cardioBAN BLE
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cardioBAN BLE
Designed & Made in Portugal

Table of Contents
General Information .............................................................................................. 4
Specifications ...............................................................................................................4
Features ........................................................................................................................4
Applications ..................................................................................................................5
Electrical Specifications ................................................................................................5Application Notes .................................................................................................. 6
Electrode Setup.............................................................................................................6
Electrode Polarities .......................................................................................................7
Lead I & Lead II Configuration.........................................................................................7
LED Color Codes ...........................................................................................................9
System LED States ........................................................................................................9
Battery LED States ....................................................................................................... 10

Transfer Functions ............................................................................................... 11
Electrocardiography (ECG) Sensor ............................................................................... 11
Accelerometer ............................................................................................................ 11
Gyroscope................................................................................................................... 11

Sample Signals .................................................................................................... 11
Normal ECG Signals .................................................................................................... 12
Normal ECG .................................................................................................................................... 12
ECG While Jogging/Running ............................................................................................................. 12
cardioBAN ECG vs. biosignalsplux ECG (Traditional Positioning) ..................................................... 13
Respiration Patterns ........................................................................................................................ 14

Arrhythmias & Other ECG Lead I Alterations with cardioBAN ........................................ 15
Asystole ........................................................................................................................................... 16
Atrial Fibrillation (Afib) ..................................................................................................................... 17
Atrial Flutter ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Atrial Tachycardia ............................................................................................................................ 19
AV Block (2nd Degree, Mobitz Type I) ............................................................................................... 20
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AV Block (2nd Degree, Mobitz Type I) ............................................................................................... 21
AV Block (3rd Degree, Complete) ..................................................................................................... 22
Bradycardia ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Tachycardia ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Hypertension & Hypotension ........................................................................................................... 25
Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) ..................................................................................................... 26
Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) ................................................................................................... 27
Missed Beat ..................................................................................................................................... 28
Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (Mono Vtach, Stable)........................................................... 29
Poly-Ventricular Tachycardia (Poly Vtach) ....................................................................................... 30
Sinus Arrhythmia ............................................................................................................................. 31
Sinus Bradycardia ............................................................................................................................ 32
Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) ................................................................................................. 33
Ventricular Fibrillation (Coarse) ....................................................................................................... 34

Disclaimer ........................................................................................................... 35
For a getting started guide, visit the following article:
https://support.pluxbiosignals.com/knowledge-base/cardioban-ble-getting-started/
For support visit support.pluxbiosignals.com

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CARDIOBAN BLE (2024)

General Information
Introducing cardioBAN BLE, your go-to wireless wearable for hassle-free ECG and motion data collection.
Designed with your comfort in mind, it's the solution for seamless research in any setting. Say goodbye to bulky,
uncomfortable devices – cardioBAN is designed to ensure user comfort, even during dynamic activities. Plus, it's
ready to use as a medical device OEM, and you can jumpstart your work with our developer tools.

Specifications> On-Board Sensors:> Sensor Ranges> Communication:> Communication Range:> Internal Memory:> Battery:> Battery Lifetime:> Charging Port:> Size:> Weight:

1x Single-Lead ECG
1x Triaxial Accelerometer
1x Triaxial Gyroscope
ECG: ±2.5mV
Accelerometer: ±8g
Gyroscope: ±500dps
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) (v.5.3)
Up to 10m (in line of sight)
Up to 10h
Rechargeable 155mA 3.7V LiPo
Up to 10h in continuous streaming
Micro-USB compatible with an standard USB Charger
31x71x11mm
27g

Features> Wearable for single-channel ECG & motion data acquisition> Raw signal acquired at 1000Hz> Miniaturized and bendable form factor for better adaption to the body shape

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Applications
This product is designed for life science education and research. It is not a medical device and is not suitable forany kind of medical use.
> Heart Rate extraction & heart rate variability> Life sciences studies> Biomedical research> Human-Computer Interaction> Robotics & Cybernetics> Physiology studies> Psychophysiology> Biomechanics> Ergonomics

Electrical Specifications

Number of channels
Resolution
Input full-scale
Analog bandwidth
Sample rate

ECG
1
16 bit+/- 2.5mV[0.05Hz to 150Hz]
1000HzACC
3
16 bit+/-8G[dc to 415Hz]
1000HzGYR
3
16 bit+/-500dps[dc to 315Hz]
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Application Notes
A detailed Getting Started guide covering everything needed around the cardioBAN is available on our support
page:
https://support.pluxbiosignals.com/knowledge-base/cardioban-getting-started/
The cardioBAN can be used with ECG electrodes and a gel-free chest band.
While most ECG electrodes are compatible with this device, the small surface area of traditional electrodes might
not be sufficient to hold the cardioBAN in place during prolonged acquisitions.
We recommend the use of our cardioBAN electrodes as their bigger surface ensures better and longer wear of
the wearable:
https://www.pluxbiosignals.com/products/cardioban-electrodes-pack-of-25

Electrode Setup

Figure 1: cardioBAN On (left) & Off (right) switch

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Electrode Polarities
The cardioBAN’s ECG connection uses 2x Electrodes. The negative electrode collection is located on the backsideof the device part that contains the Status LED. The positive electrodes is located on the backside of the device
part that contains the cardioBAN logo and the Battery LED.

Figure 2: cardioBAN electrodes polarities.

Lead I & Lead II Configuration
While the cardioBAN wearable allows data acquisition of all three Eindhoven leads, the best experience isachieved in Lead I or Lead II configuration.
In Lead I configuration, the cardioBAN is placed with the negative electrode to the right of the heart (from theuser’s perspective) and the positive electrode to the left (from the user’s perspective). In this setup, thecardioBAN is placed in a horizontal position with the logo readible from the front.

Figure 3: cardioBAN Lead I configuration.

In Lead II configuration, the cardioBAN is placed with the negative electrode to the top right of the heart (fromthe user’s perspective) and the positive electrode to bottom left (from the user’s perspective). In this setup, thecardioBAN is placed an inclined 45º position with the logo pointing downwards.

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Figure 4: cardioBAN Lead II configuration.

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LED Color Codes

Figure 5: cardioBAN LEDs.

System LED States
State
OFF
IDLE

START_ ACQUIRING

Description
The device is switched off
The device is turned on and waiting
for some interaction.
The device is turned on and waiting
for some interaction, but it has aschedule loaded in memory to startan acquisition.
The device is turned on and waiting
for some interaction, but a BLE
Bluetooth connection has been
established with a host machine.
The device is turned on and waiting
for some interaction.
It has a schedule loaded in memory tostart an acquisition.
A BLE Bluetooth connection has
been established with a hostmachine.
The device has started an acquisition.

ACQUIRINGERROR

The device is in aquation mode.
The device is in an error state.

IDLE + SCHEDULEDIDLE + CONNECTEDIDLE+
SCHEDULEDCONNECTED+

LED effect
Off, no lighting effect
Blinking yellow at 0.5Hz
Alternates between yellow and blue
at 0.5Hz

Blinking green at 0.5Hz

Alternates between green and blue at
0.5Hz

Fast blinking blue at 5Hz during 1
secondBlinking blue at 0.5Hz
Blinking red at 2Hz

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Battery LED States
State
NORMAL/CHARGED

CHARGING
LOW_BATTDISCHARGED_BATT

Description
The LED being off occurs in two
situations:(a) Device has an appropriate charge
level for its operation.
(b) Device is fully charged.
Device is charging
The device's battery level is getting
low; it is recommended to put thedevice on charge.
The device's battery level is criticallylow. The device must be charged
immediately.

LED effect
Off, no lighting effectSolid red, always on
Blinking red at 1Hz

Blinking red at 10Hz

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Transfer Functions
Electrocardiography (ECG) Sensor
The ECG input voltage range = [-2.5𝑚𝑉, 2.5𝑚𝑉]

𝑉𝐸𝐶𝐺 [𝑉] =𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹 (𝐴𝐷𝐶 − 2𝑛−1 )2𝑛 × 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝑉𝐸𝐶𝐺 [𝑚𝑉] = 𝑉𝐸𝐶𝐺 [𝑉] ∗ 1000
Where:
𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹 - ADC voltage reference, 2.5[V]𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 - Analogue voltage gain, 500
𝑉𝐸𝐶𝐺 [𝑉] – Raw ECG value in Volt [𝑉]𝑉𝐸𝐶𝐺 [𝑚𝑉] – Raw ECG value in millivolt [𝑚𝑉]
𝐴𝐷𝐶 – Value sampled from the channel𝑛 - ADC number of bits, 16 bit

Accelerometer
Range: [-8𝐺, 8𝐺]
𝐴𝑐𝑐(𝑔) = (𝐴𝐷𝐶 −2𝑛16) . ( 𝑛)22𝐺𝑦𝑟(𝑑𝑝𝑠) = (𝐴𝐷𝐶 −2𝑛
1000).( 𝑛 )
2
2

𝐴𝑐𝑐(𝑔) – Accelerometer value in g
𝐴𝐷𝐶 – Value sampled from the channel
𝑛 – Number of bits of the channel 1

Gyroscope
Range: [-500dps, 500dps]

𝐺𝑦𝑟(𝑑𝑝𝑠) – Accelerometer value in degrees per second (dps)
𝐴𝐷𝐶 – Value sampled from the channel
𝑛 – Number of bits of the channel1

Sample Signals
The following signals were recorded using a cardioBAN wearable in a Lead I configuration. The signals wererecorded from healthy adult subjects.

1 The number of bits for each channel depends on the resolution of the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC); in

cardioBAN the default is 16-bit resolution (n=16)
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Normal ECG Signals
Normal ECG

Observation:
Regularly paced contractions with a clean baseline signal and no distortion of the ECG signal characteristics.

ECG While Jogging/Running

Observation:
ECG signal overall with clean QRS complexes and minor increase in baseline noise. Increased heart rate as
expected under physical acitivity.

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cardioBAN ECG vs. biosignalsplux ECG (Traditional Positioning)
The following signals from a cardioBAN wearable and an 8-channel biosignalsplux hub with an ECG sensor(green). The objective is to visualize the signals expected performance of the cardioBAN in comparison withtraditional ECG setups.
The biosignalsplux ECG sensor was placed at the traditional electrode positionings with the + and – electrodes
placed on the wrist of the subjects in Lead I configuration. cardioBAN was placed in Lead I configuration asdemonstrated in Figure 3: cardioBAN Lead I configuration. The signals were synchronized in post-processing.

Observation:
Both signals visualize the ECG signal with the expected characteristics, with the main expected differences being:•

Signal Amplitudes: The cardioBAN, being directly placed over the ribcage thus in closer proximity to theheart, shows higher signal amplitudes as compared to the biosignalsplux ECG placed on the wrists(difference of up about 0.4mV)•

R-Peak Delays: biosignalsplux ECG R-peaks being more distanced from the heart, show minor delays(<0.25s) compared to cardioBAN R-Peaks. The delay occurs due to the time needed for the ECG signal
to run through the body until the measurement locations

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Respiration Patterns
cardioBAN’s ECG also visualizes respiration patterns in it’s R-Peak amplitudes as shown in the longer signal
interval plotted below.

The R-Peak amplitude variations is the result of the changing proximity of the cardioBAN with the variying torax
volume during the respiration cycle:oinspiration → thorax volume increases → cardioBAN distance from the heart increases → RPeak amplitude reducesoexpriation → thorax volume decreases → cardioBAN proximite to the heart increases → RPeak amplitude increases

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Arrhythmias & Other ECG Lead I Alterations with cardioBAN
The following pages visualize arrhythmias and other signal alterations simulated with a Fluke
ProSim 8 Vital Sign and ECG Patient Simulator were recorded with the cardioBAN BLE.
The signals demonstrate the cardioBAN's capabilities to capture non-normal ECG signals and ECG alterations ofpathophysiological origin (in this case, through simulated signals) in Lead I configuration.
It’s important to highlight that not all arrhythmias are typically measured in Lead I configuration and may require
other leads that are not achievable with the cardioBAN. It is possible to capture other ECG signal alterations thatare not listed here.
In addition to the observations stated on the following pages, minor differences may occur due to thecardioBAN's local electrode placement compared to traditional ECG Lead I measures. All other information thatis relevant to ECG Lead I configurations is provided.

DISCLAIMER
The following arrythmias can be measured with cardioBAN devices for life sciences and clinical research
purposes but are not suitable for medical diagnosis or treatment.
ECG signal distortions can occur from non-physiological factors (e.g., movement artifacts, old electrodes) andmay not be of pathophysiological original.
Should you experience any ECG alterations with your cardioBAN and cardiac discomfort during a recording,stop the recording and seek a healthcare professional for clinical evaluation.

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Asystole
Arrhythmia Description
Asystole is a type of cardiac arrhythmia characterized by a complete absence of electrical activity in the heart,which appears as a flat line on an electrocardiogram (ECG).
This condition, often referred to as "flatline," signifies a cessation of cardiac output and requires immediate
emergency intervention, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and advanced life support.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Complete absence of heart contractions with baseline characteristics of an ECG flatline.

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Atrial Fibrillation (Afib)
Arrhythmia Description
Atrial fibrillation is characterized by rapid and disorganized electrical activity in the atria, leading to an irregularly
irregular rhythm visible on an ECG, particularly evident in Lead I.
On the ECG, you will notice a lack of distinct P waves and a variable R-R interval, indicating the atria's erratic
quivering instead of a coordinated contraction.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Overall, the ECG baseline is irregular, along with clear yet irregularly spaced R-peaks.

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Atrial Flutter
Arrhythmia Description
Atrial flutter is an arrhythmia characterized by a rapid, regular pattern of atrial contractions, typically shown as
a "sawtooth" pattern of flutter waves at a rate of about 250-350 beats per minute in Lead II, which is morediagnostic than Lead I.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Abnormal heart rhythm with significantly distorted baseline in “sawtooth” pattern. Heart rate decreases during
expiration (see 2s to 7s) and increases during inspiration (see 7s to 10s).

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Atrial Tachycardia
Arrhythmia Description
Atrial tachycardia is a type of supraventricular tachycardia where the heart's atria contract at an abnormally highrate of 150-250 beats per minute, typically originating from a focus above the ventricles.
In Lead I, you can see distinct P waves occurring at a rapid pace followed by a normal QRS complex, indicating
the rapid atrial activation separate from the normal sinus node activity.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Abnormally high heart rhythm (here at 160 bpm) without QRS complex distortions.

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AV Block (2nd Degree, Mobitz Type I)
Arrhythmia Description
It is characterized by progressive prolongation of the PR interval on consecutive beats until a beat is blocked (aP wave not followed by a QRS complex).
In Lead I, you would still notice this pattern of gradually lengthening PR intervals followed by a dropped QRS
complex, which reflects the increasing difficulty the electrical impulse faces in passing from the atria to theventricles until it fails entirely for one cycle.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Progressive prolongation of the PR-interval in the first 4 beats until, eventually, an atrial impulse is completely
blocked (here at 4s). This pattern is repeated in the following 4 betas until another impulse is completely blocked
at 8s.

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AV Block (2nd Degree, Mobitz Type I)
Arrhythmia Description
Characterized by the sudden and unexpected failure of some atrial electrical impulses to conduct to theventricles without the progressive PR interval prolongation seen in Mobitz Type I.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Consistent PR-intervals in beats from 0s to 5s until a complete absence of a full contraction at 6s occurs, with
only the P-wave visible without a subsequent QRS complex. Additional distortions in ST-segments can beobserved in Lead I configuration.

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AV Block (3rd Degree, Complete)
Arrhythmia Description
Third-degree AV block, or complete heart block, is characterized by the complete dissociation of atrial andventricular activities; the atria and ventricles beat independently of each other.
On an ECG you will observe regular P-waves at a normal atrial rate, and completely unrelated, slower, regular
QRS complexes often originating from an escape rhythm in the ventricles, illustrating no coordination between
P waves and QRS complexes.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Periodic full absences of heart contractions with only the P-wave remaining in a semi-regular interval without
subsequent QRS complexes.

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Bradycardia
Arrhythmia Description
Bradycardia is a heart rate slower than normal, typically less than 60 beats per minute in adults, and can be seen
on an ECG across all leads, including Lead I.
On the ECG, you would observe a slower rhythm with regular intervals between beats but otherwise normal P
waves, PR interval, and QRS complexes, indicating that the heart's electrical activity is normal except for the
reduced rate.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Abnormally low heart rate (here at 40 bpm) with long intervals between heartbeats and no additional signal
distortions.

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Tachycardia
Arrhythmia Description
Tachycardia refers to a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate, generally defined as over 100 beats per
minute in adults, observable on an ECG across all leads including Lead I.
The ECG will show a faster-than-normal rhythm with a reduced interval between heartbeats; however,depending on the type of tachycardia, the waveform features such as P waves, PR interval, and QRS complexes
may vary, indicating different origins and mechanisms of the rapid rate.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Abnormally high heart rate (here at 180 bpm) with short intervals between heartbeats.

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Hypertension & Hypotension
Note: Hypertension and hypotension are not arrhythmias, yet their results can impact the ECG waveform, which
is why they’re included here.
Arrhythmia Description
Chronic hypertension can lead to changes observable on an ECG, such as left ventricular hypertrophy.
In an ECG, this might manifest as higher amplitude R waves in leads I, aVL, V5, and V6, and deeper S waves in V1
and V2, reflecting the increased muscle mass of the left ventricle working harder against elevated bloodpressure. This may be accompanied by increased heart rate.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
The effects of Hypertension, primarily the increased R-peak amplitudes, are not clearly visible in cardioBAN Lead
I recordings. This is due to the comparatively short electrode distance and placement close to the heartcompared to traditional Lead I placements.
The impact of Hypertension and Hypotension may only be noticeable in changes in heart rate.

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Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)
Arrhythmia Description
Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) is a cardiac conduction abnormality where the electrical impulse is delayed in
the left bundle branch, causing the left ventricle to contract later than the right.
On an ECG, particularly noticeable in Lead I, you'll see a broadened QRS complex exceeding 120 ms with an
absent Q and distorted, deep S-wave, reflecting the altered sequence of ventricular activation.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Periodic distortion of the QRS complex, with an absent Q wave and distorted, deep S wave.

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Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)
Arrhythmia Description
Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) is a cardiac conduction abnormality where the electrical impulse is delayed or
blocked in the right bundle branch, causing the right ventricle to contract later than the left.
On an ECG, RBBB is identified by a widened QRS complex greater than 120 ms and a broad slurred S-wave. Thesechanges are due to the delay in right ventricular depolarization.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Periodic occurrences of deep distorted S-waves.

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Missed Beat
Arrhythmia Description
A missed heartbeat, often referred to as a "skipped beat," is typically the result of a premature contraction or abrief pause following a premature contraction, and is not an arrhythmia but rather a common variation in normal
heart rhythm.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Normal ECG segments with missing, skipped heartbeat at 5s.

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Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (Mono Vtach, Stable)
Arrhythmia Description
Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (VT), stable type, is a potentially life-threatening rhythm where theventricles contract at a rapid rate, generally between 100 to 250 beats per minute, with the electrical activity
originating from a single focus within the ventricles.
On an ECG, monomorphic VT typically shows a series of wide QRS complexes that are similar in shape, indicatingthat each beat originates from the same ventricular focus; in Lead I, these QRS complexes would be wide andconsistent in morphology but without the typical preceding P wave of normal sinus rhythm, reflecting theventricular origin of the beats.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal

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Poly-Ventricular Tachycardia (Poly Vtach)
Arrhythmia Description
Poly-ventricular tachycardia is a variation in the shape of the QRS complexes on the ECG. This variation reflects
the multiple foci in the ventricles that are generating the electrical impulses.
It is characterized by a fast heart rate with a series of wide QRS complexes that change in amplitude, axis, andduration, creating a pattern that may appear to twist around the isoelectric baseline. In Lead I, as with otherleads, you would see this pattern of varying QRS complexes without discernible P waves, indicating chaotic
ventricular activity.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Roughly distinguishable R-Peaks with repeated highly distorted and chaotic QRS complexes.

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Sinus Arrhythmia
Arrhythmia Description
Sinus arrhythmia is typically a benign condition characterized by a slight heart rate irregularity that varies withbreathing—increasing during inspiration and decreasing during expiration.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN
Variations in heart rate during different segments of respiration. Here, increased heart rate (R-peaks are closer
to each other) during 2s to 6s of inspiration and greater intervals afterward during expiration.
Depending on the placement of the ECG on the thorax, additional changes in R-peak amplitude may occur, suchas amplitude increase during expiration (ECG sensor closer to the heart) and amplitude ecrease duringinspiration (ECG sensor is more distanced from the heart due to chest expansion).

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Sinus Bradycardia
Arrhythmia Description
Sinus bradycardia is a heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial node with a rate less than 60 beats per minute,considered normal in many well-conditioned athletes and during sleep.
On an ECG, sinus bradycardia appears as a regular rhythm with normal P waves, PR interval, and QRS complexes,
with the primary distinction being the slower rate; in Lead I, you would observe these normal waves occurring
at a decreased frequency, reflecting the heart's reduced pace but maintaining the typical characteristics of sinus
rhythm.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Normal QRS complexes at reduced frequency with no signs of pathological distortions.

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Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
Arrhythmia Description
Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) is a rapid heart rhythm originating from above the ventricles, typicallyinvolving the atria or the AV node.
On an ECG, SVT presents as a very fast heart rate, usually between 150 and 250 beats per minute, with narrow
QRS complexes due to the impulse originating above the ventricles.
In Lead I, the P waves may be absent, hidden within the QRS complexes, or appear just after the QRS complexes
depending on the specific type of SVT, making it sometimes challenging to discern the atrial activity. The rapid
and regular appearance of the QRS complexes is the hallmark on the ECG, indicating the rapid firing from thesupraventricular region.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Rapid and regular QRS complexes. Although appearing in an abnormally high heart rate, no distortions of the
QRS complexes are visible.

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Ventricular Fibrillation (Coarse)
Arrhythmia Description
Coarse Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib) is an advanced and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia characterized byirregular and erratic electrical activity in the ventricles, resulting in an ineffective, quivering movement rather
than a coordinated contraction.
On an ECG, coarse VFib is identified by irregular, large-amplitude waveforms that vary in size and shape,
appearing chaotic without any discernible P waves, QRS complexes, or T waves. Other than in Atrial Fibrillation(Afib), which contains a chaotic, noisy baseline while still having identifiable R-peaks.
In Lead I, as in other leads, this arrhythmia manifests as a turbulent and unpredictable pattern, indicating asevere disruption in ventricular electrical activity, which requires immediate medical intervention, typicallydefibrillation.
Observations in Lead I cardioBAN Signal
Chaotic baseline and not definable QRS complexes.

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Disclaimer
PLUX products, including cardioBAN BLE products, are intended for use in life science education and research
applications; they are not medical devices nor are they intended for medical diagnosis, cure, mitigation,
treatment or prevention of disease.
We expressly disclaim any liability whatsoever for any direct, indirect, consequential, incidental or special
damages, including, without limitation, lost revenues, lost profits, losses resulting from business interruption orloss of data, regardless of the form of action or legal theory under which the liability may be asserted, even if
advised of the possibility of such damages.

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