Industrial Automation Wireless Networks
Update – Ever More Relevant for ODVABob Voss, David Brandt, Paul Didier
Panduit, Rockwell Automation, Cisco

Agenda•••Use Cases
Technologies – Current StateKey Industrial Considerations– Resiliency– Latency/Jitter– Time synchronization••ArchitecturesODVA Impact

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Wireless is a key enabler for digitizing operations
Applications have unique wireless requirements

High bandwidth

Low latency

High availability

Zero-loss handoffs

Ruggedization

HD video, AGVs,
3D sensors

Teleremote,AGVs, AMRs

Loss of connectivity
causes safety issues
or loss of money

Real-time control ofunmanned vehicles,
support forapplications at highspeed

IP67 protection(water and dust),
hardened for shock,vibration, extreme
temperatures

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Use Cases
•••
•
•
••
•
•
•

Smart devices
Automated Guided
Surveillance Cameras
Human Machine Interface
Remote Expert
Augmented Reality
Sensors, Actuators
Wireless Tooling
Mobile Work-CellProduct Downloads

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4The Advantages of Wi-Fi 6/6E

Higherdata rates••Improved modulation forup to 9.6Gb/s per radio
and single-antenna speedsof 1.2Gb/s
8x8:8 Spatial streams (vs.
4x4:4) increasing density –Multiple Input, Multiple
Output (MIMO)

Increase in overall
network capacity•More Industry, Scientific andMedical (ISM) spectrum•3-4x more throughput than802.11ac via improved
modulation scheme•

Up to 4x capacity gain indense scenarios with
underlying infrastructureservices

Reduced latency andgreater reliability•

Scheduled uplink/downlink
windows for deterministic‘cellular-like’ latency,reliability i.e. Quality ofService•

Optimized for IOT scale with
100s of devices per AP•

Spectrum w/o Listen-BeforeTalk (LBT)

Improved power
efficiency•Up to 3x better battery life
with Target Wake Time(TWT)•New coding structure andsignaling procedures forbetter Transmit/Receive
efficiency

For more information see: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/wireless/white-paper-c11-740788.html
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66 GHz is the biggest Wi-Fi spectrum expansion everTechnical Track© 2023 ODVA, Inc.

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Wi-Fi 7 (802.11bn) Enhancements

Higherdata rates

Increase in throughput andresiliency•

Up to 4K QAM (12-bits/Hz)
for 46Gb/s per radio andsingle-antenna speedsof 2.8Gb/s•

Multi-link operation (MLO) or “carrieraggregation” better exploits availablespectrum (e.g., simultaneous 5GHz
160MHz + 6GHz 320MHz)•320MHz channels (vs.
160MHz) and 16x16:16
spatial streams (vs. 8x8:8)•MLO can also be used for
redundancy or improved resiliency
via per-packet link selection

Emergency services
support

5G compatible QoS•

Scheduled uplink/downlink
transmissions enabled forbounded latency and reliability•

Enables mission critical apps like
AR/VR and IOT/industrial @ scale(10-100s devices per AP)•

5QI QoS mapping via SCS/WTSN•

Emergency Preparedness
Communication Service(EPCS) enables priority
channel access (PAC) for firstresponders•

Combined with WBA
OpenRoaming, opens guest
Wi-Fi to Emergency Services.

For more information see: https://wballiance.com/road-to-wi-fi-7/
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5G Release 17•

Release 17 (3gpp.org)

5G New Radio, or 5G NR, is a set of standards that
replace the LTE network 4G wirelesscommunications standard.
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•••••••••••••••••••

Sidelink enhancements (UE to UE comms)
Reduced capability (Redap) NR devices,
NR operation extended to 71GHz,
Further enhancements on MIMO for NR,
NR over Non terrestrial Networks (NTN),
IoT over NTN,
UE power saving enhancements for NR,
Enhancements to Integrated Access and Backhaul
for NR,
Enhancement of RAN slicing for NR,
RF requirements enhancement for NR FR1,
RF requirements for NR FR2,
Coverage and positioning enhancements,
NR and slicing QoE,
Enhanced support of non-public networks,
Support for uncrewed aerial systems,
Support for edge computing in 5GC,
Proximity-based services in 5GS,
Access traffic steering, switch and splitting(ATSSS),
Network automation for 5G (Phase 2).
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95G Feature Release
FeatureRelease 15(2018/2019)

Release 16(2020)

Release 17(2022)

All basic features(for IMT-2020
compliance)

Adds redundanttransmissions,
QoS monitoring

No new features

Ethernet PDU

NoYes

Yes

Time Sync
SupportNone

IEEE 802.1AS
gPTP only

IEEE 1588 PTP(CIP Sync)

Positioning< 50 m<3m<1m

Network Slicing

Basic slicing
features (similarto VLAN)

Adds network
slice-basedauthentication(NSSAA)Adds slice groups(NSSRG),
enhanced RAN
supportRelies on LTE

5G core support
for NB-IoT

NR RedCap(replacementfor LTE Cat 1)

URLLCIIoT

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••Feature release for telecom providers remains
5G vendor priority
Significant lag between 3GPP specification
release and commercial availability (particularlyof “industrial” features not needed by telecom)––•

5G modems more closely follow 3GPP releases––•

Release 16 completed in 2020
No infrastructure supporting Release 16features (e.g., time sync support) until end of2023 / early 2024
Some updates via firmware, many require newsiliconMore likely to see “Release 16-compliant” 5G
modem

Infrastructure adds features from future 3GPP
releases incrementally––––Typically via software update
Follows vendor internal roadmaps
Features from lower-numbered 3GPP releases
generally added firstSome features (e.g., localization) may require
special hardware support in basebands

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5G Carries EtherNet/IP Natively•5G networks natively support traffic over TCP/IP (e.g., IPv4 PDU)

•Support for Ethernet frames added in 3GPP Release 16 (Ethernet PDU)–•

EtherNet/IP is carried by TCP and UDP, so EtherNet/IP can run on any 5G!
–•

Most existing 5G equipment on the market today does not support Ethernet PDU

Most industrial protocols need special tunneling (e.g., VXLAN) or Ethernet PDU support

Special support needed for: 1) Time synchronization (motion), 2) Multiple devices behind a UE•

Application
PDU Layer

PDU Layer
Relay

5G-AN
ProtocolLayers5G-AN
ProtocolLayers

UE

Relay
GTP-U

GTP-U

GTP-U

GTP-UUDP/IP

UDP/IP

UDP/IP

UDP/IP

L2L2L2L2L1L1L1L1§8.3.1 of 3GPP TS 23.501 v15.13.0
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UPF

5G-AN
N3––UPF(PDU Session Anchor)
N9PDU layer: PDU = protocol data unit. This layer corresponds to thePDU carried between the user equipment (UE) and the datanetwork (DN) over the PDU Session.

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When the PDU Session Type is IPv4 or IPv6 or IPv4v6, itcorresponds to IPv4 packets or IPv6 packets or both of them.
When the PDU Session Type is Ethernet, it corresponds toEthernet frames.

•5G-AN: 5G access network•GTP-U: GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for the user planewww.odva.org

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5G Support for Time Synchronization
Figure 5.27.1-1 from 3GPP TS 23.501 v17.9.0: 5GS time synchronization

5G Time
Domain5GS
5G GM

Station: (g)PTP time synchronization

5GS

5GS

DS-TT

5GS

TSiTSeEnd: 5GS timing direction(g)PTP timing direction

UEUu
gNB

5GS
PTPTE Transp.tcompatible
5G
transport(g)PTP
GMNW-TT
UPF

BridgeExternalnetwork

EndStation

5G system can be considered as an
802.1AS time-aware system or IEEE 1588 Boundary or Transparent Clock••

5G system (5GS) supporting Release 16+ will correct residence time via TSN Translators (TTs)Two types of TTs: device-side TT (DS-TT; TSN master), and network-side TT (NW-TT)–••

Grandmaster may be internal or external to the 5G system; at most one NW-TT can be a TSN slave

5G system uses its own synchronization mechanisms internally, adds residence time to correction field
Release 16 supports IEEE 802.1AS gPTP; Release 17 adds support for standard PTP (CIP Sync)–Vendors may choose when to implement features according to their own product roadmaps

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12Support for Multiple Devices Behind Single UE•

Advantageous if single UE can support multiple automation devices––••

5G is designed to connect single device (i.e., phone)
Tunneling / VXLAN can be used to support multiple devices behind UE––•May need “extra box” behind UE to act as tunnel endpoint
Some UEs can run containers (e.g., with OpenVPN)

5G also supports “framed routing” (TS 23.501 §5.6.14)––•

5G user equipment (UEs) are expensive
Many automation devices will not integrate 5G radios

https://www.industrialnetworking.com/pdf/HMS-anybus-wireless-bolt.pdf

Originally developed as part of RADIUS (RFC 2865)
Also called “Routing Behind Mobile Station” or “Routing Behind UE”

Remote I/O

Example of how framed routing works:–––––

Allocate small subnet (/27 or smaller) behind UE
This subnet is associated with a user name and password, stored in 5G core,
specifically unified data management (UDM) service
5G UE attached to network using SIM credentials (primary authentication)
5G UE may also authenticate to data network using EAP (typically via PAP orCHAP) – this is called secondary authentication
When UE performs secondary authentication, route created in core to subnet
associated with secondary authentication credentials

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5G IndustrialRouter

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Safety I/O
PLC / PAC
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Grant-Free Scheduling•••

End devices (UEs) typically must request
permission (grant) to send uplink data
Delay caused by scheduling request
procedure unacceptable for low-latency
applications
Grant-free scheduling (also called
transmission without grant, TWG) possible– Base station reserves resources for uplink foreach UE; UE can transmit on these at any time
– Lowers latency, but reduces throughput

https://www.rfwireless-world.com/5G/5G-NRScheduling-Request-Procedure.html

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•Periodicity of grant-free uplink resources isadjustable

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1:1 Slot Ratios•••

EtherNet/IP typically has approximately equal traffic in each direction
Typical cellular use cases are downlink heavy (e.g., streaming video)
5G divides resources in time into frames, subframes, slots, then symbols– Individual symbols can be allocated for downlink, uplink, or flexible– Takes time to switch radios between downlink and uplink••With time-division duplexing, slots (each containing 14 symbols) are typicallyallocated as downlink (D), uplink (U), or special (S; mix of symbols)
Slot patterns set ratio of uplink to downlink traffic, as well as retry delay– 5G base stations and UEs initially offered only a few fixed slot ratios– Closest to symmetric was 4:1 downlink to uplink, such as DDDSUUDDDD– Current 5G equipment may offer nearly 1:1 slot ratio, e.g., DDSUU•

Even with 1:1 slot ratio, downlink throughput is typically better– E.g., due to MCS differences, such as higher-order QAM in downlink

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5G-ACIA•

5G Alliance for Connected Industriesand Automation•Working Party of ZVEI (GermanElectrical and Electronic
Manufacturers’ Association)•Industrial + Telecom members•

Industrial use case development••

Whitepapers
Contributions to influence 3GPP,ETSI, etc.

[10]

Six Nines (99.9999%) is wired Ethernet reliability
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Key Considerations
Indoor/Outdoor
Fixed/Mobility
Low/High Data Rate
Best Effort/Mission Critical
Device Availability
Throughput
Transmit PowerCoverage
Power input
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Licensed/Unlicensed/Shared
Low/Medium/High Band
Spectrum
Public/Private
Options
Country’s regulations

Use Case
Particularity

Customer’s
ChoiceTechnology
Differentiation

TCO
Consideration

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Certifiability
Capex & Opex
Compatibility
Scalability
Eco-system
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Considerations for wireless technology decision

What are the devices toconnect?

Devices
Local and global
Eco-system Handhelds,
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What are the applications
requirements?

Application
requirements
Latency, Reliability, Scalability,
Ease of operations, device andsystem throughput…

Deployment
Scenarios?

What are the potential
technology options?

What are the CapEx andOpEx Implication?

Deployment

Technology

TCO

Regional regulations:spectrum?
Specify Environment:
Indoor / Outdoor
Access / backhaul
Cyber-security

Wired: Ethernet, serial, DSL
Wireless: Wi-Fi andUltra-Reliable Wireless
Backhaul, 5G Cellular,
Wi-SUN, LoRaWAN,…
Spectrum: Unlicensed,
Licensed: Private,Public, SharedProduct costs?
Operational costs?
Complexity?
Training?
Backward compatibility?

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What is Private Wireless?
A private network that is built using fit-for-purpose technology, dedicated to carrying traffic from a
specific entity (e.g., an enterprise) in licensed or unlicensed radio spectrum

DevicesSpectrum

Endpoints
Connected via secureedge anchors

Licensed Spectrum
Available for Private
UseRadioAccessRadio Network

Access Network

Radios & Antennas

Enterprise LAN &WAN

Unlicensed
Spectrum
Available for Private
Use

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CorePacket Core
Session Policy & Control

IT/OT InterfacesOutcomes

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Wi-Fi & 5G Comparable Architectures

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Impact on CIP and EIP••

RA/Ericsson blog – CIP can be carried – as a routed protocol or tunneled
protocol, Safety and I/O ready to go, Release 16/17 for CIP Sync 16-.1AS
17-PTP default option, TSN –capability (802.1AS, Scheduling) - TBD abigger
CIP/EIP runs natively on WiFi networks. WiFi enhancements improve
resiliency, latency and performance. WiFi still not PTP aware.

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