歴史地震
第38号 (2023) 15‐27頁
受付日 2022/11/15, 受理日 2023/2/6Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾↓సⅭ䠄䝷䞁䝎䝮䠅ᛶ䛛䜙᥈䜛ྐᩱ୰䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䛾᏶඲ᛶබ┈㈈ᅋἲேᆅ㟈ண▱⥲ྜ◊✲᣺⯆఍*㻌 㻌 ▼㎶㻌 ᓅ⏨㻌 㻌 ᯇᾆ㻌 ᚊᏊᮾி኱Ꮫᆅ㟈◊✲ᡤ†㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 బ➉ ೺἞Completeness of Felt Reports in Historical Documents Inferred from Randomness of Occurrence Times
Takeo ISHIBE, R.S. MATSU’URA
Association for the Development of Earthquake Prediction
Chiyoda Build. 8F 1-5-18, Kanda-Sarugakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0064 Japan
Kenji SATAKE
Earthquake Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032 Japan

We conducted the Rydelek-Sacks test (Schuster’s test) in order to investigate the completeness of felt reports described inhistorical documents “Shinkakuji-nikki (Earthquake Diary written by the chief priest of Shinkakuji temple)” and felt reports
at Hirosaki, Hachinohe and Morioka compiled by Satake (2002) by focusing on the randomness of the occurrence times ofearthquakes. As a result, the number of felt reports during the daytime is systematically larger than that during the nighttime,
and the bias is statistically significant when slightly-felt data is included. The probabilities that the observed bias of occurrence
times can be reproduced by chance from uniformly-distributed occurrence times are extremely low. On the other hand, felt
reports with moderate or strong ground shakings have no statistically significant bias on their occurrence times. In a historicalperiod, it is likely that ground shakings were more readily detected and/or recorded during the daytime when people weremore active, than during the nighttime when people usually sleep. A correction would be required to properly reconstruct theseismic activity during historical periods from felt reports, especially when comparing the seismic activity in the historicalperiods with those for the modern instrumental observations.
Keywords: Completeness, Felt Reports, Randomness, Rydelek-Sacks Test (Schuster’s Test), Historical Documents.
㼲㻝㻚㻌 䛿䛨䜑䛻㻌䝥䝺䞊䝖ቃ⏺䛷Ⓨ⏕䛩䜛኱ᆅ㟈䛾ᖹᆒ෌᮶㛫㝸䛿䠈୍⯡ⓗ䛻ᩘ༑ᖺ䡚ᩘⓒᖺ䛾䜸䞊䝎䞊 [౛䛘䜀䠈Ishibe and Shimazaki (2009)] 䛸䠈᪥ᮏ䛾ά᩿ᒙ䛷Ⓨ⏕䛩䜛ᅛ᭷ᆅ㟈つᶍ䛾ᆅ㟈䛾ᖹᆒ෌᮶㛫㝸䛿୍⯡䛻ᩘ༓ᖺ䛛䜙ᩘ୓ᖺ䛾䜸䞊䝎䞊 [౛䛘䜀䠈Ishibe andShimazaki㻌 (2008, 2012)] 䛸䠈䛭䜜䛮䜜᥎ᐃ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䠊୍᪉䛷䠈᪥ᮏ䛷㏆௦ィჾほ 䛜ጞ䜎䛳䛶䛛䜙䛿100 వᖺ䛻㐣䛞䛪䠈≉䛻⛻ᐦᆅ㟈ほ ⥙䛜᪥ᮏ඲ᅜ䛻ᒎ㛤䛥䜜䛶䛛䜙䛿ᅄ༙ୡ⣖⛬ᗘ䛻㝈䜙䜜䜛䠊኱ᆅ㟈䛾⧞䜚㏉䛧ᣲື䛺䜙䜃䛻䛭䛾ᦂ䜙䛞䠈ከᵝᛶ䜢⌮ゎ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䠈ィჾほ ᫬௦௨๓䛻Ⓨ⏕䛧䛯Ṕྐ᫬௦䛾ᆅ㟈䛾ㄪᰝ䠈䛥䜙䛻䛿ᆅᙧ䞉ᆅ㉁Ꮫⓗㄪᰝ䛿㔜せ䛷䛒䜛䠊
᪥ᮏ䛻䛿㇏ᐩ䛺Ṕྐ㈨ᩱ䛜ṧ䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䠈䛣䜜䜙䛻ᇶ䛵䛝Ṕྐᆅ㟈䛻㛵䛩䜛ㄪᰝ◊✲䛜⾜䜟䜜䛶䛝䛯䠊䛣䜜䜎䛷䛾Ṕྐᆅ㟈◊✲䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䠈୺䛻኱ᆅ㟈䛻䜘䜛⿕ᐖ䛻㛵䛩䜛グ㏙䛛䜙㟈ᗘศᕸ䜢᥎ᐃ䛧䠈䛭䛾*

䛈101-0064 ᮾி㒔༓௦⏣༊⚄⏣⊷ᴦ⏫ 1-5-18㻌 ༓௦⏣䝡䝹 8F
㻌 㟁Ꮚ䝯䞊䝹: ishibe erc.adep.or.jp; matsuura adep.or.jp†
䛈113-0032 ᮾி㒔ᩥி༊ᘺ⏕ 1-1-1㟁Ꮚ䝯䞊䝹: satake eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp- 15 -

㟈※఩⨨䜔つᶍ䛻㛵䛩䜛ㄪᰝ䛜⾜䜟䜜䛶䛝䛯 [౛䛘䜀 䠈 ᯇ ᾆ 䞉 ୰ ᮧ (2016, 2020, 2021), Ᏹ బ ⨾ 䞉 ௚(2013)]䠊䛣䜜䜙䛾ᡂᯝ䛿ᆅ㟈ㄪᰝ◊✲᥎㐍ᮏ㒊ᆅ㟈ㄪᰝጤဨ఍䛻䜘䜛ά᩿ᒙ䜔ᾏ⁁ᆺᆅ㟈䛾㛗ᮇホ౯䛺䜙䜃䛻ᙉ㟈ື䞉ὠἼホ౯ [౛䛘䜀䠈ᆅ㟈ㄪᰝ◊✲᥎㐍ᮏ㒊ᆅ㟈ㄪᰝጤဨ఍ (2022a, 2022b)] 䛻ά⏝䛥䜜䛶䛝䛯䠊䛥䜙䛻䠈䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾ᆅᇦ䛷㐣ཤ䛻Ⓨ⏕䛧䛯⿕ᐖᆅ㟈䛸䛧䛶䠈㜵⅏ᩍ⫱䜔ၨⓎάື➼䛻ά⏝䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛 [౛䛘䜀䠈஬ᓥ䞉௚ (2022)]䠊୍᪉䛷䠈⿕ᐖグ㏙䛻ᇶ䛵䛟Ṕྐᆅ㟈◊✲䛻䛿䠈▼㎶䞉௚䠄2021䠅
䛷㏙䜉䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛻䠈ㄢ㢟䜒Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䠊ྐᩱ୰䛻䛿㢧ⴭᆅ㟈䛻ᑐ䛩䜛⿕ᐖグ㏙䛾௚䛻䠈ᆅ㟈䛾ᦂ䜜䜢ឤ䛨䛯䛸䛩䜛グ㘓䠄᭷ឤグ㘓䠅䛜ṧ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛜䛒䜛䠊䛣䜜䜙䛾኱༙䛿䠈Ⓨ⏕᪥᫬䛸䛸䜒䛻䛂ᆅ㟈䛃䛸䛰䛡グ㏙䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛜䠈୰䛻䛿᪥ẖ䛾᭷ឤᆅ㟈ᩘ䜔䛭䛾㟈ᗘ➼䜢ヲ⣽䛻グ㘓䛧䛯䜒䛾䜒Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䠊ྐᩱ୰䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䛻ᇶ䛵䛟᪤ ◊✲䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䠈▼㎶䞉௚䠄2021䠅䛻ᣲ䛢䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛜䠈᭷ឤグ㘓䛜Ṕྐᆅ㟈䛾㟈※ᇦ᥎ᐃ䜔Ṕྐ᫬௦䛾ᆅ㟈άືゎᯒ䛻༑ศ䛻ά⏝䛥䜜䛶䛝䛯䛸䛿ゝ䛔㞴䛔䠊ྐᩱ䛛䜙ᢳฟ䛥䜜䜛᭷ឤグ㘓䛻ᇶ䛵䛝䠈Ṕྐ᫬௦䛾ᆅ㟈άືኚ໬䜔ㄏⓎᆅ㟈䞉⩌Ⓨⓗάື䛾Ⓨ⏕䜢᚟ඖ䛷䛝䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䠊▼㎶䞉௚䠄2021䠅䛿䠈᭷ឤグ㘓䛻ᇶ䛵䛟Ṕྐ᫬௦䛾ᆅ㟈άືゎᯒ䛻ྥ䛡䛶䠈Ẽ㇟ᗇ㟈ᗘ䝕䞊䝍䝧䞊䝇 [▼ᇉ䞉㧗ᮌ (2000)] 䛺䜙䜃䛻㟈ᗘ䛾㊥㞳ῶ⾶ᘧ㻌 [Matsu’ura et al. (2020)] 䜢⏝䛔䛯᳨ウ䜢⾜䛔䠈2011 ᖺᮾ໭ᆅ᪉ኴᖹὒἈᆅ㟈➼䛾Ⓨ⏕๓䛻ሗ࿌䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛ᆅ㟈άື䛾㟼✜໬ [౛䛘䜀䠈Katsumata (2011a, 2011b)] 䜔ᆅ㟈ᚋ䛾ᆅ㟈άືኚ໬ [౛䛘䜀䠈Hirose et al. (2011), Ishibe et al. (2011,2015, 2017), Matsu’ura et al. (2022), Toda et al.㻌
(2011)] 䜢᭷ឤグ㘓䛛䜙᳨ฟ䛷䛝䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䠈䛺䜙䜃䛻᭷ឤグ㘓ᩘ䛾✵㛫ศᕸ䛛䜙኱ᆅ㟈䛾㟈※ᇦ䜢ไ⣙䛷䛝䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䜢♧䛧䛯䠊㏆ᖺ䠈Ṕྐ᫬௦䛻䛚䛡䜛⿕ᐖ䜢క䜟䛺䛔᭷ឤグ㘓䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ㄪᰝ◊✲䜢෇⁥䛻᥎㐍䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䠈ᆅ㟈ⅆᒣྐᩱ㐃ᦠ◊✲ᶵᵓ䛻䜘䛳䛶᪥グྐᩱ᭷ឤᆅ㟈䝕䞊䝍䝧䞊䝇䛾ヨస∧䛜ᵓ⠏䞉බ㛤䛥䜜䛯 [Nishiyama
et al. (2017), すᒣ䞉௚ (2021)]䠊᪥グྐᩱ᭷ឤᆅ㟈䝕䞊䝍䝧䞊䝇䛿䠈ᚑ᮶䛾⿕ᐖグ㏙䛻ᇶ䛵䛟ㄪᰝ◊✲䛸䛿␗䛺䛳䛯ഃ㠃䛛䜙䠈Ṕྐ᫬௦䛻䛚䛡䜛ᆅ㟈άື䛾᚟ඖ䜔䠈㢧ⴭᆅ㟈䛻ᑐ䛩䜛㟈※ീ䛾෌᳨ウ䠈ഇᆅ㟈䠄ᗃ㟋ᆅ㟈䠅䛾ྠᐃ➼䛻㈨䛩䜛䜒䛾䛸ᮇᚅ䛥䜜䜛䠊౛䛘䜀䠈ཎ⏣䠄2021䠅䛿䠈㏆ᖺ⩻้䛥䜜䛯䜒䛾䜢ྵ䜐ྠ᫬௦ྐᩱ䜔ୖグ䛾䝕䞊䝍䝧䞊䝇䜢⏝䛔䛯᳨ウ䛻䜘䜚䠈Ᏻᨻ஧ᖺ䛻㇏ᚋᅜ䛷Ⓨ⏕䛧䛯䛸䛥䜜䜛 2 䛴䛾⿕ᐖᆅ㟈䠄භ᭶஧༑ᅄ᪥䛾ᯂ⠏ᆅ㟈䠈༑୍᭶஧᪥䛾❧▼ᆅ㟈䠅䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䛺䛔ഇᆅ㟈䛷䛒䛳䛯䛸⤖ㄽ௜䛡䛶䛔䜛䠊୍᪉䛷䠈ྐᩱ୰䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛶ᆅ㟈άື䜢ゎᯒ䛩䜛䛻䛒䛯䜚䠈᭷ឤグ㘓䛾ရ㉁䠄౛䛘䜀ᆒ㉁ᛶ䞉᏶඲ᛶ䠅䛻䛴䛔䛶䠈ㄪᰝ䛩䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛 [▼㎶䞉௚(2021), ▼㎶䞉బ➉ (2021)]䠊ィჾほ ᫬௦䛾ᆅ㟈䜹䝍䝻䜾䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䠈䝬䜾䝙䝏䝳䞊䝗䛾Ỵᐃ᪉ἲ䛾ኚ᭦䜔ほ ⥙䛾⛣タ䞉ᗫṆ➼䛻䜘䛳䛶ᆒ㉁ᛶ䛜ಖᣢ䛥䜜䛪䠈ேⅭⓗ䛺ぢ䛛䛡ୖ䛾ᆅ㟈άືኚ໬䛜⏕䛨䜛ሙྜ䛜䛒䜛 [౛䛘䜀䠈Habermann (1987)]䠊䜎䛯䠈䜹䝍䝻䜾䠄ྐᩱ䠅䛻䛿Ḟ ᮇ㛫䛜ྵ䜎䜜䛶䛔䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜚䠈䛹䛾ᮇ㛫䛾᭷ឤᆅ㟈䛜₃䜜䛺䛟グ㘓䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䠈᭷ឤグ㘓䛜䛺䛔ᮇ㛫䛜༢䛻Ḟ ᮇ㛫䛷䛒䛳䛯䛾䛛䠈᳨ウ䛩䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䠊Satake and Ishibe (2020) 䛷䛿䠈ྐᩱ୰䛻グ㏙䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛ኳẼ䜢ᣐ䜚ᡤ䛸䛧䛶Ḟ ᮇ㛫䛻䛴䛔䛶᳨ウ䛧䠈Ụᡞ䡚ᮾி䛻⮳䜛 350 ᖺ㛫⛬ᗘ䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䛾ኚ㑄䛻䛴䛔䛶ㄽ䛨䛯.㻌 䛣䜜䛸䛿ู䛻䠈➹⪅䛜⛣ື䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶グ㘓ᆅⅬ䛜᫬㛫䛸䛸䜒䛻ኚ໬䛩䜛䛣䛸䜒䛒䜚 [౛䛘䜀䠈᭹㒊䞉௚ (2020)]䠈᭷ឤ䛾グ㘓ᆅⅬ䛻㛵䛧䛶䜒ὀព䛩䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䠊ィჾほ 䛻䜘䜛ᆅ㟈䛾᳨▱⬟ຊ䛿䠈ே㛫άື➼䛻క䛖䝜䜲䝈䝺䝧䝹䛻ᙉ䛟౫Ꮡ䛩䜛.䛭䛾䛯䜑䠈୍⯡䛻ே㛫άື䛜άⓎ䛷䝜䜲䝈䝺䝧䝹䛜㧗䛔᫨㛫䛻ẚ䜉䠈ኪ㛫䛾᪉䛜ᆅ㟈䛾᳨▱⬟ຊ䛜㧗䛔䠊᳨▱₃䜜䛜䛒䜛ᑠつᶍᆅ㟈䜎䛷ྵ䜑䛯ሙྜ䠈ኪ㛫䛾ᆅ㟈ᩘ䛾᪉䛜᫨㛫䛾䛭䜜䜘䜚䜒ከ䛟䛺䜛䠊ᅗ 1 䛻䠈1997 ᖺ 10 ᭶䛛䜙2019 ᖺ 12 ᭶䜎䛷䛻㛵ᮾᆅ᪉䛷Ⓨ⏕䛧䛯ᆅ㟈䠄Ẽ㇟ᗇ䝬䜾䝙䝏䝳䞊䝗䠄M䠅0.5䠈῝䛥 100 km ௨ὸ䠅䛾㟈※ศᕸ䠈つᶍู㢖ᗘศᕸ䛺䜙䜃䛻 3 䛴䛾␗䛺䜛ୗ㝈䝬䜾䝙䝏䝳䞊䝗䛻䛚䛡䜛Ⓨ㟈᫬้䛾䝠䝇䝖䜾䝷䝮䜢♧䛩䠄Ẽ㇟ᗇ୍ඖ໬㟈※䜹䝍䝻䜾䛻䜘䜛䠅䠊ᆅ㟈䛾つᶍู㢖ᗘศᕸ䛛䜙᳨▱₃䜜䛜♧၀䛥䜜䜛ᚤᑠᆅ㟈䜢ྵ䜑䛯ሙྜ䠈ኪ㛫䛻䛚䛡䜛ᆅ㟈ᩘ䛾᪉䛜᫨㛫䛻ẚ䜉㢧ⴭ䛻ከ䛔䠊୍᪉䛷ᆅ㟈䛜₃䜜䛺䛟᳨▱䛥䜜䜛ᆒ㉁㝈⏺䝬䜾䝙䝏䝳䞊䝗 [౛䛘䜀䠈Nanjo et al. (2010)]
௨ୖ䛾ᆅ㟈䛻㝈䛳䛯ሙྜ䠈Ⓨ㟈᫬้䛾䝠䝇䝖䜾䝷䝮䛻㢧ⴭ䛺೫䜚䛿ぢฟ䛥䜜䛺䛔䠊䛺䛚䠈䝠䝇䝖䜾䝷䝮䛻䛚䛡䜛 12 ᫬䛻䛚䛡䜛✺ฟ䛿䠈ከ䛟䛾᥇▼➼䛻క䛖Ⓨ◚䛜ṇ༗䛻⾜䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛஦䛻㉳ᅉ䛩䜛䠊䜎䛯䠈᪂ᆺ䝁䝻䝘䜴䜱䝹䝇ឤᰁ⑕䛾⶝ᘏ㜵Ṇ䛾䛯䜑䛾⥭ᛴ஦ែᐉゝୗ䛻䛚䛔䛶䠈ே㛫άື䛾ᢚไ䛻క䛖䝜䜲䝈䝺䝧䝹䛾పୗ䛜ሗ࿌䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛 [౛䛘䜀䠈Yabe et al. (2020), ᯘ䞉㓇஭ (2021)]䠊

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ᅗ 1䠊(a) ᪥ᮏ࿘㎶䛾䝔䜽䝖䝙䜽䝇䛺䜙䜃䛻᪥ググ㘓ᆅⅬ䠊┿ぬᑎ䛾఩⨨䜢୕ゅ䛷䠈ᘯ๓䞉ඵᡞ䞉┒ᒸ䛾఩⨨䜢ᅄゅ䛷䛭䜜䛮䜜♧䛩䠊(b) Ẽ㇟ᗇ୍ඖ໬㟈※䜹䝍䝻䜾䠄1997 ᖺ 10 ᭶䡚2019 ᖺ 12 ᭶䠈M0.5 ௨ୖ䠈῝䛥
100 km ௨ὸ䠅䛻䜘䜛㛵ᮾᆅ᪉䠄(a)䛻䛚䛡䜛▴ᙧ㡿ᇦ䠅䛻䛚䛡䜛㟈※ศᕸ䠊Ⰽ䛿㟈※῝䛥䜢⾲䛩䠊(c) 㛵ᮾᆅ᪉䛻䛚䛡䜛ᆅ㟈䛾つᶍู㢖ᗘศᕸ䠄㉥୕ゅ䠖⣼✚ᗘᩘ䠈㟷ᅄゅ䠖㞳ᩓᗘᩘ䠅䠊(d)㻌 3 䛴䛾␗䛺䜛ୗ㝈䝬䜾䝙䝏䝳䞊䝗䛻䛚䛡䜛ᆅ㟈䛾Ⓨ㟈᫬้䛾䝠䝇䝖䜾䝷䝮䠊
Figure 1. (a) Tectonic setting of Japanese islands and the locations of the Shinkakuji temple (filled triangle),
Hirosaki, Hachinohe, and Morioka (filled squares). (b) Hypocenter distribution of earthquakes in the Kanto
region (rectangle region in (a)), Japan from the unified Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) catalog (fromOctober 1997 to December 2019, M0.5, 100 km depth or shallower). (c) Magnitude frequency distributionof earthquakes in the Kanto region (red triangle: cumulative, blue square: discrete). (d) Histogram ofoccurrence times for the three different magnitude thresholds.

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ᆅ㟈䛜₃䜜䛺䛟᳨▱䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛ᆒ㉁㝈⏺䝬䜾䝙䝏䝳䞊䝗䜘䜚䜒つᶍ䛾ᑠ䛥䛺ᆅ㟈䜢ྵ䜑䛯ሙྜ䠈᫨ኪ㛫䛾ᆅ㟈ᩘ䛾ẚ䛜⤫ィⓗ䛻᭷ព䛻೫䜛Ⅼ䛻╔┠䛧䠈
Rydelek and Sacks (1989) 䛿䜹䝍䝻䜾䛾ᆒ㉁㝈⏺䝬䜾䝙䝏䝳䞊䝗䜢᥎ᐃ䛩䜛ᡭἲ䜢ᥦ᱌䛩䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䠈3 䛴䛾 䜹 䝍 䝻 䜾 䛻 ᑐ 䛧 䛶 㐺 ⏝ 䛧 䛯 䠊 䜎 䛯 䠈 Rydelek andSacks (1992) 䛿 ୖ グ 䛾 ᡭ ἲ 䜢 ⏝ 䛔 䜛 䛣 䛸 䛷 䠈
Gomberg (1991)㻌 䛜ᣦ᦬䛧䛯ᆒ㉁㝈⏺䝬䜾䝙䝏䝳䞊䝗䛜ప䛔㡿ᇦ䛷Ⓨ⏕䛧䛶䛔䜛ᆅ㟈䛾䛖䛱䠈䛛䛺䜚䛾๭ྜ䛜ேᕤᆅ㟈䛷䛒䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛯䠊ྐᩱ୰䛻グ㏙䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛᭷ឤグ㘓䛿యឤ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟䜒䛾䛷䛒䜚䠈୍⯡䛻ே㛫άື䛜άⓎ䛺䠄ぬ㓰᫬䛾䠅᫨㛫䛾᪉䛜䠈୙άⓎ䛺䠄╧╀᫬䛾䠅ኪ㛫䛻ẚ䜉ከ䛔ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䠊䜎䛯䠈䛭䛾≉ᛶ䛿බᩥ᭩䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䠈ၟே䛜グ䛧䛯᪥グ䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䛸䛔䛳䛯ྐᩱ䛾ᛶ㉁䛻౫ᣐ䛩䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䜒䛒䜛䠊᭦䛻䛿䠈ᦂ䜜䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ឤᗘ䛻䛿ಶேᕪ䛜䛒䜚䠈䛹䛾⛬ᗘ䛾ᦂ䜜䜢䛹䛾⛬ᗘ䛾๭ྜ䛷ឤ▱䛧䠈ᡈ䛔䛿グ㘓䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶ㄪᰝ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿䠈Ṕྐ᫬௦䛻䛚䛔䛶ᐃ㔞ⓗ䛻ᆅ㟈άືᗘ䜢ㄽ䛨䜛ୖ䛷ᚲせ୙ྍḞ䛷䛒䜛䠊䛭䛣䛷ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䠈᪥グྐᩱ᭷ឤᆅ㟈䝕䞊䝍䝧䞊䝇䠄ヨస∧䠅䛻཰㘓䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛄┿ぬᑎ᪥グ䛅䛺䜙䜃䛻బ➉䠄2002䠅䛻䜘䛳䛶⧳䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛ᘯ๓䠈ඵᡞ䠈┒ᒸ 䛻 䛚 䛡 䜛 ᭷ ឤ グ 㘓 䜢 ᑐ ㇟ 䛸 䛧 䛶 䠈 Rydelek andSacks (1989) 䛻䜘䜛ᡭἲ䠄Schuster ᳨ᐃ䠈Schuster(1897)䠗௨ୗ䠈RS 䝔䝇䝖䛸␎グ䛩䜛䠅䜢⏝䛔䠈Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾↓సⅭᛶ䛛䜙ྐᩱ୰䛻䛚䛡䜛᭷ឤグ㘓䛾᏶඲ᛶ䛾᳨ウ䜢⾜䛖䛸䛸䜒䛻䠈᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛶Ṕྐ᫬௦䛾ᆅ㟈άື䜢᚟ඖ䛩䜛㝿䛾␃ពⅬ䛻䛴䛔䛶ㄽ䛨䜛䠊
㼲㻞.ࠗ┿ぬᑎ᪥グ࠘➼࡬ࡢ RS ࢸࢫࢺࡢ㐺⏝䛄┿ぬᑎ᪥グ䛅䛿䠈㧗▱┴ᅵబᕷᏱబ⏫䛾┿ぬᑎ䠄ᅗ 1䠅䛾ఫ⫋䛷䛒䛳䛯஭ୖ㟼↷䛜䠈჆Ọ୐ᖺ䠄1854ᖺ䠅䛾༡ᾏ䝖䝷䝣ᆅ㟈Ⓨ⏕䛛䜙Ṛཤ๓ᖺ䛾᫂἞ඖᖺ
䜎䛷䠈15 ᖺ㛫䛾ฟ᮶஦䜢᪥グ䛸䛧䛶ṧ䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜚䠈䛂ᆅ㟈᪥グ䛃9 ᕳ䠈䛂ᬕ㞵᪥グ䛃5 ᕳ䛛䜙ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䜛䠊᪥グྐᩱ᭷ឤᆅ㟈䝕䞊䝍䝧䞊䝇䛻䛿䛣䛾䛖䛱䠈჆Ọ୐ᖺ༑୍᭶䠄1854䠅䡚Ᏻᨻᅄᖺ༑஧᭶䠄1858䠅䜎䛷䛾
1,732 ௳䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䛜཰㘓䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䠈ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䛣䜜䛻౫ᣐ䛧䛯䠊ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛜䛂኱䛃䠈䛂୰䛃䠈䛂ᑠ䛃➼䛻ศ㢮䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䠈䛩䜉䛶⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈䛂ᑠ䛃䛾䜏䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈䛂኱䛃䞉䛂୰䛃䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䛭䜜䛮䜜 RS 䝔䝇䝖䜢ᐇ⾜䛧䠈Ⓨ⏕᫬䛜↓సⅭ䛷䛒䜛䛸䛧䛯ሙྜ䛻䠈䛭䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛䛻⏕䛨䜛☜⋡䜢⟬ฟ䛧䛯䠊௨ୗ䛻䠈ᮏ◊✲䛻䛚䛡䜛ᡭἲ䛾ᴫせ䜢♧䛩.

ᆅ㟈䛾Ⓨ⏕᫬䜢 0 ᫬䛺䜙䜃䛻 24 ᫬䛜 0°䠈6 ᫬䛜
90°䠈12 ᫬䛜 180°䠈18 ᫬䛜 270°䛸䛧䛶 1 ᪥䛷 1 ᅇ㌿䛩䜛఩┦ゅ䛷Ⓨ⏕᫬䜢⾲⌧䛧䠈䛒䜛ᆅ㟈䛜Ⓨ⏕䛧䛯㝿䛻䛭䛾఩┦ゅ䛻ἢ䛳䛶 1 䛰䛡㐍䜐䛸䛩䜛䠊䛣䛾㝿䠈
ཎⅬ䜢㉳Ⅼ䛸䛧䛶 N ಶ䛾ᆅ㟈Ⓨ⏕ᚋ䛾఩⨨ D 䛿௨ୗ䛾ᵝ䛻⾲⌧䛥䜜䜛䠊ଶଶே‫ = ܦ‬ට൫σே௜ୀଵ ܿ‫߰ݏ݋‬௜ ൯ + ൫σ௜ୀଵ ‫߰݊݅ݏ‬௜ ൯ 㻌 䠄1䠅䛣䛣䛷䠈ܰ䛿䜲䝧䞁䝖ᩘ䠈߰i 䛿݅␒┠䛾䜲䝧䞁䝖䛾఩┦ゅ䛷䛒䜛䠊䜎䛯䠈Ⓨ⏕᫬䛜↓సⅭ䛷䛒䜛ሙྜ䛻䛭䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛䛻Ⓨ⏕䛩䜛☜⋡ p 䛿䠈௨ୗ䛷⾲䛥䜜䜛䠊‫ = ݌‬exp (െ஽మே)㻌 㻌 㻌 䠄2䠅䠄2䠅ᘧ䛿䠈2 ḟඖ䝷䞁䝎䝮䜴䜷䞊䜽䛻䜘䜚Ṍᖜ 1 䛷 NṌ㐍䜣䛰᫬䛻ཎⅬ䛛䜙䛾㊥㞳䛜‫ܦ‬௨ୖ䛸䛺䜛☜⋡䛻┦ᙜ䛩䜛䠊䛣䛾᳨ᐃ䛻䜘䛳䛶ᚓ䜙䜜䜛 p ್䛿䠈ᖐ↓௬ㄝ䛂ᆅ㟈Ⓨ⏕᫬䛿↓సⅭ䠄䝷䞁䝎䝮䠅䛷䛒䜛䛃䛜Რ༷䛥䜜䜛༴㝤⋡䠄᭷ពỈ‽䠅䜢⾲䛩䠊p ್䛜ప䛔䜋䛹⤫ィᏛⓗ䛻᭷ព䛺ᆅ㟈Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢♧䛧䛶
䛚䜚䠈5䠂䠄0.05䠅䜔 1䠂䠄0.01䠅䛜䛭䛾᭷ពᛶ᳨ᐃ䛻䛚䛔䛶⏝䛔䜙䜜䜛䛣䛸䛜ከ䛔䠊䛺䛚䠈᳨ᐃ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䠈䜲䝧䞁䝖ᩘ N 䛜 10 ௨ୖ䛷䛒䜜䜀༑ศ䛷䛒䜛䛸䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛 [౛䛘䜀䠈Heaton (1975)]䠊
ྐᩱ୰䛻䛚䛡䜛᭷ឤグ㏙䛿୙ᐃ᫬ἲ䛻๎䛳䛶᫬㛫ᖜ䜢௨䛶グ㘓䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䠈᪥グྐᩱ᭷ឤᆅ㟈䝕䞊䝍䝧䞊䝇䛻䛿ᐃ᫬ἲ䛻ኚ᥮䛥䜜䛯᫬้䛜ᖜ䜢௨䛶グ㍕䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䠊㏆௦ィჾほ 䛸䛿␗䛺䜚䠈ᆅ㟈䛾Ⓨ⏕᫬䛻䛿୍⯡䛻 1 ้⛬ᗘ䛾୙☜ᐃᛶ䜢క䛖䛣䛸䛜ከ䛔䠊䛭䛾䛯䜑ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䠈ୖグ䛾୙☜ᐃᛶ䜢⪃៖䛧䛯᳨ウ䜢ᐇ᪋䛩䜛䛯䜑䠈䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䛻ᑐ䛧䛶ᐃ᫬ἲ䛻᥮⟬䛥䜜䛯᫬㛫ᖜ䛷୍ᵝ䛻ศᕸ䛩䜛䝪䝑䜽䝇ᆺ䛾☜⋡ᐦᗘ㛵ᩘ䜢௬ᐃ䛧䠈஘ᩘ䛻䜘䜚Ⓨ⏕᫬䜢సᡂ䛧䛯. ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿 10000 ⤌䛾䜹䝍䝻䜾䜢సᡂ䛧䠈䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾䜹䝍䝻䜾䛻ᑐ䛧䛶 RS 䝔䝇䝖䜢ᐇ⾜䛧䠈Ⓨ⏕᫬䛜↓సⅭ䛷䛒䜛ሙྜ䛻䛭䛾Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛䛻⏕䛨䜛☜⋡䜢⟬ฟ䛧䛯䠊䛺䛚䠈ᒖ䚻Ⓨ⏕䛸䛔䛳䛯Ⓨ⏕᫬䛜୙᫂䛺᭷ឤグ㘓䛿ゎᯒ䛛䜙㝖እ䛧䛯䠊䜎䛯䠈䛒䜛᫬㛫ᖜ䛻」ᩘᅇ䛾ᆅ㟈䛜Ⓨ⏕䛧䛯䛸䛩䜛グ㏙䛜୺䛻჆Ọ୐ᖺ䠄1854 ᖺ䠅༡ᾏᆅ㟈䛾Ⓨ⏕┤ᚋ䛻ぢ䜙䜜䜛䛜䠈ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿 1 ᅇ䛸ぢ೴䛧䛯䠊ᅗ 2 䛻 10000 ヨ⾜䛾䛖䛱௵ព䛾 5 ヨ⾜䛻ᑐ䛩䜛Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾䝠䝇䝖䜾䝷䝮䜢䠈ᅗ 3 䛻ᅗ 2 䛻♧䛩 5 ヨ⾜䛾Ⓨ⏕᫬䛻ᑐ䛧䛶ᐇ᪋䛥䜜䛯 RS 䝔䝇䝖䛾⤖ᯝ䜢䛭䜜䛮䜜♧䛩䠊䜎䛯䠈䛩䜉䛶䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛜䛂ᑠ䛃䛾䜏䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛜

- 18 -

ᅗ 2䠊䠄ᕥ䠅䛩䜉䛶䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈䠄୰ኸ䠅ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛂ᑠ䛃䛾䜏䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈䠄ྑ䠅ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛂୰䞉኱䛃䛾䜏䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛௵ព䛾 5 ヨ⾜䛻䛚䛡䜛Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾䝠䝇䝖䜾䝷䝮䠊
Figure 2. Histogram of occurrence times that were generated from the felt reports in historical documents for five
trials (left: all data, center: only weak ground shaking, right: moderate or strong ground shaking).

- 19 -

ᅗ 3䠊䠄ᕥ䠅䛩䜉䛶䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈䠄୰ኸ䠅ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛂ᑠ䛃䛾䜏䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈䠄ྑ䠅ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛂୰䞉኱䛃䛾䜏䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᅗ 2 䛻♧䛩 5 ヨ⾜䛻䛚䛡䜛 RS 䝔䝇䝖䛾⤖ᯝ䠊෇䛿Ⓨ⏕᫬䛜↓సⅭ䛷䛒䜛䛸䛧䛯ሙྜ䛻䛭䛾Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛⏕䛨䜛☜⋡䛜 0.05䠄5䠂䠅䛸䛺䜛༙ᚄ䜢⾲䛩䠊
Figure 3. The results of the RS test for five trials shown in Figure 2 (left: all, center: only weak ground shaking,right: moderate or strong ground shaking). The circles indicate the radii that the bias of occurrence times are
reproduced from uniformly-distributed occurrence times with the probability of 0.05 (5%).

- 20 -

ᅗ 4䠊䠄㉥䠅䛩䜉䛶䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈䠄⥳䠅ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛂ᑠ䛃䛾䜏䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈䠄㟷䠅ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛂୰䞉኱䛃䛾䜏䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䠈Ⓨ⏕᫬䛜↓సⅭ䛷䛒䜛ሙྜ䛻䛭䛾Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛䛻⏕䛨䜛☜⋡䠊ᶓ㍈䛿ヨ⾜ᅇᩘ䜢䠈⦪㍈䛿Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛䛻⏕䛨䜛☜⋡䜢䛭䜜䛮䜜⾲䛩䠊
Figure 4. Probability that the bias of occurrence times are reproduced by chance from uniformly-distributed
occurrence times for each trial (red: all data, green: only weak ground shaking, blue: moderate or strong
ground shaking).
⾲ 1㻌 䛄┿ぬᑎ᪥グ䛅䛺䜙䜃䛻బ➉䠄2002䠅䛻䜘䜛ᘯ๓䞉ඵᡞ䞉┒ᒸ䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䛻ᑐ䛩䜛 RS 䝔䝇䝖⤖ᯝ䠊
Table 1. Results of the RS test for occurrence times of felt reports documented in “Shinkakuji-nikki”,
and Hirosaki, Hachinohe and Morioka compiled by Satake (2002).

Number㻌

Shinkakuji-nikki

X*

Y*

R*

Phase
(degree) †R(0.05) ‡R(0.01) ‡Probability㽁

(Values for the trial with the median probability)

All

1704

-150.8422-107.8641

185.4401

215.5678

71.4474

88.5845

1.72×10-9

Weak

1102

-146.3907-126.4000

193.4095

220.8087

57.4569

71.2383

1.81×10-15

Moderate and strong

530

6.195133.012933.5891

79.371739.846449.4038

1.19×10-1

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

Hirosaki

1411-153.4385

44.2939

159.7039

163.8979

65.0152

80.6095

1.41×10-8

Hachinohe

390-40.4995

37.6847

55.3204

137.0619

34.180942.3794

3.91×10-4

Morioka

1022-164.9467-52.5711

173.1217

197.6779

55.332168.6038

1.80×10-13

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌
Satake (2002)

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

* X, Y, R䠖RS 䝔䝇䝖䛻䛚䛡䜛᭱⤊఩⨨䠄ᶓ㍈䜢 X䠈⦪㍈䜢 Y 䛸䛩䜛䠅䛺䜙䜃䛻ཎⅬ䛛䜙䛾㊥㞳䠄R䠅
† Phase䠖RS 䝔䝇䝖䛻䛚䛡䜛᭱⤊఩⨨䛾఩┦ゅ‡ R(0.05)䠈R(0.01)䠖Ⓨ⏕᫬䛜↓సⅭ䛷䛒䜛ሙྜ䛻☜⋡ 0.05䠈0.01 䛷ཎⅬ䛛䜙฿㐩䛩䜛㊥㞳䠄༙ᚄ䠅㽁 Probability䠖Ⓨ⏕᫬䛜↓సⅭ䛷䛒䜛ሙྜ䛻䛭䛾Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛䛻⏕䛨䜛☜⋡- 21 -

㻌ᅗ 5䠊᫨ኪ㛫䛾ᆅ㟈ື䠄ᦂ䜜䠅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛᳨▱⬟ຊ䛺䜙䜃䛻ே㛫άືᗘ䛾ኚ໬䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᶍᘧᅗ䠊ே㛫άືᗘ䛜పୗ䛩䜛ኪ㛫䠄╧╀᫬䠅䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛜ᑠ䛥䛔䠄ప㟈ᗘ䛾䠅᭷ឤᆅ㟈䛾᳨▱₃䜜䛜⏕䛨䜛䠊
Figure 5. Schematic illustration for changes in detectability of ground shaking during daytime and nighttime. The
weak ground shakings in the shaded area (during nighttime) are not always recorded in historical documents
due to the relatively low human activity.

ᅗ 6䠊⛣ື❆䜢⏝䛔䛯Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛䛻⏕䛨䜛☜⋡䛾᫬㛫ⓗኚ໬䠊⅊Ⰽ䝎䜲䝲䝰䞁䝗䛿୍ᵝศᕸ䛛䜙Ⓨ⏕᫬䜢↓సⅭ䛻⏕ᡂ䛧䛯 5 ᆅ㟈⣔ิ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ୖグ䛾☜⋡䜢⾲䛩䠊
Figure 6. Changes in the probability that the bias of occurrence times of felt reports are reproduced by chancefrom uniform distribution obtained from the moving window method. Grey diamonds indicate changes in theprobability for five sequences that the occurrence times are randomly generated from uniform distribution.

- 22 -

ᅗ 7䠊䛄ὠ㍍⸬ᚚᅜ᪥グ䛅䜔䛄┒ᒸ⸬㞧᭩䛅➼䛛䜙᥎ᐃ䛥䜜䛯䠄ୖ䠅ᘯ๓䠈䠄୰䠅ඵᡞ䠈䠄ୗ䠅┒ᒸ䛻䛚䛡䜛᭷ឤᆅ㟈䛾Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾䝠䝇䝖䜾䝷䝮 [బ➉ (2002)] 䛺䜙䜃䛻Ⓨ⏕᫬䛜↓సⅭ䛷䛒䜛ሙྜ䛻䛭䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛䛻⏕䛨䜛☜⋡䠊
Figure 7. Histogram of occurrence times of felt reports
at (top) Hirosaki, (middle) Hachinohe, and (bottom)
Morioka derived from historical documents [Satake(2002)]. The probabilities that the bias of occurrence
times of felt reports are reproduced by chance from
uniformly-distributed occurrence times are also
shown.
䛂୰䞉኱䛃䛾䜏䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛 10000 ヨ⾜䛾⤖ᯝ䛸䛧䛶䠈ᚓ䜙䜜䛯Ⓨ⏕᫬䛜↓సⅭ䛷䛒䜛䛸䛧䛯ሙྜ
䛻䛭䛾Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛⏕䛨䜛☜⋡䜢ᅗ 4 䛻♧䛩䠊
ᅗ 3 䛻♧䛥䜜䜛෇䛿䠈(2)ᘧ䛻䜲䝧䞁䝖ᩘ䛺䜙䜃䛻☜⋡p 䛻 0.05 䜢௦ධ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䜛䠈Ⓨ⏕᫬䛜↓సⅭ䛷䛒䜛䛸䛧䛯ሙྜ䛻䛭䛾Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛䛻⏕䛨䜛☜⋡䛜 0.05䠄5䠂䠅䛸䛺䜛༙ᚄ䜢⾲䛩䠊Ⓨ⏕᫬䛜↓సⅭ䛷䛒䜛ሙྜ䠈ཎⅬ䜢㉳Ⅼ䛸䛧䛯⥳⥺䛿ཎⅬ䛛䜙኱䛝䛟㞳䜜䜛䛣䛸䛿䛺䛟䠈ཎⅬ௜㏆䜢䛖䜝䛖䜝䛸䛩䜛.୍᪉

䛷Ⓨ⏕᫬䛻೫䜚䛜䛒䜛ሙྜ䛻䛿䠈ཎⅬ䛛䜙䛭䛾఩┦ゅ䛻ྥ䛛䛳䛶኱䛝䛟㞳䜜䠈෇እ䜈䛸⛣ື䛩䜛⤖ᯝ䛸䛺䜛.㻌
ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛜ᑠ䛾䜒䛾䜢ྵ䜑䛯䛩䜉䛶䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈᫨㛫䛾᭷ឤグ㘓ᩘ䛾᪉䛜ኪ㛫䛻ẚ䜉ከ䛔ഴྥ䛜㢧ⴭ䛻ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䛯䠄ᅗ 2 ᕥ䠅䠊RS 䝔䝇䝖䛛䜙䛿䠈䛣䛾Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛⏕䛨䜛☜⋡䛿䠈10-7䡚10-11 ⛬ᗘ䛸ᴟ䜑䛶ప䛔್䛸䛺䛳䛯䠄ᅗ 3 ᕥ䛺䜙䜃䛻ᅗ 4䠅䠊ྠᵝ䛾ഴྥ䛿䠈ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛜䛂ᑠ䛃䛾䜏䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈᭦䛻㢧ⴭ䛻ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䠄ᅗ 2 ୰ኸ䠅䠈ୖグ䛾☜⋡䛿 10-13䡚
10-17 ⛬ᗘ䛸᭦䛻ప䛔್䛸䛺䛳䛯䠄ᅗ 3 ୰ኸ䛺䜙䜃䛻ᅗ
4䠅䠊୍᪉䛷䠈ᦂ䜜䛜䛂୰䛃䜎䛯䛿䛂኱䛃䛸ẚ㍑ⓗ㧗㟈ᗘ䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䛻䛿䠈䝠䝇䝖䜾䝷䝮䛻㢧ⴭ䛺
Ⓨ⏕᫬౫Ꮡᛶ䛿ぢ䜙䜜䛪䠄ᅗ 2 ྑ䠅䠈䜎䛯 RS 䝔䝇䝖䛛䜙䜒⤫ィᏛⓗ䛻᭷ព䛺Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛿ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䛺䛔䠄ᅗ 3 ྑ䛺䜙䜃䛻ᅗ 4䠅䠊䜎䛯䠈ᦂ䜜䛜䛂୰䛃䜎䛯䛿䛂኱䛃䛾᭷ឤグ㘓ᩘ䛿䠈ⱝᖸᮅ䛻ከ䛔ഴྥ䛜ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䜛䛜䠈჆Ọ୐ᖺ䠄1854 ᖺ䠅༡ᾏᆅ㟈䛾Ⓨ⏕┤ᚋ䛾ᮇ㛫䛻䛚䛔䛶䠈ẚ㍑ⓗ኱䛝䛺ᦂ䜜䜢క䛖ᆅ㟈䛜ᮅ䛻೫䛳䛶Ⓨ⏕䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛻㉳ᅉ䛩䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䠊䛣䜜䜙䛾⤖ᯝ䛿䠈䛄┿ぬᑎ᪥グ䛅䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䠈ᅗ 5䛻ᶍᘧⓗ䛻♧䛧䛯䜘䛖䛻䠈୰䜎䛯䛿㧗㟈ᗘ䝕䞊䝍䛻㛵䛧䛶䛿᫨ኪ㛫䜢ၥ䜟䛪䜋䜌₃䜜䛺䛟᳨▱䞉グ㘓䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䛜䠈ప㟈ᗘ䛾᭷ឤ䝕䞊䝍䛻㛵䛧䛶䛿䠈ኪ㛫䛻᳨▱䛒䜛䛔䛿グ㘓₃䜜䛜⏕䛨䛶䛔䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䜢♧၀䛩䜛䠊䛺䛚䠈Rydelek and Sacks (1989) 䛻䛿 ྠ ᵝ 䛾 ᶍ ᘧ ᅗ 䛜 ♧ 䛥 䜜 䛶 䛔 䜛 䛜 䠈 Rydelek andSacks (1989) 䛻䛚䛡䜛⥙᥃䛡㒊ศ䛿䝜䜲䝈䝺䝧䝹䛷䛒䜚䠈ᅗ 5 䛻♧䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛ே㛫άືᗘ䠄ᦂ䜜䛻ᑐ䛩䜛᳨▱⬟ຊ䠅䛸䛿␗䛺䜛䠊௒ᅇᑐ㇟䛸䛧䛯䛄┿ぬᑎ᪥グ䛅䛾ᮇ㛫୰䛻䛿䠈჆Ọ୐ᖺ䠄1854 ᖺ䠅༡ᾏᆅ㟈䛜Ⓨ⏕䛧䠈䛭䛾వ㟈άື䛜ከศ䛻ྵ䜎䜜䛶䛔䜛䠊䛒䜛≉ᐃ䛾ᮇ㛫䛻Ⓨ⏕䛧䛯ᆅ㟈䛜ゎᯒᮇ㛫඲య䛻ᙳ㡪䜢ཬ䜌䛧䛯⤖ᯝ䠈ぢ䛛䛡ୖ䠈Ⓨ⏕᫬䛻೫䜚䛜⏕䛨䛯ྍ⬟ᛶ䜢ྰᐃ䛷䛝䛺䛔䠊䛭䛣䛷䠈⛣ື❆䜢⏝䛔䛶 p ್䛾᫬㛫ኚ໬䛻䛴䛔䛶ㄪᰝ䛧䛯䠊ලయⓗ䛻䛿䠈᭷ឤグ㘓䜢Ⓨ⏕㡰䛻 200 ಶ䛪䛴ᢳฟ
䛧䠈50 ಶ䛪䛴䛪䜙䛧䛶䛔䛟ᙧ䛷䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾❆䛷ᢳฟ䛥䜜䛯᭷ឤグ㘓䛻ᑐ䛧䛶 RS 䝔䝇䝖䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䠈p ್䜢⟬ฟ䛧䛯䠄ᅗ 6䠅䠊䛺䛚䠈ᅗ୰䛻䛿ཧ⪃䛾䛯䜑䛻䠈୍ᵝศᕸ䛛䜙Ⓨ⏕᫬䜢↓సⅭ䛻⏕ᡂ䛧䛯 5 ᆅ㟈⣔ิ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛☜⋡䜒♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䠊䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䠈ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛂ᑠ䛃䜢ྵ䜑䛯ሙྜ䛾 RS 䝔䝇䝖䛿䠈䛒䜛≉ᐃ䛾ᮇ㛫䛻㝈䜙䛪䠈⣔⤫ⓗ䛻Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛾⤫ィⓗ᭷ពᛶ䛜♧၀䛥䜜䜛⤖ᯝ䛸䛺䛳䛯䠊౛- 23 -

䛘䜀䠈ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛂ᑠ䛃䛾䜏䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈ゎᯒᮇ㛫
䜢㏻䛨䛶䠈Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛䛻⏕䛨䜛☜⋡䛜 0.05
䠄5%䠅䜢ୗᅇ䜛䠊䛣䛾䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛂ᑠ䛃䜢ྵ䜑䛯ሙྜ䛻ぢ䜙䜜䜛Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛿䠈኱ᆅ㟈Ⓨ⏕䛸䛭䛾┤ᚋ䛾వ㟈άື䛻䜘䜛୍㐣ᛶ䛾䜒䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䠊୍᪉䛷䠈ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛂୰䞉኱䛃䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䠈჆Ọ୐ᖺ䠄1854 ᖺ䠅༡ᾏᆅ㟈䛾Ⓨ⏕┤ᚋ䛾ᮇ㛫䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䠈ప䛔☜⋡䜢♧䛩䛜䠈䛭䛾ᚋ䛾ᮇ㛫䛿୍ᵝศᕸ䛛䜙Ⓨ⏕᫬䜢↓సⅭ䛻⏕ᡂ䛧䛯ᆅ㟈⣔ิ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛☜⋡䛸ྠ⛬ᗘ䛷䛒䜛䠊ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛂୰䞉኱䛃䛾䜏䜢⏝䛔䛯ሙྜ䛻䛚䛔䛶䠈ᮅ䛾᫬้䛜ⱝᖸከ䛟䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛ཎᅉ䛸䛧䛶䠈༡ᾏᆅ㟈䛾Ⓨ⏕ᚋ䛻䛚䛡䜛䜽䝷䝇䝍䝸䞁䜾䛾ᙳ㡪䛜⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䠊䛺䛚᪥グྐᩱ᭷ឤᆅ㟈䝕䞊䝍䝧䞊䝇䠄ヨస∧䠅䛻཰㘓䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛄┿ぬᑎ᪥グ䛅䛻䛚䛡䜛᭱ึ䛾᭷ឤᆅ㟈䛿䠈჆Ọ୐ᖺ༑୍᭶ᅄ᪥ᮅ
஬䝒᫬䛾ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛜䛂୰䛃䛾ᆅ㟈䛷䛒䜚䠈Ᏻᨻᮾᾏᆅ㟈䛻┦ᙜ䛩䜛䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䠊䜎䛯䠈2 ␒┠䛾グ㘓䛿䠈჆Ọ୐ᖺ༑୍᭶஬᪥୐䝒༙᫬䛾䛂㏆௦ᮍ᭯᭷䛾኱ᆅ㟈䛃䛸グ㏙䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛Ᏻᨻ༡ᾏᆅ㟈ᮏ㟈䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᦂ䜜䠄ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛂኱䛃䠅䛷䛒䜛䠊ྠᵝ䛾Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾೫䜚䛾⤫ィⓗ᭷ពᛶ䛿䠈బ➉
䠄2002䠅䛻䛚䛔䛶䛄ὠ㍍⸬ᚚᅜ᪥グ䛅䜔䛄┒ᒸ⸬㞧᭩䛅➼䛛䜙᥎ᐃ䛥䜜䛯ᘯ๓䠈ඵᡞ䛚䜘䜃┒ᒸ䛻䛚䛡䜛᭷ឤᆅ㟈ᅇᩘ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒ぢ䜙䜜䛯䠄ᅗ 7䠅䠊䛣䜜䜙䛾ᆅⅬ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䠈᫨㛫䛻䛚䛡䜛᭷ឤᆅ㟈ᅇᩘ䛾᪉䛜ኪ㛫䛻ẚ䜉ከ䛔ഴྥ䛜ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䜛䠊䛣䜜䜙䛾೫䜚䛜അ↛䛻⏕䛨䜛☜⋡䛿䠈ᘯ๓䠈ඵᡞ䠈┒ᒸ䛷䛭䜜䛮䜜䠈10-8䠈
10-4䠈10-13 ⛬ᗘ䛸ᴟ䜑䛶ప䛔䠄⾲ 1䠈ᅗ 7䠅䠊ᮏ◊✲䛷ᑐ㇟䛸䛧䛯ྐᩱ䛷䛿䠈ኪ㛫䛾ᑠ䛥䛺ᦂ䜜䛜ᚲ䛪䛧䜒᳨▱䛒䜛䛔䛿グ㘓䛥䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜♧၀䛥䜜䠈㏆ᖺ䛻䛚䛡䜛᭷ឤᆅ㟈ᅇᩘ䛸ẚ㍑䛩䜛㝿䛺䛹䛻䛿ὀព䜢せ䛩䜛䠊
㼲㻟㻚㻌 Ṕྐ᫬௦䛻䛚䛡䜛ᆅ㟈άືゎᯒ䜈䛾♧၀㻌䛄┿ぬᑎ᪥グ䛅䠈䛺䜙䜃䛻 Satake (2002)䛻䜘䜛ᘯ๓䠈ඵᡞ䠈┒ᒸ䛻䛚䛡䜛᭷ឤグ㘓䜈 RS 䝔䝇䝖䜢㐺⏝䛧䛯䛸䛣䜝䠈᫨㛫䛻ẚ䜉ኪ㛫䛾᭷ឤグ㘓ᩘ䛜⤫ィᏛⓗ䛻᭷ព䛻ᑡ䛺䛔ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜ᙉ䛟♧၀䛥䜜䛯䠊䛣䛾䛣䛸䛿䠈ᙜ᫬䛾ே㛫άື䛿᫨㛫䜢୰ᚰ䛸䛧䛶䛚䜚䠈ኪ㛫䠄╧╀᫬䠅䛻Ⓨ⏕䛧䛯ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛜ᑠ䛥䛔᭷ឤᆅ㟈䛜ᚲ䛪䛧䜒᳨▱䛒䜛䛔䛿グ㘓䛥䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔䛣䛸䜢♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䠊≉䛻㏆௦ィჾほ 䛻䜘䜛䝕䞊䝍䛸䛾㢮ఝᛶ䛾㆟ㄽ[౛䛘䜀䠈▼㎶䞉௚ (2015)] 䜔ẚ㍑䛻䛒䛯䛳䛶䛿䠈ኪ㛫䛾᳨▱₃䜜䜢㚷䜏䛶㆟ㄽ䛩䜛䛛䠈ᡈ䛔䛿ఱ䜙䛛䛾⿵ṇ䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䠊䛄┿ぬᑎ᪥グ䛅䛻䛚䛔䛶䠈౛䛘䜀ᙜ᫬䠈ே㛫άື䛜άⓎ䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛 8䠖00䡚20:00 䛸䠈┦ᑐⓗ䛻୙άⓎ䛺 20䠖00䡚⩣ 8䠖00 䛻ศ䛡䜛䛸䠈ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛜䛂ᑠ䛃䛻䛚䛡䜛᫨ኪ㛫䛾ẚ䛿୰ኸ್䛷ᴫ䛽 1.52 ⛬ᗘ䠄95䠂ಙ㢗༊㛫䛷 1.46䡚1.59 ⛬ᗘ䠅䛻䛺䛳䛯䠊௬䛻
8䠖00䡚20:00 䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿᭷ឤᆅ㟈䛜₃䜜䛺䛟グ㘓䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䠈᫨ኪ㛫䛾ẚ䛜᭷ឤ᳨▱⬟ຊ䛻䜘䜛ぢ䛛䛡ୖ䛾䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛸䛩䜛䛸䠈20䠖00䡚⩣ 8䠖00 䛷䛿 3 ๭ᙉ⛬ᗘ䛻ཬ䜆ప㟈ᗘ䛾᭷ឤᆅ㟈䜢᳨▱䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䠊䛣䛾䛣䛸䛛䜙䠈ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛜ᑠ䛥䛔䝕䞊䝍䛻㛵䛧䛶䠈ᐇ㝿䛾᭷ឤᆅ㟈ᩘ䛿ྐᩱ䛻グ㘓䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛᭷ឤグ㘓ᩘ䛾䛚䜘䛭 1.2 ಸ⛬ᗘ䛷䛒䛳䛯䛸ᴫ⟬䛥䜜䜛䠊㏆௦ィჾほ ᫬௦䛻䛚䛡䜛᭷ឤᆅ㟈ᩘ䛸䛾ẚ㍑
䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䠈ྐᩱ୰䛾᭷ឤグ㘓ᩘ䛻ᐃᩘಸ䜢஌䛪䜛䛺䛹䠈ఱ䜙䛛䛾ᔞୖ䛢䠄⿵ṇ䠅䜢⾜䛳䛯ୖ䛷ᐇ᪋䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ᮃ䜎䛧䛔䠊䜎䛯䛿䠈㏆௦ィჾほ ᫬௦䛾ᆅ㟈䜹䝍䝻䜾䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䠈ᆒ㉁㝈⏺䝬䜾䝙䝏䝳䞊䝗௨ୗ䛾ᆅ㟈䜢ᆅ㟈άືゎᯒ䛛䜙㝖እ䛩䜛䜘䛖䛻䠈ゎᯒ䛻౑⏝ྍ⬟䛺᭷ឤグ㘓ᩘ䛿ᑡ䛺䛟䛺䛳䛶䛧䜎䛖䜒䛾䛾䠈ప㟈ᗘ䝕䞊䝍䜢㝖䛔䛯㆟ㄽ䜢䛩䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䠊䛄┿ぬᑎ᪥グ䛅䛻㛵䛧䛶䛿䠈Ᏹబ⨾䠄1975䠅䛿჆Ọ୐ᖺ䠄1854 ᖺ䠅༡ᾏᆅ㟈䛻క䛖 9 ᖺ㛫䛻䜟䛯䜛వ㟈άື䛸 1946 ᖺ᫛࿴༡ᾏᆅ㟈䛾䛭䜜䛸䜢ẚ㍑䛧䠈୧⪅䛻䛛䛺䜚␗䛺䛳䛯≉ᚩ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛶䛔䜛䠊౛䛘䜀䠈჆Ọ୐ᖺ䠄1854 ᖺ䠅༡ᾏᆅ㟈䠄ᮏ㟈䠅䛾䛚䜘䛭 2䞄᭶ᚋ䛾኱ᬉ᪥䛻Ⓨ⏕䛧䛯㢧ⴭవ㟈䛻䜘䜛ᆅ㟈ື䛜䠈┿ぬᑎ䠄㧗▱┴ᅵబᕷᏱబ⏫䠅䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿ᮏ㟈䛻ຎ䜙䛼⛬ᙉ䛟䠈䛭䛾┤ᚋ䛛䜙㛗ᮇ㛫䛻䜟䛯䛳䛶⥅⥆䛧䛯᭷ឤᆅ㟈䛾ᩘ䛜᫛࿴༡ᾏᆅ㟈䛾ሙྜ䛾㧗▱ᕷ䛻䛚䛡䜛᭷ឤᆅ㟈ᩘ䛾⣙ 3 ಸ䛻㐩䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛯䠊䜎䛯䠈ᒸ㔝䞉௚䠄1984䠅䛿䠈㧗▱┴ᅵబᕷᏱబ⏫䠄䛄┿ぬᑎ᪥グ䛅䠅䛸㧗▱┴㧗▱ᕷ䠄䛄ᆅ㟈᪥グᮌᒇᮏ䛅䠅䛻䛚䛡䜛᭷ឤグ㘓ᩘ䛾ẚ㍑➼䛻ᇶ䛵䛝䠈჆Ọ୐ᖺ䠄1854ᖺ䠅༡ᾏᆅ㟈䛾ᮏ㟈䛾㟈※఩⨨䛜ᅵబ‴Ἀ䛷䛒䛳䛯䛸䛩䜛䛸, ✀䚻䛾⌧㇟䜢▩┪䛺䛟ㄝ᫂䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䛸䛧䛯䠊୍᪉䛷䠈ᮏ◊✲䛷♧၀䛥䜜䛯䜘䛖䛻䠈䛄┿ぬᑎ᪥グ䛅䛻䛚䛔䛶䠈ኪ㛫䛾᭷ឤᆅ㟈䛾᳨▱䞉グ㘓₃䜜䛜䛒䛳䛯ሙྜ䠈ᆅ㟈άືᗘ䛜㐣ᑠホ౯䛥䜜䠈ᐇ㝿䛾᭷ឤᆅ㟈ᩘ䛿᭦䛻ከ䛛䛳䛯ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䠊᭷ឤグ㘓䛻ᇶ䛵䛟㢧ⴭᆅ㟈䛾㟈※఩⨨䜔つᶍ䛻㛵䛩䜛᳨ウ䠈Ṕྐ᫬௦䛾ᆅ㟈άື䛾᚟ඖ䛻䛒䛯䛳䛶䛿䠈䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾᪥グ䛾≉ᛶ䜢ὀព῝䛟᳨ウ䛧䛯ୖ䛷ᐇ᪋䛩䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䜝䛖䠊

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㼲㻠䠊䛚䜟䜚䛻㻌ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䠈ྐᩱ୰䛾᭷ឤグ㘓䛻ᇶ䛵䛟Ṕྐ᫬௦䛾ᆅ㟈άື᚟ඖ䛻ྥ䛡䛯᏶඲ᛶ䛾᳨ウ䛻䛚䛔䛶䠈Ⓨ⏕᫬䛾↓సⅭ䠄䝷䞁䝎䝮䠅ᛶ䛻╔┠䛧䛶⤫ィᏛⓗ᳨ᐃ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䠊䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䠈≉䛻ᦂ䜜䛾⛬ᗘ䛜䛂ᑠ䛃䛾グ㘓䜢ྵ䜑䛯ሙྜ䠈᫨㛫䛾᭷ឤグ㘓ᩘ䛜ኪ㛫䛻ẚ䜉ከ䛔ഴྥ䛜ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䠈䛣䛾೫䜚䛜⤫ィᏛⓗ䛻ᴟ䜑䛶᭷ព䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜♧䛥䜜䛯䠊䛣䛾ഴྥ䛿䠈ᆅ㟈᳨▱⬟ຊ䛜䝜䜲䝈䝺䝧䝹䛻౫ᣐ䛩䜛㏆௦ィჾほ 䛸䛿㏫䛾ഴྥ䛻䛒䜚䠈Ṕྐ᫬௦䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿ே㛫άື䛜άⓎ䛺᫨㛫䛾᪉䛜䠈╧╀᫬䛾ኪ㛫䛻ẚ䜉ᦂ䜜䜢₃䜜䛺䛟᳨▱䞉グ㘓䛧䜔䛩䛔ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䠊ྐᩱ䛾≉ᛶ䜔グ㘓⪅䛻䜘䛳䛶䠈᳨▱⋡䜔᏶඲ᛶ䛜኱䛝䛟␗䛺䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜚䠈Ṕྐ᫬௦䛾ᆅ㟈άື䜢ㄽ䛨䜛䛻ඛ❧䛳䛶䠈ྐᩱ䛾䜹䝍䝻䜾䛸䛧䛶䛾ရ㉁䜢
⢭ᰝ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿㔜せ䛷䛒䜝䛖䠊௒ᚋ䛿䠈ᵝ䚻䛺᪥グྐᩱ➼䜈㐺⏝䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䠈䜘䜚୍⯡ⓗ䛺㆟ㄽ䜢ヨ䜏䛯䛔䠊ㅰ㎡㻌ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䠈Ẽ㇟ᗇ䛻䜘䜛୍ඖ໬㟈※䜹䝍䝻䜾䛺䜙䜃䛻ᆅ㟈ⅆᒣྐᩱ㐃ᦠ◊✲ᶵᵓ䛻䜘䜛䛂᪥グྐᩱ᭷ឤᆅ㟈䝕䞊䝍䝧䞊䝇䠄ヨస∧䠅䛃䛻䛚䛡䜛᭷ឤグ㘓䜢౑⏝䛥䛫䛶䛔䛯䛰䛔䛯䠊䜎䛯䠈ᅗ䛾సᡂ䛻䛿
Generic Mapping Tools [Wessel and Smith (1998)] 䜢䠈ᆅ㟈䛾ᢳฟ䛻䛿ᆅ㟈άືゎᯒ䝅䝇䝔䝮 [㭯ᒸ(1998)] 䜢䛭䜜䛮䜜౑⏝䛥䛫䛶䛔䛯䛰䛔䛯䠊ᮏ✏䛿༏ྡ䛾ᰝㄞ⪅䛺䜙䜃䛻ᖹ஭ᩗ⦅㞟ጤဨ䛻䜘䜛㈗㔜
䛺䛤ពぢ䛻䜘䜚䠈኱ᖜ䛻ᨵၿ䛥䜜䛯䠊䛣䛣䛻グ䛧䛶ឤㅰ⏦䛧ୖ䛢䜛䠊䛺䛚䠈ᮏ◊✲䛿䠈ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ཷク䛂ᆅ㟈ㄪᰝ◊✲᥎㐍ᮏ㒊䛾ᨭ᥼஦ᴗ䛃䛾୍⎔䛸䛧䛶ᐇ᪋䛥䜜䛯䠊ᑐ㇟ᆅ㟈䠖჆Ọ୐ᖺ䠄Ᏻᨻඖᖺ䠅༡ᾏᆅ㟈㻌ᩥ㻌 ⊩㻌
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ཎ⏣ᬛஓ䠈2021䠈ᐇᅾ䛧䛺䛔 2 䛴䛾Ᏻᨻ஧ᖺ䠄1855ᖺ䠅㇏ᚋᅜ䛂⿕ᐖᆅ㟈䛃䠈ᆅ㟈➨ 2 ㍴䠈74䠈87-93䠊᭹㒊೺ኴ㑻䞉୰す୍㑻䞉኱㑚₶୕䠈2020䠈᪥グ䛾➹⪅䛜ᆅ㟈ື䜢ឤ䛨䛯ᆅⅬ䛾᫬㛫ኚ໬䠖㏆Ụඵᖭ䛂ᕷ⏣ᐙ᪥グ䛃䛾ሙྜ䠈ᆅ㟈➨ 2 ㍴䠈73䠈65-68䠊ᯘ⬟ᡂ䞉㓇஭ៅ୍䠈2021䠈ᆅ㟈ィ䜢⏝䛔䛯᪂ᆺ䝁䝻䝘䜴䜱䝹䝇ឤᰁ⑕䛻䜘䜛♫఍άືኚ໬䛾ホ౯䠉㛵す኱Ꮫ༓㔛ᒣ䜻䝱䞁䝟䝇䛻䛚䛡䜛ほ ஦౛䠉䠈♫఍Ᏻ඲Ꮫ◊✲䠈11䠈151-160䠊
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஭ៅ୍䞉ᖹ⏣┤, 2015, 㛵ᮾᆅ᪉䛻䛚䛔䛶ィჾほึᮇ䛻Ⓨ⏕䛧䛯ᆅ㟈䛾ㄪᰝ䛾䛯䜑䛾㏆ᖺ䛾ᆅ㟈䝕䞊䝍䛾཰㞟䞉ᩚ⌮䛸 1922 ᖺᾆ㈡Ỉ㐨௜㏆䛾ᆅ㟈䜈䛾ணᐹⓗ㐺⏝, Ṕྐᆅ㟈, 30, 109-127䠊
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▼㎶ᓅ⏨䞉బ➉೺἞, 2021, Ụᡞ䞉ᮾி䛻䛚䛡䜛᭷ឤᆅ㟈ᅇᩘ䛾ኚ㑄䠉Ṕྐ᫬௦䛾ᆅ㟈άືゎᯒ䜈ྥ䛡䛶䠉, ᆅ㟈䝆䝱䞊䝘䝹, 72, 1-13䠊▼ᇉ♸୕䞉㧗ᮌᮁ඘䠈2000䠈Ẽ㇟ᗇ㟈ᗘ䝕䞊䝍䝧䞊䝇䛾ᩚഛཬ䜃ά⏝౛䛻䛴䛔䛶䠈㦂㟈᫬ሗ䠈63䠈7592䠊
ᆅ㟈ㄪᰝ◊✲᥎㐍ᮏ㒊ᆅ㟈ㄪᰝጤဨ఍䠈2022a䠈᪥ྥℿཬ䜃༡すㅖᓥᾏ⁁࿘㎶䛾ᆅ㟈άື䛾㛗ᮇホ౯䠄➨஧∧䠅, ௧࿴ 4 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 25 ᪥බ⾲䠈111pp.
ᆅ㟈ㄪᰝ◊✲᥎㐍ᮏ㒊ᆅ㟈ㄪᰝጤဨ఍䠈2022b䠈᪥ᮏᾏ༡す㒊䛾ᾏᇦά᩿ᒙ䛾㛗ᮇホ౯䠄➨୍∧䠅䇷஑ᕞᆅᇦ䞉୰ᅜᆅᇦ໭᪉Ἀ䇷, ௧࿴ 4 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 25
᪥බ⾲䠈99pp.
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ᯇᾆᚊᏊ䞉୰ᮧ᧯䠈2016䠈ヲ⣽㟈ᗘ᳨ウ䛻䜘䜛 1703
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