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ǑǑɗɼɚʄɥtŐǋȽȺƕǑǑǨǰǩȒ ɱɿɘɎɒɣɏɯɋəȹſŚȭȲǑǶǴ ŤĂõìǑ

ǑǵȍȊȍȌȌǿȏȒȔǿǑǶȍȖǿȊǑǷȁȆȍȍȊǑ ȹſŚȭȲǑǶǴ ŤĂõìǑ
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ȻȮɁȹǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑȕȇȇȇǑ
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ƌeʃhkȺęĖǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǜ
ƌeʃhkȺƸĦƉǍǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǜ
ƌeʃhkȺƌ9ƮȹȤȩɆƸĦžĠȝƺƢžĠȝÄĿPȼþ=ǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǜǟ
ƄƸĦƉǍȹƺƢȯɆ±Ȧee;ƸĦKBÉƱǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǜǢ
ƌeʃhkȺƌ9ƮȹȤȩɆ ǴǩǦ åȺ/Ů Pȼɤɥʄ åȺ9ÛǑǙǙǙǙǑǜǢǑ

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½âåȝŶ]ʃµůǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǜǤ
½âåȺæŷǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǜǤ
½âŶ]ʃµůȺæŷǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǜǤ
EǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǝǡ
ƸĦƉǍżøƎėTŠ¨ǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǟǠǑ

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ǴǩǦ âGǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǟǢǴǩǦ âGæŷǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǟǢǴǩǦ â4ǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǟǢ
Ǩǚǵ 'ŵìƺŌřʃKƋĖüǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǟǣ ǴǩǦ âȷȺƢÀTŠ¨ǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǛǴǩǦ â°ȹȤȩɆƉǍʃɼəɒȷ¦ĿǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǛ
ěpĲƫ¯ľǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǛ
Ö¡ȬɇɆƸĦDÝǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǜǑ

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ǟǘǜǜ

ɮɘɨəƸžĠǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǝ
ɮɘɨəƸžĠæŷǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǝ
m9ÛǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǝ
ɫɼɺʄɟɎʄʁǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǞ
Ƥ8­ȷɬʄɣɥʄ'ŵǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǞ
QÂžĠǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǟ
ƓưžĠǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǟ
åəɔɘɺʄɽǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǟ
ɜʄɗɹɽʃɌʁɬɒɣʃɲʁɤʆǷǮǧʇǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǠ
«|ȬɇɆƉǍʃɼəɒȷ¦ĿǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǢ
Ö¡ȬɇɆƸĦDÝǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǢ
ÌØe4h.ōĆʃhkĀ¨GȽȺƎėǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǠǣǑ

ǑǷǹǲǲǦǶǽǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǮǑǑcǑ ǜǑ ɱɿɘɎɒɣɖɌɣǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǼǮǺcǑ ǝǑ ǝǛǜǠ ȺŃĜĝƯǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǝcǑ ǞǑ ƹiƽõƯǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǝcǑ ǟǑ əɼɻʁɐȺô'I9ǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǝcǑ ǠǑ 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²ǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǢcǑ ǜǜǑ ǝǛǜǢ  ǜ Ó ǝǢ ÌęgȺƑõ÷ȺƑõƯȷÏȷòƚǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǣcǑ ǜǝǑ ɝʁɒđčǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǤcǑ ǜǞǑ əɼɻʁɐȺɝʁɒǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǑǤcǑ ǜǟǑ ɊɧɻʄɞɱɻĪ ǶǦǲǧǪǻǦ hIȺɝʁɒȷǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǜǛcǑ ǜǠǑ ɴɪʂɎɼùƸĦȹɃɆđčǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǜǛcǑ ǜǡǑ Ⱥ ²ȷɣɌɾʃõğǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǜǜcǑ ǜǢǑ Ǒ ńȷGyŞÈȺĭƬ­ĹŉȽȺrGǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǜǜcǑ ǜǣǑ ®¨Ţťĥ©ŜȺsȡhkȷØƊÞƌhkǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǜǞcǑ ǜǤǑ Ǩǰǩǹ ȽȺƜŭʃGyŞÈȺ ǉǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǜǟcǑ ǝǛǑ ɴɭʁɞç«Ⱥ ǝǛǝǛ ȺŏõžĠǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǜǟcǑ ǝǜǑ əɼɻʁɐȺõƨõȽȺɊɒɚəʆǝǛǜǡ  ǜǝ ÓʇǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǜǡcǑ ǝǝǑ 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ɱɻʁɣȺæŷǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǞǛŲǑ ǜǛǑ ǶǴ ɱɻʁɣɷʁɡɥʁəȺæŷǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǞǛŲǑ ǜǜǑ ǎÈõlċǑ ʉǑ ĽÃŽēǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǞǤŲǑ ǜǝǑ 9ÛǊĨǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǟǜŲǑ ǜǞǑ õƔäÞŎÝǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǟǞŲǑ ǜǟǑ ´E ǶǴ ŤĂõaſŚŀ³ǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǟǠŲǑ ǜǠǑ ÑPʃ}Ɓ åȺĨéʃ°ÝʃĀEǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǟǣŲǑ ǜǡǑ əɼɻʁɐ)ȷÌØ)Ⱥ å9¶ǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǟǤŲǑ ǜǢǑ ĜĝžĠǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǠǝŲǑ ǜǣǑ ǑǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǙǠǟ

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Ǒ

CBO

Community Based Organization

CKD

Chronic Kidney Disease

DCWS

Department of Community Water Supply

DSD

Divisional Secretary’s Division

GND

Grama Niladhari Division

LKR

Sri Lankan Rupee

MCPWS

Ministry of City Planning and Water Supply

NWS&DB

National Water Supply and Drainage Board

SIB

Social Impact Bond

SDGs

Sustainable Development Goals

TDS

Total Dissolved Solids

WHO

World Health Organization

WRB

Water Resources BoardǑəɼɻʁɐȺÒŮÄL

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20,966

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2015

28.6%
Ministry of City Planning and Water Supply
National Water Supply and Drainage Board

MCPWS
NWS&DB

NWS&DB
Community Based Organization
32%

CBO
NWS&DB

NWS&DB
Department of Community Water Supply
CBO
6
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NWS&DB

GND
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NWS&DB

2016-2020
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1

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40%

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0
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1994
27,308

CKDu
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23

6

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7

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7
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E
9
9

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1

2
RO

MCPWS
2

RO

vi

10

2017
2017

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Rajarata University

Channa Jayasumana
40
50

CKDu

80%
10%

10-12

20%
CKDu

Ǒ

Ǒ

TDS Total
150 ppm ƉŰƆƃTDS

Dissolved Solids
Mahavilachchiya DSD Nelumvila GND
435ppm
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RO

29
RO

DSD

36
NWS&DB
NWS&DB

10

CKDu

8

Ǒ
RO
Polonnaruwa Royal School

RO
RO
0 0

Ǒ
RO

E
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Pothgul Pedesa GND
TDS
113PPM
40
2

RO
RO
17PPM
30
1

0

RO

RO
RO
0

RO
RO
RO

0

7
Emax

RO
Emax

Ǒ

RO

vii

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0
CKDu
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1-1-3
3

0

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MCPWS
NWS&DB“National Water Supply andDrainage Board Law, No.2 of 1974”
NWS&DB
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NWS&DB
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1,159

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1

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40

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3

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46,906

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35,293

1,412

14

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19

25,377

1,336

16

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36

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1,386

0

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40

61,223

1,531

25

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29

69,737

2,405

28

96.6%

Padaviya15

22,998

1,533

3

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34,002

971

0

0.0%

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16

15,582

974

3

18.8%

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21

33,543

1,597

0

0.0%

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38

36,782

968

4

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39

57,793

1,482

6

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26

42,437

1,632

9

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27,044

660

2

4.9%

295

406,088

1,377

73

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56

79,661

1,423

3

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43,915

1,568

0

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53

64,289

1,213

22

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28

36,452

1,302

0

0.0%

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45

65,575

1,457

6

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55

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1,499

42

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1,126

0

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:

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203

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2,716

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410

110

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366

212

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256

256

121

121

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1,458

292

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3,183

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1,062

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56

18,383328

11,067

198

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The Secondary Towns and Rural Community Based Water Supply and Sanitation Project

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2017
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6

c 12Ǒ ɝʁɒđčc 13Ǒ əɼɻʁɐȺɝʁɒ

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Sri Lanka Country OfficeǑ6ī 5 ɝʁɒȷRõSǑ

6ī 6 ɝʁɒȺf´ȥɄõğɉÕɀǑǑ
14

Rambewa DSDǑǑ9Fig 8. Area /capacity curve before and after deepening in Wagayankulama tank. Source: Department ofAgriculture

The evaluation of the cascade systems showed that the cascade concept was accepted by theNorth Central Provincial Development Plan, but there is no required legislation and legal status forthis system. The island country should also think about the legal framework for the protection andconservation of these cascading system.
Box 3: Revival strategies to be applied for Kapiriggama cascade system in Anuradhapura disstrict

!
!
	

!
!

Plan for restoration of cascading tank systems in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka
Fig 9. Draft land use map for the Kapirriggama cascade system. Source: IUCN

c 14Ǒ ɊɧɻʄɞɱɻĪ Rambewa hIȺɝʁɒȷ
14

(4)
1/5
1968
1979

2018
事業の必要性（３）マハウェリ開発計画の重要事業

15「マハウェリ開発計画」（1968年）●重要事業：「モラガハカンダ貯水池」を含む５つの大型貯水池の建設

マハウェリ河

●現状：モラガハカンダを除く４つの大型貯水池の建設が完了。しかし、北中部の水不足は継続。
2
モラガハカンダ貯水池建設予定地●モラガハカンダ開発事業の位置づけ
・目的：マハウェリ河の支流「アンバン河」の未活
用水源の有効利用により、北中部乾燥地帯向けの灌漑・発電・生活・産業用水を確保すること。

10

ビクトリア貯水池（1984年完成）→北中部乾燥地帯の水不足を解消するために必要不可欠な事業。

コトマレー貯水池（1984年完成）

・北中部乾燥地帯は主要な米作地帯(全国の４割を生産)。

マドゥルオヤ貯水池（1983年完成）

コロンボ
ランデニガラ貯水池（1986年完成）

本事業はマハウェリ開発計画の最重要事業であり、かつ最後の大規模水源開発事業。
JICA

WG

c 15Ǒ ɴɪʂɎɼùƸĦȹɃɆđč

Ǒ
Ǒ

10

Ǒ

(5)
16

0

17

2014

4

0.04mg/L





 






c 16Ǒ Ⱥ ²ȷɣɌɾʃõğ

Ǒ
Ǒ





c 17 ńȷGyŞÈȺĭƬ­ĹŉȽȺrG
7
7

Ǒ

7

11

6ī 7Ǒ ɯɠŉĥ ƻȺ¼ıÚ

Ǒ

1962
2015

1962

5

2016

0
1

1962-89
MOP
1990-94
1995-96
1997
2005
2005
15
350LKR

2
3
4
5
1

TSP

TSP
-3

50kg

1979
1983

MOP

85%

75%
MOP
65% TSP

87

1981
40%
7

1990

1994

10

1997
2005

2006
:
7
2011

ha

1961

1965
140kg/ha

2016
350LKR/50kg
1,200 LKR/50kg

4.36kg/ha
2012

2005
386kg / ha
7

77
10mg/

Ǒ

0.04mg/12

10284kg/

7
1

CKDu
1994
27,308

Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.1, 2013

ǑǑ

18

CKDu

0
CKDu
2015
53.7%

0
2,000

5

CKDu
20.9%

www.iiste.org

2










Glyphosate, Hard Water and Nephrotoxic Metals: Are They the
Culprits Behind the Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown
Etiology in Sri Lanka?

Fig. 01 Provinces of Sri Lanka, Geographical distribution of CKDu patients and study area
Glyphosate, Hard Water and Nephrotoxic Metals: Are They the Culprits Behind the Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease
Causality of CKDu appears to be different to that of other renal failures, which result from diabetes, high bloodof Unknown Etiology in Sri Lanka?
pressure, past snake bites or urinary tract infections. This disease therefore is named as Chronic Kidney Disease ofc18Ǒ®¨Ţťĥ©ŜȺsȡhkȷØƊÞƌhk
unknown etiology (CKDu) based on recommendations of the National Research Programme for CKDu of the
Ministry of Health in Sri Lanka.(Circular No 01-10/2009, Ministry of Health ,Sri Lanka.) This has been firstǑ in the 1990s, to be endemic to certain geographical areas of Sri Lanka including Medawachchiya,
identified
Padaviya, Kebithigollawa (North Central Province),Nikawewa, Giribawa, Nickaweratiya (North Western
CKD
GFR
60
GFR
60m / /1.73
Province),Dehiattakandiya (Eastern Province) and Giradurukotte (Uva Province) (Jayasumana 2010).

7

The CKDu is a slowly progressive disease. Patients are asymptomatic during most part of the disease course and
CKDThe disease onset is in adolescence and the proportion of cases developing
there are no specific clinical features.
chronic renal failure increases with increasing
age indicating
15mL//1.73 the progressive nature of the disease. (Athuraliya etal.2009)ǑHistopathological findings have shown tubular interstitial nephritis with or without nonspecific interstitialmononuclear cell
infiltration associated with glomerularCKDu
atrophy and glomerular loss. Disease is characterized by
CKD
tubular proteinurea usually alpha-1 and beta-2 microglobulinuria, high urine NGal levels (>300ng/mg creatinine/dL)
and the absence of edema.(Jayasumana 2012).
The primary medico-legal drawback associated with the disease is that deceased patients are not subjected to
medico-legal autopsies and the bodies are released
19 giving the cause of death as chronic kidney disease of unknown
etiology. This has caused an enormous loss of valuable autopsy evidences which are of utmost importance to reveal
its etiology.
In the past, several researchers have attempted to explain the etiology of CKDu. Herath et al. (2005) reported thathigh fluoride content in drinking water may be the cause of CKDu, nevertheless, they have not been able to explain
the reasons for absence of CKDu in places where drinking water contains extremely high content of fluoride.
Toxicity was hypothesized to be caused by aluminium fluoride formed by the reaction between fluoride in water with65ǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑ
1

http://www.kenko-kenbi.or.jp/science-center/water/topics-water/8893.html
http://www.presidentialtaskforce.gov.lk/en/kidney.htmlǑ
3
http://www.presidentialtaskforce.gov.lk/en/kidney.html
2

Ǒ

13

0

3

GFR

Glyphosate, Hard Water and Nephrotoxic Metals: Are They the Culprits Behind the Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Diseaseof Unknown Etiology in Sri Lanka?

c 19Ǒ CKDu ȽȺƜŭʃGyŞÈȺ ǉ

Ǒ
1-2

E

/
2010-2016

2009

85%
20

2020

/

3.4
100%

0

c 20Ǒ ɴɭʁɞç«Ⱥ 2020 ȺŏõžĠǑ

14

Millennium Development Goals: MDGs
2030
2030
2030
17
169
(Sustainable Development Goals:SDGs)
6.
8
11
6.1 2030
6.1.1

2016

(A Sustainable Development Council)
2030
SRI LANKASUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ACT, No. 19 OF 20172017 10 3

NWS&DB

2016-2020

2016-202044

Ų 4 ō`žĠ 2016-2020ȟȶſ|ȬɇȵȡɆ 4 ȴȺ åĨéȷȱȺƅŊĨéĨéǑ ǜǥǑ õƨPȼõƨȺÑPĘȺYǑǜǘǜǑǝǛǝǛǑ ȿȶȹŁƗȹɃɆõƨÑPĘɉ2SȺǑ ǡǛǙǛǒǔǳǻǷǩǧǑ ³ŁȶȻǑ ǟǤǙǜǒǕȹȝǑ õƨŁȹɃɆõƨÑPĘɉǑ ǞǙǞǒȹȧȪɆȞǑǜǘǝǑ 2ȵȺõƨÊſȹȭȵƔʃƯȺǇȶǏȡõȺ{2¨ɉİ%ȯɆȲɁȹõ{2žĠɉĿ|ȯɆȞǑĨéǑ ǝǥǑ

åDĘȺÃ_ǑĨéǑ ǞǥǑ ƈÍƐȷƠÍ¨Ⱥİ%ǑĨéǑ ǟǥǑ hÉPȼ×ÑPhIȹȤȩɆ{2ȸǎÈõȷŰĜɖʄɮəȺ ŏɉ$ƤȯɆȞǑǟǘǜǑ ÑPĘȷɖʄɮəȺƔȺɸɦɝɼʁɓǑǟǘǝǑ ÑPȺÂ¿ȷ$ƤȘǑǟǘǞǑ ĩ»ħȸ å}ÊȷőŒħȸÃ_ǑǟǘǟǑ ^Ŭȷ$ƤǑǟǘǠǑ ·Œ¨İ%ȺȲɁȺÄĿȷɑɌɤɻɌʁȺĿ|Ǒ
a

21

2016
47.70%(NWSDB

36.4%

3.2

2020

Ǒ

2016
12.2

7
1

12
37.1%)

7
40%

15

12

Annual Performance Report 2016, Ministry of City Planning and Water Supply (MCPWS)

c 21Ǒ əɼɻʁɐȺõƨõȽȺɊɒɚəʆ2016  12 ÓʇǑ
2016Annual Performance Report 2016, Ministry of City Planning
Sarath Chandrasiri Vithanaand Water Supply

CBO
47.7%
2016

12
1.8%
60%

DCWS

209

2015
2020

RO
2016
303km
62
94

CKDu
RO

RO

NWSDB

Ǒ
•

ʃ
ʃ
ʃ CKDuʃ CBOʃʃ CKDuʃʃʃ NWSDB

24
7

7

Ǒ
Ǒ
Ǒ

16

•

ʃ 2020ʃ 2020ʃ CKDu
ʃ
100%
ʃ
ʃ

60%

100%

CKDu

2016

CKDu

ʃ CKDuAnuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Kurunegala, Vavuniya, Mathale, Badulla,
Hambantota, Ampara, Trincomalee, Mulativu, Monaragala
2016
6 8,0152015

68%6490 LKR

10

LKR

LKR
8

86%

ʃ
2016

ǑǑ
Ǒ
1-3

303km

2015

90km

RO

ʃ 2015
RO
37
Medawachchiya,
Kebithigollewa, Padaviya, Rambewa, Horowpathana, Kahatagasdigiliya, Dimbulagala,
Medirigiriya, Lankapura, Badulla 83
ROʃ 2016
RO
62
Medwachchiya,
Kebithigollewa,
Rambewa,
Horowpathana,Nuwaragampalatha(Central),Galenbindunuwewa, Kahatagasdigiliya, Alahera, Bakamoona, Monaragala, Badulla,
Vavuniya, Mannar, Mulathivu, Kurunegala 94ROʃʃ CKDu
2015
2
MOU

2012
0
0
JICA

(2014

)

0
RO

1-4

ODA

E

ODA
1) (2013

Ǒ

5,166

E

E
(

)

17

2

23

6
0

0

7

Ǒ

4

7
1.41

7

0.6
5

CKD

CKD
CKD

CKD

Ǒ
RO
ODA
6

SDGs

CBO
CWSSP
RO

Ǒ
Ǒ
Ǒ
Ǒ
Ǒ
Ǒ
Ǒ
Ǒ
Ǒ
Ǒ
Ǒ
Ǒ
Ǒ

ǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑǑ
4Ǒ

http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/press/shiryo/page22_000124.html

18

ADB

2

/

2-1

E
Emax

2002

RO
2014
Emax

OEM

RO

RO

7

Emax

7

RO

Emax

0
RO
200

200
2017

2016

6

1,000

8

800
RO

Ǒ
2-2

E

2-2-1
RO

CKDu
CKDu
6

8,015

2015

2016
LKR
8 6490

CKDu

LKR
RO
NGO

10 LKR
68%
86%

RO

0

RO
2-2-2
(1)

E
RO

E
CKDu
CKDu

NWS&DB

CKDu
RO

Ǒ

RO
CBO

NWS&DB

RO
•
•
•

Ǒ

RO
RO

RO
Ca

RO

MCPWS

1

7

19

•

RO

•

RO

20
RO

•
•

40%

RO

Ǒ
3

Ǒ
)

RO

E
RO
0
RO
RO

7 RO
0 0
22

0
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RO






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

c 22Ǒ ƟĄƠęƌȷ¹õ

Ǒ
7
0
7

Ca
RO

/RO

1

A
RO

0.0001
23
Ca
RO

1

Ǒ

Ǒ

20

0

0.0001μ

!
!

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B

DDT
	

!

c 23Ǒ Ô~ĔƔȷƟĄƠ RO ŤȺvȺtȧȬòƚ

Ǒ
RO
RO

E
RO

MCPWS

7

RO
MCPWS

RO
7
RO
RO

0

Ǒ
Emax
RO
RO
1mm

、

Ǒ
RO
F

P43

13
1.00mg/ℓ

TDS

500mg/ℓ7
CKDu

NWS&DB

ǑǑ
(2)

RO
NWS

E

DB
Thalawa DSD Kumbukgahawewa GND Helabawewap

NWS&DBKm
500mg/
Rajarata University

ǑTDS

471ppm

80%
10-12

20%

ppm

Channa Jayasumana
40
50

CKDu

21

10%

CKDu
RO
RO

RO
RO

0
RO

0
0

RO

Ǒ
CKDu

2016

CKDu

RO

ʃ 2015
ʃ 2016TDSǑ

School83
RO
94
RO
Mahavilachchiya DSD Nelumvila GND
435ppm0.5m3/h

RO

0 0
RO
0

2-2-3

E

(1)

RO

•

E
TSD Ca Mg

ʃ
•

ʃ
ʃ

Ǒ
Ų 5Ǒ łõj RO ŤĂõìȺè

Ǒ

7

ɝɌɱ

RO ŤĂõì

ĂõƯ

0.5m3/ÐƠƧʕʒʖʝ

0.0001 ʙʔʛʜ

ĐŖõNõȺ 20%(Ò)ǄĊAC230V 50Hz

ǄôƯ

5Kw 

ƼŴŚRO ŤÿĂŴŚ
Ĭʘʐʚʗʑ
ʒʓʜ¾ëšʘʐʚʗ(ÿĂʃ5ĜìŠȧ)oŉąCŴŚ
ǎÈõŏõɝʁɒ

22

RO
Polonnaruwa Royalc 24Ǒ łõj RO ŤĂõìȺìaç°cǑǑǑ
6ī 8Ǒ łõj RO ŤĂõì

Ǒ
•

ʃ
80%

ʃ
ʃ RO

RO
RO

3
Ca

ʃ
RO

Ca Mg

ʃ
ʃ

Ǒ

23

Mg

RO

(2)

R
E

•

TSD Ca Mg

ʃ
•

ʃ
ʃ

Ǒ

Ų 6Ǒ ɥɩɴɌɒɿɯɋɽɝʄĂõìȺèɝɌɱɥɩɴɌɒɿɯɋɽɝʄĂõìĂõƯ

0.5m3/ÐƠƧʕʒʖʝ

0.04 ʙʔʛʜ

ĐŖõ
ǄĊ

¹8ȭȸȡ
AC230V 50Hz

ǄôƯ

5Kw 

ƼŴŚĬʘʐʚʗʑ
ʒʓʜ¾ëšʘʐʚʗʑ(ÿĂʃ5ĜìŠȧ)oŉąCŴŚ
ǎÈõŏõɝʁɒ

Ǒc 25Ǒ ɥɩɴɌɒɿɯɋɽɝʄĂõìȺìaç°c

Ǒ
•

ʃ
100%

ʃ
ʃ
ʃ

Ǒ

24

2-2-4
5,000

ʃ
ʃ

3

15m /h 2

5m3/h 1Ǒ300

ǑǑ òƚ-¨Ǒ
RO

26

9

RO

Ǒ
 
RO

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Ǒ
c 26Ǒ ɊɷɼɐŶ RO ŤĂõìȹɃɆǎÈõŶơɯɿʄǑ

6ī 9Ǒ ŃeŶȺ RO ŤĂõì

Ǒ
•

RO
CBO

RO

RO
RO

•

2
•

Ǒ

25

7

•

RO

20

40%
”0”

•

RO

RO
Ca

•

7
•

RO

7
RO

Ca

1
RO

Ca

RO

Emax

RO

7

Ǒ
Ų 7 òƚ-¨Ǒ
ǊĨ

òƚ-¨
2ȵȺŴŚʃƫŁɉGȭȵŇ]ȯɆȫȷȶȝɕʁɬɒɣȶſŚʃɷʁɡɥʁəȦÎȸɗəɡɶɉ}ę
Ɍɏʁ¾ëšɯɋɽɝʄɉſŚȭȝ?7ĚȶňĔɉƾOȯɆȫȷȶȝRO ŤȺĐŖõȺ¹õɉȸȨȭȲłõɝɌɱɌɏʁ¾ëšɯɋɽɝȷ RO ŤÿĂŴŚȺŌƝȹɃɆ RO Ť¾\Ⱥƶ(Ò 3 )Ɍɏʁ¾ëšɯɋɽɝʄÿĂŴŚʃ5ĜƃŭąCȹɃɆɯɋɽɝ
ʄ\Ⱥƶçơłõƪ]¾\{2¨oŉąCȹɃɆŏõɝʁɒ4ȶȺǁūŘðƻî

ƜŭʃƾŪ@ȺƾOɌɏʁ¾ëš5ĜŴŚȺŭ@ɝʁɒȹȝƜŭʃƾŪ@ɉƾOȯɆȺȹƩ:ȸŭ@ɂąCȭȵɌɏʁGȭȵȝɌɏʁ¾ëšɯɋɽɝʄȶƾOȯɆȞɷʁɡɥʁəɕəɣƪ]¾\ȺƶȹɃɆɕəɣćʆĕȹ RO Ť¾ɕəɣʇƦƘʃ%zʃŁĚ

ęh½ÀåȹɃɆƷȺş°ȷ%zʃŁĚÅşȺ¤

Ǒ
2-3

E

2-3-1
1,266
70,000

MCPWS
CKDu
10

128 100
NWS&DB
2013
RO

Ǒ

RO

0

CKD

CKD/CKDu
CBO
NWS&DB

RO
50

RO

CKDu
300 500
500

20

2012

1

x 20
10m3/
3
0.5m /h

26

8
20

128

27

8

NWS&DB E RO

a
&

DSD
989

128

694

77

Galenbindunuwewa

41

6

Galnewa30

2

Horowpothana

38

6

Ipalogama

32

0

Kahatagasdigiliya

40

7

Kebithigollewa

26

2

Kekirawa

53

1

Mahavilachchiya

17

9Medawachchiya

37

12

Mihinthale

25

0

Nachchadoowa

190Nochchiyagama

36

1

Nuwaragam Palatha Central

40

6Nuwaragam Palatha East

29

0

Padaviya

15

6Palagala

350Palugaswewa

160

Rajanganaya

21

1

Rambewa38

10

Thalawa39

3

Thambuttegama

26

4Thirappane

41

1

Anuradhapura

:

295

51

Dimbulagala

56

12

Elahera28

7

Hingurakgoda

53

1Lankapura

28

5Medirigiriya

45

16

Thamankaduwa

55

0Welikanda

30

10Polonnaruwa

Ǒc 27Ǒ ɕɵɺɦɡɋʄRO ŤĂõɚʁɝʄȺĂõɗəɡɶǑ

27

RO ŤĂõɚʁɝʄȺəɝɠɯ

ŏõĖü

6ī 10Ǒ ɕɵɺɦɡɋʄȺ RO ŤĂõɚʁɝʄ

Ǒ
NWS

DB

200

100

RO
RO

CaMg
NWS&DB

7

RO

Emax
NWS

RO

DB

Rajarata University

Channa Jayasumana
40
50

CKDu

80%
10-12

20%
10%

CKDu
RO

Ǒ
RO

0
RO
0

RO
RO

0

7
2-3-2
(1)

E
E

9

2018

9

1

2
RO

MCPWS
2

RO

11

Ǒ

28

10

2017
2017

6ī 11 ɗɼɚʄɥtŐǋȽȺƕ(2)PP Rajarata University E Channa Jayasumana
Rajarata University

Channa Jayasumana

RO

5

•

ƲǍǌǑƩƎĢúÙĮ[]ƉŰƜ; ŕƍŴűƈŮV 28 ƍĆſ 10 ŵƎ RO ǄǌǑƺƊ 1 ŵƎƣƨǑ£ĤǄǌǑƺƎǊǑƹƻǑƲƍ"ƜľÀƠr°Žƃůį 9 ƍľÀŽƃ
ĸ(ƎÉĲƠŮį 10 ƍǊǑƹƻǑƲƎÉĲƠĆſů
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4

5

6

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34

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23
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15
2
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500
250
200
250
50
3
250
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100
30
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33

E

E

Ǒ
(5)

RO
Polonnaruwa Royal School

RO

27
0

RO

0

Ǒ

6ī 27Ǒ Polonnaruwa Royal School ȹſŚȭȲ RO ŤĂõì

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RO

E

14
RO
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TDS 113PPM RO
17PPM
40
2

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44

RO
28
30

1

0

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TDS 113ppm

RO
TDD 17ppm

6ī 28 GND ȺɏɯɋəȹſŚȬɇȲ´E RO ŤĂõìǑŲ 14Ǒ ´E RO ŤĂõaſŚŀ³

Anuradhapura

Palagala

A/Ranawa Primary School - Galkiriyagama

Anuradhapura

Palagala

A/ Balaluwewa Muslim Maha Vidyalaya

Anuradhapura

Palagala

A/ Habaraththewala Vidyalaya

Anuradhapura

Palagala

A/Dambublu Halmillewa Vidyalaya

Polonnaruwa

Thamankaduwa

Pothgul Pedesa GND Ofice

Polonnaruwa

Lankapura

Early Child Hood Development Centre - Lankapura

Polonnaruwa

Lankapura

Sri Dakshinaramaya - 128 Lankapura

Polonnaruwa

LankapuraSri Sambuddha Jayanthi Aramaya - 128 Lankapura

Ǒ
2-4

RO
RO

RO
RO

0
RO

0

7
Emax

RO

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45

RO

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RO

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Ǒ

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46

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Emax

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CBO

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CKDu

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0
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CBO

Emax

RO
0

NWS&DB

0

Ǒ
CKDu
CKDu
0
CKDu
0.5m³/h
RO
20
34
RO
1
1
RO

300

500

1

RO

RO
10

Emax
10
20ℓ/

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F

13
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TDS

500mg/

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47

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32

0
15

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CBO

CBO

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CKDu

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CBO

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CBO

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34

•

CKDu
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•

CBO
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0.75

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JICA

2
23

6

0

2

231

2016

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Sri Lanka
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NWS&DB
RO
1
NWS&DB
CKDu
RO
Emax

RO
RO

1

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3-6
/
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EIA

EIA

(National Environmental Act, No.47 of 1980) A-1(MOE: Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment)(CEA: Central Environmental Authority)
EIA
CEA
EIA
(Guidance for implementing the EIA Process, 2003) G2/
EIA
Part1~Part3
EIA
Part I
3
50 m
EIA
7

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50

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the National Environmental (Protection and Quality)
Regulations,No. 1 of 2008.

3-7
1
Ca Mg

7

1

Emax
20

RO

2

2

500
1

20
3

500
x20
200 m3/

3

10m /

RO
0

3

Emax

RO

Ǒ

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51

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m

4-1

m
Emax

RO
0

0
0

7

ℓ
RO
RO

500m2
300m2

ʃ
ʃ
ʃ
ʃ
ʃ

ℓ

Ų 17 ĜĝžĠț łõj RO ŤĂõìor
Ȝ ɥɩɴɌɒɿɯɋɽɝʄ
Ăõì

1

2

60

120

120

10

120

17

120

5

0

120

60

CKDu
RO

NWS DB

200

100
2

3

RO
300

3

Ǒ
4-2
47.70% NWSDB
36.4%

37.1%

3.2

12.2
50%

7
CBO

RO

Ǒ
NWS&DB

GND
300 500
GND
1
CKDu

2

989
1
RO

1,281

RO
CKDu
NWS&DB

CBO

Ǒ

GND

RO
60 LKR/52

MCPWS

Hon Rauff Hakeem

2016Ǒ
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NWS

DB

200

100

RO

No.68 RO
385,000LKR 288,750

CBO 990,000LKR 742,500
1,375,000LKR 1,031,500
RO

CKDu
CKDu

2016
LKR 7

6 8,015
2015

10

LKR
68%

8

6490

LKRRs

86%
CKDu
CKDu

4-3
35
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Sri Lanka Standard 614 : 2013 ”Specification for Potable Water (First
Revision)”0

NWS&DB
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RO

4-10
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1
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1

7

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RO
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5

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3

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0

3

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0 Emax

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57

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2016

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300
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6

2
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7
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29

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58

RO

SUMMARYǑǑ
1. Purpose of the Survey
The survey is conducted to examine the potential use of Japanese companies’ products andtechnologies for Japanese ODA projects. The scope of the survey includes network building
and information gathering to develop ODA projects.
In Sri Lanka, the occurrence of chronic kidney disease caused by well water, which is
drinking water, in rural area of North Central Province has become a major social problem.
In this feasibility survey, the purification status of well water by Reverse Osmosis (RO)membrane in rural area of North Central Province is confirmed, and the feasibility of the
proposed products is also surveyed. Through the survey, it is aimed to produce purified well
water by RO membrane and to build a highly sustainable business model in Sri Lanka. Basedon the possibility of the proposed product and technology to be utilized for development ofdeveloping countries, which is confirmed by the survey, concrete ODA program is proposed
and a business development plan is formulated.
2. Survey Country and Area
Survey country is Sri Lanka and survey areas are Anuradhapra and Polonnaruwa District,
North Central Province, indicated in Figure 1.

Figure 1Ǒ Project SiteǑ
3. Concerned Development Issues
Drinking water for rural residents in North Central Province is mainly well water. In Sri
Lanka, severe drought once in 40 years that has been ongoing since 2016 has great influenceon agriculture and drinking water. As can be seen from the map of Figure 2, showing
reservoir water levels as of January 27, 2017 in comparison to the capacity levels last year,
water availability has fallen significantly. Therefore, in rural areas, the reliance on well water
can be considered to further increase. As there is a toilet with only dug hole just in the wellǑIfor families in rural area normally, the well water is often contaminated with Escherichia
coli or the like. Furthermore, ground water in North Central Province is known for its highhardness and high fluoride concentration, and many fluorosis patients are found. Hardnessof the water exceeds Sri Lanka Standard for drinking water. In addition, contamination byherbicides and pesticides has become a problem recently. The number of farmers suffering
Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown cause (CKDu) caused by well water, which is drinking
water, has increased mainly in North Central Province areas, and development of thecountermeasures have become an urgent issue. The Government of Sri Lanka considers that
there is a causal relationship with the groundwater hardness containing a lot of calcium andfluorine in those area, and groundwater contamination due to heavy use of chemical fertilizer
and herbicide in rice farming areas. As a measure against this issue, the government has
begun to set up water purification facilities with RO membrane that supply safe water to an
average of 500 households in the village of North Central Province. Introduction of RO
membrane water purification equipment with good cost performance and easy installationand maintenance is required.
Also, most of schools and maternity centers in rural areas use wells for drinking water.
Although it is essential to provide safe water for infants, children and pregnant women, it is
an issue that there is no suitable compact RO membrane water purifier to clean up well water.

Figure 2

Reservoir water levels as of January 27, 2017

4. Survey Outline and Schedule
Survey was conducted in alliance with Ministry of City Planning and Water Supply(MCPWS), Presidential Task Force on Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in Sri Lanka.
Field survey counted 6 times as in September, November, December in 2017, January,ǏIIFebruary and March in 2018.
The survey comprised 2 areas as below:
1) Feasibility proposal of ODA, and
2) Schedule for the business development

Emax Inc. (Emax) conducted “Feasibility survey for water-purifier units supplying drinking
water” under the JICA’s project named Feasibility Survey with the Private Sector for
Utilizing Japanese Technologies in ODA Projects. Survey period is from September 2017
to June 2018. The Survey in Sri Lanka was carried out six times in September, November
and December 2017, and in January, February and May in 2018. Field survey including TDS
measuring for drinking water was conducted at following sites shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Picture 1

Site of field survey

Water quality (TDS) measurement for well water at farmhouses

Furthermore, two RO membrane water-purifiers were donated to H.E. the President Sirisena
on November 10, 2017 (see Picture 2) and following survey activities was carried out during
the survey.

ǏIIIPicture 2

Donation ceremony to the President Sirisena• A unit of RO membrane water-purifier has been installed at Polonnaruwa Royal
School in Polonnaruwa city and performance testing including operability was carriedout (see Picture 3).
• As a consignment work to the CKDu project office of National Water Supply andDrainage Board (NWS&DB) in Anuradhapra city, 37 samples of drinking source
water were collected from the 29 DSD of North Central Province (see Figure 4 andFigure 5). The sample water were treated by RO membrane water-purifier which was
installed at the CKDu project office (see Picture 4) and water analysis was carried out
for raw water, filtered water and concentrated water at the water analysis laboratoryof North Central Province office, NWS&DB.

Picture 3

RO membrane water-purifier installed at Polonnaruwa Royal SchoolǑPicture 4 - RO membrane water-purifier installed at CKDu project office

Ǒ

IV

1

2

3

5
4

9

7

21,24,25,26
17

8

22

16

11

6
10
12
15

14

19

13

18

23
20

Figure 4

Sampling sites of drinking source water (Anuradhapra)

30

31

33

32

29
36
36

34

28
27

Figure 5Ǒ35

Sampling sites of drinking source water (Polonnaruwa)

VEmax will apply to public issue of JICA for Verification Survey with the Private Sector for
Disseminating Japanese Technologies scheduled in May 2018 based on the results of thesesurvey activities.
5. Products and Technologies
RO membrane water-purifiers which have been introduced in North Central Province consistof RO membranes, sand filter and carbon filter. These purifiers have following issues:• It is difficult to eliminate pesticides, herbicides and chemical fertilizers completely.
• From 20 to 40 % of the raw water is drained as concentrated water. Since North
Central Province is dry area, drainage of concentrated water is wasteful.
• As Ca and others contained in raw water adhere on the RO membrane, it is difficult to
use RO membrane over a year. Thus raw water is not purified sufficiently due todifficulty of cost burden for replacement of the RO membrane.
• Water filtered by RO membrane is temporarily stored in a drinking water supply tankand then supplied. Coliform bacteria and microbe may grow in the tank, because it is
not sterilized with chlorine.
Emax plans to introduce Nano micro filter water-purifiers (see Figure 6) and water-saving
type RO membrane water-purifiers (see Figure 7) through the JICA project named
Verification Survey with the Private Sector for Disseminating Japanese Technologies inorder to solve the above issues and to supply safe drinking water to local residents.
Specifications of these water-purifiers are indicated in Table 1.
Table 1 specification of water-purifiers

Type
Amount of filteredwater produced
Filtered size
Concentrated water
Power
Electric capacity

Accessoryequipment

RO membrane waterpurifier

Nano micro filter waterpurifier

0.5m3/hour

0.5m3/hour≥ 0.0001µm
Below 20% of raw water(minimum)AC230V 50Hz
≤ 5kw
- Cleaning equipment for
RO membrane- Sand filter- Ion-exchange resin filter
with cleaning andregeneration equipment- Chlorine additiveequipment- Drinking water supplytank≥ 0.04µm
Not discharge
AC230V 50Hz
≤ 5kw
- Sand filter- Ion-exchange resin filter
with cleaning andregeneration equipment- Chlorine additiveequipment- Drinking water supply
tank

As a result of the survey, some raw water contained a small amount of TDS and Calcium.
Therefore, Nano micro filter water-purifier is installed for raw water which contains a small
amount of TDS and Calcium.

ǑVIFigure 6

Schematic view of Nano micro filter water-purifier

Figure 7

Schematic view of RO membrane water-purifier

1) Common features of Nano micro filter water-purifier and RO membrane waterpurifier
a. Equipping of ion-exchange resin filter• There is a possibility that raw water contains pesticides, herbicides and chemicalfertilizers. Ionization of these substances is promoted by adding a suitable agent to theadditive agent tank to ionize these substances and these ions removed with an ion
exchange resin filter.

ǑVII• Chemical substances such as fluorine, arsenic and nitrate have been shown to havevarious health effects on the human body. These chemical substances contained in
raw water are removed with an ion exchange resin filter.
• Calcium contained in raw water is removed by ion exchange resin filter.
• By supplying raw water, small particles, non-dissolved substances and non-ionized
substances adhere to ion-exchange resin filter and extraction ratio of the filter
decrease. A cleaning agent tank and a pump are mounted in order to wash out the ionexchange resin filter and dissolve these substances. These substances dissolved are
discharged through drainpipe.
• As the ion exchange resin filter continues to be used, ions of the ion exchange resin
are reduced by being exchanged with impurity ions. Ion exchange resin is regenerated
by replacement impurity ions with H ions, which is generated by mainly dilutedhydrochloric acid supplied from the additive agent tank and pump.
b. Chlorine additive equipment for filtered water
Water filtered by Emax system is temporarily stored in a water supply tank andthen supplied. If filtered water is stored in the water supply tank for a long time,
coliform bacteria and microbe may grow due to being in a high temperature area. The
Emax system is equipped with a chlorine additive equipment to prevent the growth ofcoliform bacteria and microbe, while existing RO membrane water-purifier does not
fit the equipment.
c. Packaged system
Nano micro filter water-purifier and RO membrane water-purifier supplied by Emax
are compact as shown in Picture 5, and it is easy to install and maintenance thesystem. According to the evaluation by CKDu project office, NWS&DB, theinstallation work of the system is completed in just a few hours.

Picture 5 Emax RO membrane water-purifier

Ǒ

VIII

2) Nano micro filter water-purifier (see Figure 6)
Nano micro filter has a pore size of about 0.04 micron at the minimum, which islarger than that of RO membrane, so that a part of the impurity is not removed. On theother hand, Nano micro filter is a filter, which does not drain concentrated water
unlike RO membrane water-purifier, so it leads to water-saving. Furthermore, since
the structure is simple, it is easy to exchange filters by any educated staff of water
purification center. Pesticides, herbicides and chemical fertilizers can be eliminated byequipping of ion-exchange resin filter. Therefore, Nano micro filter water-purifier isinstalled for raw water which contains a small amount of calcium and TDS.
3) RO membrane water-purifier (water-saving type) (see Figure 7)• From 20 to 40 % of the raw water is drained as concentrated water during theimpurity is removed with existing RO membrane water-purifier. Emax RO membranewater-purifier can reduce concentrated water from the water-purifier by pre-removing
impurities as much as possible with an ion exchange resin filter.
• The RO membrane has a pore size of about 0.0001 micron and has the property ofallowing only water molecules to pass through and filtering impurities such as ionsand salts. On the other hand, there is an issue that its replacement cost becomes aheavy burden, since the impurity adheres to the RO membrane and its removal
capability decreases. In the Emax system, impurities containing calcium and the likeare removed as much as possible by a pretreatment ion exchange resin filter to reduce
adhesion to the RO membrane. Furthermore, cleaning equipment for RO membrane isalso fitted with the system. The performance of the RO membrane can be maintained
for at least 3 years with these countermeasures.
• Impurities that could not be removed by ion-exchange resin filter and sand filter are
removed with RO membrane. At that time, those impurities adhere to the RO
membrane and then the extraction ratio drops. By fitting RO membrane cleaning
equipment with the system, the RO membrane is washed out with clean water filteredby the RO membrane and cleaning agent which stored in a tank. It is able to program
to clean up the RO membrane automatically at a desired frequency. Cleaning water isdischarged through drainpipe.
4) Maintenance
Emax plans to conclude a business partnership agreement with a Sri Lankan
corporation. The corporation will hire engineers to train experts for Nano micro filter
water-purifiers and RO membrane water-purifiers. Emax will transfer maintenancetechnology to the engineers through the verification survey and the corporation will
perform maintenance work.
6. Proposed ODA Projects and Expected Impact
The objective of the project introducing and popularizing RO membrane water purificationequipment prepared by Emax in North Central Province is to contribute for prevention ofchronic kidney disease, waterborne infections and dental fluorosis of local residents bypurifying underground water, which is the major raw water for drinking water.
The project ties up with efforts of well water purification in rural areas of North Central
Province carried by MCPWS and NWS&DB as CKDu preventive measures. The project
implementation site is Anuradhapura District and Polonnaruwa District in North Central
Province shown in Figure 1. The equipment to be introduced are RO membrane waterǑ

IX

purifiers and Nano micro filter water-purifiers having 10 m3/day capacity of producing
filtered water indicated in Figure 6 and Figure 7. Project counterpart is Presidential Task
Force on Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention. RO membrane water-purifiers and Nano
micro filter water-purifiers are owned and managed by NWS&DB.
NWS&DB has installed purification equipment of 10 m³/day capacity in water purification
facilities at the rate of one unit per 500 households. Therefore, total twenty RO membranewater-purifiers and Nano micro filter water-purifiers having same capacity are installed intwenty community water purification facilities. These units supply safe drinking water tolocal residents of 10,000 households and contribute to prevent chronic kidney disease,waterborne infections and dental fluorosis of local residents.
Water Tank
Water Purification Facilitie

Water Tank

P
Pump

RO membrane water-purifierorNano micro filter water-purifier

Well

Figure 8

Table 2
Goals

Water purification facility

Goals, achievements, and activities of verification surveyǏǬȊȏȍȋȀȐǿȏȅȋȊǏȋȂǏȒǽȏȁȍǖȎǽȑȅȊȃǏȏȔȌȁǏǴǲǏȉȁȉǾȍǽȊȁǏȒǽȏȁȍǏȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǏǽȊȀǏǱǽȊȋǏȉȅǿȍȋǏȂȅȈȏȁȍǏȒǽȏȁȍǏȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǏ
ȅȊǏǱȋȍȏȄǏǦȁȊȏȍǽȈǏǳȍȋȑȅȊǿȁǏȏȋǏȎȐȌȌȈȔǏȎǽȂȁǏȀȍȅȊȇȅȊȃǏȒǽȏȁȍǏǿȋȊȏȍȅǾȐȏȁǏȏȋǏȍȁȀȐǿȁǏȏȄȁǏȄȁǽȈȏȄǏȄǽȕǽȍȀȎǏȋȂǏ
ȈȋǿǽȈǏȍȁȎȅȀȁȊȏȎǗǏ
ǤǿȏȅȑȅȏȔǏǚǖǚǏǧȁȎȅȃȊǕǏȌȍȋȀȐǿȏȅȋȊǏǽȊȀǏȅȊȎȏǽȈȈǽȏȅȋȊǏȋȂǏȒǽȏȁȍǖȎǽȑȅȊȃǏ
Achievement 1
ȏȔȌȁǏǴǲǏȉȁȉǾȍǽȊȁǏȒǽȏȁȍǏȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǏǽȊȀǏǱǽȊȋǏȉȅǿȍȋǏȂȅȈȏȁȍǏȒǽȏȁȍǏ
Introduction of water-savingȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǗǏ Ǐ
type RO membrane water ǤǿȏȅȑȅȏȔǏǚǖǛǏǲȌȁȍǽȏȅȋȊǏȋȂǏȒǽȏȁȍǖȎǽȑȅȊȃǏȏȔȌȁǏǴǲǏȉȁȉǾȍǽȊȁǏȒǽȏȁȍǏ
purifiers and Nano micro filterȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǏǽȊȀǏǱǽȊȋǏȉȅǿȍȋǏȂȅȈȏȁȍǏȒǽȏȁȍǏȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǏǽȊȀǏȎǽȂȁǏȀȍȅȊȇȅȊȃǏ
water purifiers in North CentralȒǽȏȁȍǏȎȐȌȌȈȔǏȏȋǏȈȋǿǽȈǏȍȁȎȅȀȁȊȏȎǗǏ Ǐ
Province and supplying safe ǤǿȏȅȑȅȏȔǏǚǖǜǏ ǨȑǽȈȐǽȏȅȋȊǏȋȂǏȀȍȅȊȇȅȊȃǏȒǽȏȁȍǏȅȉȌȍȋȑȁȉȁȊȏǏȁȂȂȁǿȏǏȅȊǏ
drinking water to local
ǱȋȍȏȄǏǦȁȊȏȍǽȈǏǳȍȋȑȅȊǿȁǏǾȔǏȎǽȉȌȈȅȊȃǏǽȊȀǏǽȊǽȈȔȕȅȊȃǏȂȅȈȏȁȍȁȀǏ
residents.
ȒǽȏȁȍǏǽȊȀǏȍǽȒǏȒǽȏȁȍǏȏȍȁǽȏȁȀǏǾȔǏȒǽȏȁȍǖȎǽȑȅȊȃǏȏȔȌȁǏǴǲǏ
ǏȉȁȉǾȍǽȊȁǏȒǽȏȁȍǏȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǏǽȊȀǏǱǽȊȋǏȉȅǿȍȋǏȂȅȈȏȁȍǏȒǽȏȁȍǏȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǕǏ Ǐ
Achievement 2ǤǿȏȅȑȅȏȔǏǛǖǚǏ ǦȋȊȂȅȍȉǽȏȅȋȊǏȒȄȁȏȄȁȍǏȒǽȏȁȍǖȎǽȑȅȊȃǏȏȔȌȁǏǴǲǏ
ȉȁȉǾȍǽȊȁǏȒǽȏȁȍǏȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǏǽȊȀǏǱǽȊȋǏȉȅǿȍȋǏȂȅȈȏȁȍǏȒǽȏȁȍǏȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǏ
ǩȋȍȉȐȈǽȏȁǏȀȍȅȊȇȅȊȃǏȒǽȏȁȍǏ
ǽȍȁǏȌȍȋȌȁȍȈȔǏȋȌȁȍǽȏȁȀǏȏȋǏȌȐȍȅȂȔǏȒǽȏȁȍǕǏǽȊȀǏȅȉȌȍȋȑȁȉȁȊȏǏǽȎǏ
ȎȐȌȌȈȔȅȊȃǏȉȋȀȁȈǏǾȔǏȒǽȏȁȍǖ
ȊȁǿȁȎȎǽȍȔǗǏ ǏȎǽȑȅȊȃǏȏȔȌȁǏǴǲǏȉȁȉǾȍǽȊȁǏ
ǤǿȏȅȑȅȏȔǏǛǖǛǏ ǲȌȁȍǽȏȅȋȊǏǽȊȀǏȉǽȅȊȏȁȊǽȊǿȁǏȋȂǏȒǽȏȁȍǖȎǽȑȅȊȃǏȏȔȌȁǏ
ȒǽȏȁȍǏȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǏǽȊȀǏǱǽȊȋǏȉȅǿȍȋǏ
ǴǲǏȉȁȉǾȍǽȊȁǏȒǽȏȁȍǏȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǏǽȊȀǏǱǽȊȋǏȉȅǿȍȋǏȂȅȈȏȁȍǏȒǽȏȁȍǏ
ȂȅȈȏȁȍǏȒǽȏȁȍǏȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǗǏ
ȌȐȍȅȂȅȁȍȎǕǏǽȊȀǏȌȍȁȌǽȍǽȏȅȋȊǏȋȂǏȋȌȁȍǽȏȅȋȊǏȉǽȊǽȃȁȉȁȊȏǏȉǽȊȐǽȈȎǗǏ ǏǏǏǏǤǿȏȅȑȅȏȔǏǛǖǜǏ ǴȁǽȈȅȕǽȏȅȋȊǏȋȂǏȉǽȊȐȂǽǿȏȐȍȅȊȃǕǏȋȌȁȍǽȏȅȋȊǏǽȊȀǏ
ȉǽȊǽȃȁȉȁȊȏǕǏǽȊȀǏȉǽȅȊȏȁȊǽȊǿȁǏȋȂǏȒǽȏȁȍǖȎǽȑȅȊȃǏȏȔȌȁǏǴǲǏ

Ǐ

XȋȃȋȀȏǿȌȃǑȔǿȑȃȏǑȎȒȏȇȄȇȃȏȐǑǿȌȂǑǳǿȌȍǑȋȇȁȏȍǑȄȇȊȑȃȏǑȔǿȑȃȏǑȎȒȏȇȄȇȃȏȐǑ
ȔȇȑȆǑȑȆȃȇȏǑȍȔȌǑȑȃȁȆȌȍȊȍȅȖǑȑȆȏȍȒȅȆǑȑȃȁȆȌȍȊȍȅȖǑȑȏǿȌȐȄȃȏǑȍȄǑ
ȔǿȑȃȏǘȐǿȓȇȌȅǑȑȖȎȃǑǶǴǑȋȃȋȀȏǿȌȃǑȔǿȑȃȏǑȎȒȏȇȄȇȃȏȐǑǿȌȂǑǳǿȌȍǑ
ȋȇȁȏȍǑȄȇȊȑȃȏǑȔǿȑȃȏǑȎȒȏȇȄȇȃȏȐǙǑ ǑǦȁȑȇȓȇȑȖǑǞǘǜǑǮȌȑȏȍȂȒȁȑȇȍȌǑȍȄǑȑȃȁȆȌȇȁǿȊǑȐȒȎȃȏȇȍȏȇȑȖǑǿȌȂǑȃȁȍȌȍȋȇȁǑ
Achievement 3ǿȂȓǿȌȑǿȅȃǑȍȄǑǯǿȎǿȌȃȐȃǑȔǿȑȃȏǘȐǿȓȇȌȅǑȑȖȎȃǑǶǴǑȋȃȋȀȏǿȌȃǑȔǿȑȃȏǑ
ȎȒȏȇȄȇȃȏȐǑǿȌȂǑǳǿȌȍǑȋȇȁȏȍǑȄȇȊȑȃȏǑȔǿȑȃȏǑȎȒȏȇȄȇȃȏȐǑȀȖǑȆȍȊȂȇȌȅǑ
ǮȋȎȏȍȓȃȋȃȌȑǑȍȄǑǿȁȁȃȐȐǑȑȍǑȐǿȄȃǑ
ȑȃȁȆȌȇȁǿȊǑȑȍȒȏǙǑ ǑȂȏȇȌȉȇȌȅǑȔǿȑȃȏǑȄȍȏǑȊȍȁǿȊǑ
ȏȃȐȇȂȃȌȑȐǑǿȌȂǑȏȃȂȒȁȑȇȍȌǑȍȄǑ
ǦȁȑȇȓȇȑȖǑǞǘǝǑǪȐȑǿȀȊȇȐȆȋȃȌȑǑȍȄǑǿǑȀȒȐȇȌȃȐȐǑȋȍȂȃȊǑȄȍȏǑǿǑȊȍȁǿȊǑ
ȆȃǿȊȑȆǑȏȇȐȉǑȀȖǑȂȇȐȐȃȋȇȌǿȑȇȍȌǑȍȄǑ
ȁȍȏȎȍȏǿȑȇȍȌǑȑȍǑȋǿȌȒȄǿȁȑȒȏȃǗǑȐȃȊȊǗǑȇȌȐȑǿȊȊǑǿȌȂǑȋǿȇȌȑǿȇȌǑȔǿȑȃȏǘ
ȔǿȑȃȏǘȐǿȓȇȌȅǑȑȖȎȃǑǶǴǑ
ȐǿȓȇȌȅǑǶǴǑȋȃȋȀȏǿȌȃǑȔǿȑȃȏǑȎȒȏȇȄȇȃȏȐǑǿȌȂǑǳǿȌȍǑȋȇȁȏȍǑȄȇȊȑȃȏǑ
ȋȃȋȀȏǿȌȃǑȔǿȑȃȏǑȎȒȏȇȄȇȃȏȐǑǿȌȂǑ
ȔǿȑȃȏǑȎȒȏȇȄȇȃȏȐǑȑȆȏȍȒȅȆǑȀȒȐȇȌȃȐȐǑȎǿȏȑȌȃȏȐȆȇȎǑǿȅȏȃȃȋȃȌȑǑȔȇȑȆǑ
ǳǿȌȍǑȋȇȁȏȍǑȄȇȊȑȃȏǑȔǿȑȃȏǑ
ȑȆȃǑȁȍȏȎȍȏǿȑȇȍȌǙǑ ǑȎȒȏȇȄȇȃȏȐǙǑ
ǦȁȑȇȓȇȑȖǑǞǘǞǑǱȍȔǑȎȏȇȁȃǑȎȏȍȂȒȁȑǑȐǿȊȃȐǑȀȖǑȋǿȌȒȄǿȁȑȒȏȇȌȅǑȔǿȑȃȏǘ
ȐǿȓȇȌȅǑȑȖȎȃǑǶǴǑȋȃȋȀȏǿȌȃǑȔǿȑȃȏǑȎȒȏȇȄȇȃȏȐǑǿȌȂǑǳǿȌȍǑȋȇȁȏȍǑȄȇȊȑȃȏǑ
ǑȔǿȑȃȏǑȎȒȏȇȄȇȃȏȐǑȍȄǑȑȆȃǑȊȍȁǿȊǑȁȍȏȎȍȏǿȑȇȍȌǙǑ ǑǑThe following effects on development tasks can be expected by operating and demonstrationof usefulness of water-saving type RO membrane water-purifiers and Nano micro filter
water-purifiers which are introduced at water purification facilities in rural area of North
Central Province in Sri Lanka.
Effect 1: Total 20 sets of water-saving type RO membrane water-purifiers and Nano micro
filter water-purifiers are installed in community water purification facilities and safe
drinking water is supplied to local residents of 10,000 households. Contribution is
expected to prevent chronic kidney disease, waterborne infections and dental
fluorosis of local residents.
Effect 2: By transferring Emax technology, human resources are developed to install,
manage and maintain water-saving type RO membrane water purifiers and Nano
micro filter water purifiers.

7. Intended Business Development
The Government of Sri Lanka and Polonnarwa district government are expecting to
manufacture RO membrane water purifiers in Polonnarwa City. The Polonnarwa district
government has offered to provide land and buildings for assembly plant of RO membranewater purifiers. Thus, it is considering to establish a company that manufactures (assembles),sells and maintains water-saving type RO membrane water purifiers and Nano micro filter
water purifiers in collaboration with Sri Lankan capital.
The present target is manufacturing and sales of RO membrane water purifiers to community
water purification facilities through the CKDu program in North Central Province.
According to NWS&DB, no water supply facilities are maintained in about 200 areas inAnuradhapura district and 100 areas in Polonnaruwa district, and the construction of RO
plant is an urgent issue. Therefore, it is aimed to manufacture and sell 240 sets of RO plants
in the first year and the second year totally.
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A technology to produce safe and clean drinking
water by removing bacteria, pesticides, herbicides,
fluorine and others from drinking water sourcewith RO membrane.
Introduce RO membrane water purification units
for community water purification facilities andmanual RO membrane water purifiers for schools,
maternity centers, hospitals in rural area of North
Central Province.

RO membrane water purification units are installed in twenty community water purification facilities in North
Central Province and safe water is supplied to local residents of 10,000 households. Contribution is expected
to prevent CKDu, waterborne infections and dental fluorosis of local residents.
Safe drinking water is supplied to children, infants, pregnant women and patients at two hundred of schools,
maternity centers and hospitals in North Central Province. Contribution is expected to prevent CKDu,
waterborne infections and dental fluorosis.

Proposed ODA Projects and Expected Impact

In the rural area of North Central Province, themain drinking water source is well water.
Groundwater is contaminated due to heavy use ofchemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.
By drinking well water, health damage such as
CKDu, waterborne infection, dental fluorosis andthe like has been getting worse in rice farmingarea.

Products and Technologies of SMEs

Name of SMEEmax, Inc.
Location of SMEHiroshima Pref., Japan
Survey SiteC/P OrganizationNorth Central Province, Presidential
Task Force on Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention

Concerned Development Issuesnnn

SMEs and Counterpart Organization

Feasibility survey for water-purifier unit
supplying drinking water in Sri Lanka