PART 1

DRUGS IN SPORTS
A. Introduction

The use of drugs in sports has had a long and well documented history. The
IAAF became the ﬁrst International Sporting Federation to prohibit doping, doing so
in 1928 by including the following wording in its Handbook:“Doping is the use of any stimulant not normally employed to increase
the poser of action in athletic competition above the average. Any person
knowingly acting or assisting as explained above shall be excluded from any
place where these rules are in force or, if he is a competitor, be suspended fora time or otherwise from further participation in amateur athletics under thejurisdiction of this Federation.”
However, soon after World War II it became clear that many athletes in a wide
range of sports were using drugs to enhance their performance. This practice waswidespread, while measures to resist such use were limited. The death of athletes
in cycling events in 1960 and 1967, which was traced to doping, aroused strong
reactions and the demand was made that sports authorities should intervene.
The Council of Europe ﬁrst deﬁned doping in 1963 as the use of certain
substances or the use of methods that could have the effect of unnaturally improving
the physical and/or mental condition of a contestant before or during competition
and thus enhance his or her sports performance. Although the danger associated withthe use of drugs was the initial incentive for doping control, doping is now no lessregarded as cheating and unethical.
In general, athletes have used drugs both to speed up development during training and to enhance their performance in the competition itself. The International
Olympic Committee (IOC) established a Medical Commission in 1967 and approved
a ban on doping in 1968. The Committee deﬁned the list of Prohibited Substances
and the ﬁrst tests for stimulants were performed at the Winter Olympics in 1968.
Steroids only became detectable in 1974.
International Sports Federations (IFs) also initiated doping controls at their own
events and IAAF became the ﬁrst IF to perform systematic out-of-competition tests,
which are considered the most effective form of testing.
The authorities (such as National Anti-Doping Agencies) of various countries
have taken over doping controls within their own borders and in some countries
doping has been banned by law, and is therefore also punishable as such.
In 1998, several doping incidents occurred in various parts of the world, andseveral governments declared their dissatisfaction with the current doping control
situation. As a result, the IOC called a conference in Lausanne in early 1999 withthe participation of National Olympic Committees (NOCs), Government authorities,
IFs, and athletes. More stringent measures were approved and “The Lausanne
Declaration” was issued and the decision was made to establish The World AntiDoping Agency (WADA), with the participation of the IOC, IFs, and governments.

CHAPTER 15, DRUGS IN SPORTS/DOPING CONTROLThe purpose of WADA is to harmonise and strengthen anti-doping actions and rules
across all sports and countries.
At a conference in Copenhagen in March 2003 “The World Anti-Doping Code”
was formally approved and replaced the IOC anti-doping rules. The “Code” setsstricter anti-doping aims, rules, and controls than were previously in effect.
WADA also took over the role of publishing the list of Prohibited Substances,which is continually under review and formally updated on 1 January each year. A
substance or method is considered for inclusion on the List if WADA determines itmeets any two of the following three criteria: a) it is performance enhancing, b) be
dangerous to the athlete’s health, c) be contrary to the spirit of sport. A substance or
method can also be added to the list if WADA determines it has the capacity to mask
the use of other prohibited substances or methods.
The scope of the doping problem continues to shift and expand as newcompounds, chemical and pharmacological classes, and methods of doping areembraced by succeeding generations of athletes, coaches, and unscrupulous
chemists. As a result, anti-doping analytical laboratories have evolved continuously
to face these new challenges.
In order to meet numerous legal challenges to the anti-doping rules and regulations, more-detailed legal deﬁnitions and clariﬁcations were devised. Today’s antidoping regulations, testing procedures, and adjudication processes are developed andreﬁned constantly by teams of legal, medical, and pharmacological-analytical experts.
Substances may be prohibited either in-competition, or both in- and outof-competition, depending upon their short- or long-term potential to enhance
performance or endanger the athlete’s health. The determination as to whether asubstance or method is banned, or whether it is to be sought either in-competition
or both in- and out-of-competition, or neither, may be updated from year to year,
depending on current scientiﬁc knowledge and an evaluation of the extent to which
a substance is being abused. Hence, it is essential that sports physicians, athletes,
coaches, and sports administrators regularly apprise themselves of the contents of
the WADA Code and List of Prohibited Substances and Methods, which is revised
and published at least annually. Each new version comes into effect on 1 January.
The List is now published and revised by WADA and is made available to eachmember and published on the website (www.wada-ama.org) and also on the IAAF
website (www.iaaf.org). WADA determination of the prohibited list and methods is
not subject to legal challenge.
B. Prohibited Substances and Methods: A Brief History

Following is a brief history and selection of how the Prohibited List has evolved
over the years. The classes of substance are listed by their current WADA Prohibited
List titles, however these too have changed often.
The Prohibited List (the List) originally consisted only of:• Psychomotor stimulant drugs• Miscellaneous central nervous system stimulants

CHAPTER 15, DRUGS IN SPORTS/DOPING CONTROL• Narcotic Analgesics• Anabolic Steroids
At ﬁrst, few individual drugs were speciﬁcally named on the List, which
remained divided by substance class. The List has subsequently been under constantrevision and changed considerably, with more individual substances mentioned
within each group and some even deleted. In addition to Classes of Substances, thecategories Prohibited Methods, Substances Prohibited Out-of-Competition, Speciﬁed
Substances, and Substances Prohibited in Particular Sports have been added.
1. Anabolic Steroidsa. Anabolic steroids initially included on the prohibited list were: methandienone, stanazolol, esters of nortestosterone, and related compounds.
b. Testosterone and its esters were added in 1979 and in 1986 the list was
expanded to include any substance that increased the testosterone:epitestosterone (T:E) ratio, which was initially set at 6:1 by the IOC, but
decreased to 4:1 in 2005. Further investigation may be needed to determine
whether the ratio is due to a physiological or pathological condition.
c. In 1993 Anabolic Agents were divided into two categories:
i. Androgenic Anabolic Steroids; andii. Other Anabolic Agents (e.g. beta-2 agonists)
d. Dihydrotestosterone was added to the list in 1995 and deemed to be positive
where the concentration in urine exceeds the range of normal values. A sample
is not regarded positive for dihydrotestosterone or testosterone where an athlete
proves that the ratio or concentration is attributable to pathological or physiologicalcondition. This principle was also applied in 2002 to any Prohibited Substancethat is capable of being produced by the body naturally. In 2000 it was statedthat evidence obtained from metabolic proﬁles and/or isotopic ratio measurement may be used to draw deﬁnite conclusions.
e. Epitestosterone was listed in 1995 under Prohibited Techniques.
2. Hormones and Related Substances
a. 1990 the hCG, ACTH and hGH were included in the list
b. In 1992 Erythropoietin (EPO) was addedc. In 2000 the following were added as well: Pituitary and Synthetic
Gonadotrophins (LH), Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1) and Insulin(but permitted to treat insulin-dependent diabetes), all other erythropoiesisstimulating proteins.
d. In 2005 Mechano-Growth Factors (MGFs) were added to the prohibited list.

3. Beta-2 Agonists
a. Beta-2 Agonists ﬁrst appeared on the list in 1993 as Other Anabolic Agentswith clenbuterol as an example.

CHAPTER 15, DRUGS IN SPORTS/DOPING CONTROLb. Salbutamol and Terbutaline by inhalation were permitted in 1995 as
exceptions, when prescribed for therapeutic purposes by properly qualiﬁed
medical personnel.
c. Salmeterol was added to the “permissible list” in 1996 and Formoterolin 2000.
d. In 2004 it was emphasised that all beta-2 agonists are prohibited exceptthat formoterol, salbutamol, salmeterol, and terbutaline are permitted byinhalation only to prevent and/or treat asthma and exercise-induced asthma/
bronchoconstriction. However, a concentration of salbutamol greater than
1000 ng/mL is considered an adverse ﬁnding, despite the granting of a
Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE). In 2004 Beta-2 Agonists were classiﬁed
as a Speciﬁed Substance.
4. Agents with Anti-Oestrogenic Activity
a. Agents with Anti-Oestrogenic Activity appear on the list in 2002 as
Clomifene, cyclofenil, tamoxifen, and aromatase inhibitors (prohibited inmales only).
b. In 2004 Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators were added.
5. Diuretics and Other Masking Agentsa. Masking Agents were placed on the list as their own category in 2004,
including but not limited to: diuretics, epitestosterone, probenecid, andplasma expanders.
b. In 2005 the name of the group was changed to Diuretics and other Masking
Agents, and alpha-Reductase Inhibitors were added to the list.
c. Diuretics were classiﬁed as Speciﬁed Substance in 2004, but deleted fromthat list in 2005.
6. Stimulants
a. Stimulant substances were initially classiﬁed in two groups as indicatedpreviously;
i. in 1985 they were all grouped together and simply known as Stimulants;
ii. in 1990 they were divided into Amphetamines and Stimulants;
iii. and in 2004 they were again merged into one group as Stimulants.
b. Caffeine was placed on the list in 1983 but removed in 2004.
c. Ephedrine was on the original list and in 2002 a positive ﬁnding was
stipulated as concentration of more than 10 mcg/ml in urine. In 2004 it
became classiﬁed as a Speciﬁed Substance.
d. Cocaine was included in the list in 1990.
7. Narcotic Analgesics
a. Only a few narcotic analgesics were listed initially.
b. In 1979 Codeine was “permitted for therapeutic uses.”c. In 2006 analgesics are prohibited only in competition.

CHAPTER 15, DRUGS IN SPORTS/DOPING CONTROL

8. Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids were placed on the list in 2004 and classiﬁed as a speciﬁed
Substance. They are prohibited in competition only.
9. Glucocorticosteroidsa. Corticosteroids were put on the list in 1992 and prohibited by oral,
intramuscular or intravenous application.
b. Rectal administration was added in 2000.
c. In 2006 Glucocorticosteroids are only prohibited in competition, and areclassiﬁed as a Speciﬁed Substance.
10. Enhancement of Oxygen Transfer
a. Prohibited techniques were ﬁrst introduced as such in 1990 and deﬁned as“blood doping and techniques.”
b. Erythropoietin (EPO) was added in 1992; and blood plasma expanding
products (e.g. HES) and artiﬁcial oxygen carriers were included in 2000.
c. In 2002 any sort of blood transfusion was prohibited as well as allerythropoiesis-stimulating proteins.
d. The term Blood Doping was changed to Enhancement of Oxygen Transfer
in 2004 and deﬁned as the use of autologous, homologous or heterologous or
red blood products of any origin, other than for medical treatment.
e. Use of products that enhance the uptake, transport, or delivery of oxygenis prohibited.
11. Chemical and Physical Manipulationa. Originally entitled “Techniques,” these were deﬁned as the use of substancesthat alter the integrity of the urine samples such as catheterisation, urine
substitution and/or tampering, or inhibition of renal excretion, e.g. byprobenecid and related compounds.
b. Epitestosterone was added in 1995, diuretics in 1996, and bromantan in
1998.
c. In 2004 the term Prohibited Techniques was changed to Pharmacological,
Chemical and Physical Manipulation.
d. In 2005 intravenous infusions were prohibited except as legitimate acutemedical treatment.
12. Gene Doping
Gene Doping appears on the list for the ﬁrst time in 2004.
13. Substances Prohibited in Particular Sports
Substances Prohibited in Particular Sports were added to the List in 2005 andconsist of Alcohol and Beta-blockers. Each International Sporting Federation is able
to choose whether or not they prohibit these substances. Neither of these two
substances are currently prohibited by the IAAF.

CHAPTER 15, DRUGS IN SPORTS/DOPING CONTROL

14. Speciﬁed Substances
Speciﬁed Substances were introduced in 2004 as substances that are susceptible
to unintentional anti-doping rule violations because of availability in medicinal
products. Athletes who test positive to these substances may receive a reduced
sanction if they can prove they were not taken to enhance performance.
Examples of substances included on this list are: Ephedrine, L-methylamphetamine, Cannabinoids, Inhaled Beta-2 Agonists (except clenbuterol), Diuretics (deleted 2005), Probenecid, and Glucocorticosteroids.

PART 2

DOPING CONTROL
A. Extracts of IAAF Anti-Doping Rules

At the 44th IAAF Congress in Paris, August 2003, it was decided to accept theWorld Anti-Doping Code as a basis for the ﬁght against doping and adapt the existing IAAF anti-doping rules to the Code. Following is a brief outline of the IAAF
Anti-Doping Rules.
Note: The latest IAAF Rules are available on the IAAF website and these should
be referred to when required, as changes may occur.
1. Anti-Doping Roles
The Anti-Doping Rules must be incorporated into each Member Federation’s
rules, and specify that all athletes and support personnel are bound by them.
Members must guarantee that national-level testing complies with IAAF rules.
IAAF Anti-Doping Organisation is overseen by the IAAF Council, which
delegates authority to the Medical and Anti-Doping Commission, Doping Review
Board, and the IAAF Anti-Doping Administrator.
The Commission meets once to twice a year to review its anti-doping activities.
It publishes the Procedural Guidelines, which are fully compliant with the standards
set by WADA. The Commission implements and monitors anti-doping programmes
and education, publishes updated information on prohibited substances and methods,
health consequences of doping, doping control procedures, and athletes’ rights andresponsibilities. It also grants TUEs, and establishes guidelines for the selection of
athletes to be tested.
The Doping Review Board determines whether or not exceptional circumstances
exist in the case of adverse analytical ﬁndings, decides on referral to the Court of
Arbitration for Sports (CAS), and on acceptance of sanctions made by other sporting
bodies.
The IAAF Anti-Doping Administrator is responsible for day-to-day management, implements the anti-doping programme, and conducts the results management
process.
2. Testing and Sample Analysis.
Testing is done both in-competition and out-of-competition, and any athlete may
at any time be subject to testing. It is a condition of membership of the IAAF thateach Member includes in its constitution the authority for them as well as for IAAF
to conduct out-of-competition testing on its athletes and that the IAAF has theauthority to test at all National Championships if required. In-competition testingis the responsibility of IAAF at certain International Competitions and selection
is based on ﬁnal position/random basis and may include target testing and athletes
breaking an Area and/or World Records.
The IAAF concentrates its out-of-competition testing efforts on internationallevel athletes who are required to provide their whereabouts information directly toCHAPTER 15, DRUGS IN SPORTS/DOPING CONTROL

the IAAF in order for this testing to occur. There are sanctions in place if athletes do
not comply with this requirement.
Analysis of samples shall be done at WADA-accredited laboratories to detectprohibited substances and methods and samples remain the property of the IAAF.
When analysis indicates the presence of a prohibited substance or substances, theWADA laboratory informs the IAAF of this fact.
Results management in a case of an adverse analytical ﬁnding, is ﬁrst done byreviewing the case to determine if there is a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) on
ﬁle, or a departure from the required collection process has occurred. If this is not
the case, the athlete must be informed of the adverse ﬁnding and can ask for analysisof the B sample at which they are entitled to have a representative present. If the B
sample conﬁrms the A sample the athlete must bear the costs of this analysis.
An Anti-doping rule violation, i.e. doping is deﬁned as:a. the presence of a banned substance or metabolite in an athlete’s body;b. the use or attempted use of prohibited substances or methods;c. the refusal or failure to submit to doping control or undergo ananti-doping test;d. 3 missed out-of-competition tests in a period of 5 years;
e. tampering or attempting to tamper with any part of the doping process;f. possession of a prohibited substance or methods, without TUE;
g. trafﬁcking in prohibited substance or method;h. the administration of a prohibited substance or method or assisting inan anti-doping violation;i. competing, or attempting to compete, whilst suspended or ineligible.
Standards of proof of doping are the burden of the IAAF or other prosecuting
authority, which must establish that an anti-doping rule violation has occurred. The
proof is a positive sample analysis by a WADA-accredited laboratory.
3. Disciplinary Procedures, Hearings, and Appeals
Disciplinary procedures if a doping violation has been committed involve:a. provisional suspension,b. hearing,c. sanction or exoneration.
Provisional suspension shall be imposed by the IAAF or Member if there is noadequate explanation for the cause of the adverse analytical ﬁnding, or thisprovisional suspension can be accepted voluntarily.
In all doping cases the athlete has the right to a hearing of their case before therelevant disciplinary body or tribunal, however he or she must conﬁrm in writing
within 14 days of notiﬁcation that they would like a hearing, otherwise it is assumed
that the athlete accepts that a violation has occurred. The hearing before a tribunal
must be held within 2 months from the date of notiﬁcation to the athlete. The athlete
has the right to legal counsel, to call witnesses, and to have an interpreter (at theCHAPTER 15, DRUGS IN SPORTS/DOPING CONTROL

athlete’s expense). The decision of the tribunal will be sent to the IAAF. If the IAAF
does not agree with the sanction the case will be reviewed by the IAAF Doping
Review Board, which decides whether it appeals to CAS; if so, it may re-impose
suspension. The athlete also has a right of appeal to CAS
Exceptional circumstances may occur but do not include:a. allegation that the substance was given to the athlete by another person
without his or her knowledge;b. that the substance was taken by mistake;c. that it was contained in contaminated food supplements; ord. that it was prescribed by support personnel in ignorance.
If an athlete provides substantial evidence or assistance to IAAF or National
Federation in other doping cases, this may be accepted as an exceptional circumstance and result in a reduced sanction.
If a National Tribunal decides in the case of an international athlete thatexceptional circumstances exist, it shall be referred to the IAAF Doping Review
Board. If the Doping Review Board determines that there are no exceptional
circumstances, this determination is binding on the relevant tribunal, which shall
impose sanctions. The athlete has the right to appeal to CAS.
4. Disqualiﬁcation, Sanctions, and Return to Competition Requirements
Disqualiﬁcation of the athlete shall be automatic from the event when a violation
occurs in connection with an in-competition test, with forfeiture of titles, awards,
medals, points, and prize and appearance money. When the athlete is part of a relay
team the team shall be automatically disqualiﬁed. All competitive results from thedate the sample was provided shall be annulled with resulting consequences for theindividual and the team (unless fairness requires).
Sanctions against individuals:
a. If prohibited substance is found or prohibited methods established thesanctions:i. First violation, minimum 2 years;
ii. Second violation: ineligibility for life.
b. For refusal to submit to doping or tampering with doping control:i. First violation: minimum 2 years ineligibility;
ii. Second violation: ineligibility for life.
c. For 3 missed out-of-competition tests or other whereabouts violations:i. First violation: one year ineligibility;
ii. Second and subsequent violations: two years ineligibility.
d. For trafﬁcking or administration of prohibited substance or methods:
i. Ineligibility for life.
Elimination, reduction, or replacement of ineligibility period can be reduced tohalf of the minimum period and if life sanction to 8 years, where there are exceptional circumstances, such as no fault or provided substantial evidence or assistance.

CHAPTER 15, DRUGS IN SPORTS/DOPING CONTROL

Speciﬁed substances include a few medications, acknowledged to be susceptible
to unintentional violation because of their general availability in medicinal products
and not intended to enhance performance. For speciﬁed substances the following
sanctions apply:
a. First violation: public warning and disqualiﬁcation from the event tomaximum 1 year;
b. Second violation: 2 years ineligibility;c. Third violation: ineligibility for life.
Commencement of ineligibility period shall start on the date of the hearing decision,
with the period of any provisional suspension credited against the total period.
Status during ineligibility is such that no athlete or support personnel may
participate in competition or activity other than education programmes whilst
ineligible. While ineligible, the athlete is not entitled to any payment by virtue of
appearance and/or performance. If he or she receives any payment contrary to thisrule the athlete shall not be entitled to return to competition until it has been repaid.
Requirements for return to competition are that after any period of 2 years
ineligibility the athlete shall undergo 3 out-of-competition tests at his or her costwith at least 4 months between each test, and immediately prior to the end of theperiod must undergo testing for the full range of prohibited substances and methods.
If any of these tests reveal an adverse ﬁnding, it constitutes a separate violation
leading to sanctions as appropriate. If the athlete has complied with these rules he or
she shall automatically be re-eligible after the period has ended.
5. Member Federation Reporting Obligations and Sanctions against Members
a. Members should report to the IAAF within 14 days any adverse ﬁnding andthe name of the athlete associated with that ﬁnding.
b. Members should report to the IAAF any TUE granted to their athletes.
c. Members should report to the IAAF within the ﬁrst 3 months of each year on
the doping control conducted during the previous year.
Sanctions against members may be taken by the council against any Member inbreach of the Anti-Doping Rules, such as:a. failure to guarantee athletes’ eligibility;b. failure to hold a hearing within 2 months;
c. failure to assist IAAF in whereabouts information;d. failure to report an adverse analytical ﬁnding.
If a Member is deemed to be in breach of its obligations the Council may, forinstance:
a. suspend or caution the member;b. issue ﬁnes;
c. withhold grants; ord. exclude the Member’s athletes from competitions.

CHAPTER 15, DRUGS IN SPORTS/DOPING CONTROL

B. Extracts of IAAF Procedural Guidelines for In- and Out-of-Competition Testing

Following is a brief outline of the IAAF Procedural Guidelines for Doping Control. All athletes and support personnel should acquaint themselves with the IAAF
Procedural Guidelines for Doping Control, which should be followed as far as isreasonably practicable.
Note:The latest IAAF Procedural Guidelines can always be found on the IAAF
website and these should be referred to when required as changes can occur.
1. In-Competition Testing
The Doping Control Station shall be clean and clearly identiﬁed and consist of a
waiting room, working room, and WCs (men and women) equipped with all necessary
material. Only authorised persons are allowed in the Doping Control Station.
Selection of athletes to be tested shall be done on a ﬁnal position and/or
random basis. Sample collection shall be conducted on any athlete who has broken
or equalled an Area and/or World record. Tests for rh-EPO shall be conducted on
any athlete who has broken or equalled Area or World record in races of 60 m
upwards including multi-events and walks. Notiﬁcation of the athlete shall be done
appropriately by the Doping Control Ofﬁcer (DCO) and the athlete’s identity must
be conﬁrmed. The DCO shall inform the athlete:
a. which type of sample collection he or she is required to undergo;b his or her right to an assistant/representative;c. that he or she must remain within the sight of the DCO;
d. that he or she must report to the doping station in no later than 60 minutes.
The athlete shall sign an appropriate form to accept the notiﬁcation.
The DCO shall consider any request by the athlete to delay reporting to the
Doping Control Station or to leave after reporting for testing for the following
reasons only if the athlete can be continuously chaperoned:a. medals ceremony;b. media commitments;
c. further competition;d. warm down;c. medical treatment;
d. locating an appropriate witness.
The urine sample collection process shall be explained to the athlete after his or
her arrival and the athlete is offered a choice of sample collection vessels when he or
she is ready to provide a sample. The athlete shall check that all seals are intact and
if not satisﬁed select another.
After selection, only the athlete and DCO of the same gender shall proceed to
the WC. The DCO shall witness the sample leaving the athlete’s body and record
this fact. The athlete is required to disrobe as necessary for the witnessing to takeplace.

CHAPTER 15, DRUGS IN SPORTS/DOPING CONTROL

Athletes shall provide no less than 75 ml of urine. For EPO testing no less than
100 ml is required. Where the volume is insufﬁcient the athlete shall be asked toprovide more urine but the originally obtained sample shall be kept in a sealedcontainer. The athlete shall remain under observation and be able to drink. Whenthe athlete is ready to provide the remaining amount needed, the sample collection
procedure shall be repeated.
Once a sample has been provided, the athlete him or herself shall pour theprovided urine into the bottles he/she has previously selected. A small amount isretained to measure speciﬁc gravity. The athlete seals the bottles. The DCO tests the
speciﬁc gravity; 1.010 or higher is recommended. If the speciﬁc gravity is too low
the athlete is required to provide a further sample, but not until after one hour has
elapsed. The collection procedure shall be the same. The athlete shall have fulﬁlled
his or her duty to submit to doping control only after having delivered the required
volume of acceptable urine, irrespective of the time necessary for this.
Blood sample collection may be required and begins after the procedure has
been explained to the athlete and he or she has signed the consent form. If the athlete
refuses this procedure, it shall be regarded as refusal to submit to doping control.
The athlete may nevertheless be required to provide a urine sample.
The athlete chooses a sampling kit from a selection. The Collection ofﬁcial shallprovide proof of his or her qualiﬁcation to withdraw blood. The sample should betaken from a superﬁcial vein only from the arm or hand. No more than 25 ml should
be withdrawn and no more than three attempts made. The athlete is only entitled torefuse if the above criteria are not fulﬁlled.
2. Out-of-Competition Testing (OOCT)The testing pool is established by IAAF, which may appoint a third party to
conduct the testing. Registered athletes may be subject to no advance notice OOCT
at any time. Athletes are required to inform IAAF of their whereabouts and notify
IAAF of changes. If the athlete fails to provide the information or is unable to belocated 3 times in 5 years, he or she will be evaluated for anti-doping rule violation.
Selection of athletes for testing is done by IAAF by random and targeted methods.
Notiﬁcation of athletes shall usually be the no advance notice method for OOCT.
Only exceptionally will there be advance notice. For no advance notice OOCT, theDCO shall make reasonable attempts to locate and notify the selected athlete andinclude attempts at alternative times and locations. If the athlete cannot be contacted
it shall be reported to the IAAF. When in exceptional cases advance notice is given,
the DCO shall arrange with the athlete a time and place for the testing. It is theathlete’s responsibility to check that there is no confusion over the agreed time andlocation. Identiﬁcation of each party and the same sample procedures shall beapplied as in competition.
Following the sample collection, any behaviour by the athlete or associatedpersons that may compromise the sample collection shall be recorded. The athlete
shall have the opportunity to document any concerns. Detailed information shall berecorded on the Doping Control Form, such as: time of notiﬁcation and sampling,CHAPTER 15, DRUGS IN SPORTS/DOPING CONTROL

athlete’s name, date of birth, gender, address and discipline, the code number andname of responsible ofﬁcials, and signature of the athletes and ofﬁcials.
C. Extracts of IAAF Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs)

Athletes with a medical condition that requires the use of medication on theprohibited list can apply to IAAF or their National Authority for permission for theiruse, i.e. a Therapeutic Use Exemption or TUE. A TUE will be granted only in casesof clear need in accordance with the following criteria:
a. that the application was submitted no less than 21 days before competition(this applies for standard applications, not for abbreviated ones);b. that the athlete would experience a signiﬁcant impairment to his or her
health if the substance was withheld;c. that the use would produce no additional enhancement other than return tonormal health. The use of a substance to increase “low-normal” levels ofhormones is not acceptable;d. there is no reasonable alternative;e. that the necessity for use is not a consequence of prior non-therapeutic
use of any prohibited substance.
A TUE will not be granted if it might give the athlete a competitive advantage.
A retroactive TUE will not be granted except in cases where:
a. emergency treatment was necessary;b. due to exceptional circumstances, there was insufﬁcient time to submit anapplication.
A TUE will only be considered following the receipt of a completed application
form and relevant documents and a statement by a physician attesting to the necessityof the substance and why an alternative medication cannot be used. A speciﬁc IAAF
Commission of a minimum of three members reviews each application. No memberof the Commission shall decide on a TUE from his or her own country. The decisionof the commission will be conveyed to the athlete and respective authorities inwriting. Each TUE will be for a speciﬁed duration. A TUE may be cancelled by the
IAAF at any time; the athlete can nevertheless reapply or appeal this decision.
An abbreviated TUE process is used for Beta-2 agonist by inhalation and mostglucocorticosteroids. An application for use of Beta-2 agonists by International
athletes shall be accompanied by detailed medical records and provocation test
results (see Chapter 14, Part 2, Asthma and Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm).
References

The Prohibited List is now revised and published by WADA. The current list
may be found on the web sites of WADA (www.wada-ama.org) and the IAAF
(www.iaaf.org ).