IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2014) 5-1

Research article
erd

Beef Market Chain and Opportunities for Farmers in
Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia
MIRANDA PEN*
University of New England, Armidale, Australia
Email: mpen@myune.edu.au

DARRYL B. SAVAGE
University of New England, Armidale, Australia

SOPHAL LORN
Department of Agriculture, Kampong Cham, Cambodia

WERNER STÜRFarm and Agricultural Advisory Services, Queensland, Australia
Received 26 December 2012

Accepted 26 July 2013(*Corresponding author)

Abstract Most cattle raising in Cambodia is undertaken by smallholder farmers, based ona system of low nutritional input (crop residues) and high labour input. Options forincreasing efficiency and introducing a market-oriented beef production system areconsidered a priority. This paper reports the outcomes of a cattle market chain study
conducted in Kampong Cham province. Three districts were selected: Prey Chhor (paddy
area), Tbong Khmum (highland area) and Kang Meas (Mekong area). A rapid market
appraisal was conducted by following the market chain from producers to traders. Farmergroups, cattle brokers and small, medium and large traders were informally interviewed.
Farmers in Prey Chhor frequently bought and sold draft cattle as a seasonal cycle for rice
cropping. Farmers along Mekong area practiced a form of market-orientated production,buying thin cattle from other districts to fatten and sell. At all points of the market chain,interviewees reported that kilogram of meat was the basis of price. Interestingly, sale ofraw meat at market (retail) is the only stage of the market chain at which weighing of meattakes place. At all other stages of the market chain, assessment of weight is undertaken byvisual assessment and is therefore only an estimate. For breeding animals, their physicalappearance rather than production-based measurements is the basis of price. Importantly,
meat eating quality was not identified an issue of importance by farmers or cattle traders.
Keywords draft cattle, market chain, cattle production system, smallholder farmers

INTRODUCTION
Demand of meat is the primary driver for a livestock revolution, and in developing countries, poor
people are consuming more animal products due to their increased income and urbanization(Dalgado, 2003). With projected population of 0.7 billion in 2005 and 0.9 billion in 2050 inSoutheast Asia (SA) (Haub and Kaneda, 2012), annual growth of meat consumption during 1997–2020 is expected to be 3.4% per year in SA and 3.1% per year in China (Dalgado, 2003), wheremeats are exported to.
As one of the ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations) countries, Cambodia willenter into one economic zone so called ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015 (ASEAN,
2012). This will promote more opportunities for Cambodia to increase its participation in export
markets. However, there are challenges for the Cambodian producers to compete with othercountries related to product quality and supply issue.
Cattle population in Cambodia was 3.4 million in 2011, down from 3.6 million in 2009
(MAFF, 2012). Cambodia has had relatively high growth rates of meat production (7.7%) andⒸ ISERD

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consumption (8.6%) since the 1980s (Ahuja, 2012). However, cattle production of the Cambodian
farmers is still small in number and is based on low nutritional input and high labor demand (Pen etal. 2009; 2010). Problems resulting from parasites and diseases are still severe for the Cambodian
cattle herd (Copeman and Copland, 2008, Nampanya et al., 2011). Interventions to develop
livestock sector in this country are very crucial to respond to the market opportunities.
Current cattle markets for the Cambodian livestock are mainly in local markets and in
Vietnam, China and Thailand (Sieng et al. 2012). The cattle trading within the country is still
modest and is laid in an extensive and traditional system. The understanding of cattle market chain
among the farmers and traders will have an implication for cattle development in the country forincome generation of smallholders and national economy. There have been studies to understandthe livestock movement and disease spreading in Cambodia (Sieng et al. 2012; Kerr et al. 2012;
Hawkins et al. 2012), that influenced the focus of the study reported in this paper.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to analyze factors involving in beef market chain in Kampong Cham province ofCambodia and to discuss the opportunities for them to gain more participation in cattle markets.
METHODOLOGY
A rapid market appraisal (RMA) was used to collect data for this study. Informal interviews andmeetings with farmers, brokers and traders were undertaken in Kampong Cham Province,
Cambodia. This study were prepared by previous project funded by the Australian Center forInternational Agricultural Research (ACIAR), namely ACIAR project AH/2003/008 ‘Improved
feeding systems for more efficient beef cattle production in Cambodia’. The project had defined
three main sites for testing the adoption of forage planting and developing cattle fattening system.
With the assistance of local extension workers for agriculture and head of districts, Prey Chhor(paddy area), Tbong Khmum (highland area) and Kang Meas (Mekong area), were selected basedon its topography and agricultural activities. In each of the sites, there were 15 smallholder forage
adopted farmers (referring to those who have less than 10 heads of cattle) to join and a series ofquestions focusing on cattle production purpose, breed selection, buying and selling activities, wereasked. Farmers were allowed to discuss and to share their responses while all information wererecorded and analyzed by the interview team. Breed type were discussed in the interview process,however, due to inconsistency of definition of breed-type, this data was discarded in the result
section.
Five cattle brokers from each site were informally interviewed individually on cattle market
network, cattle price and trading margin. With the help of the brokers, three levels of traders wereidentified: small, medium and large traders based on numbers of cattle traded. Ten smalls traders at
commune level (buy and sell cattle; 15 cattle/month), 8 medium traders at district level (up to 60
cattle/month), 6 large traders at provincial level (300 cattle/month) were contacted and interviewed
separately. They were invited to the Department of Agriculture in Kampong Cham Province toprovide information related to cattle price and trading margin, trade flow and their perspectives on
cattle market chain. The data are presented in form of flow chart and tables.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Cattle Market Chain of Smallholder Farmers: An Example in Prey Chhor District
Prey Chhor District is a paddy area in the province. The cattle purchasing (Fig. 1) in this area
mainly related to cropping activities (rice growing) because farmers purchased draft animal basedon cropping cycle. They also purchased breeding cows from within district (for native cows) orfrom Kang Meas (for crossbred cows). Brokers and small traders involved more or less in cattleⒸ ISERD

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IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2014) 5-1

purchasing in the district depending on their contacts with farmers.
Farmers in Prey Chhor sell claves, old cattle and draft cattle to the market (Fig. 1). Calves
were mainly purchased by farmers within village or from nearby village. Small and medium traders
played a strong role in purchasing old and draft cattle and in selling to local slaughterhouses orlarge traders. Large traders sold their stock to local slaughterhouses, or Phnom Penh or to Ho Chi
Minh City in Vietnam.
The trade was done on unscheduled timeline with farmers, which means that it could occur
anytime farmers wanted to sell their stock. Sieng et al. (2012) reported that to find stock forpurchasing, traders contacted producers directly by traveling to their known sources or throughphone contacts or family networks. It was clear that farmers did not produce cattle based onplanned production. This becomes an issue for traders to optimize their activities on a basis ofregular and steady production cycle. Hence, cattle market chain at the district level was generated
in a traditional way and farmers’ awareness of market information was limited.
Buy cattle
Farmers in
Kang Meas(forcrossbred)
Farmers inothervillages (fornative)Grow cattle

CalvesCow forbreeding

Farmers inother village
in Prey
Chhor

Vietnam

Phnom PenhOld
animals

Farmers in
Prey Chhor

Brokers /Traders
Farmers in
Tbong
Khmum

Sell cattle

Draft
cattleDraft
animals

Small andmediumtraders

Big traders

Farmers in
Kang Meas
districtLocal
slaughterhouse

Fig. 1 An example of cattle market chain of farmers in Prey Chhor Distrcit, which is linked
with other districts within the province and to market*Broken box indicates cattle trading activities of farmers in Prey Chhor District. Arrows indicate movement of cattle
within the chain.

Table 1 Purpose of cattle production in the three project sites in Kampong Cham, Cambodia
Purpose of cattle production
Prey Chhor
Priority 1 – 2 – 3*
Cow-calf
2
Drought
1
Fattening*Information from farmer group interviews

Tbong Khmum

Kang Meas

1
2
-

1
3
2

Purpose of Cattle Production
The purpose of cattle produced by farmers in the three project sites were different (Table 1). In
Prey Chhor District (paddy area), draft power was the first main purpose, followed by cow-calf
production. The later was more prior purposes in Tbong Khmum District (highland area). None offarmers fattened cattle for selling in these two districts. In Kang Meas District (Mekong area), cowcalf purpose was the first priority. Farmers also fattened cattle in this area where feed availability isabundant. As fattening cattle was one of the project objective to increase smallholder cattle herd
and individual cattle price, more fattening activities was expected to achieve in others two projectsites. This development towards more oriented-market supply will be achievable in case thatnutrition of cattle is improved in terms of quantity and quality.
Cattle Purchasing and Selling Activities of Farmers
Farmers in Prey Chhor (paddy area) purchased draft cattle, mainly directly from farmers along theⒸ ISERD

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river, as a cycle for cropping activity. When they finished the activity, they sold their old stock tofarmers in Kang Meas for fattening. The calves were also being sold directly to other farmers or
small traders. In Tbong Khmum (upland area), farmers purchased cross-bred cows, mainly throughbrokers, in order to increase the crossbred type proportion of their herd. They produced calves andsteers for breeding or draft purpose to other farmers and old animals to traders. In Kang Meas
(Mekong River area), farmers bought thin cattle from Prey Chhor for fattening sale. They might
buy through brokers or directly from farmers. They also produced calves for selling and young
cattle for breeding or draught. Their fatten cattle were sold to small traders for slaughter.
There was a relationship between how farmers selected the breed of their stock and the
purpose of production. In paddy areas such as in Prey Chhor District, where draft power for rice
cropping are crucial, farmers preferred to keep the local breed of cattle due to their less feed
consumption and more suitable for draft power. In Tbong Khmum and Kang Meas Districts where
cow-calf and fattening were the main purpose of keeping livestock, more crossbred cattle, which
are larger than the local cattle, were observed. This means that smallholder farmers in these areas
have been selecting better and more productive breeds of cattle for their stocks in order to get more
benefit from their production.
Cattle Price and Trading Margin
To buy cattle for slaughter, traders estimated the amount of meat on animal and paid for kilogram(kg) of meat on the animal. Interviewees reported that when purchasing breeding cattle, theappearance of body (eg. head, skin, legs), body condition score and health condition were more
important. Higher prices were offered to fatter cattle. While animal were not weighed during thepurchasing, price were based on an estimation of meat yield per animal. Then traders calculated thevalue of individual cattle by multiplying its expected meat yield (kg) with a price per kg that they
intended to pay. The prices of meat were 11,000-13,000 Riel/kg (~2.75-3.25 USD/kg) for farmers.
Big traders in Kampong Cham paid 17,000 Riel/kg (~4.25 USD/kg). Brokers received acommission of ~4 USD per animal sold from both buyer and seller (2 USD from each). Medium
and large traders tended to have a profit margin of $20-25 per animal traded.
Sieng et al. (2012) reported that the demand of red meat within Cambodia is important, butinternationally, only the price of meat in the Vietnamese market determined the price of meat inCambodia. Time of the year is also important determinant of price based on the seasonal supply
which is high during festive seasons, for example during Khmer New Year (in April).
Trade Flow
Most often, the large traders purchased cattle through brokers and small or medium traders andpaid the original price of cattle plus a marginal price (marginal prices were not disclosed). The
large traders interviewed in Kampong Cham estimated that they sold 60% of their cattle to theVietnamese traders, 30% in Phnom Penh (for slaughters) and 10% to the local slaughters. These
traders reported that the market requires that cattle sold to Vietnam and Phnom Penh must have atleast 50-70 kg meat/animal. Larger animals with more meat were preferred. The Vietnamesetraders paid ~17,000 Riel (4.25 USD) for thin cattle and ~20,000 Riel (5 USD) for fat cattle perkilogram of meat. Interestingly, sale of raw meat at market (retail) is the only stage of the market
chain at which weighing of meat takes place. At all the other stages of the market chain, assessmentof weight is undertaken by visual assessment and is therefore only an estimate.
The trade of live animals is unreliable to predict because the formal trade is still small andinformal trade of live animals across the region is significant (Ahuja, 2012). Livestock trade(moving in and out) in Cambodia was unrecorded (Hing et al. 2007). Thailand is a big producer
and exporter of large animals in the region. Cambodia (and Laos) is considered as a transit country
for live animal movement from Thailand to high-value markets in Vietnam and China (Kerr et al.
2012). Competition of Thai cattle going to Phnom Penh and Vietnam became a threat to the
Cambodian farmers.
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Farmer's Perceptions on Cattle Market
Farmers were thinking of how to make more profit from their small number of cattle. They
understood that good health condition and fat cattle were easier to sell than thin cattle but they were
not aware on how the prices were given by buyers/traders. They chose to keep their cattle longer
rather than selling when the prices were low, thus they were not aware of extra input cost of laborand feeds during the delayed period. They tried to avoid trading costs made by brokers or small
traders because they preferred to sell/buy directly to/from others farmers.
Trader’s Perspectives on Cattle Trading
Traders did not think that supply/demand of cattle market would be a big issue for them to trade.
Hence, the expansion of business was their main focus, but lack of capital limit their business.
Besides these internal factors, they also mentioned some external factors that would be the issues
for their trading. For example, there has been an increase of competition of cattle coming fromThailand to Phnom Penh and Vietnam. They recognized that Thai cattle were hard to compete withusing local cattle that were produced by smallholder farmers. They explained that Vietnam market
for cattle was a driver for cattle price in Cambodia that is in consistency with Sieng et al. (2012).
Opportunities for Smallholder Farmers
Vietnam and China will become key importing nations to meet their growing demand for foods
although their productions are increasing each year (Ahuja, 2012). The ruminant meat, which comefrom mixed crop-animal system, will play the most important role for meat consumption in thosecountries (Devendra, 2002) beside pork and poultry meats which have the main source of animal
protein.
Due to small demand of meat in the country (Kerr et al. 2012), Cambodia is also exporting
cattle to Ho Chi Minh City. The demand of red meat in Cambodia is also increasing, hence strong
supply of in-country consumption and exportation must be secured. At the same time, the safety
must be considered, because trans-boundary diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), hasbeen a major issue for cattle trading (Sieng et al. 2012).
Cattle nutrition in the developing countries depends on roughage and straws from crops that
normally are sufficient in nutrients only for maintenance, but not for production, so
supplementation of energy, protein and minerals are required (Leng, 1990). As supplementing
concentrated feed and/or urea to low-quality diet was not cost-effective for farmers, leguminous
forage may be an ideal solution for smallholder farmers (Pen et al. 2012).
The expected future growth of smallholder livestock will have potential impact on the
livelihood of rural poor, hence on poverty reduction. However, the market participation ofsmallholder farmers must be secured. The main constraint in linking smallholders to markets was
not only the production-level, but also the challenge of making efficient transactions between
smallholder producers and the downstream players in the value chains (Ahuja, 2012). As it can beseen the cattle market chain in this study, many stakeholders involved in the transaction and trading
margin was still high. Improving producer knowledge about market opportunities and the
production techniques to produce acceptable products for market is the key for the success of
smallholder cattle business.
CONCLUSION
There is a move towards raising more crossbred cattle, which are larger than local cattle and bring ahigher price. The price of cattle was related to the estimated amount of meat on the animal, solarger and fatter animals demanded a higher price. Neither farmers nor traders mentioned meat
quality as a key factor in the business. There is big opportunity for farmers in Cambodia to produce
fat, crossbred cattle for city markets. This needs better feeding and management practices.
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Increasing market participation of smallholder farmers is also important in Cambodia. This needssome interventions such as rural infrastructure, appropriate technology transfer and a better
delivery system of live cattle aiming to support the small-scale producers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was funded by the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR).
We are thankful to Dr Sorn San, Dr Sar Chetra, Dr Seng Mom, Mr Chieng Sarith, Mr Chim Simach,
Mr Cheun Chet for discussion on study design and data collection.
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