Facts, Fallacies and Myths: VARK andLearning Preferences
Neil D Fleming
Designer of the VARK questionnaire
December 2012
This article became necessary because of the wide-ranging errors about VARK and its resources. Other
material is on the website: www.vark-learn.com

Learning	  Style	  or	  Learning	  Preferences?	  
Technically VARK is not a learning style. A learning style would indicate preferences for a wide range oflearning behaviours such as preferences for learning at a particular time of day, or in a particular temperatureor lighting as well as structural options such as learning with others or with adults or peers or alone or inmixed groups. VARK is about people and their learning and it focuses on modalities that they might preferwhen learning. The questions are framed with an emphasis on learning (and not teaching or relaxing).

Diagnostic	  or	  Indicative	  VARK results are indicative not diagnostic. With only 16 questions it would be unlikely that a diagnosis forany aspect of learning could be made. So why only 16 questions? Firstly, the responses of learners aremost likely to be valid when they are willing participants in a short survey session. Their responses and theirfatigue levels are likely to be adversely affected by surveys of more than 30 questions. Secondly, it is very
difficult to design questions that have four reasonably balanced options that will attract those with aparticular modality preference.

Multimodality	  Life is multimodal so it is unlikely that any population with VARK data will exhibit more than 40% ashaving a single preference. And, a single preference is indicative of the strength of one of the modalities not
an indication that the other three VARK modalities do not exist. Even a learner with a very strong
Kinesthetic preference will still have scores for the other three modes and be prepared to use those when theysuit the context of their learning.

Skill	  or	  Preference	  It is possible to like something (preference) and not be good at it (skill or ability). Similarly it is possible tobe very skilled at using strategies aligned with one of the VARK modalities but not use that for learning. As
an example, a learner who was very skilled at freehand drawing did not use it for her learning and did notenjoy doing it.

Uni-­‐modality	  in	  Action	  and	  Behaviour	  One research study that used VARK, tried to limit the learning approaches to each of the VARK modalities
and compare the differences. To take an extreme example, one could try to teach somebody to ride a horseusing Aural strategies only and then teach another person using Read/write strategies only as an error-ridden
research project. That is a waste of valuable research time, and effort. Although it is possible to provide
separate and identifiable scores for the four VARK modalities they are very “blurred at the edges" and they
exist together for good reasons. For example, many researchers don’t realize that it is possible to ask
learners to write (Read/write) a Kinesthetic essay merely by changing the topic of the essay. A learner whois asked to write about experiences that he or she has had, is writing from a real or a concrete and factual
basis. That is very much within the strategies that those with a Kinesthetic preference employ. Similarly
asking a learner to write the dialogue for a conversational exchange between two antagonistic participants islikely to appeal to those with an Aural preference. One might expect that learning music would suit alearner who has some strong Aural preferences but music can be very effectively learned by those whoemploy Read/write, Visual, or Kinesthetic strategies, or all-four. Effective teachers know about thesedifferences and they use them to attract different learners to assigned tasks.

Pictures	  are	  Visual.	  
This is a common mistake. Pictures that represent something may be Visual using the definitions in VARK,
but pictures that are “real” such as photographs and videos of events and demonstrations are more likely to
be appreciated and used by those who have a Kinesthetic preference. Part of the confusion occurs becausesome people focus on the medium that is used rather than what it contains. Use of a screen, whether on acomputer, or in a theatre or elsewhere, does not mean that the material on it is Visual. A screen showing
alternative house designs and plans is more likely to appeal to a potential buyer with a Visual preference. A
similar screen showing the finished house set in attractive grounds (or a tour through a built example) ismore likely to enthuse a person with a Kinesthetic preference. It is the message not the medium that is
important for VARK.	  
Kinesthetic	  This mode is a source of confusion for some and the VARK definition, not the dictionary one, needs to be
used if one is to understand learners who prefer this modality. While learning by doing is oft-quoted, it isslow and often inappropriate to use for effective learning. Certainly in the early years of child development,
it is the most-used modality but in post-high-school education, Kinesthetic needs to be redefined. It is bestobserved in its VARK form in the learning strategies employed by elite sports players - biased towards
Kinesthetic preferences. For them it is the reality of the game or the contest that provides most learning.
Second, would be the demonstration of skills from a coach or mentor. Third most helpful, would be theopportunity to watch oneself in action (video replay). So is video not suited to a Visual strategy? Seldom!
If it is used to show the reality of an experience it is more helpful for those learners with a Kinesthetic(VARK) preference. As one learner said “I never understood how to prune commercial grape vines forwine production by listening to the professor in the theory lectures. It was not until I watched as hedemonstrated with secateurs in the vineyard, that I understood the theory and the practice.”

Where	  does	  Read/write	  come	  from?	  
The very old distinctions that used the three-part VAK modalities appears to have no known designer and islikely to be based on Greek or Egyptian knowledge of sensory modalities. I was convinced that there was afourth learning modality and introduced Read/write for learning strategies based on preferring text. This
meant separating Read/write from within the Visual modality where it was previously placed. And it left theVisual modality with symbolic representations of information as found in graphs, charts, maps, logos, anddiagrams.	  
Scoring	  VARK	  A more comprehensive article on the difference between the research scoring algorithm and the one
employed on the website is listed on our website. It seems likely that we will move towards using theresearch algorithm that uses standard deviations to define single preferences and multimodality and as you
read this that may have already happened.

Translations	  There are over 20 translations of VARK. However, caution is advised as some translations are only in older
versions of VARK and have not been updated. The wording of the VARK questionnaire is changed quite
often to reflect different technological and behavioural changes so some older translations are likely to beaccurate but dated. We welcome updates and new translations.

Nature	  or	  Nurture	  For preferences in general, there is little research evidence for nature or nurture explanations, and muchwould depend on the preference that is being discussed. VARK preferences are probably formed during thefirst 12-20 years of life and will be modified or built from all those learning experiences and contexts thatfamily, teachers, colleagues, peers, and caregivers provide for each individual.

Do	  scores	  change?	  
We have preferences that are strong or weak for many things in our lives and they may or may not be subject
to rapid change. Some are relatively fixed; our preferences for a particular political party, or food, orpartners are not prone to rapid change and learning preferences would be in that group. If an individualchooses to complete the VARK questionnaire at different times his/her scores may shift up or down a few
points but it is unlikely that their overall preferences will change markedly. If you were described as having
a strong Read/write preference it is unlikely that in the medium term you will switch to having a strong
Aural preference. If you wanted to change a preference in a major way it would need some long term andsubstantial exposure in an environment where that alternative mode was strongly represented. For example,to alter one’s preference for learning that used Visual strategies one could spend considerable time in anarchitect’s office or a realtor or designer’s studio or similar environments where Visual strategies are often
used. We still await a definitive reliability study.

VARK	  will	  tell	  me	  how	  I	  Teach.	  
VARK was designed with, and for, students. The development of VARK came from observations andinterviews with students. The questions are about responses to learning and therefore the questionnaire is
not a reliable indicator of how people teach. The way that teachers teach, and the strategies they use, may
be quite similar or quite different from the ones they employ when they are learning. When teachers
complete the VARK questionnaire it indicates how they learn, not how they teach.

Multimodal	  is	  ill-­‐defined.	  
Please see the article on our website about Multimodal learners.

Research	  The four VARK scores for an individual or their percentages from a group are the first level of data andresearchers seldom use it. As researchers move further away from this data they move into VARK
categories that are calculated (constructed) using subjective algorithms (Research or Online). One of themore useful tools that avoid the various VARK categories is to combine all those who have some of apreference. For example, this would aggregate those who have a single preference for, say Visual, with those
who have Visual as part of their bimodal or trimodal profile (VA, VR, VK, VAR, VAK, VRK). Double andtriple counting is involved but it does result in a four-part distinction based on V, A, R and K. And it is ameaningful statistic as it indicates all those who have some preference for learning in each of the four modes.

One	  Mode	  is	  Best	  Because learners have different preferences between the four modes it is unlikely that any particular mode
will be dominant. That is why multimodality is the most common profile for two-thirds of learners. Trying
to isolate a behavior and assign it to just one mode is a waste of time. Texting on a cellphone may seem likea Read/write-only use but there may be other modes in play. If the language of the text is in “chat mode”
and uses abbreviations and colloquial language it will be an indication of the Aural mode and if it contains
real-life experiences and examples it will appeal to those with a Kinesthetic preference. It is possible forpeople to speak (Aural) Kinesthetically because of the content of their language and also for them to speak
visually (Visual) or in a Read/write mode. Researchers need to work with this multimodality rather thanattempting to measure whether any single mode is “matched” to learners’ modes.

Matching	  Teaching	  to	  Learning	  is	  Effective	  Some of the strongest attacks on the use of learning styles in teaching are justified. No teacher can usefully
employ strategies that will match all the learning preferences exhibited in a class whether online or face-toface. Some learners will tune-out no matter what is offered. If there were a set of effective and definedteaching strategies, teacher education would now be streamlined and using a single and universal curriculum.
(If we extend the analogy; restaurants would all have the same menu.) What VARK offers is student-based,
not teacher-based. Matching is not the aim. Instead, learners, through the questionnaire, are provided withan indication of the modes they would prefer and they are advised to choose strategies aligned with those
preferences for making notes, taking notes, designing study strategies and preparing for tests, assignments,projects, reports and examinations. While it may be helpful to imagine a time when learners could explore
strategies aligned with their weakest and least-used VARK mode(s) that is unlikely to occur when they faceformal, and often stressful, opportunities to gather qualifications.