JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Joint Crediting Mechanism Guidelines for Developing Proposed Methodology
for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, and the Role ofConservation, Sustainable Management of Forests and Enhancement of Forest Carbon
Stocks in Developing Countries (REDD-plus)
CONTENTS
1.

Scope and applicability ......................................................................................................... 2

2.

Terms and definitions ............................................................................................................ 2

3.

Key concepts ......................................................................................................................... 2

4.

3.1.

Project emission reductions to be credited in a JCM project for REDD-plus................ 2

3.2.

Eligibility criteria ........................................................................................................... 3

Concept for REDD-plus in the JCM ..................................................................................... 4
4.1.

Forest Definition ............................................................................................................ 4

4.2.

Geographical Boundaries ............................................................................................... 4

4.3.

Carbon pools and GHG sources ..................................................................................... 4

4.4.

Estimation and accounting of net emissions .................................................................. 5

4.5.

Project reference level.................................................................................................... 6

4.6.

Project net emissions...................................................................................................... 7

4.7.

Project emission reductions to be credited ..................................................................... 8

5.

General Guidelines for developing methodologies ............................................................... 8

6.

Instructions for completing the Proposed Methodology Form for REDD-plus .................. 10

7.

Instructions for completing the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet ................................. 23

Annex I.

National definition of forest for REDD-plus under the JCM of the Kingdom of

Cambodia .................................................................................................................................. 31

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1. Scope and applicability
1.

Joint Crediting Mechanism Guidelines for Developing Proposed Methodology for
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, and the Role ofConservation, Sustainable Management of Forests and Enhancement of Forest Carbon
Stocks in Developing Countries (REDD-plus) (hereinafter referred to as “these
Guidelines”) are intended to assist methodology proponents in preparing proposed
methodologies for REDD-plus under the Joint Crediting Mechanism (hereinafter referred
to as “JCM”).

2.

These Guidelines are to be referred to by the Joint Committee in developing and assessing
proposed methodologies. These Guidelines are also to be referred to throughout the entire
project cycle of a JCM project for REDD-plus.

3.

These Guidelines describe standards, which are requirements to be met, and guidanceindicated by the terms “should” and “may” as defined in paragraph 7 below.

4.

Submission and subsequent assessment of a proposed methodology are conducted in linewith the procedure delineated in Joint Crediting Mechanism Project Cycle Procedure for
REDD-plus.

5.

These Guidelines aim to assist the development of methodologies to quantify emissions
reductions from the five REDD-plus activities listed in the Cancun Agreements (UNFCCC,
Decision 1/CP.16 paragraph 70), i.e. (a) reducing emissions from deforestation; (b)reducing emissions from forest degradation; (c) conservation of forest carbon stocks; (d)sustainable management of forests; and (e) enhancement of forest carbon stocks. All
methodologies account for (a) reducing emissions from deforestation at a minimum.

6.

These guidelines promote the national REDD-plus strategy and take into consideration thenational or any relevant sub-national reference level and forest monitoring systemestablished by the Kingdom of Cambodia.

2. Terms and definitions
7.

The following terms apply in this Guidelines:(a) “Should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities, one course of action isrecommended as particularly suitable;(b) “May” is used to indicate what is permitted.

8.

Terms in these guidelines are defined in JCM Glossary of Terms available on the JCM
website.

3. Key concepts
3.1. Project emission reductions to be credited in a JCM project for REDD-plus
9.

In a JCM project for REDD-plus, the project emission reductions to be credited are defined2

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

as the sum of the annual emission reductions resulting from project activities adjusted
using a discount factor for the risk of reversals during a monitoring period.
10. The annual emission reductions are a conservative estimate of the difference between the
project reference level and project net emissions in each year.
11. Net emissions include net CO2 emissions from carbon pools and GHG emissions fromGHG sources.
12. The project reference level is an estimate of the anticipated annual net forest-related
emissions in the project area during the monitoring period without the project being
implemented. Guidelines for methodologies on setting out the procedures for establishingproject reference levels are provided in paragraphs 30 to 35 in these Guidelines.
13. The project net emissions is the sum of actual net emissions from forest in the project area,
GHG emissions from the project activities and net emissions displaced to outside of the
project area by the project activities during the monitoring period. Guidelines formethodologies on setting out the procedures to estimate the project net emissions areprovided in paragraphs 36 to 39 in these Guidelines.
14. Guidelines for methodologies to determine the discount factor for risk of reversals areprovided in paragraphs 40 to 43 in these Guidelines.

Figure: Relationship between the project reference level, annual project net emissions, annual
emission reductions, and the annual emission reductions to be credited

3.2. Eligibility criteria
15. Eligibility criteria in proposed methodologies contain the following:(a) Requirements for the project in order to be registered as a JCM project for
REDD-plus.
(b) Requirements for the project to be able to apply the approved methodology.
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4. Concept for REDD-plus in the JCM
4.1. Forest Definition
16. The definition of forest used for REDD-plus methodologies should follow the national
definition of forest designated by the Kingdom of Cambodia, as specified in Annex I ofthese Guidelines. If there is a difference between the national definition of forest and thedefinition used in a proposed methodology, the reason for selecting the forest definition is
explained.

4.2. Geographical Boundaries
17. The project area and the reference area for the project are identified. A displacement belt
and/or activity area are also identified, when necessary. The project area and the activity
area are delineated taking into account forest management units and other administrative
boundaries as well as local land management customs.
18. The project area is the area targeted for reducing net emissions from forest.
19. The reference area is the area used to establish the project reference level. The reference
area is similar to the project area with respect to drivers of deforestation and/or forest
degradation, landscape configuration and ecological condition, and socio-economic andcultural conditions.
20. The displacement belt is the area outside the project area where net emissions displaced byproject activities are monitored. Guidelines for accounting for displaced emissions areprovided in paragraph 37 below.
21. The activity area is the area where project activities are implemented to reduce net
emissions in the project area and to reduce the risk of the displacement of emissions toother areas.
22. At the time of validation, at least 80 percent of forest in the project area is under the controlof the project, and acquisition of the rights of use of the forest to the extent necessary forthe project is demonstrated by the project participants with documentary evidence. By thetime of the first verification event, the entire right is under the control of the project, and isdemonstrated as such by the project participants with documentary evidence.

4.3. Carbon pools and GHG sources
23. The carbon stocks to be considered include each of the following five carbon pools: above
ground biomass, below-ground biomass, dead wood, litter and soil organic carbon.
24. GHG sources to be considered are sources such as biomass burning, enteric fermentationsof livestock, rice cultivation, and nitrogen fertilization for CH4 and N2O and fuel consumed
by project activities for CO2.
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4.4. Estimation and accounting of net emissions1
25. Net CO2 emissions from the carbon pools are defined as a result of gross emissions caused
by decreases of the carbon stocks minus removals caused by increases of the carbon stocks.
26. The approach and procedures used for the national or any relevant sub-national reference
level or forest monitoring system developed by the Kingdom of Cambodia are consideredwhen estimating net emissions of the project. The guidelines in paragraphs 27 to 28 arefollowed when alternative or additional approaches and procedures are used. The
methodology proponents communicate with the technical contact person for REDD-plus
under the JCM to explain the proposed approach and procedures to develop the projectreference level and estimate project net emissions, consider any comments and otherfeedback they receive, and keep records of the communications. The technical contact
person for REDD-plus under the JCM is provided on the JCM website.
27. Field Manual for the National Forest Inventory of Cambodia and the most recent IPCC
guidelines, such as IPCC 2006 Guidelines for National GHG Inventories or the IPCC 2003
Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, are used whenestimating net emissions.
28. The monitoring of net CO2 emissions from the carbon pools should be conducted using a
combination of remote sensing and ground-based survey. The best available technology,
including novel satellite observation technologies, may be employed to build effective
monitoring systems for net CO2 emissions.

(a) Remote sensing: Forest/non-forest, land cover types and forest type should beclassified through remote sensing analysis using satellite imageries whose spatial
resolution is 30 meters or higher. For the classification of land cover and forest
types, classification to reflect the amount of carbon stock per hectare is encouraged
and the classification should reflect each country’s forest designations. The
accuracy of imagery analyses of forest/non-forest classification is 80 percent or
higher.
(b) Ground-based survey of emission factors: Emission factors, or carbon stocks per
1

The following guides may be referred to for the estimation of net emissions:Than, S., L. Vesa, S. Vanna, P. Hyvönen, K. T. Korhonen, G. Sola, M. Henry and M. van Rijn.
2017. “Field Manual for the National Forest Inventory of Cambodia. 2nd revision” Forestry
Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute. 2012. “REDD-plus Cookbook: How to measureand monitor forest carbon” www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/redd-rdc/ja/reference/cookbook.html
GOFC-GOLD. 2015. “A sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring and reporting
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals associated with deforestation, gains andlosses of carbon stocks in forests remaining forests, and forestation”
http://www.gofcgold.wur.nl/redd/sourcebook/GOFC-GOLD_Sourcebook.pdf
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hectare, of each carbon pool in each class, should be obtained throughon-the-ground measurements. If ground measurements are not used, a reasonable
explanation is provided, and the IPCC's Emission Factor Database (EFDB),
national forest inventories or other internationally recognized data may be used asalternative data sources for the emission factors, with an explanation of the rational
for and validity of the data provided.
29. To establish the project reference level, carbon pools and GHG sources can be excluded if
their exclusion leads to conservative estimates of emission reductions. To estimate projectnet emissions, net emissions from all carbon pools and GHG sources should be estimated.
However, if the net emission from any carbon pool or any single GHG source due toproject activities is estimated to amount to less than five percent of the total net emissions
according to measured values or data from the IPCC’s guidelines, Emission Factor
Database (EFDB), national forest inventories or other internationally recognized sources, a
simple but conservative procedure may be used to estimate the amount, and ex postmonitoring is not necessary.

4.5. Project reference level
30. The project reference level is a projection of the sum of the annual net CO2 emissions fromthe carbon pools and annual GHG emissions from forest in the project area in the absenceof the project. Project reference levels of the net CO2 emissions and/or GHG emissions
should be established based on the net CO2 emissions and/or GHG emissions from thereference area during the reference period.
31. Regardless of how many of the activities described in paragraph 5 are included in the scopeof a project, a single project reference level is established for the project. The reference
level can be established by integration of separate models for net CO2 emissions and GHG
emissions or by modeling the combined values directly.
32. The project reference level is consistent with the national forest reference level establishedby the Kingdom of Cambodia. The guidelines in paragraphs 33 to 34 are followed whenalternative or additional approaches and procedures are used.
33. The reference period dates back at least 10 years from the start of the project. The
methodology proponents may designate a maximum date back period of the historical data
to be used for developing the reference levels that is appropriate for the methodology. The
net CO2 emission data from carbon pools and GHG emission data from GHG sources toestablish the project reference level should be obtained for at least four points of times.
This means that carbon stock data from at least five points in time are required when using
the stock-change method to estimate net emissions.
34. Three approaches for establishing the project reference level are recognized:6

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0(a) Average of annual net CO2 emissions and/or GHG emissions during the reference
period;(b) Single regression models of the historical trends of annual net CO2 emissions
and/or GHG emissions;(c) Other sophisticated models, including multiple regression analysis of annual net
CO2 emissions and/or GHG emissions, taking into account possible changes indrivers of deforestation and/or forest degradation, such as changes in demography,
agricultural, forestry and other land use activities, and national and/or sub-national
circumstances such as land development policies and programs.
35. The project reference level is reassessed within five years to ensure that it adequatelyreflects the actual circumstances of the project area, such as drivers of deforestation and/or
forest degradation, activities that lead to land-use changes, and changes of forest
management methods. If the result of reassessment shows that the project reference levelno longer adequately reflects actual circumstances, the project reference level isreestablished. If a national or relevant sub-national reference level is established after the
project start date, the national or relevant sub-national reference level is considered whenreestablishing the project reference level at the time of reassessment, and the validity of the
new project reference level is explained. However, the newly established project reference
level cannot be applied retroactively to evaluate net emissions reduction before thereassessment.

4.6. Project net emissions
36. Project net emissions include (a) the net CO2 emissions from the carbon pools and GHG
emissions from forest in the project area, (b) GHG emissions due to the project activities
inside and outside the project area including safeguards activities, and (c) displacedemissions in each year during the monitoring period.
37. Displaced emissions are net emissions displaced from forest inside to outside the project
area as a result of the project activities. Any decrease in carbon stocks and increase of
GHG emissions from forest outside the project area that are reasonably attributable to theproject activities are quantified and accounted as displaced emissions. Any increase incarbon stocks and decrease of GHG emissions compared to the situation without the
project outside the project area due to the project activities are excluded from theaccounting. The ways and means to identify and quantify displaced emissions are
explained in the proposed methodologies.
38. The approach and procedures used in any national or sub-national forest monitoring system
relevant to the project area established by the Kingdom of Cambodia are considered whenestablishing the monitoring system for project net emissions.
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39. Monitoring is implemented at least just prior to verifications.

4.7. Project emission reductions to be credited
40. The methodology proponents demonstrate that the method to estimate annual emission
reductions is conservative.
41. In order to effectively deal with the risk of reversals, the annual project emission reductions
to be credited are calculated using a discount factor, considering internal risks (such as
risks arising from inadequate project management, loss of financial viability, increased
opportunity costs, and reduction of project longevity), external risks (such as risks causedby issues associated with land ownership and resource use rights, community engagement,
and political matters) and natural risks (such as risks associated with unprecedented forest
fires, pests and disease outbreaks, extreme weather patterns, and geological events). The
default value of the discount factor is 20 percent. The proposed methodologies may use thedefault value and/or provide a procedure that the project participants can apply to develop a
project specific discount factor to deal with the risk of reversals, with the justification forthe procedure provided.
42. The discount factor is reassessed at the time of verification. If the result of reassessmentshows that the discount factor no longer adequately reflects actual circumstances, thediscount factor is reestablished. However, a newly established discount factor cannot beapplied retroactively to calculate project emission reductions to be credited before thereassessment.
43. Annual project emission reductions to be credited are calculated for each year from the
project reference level, the project net emissions and the discount factor. Their sum is the
project emission reductions to be credited during a monitoring period.

5. General Guidelines for developing methodologies
44. Methodology proponents prepare the proposed methodology by providing parameters anddefault values in the Proposed Methodology Form and the Proposed Methodology
Spreadsheet, attached to these Guidelines.
45. These Guidelines, the Proposed Methodology Form and the Proposed Methodology
Spreadsheet may be obtained electronically from the JCM website.
46. The Proposed Methodology Form and the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet arecompleted in English.
47. Methodology proponents provide supporting documents to justify key logical andquantitative assumptions regarding the choice of eligibility criteria, default values andprocedures to establish the project reference level, project net emissions, discount factor
and other related information on REDD-plus.
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48. The Joint Committee develops the Proposed Methodology Form and the Proposed
Methodology Spreadsheet and may revise them if necessary.
49. The Proposed Methodology Form is not altered, that is, is completed without modifying its
format, font, headings. If sections of the Proposed Methodology Form are not applicable, it
is made clear that the section is intentionally left blank by writing “N/A” in the appropriate
cells.
50. The Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet enables calculation of project emission reductions
to be credited automatically by the project participants through inputting values. The
Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet consists of the following:(a) An Input Sheet containing all the parameters to be monitored ex post,
project-specific parameters to be fixed ex ante by the project participants (e.g.
historical data) as well as the default factors which can be changed by the project
participants. For each parameter, the methodology proponents fill in all therequired fields, except for those of the inputted values;(b) A Calculation Process Sheet containing all the default values which are set in themethodology and cannot be changed by the project participants, calculation process
to derive project reference level and project net emissions, and the resulting projectemission reductions to be credited.
51. The proposed methodology:(a) Describes the procedures in a manner that is sufficiently explicit to enable themethodology to be used, applied to projects unambiguously, and reproduced by athird party;(b) Is possible for projects following the methodology to be subjected to JCM
validation and/or verification;(c) Includes all algorithms, formulae, and step-by-step procedures needed to apply themethodology and validate the project, i.e. calculating project reference level,
project net emissions and project emission reductions to be credited;(d) Provides instructions for making any logical or quantitative assumptions that are
not provided in the methodology and are made by the methodology user;(e) Avoids the intentional increase of credits caused by perverse incentives (e.g. when
an increase in output is triggered by incentive to increase credits).
52. The presentation of values in the Proposed Methodology Form and the Proposed
Methodology Spreadsheet should be in international standard format (e.g. 1,000
representing one thousand and 1.0 representing one). The units used should beaccompanied by their equivalent S.I. units/norms (thousand/million) as part of therequirement to ensure transparency and clarity.

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6. Instructions for completing the Proposed Methodology Form for REDD-plus
Instructions for completing the Proposed Methodology Form are provided below. A
hypothetical proposed methodology is inserted to enhance the clarity of these Guidelines. Thismethodology is purely indicative and does not imply that the methodology is to be adopted.
Cover sheet of the Proposed Methodology Form
Form for submitting the proposed methodology
Partner Country

the Kingdom of Cambodia

Name of the methodology proponents
submitting this form

Company DEF
Reducing deforestation and forest degradation

Title of the proposed methodology and throughversion number

forestfire

prevention,

forestmanagement and land use improvement in
Cambodia Version 1.0

List of documents to be attached to this form

The attached draft JCM-PDD:(please check):

Additional information

Date of submission

1/10/2016

・ Provide an unambiguous title for the proposed methodology. The title should reflect thetypes of REDD-plus activities to which the methodology is applicable and include theapproach or activity(ies) for achieving net reduction of emissions.
・ Provide a list of any additional documents to be attached to this form.
・ Provide the date of submission in DD/MM/YYYY.
History of the proposed methodology
Version1.0

Date
1/10/2016

Contents revisedFirst edition

・ Provide the version number and date of submission in DD/MM/YYYY.
・ If a previously submitted methodology has been revised, provide the date of revision in
DD/MM/YYYY as well as a brief summary of the revision.

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A. Title of the methodology
Reducing deforestation and forest degradation through forest fire prevention, forest
management and land use improvement in Cambodia Version 1.0
・ Provide an unambiguous title for the proposed methodology and the version number of the
proposed methodology. The title should reflect the types of REDD-plus activities to which
the methodology is applicable and include the approach or activity(ies) for achieving net
reduction of emissions.

B. Terms and definitions
Terms

Definitions

・ Provide definitions of key terms that are used in the proposed methodology.

C. Summary of the methodology
Items

Summary
Conduct fire prevention measures; Develop and implement
Project activities (emission
forest management plans; When there is risk of emissions
reduction measures)
displacement, invest in land use improvement activities, such as
agricultural intensification, to reduce pressure on forests.
The project reference level is established as below the average
Establishment of projectof net emissions during the reference period through thereference level
following steps:- identifying the reference area,- mapping changes in the land use type and estimating forest
carbon density in the reference area during the reference period,- calculating historical carbon stock change and CO2 emissions
Calculation of project net Project net emissions are calculated on the basis of themonitored land-use change in the project area and emission
emissionsfactors over the monitoring period.
Net CO2 emissions in the project area and GHG emissions in theactivity area are monitored and accounted.
Displaced emissions in the displacement belt are monitored andestimated.
Monitoring parameters and Change of forested area and replacement land use –monitored
by remote sensing.
methods
Burned area – monitored by remote sensing.
Forest carbon stock change – monitored through forest
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inventory
Use of fuel for project activities – monitored using project
records
Calculationofproject Calculating the project emission reduction in a conservative
manner.
emission reductions to be A default value of 20% is applied for the discount factor.
credited・ Summarize the key elements of the proposed methodology, including brief descriptions of:・ Project activities (i.e. emission reduction measures);・ Establishment of the project reference level;
・ Estimation of project net emissions;・ Key monitoring parameters and methods;
・ Determination of the discount factor for risk of reversals.

D. Eligibility criteria

This methodology is applicable to projects that satisfy all of the following criteria.
Criterion 1
Criterion 2
Criterion 3
Criterion 4
Criterion 5
Criterion 6
Criterion 7
Criterion 8
Criterion 9
Criterion 10

The main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation are conversion for
agriculture and forest fire.
The project area does not include forest on peat soil. Peat is defined as organic
soil with at least 65% organic matter and a minimum thickness of 50 cm.
Illegal logging to supply regional, national or international markets is not taking
place.
Agricultural intensification activities do not involve large numbers of livestockand the application of inorganic fertilizers.
The historic pattern of deforestation is mosaic.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

・ Eligibility criteria are requirements for the project in order for it to be able to apply theapproved methodology and registered as a REDD-plus project under the JCM.
・ Eligibility criteria are those that can be examined objectively.
・ Eligibility criteria include:
・ Characteristics to identify the measures applied to the methodology;
・ Conditions that are necessary in order to enable robust calculation of emission
reductions by the methodology, e.g. the situation before the implementation of theactivity;
・ Eligibility criteria should be, to the extent possible, those that can be ascertained uponvalidation, i.e. eligibility criteria should avoid those which need to be monitored ex post.
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For example, actual performance of a measure should not be included as eligibility
criteria, since it is not certain at validation whether the stated performance can beachieved. On the other hand, performance as defined by scientifically referenced figures
can be included as eligibility criteria since it can be readily checked upon validation.

E. Geographical Boundaries
Essential
Geographical boundary
Project area
Reference area

Requirements
No additional requirements. (The project area does not have to
be a single area of forest)
The reference area includes the project area for the determinationof the initial project reference level, but excludes the project area
when the reference level is reassessed.

Optional boundaries
RequiredGeographical boundary(Y/N/TBD

activity area)
Y

Displacement belt

Y

Additional requirements
Non-forest area outside the project area.
Determined through mobility analysis based on amulti-criteria evaluation.

TBD: to be decided by the project proponent
・ Describe any requirements additional to those described in paragraphs 17 to 22 of theseguidelines for the establishment of the geographical boundaries.
・ Identify whether an activity area and/or displacement belt are required in themethodology, or whether the project participants are left to decide (to be decided – TBD)
whether the project design includes these areas.

F. Carbon pools and GHG sources
The net emission sources to be considered include all the following Carbon pools and GHG
sources.
Project reference level
Carbon pools and GHG sources
Carbonpools

Included(Y/N)

Above ground biomass

Y

Below ground biomass

Y
13

Explanation
This methodology applies to projects
where carbon stock change in thispool may be significant.
This methodology applies to projects

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Dead woodY

LitterN

Soil organic carbon

N

CH4 in biomass burning
GHG
sourcesN2O in biomass burning
N/A

where carbon stock change in thispool may be significant.
This methodology applies to projects
where carbon stock change in thispool may be significant.
This methodology applies to projects
where carbon stock change in thispool is not significant; Can beconservatively excluded.
This methodology applies to projects
where carbon stock change in thispool is not significant; Can beconservatively excluded.
This methodology applies to projects
where GHG emission from thissource may be significant.
This methodology applies to projects
where GHG emission from thissource may be significant.
N/A

Project net emissions
Carbon pools and GHG sources

CarbonIncluded(Y/N)

Above ground biomass

Y

Below ground biomass

Y

Dead woodY

LitterN

Soil organic carbon

N

pools

CH4 in biomass burning
GHG
sourcesN2O in biomass burning
CO2 in combustion of fossil fuels

Explanation
This methodology applies to projects
where carbon stock change in thispool may be significant.
This methodology applies to projects
where carbon stock change in thispool may be significant.
This methodology applies to projects
where carbon stock change in thispool may be significant.
This methodology applies to projects
where carbon stock change in thispool is not significant; Can beconservatively excluded.
This methodology applies to projects
where carbon stock change in thispool is not significant; Can beconservatively excluded.
This methodology applies to projects
where GHG emission from thissource may be significant.
This methodology applies to projects
where GHG emission from thissource may be significant.
This methodology applies to projects
where GHG emission from thissource may be significant.

・ Identify which of the five carbon pools are included in the establishment of the project14

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reference level and the estimation of project net emissions.
・ Identify GHG sources that are reasonably attributable to the methodology.

G. Establishment of project reference level
G.1. Establishment of project reference level
Approach for estimating project The project reference level is established by aconservative estimation of the average historical net CO2
reference levelemissions and GHG emissions.
The project reference level is established as follows:
1) Identifying the reference area and setting the reference period
The reference area is mapped and described and the reference period is set. The reference area
is similar to the project area regarding the drivers of deforestation and/or forest degradation,
landscape configuration, socio-economic and cultural conditions, and is more than ten times
larger than the total size of the project area,. The reference period dates back at least 10 years
from the start of the project.
2) Estimating past forested area in the reference area
Forest in the project area and the reference area is classified into types (or strata) reflecting thenational land use classification system and differences in carbon density. The area of each land
use type is mapped using remote sensing data with a minimum resolution of 30 meters. The
classified maps of forest/non-forest and forest types have a minimum accuracy of 80%.
3) Estimating forest carbon density of each land use type
Default values, such as those in IPCC guidelines, are applied for carbon density of each land
use type. When more than one default value exists, a default value is selected to provide aconservative estimate of net project emissions.
4) Calculating average carbon stock change during the reference period
The average carbon stock change during the reference period is calculated conservatively using
Equation 2 and Equation 3 in G.2. below.
5) Calculating other GHG emissions in the reference scenario
CH4 and N2O emissions from biomass burning during the monitoring period are projected using
Equation 4 in G.2. below.
6) Establishing project reference level in a conservative manner
The project reference level is calculated using Equation 1 in G.2. below.

G.2. Calculation of project reference level
The project reference level at year y during the proposed monitoring period is calculated asfollows:
RLy = ΔCSref y * 44/12 + Lfire_ref y(Equation 1)
RLy
Project reference level at year y [tCO2e]
ΔCSref y Projected carbon stock change in project area at year y [tC]
44/12 Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2
Lfire_ref y Projected amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from forest fires inproject area at year y [tCO2e]15

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The projected carbon stock change of the project area at year y (ΔCSref y) is conservatively
established from the historical change of land use types in the initial forested area (forested areaat the beginning of reference period) in the project area during the reference period and carbon
density of each land use type. At least five points of carbon stock data during the reference
period are collected to obtain at least four data of the carbon stock changes. ΔCSref y isconservatively established as the average of the carbon stock changes after the period with thelargest decrease in carbon stock change per year is excluded from the calculation.
Carbon stock change at year y in the project area is projected using the following equation.
ΔCSref y = Σ (Cyri - Cyri+1) / Σ (yri+1 - yri) * APJ / ARE(Equation 2)
ΔCSref y Projected carbon stock change in project area at year y [tC]
Cyr
Carbon stock in initial forested area in reference area at year yr
duringthe reference period [tC]yri
Years during the reference period
ARE
Initial forested area [ha]APJ
Project area [ha]Number “a” is excluded from i when (Ca – Ca+1) / (yra+1 – yra) = max ((Cyri - Cyri+1) / (yri+1 yri)) to establish the project reference level conservatively below the level of net CO2 emissions
without project.
Cyr = Σ Ci,j,yr = Σ (Ai,yr * EFi,j)(Equation 3)
Cyr
Carbon stock in initial forested area at year yr during thereference period [tC]
Ci,j,yr
Carbon stock in carbon pool j in stratum i at year yr [tC]Ai,yr
Total area of stratum i in initial forested area at year yr [ha]EFi,jThe Emission Factors of carbon pool j of stratum i [tC ha-1]iA stratum of land use typesj
A specific carbon pool
Data for “EFi,j” can be sourced from 2006 IPCC guidelines.
CH4 and N2O emissions from forest fires in the project area are projected using the following
equation.
Lfire_ref,y = Σyr Lfire_ref,yr / nyr * APJ / ARE(Equation
4)
Lfire_ref,y Projected amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires in project
area at year y [tCO2e]
Lfire_ref,yr Historical amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires in initial
forested area at year yr during the reference period [tCO2e]
nyr
Number of monitored years during the reference period
ARE
Initial forested area [ha]APJ
Project area [ha]Lfire_ref,y = ABi,yr * MBi * Cf * Gef * 10-3 * GWP(Equation 5)
Lfire_ref,yr Amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires in initial forested
area at year yr during the reference period [tCO2e]ABi,yrArea burnt in stratum i in initial forested area at year yr [ha]MBi
Mass of fuel available in initial forested area for combustion in
stratum i [t ha-1]
Cf
Combustion factor for forest fire
Gef
Emission factor for forest fire [g kg-dm burnt -1]
GWP
Global Warming Potential (25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O)
Data of “MBi”, “Cf” and “Gef” can be sourced from 2006 IPCC guidelines.
Carbon pools and GHG sources can be excluded, if their exclusion leads to conservative16

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

estimates of the emission reductions.
・ Provide a qualitative explanation of the procedure to establish the project reference levelreferring to paragraphs 30 to 35 of these Guidelines.
・ Provide the equations to establish the project reference level.
・ Provide a description of how the approach and procedures used in the project areconsistent with those for national or sub-national reference level including the project
area .
・ Elaborate the method to calculate the project reference level. Be specific and complete, sothat the procedure can be carried out in an unambiguous way, replicated, and subjected toassessment and verification:
・ Use consistent variables, equation formats, subscripts, etc.;
・ Number all equations in the Proposed Methodology Form;・ Define all variables, with units indicated;
・ Justify the conservativeness of the calculation method, e.g. discounting the result of
calculation and applying conservative parameters.
・ Elaborate all parameters, coefficients, and variables used in the calculation of the projectreference level:
・ For those values that are provided in the methodology:
・ Clearly indicate the precise references from which these values are taken (e.g.
official statistics, IPCC Guidelines, commercial and scientific literature).
・ Justify the conservativeness of the values provided.
・ For those values that are to be provided by the project participants, clearly indicate
how the values are to be selected and justified, for example, by explaining:・ What types of sources are suitable (official statistics, expert judgment,
proprietary data, IPCC Guidelines, commercial and scientific literature, etc.);
・ The vintage of data that is suitable;
・ What spatial level of data is suitable (local, regional, national, international);
・ How conservativeness of the values is to be ensured.
・ For all data to be used by the project participants, specify the procedures to be followed if
the site-specific historical data are unavailable. For instance, the methodology could point
to a preferred data source, and indicate a priority order for use of additional data and/or
fall back data sources to preferred sources (e.g. private, international statistics, etc.).
・ Note any parameters, coefficients, variables, etc. that are used to calculate the projectreference level and that should be obtained by project proponent.
・ Explain any parts of the calculation method that are not self-evident. Provide references asnecessary. Explain implicit and explicit key assumptions in a transparent manner.
・ For methodologies requiring sampling, clearly indicate the sampling method and thestatistical treatment of the sampled data.
17

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

H. Calculation of project net emissions
Project net emissions at year y during the monitoring period are calculated on the basis ofmonitored carbon stock change, emissions from other GHG sources and displacement during
the monitoring period as follows:
PEy = ΔCSPJ,y* 44/12 + Lfire_PJ,y + Eenergy,PJ,y + DEy(Equation 6)
PEy
Project net emissions at year y [tCO2e]
ΔCSPJ,y Carbon stock change in the project area at year y [tC]
Lfire_PJ,y Amount of non-CO2 emissions from fires in the project area
during year y [tCO2e]
Eenergy,PJ,y Amount of CO2 emissions from energy use during year y [tCO2]
DEy
Displacement of emissions at year y [tCO2e]
44/12
Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2(a) Carbon stock change in the project area at year y is estimated using the following equation.
ΔCSPJ,y = Σ (Cymi – Cymi+1) / Σ (ymi+1-ymi)(Equation 7)
ΔCSPJ,y Carbon stock change in the project area at year y [tC]Cym
Carbon stock at year ym during the monitoring period [tC]
ym1, ym2… Year during the monitoring period
Cym = Σi,j Ci,j,ym = Σi,j (Ai,ym * EFi,j)(Equation 8)
Cym
Carbon stock at year ym during the monitoring period [tC]
Ci,j,ym
Carbon stock in carbon pool j of stratum i at year ym [tC]
Ai,ym
Total area of stratum i at year ym [ha]EFi,jThe emission factor of carbon pool j of stratum i [tC ha-1]iStratum of land use typesj
A category of carbon pool
Data for “Ai,ym” are generated by direct monitoring using remotely sensed imagery.
Data for “EFi,j” are collected by direct monitoring using forest sampling. The numberof sample plots is determined to provide estimates in the net change in carbon stocks
to within 10 per cent of the true value of the mean at the 95 per cent confidence level.
For non-CO2 emissions (CH4 and N2O) from forest fires in the project area during year y, theequation below is used.
Lfire_PJ,y = Σyr Lfire_PJ,y / ny
(Equation 9)
Lfire_PJ,y Amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires in the project area
during year y [tCO2e]
Lfire_PJ,y Amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires in the project area
at year y during the monitoring period [tCO2e]ny
Number of monitored years during the monitoring period
Lfire_PJ,y = ABi,ym * MBi * Cf * Gef * 10-3 * GWP(Equation 10)
Lfire_PJ,y Amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires in the project area
at year y during the monitoring period [tCO2e]ABi,ym Area burnt in stratum i in the project area at monitoring year ym[ha]MBi
Mass of fuel available for combustion in stratum i [t ha-1]
Cf
Combustion factor for forest fire
Gef
Emission factor for forest fire [g kg-dm burnt -1]
GWP
Global Warming Potential (25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O)
Data for “ABi,ym” is generated by direct monitoring using remotely sensed imagery.
18

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Data for “MBi”, “Cf” and “Gef” can be sourced from 2006 IPCC guidelines.
(b) For CO2 emissions from combustion of fossil fuels for project activities such as fromtransport and machinery use at year y, the equation below is used.
Eenergy,PJ,y = LCy * CC * ODU * 44/12(Equation 11)
Eenergy,PJ,y Amount of CO2 emissions from energy use during year y [tCO2]
LCy
Consumption of fuel at monitoring year y [TJ]CC
Carbon content of fuel [kt-C TJ-1]
ODU
Oxidized during use factor
44/12
Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2
Data of “LCy” is collected by direct monitoring.
Data of “CC” and “ODU” is sourced from 2006 IPCC guidelines.
Net emissions from any carbon pools and GHG sources whose amount is less than 5% of total
emissions can be estimated using simple measures, such as by using reference data, rather thandirect monitoring.
(c) Displacement of net emission is monitored in displacement belt outside the project area. The
displacement belt is determined through mobility analysis based on a multi-criteria evaluation,
for which factors such as maps of the historical deforestation and degradation patterns, distancefrom roads and data collected through a participatory workshop are used..
The displacement of net emissions are to be calculated as follows:
DEy = DECO2,ym + DEfire,ym(Equation 12)
DEy
Displacement of net emissions during year y [tCO2e]
DECO2,ym Displacement of CO2 emissions during monitoring year ym[tCO2]
DEfire,ym Displacement of CH4 and N2O emissions during year monitoringym due to forest fires [tCO2e]
DECO2,ym =(ΔCSDB,ym – ΔCSDB_ref,y)*44/12(Equation 13)
DECO2,ym
Displacement of CO2 emissions during monitoring year ym[tCO2]ΔCSDB,ym
Carbon stock change in displacement belt at monitoring year
ym [tC]ΔCSDB_ref,y Projected carbon stock change in displacement belt area atyear y [tC]
44/12
Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2
Carbon stock change at year y in the displacement belt is projected using the following
equation.
ΔCSDB_ref,y = Σ (Cyri - Cyri+1) / Σ (yri+1 - yri) * ADB / ARE(Equation 14)
ΔCSDB_ref,y Projected carbon stock change in displacement belt area atyear y [tC]
Cyr
Carbon stock in initial forested area in reference area at year
yr during the reference period [tC]yri
Years during the reference period
ADB
Displacement belt [ha]ARE
Initial forested area in reference area [ha]Number “a” is excluded from i when (Ca – Ca+1) / (yra+1 – yra) = max ((Cyri - Cyri+1) / (yri+1 yri)).
Displacement of CH4 and N2O emissions during year y due to forest fires is calculated asfollows:
DEfire,ym = Lfire_DB,ym – Lfire_DB_ref,y(Equation 15)19

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

DEfire,y

Displacement of CH4 and N2O emissions due to forest fires
during monitoring year ym [tCO2e]
Lfire_DB,ym CH4 and N2O emissions due to forest fires in displacement belt
at monitoring year ym [tCO2e]
Lfire_DB_ref,y Projected amount of emissions from CH4 and N2O during year
y due to forest fires in displacement belt [tCO2e]CH4 and N2O emissions from forest fires in the displacement belt are projected as follows:
Lfire_DB_ref,y = Σyr Lfire_ref,y / nyr * ADB / ARE(Equation 16)
Lfire_DB_ref,yProjected amount of emissions from CH4 and N2O during
year y due to forest fires in displacement belt [tCO2e]
Lfire_ref,yr
Historical amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires ininitial forested area in reference area at year yr during thereference period [tCO2e]
nyr
Number of monitored years during the reference period
ADB
Displacement belt [ha]ARE
Initial forested area in reference area [ha]Lfire_ref,y = ABi,yr * MBi * Cf * Gef * 10-3 * GWP(Equation 17)
Lfire_ref,yr Amount of CH4 and N2O emissions from fires in initial forested
area in reference area at year yr during the reference period[tCO2e]ABi,yrArea burnt in stratum i in initial forested area in reference area atyear yr [ha]MBi
Mass of fuel available in initial forested area in reference area for
combustion in stratum i [t ha-1]
Cf
Combustion factor for forest fire
Gef
Emission factor for forest fire [g kg-dm burnt -1]
GWP
Global Warming Potential (25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O)
Data for “ABi,yr” is generated by direct monitoring using remotely sensed imagery.
Data for “MBi”, “Cf” and “Gef” can be sourced from 2006 IPCC guidelines.
Equation 17 is same as Equation 5,
・ Provide a qualitative explanation of the procedure to calculate the project net emissions
referring to paragraph 36 to 39 of these Guidelines.
・ Provide the equations to calculate the project net emissions.
・ Provide a description of how the approach and procedures used in any national or
sub-national forest monitoring system to the project area are considered.
・ Where applicable, the method to calculate project net emissions should adhere to the
instructions provided in the section on project reference level.
・ Explain the method to estimate the displaced emissions, including the method to determine
the displacement belt, if necessary.

I. Calculation of project emission reductions to be credited
Project emission reductions at year y are calculated as the difference between the projectreference level and the project net emissions.
20

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Annual emission reductions are calculated using the equation below.
ERy = RLy – PEy(Equation 13)
ERy
Project emission reductions at year y [tCO2e]
RLy
Project reference level at year y [tCO2e]
PEy
Project net emissions at year y [tCO2e]
Annual project emission reductions to be credited are calculated using Equation 14, which
includes discounting for the risk of reversals.
A default value of 20% is applied for the discount factor.
ERcredt,y = ERy * (1 – DF)(Equation 14)
ERcredt,y Project emission reductions to be credited at year y [tCO2e]
ERy
Project emission reductions at year y [tCO2e]DF
Discount factor, default as 0.3
Project emission reductions to be credited during a monitoring period p are calculated asfollows:
ERcredt,p =Σ ERcredt,y(Equation
13)
ERcredt,p Project emission reductions to be credited during a monitoring
period p [tCO2e]
ERcredt,y Project emission reductions to be credited at year y during
monitoring period p [tCO2e]

・ Provide a description of how estimation of the emission reduction is conservative.
・ Elaborate the calculation method used to estimate, measure or calculate annual projectemission reductions to be credited. In most cases, this will be simple equation with two
terms: project reference level and project net emissions.
・ When the 20% default value is not used for the discount factor, elaborate the procedure to
identify the risk of reversals and set the discount factor.

J. Data and parameters fixed ex ante
The source of each data and parameter fixed ex ante is listed as below.
Parameter
EFi,j
MBi
Cf
Gef
GWP
CC
ODU

Description of data

SourceNational forest inventory or
The Emission Factors of carbon pool j of 2006 IPCC Guidelines Vol.4
stratum i(Table 2.2, 2.3) or otherinternationally recognized data
Average Mass of fuel available for combustion
2006 IPCC Guidelinesof stratum i per hectare
Combustion factor. Shown in value together 2006 IPCC Guidelines Vol.4
with MBi.
(Table 2.6)
Emission factor for forest fire2006 IPCC Guidelines
Global Warming Potential
2006 IPCC Guidelines
Carbon content of oil
2006 IPCC Guidelines
Oxidized during use factor
2006 IPCC Guidelines

21

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

・ Identify sources of default values, where default values are applied to the proposed
methodology.

22

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

7. Instructions for completing the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet
Instructions for completing the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet are provided below. The Input Sheet of the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet should be completed. A
hypothetical Input Sheet of the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet is inserted to enhance the clarity of these Guidelines. This is purely indicative and does not imply that
the Input Sheet of the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet is adopted.
Proposed methodology spread sheet (input sheet) [Attachment to Proposed Methodology Form]
Table 1: Parameters to be monitored ex post
(a)
(b)
(c)
Monitoring
Parameters
Description of data
point No.

(d)
Estimated
Values

(e)
Units

(f)
Monitoring
option(1)

Ai,yArea of stratum (= land use type) i at year
ym during monitoring period.

→Table 1-a.

ha

Option C

(2)

ABi,y

Area burnt in stratum (= land use type) i atyear ym during monitoring period.

→Table 1-a.

ha

Option C

(3)

EF1,1

Emission factor (carbon stock per hectare)in above ground biomass in primary forest

200

tC ha-1

Option C

(4)

EF1,2

Emission factor (carbon stock per hectare)of dead wood, all types of forest

14

tC ha-1

Option C

(5)

LCym

Project fuel consumption during year ym
during monitoring period.

TJ

Option B(6)

DECO2,ym

Displacement of net CO2 emissions during
year ym during monitoring period.

Ha

Option C(7)

DEfire,ym

HaOption C→Table 1-b.

Displacement of CH4 and N2O emissions
during year ym during monitoring period.

(g)Source of dataUSGS
GLOVIS, Landsat
imagery
USGS
GLOVIS, Landsat
imagery

Once every
three years

Analyzing multispectral opticalsatellite imagery

Once every
three years

Forest sampling

Forest sampling

Once every
three years

Forest sampling

Forest sampling

Once every
three years

Analyzing multispectral opticalsatellite imagery

Once a year

Analyzing multispectral opticalsatellite imagery

Once every
three years

Analyzing multispectral opticalsatellite imagery

Once every
three years

USGS
GLOVIS, Landsat
imagery
USGS
GLOVIS, Landsat
imagery
USGS
GLOVIS, Landsat
imagery

Primary forest

Secondary forest

CroplandPrimary forest

Secondary forest

Cropland

A1,y

A2,y

A3,y

AB1,y

AB2,y

AB3,y

ym1
ym2
ym3
ym4
ym5
…
Table 1-b. Project fuel consumption

23(i)Monitoring
frequency

Analyzing multispectral opticalsatellite imagery

Table 1-a. Area of stratum i and area burnt in stratum i at year ym during monitoring period(1) Forest area (ha): Ai,y(2) Burnt area (ha): ABi,yYear during themonitoring
period(h)Measurement methods andprocedures

(j)
Other
comments
Min. spatial
resolution of
30 m
Min. spatial
resolution of
30 m

Min. spatial
resolution of
30 m
Min. spatial
resolution of
30 m

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0
Year(3) Project fuel consumption (TJ):LCy

ymf1
ymf2
ymf3
ymf4
ymf5
….
Table 2: Project-specific parameters to be fixed ex ante
(a)

(b)

Parameters

Description of data

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Units

Source of data

Other comments

Estimated
value
ARE

Size of reference areaha

The reference area is decided by project proponents

APJ

Size of project areaha

The project area is decided by project proponents

ADB

Size of displacement beltha

The displacement belt is decided by project proponents throughmobility analysis based on a multi-criteria evaluation

Ai,yrSize of stratum (= land use type) i at year yr during the reference period.

→Table 2-a.

haSatellite imagery

Min. spatial resolution of 30 m

ABi,yrSize burnt in stratum (= land use type) i at year yr during the reference period.

→Table 2-a.

haSatellite imagery

Min. spatial resolution of 30 m

Table 2-a. Area of stratum i and area burnt in stratum i at year y during reference period(1) Forest area (ha): Ai,yr(2) Burnt area (ha): ABi,yr
Year during thePrimary forest
Secondary forest
CroplandPrimary forest
Secondary forest
reference period
A1,y
A2,y
A4,y
AB1,y
AB2,y

Cropland
AB4,y

yr1
yr2
yr3
yr4
yr5
…

[Monitoring option]
Option A

Based on public data which is measured by entities other than the project participants (Data used: publicly recognized data such as statistical data and specifications)

Option B

Based on the amount of transaction which is measured directly using measuring equipment (Data used: commercial evidence such as invoices)

Option C

Based on the actual measurement using measuring equipment (Data used: measured values)24

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

The Calculation Process Sheet of the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet should be completed.
A hypothetical Calculation Process Sheet of the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet is provided
below enhance the clarity of these Guidelines. This is purely indicative and does not imply that
the Calculation Process Sheet is adopted.
JCM Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet (Calculation Process Sheet)
1. Calculations for project emission reductions to becredited

Pool / Sources

Value

Project emission reductions to be credited during the period
p

Units

Parameter

tCO2e

ERp

ha

ARE

ha

APJ

ha

ADB

2. Basic data of the projectSize of reference area

Size of project area

Size of displacement belt

Carbon stock and biomassburning
Carbon stock and biomassburning
Carbon stock and biomassburning

Monitoring start date

Y1

Monitoring end date
3. Selected default values
Emission factor (carbon stock per hectare) in above groundbiomass in primary forest
Emission factor (carbon stock per hectare) in above groundbiomass in secondary forest
Emission factor (carbon stock per hectare) in above groundbiomass in cropland
Ratio to below-ground biomass of all types of forest
Emission factor (carbon stock per hectare) of dead wood, alltypes of forest
Mass of fuel available for combustion * Combustion factor in
primary forest
Mass of fuel available for combustion * Combustion factor insecondary forest
Mass of fuel available for combustion * Combustion factor in
croplandAbove ground biomass

200

tC ha-1

EF1,1

Above ground biomass

100

tC ha-1

EF2,1

Above ground biomass

30

tC ha-1

EF4,1

Below-ground biomass

37.0

%

RAtoB

tC ha-1EFi,3t ha-1MB1 * Cft ha-1MB2 * Cft ha-1MB4 * Cf

Dead wood

Biomass burning

Biomass burning

Biomass burning

14
119.6 *
0.36
42.2 *
0.55
5.5 *
0.80

g
Emission factor for forest fires (CH4)

Biomass burning

6.8

kg-dm

Gef-CH4

burnt-1
g
Emission factor for forest fires (N2O)

Biomass burning

0.2

kg-dm

Gef-N2O

burnt-1
Global Warming Potential (CH4)

Biomass burning

25

-

GWP

Global Warming Potential (N2O)

Biomass burning

298

-

GWP

25

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Carbon content of oil (Gasoline)

Oxidized during use factor

Combustion of fossil fuels fromtransport and machinery use
Combustion of fossil fuels from

18.7

TJ

-1

CC

-

ODU

tCO2e

RLpj yCarbon stock change at year yr

tC

ΔCSref y

Carbon stock at Yr1

tCtransport and machinery use

1.0

kt-C

4. Calculations for project reference level
Project reference level at year yYear during reference period
yr1
yr2
yr3
yr4
yr5

Primary forest

Carbon stockhaA1,yr1

Secondary forest

Carbon stockhaA2,yr1

Cropland

Carbon stockhaA3,yr1

Carbon stock at Yr2

tC

Primary forest

Carbon stockhaA1,yr2

Secondary forest

Carbon stockhaA2,yr2

Cropland

Carbon stockhaA3,yr2

Primary forest

Carbon stockhaA1,yr3

Secondary forest

Carbon stockhaA2,yr3

Cropland

Carbon stockhaA3,yr3tCO2e

Lfire_ref y

Carbon stock at year Yr3…
Non-CO2 emissions from forest fires at year yr
Non-CO2 emission at year Yr1

tCO2e

Area of burnt primary forest at yr1

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt secondary forest at yr1

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt cropland at yr1

Biomass burningha

Non-CO2 emission at year Yr2

tCO2e

Area of burnt primary forest at yr2

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt secondary forest at yr2

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt cropland at yr2

Biomass burningha26

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Non-CO2 emission at year Yr3

tCO2e

Area of burnt primary forest at yr3

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt secondary forest at yr3

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt cropland at yr3

Biomass burningha

5. Calculations of the project net emissions
Project net emissions during year y

tCO2e

PEy

Carbon stock changes at year ymtC

Δ CSPJ,yCarbon stock at year ym1

tC

Year during first monitoring period
ym1
ym2
ym3

Area of primary forest at year ym1

Carbon stockha

Area of secondary forest at year ym1

Carbon stock

0haArea of cropland at year ym1

Carbon stock0ha

Carbon stock at year ym2

tC

Area of primary forest at year ym2

Carbon stockha

Area of secondary forest at year ym2

Carbon stockha

Area of cropland at year ym2

Carbon stockha

Carbon stock at year ym3

tC

Area of primary forest at year ym3

Carbon stockha

Area of secondary forest at year ym3

Carbon stockha

Area of cropland at year ym3

Carbon stockha

Non-CO2 emissions from forest fires at year ym

tCO2e

Non-CO2 emission at year Yr1

tCO2e

Area of burnt primary forest at year y1

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt secondary forest at year y1

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt cropland at year y1

Biomass burning

Non-CO2 emission at year Yr2

0

ha

tCO2e

Area of burnt primary forest at year y2

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt secondary forest at year y2

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt cropland at year y2

Biomass burningha

Non-CO2 emission at year Yr3
Area of burnt primary forest at year y3

tCO2e
Biomass burning

27

ha

Lfire_PJ y

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Area of burnt secondary forest at year y3

Biomass burningha

Area of burnt cropland at year y3

Biomass burningha

CO2 emissions from transport and machinery use during
year yConsumption of oil during year y
Carbon content of oil (Gasoline)

Oxidized during use factor

year ym
Displacement of CH4 and N2O emissions during
year monitoring ym due to forest fires

Eenergy,PJ,y

TJ

LCy

Combustion of fossil fuels fromkt-C

transport and machinery use

TJ

Combustion of fossil fuels from

CC

-1

-

ODU

tCO2e

DEy

Carbon stocktCO2

DECO2,ym

Biomass burning

tCO2e

DEfire,ym

transport and machinery use

Displacement of net emissions during the period y
Displacement of CO2 emissions during monitoringtC

5. Calculation of discount factor
Discount factor

20%[List of Default Values]
Emission Factors of carbon pool j of stratum i
Carbon stock in above ground biomass of stratum i
Primary forest
Secondary forest
Cropland200

tC ha-1

EF1,1

100

-1

EF2,1

-1

tC ha

EF4,1

%

RAtoB

30

Ratio to below-ground biomass, all types of forest.

37.0

Emission factor of carbon stock in dead wood, all types of forest

tC ha

-1

14

tC ha

EFi,3

Primary forest

119.6 * 0.36

t ha-1MB1 * Cf

Secondary forest

42.2 * 0.55

t ha-1MB2 * Cf

Cropland (rice residues)

5.5 * 0.80

t ha-1MB4 * Cf

Average mass of fuel available for combustion per hectare

Emission factor for forest fire
6.8

g kg-dm burnt-1

Gef-CH4

0.2

g kg-dm burnt-1

Gef-N2O

CH4

25

-

GWP

N2O

298

-

GWP

Carbon content of oil (Gasoline)

18.7

Kt-C TJ-1

CC

Oxidized during use factor

1.0

-

ODU

Discount factor

20

%

DF

CH4
N2O
Global Warming Potential28

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

・ The Input Sheet of the Proposed Methodology Spreadsheet consists of a table ofparameters to be monitored ex post, and parameters to be fixed ex ante, which, combined,should provide a complete listing of the data that needs to be collected for the applicationof the methodology. The tables may include data that is collected from other sources (e.g.
official statistics, expert judgment, proprietary data, IPCC Guidelines, commercial andscientific literature, etc.), measured, or sampled. Parameters that are calculated withequations provided in the methodology should not be included in this section.
For the “Parameters to be monitored ex post”(table 1), the following items are filled:
・ Parameter: the variable used in equations in the proposed methodology;
・ Description of data: a clear and unambiguous description of the parameter;
・ Estimated value: this field is for the project participants to fill in to calculate emission
reductions, and may be left blank in the proposed methodology.
・ Unit:The

International

System

Unit

(SI

units

–

refer

to

<http://www.bipm.fr/enus/3_SI/si.html>)
・ Monitoring option: please select option(s) from below. If appropriate, please provide theorder of priority and the conditions when the options are chosen.
・ Option A:

Based on public data which is measured by entities other than the project

participants (Data used: publicly recognized data such as statistical data andspecifications)・ Option B:

Based on the amount of transaction which is measured directly using

measuring equipments (Data used: commercial evidence such as invoices)・ Option C:

Based on the actual measurement using measuring equipments (Data

used: measured values)
・ Source of data: A description which data sources should be used to determine thisparameter. Clearly indicate how the values are to be selected and justified, for example, by
explaining:・ What types of sources are suitable (official statistics, expert judgment, proprietarydata, IPCC, commercial and scientific literature, etc.);
・ What spatial level of data is suitable (local, regional, national, international).
・ Measurement methods and procedures: For option B and C, a description of themeasurement procedures or reference to appropriate standards. Provide also QA/QC
procedures.
・ Monitoring frequency: A description of the frequency of monitoring (e.g. continuously,
annually, etc).
・ Other Comments: Other input not covered by the items above.
29

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

・ The table “Parameters to be fixed ex ante”(table 2), should also adhere to the instruction
provided above. Data that is determined only once and remains fixed should be considered
under “J. Data and parameters fixed ex ante”.

30

JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0

Annex I.
National definition of forest for REDD-plus under the JCM of theKingdom of Cambodia
For a REDD-plus project under the JCM in Cambodia, forest refers to a unit of an ecosystem inthe form of wetland and dry land covered by natural or planted vegetation with a height from 5
meters on an area of at least 0.5 hectares, and canopy crown cover of more than 10%. Areas also
include forest regrowth and areas under afforestation or reforestation. Rubber, oil palm
plantations and perennial crops are excluded from this definition.

31