,-(5'±,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQWDODQG5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW  

5HVHDUFKDUWLFOHᶃᶐᶂ

3URFHVVLQJRI6UDD6RU ULFHOLTXRU LQ7DNHR3URYLQFH
&DPERGLD
&+,0&+$<
5R\DO8QLYHUVLW\RI$JULFXOWXUH3KQRP3HQK&DPERGLD(PDLOFKD\FKLP#\DKRRFRP

,72.$680,
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RRSHUDWLRQ&HQWHUIRU$JULFXOWXUDO(GXFDWLRQ
1DJR\D8QLYHUVLW\-DSDQ

+$0$120,7685,
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RRSHUDWLRQ&HQWHUIRU$JULFXOWXUDO(GXFDWLRQ
1DJR\D8QLYHUVLW\-DSDQ

0$76802727(7682
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RRSHUDWLRQ&HQWHUIRU$JULFXOWXUDO(GXFDWLRQ
1DJR\D8QLYHUVLW\-DSDQ

0206(1*
5R\DO8QLYHUVLW\RI$JULFXOWXUH3KQRP3HQK&DPERGLD5HFHLYHG'HFHPEHU

$FFHSWHG-DQXDU\$EVWUDFWV 6UDD VRU ULFH OLTXRU  LV D WUDGLWLRQDO NKPHU OLTXRU PDGH IURP ULFH ZLWKIHUPHQWDWLRQDQGGLVWLOODWLRQSURFHVVHV7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVUHVHDUFKLVWRGHVFULEHWKHULFH
OLTXRUSURFHVVLQJLQ7DNHRSURYLQFH$VHPLVWUXFWXUHTXHVWLRQQDLUHDQGREVHUYDWLRQZHUH
XVHGWRVXUYH\WKHULFHOLTXRUSURFHVVLQJZLWKULFHOLTXRUSURGXFHUV3URGXFHUVOHDUQHG
WKHPHWKRGRIULFHOLTXRUSURGXFWLRQIURPWKHLUSDUHQWV:KROHULFHRI6URXY.URKRP ULFH
YDULHW\  RU EURNHQ ULFH PL[HG ZLWK PDQ\ YDULHWLHV DQG Pp VUDD 9LHWQDP \HDVW YDULHW\ 
ERXJKWDWORFDOPDUNHWVZHUHXVHGWRSURGXFHOLTXRU5LFHKXVNDQGILUHZRRGVZHUHXVHG
IRUVWHDPLQJRUERLOLQJULFHDQGGLVWLOODWLRQ3URGXFHUVXVHGSRQGZDWHURUZHOOZDWHUIRUFRRNLQJULFHDQGUDLQZDWHUIRUDGMXVWLQJDOFRKROFRQFHQWUDWLRQ7KHSURGXFHUVVROGWKHLUVUDDVRUWRPLGGOHPHQEHFDXVHWKH\FRXOGUHFHLYHPRQH\RQVLWH$PRXQWRIFRRNHGULFH
ZDV NJ DQG \HDVW J DW RQH WLPH 6HYHQW\ HLJKW OLWWHUV RI ZDWHU ZHUH DGGHG DIWHU
IHUPHQWLQJ WZR RYHU QLJKWV 7LPH VSHQG RQ GLVWLOODWLRQ ZDV WKUHH KRXUV 7KH DOFRKROGHJUHHZDVVDLGSHUFHQWLQILQDOSURGXFWLRQE\IDUPHUV.H\ZRUGVULFHOLTXRU VUDDVRU SURFHVVLQJ\HDVWIHUPHQWDWLRQGLVWLOODWLRQ

,1752'8&7,21
5LFH 2U\]DVDWLYD / LV RQH RIWKHOHDGLQJ VWDSOH FURSV RIWKH ZRUOG7KHUH DUH PDQ\ DOFRKROLF
SURGXFWVPDGHIURPULFHVXFKDVVDNH 3DGK\HDQG6DOXQNKH /DRULFHZKLVNH\ +DWVDGRQJ *LEVRQ   DQG VUDD VRU ,Q $VLDQ FRXQWULHV ULFH ZLQH DQG OLTXRU DUH SRSXODU DOFRKROLF
EHYHUDJHV DQG WKH JLYHQ QDPHV YDU\ IURP ORFDWLRQ WR ORFDWLRQ VXFK DV VDNH D ZHOONQRZQ DQGSRSXODUWUDGLWLRQDOSURGXFWLQ-DSDQ ,ZDWDHWDO $OFRKROLFEHYHUDJHVDUHGLYLGHGLQWRWZR
FDWHJRULHVEDVHGRQWKHEDVLVPDNLQJSURFHVVLQFOXGLQJIHUPHQWLQJDOFRKROEHYHUDJHV ZLQHEHHUVDNHHWF DQGFRPELQDWLRQRIIHUPHQWDWLRQDQGGLVWLOODWLRQ ZKLVN\EUDQG\OLTXRUYRGNDWHTXLOD
HWF  /LVGL\DQWL DQG .R]DNL   6UDD VRU SURFHVVLQJ EHORQJV WR FRPELQDWLRQ RI IHUPHQWDWLRQDQGGLVWLOODWLRQ,Q&DPERGLDULFHFDQEHDUDZPDWHULDOWRPDQ\SURGXFWVVXFKDVULFHVWDUFKQRRGOHDQGVUDDVRUZKLFKLVDWUDGLWLRQDO.KPHUOLTXRUDQGKDVEHHQSURGXFHGVLQFHORQJWLPHDJR+RZHYHUVUDD
,6(5',-(5'±,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQWDODQG5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW  

VRUSURFHVVLQJPHWKRGVYDU\IURPDUHDWRDUHDDQGIURPIDPLO\WRIDPLO\+HQFHWKHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVUHVHDUFKLVWRGHVFULEHWKHULFHOLTXRUSURFHVVLQJLQ7DNHRSURYLQFH0(7+2'6
7KLV UHVHDUFK ZDV FRQGXFWHGLQ7DNHR SURYLQFH &DPERGLD )DUPHUV ZKRSURGXFH VUDD VRU ZHUH
WDUJHWHGIRULQWHUYLHZV7KHWRWDOVDPSOHQXPEHUZDVLQWKLVVWXG\7ZRNLQGVRIGDWDSULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\ZHUHUHTXLUHGIRUWKHUHVHDUFK3ULPDU\GDWDFRPSULVHGLQIRUPDWLRQIURPLQWHUYLHZV
6HPLVWUXFWXUHG LQWHUYLHZV DQG REVHUYDWLRQ ZHUH XVHG DV WKH PHWKRG IRU KRXVHKROGV¶ VXUYH\WKURXJKTXHVWLRQQDLUHV6HFRQGDU\GDWDZHUHWDNHQIURPWHFKQLFDOSDSHUVERRNMRXUQDOVDQGRWKHUSXEOLFDWLRQV7KHFROOHFWHGSULPDU\GDWDZHUHLQVWDOOHGDQGDQDO\]HGZLWK6366YHUVLRQ
5(68/76$1'',6&86,21
9DULHWLHV DQG VRXUFHV RI ULFH 7DEOH  VKRZV WKH YDULHWLHV DQG VRXUFHV RI ULFH )RUW\ SHUFHQW RI
SURGXFHUVDUHXWLOL]LQJEURNHQULFHPL[HGZLWKPDQ\YDULHWLHVRIZKROHULFHRI6URXYNURKRPULFHYDULHW\ RIZKROHULFHRI,5DQGRWKHUULFHIRUSURGXFLQJOLTXRU$OOULFHYDULHWLHV
ZHUH ERXJKW DW ORFDO PDUNHWV VXFK DV DW PLOOHUV DW  YLOODJH PDUNHWV  RZQ ULFH QHLJKERULQJ IDUPHUV  DQG RWKHUV  7KH EURNHQ ULFH PL[HG ZLWK PDQ\ YDULHWLHV DQG ,5
ULFHLVFKHDSHUWKDQWRWKHRWKHUV7DVWHZDVQRWGLIIHUHQWEHWZHHQZKROHULFHDQGEURNHQULFHPL[HGZLWKPDQ\YDULHWLHV
7DEOH9DULHWLHVDQGULFHVRXUFHVIRUVUDDVRUSURGXFWLRQ
7\SHVRIULFH
%URNHQULFHPL[HGZLWKPDQ\YDULHWLHV:KROHULFHRI6URXYNURKRP:KROHULFHRI,5
2WKHUV3HUFHQW





6RXUFHVRIULFH
0LOOHUV9LOODJHPDUNHWV2ZQULFH
1HLJKERULQJIDUPHUVRI
2WKHUV3HUFHQW







7\SHVRIPpVUDD ULFH\HDVW )LJVKRZVWKHW\SHVPpVUDD0pVUDDLVWKHFRQYHUVLRQRIVWDUFKLQWRVXJDUDQGHWK\ODOFRKRO7KHSURGXFHUVXWLOL]HGWKH PpVUDD9LHWQDPHVHDWPp
VUDD&KLQHVHDWPp7DNHRDWDQGPpVUDD.RPSRQJ&KDPDWWRSURGXFHOLTXRU
0p VUDD 9LHWQDPHVH LV EHWWHU WKDQ RWKHU Pp VUDD EHFDXVH WKH\ SURGXFHG WKH KLJK DOFRKRO DQGTXDQWLW\SURGXFWLRQ0pVUDD.RPSRQJ&KDPLVJRRGDWVPHOODQGWDVWHEXWZLWKORZSURGXFWLYLW\


)LJ7\SHVRIPpVUDD,6(5',-(5'±,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQWDODQG5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW  

7\SHV RI )XHO &RQVXPSWLRQ )LJ  VKRZV WKH W\SHV RI IXHO FRQVXPSWLRQ 7KH SURGXFHUVXWLOL]HG ULFH KXVN DW  WUHH OHDYHV  ULFH KXVN PL[HG ZLWK WUHH OHDYHV  ULFH KXVN
PL[HGZLWKZRRGVWUHHOHDYHVPL[HGZLWKZRRGVDQGULFHKXVNPL[HGZLWKWUHHOHDYHV
DQGZRRGVIRUFRRNLQJULFHDQGGLVWLOOLQJIHUPHQWHGOLTXLG5LFHKXVNFRQVXPSWLRQLVSRSXODUEHFDXVH LW LV HDV\ WR ILQG DQG WR FRQWURO ILUH DQG FKHDSHU WKDQ RWKHU PDWHULDOV 7KH SURGXFHUVFROOHFWHGWKHWUHHOHDYHVDQGZRRGVE\WKHPVHOYHV)LJ7\SHVRIIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQ:DWHU5HVRXUFHVIRU&RRNLQJDQG)HUPHQWDWLRQ7DEOHVKRZVZDWHUUHVRXUFHVIRUFRRNLQJ
DQG IHUPHQWDWLRQ  :DWHU IRU FRRNLQJ IURP ZHOO ZDV  SRQG  DQG UDLQZDWHU  )RUIHUPHQWDWLRQZDWHUUHVRXUFHVIURPZHOOZDVXVHGDWSRQGDQGUDLQZDWHU:HOODQG
SRQGDUHQRUPDOO\DYDLODEOHDURXQGWKHLUKRXVHVH[FHSWWKHUDLQZDWHUZKLFKFDQEHDFFHVVLEOHLQ
WKHUDLQ\VHDVRQDQGXWLOL]HGWREOHQGWKHOLTXRU7DVWHRIULFHOLTXRUXVLQJZHOOZDWHULVEHWWHUWKDQ
SRQGZDWHUEHFDXVHSRQGZDWHUKDYHPXGG\VPHOO
7DEOH:DWHUFRQVXPSWLRQDQGDGGLWLRQLQIHUPHQWDWLRQ:DWHUUHVRXUFHVIRUFRRNLQJ:HOOZDWHU
3RQGZDWHU
5DLQZDWHU

3HUFHQW




:DWHUUHVRXUFHVIRUIHUPHQWDWLRQ:HOOZDWHU
3RQGZDWHU
5DLQZDWHU

3HUFHQW





5LFH &RRNLQJ 0HWKRGV )LJ  VKRZV WKH ULFH FRRNLQJ PHWKRGV7KH FRRNLQJ PHWKRGV ZHUHERLOLQJVWHDPLQJDQGPL[LQJIUHVKULFHZLWKZDWHU5LFHERLOLQJLVDWUDGLWLRQDOPHWKRGIRUFRRNLQJULFH5LFHVWHDPLQJLVDFFHSWDEOHIRUFRRNHGPHWKRGEHFDXVHLWLVQRQEXUQDQG
VPRN\VPHOO0HWKRGRIVWHDPLQJULFHLVEHWWHUWKDQERLOLQJULFHEHFDXVHRIQREXUQULFH













)LJ5LFHFRRNLQJPHWKRGV,6(5',-(5'±,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQWDODQG5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW  

0HWKRGVRISURFHVVLQJOLTXRU
3UHSDUDWLRQ RI ULFH 0DWHULDOV IRU PDNLQJ OLTXRU DUH ULFH ZDWHU DQG Pp VUDD 5LFH ZDV ZHLJKHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSXUSRVH7KHULFHZDVZDVKHGWRUHPRYHULFHEUDQDQGGXVW\DQGVRDNHGRYHUQLJKWIRUZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQ&RRNLQJ ULFH 7KH ZDVKHG ULFH ZDV SXW WR ERLO RU VWHDP 'XULQJ WKH FRRNLQJ VWDEOH ILUHSURYLVLRQ LV QHHGHG EHFDXVH WKH VWURQJ ILUH FDXVHV KRUULEOH VPHOO DQG WDVWH 7KHUHIRUH WKH ILUHVKRXOGEHFRQWUROOHGIURPWKHVWDUWWLOOWKHHQGRIFRRNLQJULFH
0L[LQJ FRRNHG ULFH DQG Pp VUDD $IWHU FRRNLQJ ULFH WKH VWHDPHG ULFH ZDV VSUHDG IURPGLVWLOODWLRQSDQWRDPDWIRUFRROLQJ$IWHUWKDWPpVUDDZDVVSULQNOHGDQGPL[HGZLWKULFH PpVUDD
JNJRIULFH )HUPHQWDWLRQ6WHDPHGULFHPL[HGZLWKPpVUDDZDVGLYLGHGHTXDOO\LQWRSRWVZKLFKDPRXQWRIFRRNHGULFHPL[HGZLWKPpVUDDDURXQGWR.JSHUSRW:DWHUDURXQGWRNJSHUSRWZDVDGGHGLQWKHVHFRQGGD\ DURXQGKRXUV ZLWKRXWVWLUULQJWKHFRQWHQWDQGLWZDVFRQWLQXHGWR
IHUPHQWDWLRQIRUWZRGD\V7KHGXUDWLRQRIIHUPHQWDWLRQODVWHGKRXUVEHIRUHGLVWLOODWLRQ7KLVIHUPHQWDWLRQ SURFHVV SURGXFHV HWKDQRO DV +HQGHUVRQ   VWDWHG WKDW WKH SULQFLSDO PHWDEROLF
SURFHVV LQ ZLQHPDNLQJ LV WKH DOFRKROLF IHUPHQWDWLRQ ZKLFK FRQVLVWV LQ WKH ELRWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI
JUDSH VXJDUV JOXFRVH DQG IUXFWRVH  LQWR HWKDQRO DQG FDUERQ GLR[LGH ,Q D VWDQGDUG IHUPHQWDWLRQDERXWRIWKHVXJDULVFRQYHUWHGLQWRHWKDQRODQGFDUERQGLR[LGHLQWRFHOOXODUPDWHULDODQG
LQWRRWKHUSURGXFWVVXFKDVJO\FHURO +HQGHUVRQ 'LVWLOODWLRQ3XWWKHIHUPHQWHGOLTXLGDQGVROLGRIFRRNHGULFHPL[LQJZLWKPpVUDDDQGZDWHUEDD\VUDD LQWKHGLVWLOODWLRQSDQ$IWHURQHKRXUEDD\VUDDEHFRPHVKRW7KHILUHFRQWUROVKRXOG
EH VWDEOH 7KH ILUVW GURS RI FORXGHG OLTXRU ZLWK VHGLPHQW PD\ EH LQ  WR  PLQXWHV $IWHU 
PLQXWHV WUDQVSDUHQW VUDD ZDV REVHUYHG DQG LW EHFDPH FORXGHG DJDLQ 7KH SURGXFHUV XVHG SODVWLF
ERWWOHWRNHHSVUDDVRU8VDJHRIJODVVHVRUFHUDPLFSRWVLVEHWWHUWKDQSODVWLFERWWOHLQVWRUDJHRIVUDD VRU EHFDXVH VRPH FKHPLFDO RI SODVWLF FDQ EH H[WUDFWHG ZLWK DOFRKRO ZKLFK SODVWLF VPHOO LV
UHOHDVHGLQWRVUDDVDU'LVWLOODWLRQLVHYDSRUDEOHOLTXRUIURPIHUPHQWHGOLTXLGRIFRRNHGULFHPL[LQJZLWK Pp VUDD DQG ZDWHU WKDW WKH IHUPHQWHG OLTXLG ZDV ERLOHG LQ D YHVVHO ZKLFK 9HUPD  VKRZHG7KHYDSRUZDVOHGWRWKHZDWHUFRROHUWREHOLTXHILHGDQGFROOHFWHGWRWKHJODVVERWWOHV
7DEOH*RRGDQGORZTXDOLW\RI6UDDVRU
*RRGTXDOLW\/RZTXDOLW\,WHPV

3HUFHQW,WHPV

3HUFHQW

6ZHHWWDVWH

6RXUVPHOO+LJKDOFRKRO/RZDOFRKRO*RRGVPHOO

6PRNLQJVPHOO&RPIRUWDEOHOLTXRU

7DVWHOHVV*RRG DQG EDG TXDOLW\ RI 6UDD VRU 7DEOH  VKRZV EDG DQG JRRG TXDOLW\ RI VUDD VRU *RRG
TXDOLW\RIVUDDVRUZDVVZHHWWDVWHDWKLJKDOFRKROJRRGVPHOODQGFRPIRUWDEOH
OLTXRU  +RZHYHU EDG TXDOLW\ ZDV VRXUVPHOO DW ORZDOFRKRO  VPRNLQJ VPHOO
DQGWDVWHOHVV*RRGTXDOLW\RIVUDDVRUZDVGHSHQGLQJRQJRRGVPHOOVZHHWWDVWHDQG
KLJKDOFRKROEHFDXVHLWZDVSUHIHUUHGE\FRQVXPHUVDQGHDV\WRGULQNZKLFKRSSRVLWHZLWKVPRNLQJVPHOOVRXUVPHOODQGWDVWHOHVVZHUHORZTXDOLW\RIVUDDVRU
/RFDO SHRSOH XVHG PLOOHG ULFH DV UDZ PDWHULDOV IRU PDNLQJ VUDD VRU $IWHU TXLFN ZDVK WKHPLOOHGULFHZHUHVWHDPERLOIRUWRPLQXWHVVSUHDGRQEDPERRPDWIRUFRROLQJDQGVSUHDGRIPp VUDD $IWHU WKDW SXW WKH VWHDPHGERLOHG ULFH PL[ ZLWK Pp VUDD LQ WKH FXSV DQG IHUPHQW WKHPZLWKRXWZDWHUDQGZLWKZDWHUQLJKWV7KHSURGXFWRIIHUPHQWHGVROXWLRQZDVSXWLQWRGLVWLOODWLRQSDQDQGGLVWLOOHG7KHDOFRKROEHYHUDJHLVFRQWDLQHGDERXWDOFRKRO,IWKHIDUPHUVDOHWKLVVUDD
WR WKH PDUNHW WKH\ GLOXWHG WKH SURGXFW LQWR  7KH SURFHVVLQJ RI WKLV PHWKRG RI VUDD VRU ZDVVLPLODUWRGLVWLOOHGVSLULWIURPULFHZLQHLQ6RXWKHDVW$VLDFRXQWULHV /LVGL\DQWLDQG.R]DNL 

,6(5',-(5'±,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQWDODQG5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW  

DQG /DR /DR ULFH ZKLVNH\ +DWVDGRQJ  *LEVRQ   EXW LW LV RSSRVLWH WR VDNH ,ZDWD HW DO DQGZKLVN\ +HQGHUVRQ 













0p
6UDD

5LFH

%RLOLQJULFH

&RROLQJ
GRZQ

6UDDVRU'LVWLOODWLRQ)HUPHQWHGZLWKZDWHU

0L[HGVWHDPHGULFHZLWK0p6UDD














)HUPHQWHGZLWKRXWZDWHU

)LJ3UHSDUDWLRQSURFHVVRIVUDDVRU/RFDO SHRSOH XVHG PLOOHG ULFH DV UDZ PDWHULDOV IRU PDNLQJ VUDD VRU $IWHU TXLFN ZDVK WKHPLOOHGULFHZHUHVWHDPERLOIRUWRPLQXWHVVSUHDGRQEDPERRPDWIRUFRROLQJDQGVSUHDGRIPp VUDD $IWHU WKDW SXW WKH VWHDPHGERLOHG ULFH PL[ ZLWK Pp VUDD LQ WKH FXSV DQG IHUPHQW WKHPZLWKRXWZDWHUDQGZLWKZDWHUQLJKWV7KHSURGXFWRIIHUPHQWHGVROXWLRQZDVSXWLQWRGLVWLOODWLRQSDQDQGGLVWLOOHG7KHDOFRKROEHYHUDJHLVFRQWDLQHGDERXWDOFRKRO,IWKHIDUPHUVDOHWKLVVUDD
WR WKH PDUNHW WKH\ GLOXWHG WKH SURGXFW LQWR  7KH SURFHVVLQJ RI WKLV PHWKRG RI VUDD VRU ZDVVLPLODUWRGLVWLOOHGVSLULWIURPULFHZLQHLQ6RXWKHDVW$VLDFRXQWULHV /LVGL\DQWLDQG.R]DNL 
DQG /DR /DR ULFH ZKLVNH\ +DWVDGRQJ  *LEVRQ   EXW LW LV RSSRVLWH WR VDNH ,ZDWD HW DO DQGZKLVN\ +HQGHUVRQ &21&/86,21
,Q FRQFOXVLRQ ULFH OLTXRU SURFHVV LV GLYLGHG LQWR IRXU VWHSV ULFH FRRNLQJ PL[LQJ RI FRRNHG ULFHZLWK Pp VUDD IHUPHQWHG ZLWKRXW DQG ZLWK ZDWHU DQG GLVWLOODWLRQ 5LFH OLTXRU SURFHVVLQJ LV WKHFRPELQDWLRQRIIHUPHQWLQJDQGGLVWLOODWLRQEDVHGRQEDVLVOLTXRUSURFHVVLQJ+RZHYHUPRVWRIWKH
VUDDVRUSURGXFHUVIDFHGSUREOHPVLQVUDDVRUEXVLQHVVVXFKDVDORZVDOHSULFHKLJKSULFHRIDUDZ
PDWHULDOORZTXDOLW\RIVUDDVRUDQGFORXG\FRORU
5()(5(1&(6+DWVDGRQJ . 'RXDQJVLOD DQG *LEVRQ 3   5LFHEDVHG WUDGLWLRQV DQG ULWXDOV LQ WKH 0HNRQJ ULYHUYDOOH\,QWHUQDWLRQDO5LFH5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH
+HQGHUVRQ0  :KLVNH\+DQGERRNRIIRRGDQGEHYHUDJHIHUPHQWDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\0DUFHO'HNNHU,QF86$
,6(5',-(5'±,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQWDODQG5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW  ,ZDWD + 6X]XNL 7 DQG $UDPDNL ,  3XULILFDWLRQ DQG FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI ULFH DJOXFRVLGDVH D NH\
HQ]\PHIRUDOFRKROIHUPHQWDWLRQULFHSROLVK-RXUQDORI%LRVFLHQFHDQG%LRHQJLQHHULQJ
/LVGL\DQWL 3 DQG .R]DNL 0   5LFH ZLQH LQ 6RXWKHDVW $VLD FRXQWULHV 7KDLODQG /DR 9LHWQDP DQG0\DQPDU7KH)LUVW,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ,QVLJKWLQWRWKH:RUOGRI,QGLJHQRXV)HUPHQWHG)RRGVIRU 7HFKQRORJ\ 'HYHORSPHQW DQG )RRG VDIHW\ 'HSDUWPHQW RI 0LFURELRORJ\ .DVHWVDUW 8QLYHUVLW\
7KDLODQG
3DGKH\9DQG6DOXQNKH'  ([WUDFWLRQDQGFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIULFHSURWHLQV&HUHDO&KHPLVWU\
9HUPD /5   ,QGLJHQRXV WHFKQRORJ\ NQRZOHGJH IRU ZDWHUVKHG PDQDJHPHQW LQ XSSHU QRUWKZHVW+LPDOD\DVRI,QGLD)$2 81 *&35$61(7,6(5'