HUMIC SUBSTA CESI ECOSYSTEMS
8EDITED BY
ANTON ZAUJECPAVOL BIELEKSLAWOMIR S. GONET
BOŽENA DEBSKA
JIŘÍ HECZKOHumic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

EDITORS:
Assoc. Prof. Ing. Anton Zaujec, CSc.
Ing.Jiří Heczko
Slovak university of Agriculture, Department of pedology and geology
Tr.A.Hlinku 2, SK – 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
e-mail: anton.zaujec@uniag.sk
Prof. RNDr. Pavol Bielek, DrSc.
Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute
Gagarinova 10, SK – 827 13 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
e-mail: bielek@vupop.sk
Prof. Dr.hab. Slawomir S. Gonet
Nicolaus Copernicus University, Department of Soil Science
30 Sienkiewicz St, 87-1000 Torun, Polande-mail: gonet@geo.uni.torun.pl
Prof. Dr.hab. Božena Debska
University of Technology and Agriculture, Department of Environmental Chemistry
6, Bernardynska St., PL-85-029 Bydgoszcz, Polande-mail: debska@utp.edu.pl

ISBN: 978-80-89128-60-0
Humic Substances In Ecosystems 8
Humic Substances – Organic Matter – Soils – Water – Ecosystems© 2009 Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia© 2009 Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference “Humic Substances in Ecosystems 8”Šoporňa, September 13-17, 2009, organized by Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra,
Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute Bratislava and Societas Pedologica
Slovaca, Slovakia in cooperation with University of Technology and Agriculture
Bydgoszcz and Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, Poland

Prited in Slovakia: Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute, Gagarinova 10, 827 13 Bratislava

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

CO TE T
THE I FLUE CE OF ORGA IC MA URI G O THE PHYSICAL SOIL PROPERTIES A D THE
CO TE T OF SOIL ORGA IC MATTER I LO G - TERM MO OCULTURE
MARIA BABULICOVÁ, DANA KOTOROVÁ ............................................................................................................ 5
PROPOSAL OF EVALUATIO OF SOIL ORGA IC MATTER SORPTIO CAPACITYGABRIELA BARANČÍKOVÁ ................................................................................................................................... 6
I FLUE CE OF LO G-TERM FERTILIZATIO A D CROP ROTATIO O THE QUA TITY
A D QUALITY PROPERTIES OF SOIL HUMUS SUBSTA CESBOGUMILA CIEŚCIŃSKA, BOŽENA DĘBSKA ......................................................................................................... 7
CARBO A D ITROGE I THE BOTTOM SEDIME TS OF THE „ŻURSKIE” LOWLA D
BARRAGE LAKE.
JACEK CIEŚCIŃSKI ............................................................................................................................................... 8
PROPERTIES OF HUMIC ACIDS OF SOIL U DER DIFFERE T MA AGEME T REGIMESBOZENA DEBSKA, NORA SZOMBATHOVA, MAGDALENA BANACH-SZOTT ........................................................... 9
ROLE OF POST-HARVEST RESIDUE I DEVELOPI G THERMAL PROPERTIES OF HUMICACIDS I THE SOILS OF DIFFERE T TYPES
BOŻENA DĘBSKA, MAŁGORZATA DRĄG, ERIKA TOBIAŠOVA ............................................................................ 10
SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMATES ISOLATED FROM DIFFERE T SOIL
TYPES
NADĚŽDA FASUROVÁ, LUBICA POPÍŠILOVÁ ...................................................................................................... 11
THE CARBO A D THE FRACTIO S OF SULPHUR I
ATURE RESERVE ŽITAVSKÝ LUH I
SELECTED SOILSMELÁNIA FESZTEROVÁ, LÝDIA JEDLOVSKÁ ...................................................................................................... 12
PROPERTIES OF HUMUS I SOILS OF DIFFERE T MA AGEME T REGIMESSLAWOMIR S. GONET, BOZENA DEBSKA, ANDRZEJ DZIAMSKI, MAGDALENA BANACH-SZOTT, ANTON ZAUJECAND NORA SZOMBATHOVA................................................................................................................................ 13
THE USE OF HPLC I THE ASSESSME T OF THE I FLUE CE OF A THROPOGE ICPOLLUTIO O THE PROPRIETIES OF HUMIC ACIDS OF LIGHT SOIL MA URED WITH
ORGA IC FERTILIZERS.
AGNIESZKA GRZELAKOWSKA, MAGDALENA BANACH-SZOTT........................................................................... 14
UTILIZATIO OF IMMOBILIZED ALUMI IUM (III) METAL IO AFFI ITY
CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR A ALYSIS OF HUMIC ACID
RADOSLAV HALKO, TIBOR NEUROČNÝ, MILAN HUTTA .................................................................................... 15
THE I FLUE CE OF FARMI G SYSTEMS O AREA HETEROGE EITY OF TOTAL ORGA ICCARBO CO TE TSJIŘÍ HECZKO, ANTON ZAUJEC ............................................................................................................................ 16
STUDY OF OFF-LI E COMBI ATIO S OF HPLC A D CZE METHODS FOR A ALYSIS OF LOW
MOLECULAR WEIGHT SUBSTA CES POTE TIALLY RELATED TO HUMIC SUBSTA CESDEGRADATIO PRODUCTSMILAN HUTTA, DUŠAN KANIANSKY, RÓBERT GÓRA ........................................................................................ 17

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)
O -LI E FLOW-THROUGH EXTRACTIO –PRECO CE TRATIO -LARGE VOLUMEI JECTIO REVERSED-PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR TRACE
DETERMI ATIO OF SELECTED PYRETHROIDS I SLOVAK SOIL MICRO-SAMPLESMÁRIA CHALÁNYOVÁ, MILAN HUTTA, MARTIN PAGÁČ ....................................................................................18
LEAF LITTER FALL DECOMPOSITIO I AGE-DIFFERE TIATED STA DS OF BLACK
POPLAR, CLO E HYBRID 275
JERZY JONCZAK .................................................................................................................................................19
THE I FLUE CE OF BROW COAL O PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SA DY SOILSALINA MACIEJEWSKA, JOLANTA KWIATKOWSKA-MALINA ...............................................................................20
I FLUE CE OF CROP ROTATIO A D DIFFERE T FERTILIZATIO SYSTEMS OCHROMATOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES OF HUMIC ACIDS I SOIL
KRYSTYNA KONDRATOWICZ-MACIEJEWSKA, MAGDALENA BANACH-SZOTT ...................................................21
THE STRUCTURE A D PROPERTIES OF HUMIC SUBSTA CES FROM BROW COAL 11 YEARSAFTER ADDITIO I TO SOIL
JOLANTA KWIATKOWSKA-MALINA ...................................................................................................................22
EFFECTS OF AGROTECH ICAL TREATME TS O SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIESOF HUMIC ACIDS I ALBIC LUVISOLSKRYSTYNA KONDRATOWICZ-MACIEJEWSKA .....................................................................................................23
I FLUE CE OF TIME A D STORAGE CO DITIO S OF HUMIC ACIDS (HA) SOLUTIO S OTHEIR OPTICAL PROPERTIESLILLA MIELNIK, ANDRZEJ SITARSKI ..................................................................................................................24
RELATIO S OF E ZYME ACTIVITIES WITH DIFFERE T FRACTIO S OF SOIL ORGA IC
MATTERNATALLIA MIKHAILOUSKAYA, IOSSIF BOGDEVITCH..........................................................................................25
CHARACTERIZATIO OF SOIL ORGA IC CARBO A D ITS FRACTIO LABILE CARBO IECOSYSTEMSĽUBICA POSPÍŠILOVÁ, VERONIKA PETRÁŠOVÁ, JIŘINA FOUKALOVÁ, EDUARD POKORNÝ .................................26
THE ROLE OF SUSPE DED MATTERS AS SOLID SUPPORTERS OF HEAYY METALS I WATER
E VIRO ME T
ANNA RABAJCZYK, ELŻBIETA SYKAŁA .............................................................................................................27
QUA TITY OF SOIL ORGA IC MATTER I DIFFERE T ECOSYSTEMSTOBIAŠOVÁ ERIKA .............................................................................................................................................28
QUALITY OF SOIL ORGA IC MATTER I DIFFERE T ECOSYSTEMSERIKA TOBIAŠOVÁ, BOŽENA DEBSKA, MÁRIA HORVÁTOVÁ, NORA SZOMBATHOVÁ, JURAJ CHLPÍK, JÁNNÁDAŠSKÝ .........................................................................................................................................................29
THE I FLUE CE OF CROP ROTATIO , CULTIVATIO A D FERTILIZATIO O SOIL
ORGA IC MATTER I LUVI-HAPLIC CHER OZEMANTON ZAUJEC, KAROL KOVÁČ ........................................................................................................................30

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

THE I FLUE CE OF ORGA IC MA URI G O THE PHYSICAL SOIL
PROPERTIES A D THE CO TE T OF SOIL ORGA IC MATTER I
LO G - TERM MO OCULTURE
1MARIA BABULICOVÁ, 2DANA KOTOROVÁ

(1)

Department Agrosystems, Plant Production Research Centre – Research Institute of Plant
Production Piešťany e-mail: babulicova@vurv.sk(2)
Department Productive ecology, Plant Production Research Centre Piešťany – Institute ofAgroecology Michalovce
ABSTRACTWith regard to the threats brought about by continuous cropping the Research Institute of Plant
Production Piešťany were carried out a field investigation in 1974 – 2009 concerning the questions:
What are the possibilities of the decreasing the negative impacts of the continuous cropping of
cereals? Stationary trial was established in 1974 in the experimental station Borovce, on a medium
heavy textured soil (Luvi-Haplic Chernozem on loess). Three variants of fertilization were used. In theyears 2007 – 2008 the effect of mineral and organic fertilization on the physical and chemical
properties of winter wheat and spring barley in continuous cropping was investigated. It can besupposed that the supplied organic matter in the form of ploughed in cereal straw or in the form ofploughed in cereal straw and organic manure Veget contributed to a higher total porosity, increasingof maximum water capillary capacity and increasing of content of humus. It is not possible to exclude
that the differences can bring about the heterogeneity of soil, too. The combination of straw ploughedin with the organic manure Veget had a positive impact on the soil moisture maintenance, on the aircontent, seems much more suitable.By the continuous cropping of spring barley at the variant withploughed in straw the lowest content of organic carbon, the lowest content of potassium andphosphorus and the lowest total porosity was found in this variant. The present results are showingthat the continuous growing of spring barley contributed to a stronger decline of soil physical andchemical properties than the continuous cropping of winter wheat. These findings can be explains by
the different root systems of winter wheat and spring barley.
KEY WORDS: winter wheat, spring barley, long-term monoculture, organic manuring, physicaland chemical soil properties, soil organic matterHumic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

PROPOSAL OF EVALUATIO OF SOIL ORGA IC MATTER SORPTIOCAPACITYGABRIELA BARANČÍKOVÁ
Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute, Bratislava, regional working place Prešov,
Raymannova 1, 08001 Prešov, Slovakia e-mail:g.barancikova@vupop.sk
ABSTRACT
It is well known that sorption capacity of humic substances (HS) is much higher in comparison to
clay minerals. The two most important functional groups in this respect are the carboxyl and phenolicOH groups. Since fulvic acids (FA) exhibit higher total acidity values than humic acids (HA), resultsof study on chelation and complexation analyses indicate that metal chelatation by humic acids (HA)
appears more effective than by FA. The larger molecules and the more complex structures of HA are
accepted to be the reason for more binding sites and higher binding capacity in contrast to FA, which
are smaller and less complex. Humic acids are also higher in aromatic structures than fulvic acids.
For this reason proposal of evaluation of SOM sorption capacity use basic quantitative andqualitative humus parameters – content of soil organic carbon (SOC), ratio of carbon of humic andfulvic acids (CHA/CFA) and optical parameter (Q46) but also such selected parameters of HA chemical
structure, which the most effect its sorption capacity – content of carboxylic groups and aromatization
degree (α), which take into account humification degree of HA. High sorption humus capacity is
characterized by SOC content >2, CHA/CFA > 1, Q46 < 4.5, COOH>4 and α >50.
KEY WORDS: soil organic matter, sorption capacity, humic acids

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

I FLUE CE OF LO G-TERM FERTILIZATIO A D CROP ROTATIOO THE QUA TITY A D QUALITY PROPERTIES OF SOIL HUMUS
SUBSTA CESBOGUMILA CIEŚCIŃSKA, BOŽENA DĘBSKA
University of Technology and Life Sciencies, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry,
6 Bernardyńska St., 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland e-mail: ciescinska@utp.edu.pl
ABSTRACTIn researches examined and compared composition of soil organic matter fraction andspectrofotometric properties of humic acids (HA) from soil samples in dependence on agricultural
treatments. The research was performed on the basis of long-term fertilization trial carried out by
SGGW since 1923 in Skierniewice Research Station. The soil samples were taken from the stands
under the monoculture and crop rotation of rye and potato, considering selected fertilization
combinations. It was found that humus in the stand after rye in monoculture was characterized byhigher contribution of carbon of humic acids, higher value of HAs carbon to FAs carbon proportion(CHA: CFA) and by lower participation of humins. In the 5-fields rotation system comparable results as
in monoculture were found in humus under potato. The highest values of CHA: CFA were obtained inboth cultivation systems with complete mineral-organic fertilization, lower values were noted in soil
fertilized only by HPK. Taking into consideration two fractions of HAs – labile (FI) and strongly
bound with mineral part of soil (FIII), higher values of absorbance ratios (A2/4, A2/6, A4/6) wererecorded for HAs of FI fraction extracted from soil fertilized with participation of manure under rye inmonoculture and rotation. Regardless to cultivated plant species absorbance ratios of HA from labile
fraction were higher in soil in rotation system than in monoculture.
KEY WORDS: humus, fraction composition, UV-VIS, monoculture, crop rotation

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

CARBO A D ITROGE I THE BOTTOM SEDIME TS OF THE„ŻURSKIE” LOWLA D BARRAGE LAKE.
JACEK CIEŚCIŃSKI
University of Technology and Agriculture in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Environmental and Civil
Engineering, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, ul. Sucha 9, e-mail:jacek.ciescinski@wp.pl
ABSTRACTPaper presents results of analyses of carbon and nitrogen content as well as roasting losses frombottom sediments of barrage lake “Jezioro Żurskie”. The samples of sediments with consideration of 3
cm layers were taken from the core of sediments extracted by Instorf probe from central part of thelake. Obtained results indicate two layers of sediments. In the layer of thickness 62-41 cm (the oldest
sediments) there was no significant vertical differentiation of analyzed parameters. Starting from thelayer 38 cm characterized by the lowest values of examined parameters to the layer of present
sediments there is noted systematical increase of carbon and nitrogen content as well as roasting
losses. Carbon content in dry mass of sediments reached values from 10.86 to 15.95% and nitrogen
0.59 to 1.46%.
KEY WORDS: barrage lake, bottom sediment, carbon, nitrogen.

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

PROPERTIES OF HUMIC ACIDS OF SOIL U DER DIFFERE T
MA AGEME T REGIMESBOZENA DEBSKA1, NORA SZOMBATHOVA2, MAGDALENA BANACH-SZOTT1
1

University of Technology and Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Chemistry,
6 Bernardynska St., 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland e-mail: debska@utp.edu.pl
2
Slovak University of Agriculture, Department of Geology and Pedology,
Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949-76 Hitra, Slovakia

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present paper was to determine the elemental composition, hydrophilic andhydrophobic properties and polydispersity of humic acids of soils which differ in the farming method
and the management regimes applied. The research involved forest and agricultural soil samples.
Humic acids isolated with a commonly-applied Schnitzer method were exposed to the following
analyses: elemental composition, division into hydrophilic and hydrophobic as well as low- and highmolecular fractions with chromatographic methods. The present results, confirmed by the cluster
analysis, showed that the basic factor conditioning the properties of humic acids is the soil type, butalso one can disregard neither the soil management method nor the agricultural practices applied.
KEY WORDS: agricultural and forest soils, humic acids, elemental composition, HPLC, HPSEC

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

ROLE OF POST-HARVEST RESIDUE I DEVELOPI G THERMALPROPERTIES OF HUMIC ACIDS I THE SOILS OF DIFFERE T TYPES
BOŻENA DĘBSKA1, MAŁGORZATA DRĄG1, ERIKA TOBIAŠOVA2
1

University of Technology and Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Chemistry,
Bydgoszcz, Poland e-mail: debska@utp.edu.pl
2
Slovak Agricultural University, Department of Geology and Pedology, Hitra, Slovakia
ABSTRACTThe aim of the present paper was to determine parameters of thermal decomposition of humic
acids of the soils of different types with no additives and when mixed with post-harvest residue before
and after 360 days of incubation. The research was based on a model incubation experiment carriedout at the Dept. of Pedology and Geology of the Slovak Agricultural University in Hitra. Plant residue(mixtures of aerial parts and roots) of corn (K), oilseed rape (Rz), sunflower (Sl), potato (Zm) and rye(Z) were mixed in the ratio 10:1 with the following soil samples: Haplic Luvisol (Lo), Chernozem(Hh), Haplic Arenosol (Re) and Haplic Gleysol (Ge) and the mixtures were incubated at 25oC and
60% of field water capacity. The plant-soil mixtures were analyzed prior the experiment and after 360
days of incubation. Humic acids were separated from the control soil (without plant residue), andplant-soil mixtures before and after incubation with the standard Schnitzer method. Thermal
properties were determined with the use of the Derivatograph C (MOM, Hungary). Samples of 40 mg
humic acids were mixed with Al2O3 (1:9) and heated in the air at the rate of 3.3 °C. min-1. The resultsof thermal analysis showed that parameters of thermal decomposition of humic acids were determinedboth by the soil type and by the properties of post-harvest residue introduced into soil. The process of
decomposition of post-harvest residue was connected with, e.g. a decreased value of the parametercorresponding to the burning heat of humic acids. Low values of parameter ‘Z’ were due to thepresence of non-decomposed lignin and cellulose structures in the molecules of humic acids
KEY WORDS: post-harvest residue, humic acids, TG, DTG, DTA

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMATES ISOLATEDFROM DIFFERE T SOIL TYPES
NADĚŽDA FASUROVÁ1, LUBICA POPÍŠILOVÁ2
1

Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Physical and Applied
Chemistry, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic, e-mail: fasurova@fch.vutbr.cz
2
Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Dept. of Agrochemistry, Soil Science,
Microbiology and Plant Hutrition, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
ABSTRACTIn this project have been used the optical methods (UV-VIS and SFS). Five Czech soil humates
samples (Leptic Cambisol, Haplic Cambisol, Eutric Cambisol 1-arable soil, Eutric Cambisol 2grassland, Haplic Chernozem) were compared. Absorbance in spectral range 300-700 nm wasmeasured using optical fiber on spectrometer Varian Cary 50 Probe. Fluorescence spectra (SFS) in
the range 255-655 nm were measured by spectrofluorimeter Aminco Bowman. From UV-VIS spectra
color indexes (Q4/6) were determined. Fluorescence indexes (F) were calculated from SFS spectra at∆λ=55 nm as ratio RFI468/RFI522. The same main fluorophore at wavelengths λex./λem.= 467/522
nm was observed in all soil humates. Samples were also compared by humus quality, carbon content
and fluorescence or colour indexes.
KEYWORDS: soil humic substances, Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, humus quality

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

THE CARBO A D THE FRACTIO S OF SULPHUR I
ATURE
RESERVE ŽITAVSKÝ LUH I SELECTED SOILSMELÁNIA FESZTEROVÁ1, LÝDIA JEDLOVSKÁ2
1

2

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Hatural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher
University, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 74 Hitra, Slovakia, e-mail: mfeszterova@ukf.sk

Department of Environmentalism and Zoology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources,
Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Hitra, Slovakia

ABSTRACTThe aim of our work was to determine soil organic carbon (Cox) and selected fractions of sulphur
in soils of Hature Reserve Žitavský luh. This area is located on the borders of the Žitava River, on
foothill of hilly country of Hronska pahorkatina. The wetlands are interesting in not only fromindustrial point of view but they also play very important role in type of vegetation and composition offorest and plant communities by their position, climatic and soil conditions. We compared examined
indicators in samples from different soil types, which were taken from the soil profiles in Hatural
Reserve Žitavský luh, in years 2004 - 2006. From soil types there are Mollic Fluvisol Eutric Fluvisoland Histi-Umbric Gleysol in the reserve. The environment protection and ecological measuresoriented to decrease of discharged sulphur compounds caused the fall of the supply of sulphur. One of
the limiting factors for vegetal production is the deficit of sulphur. Sulphur is one of the essential,
irrecoverable nutrients in cultivating agricultural plants; it is a mobile element and in environment it
is reliable to very important changes because of the variety of its chemical forms.
KEY WORDS: Hature Reserve, Žitavský luh, environment, soil type, fractions of sulphur,sulphur dynamics

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

PROPERTIES OF HUMUS I SOILS OF DIFFERE T MA AGEME T
REGIMESSLAWOMIR S. GONET1, BOZENA DEBSKA2, ANDRZEJ DZIAMSKI3, MAGDALENABANACH-SZOTT2, ANTON ZAUJEC4 AND NORA SZOMBATHOVA4
1

Hicolaus Copernicus University, Dept. of Soil Science,
9 Gagarina St., 87-100 Torun, Poland e-mail: gonet@umk.pl
2
University of Technology and Life Sciences, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry,
6 Bernardynska St., 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
3
University of Technology and Life Sciences, Dept. of Botany and Ecology,
7 Prof. S. Kaliski St., 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
4
Slovak Agricultural University, Dept. of Pedology and Geology, Tr. A. Hlinku 2,
949-76 Hitra, Slovakia
ABSTRACTThe objective of the study was to evaluate differences occurring in the soil environment between
agricultural, meadow and forest soil management. Soil samples were collected from spruce and oak
monocultures as well as meadow of the Mlyňany arboretum (Slovakia) and near arable sites andanalyzed for the total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (Ht) and phosphorus (P) content andfractional composition of organic matter. Extracted humic acids were analyzed for the elemental
composition, UV-VIS, FT-IR spectra and thermal analysis. It was shown that different use of soils
affects the content of carbon and nitrogen as well as fractional composition of organic matter. Forest
soils had higher concentrations of TOC and Ht as compared with meadow and arable soils. Humic
acids of forest and meadow soils were characterized by higher values of the O/H and O/C ratios aswell as higher values of absorbance coefficients in the UV-VIS region than humic acids of arable soil.
KEY WORDS: agricultural, meadow and forest soils, humus, humic acids

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

THE USE OF HPLC I THE ASSESSME T OF THE I FLUE CE OF
A THROPOGE IC POLLUTIO O THE PROPRIETIES OF HUMICACIDS OF LIGHT SOIL MA URED WITH ORGA IC FERTILIZERS.
AGNIESZKA GRZELAKOWSKA, MAGDALENA BANACH-SZOTT
University of Technology and Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Chemistry,
6 Bernardynska St., 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland e-mail: agrzelakowska@wp.pl
ABSTRACT
Humic substances are naturally developed mixtures of organic compounds, representing various
steps of transformation of plant residues. Complex structure of humic substances and theirchangeability suggest research on new research methods, which would result in the greatest possibleamount of information on their structure and transformation. Using of HPLC in HAs analysis allow toseparate hydrophobic (HOB) from hydrophillic (HIL) fractions. The ratio HIL/HOB can be use as anindicator of degree of transformation of organic matter in soils. The conducted research aimed atassessment of the influence of anthropogenic acidification, salinification and alkalisation on thechosen parameters of humic acids, which to a large extent are responsible for the state of soils.
Regardless of the experiment’s variant, the short-term action of the polluting factors did not influencesignificantly the properties and transformations of humic substances described with the use ofstandard parameters. The use of an analytic method, new in the field of humic substances research,
namely high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) proved significant diversity of the examinedhumic acids considering their fractional composition.
KEY WORDS: humic acids, anthropogenic pollution, HPLC

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

UTILIZATIO OF IMMOBILIZED ALUMI IUM (III) METAL IO
AFFI ITY CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR A ALYSIS OF HUMIC ACID
RADOSLAV HALKO, TIBOR NEUROČNÝ, MILAN HUTTA
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Hatural Sciences, Comenius University,
Mlynská dolina CH-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia, e-mail: halko@fns.uniba.sk
ABSTRACT
Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) method is based on the ability of certain
macromolecules to form coordination complexes with metal ions, which were chelated to a
multidentate ligand immobilized onto a support material. In the present work, IMAC was developed
for the fractionation of humic acid (HA). Iontosorb Salicyl has been used as the chelating resin
containing salicylic acid bound via azo group in side chains of modified bead-form cellulose. Sorption
characteristics of Al(III) ions at this chelating sorbent were determined at different pH values. Simple
photometric detection at 590 nm was used for monitoring aluminium as SPADHS-Al(III) chelate ineluent during breakthrough experiments. Resulting sorption capacity is the highest at pH 5.5 giving
value 36 µmol of aluminium per 1 g of sorbent.
Furher study was focused on the fractionation of the group of aromatic acids or HA by Al-loaded
Salicyl IMAC technique. The effect of various pH values (3.9, 6.7 and 8.9, resp.) on the retention ofmodel sample of acids was investigated. The IMAC eluted fractions of acids were separated anddetermined by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with UV-VIS
detection. Finally, IMAC technique was developed for the fractionation HA applying a buffer-based
pH gradient (between pH 8.9 and 2.0) for their gradual elution. The HA fractions retained by the
Al(III)-IMAC were eluted with mobile phase of decreasing pH value, and the fractions collected werecharacterized by UV–VIS detection. Based on the obtained results, IMAC appears to be a promising
tool for chemical separation of HA. The results will help in the understanding of the nature of HA, andtheir metal binding characterization, and in modeling natural environments.
KEY WORDS: Immobilized aluminum (III) affinity liquid chromatography, soil acids, humic
substancesHumic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

THE I FLUE CE OF FARMI G SYSTEMS O AREA
HETEROGE EITY OF TOTAL ORGA IC CARBO CO TE TSJIŘÍ HECZKO, ANTON ZAUJEC
Dept. of Pedology and Geology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2,94976 Hitra, Slovak Republic e-mail: Jiri.Heczko@uniag.sk
ABSTRACTThe aim of paper was study the influence of different farming systems on area heterogeneity of
total soil organic carbon contents. Soil samples were taken in spring 1997 and 2009 from top layer 00.2 m from long time field trial. The integrated and ecological farming systems were established at the
Slovak Agricultural University Research Station Dolná Malanta on Haplic Luvisol clay-loamy soil in
the fall of 1990. We measured total soil organic carbon contents (SOC) in the fertilized andunfertilized variants of integrated and ecological farming systems. In spring 2009 was on ecologicalfarming system in the fertilized variant (with farmyard manure) average of total organic carbon
content 1.46% and in the unfertilized variant 1.28%. We note in comparing with the year 1997 higher
content of total organic carbon by 0.28% in the fertilized variant and lower content by 0.12% in theunfertilized variant. In spring 2009 was on integrated farming system in the fertilized variant (withfarmyard manure and HPK) average total organic carbon content 1.08% and in the unfertilized
variant 0.92%. Compared with the year 1997 the total organic carbon content declined by 0.37% in
the fertilized variant and in the unfertilized variant declined upon 0.72%. We can state, from results
obtained in our study, that ecological farming systems is from long-term duration (12 years) moresustainable and stabile for total organic carbon content as integrated farming systems.
KEYWORDS: Soil organic carbon, arable systems, area heterogeneity

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

STUDY OF OFF-LI E COMBI ATIO S OF HPLC A D CZE METHODSFOR A ALYSIS OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT SUBSTA CESPOTE TIALLY RELATED TO HUMIC SUBSTA CES DEGRADATIOPRODUCTSMILAN HUTTA, DUŠAN KANIANSKY, RÓBERT GÓRADepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Hatural Sciences, Comenius University,
Mlynská dolina CH-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia e-mail:hutta@fns.uniba.sk
ABSTRACT
Design and development of novel systems for characterization of humic substances and/or theirdegradation products in solutions is still challenging. Two-dimensional system devised in this work
was created by off-line combination of gradient elution reversed-phase high performance liquid
chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis in an open system. Electrophoretic system wasused as a selective detector for collected liquid chromatographic fractions. We tested orthogonality ofliquid chromatography and zone electrophoresis for group of cationogenic and anionogenic
compounds under conditions of high compatibility of both separation systems. The choice of the model
substances was based on criteria of their potential presence in solutions of degradation products ofhumic substances (photolysis, hydrolysis, oxidation, oxidative photolysis, biodegradation etc.).
Migration and retention characteristics of analytes were evaluated both by Spearman rank correlation
coefficients and Pearsons correlation coefficients. We measured migration times in electrophoresis
and retention times in chromatography, respectively, of basic compounds by use of phosphate buffersof varying pH values. Similar experiments were done also with the set of acidic compounds.
Combination of reversed - phase, or aqueous normal phase liquid chromatography, respectively, andcapillary electrophoresis gives us results, that are interpreted as non-existence of proof of data setscorrelations in studied combinations of CZE and HPLC systems. That practically means formulationof separation systems orthogonality. Similar combinations of orthogonal separation systems will be
used also for the characterization of treated solutions of humic substances.
KEY WORDS: CZE and HPLC methods, humic substancesHumic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

O -LI E FLOW-THROUGH EXTRACTIO –PRECO CE TRATIO LARGE VOLUME I JECTIO REVERSED-PHASE LIQUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR TRACE DETERMI ATIO OF
SELECTED PYRETHROIDS I SLOVAK SOIL MICRO-SAMPLESMÁRIA CHALÁNYOVÁ, MILAN HUTTA, MARTIN PAGÁČ
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Hatural Sciences, Comenius University,
Mlynská dolina CH-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia, e-mail: chalanyova@fns.uniba.sk
ABSTRACTΑ rapid micro-analytical multiresidue method has been developed for the analysis of selected
pyrethroids (cypermethrin and permethrin) in a micro-sample of soil (mass around 200 mg). The
method is based on the on-line flow-through extraction of soil micro-samples (packed into a shortglass column) with a methanol-aqueous citric acid buffer mixture, successive on-line solid-phaseextraction preconcentration (SPE) of analytes from the extract and on-line RP-HPLC analysis with
UV photometric detection. The separation of pyrethroids was performed on a Purospher RP-18e
column with methanol-water binary mobile phase. Effects of sorbent placed at bottom of short column
holding the soil sample and different kinds of on-line SPE columns were tested. Beside the influence ofvolume of the effluent on the pyrethroids recovery was also studied. Calibration curves were linear
over the range assayed from 0.01 to 0.2 µg.mL-1 with correlation coefficients of linear regression in
the range 0.998-0.999. Recovery studies were carried out at 0.25-1.00 µg.g-1 dry soil fortification leveland obtained recoveries were for cypermethrin 56-59% and for permethrin 58-63%. Achieved
detection limits of studied synthetic pyrethroids were 3.7 ng.g-1 of cypermethrin and 3.6 ng.g-1 ofpermethrin, respectively.
KEY WORDS: pyrethroids, soil micro-samples, RP-HPLC analysis

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

LEAF LITTER FALL DECOMPOSITIO I AGE-DIFFERE TIATED
STA DS OF BLACK POPLAR, CLO E HYBRID 275
JERZY JONCZAK
Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Department of Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology,
Partyzantów str. 27, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland, e-mail: Jonczak@apsl.edu.pl
ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to compare the decomposition of leaves, the main component of the plant
litter fall, among plantations of Black Poplar (Populus nigra L.) clones Hybrid 275 of different ages.
The study was conducted in 2000-2002 at three plantations of Hybrid 275 Black Poplar of different
ages. The process of decomposition occurred at a different rate at each plantation. It was fastest in the
54-year-old stand (54Y), slightly slower in the 28-year-old stand (28Y) and slowest in the 17-year-old
stand (17Y). After 12 months in the 54Y stand almost 80% of the initial mass was decomposed, in theyoungest stand it was slightly more than 40%. The coefficients of decomposition, based on Olson’smodel, were 1.49 for 54-year-old plantation, 0.97 for 28-year-old plantation and 0.61 for 17-year-old
plantation. During decomposition at all the locations the ratio C/H narrowed to values of about 25:1,
which was linked to the immobilisation of the nitrogen. Potassium was leached out quickly duringdecomposition. The concentration of phosphorus and magnesium remained relatively constant duringdecomposition, which differed at each plantation. The concentration of calcium tended to rise at all
the plantations, but its supply decreased gradually. The study showed a high intensity of leaves
decomposition at plantations of poplar clone Hybrid 275 in comparison with other species ofbroadleaved trees. A high correlation coefficient between the age of poplars and the rate ofdecomposition was found. Leaves of old trees decomposed quicker than those of younger trees.
Distinct differences were noted between the plantations in the content of phosphorus, potassium andmagnesium. Only for lignin were high negative correlations obtained between their concentration andthe age of the poplars from which the leaves originated, and the index of decomposition. Only small
differences were observed in the nitrogen content and the C/H ratio, which excludes these asdifferentiating factors.
KEY WORDS: poplar, Hybrid 275, leaf litter fall, decomposition, nutrient turnoverHumic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

THE I FLUE CE OF BROW COAL O PHYSICO-CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF SA DY SOILSALINA MACIEJEWSKA, JOLANTA KWIATKOWSKA-MALINA
Department of Spatial Planning and Environmental Sciences, Warsaw University ofTechnology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warsaw, Polande-mail: j.kwiatkowska@gik.pw.edu.pl
ABSTRACTA steady decline of organic matter in soils in Poland is observed, therefore the pending problem
and new challenge for soil and environmental scientists is to increase its level, particularly in sandy
soils. A growing interest was observed in last decades in different sources of organic matter, forexample from brown coal, its derivatives and composts that are considered as an important source ofenriching the soil with organic matter. The Rekulter – a brown coal preparation was introduced 20 cm
deep into the soil in autumn 1987 at 2 doses of 80 and 160 t . ha-1.
Applying the Rekulter resulted in changes of physicochemical properties of the soil. One year
after application, the highest increase in soil reaction pH (pHH2O=7.5; pHKCl=7.4) was found in thecase of higher dose of Rekulter, and the same behavior (pHH2O=7.2; pHKCl=6.4) was observed 20
years after its application. In objects with higher dose of the Rekulter, the TOC decreased from about
20 g.kg-1 after 1 year to 15 g.kg-1 after 20 years of its application. The highest growth of the Ht content
of 1.1 g.kg-1 (1988) and 0.9 g.kg-1 (2008) occurred at higher dose of the Rekulter. The highest value of
TOC to Ht ratio of 20 obtained for soil sample with higher dose of the Rekulter was due to the highest
carbon content in this object.
KEYWORD: organic matter, physico-chemical properties, soil, brown coal, RekulterHumic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

I FLUE CE OF CROP ROTATIO A D DIFFERE T FERTILIZATIOSYSTEMS O CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES OF HUMIC ACIDSI SOILKRYSTYNA KONDRATOWICZ-MACIEJEWSKA, MAGDALENA BANACH-SZOTT
University of Technology and Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Chemistry,
6 Bernardynska St., 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland, e-mail: chem@utp.edu.pl
ABSTRACT
Humification is a complex process of decomposition, transformation and synthesis of different
organic compounds which leads to the formation of new humus substances referred to as humus. The
characteristics of humus substances are provided based on the examination of the properties of soil
extracts obtained with selective solvents. An important analytical method which facilitates getting toknow more about these compounds is High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The aim of
the present paper was to investigate the effect of agrotechnical practises, including crop rotation andfertilisation, on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and the degree of polydispersity of humic
acids. The present results of the chromatographic analysis show that the structure of humic acids ismostly determined by the soil type. However, there was noted an effect of the crop rotation on theshare of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions and low- and high-molecular fractions in the humic
acids analysed. Enriching soil with humus by an adequate selection of the crops results in an obvious
increase in the content of hums substance at the initial stage of decomposition, which is confirmed by
the occurrence of the so-called ‘young’ humic acids of a lower molecular weight and a lower degreeof aromatic structure condensation.
KEY WORDS: humic acids, fertilization, crop rotation, HPLC

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

THE STRUCTURE A D PROPERTIES OF HUMIC SUBSTA CES FROMBROW COAL 11 YEARS AFTER ADDITIO I TO SOIL
JOLANTA KWIATKOWSKA-MALINA
Department of Spatial Planning and Environmental Sciences, Warsaw University ofTechnology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland.
e-mail: j.kwiatkowska@gik.pw.edu.pl
ABSTRACT
Soils in many areas of Poland are characterized by low contents of organic matter, which greatly
contributes to their limited fertility and productivity, and higher vulnerability to contamination anddegradation. Recently, the use of organic amendments other than traditional manure showed to beefficient for the improvement and/or restoration of soil organic matter. Brown coal added to soil may
be transformed into humic substances (HS) in (micro)biological and abiotic ways. An application oforganic matter from brown coal resulted after 11 years in changed structure of humic acids (HAs)
extracted from soil as indicated by an increase of the carbon contents in elemental composition, andconsequently decreased values of the H:C ratio. HAs extracted from amended soil showed higher
absorbance values in the UV-VIS region, higher contents of oxygen functional groups, and were moreresistant to thermal decomposition. HAs molecules were also richer in aromatic structures andresistant to decomposition with a high potential of sorption properties. Organic matter from brown
coal introduced to soil relatively slowly undergoes transformation and thus causes permanent soil
enrichment with HS.
KEY WORD: structure, properties, soil, humic substances, brown coal

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

EFFECTS OF AGROTECH ICAL TREATME TS O
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF HUMIC ACIDS I ALBICLUVISOLSKRYSTYNA KONDRATOWICZ-MACIEJEWSKA
University of Technology and Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Chemistry,
6 Bernardynska St., 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland, e-mail: chem@utp.edu.pl
ABSTRACTThe objective of the investigations was to evaluate effects of agrotechnical treatments on
physicochemical properties of humic acids of brown podzolic soils. Crop rotation appeared to be thebasic factor affecting the optical density properties of humic acids. Rotation of crops enriching the soil
with organic matter caused higher absorbance values of HAs solutions than in the one depleting thesoil. Higher values of A2/4 and ∆log K parameters in crop rotation B indicated that HAs isolated fromthe soil supplemented with organic matter had a higher content of humus at the start of decomposition
than HAs of the variant depleting the soil. The kind of crop rotation modified spectroscopic
parameters of HAs. Humic acids of the soil under rotation of crops introducing less organic matter
had a higher percentage of lignin structures than those of the other crop rotation. As compared withmineral fertilization, FYM fertilisation triggered a development of HAs of a smaller molecular weight.
A clear presence of absorption bands in the range 1460-1000 cm-1 in the IR spectra of humic acids
separated from the combination enriching the soil with organic matter showed their ‘chemical youth’.
KEY WORDS: humic acids, fertilization, crop rotation, IR, UV-VIS

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

I FLUE CE OF TIME A D STORAGE CO DITIO S OF HUMIC ACIDS(HA) SOLUTIO S O THEIR OPTICAL PROPERTIESLILLA MIELNIK, ANDRZEJ SITARSKI
Zakład Fizyki, Instytut Inżynierii Rolniczej, Akademia Rolnicza w Szczeciniee-mail: Lilla.Mielnik@zut.edu.pl
ABSTRACTThe research refers to influence of time and storage conditions of humic acids (HA) solutions on
optical properties. HA coming from lake sediment was subjected to examinations. The 0.1 M HaOH
solution was used to the HA extraction. The UV-VIS absorption analysis and the measurement ofintensity of the long-term photo-induced luminescence were carried out for obtained HA extracts. The
analyses were done after different time of preservation of the HA solutions at the room temperature of
24°C with access to daylight as well as at the temperature of 4°C in the darkness (in a refrigerate).
They found that conditions in which HA extracts intended for analyses were being deposited hadsignificant influence of HA particles on structural changes.
KEY WORDS : humic acids, long-term delayed luminescence, UV-VIS absorption

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

RELATIO S OF E ZYME ACTIVITIES WITH DIFFERE T FRACTIO S
OF SOIL ORGA IC MATTERNATALLIA MIKHAILOUSKAYA, IOSSIF BOGDEVITCH
Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Kazintsa, 62, 220108 Minsk, Belarus.
e-mail: bionf@yandex.ru,
ABSTRACT
Stabilization and maintenance of extracellular enzymes activity in soil is important ecological
function of humic substances. Enzymes catalyze all biochemical reactions and are an integral part ofnutrient cycling in the soil. Stable humus pool and humus–enzyme complexes are of great importancein soil fertility. Humus–enzyme complexes functioning in soil suggests the possibility to reveal
enzymatic indicators of soil quality. Specific hydrolytic enzymes (cellulase and invertase) and oxidases(peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase) were tested because they are linked to carbon cycle. The aid ofinvestigation was the assessment of relationships between enzymes activities and the contents ofdifferent fraction of SOM in Albeluvisol loamy sand soil. ‘Humus’ parameter (Tyurin method) wasused for characterization of stable SOM. Decomposable part of SOM was determined by measurementof Chwe content in soil. However the decomposable part of SOM is important in the evaluation of the
farming systems sustainability it is less appropriate for soil quality diagnostic. Stable organic matter
may be more appropriate to indicate the quality of a soil ecosystem. For the development of reliablebiochemical parameters for soil quality diagnostic the enzyme interrelationships with different
fractions of soil organic matter were studied. It was concluded that the activity of enzymes, which is
closely correlated with humus and weakly related to decomposable SOM, are more appropriate for
specific biochemical tests in the definition of soil quality. Ligninolytic enzymes peroxidase andpolyphenoloxidase are adequate for this purpose in a greater degree unlike hydrolytic enzymes
cellulose and invertase. Hydrolytic enzymes activities were related closely with humus and Chwecontents as well. Simplicity of the assay is one of advantages of proposed biochemical indicators as
well.
KEY WORDS: stable and active fractions SOM, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, cellulase,

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

CHARACTERIZATIO OF SOIL ORGA IC CARBO A D ITSFRACTIO LABILE CARBO I ECOSYSTEMSĽUBICA POSPÍŠILOVÁ, VERONIKA PETRÁŠOVÁ, JIŘINA FOUKALOVÁ, EDUARD
POKORNÝ
Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Department of Agrochemistry, Soil
Science, Microbiology and Plant Hutrition, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
e-mail: lposp@mendelu.cz
ABSTRACT
Total carbon content, labile carbon content and biological properties in selected Cambisols were
determined. Our work represents a part of long-term field experiments that have been carried out in
the Czech Moravian Upland since 1999. Among the basic soil parameters basal respiration activity
and microbial biomass amount were determined. Results showed low humus content. Higher C and H
contents were determined in grassland soils and C/H ratio was middle (8-11). Humic substances
quality was low (HA/FA ratio was less than 1). Humification degree was middle. Absorbance in UVVIS spectral range was low and calculated color indexes were high (more than 4). Grassland soils
showed higher microbial biomass amount, but lower labile carbon content to compare with arable
soils. Basal respiration was low and varied from 0.22 – 0.60 mg CO2.(100g)-1.h-1. Bacterial biomass
was higher in grassland 200 µg C.g-1 dry weight to compare with arable soils (about 100 µg C.g-1). To
characterize connection between carbon and nitrogen content, and their microbial utilization thecomplex factor was calculated.
KEY WORDS: labile soil carbon, biological properties, humus quality

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

THE ROLE OF SUSPE DED MATTERS AS SOLID SUPPORTERS OF
HEAYY METALS I WATER E VIRO ME T
ANNA RABAJCZYK, ELŻBIETA SYKAŁA
Independent Dept. of Environment Protection and Modelling, The Jan Kochanowski
University of Humanities and Sciences in Kielce, Świętokrzyska Str. 15 G, 25-406 KIELCE(Poland) e-mail: chromium@tlen.pl
ABSTRACTThe heavy metals, as a few of the inorganic compounds have strong adsorption properties.
Suspended matter, which is an essential component of surface waters, plays an important role in thetransport of metal pollutants. However, insoluble substances which occur as colloids suspended
or adsorbed on the solid phase under the influence of variable physical and chemical conditions might
dissolve and become a source of secondary pollution of the surface waters and a danger for theorganisms. Therefore it is necessary to mark various metal forms present in each of the elements of thewater ecosystem. A research concerning the role of suspended matters in transporting heavy metals
has been carried out on the Bobrza River in 3 different measurement points. Those points differ inthe management of the land: the source, Białogon - acidic environment, and Sitkówka - Howiny alkaline environment. The results received indicate the relationships between the area management
and the degree of bounding the metals by suspended matters.
KEY WORDS: heavy metals, suspended matter, suspension, riverHumic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

QUA TITY OF SOIL ORGA IC MATTER I DIFFERE TECOSYSTEMSTOBIAŠOVÁ ERIKA
Department of Pedology and Geology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2,94976 Hitra, Slovak Republic e-mail: Erika.Tobiasova@uniag.sk
ABSTRACTThis study deals about quantity of soil organic matter in natural ecosystems and arable land.
Sampling places were located in Hitra, Komjatice, Močenok and Šaľa on soil types Eutric Fluvisols
and Haplic Chernozems. There were four different ecosystems: agri-ecosystem (arable land), forest
ecosystem, meadow ecosystem and anthropic soil included. The highest carbon content was in forest
ecosystem, next less about 14 % it was anthropic soil, less about 20 % it was meadow ecosystem andwith the lowest value (about 27 %) it was arable land. The highest total nitrogen content was inanthropic soil, next lower value about 2 % was in forest ecosystem, lower value about 31 % it was inmeadow ecosystem and with the lowest nitrogen content about 32 % it was arable land. Soil organic
matter balance in crop rotation is not influenced only by root crop share, for which farmyard manure
is applied, but also maize share. Oil seed crops very importantly support higher content of totalorganic carbon, as well. Just variants with the highest share of oil crops and maize had the highest
carbon content.
KEY WORDS: ecosystem, carbon, crop rotation, nitrogen, soil organic carbon

Humic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)QUALITY OF SOIL ORGA IC MATTER I DIFFERE T ECOSYSTEMSERIKA TOBIAŠOVÁ, BOŽENA DEBSKA, MÁRIA HORVÁTOVÁ, NORASZOMBATHOVÁ, JURAJ CHLPÍK, JÁN NÁDAŠSKÝ
Department of Pedology and Geology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2,94976 Hitra, Slovak Republic e-mail: Erika.Tobiasova@uniag.sk
ABSTRACTThis study deals about quality of soil organic matter in natural ecosystems and arable land.
Sampling places were located in Hitra, Komjatice, Močenok and Šaľa on soil types Eutric Fluvisols
and Haplic Chernozems. There were four different ecosystems: agri-ecosystem (arable land), forest
ecosystem, meadow ecosystem and anthropic soil included. The highest quality of soil organic matter,evaluated according to extracted carbon of humic acids, was in agri-ecosystem 19 %, next it was inforest ecosystem 18 %, meadow ecosystem 16 % and with the lowest value 13 % it was in anthropic
soil. The highest soil organic matter quality in agri-ecosystem on Haplic Chernozems was in variant
CM-03, with share of cereals 72 % (maize 42 %), root crops 14 % and oil crops 14 %. Just in thisvariant the highest carbon and nitrogen contents were determined. In Eutric Fluvisols the highest soilorganic matter quality was in variant FM-04, with share of cereals 72 % (maize 14 %), root crops
14 % and with the highest share of oil crops 14 % just in this crop rotation. In this variant also in one
year spring cereal and maize for grain were growing. In other variants maize was growing for silage.
KEY WORDS: ecosystem, crop rotation, humic acids, soil organic matterHumic Substances in Ecosystems, 8 (2009)

THE I FLUE CE OF CROP ROTATIO , CULTIVATIO A DFERTILIZATIO O SOIL ORGA IC MATTER I LUVI-HAPLIC
CHER OZEMANTON ZAUJEC, KAROL KOVÁČ
Department of Soil Science and Geology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949
76 Hitra, Slovakia e-mail: Anton.Zaujec@uniag.sk
ABSTRACT
We investigated the influence of crop rotations, cultivation and fertilization on content andquality of soil organic matter. In 1990 started small field trial with two crop rotations (A1- biologicalwith 1/3 of lucerne, 1/3 cereals and 1/3 FYM manured crops such of sugar beet and silage maize, A2 cereal and leguminous and 1/3 FYM manured crops such of winter wheat and silage maize) at limited
inputs of soil tillage (C1 - conventional tillage, C2 – protective soil tillage) and fertilization (B1control – without HPK, FYM too times during of rotation, B2 – reduced HPK fertilization + crop
residues of winter wheat and sugar beet, B3 – medium intensity of HPK, FYM too times during ofrotation). Rotation was carried out on three fields in four replications on loamy Luvi-Haplic
Chernozem, without additional irrigations. The influence on soil chemical characteristics changes,
including soil organic matter quantity and quality was observed. During 6-yr field experiment weobserved positive tendency and statistically significant increasing of soil organic carbon content,
degree of humification, contents humic and fulvic acids, only in treatments with protection tillage
comparing to conventional one.
KEY WORDS: crop rotations, soil tillage, fertilization, soil organic matter