Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 57 No. 1 (March 2020)
1Combustion Technology of Oil-Fired Combustors
for Dual Fuel-Fired Gas Turbines

JUNJI NODA*1

KOJI MIYAZAKI*1

KOZO AOKI*1

KAZUAKI HASHIGUCHI*2

With the background of environmental protection and the reduction of CO2 emissions,high-performance and high-efficiency gas turbine combustors are needed. Particularly, gas
turbine combustors (hereafter GT combustors) are required to have the same performance level inboth oil-fired and gas-fired operations. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) is working onapplying CFD analysis to the development of oil fuel nozzles. Additionally, MHI developed ablowdown combustion test rig as a new element test method Even in a short time, combustor
screenings in equivalent to actual GT conditions are available with the test rig. Furthermore, MHI
has also developed a small fiber fused lens probe and realized the measurement of heat release
distribution in an oil-fired combustor.

|1. Introduction
GT combustors are in demand for not only gas-firing, but also oil-firing. Dual-fuel GTcombustors, for which both oil- and gas-firing are possible, require combustion performances interms of oil-firing to be the same as in gas-firing.
Combustor wall temperature reductions, combustion stability and the reduction of exhaustgas emissions are important themes for GT combustors. To overcome these issues, it is necessary
to estimate complicated phenomena such as fuel atomization, vaporization and mixing with air
before combustion. In addition, quick and inexpensive screening of combustor test pieces isrequired
This paper outlines the following experimental-analytical techniques to solve theaforementioned issues.
(1) Numerical approach for gas-liquid interface tracking(2) Screening with blowdown type combustion test rig(3) Small optical fiber probes for heat release ratio measurement in flame|2. Development of GT combustor verification method(1)Gas-liquid interface tracking analysis of liquid fuel
The fuel nozzle is the key device in determining the combustor performance and a CFD
analysis model for gas-liquid interface tracking is being applied to the development of the fuelnozzle.
In this analysis model, the free surface of the liquid column/film near the fuel injector istracked by the VOF (volume of fluid) method until surface breakup occurs, and the subsequent
droplet motion is analyzed using the DPM (discrete phase model) method to cope with both theacceptable accuracy and the moderate calculation cost. To evaluate the atomization and spray
distribution of liquid fuel, fuel injection obliquely into a crosswind is analyzed using a VOF toDPM model with a commercial generic code of ANSYS Fluent. Figure 1 gives an example of
the analysis results and indicates that the outer edge of the trajectory in these results match well

*1Combustion Research Department, Research & Innovation Center*2Research Manager, Combustion Research Department, Research & Innovation CenterMitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 57 No. 1 (March 2020)2(1)with the prediction by model equation of Fuller et al. Furthermore, VOF to DPM analysis canalso provide information on atomization due to shearing with the air flow and the liquid column
breakup length in addition to the spray outer edge. In this way, if the downstream spray
distribution can be predicted by applying the CFD analysis method to more complicated nozzle
shapes and airflow conditions, the method will be a useful tool for nozzle development.

Figure 1(2)Example of CFD analysis (VOF to DPM model)

Screening with blowdown type combustion test rig
We perform combustion tests to verify the performance of the nozzles developed andselected through the aforementioned CFD analysis and element tests. For combustion tests, it isnecessary to match the same representative scale in the target phenomena. For example, it isnecessary to match the Reynolds number and Mach number to simulate flow fields, as well as
the temperature and the fuel residence time for certain combustion fields. Particularly in thecase of oil-fired combustors, injected fuel there are complicated processes involving injectedfuel before combustion such as atomization, evaporation and fuel-air mixing before
combustion. In the development of GT combustors, it is important to reproduce these
phenomena in element tests to evaluate the combustor performances. For this reason, acombustion test rig, which is able to operate under actual combustion conditions with actual
scale combustors, is required, rather than a small-scale element test device.
For the actual-scale oil-fired combustion tests, a blowdown type combustion test rig wasdeveloped. Batch-type tests are possible by using the mainstream air supplied from an air tankpressurized by a compressor. Although the test time is limited due to the capacity of the airtank, this test rig allows operation under the same pressure and temperature conditions as actualequipment.
In addition, operation using fuel and additive water under conditions equivalent to thoseof the actual equipment is possible, so tests and measurements in the combustion flow field
reproducing those of the actual GT combustor can be performed. This test rig has a high degreeof freedom in terms of the air pressure and temperature conditions, as well as the fuel oil andadditive water systems, and the installation of a GT combustor is also easy. Thus, the screeningof GT combustors can be performed in a short time and at a low cost. Figure 2 and Figure 3
depict the external view of this test rig and the schematic diagram, respectively.
Combustion air is supplied from the high pressure air tanks and controlled with valves,and then the air condition is reproduced via an air heater. A first-stage orifice simulating afirst-stage stator blade of an actual gas turbine is installed followed by a second-stage orifice tocontrol back pressure. Oil fuel and additive water are supplied to the combustor through ahigh-pressure pump. Air, fuel and water flow control valves operate under optimized PID
control, and the GT combustor rated load condition is reached in just several tens of seconds
after ignition and flame holding conditions.
Figure 4 shows time series measurement data in the combustion test using the test rig as
an example. The horizontal axis shows the time from the load increase, and the vertical axis
shows the mass flow rate, the fuel-air ratio (F/A) and the combustor inlet pressure. This figure
indicates that a stable air supply and combustor pressure increase are attained even when thesrart-up time is short. After increasing the load, measurements were performed under three F/A
conditions and it was confirmed that the parameters followed the change of F/A quickly
enough. After the measurements, purge operation was conducted, and the air supply wasstopped after the exhaust gas in the test rig were sufficiently purged.

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The series of test sequences shown in Figure 4 was conducted by using DIASYS
Netmaion®, which is also used in the actual gas turbine facility to control the system. The
sequence procedure was input in advance. Only a STOP/GO decision was needed during thetest. For this reason, even with a small number of experimental test members, we can conduct
the test safely and focus on the status of the test rig and combustors operating under conditions
equivalent to the actual GT conditions.

Figure 2External view of blowdown combustion test rig

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of blowdown combustion test device(6)Figure 4(3)Example of time series data during blowdown test

Flame diagnosis using a small and air-cooled fiber fused lens probe
The blowdown combustion test rig described above is designed to perform various
measurements for evaluating and verifying the phenomena inside the combustor. This chapter
shows the optical measurement of the heat release rate distribution in a GT combustor.
The heat release rate distribution inside the combustor was evaluated from the ultraviolet(UV) light (mainly consisting of OH* and CO2* chemiluminescence) measurement of the flameusing a newly-developed small and air-cooled fiber fused lens probe. Since a water-cooledMitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 57 No. 1 (March 2020)4

jacket is not required, there is no risk of leakage of cooling water, and the probe can be installed
in a combustor with a limited amount of installation space. The measurement system consists oftwo parts: (1) a small air-cooled fused fusion lens probe and (2) a high-sensitivity UVphotodetector. Figure 5 (a) shows the schematic diagram of the lens probe installed in thecombustor and Figure 5 (b) shows that of the high-sensitivity UV photodetector. Six fiber
probes were attached to the combustor wall. The light emitted from the flame at each position
was collected and focused in an optical fiber, and was led to the outside of the combustor
through the optical fiber. The optical fiber outside the combustor was connected to a UV band
chemiluminescence detector and the light intensity was measured. It is known that the UV band
chemiluminescence from 300 to 340 nm is mainly due to the emission of OH* and CO2*, andboth emission intensities have a positive correlation with the heat release rate in the combustion
flame(2)-(5).

Figure 5(a) Schematic installation of small self-luminous probe in oil-fired
combustor(6)Figure 5(b) Schematic configuration of ultra-sensitive ultraviolet light detector and its
connection(6)Figure 6 shows a photograph of a small and air-cooled fiber fused lens probe. The lightemitted from the flame was collected by a focusing lens (φ2mm) made of fused silica andfocused into an optical fiber, and delivered to the outside of the combustor through an
Au-coated optical fiber. Au coating on the optical fiber enhances the heat resistance up to750°C. The diameter of the focusing lens was reduced to φ2mm to prevent contaminants, suchas oil/water spray and soot, from adhering to the surface of the probe.
Since the size of the focusing lens was reduced to φ2 mm, making the light receiving area
smaller than that of a conventional probe, and the light receiving intensity was reduced. To
compensate for the decrease in received light intensity due to the diameter change, it wasnecessary to improve the sensitivity of the UV-band chemiluminescence detector. In this study,a single-photon counting method was employed to enhance the sensitivity of UV lightdetection. The photon counting method effectively separates the thermal noise of the detector
from the optical signal and counts photons one by one. It is effective for the measurement ofvery weak light. Figure 5(b) shows a schematic diagram of an optical setup andphoton-counting UV detector. An optical fiber transmitting light inside the combustor wasconnected to a UV-band chemiluminescence detector. Light emitted from the fiber tip wascollimated by a lens, reflected by a dichroic mirror and irradiated to a photon counting module
to measure the intensity of UV emission from the flame. The light was passed through atwo-band pass filter to block out light other than 300-340 nm, and passed through a UV neutral
density filter to adjust the light intensity so that the detector did not saturate the signal.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 57 No. 1 (March 2020)
5Figure 6 External view of small non-cooled fiber-fused lensprobe(6)|3. Experimental results
A full-scale oil-fired combustion test was conducted under the conditions corresponding toan actual combustor by using the blowdown combustion test rig described above. A comparison ofheat release rate distributions in gas combustion and in oil combustion is discussed here.
(1) Comparison of heat release rate distribution measured in oil fired combustor and gas fired
combustor.
Figure 7 shows a comparison between the axial distribution of heat release rate ingas-fired combustion (blue squares) reported in the previous study by Fukuba et al.(7) and thatof heat release rate in oil-fired combustion (red circles) obtained in this study(6). The heatrelease rate values are normalized by the maximum value for each condition. A wider
distribution of heat release rate was measured in oil combustion than in gas combustion.

Figure 7 Comparison of heat release rate distribution in GT
combustor between oil-firing and gas-firing(6)(2)

Comparison of heat release rate distribution measured under stable and unstable conditions.
Figure 8 shows the heat release rate distribution under stable (closed circles) andunstable (open circles) oil firing conditions. The heat release rate values are normalized by themaximum value for each condition. The heating area moved upstream and the combustion
oscillation tended to increase.

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Figure 8 Heat release rate distribution during stable andunstable operation of oil firing(6)|4. Conclusion
For the development of oil-fired gas turbine combustors, recent spray analysis using CFD,
blowdown combustion experimental technology, and overcoming the challenge of flame diagnosis
using a newly-developed optical fiber probe were reported. In the future, CFD analysis will beconducted to understand the phenomena by refining the combustor model, and the output of theoil-fired combustor will be further increased by improving the combustor itself.

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(5)
(6)
(7)

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