University of Aizu, Graduation Thesis. Mar, 2003

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1Hyper English Word Study Dictionary with IndoEuropean Roots and Interim Transitional Words
Yasuto Horikawa
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Supervised by Prof. Nobuyoshi Asai

1.2 What is a Hyper Dictionary?
1.2.1 The usage of Hyper Dictionary

Now, English lesson begins from junior high school inJapan. So, people argue that English education is notenough and it must begin from elementary school. It issaid that English education will become more importantin Japan. But the student’s English level is not going up,
even though the level of an English lesson is going up.
The students who suﬀers in English lessons will increasesteadily. Can educators help the students who suﬀer inEnglish? This Hyper Dictionary is made for the purposeof helping the students.
The English-Japanese dictionary which is usually on theInternet is not diﬀerent from paper dictionaries. Though
the Internet is a good environment to study, there is almost nothing that is made in order to learn. Then, thisHyper Dictionary was invented several years ago. Not
only English and Japanese but a language called IndoEuropean roots is contained in this Hyper Dictionary.
Indo-European roots is the oldest English ancestor. It
has only a few thousand words. With this language, thisHyper Dictionary has the function which specialized inthe use of learning English. Because students memorizing little Indo-European roots, they can memorize a lotof English words derived from there.
Although various functions were added every year inorder to teach English, Interim Transitional Words wasadded this year. Interim Transitional Words is the middleof Indo-European roots and English language. Thereby,changing from Indo-European roots to English became
intelligible. Also with the English word which thespelling and meaning changed from Indo-European roots
sharply does not resemble, it becomes easy to memorize.

1 Introduction
1.1 BackgroundThe structure of a word is diﬀerent in Japanese and English, the people who make Japanese the native language
learn the English word very diﬃcult, then observable
Indo-European roots. Can study of an English word be
performed using this? Since thought it, the project of thisHyper Dictionary started.[1]Hyper Dictionaries and ordinary English-Japanese dictionaries carry out the same usage. But Hyper Dictionaries have special functions. By this functions, studying
English becomes easier. The purpose of these dictionaries is to simplify the study of English words.
1.2.2 The special function of Hyper Dictionary
A special function is being able to search English words
by their Indo-European roots. Moreover, the reverse operation is also possible. This function makes studying
English words eﬃcient.

1.3 What are the Indo-European roots?
1.3.1 The time background of Indo-European roots
Indo-European roots are the original source language ofEnglish. It was the language used between B.C. 3000
from B.C. 5000. It is the ancestor of not only English
but many other languages. About 1350 Indo-Europeanroots are contained in this Hyper Dictionary. Almost thesources is The American Heritage Dictionary.
1.3.2 What is The American Heritage Dictionary?
The American Heritage Dictionary (AHD) is edited by
the authority of broad fields, cultural anthropology, construction, movie, law, military aﬀairs, music, religion,and sport etc. AHD often becomes the source of themagazine, the newspaper, and the Internet. There arevarious kinds of AHD, The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots is a very important for thisHyper Dictionary.[2]1.3.3 The merit of learning English words usingIndo-European roots
Using Indo-European roots is better than studying English words individually. Although there are only IndoEuropean roots and there are a hundred thousand Englishwords. It follows, since Indo-European roots are English ancestors, some English words derive from IndoEuropean roots. For example, searching Indo-Europeanroots ’os-’, found six English words. Students memorize six English words relate one Indo-European roots,studying English words will become easier. (Refer tothe following figure 1.)

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2• Application for study• Interim Transitional Words

figure 1 : Example of Indo-European roots ’as-’

1.4 Purpose
1.4.1 The function of the Hyper Dictionaries established last year
Last year students established the following functions(Refer to the following figure 2.)[3]• Indo-European roots• Prefix• Stem• Synonym

figure 3 : The top page of Hyper Dictionary 2003
editions
Although the upgrade of this Hyper Dictionary is performed by three research students, I took charge of theportion of Interim Transitional Words.

2 Discussion
2.1 What are Interim Transitional Words?
As mentioned, the Indo-European roots were used between B.C. 3000 from B.C. 5000.
Of course, English was not necessarily established immediately after that. Various developments and declines
were accomplished and the present English was established. Intermediate language is called Interim Transitional Words. (Refer to the following figure 4.)

figure 2 : The top page of Hyper Dictionary 2002
editions
1.4.2 How is this dictionaries made to develop thisyear?
This year, students will establish the following functions(Refer to the following figure 3.)[4]• Example sentences

figure 4 : The list of typical Interim Transitional Words

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University of Aizu, Graduation Thesis. Mar, 2003

2.2 The source of Interim TransitionalWords
The American Heritage Dictionary of The English
Language and KENKYUSHA’S NEW ENGLISHJAPANESE DICTIONARY are made references. Bothof the dictionaries carry Interim Transitional Words indetail, and very useful.[5][6]2.3 Notational cautions of a Interim Transitional Words.
The character which is not the alphabet is contained inthis Hyper Dictionary. When searching, you have toreplace them, as shown in a lower figure. This figure
is linked from the top page, no necessary to memorize
them. (Refer to the following figure 5.)[7]3• Tomcat
Tomcat is required to operate Servlet and JavaServer Pages.
• MySQLMySQL is the open source, multiuser and multithread database most famous all over the world.
It uses General Public License (GPL). Incidentally,
SQL is the abbreviation for Structured Query Language.
• JDBC Driver
JDBC Driver is connects MySQL with Servlet bykind of API for the databases for Sun Microsystems companies developed. Incidentally, JDBC isthe abbreviation for Java Database Connectivity.
• Servlet
Servlet is a Java program which operates on aserver.
• JSP

figure 5 : Notation of characters other than the alphabet

2.4 In addition, technology used in server
relation.
Using some technology, in order to realized Hyper Dictionary on Web. (Refer to the following table.)
OSWeb Server
Java
Servlet Container
RDB Server
JDBC Driver

RedHat7.3
Apache1.3.27
J2SDK1.4.1-01
Tomcat4.0.6
MySQL3.23.49
mm.mysql

JSP is the Java version of Active Sever Pages (ASP)
used by Internet Information Service (IIS) of Microsoft Corp. It is one of the mechanisms for realizing the website which displays the page generated
dynamically.
• JAVA Beans
Java Beans is one of the classes used that easily cancall from other Java programs. Thereby, the interface between dynamic objects is realized.

[8][9][10][11]2.4.1 Easy explanation of a technology term
• Apache
Apache is free Web HTTP server software basedon NCSA httpd Ver.1.3 developed by The National
Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).
It operates in almost the environment, Linax,
UNIX, Windows, and Mac. Incidentally, it originates in ”a patchy”.

3 Conclusion
3.1 The display of Interim Transitional
Words
For example, searching an English word ’usher’, InterimTransitional Words is outputted as follows. (Refer to thefollowing figure 6.)

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cious advices by Prof. Yasuhiko Ikebe who was working
for the University of Aizu till last year coming from adistance. Although it became the last, I received greatcooperation of the same laboratory members Mr. Masanari Oya, Ms. Eriko Chida, Ms. Noriko Sato, Mr.
Takumi Sekikawa and Mr. Yasunori Matsuo. Thank youvery much for all. Especially, Mr. Sekikawa and Mr.
Matsuo both studied the same Hyper Dictionary as me, I
recommend also read their graduation thesis.[12][13]References[1] S. Yoshimura, “A study about the hyper-dictionary
used Indo-European roots information”, Master’s
thesis in the department of Science and Engineering at University of Tsukuba, 1997.
[2] C. Watkins, The American Heritage Dictionary ofIndo-European Roots Second Edition,
Houghton Miﬄin Company, 2000.
figure 6 : Interim Transitional Words
Interim Transitional Words are No.2, No.3 and No.4 inabove figure. This location in order of the time whichchanged. Therefore although it is somewhat unclear
visually, it is said that the word changed from IndoEuropean roots of No.1 to English No.5 in order ofthe number. Spelling changed in order of “os-”, “ostium”, “ustiarium”, “ussier” and “usher”. And meaning changed in order of “mouth”, “door”, “doorkeeper”,“gatekeeper” and “receptionist”. Related attachment
deepened rather than being only Indo-European rootsand English words.

3.2 The merit of learning English words
using Interim Transitional Words
Interim Transitional Words can be considered that memorizing increases apparently and it becomes the hindrance of word study. Sure, It is not helpful to memorize many English words to once. However, when students has to memorize a little word, or a long term study
plan is formed, it is very eﬀective to also memorize Interim Transitional Words simultaneously. Spelling andmeaning of Indo-European roots and an English word
has plentifully the case where it is not alike, as thisexample. Even when it forgets the relation with IndoEuropean roots and the English word for the moment,students will be able to take good point to remember Interim Transitional Words.

Acknowledgments
I received great eﬀorts in the weekly meeting etc. byProf. Nobuyoshi Asai of supervisor. And I received pre-[3] N. Asai laboratory at University of Aizu, Hyper English Dictionary 2002 editions,
http://mfntsv1.u-aizu.ac.jp/hidic/[4] N. Asai laboratory at University of Aizu, Hyper English Dictionary 2003 editions,
http://hidic.u-aizu.ac.jp/[5] Margery S. Berube, The American Heritage Dictionary of The English Language Fourth Edition,
Houghton Miﬄin Company, 2000.
[6] Y. Koine, KENKYUSHA’S NEW ENGLISHJAPANESE DICTIONARY FIFTH EDITION,KENKYUSHA, 1998
[7] N. Asai laboratory at University of Aizu, Notationof characters other than the alphabet in Hyper English Dictionary,
http://hidic.u-aizu.ac.jp/hyoki.html[8] Yoshihiro Yamada, The classroom of JSP/Servlet tolearn for 10 days, Shoei Inc, 2000.
[9] MyNA, My SQL Reference,
http://www.mysql.gr.jp/jpdoc/3.23.x/manual.ja toc.html[10] Apache Software Foundation,“The Jakarta Site — Apache Tomcat”
http://jakarta.apache.org/tomcat/index.html[11] ASCII Corporation, ”ASCII Digital Dictionary”
http://yougo.ascii24.com/

University of Aizu, Graduation Thesis. Mar, 2003[12] T. Sekikawa, “Development of English Word Study
Tool with Indo-European Roots”,
Graduation thesis in the department of Computer
Science and Engineering at University of Aizu,
2002.
[13] Y. Matsuo, “Hyper English Word Study Dictionary
with Indo-European Roots”,
Graduation thesis in the department of Computer
Science and Engineering at University of Aizu,
2002.

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