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Effects and Types of Pigment Wetting Agents and Dispersants
1. Introduction
As functional and performance requirements from the industries that deal in paints, printing inks, cosmetics and otherpigment dispersion substances become increasingly more intricate and diverse, dispersion of pigment continues to be one ofmajor technical challenges. The smaller the size of the pigment particle, the more fully the capabilities and properties
inherent in the particle will be exerted and better results can be expected. In many cases, however, the vehicle alone is notenough to obtain required dispersibility and thus wetting agents and dispersants become necessary. Wetting agents anddispersants, even a small amount of which can produce effects, are very effective and offer an easy way to make good
pigment dispersion substances and products.
This paper provides explanation of the effects of wetting agents and dispersants along with introduction of one of ourproducts that includes a polymer additive, which marks significant advancement recently.

2. Acidity and Basicity of the Pigment Particle
The stability of pigment dispersion isconsiderably dependent on the dispersant’s
wettability and absorbability to the pigment
particle. One of the interactive elements
between the dispersant and the pigment surface
is acidity/basicity of the particle surface; there
are acid site, basic site, inactive site and others
and it varies among different particle types. Inprinciple, the acid site of the pigment particle
surface absorbs basic substances and the basic
site absorbs acid substances. The degree ofacidity//basicity of the pigment particle ismeasured by the amount of the substancenecessary to make it saturated. In this case oleic
acid is used as the acid substance and oleyl
amine is used as the basic substance. From
Figure-1, you can see that the surface condition
varies from pigment to pigment; for instance,titanium white is slightly basic and carbon black
is strongly acid.

Acidity / Basicity of pigment
R-930 (TiO2)
R-820 (TiO2)
Symuler FastYellow RF
FastgenGreen S
C.B. MA-100

99.1

C.B. FW-200

406.8

Fast Red
Cinqucia Red
Cyanine Blue(700-10FG)
Fastgen blue

3020100(mg / g)

0Basicity

10203040Acidity(Figure-1)

3. Classification of Wetting agents and DispersantsWetting agents and dispersants are surfactants, which are amphiphilic compounds mainly consisting of hydrocarbon chain
with multiple functional parts of different polarity or solvent affinity, such as hydrophobic radical which has an affinity to oiland the hydrophilic radical which has an affinity to water.
Some of favorable properties as wetting agents and dispersant include;
1) Strong orientation to the pigment/liquid surface
2) Strong affinity to inorganic and organic pigments
3) Moderate compatibility with liquids (vehicle)
Copyright 2003. Kusumoto Chemical, Ltd. All rights reserved.

2/4To make a good classification ofwetting agents and dispersants,
sorting them according to whether itwill ionize in the solution isconsidered to be an adequate method.
Of various wetting agents anddispersants, the compounds suitable
for non-aqueous based dispersantsfall into four broad categories,
according to their ionic ity (Figure-2).

CLASSIFICATION OF WETTING AGENTS & DISPERSANTSANIONIC compound[ CH 3-(CH 2 )x-CH 2 -COO]− ＋[ NH4 ]Sulfate, Sulfonate, Phosphate etc.

CATIONIC compoundj Anionic compounds
Have negatively charged non-polar(hydrophobic)
part;mostcommonly used as non-aqueous
based dispersant for paints. They
have an affinity to general-purpose
resins and solvents and have littleside effects.

[ CH 3-(CH 2 )x-NH 3 ] ＋−

DISPARLON

A.V.

Am.V.

2150

(140)

---

1220

(143)

---

7004

(40)

(19)

KS-873N

(33)

(57)

---

Cl

Aliphatic amin salt etc.
NONIONIC compound---

POLYMER compound

DA-703-50

1132

DA-3251420OTHERAMPHOTERIC compounds

FLUORIDE compounds(Figure-2)

k Cationic compounds
Have positively charged non-polar (hydrophobic) part; aliphatic amine and its compounds, Class 4 ammonium salt andothers are used.
l Nonionic compounds
Have hydroxyl or ether bond which will not ionize in water. They are not electrically charged and adsorption to thepigment is weak, but commonly used in water-based paints.
m Polymer compounds
The theoretical molecular weight is thousands to tens of thousands. The molecular weight is large compared toconventional wetting agents and dispersants, as shown in a separate section. They significantly contribute to paints’
fluidity and dispersion stability.

4. Effects of Wetting Agents and Dispersants
The process of pigment dispersion can be classified into three phases: wetting, mechanical crush and dispersion. Actually,wetting agents and dispersants work in three phases in making paints in general, namely paint manufacturing (grinding),
storage and painting/paint film formation.
Shown below is how wetting agents and dispersants work in each process; (Figure-3)[Paint Manufacturing] (Grinding)• Reduce the mill base viscosity• Increase the pigment volume concentration• Reduce the dispersion time
[Storage]• Prevent pigment flocculation• Prevent pigment settling

Copyright 2003. Kusumoto Chemical, Ltd. All rights reserved.

3/4[Painting/Paint Film Formation]• Prevent flooding• Improve tinting strength• Improve gloss
As you can see from this, wetting agents anddispersants can be used in various ways.
They are thought to contribute to improve thedispersibility by reducing the interfacial tension
between pigment particles and the vehicle (e.g. resin)
to improve wettability, controlling the electric chargeof the pigment particle surface, and creating a thickand stable absorption layer, which provides therepulsive force to overcome the Van Der Waals force
between particles.

STORAGEGRINDING

Flocculation

Viscosity

Settling

PVC
Dispersing time

Interfacial tention
Electric charge
Adsorption layer

Flooding
Tinting strengthGlossPAINTING(Figure-3)

5. Effects of Dispersants to Carbon Black

Viscosity･s)）
粘度 （ Ｐ (Paａ・ Ｓ。

Gloss(20０゜)）
光 沢 （２5-1. Viscosity and Gloss
In general carbon black has large
１００
ＤＡ−７０３−５０
surface area, high oil absorption and low
９０
surface energy; it tends to be repellent to無BLANK
添 加
the vehicle and lose stability, such as
８０significant increase in viscosity or
７０
reaggregation in the vehicle. In this case,２５
the leveling, gloss, image sharpness andother properties of the film surface will
２０
be affected and high-quality appearance
１５cannot be expected.
We examined the effects of one of our１０
無BLANK
添 加
polymer dispersants using an alkyd
５melamine paint, which includes highly
ＤＡ−７０３−５０acid carbon black as we mentioned at
２４０
３０
６０
１２０
１８００
the beginning (Figure-4)
Dispersing
分 散 時 間 time
（ (min.)分 ）We used Disparlon DA-703-50 (theamount added was 60% of the pigment(Figure-4)
weight) as the dispersant and abatch-type test sand mill as thedispersing machine. When the additive was not used, the viscosity of the mill base (measured by the E-type
viscometer/25℃) declined sharply in the early stage of dispersion and then declined mildly. When DA-703-50 was added,
the viscosity was low from an early stage and the gloss was also significantly improved.

Copyright 2003. Kusumoto Chemical, Ltd. All rights reserved.

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5-2. Observation of the Surface
Shown here is the picture of the paint filmsurface obtained at 5-1, taken by the differential
interference optical microscope (Photo-1)
When DA-703-50 was added, the number ofaggregation lumps declined in 30 minutes andthe surface became almost even in 2 hours.
When not added, small aggregation lumps
remained even after 4-hour dispersion and thequality of the surface was not very good.

[Dispersing time (min.)]
BLANK.
(Photo-1)

DA -730-50

30 min.

30 min.

120 min.

120 min.

240 min.

240 min.
４００μ6. Closing
A very small amount of dispersants added into paints improves wettability and humidific ation of the pigment surface andproduces various favorable effects. When using them, it is important to understand the nature of the pigment surface. Use of
the dispersant suitable for the pigment surface contributes to improve functions and performance of the paint. It is extremely
difficult to conduct a systematic study on composition and effects of dispersants used in complex composites consisting ofvarious ingredients, such as paints. We will continue to develop high performance dispersants to meet users’ needs bycapitalizing on dispersion theories and organizing experiment results.

Copyright 2003. Kusumoto Chemical, Ltd. All rights reserved.