The 15th International Heat Transfer Conference
August 10-15, 2014 Kyoto‫ڲ‬The Role of Thermal Science in Meeting Societal Challenges‫ڲ‬

Plenary Lecture

Science of Scientific Advice
Hiroyuki Yoshikawa
Director, Center for Research and Development Strategy (CRDS)
Japan Science and Technology Agency
Past President of the University of Tokyo and the International Council of Science

Abstract
As the most part of society is affected by scientific knowledge, the wisdomof its use is indispensable. The use contains various issues. As an example,
heat is definitely a discipline in science, so scientists with special
knowledge research the heat. Looking at the heat in society, however, wefind it everywhere as complicated systems. In all artefacts such asmachinery of various kinds it often plays the major role. Heat is essential forhousehold, too.
Heat system of living beings is another which is to be admired. Thus,
society is full of heat systems and the governance of all is now a highpriority for security and sustainability; this requests the disciplinary mix
even of fields other than heat. Then, who will care and govern it? Definitely
government is obliged to do it. As politicians or civil servants are notspecialists in heat, they can act correctly only when they receive rightadvices from scientists. In this lecture, this role of scientists will be
discussed more generally to depict new scientists as a good advisor togovernment.

Contents
1. New Contract between Society and Science
2. Sustainability Science
3. Advices by Scientists

© H. Yoshikawa

1.NewContractbetweenSocietyandScience
DeclarationofWorldConferenceonScience(Budapest1999)

3

LinearModelofCreationandApplicationofScientificKnowledge
Thelinearmodelhasbeensuccessfulsofar,butnowitdoesnotworkdueto:
䐟no specific societal target 䐠wrongdivisionofbasicandappliedresearch
䐟nospecificsocietaltarget
䐠wrong division of basic and applied research
䐡nointegrationofdisciplines 䐢nocooperationbetweenscientists.

Basic
research
Actorsinsocietyi tApplied
research
research

Universities
Universities
Research Institutes ResearchInstitutes
ResearchInstitutes
Research Institutes
Privatefirms

Research
f d
funds

Publicfund(G t i id)(Grantinaid)

Fundingorganization

MEXT
JSPS

Development
Privatefirms
Research Institutes
ResearchInstitutes

PeopleSociety
Industry
Publicservice

Publicfund(G(Grantinaid)
i id)

Publicfund䠄Ministries䠅
Private support
Privatesupport

MEXT
JST

Ministries䠄METI,MHLW,
MAFF,MPMHAPTetc䠅,䠅
Privatecompanies䠐

2© H. Yoshikawa

ScientificResearchandUseofKnowledge
underlinearmodel
Resultsofresearch(knowledgeabouttruth)

SSocietyacceptstheknowledge
i tt th kl d(resultsofresearch)anduseitfor
benefitsseparatelyorarbitrarily.

Curiositydrivenresearchis
conductedbyscientists
whoworkinlaboratory.

Thickwall(unilateralcommunication)

5

ScientificKnowledgehasRealised RichSocietyRichsocietyrealised byscientificknowledge

Scientific
Scientific
Research

Fl d fFloodofartefacts
f
!

Truth

“LimitstotheGrowth”
byClub of Rome
(D Meadows et al (1972) )(D.Meadowsetal(1972))“Science,theEndlessFrontier”
by Vannevar Bush (1945䠅
byVannevarBush(1945Richsocietyconsistsofabundantproducts,eachofwhichwas
madewithscientificknowledgeofrelevantdiscipline.
36© H. Yoshikawa

PastEvils

ModernEvils
Global warming
WorseningofglobalenvironmentNewdiseases

Storm
Drought
Flood
Earthquake

Populationexplosionandstarvation
Cleavagebetweenrichandpoor
Povertyinmegacity
Largeraccidentofartificialsystems

Disease(germ)
VerminFierceanimals
Pirates
BurglarTyrantWickeddesire
Poverty(shortageoffood,(hff dhouseandclothes)

RacialdisputeR
i l di t
Terrorism
Solitudeincity
Solitudein city
Cybercrime
Whenwefacethesemodernevils,wecannotidentifythevisibleenemies
infrontofus.Perhapstheenemies
lurkbehindourintentionoractionand
attackusbeforewenoticethem.
Itismoredifficulttofightagainstthem.

Theyarevisibleenemies
whichattackedhuman
beingsfromoutside.Wekknowhowtofightagainst
h
f h
them.

7

NewSocialContractbetweenScientificCommunityandSociety
UNConferenceonEnvironment
andDevelopment,
Ri d J
RiodeJaneiro(EarthSummit)1992
i (E th Sit) 1992“SustainableDevelopment”
byG.H.BrundtlandAninfluential
essayinSCIENSE
1998

ICSU/UNESCOWorldConferenceon Science,
B dapest 1999
Budapest,1999

Newsocial
contractbetweenscienceandsociety

Declarationon“ScienceandthegUseofScientificKnowledge”

byJ.Lubchenco

1.Scienceforknowledge
2.Scienceforpeace
3.Sciencefordevelopment
4 Science in society
4.Scienceinsocietyandscienceforsociety

Researchfundwith
Researchfund withmessageofsocialwish

Scientificcommunity

S i tSociety
Resultsofresearch
Resultsof researchmeetingsocialwish

84© H. Yoshikawa

2 Sustainability Science
2.SustainabilityScience9

BasicLoopforEvolution:
Pi
Piecemealabductionforsustainableevolution
l bd ti f
t i bll ti
Abduction

Actor

Abduction

Sustainable

Designer

ObjectDeductionDd ti

ObserverInductionwith4dimensionallens
Inductionwith4
1.FerdinanddeSaussure(Evolutionoflanguage),
1
F di
dd S
( E l tifl)
2.CharlesSandersPierce(Abductionincreativethinking),
3.KarlPopper(Piecemealprogressbysocialtechnology)

510© H. Yoshikawa

ExamplesofKnowledgeEvolutionpgParoleLanguageg g
Associationofconceptand
auditoryvision

Adoptionandmemory(socialselection= language)=language)

Speak*(personal
selection)

Social
crystallization*Speak:listen,thinkandspeak
LangueChoice(1987)

Global
warming

Deduction

ActionUnitedNations, (1992)
Governments
Governments,
Industries

Science
Confirmation
Confirmation
Assimilation

AdviceEmissiontrade,
Renewable energy,
Renewableenergy,
Energyconservation,

Climate Change
ClimateChange

Experiment

Accepted

Abduction Hypothetical
TheoryScientific
Deduction
Knowledge

ListenWarning(1980)IPCC

Observation
Extractionofchange(1950䡚䠅

Data

Phenomena
Induction

11

CloseloopStructureincludingSociety
for Sustainability Science
forSustainabilityScience
Scientificknowledge
for actors in society
foractorsinsociety
1.Professional
knowledge
2 Advice
2.Advice

Realizationby

ActorsTypellbasicresearchby

Assimilation by

Engineering
Scientists

SocietyandyNatureTypeI
basicresearchbyKnowledge
discovered

Basic
Basic
research

Actionsofvariousactorsin
society

AppliedApplied
research

Develop
ment

Observing
Scientists

SocietyiLinearModel

Changesof
societyand
societyandnatureResultfor
Actors wish
E.Scientists
SocietyO S i iO.Scientists
Fund
forwish
NewContract(loop)

612© H. Yoshikawa

ReluctancestoCirculate
Society

ScienceCommunity
Lack of communication
Lackofcommunication

ExcessiverelyonvisiblewishesyActorsNeglectofrelationsbetweenactions

Designing
Scientists

Society,NatureLackofsocialtechnology

Immaturenessofmethods

䐟 Insufficientcooperation

Observing
Scientists

Insufficientobservationofthetotal
Insufficientobservationofthereal䐠 Insufficientsearchofthefuture
Insufficient search of the future

A bi it f
Ambiguityofresearchtopics
ht i䐡

Noefforttouncoversocialwish

13

FactorstoAccelerateCirculation
Discovery of social wish is the key for acceleration
Discoveryofsocialwishisthekeyforacceleration
1.Developarelevantevolutionaryloopoffourelementsinsociety.
2 Good communication between neighbour elements
2.Goodcommunicationbetweenneighbourelements
3.ObservingScientists
Observationofthepresentstatesofnatureandsociety
Observation of the total of nature and society
ObservationofthetotalofnatureandsocietyNoneglectofobservedabnormalities
Discoversocialwishof3rd level(invisiblewish)
Warning to society
Warningtosociety
4.DesigningScientists
Collaborationwithandlearningfromobservingscientists
Recognizing the essential role of designing scientists for the circulation
Recognizingtheessentialroleofdesigningscientistsforthecirculation
Developscienceofdesigntoimprovetheadvices
Inputtheresultstosociety(industryetc)andneutraladvicestogovernment
5 Actors in Society
5.ActorsinSociety
Privateenterprise:flexibility,socialresponsibility,challenge,altruism
Government:forthepeople,fortheprivateenterprise,nouselessconflictt
po t cs,
withinpolitics,
6.Society
SocialTechnology
147© H. Yoshikawa

PossiblePolicyforAcceleration( practical proposals )(practicalproposals)

Results

ActorsInsufficient
cooperation

Designing
Scientists

Noscience
ofsynthesisfSociety,NatureObserving
Scientists

SocialWish

Insufficientobservation

15

ResearchIntegrationandDiscoveryofSocialWish
Physicaltechnology,
䐟Full Research䐟FullResearch
Biological technology
Biologicaltechnology,(integratedresearch) Psychicaltechnology,

Realizationby

Actors+*Synthesiology(designscience,engineeringscience,
managementscience,
humanengineering)

Typellbasicresearchby

Designing
Scientists

* ActorsinSociety
are:statesmen,
policymakers,
Evolutionbybusinesshumans,Socialtechnology
administrators,
engineers,
educators,
writers,
Assimilation byartists,
Societyand journalists,
N t
Natureetc…
whomovesociety.

TypeI
basic research bybasicresearchby

Observing
Scientists

䐠DiscoveryofSocialWishes

Totalobservationby
NaturalscienceandSocialscience816© H. Yoshikawa

䐟 ResearchbyIntegratedKnowledge“F ll R
“FullResearch”h”
䐠 Processintegration(Basicresearch,Appliedresearch,Productrealization)
IntegratedKnowledge
asminimumunitof
researchnetworkinsociety䐟 Disciplinaryintegration( Various disciplines)(Variousdisciplines

Research
topics

Domain1

Domain2

Domain3

Domain4Type II Basic researchTypeIIBasicresearchTTypeIBasicresearch
IB ihDomain5

Productrealizationresearch

DiversifiedDisciplines

17“FullResearch”Necessaryfor
Bridging Scientists observing anddesigning
BridgingScientistsobserving
and designing
Generalpatternofsciencetechnology
innovationprocess
innovation
process

People’sinterest,
socialsupportor
productivityofscientific
papers1985J.Hatvany,H.Yoshikawa

DDreamsNi ht
Nightmares

R lit
RealityTimeforresearchanddevelopment
Researchphases
Methods
Results

Type1basic
research

Type2basicresearch

Scientific
((analysis))
Discovery
oftruth

Intuitive((synthesis)
)Creationofartefacts/actions

Productrealization
Business
Production
ofgoods

Theresearchfordiscoveryisfullysupportedbyscientificmethods,butforTh
h f dii f lldb
i ifi
h d b fcreationofartefacts/actionsislesssupported.Weneedtoestablishanewmethod.
18

9© H. Yoshikawa

FullResearch(fullyintegratedresearch)
UnitofFullResearch(Researchesareconductedconcurrentlyandcoherentlyinunit.䠅
Functional
Requirements(society)TypeII
Basic
hresearchTypeI
Basic
research

Scientific
Requirements(academy)

Analysistypeb i
basicresearchhDiscoveryNewlaw
Newtheoryy
Innovativeidea

Product
realization

Products(forsociety)

ResearchtopicsR
ht i(NewtopicsKnowledgeuse foracademies䠅

Synthesistype
researchhBasicresearch(Researcherswho
overcomethenightmare)

Scenario
DiscoveryofsocialvalueNewdesigntheory
Realization
Realizationtheoryy
Construction
Preliminarydiscipline Optimization
Socialtechnology

19

Research Unit for Full Research (AIST)
ResearchUnitforFullResearch(AIST)
Head of Unit
HeadofUnit

Management
Evidence:
Thereare52researchunitsin
AISTwhichcoverbioST,nanoST,
manufacturingST,ICT,robotics,
energyandenvironment.

Researchersoftype1
basicresearch

Researchersof
type2
Basicresearch

Researchersof
product
realization(1) Unithasamissiontoinnovateparticularknowledge/technologyforsociety/industry.
(2) HeadofunitdirectlycommunicatesthemanagementofAIST.
(3) Headofunitisgivenfullautonomyforconductingtheresearch.
H d f it i i
f ll tfd ti thh(4) Managementkeepstheauthorityofstart/reform/abolitionofunit.
(5) Allresearchersintheunitalwaysbearitsmissioninmind.
(6)Type1basicresearchersaimatgeneratingnewscientificknowledge.
(7) Type2basicresearchersaimatcreatingnewvaluesforsociety.
T
2b i
h
i
t
ti
l
f
i t
(8) Productrealizingresearchersaimatcreatingproducts/knowledgeforsociety.
(9) Threegroupsareintegratedbytheheadtoconductresearchcoherentlyandconcurrently.
(10) Researchersarefreetomoveamongthreecategories.
(11) Inordertorealizesuchresearchunit,headofunitmustbea“philosophicalthinker”.
In order to reali e s ch research nit head of nit m st be a “philosophical thinker”
20

10© H. Yoshikawa

FullResearchIntegration of disciplines X Collaborationofroles
IntegrationofdisciplinesX
Collaboration of roles
Integratedfund
Supplyfundforprojectsofencounteredpp yp jC ll b ti
Collaborationofroles
f lsocialwishandfullresearchIntegrationofdisciplines
to Social Wish
toSocialWish

aij

dij

Platform
(Fullresearchaimingat(Fullresearch aiming at
Issueorientedinnovation)

Researchsubjects

sijDomaina1

a2

a3

AnalyticalbasicresearchA

s1

s2

d1

d2

ConstructivebasicresearchS ResearchforrealizationD
21

䐠 DiscoveryofSocialWish
Discovery of Social WishIthasbeenlongtimesaidthatscientificresearchistobeconductedbyscientistswhoaredrivenby
theirowncuriositywithintheautonomouscommunityofscientists.Itwashistoricallyprovedthatthe
systemofscientificknowledge,whichisneutral,hasbeendevelopedthroughthisprocess.
Inthe21century,however,humanbeingsareconfrontedwithproblemstobesolvedurgently,suchas environment worsening and terrorism which are new and fatal for the survival if failure Thisasenvironmentworseningandterrorism,whicharenewandfatalforthesurvivaliffailure.Thisrequestsustoachieveknowledgenecessarytocopewiththemwithinthelimitedtime.Wemust
realizethattheprocessofknowledgeacquisitionundersuchcircumstancesisdifferentfromthat
drivenbycuriosity.Weneedtodevelopnewmeansusefulforsuchacquisition.Wemaynotwaitonly
forthecuriositydrivenresearch.
Beforegoingintothedevelopmentofthosemeans,wemustsolveadifficultproblem.Itistheidentificationoftheissuestobestudied.Weunanimouslyapprovethatweneedscientificknowledge
useful for sustainability. But we have not been successful to identify exact research subjects of highusefulforsustainability.Butwehavenotbeensuccessfultoidentifyexactresearchsubjectsofhighpriorityforsustainability.People,includingscientistsandothers,onlyknowvaguecontourofscienceforsustainability.
Issuestobestudiedandsolvedscientificallyarenotonlyapparentlydefinedinsocietybutalso
floatingdimlyamongpeopleandevenabsolutelyinvisibleforpeople,andevenforscientists.
Therefore,theymustbediscovered.
Here,wecallthem“socialwishes”whichhavethreelevels:(1)exactlyknown,(2)floatingamong
people and (3)invisible. Especially the discovery of the level three is one of the most important target
peopleand(3)invisible.Especiallythediscoveryofthelevelthreeisoneofthemostimportanttargetofscientificresearchonsustainability.
2211© H. Yoshikawa

SocialWishestoAccelerateCirculation
Actionsbasedonsocialwish

GENERAL(MACRO)SOCIALWISHEStobeelaboratedscientifically

ActorsDesigningS i ti t
Scientists

WishestoprogresschangestowardWishesto progress changes towardsustainabilitysuchasConcurrentgrowthofprosperityandsustainability,
Improvementoffreedomanddiversity,
Highersafety,
Cooperationamongpeople,
Favorable changes of human values, etc
Favorablechangesofhumanvalues,etc

Society,
N t
NatureElaborated
socialwish

Observing
Scientists

Wishestostopchangesdivertingfromsustainabilitysuchas
W
Worseningofenvironment,ifitIncreaseofdanger
Lossofequality,
Socialpressureonpeople,pp p ,Unfavorablechangesofhumanvalues,etc

Observation䠖(1)Stateofsocietyandnature(abnormalitiesandunfavorablechanges)
(2) Panoramic observation of changes in(2)Panoramicobservationofchangesin
societyandnature.

Someresearchers(observingscientists)havebeeninterestednotonlyinproperties
ofobjectsinthenatureandsociety(soof objects in the nature and society (so(socalledtruth),butalsoinchangesofnature
called truth) but also in changes of natureandsocietytoevaluatetheprogress/deteriorationofsustainabilityoftheearth.
Theseresearchersshouldbeincreasedintheeraofsustainability.
23

DiversifiedElementsofSustainability
Problemsolving innovations (for social wishes) are requested
Problemsolvinginnovations(forsocialwishes)arerequested.

Society
World*
State
Communityy
ScaleofAction=Design
component

Human security
Humansecurity

Eradicationofpoverty

Element
Cell
Molecule
Atom

Nonnuclearpenetration
SuppressofClimateChange
WorldHeritage

Energy security
Energysecurity
Disastermitigation

SuppressofpollutionGroup
Organization
Corporation
Cl b
Club
Individual
FamilyCouplePersonP
PeaceandgovernancedWasteminimization

SuppressofPandemic

Sustainablemanufacturingg
Sustainableservices
Drinkingwatersecurity
FFoodsecuritydiHighqualityoflife

S i i
Sanitation

EducationforSD

Conservationofminerals

Controlofchemicalrisk
Preventivemedicine

Conservationofbiodiversity(*Incaseofhuman)

Local

NationReachofAction=Designsolution

12

Global24

© H. Yoshikawa

ResearchintoSocialWishDiscovered

Realization

Rese
earch

Disse
eminateSocietyR.reesultsResearcherB

R.pllanSociaalwish

R.su
ubjects

ResearcherA

Discovery of new social wish
Discoveryofnewsocialwish

Worldwideuse

Loccaluse

EEthanolforrauto.

PlantsforePenergyBioeenergyCO䠎 Redduction

SStopglobalwarming

example:Socialwish=Stopglobalwarming

Compromisewithfoodproduction
25

CharacteristicsofSustainabilityScience(summary)
1 A i iti
1.Acquisitionofknowledgeinvolvesrecursiveprocessincludinghumanbeings.
fk
l d i
l
i
i l di hb i
2 Subjects are described by integratedknowledge.
2.Subjectsaredescribedbyintegrated knowledge
3 Observation is requested with the aid of 4 dimensional lens(forecast of future)
3.Observationisrequestedwiththeaidof4dimensionallens(forecastoffuture).
4.Verificationofappropriatenessofconclusionisdoneonlythrough4
Verification of appropriateness of conclusion is done only throughevolutionalprocessesinsociety.
5 Abduction isthemainlogicsintheprocessofleadingtoconclusion.
5.Abductionis the main logics in the process of leading to conclusion
6 The aim is to realise sustainability,includingthefindingoftruthbehindthe
6.Theaimistorealisesustainability including the finding of truth behind theslowchangesofnatureandsociety.
26

13© H. Yoshikawa

NormalscienceandSustainabilityscience
C
Complementaryknowledge
l
t
k
l d
NormalScience

Science

SustainabilitySciencey(TheTRUTH,universal
(Causesoflongtermchanges
behindeachphenomenon) ofthetotalearth)

(Whattoknow)
AimofresearchTounderstandeverything
andmanageindividualsTounderstandeverything
andmanagethetotal

Object of research
Objectofresearch

Anythinggenerally
existingintheuniverse

Localandindividualthingsintheearth

Difference
universality/
uniquenessseparate/total
abstract/concrete

Observation

Unchangeable
Existence*

Slowchange

stable/unstable

Truthverification

Experiments

Evolutioncertain/uncertain

Resultofresearch

Knowledge
forunderstanding

Knowledge
foraction

analysis/synthesis

Expectedpracticalresults

Prosperityofhumanbeings

Sustainabilityoftheearth

prosperity/
sustainability
i bili27*Anychangecanbededucedfromexistence

AccelerationbyEncounterof
Full Research and Social Wish
FullResearchandSocialWish
Realizationby
ActorsFull research
FullresearchTypellbasicresearchbyEngineering
Scientists

ActorsSociety,Nature
Designing
researchers

AssimilationbySocietyandNatureT
TypeI
I
basicresearchby
Observing
Scientists

SocialWish

Observing
researchers!
PanoramicDataBasePanoramic
Data BaseofFullResearch

E
Encountert

PanoramicDataBaseofSocialWish28

14

© H. Yoshikawa

3.AdvicesbyScientists
P li f S i
PolicyforScienceandScienceforPolicydS i
f P li29

Advice1:PolicyforScience
Policiestoprotectscience
F d
Freedomofscientificresearch–f i tifi
h rightsandethics
i ht
d thi
Rights:Freedomofselectingresearchsubjects
Freedomofmove,presentationandofestablishingowntheory
Independenceofpoliticsandreligions
Mutualevaluation(peerreview)
Ethics:Prohibitionofplagiarism,falsification,appropriationandsabotageCompliancewithrulesofintellectualproperty
Balancebetweenresearchesofbasicandapplied

Policiestopromotescience
Requestandpetitionqp
Totalbudgetofscientificresearch
Allocationofbudget(budgetforpersonnel,facilitiesandbuildings)
Priorities of researchPrioritiesofresearch
30

15

© H. Yoshikawa

Advice2:ScienceforPolicyy
Manypolicieshadsignificantrelationstoscienceandneeded
scientificadvices,butmanywerecaughtindifficulties
Advicesforpoliticaldecision

Advicesforsalvationfromdisaster

Organtransplant

Minamata disease

Genetherapy

HIVinfectedbloodproduct

R
Reproductiontherapy
d ti thBSE

Geneticallymodifiedfood

Asbestos

Construction of dams
Constructionofdams

Bird influenza
Birdinfluenza

Utilizationofresource

Aftermathofearthquake/tsunami

Development of energy
Developmentofenergy

Plant accident (Fukushima)
Plantaccident(Fukushima) becauseoflackofNeutralAdvices:“P id d i
“Provideadviceonscientificconsensus,includingconclusionsand
i tifii l dil iduncertainties,andthedegreesofassuranceabouttheunknowns.”
31

Authoritative Voice of Scientists for Advice
AuthoritativeVoiceofScientistsforAdvice“Independent,balancedandnonpartisanvoice“Idd t b ld dtiibyscientists”
Policydecisionsareultimatelyinthehandsoflegislators.Butsciencecanandshouldinformpolicyformulation.Whatpolicymakersneedfrom
advisors,suchasICSU,isauthoritativestatementswhichidentifythelimits
ofscientificknowledgethatarerelevanttotheparticularissue.
Frequently,therewillnotbeaconsensus,butthisequivocationinallits
Frequently,
there will not be a consensus , but this equivocation in all its
dimensionsisnecessaryforthepolicymakerstounderstand.ICSUcould
provideamajorservicebysettingthedifferentpointsofview;onanissue
in an objective way and it should not shirk controversial issues It shouldinanobjectiveway,anditshouldnotshirkcontroversialissues.Itshould
helpclarifytheissuesandcontributetopublicdebateaboutthem.䠄ICSU,
1996)
32

16

© H. Yoshikawa

IndependentScientific
VoiceofScientists

IndividualVoicesd dua o cesofScientists

NeutralAdvice
Scientifictheories

Conflictingtheories
in scienceinscience

Socialpolicies

CollisionofSocial policies

Uniquevoice
Separate
voicesAuthenticvoiceofscientistbrings
aboutsoberdialogueamongpolicies

Separateadvicestopoliciesintensify
collisionsamongpolicies
33

DualRolesofScientist䞉ExpertsinOrganisation
Scientists/experts canbeneutraltomake
publicadvicesindependentlyoftheirorganisations The independency must beorganisations.Theindependencymustbe
agreedbetweentheorganisations andthem.

Scientists/expertsin
governmentandagency
Gov
Gov.
Scientist/expertsin
private enterprises
privateenterprises
Ent.

Sciencecommunity

Univ.

SciencecouncilofJapan
AgencyNeutral
advicesto
thepublic

Expertscommunity

M.doctors,Lawyers,Entrepreneurs,Engineers
Scientists/expertshavetopledge
loyaltytoorganisations.

in outScientists/expertsareresponsible
totheirscientificspecialty.
34

17

© H. Yoshikawa

StrategyandDecisionmakingforSTPolicy
Present SystemsofOrganisations
Systems of Organisations

Government
CouncilofScienceand
TechnologyPolicy,Ministries

ScienceforPolicy

Petition
forfunds

Policy for Science
PolicyforScience

NationalAcademy(ScienceCouncilofJapan)

Diversifiedopinionsffromvariousdisciplinesi
di i li

Disciplinaryy
accademicssocieties

Universities,ResearchInstitutes

Scientists
ScienceTechnology
gy
Policy35

StrategyandDecisionmakingforSTPolicy
AdvicesfromNationalAcademyandPublicThinkTank
Advices from National Academy and Public Think Tank

CouncilofScienceand
Councilof Science andTechnologyPolicy,Ministries

National Academy
NationalAcademy(ScienceCouncilofJapan)

Public Think Tank 1
PublicThinkTank1

Industry

PublicThink
T k2
Tank2

Petition
forfunds

Policy for Science
PolicyforScience

Universities,ResearchInstitutes,Industries
Diversified
opinionsfromvarious
disciplines

Disciplinaryy
accademicssocieties

PublicThink
Tank3
CommitteeofcompetitivenessGovernment

Chief
Chi
f
ScienceAdvisor

ScienceforPolicy

SScientists䞉Experts
i ti t Et(researchers)
ScienceTechnology
Policy3618

© H. Yoshikawa

Government

CSTP

CommitteeofCompetitiveness

Scientists
of CSTPofCSTP

Publicthinktank3Publicthinktank2

Ministries/Industries
think tankthinktank

GRIPS,NISTEP,CRDS(JST)

ScienceCouncil
ofJapanPresident
ofSCJ

Committeeofthinktank

notyet
establishedPublicthinktank1

Thinktankwhich
supplymembersto
publicthinktank

UniversityT.T.

Ministries,
Mi
iti
Agencies, Industries

officialon
connectio

Ministerof
S&Tand
Chiefscienceothers 㛵ಀ኱⮧advisorexchangee

supportPrime
Minister

Universities
37

Social Contribution of Scientists and Practitioners
SocialContributionofScientistsandPractitioners
Scientists(researchers)createknowledgeandofferittopractitioners.
Jurisprudence
Politicalscienceeducator

legislator
statesmanE
Economicsiadministrator
Policyscience

Society䛆practitioners
practitioners䛇
䛇
Statistics
statistician

Esthetics
䛆scientists
scientists䛇䛇

clinical psychotherapist Eng.
clinicalpsychotherapist
Engscienceengineersindustrialist
manager

journalist
Humanities

Medicine
Bioscience
Synthesiology

careworker

policymaker䛆actors
actors䛇t 䛇

medicaldoctor
nurse

agriculturist

performerp
crisismanagerii
novelist
artistindustrialdesigner
Linguistics
Psychology
Mathematics

Manage.
science
Agricult science
Agricult.science

Crisismanagement

Societyissustainedbycontributionofpractitioners.
1938

© H. Yoshikawa

Actions on the Crisis
ActionsontheCrisis
Scientistscollectknowledgepractitionerswant
Scientists
collectknowledgepractitionerswantandadviceandadvicetothem.
tothem.
Jurisprudence
legislator

politicalsciencestatesmanE
Economicsipolicyscienceeducator

medicine
medicaldoctor

Biosciencenurse
careworker
clinicalpsychotherapist

administrator
policymaker䛆actors䛇
actorst 䛇Society䛆practitioner䛇practitioner䛇
Statistics
statistician

engineersindustrialist
manager

journalist

eng.science
synthesiology
Manage.
science
agricult science
agricult.science

agriculturist
performer
pnovelist
artist crisismanager
crisismanagement
Industrialdesigner
Linguistics
Psychology
Mathematics

Humanities
Esthetics
䛆scientists䛇scientists䛇

Incrisis,practitionersandscientistscooperate
Incrisis,practitioners
andscientistscooperatebeyonddisciplines.
beyonddisciplines.
39

InformationFlowatFukushima
䛆ActionatPlant䛇䛆information䛇

6RFLHW\ IRUHLJQ

3ULPH0LQLVWHUಬV5HVLGHQFH$GYLVRUVWR3ULPH0LQLVWHU

General1XFOHDUDQG,QGVDIHW\$JHQF\
command

3UHVV

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6FLHQWLVW QXFOHDU( L(QJLQHHUQXFOHDUO(OHFWULF3RZHU&RPSDQ\

Works
atsite䛆general䛇3ODQWPDQXIDFWXUHUV

6FLHQWLVW᧤JHQHUDO᧥

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Expectedflow,butnotrealized
20

Academies(foreign)
40© H. Yoshikawa

Difficultiesinrealcooperation
䛆ActionatPlant䛇䛆information䛇

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3ULPH0LQLVWHUಬV5HVLGHQFH$GYLVRUVWR3ULPH0LQLVWHU

䛆general䛇

3UHVV

QuickresponsefromGovernments,
excessreportandrumor

6RFLHW\ GRPHVWLF 
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Anxietyandrumord

6FLHQWLVW QXFOHDU

Suppositionand
separate comments
separatecomments,
Nochancetowork

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0HGLFDO'RFWRUVGuessand
unreliablereviews,
Nochancetowork

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6FLHQFH&RXQFLO
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Recommendationswith
insufficientinformation

Academies(foreign)

Readybutwaitingforcooperation

Real flowRealflow
Expectedflow,butnotrealized

41

Actual Performances of Scientists at Fukushima
ActualPerformancesofScientistsatFukushimaAcaseofillcommunicatedcollaborationbetweenscientistsandpractitioners
Anexample:Thediffusingradiationmonitoringinstrument“SPEEDY”wasnotusedeffectively.
Reason(interpretationbytheprivateinvestigationcommittee)
䠍䠊 Toolowreliabilityofdatabyinspection
䠎䠊 MEXTwasnotgiventherighttouseitsdataforpracticaluse.䠏䠊 Noshareofdataamongrelatedinstitutions(MEXT,METI)䠐䠊 Rolesofinstitutionshavenotbeendefineddefinitely
b h h dl ’
Fearbytheheadquarterstoraisepeople’spanic䠑䠑䠊䠒䠊 Ambiguityofauthorityofpublicreleaseofdatarelatedtoaccidents

SPEEDYwasanexcellentinstrument,butitwasnotsufficientlydesignedfor
thepracticaluse,managementofdata,andapplicationofdatainthereal
accident There was no room for scientists to work actually for theaccident.Therewasnoroomforscientiststoworkactuallyforthe
application.Weshouldconcludethatthedailycollaborationofpractical
usersandscientistswhodesignedareessentialforsuccessfulapplication.
2142

© H. Yoshikawa

IssuestobeLearned
Importantissuesforlearnerstowatchandnottoavertp
Necessitytoinstitutionalizethememoryforbettercommunications
A. Crisismanagementsystem
1. Chainofcommandingovernment,structureandpersonnelhfl
2. Assignofexpertsofsafetyoperationstoproperposts
3. Implementationofpracticalplacebasedrulesforsafetyatlevelsofdepth
B.Managementoffirmsforsafetyandsecurity
1. Maintainexpertswhocanimmediatelyact
2. Responsiblepersonforvariousjobsexpectedincrisis
C.ScienceandTechnology
1. Responsibilityofeachscientistforsafetyandsecurityinanyfield
2. Recognitionofrelationshipbetweenowndisciplineandsafetyofplants
g
p
p
y p
3. Widerviewsofplantsystemsbeyondowndisciplines
D. Communicationbetweenpolicymakersandactors(includingscientists)
1. Generalstructureofinstitutioncomposedofpeoplewhohavememorytobe
informedandexchangedwithintheinstitutionmustbeestablished.
2. Inordertomaintaintheinstitutionalmemory,weshouldunderstandthespecific
structureofpeopleinindividualinstitutionsrespectively.
WemustlearnthatthesehavenotbeensatisfiedinJapan.

43

Scientist’sActioninCrisis(Use of expertise)(Useofexpertise)
Incident
Accumulationofrisk

chronologicalphase

restoration

acutephase䠍䠊Graspoftheincidentandpresentation
Crisisduetoanincidentcontainsvariousfactors,suchascause,phenomenon,effectstohuman/environment,etc.Scientistsandpractitionersofvariousdisciplinesare
requestedtopresentdata:includingobservation,measurementandanalysis;
necessarytounderstandtheincidentascorrectaspossible.䠎䠊Professional responsibility for crisis
䠎䠊Professionalresponsibilityforcrisis
Crisisiscausedbyvariousphenomenawhichrequestparticularactionsforthe
mitigationandrescueofpeople.Actionsrequirespecificknowledgerelevant
including science Therefore scientists must participate
includingscience.Therefore,scientistsmustparticipate.
䠏䠊Flightfromthecrisisandrestoration
Crisiscausesunpredictabledamagesonpeople,materialandsocietygeneral.
Varietyof scientificknowledgeisessentialforsalvationandrestorationfromthe
damage,inbothphasesofplanninganddoing.
2244

© H. Yoshikawa

PreparationforDisasterandSustainabilitySciencepyAfterthelongdevelopmentofnaturebyhumanbeings,theearthindicatesitslimitattheendof20th century.Scientificknowledgehasexpandedtogetherwiththedevelopment,
hence it inevitably entails usefulness for development In 21st century,however,scientific
henceitinevitablyentailsusefulnessfordevelopment.In21
century however scientificknowledgeshouldbemainlyusedforsustainingtheearth. Changesarerequested:
Motivation

Discipline

Objectsof
research

Method

L i
Logic

OutputDevelopment
Science

DiscoveryofthelawsofNaturefor
comprehension

Research
withinadiscipline

Observationof
individual
phenomenon
phenomenon

Analysis

Deduction

Scientific
papersSustainability
Science

Discoveryofthe
problemsoftheyEarthandsocietyforremedy

Researchin
integrated
di i lidisciplines

Totalobservation
Synthesisofnatureand
society

Abduction

Advicesto
actions

Thistableshowsthatthescientificresearchforfailure/disasterisapartofsustainabilityscience.Weunderstanditeasilybecausefailure/disasteristheworstfactorwhichiWd t d itil bf il /di t i th
tf t
hi h
deterioratestheearth.WeJapanesescientistshaverecognised thatthelackof
comprehensionofthisnecessarychangeinsciencecausedtheinsufficientparticipation
of scientists to activities for prevention initial stage reaction and mitigation of the Eastofscientiststoactivitiesforprevention,initialstagereactionandmitigationoftheEast
JapanDisasterincludingearthquake,tsunamiandAccident.Weshouldendeavour to45developthesustainabilitysciencecopingwiththeworseningenvironment.

ScientificAdvisor
Scientificadvisorasa“knot”ofgovernmentandscientificcommunity(whoadvisesthegovernmentandinformthepoliticalwilltoscientists.)
Publicthinktank
Scientific
adviceScientific Politicalwill
Advisor
Scientificacademies

Government

Society

Scientists¾ CapacityofScientificAdvisor:䐟Excellentachievementonresearchandeducation:䐠Panoramicviewof
sciencedomains:䐡Historicalknowledgeofrelationbetweenscienceandsociety:䐢Insightfor effectofgyyComprehensionofevidencebasedpolicypp yscienceandtechnologytosociety:䐣
¾ QualityofScientificAdvisor:䐟Strongwilltorepresentallscientists:䐠Ethicsnotstrainingatownfield:3
䐡Globalsense:䐢Robustequity notyieldingunderstrongpressurebyspecificdomain:䐣Independenceof
46
specialinterestgroup23© H. Yoshikawa

Political WillandRolesofScientists/Experts
Government
PrimeMinister

PoliticalWill(Social Wish)(SocialWish)
ScientificAdvisors

Committeeofcompetitiveness

Publicthinktank1

CouncilofScienceandTechnology
policyChiefscienceadvisor

Publicthinktank2

Advisors

Scientists

Ministries

ScienceCouncilofJapan
Publicthinktank1
Agencies

ScienceCommunity(Consciousnessofresponsibility)

Academic

Universities௻ᴗෆ◊✲
societies௻ᴗෆ◊✲

Society(Individuals,Publicinstitutions,Companies,Agencies)
47

MissionsofScientistsandExperts䠖R&D䞉Education䞉Advice
Firm

䞉Presentationofresearch(academic,industrial,public)䞉Collaboration
䞉Int’lpresent/collaboration
p
/

Firm

CEO

Univ. President

Univ.

Scientist

Agency◊✲ἲே

2.R&D(discipline)

RectorDean
Head
䠄Officer䠅

President

Engineerg

Peers,academicsocieties
1 Education(individual)
1.Education(individual)
Jurisprudence
educator
Medicine
Politicalscience legislator
medicaldoctor Biosciencestatesmannurse
S h i lSynthesiology
Economicscareworker
administrator
clinical
Policypolicymaker
psychotherapist
Eng.
science䛆䛆actors
actors䛇䛇Societyengineersscience䛆practitioner䛇practitioner䛇
industrialist
Statistics
t ti ti i
statistician
managerManage.
journalist
agriculturist
Humanities
scienceperformer
crisismanager Agricult.science
novelist
artistEsthetics
Crisismanagement
industrialdesigner
䛆scientists䛇scientists䛇
Linguisticsg
Psychology

3.Publicadvice(beyonddiscipline)normalandincrisis

䞉GeneralPublic䞉Government
䞉LocalGovernment
etc
etc.
GeneralsocietySocietywithexpertise24

48

© H. Yoshikawa

Summary
1. Newrelationshipbetweenscienceandsocietyhasemerged:
Communicationinonewayfromsciencetosocietyhaschangedto
mutual communication.
mutualcommunication.
2. Moveofcentralgravityfrom“DevelopingScience”to“SustainabilityScience”:
(1) from “Discovery(1)from
Discoveryofthetruthof the truth”to
to “Recognition
Recognitionoftherealof the real”
(2)fromAnalysistoDesign
3 Afactorusefultoimprovetherelationshipbetweenscienceandsociety:3.
Af t
f lt ithl ti hi b t
id
i t
Fromcommunicationbetween“scienceandindustry”to“scienceandpolicy”
i.e.ScientificAdvisortoMinisters(toPrimeMinisterandotherMinisters)
4.Scientistsshouldnotforgetthattheylivewithinsociety,althoughtheyare
independentofit.
49

25

Hosting Organizations
The Heat Transfer Society of Japan
Science Council of Japan

Umbrella Organization
The Assembly for International Heat Transfer Conferences

Supporting Organizations
International Centre for Heat and Mass Transfer
The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan

26