Chapter 1

Introduction

Today, 55% of the world’s population
lives in urban areas, and this shareis expected to grow to 68% by2050. Most of the world’s economic
activity, energy consumption andgreenhouse gas emissions arecarried out in cities. Therefore,
in order to signiﬁcantly reducegreenhouse gas emissions, it isnecessary to streamline activities
in urban areas and reduce energy
consumption. “Smart cities” play avital role in achieving these goals.
Smart cities cover all urban activities,
but are particularly concentrated
in development in areas such asenergy, mobility, environment,
resource recycling, and living.
In these ﬁelds, activities can bevisualized based on ICT, AI, Big Data
analysis, Digital twin, etc., and at thesame time, digital transformation canbe promoted to improve the efficiency
of urban activities dramatically.
In particular, this handbook covers
efforts in the ﬁeld of mobility are

6

important elements for realizing
smart cities. People’s movements are
essential for all activities in the city,and newer transportation systems
are needed to achieve efficienturban activities. Transportation of
goods is also a basic function ofurban activities. Realizing an efficientlogistics system is one of the efforts
in the transportation ﬁeld. In theﬁeld of mobility, many efforts are
already underway that are expected
to lead to the realization of smart
cities. The most obvious example
is MaaS, or Mobility as a Service,
which is an organic combinationof various transportation services.
By combining information frommultiple transportation services
and visualizing services throughbig data analysis, we can promote
the multimodal and further digitaltransformation to signiﬁcantly
transform the service itself and makeit energy efficient transportation
system.

What kind of concept isa smart city?
A smart city was deﬁned by the
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism in Japan as“sustainable cities or districts where
overall optimization is achieved forvarious problems faced by cities,
management (planning, maintenance,
management, operation) is carriedout while utilizing new technologies
such as ICT”.
By gathering various residents andcompanies in the city, economic
activity becomes active, and an
attractive space is formed, but on
the other hand, It causes many urban
problems such as the occurrenceof traffic congestion, deteriorationof public security, environmental
pollution, waste generation, increasein energy consumption, etc. In smart
cities, by utilizing ICT, the activitiesof each inhabitant and the activitiesof each company / organization

Chapter 1
Introduction

are aligned, creating and nurturing
effective and efficient industries,
using energy, maintaining publicorder, children and the elderly. We
will be able to watch over people
activities, eliminate traffic congestion,and take measures against natural
disasters.

s©æ¬Þæ©¬ąÚÄfrom the conventional
city planning?
Conventional city planning has
been centered on making hardware
such as designation of land use,
installation of roads and lifelines,
construction of buildings, etc. For
this reason, it was difficult for urban
functions to change signiﬁcantly inresponse to a change in society.
Thus, the residents and businesses
living there have to be working
in accordance with the city. In
the future, as society changes
drastically due to many technologicalinnovations, such inﬂexible cities
cannot accept this change.
On the other hand, in smart cities,
we will change the city functions
according to various social
conditions that change with thetimes and the values and needs ofsociety, and perform optimal citymanagement. ICT is the basis of asystem that ﬂexibly responds to achange in a society.
Recently, there are signs of change
in the concentration of populationin large cities, such as the spreadof telework triggered by the coronadisaster. Smart cities that utilize ICT
can change urban functions ﬂexibly
responding to such rapid socialchanges.

Smart city from theperspective oftransportation system
As mentioned above, the realizationof smart cities will be achieved
through efforts in many ﬁelds related
to urban activities, but especiallyachivements in the transportationﬁeld is an important key to therealization of smart cities.
This is because the movement ofpeople and goods is indispensable
for urban activities, and unlesstransportation is made smarter, theoverall urban activities will not bemade smarter. Many technologicalinnovations have been madeto improve the sophistication oftransportation systems by utilizing
information and communication
technology. These technologicalinnovations will be incorporated into
the realization of smart cities.

1: What is smart transportation?
The transportation system in the city
is not limited to automobiles andvehicles and roads and railroads,
but is a system that includes overall
movement including control andoperation management of these.
Therefore, the traffic system
consists of elements such as
traffic condition monitoring, traffic
information collection, traffic
condition analysis, traffic information
provision to drivers, traffic control,
and public transportation operation
management, all of which must beconnected by utilizing ICT so thatthe transportation system becomes
smarter.

2: Efforts to maketransportation smarter
Since the 1970s, when the increasein automobile traffic caused the
problem of traffic congestion in cities,
mechanisms have been introduced
in many cities to monitor traffic
conditions, provide traffic information,and provide appropriate traffic
control. Until now, ultrasonic and loop
coil vehicle detectors have been
installed in various parts of the city tomonitor traffic conditions and control
signals, which have been put into
practical use in many cities. SCAT,SCOOT, MODERATE, etc. are widely
introduced in cities around the world
as typical signal control methods.

Recently, these systems themselves
are also becoming smarter by utilizing
ITC. Infrared detectors and image
detectors and mobile communications
such as Bluetooth and WiFi with GPS
are being used to monitor traffic
conditions. In addition to utirize
detected traffic infomation to control
traffic signals, the method of providing
it to the driver as traffic information
has become widespread. Today,
many cars are equipped with car
navigation systems, and it is common
to provide guidance on the optimalroute based on traffic information.
With the spread of digital maps, suchinformation provision has become
more sophisticated, and route
searches and the like are generally
performed on mobile terminals andthe like based on traffic conditions.
Such route search using mobile
terminals is becoming widely used
when using public transportationsuch as taxis, buses, and trains
other than private cars. The location
information of taxis, buses, and trainsis also being used for operation
management, which is important
for achieving efficient operation
and redusing traffic congestion.
Furthermore, even in emergency
vehicles and freight transport
vehicles, these traffic information are
utilized and used for optimal routeselection, etc., contributing to therealization of efficient transportation.

3: ITS development
Many technologies have beendeveloped that enable safer andmore efficient road transportation
systems by using such ITCs for
information collection and operationof transportation systems. That is theintelligent Transportation system or
ITS. It is expected that the use of ICT
will reduce external diseconomies
such as automobile congestion, air
pollution, and traffic accidents, andsome applications have begun.
ITS targets mainly traffic on roads,
including pedestrians, which is not
sufficient from the perspective of
making the city smarter.

7

Handbook of Multimodal Transport for Smart City
Application of Sensing, Networking and Big Data Analysis

4: Expectations for CASE
Currently, it is said that automobile
society is entering a period ofchange once every 100 years.
The four keywords that symbolize
this are connectivity (C), autonomous
driving (A), sharing economy (S), andelectric vehicle (E). Connectivity
means that all vehicles areconnected to the Internet,
information is exchanged as a whole,and each vehicle can be controlled
as a system. Underlying thistechnology is the developmentof ICT and IoT technologies.
Autonomous driving is the controlof vehicles by machines, and thistechnology is also supported bysensing technology and control
technology. The sharing economy,
as typiﬁed by car sharing, is theidea of sharing with society without
owning a vehicle. For the operationof car sharing, technology using
conventional ICT such as vehicle
management and reservation system
is indispensable. An electric vehicle
is a vehicle that is driven by a motor
rather than an engine. Naturally,
it will greatly contribute to the
reduction of greenhouse gases,
but the electriﬁcation of vehicles
will make it easier to connect toInternet pictures and control by ITC.
The technology developed as theabove-mentioned ITS is an elemental
technology that supports this CASE.
The lean and energy-efficient
automotive society brought about
by these CASEs is essential to therealization of smart cities.

5: Promotion ofmultimodal by MaaSAt the same time as automobiles,
other transportation modes will
also be connected to the Internet,
so the entire transportation system
can be operated and used as asingle system, and the selection oftransportation modes becomes more
efficient. MaaS makes it possible
to use all of these transportation
modes as a single transportation
system using ICT. It is expected that
MaaS will enable users to select8

the most suitable combination oftransportation modes according to
the situation and pay as a single
system, and will reduce unnecessary
travel and realize more efficienttransportation. This really means
realizing multimodal using ICT.
In order to realize MaaS, in addition
to general traffic information, big data
analysis that centrally collects andanalyzes all traffic information suchas operation information such as
public transportation and information
provision that enables multimodal
selection Various technologies thathave been utilized are required.
Technology development in this area
is exactly one of the main themes ofthis handbook.

Achievement of SDGs
Targets by Smart City
Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) are set forth in the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development,
which was unanimously adopted bymember countries at the UN Summit
in September 2015, until 2030.
It is an international goal to aim
for a sustainable and better world.
It consists of 17 goals and 169 targets
for achieving socio-economic andenvironmental ambitions. Multiple
goals below are involved in better
cities, transportation, water andsewage, realization of energy
systems, and solving global warming
problems.
Goal 6: Ensure availability andsustainable management of waterand sanitation for all
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable,
reliable, sustainable and modern
energy for all
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure,promote inclusive and sustainableindustrialization and foster innovation
Goal 11: Make cities and humansettlements inclusive, safe, resilientand sustainable

Figure 1-1 The four aspects of the
Sustainable Development Goal [ 1 ]Goal 12: Ensure sustainableconsumption and production patterns
Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat
climate change and its impacts
The original purpose of SDG is tocreate an inclusive, safe, resilient,sustainable city where people canlive properly, and to create prosperity
and social welfare without harming
the environment (Figure 1-1) [ 1 ].
Goal 11 directly contributes to thepromotion of the smart city targetedby this book and is designed toaddress the challenges of most cities.
To enjoy a convenient modern life
in cities with reduced impact on theenvironment, products and services
should be delivered considering
multitude of perspectives.
In particular, policies and plans
should target a balance between
economic growth, social equity
and environmental preservation
within a city over the long term inconnection to the Triple Bottom Line
(Figure 1-2) [ 1 ]. Accordingly,
the governing agencies requirea strategy that covers the design,
implementation, evaluation andenhancement of urban systems.
In this connection, Information andCommunication Technologies (ICT)
represent a great opportunity torethink a new urban conﬁguration [2]through eliminating redundancy inurban operations and services, andintegrating urban domains, facilities
and networks [3].

Chapter 1
Introduction

Figure 1-2 The Triple Bottom Line [ 1 ]deliver sustainable, effective services
and engage citizens to make better
choices in their daily lives.
To achieve this, suitable platforms arenecessitated to gather and assimilate
huge data from multiple sources; thiswould allow a real-time access of thedemand and availability of services,
both for governing agencies andcitizens.

2: Inclusivity

The success of achieving SDG
depends especially on the local
government. They should lookto transportation, city planning,
mitigating and reducing disaster risk,
and protecting the environment to
conﬁgure urban measures by thenext 15 years.

1: Sustainable smart city
While the cities around the world
are trying to achieve the smart citytag, those especially of developed
countries are aiming to obtain the
tag without prioritizing sustainability
aspect [4]. Conversely, smart city
should produce sustainable
and livable places for all insteadof overemphasizing providing
sophisticated digital technology
services to the citizens [5]. Suchlack of integration of environmental,
economic and social aspects inachieving a smart city lead to theterm “Smart Sustainable City” tostrengthen this linkage.
Not surprisingly, cities of developed
countries have been more successful
in becoming smart than those of
emerging economies. In thisconnection, the there are no
sophisticated tools that bring all
types of cities in all kinds of contexts
into a comparable framework.
In fact, a mechanism to evaluate
in terms of their contribution tosustainability is still very scarce.
Given the scale, complexity andmutuality of sustainability challenges,
cities need integrated strategies to

In developing countries, thepopulation growth rates arehigh where local agencies lackenough resources to handle theintegration of these new settlers
who are especially near poor andmarginalized [6]. Most often, the slums
represent a territorial exclusion due
to the lack of equipped spaces.
Social sustainability is achievable
only when there is suitableenvironment for human interaction,communication and access tofacilities [7]. Appropriate use of ICT
can enhance interaction with citizens,increase public service efficiency
and thus facilitate transparent
governance [8]. In fact, involving
the people in decision-making
is one of the desirable featuresof a sustainable society. Digital
participation enables residents tocomment and enquire proposals
within administration and politics.
In addition, it also gives the citizens
an opportunity to make their own
suggestions and enable t making
efficient plans and strategic goals
that incorporate citizen experience.
Accordingly, the products andservices should balance the technicaladvancement of infrastructurewith social engagement andempowerment.

policing and assisting authorities
do more with data gathered.
Many cities around the world now
have command centers that haveprovision real-time information
assimilation and sharing acrossagencies.
Traffic accidents can be signiﬁcantly
reduced using smart technologies.
Video surveillance technologies
are also coming up with accident
detections and predictions thus
enabling the riders to avoid
accidents. Improving infrastructure
for pedestrian and cyclist canpromote greener commute alongwith safety [4]. Improving traffic
ﬂow with intelligent signals can
reduce risky driving at intersections.
Advancement in technology of
autonomous vehicles can also
decrease traffic accidents.
The health of buildings and bridges
can be continuously monitored withsensors. Similarly, the covers of man
holes when interfaced with sensors
can avoid accidents during rainyseasons. Encrypting, stamping, andsafeguarding footage taken frombody-worn cameras in a certiﬁed
cloud environment could protect itfrom being altered or hacked.

4: Environmental sustainability
ICT can bring down GHG emissions,lower water consumption andreduce the volume of solid waste
in cities. GHG emissions comefrom three major sources in cities:
transportation, buildings and waste.
In general, the most effective waysthat smart city technologies canhelp decrease emissions involve
reducing electricity usage and thus
generators.

3: Urban safety
Urban safety encompasses activities
such as managing traffic, quick
response to emergencies or having
safe infrastructure, and protection
from crime. The smart technologies
accessible to law enforcement arealso advancing in various fronts [5].
Digitalization is revolutionizing

Several measures developed to
improve urban transportation havesecondary effects on reducing thevehicular emissions. Those with thepotentially signiﬁcant effect involve
reducing private vehicle usage
and shifting to a greener mode oftransport. This can be achieved byusing advanced digital technology

9

Handbook of Multimodal Transport for Smart City
Application of Sensing, Networking and Big Data Analysis

Figure 1-3 Smart cities through cyber-physical systems

to provide better services in public
transportation. Intelligent traffic lights,
which are designed to smooth theﬂow of traffic, have the additional
beneﬁt of minimizing the time thatvehicles spend idling.
Cities can use technology in using
water efficiently. Water wastage canbe restricted by keeping a limit ofusage-per-household. This approach
could be made more effective if
digital tools are used in making theconsumption more transparent.
Water consumption tracking, whichuses advanced metering combinedwith feedback messages to theconsumer, can increase awarenessand nudge people toward
responsible consumption. In factwater leakages can also be avoided
by deploying appropriate sensors.
Smart irrigation technology can tune
the water use in public spaces byconsidering weather, soil conditions,and sunlight patterns.
Similarly, some cities have reduced
the volume of solid waste by
implementing effective recycling

10

programs based on the said ICT
technology. For instance, charging
households according the weight
and type of the waste disposal
enables better waste management.
In addition, illegal dumping should
also be monitored. More importantly,
using ICT, one can create moreawareness about appropriate waste
disposal by displaying on billboards.

5: Urban resilience
UN-Habitat deﬁnes resilience as“the ability to resist, absorb andaccommodate to the effects of ahazard, in a timely and efficientmanner” [9]. Thus, cities withresilience can withstand, adapt,and recover in a from any kindof challenges they face, either
planned or unplanned. The
agencies anticipate hazards andadopt strategies unemployment
The cities can adopt ICT to handle
shocks such as natural disasters
and terrorist attacks. For instance,
sensors deployed around cities
can be used to maintain detect
the said calamities and develop

warning and management systems.
Cybersecurity is also another vital
aspect underpinning resilience,
due to the increasing digitalizationof critical infrastructures. Cities that
effectively use new technologies,
and successfully imbed them into
urban planning and design will be
more resilient to future challenges.
In summary, to make the cities smart
and sustainable, sensors should be
deployed in all necessary domains(physical systems). Next data
should be collected and analyzed.
Subsequently, agencies to intervene
and improve the physical systems.
Generally, the physical systems
together with said components
are together are considered as
cyber-physical systems (CPS).
Smart city can infact be visualized as
multi-level CPS (Figure 1-3).

What are challenges inthis Handbook?
As mentioned above, promoting
multimodal using ICT is a very
important initiative for realizing smart

Chapter 1
Introduction

cities. Efficient movement not only
achieves efficient use of limited
urban space, but also minimizes
the energy required for movement
in cities and signiﬁcantly reduces
greenhouse gases and roadside air
pollutants emitted. In addition,
the spread of EVs, which is expectedin the future, will further promote thecomputerization of automobiles,
so it is expected that the efficiency of
movement will be further improvedby connecting to the Internet.
However, since many of thesetechnologies such as ICT,
digitization, AI, big data analysis
and Digital ware currently being
developed individually, even if
these technologies evolve,
an efficient transportation system
will not be realized. Therefore,
the next challenge is how to combine
these technologies to build a more
efficient transportation system.
And how to connect this to therealization of smart cities.

The M2Smart project is a research
project under SATREPS, which waslaunched in collaboration with
Indian Institute of Technology
Hyderabad, Nagoya Electric, andNihon University with such anawareness of the problem.
The purpose of this handbook is torealize a multi-modal transportation
system, promote smart cities by it,
and further greenhouse effect bysharing the results of researchmembers discussing and developing
technology in the M2Smart project
widely with society. It is to contributeto the reduction of gas.
In the handbook, Part 1 will ﬁrst
present the basic concept of smart
cities, the realization of multimodaltransportation systems that support
smart cities, and the effects ofreducing greenhouse gas emissions
in the situation in India. Next,
in Part 2, we will introduce various
technologies that are the basis forrealizing a multi-modal transportation

system that will lead to the realizationof smart cities. Many of thetechnologies and their applications
introduced here are the technologies
and application methods developedby the M2Smart project, but at thesame time, we will also introduce
general technology development
trends.
At the end of this handbook,we will introduce our efforts with thetest bed installed on the campus ofIndian Institute of Technology
Hyderabad. The purpose of thistestbed is to operate the technology
developed in the project in a spacethat imitates the real space andverify the technology. It is dangerous
to put new technology directly into
the traffic that is moving violently
every day. The approach of
veriﬁcation using such a test bed isvery effective, and we will introduce
its contents.

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[ 3 ] Batty, M., K. W. Axhausen, F. Giannotti, A. Pozdnoukhov, A. Bazzani, M. Wachowicz, G. Ouzounis & Y. Portugali. Smart citiesof the future. The European Physical Journal Special Topics Vol.214, pp.481–518, 2012.
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pp.1–4, 2018.
[ 5 ] Yountaik, L., H. Han & S. H. Lee.: Sejong Smart City: On the Road to Be a City of the Future. International Conference on
Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management. Springer, 2019.
[ 6 ] Bolay, J. C., J. Chenal, & Y. Pedrazzini. Learning from the slums: the habitat of the urban poor in the making of emerging
cities. Springer, London, UK, 2016.
[ 7 ] Monfaredzadeh, T. & R. Krueger. Investigating social factors of sustainability in a smart city. Procedia Engineering, Vol.118,
pp.1112–1118, 2015.
[ 8 ] Francesco, B., M. Tregua, and C. C. Amitrano. Co-governing smart cities through living labs. Top evidences from EU.
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