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æÍÄÄ\¬µ½Ê CT ð Fig. 6(d)É¦µ½BÈ¨CCTéB±êðJèÔµÅÍ¿Ìñ]²É¼ÈûüÉ¨¢ÄCìàÉ¿Ìª¨³ÜÁÄ¢é±Æðv·éB·Èí¿CæÌ[ÍíÉ¿ª³¢ªÉ½èC«EðÆµÄ±±ÅÍÊVtgi·Èí¿üÜjª³¢Æ·éBãÅÍ uy (x,y) ðvªµÄ¢È¢ªC±Ì«Eðªg¦éÌÅ F(x,y) ªê`IÉèÅ«C CT æÄ\¬ªÂ\ÅFig. 5

Wave eld strength downstream from p/2 phase grating.

386  úËõ Nov. 2010 Vol.23 No.6ÆÉÓµÄÙµ¢Bé±ðà ¡ Talbot øÊðpµ½ X üÊC[WO

Fig. 6

Image processing ow of the fringe­scanning method: (a)moir áe fringe pattern, (b) fringe pattern deformed by sam­ple, (c) dierential phase image, (d) phase tomogram.

È¸@Ì¼Ét[GÏ·@40) ðg¤êàFig. 7

éB

Image processing ow of the Fourier­transform method: (a)ne moir áe fringe pattern with magnied inset, (b) Fouriertransform of (a), (c) Extraction of the 1st order, (d) argu­
ment of the inverse Fourier transform of (c), (e) phasetomogram.

±Ìû@ÅÍêÌææ¾Å÷ªÊð¾é±ÆªÅ«éBFig. 7(a)Ìæ¤ÉCñ]AÉæè y ²ûüÉüAügûüÉÂ¢ÄÍLAtWÌüú·ÅúðÂ×©¢ÈiLAtWjª¶¬³êÄ¢é§À³êéBµ½ªÁÄC¬¢BeÉÍt[GÏ·@ªÆ·éB±ÌÆ«ÌAæÍ

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VNgúËõðp¢½À±X ü Talbot ±ÂvÌ\z(19)

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æ 1 iqÉÍ p/2 Êiqðp¢½ªCzûiqÆ¯lÉàÅ»ìµ½B½¾µC»Ìp^[Ì³Íá­Äæ­Cgp·é X üÉÎµÄÊVtg p/2 ð^¦éæ

úËõ Nov. 2010 Vol.23 No.6  387

Fig. 8Operation of Talbot interferometer with hard X­rays, show­
ing moir áe fringe visibility as a function of the distance be­
tween the gratings.

¤ÉÝvµ½àÌÅéB

p/2 ÊiqÆUiqÅ Talbot ±Âvð\¬µÄÏ@³ê½Aæð Fig. 8 É¦·Büú· 8 mm Ìiq
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4.3.2

Fig. 9X­ray phase tomography with Talbot interferometry andsynchrotron radiation. (a, b) rabbit liver with VX2 cancer,(c, d) mouse tail (joint).

Fig. 10

Series of phase tomograms of a living red maggot (shingworm) obtained with Talbot interferometry and white syn­chrotron radiation.

¶Ì¿Ì X üÊ CT

X ü Talbot ±Âvðp¢½¶ÌgDÌÏ@á6) ðÓ½
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mm Å

388  úËõ Nov. 2010 Vol.23 No.6

éBðà ¡ Talbot øÊðpµ½ X üÊC[WO

Fig. 10 ÍANÇàÉÞèaÅ

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5.3 mm ÌÊiqÆUiqð25 keV Ì X üÉÎµÄÅ(22)

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ðêèÉÛÁÄ(21)®Æ(22)®ð½·ðð²×é¨¢ÄÍ»Ìüú·Å§À³êéB¾¤ÜÅàÈ­æè×ÆCñÂÌðª¶Ý·é±Æªí©éBÀÍ Fig. 11 ª»Ì©¢ \¢ ªð Å« é± Æª ]Ü µ¢ B»± ÅC X ü¼ÒÉµÄ¢éB¼ÒÍ R Æ zT ðüêÖ¦½ÖWÉ

Talbot ±ÂvÆ X ü°÷¾ðgÝí¹Cgåõw

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ð Fig. 11(a)É¦·44) Btl][v[giFZPj

Fig. 13(a)Ìæ¤Èª¼ÚBeÅ«é±ÆÉÚµÄÙðp¢½PÈ X ü°÷¾É¨¢ÄCæoíÌµ¢B±±ÅÊiqðÀi³¹ÄÈ¸@ðp¢éÆC¼OÉ Talbot ±Âvðzuµ½àÌÅéBiqÌÔu

Fig. 13(b)É¦·æ¤É³½]µ½ÊªêèÊ¾¯

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éBd1

éB©Èªgå³êé±ÆðlPhase­sensitive X­ray microscopes developed by combining
a normal X­ray imaging microscope with (a) an X­ray Tal­bot interferometer and (b) a single phase grating.

Fig. 12Phase tomogram of PS/PMMA/PB polymer ternary blend
obtained with the conguration of Fig. 11(a). Phase sepa­
ration structure is revealed. Black area in the sample cor­
responds to voids.

Fig. 13

Result obtained with the conguration of Fig. 11(b). (a)magnied self­image, (b) twin­featured image obtained
through the fringe­scanning method, and (c) phase image
generated from (b). The sample is Siemens star pattern (1mm­thick Ta).

úËõ Nov. 2010 Vol.23 No.6  389

ÌÊ·ZÅ zTl/d1 Éµ¢B±Ì¸êª¬³¢Æ«ÉÏ
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X ü Talbot ±ÂvÍFÌ­Ur[ðgÁÄàø¦Fig. 14

X­ray Talbot­Lau interferometer, which functions with anormal X­ray generator.

Fig. 15

Visibility reduction of moir áe fringes by melamine sponge(a) and visibility image (b).

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Three­mode image generation from a fringe­scan data withan X­ray Talbot­Lau interferometer: (a) absorption image,(b) dierential phase image (refraction image), and (c)visibility image of a cherry.

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1987NCåwåw@Hwn¤È ú§»ì¨HwêUCmÛöC¹BòüÐiîb¤j
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Nåwåw@Hwn¤È¨HwêU³öB2003Næè»EB

X­ray phase imaging based on Talbot eect
Atsushi MOMOSE

Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
5_1_5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277_
8561, Japan

Abstract Thanks to the development of synchrotron radiation and digital imaging technology, the eld ofhighly­sensitive X­ray imaging (X­ray phase imaging) based on X­ray phase information has been growing
since the early 1990s. Because weakly X­ray absorbing objects, such as polymers and biological soft tissues,
can be imaged, its progress has attracted attention. In this article, X­ray phase imaging methods are briey in­troduced, and a novel method using an X­ray Talbot interferometry is intensively reviewed. This method ischaracteristic of its simple conguration consisting of transmission gratings, enabling various imaging applica­
tions. The possibility of its practical applications should be emphasized because the method can be implement­
ed with a normal X­ray generator.

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