Human Trafficking, 2018
Human Trafficking, 2018, marks the sixth report from the national Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program’s HumanTrafficking data collection. As state participation has grown, the UCR Program has seen an increase in data submissions.
The program will continue efforts to expand, gather, and make available information regarding human trafficking
incidents.

Trafficking Victims Protection Act
In January 2013, the national UCR Program began collecting offense and arrest data regarding human trafficking asauthorized by the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008. The act requires theFBI to collect human trafficking offense data and to make distinctions between prostitution, assisting or promoting
prostitution, and purchasing prostitution.
To comply with the Wilberforce Act, the national UCR Program created two additional offenses in the Summary
Reporting System (SRS) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) through which the UCR Program
collects both offense and arrest data. The definitions for these offenses are:Human Trafficking/Commercial Sex Acts: inducing a person by force, fraud, or coercion to participate in commercial sexacts, or in which the person induced to perform such act(s) has not attained 18 years of age.
Human Trafficking/Involuntary Servitude: obtaining of a person(s) through recruitment, harboring, transportation, orprovision, and subjecting such persons by force, fraud, or coercion into involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage,or slavery (not to include commercial sex acts).
The data in the tables included in this report reflect the offenses and arrests recorded by state and local law
enforcement agencies (LEAs) that currently have the ability to report the data to the national UCR Program. As such, theyshould not be interpreted as a definitive statement of the level or characteristics of human trafficking as a whole. The
data declaration pages, which will help the user better understand the data, and the methodology used for the four
following tables are located in the Data Declarations and Methodology section of this report. In addition, a Question andAnswer section about human trafficking data is provided as a supplement to this report.
Note: Regarding the data reported to the UCR Program, it is important to note that these data represent only one viewof a complex issue—the law enforcement perspective. However, due to the nature of human trafficking, many of thesecrimes are never reported to the local, state, tribal, and federal LEAs that investigate them. In addition to the law
enforcement facet in fighting these crimes, there are victim service organizations whose mission it is to serve the needs ofthe victims of human trafficking. In order to have the complete picture of human trafficking, it would be necessary togather information from all of these sources.

Human Trafficking, 20181

Human Trafficking Table 1, Download Excel

Human Trafficking, 20182

Human Trafficking Table 2, Download Excel
Human Trafficking, 20183

Human Trafficking Table 3, Download Excel
Human Trafficking, 20184

Human Trafficking Table 4, Download Excel

Human Trafficking, 20185

Data Declarations and Methodology
Human Trafficking Table 1Offenses and Clearances by State, 2018
The FBI collects these data through the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program’s Summary Reporting System andNational Incident-Based Reporting System.
General Comment
This table includes the states that have added human trafficking offenses to their data collection. Even though a state
program included human trafficking, the individual agencies in that state may or may not have added it to theircollections. Mississippi and portions of Ohio have no UCR state program to manage the collection of UCR data within thestate. Each law enforcement agency is responsible for reporting its crime data directly to the FBI.
This table provides the volume of human trafficking offenses as reported by state. For UCR purposes, juveniles areindividuals under the age of 18 years. Adults are 18 years of age or older.
Methodology
The data used in creating this table were from law enforcement agencies submitting one or more human trafficking
incidents for at least 1 month of the calendar year. Also included are zero data for states which have incorporated
human trafficking offenses in their data collection where no 2018 human trafficking incidents were reported to the FBI
UCR Program.
The published data, therefore, do not necessarily represent reports from each participating agency for all 12 months ofthe calendar year. When the FBI determines an agency’s data collection methodology does not comply with national
UCR guidelines, the figure(s) for that agency’s offense(s) will not be included in the table, and the discrepancy will beexplained in a footnote.

Human Trafficking Table 2by Age by State, 2018
The FBI collects these data through the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program’s Summary Reporting System andNational Incident-Based Reporting System.
General Comment
This table provides the number of juvenile and adult male and female persons arrested for human trafficking offenses bystate in 2018. These data represent the number of persons arrested; however, some persons may be arrested more thanonce during a year. Therefore, the statistic in this table could, in some cases, represent multiple arrests of the sameperson. For UCR purposes, juveniles are individuals under the age of 18 years. Adults are 18 years of age and older.
Methodology
The data used in creating this table were from law enforcement agencies submitting one or more human traffickingarrests for at least 1 month of the calendar year. The published data, therefore, do not necessarily represent reports
from each participating agency for all 12 months of the calendar year.
Human Trafficking, 20186

Human Trafficking Table 3
by Race by State, 2018
The FBI collects these data through the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program’s Summary Reporting System andNational Incident-Based Reporting System.
General Comment
This table provides the number of persons arrested for human trafficking offenses by state in 2018 broken down by raceof the arrestee. These data represent the number of persons arrested; however, some persons may be arrested morethan once during a year. Therefore, the statistics in this table could, in some cases, represent multiple arrests of thesame person. For UCR purposes, juveniles are under the age of 18 years. Adults are 18 years of age and older.
Methodology
The data used in creating this table were from law enforcement agencies submitting one or more human trafficking
arrests for at least 1 month of the calendar year. The published data, therefore, do not necessarily represent reports
from each participating agency for all 12 months of the calendar year.

Human Trafficking Table 4
by Ethnicity by State, 2018
The FBI collects these data through the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program’s Summary Reporting System andNational Incident-Based Reporting System.
General Comment
This table provides the number of persons arrested for human trafficking offenses by state in 2018 broken down by
ethnicity of the arrestee. These data represent the number of persons arrested; however, some persons may bearrested more than once during a year. Therefore, the statistics in this table could, in some cases, represent multiple
arrests of the same person. For UCR purposes, juveniles are individuals under the age of 18 years. Adults are 18 years ofage and older.
Methodology
The data used in creating this table were from law enforcement agencies submitting one or more human trafficking
arrests for at least 1 month of the calendar year. The published data, therefore, do not necessarily represent reports
from each participating agency for all 12 months of the calendar year.

Human Trafficking, 20187Human Trafficking, 2018
Questions and Answers
Q: How long has human trafficking data been collected?
A: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program began collecting human trafficking data in January 2013.
Q: What does it mean for an offense to be cleared?
A: An offense can be cleared by arrest or exceptional means.
An offense is cleared by arrest, or solved for crime reporting purposes, when at least one person is (1) arrested, (2) charged with thecommission of the offense, and (3) turned over to the court for prosecution.
If an agency can answer all of the following questions in the affirmative, it can clear the offense exceptionally.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Has the investigation definitely established the identity of the offender?
Is there enough information to support an arrest, charge, and turning over to the court for prosecution?
Is the exact location of the offender known so that the subject could be taken into custody now?
Is there some reason outside law enforcement control that precludes arresting, charging, and prosecuting the offender?

Generally, an offense can be exceptionally cleared when it falls into one of the following categories. (This list is not all-inclusive.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Death of the offender.
Offender is prosecuted by state or local authorities in another city for a different offense or is prosecuted in another city orstate by the federal government for an offense which may be the same.
Extradition denied/In the custody of other jurisdiction.
The handling of a juvenile offender—either orally or by written notice to parents—in instances involving minor offenses
such as petty larceny.
Prosecution denied (for other than the lack of probable cause).

Although agencies may administratively close a case, this does not necessarily mean that the agency can clear the offense for UCR
purposes.
Q: Were agencies that submitted less than 12 months of data included in the human trafficking report?
A: Yes, all submissions were included.
Q: What is the cutoff age for juveniles and adults?
A: For UCR purposes, juveniles are individuals under the age of 18 years. Adults are 18 years of age and older.
Q: What is the difference between the Summary and NIBRS collections?
A: The FBI’s UCR Program administers two data collections—the Summary Reporting System (SRS) and the National Incident-Based
Reporting System (NIBRS). The general concepts for collecting, scoring, and reporting UCR data are applicable to both the SRS andNIBRS. Both systems collect information on crimes reported to law enforcement or crimes law enforcement have witnessed andinclude reports in which no one was arrested.
The SRS provides monthly reports on ten Part I offenses known to law enforcement and reports on persons arrested. The Part I
offenses of murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, human trafficking–commercial sex acts, human trafficking–involuntary
servitude, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft, and arson are considered indicators of the level of crime occurring within theUnited States. Data are collected at the aggregate level and lack incident-level details for crimes other than homicide. Within theSRS, the Hierarchy Rule governs multiple offense reporting. When more than one crime was committed by the same person or groupof persons and the time and space intervals separating the crimes were insignificant, then the crime highest in the hierarchy is theonly offense reported.
NIBRS is a more detail-oriented crime data collection system that captures specific elements about crimes and offenders throughincident-based reporting. These details include information such as the date, time, location, and circumstance of the criminalincident; the characteristics of the victim and offender (such as the age, sex, race, and ethnicity); victim/offender relationship; theHuman Trafficking, 20188

involvement of weapons or drugs; property loss; whether the crime was motivated by bias; or if a computer was used to perpetuatecertain types of crimes.
Q: What are the benefits of NIBRS?
A: NIBRS provides a more comprehensive view of crime in the United States and offers greater flexibility in data compilation andanalysis. When used to its full potential, NIBRS identifies with precision when and where a crime occurred, what form it took, andthe characteristics of its victims and offenders. Because it provides a broader depiction of the data, NIBRS provides law enforcement
agencies with more exact information with which to address the concerns of its constituency regarding crime in their communities
and to allocate resources. Likewise, legislators, municipal planners/administrators, academicians, sociologists, advocacy groups, andthe public are provided with access to more extensive crime information than the SRS can offer. The data allow a better opportunity
to study crime and criminal behavior.
The FBI intends for NIBRS to become the law enforcement community’s standard for quantifying crime. Efforts are underway toassist states not yet certified as NIBRS contributors and expand NIBRS’ ability to provide national crime data management standards
and services to inform, educate, and strengthen communities through the UCR Program.

Human Trafficking, 20189