As one of the world's largest
archipelago, Indonesia is
exceptionally vulnerable to theadverse effects of a changing
climate, which threatens its
environment, economy, and society

Disclaimer: All photos in the presentation are owned by Walhi,some of them were taken from a photography competition
held by Walhi together with Antara in 2022

CLIMATE IMPACTS:
RISING SEA LEVELS
Facts: Every year, 1 hectare of land is lost along
the coastal area of Demak, Central Java, due torising sea levels. The first village to sink was
Tambaksari, in 1997.

Impact on Coastal Areas: Indonesia, anarchipelago with over 17,000 islands, is highly
vulnerable to rising sea levels. Coastal erosion,increased flooding, and saltwater intrusion into
freshwater systems threaten communities,agriculture, and infrastructure.
Displacement: Low-lying areas and small islands
face the risk of displacement, affecting millions ofpeople.

Jakarta is Sinking
Rising sea levels pose a severe and multifaceted threat toJakarta, exacerbating the city's existing challenges withland subsidence because of the excessive groundwater
extraction, rapid urbanization, and poor water
management.

Sinking Rate: Approximately 10 centimeters per year,
Large parts of North Jakarta could be underwater by2050.

How many villages and cities were sunk?
199 coastal districts/cities in Indonesia will beaffected by annual tidal floods by 2050.
Around 118,000 hectares of area will be
submerged in sea water
As many as 23 million people will be affected.
Losses are estimated at IDR 1,576 trillion.

CLIMATE IMPACTS:
UNPREDICTED RAINFALLPATTERNS
Indonesia’s climate is heavily influenced by the monsoon,
resulting in two primary seasons: the wet season (Novemberto March) and the dry season (April to October). Historically,
these cycles were relatively predictable, allowing for stable
agricultural planning and water resource management.
Erratic Rainfall: In recent years, Indonesia has experienced
more erratic and unseasonal rainfall, with heavy downpours
occurring outside the traditional wet season and prolonged
dry spells during the rainy season.
Shortened Seasons: The duration of the wet and dry seasons
has become less consistent, complicating agricultural andwater management planning.

THE IMPACTS OF UNPREDICTED RAINFALL PATTERNSON AGRICULTURE

Crop Failures

Pest and Desease
Outbreaks

ON WATER RESOURCES

Water Scarcity

Flooding

CLIMATE IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY
AND ECOSYSTEM
01

Extent of Forest Loss
Deforestation Rates: Indonesia lost approximately
9.75 million hectares of primary forest between
2002 and 2020, equivalent to a 15% decrease.
Annual Loss: The average annual loss of primary
forest has been around 510,000 hectares, withsignificant peaks in certain years.

02

Extent of Mangrove Loss
Mangrove Coverage: Indonesia has one of thelargest areas of mangroves in the world. However,
it lost about 40% of its mangroves between 1980
and 2005, largely due to coastal development andaquaculture expansion. In 1980, the mangrove
area was recorded at 4,200,000 ha. In 1990, thearea decreased to 3,500,000 ha. Thus, there was adecrease in the area of mangrove forests by
70,000 ha in just one decade.
According to a study published in Nature
Communications (2020), Indonesia lost around
600,000 hectares of mangroves from 2000 to2016.

0304

Extent of Peatland Loss
Peatland Coverage: Indonesia has extensive
peatlands, primarily on the islands of Sumatra,
Borneo, and Papua. These areas are crucial for
carbon storage.
Degradation and Fires: Large-scale drainage
for agriculture and plantations, particularly foroil palm and pulpwood, has degradedpeatlands. Fires, often used for land clearing,
have further exacerbated the loss.
Extent of Coral Reef Degradation
Coral Coverage: Coral reefs cover approximately
85,000 square kilometers in Indonesia. However, asignificant portion is degraded.
Bleaching Events: Major coral bleaching events
have been recorded, particularly during strong El
Niño years. For example, the 1997-1998 El Niño
event caused widespread bleaching, affecting 5090% of corals in some areas.
Based on the document "Climate Change
Vulnerability Profile of the Indonesian Coral
Triangle Region" published by the Ministry ofEnvironment and Forestry (KLHK) in 2021, of thetotal area of 50,875 km2 of Indonesian coral reefs,
93% or around 39,538 km2 area of coral reefs isthreatened. Moreover, the status of coral reef
ecosystems in Indonesia is 33.82% in the poor
category.

SPECIES ENDANGEREMENTCLIMATE IMPACT ONFISHERFOLK’S LIVES
In one year fishermen can only go to sea for 6 months. Forthe remaining 6 months, they have to change theirprofession to become a rough porter or hawker. Everyyear, (on average) 100 fishermen disappear/die at sea
due to going to sea during bad weather.
The number of fisherfolks in Indonesia continues todecrease
During 2010–2019, there has been a decline in the numberof fishermen. In 2010 there were 2.16 million fisherfolks.
However, in 2019, the number was only 1.83 million people.
This means that in the last decade, around 330,000
fisherfolks in Indonesia have decreased.

SEA FOOD CRISIS
Increasing temperatures will force fishes tomove from tropical areas. Reducing the incomeof traditional fishermen and/or small-scale
fishermen in Indonesia
Coral-dependent fisheries Impacted
Fishermen have to go further to get fishes
Meanwhile, more than 30 percent ofaquaculture in Southeast Asia will be unsuitable
for such production by mid-century.
In Southeast Asia, 99 percent of coral reefs will
bleach and die due to the climate crisis by 2030

EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS;

FLOODS, LANDSLIDES,DROUGHTS, & FOREST FIRES

2000-2010
2002 Jakarta Floods: Over 300,000 people displaced.
2007 Jakarta Floods: 2.6 million affected, 50 fatalities.
2008 West Sumatra Floods: Heavy rains caused flooding andlandslides, affecting over 100,000 people.
2011-20202013 Jakarta Floods: Around 100,000 people
displaced.
2015 South Sumatra Floods: Extensive
damage to homes and agriculture.
2016 Bandung Floods: Affected over 90,000people.
2019 Sulawesi Floods: Widespread flooding
and landslides affected over 500,000 people.

2021-2024
2021 South Kalimantan Floods: Over112,000 people affected, 63,000
displaced.
2023 Jakarta Floods: Significantflooding affected over 100,000 people.
2023 West Java Floods: Displacedaround 50,000 people.
2024 Central Java Floods: Over200,000 people affected, significant
agricultural damage.
2024 Sumatra Floods: Displaced over
150,000 residents due to prolonged
rainfall.

2021-2024
2023 North Sulawesi Landslide: Displaced over
1,000 people.
2024 West Java Landslide: 45 deaths, 2,000displaced.
2024 Central Sulawesi Landslide: Affected over
1,500 people.

2000-20102004 Central Java Landslide: 146 fatalities,thousands displaced.
2006 Southern Java Earthquake andLandslides: Over 5,700 deaths, widespread
displacement.

2011-20202016 Purworejo Landslide: 47 deaths in Central Java.
2018 Sukabumi Landslide: 31 deaths in West Java.
2020 North Sumatra Landslide: Affected over 5,000people.

2000-2010
2002-2003 Drought: Severe drought affecting
Java, Bali, and parts of Sumatra.
2006-2007 Drought: Prolonged drought in Central
Java, East Java, and Bali, causing significant
agricultural impacts.

2011-20202012 Drought: Severe drought conditions inJava, Nusa Tenggara, and parts of Sulawesi.
2015-2016 El Niño-Induced Drought: One of
the worst droughts in recent history, affecting
Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua.
2019 Drought: Prolonged dry season
impacting Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, and partsof Sulawesi.

2021-2024
2023 Drought: Moderate drought conditions in Central Java,
East Java, Bali, and West Nusa Tenggara.
2024 Drought: Severe drought affecting Java, Bali, Nusa
Tenggara, and parts of Sumatra and Sulawesi, leading tosignificant water shortages and agricultural stress.

2000-2010
1. 2002-2003 Forest Fires: Extensive fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan caused significant haze.
2. 2006 Forest Fires: Severe fires during the dry season affected air quality across Southeast Asia.
2011-2020
1. 2013 Forest Fires: Prolonged fires due to land clearing practices led to severe haze.
2. 2015 El Niño-Induced Fires: Over 2.6 million hectares burned, causing severe haze and economic losses.
3. 2019 Forest Fires: Over 1.6 million hectares burned, affecting millions and causing respiratory problems.
2021-2024
1. 2023 Forest Fires: Moderate increase in fires, with significant impacts on air quality and health.
2. 2024 Forest Fires: Prolonged dry conditions and increased land clearing led to widespread fires, affecting
Sumatra, Kalimantan, Papua, and parts of Sulawesi.

CLIMATE IMPACTS ON ECONOMY IN INDONESIA

Flooding and Landslides:
In 2020, Indonesia experienced severe flooding and landslides,
particularly in Jakarta and surrounding areas. These events
caused over $900 million in damages to infrastructure,including roads, bridges, and buildings.

Coastal Erosion and Sea-Level Rise:
Coastal erosion due to sea-level rise threatens approximately 42
million people living in coastal areas. Infrastructure such asseawalls and coastal defenses require significant investment tomitigate these risks.

Energy Sector:
Indonesia's energy infrastructure is vulnerable to climate
impacts. For instance, hydropower plants face reduced
water availability during droughts, affecting energy
production and causing economic losses.

Financial Impact:
Annual Costs: Indonesia incurs billions of dollars in losses
annually from climate-related disasters. For instance, inrecent years, total economic losses from floods alone
have averaged around $500 million annually.

Economic Losses on marine and fisheries:
The economic losses in the marine sector due toclimate impacts are substantial. For instance,
Indonesia's marine fisheries sector experienced
losses exceeding $500 million annually due todeclines in fish stocks and disruptions in marineecosystems.

Economic Costs on agriculture:

The economic costs of climate-related crop failures andreduced agricultural productivity are significant. In 2022,
Indonesia experienced losses amounting toapproximately $1.8 billion due to droughts and floods
affecting agriculture.

CLIMATE IMPACTS
ON CITIZEN’SHEALTH

Direct Impacts
Extreme Heat:
Increased frequency and intensity ofheatwaves causing heat-related illnesses
such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke,particularly
affectingvulnerable
populations like the elderly and outdoor
workers.

Air Quality:
Climate-related factors, including wildfires and increased particulate matter from drought-induced dust
storms, degrade air quality. This can exacerbate respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD).
Vector-Borne Diseases:
Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns influence the distribution and transmission of vectorborne diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus.

Indirect Health Impacts
Food Security:
Climate change affects agricultural
productivity and food availability, leading
to malnutrition and food insecurity
among vulnerable populations. This cancontribute to nutritional deficiencies andrelated health issues.

Mental Health:
Climate-related disasters and environmental degradation
can cause stress, anxiety, and mental health disorders
among affected communities, especially those facing
repeated displacement and loss of livelihoods.

Waterborne Diseases:
Increased flooding and changes in precipitation patterns cancontaminate water sources, leading to outbreaks of waterborne
diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever.

PARI ISLAND’S CASE
“the first climate lawsuit inIndonesia’s history”“DON’T WAIT FOR US TO SINK”

Resistance against the looming threat of climate crisis
begins to rise on Pari Island, Kepulauan Seribu Regency,
DKI Jakarta Province. Four residents of Pari island are
calling for climate justice and holding Holcim accountable
to the Court in Switzerland.

Switzerland Holcim Group is on the list of "Carbon Major” with sales reaching nearly 27 billion francs (2021). Thecompany is the world's largest producer of building materials. Holcim currently operates 266 cement plants andgrinding stations worldwide, and is a global market leader for the cement industry. Research mandated byHEKS/EPER shows that between 1950 and 2021, Holcim has produced more than 7 billion tons of cement andemitted more than 7billion tons of CO2. By 2021, the company produced 200 million tons of cement.

Unfortunately, the residents of Pari Island who reside far away must endure the consequences caused by the emission
produced by wealthy nations in the North. Climate change has caused the increase of high sea levels, storms, highwaves or tidal waves, and extreme weather that results in flooding. The higher the global temperature, the more
frequent and extreme floods will occur. This threatens the existence of small islands and areas with low-lying coasts.

Case Updates:
In mid-October 2023, the Zug Regional Court approved the request for legal
assistance from Asmania, Arif Pujiyanto, Mustaghfirin (Bobby), and Edi Mulyono.
Holcim had opposed providing legal aid but lost its argument. The courtemphatically did not follow Holcim's argument that the lawsuit had no chance ofsuccess.
Meanwhile, the lawsuit by four Indonesian people against the Swiss Cement
Company continues. They are demanding compensation for the climate damage
they have suffered, financial contributions to flood protection efforts, as well as
an absolute reduction in Holcim's CO2 emissions.

“EKONOMI NUSANTARA”

ECONOMIC RECOVERY = ECOLOGICAL RECOVERY
THE BANTAENG COMMUNITY CONDUCTS AGROECOLOGICAL CULTIVATION, ONE OF
ITS COMMODITIES IS COFFEE PLANTATIONS ON CRITICAL USED LAND
Before: Satellite Image (2004)After: Satellite Image (2020)

Satellite Image: 2003

Satellite Image: 2022

COMMUNITY-BASEDMANAGEMENTIMPLEMENTED INTANJUNG AUR,BENGKULU

#PULIHKANINDONESIA #RECOVERINDONESIA