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Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press from TrioReading 3 by Kate Adams © Oxford University Press 2016.

More and more people are using crowdfuncling lo pay for their projects and create new products.
Crowclfuncling lakes place when a person or business gels many small payments from a large numberof people� Usually, the way lo do this is lo use the Internet.亡互コll-ying lo get a few people to givethousands of dollars, you get hundreds of people, maybe thousands, to give a few dollars. But this isstill not easy. You want people to see the仁亙コof your idea. How will you get them to give lhedollars they earn lo you?
There are websites that make this opportunity possible. Kiclzstarter and GoGetFunding arepopular. You create a short video to explain your project. The most important part is getting yourmessage across. Just because you've made your idea known, it亡亙コyou will get the money youneed. You still need to sell your idea.
Many people begin by explaining what the producl is and then lelling why people need it. Forexample, one of the mosl popular crowdfuncled products is a watch. The Pebble watch connects withinformation on a smartphone that will send information to the watch. More than 65,000 people gavemoney for this product. Crowclfunding raised $10.3 million for it．こ亙コ，it's not just products thatpeople use crowdfunding for. People use il for their music, film, art, or writing projects.
Projects usually get from 25 to 40 percent of their money from crowdfuncling sites. \\'ho is givingall the money? When people need money, they often ask their friends and family. Crowdfunding oftenworks the same way, but once you create your video and message, your friends share il with theirfriends. If you've created a message that people can connect to, you get many more people to give.
Why do these people give? First, there is the "feel-good" factor.

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Second, many small businesses offer rewards to people. Third, sometimes the reward is simplygetting lo use the product. And this is part of the I 32I of crowdfunding. You could make adifference.
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From Anderson. ACTIVE Skills for Reading 3, 3E. © 2013 Heinle/ELT, a part ofCengage, Inc. Reproduced by permission. www.cengage.com/permissionsIn recent years, the growing trend of barefoot running has started a debate among athletes anddoctors about the possible health benefits of running with ve1-y light sandals or no shoes at all.
Barefoot running has gained popularity among both casual and competitive athletes. Some athletes saythat running barefoot has helped them cure or avoid injuries; others claim that running barefoot hasimproved their running form and race times. Opponents, however, say that there is no scientific ormedical proof that barefoot running is safer or better than wearing traditional running shoes.
Researchers point out that many of the world's best long-distance running cultures — theTarahurnara Indians of Mexico and the Marathon Monks of E111-yaku Temple in Japan, for example run either barefoot or in thin sandals and don't often suffer leg injuries. These same experts note thatcertain injuries that are common to shoe-wearing athletes are rare among barefoot running cultures,especially back and knee issues.
Barefoot running supporters believe that going shoeless strengthens foot and calf muscles,improves balance, reduces the shock of hilting the ground, and actually makes some runners faster.
Researchers have noted that running barefoot encourages runners to land more on the front of thefoot - the forefoot or ball of the foot*— rather than on the heel, which is what most people do whenthey run in shoes. This causes a smaller part of the foot to come to a sudden stop when the foot firstlands, allowing the natural spring-like motion o(the foot and leg to absorb any further shock. Bycontrast, the "heel striking" style of running by most runners in shoes is said to put stress on legjoints and the back.
A 2012 study compared runners wearing shoes and running barefoot. The study documented asix percent improvement in energy usage when running barefoot. Because runners without shoes takeshorter strides and may have different contact with the ground, they use less oxygen and feel lesstired. According to the study, this level of energy saving is equal to what can be achieved after sixweeks of training in running shoes.
Despite this, there is still no clear-cut data, and the debate about barefoot running is alive andwell. Doctors and coaches have noted that people who normally run in shoes have "forgotten" how torun without shoes, and urge athletes not to rush into barefoot running. Persistent pain in the heels,knees, or lower back might be signs that your running form needs adjusting. For those interested inti-ying barefoot running, here are some precautions and practices that doctors and coachesrecommend:· Start slowly. Your feet need time to grow tough skin. Start by walking short distances withoutshoes, and increase your distances ve1-y slowly to give your body time to adapt.
· Listen to your body. In addition to the skin on your feet, your muscles and joints will need time toget used to walking and running without the support of shoes. U your feet or muscles ache, stopwhat you're doing and don't increase your workout until you feel comfortable.
· Take care of your muscles. Stretch your legs often and massage your feet and lower legs to help(8)