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216  úËõ July 2012 Vol.25 No.4

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tal results of pure water (circles), 0.01 M KCl (squares),and 0.5 M KCl solution (triangles)32,33). The solid line is theresult of MD simulations. (b) Calculated individual struc­ture facter (|F|) of mica crystal with a surface (|FucFCTR|,
dashed­dotted line), relaxed mica surface (|FMica­relaxed|,
dashed line), and water (|Fwater|, solid line). Reprinted
from Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, H. Sakuma
and K. Kawamura, Structure and Dynamics of Water on
Muscovite Mica Surfaces, 4100_4110, Copyright (2009),
with permission from Elsevier.

ðà ¡ im

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Ìs[NªdÈÁÄ¢éB±êçÌá¢ÍåÆµÄ\ÊÉFig. 5(Color online) X­ray CTR scattering proles of mica/0.5 M
NaCl solution (blue circles) and mica/pure water (opentriangles) interfaces24). The numbers 00l (l2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
12, 14) indicate the locations of the Bragg reection pointsof mica by the 00l plane. The solid and broken lines indicate
the calculated proles by the best­t model to mica/0.5 M
NaCl solution and mica/pure water interfaces, respectively.
Adapted with permission from The Journal of Physical Che­
mistry C, 115, 15959, 2011. Copyright 2011 American
Chemical Society.

Fig. 6zµ½

aCIÌá¢ÉæéÆl@³êéªCX ü

CTR UÌÊÌÝ©çÍC³fÌÁèªÅ«È¢B±êÍÁÉCÎÛÆµ½zCIªy¢ Na{ Åé±ÆÉ

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and MD simulations of (a) mica/pure water and (b) mica/0.5 M NaCl solution interfaces. Reprinted with per­mission from The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 15959, 2011. Copyright 2011 American Chemical
Society.

úËõ July 2012 Vol.25 No.4  217

U®ÆµÄÌ

Ì\¢»Í\Ê©ç10 Å öxÅéBÙµÄCl¦çêéEÊÌ\¢ðßÅc_·éBÚ¯¶ ðÌ MD vZ ÌÊÍ jüÅ ¦³êÄ ¢éBs[NÌâÊuª®SÉÀ±ÆÊu·éí¯ÅÍÈ¢ªC
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µ½ Na{ CIÌüèÉzÊµCakð`¬µÄ¢éªqÅ

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M NaClntEÊÅÍCNa{ CIªÉÑdµ½_ê\ÊÉ¼Úz
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NaCl solution for individual elements obtained from MD simu­
lations. (Bottom) Side view of the iso­density surface of watermolecules around a Na{ ion adsorbed on a mica surface. The
iso­surface shows the positions where the density is six times
higher than that in the bulk. Adapted with permission fromThe Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 15959, 2011.
Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society.

Table 1µC»Ìüèð

ªqªÍÁ½`ÔÌàöÌÆµÄ¶ÝµÄ¢é±Æªí©Á½BNaClntÌ\¢Ídq§xÌU®ÆµÄÏª³êC»ÌU®Í\Ê©çñ10 Å öxÉÜÅyÔ±Æàí©Á½B±±Å_ê\ÊÔÉ²Üê½ NaCl

ntÌS«É«ÌªèÊ20)ÆÌärð·éBX ü CTR UÉMD vZÉ¨¯é
NaCln tÌ Z xÍ 0.5 M Å ÙÚ CèCS«É«ÌªèÊÍ0.007 M ÅÌ Z xÅ
éBµ©µCA comparison of the dynamics and structure of aqueous NaCl solution at the interface with a muscovite surface

Aims

To measure the ``Dynamics'' of conned NaClsolution between muscovite surface

To measure the ``Structure'' at muscovite/NaClsolution interface

Methods

Resonance shear mesurement20)

X­ray CTR scattering measurements{MD simulations24)

SamplesAqueous NaCl solution (0.007 M) conned between
muscovite surfaces

Aqueous NaCl solution (0.5 M) on a muscovite
surface

Measured properties

Viscosity, lubricity, hydration force, electrical double
layer force

Electron density, element distribution

Summary of the results

ÉSurface separation D20 Å
Increased viscosity
High repulsive hydration force
ÉD10 ÅLargely increased viscosity(by a factor of 100`10000 relative to bulk solution)
High repulsive hydration force
High lubricity

ÉThe distance from a muscovite surface z12 Å
Electron density oscillationÉz5 Å
Hydrated Na{ ion adsorbed on a muscovite surface
as an inner sphere complex

218  úËõ July 2012 Vol.25 No.4

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HÆåwåw@Hw¤Èn f¯ÈwêUÉÁC³E­mail: sakuma.h.aam.titech.ac.jpêåFimn ÈwCEÊÈwCn f¯
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2004Nkåwåw@w¤ÈnwêUmÛöC¹Cmiw)B2004N|
2008 N  k å w ½ ³ ¨ ¿ È w ¤   B
2008N\HÆåwåw@Hw¤Èn f¯ÈwêUB2011N 6 \12Ryn[QåwimTCGXZ^[qõy³öB2010N 4 æè»EBðà ¡ imÉæéfw·×èÊÌFN[vfwÌJjYð¾Éü¯Ä

A mechanism and stability of water lubrication
between mineral surfaces:
The physics of Creeping faults
Hiroshi SAKUMA
Abstract

Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science &Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Creeping faults are characterized by the continuous fault slip without large earthquakes. One of
the famous creeping faults is the central zone of the San Andreas Fault. The creeping mechanism
has been unclear yet even though there are many geophysical observations of the fault. The mostplausible hypothesis to explain the creeping mechanism is the lubrication eects of layered­struc­ture minerals and the adsorbed water on the mineral surfaces. Here, I review the researches of thephysical properties of the fault based on the geophysical observations and explain recent experi­ments using synchrotron radiation to reveal the mechanism of the lubrication due to the adsorbed
water conned between mineral surfaces.

úËõ July 2012 Vol.25 No.4  221