NCDMPH

Curriculum Recommendations for
Disaster Health Professionals
Disaster Behavioral Health
Second Edition

National Center for Disaster Medicine & Public Healthhttps://www.usuhs.edu/ncdmph
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress
https://www.cstsonline.org/

AUTHORS
Brian W. Flynn, EdD, RADM, USPHS, Ret., Associate Director for Health Systems, Center for
the Study of Traumatic Stress, Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychiatry,
Uniformed Services University
Mary C. Vance, MD, MSc, Scientist, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, AssistantProfessor, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University
Joshua C. Morganstein, MD, CAPT, USPHS, Assistant Director, Center for the Study ofTraumatic Stress, Associate Professor and Assistant Chair, Department of Psychiatry,
Uniformed Services University

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Madeline Crissman, BA, Research Assistant, Scientist, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress,
Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University
Norma Quintanilla, BS, Project Assistant, National Center for Disaster Medicine and Public
Health, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University
Kandra Strauss-Riggs, MPH, Education Director, Adjunct Professor, National Center for
Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine,
Preventative Medicine & Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University
National Center for Disaster Medicine & Public Healthhttps://www.usuhs.edu/ncdmph
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress
https://www.cstsonline.org/

SPECIAL TOPIC IN GLOBAL DISASTERS: COVID-19 RESOURCES
In support of the COVID-19 global pandemic, a collection of special resources can be found
HERE
Second Edition
2020

Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................................1
Components of This Curriculum Guidance................................................................................1
Use of This Curriculum Guidance................................................................................................2
Development of This Curriculum Guidance...............................................................................2
Disaster Behavioral Health Topics.......................................................................................................3
1.

Defining Disaster Behavioral Health....................................................................................32.

The Disaster Environment......................................................................................................33.

Key Partners.............................................................................................................................3

4.

Individual and Collective Responses to Disaster................................................................45.

Behavioral Health as a Function of Event Type...................................................................4

6.

Considerations for Special Populations................................................................................4

7.

Providing Care.........................................................................................................................4

8.

Additional Important Roles...................................................................................................59.

Impact on Workers/Responders............................................................................................5

10. Broad-Based/Comprehensive/Classic Resources ...............................................................5
Table 1: COVID-19 Special Section: Behavioral Health Resources.................................................6
Table 2: Disaster Behavioral Health Curriculum Topics and Resources.........................................81.

Defining Disaster Behavioral Health....................................................................................82.

The Disaster Environment......................................................................................................93.

Key Partners...........................................................................................................................12

4.

Individual and Collective Responses to Disaster..............................................................14

5.

Behavioral Health as a Function of Event Type.................................................................18

6.

Considerations for Special Populations..............................................................................23

7.

Providing Care.......................................................................................................................30

8.

Additional Important Roles ................................................................................................34

9.

Impact on Workers/Responders..........................................................................................37

10. Broad based/Comprehensive/Classic Resources...............................................................40

Disclaimer: The views expressed are solely those of theauthors and do not reflect the official policy or positionof the Uniformed Services University, the Department of
Defense, or the U.S. government.
Funding and interest: The authors received no specificfunding for this work. The authors have declared that nocompeting interests exist.

Target Audience: Educators and trainers working withhealth professionals and others concerned with thepsychosocial consequences of extreme events.
Purpose: To plan education and training activities
regarding behavioral health factors in disasters andemergency situations.

Introduction
A wide variety of extreme events produce
psychological, social, and biological sequelae
labeled with terms such as stress, trauma, grief, andbereavement. These consequences are experienced byindividuals, families, workplaces, schools, communities,
and nations. They result from causal factors that are
natural, human-generated, or both.
While all disasters are extreme events, not all
extreme events would be considered disasters. Disasters
can include naturally occurring extreme events suchas floods, hurricane, fires, tsunamis, epidemics, andpandemics. They can also be human-generated, such aswith terrorism, war, community unrest, mass shootings,
and industrial accidents. Some disasters involve bothnatural and human-generated elements. Examples
include a plane crash caused by wind shear, a floodcaused by a dam collapse, or a wildfire sparked by anarsonist. Extreme events that may not be typicallydescribed as disasters include community violence,climate change, rising ocean levels, a cyberattack thatshuts down a city’s electric grid. Extreme events, whiledevastating to many, may not be of sufficient scope toactivate full disaster responses. These might include anapartment house fire, a chemical spill that is limited inscope, a plane crash, a bridge collapse.
This document focuses on the general topic ofdisasters and other extreme events. For the purposesof this document, disasters are considered: 1) extreme
events in which needs of the impacted population
and/or area exceeds the local response and recovery
resources, and external resources must be utilized (e.g.,
pandemics, hurricanes, wildfires, earthquakes); and 2)
events in which local resources may be fully utilized
and not be exceeded (e.g., mass violence, terrorism,
industrial accidents, chemical spills), but result inadverse psychological and behavioral responses for
affected individuals and communities that are similar toother disasters in which resources are exceeded.
More disaster behavioral health training for
healthcare professionals, including behavioral healthpersonnel, is being conducted today than ever before.
Despite this, few healthcare professionals receive
education on the unique psychological and behavioral
impacts of disaster events during formal training
programs. The vast majority of training occurs after
degree conferral and is frequently experiential. Specifictraining in disaster behavioral health for most healthcare
professionals is rare.

This guidance document was created with the intent
to 1) provide a framework upon which to build disasterbehavioral health curricula and 2) compile and giveaccess to up-to-date, credible resources to support such
curricula. It is intended for use by those developing anddelivering disaster behavioral health training as well as
community leaders, policymakers, and others seeking
to better understand the behavioral health impacts ofdisasters on individuals and communities. By laying thefoundation for disaster behavioral health curriculum
development, directing users to high-quality resources,
and targeting a range of audiences, it is hoped that thisdocument will increase both the quality and the quantityof disaster behavioral health trainings that are delivered
to a broad range of professions within different settings.
Components of This Curriculum GuidanceThis curriculum recommendations document
consists of two sections:
Disaster Behavioral Health Topics — This section
lists topics for disaster behavioral health education andimportant sub-topics within them. A broad range of
topics are presented to ensure a wide range of content isavailable for various individual learning circumstances.
These topics are:
1. Defining Disaster Behavioral Health
2. The Disaster Environment
3. Key Partners
4. Individual and Collective Responses to Disaster5. Behavioral Health as a Function of Event Type6. Considerations for Special Populations
7. Providing Care
8. Additional Important Roles
9. Impact on Workers/Responders
10. Broad-Based/Comprehensive/Classic Resources
Disaster Behavioral Health Resources — Thissection is divided into two tables:■ Table 1 lists disaster behavioral health resources
related to the global COVID-19 pandemic.
■ Table 2 lists resources corresponding to each of theten topics found in the next section, alphabetizedwithin each of these content categories: Quick
Reads/Rapid Resources, Smartphone Apps,
Trainings, Websites/Online Reports, Journal Articles,
and Books/Chapters. If available, hyperlinks to thefull resources have been provided. For items not in1the public domain, links have been provided to asummary of the resources (e.g., PubMed links forjournal articles). Other items that do not have asummary page (e.g., book chapters) will need to beobtained by the users in order to access the content.
It is anticipated that most users will not need to go
beyond the resources presented in this document.
Others may decide to go further into the literature
for their specific purposes.

and disaster behavioral health, serving as international
subject matter experts for the military, as well as
governmental and community leaders across the nation
and around the globe, in disaster research, education,
consultation, and training.
The topics section of this document was developedby the authors through consultation with dozens ofthought leaders in the field of disaster behavioral health.
The primary topic areas remain similar to those in theFirst Edition, but the sub-topics have been modified
and expanded to be consistent with an evolving
understanding of areas relevant to the field of disasterbehavioral health.
The resources section was developed through several
mechanisms:■ A comprehensive literature search was conductedon the disaster behavioral health topics in thisdocument. Where possible, systematic reviews andmeta-analyses have been included to assist users inunderstanding the current state of knowledge on agiven topic as succinctly as possible.
■ A review of web-based resources was performed, toinclude resources intended for rapid and easy use
during disasters, practice guidelines, reports, andother online resources that address various topics.
■ Additional subject matter experts in disasterbehavioral health were asked to provide resources
they most often use in operational and educational
activities.

Use of This Curriculum Guidance
The information found in this document is not aprescriptive curriculum, but rather recommendations
regarding potential topics to include as well as credible
sources of educational content. The selected topics andcorresponding resources found herein can be helpful
to educators, program directors, and curriculum
developers as they develop curricula for educating avariety of learners, with different educational needs,
in different types of learning environments. Educators
should select and tailor these topics and resources
considering their specific goals. Content selected byusers of this document will depend on factors such as:■ Profession(s) that will be represented in both theteaching and learning population.
■ Prior knowledge and experience of the learners (e.g.,
are the learners in a professional degree program or
receiving continuing professional development on
the job?).
■ Number of learners.
■ Time availability.
■ Educational delivery format.
■ Motivation and timing of training/education (e.g., in
non-emergency preparedness phase or rapid just-intime during an event).
■ Desire and ability to assess learner knowledge andskills.

This Second Edition (published in 2020) updates,
expands, and improves the user experience from theFirst Edition (published in 2014). Topics have been
added and resources have been updated and expanded.
Internal hyperlinks simplify navigation within the
document. Hyperlinks to external content have been
provided to all open access online resources. The
resource section has been reorganized to facilitate
rapid access to quick and easy to use “just in time”
resources that are most beneficial during acute disaster
response. In light of the timing of publication, as theworld grapples with the COVID-19 pandemic, a special
section has been added with resources to support
response to this global disaster.

Development of This Curriculum GuidanceThis curriculum guidance document was jointly
developed by the Center for the Study of TraumaticStress and the National Center for Disaster Medicine& Public Health, both within the Uniformed Services
University of the Health Sciences. Collectively, theCenters have decades of experience in disaster medicine

2Disaster Behavioral Health Topics
1. Defining Disaster Behavioral Healtha. Primary Concept: Understand key terminology
used in the field.
i.
Disasters compared to emergencies andcrises—Understand how disasters (whenneeds exceed resources and external
assistance is needed) are different thanemergencies (can be handled within
existing resources), crisis (where
existing resources are at capacity but still
functional).
ii.
Defining Behavioral Health (BH)—
Understand the history and current
use of terms such as mental health,behavioral health, substance use/abuse,stress, resilience, etc. Behavioral healthis a newer and more inclusive term that
has increasingly replaced the term mental
health when referring to topics that go
beyond more limited issues of mental
illness and health. There is not worldwide
consensus on the best terminology.
iii. Compare and contrast BH factors in
disaster and non-disaster situations—
Understand how psychosocial, family,
and community characteristics are similar
and different in normal circumstances
as compared with during and following
disasters.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

2. The Disaster Environmenta. Primary Concept: During and following disasters,
normal governance, system function, and thenature of behavioral health services typicallyoperate differently than in “blue sky” times.
Disaster management is becoming increasingly
formal and based on legal and operational
requirements and relationships. It is important for
the learner to understand these different processes,roles, and functions in order to participate in any
roles before, during, and following disasters.
i.
Understanding the fundamental needs vs.
resources analysis for disaster declaration(e.g. the federal Stafford Act) related todefining disaster behavioral health above.
ii.
Governmental determination/declaration
process/meaning—Understand who

has what authority and requirements at
various stages in the event process.
Key governmental structures and guidancesuch as the National Response Framework(especially Emergency Support Function[ESF] 6 & 8, Department of Healthand Human Services [DHHS] Conceptof Operations [CONOPS], National
Biodefense Strategy, and state and local
emergency response plans)Working within the Incident Command
System (ICS)—Understand that authority
is modified from usual practice underthe ICS. Behavioral health and other
healthcare providers are typicallyunfamiliar with the ICS.
The context of BH interventions in
disaster—Understand how providing
behavioral health assistance in disastersituations is different than usual practiceprocess and environments. For example,
rapid triage, short time to intervene,
little background information, initiating
contact with people, providing service inatypical settings such as shelters.
System impact/overlap (medical care,emergency response, and public health)— Understand how various systems
operate differently in disaster situations,ways to effectively develop entrée into acommunity, and methods by which toinitiate and integrate behavioral healthservices into these changing systems.

3. Key Partners
a. Primary Concept: Addressing the behavioral healthneeds of both victims/survivors and workers
requires valued and functional partnerships
among many elements of the community. It is
important to know these various partners, whatroles they play, and how to establish and maintainthese partnerships.
i.
Roles of health care providers and workers(e.g., hospitals, outpatient services,
emergency medical services, nursing
homes, assisted living).
ii.
Integrating with other human services
3

iii.

iv.

organizations and professions (e.g.,social services, protective services, publichealth).
Integrating with other stakeholders (e.g.,faith community, schools, employers,
governmental entities, non-governmentalorganizations (NGOs)).
Integrating with Emergency Management
structures and functions.

diseases, cyber events, and climate-related
disasters, are increasingly important to consider.
i.
Impact characteristicsii.
Causalityiii. Duration
iv. Geographic scopev.
Extent of injury/illness/deathvi. Mass fatalities and handling of humanremainsvii. Familiarityviii. Dislocation
ix. Destruction of community/regional/
national fabricx.
Criminal involvementb. Emerging Issuesi.
Pandemics / Outbreaksii.
Cyber-terrorismiii. Global climate change/rising sea levels

4. Individual and Collective Responses to Disastera. Primary Concept: Disasters create a broad rangeof psychological and behavioral responses forindividuals and communities across a broad
range of domains. Various cultural and contextual
factors influence the experience and expression of
response to disasters. It is important to understandvarious responses and the factors influencing
them to effectively develop public mental healthassessment and intervention strategies.
i.
Domain impacts
x Physicalx Psychologicalx Emotionalx Cognitivex Social
ii.
Assessing the nature and scope of BH
needs following an eventx Community Phases of Disasterx Disaster Ecology Modelx Haddon Matrix
x The forces of harmiii. Individual and collective adjustment
patterns over time
iv. Risk and protective factorsv.
Cultural competence (awareness,knowledge, and skills)
vi. Notes on panic (panic is widely
misunderstood phenomenon in disasters
and typically occurs in only very
specialized situations)vii. Role of Leadership in shaping community/organizational response

6. Considerations for Special Populations
a. Primary Concept: Some individuals and groups
often need specialized or tailored preparedness
measures in advance of disasters as well asinterventions following a disaster. Some may be atincreased risk of negative outcomes and some may
simply need nontraditional approaches. Learners
will understand what specialized needs may bepresent or emerge at different stages in the event
cycle.
i.
Defining special needsii.
Special needs by pre-event demographics(e.g., children, frail elderly, people withserious mental illness, physical and/or
developmental disabilities, the homeless)iii. Special needs created by disaster impact(e.g., injured, bereaved, in shelters)
iv. Special needs by recovery impact (e.g.,
relocated, unemployed)
7. Providing Carea. Primary Concept: Providing behavioral healthcare in disaster situations differs from more
traditional services in many ways. While a solid
grounding in the behavioral sciences is important,
optimal function can only be achieved throughunderstanding the unique aspects of: needs ofpeople following disasters, service environments
during and after disasters, and manner in which
services are provided.
i.
Legal and ethical issues on providing
disaster behavioral health services
ii.
Early intervention strategies
x Selecting intervention strategies

5. Behavioral Health as a Function of Event Typea. Primary Concept: BH factors are significantly
impacted by the types of events people experience.
Key factors include causality, duration, impact,
and familiarity. Understanding these factors andthe roles they play in individual and community
experiences of disasters can help optimize
preparedness and response efforts. Threats posedby certain events, including emerging infectious
4Psychological First Aid (various models
and foci)
Notes on controversial disasterinterventions such as Critical Incident
Stress Debriefing (CISD) and use of
Mental Health First Aid in disasters
Non-clinical interventions (e.g., basic andspecialized crisis counseling, bereavement
support)Diagnosis and treatment of BH disorders
Diagnostic challenges
Use of pharmaceuticals
Treatment options
Grief and bereavement
Critical factors (including diagnostic
criteria)
Support factors and strategies
Risk and crisis communication
Fundamentals of communicating in acrisisIdentifying existing and emerging key
stakeholders with whom to communicate
Communication as a BH intervention
BH’s role with public information efforts

9. Impact on Workers/Responders
a. Primary Concept: Those who work in and respondto disasters experience unique stresses as well as
rewards. Reducing stress and promoting resiliencein these groups requires understanding thesestresses and rewards, the concept of post traumatic
growth, and the interactions among workers, aswell as their families, their coworkers and theorganizations that employ them.
i.
Defining disaster workers/responders
ii.
Types of stress workers experience(including when a worker is also a victim
and/or experiences multiple events in ashort period)iii. Types of rewards and stress mediators forworkers/responders
iv. Protecting and maintaining the healthcare
workforcev.
Workplace/organizational responsibilities
and strategies
vi. Individual responsibilities and strategies
such as self- and buddy-carevii. Organizational and leadership factors that
promote wellness and sustainment

8. Additional Important Roles
a. Primary Concept: In addition to direct services,behavioral health professionals, as well as other
healthcare professionals, can perform other roles
to help in disasters.
i.
Consultation
x Types of consultation (e.g., case, systems,
program, formal, informal)
x Recipients of consultation (formal
and informal leaders, risk/crisis
communicators, healthcare colleagues,
other professionals and stakeholders)ii.
Planning and preparedness (including
fostering public/private partnerships)iii. Education/information
iv. Assessing changing needsv.
Program design/implementation/
evaluationvi. Support non-BH responders in caring forthemselves, victims, and survivors

10. Broad-Based/Comprehensive/Classic Resources
a. Primary Concept: A limited number of resources
has been especially significant in the developmentof the field of disaster behavioral health and could
be considered seminal readings. Some formed thefoundations of this developing field. Others, drawn
from areas of study, have shaped how the field of
disaster behavioral health continues to emerge.
These include:i.
Resources that are foundational to the fieldof disaster behavioral healthii.
Resources frequently cited over time andin a variety of placesiii. Resources on specific types of events(such as war) that have influenced thedevelopment of the field of disasterbehavioral healthiv. Resources on more general topics thathave influenced the development of the
field of disaster behavioral health

x
x

iii.
iv.

v.

x
x
x
x
x

vi.

x
x
x
x

5

Table 1: COVID-19 Special Section: Behavioral Health Resources
RESOURCES
Quick Reads/Rapid Resources
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. COVID-19 Pandemic Response Resources.
https://www.cstsonline.org/resources/resource-master-list/coronavirus-and-emerging-infectious-diseaseoutbreaks-response
Consortium for Health and Military Performance (CHAMP). HOPE* for Those on the COVID-19
Frontline.
https://www.hprc-online.org/total-force-fitness/hope-covid-19
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Behavioral Health Resources for COVID-19.
https://www.wrair.army.mil/node/348
Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
COVID-19 Behavioral Health Resources.
https://asprtracie.hhs.gov/technical-resources/115/covid-19-behavioral-health-resources/99
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (2020, May 8). COVID-19 Resources.
https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types/disasters/pandemic-resources
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration(SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. Coronavirus (COVID-19).
https://www.samhsa.gov/coronavirus

Journal Articles
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., et al. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to
reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet (London, England), 395(10227), 912–920.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32112714/
Brooks, S. K., Dunn, R., Amlôt, R., et al. (2018). A Systematic, thematic review of social and occupational
factors associated with psychological outcomes in healthcare employees during an infectious disease
outbreak. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 60(3), 248–257.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29252922/
Devnani M. (2012). Factors associated with the willingness of health care personnel to work during an
influenza public health emergency: An integrative review. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 27(6), 551–566.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23031432/
Emeruwa, U. N., Ona, S., Shaman, J. L., et al. (2020). Associations between built environment,neighborhood socioeconomic status, and SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant women in New York
City. JAMA.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32556085/
Garrett, A. L., Park, Y. S., & Redlener, I. (2009). Mitigating absenteeism in hospital workers during apandemic. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 3 Suppl 2, S141–S147.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19952885/
Continued
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Gershon, R. R., Magda, L. A., Qureshi, K. A., et al. (2010). Factors associated with the ability andwillingness of essential workers to report to duty during a pandemic. Journal of occupational andenvironmental medicine, 52(10), 995–1003.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20881624/
Gomersall, C. D., Loo, S., Joynt, G. M., & Taylor, B. L. (2007). Pandemic preparedness. Current opinion in
critical care, 13(6), 742–747.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17975401/
Hatchett, R. J., Mecher, C. E., & Lipsitch, M. (2007). Public health interventions and epidemic intensity
during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Statesof America, 104(18), 7582–7587.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17416679/
Ives, J., Greenfield, S., Parry, J. M., et al. (2009). Healthcare workers’ attitudes to working during
pandemic influenza: Aqualitative study. BMC public health, 9, 56.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19216738/
Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., et al. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care
workers exposed to Coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open, 3(3), e203976.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32202646/
Martinez, D. A., Hinson, J. S., Klein, E. Y. et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate for latinos in theBaltimore-Washington, DC region. JAMA.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32556212/
McCormack, G., Avery, C., Spitzer, A. K., et al. (2020). Economic vulnerability of households withessential workers. JAMA.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32556217/
Polizzi, C., Lynn, S., & Perry, A. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways toresilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17, 59-62.
https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200204
Rubin R. (2020). COVID-19’s crushing effects on medical practices, some of which might not survive.
JAMA.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32556122/
Walton, M., Murray, E., & Christian, M. D. (2020). Mental health care for medical staff and affiliatedhealthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care,
9(3), 241–247.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342698/
Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., et al. (2020). Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during
the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet (London, England), 395(10228), 945–947.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32145186/
Books/Chapters
Morganstein, J., Fullerton, C., Ursano, R., et al. (2017). Pandemics: Health care emergencies.
In Ursano, R., Fullerton, C., Weisaeth, L., et al. (Eds.), Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry(pp. 270-284). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Continued
7

Table 2: Disaster Behavioral Health Curriculum Topics and Resources
1. Defining Disaster Behavioral Health
SUB-TOPICS■ Disasters compared to emergency and crisis■ Defining Behavioral Health (BH)
■ Behavioral health factors in disaster and non-disaster situations
RESOURCES
Websites/Online Reports
National Center for PTSD. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Types of Trauma
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/type/index.asp
Journal Articles
Goldmann, E. & Galea, S. (2014). Mental health consequences of disasters. Annual Review of Public Health,35:169‐183
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24159920/
King, R. V., Burkle, F. M., Jr, Walsh, L. E., & North, C. S. (2015). Competencies for disaster mental
health. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(3), 548.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25681279/
North, C.S. (2016). Disaster mental health epidemiology: Methodological review and interpretation ofresearch findings. Psychiatry, 79(2), 130‐146.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27724836/
North, C.S., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2013). Mental health response to community disasters: A systematic
review. JAMA, 310(5), 507‐518.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23925621/
Pfefferbaum, B., Flynn, B.W., Schonfeld, D., et al. (2012). The integration of mental and behavioral health into
disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 6(1), 60‐66.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22490938/
Yoon, H. Y., & Choi, Y. K. (2019). The development and validation of the perceived competence scale fordisaster mental health workforce. Psychiatry Investigation, 16(11), 816–828.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31760717/
Books/Chapters
Cox, S., & Cox, T. P. (2016). How the world breaks: life in catastrophes path, from the Caribbean to Siberia.
New York: New Press.
Institute of Medicine. (2003). Preparing for the psychological consequences of terrorism: A public healthstrategy. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221643/
Continued
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Lemaire C.M. (2011). Grief and resilience. In Stoddard, F.J., Jr., Pandya, A., Katz, C.L. (Eds andCommittee on Disasters and Terrorism, Disaster psychiatry outreach, disaster psychiatry: Readiness,evaluation, and treatment (179–202). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
McFarlane A., Norris F. (2006). Definitions and concepts in disaster research. In Norris F, Galea S,
Friedman M, Watson P, eds. Methods for Disaster Mental Health Research. (3–19).New York, NY: The
Guildford Press.
Pynoos R.S., Steinberg A.M., Brymer M.J. (2017). Public health and disaster mental health. In Ursano,R., Fullerton, C., Weisaeth, L., et al. (Eds.),Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry (pp. 325–340). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Shultz, J., Galea, S., Espinel, Z., & Reissman, D. (2017). Disaster Ecology. In Ursano, R., Fullerton, C.,
Weisaeth, L., et al. (Eds.), Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry (pp. 44–59). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Stoddard, F. J., Pandya, A., & Katz, C. L. (2012). Disaster psychiatry: Readiness, evaluation, and treatment.
American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Ursano, R., Fullerton, C., Weisaeth, L., et al. (Eds.). (2017). Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

Table 2: Topics and Resources (continued)
2. The Disaster Environment
SUB-TOPICS■ Needs vs. resources analysis for disaster declarations■ Governmental determination and declaration process■ Key governmental structures and official policy guidance■ Working within the Incident Command System (ICS)■ Context of behavioral health interventions in disasters■ System impact and overlap
RESOURCES
Quick Reads/Rapid Resources
Federal Emergency Management Agency Community Preparedness Toolkit.
https://www.ready.gov/community-preparedness-toolkit
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress Leadership in disasters.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Leadership_in_Disasters.pdf
Smartphone Apps
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) app.
https://www.fema.gov/mobile-app

9Continued

Trainings
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Incident command system (ICS) trainings 100, 200 and 700.
https://training.fema.gov/nims/
Websites/Online Reports
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Critical infrastructure sectors.
https://www.cisa.gov/critical-infrastructure-sectors
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Evaluate and improve.
https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/32326
U.S. Department of Labor Occupational and Safety Hazards Administration (OSHA). Frequently asked
questions: Hazardous waste operations and emergency response standard (HAZWOPER).
http://www.osha.gov/html/faq-hazwoper.html
Center for Homeland Defense and Security. Homeland security presidential directive/HSPD-21.
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=480002
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Incident command system (ICS).
https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/icsresource/
Federal Emergency Management Agency. National incident management system (NIMS).
https://www.fema.gov/national-incident-management-system
National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO). Public health infrastructure andsystems.
https://www.naccho.org/programs/public-health-infrastructure
Carter Center. The Twenty-second annual Rosalynn Carter symposium on mental health policy mental
health in the wake of hurricane Katrina.
https://www.cartercenter.org/documents/rc_mhsymp06_katrina.pdf
Practice Guidelines
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Disaster Behavioral Health Concept of Operations.
https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/abc/Documents/dbh-conops-2016.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. Mental health all-hazards disaster planningguidance.
https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma03-3829.pdf
National Biodefense Science Board, Disaster Mental Health Subcommittee. Disaster mental healthrecommendations.
https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/boards/nbsb/Documents/nsbs-dmhreport-final.pdf
National Biodefense Science Board, Disaster Mental Health Subcommittee.
Integration of behavioral health in federal disaster preparedness, response, and recovery: Assessment andrecommendations.
https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/boards/nbsb/meetings/Documents/dmhreport1010.pdf
Continued
10Federal Emergency Management Agency. National response framework. Fourth edition.
https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1582825590194-2f000855d442fc3c9f18547d1468990d/NRF_
FINALApproved_508_2011028v1040.pdf
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act.
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-109publ417/pdf/PLAW-109publ417.pdf
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Robert T. Stafford Disaster relief and emergency assistance act, as
amended, and related authorities.
https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1582133514823-be4368438bd042e3b60f5cec6b377d17/
Stafford_June_2019_508.pdf
Journal Articles
Cianconi, P., Betrò, S., & Janiri, L. (2020). The impact of climate change on mental health: A systematic
descriptive review.Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 74.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32210846/
Elrod, C.L., Hamblen, J.L., Norris, F.H. (2006). Challenges in implementing disaster mental healthprograms: state program directors’ perspectives. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science, 604,152- 170.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-02667-004
McCarroll, J.E., Fullerton, C.S., Ursano, R.J., et al. (1996). Posttraumatic stress symptoms following forensic
dental identification: Mt. Carmel, Waco, Texas. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(6), 778–782.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8633689/
Morganstein, J. C., & Ursano, R. J. (2020). Ecological disasters and mental health: Causes, consequences,and interventions. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32116830/
Pfefferbaum, B., Flynn, B.W., Schonfeld, D., et al. (2012). The integration of mental and behavioral healthinto disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 6(1),60‐66.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22490938/
Rung, A.L., Gaston, S., Oral, E., et al. (2016).Depression, mental distress, and domestic conflict among
Louisiana women exposed to the deepwater horizon oil spill in the watch study. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 124(9), 1429–1435.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27164620/
Books/Chapters
American Red Cross Disaster Services. (2012). American Red Cross disaster mental handbook. Washington,
D.C.: American Red Cross.
Cole, L., & Connell, N. (2012). Local planning for terror and disaster: From bioterrorism to earthquakes.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Flynn, B., & Sherman, R. (2017). Where emergency management and disaster behavioral health meet:
Through a disaster behavioral health lens. In Integrating Emergency Management and Disaster Behavioral
Health (1st ed., pp. 25–48). Butterworth-Heinemann.
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Institute of Medicine. (2003). Preparing for the psychological consequences of terrorism: A public healthstrategy. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Kantor, E.M., Beckert, D.R. (2011). Preparation and systems issues: Integrating into a disaster response.
In Jr, Stoddard, F.J. Pandya, A., Katz, C.L. (Eds.) & Committee on Disasters and Terrorism, Disaster
Psychiatry Outreach, Disaster psychiatry: Readiness, evaluation, and treatment (3–18). American PsychiatricPublishing, Inc.

Table 2: Topics and Resources (continued)
3. Key Partners
SUB-TOPICS■ Roles of health care providers and workers■ Integrating with other human services■ Integrating with other stakeholders■ Integrating with Emergency Management structures and functions
RESOURCES
Quick Reads/Rapid Resources
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Business Leadership in Bioterrorism Preparedness
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_business_leadership_bioterrorism_
preparedness.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Pandemic Planning and Response: Critical Elements for Business
Planning.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Pandemic_Preparedness_Response_
Critical_Planning_for_Businesses.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Workplace Preparedness for Terrorism.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_report_sloan_workplace_prepare_terrorism_
preparedness.pdf
Trainings
Practical Applications of Disaster Mental Health – Lessons Learned from the US Military.
https://education.psychiatry.org/Users/ProductDetails.aspx?Activityid=5989&ProductID=5989
Websites/Online Reports
National Library of Medicine. Disaster Information Management Research Center (DIMRC). Disasterrelated competencies for healthcare providers.
https://disasterinfo.nlm.nih.gov/

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12

Practice Guidelines
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Disaster behavioral health concept of operations.
https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/abc/Documents/dbh-conops-2016.pdf
Journal Articles
Armstrong, J.H., Frykberg, E.R., Burris, D.G. (2008). Toward a national standard in primary mass casualty
triage. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2 Suppl 1, S8–10.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18769269/
Gurwitch, R.H., Kees, M., Becker, S.M.., et al. (2004). When disaster strikes: responding to the needs ofchildren. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 19(1), 21–8.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15453156/
Osofsky, H.J., Weems, C.F., Hansel, T.C., et al. (2017). Identifying trajectories of change to improveunderstanding of integrated health care outcomes on PTSD symptoms post disaster. Family Systems and
Health, 35(2), 155‐166.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28617017/
Pfefferbaum, B., Flynn, B.W., Schonfeld, D., et al. (2012). The integration of mental and behavioral healthinto disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 6(1),60‐66.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22490938/
Pfefferbaum, B., Schonfeld, D., Flynn, B. W., et al. (2012). The H1N1 crisis: A case study of theintegration of mental and behavioral health in public health crises. Disaster Medicine and Public HealthPreparedness, 6(1), 67–71.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22490939/
Pfefferbaum, B., Shaw, J. A., & American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP)
Committee on Quality Issues (CQI) (2013). Practice parameter on disaster preparedness. Journal of theAmerican Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(11), 1224–1238.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24157398/
Ruzek, J. I., Young, B. H., Cordova, M. J., et al. (2004). Integration of disaster mental health services withemergency medicine. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 19(1), 46–53.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15453159/
Books/Chapters
Brock, S.E., Lazarus, P.J., Jimmerson, S.R. (2007). Best practices in school crisis prevention and intervention.
National Association of School Psychologists.
Hanfling, D., Hick, J. L., Stroud, C., Committee on crisis standards of care: A toolkit for indicators andtriggers, board on health sciences policy, & institute of medicine. (Eds.). (2013). Crisis standards of care: A
toolkit for indicators and triggers. National Academies Press (US).
Committee on Guidance for Establishing Crisis Standards of Care for Use in Disaster Situations, & Instituteof Medicine. (2012). Crisis standards of care: A systems framework for catastrophic disaster response.
National Academies Press (US).
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Flynn, B.W., Lane, C.F. (2008). Integrating organizational and behavioral health principles to promoteresilience in extreme events. In Cooper C, Burke R, eds. International terrorism and threats to security:
Managerial and organizational challenges.Edward Elgar Publishing.
Lasker, R.D. (2009). With the public’s knowledge: User’s guide to the redefining readiness small group
discussion process. New York: The New York Academy of Medicine.
Paton, D., & Johnston, D. M. (2017). Disaster resilience: An integrated approach (2nd ed.). Springfield, IL:
Charles C Thomas, Publisher, Ltd
Fullerton, C., Ursano, R., Weisaeth, L., et al. (2017). Public health and disaster mental health. In R. Ursano,
C. Fullerton, L. Weisaeth, & B. Raphael (Eds.), Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry (pp. 325–340). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316481424.023
Table 2: Topics and Resources (continued)
4. Individual and Collective Responses to Disaster
SUB-TOPICS■ Domain impacts■ Assessing the nature and scope of needs following an event■ Individual and collective adjustment patterns over time
■ Risk and protective factors■ Cultural competence■ Panic■ Role of leadership in shaping community and organizational response
RESOURCES
Quick Reads/Rapid Resources
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Funerals and Memorials: A Part of Recovery.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Leadership_Funeral%20and%20
memorials_%20a%20part%20of%20recovery.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Grief Leadership: Leadership in the Wake of Tragedy.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Grief_Leadership_in%20the%20Wake%20
of%20Tragedy_2019.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Information for Relief Workers on Emotional Reactions to
Human Bodies in Mass Death.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Information%20for%20Relief%20
Workers%20on%20Emotional%20Reactions%20to%20Human%20Bodies%20in%20Mass%20Death.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. The Health Consequences of Disasters and Evacuation: What
Patients Need to Know to Prepare.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_C2C_The_Health_Consequences_of_
Disasters_and_Evacuation.pdf
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Websites/Online Reports
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Chemical hazards emergency medical management(CHEMM).
https://chemm.nlm.nih.gov/
National Center for PTSD. Mental health reactions after disaster
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/types/disaster_terrorism.asp
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traumatic incident stress.
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/traumaticincident/default.html
Defense Technical Information Center. The human response to the gander military air disaster: A
summary report. (1987).
https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a193074.pdf
Practice Guidelines
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. American Indian and Alaska Native
culture card: A guide to build cultural awareness.
https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma08-4354.pdf
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Crisis and emergency risk communication.
https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/resources/pdf/cerc_2014edition.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. Developing cultural competence indisaster mental health programs.
https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma03-3828.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. Mental health response to mass violence
and terrorism: A field guide.
https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma05-4025.pdf
Journal Articles
Bonanno, G.A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity
to thrive after extremely aversive events?. American Psychologist, 59(1), 20‐28.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14736317/
Fischhoff, B. (2013). The sciences of science communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 110 Suppl 3(Suppl 3), 14033–14039.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23942125/
Flynn, B.W. (2004). Can we influence the trajectory of psychological consequences to terrorism?
Psychiatry. 67(2), 164–6.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15262583/
Galea, S., Nandi, A., Vlahov, D. (2005). The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters.
Epidemiologic Reviews, 27, 78–91.
Continued
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15958429/
15

Glik, D.C. (2007). Risk communication for public health emergencies. Annual Review of Public Health, 28,
33–54.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17222081/
Hansel, T.C., Osofsky, H.J., Osofsky, J.D., et al. (2015). Longer-term mental and behavioral health effects ofthe deepwater horizon gulf oil spill. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 3(4), 1260–1271.
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/3/4/1260
Hobfoll, S.E. (1989). Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American
Psychologist, 44(3), 513‐524.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2648906/
Hobfoll, S.E., Stevens, N.R., Zalta, A.K. (2015). Expanding the science of resilience: Conserving resourcesin the aid of adaptation. Psychological Inquiry, 26(2), 174‐180.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27069335/
Kinston, W., & Rosser, R. (1974). Disaster: Effects on mental and physical state. Journal of Psychosomatic
Research, 18(6), 437‐456.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4443960/
Molyneaux, R., Gibbs, L., Bryant, R.A., et al. (2019). Interpersonal violence and mental health outcomes
following disaster. BJPsych Open, 6(1):e1.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31796146/
Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., et al. (2008). Community resilience as a metaphor, theory,
set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(1-2),
127–150.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18157631/
Norris, F.H., Friedman, M.J., Watson, P.J., et al. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empiricalreview of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry, 65(3), 207‐239.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12405079/
Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., & Watson, P. J. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part II. Summary andimplications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 65(3),240–260.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12405080/
North, C. S., Adinoff, B., Pollio, D. E., et al. (2013). Alcohol use disorders and drinking among survivors of
the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(7), 962–969.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23642636/
North, C.S., Van Enkevort, E., Hong, B.A., et al. (2019). Association of PTSD symptom groups withfunctional impairment and distress in trauma-exposed disaster survivors. Psychological Medicine, 1‐7.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31258106/
North, C.S. (2014). Current research and recent breakthroughs on the mental health effects ofdisasters. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(10), 481.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25138235/
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Norris, F.H., Tracy, M., Galea, S. (2009). Looking for resilience: Understanding the longitudinal trajectories
of responses to stress. Social Science & Medicine, 68(12), 2190‐2198.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19403217/
North, C., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2013). Mental health response to community disaster: A systematic review.
JAMA, 310(5), 507–18.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23925621/
North, C.S., Ringwalt, C.L., Downs, D,. et al. (2011). Postdisaster course of alcohol use disorders insystematically studied survivors of 10 disasters. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(2), 173–180.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20921113/
North, C.S., Baron, D., Chen, A.F. (2018). Prevalence and predictors of postdisaster major depression:
Convergence of evidence from 11 disaster studies using consistent methods. Journal of Psychiatric Research,
102, 96‐101.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631191/
Pastor, L.H. (2004). Culture as casualty: Examining the causes and consequences of collective trauma.
Psychiatric Annals, 34(8), 617–622.
Richardson, R.D., & Engel, C.C. Jr. (2004). Evaluation and management of medically unexplained physicalsymptoms. Neurologist, 10(1),18–30.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14720312/
Richie, E.C., & Hamilton, S.E.(2004). Assessing mental health needs following disaster. Psychiatric Annals,
34(8), 605–610.
Satcher, D., & Friel, S., Bell, R. (2007). Natural and manmade disasters and mental health. JAMA, 298(21),2540–2542.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18056908/
Tyhurst JS. (1951). Individual reactions to community disaster. The natural history of psychiatricphenomena. American Journal of Psychiatry, 107(10), 764‐769. doi: 10.1176/ajp.107.10.764
Ueda, I., Sakuma, A., Takahashi, Y., et al. (2017). Criticism by community people and poor workplacecommunication as risk factors for the mental health of local welfare workers after the Great East Japan
Earthquake: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 12(11):e0185930.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29166390/
Zhang G, North CS. (2017). Somatization disorder and somatoform symptoms in systematically studied
survivors of 10 disasters. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 29(3), 182‐190.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28738098/
Books/Chapters
Benedek, D., & Wynn, G. (2017). Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. In Ursano,R., Fullerton, C., Weisaeth, L., et al. (Eds.), Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry (pp. 101–123). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
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DeMartino, R., & Flynn, B. (2004). Bioterrorism: A strategy for psychosocial preparedness, response, andrecovery. In Ursano, R.J., Norwood, A.E., Fullerton, C.S., (Eds.) Bioterrorism: Psychological and publichealth interventions. (274–289) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Flynn, B.W., & Norwood, A.E. (2004). Defining normal psychological reactions to disaster. (597–603).
National Emergency Training Center.
Halpern, J., & Tramontin, M. (2007). Disaster mental health theory and practice. Belmont, CA: Thompson
Brooks/Cole.
Katz, C.L. (2011). Psychiatric evaluation. In Jr, Stoddard, F.J. Pandya, A., Katz, C.L. (Eds.). and Committee
on disasters and terrorism, disaster psychiatry outreach, disaster psychiatry: Readiness, evaluation, andtreatment (71–88). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Lasker, R.D. (2004). Redefining readiness: Terrorism planning through the eyes of the public. New York: The
New York Academy of Medicine.
Nader, K., & Danieli, Y. (2005). Cultural issues in terrorism and in response to terrorism. In Danieli, Y.,
Brom, D., Sills, J., (Eds.). The trauma of terrorism: Sharing knowledge and shared care-an international
handbook. (399–410). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Maltreatment & Trauma Press.
Norris, F., & Elrod, C. (2006). Psychosocial consequences of disaster: a review of past research. In Norris, F.,
Galea, S., Friedman, M., Watson, P. (Eds.). Methods for disaster mental health research. (20–42). New York,
NY: The Guilford Press.
North, C.S. (2007). Epidemiology of disaster mental health. In Ursano, R.J., Fullerton, C.S., Weisaeth, L.,
Raphael, B. (Eds.). Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry. London: Cambridge University Press.
Pillay, S.S. (2011). Personality issues. In Jr, Stoddard, F.J. Pandya, A., Katz, C.L. (Eds.). and Committee on
disasters and terrorism, disaster psychiatry outreach, disaster psychiatry: Readiness, evaluation, and treatment(147–158). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Wilson, G. A. (2012). Community resilience and environmental transitions. London: Routledge Taylor &Francis Group.
Table 2: Topics and Resources (continued)
5. Behavioral Health as a Function of Event Type
SUB-TOPICS■ Event factors influencing■ Behavioral health response■ Emerging Issues

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RESOURCES
Quick Reads/Rapid Resources
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Mental Health and Behavioral Guidelines for Response to a
Pandemic Flu Outbreak: Background on the Mental Health Impact of Natural Disasters, including Epidemics.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Mental%20Health%20and%20
Behavioral%20Guidelines%20for%20Response%20to%20%20a%20Pandemic%20Flu%20Outbreak.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Psychological and Behavioral Issues Healthcare Providers Need toKnow when Treating Patients Following a Radiation Event. Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Psychological_Behavioral_Issues_
Healthcare_Radiation_Event.PDF
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Restoring a Sense of Well-Being in Children After a Disaster.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Restoring_Wellbeing_in_Children_After_
Disaster.pdf
RUSH University Medical & Uniformed Services University Health Sciences. Terrorism and Disaster: What
Clinicians Need to Know: Pneumonic Plague.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_CME_RUSH_USU_pneumonic_plague.pdf
RUSH University Medical & Uniformed Services University Health Sciences. Terrorism and Disaster: What
Clinicians Need to Know: Sarin.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_CME_RUSH_USU_sarin_attack.pdf
RUSH University Medical & Uniformed Services University Health Sciences. Terrorism and Disaster: What
Clinicians Need to Know: Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_CME_RUSH_USU_staphylococcal_
enterotoxin_B.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. Tips for talking with and helping children
and youth cope after a disaster or traumatic event: A guide for parents, caregivers, and teachers.
https://store.samhsa.gov/product/tips-talking-helping-children-youth-cope-after-disaster-or-traumaticevent-guide-parents/sma12-4732
Websites/Online Reports
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Radiation emergency medical management (REMM).
https://www.remm.nlm.gov/
American Academy of Pediatrics. Talking to children about disasters.
https://www.healthychildren.org/English/healthy-living/emotional-wellness/Pages/Talking-to-Childrenabout-Disasters.aspx
The Report of the War Office Committee on “Shell-Shock”. (1922). The Hospital and Health Review, 1(13),393–402.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5517996/
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Practice Guidelines
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Terrorism and Disaster: What Clinicians Need to Know:
Emergency Mental Health After a Suicide Bombing.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_CME_RUSH_USU_suicide_bombing.pdf
Journal Articles
Ali, O. M., & North, C. S. (2016). Survivors of mass shooting incidents: The response of mental health.
In Encyclopedia of Mental Health: Second Edition (pp. 269–274). Elsevier Inc.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123970459001609?via%3Dihub
Bromet, E.J. Emotional consequences of nuclear power plant disasters. Health Physics. 2014;106(2),
206‐210.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24378494/
Chiao, S., Kipen, H., Hallman, W.K., (2019). Anthrax exposure, belief in exposure, and postanthrax
symptoms among survivors of a bioterrorist attack on capitol hill. Disaster Medicine and Public HealthPreparedness, 13(3), 555‐560.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30417804/
Dodgen, D., Norwood, A.E., Becker, S.M., et al. (2011). Social, psychological, and behavioral responses toa nuclear detonation in a US city: implications for health care planning and delivery. Disaster Medicine andPublic Health Preparedness, 5 Suppl 1, S54–64.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21402812
Flynn B. (2007). Meeting the needs of special populations in disasters and emergencies: Making it work inrural areas. Journal of Rural Mental Health, 31(1), 12–20.
Ford, J.D., Schnurr, P.P., Friedman, M.J., et al. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, physicalhealth, and health care utilization 50 years after repeated exposure to a toxic gas. Journal of TraumaticStress, 17(3),185‐194.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15253090/
Fullerton, C.S., Reissman, D.B., Gray, C., et al. (2010). Earthquake response and psychosocial healthoutcomes: applying lessons from integrating systems of care and recovery to Haiti. Disaster Medicine andPublic Health Preparedness, 4(1),15-7.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20389189/
Fullerton, C.S., Gifford, R.K., Flynn, B.W., et al. (2009). Effects of the 2002 sniper attacks on the homelesspopulation in Washington, DC. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 3(3), 163–7.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19730381/
Galea, S., Brewin, C.R., Gruber, M., et al. (2007). Exposure to hurricane-related stressors and mental illness
after Hurricane Katrina. Archive of General Psychiatry, 64(12), 1427‐1434.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18056551/
Galea, S., Tracy, M., Norris, F., Coffey, S.F. (2008). Financial and social circumstances and the incidence
and course of PTSD in Mississippi during the first two years after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of TraumaticStress, 21(4), 357‐368.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18720399/
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Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., et al. (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks
in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(13), 982‐987.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11919308/
Hasegawa, A., Tanigawa, K., Ohtsuru, A., et al. (2015). Health effects of radiation and other healthproblems in the aftermath of nuclear accidents, with an emphasis on Fukushima. Lancet, 386(9992),
479‐488.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26251393/
Johnson, A. E., North, C. S., & Pollio, D. E. (2017). Making meaning of the September 11 attacks: Spanishand mandarin-speaking focus groups. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 22(3), 213–227.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15325024.2017.1284489?journalCode=upil20
Kawana, N., Ishimatsu, S., & Kanda, K. (2001). Psycho-physiological effects of the terrorist sarin attack on
the Tokyo subway system. Military Medicine, 166(12 Suppl), 23–26.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11778423/
Maeda, M., Ueda, Y., Nagai, M., et al. (2016). Diagnostic interview study of the prevalence of depression
among public employees engaged in long-term relief work in Fukushima. Psychiatry and Clinical
Neurosciences, 70(9), 413–420.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27278784/
Myers, C. (1915). A contribution to the study of shell shock. The Lancet, 185(4772), 316–320.
https://jmvh.org/article/contribution-to-the-study-of-shell-shock/Nakamine, S., Kobayashi, M., et al. (2018). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in victims of the Tokyo subway
sarin attack: Twenty years later. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(10), 794–811.
https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.10.794
North, C. S., Barney, C. J., & Pollio, D. E. (2015). A focus group study of the impact of trauma exposure in
the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(4), 569–578.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25319111/
North, C. S., Barney, C. J., & Pollio, D. E. (2015). A focus group study of the impact of trauma exposure in
the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(4), 569–578.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19365723
North, C. S., Pollio, D. E., Hong, B. A., et al. (2015). The postdisaster prevalence of major depression
relative to PTSD in survivors of the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center selected from affected
workplaces. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 60, 119–125.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25810098/
Osofsky, J. D., Osofsky, H. J., Weems, C. F., et al. (2015). Trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder
symptoms among youth exposed to both natural and technological disasters. Journal of Child Psychology
and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 56(12), 1347–1355.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25898776/

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Ritchie, E. C., Friedman, M., Watson, P., et al. (2004). Mass violence and early mental health intervention:a proposed application of best practice guidelines to chemical, biological, and radiological attacks. Military
Medicine, 169(8), 575–579.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15379065/
Reissman, D. B., Whitney, E. A., Taylor, T. H., et al. (2004). One-year health assessment of adult survivorsof Bacillus anthracis infection. JAMA, 291(16), 1994–1998.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15113818/
Shigemura, J., Tanigawa, T., Saito, I., et al. (2012). Psychological distress in workers at the Fukushima
nuclear power plants. JAMA, 308(7), 667–669.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22893158/
Tran, D. V., & North, C. S. (2017). The prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of anger among survivorsof the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American
Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 29(4), 235–241.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29069108/
Weisaeth L. (1989). A study of behavioural responses to an industrial disaster. Acta psychiatrica
Scandinavica. Supplementum, 355, 13–24.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2624130/
Books/Chapters
Dodgen, D., Donato, D., Kelly, N., et al. (2016). Ch. 8: Mental health and well-being. The impacts of climatechange on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. (217–246). U.S. Global Change
Research Program, Washington, D.C.
https://health2016.globalchange.gov/mental-health-and-well-being
Pandya A. (2011). Serious mental illness. In Jr, Stoddard, F.J. Pandya, A., Katz, C.L. (Eds.). and Committee
on Disasters and Terrorism, Disaster Psychiatry Outreach, Disaster psychiatry: Readiness, evaluation, andtreatment (111–120). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Salmon, T. W. (1917). The care and treatment of mental diseases and war neuroses (“shell shock”) in the
British army. New York: War work committee of the National committee for mental hygiene.
Schonfeld D, Quackenbush M. (2010). The grieving student: A teacher’s guide. Baltimore, MD, Brookes
Publishing.
Schreiber M. (2011). National children’s disaster mental health concept of operations. Oklahoma City, OK:
Terrorism and disaster center at the University of Oklahoma health sciences center.
Shultz J, Espinel Z, Flynn B, Hoffman Y, et al. (2007). DEEP PREP: All hazards disaster behavioral healthtraining. Disaster Life Support Publishing.

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Table 2: Topics and Resources (continued)
6. Considerations for Special Populations
SUB-TOPICS■ Defining special needs■ Special needs by pre-event demographics■ Special needs created by disaster impact■ Special needs by recovery impact
RESOURCES
Quick Reads/Rapid Resources
Autism Society. Preparedness tips for families: Disaster preparedness tips for families affected by autism.
https://www.autism-society.org/living-with-autism/how-the-autism-society-can-help/safe-and-sound/
preparedness-tips-for-families/
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Addressing the Needs of the Seriously Mentally Ill in Disaster.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Addressing_Needs_of_Mentally_Ill_in_
Disasters.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Disaster Preparedness and Response for Our Nation’s Military
and their Families.
www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_disaster_preparedness_military_families.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Guidelines on Notifying Families of Dead or Missing Loved Ones.
https://www.cstsonline.org/resources/resource-master-list/guidelines-on-notifying-families-of-dead-ormissing-loved-ones
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Stress Management for Parents.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_stress_management_parents.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Sustaining the Psychological Well-Being of Caregivers While
Caring for Disaster Victims.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Sustaining_Psychological_Wellbeing_of_
Caregivers_While%20Caring%20%20for%20Disaster%20Victims.pdf
Colorado Coalition Against Sexual Assault. Information sheet: What you need to know about sex offenders
and sheltering during a disaster in Colorado.
http://hermes.cde.state.co.us/drupal/islandora/object/co%3A27370
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Helpful hints for school emergency management. Psychologicalfirst aid (PFA) for students and teachers: Listen, protect, connect — model & teach.
rems.ed.gov/docs/HH_Vol3Issue3.pdf
Louisiana State University. Guidance on reunification.
http://www.dcfs.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/searchable/ChildDevEarlyLearning/ChildDevUpdates/2011/
Emergency%20Rule/Guidance_on_Reunification.pdf
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. In the wake of trauma: Tips for college
students.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. Tips for survivors: Coping with grief aftera disaster or treatment event.
https://www.justice.gov/file/1189181/download
World Health Organization. Assessing mental health and psychosocial needs and resources: Toolkit forhumanitarian settings.
https://www.who.int/mental_health/resources/toolkit_mh_emergencies/en/
Trainings
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. Crisis counseling assistant and training
program.
https://www.samhsa.gov/dtac/ccp-toolkit
Websites/Online Reports
America Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychology (AACAP). Disaster and trauma resource center.
https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Resource_Centers/Disaster_Resource_Center/Home.aspx
American Academy of Pediatrics. Children & Disasters: Disaster Preparedness to Meet Children’s Needs.
https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Children-and-Disasters/Pages/
default.aspx
American Academy of Pediatrics. Emergency Information Forms and Emergency Preparedness forChildren with Special Health Care Needs.
https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/125/4/829.full
American Academy of Pediatrics. Promoting Adjustment and Helping Children Cope.
https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Children-and-Disasters/Pages/
Promoting-Adjustment-and-Helping-Children-Cope.aspx
American Indian and Alaska Native Health. People & traditions — tribal preparedness for emergencies anddisasters.
https://medlineplus.gov/americanindianandalaskanativehealth.html
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Psychological debriefing after a crisis: Current evidence.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Psychological%20Debriefing%20after%20
a%20Crisis.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Caring for children in a disaster.
http://emergency.cdc.gov/children/
Crisis in Puerto Rico for the Elderly, Claude Pepper Center.
https://claudepeppercenter.fsu.edu/slider-archive/crisis-in-puerto-rico-for-the-elderly/

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U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Ready: Prepare,plan stay informed.
https://www.ready.gov/kids
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Learn: Terrorism, Disaster and Children.
https://learn.nctsn.org/course/index.php?categoryid=52
March of Dimes. Prepare for a disaster: Information for anyone caring for a newborn.
https://www.marchofdimes.org/prepare-for-a-disaster-information-for-anyone-caring-for-a-newborn.
aspx
National Association of the Deaf. Emergency preparedness.
https://www.nad.org/resources/emergency-preparedness/
PTSD. Early mental health intervention for disasters.
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/type/disaster_earlyintervention_tx.asp
National Center for PTSD. The effects of disaster on people with severe mental illness.
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/specific/disaster_mental_illness.asp
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN). Traumatic Grief.
https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types/traumatic-grief
National Institute of Mental Health. Helping children and adolescents cope with violence and disasters:
What rescue workers can do.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/helping-children-and-adolescents-cope-with-disastersand-other-traumatic-events/index.shtml#pub6
Schonfeld, D., National Center for Disaster Medicine and Public Health. Psychosocial impacts of disasters
on children.
https://www.usuhs.edu/ncdmph-learn/Learn/PsySoc/NC_PI_T08_010.htm
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Outreach Activities and Resources. Special populations:
Emergency and disaster preparedness.
http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/outreach/specialpopulationsanddisasters.html
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse andMental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). At risk individuals.
https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/abc/Pages/atrisk.aspx
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Pandemic and all-hazards preparedness act. Progress
report on the implementation of provisions addressing at-risk individuals.
https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/pahpa/Documents/PAHPAat-risk-reportcongress090108.pdf
Practice Guidelines
Center for Disaster Medicine Sciences. National children’s disaster mental health concept of operations(CONOPS).
https://www.oumedicine.com/docs/ad-psychiatry-workfiles/conops_final_120511.pdf
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U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Guidance on planningfor integration of functional needs support services in general population shelters.
https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1831-25045-7316/fnss_guidance.pdf
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Listen, protect andconnect: Family to family, neighbor to neighbor. Psychological first aid (PFA) for the community helping
each other. Helping those around You in times of disasters.
https://www.ready.gov/sites/default/files/documents/files/LPC_Booklet.pdf
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Listen, protect, connect– model and teach. Psychological first aid (PFA) for students and teachers.
https://www.ready.gov/sites/default/files/documents/files/PFA_SchoolCrisis.pdf
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Listen, protect, andconnect: Psychological first aid for children and families.
https://www.ready.gov/sites/default/files/documents/files/PFA_Parents.pdf
Foltin, G.L., Schonfeld, D.J., Shannon, M.W. (Eds.). Pediatric terrorism and disaster preparedness: A
resource for pediatricians. AHRQ Publication No. 06-0056-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality; October 2006.
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=468168
Klein A. National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC). Sexual violence in disasters: A planningguide for prevention and response.
https://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/Publications_NSVRC_Guides_Sexual-Violence-in-Disasters_Aplanning-guide-for-prevention-and-response_0.pdf
Speier, A.H., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. Psychosocial issues for children andadolescents in disasters.
http://cretscmhd.psych.ucla.edu/nola/Video/MHR/Governmentreports/Psychosocial%20Issues%20
for%20Children%20and%20Adolescents%20in%20Disasters.pdf
The Consortium of New York Geriatric Education Centers. Geriatric mental health: Disaster preparedness
and response curriculum.
https://www.bronx.va.gov/docs/GeriatricMHDisaster.pdf
Journal Articles
Altman, B.A., Gulley, K.H., Rossi, C., et al. (2016). Delivering flexible education and training to healthprofessionals: Caring for older adults in disasters. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 10(4),633–637.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27109606/
American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College ofSurgeons — Committee on Trauma, American Trauma Society, et al. (2011). Model uniform core criteria
for mass casualty triage. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 5(2), 125–128.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21685308/
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Astill Wright, L., Sijbrandij, M., Sinnerton, R., et al. (2019). Pharmacological prevention and early
treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Translational Psychiatry, 9(1), 334.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31819037/
Baker, M. D., Baker, L. R., & Flagg, L. A. (2012). Preparing families of children with special health careneeds for disasters: an education intervention. Social Work in Health Care, 51(5), 417–429.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22583028/
Bakker, L. P., Småstuen, M. C., Reichelt, J. G., et al. (2019). The trajectory of symptom burden in exposed
and unexposed survivors of a major avalanche disaster: a 30 year long-term follow-up study. BMC
Psychiatry, 19(1), 175.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31182052/
Bell, S. A., & Folkerth, L. A. (2016). Women’s mental health and intimate partner violence following natural
disaster: A scoping review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 31(6), 648–657.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27641740/
Brandenburg, M. A., Watkins, S. M., Brandenburg, K.L., et al. (2007). Operation Child-ID: reunifying
children with their legal guardians after Hurricane Katrina. Disasters, 31(3), 277–287.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17714168
Broughton, D.D., Allen, E. E., Hannemann, R. E., et al. (2006). Getting 5000 families back together:reuniting fractured families after a disaster: the role of the National Center for Missing & ExploitedChildren. Pediatrics, 117(5 Pt 3), S442–S445.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16735280/
Canyon, D. V., Ryan, B. J., & Burkle, F. M. (2020). Rationale for Military involvement in humanitarianassistance and disaster relief. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine,35(1), 92–97.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31806064/
Chaffee M. (2009). Willingness of health care personnel to work in a disaster: an integrative review of theliterature. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 3(1), 42–56.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19293743/
Goenjian, A. K., Steinberg, A. M., Walling, D., et al. (2020). 25-year follow-up of treated and not-treatedadolescents after the Spitak earthquake: course and predictors of PTSD and depression. Psychological
Medicine, 1–13.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31931901/
Jang, S., Ekyalongo, Y., & Kim, H. (2020). Systematic review of displacement and health impact fromnatural disasters in Southeast Asia. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1–10.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31959272/
Jemtrud, S. M., Rhoades, R. D., & Gabbai, N. (2010). Reunification of the child and caregiver in theaftermath of disaster. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 36(6), 534–537.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21078464/
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Kailes, J.I. & Enders A. (2007). Moving beyond “special needs”: A function-based framework for
emergency management and planning. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 17(4): 230–237.
http://www.jik.com/KailesEndersbeyond.pdf
La Greca, A. M., Lai, B.S., Llabre, M. M., et al. (2013). Children’s postdisaster trajectories of PTS symptoms:
predicting chronic distress. Child & Youth Care Forum, 42(4), 351–369.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24683300/
Mace, S. E., Sharieff, G., Bern, A., et al. (2010). Pediatric issues in disaster management, part 3: special
healthcare needs patients and mental health issues. American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 5(5), 261–274.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21162408/
North, C. S., Gordon, M., Kim, Y.-S., et al. (2014). Expression of ethnic prejudice in focus groups fromagencies affected by the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in
Social Work, 23(2), 93–109.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-25357-001
Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2013). Assessing children’s disaster reactions and mental health needs:
screening and clinical evaluation. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 58(3),135–142.
Pfefferbaum, B., Shaw, J. A., and American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP)
Committee on Quality Issues (CQI) (2013). Practice parameter on disaster preparedness. Journal of theAmerican Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(11), 1224–1238.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24157398/
Pfefferbaum, B., Sconzo, G. M., Flynn, B. W., et al. (2003). Case finding and mental health services forchildren in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services &Research, 30(2), 215–227.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12710374/
Phifer, J. F., & Norris, F. H. (1989). Psychological symptoms in older adults following natural disaster:nature, timing, duration, and course. Journal of Gerontology, 44(6), S207–S217.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2809114/
Sakauye, K. M., Streim, J. E., Kennedy, G. J., et al. (2009). AAGP position statement: disaster preparedness
for older Americans: critical issues for the preservation of mental health. The American Journal of Geriatric
Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(11), 916–924.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20104050/
Schonfeld, D., & Gurwitch, R. (2009). Addressing disaster mental health needs of children: Practicalguidance for pediatric emergency healthcare providers. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine 10(3):208–15.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1522840109000500
Books/Chapters
Brown, L.M., Cohen, D., Kohlmaier, J. (2007). Older Adults and Terrorism. In Bongar, B., Brown, L.M.,
Beutler, L., et al. (Eds.). Psychology of Terrorism. (288–310). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Dowling, F.G., & Jones, K. (2011). Special populations. In Stoddard, F.J., Pandya, A., Katz, C.L., (Eds.)
and Committee on Disasters and Terrorism, Disaster Psychiatry outreach, disaster psychiatry: Readiness,evaluation, and treatment (89–110). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Gurwitch, R., & Schreiber, M. (2010). Coping with disaster, terrorism and other trauma. In Koocher, G.,
LaGreca, A., (Eds.). The Parent’s Guide to Psychological First Aid. Boston, MA: Oxford University Press;
2010.
La Greca, A., & Silverman, W. (2006). Treating children and adolescents affected by disasters and terrorism.
In Kendall P, ed. Child and Adolescent Therapy. (356–382). 3rd ed. The Guilford Press.
Mysels, D.J., Sullivan, M.A., Dowling, F.G. (2011). Substance Abuse. In Jr, Stoddard, F.J. Pandya, A., Katz,
C.L. (Eds.) and Committee on Disasters and Terrorism, Disaster Psychiatry outreach, disaster psychiatry:
Readiness, evaluation, and treatment (121–146). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Oriol, W; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. (1992). Psychosocial issues for older adults
in disasters.
https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma11-disaster-03.pdf
Pynoos, R., Schreiber, M., Pfefferbaum, B. (2005). Impact of terrorism on children. In Sadock B., Sadock V.,
eds. Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 8th edition. (3551–3563) Philadelphia, PA:
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Rundell, J.R. (2007). Assessment and management of medical-surgical disaster casualties. In Ursano, R.J. &Sakauye, K. (2011). Geriatric psychiatric interventions. In Jr, Stoddard, F.J. Pandya, A., Katz, C.L. (Eds.)
and Committee on Disasters and Terrorism, Disaster Psychiatry outreach, disaster psychiatry: Readiness,evaluation, and treatment (313–328). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Shaw, J.A., Espinel, Z., Shultz, M.S. (2012). Care of children exposed to the traumatic effects of disaster.
Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
Silverman, W., & La Greca, A. (2002). Children experiencing disasters: definitions, reactions, and predictorsof outcomes. In La Greca, A., Silverman, W., Vernberg, E., Roberts, M., (Eds.). Helping children cope withdisasters and terrorism. (11–33). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Srinivasan, S., Llorente, M. D., & Magley, M. (2014). Mental health consequences of disaster exposure in older
adults. In C. A. Cefalu (Ed.), Disaster Preparedness for Seniors: A Comprehensive Guide for Healthcare
Professionals (311–327). Springer New York, NY.
Vernberg, E. (2005). Intervention approaches following disasters. In La Greca, A., Silverman, W., Vernberg,E., Roberts, M., (Eds.). Helping children cope with disasters and terrorism. (55–72). Washington, D.C.:
American Psychological Association.

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Table 2: Topics and Resources (continued)
7. Providing Care
SUB-TOPICS■ Legal and ethical issues on providing disaster behavioral health services■ Early intervention strategies■ Non-clinical interventions■ Diagnosis and treatment of behavioral health disorders■ Grief and bereavement■ Risk and crisis communication
RESOURCES
Quick Reads/Rapid Resources
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Psychological first aid: Helping victims in the immediate
aftermath of disaster.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CTC_psychological_first_aid.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Psychological first aid: How you can support well-being indisaster victims.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Psychological%20First%20Aid_Support_
Well_Being_of_%20Disaster_Victims.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness andResponse. (2014). Disaster behavioral health capacity assessment tool.
https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/abc/Documents/dbh-capacity-tool.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Sustaining the psychological well being of care givers while caring
for disaster victims.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Sustaining_Psychological_Wellbeing_of_
Caregivers_While%20Caring%20%20for%20Disaster%20Victims.pdf
National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC). Sexual violence in disasters: Fact sheet.
https://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/Factsheet_sv-in-disasters.pdf
War Trauma Foundation and World Vision International. World Health Organization. Psychological firstaid: Guide for fieldworkers. Geneva, Switzerland.
https://www.who.int/mental_health/publications/guide_field_workers/en/
Smartphone Apps
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Psychological first aid app.
https://mobile.va.gov/app/pfa-mobile
Trainings
Elite Healthcare. Continuing education for counselors.
https://www.elitecme.com/counselors/

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For Disaster Preparedness and Crisis Response.
https://thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/education/disaster-personnel
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) Learning Center. Psychological first aid online.
https://learn.nctsn.org/enrol/index.php?id=38
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) Learning Center. Skills for psychological recovery(SPR) online.
https://learn.nctsn.org/enrol/index.php?id=535
Office of Minority Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Cultural competency program
Office of Minority Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Behavioral health.
https://thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/education/behavioral-health?utm_medium=email&utm_
source=govdelivery
The National Fallen Firefighters Foundation. Curbside manner: Stress first aid for the street.
https://www.fireherolearningnetwork.com/Training_Programs/Curbside_Manner__Stress_First_Aid_for_
the_Street.aspx
Websites/Online Reports
American Psychiatric Association. Coping After Disaster, Trauma.
https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/coping-after-disaster-trauma
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coping with a Disaster or Traumatic Event.
https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/coping/index.asp
National Center for PTSD. Types of debriefing following disasters.
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/type/debrief_after_disasters.asp
National Library of Medicine. Disaster Information Management Research Center (DIMRC). Coping withdisasters, violence and traumatic events.
https://disasterinfo.nlm.nih.gov/coping
National Library of Medicine, Disaster Information Management Research Center (DIMRC). Coping withdisasters, violence and traumatic events: For emergency responders, healthcare workers, and volunteers.
https://disasterinfo.nlm.nih.gov/coping#For_Emergency_Responders,_Healthcare_Workers,_Journalists,_
and_Volunteers
World Health Organization. Mental health and psychosocial support in emergencies (several publications
and topics).
https://www.who.int/mental_health/emergencies/en/
Practice Guidelines
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed.
Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
https://cdn.website-editor.net/30f11123991548a0af708722d458e476/files/uploaded/DSM%2520V.pdf

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National Center for PTSD and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Psychological first aid: Field operations
guide.
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/type/PFA/PFA_2ndEditionwithappendices.pdf
Simonsen L.F., Reyes G. Community-based psychological support: A training manual. Geneva, Switzerland:International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; 2003.
https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/library/community-based-psychological-support-trainingmanual-1st-edition
Watson, P., & National Center for PTSD. Early interventions following disasters: Principles of psychologicaland stress first aid.
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/consult/2017lecture_archive/03152017_lecture_slides.pdf
The World Health Organization. (2019, July 4). IASC Guidelines for mental health and psychosocial
support in emergency settings.
https://www.who.int/mental_health/emergencies/9781424334445/en/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. Field manual for mental health and humanservice workers in major disasters.
https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/adm90-0537.pdf
Journal Articles
Barnett, D.J., Taylor, H.A., Hodge, J.G., et al. (2009). Resource allocation on the frontlines of publichealth preparedness and response: report of a summit on legal and ethical issues. Public health reports(Washington, D.C.: 1974), 124(2), 295–303.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2646457/
Call, J. A., Pfefferbaum, B., Jenuwine, M.J., et al. (2012). Practical legal and ethical considerations for theprovision of acute disaster mental health services. Psychiatry, 75(4), 305–322.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23244009/
Engel, C. C., Locke, S., Reissman, D.B., et al. (2007). Terrorism, trauma, and mass casualty triage: how
might we solve the latest mind-body problem?. Biosecurity and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy, practice,and science, 5(2), 155–163.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17608601/
Everly, G.S., Jr, Beaton, R.D., Pfefferbaum, B., et al. (2008). On academics: training for disaster response
personnel: the development of proposed core competencies in disaster mental health. Public health reports(Washington, D.C. : 1974), 123(4), 539–542.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430653/
Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., et al. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term masstrauma intervention: empirical evidence. Psychiatry, 70(4), 283–369.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18181708
Lerner, E. B., Schwartz, R. B., Coule, P. L., et al. (2008). Mass casualty triage: an evaluation of the data anddevelopment of a proposed national guideline. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 2 Suppl 1,
S25–S34.
Continued32https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18769263/
North, C. S., King, R. V., Fowler, R. L., et al. (2015). Delivery of mental health care in a large disastershelter. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 9(4), 423–429.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26008136/
Pfefferbaum, B., Shaw, J. A., & American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP)
Committee on Quality Issues (CQI) (2013). Practice parameter on disaster preparedness. Journal of theAmerican Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(11), 1224–1238.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24157398/
Rose, S., Bisson, J., Churchill, R., & Wessely, S. (2001). Psychological debriefing for preventing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (3), CD000560.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11686967/
Sheikhi, R. A., Seyedin, H., Qanizadeh, G., et al. (2020). Role of religious institutions in
disaster risk management: A systematic review. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 1–16.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32063259/
Shultz, J. M., & Forbes, D. (2013). Psychological first aid: Rapid proliferation and the search for
Evidence. Disaster Health, 2(1), 3–12.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28228996/
Sylwanowicz, L., Schreiber, M., Anderson, C., et al. (2018). Rapid triage of mental health risk in emergency
medical workers: Findings from typhoon Haiyan. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 12(1),
19–22.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28903795/
Books/Chapters
Barbanel, L., & Sternberg, R.J. (2005). Psychological Interventions in Times of Crisis. Springer Publishing
Company.
Jones, K. (2011). Psychopharmacology: acute phase. In Jr, Stoddard, F.J. Pandya, A., Katz, C.L. (Eds.)
and Committee on disasters and terrorism, disaster psychiatry outreach, Disaster psychiatry: Readiness,evaluation, and treatment (p. 241–260). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Kantor, E. M., & Beckert, D. R. (2011). Psychological first aid. In Jr, Stoddard, F.J. Pandya, A., Katz, C.L.
(Eds.) and Committee on disasters and terrorism, disaster psychiatry outreach, Disaster Psychiatry:
Readiness, Evaluation, and Treatment (p. 203–212). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Katz, C.L. (2011). Needs assessment. Jr, Stoddard, F.J. Pandya, A., Katz, C.L. (Eds.) and Committee on
Disasters and Terrorism, Disaster Psychiatry Outreach, Disaster psychiatry: Readiness, evaluation, andtreatment (49–70). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Myers, D. G., & Wee, D. F. (2005). Disaster mental health services: a primer for practitioners. New York:Brunner-Routledge.

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Ng, A.T. (2011). Telepsychiatry in disasters and public health emergencies. In Jr, Stoddard, F.J., Pandya, A.,
Katz, C.L., (Eds.). Disaster psychiatry: Readiness, evaluation, and treatment. Washington, D.C.: American
Psychiatric Publishing.
Ng, A. T., Morganstein, J.C. et al. (2019). Disaster psychiatry and psychiatric emergency services. In
emergency psychiatry: Principles and practice (pp. 530–538).
Pandya, A. (2011). Group and family interventions. In Jr, Stoddard, F.J., Pandya, A., Katz, C.L., (Eds.).
Disaster psychiatry: Readiness, evaluation, and treatment. Washington, D.C.: American PsychiatricPublishing.
Pillay, S.S. (2011). Psychotherapies. In Jr, Stoddard, F.J., Pandya, A., Katz, C.L., (Eds.). Disaster psychiatry:
Readiness, evaluation, and treatment. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Ritchie, E. C., Watson, P. J., & Friedman, M. J. (2008). Interventions following mass violence and disasters:
strategies for mental health practice. New York: Guilford.
Schonfeld, D. (2008). Providing psychological first aid and identifying mental health needs in the aftermathof a disaster or community crisis. In Foltin, G., Tunik, M., Treiber, M., Cooper, A. Pediatric disaster
preparedness: A resource for planning, management, and provision of out-of-hospital emergency care.
New York, NY: Center for Pediatric Emergency Medicine.
Stoddard, F.J., & Dowling, F.G. (2011). Psychopharmacology: Postacute phase. In Jr, Stoddard, F.J., Pandya,A., Katz, C.L., (Eds.). Disaster psychiatry: Readiness, evaluation, and treatment. Washington, D.C.: American
Psychiatric Publishing.
Watson, P.J. (2007). Early intervention for trauma-related problems following mass trauma. In Ursano,R.J., Fullerton, C.S., Weisaeth, L., Raphael, B., eds. Textbook of disaster psychiatry. London: Cambridge
University Press.

Table 2: Topics and Resources (continued)
8. Additional Important Roles
SUB-TOPICS■ Consultation■ Planning and preparedness■ Education and information■ Assessing changing needs■ Program design/implementation/evaluation■ Supporting non-behavioral health responders

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RESOURCES
Quick Reads/Rapid Resources
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Body Recovery and Stress Management for Leaders andSupervisors.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Body_Recovery_Stress_Management_for_
Leaders_Supervisors.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Information for Healthcare Providers in Body Recovery from
Mass Death.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Information%20for%20healthcare%20
providers%20in%20body%20recovery%20from%20mass%20death.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Information for Relief Workers on Emotional Reactions to
Human Bodies in Mass Death.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Information%20for%20Relief%20
Workers%20on%20Emotional%20Reactions%20to%20Human%20Bodies%20in%20Mass%20Death.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Leadership and Supervision for Body Recovery in Mass Death.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Leadership_Supervision_for_Body_
Recovery_in_Mass_Death.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Leadership Stress Management.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Leadership_Stress_Management.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Media Management in Body Recovery from Mass Death.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Media%20Management%20in%20
body%20recovery%20from%20mass%20death.pdf
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Natural Disasters: Optimizing Officer and Team Performance.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_law_enforcement_natural_disasters.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. Psychological first aid for first responders:
Tips for emergency and disaster response workers.
https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/nmh05-0210.pdf
Smartphone Apps
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Mobile App.
https://store.samhsa.gov/product/samhsa-disaster
Websites/Online Reports
American Health Care Association. Emergency preparedness.
https://www.ahcancal.org/facility_operations/disaster_planning/Pages/default.aspx
The American Psychiatric Association. Disaster and trauma.
https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/professional-interests/disaster-and-trauma
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Crisis & emergency risk communication (CERC).
https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public health law: Publications and resources.
https://www.cdc.gov/phlp/publications/topic/index.html
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Terrorism and Disaster: What Clinicians Need to Know: Viral
Hemorrhagic Fevers.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_CME_RUSH_USU_viral_hemorrhagic_
fevers.pdf
Currie, D., American Public Health Association. Expert round table on social media and risk
communication during a time of crisis: Strategic challenges and opportunities.
https://silo.tips/download/special-report-expert-round-table-on-social-media-and-risk-communicationduring
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. From Texas to Maine,
NOAA’s flood information tool promotes resilience.
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/apr15/flood-exposure.html
Practice Guidelines
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CERC Manual.
https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/manual/index.asp
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Communicating in a crisis: Risk communication
guidance for public officials.
Journal Articles
Chaffee, M. (2009). Willingness of health care personnel to work in a disaster: an integrative review of theliterature. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 3(1), 42–56.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19293743/
Covello, V.T. (2003). Best practices in public health risk and crisis communication. Journal of healthcommunication, 8 Suppl 1, 5–151.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14692565/
Glik, D. C. (2007). Risk communication for public health emergencies. Annual Review of Public
Health, 28(1), 33–54.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17222081/
Ingrassia, P. L., Pigozzi, L., Bono, M., et al. (2020). Use of simulated patients in disaster medicine training:
A systematic review. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 1–6.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31928571/
Keller, R. T., & Bobo, W. V. (2002). Handling human remains following the terrorist attack on the Pentagon:
experiences of 10 uniformed health care workers. Military medicine, 167(9 Suppl), 8–11.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12363151/
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Raphael, B., Lundin, T., & Weiseth, L. (1989). A research method for the study of psychological andpsychiatric aspects of disaster. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 353, 1–75.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2816476/
Rosenbaum, S., Harty, M. B., & Sheer, J. (2008). State laws extending comprehensive legal liability
protections for professional health-care volunteers during public health emergencies. Public Health Reports(Washington, D.C.: 1974), 123(2), 238–241.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18457079/
Verheul, M. L., & Dückers, M. (2020). Defining and operationalizing disaster preparedness in hospitals: A
systematic literature review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 35(1), 61–68.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31826788/
Vineburgh, N., Ursano, R., Hamaoka, D., et al. (2008) Public health communication for disaster planningand response. Int J Public Pol, 3(5/6), 292–301.
Wild, J., Greenberg, N., Moulds, M.L., et al. (2020). Pre-incident training to build resilience in first
responders: Recommendations on what to and what not to do. Psychiatry, 1–15.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32338579/
Books/Chapters
Stoddard, F.J. (2011). Communication risk before, during, and after a disaster. In Stoddard, F.J., Pandya, A.,
Katz, C.L., (Eds.). Disaster psychiatry: Readiness, evaluation, and treatment. Washington, D.C.: American
Psychiatric Publishing.

Table 2: Topics and Resources (continued)
9. Impact on Workers/Responders
SUB-TOPICS■ Defining disaster workers/responders■ Types of stress experiences■ Rewards and stress mediators■ Protecting and maintaining the health workforce■ Workplace and organizational responsibilities and strategies■ Individual responsibilities and strategies■ Organizational and leadership factors that promote wellness and sustainmentRESOURCES
Quick Reads/Rapid Resources
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Shift Work: Managing the Challenges of Disrupted Sleep Patterns
and Extended Duty Hours.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_law_enforcement_extended_shift_sleep.pdf
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Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress. Sustaining the Psychological Well-Being of Caregivers While
Caring for Disaster Victims.
https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Sustaining_Psychological_Wellbeing_of_
Caregivers_While%20Caring%20%20for%20Disaster%20Victims.pdf
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD. (2018). Police officer toolkit.
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/care/toolkits/police/managingStrategiesPolice.asp
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. Tips for first responders: Possible alcoholand substance abuse indicators.
http://ldh.la.gov/assets/docs/EmergencyPrep/katrinarita/TipsFirstResponders_PossibleAlcoholSubstanceAbuseIndicators.pdf
Trainings
The Fire Hero Learning Network. Curbside manner: Stress first aid for the street.
https://www.fireherolearningnetwork.com/Training_Programs/Curbside_Manner__Stress_First_Aid_for_
the_Street.aspx
Fire Hero Learning Network. Stress first aid for fire and EMS personnel.
https://www.fireherolearningnetwork.com/Training_Programs/Stress_First_Aid_for_Fire_and_
Emergency_Medical_Services_Personnel.aspx
Websites/Online Reports
U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. A post-deployment guide forfamilies of emergency and disaster response workers.
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/resilience_resources/support_documents/
postdeploy/families_nmh05-0220.html
Practice Guidelines
National Center for PTSD. Stress First Aid (SFA) for law enforcement.
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/care/toolkits/police/docs/PoliceStressFirstAid.pdf
National Fallen Firefighters Foundation. Stress first aid for wildland firefighters : Student manual.
https://responderalliance.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Wildland-Firefighter-Student-Manual-Oct2018-compressed.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. A post-deployment guide for emergency
and disaster response workers: Returning home after disaster relief work.
https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma11-disaster-04.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services. A guide to managing stress in crisis
response professionals.
https://store.samhsa.gov/product/guide-managing-stress-crisis-response-professions-2/sma05-4113

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Journal Articles
Birkeland, M. S., Nielsen, M. B., Knardahl, et al. (2016). Time-lagged relationships between leadershipbehaviors and psychological distress after a workplace terrorist attack. International Archives ofOccupational and Environmental Health, 89(4), 689–697.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26708261/
Landahl, M., & Cynthia, C. (2009). Beyond the plan: individual responder and family preparedness in theresilient organization. The Journal of the Naval Post Grad School Center for Homeland Defense and Security,5(3).
https://www.hsaj.org/articles/98
North, C. S., Tivis, L., McMillen, J. C., et al. (2002). Psychiatric disorders in rescue workers after the
Oklahoma City bombing. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(5), 857–859.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11986143/
Osofsky, H. J., Osofsky, J. D., Arey, J., et al. (2011). Hurricane Katrina’s first responders: the struggle toprotect and serve in the aftermath of the disaster. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 5 Suppl
2, S214–S219.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21865490/
Parker, C. L., Everly, G. S., Jr, Barnett, D. J., et al. (2006). Establishing evidence-informed core interventioncompetencies in psychological first aid for public health personnel. International Journal of Emergency
Mental Health, 8(2), 83–92.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16703846/
Perrin, M. A., DiGrande, L., Wheeler, K., et al. (2007). Differences in PTSD prevalence and associatedrisk factors among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers. The American Journal of
Psychiatry, 164(9), 1385–1394.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17728424/
Tran, D. V., & North, C. S. (2018). The association between dissatisfaction with debriefing and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in rescue and recovery workers for the Oklahoma City bombing. Disaster
Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 12(6), 718–722.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29540249/
Veronese, G., Pepe, A., Massaiu, I., et al. (2017). Posttraumatic growth is related to subjective well-being of
aid workers exposed to cumulative trauma in Palestine. Transcultural Psychiatry, 54(3), 332–356.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1363461517706288?journalCode=tpse
Books/Chapters
Geoff, M. J., & North, C. S. (2016). Postdisaster psychopathology among rescue workers responding tomultiple-shooting incidents. In The Wiley handbook of the psychology of mass shootings (pp. 229–246). John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119048015.ch13
Merlino, J.P. (2011). Rescuing ourselves: self-care in the disaster response community. In Jr, Stoddard, F.J.
Pandya, A. Katz, C.L., (Eds.). Disaster Psychiatry: Readiness, evaluation, and treatment. Washington, D.C.:
American Psychiatric Publishing.
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Table 2: Topics and Resources (continued)
10. Broad based/Comprehensive/Classic Resources
SUB-TOPICS■ Resources that are foundational to the field of disaster behavioral health■ Frequently cited resources■ Resources on specific types of events that have influenced the development of the field of disasterbehavioral health■ Resources on more general topics that have influenced the development of the field of disasterbehavioral healthRESOURCES
Websites/Online Reports
Defense Technical Information Center. The human response to the Gander military air disaster: A
summary report. (1987).
https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a193074.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mental health: culture, race, and ethnicity—A supplement
to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/
Journal Articles
Aguirre, B.E. (2005). Emergency evacuations, panic, and social psychology. Psychiatry, 68(2), 121–129.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16247855/
Benedek, D.M., Fullerton, C., & Ursano, R. J. (2007). First responders: mental health consequences ofnatural and human-made disasters for public health and public safety workers. Annual Review of Public
Health, 28, 55–68.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17367284/
Bonanno, G.A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to
thrive after extremely aversive events?. The American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14736317/
Breslau, N., Davis, G.C., Andreski, P., et al. (1991). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder inan urban population of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48(3), 216–222.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1996917/
Bromet, E. J., Goldgaber, D., Carlson, G., et al. (2000). Children’s well-being 11 years after the Chornobyl
catastrophe. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(6), 563–571.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10839334/
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological
Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3901065/
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Dollinger, S. J. (1986). The need for meaning following disaster: Attributions and emotional
upset. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12(3), 300–310.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167286123006
Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Wang, L. (2004). Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, anddepression in disaster or rescue workers. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1370–1376.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15285961/
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., et al. (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks
in New York City. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346(13), 982–987.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11919308/
Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., et al. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National
Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7492257/
Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., et al. (1990). Brunner/Mazel psychosocial stress series, No.
18. Trauma and the Vietnam war generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans
Readjustment Study. Brunner/Mazel.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-97372-000
Laufer, R. S., Brett, E., & Gallops, M. S. (1985). Dimensions of posttraumatic stress disorder among
Vietnam veterans. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173(9), 538–545.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4020374/
Lindemann, E. (1994). Symptomatology and management of acute grief. 1944. The American Journal of
Psychiatry, 151(6 Suppl), 155–160.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8192191/
Lindy, J. The trauma membrane and other clinical concepts derived from psychotherapeutic work withsurvivors of natural disasters. Psychiatric Annals. 1985 15 153-160.
Menninger, W.C. (1947). Psychiatric experiences in the war, 1941–1946. The American Journal of
Psychiatry, 103(5), 577–586.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20295269/
Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., et al. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empiricalreview of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Psychiatry, 65(3), 207–239.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12405079/
North, C. S., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2002). Research on the mental health effects of terrorism. JAMA: Journal of
the American Medical Association, 288(5), 633–636.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12150676/
Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236(4799), 280–285.
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/236/4799/280

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We would like to acknowledge these individuals for theircontributions to the recommended resources:
David M. Benedek, MD
Grant H. Brenner, MD
Allan Chrisman, MD
Darrin Donato
Daniel Dodgen, PhD
Carol S. Fullerton, PhD
Sandro Galea, MD, DrPH
Maria Llorente, MD
Rachel E. Kaul, LCSW, CTS
Carol North, MD
Jane Parker, PhD
Frank G. Sommers, PhD
Anthony Speier, PhD
Jun Shigemura, MD, PhD
Robert J. Ursano, MD
Patricia Watson, PhD
Lars Weisaeth, MD, PhD
John Wong, MD

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