Newsletter
Toward the Regeneration of Tropical Peatland Societies

in English

No.

06

March 10, 2019

Newsletter of Tropical Peatland
Society Project,Research Institute for
Humanity and Nature

Assessment of the health impacts of hazepollutants caused by peatland fires
Haze due to forest and peatland fires contains many air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM),carbon monoxide (CO) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and these air pollutants have caused
adverse health effects in Southeast Asia. The new leader of Tropical Peatland Society Project (from
April 1, 2019), Osamu Kozan, explains a research approach to assessing its health impacts.
Osamu Kozan



Research Institute for Humanity and Nature/ Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University

BackgroundThe degradation of tropical peat swamps in Southeast

owing to businessof international environmental conservation. Owing toairport delays. The airforests are difficult to utilize, and therefore, have longindex reached 1800,

associated with plantation develoPMent of fast-growing

ha zardous level, intable levels and the drying of peat swamp forests.

Central Kalimantan

emissionsfrompeatdecompositionandfrequentﬁres.

2015. Haze due to forest and peatland fires contains

forest, most of them peatlands, were burned in 2015.

carbon monoxide (CO) and polycyclic aromatic

local economy and has impacted the health of not only

adverse health effects in Southeast Asia. Haze-related

Singapore. In 2015, 0.5 million people in the region wereduring haze episode by the media, and there are

become a trans-boundary environmental, economic andhaze.

Asia has increasingly become problematic in the context

shut downs andtheir physical characteristics, tropical peat swamp

pollution standard

been spared from develoPMent. However, drainage

which is an extremely

and oil palm trees has led to a decrease in groundwater

Palangka Raya inThis has in turn resulted in an increase in CO 2during mid-October in

Osamu Kozan*

In Indonesia alone, an estimated 2.1 million hectares ofmany air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM),The resulting haze caused incalculable damage to thehydrocarbons, and these air pollutants have caused

the local people but also those in Malaysia anddeaths and respiratory diseases have been reported

diagnosed with upper respiratory infections. Haze has

increasing concerns about the health effects of serious

political issue.

Sumatra and Kalimantan Islands of Indonesia has

Emission factors and emission ratios ofPM from peatland fires

as well as neighbouring countries during the dry

Understanding the emission of PM is one of the key

were burned and the economy was seriously damaged

modelling studies for peatland fire haze in the region

Smoke haze from forest and peatland fires in theHaze from peatland fires is caused by PM.

repeatedly affected the air quality of nearby areas

factors required to understand wildfire haze. However,season since 1990s. In 1997, over 300,000 hectares
1*©CSEAS（イラスト／髙田こはる 京都府立鴨沂高等学校）

Newsletter
have consistently suggested that emissions of PM are

wildfire plume are assumed to be significantly higher

The emission of PM is related to the fuel consumption

subtract the background concentration when it is notthan the background concentrations. It is necessary tounderestimated (Marlier et al. 2013; Koplitz et al. 2016).
duringawildﬁreviatheemissionfactor(EFPM). EFPM isnegligible.

deﬁnedbythefollowingequation:
EFPM ＝(Emission of PM).
(Fuel consumption)

EFCOfortropicalpeatlandﬁresinIndonesiahasbeen

measured multiple times in the last couple of years. For（1）example,Naraetal.(2017)quantiﬁedEFCO for a tropicalpeatlandﬁreintheRiauProvincein2013at148gkg −1.

Unfortunately, it is nearly impossible to quantify theConversely, EFCO for an intense wildfire event in 2015

ʻemission of PMʼ or the ʻfuel consumptionʼ using fieldwasquantiﬁedat255–291gkg −1 (Huijnen et al. 2016;

observation data. For this reason, the emission ratio is

Stockwell et al. 2016). This variability in the EFCO valueemission ratio of PM (ERPM)isdeﬁnedinthefollowing

well as the combustion conditions.

frequently used to constrain the emission of PM. The

may be caused by differences in the fuel composition as

way:

ERPM ＝(Emission of PM) (Concentration of PM)〜.（2）(Emission of CO) (Concentration of CO)

Equation (2) shows that ERPM can be constrained byeffort to control the air quality. In the case of thepeatlandﬁreinRiau,airqualitymonitoringstationswereconverted to EFPM by combining it with the emission

located at Pekanbaru (Riau, Indonesia) and Muar (Johor,

factor of CO (EFCO).

EFPM
.
EFCO

Malaysia) (Figure 1). These observation sites have（3）

measured haze from wildfires in Sumatra, especiallythose in Riau (Figure 2).

ThewildﬁreeventsinJune2013andFebruary–March

EFCOisdeﬁnedbythefollowingequation:2014 were especially pronounced. During these time

(Emission of CO)
EFCO ＝(Fuel consumption)〜〜〜

periods,intensepeatlandﬁresoccurredinRiau(Gaveau
et al. 2014). As a result, the PM10 concentrations atthese observation sites were higher than 500 μg m−3(Emission of CO)(Total carbon emission
× 1/Mass fraction of carbon)(Emission of CO)((Emissions of CO,CO2 and CH4)
× 1/Mass fraction of carbon)

Both CO and PM10 (PM smaller than 10 μm in diameter)are monitored by government agencies as a part of an

conducting measurements of CO and PM. ERPM can be

EFPM ＝

Constraining PM Emissions via continuous
atmospheric observations

and the maximum CO concentration exceeded 10 ppm.
Importantly, the enhancements in the CO and PM10levels were well correlated (Figure 3). The value of the（4）(Concentration of CO).
((Concentrations of CO,CO2 and CH4)
× 1/Mass fraction of carbon)

Here, it is assumed that approximately all of the carbon(>99%) in the fuel is converted to CO, CO2 and CH4.

This assumption has been experimentally validated.
Equation(4)demonstratesthatEFCO can be determinedby conducting atmospheric observations as long as theelemental compositions of the fuels are known. A caveat
to the above discussion is that the atmosphericFigure 1.Locationsofatmosphericobservationstations:
● :Pekanbaruand▲ :Muar.Majorcitiesintheregion.

concentrations of both the gas species and PM in a2

Newsletter

Figure 2.Timeseriesfor(a)thewildﬁrehotspotintheRiauProvinceandtherestofSumatra,(b)
the PM10 concentration at Pekanbaru, (c) the PM10 concentration at Muar, (d) the CO concentration
at Pekanbaru and (e) the CO concentration at Muar.

Figure 3. Correlation between the PM10 and CO concentrations observed at Pekanbaru during thepeatlandﬁreperiodintheRiauProvinceinFebruary–March2014.

3

Newsletter

Referencesslope in figure 3 provides the ER PM value for the

Gaveau, D. L. A., Salim, M. A., Hergoualc'h, K., Locatelli, B., Sloan, S.,

peatlandﬁreevent.

Wooster, M., Marlier, M. E., Molidena, E., Yaen, H., DeFries, R.,

As detailed in Kuwata et al. (2018), the values for

ERCO were 87 ±14μg mg−1

and 127 ± 2 μg mg−1Verchot, L., Murdiyarso, D., Nasi, R., Holmgren, P., and Sheil, D. (2014).

for

Major atmospheric emissions from peat fires in Southeast AsiathepeatlandﬁreeventsinRiauduring2013and2014,

during non-drought years: evidence from the 2013 Sumatran fires.

respectively. These values can be translated to ERPM
values of 13 ± 2 g kg

−1

Sci Rep. 4:6112.

(2013) and 19 ± 2 g kg (2014).
−1

Huijnen, V., Wooster, M. J., Kaiser, J. W., Gaveau, D. L. A., Flemming,

Thesevaluesare10–60%higherthanthecorrespondingJ., Parrington, M., Inness, A., Murdiyarso, D., Main, B., and van
Weele, M. (2016). Fire carbon emissions over maritime southeast

value for the current emission inventory (van der Werf etAsia in 2015 largest since 1997. Sci Rep. 6:26886.

al. 2010), obser vationally demonstrating that PM

Koplitz, S. N., Mickley, L. J., Marlier, M. E., Buonocore, J. J., Kim, P. S.,

emissions from peatland fires have likely been

Liu, T. J., Sulprizio, M. P., DeFries, R. S., Jacob, D. J., Schwartz, J.,

underestimated.

Pongsiri, M., and Myers, S. S. (2016). Public health impacts of thesevere haze in Equatorial Asia in September- October 2 015:

Assessment of health impacts

demonstration of a new framework for informing fire management

It has been reported that air pollution increases thestrategies to reduce downwind smoke exposure. Environ. Res.
Lett. 11:094023.

occurrence of various diseases, including respiratory

Kuwata, M., Neelam-Naganathan, G.-G., Miyakawa, T., Khan, M. F.,

diseases, cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer.

Kozan, O. , Kawasaki, M . , Sumin, S . , and Latif, M . T. (2 018).

However, most previous studies have been conducted

Constraining the emission of particulate matter from Indonesianin North America and Europe where air pollution levels

peatland burning using continuous observation data J. Geophys.

are relatively low. Such studies have focussed on theRes. 123:9828–9842.

health effects of air pollutants from anthropogenic

Ma rlier, M . E . , DeFries , R . S . , Voulga ra kis , A . , K inney, P. L . ,sources. There is very little evidence available toRanderson, J. T., Shindell, D. T., Chen, Y., and Faluvegi, G. (2013).

wildfires, especially in Southeast Asia. Children are

southeast Asia. Nat. Clim. Change 3:131-136.

El Nino a nd hea lt h r isks f rom la ndscape f i re em is sions in

examine the health effects of exposure to haze due toNara, H., Tanimoto, H., Tohjima, Y., Mukai, H., Nojiri, Y., and Machida,

more susceptible to the harmful effects of air pollutants

T. (2017). Emission factors of CO2 , CO and CH4 from Sumatran

because they breathe more per kg of body weight andpeatland fires in 2013 based on shipboard measurements. Tellus

tend to be outside more than adults.

Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology 69:1399047.

In the RIHN project, we are evaluating the health

Stockwell, C. E., Jayarathne, T., Cochrane, M. A., Ryan, K. C., Putra, E.

impacts of smoke haze caused by peatland fires in

I., Saharjo, B. H., Nurhayati, A. D., Albar, I., Blake, D. R., Simpson, I.

monitoring during haze periods to perform propert race ga ses a nd aero s ols em it ted by peat f i res i n C ent ra lJ., Stone, E. A., and Yokelson, R. J. (2016). Field measurements ofIndonesia. Specifically, we will conduct air quality

Kalimantan, Indonesia during the 2015 El Niño. Atmos. Chem. Phys.

exposure assessments and epidemiological studies. In

16:11711–11732.

the epidemiological studies, we will examine 1) thevan der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M.,

association between the number of hospitalizations andKasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and vanhazepollutantsfromforestﬁresinPalangkaRayaand

Leeuwen, T. T. (2010). Global fire emissions and the contribution of

Pekanbaru and 2) the respiratory symptoms anddeforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997-2009).
Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10:11707-11735.

pulmonaryfunctionsmeasuredusingpeakﬂowmeters
for schoolchildren during haze periods in Palangka
Raya and Pekanbaru.

Via this joint research project, we will quantify thehealth effects of haze pollutants caused by peatland

ﬁres.Usingtheseresults,wewillestimatethedisease

burdenduetohazefrompeatlandﬁres.Suchevidence
is relevant from the perspective of public health and willcontribute to future environmental policies to prevent
peatlandﬁres.

4Newsletter

The Fate of Termites and Ants in Tropical Peatlands
Termites and ants living in peatlands may have far-reaching impacts on ecological communities and ecosystemprocesses in tropical peat forest. Kok-Boon Neoh, an entomologist and our project member, explains the
dynamics of ecosystem caused by them.

Kok-Boon Neoh

Department of Entomology,
National Chung Hsing University

General view of arthropod biodiversity
in tropical forests
Tropical peatland is the dominant landscape in the

Indo - Malayan region. It globally ac c ounts forapproximately 72% of tropical peatlands, stretchingout over mangrove forests, peat swamp forests, andfreshwater swampland forests. A recent statistic

showed that these highly disturbance-sensitive forests
are massively exploited, with a decline of 5.1 million▲ Figure. 2. Termite and ant surveys were conducted with thetechnical supports from Riau University. The author is at the center.

hectaresor42%ofthetotalcurrentareaofintactpeatswamp forest, compared with the area of forests two

secondary peatland increased twofold to 2.3 million

Biodiversity and the collapse of functional
structure in fire-impacted peatlands

anthropogenic activity in the form of deforestation for

insect groups in tropical peat forest ecosystems

decades ago. In the meantime, the area of abandoned
hectares or 15% of the total area. The extensive

Termites and ants are highly abundant and diverse

valuable logs and land conversion into agro-industrial(Figure 1). Termites are well known to play major roles

plantations, together with the associated groundwater

as soil ecosystem engineers, helping soil fertilization,

draining,increasestheriskofpeatﬁres.Furthermore,

decomposition, and nutrient-carbon cycling. Similarly,

prolongedperiodsofannualdroughtsandﬂoodsmay

ants act as seed dispersers, are mutualists with andresult in a drastic change in the environmental

direct prey of multiple ta xa, and assist in soil

conditions of peatlands. As a consequence, peat

processing and nutrient cycling. Recent studies on

swamp forests support lower species diversity thanfood webs at multiple trophic levels in tropicaltropical rainforests. However, these forests are known

rainforests suggested that predators are highly

dependentfortheirdietonantsandtermites.Given

to be the habitat of some ecological dominant

their major roles as detritivores and herbivores,

terrestrial and aquatic species, particularly peat-

dependent species, which potentially contribute to thetermites and ants may be vitally important for the foodregional beta-diversity.

web dynamics in tropical peat swamp forests,
maintaining the stability of ecological dynamics.

Since 2012, intensive arthropod surveys (Figure 2)

have been undertaken in the transition zone of theGiam Siak Kecil–Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (0°44'–1°11'N, 0°11'–102°10'E), which lies between 0
and 50 m above sea level. The transition zone

encompasses304,123haor43.1%ofthetotalareaof
biosphere reserves. The transition zone is a majorarea for human settlement and agro-industrial
plantations of oil palm, rubber, and fast-growing trees(i.e., Acacia and Eucalyptus). In this study, we evaluatedthree sites of peatland: one site that was burnt 6

▲Figure. 1. Termite is omnipresent in tropical peat forest ecosystem.

5

Newslettermonths ago (Figure 3), one site that was burnt 8 years

were absent from the fire-impacted peatland. Mostago(Figure4),andaburntpeatlandcultivatedwithoil

wood-nesting termite colonies were detected insidepalm (Figure 5), which were characterized byincompletely charred tree branches and barks. Thismoderate to high ecological degradation.

suggests that tree branches and barks might have

Overall, the termite species richness in fire-provided the termites with refugia from heat during theimpactedpeatlandsdecreasedupto40%ofthetotal

ﬁresandfromﬂoodingduringtherainingseason.The

number of species found in peat swamp forests. The

high similarity in species composition in recently burnt

ﬁressigniﬁcantlychangedthecommunitystructureof

peatland, long-ago burnt peatland, and peatland

termites, with one family becoming dominant. In

cultivated with oil palm trees implies low species

particular, only termites that nest inside wood (family

turnover,regardlessofhowlongagotheﬁre-impacted

Rhinotermitidae)survivedthroughtheﬁres.Termites

peatlands were abandoned or cultivated. This resultthat build mounds or nests in trees (family Termitidae)

does not necessarily imply that the fire-impacted
peatlands did not favour the colonization of termites
but instead that there is spatial dependence.

The impact of the fragmentation of peat forests on

ant and termite is expected to be minimal. The
species richness of ants in small remnant fragmentsof peat swamp forests surveyed in the present study

wa s 3 0 % l ower than the s p e c i es r i c hnes s inpreviously studied Bornean tropical peat swamp
forests of Central Kalimantan. The species richnessof termites was 90% higher than that recorded in a

▲ Figure 3. Peatland burnt 6 months ago.

near-natural peat swamp forest in Sarawak. In
addition, the fragmented forests support disturbance-

sensitive species of both taxa such as soil-feedingtermites (Subulitermes group), specialist predators, andgeneralized Myrmicinae ants that were reported to bestrongly associated with forest systems.

Giventheirrichbiodiversity,theseremnantsofpeatswamp forests can act as sources for recolonization of
adjacent areas (Figure 6). This notion was proven inanother study in which termites and ants were

sampled in fire-impacted peatlands at var ying

distancesfromtheremnantforests:sitesclosetothe▲ Figure 4. Peatland burnt 8 years ago.

forests (10 to 1000 m) and sites distant from theforests (> 10 km). This study demonstrated apronounced difference in functional group compositionof termites. In particular, the fire-impacted peatlands
close to remnant forests contained two additionaltermite functional groups and shared a similar
composition structure with remnant forests but weresigniﬁcantlydifferentfromsitesdistantfromremnantforests. Ants are apparently resilient to fire, as thesimilarity index revealed a high degree of similarity
among ant communities in all land-uses surveyed.
The evenness of termite and ant composition

decreased with distance from the remnant forests,▲ Figure 5. Burnt peatland cultivated with oil palm.

6

Newsletter
whereas the level of ecological degradation increased

and eventually promotes coexistence of species.

vegetation variables and ecological degradation were

not a priority in the land-use policy of Indonesia,

with distance. In general, in this study, both peat

However, maintaining fragmented remnant forests isimportant in shaping the termite and ant communities

where landowners prefer to convert tropical peatlandsof tropical peatlands, but their relative importance wasinto more lucrative oil palm and timber plantations.

notsigniﬁcantinﬁre-impactedpeatlands,regardless

Future studies of tropical peatlandsof distance from the remnant forests.

Termites and ants are ubiquitous and may have far-reaching impacts on ecological communities ande c o sys te m p r o c e s s e s i n t r o p i c a l p eat fo r e s t
ecosystems. Future studies to quantify termite andant biomass in relation to CO 2 and methane gas

emission following peat clearance events areimportant. Robust scientific evidence on the role ofremnant forests in restoring the biodiversity of fire-

impacted peatlands is required to emphasize thevalue of conserving remnant peat forests in Southeast▲ Figure 6. Remnant forests play a role as biodiversity reservoir andnatural buffer to enhance species diversity and the recolonization offorest-adapted species.

Asia. Although we should harness the services

The importance of remnant forests in
the restoration of biodiversity

potential pest status of termites and ants. In particular,termites and ants provide to natural ecosystems indegraded peatlands, we must not lose sight of theconsidering the ongoing conversion of peatlands into

silvicultural plantations, some dominant species such

Forest fragmentation is detrimental to the assemblage

as Coptotermes spp. are infamous for their pest statusof local species if small fragments experience higher

in Southeast Asian oil palm plantations.

species loss than large fragments. However, in thisstudy, the impact of fragmentation on the two taxa

References

was minimal even though the peat swamp forest sites

Jalaludin, N. A., Rahim, F. A. S. Z. L. Y., & Yaakop, S. (2018) “Termite

comprised only less than 5 hectares. Importantly, theassociated to oil palm stands in three types of soils in Ladangfragmented forests support disturbance-sensitive

Endau Rompin, Pahang, Malaysia.” Sains Malaysiana 47: 1961-1967.

species of both taxa such as soil-feeding termites,

Kok-Boon Neoh, Lee-Jin Bong, Ahmad Muhammad, Masayuki Itoh,specialist predators, and generalized Myrmicinae ants

Osamu Kozan, Yoko Takematsu, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura. (2016) “Thethat may be endemic in peat swamp forests. This

impact of tropical peat fire on termite assemblage in Sumatra,Indonesia: reduced complexity of community structure andhighlights the importance of remnant forests assurvival strategies.” Environmental Entomology 45: 1170-1177.

biodiversity reservoirs and natural buffers to enhance

Kok-Boon Neoh, Lee-Jin Bong, Ahmad Muhammad, Masayuki

species diversity and recolonization of forest-adapted

Itoh, Osamu Kozan, Yoko Takematsu, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura. (2017)

species.

“The effect of remnant forest on insect successional response intropical fire-impacted peatland: A bi-taxa comparison.” PLoS One

The successional processes of termites and ants in

12(3): e0174388. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174388

tropical peat swamp forest ecosystem following

Kok-Boon Neoh, Lee-Jin Bong, Ahmad Muhammad, Masayuki

disturbances have important implications for the

Itoh, Osamu Kozan, Yoko Takematsu, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura. (2015)

restoration of ecosystem function and for the“Understanding the impact of fire on termites in degradedtropical peatlands and the mechanisms for their ecologicalecological dynamics of species. For example, soil-

success: Current knowledge and research needs.” Ecologicalfeeding termites were reported to increase soil pH,

Research 30: 759-769.

organic carbon content, and water content and to

Bourguignon, T., Dahlsjö, C. A. L., Salim, K. A., & Evans, T. A. (2018).

signiﬁcantlymodifysoilcomposition.Thesefeatures

“Termite diversity and species composition in heath forests, mixed

are vital for plant growth. The introduction of forest

dipterocarp forests, and pristine and selectively logged tropicalpeat swamp forests in Brunei.” Insectes Sociaux 65:439-444.

ant species from remnant forests indirectly alters thedominance structure of ants in fire-impacted peats
7

Project Members(April 1, 2019)◎ Project Leader

KOZAN, Osamu (RIHN*/ CSEAS**, Kyoto University)◎ Project Members( ●：Leaders of Working Groups/ ○：In-house Members)[Material Cycling Group]● ITOH, Masayuki(University of Hyogo/ CSEAS**, Kyoto University)● KOZAN, Osamu (RIHN*/ CSEAS**, Kyoto University)● SHIMAMURA, Tetsuya(Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University)
Hasrullah (RIHN*/ Riau University)

HIRANO, Takashi(Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University)

IIZUKA, Kotaro(Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo)

IRIANA, Windy(Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo)○ KAWASAKI, Masahiro (RIHN*/ Kyoto University)
KOBAYASHI, Shigeo (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)

KUME, Takashi (Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University)
KUWATA, Mikinori(Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological
University)

MATSUMI, Yutaka (Nagoya University)
MIZUNO, Kei (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)
NEOH, Kok-boon(Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University)

OHASHI, Masahumi (Graduate School of Science andEngineering, Kagoshima University)

ONDA, Nariaki (Institute of Decision Science for a Sustainable
Society, Kyushu University)
PAGE, Susan (Department of Geography, Leicester University)
SABIHAM, Supiandi(Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University)

SETIADI, Bambang (Agency for the Assessment and Application ofTechnology Indonesia)○ SHIODERA, Satomi (RIHN*/ CSEAS**, Kyoto University)

TONOKURA, Kenichi(Graduate school of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo)

UEDA, Kayo (Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University)○ YAMANAKA, Manabu D. (RIHN*/ Kobe University/ Japan Agency
for Marine-Earth Science and Technology)[International Research Group]● NAITO, Daisuke (Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University)
ABE, Kenichi (RIHN*)ISHIKAWA, Noboru (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)
KAWAKAMI, Toyoyuki (Rainforest Action Network)
MONDA, Yukako (Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University)
SASAKI, Katsunori (FoE Japan)[Community, Corporate and Governance Group]● MIZUNO, Kosuke (Kyoto University)● OKAMOTO, Masaaki (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)
ABE, Ryuichiro (Japan NGO Network on Indonesia)

AMINAH MEUTIA, Ami(Faculty of Global and Regional Studies, Doshisha University)

DEWI, Kurniawati Hastuti (Indonesian Institute of Sciences)
DHENY, Trie Wahyu Sampurno(Geospatial Information Agency Indonesia)

GUNAWAN, Haris (Peatland Restoration Agency, Indonesia)
HASEGAWA, Takuya (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)
HAYASHIDA, Hideki (Institute for Study of Humanities and Social
Sciences, Doshisha University)

HONNA, Jun(Collage of International Relation, Ritsumeikan University)

HOSOBUCHI, Michiko (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)
ITO, Takeshi(Graduate School of Global Studies, Sophia University)○ KAJITA, Ryosuke (RIHN*)
KANO, Hiroyoshi (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)

KAMEDA, Akihiro (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)
KOIZUMI, Yusuke(School of Human Geography, University of Tokyo)

KONISHI, Tetsu (Department of Economics, Osaka University of
Economics and Law)
SURAYAH, Lutfiah(RIHN*/ Peatland Restoration Agency, Indonesia)

MASUDA, Kazuya(Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University)○ OSAWA, Takamasa (RIHN*/ National Museum of Ethnology)

PRASETYAWAN, Wahyu(Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Islamic State University)

SAMBUAGA, Adlin(Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Riau University)

SATO, Yuri

(Area Studies Center, Institute of Developing Economies)

SUZUKI, Haruka (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)
van SCHAIK, Arthur (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)
TERAUCHI, Daisuke (Faculty of Sociology, Toyo University)
TOJO, Bumpei(Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo)

WATANABE, Kazuo (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)
WIJAYA, Putri (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)
YOSHIDA, Koshi (Collage of Agriculture, Ibaraki University)[Research Associate]○ KATSURA, Tomomi (RIHN*)[Advisors]
SUGIHARA, Kaoru (RIHN*)

KONO, Yasuyuki (Kyoto University)

SAMEJIMA, Hiromitsu (Institute for Global Environmental

Strategies/ CSEAS**, Kyoto University)

Wil De Jong (CSEAS**, Kyoto University)* : Research Institute for Humanity and Nature** : Center for Southeast Asian Studies

Newsletter No.6

March 10, 2019

Published by Tropical Peatland Society ProjectRoom 4, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
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