malawi. These carbonatitecharacteristically include valuable minerals such as rare earths, niobium, tantalum, phosphateand vermiculite. Alkaline rocks like nepehline syenite, which has the potential of the same48

valuable minerals, are also known to be distributed in many places (Woolley, 2001).

“The

mineral exploration project in Chilwa-alkaline province” (JICA/MMAJ, 1986~1989) was
executed focusing the southern Malawi where many carbonatite bodies are distributed.

As ageneral result including drilling survey, meaningful mineralization (rare earths, apatite and soon) was clarified in several places.
Most mining of gemstones and precious stones have been carried out as a petty small-scale
mining.

Social protection and relief of these workers are also one of the basic policies of thegovernment, which is also described in MGDS.

5.3 Geology and structure
5.3.1 Geology
The greater part of Malawi is underlain by crystalline rocks of Precambrian to lower Paleozoic
age which are referred to the Malawi Basement Complex.

In a variety of places, these rocks

are overlain unconformably by sedimentary rocks and subordinate alkaline igneous complexes
which range in age from Permo-Triassic to Quaternary.

The sedimentary rocks belonging to

Karoo System range in age from Permian to upper Triassic or lower Jurassic.

The alkaline

igneous complexes are mainly distributed in the south of the country around Lake Chilwa called
Chilwa Alkaline Province.

Figure 5.1 demonstrates sedimentary rocks of late Jurassic to

Tertiary and Quaternary deposit in addition to three geological domains above mentioned.
(1) Basement Complex
The gneisses and granulites which constitute the greater part of the Basement Complex haveundergone medium to high grade metamorphism and polyphase deformation.
The orogenic activities attributed to the genesis of the Basement Complex in Ubendian(2,300~1,800Ma) and Irumide (1,350~950Ma) are limited in northern and central Malawi.
The representative lithologies are Songwe biotite-amphibole gneiss, Chambo mica
pelitic/semipelitic biotite paragneiss and Jembia River granulite. Rumphi igneous complex
and Nyika granite intrudes at the end of Ubendian orogeny. The Basement Complex mainlycomprises Muva Supergroup (1,850Ma) in central and southern Malawi.

The Muva

Supergroup consists of pelitic/semipelitic gneiss containing abundantly amphibole-biotite
paragneiss including units of marble, calcsilicate gneiss, quartzite and muscovite schist.
Mafingi group in north and Mchinji group in south constitute silicic and clastic metasediments
formed during second cycle of orogeny with age 1,400Ma.

The metamorphism anddeformation occur on these groups at 1,100Ma during Irumide orogeny. Consequently calcalkaline granite intrude at 1,050~950Ma. The peak metamorphism and deformation on the
Basement Complex occur at Mozambique orogeny, a part of Pan-African orogeny.

49

The

magmatism and high grade metamorphism associated with Mozambique orogeny in southern
Malawi result are related to pyroxene granulite, charnockitic orthogneiss, parthitic complex andsmall bodies of mafic to ultramafic rocks.
Nepheline syenite intrusions, such as Ilomba and Ulindiin, of early Pan-African (750~710Ma)
are distributed in central and northern Malawi.

Other intrusions, Mlindi, Little Michuru andNtonya, outcrop in southern Malawi.
The Basement Complex is important repositories of gem stone (ruby and sapphire), vermiculite,
limestone and marble.

In addition, barite, fluorite, nepheline syenite, rare-earth metals,

phosphate, niobium, tantalum, thorium, uranium and zirconium. They may also be sources ofcopper, titanium, strontium, and lateritic nickel.

LegendUpper Jurassic to Quaternary Sediments
Alluvium / superficial deposits
Chilwa Alkaline Province
Syenite / Carbonatite
Karoo System
Sedimentary and volcanic rocks
Basement Complex
Granites / Basic rocks
Metasedimentary rocks
Amphibolite facies rocks
Granulite facies rocks

Figure 5.1 General geological map in Malawi

50

(2) Karoo System
Karoo System sedimentary and volcanic rocks, ranging in age from Permian to upper Triassic orlower Jurassic, crop out in the north of the country and in the south along the Mozambique
border to the southwest of Blantyre. Lower Jurassic (Stormberg Series) lavas representative of
the uppermost part of the Karoo succession occur within the southern outcrop. The Karoo
System and Post-Karoo which is sedimentary rocks of late Cretaceous to Tertiary cover the
Basement Complex.
The Karoo system strata are preserved in a number of N-S trending basins and downfaulted
troughs and they display both unconformable and faulted relationships to underlying Basement
Complex gneisses. The basal beds of the succession consist of conglomerates and sandstones.
They are overlain by a coal measure sequence of sandstones, carbonaceous shales and coalseams.

The Karoo succession in the north is completed by thick development of arkose andshale and by mudstones, marls and grits.
In southern Malawi the Karoo succession differs in certain respects from that in the north;deposition is believed to have commenced rather later and to have continued longer. Local
developments of basal conglomerate are overlain more widely by mudstones, sandstones andthin coal seams. These rocks are succeeded by thick developments of grits, sandstones andshales.
Major faulting during the early Jurassic initiated the eruption of a series of basaltic lava flows,
the majority being of fissure type formed under terrestrial conditions.

Dolerite dykes and sills

form major swarms in Basement Complex of parts of southern Malawi. They are particularly
prominent to the south of Blantyre, where they trend predominantly NE-SW. The dykes arealso emplaced along fault lines and some acted as feeders for the laver flows.
Although the distributional area of the Karoo System is not major in Malawi, it occupies animportant position from the view of deposits of coal and uranium.

Kimberlites

characteristically intrude in the sedimentary basin of Karoo System.
(3) Chilwa Alkaline Province
The Chilwa Alkaline Province of southern Malawi has an exceptional range of lithologies fromcarbonatite to alkaline granite and lies at the southern end of the East African rift. The largest
plutons consist of syenite and peralkaline granite with smaller intrusions comprising syenite,
nepheline syenite, sodalite syenite and carbonatite.

Their intrusions occur in the early

Cretaceous age (135~113Ma) that related to the rifting of the Gondwana supercontinent. The
intrusions sometimes display ring fracturing and cauldron subsidence.
All of the 14 intrusions of carbonatite occur in southern Malawi (Woolley, 2001).

The

carbonatites commonly include pyrochlore, bastnaesite, monazite phosphate, fluorite and51

carbonate and have a prospecting potential for economic element such as Nb, Ta, REE, apatite,
Sr, Zr, Th.
In northern Malawi, the magmatic activities with the same age as Chilwa Alkaline Province arekimberlitic breccia intruding into the Karoo system in Livingstonia, dolerite, syenite andpyroxenite intrusions.
(4) Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous
Sedimentary rocks of upper Jurassic and Cretaceous age crop in the north of Malawi and near
Mozambique border to the southwest of Blantyre. In the north, Dinosaur beds consist offriable sandstones, sandy marls and clays. The beds rest unconformable on the Basement
Complex and locally on the Karoo formations. The sedimentary rocks in southern Malawi
comprise a sequence of pebble conglomerate, coarse sandstones, sandy shales and marls, all ofwhich tend to be calcareous. These rocks overlie the Karoo formations unconformably.
(5) Tertiary
Tertiary lacustrine deposits occur in a narrow belt aligned parallel to the lakeshore. They arevarieties of clastic sediments of coarse sandstone, sandstone, mudstone sand, gravel, calcareous
marl, silt, and shell limestone.

They conformably overlie the Basement Complex and

Mesozoic sedimentary rocks.
(6) Quaternary
Quaternary deposits of lacustrine, alluvial and colluvial type are particularly well developed
along the shore of Lake Malawi in the extreme north and to the south. Extensive deposits ofthis type also occur around Lake Malombe and Lake Chilwa and in the Shire Valley.

5.3.2 Geological structure
The post-Basement Complex structure history of Malawi has been dominated by crustal
warping and epeirogenic movements.

It is reflected in the development of several major

erosion surfaces and in widespread faulting. The chief expression of the latter is the Malawi
Rift Valley which forms part of the extensive East African Rift System.
Malawi Rift located on the southern portion of Western branch of the East African rift system
has an extension of c.800km. The width and average altitude of the Malawi Rift are 40~90km
and 474m, respectively. The topography of Malawi is controlled by the formation of thislinear trough (graben) which has been flooded by Lake Malawi and guides its drainage to thesouth through the Shire Valley. The Malawi Rift consists of horst and half-grabens, theirbordering faults, synthetic faults, with altitude of 1200~2500masl, related to the tilted crustal
block, and monocline structure. The strike direction of the Malawi Rift varies from NS to
NW-SE in the Shire Valley at the latitude 16S and continue to the Urema rift in Mozambique.

52

The Malawi Rift is largely non-volcanic, with sediments of over 3km in thickness now
estimated in the Lake Malawi graben and the Lower Shire Valley. The Malawi Rift Valley
remains seismically active to the present day.

5.4 Mineral resourcesType of mineral resources in Malawi is variable.

Some are associated with the Basement

Complex generated by multi orogeny occurring from Precambrian to early Paleozoic.
have been producing by the present day rifting at the bottom of Lake Malawi.

OthersThe genesis of

the mineral resources is divided into 4 types on the basis of their related geology.

Figure 5.2

displays the distribution of major mineral deposits and resources in Malawi.
(1) Mineral deposits associated with Basement Complex (Precambrian to early Paleozoic)(2) Mineral deposits associated with Karoo Supergroup and post-Karoo (Permian to Triassic)(3) Mineral deposits associated with alkaline magmatism(4) Deposits resulting from residual weathering, placer and rift-related sedimentation(Cenozoic to recent)Rare earth elements, rare metals such as Nb and uranium resources in Malawi recently attracted.
The former two resources are included in the alkaline igneous complex and carbonatitecharacteristically related to the Malawi Rift.

The latter is hosted in the Permian to Triassic

sand stone of Karoo Supergroup.

5.4.1 Mineral deposits associated with the Basement metamorphic and igneousrocks
The Malawi Basement Complex, which occupies 85% of the land area, is mainly composed ofparagneisses, granulites and felsic to ultramafic (meta-) igneous intrusive rocks.

Known

deposits include gold. nickel, copper, graphite, limestone/marble, iron sulphide, kyanite, gem
corundum/ruby and pegmatite-hosted precious and semiprecious gemstones.
(1) Nickel - Copper - Platinum Group Metals (PGM)
The principal sources of nickel are magmatic sulphide deposits associated with mafic-ultramafic
rocks which can occur in a variety of tectonic settings (e.g. ophiolite complexes, synorogenic
Alaskan-type complexes, alkaline complexes with carbonatites). Ni-Cu-PGM mineralization
can also occur in hydrothermal veins and in unconformity-related settings with gold anduranium. The most important deposits, however, are orthomagmatic in origin occurring inlayered mafic-ultramafic intrusions primary as stratiform bodies.

53Figure 5.2 Mineral resources map

54

There are 85 known mafic/ultramafic (or ultrabasic) bodies of significant size with possible
nickel-copper mineralization in the Basement Complex in Malawi.

These bodies include

serpentinised peridotites, pyroxenites and metapyroxenites, biotitites, olivine gabbros, gabbros,norites, anorthosites and amphibolites. Some could be parts of layered intrusions. Several
bodies have been investigated by Minex companies and the Geological Survey but economic Ni- Cu deposits have yet to be identified.
The Ubendian Belt grouping in the Chitipa-Karonga area of northern Malawi comprises 17
mafic-ultramafic bodies emplaced synkinematically into the host c. 2Ga gneisses. The Mzuzu
grouping includes four pyroxenitic bodies and four noritic bodies. The pyroxenite bodies are
undeformed and unmetamorphosed and are considered to be later than the Mozambiquan
orogeny. The Central Region grouping comprises variably differentiated bodies of metagabbro,
amphibolite and serpentinite. The Kirk Range Grouping consists essentially of serpentinised
peridotite and metapyroxenite bodies most of which have an outer envelope of amphibolite.
The Shire Highlands grouping mostly comprises metapyroxenite bodies emplaced as sills in
granulite and amphibolite facies gneisses.
From geochemical surveys the following bodies show some potential:(a) Nandupa, Nang'ombe, Usale Hill, Kaulasisi, Kamwe and Chitumbiridi in the northern region.
At Nandupa values of <2000ppm Ni and <1000ppm Cu were recorded over serpentinite and at
Nang'ombe values of <1000ppm each for Ni and Cu whilst at Kaulasisi a zone about 220×100m
was identified with values of 500~700ppm Ni and 1300~2500ppm Cu over pyroxenite.
(b) Chimimbe Hill, Lisandwa and Chipata Hill in the central region. Values of 2000~4000ppm(max 9000ppm) Ni have been recorded whilst Cu values are <215ppm. Drilling undertaken on
an EM anomaly at Lisandwa showed no correspondence with the geochemical anomaly.
Smaller Ni anomalies occur at Chipata Hill, Chamsani and Kaombe Stream. Chipata Hillregistered soil Ni values of <1750ppm against a background of 200ppm over a gabbro.
(c) Mpemba, Maperera, Chimwadzulu and Likudzi in the southern region. The Mpenba Hill
ultrabasic body registered values up to 6000ppm Ni in the residual soil. At Likudzi an area ofserpentinite measuring c. 900×200m yielded values of 2000ppm (max 7000ppm) Ni and300~500ppm Cu. Anomalous PGM values of up to 420ppb Pd and 104ppb Pt also have beenreported by Lisungwe PLC over a strike length >l km. At Maperera and Chingozi there arestrong coincident Cu-Ni anomalies over pyroxenite. At Chingozi the Cu-Ni and geophysicalanomalies are coincident. At Chimwadzulu and Chimimbe Hill where there are no sulphides
and no correlation with the mapped rock types with high nickel values the anomalies are largely
attributed to supergene enrichment.
Chromite and Cr magnetite occur in the overburden on Chimwadzulu and Chimimbe hill55

ultramafic bodies.

Chimwadzulu is also characterised by a linear PGM anomaly that closely

parallels the base of the intrusion. This suggests that the primary nickeliferous mineralization
is associated with cumulate PGM-enriched chromitite layers.
The Mpemba Hill Prospect is located 20km to the SW of Blantyre in southern Malawi iscurrently being investigated by MM Mining Pty Ltd (75%) in partnership with Albidon Ltd. It
comprises a series of pyroxenitic to gabbroic intrusive rocks that contain disseminations andclots of nickel sulphides at many localities plus Ni and Cu soil geochemical anomaly that
extends over an area greater than 3km2. There are historical reports of rock samples yielding
assay results of up to 2.9% Ni and 2.7g/t PGM, along strike to the northwest of the main
intrusion.
The mafic-ultramafic body of Mpemba Hill occurs within mafic to felsic pyroxene granulites
and banded homblendic gneisses with amphibolites.

The ultramafic body is dominantly

websteritic locally including olivine. The sulphides are scattered in apparently haphazard
patches throughout the whole intrusion as pyrite, nickeliferous pyrrhotite and subordinate
chalcopyrite where they typically form 0.5~1% of the rock. The greatest visible concentrationof Ni-Cu sulphides (c. 5%) occurs in the Nseche sector in the northwest suggesting that thismight be the locus of a feeder at depth. This is comparable with the Mudi River feeder zone
where a 100m wide zone with c. 10% pyrrhotite-pentlandite had been previously reported.
The sulphides have ratios of po:pn:cp of about 79:9:12, typical of moderate tenor magmatic
sulphide mineralization derived from gabbroic rather than picritic or ultramafic magma.

Thesulphides appear to be orthomagmatic rather than hydrothermal in origin. Ni values fromtrenches typically averaged 0.2% Ni (maximum of 0.32% Ni) and Cu contents in the region of
0.1%. Pt and Pd levels in soils and mineralized rocks were low and dispel earlier ideas of
Platreef-style marginal PGE mineralization at Mpemba.

There has been some surficial

upgrading of Ni and Cu values although none of the rocks currently exposed at surface exhibit
strong lateritic weathering as at Chimwadzulu and Chimimbe.
Assay results of 18 reconnaissance drill holes completed to test an extensive soil geochemical
anomaly at Mpemba Hill confirm the presence of widespread mineralization but this is limited
to very low grades (values seldom higher than 0.3% Ni and 0.2% Cu: max. 0.64% Ni). The
focus of exploration has now shifted towards the north-western sector which differs from
Mpemba Hill, in that small high-grade massive Ni-Ci PGM sulphide bodies associated withsmall tubular to dyke-like magma conduits within the country rocks are more likely to occur.
The Ngala Hill Copper prospect was first investigated by Phelps Dodge and Placer and thelicence was granted to MM Mining in December 2007. Ngala Hill ultramafic body consists ofmetapyroxenite, pyroxene amphibolite and hornblendite with a small zone of malachite
mineralization.

The ultramafic body (2.5km×0.35km) is emplaced into NW-SE striking

pyroxene- and hornblende-bearing foliated gneisses of the basement complex.

56

A Cu-

mineralized zone is c. 15m wide and 60m long and contains about 2% malachite as coatings on
cleavage planes and interstitial sites.

Geochemical soil sampling showed separate discrete

areas of high Cu (>300ppm), Ni (>400ppm), Cr (>800ppm) and Co (>150ppm). In some parts
there is considerable overlap of the Cu and Ni anomalies but, whereas the Ni, Cr and Co values
are close to local background, the Cu values are anomalously high. Values of >2000ppm Cu
occupy an area of 100m×50m, the long axis being NW-SE. The area includes the zone ofmalachite staining.

Values of >500ppm Cu offer a much larger target.

Trenches haveregistered 64m @0.14% Cu and 1.4g/t PGM and 12m @3g/t with a maximum of 0.75% Cu and3.8g/t PGM.
(2) Copper
There are a number of copper showings recorded in the Basement Complex but the mostsignificant is at Namikunda Hill in the Nsanje district of southern Malawi. The strataboundprimary copper mineralization comprises disseminated pyrrhotite with minor amounts ofchalcopyrite arid covellite within thin bands of calcsilicate gneiss. Ferruginous gossans withsecondary copper carbonates (malachite and azurite) are developed at surface. The shallowdipping principal lode, which is 0.6~1.3m thick has been described as a gently undulating shear
zone.

This has a drill indicated reserve of 1,675t at 3.5% Cu over a strike length of 33m.

Very low grade Cu and Zn mineralization has been reported over a 600m thickness and islocally associated with graphitic gneisses.
(3) GoldGold has been previously worked in the Kirk Range-Lisungwe valley area in southern Malawi
and has been reported in the Dwangwa and Malindi-Makanjira areas.

The Kirk Range-

Lisungwe valley has been subject to various investigations by the Geological Survey
Department (1934~35; 1958~62; 1992~93) and, after re-examination of the UNDP airborne
magnetic and radiometric data acquired in 1984~85, is currently drilling some target areas in the
Manondo area following a detailed geological and geochemical survey. The gold is mainly
hosted in decimetre-scale quartz pyrite lodes and stringer zones up to 1~2 metres thick andenhanced residual concentrations occur in the overlying regolith. The main workings datefrom the 1930s and include Breeze's, Palula Mine and Peterkin's vein. An inclined shaft sunkto 27 metres depth on a gold mineralized structure at Palula Mine yielded channel sample valuesof 0.6~11.8g/t (av. 2.7g/t) over a 1.2 metre width. The geochemical survey indicated that themineralized zone extends NE-SW and appears to be part of the same system as mined atBreeze's, 1.5km to the southwest. The gold is structurally controlled and is now recognized as
being associated with the Manondo-Choma thrust. Residual gold contents of 12~42g/t havebeen reported in the regolith above the bedrock mineralization arid averages at 2.6g/t over a
workable area. The northeast-trending gold-bearing Manondo-Choma thrust is 13km long anddips SE. Pelitic gneisses with calcsilicate-rock and marble units and with historical gold

57

workings occur in the hangingwall rocks and pelitic gneisses with metabasic gneisses andamphibolites in the footwall. Old gold workings, Manondo or Breeze's are located at thesouthwest end of this zone.
A report by ERA-Maptec Ltd. (2000) who carried out a satellite image interpretation andintegrated this with other remote sensing (gravity, aeromagnetic, airborne radiometric and EM)
and map data indicates gold anomalies and old workings occur in an arcuate belt 40km long and
5km wide surrounding the Lisungwe Anatectic Complex. The anomalies correlate with the
Chongwe Schist and its radiometrically interpreted equivalents on the southeast side of thecomplex.

ERA suggested four genetic models for gold deposits in the area:

1. Disseminated deposits associated with graphitic schists
2. Hydrothermal vein, breccia, skarn or replacement deposits with copper associated withintermediate composition granitoids
3. Granodiorite-granite related deposits perhaps related to Mesozoic intrusives
4. Epithermal veins associated with rift faulting and hydrothermal activity
The dominant target for gold exploration in the Basement Complex are considered to be
intrusion-related gold systems (IRGS) which encompass a wide range of geological features andare characterised by a range of deposits as typified by hydrothermal vein, breccia, skarn andreplacement mineralization styles.
Key geological features of IRGS deposits include:‧Spatial and/or temporal relationships with I-type intermediate to felsic intrusions‧Metal or deposit zoning centred on a mineralizing intrusion‧Low sulphide mineral assemblage typified by arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite and pyrite‧Metal association with Bi, Te, W, Mo, As, Sb, etc‧Restricted zones of hydrothermal alteration(4) Precious and semiprecious stones
A wide range of precious and semiprecious stones are found in the districts of Nsanje,
Chikwawa, Mwanza, Ntcheu in the south and Kasungu, Mzimba, Rumphi and Chitipa in thenorth of the country respectively. The commonest semiprecious stones are aquamarine (blueberyl), emerald, amethyst, gem tourmaline (pink, green and yellow), smoky and rose quartz,
sunstone, heliodor, rhodolite (pyrope-almandine) and almandine garnet.

Canary yellow

tourmalines were first discovered in Malawi in the autumn of 2000 and are highly prized.

The

Chimwadzulu Hill and Likudzi ultramafic bodies in the Kirk Range district to the south of
Ntcheu in southern Malawi have both yielded gem quality ruby corundum. At Likudzi, small
pieces of dark red corundum occur in amphibolitic zones within the serpentinite body.
Typically rubies, sapphires and industrial grade corundum associated with mafic/ultramafic

58

rocks and their metamorphic equivalents either occur within or adjacent to albitite and alkali
feldspar or mica pegmatite dykes or plugs or along contacts with peraluminous and other felsic
country rocks. They are essentially contact metamorphic to metasomatic deposits.

Industrial

grade corundum is commonly contemporaneous with the metamorphism whereas gem quality
corundum usually post dates the peak tectonism and metamorphism. Pockets of corundum
may also be present along tectonic contacts between gneiss and serpentinite. Metasomatic
zones cross-cutting ultramafic rocks at Chimwadzulu Hill are characterised by vermiculite andchlorite development.
Quartz-feldspar or granitic LCT (Li-Cs-Ta) pegmatites are the most important host rocks forthese stones as well as for books of muscovite mica.

These pegmatites tend to beperaluminous and are commonly enriched in beryllium, rubidium, tin, gallium and boron.
A swarm of gem-bearing pegmatites occur in the Mzimba district and extend from northern
Kasungu through Chikangawa to the Kafukula area on the Zambian border.

The host

pegmatites range in length up to several hundred metres. They both obliquely crosscut and areconcordant with the Basement Complex gneisses which strike predominantly NE-SW. The
gems include aquamarine, amethyst some rose quartz and colored varieties of tourmaline.
Gem-quality aquamarines (blue beryl) occur in zoned mica pegmatites at several localities in the
Mzimba district. The Mphungu pegmatite strikes NE conformable to the schistosity of thehost sillimanite-biotite gneisses.
(5) Vermiculite
Some 2.5Mt at 4.9% of proven reserves have been identified around the Feremu-Garafa area in
the Mwanza district with an expansion ratio of 12 (range 8~20) and Dry Bulk Density (DBD)
averaging 125kg/m3. The basement complex in this area is dominated by amphibolite facies
hornblende biotite gneisses with subordinate calcsilicate rocks and metapsammites with
scattered ultramafic (mostly glimmerite) and syenite bodies. The NW-trending Wankurumadzi
shear zone is the dominant structure in the area. There are 23 known vermiculite deposits inthe area (c. 130km2) of which nine average >0.06km2.

They are always associated withultramafic rocks consisting almost entirely of dark mica, either biotite or Fe phlogopite, incontact with syenites and quartz-feldspar pegmatites. The vermiculite develops by hydrationof the dark micas during periods of intense weathering or near surface alteration. Vermiculite
grades therefore rarely extend to more than a few tens of metres below surface. The largest
deposit, Kapirikamodzi, which has an area of 0.25km2, and the Ngolongonda and Chitimbe
deposits extend to at least 10 metres depth.
(6) Limestone, dolomitic limestone and marble
Limestone is essential in many chemical and industrial processes for construction industry,
agriculture, food products, glass, alumina, paper and steel manufacture, and for environmental

59remediation. Its primary utilisation in Malawi is for the manufacture of Portland cement,
agriculture lime and in sugar refining.

Malawi is well endowed with limestone in the

Basement Complex with most of the resources occurring in the southern region between
Blantyre and Lilongwe. The most important low magnesia limestones or calcitic marble (<3%MgO) suitable for cement, alumina and paper manufacture and agricultural applications occur at
Changalumi near Zomba, Malowa Hill, east of Dedza and at Golomoti in the Bwanje Valley,
Chikowa and Livwezi in the Kasungu district and at Chenkumbi Hills in the Balaka district.
The largest known deposit occurs at Changalumi, 13km west of Zomba, with an estimatedresource of 100Mt. This was exploited by the Portland Cement Co. Ltd. in a 200,000tpa
operation up to 2002. The overall poor quality of the marble (85% CaCO3) and large volumesof waste adversely affected the economics of the operation. Deposits of calcitic and dolomitic
limestone amounting to >10Mt occur in the Chenkumbi Hills, c. 10km east of Balaka. The
marble is variable in texture and composition in which calcite makes up 60~99% and dolomite
up to 40%. Parts of the deposit comprise pure dolomitic marble that has been exploited on asmall scale for lime burning. Following the ITDG-USAID funded operation in the 1980s the
Chenkumbi limeworks, using more efficient vertical shaft kilns, was established in 1991.
Lefarge Portland is now commencing a new USD 75 Million limestone project at Chenkumbi
Hills.
The Bwanje Valley limestone deposit at the southern end of Lake Malawi was evaluated by Met
Chem Inc. of Canada in 1997 for the manufacture of chemical grade lime.
grading 52% CaO, 0.99% MgO and 5.2% SiO2 was delineated.

4Mt of calcitic ore

Another block of 14.85Mt

with 46.8% CaO and 1.2% MgO was also outlined. 22.4Mt of dolomitic marble reserves
occurs in the same area. The Chikowa-Livwezi limestones/marbles have 17Mt of provenreserves with <1.5% MgO but contain abundant silicate impurities.

The marbles areinterbanded on all scales with garnet-biotite paragneisses, quartzofeldspathic rocks and calcsilicate gneisses.

There are, however, substantial bodies of marble with <10% silicates.

Marbles with >93% total carbonate grade at 52~54% CaO and 0.2~0.5% MgO. Those with
75~93% total carbonate contain 45.6~46.0% CaO and 0.7~1.5% MgO.
The Shayona Cement Corporation currently produces 150t of cement per day using verticalshaft kiln technology using limestone from Livwezi. There are plans to expand production to
400t/d (>140,000tpa) by the end of 2009. High magnesia dolomitic limestone contains >15%
MgO and is mainly used as building lime and in the sulphite paper-making process. Puredolostone/marble (c. 21.7% MgO) is an important material for the manufacture of refractories.
The Lirangwe marble in the Kirk Range is highly dolomitic (>18% MgO).
types: <10% calcite and 25~40% calcite.

There are two

A local lime burning industry has been in operation

for many years and reserves appear adequate for this to continue on a small-scale for some time
to come.

The Matope marble from the same area has reserves of c. 650,000t of highly

60

magnesian marble composed almost entirely of dolomite (54.8~56.7% CaO; 41.8~42.6%
MgCO3).

It has been also the focus of traditional small-scale lime burning.

(7) Graphite
Deposits of crucible-grade flake graphite occur at Katengeza village in Salima district about 60
km northeast of Lilongwe. A feasibility study carried out in the early 1990s delineated 2.7Mt
of graphite ore averaging 5.8% carbon (i.e. total of 157,000t of carbon). It is well located interms of transport infrastructure.

Large resources of flake graphite have also been discovered

at Chimutu to the east of Lilongwe.

Detailed evaluation of this resource is required but theprovisional average grade of the ore is about 10% carbon.
(8) Iron Sulphide
Pyrite is mainly used for the production of sulphur dioxide for the paper industry and sulphuricacid for the chemical industry. Although such applications are declining worldwide, feedstock
pyrite could be used in Malawi for a stand-alone sulphuric acid plant to produce ammonium
sulphate and phosphate fertilizers and for hydrometallurgical processing of nickel laterite.
10Mt of proven reserves at 10% sulphur occur at Malingunde Hill in the Lilongwe district and afurther 34Mt grading at 8% sulphur occur at Nkhanyu Hill in the Chisepo area of the Dowa
district. Additional resources of 5.5Mt of pyrite-pyrrhotite grading at 8.9% sulphide have beendelineated on Kadamsana Hill in the Chisepoarea. On the Malingunde Hill the disseminatedsulphide mineralization is hosted by interlayered kyanite-graphite-muscovite schists, gneisses
and metaquartzites that dip at a moderate angle to the ENE. It is probable that there are large
unexplored resources in the poorly exposed Lilongwe-Dowa area.

Localisation of theMalingundi and Chisepo iron sulphide deposits close to a major north-south structural
discontinuity may be significant and is worthy of further investigation.

They have beenreported to be associated with low angle shear zones. Graphitic iron sulphide belts in Central
Malawi have extensive gossan mantles and yield gravity and magnetic anomalies. Elevatedvalues of gold, silver and zinc have been noted at Malingunde Hill. Bodies of disseminatedsulphides (mainly pyrrhotite with some pyrite) also occur near Nanzeka Hill in the Nkhotakota
district. The sulphide content locally exceeds 25%.
Pyrite deposits exploited worldwide are normally massive (>90% pyrite) or semi-massive(40~90% pyrite); the cut-off for industrial use being c. 30% pyrite. Low grade pyrite deposits
such as Malingunde and Chisepo would not normally be considered for industrial use but havethe potential for restoring the fertility of alkali wastelands by direct soil application. Sulphuricacid is the major cost component (50%) in the processing of nickel laterite ores and exploitationof low grade pyrite for this purpose could alter the entire economics of any mining operation.

61

5.4.2 Mineral deposits associated with alkaline magmatism
Alkaline magmatism in Malawi has occurred during the early phases of intracontinental rifting
events with melt generation by mantle upwellings beneath thinned crust. The main activitiesof alkaline magmatism in Malawi occurred three times. Alkaline rocks are rich in alkaline
component (Na2O+K2O) and include feldspathoids and alkali pyroxenes/amphiboles. Alkaline
rock types range from felsic to ultramafic and are found in several associations characteristics
by distinctive rock types including carbonatites.

Alkaline magmatic systems are important

repositories of barite, fluorite, nepheline syenite, rare-earth metals, phosphate, niobium,
tantalum, thorium, uranium and zirconium. They may also be sources of copper, titanium,
strontium, vermiculite and lateritic nickel.
The age of the first alkaline magmatism is Neoproterozoic and occurred in central and northern
Malawi. That area called Neoproterozoic North Nyasa Alkaline Province (NNAP) consists ofseven intrusions (Kasungu, Chipala, Chikangawa, Mphompha, Telelele Hill, Ilomba and Ulindi)and lie along a north-south trend roughly parallel to the current rift valley. The dominant
lithology is nepheline syenite, but alkali syenite and granite occur at Mphompha andpyroxenites outcrop adjacent to, and within the Ilomba intrusion.

NNAP plutons weremetamorphosed at c. 450Ma during the Pan African event.
The second activity is the late Pan African alkaline ring complexes of southern Malawi
including Thambani, Bilila, Chingale, Mlindi, Little Michuru and Ntonya. They typicallycontain metapyroxenite cores with peripheries of syenite and hybrid rocks.

In addition there isa swarm of biotitite bodies that are considered to be metasomatised derivatives of intrusive
ultramafic rocks. The Mlindi ring complex, dated at 495Ma (late Cambrian), contains from thecentre ourward: pyroxenite, gabbronorite to syenogabbro, gabbro-diorite and syenite. Thissecond activity has no association with carbonatite.
The alkaline magmatism occurred in Chilwa Alkaline Province of southern Malawi in the early
Cretacesous (135 to 113 Ma). It lies at the southern end of the East African rift and is uniquefor its essentially intrusive character ranging from carbonatite and granite. The largest plutons
consist of syenite and peralkaline granite with smaller intrusions comprising syenite, nephelinesyenite, sodalite syenite and carbonatite. Metamorphosed basanite / nephelinite volcanics aremainly preserved in down-faulted blocks.

Extrusion of nephelinitic lavas and emplacement ofnepheline and sodalite syenite and syenites at c. 135Ma was followed by nepheline syenites andsyenites at c. 126Ma and large syenite-peralkaline granite plutons at c. 113Ma. The major
alkaline complexes are Junguni, Mongolwe, Mulanje and Mthache Hill.

Chilwa Island,

Tundulu, Songwe and Kangankunde are major carbonatite intrusions.
(1) REE
Rare Earth Metals include the 15 elements of lanthanides with scandium and yttrium. The

62

main economic minerals are bastnaesite and monazite.
Monazite occurrences are widespread throughout the Chilwa Alkaline Province and locally form
residual concentrations in heavy mineral sands.

The Kangankunde Complex consists ofroughly concentric zones of agglomerate, breccia, feldspathoid gneisses and fenites surrounding
a core of ankeritic and sideritic carbonatite with monazite, strontianite and disseminatedmanganese oxides. It differs from all the other large carbonatitic centres both in the lack ofsoviet and the abundance instead of strontianite-rich ankeritic carbonatites. The monazite isreknown for its high Ce content and extremely low thorium and uranium levels.

The deposit

has an inferred resource of 107,000t of rare-earth oxide (REO) at an average grade of 4.24%
REO using a 3.5% REO cut-off grade. Testwork shows that the deposit is amenable to lowcost gravity separation producing a 60% REO concentrate. The Tundulu Complex contains
large quantities of REE minerals, mainly bastnaesite, in addition to substantial reserves of
apatite. The rocks of Nathache Hill are estimated to contain >3,225,000 tonnes at 2.4% REO
per 30 metre depth.
(2) Coltan metals, uranium and zirconium
Nb-Ta-U pyrochlore and zircon mineralization is typically associated with nephelinitic andcarbonatite intrusives either as primary magmatic or replacement deposits (intra-intrusive veinsor stringer zones, extra-intrusive fenites or veins). The residual weathering accumulations
from either deposit type may also be economic.
The Ilomba Hill Alkaline Complex in the far northwest of the country was investigated bysurface trenching in the 1950s and returned analyses of up to 2.15% U3O8 and 7.50% Nb2O5
associated with uraniferous pyrochlore. The total resource amounts to 0.1Mt of Nb 2O5 at agrade of 0.3% Nb2O5. Titanites and eudialytes contain up to 11% Nb2O5 and >3.5% Nb2O5
respectively which reflects a high Nb activity in the primary melt. The high Nb / Ta ratios are
more typical of carbonatites and the nearby presence of the Nachendezwaya carbonatitecomplex in Tanzania suggests a linkage between these intrusions.
Globe Metals and Mining Ltd. is undertaking a pre-feasibility study of its Kanyika multicommodity (Nb, U, Ta, Zr) deposit, 55km NE of Kasungu in Central Malawi. The Kanyika
mineralization is hosted in a N-S striking intrusive body of nepheline syenite emplaced inbasement gneisses that is coincident with a strong airborne radiometric anomaly. The hostmineralized alkaline igneous rock has an overall dip of 45~80˚ to the west, is over 3.5km longand up to 300m in width. High-grade ore zones occur immediately adjacent and parallel to thefootwall and hangingwall in the central and northern Milenje zone. The inferred Joint Ore
Reserves Committee (JORC) resource, defined over 2.1km strike length, and to an average
vertical depth of 120m is 56.4Mt at 0.26% Nb2O5 (145,000t), 0.007% U3O8 (4,000t), 0.012%
Ta2O5 (6,600t) and 0.48% ZrSiO4 (272,400t) based upon a 0.15% Nb2O5 cut-off. Current

63

exploration is focusing on the Milenje zone which is the northern extension of the footwall
Chikoka zone further south. Within the broad westerly-dipping high-grade marginal parts ofthe mineralized intrusion the ore is locally controlled by sub-vertical, S2 foliation-parallel
pyrochlore and zircon-rich pegmatitic segregations and veins. These form en echelon arrays
which obliquely transect the concordant foliated syenite.

Pyrochlore is the dominant ore

mineral which contains most of the niobium, tantalum and uranium.

It is disseminatedthroughout the high-grade zones with no apparent diminishment in tenor with depth (max.
300m). The U content of the zircon is 400~800ppm whereas it can reach up to 10% in the
pyrochlore.

Initial results of 7500m of infill RC and diamond core drilling indicate that thenorthern Milenje Zone contains a near-surface high grade zone of 14.1 Mt with >1% Nb2O5(52,500t) over more than 200 meters strike length within a broader 1.2km zone.

The cut-off is

0.30% Nb2O5. Results published in the last quarter of 2008 include 21m @1.03% Nb2O5,
0.053% Ta2O5, 0.037% U3O8 and 17m @1.403% Nb2O5, 0.085% Ta2O5, 0.059% U3O8 including
5m @2.198% Nb2O5, 0.100% Ta2O5, 0.078% U3O8. This near-surface component could be
mined by open pit with a low strip ratio of 0.5~0.9 for the first 6+ years of operations which will
provide early payback of the capital expenditure.

It is intended to produce separate pyrochlore

and zircon concentrations. Initial testwork achieved c. 72% recovery but the company isconfident that this can be improved.
The Kanyika project, along with a number of other Exclusive Prospecting License (EPL) blocks
held by other Minex companies in search of U-Nb-Ta mineralization associated with intrusives
in the Basement Complex (Oropa Exploration Pty Ltd. at Chinzani, Chitunde & Mzimba;
Mantra Resources Ltd. at Chikangawa, Chintheche & Nanzeka) was first identified from
reprocessing the country-wide airborne radiometric and magnetic survey data acquired in
1984/85 by Hunting Geology and Geophysics Ltd. Many of the target radiometric anomalies
are circular but the deposit model and search parameters developed by Globe indicate that othergeometries/intrusive morphologies may be prospective.
Some of the mineralized carbonatites have significant amounts of pyrochlore which could be
extracted as a by-product. Pyrochlore-rich carbonatite at Chilwa Island has indicated reservesof 375,000t at 0.95% Nb2O5 whilst the Tundulu carbonatite hosts estimated reserves of 900,000t
at 0.37% Nb2O5.
(3) Phosphate (apatite)
The Tundulu, Chilwa Island and Kangankunde carbonatite complexes in southern Malawi allcontain hard rock phosphate concentrations in the form of apatite.

Of these, only the apatiterock at Tundulu in the Mulanje district has any economic potential as a fertiliser raw material.
The Tundulu Ring Complex rises steeply out of the surrounding Phalombe plain to an altitude of
967m and comprises three igneous centres.

Centre 1 comprises a circular aureole offenitization about a 2km diameter plug of syenite.

64

The second carbonatite ring structurecentred on Nathache Hill has a diameter of 500~600m. Wrench faulting prior to emplacementof the third centre displaced the western half of the Nthache Hill ring structure 250m to thenorth. Centre 3 comprises small plugs and thin sheets of metanephelinite and beforsite. The
main apatite deposit forms an arcuate zone (300m N-S and 50m E-W) around the eastern side of
the hill.
Drill indicated reserves of 2Mt of rock phosphate with 17% P2O5 have been outlined to a depthof 100 meters.

Within this block 900,000 tonnes are available averaging 22% P2O5 and higher

grade rock (28~30% P2O5) could be selectively mined. There is potential for increasing theore reserves by investigating the adjacent areas capped by agglomerate. Met-Chem Canada
Inc. evaluated the economic potential of the Tundulu phosphate resources for the Malawi
Development Corporation and concluded that recovery of niobium and rare earth resources fromthe carbonatite could contribute to lowering the P2O5 cut-off grade and increase the phosphatereserve.

The quantity of phosphate rock and the demand for phosphate fertilisers is,nevertheless, probably too small to justify the establishment of a fertilizer manufacturing plant.
Agronomic trials have been carried out on the use of ground Tundulu phosphate rock as a direct
application fertilizer for tea. It is deemed not reactive enough for annual crops.
JICA (1989~91) delineated three orebodies on Nthache Hill with a total probable reserve of
1,892,480t at an average grade of 14.4% P2O5 using a cut-off of 5% P2O5 (i.e. 2.2% P). With aweighted grade of 16.6% P2O5 the probable reserves stand at 1,777,688t whereas the reserve
estimated for the high grade zone of 22.8% is 805,200t. The drilling indicated continuity of
apatite rock to depths >100m.

It should be noted that commercial grade rock phosphate

usually contains >60% Ca3P2O5 (or TPL). In terms of TPL the Tundulu values are fairly low(<50%). It is evident that should the Tundulu phosphate deposit be mined processing will
include crushing and flotation to produce a saleable product.

However, for direct application

the high grade zone may not require beneficiation.
Apatite occurs in biotite-metapyroxenite in the centre of the Basement Complex Mlindi
ultrapotassic ring structure and it is only known pyroxenite that has some potential for
extraction of phosphate. Most of the exploitable reserves (2.4Mmt @7~14% P2O5) occur inthe residual soils overlying the metapyroxenite.
(4) Pegmatite Minerals
Malosa Mountain, near Zomba is a site of artisanal exploitation of outstanding pegmatite
mineral specimens that are highly prized by collectors.

The most celebrated is aegirine

associated with smoky quartz, microcline, zircon and other rare species such as parasite,
epididymite, fergusonite and eudyalite. The Zomba-Malosa pluton emplaced at c. 113Ma iscomposed of quartz syenite and peralkaline granite is host to associated NYF (Nb-Y-F enriched)granitic alkaline pegmatites characterised by a unique mineralogy including aegirine,65

arfvedsonite, Ce-pyrochlore, fluorite, hingganite-(Y), Nb-Ta-Y oxides, niobophylliteastrophyllite, REE-carbonates, several Na-Be-Zr silicates, xenotime-(Y) and zircon.

Thepegmatites crop out close to the summit of Mount Malosa (c. 2000masl). They are typically
1.0~1.5m thick, subhorizontal and strongly miarolitic locally with metre-scale cavities or‘pockets’. The rock textures and mineral assemblage indicate crystallisation at shallow depth.
Moreover there are large euhedral crystals of rare minerals (e.g. Be silicates) in the cavities thatshow replacements by REE minerals and Zr-Th silicates. To date about 45 mineral species
have been identified including galena.
Nepheline syenite pegmatites with large well developed aegirine crystals also occur in the
Chinduzi-Chikala mountain range. The Mulanje mountain massif may also be prospective for
the NYF subclass of rare metal pegmatites.

At Mwanza, sodic pegmatitic rocks with albite-

oligoclase carry bi-pyramidal crystals of brown semi-opaque zircon crystals up to 4cm.
Corundum occurs in pegmatites hosted by a biotite Nepheline gneiss to the west and south of
Makoko village in Nsanje; a similar environment to that of Thambani in the Mwanza district.
Some of the corundum is blue but no gem-quality sapphires have been reposted.
(5) Dimension stone
Azure-blue sodalite syenites are one of the most sought-after dimension stones associated withthe alkaline intrusive complexes in Malawi.

Sodalite-nepheline syenite of the Ilomba intrusion

at Chitipa in north Malawi is quarried for dimension stone by Ilomba Granite of Blantyre and is
known under the trademark of ‘blue granite’. It occurs in small areas within biotite-nephelinesyenite with gradational boundaries. The coarse grained rock predominantly comprises alkali
feldspar and sodalite.

Biotite, apatite, plagioclase and calcite are present only in minor

amounts. The Ulindi hill nepheline syenite intrusion, which lies 6.5km east of Ilomba within
the Songwe Syenite, also contains irregular and discontinuous sodalite veins in the summit area.
‘Blue granite’ also occurs in the Rumphi district.
Sodalite syenite also occurs at Junguni Hill of the Cretaceous Chilwa Alkaline Province in the
Balaka diatrict of cental Malawi. This is situated close to the Nacala railway and the major
population centres.

Sodalite is locally abundant (up to 90%) and occasionally occurs as

rounded masses, interstitial patches and in rectangular areas within feldspar prisms.
Amazonite granite, colloquially known as ‘Green Granite’, occurs in the Ezondweni-Mtwalo
area of the Mzimba district of central Malawi and is worked by Granite Ltd. Amazonite is an
opaque to translucent bluish-green variety of microcline feldspar that occurs in alkali granites
and pegmatites. The green color is largely due to an elevated lead content. Large amazonite
crystals are reported from pegmatites on Mount Malosa, near Zomba.
(6) Kimberlites

66

Kimberlites are a type of potassic volcanic rocks best known for sometimes containing
diamonds and they remain the main source of diamonds. Their morphology is the result of
explosive diatreme volcanism from mantle sources at depth of 150~450km.

Diamonds

typically occur in the deep roots of Archaean/Paleoproterozoic cratons from where they areincorporated by the rising kimberlitic magmas. Diamondiferous Kimberlites comprise tabular
vertical-dipping feeder dykes that evolve into a volcano with a central vent (commonly referred
to as a pipe) within 1.5~2.0km of surface. The diameter of the pipe at surface is typically a
few hundred metres to a kilometre but exceptionally can be several kilometres across. Only 1
in 200 kimberlite pipes have economic diamond potential.
The western branch of the East African Rift is characterized by Group II kimberlites which areultrapotassic peralkaline rocks rich in volatiles that have close affinity to lamproites. The
alkaline magmas are derived from deep sources in the mantle plume beneath the continental rift
and commonly lead to the genesis of nephelinite-carbonatite and kimberlite-carbonatites.
Kimberlitic rocks in the Chapachenga area near Phirilongwe Mountain in Mangochi have acarbonatite affinity.

They are currently being investigated by the Geological Survey

Department.
It has often been claimed that the geological situation in Malawi-Mozambique is not particularly
favourable for the occurrence of diamondiferous kimberlites on the grounds that kimberlites inthe vicinity of the East African Rift are barren. However about 50% of these so-called barren
kimberlites are reported to carry some diamonds.

Although much of Malawi and neighbouringparts of western Mozambique comprises reworked crystalline crust, recent work has shown thatolder cratonic fragments occur in this geological environment.

The kimberlites in north-western Mozambique occur at the north-east extremity of the NE-SW trending transcontinental
kimberlite corridor that extends from South Namibia. The Maniamba basin (or graben), which
extends NE of Lake Malawi and is infilled with Karoo Supergroup sediments, contains
numerous dykes (up to 3m thick) and small pipes (several tens of metres) of primitive Group lkimberlite of Lower Cretaceous age (c. 140Ma). The Mozambiquan diatremes are located at
the intersection of the NE- and NNW-trending fault systems within the graben. No kimberlite
bodies are found beyond the margin of the Karoo cover. NW-trending kimberlitic zones of
Mefululutxe and Fugoe are up to 28km long and located only 4~7km from Lake Malawi.

It

has yet to be established whether they carry diamonds but it is quite common for barren Group lkimberlite dykes to be associated with diamondiferous pipes.
Kimberlitic dykes are known to occur in the Karoo rocks of the Livingstonia subbasin and the
UNDP aerogeophysical survey in the 1980s also indicated targets for diamondiferous
kimberlites in the west Chiumba diatreme zone in the Karonga district of northern Malawi.
The Chamaliro dislocation zone that borders the Maniamba trough and its northern branch thatborders the Rufuru trough and southern margin of the Livingstonia sub-basin are therefore

67considered prospective zones for kimberlites.

Kimberlitic dykes are also reported in the

Mwanza River Valley in the districts of Chikwawa and Mwanza.

Previous diamond prospect

reportedly revealed kimberlite indicator minerals and two microdiamonds in a concentrate takenfrom the Shire River.
(7) Base metal
Amongst the ring complexes only Mlindi and Chingale have been adequately sampled.
Random Cu-Ni anomalies (max 340ppm Cu and 680ppm Ni) and copper minerals have been
noted at Mlindi. Isolated soil sample anomalies (max 2,560ppm Cu and 1,600ppm Ni) havebeen recorded over the biotitites. The Kangankunde carbonatite contains significant accessory
amounts of sphalerite, baryte and manganese oxides along with monazite and strontianite.
Sphalerite (0.4~0.5%) and baryte (0.6~0.7%) equivalent to 1,654t and 9,250t respectively per
30m depth could be extracted as byproducts of the mining of monazite. There are a number ofcoincident tin-molybdenum-niobium geochemical anomalies associated with the alkaline
intrusions of Phirilongwe (Mangoche), Nkalabe (Nyika), Mbale (Nsanje) and Chekang'ombe(Nkamanga). Potential exists for tin mineralization in association with final phase A-type
peralkaline granites and episyenites of the Chilwa Alkaline Province.

5.4.3 Mineral deposits associated with sedimentary and volcanic cover rocks
In Malawi the Permo-Carboniferous to Lower Jurassic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the
Karoo Supergroup and late Cretaceous to Tertiary post-Karoo sedimentary cover overlie an
early Precambrian to early Paleozoic Basement Complex. The Karoo Supergroup, along with
the Malawi Basement Complex, is cut by Mesozoic alkaline igneous rocks.

Ore deposit types

range from syngenetic to syr-diagenetic through to late-stage diagenetic and typically include
sediment-hosted stratabound deposits of uranium, coal and limestone.
volcanics host gem quality blue agate and chalcedony.

The Stormberg

The Karoo Supergroup also hassignificant hydrocarbon potential.
(1) Uranium
Kayelekera project
The Kayelekera sandstone-hosted uranium deposit lies within Permian Karoo sedimentary rocksof the North Rukuru basin 52km west of the provincial town of Karonga at the northern end of
Lake Malawi and 575 kilometres north of the capital city, Lilongwe.

The deposit was

discovered and delineated by the Central Electricity Generating Board of Great Britain (CEGB)
between 1982 and 1992. In 1998, Paladin Energy Ltd. acquired an interest in Kayelekera
through a int venture with Balmain Resources Pty Ltd. and in 2005 acquired the remaining 10%
interest held by Balmain. Paladin Energy Ltd, an Australian publicly-listed company, holds a
100% interest in the Kayelekera Project through its wholly owned subsidiary Paladin (Africa)
Ltd, but the Company will transfer a 15 per cent shareholding in PAL to the Government of68

Malawi under the terms of the Development Agreement signed between PAL and theGovernment in February 2007. Following environmental approval, Mining Licence ML 152,
covering 5,550 hectares was granted in April 2007, valid for a period of 15 years.
Construction on the $US200 million development project commenced in June 2007.
The Project is designed to give an annual production of 3.3Mlbs U3O8 from the processing of
1.5 Mtpa of sandstone and associated ores by grinding, acid leaching, resin-in-pulp extraction,
precipitation and drying to produce saleable product. Meanwhile Paladin has commenced
exploration on adjacent blocks to the east, west and south of the Kayelekera Mining Lease i.e.
Exelusive Prospecting Licences (EPLs) 168, 169 and 170 granted in December 2005, andEPL225, granted in December 2007, with follow-up on radiometric anomalies identified by theprevious helicopter radiometric survey with a view to increasing the resource base and mine life.
The North Rukuru basin contains a >1,500m thick succession of clastic sediments preserved in asemi-graben. This sequence is divided into two distinctly different formations, namely, theglacial and glacio-lacustrine Basal Beds Formation comprising a diamictite (tillite) member
with an overlying flaggy sandstone and varved shale member followed by a thick series ofalternating arkosic sandstones and mudstones of the North Rukuru Sandstone and Shale
Formation which is divided into five members. The Kayelekera uranium deposit is developedin the uppermost Kayelekera Member of the preserved succession which, within the deposit area,
has a maximum thickness of c. 150m and contains a total of eight separate arkosic units withintervening mudstones in an approximate 1:1 ratio. The base of the Kayelekera Member isdark grey/chocolate brown mudstone which rests upon the Muswanga Red Beds Member. The
Kayelekera member succession indicates cyclic sedimentation within a broad shallow
intermittently subsiding basin. Each cyclothem generally passes upwards from coarse reduced
facies arkose through oxide facies ‘red-bed’ mudstones into reduced facies carbonaceous silty
mudstones locally with thin coaly horizons.

Individual arkosic units which may containseveral upward-fining sequences, are commonly current bedded and contain carbonaceousdebris with associated disseminated pyrite.
Lenses of uranium mineralization occur within the arkose units to a depth of 100m. Thesevertically stacked lenses are localised approximately parallel to the synclinal axis of the faultbounded structure. Mineralization is offset but is not confined by faults although it is limitedby the surface topography which truncates the host lithologies. Most of the mineralization iscontained within six principal lenses in the arkose units although some secondary mineralization
also occurs in the mudstones below the mineralized arkose. Three types of mineralization arerecognised based on the redox state of the host lithology, namely (i) reduced, (ii) oxidised and(iii) mixed oxide and reduced facies. Coffinite is the primary uranium mineral in the reduced
facies often associated with organic debris and/or pyrite.

The transitional zone includes

uraninite and U-Ti minerals whilst the oxide facies contains several yellow-green secondary69

uranium minerals dominated by meta-autunite and boltwoodite.
At a 300ppm U3O8 cut-off, the total measured and indicated resource is 15.3Mt @0.088% U3O8
yielding 13.63Kt of U3O8, with a further 3.40Mt @0.06% U3O8 yielding 2.04Kt of U3O8 as
Inferred Resource under the JORC code. The process plant is currently under construction anddue for commissioning during the first quarter of 2009. Open pit mining commenced in June2008 to develop initial stockpiles, with the first blast occurring on 24 July 2008. It will be aconventional open-pit operation with a seven-year life, but processing will continue for a further
four years at a steady state rate of 1.5 million tpa to give an annual output of 1,493t U 3O8 in thefirst seven years and 530tpa U3O8 from stockpiled marginal material grading 0.039% U3O8 overthe last four year.
Kayelekera is a typical roll-front uranium deposit formed by movement of uranium-enrichedoxidising groundwaters down gradient through permeable arkosic sandstones. The uranium,along with other dissolved metals such as molybdenum, vanadium, selenium and arsenic,
precipitates out when the groundwaters encounter the oxidation/reduction interface often
forming a crescent-shaped ore body. Uranium, being more mobile under oxidising conditions,tends to be leached from the oxidised parts of the deposit. Over time the reduction front will
migrate in the direction of groundwater flow. Disseminated pyrite and organic material act as
reductants and organic trash pockets in sandstone can result in the additional formation of richhumate-type orebodies. Tabular blanket deposits also may form at the crescent tips of the front.
Whilst some deposits are mined by open pit or underground methods, most future mining may
be done by in-situ leaching.
These deposits are normally found with radiation detectors although peak to background ratios
may be small and can be easily overlooked.

The Kayelekera radiometric anomaly was

exceptional in being five times background. Complications can arise where there is secular
disequilibrium between uranium and daughter products of the decay chain. Uraninite andcoffinite may be so newly formed that radioactive daughter products have yet to develop.
Such non-radioactive deposits have to be discovered by geochemical methods.
Recognition of economic concentrations of roll-front uranium within the Karoo basins has
encouraged increased exploration activity specifically targeting this style of mineralization.
Globe Metals and Mining is prospecting for roll-front style uranium mineralization within
Karoo sandstones of the Livingstonia sub-basin on the basis of a radiometric anomaly along theeastern escarpment. The first phase of a drilling programme was completed in 2008 at their
Chombe, Chiweta and Bunga prospects.

Chombe is the most advanced and probably the mostpromising with intersections of 15m @402ppm U3O8 including 4m @864ppm U3O8, 10.6m@373ppm U3O8 including 3.3m @820ppm U3O8 and 8.1m @644ppm U3O8 including 3.1m
@806ppm U3O8.
Kayelekera.

It is a roll-front type of uranium deposit but is much more complex thanPrimary ore concentrations appear to be associated with numerous channel

70fillings as in a braided floodplain environment. Secondary remobilisation has occurred in a
number of phases with one superimposed or overprinting an earlier depositional front. Thereis some deposition of secondary uranium associated with carbonaceous lenses.

With

Livingstonia being that much closer to the Malawi Rift margin faulting has played a greater rolein the localisation of the uranium mineralization although offsets of the mineralized horizon are
rarely more than a few metres. Thus the overall geometry is not that of a simple open syncline
as at Kayelekera. The main mineralized member is a basal arkosic unit up to 90 metres thickwhich lies directly above the coal measures sequence. The arkosic sandstones are generally
uniform and homogeneous except for a few thin silty interbeds.

Proximity to the riftescarpment and other environmental considerations may preclude open pit mining but may beamenable to in situ uranium extraction which has relatively little impact at surface. The
natural water table is at a depth of 40 metres but varies somewhat according to the season.
For a roll-front uranium to be amenable to in-situ leaching the uraniferous sandstone must be
porous and permeable and confined above and below by imprervious mudstone or shale. The
beds must be flat-lying or only gently dipping and must be below the water table or in aconfined aquifer. In situ leaching enables economic exploitation of uranium from roll-front
deposits that are too deep for surface mining methods.
(2) Coal
Coal is an important and underused source of energy in Malawi. It offers a more reliable
source of energy than renewable sources such as hydroelectric power generation which is liable
to be affected by drought and could be a substitute for fuelwood/wood charcoal which is subject
to increasing environmental and population pressures.

Small coal basins with potential for

only limited reserves of coal have a local economic and strategic value given the high bulk
transportation cost. Malawian coal is currently used in boilers for raising steam, in cement
manufacture, curing tobacco and production of pharmaceuticals.
According to available estimates there are 13 coalfields in the northern region and two in thesouthern part of the country with speculated reserves totaling as a much as 800 million tonnes.
The best known deposits occur in the Ngana, Livingstonia, Lufira, Mwabvi, Lengwe, North
Rukuru and Nthalire (sub) basins. Malawian coals are sub-bituminous to bituminous, with ahigh ash content, high volatile and low sulphur contents. They are bi- and tri-maceral humic
types rich in inertinite and/or vitrinite and mineral matter, and are typical of other Gondwana
coals. The seams so far discovered are mostly <1 metre thick and display rapid vertical andlateral variations.

Arkose-related coals appear to be of better quality and more persistent thanthe coals associated with mudrocks.

They offer the greatest potential for economic

exploitation in the short to medium term, a point well recognised by the Malawian authorities.
The coal measures vary in thickness up to c. 100m in the north and c. 600m in the south. They71

comprise interbedded mudrocks and commonly arkosic sandstones and subordinate
conglomerates. The argillaceous beds contain thin multiple coal seams.

Sandstone-hosted

coals are less common but are notable in the Livingstonia basin where they are presently
worked.

The northern basins exhibit a regional dip to the east and are mostly half-grabens

downfaulted to the west along their eastern boundaries. Only in the basins nearest to Lake
Malawi is this polarity reversed and the geometry more compatible with the younger Rift Valley
tectonics. A considerable thickness of Karoo-Cretaceous deposits occurs beneath the Tertiary
to Recent sediments of the northern littoral of Lake Malawi.
The Livingstonia Basin on the southwest side of the Nyika massif represents the southwesternextension of the Ruhuru basin in Tanzania which has been truncated by the Lake Malawi rift.
Compared to North Nyika the Livingstonia basin succession was deposited in a deeper waterlacustrine environment.

It is fault-bounded to the northwest and has a gross geometry

consistent with a pull-apart origin in a left lateral transcurrent displacement zone.
Currently there is only one major coal producer, namely Mchenga Coal Mines, which is locatedin the Livingstonia coalfield and extends over 90km2 in the Rumphi district.

This coalcompany operates on a production target of 5000 tons a month and supplies coal to someleading companies in the country as well as supplying 1000tpm to Mbeya Cement in Tanzania.
Mchenga Coal is also working on the Chombe coal deposit and the cumulative annual
production is likely to touch 96,000 tonnes.

Proven reserves in the Mchenga Mine area

amount to 1.4 million tonnes. At Mchenga Mine a prominent seam of interbanded dull andbright coal some l.5~2.7m thick that occurs immediately beneath the K3 basal arkose and has
considerable lateral extent is currently being worked.

The contact between the coals and roof

arkoses is sharp, generally flat-lying and remarkably planar.

At their base they rest on

carbonaceous micaceous sandstones which show upward fining into the base of the coal.
Thinner seams (<0.5m thick) occur above the main seam and show similar roof and floor
relationships. There is another small-scale mining operation at Kaziwiziwi that is managed by
the Kaziwiziwi Mining Company. The mined Kaziwiziwi 'main seam', which is sandstonehosted, is 1.5~2.0 metres thick with the best coal occurring in the uppermost 0.75m.
The Ngana coalfield, which covers an area of 60km2 and forms the southern extension of the
Songwe-Kiwiri Basin in Tanzania, is being evaluated for its opencast potential. The Ngana
coal seam is of the order of 15m thick and dips eastwards at 30°. An estimated 50Mt of in-situ
coal is within a depth limit of 200 metres. The stripping ratio of overburden to coal is
projected to be >10:1 Drill-indicated reserves stand at 182 million tonnes with a recovery of
65%. However, a high proportion of waste is recorded and in view of the high ash/low
calorific value of the coals it would require extensive washing to produce a saleable product.
The North Rukuru coalfield covers 190km2 and the coal seams range in thickness between 0.5m
and 3.0m. The coal resources are inferred at 165 million tonnes with proven reserves of72

500,000 tonnes at Kachira in Musisi Forest. The coal may be exploited by open cast or
underground mining. The overburden to coal ratio is >15:1.
The Lufira coalfield covers an area of 6km2 with an estimated coal resource of 1.25Mt. The
coal-bearing sequence dips at 16~25° to the east and is 20m thick containing 4~12 seams
ranging in thickness from 4mm to 2.45m. Drill indicated reserves stand at 600,000 tonnes.
The neighbouring Kibwe coalfield (15km2) has estimated coal resources of 2Mt. The Lufira
and Kibwe Basins form part of the concealed Karonga coalfield with a speculated 300Mt of coalresources.
The coalfields of Lengwe and Mwabvi in the southern lower Shire valley districts of Chikwawa
and Nsanje were subject to detailed investigation by BRGM and the GSD in the period
1987~1991. The Mwabvi coalfield extends over 400km2 and coal seams are in places exposedat surface. The BRGM/GSD drilling campaign identified coal reserves of 2.2 million tonnes at
50m depth and a further 2.5 million tonnes at 100m depth.

The quality of the coal improved

with depth; coal from shallower levels would require washing. Mining at Mwabvi would beby open cast or underground. The Lengwe coalfield covers nearly 350km2.

16 drill holes2were sunk in a 30km block around Mkombezi wa Fodya River. The coal occurs within
mudrocks and is of limited coalification level compared with Mwabvi coal.

Further

explotation in the Lengwa and Mwabwi areas need not be inhibited by the restricted size of
potential mining blocks due to the heavy faulting, provided that reserves can be located atshallow depths to permit easy exploitation. These areas remain the closest potential coalfields
to major local markets and this factor alone offers clear advantages.

5.4.4 Deposits resulting from residual weathering, placer and rift-related
sedimentation
Superficial deposits (residual to eluvial, colluvial, and alluvial to lacustrine) contain importantmineral resources in Malawi. They cover large tracts of the Lake Malawi littoral, the Shire
Valley and the Lilongwe-Kasungu and Mzimba plains. Residual and placer deposits developed
during the Cenozoic as a consequence of complex evolving geomorphic cycles of weathering,erosion and deposition under varying climatic conditions.

Residual deposits include bauxites,

clays, saprolitic nickel and gemstones. Dambos are a potential source of gypsum, brick clays
and silica sand. Heavy mineral alluvial placers with ilmenite, rutile, monazite, zircon, gold
and/or gemstones have largely developed along the major rivers and around the lakes of the East
African Rift Valley. They are also a potential source of columbite-tantalite, cassiterite, PGM’s,
etc. Lacustrine deposits in the Malawi Rift include diatomite, phosphate, and unconsolidated
marls. The thick sediment fill of the rift is a target for hydrocarbon exploration.
(1) Rare Earth Element (REE)
The main economic minerals including REE are bastnaesite and monazite.

73

Monaziteoccurrences are widespread throughout the Chilwa Alkaline Province and locally form residual
concentrations in heavy mineral sands.
The core carbonatite of the Kangankunde Complex associates with monazite, strontianite anddisseminated manganese oxides.

The Tundulu Complex contains large quantities of REE

minerals, mainly bastnaesite, in addition to substantial reserves of apatite.
(2) Bauxite
Bauxite comprises variously hydrated aluminium oxides (gibbsite, diaspore, etc) and constitutes
the principal ore of aluminium.

It forms as a result of intensive surficial weathering on welldrained plateaux in regions with wet tropical climates. The process of bauxitisation involves
intense leaching of the protolith and/or regolith and dissolution/desilicification of kaolinite.
Lateritic (silicate) bauxites comprise >75% of the World's bauxite resources. They can form
from various silicate rocks (granite, gneiss, syenite, basalt, shale) but are preferentially derived
from lithologies with low silica content, high aluminium content vitreous textures and highporosities.
Bauxite has developed from the prolonged weathering of syenogranitic rocks that form Mulanje
Mountain which rises 600~700m above the surrounding Phalombe plain. The Mulanje bauxite
resource has been known since 1924 and has been explored by the Anglo American Corporation(1934), the British Aluminium Company (1951~58) and Lonrho (1969~72) amongst others Six
extensive bauxite areas have been identified but the best deposits occur on the Lichenya and
Linje plateaux at an elevation between 1800 and 2000 metres. The bauxite is a trihydrate
gibbsite which overlies kaolinite and has goethite and quartz as the main contaminants.

Anaverage analysis yields 43.3% Al2O3, 13.3% free quartz, 2.2% combined silica, 14.2% Fe2O3,
1.8% TiO2, <5.0% kaolinite and 28.8% LOI.

Total reserves on the mountain are estimated to

be >50Mt. Lonrho showed that the two main deposits amount to 28.8Mt using a cut-off gradeof 30% Al2O3 with an average depth of 4.5 metres. A feasibility study executed by METCHEM Canada Inc. on behalf of MIDCOR in 1993 estimated 25.6Mt bauxite at a grade of
43.3% and proposed a mining output of 580,000tpa of bauxite to produce 200,000tpa alumina
for an annual production of 100,000 tonnes of aluminium.
The bauxitic outliers on Mulanje Mountain are associated with remnants of the African Surface
inherited from the Paleogene (70~40Ma) bauxite-forming event which involved top-down
bauxitisation of mature kaolinitic mantles. Bauxite deposits are rare in East Africa which has
been influenced by rift-related uplifts. Within the Malawi rift these appear to be preserved atelevations of 1800~2000m.
Bauxitisation was the dominant process on the planated summit of Zomba mountain (2134m)
which is at a similar altitude to the Mulanje deposits. Bauxite development up to three metres
thick occurs beneath a layer of soil one metre thick. The greatest thickness occurs at the74border of the plateau.

The bauxite is being supplanted by kaolinitisation under current

weathering conditions.
(3) Kaolinitic clays
Substantial resources of kaolinitic clays suitable for the production of ceramic wares occur at
Linthipe in the Dedza district and at Senzani and Nkhande in Netcheu district At Linthipe, theclays formed as a result of in situ weathering of a meta-anorthosite body within the Basement
Complex.

The Linthipe meta-anorthosite, composed of 95% labradorite, forms a negative

topographic feature covering 230km2. The weathering profile passes upward from bedrock
through slightly altered meta-anorthosite to kaolinitic saprock and into a saprolite of plastic
kaolin on top and overlain by distinctive thin pale grey savannah soils.

Four groups of2

deposits each containing between 1.0 and 3.5km of clay 0.7 to 1.7m thick have been outlined.
The total area amounts to 7.6km2 with indicated reserves of 15Mt. The clays, which consist
principally of highly-disordered kaolinite with halloysite, have plasticity indices between 20 and
40. The clay could form the basis for production of earthenware, stoneware, aluminosilicate
refractories and sand moulds.

Reserves amounting to 0.5Mt and 0.6Mt have been delineatedalso at Senzani and Nkhande respectively.
(4) Lateritic/saprolitic nickel
Lateritic nickel deposits form by prolonged and pervasive weathering of ultramafic rocks intropical to subtropical climates. They typically develop from serpentinitic rocks that have asignificant background level of nickel (c. 0.3%). Being restricted to the weathering mantle
they tend to be tabular, flat and areally large and therefore amenable to low cost open pit or strip
mining. Lateritic nickel deposits are estimated to comprise 73% of the worldwide continental
nickel resources.
Lisungwe Mineral Resources have identified deposits of nickeliferous saprolite on the
Chimwadzulu and Chimimbe ultramafic bodies close to the western border of Malawi with
Mozambique and Zambia respectively.

Surface pitting indicated that both deposits haveestimated non-compliant resources in excess of 3.0Mt of ore grading better than 0.5% nickel.
Both deposits are still open along strike, down plunge and at depth. Potentially recoverable
quantities of ferro-chrome and magnetite are also present.

Chimwadzulu hill is the type

locality for Nyala rubies and nickel exploration was suspended upon re-issue of the primary
licence to Nyala. Initial exploration work shows Ni grades from 0.3%~1.0% at half metreintervals over a sample depth of two metres. The resource estimate based upon a depth of
three metres is equivalent to 12,000t of metallic nickel recovered at 80%.
Chimimbe Hill rises from an extensive peneplain (African surface) about 80km east of
Lilongwe and is just 12km from paved highway and railroad access and 6km from a power line.
The Chimimbe Hill surface mineralization overlies an east-dipping lenticular ultramafic sheet

75

emplaced into Mchinji sandstones of the Muva Supergroup. The ultramafic body dips at about
the same angle as the hillslope and mostly comprises peridotite but there is extensive
development of talc schist in the SE part of the hill which may be part of the exposed
hangingwall. The sheet is cut by NNE-trending faults. The initial programme of pitting
covered an area of 10.5km with some pits reaching a depth of 7 metres. Hand-held XRF
analyses indicate grades of 0.3% to 1.3% nickel and 0.3% to 2% chrome. The peridotitic
bedrock yields 0.2~0.8% Ni. The explored area remains open at both ends and down-dip tothe east. The present phase of rotary air blast (RAB) drilling on an 80-metre square grid to atarget depth of 20m to determine the true thickness of saprolite ore grades (typically 10~20m)
has yielded encouraging results including the identification of near-surface enrichment zones.
Infill holes initially on a 40m grid and possibly deeper holes will be drilled where required.
There is an extensive talus apron and colluvial spread on the pediment to the east of the hillwhich carries not only high Ni-Co but also exploitable ferrochrome.

This extends up to 400

metres from the break of slope as two outwash fans. Early metallurgical test work indicatesthat 85% of the nickel contained in the non-magnetic fraction of the potential ore can be rapidly
extracted using hot sulphuric acid at atmospheric pressure. Potentially economic quantities offerro-chrome and magnetite may also be recovered with simple magnetic/gravity methods ofseparation. The conservative estimate of 3Mt constitutes in excess of 15,000 tonnes contained
nickel. Sulphuric acid will be a significant cost factor and its ready availability may be criticalto the viability of this venture.
Numerous ultramafic bodies with elevated Ni values occur within the basement complex.
Exploration for lateritic/saprolitic nickel mineralization, which depends upon the preservation ofdeep weathering mantle, should focus on the African planation surface in the west-central partof the country.
(5) Phosphate
Carbonatites and other alkaline igneous rocks commonly contain elevated phosphateconcentrations in the form of fluorapatite. Weathering of these igneous rocks leads to naturalenrichment in apatite and other resistant minerals (e.g. magnetite, pyrochlore, monazite) mostly
by removal of soluble carbonate minerals and gravitational sorting. Deep weathering profiles
overlying and derived from apatite-rich carbonatites can produce economic eluvial deposits.
Apatite is an essential raw material that is widely used as a phosphatic fertiliser (either by
manufacture of compound phosphate or by direct application) and for the production ofphosphoric acid and various other chemicals.

According to present practice for apatite to be

directly applied to the soil the average P2O5 content of the ore should be >16% and the Fecontent <5% and it should be free of potential contaminants.
The Kangankunde and Chilwa Island carbonatites, contain only small amounts of primaryapatite but the P2O5 concentration in residual and eluvial phosphate accumulations range from76

1.32 to 8.9% P2O5 with an average of 2.5% P2O5. Eluvial soils overlying the pyroxenite near
Ligowe carry an average of 7.8% chlorapatite, and weathered pyroxenite 1.6km further south
contains 12% apatite. Other eluvial phosphate accumulations are reported from the Chingale
metapyroxenite (estimated reserves 8.76Mt at 3.76% P2O5), the Bilira meta-pyroxenite (mean1.42% P2O5) and the Mlindi ultrapotassic pyroxenite to syenite complex.

At Mlindi, two areas

with apatite-rich residual soils were delineated overlying the metapyroxenite with estimatedprobable reserves of 2.4Mt with grades of 7% to 14% P2O5.
(6) Alluvial Gold PGM
Alluvial gold has been reported in the Lisungwe river system in the Kirk Range area, theDwangwa river and its tributaries straddling the districts of Nkhotakota and Nkhata Bay incentral Malawi and in the areas of Nathenje and Mwanza.
The Lisungwe River and some of its affluents draining the Manondo gold district containedsome of the richest alluvial gold concentrations and have been worked intermittently. The
Likudzi River, a tributary of the Lisungwe draining an area of faulted ultramafic sheets
additionally carries PGM minerals (e.g. ferroplatinum). The Lisungwe and Likudzi yieldedcoarse angular gold indicating a proximal source.
The alluvial gold potential is limited but its occurrence is a useful indicator of bedrock sources.
In the Nathenje area alluvial gold is spatially related to outcrops of calcsilicate granulites orskarns. The main sources of the gold, however, appear to be shear zone-hosted concordantquartz stringers in the paragneisses and pyritised veins in carbonatised schists.

Goldoccurrences have been documented for the Malindi-Makanjira area in the Mangochi district also
but attempts to trace the gold so far have been inconclusive.
(7) Heavy Mineral Sands
Malawi hosts at least two billion tonnes of mineable heavy mineral sands around the shore of
Lake Malawi and along the Shire River. Heavy mineral sand deposits comprise high density
minerals (SG>4.2) that occur as disseminated, lenticular or layered concentrations within thesands and most commonly include Ti minerals, gold, cassiterite, zircon, monazite and garnet.
By far the most important resource in Malawi is the Ti mineral sand deposits. The highstrength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, bio-compatibility and non-toxic characteristics
make titanium ideal for strategic and critical applications in the aerospace, military and medical
fields. Ti oxide is the main component of white pigments in paints, paper and plastics.
Three heavy mineral sands deposits have been investigated.

They include the colluvial

deposits at Tengani in Nsanje district, the beach sands in the lakeshore districts of Salima,
Nkhotakota and Mangochi and the sand bar at Lake Chilwa in the Zomba district.
In the Tengani area at the foot of the east-dipping Mulaka Hills the reserves of colluvial heavy

77

mineral sands and gravels are estimated at 108Mt with a heavy mineral content ranging from
3.5 to 35% averaging 0.34% rutile and 1~14% ilmenite.

Other estimates put the rutile:ilmenite ratio in the heavy mineral fractions in the range 1:12 to 1:4. An assessment by the
Geological Survey Dept. in 1997 indicated 2.5Mt of heavy mineral sands grading at 3%
ilmenite and 0.3Mt containing 0.3% rutile.

Elevated contents of Ti minerals mainly occur on

the interfluves between the Nkande and Namyala rivers.
The Mpyupyu Hill colluvial heavy mineral sands contain over 11.9Mt grading at 3.8% ilmenite
and 0.01% rutile (MMNRE, 2004). These heavy mineral sands spread across the Lake Chilwa
flooplain on which the eastern foothills of the Zomba plateau level off. Between Mpyupyu
Hill and the present-day shoreline of Lake Chilwa, two separate sand bodies have beendelineated that total of about 15Mt with an average grade of 6.93% ilmenite, 0.38% zircon,
0.02wt% rutile, 0.04% leucoxene and 0.06% garnet (Dill. 2007).
The reserves of beach sands around Chipoka/Salima along the western shore of Lake Malawi
are estimated to be 700Mt with an average grade of 5.6% total heavy minerals. The sands
contain ilmenite, rutile, monazite, garnet and minor zircon.

Other minerals present include

amphibole, ortho- and clinopyroxenes, magnetite, titanite, apatite, orthite, epidote and chromite.
The exploitable bed is up to five metres thick. Allied Procurement Agency and Mineral Sands
Ltd. of South Africa conducted a pilot suction dredging and processing operation along theshoreline to the north of Chipoka in 2006 with the intention of starting large scale exploitationof zircon and rutile.

Contained resources of zircon arid rutile at Chipoka Bay amount to 6.7Mt

and 3.6Mt respectively.
In the Mangochi district large resources of heavy mineral sands occur at Makanjila on thesoutheastern lake shore of Lake Malawi.

Sand dunes extend 6km inland along a 20km

shoreline and up to 100 metres above the current water level of the lake.

Reserves are

estimated at 800Mt grading at an average of 13.0% total heavy minerals with ilmenite (52%)
being the dominant economic commodity.
Millenium Mining Ltd. of Australia have considered the development of the Makanjila andSalima Bay mineral sands deposits with a view to producing 500,000tpa of ilmenite which
would have been smelted at Chipoka.

A co-product would be high quality pig iron.

Development of the smelter with a planned capacity of 250,000t/yr titanium slag would be
dependent upon obtaining power supplies from Mozambique.

5.5 Mining law
All minerals are vested in the President on behalf of the people of Malawi. The search formining and disposal of these minerals is governed by the Mines and Minerals Act (1981). The

78

Administration of the Act is the responsibility of the Commissioner for Mines and Minerals in
the Ministry of Energy and Mining.
The overall policy objective is to maximise the economic benefit to the nation that can berealised from the exploitation of the nation's mineral resources. The government encourages
investors to explore, delineate, evaluate and where viable exploit the resource using appropriatetechnologies.
(1) Reconnaissance Licences (RL)
RL is issued for one year for an agreed programme over an area not exceeding 100,000 km2 at afee of K1,000 for the licence and annual charges of K0.1 per km2.
are permitted unless specifically authorized.

No subsurface operations

However, holders may erect camps andtemporary buildings.
(2) Exclusive Prospecting Licence (EPL)
EPL confers exclusive rights to carry out a programme of prospecting operations for specified
minerals over a specified area. A detailed programme of exploration, expected expendituresand personal details are required.

There must also be a proposal for the training andemployment of Malawi citizens in the operations. The licence is issued for a maximum of
three years and may be renewed twice for periods not exceeding two years each. Fees payable
at issue are K500 and annual charges are is K10.00 per km2.

Fees of K200 are payable foreach renewal requested. The maximum area at initial grant is 2,500 km2 and this is reduced by
50% at each renewal. The holder has the automatic right to apply for and be granted a Mining
Licence after recording a final and on submission of a feasibility study report. Progress reports
must be submitted to the Minister at the end of each phase including a work programme andcost estima tes for the following phase.
(3) Mining Licence (ML)ML may be issued to holders of an EPL or non holders. The applicant must give a detailed
feasibility report including the anticipated programme of mining operations, an environmental
impact assessment, and proposals for the employment and training of Malawians. The licence
confers the holders the exclusive right to prospect, mine, produce and sell specified minerals
from the designated area. The maximum areas for non holders of EPL is 250 km2 and for theholders not more than the land subject to the EPL. The ML fee is K1000 per km2.

The initial

term for a ML is for a period not exceeding than 25 years or estimated life of the mine, whichever is shorter.

It may be renewed for a period of 15 years thereafter. Regular reports on theoperation must be made to the Minister.
Three types of licences are issued for small scale mining and prospecting operations. Methods
are limited by both financial costs and technical expertise. These licences are:(a) Mineral Permits are issued to individuals by the District Commissioner of the area for79

building and other construction materials upon payment of a prescribed fee. The fee depends
upon the quantity to be extracted.
(b) Non-Exclusive Prospecting Licences (NEPLs) are issued to individuals or firms who cannot
afford large scale prospecting operations but have technical expertise. The holder may conduct
prospecting operations in one or more districts for any mineral specified in the licence. The
holder may not prospect in an area held under exclusive licence. The initial term of the licenceis one year but may be renewed for further one year periods.

Applicants must be Malawians or

foreign nationals who have resided in Malawi for not less than four years. The holder mustseek permission from owners of the land before commencing operations.
(c) Mining Claims are issued to holders of NEPLs after submission of sketches and fees.

Aclaim licence confers the holder exclusive right to prospect mine and sell the product. The
maximum area to be pegged for each claim is two hectares and up to three claims may be
pegged with one NEPL. All claims expire on 31st March of each year and renewed effective
1st April. Fees payable are K35.00 and K30.00 for grant and renewal respectively.

A claimlicence does not prohibit the land owner from grazing and farming on the property.

A claimmay be cancelled where either conditions are not being met or the deposit can be exploitedusing large scale equipment.

Annual reports on prescribed forms must be submitted to theCommissioner of Mines and Minerals.
In addition, the following apply to the following types of Licences:
Reserved Minerals Licence is issued to those wishing to buy and sell precious and metals andprecious semi-precious stones. The fee is K300 at each application and duration is one year.
A RML, EPL and ML may only be transferred with the approval of the Minister.
Malawi is preparing a National Environmental Action Plan, however, the Mines and Minerals
Act already contains adequate environmental provisions.

Potential environmental impacts

must be included in applications for exploration and mining and in a mining proposal,suggestions for addressing environment problems, prevention of pollution from mining andmineral treatment and land rehabilitation must be submitted.

80

6. Satellite data analysis
6.1 Satellite data for analysis
Satellite data for analysis are ASTER data of the optical sensor and PALSAR data of theSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensor.

79 scenes of ASTER data and 64 scenes of PALSAR

data covering the entire land area of Malawi were procured. Figure 6.3 and Figure 6.15 show
the location of ASTER data and PALSAR data respectively. The rectangle of about 70km on
every side in the figures shows each observation range by satellite.

Figure 6.4 shows the

ASTER false color image of the whole Malawi and Figure 6.16 shows the PALSAR HH
polarized mosaic image of the whole Malawi. ENVI Ver.4.8 software of Exelis VIS and
ArcGIS Ver.10 software of ESRI as the provided equipment were used in satellite data analysisof the Project.
The processing and analysis of these satellite data were carried out as OJT. Data files andoutput images created through the process of satellite data analysis are shown in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1 List of satellite data and created files
data type

file type/ data format

Contents of file
/ example of filename

Process flow
# of JOB

ASTER
original data

Multi-band data
HDF

14 bands data (VNIR，SWIR，TIR)
AST3A1_ yymmddhhmmssyymmdd####.hdf

JOB00, 01
JOB02, 09

VNIR resizing data (resolution: 30m)
AST_L3A_c01r01_VNIR.img

JOB01

VNIR&SWIR integrated data (9 bands)
AST_L3A_c01r01_BB9.img

JOB02

Binary data (mask data)
ENVI-img

no data area mask data
AST_L3A_c01r01_BB9_mask.img

JOB03-1

Multi-band data
ENVI-img

Masked data by no data area mask (9 bands)
AST_L3A_c01r01_B1B9_mask.img

JOB03-2

Grayscale data
ENVI-img

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data
AST_L3A_c01r01_NDVI.img

JOB04

Vegetation area mask data
AST_L3A_c01r01_NDVI_mask.img

JOB05-1

Water area mask data
AST_L3A_c01r01_water_mask.img

JOB05-2

Cloud area mask data
AST_L3A_c01r01_cloud_mask.img

JOB05-3

Shadow area mask data
AST_L3A_c01r01_shadow_mask.img

JOB05-4

Multi-band data
ENVI-img

Multi-band mask data
AST_L3A_c01r01_all_mask.img

JOB05-5Binary data (mask data)
ENVI-img

Integrated mask data
AST_L3A_c01r01_integrated_mask.img

JOB05-6

Multi-band data
ENVI-img

Masked data by integrated mask (9 bands)＊Starting data for analysis
AST_L3A_c01r01_masked_B1B9.img

JOB05-7

Multi-band data
ENVI-img

ASTER
processed
data

Binary data
(mask data)
ENVI-img

81

Band composite image (VNIR original data，RGB=B3,B2,B1）
AST_L3A_c01r01_B3_2_1_base.tif

JOB00

Band composite image (RGB=B3,B2,B1)
AST_L3A_c01r01_B3_2_1.tif

JOB06

Band composite image (RGB=B4,B6,B8)
AST_L3A_c01r01_B4_6_8.tif

JOB06

Band composite image (RGB=B4,B6,B1)
AST_L3A_c01r01_B4_6_1.tif

JOB06

Band composite image (TIR data，RGB=B10,B12,B14)
AST_L3A_c01r01_B10_12_14.tif

JOB09

Band composite image (TIR data，RGB=B13,B12,B10)
AST_L3A_c01r01_B13_12_10.tif

JOB09

Band ratio data (RGB=B4/B8,B3/B8,B3/B1)
AST_L3A_c01r01_B4d8.img
AST_L3A_c01r01_B3d8.img
AST_L3A_c01r01_B3d1.img

JOB07

Band ratio data (RGB=B7/B6,B3/B4,B2/B1)
AST_L3A_c01r01_B7d6.img
AST_L3A_c01r01_B3d4.img
AST_L3A_c01r01_B2d1.img

JOB07

band ratio image(RGB=B4/B8,B3/8B,B3/B1)
AST_L3A_c01r01_B4d8_3d8_3d1.tif

JOB08

band ratio image(RGB=B7/B6,B3/B4,B2/B1)
AST_L3A_c01r01_B7d6_3d4_2d1.tif

JOB08

PC multi-band data
ENVI-img

Result data of Principal Component Analysis
AST_L3A_c01r01_masked_B1B9_PCA.img

JOB10

text data
ENVI-txt

Statistics data of Principal Component Analysis
AST_L3A_c01r01_masked_B1B9_PCA.sta

JOB10

Grayscale data
GeoTIFF

Single PC band image of Principal Component Analysis
AST_L3A_c01r01_masked_B1B9_PC_B#.tif

JOB10

RGB color data
GeoTIFFPC band composite image of Principal Component Analysis
AST_L3A_c01r01_PCB#_#_#.tif

JOB10

Grayscale data
GeoTIFF

HH polarized band data
PASL150yymmddhhmmssyymmdd####.tif

JOB01

Grayscale data
ENVI-img

HH polarized band mosaic data
PAL_L15_mosaic_Malawi.img

JOB01

Grayscale data
GeoTIFF

HH polarized band mosaic image
PAL_L15_mosaic_Malawi.tif

JOB02

shapefile

Lineament line datalineaments.shp

JOB03

Grayscale data
GeoTIFFlineament image
lineaments.tif

JOB04

Grayscale data
GeoTIFFDEM data
ASTGTM2_S##E###_dem.tif-

Grayscale data
ENVI-img

elevation mosaic data
ASTGTM2_mosaic_Malawi.img-

Grayscale data
GeoTIFFelevation mosaic image
GDM_mosaic_Malawi.tif-

Grayscale data
ENVI-img

Shaded relief mosaic data
ASTGTM2_mosaic_Malawi_shadedrelief.img-

Grayscale data
GeoTIFF

Shaded relief mosaic image
GDM_mosaic_Malawi_shadedrelief.tif-

RGB color data
(band composite image)
GeoTIFF

Grayscale data
ENVI-img

RGB color data
(band ratio image)
GeoTIFFPALSAR
original data

PALSARprocessed
data

G-DEM
original data

G-DEM
processeddata82

6.2 ASTER data analysis
ASTER has 3 sensors according to the difference of the wavelength.

ASTER data has 3 bands

in the visible and near infrared radiometer (VNIR), 6 bands in the short wave infrared
radiometer (SWIR) and 5 bands in the thermal infrared radiometer (TIR), 14 bands in total andcharacteristic of multi-band data with high resolution. The ASTER observation range of the
wavelength is from 0.52 micrometer to 11.65 micrometer and the observation wavelength ofeach band increases from band 1 to band 14. The band location of ASTER censor is shown in
Figure 6.1.
ASTER L3A data which are orthorectified products (images) were used in the Project. Data
format is HDF-EOS. Figure 6.3 shows the location of ASTER L3A data of the whole Malawi.
ENVI software is used for data processing and analysis of ASTER. Lack of data resulting
from the difference of the observation range in sensors and missing data need to be masked indata processing. Moreover, the vegetation area, water area, cloud area and shadow area where
geological analysis is difficult need to be masked.

This pre-processing was carried out to 79

scenes of ASTER data of the whole Malawi. In basic analysis, 5 types of the band composite
image and 2 types of the band ratio image were created from these 79 scenes of pre-processedsatellite data.

In applied analysis, to some parts of the field verification area, principal

component analysis (PCA) was executed and PC band composite images were created. Theinterpretation of geological structures was executed utilizing high resolution of the images, andthe mappings of mineral distribution and rock facies were executed utilizing the multi-band
SWIR and TIR data.
The process flow of ASTER data is shown in Figure 6.2. Technology transfer through OJT ofthese data processing and analysis in Figure 6.2 was conducted.

The manual of dataprocessing and analysis using ENVI was prepared at the same time, and practical dataprocessing and analysis were carried out based on this manual. Figure 6.5 shows all 14 bandgrayscale images in 1 scene around Salima, the south-eastern side of Lake Malawi.

The imageof Figure 6.6~6.12 is the analysis result of this scene.
Details of ASTER data processing and analysis are described according to JOB number in Table
6.1 of Satellite data and creating files list and Figure 6.2 of Process flow of ASTER data as
follows.

Hereafter, a notation “RGB=B3, B2, B1” means that red color (G), green color (G)and blue color (B) are allocated to band1 (B1), band2 (B2) and band3 (B3), respectively.

6.2.1 Pre-processing
JOB00：To confirm data quality and outline of observation areas, false color band composite
images from original data are created. By using ENVI software, an ASTER L3A product is83

opened and 14 bands in the product data are loaded. In those data, 3 VNIR bands are
selected and a band composite image is created. The combination of bands in the image
is RGB=B3, B2, B1.
JOB01：In ASTER data, resolution of VNIR is 15m and that of SWIR is 30m. To calculateinter-band ratio and create band composite image, VNIR and SWIR should have same
resolution. 3 bands of VNIR data are resized to 30m in same resolution as SWIR.
JOB02：3 bands of resized VNIR with 30m resolution in JOB01 and 6 bands of SWIR in L3A
product which is loaded in JOB01 are selected. The data file which consists of these
integrated 9 bands data is created.
JOB03-1：The data areas are different on both sides of the swath in each band. To create datain the areas where data exist in all bands, a mask which covers the area where no data arein any band is built.
JOB03-2：The mask built in JOB3-1 is applied to the integrated 9 bands data file created in
JOB2 and the masked 9 band data file in the areas where data exist in all bands is created.
By applying the pre-processing mentioned above to 79 scenes, analysis data files (the integrated
VNIR-SWIR 9 bands data) are created.

The following basic and applied analysis are executedto these data.

6.2.2 Basic analysis
JOB04：The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is calculated from the analysis 9bands data created in JOB03. In the Project, band 2 and band 3 of the data were used for
calculation of NDVI. The mask data for the vegetation areas according to the NDVI are
created.
JOB05-1：The vegetation mask is built from the distribution of NDVI calculated in JOB04.
Specifically, the vegetation mask is built by deciding the threshold of NDVI to separate thevegetation area from the other areas.
JOB05-2：The water mask is built by using the grayscale image of the band which shows the
distribution of water area clearly. In the Project, band 3 of the data was used for build.
Specifically, the water mask is built by deciding the threshold of the grayscale value toseparate the water area from the other areas.
JOB05-3：The cloud mask is built by using the grayscale image of the band which shows the
distribution of cloud area clearly. In the Project, band 1 of the data was used for build.
Specifically, the cloud mask is built by deciding the threshold of the grayscale value toseparate the cloud area from the other areas.

84

JOB05-4：The shadow mask is built by using the grayscale image of the band which shows the
distribution of shadow area clearly. In the Project, band 3 of the data was used for build.
Specifically, the shadow mask is built by deciding the threshold of the grayscale value toseparate the shadow area from the other areas. Though the shadow area is made by cloud
mainly, the shadow mask is also built about the shadow area made by the condition ofsteep topography and sunshine. As soil and rock with dark color show the near value as
shadow areas, consideration is needed not to be masked for these analysis areas. There isa case that it is difficult to separate the areas by using the threshold. In that case, bydrawing manually, the shadow mask was built and the areas out of analysis were masked.
Especially, as data processing which affects analysis results, there is the task of build mask andapply mask.

In build mask, which band is used for build mask or what kind of calculation byusing any band is used affect the decision of the analysis area. The task to select a proper band
which shows the characteristic of the region for mask clearly and based on the band, to build themask to separate outcrops for geological mapping from non-analysis area such as the vegetation
area and so on, is needed.
JOB05-5：The integrated mask file which consists of the vegetation mask, the water mask, thecloud mask and shadow mask as the component of bands is created.
JOB05-6：The merged mask is created from the integrated mask file created in JOB05-5.
JOB05-7：Application of the merged mask created in JOB05-6 to the integrated 9 bands data
created in JOB03
JOB06：Based on the integrated 9 bands data applied the mask to in JOB05-7, various band
composite images are created.

The combinations of bands are RGB=B3, B2, B1,

RGB=B4, B6, B8 and RGB=B4, B6, B1.
JOB07：Based on the integrated 9 bands data applied the mask to in JOB05-7, the calculationof inter-band ratios is executed. The calculation of inter-band ratios are B4/B8, B3/B8,
B3/B1, B7/B6, B3/B4, B2/B1.
JOB08：Based on the calculation of inter-band ratios in JOB07, various band ratio images are
created.

The combinations of inter-band ratios are RGB=B4/B8, B3/B8, B3/B1 and

RGB=B7/B6, B3/B4, B2/B1.
JOB09：The band composite images are created by using 5 TIR bands of ASTER original data.
The combinations of bands are RGB=B10, B12, B14 and RGB=B13, B12, B10.

85

6.2.3 Advanced analysis
JOB10-1：Based on the integrated 9 bands data applied the mask to in JOB05-7, Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) is executed. PCA is a mathematical procedure that uses anorthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables
into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components and gains
a set of new PCA band. Usually important information concentrates to low-order PCA
bands, on the contrary, data noise increases as the number of PCA band increases. By
using low-order PCA bands instead of the original bands, the distribution of characteristic
geology is mapped.
JOB10-2：Based on PCA bands obtained by PCA in JOB10-1, various PCA band composite
images are created. The combination of 3 PCA bands is selected so that geologicalcharacteristics in the area for analysis are shown clearly and the PCA band composite
image is created. As the geological information which each PCA band shows geologicalcharacteristics is different in each scene, which PCA band indicates local geology clearly,or which combination of PCA bands is most available depends on each scene. Generally,
the first PCA band (PCA-B1) shows albedo.

6.2.4 Analyzed images
The band composite image and the band ratio image shown in Figure 6.9~6.12 were created byusing masked 9 bands data processed in pre-processing and basic analysis.
An example of the band composite image created from original data in JOB00 is shown in
Figure 6.6.

The combination of bands is VNIR band of RGB=B3, B2, B1.

The color

distribution is shown in accordance with the observation value even as out of analysis area
owing to before pre-processing. Mainly, reddish color indicates vegetation area, dark bluishcolor indicates water area and brownish color indicates soil or rock.
An example of various masks built in JOB05 is shown in Figure 6.7. Vegetation mask is at
upper left, water mask is at upper right, cloud mask is at lower left and shadow mask is at lower
right. In all mask images, black area indicates the masked area as out of analysis area. An
example of the integrated mask data built from these masks is shown in Figure 6.8.
An example of VNIR band composite image (RGB=B3, B2, B1) created in JOB06 is shown in
Figure 6.9. In the Figure, black blank indicates application of mask in masking process and outof analysis area. It is confirmed that masking process is executed properly as vegetation area,
water area, cloud area and shadow area indicate black blank in comparison with Figure 6.6.
Though the images of Figure 6.6 and Figure 6.9 use the same bands, the tone between theseimages is different, and the hue in the distribution of soil and rock in Figure 6.9 varies morethan that in Figure 6.6. Consequently, it is easier to interpret geological information in Figure
6.9. An example of SWIR band composite image created similarly is shown in Figure 6.10.

86The combination of bands is RGB=B4, B6, B8. In the SWIR band composite image of Figure
6.10, existence of minerals including Al-OH group or Mg-OH group is indicated mainly andmagenta color series represents different rock facies from blue-green color series. Generally,
magenta color series indicates acid clay alteration which consists of Al-OH group and bluegreen color series indicates propylitic alteration which consists of Mg-OH group.
An example of band ratio image created in JOB08 is shown in Figure 6.11. The combinationof bands is RGB=B4/B8, B3/B8, B3/B1. In the band ratio image of Figure 6.11, existence ofiron oxide or basic minerals and tone variations according to the difference of mineral types areindicated.
An example of TIR band composite image created in JOB09 is shown in Figure 6.12. The
combination of bands is RGB=B10, B12, B14. In the band composite image of Figure 6.12,
difference in content of SiO2 which exists most abundantly in rock is indicated. Amount ofradiation from band 10 to band 12 is low in rock which has relatively more SiO2, and amount ofradiation of band 13 and band 14 is low in rock which has less SiO2. In consequence, thedistribution area of acid igneous rocks shows bluish color and the distribution area of basic
rocks shows reddish color.
An example of principal component (PC) band composite image created in JOB10 is shown in
Figure 6.13. The area of Figure 6.13 is Palula district. The combination of PC bands is
RGB=PCA-B2, PCA-B4, PCA-B6. To compare, the geological map is at the right side of
Figure 6.13. In comparison with the geological map, reddish-orangish color indicates biotite
gneiss (Xh’), magenta indicates pyroxene gneiss, bluish color indicates pyroxenite (Xup),
respectively and the distribution of tone variations is coherent to the geological map.

6.3 PALSAR data analysis
PALSAR is the synthetic aperture radar sensor carried on Japan’s latest resource satellite, ALOS
and has various observation modes and products (image data) according to the polarity of the
microwave to be observed or the resolution.

The PALSAR data used in the Project areorthorectified Level 1.5 product. The high accuracy PALSAR L1.5 data covering the entire
land of Malawi have 34.4 degree of off-nadir angle and are single polarization data with aground resolution of about 15m.

Data format is GeoTIFF.

The location map for the

PALSAR L1.5 data covering the whole Malawi is shown in Figure 6.15.
ENVI and ArcGIS software are used by processing and analysis of PALSAR data.

Afteradjusting parameters by using some scenes of PALSAR data to put together each scene of
PALSAR data and create the mosaic image of the whole Malawi, the mosaic processing of 64
scenes was executed.

Lineaments were extracted and geological structures were interpreted by87normal geological photo-interpretation of SAR image.

The extraction of the lineament and thecircle shape by which Chilwa Alkaline rock district is characterized was executed in the survey
area of the field verification.
The process flow of PALSAR data is shown in Figure 6.14. Technology transfer through OJTof these data processing and analysis in Figure 6.14 was conducted.

As ASTER data analysis,

the manual of data processing and analysis using ENVI was prepared at the same time, andpractical data processing and analysis were carried out based on this manual.
Details of PALSAR data processing and analysis are described according to JOB number inTable 6.1 of Satellite data and creating files list and Figure 6.14 of Process flow of PALSAR
data as follows.

6.3.1 Creation of mosaic image
JOB01：After configuring parameters of feathering for overlaid regions by using some scenesof the PALSAR product, mosaic process is executed by using 64 scenes of the PALSAR
product and the PALSAR mosaic image file is created.
JOB02： The grayscale mosaic image (GeoTIFF file) is created by using the PALSAR mosaic
image file in JOB01.
Figure 6.16 shows the PALSAT mosaic image of the whole Malawi created by mosaic
processing. The fine shadings in the figure are correspondingly expressed by variation of
topography and geological formation like as faults form in the geological map

Massed darkcolor presents water area mainly.

The PALSAR mosaic image zooming in the southern

Malawi is shown in Figure 6.17.

The roughness around Mt. Mulanje, the circle shapestructures in Machinga area and the NNE-SSW lineament system existing from Zomba to
Blantyre can be seen clearly.

6.3.2 Extraction of lineament
JOB03：Based on PALSAR mosaic image, the lineaments are extracted by normal geologicalphoto-interpretation of SAR data to interpret the geological structure.

The PALSAR

mosaic image created in JOB02 is registered to the map by ArcGIS and lineaments aretraced by using the function of creating polylines. The data of lineaments extracted are
saved as shapefile.
JOB04：The lineament image is created by the shapefile created in JOB03.
As reference data for extraction of lineament, the topographic map of the southern Malawi wascreated and shown in Figure 6.18. The distribution of lineaments extracted from PALSAR
mosaic image and circle shapes by which Chilwa Alkaline rock district is characterized in the88southern Malawi is shown in Figure 6.19. The task of Extraction of lineament is executed as
OJT. The complex lineament system around Mt. Mulanje, the distribution of circle shapes in
Machinga area, the well-developed lineament system around Zomba, the NE-SW lineament
system existing widely from Blantyre to Chikwawa can be seen clearly.

The lineaments

formed by faults in the geological map were clearly confirmed by the lineaments extracted in
PALSAR mosaic image.

6.4 Ground truth
The field verification survey for satellite data analysis was implemented as OJT.

The

objectives of the field verification survey are to improve the accuracy of data analysis and toprovide a deeper understanding of the analytical results. The survey areas were selected inwhich it is deemed necessary to implement checks on rock facies, mineral occurrences andgeological structure as well as studies on mineralization areas.

However, as a realistic

approach, the areas for which one-day trips are possible from Zomba where GSD bases in thesouthern Malawi or major city Blantyre were selected out as the survey areas. The location of
the field verification survey for satellite data analysis is shown in Figure 6.20 and ASTER band
composite image (RGB=B3, B2, B1) is shown in Figure 6.21. As field verification survey area,
Balaka area (5 sites), Liwonde area (5 sites), Palula area (5 sites), Zomba area (4 sites),
Chikwawa area (5 sites) and Mulanje area (5 sites) were selected and the field verification
survey was conducted at them.

6.4.1 Survey schedule
The field validation survey was held for 5 days from 5 November, 2012.

3 or 7 C/Ps

participated per day according to the arrangement of cars or the capacity. From 5 November to
7 November, the study team had one day excursion from Zomba.

As one day trip from Zomba

to Chikwawa is difficult, the study team stayed one night on 8 November at Blantyre after thesurvey of Chikwawa area and on next 9 November, had the survey of Mulanje area. Table 6.2
shows the time schedule of field verification survey and participants.

6.4.2 Survey contents
The analyzed images (scale: 1/5,000~1/10,000) of the satellite data in the area covered by thefield verification survey are printed out in advance and are brought to the field.

The

verification is implemented by comparing the satellite data analysis results with rock outcrops in
the field. Rocks of typical outcrops are sampled, and the outcrops and surrounding conditions
are photographed. In addition, in data sheets (Figure 6.22) prepared beforehand the details of
the field verification survey are described as follows.

89・Rock types and main constituent mineral types
・Geological structure, measurement of dip and strike of lineament structure
・Position data acquired by GPS
・Outcrop conditions and vegetation conditions
・Photographing and items of rock sample collection
An example of data sheet for field verification is shown in Figure 6.22. Technology transfer
was also implemented for how to acquire GPS data, how to transfer data to PC, and how to
input the acquired data into the GIS database.
Results of field verification for satellite data analysis is shown in Table 6.3 and photos of field
verification for satellite data are shown in Figure 6.23.
Table 6.2 Schedule of ground truth
Date

Study team

C/P

Field verification area

5 November

Onuma, Takeda

3 personBalaka (Blk01~04)

6 November

Onuma, Takeda

3 personBalaka (Blk05), Palula (Pal01~05)

7 November

Onuma, Takeda

7 person

Liwonde (Lwd01~05), Zomba (Zmb01~04)

8 November

Onuma, Takeda

3 person

Chikwawa (Ckw01~03, Len01~02)

9 November

Onuma, Takeda

3 person

Mulanje (Mul01~05)

6.5 Manual of satellite data analysis
The satellite data analysis manual was prepared through OJT to enable the C/P staff to executethe satellite data analysis on a self-reliant basis. The C/P staff has to continue satellite data
analysis mentioned above in a self-reliant and sustainable way after the end of the Project andthat is the final objective of the Project. For this purpose, the C/P staff took the initiative in
preparing the manual. In satellite data analysis, as ENVI software of Exelis VIS is used mainly,
the manual was prepared with reference to “A Quick Start to ENVI/ENVI Tutorial” and“Getting Started with ENVI/Manual”, which are provided by Exelis VIS to users of the software.
As ArcGIS of ESRI was used in a part of satellite data analysis, it is mentioned about how to
use ArcGIS in the manual.

ASTER data analysis, PALSAR data analysis, G-DEM data

analysis and LANDSAT data analysis were mainly described in the manual. The following is
the contents of the satellite data analysis manual.
manual is shown in Appendix 4.

90

Intensive edition of the satellite data analysis

(1) ASTER data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Resizing data
・Integration of data and bands
・Calculation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)・Build of the mask (no data area, vegetation area, water area, cloud area and shadow area)
and application to data
・Creation of the merge mask and application to data
・Creation of the band composite image
・Calculation of inter-band ratios・Creation of the band ratio image
・Principal Component Analysis (PCA)(2) PALSAR data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Process of mosaic
・Creation of the mosaic image
・Extraction of lineaments(3) G-DEM data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Process of mosaic
・Creation of ASTER G-DEM color gradient topographic image
・Creation of the shaded relief image(4) LANDSAT data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Integration of data and bands
・Calculation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)・Build of the mask (no data area, vegetation area, water area, cloud area and shadow area)
and application to data
・Creation of the band ratio image
・Creation of the 3-D map
A part of the manual of data processing and analysis using ENVI prepared through OJT of the
Project is shown in Figure 6.24. The manual prepared in the Project includes the actual menu
screen and images displayed in ENVI, contains visually clear contents so that beginners canoperate ENVI easily to accomplish satellite data analysis.

91Table 6.3 Results of field verification for satellite data analysis
UTM –E(m)

UTM –N(m)

Geologic
map code

Blk01

671,761

8,361,780

Blk02

672,321Blk03

671,514

Blk04

674,976

Blk05

698,183Pal01

700,828Pal02

700,963Pal03

700,826Pal04

703,292Pal05

704,529

Lwd01

741,077

Lwd02

739,072

Lwd03

738,154

Lwd04

736,150

Lwd05

740,873

Zmb01

747,084

Zmb02

748,441

Zmb03

747,074Zmb04

748,480

Ckw01

672,788

Ckw02

673,379

Ckw03

682,960

Len01

672,430

Len02

672,769

Mul01

767,072

Mul02

Rock name( in geological map )Minerals identified( in situ )Rock name( in field )SampleID

ASTER image
column # / row #Xsy

Perthite Gneiss grading into Perthosite

Plagioclase,orthoclase,biotite

Granite gneiss

Blk01

10 / 28,359,612

Xs'

Banded Gneiss

Plagioclase,biotite,almandine

Biotite gneiss

Blk02

10 / 2

8,358,811

Xt

Plagioclase granulite

Almandine,magnetite,plagioclase,Biotite

Biotite gneiss

Blk03

10 / 2

8,363,974

Xgg

Quartzofeldspathic granulite and Gneiss

Magnetite,Biotite,Plagioclase

Granitic gneiss

Blk04

10 / 2

8,355,969

Xna

Augen Gneiss

Quartz,Biotite,Orthoclase,plagioclase

Augen gneiss

Blk05

10 / 28,315,703

Xgg

Quartzofeldspathic granulite and GneissMuscovite,Biotite,Quartz

Biotite Muscovite gneiss

Pal01

11 / 38,291,482

Xc

MarbleCalcite,dolomite,quartz,feldspar

MarblePal03A

11 / 38,291,646

Xh'

Hornblende-Biotite Gneiss with Variable amounts of Epidote

Biotite,epidote,plagioclase,Hornblende

Hornblende-Biotite gneiss

Pal03B

11 / 4

8,291,398

Xsy

Anatectic Pyroxene-perthosite-gneiss

Quartz,plagioclase,augite

Pyroxen-gneiss

Pal04

11 / 48,290,593

XupMeta-pyroxenite

actinolite,augite

Pyroxenite

Pal05

11 / 4

8,324,245

Pu

Pulaskite and Course pulaskite

Hornblende,feldspar

SyeniteLwd01A

11 / 38,325,276

Xggs"

Biotite-quartz-feldspar-gneiss

Feldspar,Biotite,quartz

GneissLwd02

11 / 38,325,242

Xc

Calc-silicate gneiss and granulite

Biotite,feldspar

Calc-silicate gneiss

Lwd03

11 / 38,323,018Xh'pyroxene -hornblende-biotite-gneiss,occasionary garnetiferous

augite,hornblende,Biotite,

Hornblende-biotite-gneiss

Lwd04

11 / 38,323,796

Nsy

Nepheline Syenites

Plagioclase,Biotite

SyeniteLwd01C

11 / 38,299,175

Xk

Charnockitic gneiss and granulite

Biotite,plagioclase,quartz

Biotite-gneiss

Zmb01

11 / 38,299,726

Qmsyp

Porphyritic-quartz-Microsyenite

Feldspar,Biotite,quartz

SyeniteZmb02

11 / 38,301,702

Sy

Syenites

Biotite,plagioclase,hornblende

SyeniteZmb03

11 / 38,293,421

Xqsy

Anatectic quartz-syenite

Quartz,hornblende plagioclase

SyeniteZmb04

11 / 4

8,212,600

Kt

Massive grits and sandstone with horizon of flaggy sandstone

Quartz,feldspar

Sandstone

Ckw01

11 / 5

8,212,863

Kt

Massive grits and sandstone with horizon of flaggy sandstone

Quartz,hornblende,biotite,

Conglomerate

Ckw02

11 / 5

8,213,806

Xh'

Hornblende-Biotite-gneiss

Quartz,plagioclase,Biotite

Hornblende-biotite-gneiss

Ckw03A

11 / 58,202,538

Km

Grits,sandstone and calcareous shales

Quartz,feldspar

Conglomerate and sandstone

Len01

11 / 58,202,483

Km

Grits,sandstone and calcareous shales

Quartz,feldspar

Conglomerate and sandstone

Len02B

11 / 58,240,579

Sy

Syenite (float)

Quartz,Biotite,plagioclase,hornblende

SyeniteMul01

13 / 4

777,492

8,247,330

Xh'

Hornblende-biotite-gneiss

Biotite,quartz,plagioclase

Biotite gneiss

Mul02

13 / 4

Mul03

782,789

8,259,169

Xsy

Perthite-gneiss

Biotite,plagioclase,quartz

Biotite gneiss

Mul03

13 / 3

Mul04

785,599

8,259,397

Qsy

Quartz-Syenite

Feldspar,syenite

SyeniteMul04

13 / 3

Mul05

800,523

8,263,231

Nsy

Nepheline Syenites

Quartz,plagioclase,Biotite

SyeniteMul06

13 / 3

Table 6.3 Results of field verification for satellite data analysis

92

Site ID

Wavelength zone
VNIR

SWIR

TIR

Band number

Range of band wavelength (μm)

10.52 - 0.60

20.63 - 0.69

3

0.78 - 0.86

41.600 - 1.700

52.145 - 2.185

6

2.185 - 2.225

72.235 - 2.285

8

2.295 - 2.365

92.360 - 2.430

108.125 - 8.475

11

8.475 - 8.825

128.925 - 9.275

1310.25 - 10.95

14

10.95 - 11.65

Figure 6.1 Bands location of ASTER sensors

93

Spatial resolution
15m

30m

90m

ASTER data
VNIR
3 bands

SWIR
6 bands

TIR
5 bands

Basic analysis
Image
JOB09：Output of band composite image
Combination of bands：RGB=B10, B12, B14
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_B10_12_14.tif
Combination of bands：RGB=B13, B12, B10
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_B13_12_10.tif

Pre-processing
JOB00：Output of band composite image
Combination of bands：RGB=B3, B2, B1
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_B3_2_1_base.tif

JOB01：Resizing data (VNIR)
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_VNIR.img

JOB02：Integration of VNIR and SWIR bandOutput filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_BB9.img

JOB03-1：Creation of no-data area mask
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_BB9_mask.img

JOB03-2：Application of no-data area mask
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_B1B9.img

Figure 6.2 Flow chart of ASTER data processing (1/3)

94Basic analysis
JOB04：Calculation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Output filename: AST_L3A_c01r01_NDVI.img

JOB05-1：Build of vegetation mask
Output filename: AST_L3A_c01r01_NDVI_mask.img
JOB05-2：Build of cloud mask
Output filename: AST_L3A_c01r01_cloud_mask.img
JOB05-3：Build of water mask
Output filename: AST_L3A_c01r01_water_mask.img
JOB05-4：Build of shadow mask
Output filename:
AST_L3A_c01r01_shadow_mask.img

JOB05-5：Integration of mask bands
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_all_mask.img

JOB05-6：Build of integrated mask
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_integrated_mask.img

JOB05-7：Application of integrated mask
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_masked_B1B9.img

Figure 6.2 Flow chart of ASTER data processing (2/3)

95

Basic analysis
JOB06：Creation of band composite image
Combination of bands：RGB=B3, B2, B1
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_B3_2_1.tif
Combination of bands：RGB=B4, B6, B8
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_B4_6_8.tif
Combination of bands：RGB=B4, B6, B1
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_B4_6_1.tif

Image

JOB07：Calculation of inter-band ratio
Combination of band ratios：RGB=B4/B8, B3/B8, B3/B1
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_B4d8.img
AST_L3A_c01r01_B3d8.img
AST_L3A_c01r01_B3d1.img
Combination of band ratios：RGB=B7/B6, B3/B4, B2/B1
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_B7d6.img
AST_L3A_c01r01_B3d4.img
AST_L3A_c01r01_B2d1.img

Image

JOB08：Output of band ratio image
Combination of band ratios：RGB=B4/B8, B3/B8, B3/B1
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_B4d8_23d8_3d1.tif
Combination of band ratios：RGB=B7/B6, B3/B4, B2/B1
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_B7d6_3d4_2d1.tif

Applied analysis
JOB10-1：Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_masked_B1B9_PCA.img
Statistics filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_masked_B1B9_PCA.sta

Image

JOB10-2：Output of Principal Component Analysis
Combination of PC bands：RGB=PCB4, PCB2, PCB3 (example)
Output filename：AST_L3A_c01r01_PCB4_2_3.tif (example)

Figure 6.2 Flow chart of ASTER data processing (3/3)

96

Figure 6.3 Location map of ASTER data

97

Figure 6.4 ASTER browse image of whole Malawi

98Figure 6.5 All bands images of ASTER data

99

Figure 6.6 ASTER band composite image (RGB=B3,B2,B1)

Vegetation mask

Water mask

Cloud mask

Shadow mask

Figure 6.7 ASTER mask data (vegetation, water, cloud, shadow)

100Figure 6.8 ASTER integrated mask data

Figure 6.9 ASTER VNIR band composite image (RGB=B3,B2,B1)

101

Figure 6.10 ASTER SWIR band composite image (RGB=B4,B6,B8)

Figure 6.11 ASTER band ratio image (RGB=B4/B8,B3/B8,B3/B1)102

Figure 6.12 ASTER TIR band composite (RGB=B10,B12,B14)

Figure 6.13 ASTER PCA image (RGB=PCA-B2,B4,B6) (left) and geological map (right)

103

PALSAR data
FBS modeSingle (HH), Off-nadir angle: 34.3°

Basic analysis

JOB01：Making mosaic image
Output filename：PAL_L15_mosaic_Malawi.img

Image

JOB02：Output of mosaic image
Output filename：PAL_L15_mosaic_Malawi.tif

JOB03：Extraction of lineament
Output filename：lineaments.shp

JOB04：Output of lineament image
Output filename：lineaments.tif

Image

Figure 6.14 Flow chart of PALSAR data processing

104

Figure 6.15 Location of PALSAR data

105

Figure 6.16 PALSAR mosaic image of whole Malawi

106Figure 6.17 PALSAR mosaic image of the southern Malawi

107

Figure 6.18 ASTER G-DEM color gradient topographic map of the southern Malawi

108

Figure 6.19 Lineament map of the southern Malawi

109

Figure 6.20 Location map of field verification for satellite data

110

Figure 6.21 ASTER image of field verification area

111

Figure 6.22 Example of data sheet for field verification

112

Blk01

Pal02

Lwd02

Zmb01

Zmb03

Ckw03

Len01

Mul01

Figure 6.23 Photos of field verification for satellite data

113

Figure 6.24 ENVI procedure manual for satellite data analysis

114

7. GIS data creation
7.1 GIS data creation of geological map
GIS data creation is executed to digitize total 40 sheets of 1/100,000 scale geological maps
which cover the whole of Malawi (Table 7.1, Figure 7.2).

These maps started to be publishedin 1957 before the independence of Malawi, and were completed in 1984.
GIS data of geological maps were created through OJT using ArcGIS Ver.10.0 of ESRI as
provided equipment in the Project. A half of 40 sheets of geological maps were digitized by
C/P through OJT. The remaining 20 sheets were digitized by the Study Team as the Work inJapan.
GIS data creation of geological maps is divided into four stages; to capture existing geologicalmaps, to prepare files in ArcCatalog, to create shapefiles in ArcMap and to make map files in
ArcMap (Figure 7.1).

A series of these tasks was practiced through OJT.

7.1.1 Capture of existing geological map
Existing geological maps need to be scanned and be captured as raster data into ArcGIS because
they are printed maps. Capturing maps is composed of three stages; to set up GCP, to scan
maps and to make georeference.
・Job01：Set-up of GCP (Ground Control Points)
It is generally necessary in order to digitize a printed map into GIS that many points withcoordinate exist on the map. Almost frames of 1/100,000 scale geological maps of Malawi arebounded on the lines of latitude and longitude (Figure 7.2), and there are many GCP on theframes.

However, as there are no GCP often inside the maps, GCP were manually drawn on

the proper crossing point of latitude and longitude lines (Figure 5.14).

Five to ten GCP were

set up in each geological map according to the shape and area of the map.
・Job02：Scan of geological map
Printed geological maps with the drawings of GCP were scanned by the large A0 size scanner ofprovided equipment. The scanned images have 300 dpi resolutions and are stored by JPEG
format. The scanner was set up as the scanned image data should be saved into fixed folder inthe external hard disk drive.

As a file name of saved data was automatically a serial number,the file name was changed to the name of each geological map by checking its image.

These

files were stored in folders named a short name of each geological map (Table 7.1), which werein “Scan_Data” folder in “Geologic_Map100k” folder.

115

・Job03：Georeference
The scanned image of geological map was imported into ArcMap file of ArcGIS and thefollowing georeference was carried out. The coordinate values (degrees of longitude andlatitude) of all GCP on the geological map were inputted in Georeferencing Tool of ArcMap,
and the map image was transformed according to the geographic coordinate system, and the
GeoTIFF format file of geological map with coordinate system was newly created and saved in
the other folder which were in “Geotiff” folder in “Geologic_Map100k” folder.
Four old geological maps; “The Middle Shire Area”, “The Tambani-Salambidwe Area”,“Chikwawa and Chiromo Sheet1”, “Chikwawa and Chiromo Sheet2”, which are located in thesouthern part of Malawi, turned out to have old topographic maps which have gaps of
topography and river system at the boundary of adjoining geological maps. Since the newer
geological maps were confirmed to have the proper topography by the existing data, the locationof old four geological maps were simply shifted 1,880m to the east in order to keep the
topographical harmony among those maps.

The geological map in the southernmost of

Malawi, “The Port Herald”, still has a gap of international boundary even after this shift.
Therefore, this map was independently georeferenced by setting the following four GCP as thecomparable points with the latest topographic map.
South latitude

East longitude(Decimal degree)(Decimal degree)

Southeastern end of Malawi border17.126134

35.295488

Southwestern end of Malawi border17.128096

35.097519

River inflection point in the south of Nyanthana

16.607728

35.076539

Crossing point of river and rail in the west of Chiromo

16.552201

35.145444

GCP location

The outside areas of frames of georeferenced geological map were set to be hidden and were
saved as GeoTIFF format file in “Geotiff_Subset” folder in “Geologic_Map100k” folder.

The

geological map of the whole Malawi that these GeoTIFF files of all 40 geological maps weretaken into ArcMap is shown in Figure 7.3.

7.1.2 Preparation
It is necessary to create vector data from the captured image (raster data) in the GIS data
creation (digitize) of geological map.
polyline and polygon.

The vector data is composed of three kinds of data, point,

The distribution of strata is created as polygon shapefile and thelineation like faults is created as polyline shapefile in the GIS data creation of geological map
by ArcGIS. Shapefiles with no data were made by ArcCatalog of ArcGIS as a preparation for
creating shapefiles (digital tracing).

116

・Job04：Preparation in ArcCatalog
Two shapefiles were created in advance by ArcCatalog, which were one polygon shapefile tostore the distribution of strata and one polyline shapefile to store the lineation. Coordinate
system of shapefiles is set to be UTM Zone 36S WGS 1984. Geo_ID field was created in theattribute table of each shapefile, which would become necessary for later job.
The same numbers of files as strata numbers were created by copying polygon shapefile with
Geo_ID field and they were named geological codes. In the same way, polyline shapefiles
were copied the numbers of lineation and were named lineation codes. They were empty data
files at this moment and data are created and saved through the digital trace described later.

7.1.3 Creation of shapefile in ArcMap (Digital trace)
To create shapefiles in ArcMap is core task in GIS data creation of geological maps, and needs alot of time and skills. This core task is divided into three following jobs, Job05 to Job07.
Job06 and Job07 need enormous amount of work and effect to the accuracy and quality of GIS
data. These jobs tend to require a longer time for each trace in order to improve the accuracy
and quality.

On the other hand, the accuracy and quality tend to decline in order to reduce

simply working hours.

In general, both of efficiency and accuracy are required in these tasks.

The geological map with lineation of the whole Malawi created by the following procedure isshown in Figure 7.4.
・Job05：Import GeoTIFF file and shapefiles into ArcMap
A new ArcMap file was made and the coordinate system of the file was set to UTM Zone 36S
WGS 1984. The GeoTIFF file made in Job03 and the polygon shapefiles of strata distribution
and the polyline shapefiles of lineation made in Job04 were imported into ArcMap (Add data).
The GeoTIFF data of geological map was placed in the bottom layer in ArcMap and thepolyline shapefiles in the top layer. The polygon shapefiles of strata distribution, which wereplaced in the middle layers, were combined into one group layer.
・Job06：Digitize the distribution of strata
Polygons of all strata distributions were drawn by tracing carefully each stratum boundary on a
PC display using a pen tablet or a PC mouse.

Geological code of each stratum (Geo_ID) was

inputted in attribute table of the polygon shapefile.
It is not necessary to trace twice the same boundary considering the accuracy of the tracing.
Proper tool among “Snapping”, “Clip”, “Merge” and “Auto complete” was selected for efficienttracing. The scale on PC display was set from 1:6,000 to 1:10,000 in order to stabilize theaccuracy of polygon drawing.

117

After creating the polygon shapefiles of all strata in one sheet of geological map, theseshapefiles were merged.

Gaps and overlaps of polygons in the merged polygon shapefile werechecked and repaired. Then, the merged shapefile was saved as “Geology.shp” into a folder
named “short name of geological map” (see Table 7.1).
・Job07：Digitize the distribution of lineation
Polylines of all geological lineation were drawn by tracing carefully each lineation on a PC
display using a pen tablet or a PC mouse.

Each lineation name (Geo_ID) was inputted in

attribute table of the polyline shapefile. When a fault line is identical to a strata boundary, bothlines were matched on GIS using “Snapping” tool.
After creating the polyline shapefiles of all strata in one sheet of geological map, theseshapefiles were merged. Then, the merged shapefile was saved as “Fault_Joint.shp” into afolder named “short name of geological map”.

7.1.4 Creation of map file in ArcMap
To create a map file in ArcMap is a task to create a digital geological map from shapefiles madein Job06 and Job07. This task is divided into two jobs. Job08 is to create a layer file which
has data of colors and line type. Job09 is to create a map file which has data of legend, scale
bar and others necessary for a geological map.

An example of geological map (print layout)which was created by the following jobs is shown in Figure 7.6.
・Job08：Create layer file
The color and line type of polygons and polylines were settled using ArcMap and Microsoft
Excel. These settings were saved as a layer file.
The correlation table between geological code and lithology was made by Microsoft Excel, andthe table was imported into ArcMap, and then the table was joined to the attribute table of thepolygon shapefile (Geology.shp).

Every polygons were colored according to its lithology, andthe color of each lithology was selected a similar one of the printed geological map.
The line type and width of polylines were set according to its lineation type in the same way.
The polygon shapefile (Geology.shp) and the polyline shapefile (Fault_Joint.shp) werecombined as one group layer, and the group layer was saved as a layer file into the same folderof shapefiles.
・Job09：Create map file
The print layout was formed by the following procedure in the layout view of ArcMap.

This

print layout was saved as a new ArcMap file in the prescribed folder (“GeologicMap100k”
folder in “GIS_Data” folder).

118

The size and orientation of document were settled by referring the printed geological map andshown in the layout view of ArcMap. The layer file made in Job08 was imported into ArcMap,
and map scale was set to 1:100,000. The layout of geological map was adjusted in the layout
view and the grid lines (UTM zone36S WGS1984) were added on the map. The legend, northarrow and scale bar were inserted to right position in the blank area in layout view.

The nameof geological map was inputted in the title of document properties of ArcMap file. The title
was inserted on top of the map and was adjusted its size and position. Other information was
inputted as text objects by typing and was settled its size and position.

A new data flame inwhich index map would be created was inserted into the layout view, and was set up its positionand size.

7.2 Manual of digitization of geological map
It is necessary that C/P will continue to implement the tasks of GIS data creation by themselves
after the completion of this Project. This is one of the goals of OJT in this Project. The
Study Team and C/P jointly created manuals as a part of OJT, which is necessary for C/P tocreate GIS data continuously and autonomously.
The manual is composed of two volumes, “Manual to digitize geological map by ArcGIS” and“Manual to create and print geological map by ArcGIS”.
considering beginners of ArcGIS.

These manuals were created

For example, the recommended work environments were

described in the manual and many figures copied from PC display in operation were included.
The contents of manuals are follows. Intensive edition of the GIS data creation manual isshown in Appendix 5.

119

Manual to digitize geological map
0. Set the environment for drawing
0-1. Start
0-2. Customize toolbars
0-3. Set toolbars
0-4. Customize the scale list
0-5. Set the snapping
0-6. Set small windows of ArcMap
0-7. Set editor options
0-8. Work folders
0-9. Create empty shapefiles
0-10. Set layers
1. Start editing
1-1. Start
1-2. Start editing window
1-3. Create feature window
2. Draw polygons
2-1. Start
2-2. Set the position and scale
2-3. Draw polygon
2-4. Draw rectangle
2-5. Draw adjoined polygon
2-6. Save edit
3. Draw polylines
3-1. Start
3-2. Draw

4. Edit polygons and polylines
4-1. Select4-2. Delete
4-3. Copy and paste
4-4. Edit vertex
4-5. Merge polygons in editor tool
4-6. Cut polygons
4-7. Clip polygons in editor tool
5. Drawing techniques
5-1. Edge of the map
5-2. Fault
5-3. Major geologic unit in the map
5-4. Out of Malawi
6. Unify to one shapefile
6-1. Clip the overlapped area
6-2. Open attribute table
6-3. Add field “Geo_ID”
6-4. Field calculator
6-5. Merge in geoprocessing
7. Check and setup polygon
7-1. Edge of map
7-2. Gap of polygons
7-3. Check the data of “Geo_ID”

Manual to create and print geological map
0. Set shapefile for the printing
0-1. Set the environment for color setting
0-2. Show and hide the group layer
0-3. Create the relation table between Geo_ID and
Lithology.
0-4. Add the relation table0-5. Join the shapefile and relation table0-6. Set Symbology
1. Start editing
1-1. Change the view
1-2. Data Frame
1-3. 2 kinds of Zoom and Pan
1-4. Set the paper size and orientation
1-5. Set the Data frame size and position
1-6. Set the Scale of the data frame
1-7. Set the Grids and the data frame for the Map
1-8. Set the Geo_ID for each geologic unit in the
Map

120

2. Additional parts of the Layout View
2-1. Legends for the Map
2-2. North arrow for the Map
2-3. Scale bar for the Map
2-4. Scale text for the Map
2-5. Title for the Map
2-6. Coordinate system for the Map
2-7. Text for the Map
2-8. Picture for the Map
2-9. Additional Data frame
3. Print out
3-1. Printing method
3-2. Save the data (Export Map)
3-3. Print at the big printer4. Layer file
4-1. Outline of the layer file
4-2. Save as a layer file
4-3. Add a layer fileTable 7.1 Name of geological map and its short name
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Name of Geologic Map
The Port Herald
The Middle Shire
The Lake Chilwa
The Tambani-Salamidwe
Chikwawa and Chiromo Sheet 1
Chikwawa and Chiromo Sheet 2
Zomba
Kirk Range-Lisungwe Valley
Shire Highlands
Ncheu-Balaka
MlanjeCholo
Lilongwe South
Muchinji-Upper Bua
Kasungu North West
Kasungu South West
Lilongwe-Dowa
Ntchisi-Middle Bua
Cape Maclear Peninsula and lower Bwanje Valley
Dedza
Salima_Mvera Mission
Dwangwa
Nkhotakota
Benga-Chia Lagoon
Lake Malombe
Lake Chiuta
Makanjila
MangochiSouth Viphya-East
South Viphya-West
MzimbaNkhata Bay North
Nkhata Bay South
RumphiNyika North
Nyika-South
Uzumara North
Uzumara South
Karonga
Chipita

121

Short Name
Port_Herald
Middle_Shire
L_Chilwa
TambaniChikwawa_N
Chikwawa_S
Zomba
Kirk_Range
Shire_High
Ncheu_B
MlanjeCholo
Lilongwe_S
Muchinji
Kasungu_NW
Kasungu_SW
Lilongwe_D
Ntchisi
C_Maclear
Dedza
Salima_M
Dwangwa
Nkhotakota
Benga_C
L_Malombe
L_Chiuta
Makanjila
Mangochi
S_Viphya_E
S_Viphya_W
MzimbaNkhata_N
Nkhata_S
RumphiNyika_N
Nyika_S
Uzumara_N
Uzumara_S
Karonga
Chipita

Map_ID
09
10
12
13
14N
14S
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
25N
25S
26
27
28
29
30
31
32N
32S
33
34
35N
35S
36E
36W
37
38N
38S
39
40N
40S
41N
41S
42E
42W

Capture existing geological maps
Geologic_Maps
100k folder

Job01：Setup of GCP

Scan_Data

Job02：Scan of geological map

folder（Usage HP DesignjetT2300）

Geotiff_Data

Job03：Georeference（Usage ArcMap：Data View）

folder
Job04: Preparation by ArcCatalog
Creation of an empty polygon shapefile

Creation of an empty polyline shapefile

Copy polygon shapefile
Output "notifications".shp

Copy polyline shapefile
Output "lineation".shp(UTMzone36SWGS1984)(UTMzone36SWGS1984)

Creation of Shapefiles by ArcMap
Job05：Add each shapefile and Geotiff image to ArcMap (UTMzone36SWGS1984)

Job06：Digitalize strata

Job07：Digitalize lineation

Trace boundries

Trace lineation

Add attribute data

Add attribute data
RepeatRepeatMerge polyline shapefiles

Merge polygon shapefiles(Merge in editor)
Output Geology.shp(Merge in editor)
Output Fault_Joint.shp

Figure 7.1 Flow chart of GIS data creation of geological map (1/2)

122Creation map files by ArcMap
Job08：Creation of layer file
Create a correlation table
notification - lithology(Usage Micresoft Excel)

Geology.shp

Fault_Joint.shp

Join attribute data

Setup colors etc. for polygons

Setup width and type etc. for polylines

Create a group layer
Create and Save a layer file
Output "Short name".lyrJob09：Creation of printing layout

Change to layout view
setup paper size & orientation

Add a layer file
set the scale

Insert & adjust
the legend

Insert the north allow& scale bar

Insert & adjust
the grid lines

Insert & adjust
the tittle

Insert data of
coordinate system

Insert & adjust
data of author

Insert & adjust the index map

Save an ArcMapfile
Output "short name".mxd

Figure 7.1 Flow chart of GIS data creation of geological map (2/2)

123Figure 7.2 Location of 1/100,000 scale geological maps (all 40 sheets)

124

Figure 7.3 Geological maps at 1/100,000 scale of the whole Malawi

125

Figure 7.4 Digital geological maps of the whole Malawi(all 40 sheets)

126

GCP points drawn
are located in the circle.

Figure 7.5 Geological map with a scale of 1/100,000 (Sheet no.16: Zomba)

127

Figure 7.6 Geological map digitized on GIS (Sheet no.16: Zomba)

128

8. Potential of mineral resources
8.1 Mineral resources map
There is mineral resources map for Malawi at a scale of 1:1 million, which was created in 1980
and updated in 2000.

Based on this map and the existed geological maps at a scale of

1:100,000, mineral resources map digitized in this Project is shown in Figure 8.1.
Twenty one kinds of mineral resources are indicated in the map and the number of indications is
80.
・Gold, lead, titanium, niobium, aluminum, graphite, pyrite, beryl・Coal, uranium
・Limestone, marble, feldspar, nepheline syenite
・Kaolinite, mica, quartz, silica sand, asbestos, fire clay, diatomite

8.2 Potential of mineral resources
Main mineral resources in Malawi are described in section 5.4. Uranium, coal, titanium,
niobium, REE and aluminum among them have relatively high potential of mineral resources.
The occurrence of these resources has close relationship with geology.
(1) Uranium
Sandstone hosted uranium deposits occur in Mesozoic to Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the
Karoo and post-Karoo in northern part of Malawi. Kayelekera uranium mine which started the
production in 2009 is the first large scale mine in Malawi. The uranium exploration has been
active in northern part of Malawi where the sedimentary basins of Karoo system are widelydistributed.

Uranium deposits like Kayelekera are expected there.

(2) Coal
Coal deposits occur in Mesozoic to Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the Karoo and post-Karoo innorthern part and southern end of Malawi. Several small coal mines are operating in the north.
It is a bottleneck for the development that coal beds are generally thin, displace largely andoccur at deeper underground.

However, energy shortages in recent years and mining

promotion policy are expected to become a fair wind for the development of coal resources.
(3) Titanium
Titanium deposits occur in lakeside of Lake Malawi and watershed of Shire river as sedimentary
heavy sand deposits.

Explorations for these resources have been carried out in several areas

and this mineral resource is considered to be closest to the development. Though it is the129advantage that mining of heavy sand deposits is easier than other mineral resources, thecompetitiveness in costs of infrastructure and others is important.
(4) Niobium and REE
There are a lot of intrusive bodies of syenite and Carbonatite in Chilwa Alkaline Province ofsouthern Malawi. Mineral indications of niobium and REE have been known in these bodies.
As the exploration for these mineral resources is most active at present in Malawi, theirdevelopment in near future is expected. However, because the price of REE declines recently,
ore grade of each REE, mineral resources, ease of ore dressing and amount of radioactive
elements are considered to be major factors to determine the propriety of development.
(5) Aluminum
Bauxite resources are known in the top of Mulanje mountain and Zomba plateau in southern
Malawi.

Bottlenecks for the development are the situation of infrastructure and electric power

supply and environmental problem.
(6) Rare metals and base metals
Mineral indications of magmatic deposits associated with mafic to ultramafic rocks in thebasement complex in central Malawi have been known. Large scale deposits have not foundyet. There is high possibility to find a new mineral indication by the future explorations. It is
expected that some mineral species could be developed for mining.
(7) Precious metals
Main indication of gold is considered to be produced by intrusive activities of igneous rocks andthe potential of gold seems to be not high at present. However, value as a small-scale mining
cannot be ignored.
(8) Gemstones and precious stones
Gemstones and precious stones are mainly produced by small-scale mining. The quantity andquality of them seem to be not a particularly high level.

8.3 Methods to evaluate mineral resources potential
In general, methods in early stage to evaluate the potential of mineral resources are regional
geological maps, geophysical data, geochemical data, satellite data, and statistical data related tomining.

When the investigation phase progresses, further information of the same type data isrequired, and then assay results of various samples and drilling data will be added.
Digital geological maps (GIS data) of the whole Malawi created in this Project are the most130

basic information in the evaluation of mineral resources.

As geological maps were digitized,

the usage of maps has become very convenient. Therefore, these GIS data is considered to be
used effectively not only in mining sector but also in land use and environmental field.
Though ASTER data used in this Project is effective especially to identify hydrothermal
alteration minerals, there are no deposits typically associated with hydrothermal alteration
minerals in Malawi. Therefore, ASTER data would be used mainly for the classification oflithology and for the interpretation of geological structure in Malawi.

PALSAR data iseffective to extract strata and rock bodies with typical structure, because the topographic andgeological structures are easily identified in PALSAR images.

As part of OJT in the Project,

igneous intrusive bodies and lineation were extracted as lineaments in Chilwa Alkaline province(see section 6.3.2 and Figure 6.19). These results will be used effectively to evaluate thepotential of mineral resources in early stage.
On the other hand, geophysical data is effective to evaluate such mineral resources which are
mentioned above and expected for development in Malawi. Especially, radiometric data iseffective for uranium deposits, minerals including REE and heavy sands, and magnetic data iseffective for deposits associated with mafic to ultramafic rocks.

Regional airborne geophysicalsurvey will be carried out in mining-related project of World Bank starting in 2013 and thissurvey result is considered to contribute greatly to the exploration of mineral resources in the
future.

131

Figure 8.1 Mineral resources map

132

9. GIS database
9.1 Data collection
The following GIS data on the whole of Malawi has been collected through GSD.
are managed by Malawi Department of Surveys.

These data

The geographic coordinate system of thesedata is UTM Zone 36S WGS 1984. The main data drawn by ArcGIS are shown in Figure 9.1
and 9.2.
・Roads, railways : Polyline data
・Rivers, lakes : Polyline data and polygon data
・Administrative boundaries, international boundary : Polygon data
・Villages : Point data・National parks, protected areas : Polygon data
・Topographic contours : Polyline data

9.2 GIS database creation
The GIS database is stored in the external hard disk drive of provided equipment with LAN
connection. The tree directory structure of the database is shown in Figure 9.3.
The name of root directory (top folder) is “JICA_GIS_database”.

There are three sub

directories, “GIS_Data”, “Geologic_Maps100k” and “Satellite_data” under the root directory.
In “GIS_Data” folder, GIS data digitized 40 sheets of 1:100,000 scale geological map and GIS
data collected are stored.
In “Geologic_Maps100k” folder, each type of image data for 40 sheets of 1:100,000 scalegeological map are stored.
In “Satellite_data” folder, each satellite data of ASTER, PALSAR and LANDSAT and theiranalyzed images, G-DEM data and its analyzed data are stored.

9.3 Manual to manage GIS database
The GIS database is stored in two hard disk drives with LAN connection. The usage of two
drives has the purpose to prevent the data form accidental deleting or unexpected changing.
One drive is for saving and another is for backup.

Only one drive for saving is usually turnedon and used. Only the administrator who is nominated by the director of GSD can update GIS
database in the drive for saving and immediately has to copy the update data to another drive for133

backup. The database users have to copy necessary data from the drive for saving to each PC
and then will process the data or create maps.
The manual which contains maintenance, management and operating procedures of GIS
database is prepared. The contents of the manual are follows.
database management manual is shown in Appendix 6.
1. Equipment
2. Structure of directories
3. Operating
3.1 Outline
3.2 Management of hard disk
3.3 Usage of database
3.4 Update database
3.5 Restore database

134

Intensive edition of the GIS

Figure 9.1 GIS map of geographic data

135

Figure 9.2 GIS map of administrative data

136

JICA_GIS_database

GIS_Data

GeologicMaps100k

Infrastructure

MineralResouces

40 Folders(see Table7.1)

40GeoMapsCut.shp

Railway

Railway.shp

Road

Roads.shp

Occurrence

Forest_Reserve

Topography

Geology.shp

MapIndex

Administration_boundarySocial_Data

Fault_Joint.shp

International_boundaryOccurrence_point.shp
District bnd.shp
Regions.shp
Game_reserves.shp
Proposed_forest_rsv.shp
International_bnd.shp

National_Park

National_parks.shp

Protected_Area

Protected_area.shp

Villages

Villages.shp

ContourContours.shp

Lake

Lakes.shp

River

Rivers.shp

Geologic_Maps100k

Geotiff_Data

40 Folders(see Table7.1)"Folder Name" + "-R".tif

Geotiff_Data_Subset

40 Folders(see Table7.1)"Folder Name" + "-R".tif

Scan_Data

40 Folders(see Table7.1)"Folder Name" + "-R".tif

Figure 9.3 Tree directories of GIS database (1/2)

137Satellite_data

ASTER
original_data

AST3A1_0507030808241204250009.hdf

analysis_data

AST_L3A_c01r01_B1B9.img

masked_data

AST_L3A_c01r01_masked_B1B9.img
AST_L3A_c01r01_B3_2_1_base.tif

B3_B2_B1
band_compband_ratio

B4_B6_B8

AST_L3A_c01r01_B4_6_8.tif

B4_B6_B1

AST_L3A_c01r01_B4_6_1.tif

B10_B12_B14

AST_L3A_c01r01_B10_12_14.tif

B13_B12_B10

AST_L3A_c01r01_B13_12_10.tif

B4d8_B3d8_B3d1

AST_L3A_c01r01_B4d8_3d8_3d1.tif

B7d6_B3d4_B2d1

AST_L3A_c01r01_B7d6_3d4_2d1.tif

PCA

PALSAR

G-DEM

LANDSATAST_L3A_c01r01_B3_2_1.tif

AST_L3A_c01r01_PCB2_3_4.tif
original_data

PASL1501101132038191204260016.tif

mosaic

PAL_L15_mosaic_Malawi.tif

original_data

ASTGTM2_S15E034_dem.tif

shadedGDM_S15E034_shaded.tif

contour

GDM_S15E034_con100.shp

mosaic

GDM_mosaic_Malawi.tif

original_data

p168r069_7dt20000831_z36_10.tif

analysis_data

p168r069_B1B6.img

masked_data

p168r069_masked_B1B6.img

band_comp
B4_B3_B2

LAN_ETM_c02r03_B4_3_2.tif

B3_B2_B1

LAN_ETM_c02r03_B3_2_1.tif

3D

LAN_ETM_c02r03_B3_2_1_3D.tif

Figure 9.3 Tree directories of GIS database (2/2)

13810. Personnel training
10.1 Program of personnel training
Personnel training is composed of technology transfer through OJT for satellite data analysis
and GIS data creation, technology transfer seminar, training in Japan and workshop of Project
results presentation.
Technology transfer through OJT was executed during the 2nd and 3rd Works in Malawi andtechnology transfer seminar was held in the late of 3rd Works in Malawi. Training in Japanwas executed in Japan after the 3rd Works in Malawi and the end of the Project. Workshop of
Project results presentation was executed in the 4th Work in Malawi.

List of the participants inthe personnel training is shown in Table 10.1.
Table 10.1 List of GSD staffs participated in personnel training program
Position

Participating Program

1

A

Acting Director

Training in Japan, presentation in Workshop

2

B

Principal geologist

Training in Japan

3

C

Principal geologist

Training in Japan, presentation in Workshop

4

D

Geologist

OJT

5

E

Geologist

OJT, presentation in Workshop

6

F

Geologist

OJT

7

G

Geological technician

OJT, presentation in Workshop

8

H

Geological technician

OJT

9

I

Cartographer

OJT, presentation in Workshop

10

J

Cartographer

OJT

11

K

PC technician

OJT, presentation in Workshop

12

L

Librarian

OJT, presentation in Workshop

13

M

Senior geochemist

Seminar

14

N

Geologist

Seminar

15

O

Geologist

Seminar

16

P

Geologist

Seminar

17

Q

Geologist

Seminar18

R

Geologist

Seminar

19

S

Geologist

Seminar

20

T

Geologist

Seminar

21

U

Geologist

Seminar22

V

Geologist

Seminar139

10.2 OJT of satellite data analysis
10.2.1 Method of OJTThe satellite data analysis by using ENVI software of Exelis VIS mainly was executed as OJT.
The data for analysis are ASTER data (79 scenes), PALSAR data (64 scenes) and G-DEM data
(84 scenes). The OJT was conducted for pre-processing, calculation of bands, creation of band
composite image and band ratio image and principal component analysis as ASTER data
analysis, process of mosaic and extraction of lineaments as PALSAR data analysis, process ofmosaic and creation of topographic map as G-DEM data analysis.

Moreover, the field

verification survey was conducted as OJT for verification of analysis results of satellite data.
In the field verification survey, at 29 sites around GSD selected based on results of satellite data
analysis, rock outcrops were observed and rock facies, mineral types and geological structure
were confirmed as OJT.

10.2.2 Contents of OJTThe lecture about the theory of remote sensing and the outline and case study of satellite data
analysis was held at the beginning in OJT (Figure 10.1, upper and middle photos). For the taskof satellite data analysis, the whole task was separated to some parts of job and the work manualfor each part was prepared. At the beginning of the training, a demonstration of the job wasgiven in accordance with the work manual. Each job is done repeatedly by C/P staff to beunderstood sufficiently. Personal instruction was conducted depending on the need or thesituation so that all C/Ps present accomplish all jobs. In this way, OJT training was conductedso as to enable C/P staff to master the skill for a series of data processing and analysis byhimself referring the manual

10.2.3 Evaluation of technology transfer
As a result of evaluation for technical level of each C/P in practical jobs and exercises of OJT,
C/Ps were classified into 3 groups as follows.
(1) Group A
They understand well the contents of satellite data analysis. They are able to execute thedata processing and analysis by themselves according to the processing manual.
(2) Group B
They understand roughly the contents of satellite data analysis. They are able to execute
most of the data processing and analysis by themselves according to the processing manual.
However, they need instructor’s advice in some parts of works.
(3) Group C
They do not really understand the contents of satellite data analysis. They have difficulties140to execute the data processing and analysis without instructor’s directions.
Furthermore, mini tests were carried out 3 times in order to grasp degree of intelligibility andacquirement in OJT works and to maintain technical level of C/P.

The mini tests werecomposed of questions which understanding level on technical terms, contents and procedure ofdata analysis would be evaluated by. Results of mini tests were harmonic very well to theevaluation described above and C/Ps were classified into the same 3 groups.
The technical skills acquired through OJT works are shown according to group as follows.
(1) Group A
ASTER data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Resizing data
・Integration of VNIR and SWIR band
・Build of no data area mask and application to data・Calculation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)・Build of the vegetation, water, cloud and shadow mask and application to data
・Integration of multi-band mask data
・Creation of the merge mask and application to data
・Creation of the band composite image
・Calculation of inter-band ratios・Creation of the band ratio image
・Saving images as GeoTIFF file・Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
PALSAR data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Process of mosaic
・Creation of the mosaic image
・Saving images as GeoTIFF file・Extraction of lineaments
G-DEM data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Process of mosaic
・Creation of ASTER G-DEM color gradient topographic map
・Creation of the shaded relief image
・Creation of ASTER G-DEM shaded relief map
・Saving images as GeoTIFF file141

(2) Group B
ASTER data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Resizing data
・Integration of VNIR and SWIR band
・Build of no data area mask and application to data・Calculation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)・Build of the vegetation, water, cloud and shadow mask and application to data
・Integration of multi-band mask data
・Creation of the merge mask and application to data
・Creation of the band composite image
・Calculation of inter-band ratios・Creation of the band ratio image
・Saving images as GeoTIFF file
PALSAR data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Process of mosaic
・Creation of the mosaic image
・Saving images as GeoTIFF file
G-DEM data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Process of mosaic
・Creation of ASTER G-DEM color gradient topographic map
・Creation of the shaded relief image
・Creation of ASTER G-DEM shaded relief map
・Saving images as GeoTIFF file(3) Group C
ASTER data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Resizing data
・Integration of VNIR and SWIR band
・Build of no data area mask and application to data・Calculation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)・Creation of the band composite image
・Saving images as GeoTIFF file
PALSAR data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Saving images as GeoTIFF file142

G-DEM data analysis
・Opening and saving data
・Creation of ASTER G-DEM color gradient topographic map
・Saving images as GeoTIFF file

10.3 GIS data creation
10.3.1 Contents of OJTThe OJT was executed for digital trace of 1/100,000 scale geological maps and creation ofgeological map for printing by using ArcGIS software.

Eight C/Ps acquired skills to trace

geological maps and methods to draw polygons and polylines, to save data, to express data andto draw and print maps.
The lecture about the theory of GIS and the methods of ArcGIS usage was held at the beginningin OJT. The actual OJT was executed one by one for GIS data creation of geological maps andcreation of maps for printing to repeat following three steps. The goal of the practice is that
C/Ps should implement these jobs by themselves, and tutorial was executed according to thesituation and need. Short lectures or reviews were additionally carried out about the subjects
that many C/Ps mistook or met with a setback.

The Study Team tried to grasp their skills bysmall examinations once a week.
・Lectures・Demonstrations on the screen
・Practices referring the manual
The detailed contents of GIS data creation in OJT are shown in chapter 7.

10.3.2 Evaluation of technology transfer
As a result of evaluation by the Study Team for technical level of each C/P in practical jobs andexercises of OJT, eight C/Ps were classified into following three groups.
(1) Group A
They understand the summary to create and print GIS data. They are able to digitize thegeological data into GIS with almost enough accuracy by themselves, and also guide other C/Pin simple works. They acquired the following skills.
- Adjust the environment of whole jobs
- Georeference- Use properly coordinate system- Effective creation of shapefiles- Add data to shapefiles

143

- Save files- Setup the paper size and orientation- Setup the grid lines- Setup the legend- Print out- Find large problems- Simple guidance(2) Group B
They understand the main works to create GIS data.

They are able to execute most of works todigitize the geological data by themselves according to the digitizing procedure manual.
However, the accuracy and speed of digitizing are unstable and they need instructor’s advice insome parts of works. They acquired the following skills.
- Adjusting the environment of drawing jobs
- Setup the coordinate system- Creation of shapefiles- Save files- Setup simple the paper size and orientation- Setup simple grid lines- Setup simple legends(3) Group C
They do not understand enough the works to create GIS data. They have difficulties to digitize
the geological data into GIS without instructor’s directions.

The speed and accuracy of works

are insufficient. They acquired the following skills.
- Creation of simple shapefiles- Save files

10.4 SummaryOJT had executed for satellite data analysis and GIS data creation through practice using each
exclusive software.

Eight C/Ps were classified into three groups above mentioned according to

the intelligibility of the OJT works and the acquirement of software operation. However, thegrouping between satellite image analysis and GIS data creation is different in parts. Person ingroup A are common in both grouping, but others are different from both grouping based on
their specialty, experience of PC operation and personality.
It is evaluated that group A has acquired skills to execute satellite data analysis and GIS data144

creation in a self-reliant and sustainable way. Group B is able to execute continuously thoseworks like group A under the assistance of group A. Group C is required to improve thetechnical level of operation, especially speed and accuracy of operation, by repeating OJT
works.

10.5 Technology transfer seminar(1) Participant
The Study Team requested to the director of GSD that the main participants should be newgeologists who entered to GSD in 2012. As a result, ten geologists shown in Table 10.1
participated in the seminar(2) Schedule- 29 January to 1 February 2013
- AM: 9:00 to 12:00, PM 13:30 to 16:30(3) Place- OJT room at GSD
with 5 PCs provided and used in OJT(4) Contents- 1st day: Theory of remote sensing, case study of ASTER data, practice of analysis by ENVI
- 2nd day: Practice of analysis by ENVI
- 3rd day: Theory of GIS, usage of ArcGIS, practice by ArcGIS- 4th day: Practical data creation by ArcGIS(5) Results
Young geologists could touch latest technology to process geological data and had a lot ofinterest in contents of seminar. However, most participants desired longer seminar because theseminar was executed in a short period as explanation of summary and simple practice.

10.6 Training in Japan(1) Trainees
・Acting director of GSD
・Principal geologist of GSD
・Principal geologist of GSD

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(2) Schedule・12 (Fri) to 14 April (Sat) : Movement from Lilongwe to Tokyo
・15 April (Mon)/ 10:00~12:00 : Tokyo International Center of JICA (TIC)
Briefing of training/ 14:00~15:00 : JICA headquarters
Summary of JICA activities, Mineral resources in Japan, Objectives of training/ 15:40~16:20 : Smiko Resources Exploration & Development Co., Ltd. (SRED)
Courtesy call, Explanation of training/ 16:20~ : Move to Tsukuba
・16 April (Tue)/ 10:00~12:20 : National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ)
Courtesy call, Summary of AIST/GSJ activities, Mineral resources and exploration/ 13:10~17:30 : AIST/GSJ
Non-metal mineral resources, Rare earth elements resources from mineralogy,
Remote sensing and exploration
・17 April (Wed)/ 10:00~12:00 : AIST/GSJ
Observation of mineral analysis and mineral processing equipment/ 13:00~15:00 : Geological museum in GSJ/ 15:00~ : Move to TIC
・18 April (Thu)/ 10:00~12:00 : Japan Space Systems (JSS)ASTER, PALSAR, HISUI projects, Project for Mining Geology Database, Data
management system of ASTER and PALSAR/ 14:00~17:20 : Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC)
Courtesy call, Summary of JOGMEC activities, Mineral exploration investment

challenges of industry and government, Development of mining system forseafloor massive sulfide (SMS) in Japan・19 April (Fri)/ 10:00~12:00 : JICA Global Plaza, Ichigaya
Preparation of reporting/ 14:00~15:00 : JICA Global Plaza, Ichigaya
Report of training results/ 15:00~18:00 : JICA Global Plaza, Ichigaya
Seminar of Malawi Mining Sector/ 18:00~19:00 : JICA Global Plaza, Ichigaya

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Social meetings
・20 (Sat) to 21 April (Sun) : Movement from Tokyo to Lilongwe

10.7 Workshop of Project results presentation(1) Participant
78 persons
Ministry of Mining, Department of Mines, Geological Survey Department, Private companies,
Colleges, Local officials, Newspaper company, JICA Malawi office, JICA Study Team, and soon.
(2) Place
Masongola Hotel in Zomba, Conference room(3) Date and Time
24 May 2013 (Friday), from 9:00 to 15:00(4) Program- Self introduction of participants- Opening prayer: AHRMO of GSD- Opening speech: Acting Director of GSD- Speech: Deputy Resident Representative of JICA Malawi office- Summary of the JICA Project: Mr. Onuma, Leader of JICA Study Team
- Remote sensing data analysis and OJT: Mr. Takeda, Member of JICA Study Team- Coffee break- GIS database and OJT: Mr. Kobayashi, Member of JICA Study Team- Results of JICA Project: Mr. Onuma, Leader of JICA Study Team- Results of OJT: GSD staff- Results of OJT: GSD staff- Discussions- Poster session (satellite images, geological maps): JICA Study Team
- Lunch break- Impression of JICA Project and OJT: GSD staff- Impression of JICA Project and OJT: GSD staff- Impression of JICA Project and OJT: GSD staff- Results of Training in Japan: GSD staff- JICA Training Course in Japan: GSD staff- Discussions

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- Closing speech: Acting Director of GSD- Closing prayer: AHRMO of GSD

10.8 JICA training in Japan
JICA’s “Area focused training course” for African countries has been held every year from earlyFebruary to late March, mainly composed of lecture in MINETEC located at Kosaka town in
Akita prefecture. Two geologists who received OJT in the Project participated in this JICA
training course from February to March 2013 during the Project. When GSD selected theparticipants of the Course, Mr. Onuma of the Project leader actually recommended two persons.
These two had additionally the knowledge and skill about mineral resources, remote sensing
and GIS in the long term Course in Japan and then improved their technical capabilities. Mr.
Onuma, Project leader, had the lecture in the Course for two days at Kosaka and several days at
Tokyo, and tried to support them.

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Upper photo: Lecture about remote sensing (former GSD Director attended.)Middle photo: Spectral measurement of rocks by a spectral meter
Lower photo: Explanation of data process of satellite data

Figure 10.1 Photos of technology transfer through OJT (1/2)

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Upper photo: Ground truth of remote sensing analysis (obtaining GPS data)
Middle photo: Ground truth of remote sensing analysis (teaching what to describe)
Lower photo: Lecture in technology transfer seminar

Figure 10.2 Photos of technology transfer through OJT (2/2)

150Upper photo: Observing mineral analysis equipment in the Training in Japan (at AIST/GSJ)
Middle photo: Opening speech in the Workshop (Acting Director, GSD)
Lower photo: Posters displayed as a part of results in the Workshop (explained during poster session)

Figure 10.3 Other photos of personnel training

15111. Problems and recommendations
11.1 Problems
Although some geologists who had the experience of training expected to participate in OJT in
the beginning of the Project, they did not actually participated in OJT. Therefore, the progressof OJT works had serious problem.

However, it was the maximum result that two geologists

had obtained the general skills about remote sensing data analysis and GIS data creation throughthe OJT. Other C/Ps also certainly improved their skills through the OJT.

The Survey Teambelieves that this result lead to technical development of GSD in the future.
It is necessary that the technical experts who acquired the high skill in this Project continue tokeep their technical level. At the same time, it is requested that these experts and others who
had the regular skill in other trainings will not leave GSD and will continue to inherit skills andexperience to the other staffs.

For its execution, it is desired that projects for geological survey

and mineral exploration will be carried out continuously by foreign donors and privatecompanies as Japan. However, the data of geology and mineral resources in Malawi is notenough for private companies.

It is essential to prepare and manage more detailed andattractive data.
In terms of facilities, necessary and sufficient hardware and software were provided to GSD inthis Project. However, to secure electric power is most critical because blackout happens
frequently.

Periodical updates of hardware and software are also necessary.

At present,

however, GSD has to rely on such supports to foreign donors.

11.2 Recommendations
Considering the promotion of mining in Malawi and the investment promotion of private sector,
it is considered that the following data, research, and management system are necessary.
(1) Seamless geological map of whole Malawi
GIS database created in this Project is composed of data with immediate demand.

However,

40 sheets of digitized geological maps are not necessarily convenient for users because they are
stored and managed separately.

In other words, when all 40 sheets of geological maps arecompiled into a single seamless geological map, the utility value as geological map could
increase.
Geological map of Malawi were created in different age. There are many places where thegeological boundaries between maps do not connect. It is necessary to correct such problems

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in a geological point of view and to create a more accurate seamless geological map.

However,

this procedure is not a simple task, and must require a lot of effort and time for compilation
based on the topography and satellite data by geological understanding.
(2) Geochemical map of whole Malawi
Basic data required when starting the exploration of mineral resources is geological map,geochemical and geophysical data and satellite data. In this Project, geological maps weredigitized and unified with satellite data into GIS database. Geophysical data will be obtainedby MGGSP of World Bank in 2013. However, geochemical data has not been prepared yet.
Therefore, geochemical data covering whole Malawi is desired to be obtained.
The creation of geochemical map has objectives to recognize geological and geochemical
background data in natural and to extract anomalous data indicating mineral deposit andenvironmental anomalous data. Survey method is to collect stream sediments in main rivers,
to serve them for chemical analysis and to calculate statistically assay results. Then, statisticalanomaly data is extracted from statistical analysis results and is drawn as a map on GIS.
Such geochemical map leads to extract easily promising area of mineral resources and becomesvery useful information for mineral exploration.
(3) Management of database
It is necessary that the database should be expanded to add data which would be obtained fromsurveys of World Bank and etc.

However, to maintain properly and systematically the

database becomes important when the data kinds and amount would increase. In the future,
the various data related to geology and mineral resources should be managed centrally with highsecurity as digital data, and a system to sell data in request should be built.

11.3 Action Plan
An action plan, which has targets to continue the personnel training and system strengthening as
the policies of this Project, is set as follows.
(1) Objectives- To attempt to maintain and improve technical skills by using the existed satellite data
- To try to accumulate related data
- To maintain and manage the database appropriately(2) Contents- Do a self-study of data processing regularly by using the existed satellite data153

- Process satellite data in the region of interest- Do a self-study for processing satellite data and creating GIS data according to the existed
manuals- Create GIS data of past survey results as necessary- Create maps by GIS based on satellite data and geological maps of new survey area
- Create GIS data of new survey results certainly- Take GIS data newly created and survey data of World Bank and etc. into the existed
database properly- Take a backup of the database regularly and manage the database continuously and properly- Pay attention always to safety management that unauthorized use of the database anddamage and theft of hardware do not occur(3) Expected results- More engineers can learn technical skills of satellite data processing and GIS data creation.
- Technical capabilities of GSD will be maintained.
- The database will be managed properly and be developed.
(4) Necessary equipment- It is enough for the moment to use the set of equipment provided in this Project.

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12. References
JOGMEC (2011): Investment environment in Malawi 2010. 118p. (in Japanese)
Government of Malawi (2006): Malawi Growth and Development Strategy – From Poverty To
Prosperity 2006-2011. 62p.
Ministry of Energy and Mines, Republic of Malawi (2009): Mineral Potential of Malawi. 1, 2, 3
and 4. (made by British Geological Survey)
US Geological Survey (2011): 2010 Minerals Yearbook, The Mineral Industry of Malawi, byThomas, R.Y., [Advanced Release], 4p.
World Bank (2009): Malawi Mineral Sector Review - Source of Economic Growth andDevelopment. Report No. 50160-MW, 90p.
World Bank (2011): Malawi: Mining Governance and Growth Support Project Terms ofReference for Strategic Environment and Social Assessment Cover Note (E2680), 19p.
World Bank (2011): Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit in the Amount of SDR
16.1 Million (US$ 25 Million Equivalent) to the Republic of Malawi for a Mining Governanceand Growth Support Project, March 7, 2011 (Report No: 59847-MW). 60p.

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