…by the way

Is this an argument?
• “Your most important investment is yourself, so if you
plagiarize, you are cheating yourself.”(anonymous student quoted in Stoner 2000)

Is this an argument?
P1: Your most important investment is yourself.
P2: ??
C: So if you plagiarize, you are cheating yourself.

Argument with implicit premise• “I do not believe that we can have any freedom in thephilosophical sense, for we act not only under external
compulsion but also by inner necessity.” (Albert Einstein)

Argument with implicit premise
P1. People act under external compulsion and inner necessity.
P2. Things under compulsion are not free.

Implicit premise

C: People do not have freedom in the philosophical sense.

Is this an argument?
P1: Your most important investment is yourself.
P2: ??

Is there an implicit premise that would make this true?

C: So if you plagiarize, you are cheating yourself.

Possible argumenti-P1: If you write a paper, you learn.
i-P2: If you plagiarize, you do not write a paper.
i-C: Therefore, if you plagiarize you do not learn.

Possible argumentii-P1: If you plagiarize you do not learn. (=i-C)
ii-P2: When you learn you invest in yourself.
ii-C: Therefore, if you plagiarize you do not invest in yourself.

Possible argument
P1: You should invest in yourself.
(≈ Your most important investment is yourself.)
P2: You do not invest in yourself if you plagiarize. (= ii-C)
C: Therefore you should not plagiarize.
(?≈ So if you plagiarize, you are cheating yourself.)Quoting – Paraphrasing –Summarizing – Synthesizing

Quoting• Use the exact words from your source.
• Think about why you are using the source’swords.
– There are many valid reason to quote a source.
– “It’s good English” is not a valid reason.

• Never change the intent of the source.
• Mark any changes in words or grammar.

Quoting“This finding demonstrates that[university students] also need to be
guided on good and bad practice in theperformance of group work” (Dawson andOverfield 2006, p. 13)• If you add words, put them in square brackets.

Quoting“With so many things to do... many
students put off assignments that do notinterest them” (Harris 2004, p. 1).

• If you omit words, use an elipsis (…) to show this.

Quoting“When does similarity became [sic]plagiarism?” (Landau 1984, p. 296).

• If there is a mistake that you don’t (or can’t)correct, mark it with the Latin word sic.

Quoting
Works Cited
Dawson, Maureen, and Joyce Overfield. 2006.
“Plagiarism: Do students know what it is?”Bioscience Education 8.
Harris, Robert. 2004. “Anti-plagiarism
strategies for research papers.” VirtualSalt.
Landau, Sidney. 1984. Dictionaries: The Art
and Craft of Lexicography. New York:The Scribner Press.

Quoting• Why are you quoting? How do this otherauthor’s words fit into your argument?
• Explain – in your own words – why the quotes
fit your argument or what the quoted material
explains.

Paraphrasing• Restate ideas from the source in your ownwords.
• Don’t forget the citation.
• Don’t change the meaning.
• Don’t just change one or two words.
– Professor Nilep’s “rule of thumb”:
More than four of the same words in the sameorder is copying. Change more, or else use anexact quotation.

Paraphrasing
1. Make note of the main ideas in the original.
2. Write these ideas in your own English. Don’tlook at the original while you are writing.
3. Compare your version and the original; makesure you didn’t accidentally copy.
– same ideas, similar length– different words, possibly different grammar

Paraphrasing
Original

CA is an academic
discipline which wasdeveloped by Harvey
Sacks, a sociologist
working at the Universityof California, in the mid1960s.
(Merrison et al. 2014,
Introducing Language in Use)

ParaphraseAmerican sociologist
Harvey Sacks
developed theresearch techniqueknown as Conversation
Analysis during the1960s (Merrison etal. 2014).

Paraphrasing
Original

CA is an academic
discipline which wasdeveloped by HarveySacks, a sociologist
working at the Universityof California, in the mid1960s.
(A. Merrison et al. 2014,
Introducing Language in Use)

Paraphrase
American sociologist
Harvey Sacks
developed theresearch techniqueknown as Conversation
Analysis during the1960s (Merrison etal. 2014).

Summarizing• A shorter version giving just the mostimportant ideas, without details• Like a paraphrase, be careful not to copy but
also not to change the meaning.
• Don’t forget the citation.

Summarizing
1. Read the original and make sure you
understand what it means.
2. Note just the key points. An outline may help
with this.
3. Paraphrase the key points in your own words.

Summarizing
Original
A pair of words that differs only by thesubstitution of a single segment is aminimal pair. For instance, [bɛvəl] and[lɛvəl] differ only in whether their first
segment is [b] or [l], and the arepronunciations of different words,
bevel and level; so they are a minimalpair. The difference between [lɛvən]and [lɛvəl] lies in just the last segment
and they are different words, leavenand level, so they are a minimal pairtestifying to /n/ and /l/ being separate
phonemes.

Summary
A minimal pair isa pair of words inwhich only one
sound is different. For example
the different
meaning of [bɛvəl]and [lɛvəl] showsthat /b/ and /l/are different
phonemes (Merrison
et al. 2014)

Summarizing
Original
A pair of words that differs only by thesubstitution of a single segment is aminimal pair. For instance, [bɛvəl] and[lɛvəl] differ only in whether their firstsegment is [b] or [l], and the arepronunciations of different words,
bevel and level; so they are a minimalpair. The difference between [lɛvən]and [lɛvəl] lies in just the last segment
and they are different words, leavenand level, so they are a minimal pairtestifying to /n/ and /l/ being separate
phonemes.

Summary
A minimal pair isa pair of words inwhich only one
sound is different. For example
the different
meaning of [bɛvəl]and [lɛvəl] showsthat /b/ and /l/are different
phonemes (Merrisonet al. 2014).

Synthesizing• Combine two or more sources into a single
paragraph or passage.
• Cite all sources.
– If an idea is present in one of the sources but not
the other, put the in-text citation near that idea.

• If you can, add your own original ideas near
the end of the passage.

Synthesizing
1. Read the originals and make sure you
understand them.
2. Note their key points.
– What ideas do they share?
– Note which ideas are in just one source.
– Make an outline

3. Paraphrase the key points in your own words.
4. Cite which ideas are from which source.

Synthesizing
E. Winkler, 2007
Perhaps the most puzzling of
all pronunciation changes thathave happened to English issomething linguists call The
Great Vowel Shift. During aperiod of time from the 1400s
through the 1600s, the vowelsof English underwent asystematic change.

Merrison et al. 2014
During the Middle English andearly Modern English period,
there was a systematic soundshift in the long vowels ofEnglish, a shift now referred toas the ‘great vowel shift’. Intime all the long vowels wereeither raised or became
diphthongs.

Synthesizing
Nilep, yesterday

The “great vowel shift” was a systematic change in thesounds of English that occurred around the end of theMiddle English period and the beginning of Modern
English, from roughly the 1400s through the 1600s(Winkler 2007; Merrison et al. 2014). This shift
partially explains why Modern English sounds less likeFrisian and Middle English did.