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Educational Principles of Gerodontology
Since Educational Principles of Gerodontology was published by Japanese Society of Gerodontology in May, 2020, itsEnglish version will be published for international distribution.

〈Outline of Gerodontology〉
Ⅰ Introduction of Gerontology⚑．Gerontology andGerodontology⚒．Population Statistics⚑)population structure⚒)ageing population⚓)proportion of population aged 65 years andolder⚔)old-age dependency ratio⚕)ageing index⚖)ageing society and aged society⚗)the young-old（aged 65 to 74）and the old（aged 75 and older）⚘)healthy life expectancy & life expectancy⚓．Epidemiology of the Elderly ⚑)cause of death and bedridden⚒)systemic diseases⚓)oral diseases⚔．Characteristics of the Elderly ⚑)geriatric syndrome（including the characteristics of cognitive functions）⚒)long-term care needs and frailty⚓)pharmacokinetics of the elderly⚕．Psychology of the Elderly⚑)cognitive funtctions ※ outline of geriatric
psychology⚒)personality and adaptation⚓)psycology of people with acquired impairments⚔)acceptance of death and dying⚖．Behavioral Science of the ⚑)behavioral science and barriers of human
Elderly
behavior⚒)communication development and barriers ofcommunication⚓)social participation and community organization⚔)patterns of healthcare seeking behavior（both medical and dental care）⚗．Oral Health and HealthPromotion⚑)oral health and health promotion⚒)Health Japan 21⚓)oral and systemic health⚘．Medical Ethics of theElderly⚑)patientʼs rights⚒)occupational ethics of doctors⚓)ethics of medical researches⚔)protection of personal informations⚕)living will⚖)palliative care⚗)terminal care（end-of-life care)⚘)characteristics and approach to elder abuse⚙．Medical Economics of the ⚑)national healthcare expenditure
Elderly⚒)dental care expenditure老年歯学 第 35 巻 第 4 号 2021
Ⅱ Social Security and Medical ⚑．Aged People and Legal
Care/Health/Welfare
SystemsE103⚑)social security⚒)legal systems related to medical care/health/welfare
act on social welfare for the elderly, act on
assurance of medical care for elderly people,
long-term care insurance act
act on the prevention of elder abuse,
support for caregivers of elderly persons andother related mattters, health promotion act,
act concerning the promotion of dental andoral health⚒．Act on Social Welfare for ⚑)system of social welfare for the elderly
the Elderly⚒)home welfare⚓)institutional welfare⚔)community facility for the elderly⚓．Act on Assurance of Medical ⚑)geriatric medicine
Care for Elderly People⚒)act on social welfare for the elderly⚔．Long-term Care Insur- ⚑)long-term care systems（1)certification of long-term care needs
ance Act（2)subsidy for long-term care and prevention
service（3)long-term care needs（4)long-term support needs（5)community based long-term care prevention programs⚒)subsidy for long-term care（1)home care service<1>home care management and guidance,home-based care facilities, etc.
（2)institutional service<1>special nursing home for the elderly<2>nursing health care facility for theelderly<3>medical institution for long-term care（3)community-based care service⚓)subsidy for preventive service（1)care prevetion service（2)community-based care prevention service⚔)community support projects（1)care prevention & daily life supportproject（2)comprehensive support project⚕．Relevant Laws⚑)health promotion act⚒)the Dental and Oral Health Promotion Law⚓)basic act on shokuiku（food and nutritioneducation)⚔)others⚖．Occupations Involved
Medical, Health, Welfare⚑)cooperating form⚒)medical occupations（dentists, physicians,etc.)（1)dentist（2)dental hygienist（3)dental technician（4)physician（5)pharmacist（6)nurse, licensed practical nurse, publichealth nurse, midwife

E104（7)medical radiation technician（8)clinical laboratory technician（9)physical therapist（10)occupational therapist（11)speech therapist（12)registered dietitian, dietitian（13)other medical staff⚓)care and welfare occupations（1)social worker（2)care worker（3)psychiatric social workers（4)formal home caregiver（5)long-term care support specialist（caremanager)（6)certified psychologist⚔)others
Ⅲ Ageing and Senescence⚑．Biological Age-related
Changes⚑)ageing and senscence⚒)hypothesis of senescence⚓)level of senescence（molecular level, celllevel, organ level, individual level)⚒．Systemic Age-related
Changes⚑)body composition⚒)skin⚓)sensory organ⚔)circulatory organ⚕)respiraory organ⚖)digestive organ⚗)kideney, uropoietic organ, genital organ⚘)central nerves, peripheral nerves⚙)locomotorium10)endocrine and metabolism
11)immunity⚓．Age-related Changes in ⚑)intellectual functioning
Intellectual Capacity⚒)emotion, volition, personality⚓)behavior
Ⅳ Age-related Changes in
Jaws and Oral Cavity⚑．Tooth⚑)enamel⚒)dentin⚓)dental pulp⚒．Periodontal Tissue⚑)cementum⚒)periodontal membrane⚓)gingiva⚔)alveolar bone⚓．Dentition⚔．Oral Mucosa⚕．Salivary Gland⚑)salivary gland⚒)saliva⚖．Jawbone, Temporoman⚑)jawbone
dibular Joint and Muscles ⚒)temporomandibular joint
in the Oral Cavity⚓)muscles in the oral cavity⚗．Tongue⚘．Facial Appearance⚙．Pharynx, Larynx
10．Sense⚑)somatic sensation⚒)special sensation（including gustatorysense)

11．Function⚑)eating and swallowing function

老年歯学 第 35 巻 第 4 号 2021

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Ⅴ Clinical Examination and ⚑．Dental Treatment for
Treatment Dicision MakElderly Patientsing for Elderly Patients⚑)process of diagnosis and treatment⚒)medical interview⚓)POS problem oriented system（includingSOAP)⚒．Collection of Patient Infor- ⚑)inquiry of clinical histrymation⚒)physical examination⚓)consultation⚓．Assessment of General
Health⚑)systemic conditions⚒)nutritional condition⚓)cognitive function⚔)medication⚕)other problems⚔．Assessment of the OralCavity⚑)eating, chewing, swallowing and tongue
movement⚒)phonation and articulation⚓)salivation⚔)aesthetic⚕)sensation（including taste)⚕．Analysis of Medical Infor- ⚑)dental problems
mation and Problem Ex- ⚒)general health problems
traction⚓)other problems⚖．Medical Care Planning⚑)medical treatment planning⚒)informed consent⚓)decision making of medical treatment⚔)transdisciplinary approach（team medicalcare)⚑．Diseases of Teeth andPeriodontal Tissue⚑)dental caries（including root caries)⚒)fracture of tooth and dental abrasion, attrition⚓)dental pulp and periapical diseases⚔)periodontal disease〈Items of Gerodontology〉
Ⅰ Oral Diseases of ElderlyPersons⚒．Missing Teeth⚓．Soft Tissues Disease⚑)inflammation⚒)tumor and tumor-like diseases（1)denture fibrosis（2)precancerous lesion（3)benign tumor（4)malignant tumor⚓)mucosa and skin diseases（1)oral candidiasis（2)oral lichen planus（3)angular cheilitis（4)herpes labialis（or mouth blister）, herpes
zoster（5)stomatitis（aphthae, denture stomatitis,etc.)（6)glossitis（7)salivary gland disease（8)denture ulcer（9)others

E106⚔．Hard Tissue Disease⚑)fracture⚒)dislocation of temporomandibular joint⚓)osteomyelitis of jaw⚔)benign tumor⚕)malignant tumor⚖)medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw（MRONJ)⚗)others⚕．Xerostomia（Dry Mouth)⚖．Halitosis⚗．Nurological Disorders of ⚑)trigeminal neuralgia
Maxillofacial⚒)facial nerve palsy⚓)glossodynia⚔)oral dyskinesia⚕)others⚘．Disease of Oral Function⚑)oral frailty, oral hypofunction⚙．Dysphagia
10．Other⚑)dysphasia（dysphonia, articulatorydisorder)⚒)esthetic dissatisfaction⚓)disorder of sensation

Ⅱ Holistic Approach During ⚑．Medical Safety and Infec- ⚑)medical safety
Dental Treatment
tion Control⚒)infection control⚒．Risk Management
Strategy⚑)systemic complication and risk management⚒)vital signs⚓)patient monitoring⚓．Medical Care⚑)wheelchair transfer and handling⚒)assistance during dental treatment⚔．Nutrition⚑)evaluation of nutritional status⚒)nutritional managementadministration route of nutrtion（enteralalimentation, intravenous alimentation)
volume of nutrition（energy, fluid, nutrient factors)⚓)guidance on nutrition intake
by clinical condition
modified-texture foods
nutrition support team⚕．Sysytemic Disease⚑)cardiovascular disease（hypertension, ischemic
heart disease, arrhythmia, valvular heartdisease, heart failure, etc.)⚒)neurologic disorders（cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimerʼs disease, dementia withLewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinsonʼs disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc.)⚓)endocrinology and metabolism（diabetes
mellitus, dyslipidemia, osteoporosis, thyroid
disease, etc.)⚔)liver, biliary tract and pancreatic disease（hepatitis, liver cancer, liver cirrhosis, pancreatitis, pancreas cancer, etc.)⚕)disorders of the kidney and urinary tract（chronic kidney disease, renal failure, dialysis, etc.)⚖)blood and hematopoietic disease（idiopathic老年歯学 第 35 巻 第 4 号 2021

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thrombocytopenic purpura, myelodysplastic
syndrome, leukemia)⚗)respiratory disease（pneumonia, bronchialasthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.)⚘)immune-mediated,inflammatory,andrheumatologic
disorders （rheumatoid
arthritis, systemic sclerosis, polymyalgia
rheumatica, etc.)⚙)gastrointestinal disease（gastroesophageal
reflux disease, ulcerative colitis, etc.)10)mental disorders（depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, etc.)⚖．Drugs⚑)precautions in drug administration⚒)effect of drugs（1)effect on systemic condition（2)effect on oral health condition⚗．Perioperative Period⚑)perioperative oral functional management⚒)perioperative professional oral hygienic management⚓)others

Ⅲ Domiciliary and Palliative ⚑．Domiciliary Dental Care ⚑)home visiting dental care system
Dental Care
System⚒)hospital-dental clinic cooperation⚓)medical-dental cooperation⚔)multidiciplinary cooperation⚒．Domiciliary Dental Care⚑)significance and purpose of domiciliary
dental care⚒)circumstance of domiciliary dental care⚓)dental equipment for domiciliary dental care⚔)risk management in domiciliary dental care⚕)emergency action at domiciliary dental care⚓．Domiciliary Dental Care ⚑)dental hygiene guidance in domiciliary
Guidance
medical care⚒)guidance of domiciliary nursing care dental
hygiene control

Ⅳ Rehabilitation⚔．Oral Health Management⚑)oral hygiene control⚒)oral functional management⚓)oral care for the elderly（oral hygiene
control and functional rehabilitation)⚕．Palliative Care⚑)palliative care⚒)total pain⚓)palliative care team⚔)hospice⚕)dental treatment⚖)oral health management⚑．Concept of Rehabilitation⚑)principle⚒)rehabilitation（multidisciplinary）team⚓)support for independent living and social
participation⚒．Dysphagia Rehabilitation⚑)overview of dysphagia rehabilitation
・definition of dysphagia
・social background⚒)causes and pathophysiology of dysphagia
・deglutition（※ including anatomy and physiology)
・dysphagia

E108・causes of dysphagia
・pathophysiology of dysphagia⚓)evaluation and diagnosis of dysphagia
・screening tests（protocols)
・videoendoscopic evaluation of swallowing
・videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing⚔)treatment of dysphagia
・oral health management
・therapeutic approach a）indirect therapy,b）direct therapy
・compensatory approach・environmental approach・psychological approach・nutritional management
・feeding assistance・risk management⚕)transdisciplinary approach⚓．Dysarthria Rehabilitation⚑)causes and pathophysiology of dysarthria⚒)evaluation and diagnosis of dysarthria⚓)treatment of dysarthria⚔)transdisciplinary approach

March 31, 2021 version
Editing：Japanese Society of Gerodontology
Shunsuke Minakuchi, President（Tokyo Medical and Dental University）（2020）
Yuji Sato, Immediate Past President（Showa University School of Dentistry）（2018-2019）
Educational Committee（2018-2019）
Tadashi Ogasawara, Chairman（Matsumoto Dental University）
Tsuneto Owatari, Vice-chairman（Kyushu Dental University）
Hideki Aita（Health Sciences University of Hokkaido）
Kayoko Ito（Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital）
Yayoi Kanehisa（Meikai University）
Ayako Nakane（Tokyo Medical and Dental University）
Hiroshi Murata（Nagasaki University）
Kota Miyahara, Secretary（Hiroshima University）
Translation into English：Dental Terminology Committee（2018-2019）
Yoshinobu Maki, Chairman（Tokyo Dental College）
Hiroko Miura, Vice-chairman（Health Sciences University of Hokkaido）
Hideo Sakaguchi（Ryohoku Hospital）
Takeo Suga（Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine）
Morio Tonogi（Nihon University School of Dentistry）
Haruka Tohara（Tokyo Medical and Dental University）
Shoji Hironaka（Showa University School of Dentistry）
Haruhisa Fukayama（Tokyo Medical and Dental University）
Koichiro Matsuo（Fujita Health University）
Koichiro Ogami, Secretary（Tokyo Dental College）
English Proofreading：International Affair Committee（2020）
Koichiro Matsuo, Chairman（Fujita Health University）
Manabu Kanazawa, Vice-chairman（Tokyo Medical and Dental University）
Sayaka Tada（National University of Singapore）