DEKRA PROCESS SAFETY‘SGLOBAL TEST DIRECTORY –Standard Testing & Custom /Specialized TestingDEKRA Process Safety’s Directory of Tests

The Importance of Process Safety Data andLaboratory TestingComprehensive process safety testing is necessary to develop the data on which fire and explosion hazard assessments andincident investigations should be based. Our goal is to prevent and control fires, explosions, and accidental chemical releases inchemical and process industries. Collecting the necessary process safety data, including asset information and process information
backed up with effective process safety testing solutions is the cornerstone of achieving this goal.

Our testing portfolio is designed to facilitate a complete

compliance with national or international regulations or authorities

understanding of the properties of substances that are used in or(ATEX and OSHA, for example) that mandate testing to determine

arise from a given process. The data derived from these tests can

the sensitivity, reactivity, and stability of process materials.

indicate potential risk factors in handling or storing the materials

Compliance is a strong motivator for organizations to order tests,

and is used to develop an effective process safety management

but a robust PSM system goes beyond mere compliance.

(PSM) system. Indeed, no PSM system is complete without the data

It integrates as much process safety data and information asgathered from testing. Our laboratory tests focus on assessing thepossible to collectively combine measures that protect the plant,flammability, combustibility, and thermal properties of materials,personnel, and environment as the Basis of Safety.

and specifically determining the temperature, pressure, and otherconditions under which a fire or explosion will occur.

Compliance with National and InternationalRegulations

Developing and Improving Processes with
Process Safety Data
A further consideration when it comes to testing is timing.
Certainly, when a new process is in the development stage testing

In some cases, process safety tests are also performed to ensure

makes sense. A thorough knowledge of the properties of all the2

DEKRA Process Safety’s Directory of Tests“With the right testing, leaders cantarget mitigation efforts to remove
the hazards and assure process
safety excellence.“substances that will come into play provides a framework forchanges in the materials used, machinery, storage, handling,

designing a safe and effective process and PSM system. This is wisetransport and more. Here it is essential to remember that any

financially speaking in that precautions and safety measures can bechange can impact the safety of a given process. Fundamental steps,

integrated from the start rather than retrofitted at an additional cost.

first and foremost testing, need to be revisited and reevaluated inlight of alterations to the process.

What may be overlooked however, is that once a process is up andrunning development does not come to a standstill. To keep pace

We understand the tests and the underlying science, and havewith changes in technology and other innovations, industries areexperience modifying standard tests and developing new tests toconstantly seeking to improve their processes. This may involve

generate the data and information that our clients and we need toassess the safety and performance of new products, materials,technologies, and processes.

Comprehensive Process Safety Testing Services
We are highly-qualified experts in PSM and enthusiastic advisors,
supporting our clients to reach safety targets without compromising
efficiency and productivity and to create safe operating parameterswith precision and confidence. Combining the best scientificcapabilities in the business with our deep understanding andexperience in testing, we equip you with the information you needwhen you need it.

3DEKRA Process Safety’s Directory of Tests

Testing Capabilities
We conduct over 300 tests with standardized testing procedures, with capability to also conduct unusual or complex customized testing.

Flammability / Combustibility Properties ofPowder, Dust, Gas, Vapour, Mist and Hybrid
Atmosphere>> Powder flammability>> Particle size and moisture content>> Minimum ignition energy (MIE)>> Minimum ignition temperature in cloud (MIT cloud)>> Minimum ignition temperature in layer (MIT layer)>> Minimum explosible concentration (MEC)>> Limiting oxygen concentration for combustion (LOC)>> Explosion severity (Kst, Pmax), 20l and 1m3>> Thermal stability tests>> Hybrid atmosphere testing>> Liquid / gas / vapour flammability>> Autoignition temperature (AIT)>> Closed-cup and open cup flash point>> Fire point testing>> Upper and lower explosive limits (UEL and LEL)>> Analysis of gas / vapour explosion severity (Kg and Pmax)>> Limiting oxygen concentration for combustion (LOC)>> Minimum ignition energy (MIE) – of a gas or vapour>> Aerosol and foam flammability>> Flame speed measurements>> Custom high temperature and high pressure flammability
testing per clients specific needs

Fire and Flammability Tests>> ASTM: flammability, burn, ignition, temperature>> CA (California) technical bulletins>> BIFMA: Business & Industrial Furniture Manufacturing
Association>> BOSTON FD: classification and fire tests>> CPSC 16 CFR: parts 1630, 1631, 1632, and 1633 carpet, rug andmattress>> FMVSS 302: Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards>> NFPA: fabric, mattress, upholstery, drapery, furniture>> Port authority of NY/NJ: 14 CFR FAR Part 25>> UL: flammability and safety fire tests

Explosive Properties>> DSC and structured analysis for explosive classification(or exemption)>> Koenen tube, time / pressure test, shock test>> Impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity>> Effect of fire and thermal stability>> Blast chambers for energetic-materials testing>> RTD resistance to detonation for fertiliser productsElectrostatic Testing for Powders, Liquids,IBC’s, Liners, Footwear, Process Equipment…
>> Liquid and powder resistivity / conductivity>> Charge relaxation time>> Liquid / powder chargeability>> Materials surface resistivity & charge relaxation:bags, gloves, surfaces, boots>> Determination of electrostatic properties of GRG containers:
surface resistivity, resistance to earth, etc>> FIBC’s and RIBC’s>> Filter Materials>> PPE – Personal Protective Equipment

Refrigerant Flammability per ASHRAE 34>> Fractionation Validation Analysis & Tests>> Flammability & Burning Velocity Measurement>> ASHRAE SSPC-34 Application - Preparation and Submission

Thermal Stability>> Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)>> Carius tube (with measurement of gases evolved)>> Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC)>> Adiabatic dewar & VSP calorimeter tests>> Specific tests for drying processes: fluid bed, spray, bulk storage>> Powder basket test4

DEKRA Process Safety’s Directory of Tests

Chemical Reactions>> Test series 1 – to determine if a substance has explosive>> Reaction calorimetry using Mettler RC1>> Option of testing up to 10 barg>> Measurement of gas evolved>> Mass spectrometry analysis of gases>> Reaction calorimetry using THT-micro reaction>> Calorimeter (μRC)>> Rapid results>> Small sample size (1-100 milligrams, μl)>> Heat capacity measurement>> Adiabatic ARC calorimetry for advanced stability analyses>> Adiabatic dewar & VSP calorimetry for runaway reaction>> Test series 2 – to determine if a substance is too insensitive forsimulation>> Batch or semibatch processes>> Closed-cell calorimetry to measure runaway kinetics
and thermal stability>> Viscosity tests on fluid vented>> Tests to characterise fluid during venting(whether or not reaction tempering occurs)

properties

inclusion in class 1>> Test series 3 – to determine if a substance is not too dangerous
for transport in the form tested>> Test series 4 – to determine if an article, packages article, orpackaged substance is too dangerous for transport>> Test series 5 – to determine if a substance may be assigned todivision 5>> Test series 6 – to assign a substance or article to division 1.1, 1.2,1.3 or 1.4 or exclusion from class 1>> Test series 7 – to determine if an article may be assigned todivision 1.6>> Test series 8 – to determine insensitivity of ammonium nitrateemulsion (ANE) and blasting explosive>> Tests for self-reactive and organic peroxide substances –test series A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H for hazard classification>> Tests relating to the following hazard classes: 1 explosives(substance, article, device), 2 (gases), 3 (flammable liquid),
4 (4.1, 4.2, 4.3), 5 (5.1, 5.2), 8 (corrosive) & 9 (misc. hazard)

Regulatory UN Tests / Transport>> UN Class 1 - explosives>> Ignition sensitivity including BAM fall hammer,
BAM friction and Koenen tube, etc>> Explosion severity: time / pressure, gap tests fire analysis, etc>> UN Class 2, aerosols>> Chemical heat of combustion, ignition distance,
enclosed space ignition, mist flammability, etc>> UN Class 3 - flammable liquids>> Flash point, fire point and sustained combustion>> UN Class 4>> Division 4.1: self-reactive substances andhighly-flammable solids>> Division 4.2: self-heating solids, pyrophoric solids and liquids>> Division 4.3: substances evolving flammable gases when incontact with water>> UN class 5>> Division 5.1: solid and liquid oxidising substances>> UN class 8>> Corrosive substances, including dermal irritationand metal corrosion

DOT CA2010040008 Competent Authority UN/DOT Hazard Classification Tests
Examination / witnessing for DOT hazard classification
recommendation

Military Test Protocols>> NATO unclassified AOP-7: critical height, critical diameter,
critical temperature, detonation velocity, impact sensitivity,
ERL Bruceton>> MIL-STD 1751A: safety and performance tests for thequalification of explosives (high explosives, propellants, andpyrotechnics)>> NAVSEAINST TB-700-2: ammunition and explosives hazard
classification tests>> Stanag standards 4240, 4375, 4382, 4443, 4490, 4491 including:slow heat/slow cook off, sympathetic reaction, liquid fire,variable confinement tests

Physico-Chemical Properties>> Freezing/Melting point>> Boiling Point>> Relative density>> Vapour pressure>> Surface tension>> Water solubility>> Partition coefficient>> Flash point>> Flammability of solids>> Flammability of gases>> Flammability in contact with water5

DEKRA Process Safety’s Directory of Tests>> Flammability in contact with air>> Explosive properties (including waiver statements)>> Liquid autoflammability>> Solid autoflammability (relative autoignition temperature)>> Oxidizing properties (including waiver statements)>> Viscosity>> Dissociation constants in water>> Granulometry & particle size analysis>> Karl Fischer Analysis>> UV-VIS Absorption Spectra>> Large scale dust explosion tests>> Specialised propulsion testing>> Bon fire testing>> Rocket motor / propellant testing>> High temperature and high pressure flammability>> Tests to REACH protocol for SDS>> Safety datasheet (SDS) preparation>> Battery performance and safety>> Fire suppression>> Critical height, critical diameter, TNT equivalence>> Shock Sensitivity>> Large Scale Gap / Super Large Scale Gap

Custom/Specialised Testing
Apart from custom flammability and explosives testing, otherspecialised tests, both small and large-scale, can be conducted at
our small scale research facility or large scale test site depending on
the nature of testing. Some of the special / custom tests conductedby DEKRA Process Safety under exotic conditions include but are
not limited to:>> Thermal stability tests>> Electrostatic test>> Explosibility tests>> Corrosion tests>> High voltage flash-over test>> Mechanical integrity test>> Department of transportation tests>> Chemical reactor safety testing>> Pilot plant safety validation>> Large scale burn and fire tests

Specialist Capabilities>> Handling of toxic / active materials>> High-temperature / pressure equipment and testing>> Testing to REACH protocol>> Battery performance and safety testing>> Remote large-scale testing facility>> Large cement firing bunker with remote-fire system>> Small scale research facility with high pressure cells>> Energetic materials: testing on explosives, propellants,pyrotechnics to DOT, UN etc. protocols>> Safe Handling of explosive, energetic, pyrophoric, propellents,
pyrotechnics or potentially-hazardous materials>> Innovative engineering solutions and test design services>> Explosives process hazards and characterisation>> Facility siting requirements

Would you like to get more information?
Contact Us

DEKRA Process Safety
The breadth and depth of expertise in process safety makes us globally recognized specialists and trusted advisors. We help ourclients to understand and evaluate their risks, and work together to develop pragmatic solutions. Our value-adding and practical
approach integrates specialist process safety management, engineering and testing.
We seek to educate and grow client competence to provide sustainable performance improvement. Partnering with our clients wecombine technical expertise with a passion for life preservation, harm reduction and asset protection. As a part of the world’s
leading expert organization DEKRA, we are the global partner for a safe world
For more information, visit www.dekra-process-safety.co.uk
To contact us: process-safety-uk@dekra.com

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DEKRA Process Safety’s Directory of Tests

Global Laboratory Testing Combined with Consulting
Services from Safety Specialists
As a global player in process safety, we have the resources to meet the needs of clients active internationally, regionally or locally, nomatter the size or scale of operations. With state-of-the-art and accredited laboratories in North America, Europe and Asia as well as alarge-scale testing site, we are equipped to carry out tests in accordance with ISO 9001, OHSAS 18001, GLP and ISO 17025 and provide
comprehensive process materials testing, standard or non-standard.
Our real strength, however, is our experts and their commitment to customer-centered service. Senior process safety specialists focus
on understanding your specific needs to determine which tests are necessary, how the results can be interpreted in the context of yourorganization and how to apply the findings to promote safety and a well-designed PSM system. While we offer one-stop shopping, weare vehemently not one-size-fits-all. We pride ourselves on a flexible approach aiming to respond to your needs and working toward
the shared goal of process safety excellence, enhanced efficiency and productivity.

With laboratories on three continents, and a largescale testing facility, DEKRA Process Safety is a leading
provider of process safety testing services. On the 100plus acre large-scale test site any solid, liquid or gas canbe tested for initiation sensitivity, speed of propagation,and explosiveness.

7www.dekra-process-safety.co.uk