令和６年度入学者一般選抜入学試験問題（Ａ日程

英国際経済学部）

語

注意事項
１

試験時間は、午前 10 時から午前 11 時 30 分までである。

２

試験開始の合図があるまで、問題冊子を開かないこと。

３

この試験では、問題冊子（７ページ）、解答用紙２枚及び下書き用紙１枚を配付する。

４

試験開始の合図があってから、解答用紙に受験番号を必ず記入すること（氏名の記入は不要）。解答用紙は２枚あるので、必ず２枚すべてに記入すること。

５

解答は、解答用紙の所定の欄に横書きで記入すること。所定の解答欄以外に記入した解答は無効である。

６

問題冊子及び解答用紙にページの欠落や印刷不鮮明な部分等がある場合は、手をあげて、試験監督者がそばに来てからその旨申し出ること。

７

原則として、試験時間中の途中退室は認めない。
ただし、具合が悪くなった場合、トイレに行きたくなった場合等は、手をあげて、試験監督者がそばに来てからその旨申し出ること。

８

試験終了の合図があったら直ちに筆記用具を置くこと。

９

試験終了の合図があって筆記用具を置いたら、机の上に問題冊子と下書き用紙を重ねて置き、その上に表にした解答用紙を問1の解答用紙が上になるように重ねて置くこと。

10

試験監督者の許可があるまで退室しないこと。

※

１

解答は解答用紙に書きなさい。
Read the following essay and answer the questions on pages 5 and 6.
Brain Drain

1

2

3

4

Brain drain, the phenomenon of emigration * of highly skilled and educatedindividuals from their home countries, is a topic that sparks concern and debate
around the world. It is believed that the main reasons for brain drain include low
wages and limited access to education, medical, and other social benefits in the homecountry. On one hand, countries losing valuable human capital and knowledge worry
about the impact on their economies and development. On the other hand, countries
that attract these individuals benefit from their skills and innovation * that can lead tosignificant economic growth. The issue of brain drain is, therefore, complex with both
positive and negative implications * .
Countries that are on the receiving side of brain drain can benefit in several
ways. First, they gain access to new members of society whose skills, knowledge, andambition can contribute to the country’s economy. These individuals often bring withthem unique perspectives and knowledge that can lead to new discoveries andprogress. Additionally, they are likely to earn higher salaries and pay more taxes,
which can boost the economy * . Second, the arrival of workers can help address labor
shortages in key industries such as medical services, technology, and engineering.
This can promote an increase in production and economic growth. The United Statesand other destination countries benefit economically from the entrance of both highly
skilled workers and non-skilled workers. For example, according to the National
Foundation for American Policy * , the chance of an immigrant * starting a new
business tends to be higher than that of a non-immigrant in the United States, andover 2 million immigrants to the United States who never attended college arebusiness founders. Additionally, over 50% of newly started companies worth over 1
billion dollars were founded by immigrants.
Overall, the benefits of brain drain for the receiving side can include an increaseof skilled and motivated individuals, job creation, innovation, and economic growth.
However, it’s important to note that there may also be disadvantages * such as
potential cultural conflicts between immigrants and the host country society. As thename implies, brain drain refers to the emigration of highly skilled and educatedindividuals from their home countries and results in a significant loss of valuable
human capital and knowledge. While there may be benefits to the countries thatreceive these skilled workers, the negatives for the home country can be significant.
One of the primary minuses of brain drain is the loss of talented and skilled– 1 –（一般 A）

567workers. This can result in a shortage of qualified * individuals in key areas of society
such as those mentioned above. When these individuals leave their home country,
they take with them valuable knowledge, experience, and expert abilities, which canlead to a decline in productivity and innovation. From the point of view of the homecountry, another disadvantage of brain drain is the waste of human capital
investment. Many of these skilled workers have been educated and trained at great
expense by their home country. When they leave, the investment made in theireducation and training is lost. The money that was spent on their education andtraining could have been used to improve essential parts of the country or create
new opportunities for others. Moreover, brain drain can also lead to a decline inmorale * among workers who stay in their home countries. When individuals withtalent leave, the remaining workers may feel demoralized * and less motivated. Thiscan result in a further decline in productivity, which can exacerbate the alreadynegative economic consequences of brain drain.
In addition to these negative points, brain drain can also lead to brain waste.
Many of the skilled workers who leave their home countries are forced to take jobs
that are below their skill levels. This can be due to a lack of opportunities in theirfields or difficulties with finding work in their chosen professions in the destination
country. As a result, their skills and talents may not be used to their full potential.
India and China are two G20 * countries that have been affected by brain drain.
In India, brain drain has been a significant concern. The United Nations * estimatedthat 18 million Indian-born individuals were living abroad in 2020. Many of these
individuals are highly skilled, and many of them are working in the fields ofengineering, medicine, and technology. The loss of these individuals has had asignificant impact on India’s economy, leading to a shortage of skilled workers and adecrease in production. In contrast, China has seen a decrease in brain drain in recentyears, with many highly skilled individuals returning to the country to work. This
trend is due in part to the country’s efforts to attract and keep talent throughinvestment in higher education and initiatives such as the Thousand Talents Plan,
which provides funding and resources for top scientists, researchers, andbusinesspeople * in the hope that they will return to their home country.
While the benefits of brain drain are apparent for the countries that receive
skilled workers, the minuses for the home country can be significant. The loss oftalented and skilled workers, investment, and morale can lead to a decline inproductivity, innovation, and quality of services. Therefore, it is important forgovernments to address the root causes of brain drain, such as political instability * ,lack of job security * , and other reasons to prevent the loss of valuable human capitaland knowledge.

– 2 –（一般 A）

References:
Anderson, S. (2022, July). National Foundation for American Policy brief: New research: immigrants have started more than half ofAmerica’s billion-dollar startup companies. National Foundation for American Policy. https://nfap.com/research/new-nfappolicy-brief-immigrant-entrepreneurs-and-u-s-billion-dollar-companies/
Jia, H. (2018, January 17). China’s plan to recruit talented researchers. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-00538-z
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2021, January 5). International migration 2020 highlights. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/news/international-migration-2020* emigration：（自国から他国への）移住、移民* innovation：技術革新、イノベーション* implication：含蓄、含意（imply の名詞形）* boost the economy：景気を刺激する* National Foundation for American Policy：米国政策財団* immigrant：他国からの移住者* disadvantage：不利益、不都合* qualified：有能な* morale：士気、意気込み* demoralized：士気をくじかれた* G20：Group of Twenty。19 の先進国と新興国に EU を加えた 20 の国と地域から成る協議体。
* United Nations：国際連合* businesspeople：実業家（businessperson の複数形）* instability：不安定（な状態）* job security：雇用の確保、職業の安定– 3 –（一般 A）

From choices A to D, choose the most appropriate answer to the questions below.
⑴

In paragraph 1, the word “sparks” can be replaced with which of the following?
Ａ. causes
Ｂ. continues
Ｃ. improves
Ｄ. supports⑵

 hich of the following is closest in meaning to “unique perspectives” inW
paragraph 2?
Ａ. common understandings
Ｂ. opposite opinions
Ｃ. original understandings
Ｄ. similar opinions⑶

 hich of the following is NOT listed in paragraph 2 as an example of the positiveW
results of brain drain for the receiving country?
Ａ. benefits from non-skilled workers entering the receiving country
Ｂ. benefits to the economy due to the addition of immigrants’ skills and knowledge
Ｃ. ‌relief of worker shortage in key industries such as medical services, technology,and engineering
Ｄ. ‌workers in the receiving country being inspired by highly skilled and nonskilled immigrant workers⑷

 hich of the following is the most appropriate replacement for the word “While”
W
in paragraph 3?
Ａ. Although
Ｂ. Furthermore
Ｃ. However
Ｄ. Since⑸

I n paragraph 4, the word “exacerbate” can be replaced with which of thefollowing?
Ａ. change
Ｂ. determine
Ｃ. prevent
Ｄ. worsen– 5 –（一般 A）

⑹ hich of the following best explains the term “brain waste” mentioned inW
paragraph 5?
Ａ. ‌failure of the home country’s government to create attractive job opportunities
for highly skilled individuals
Ｂ. failure of the immigrants to use their skills although they are highly qualified
Ｃ. ‌investment into education and training of highly skilled immigrants in the homecountry
Ｄ. ‌loss of valuable human capital in the home country as the result of the drain ofhighly skilled and educated individuals⑺

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 6?
Ａ. China encourages its skilled workers to return and stay.
Ｂ. Compared to India, China has been more successful in keeping talent.
Ｃ. India had more people living abroad in 2020 than China.
Ｄ. India’s brain drain caused a shortage of skilled labor.

⑻

Which of the following is implied by the author in paragraph 7?
Ａ. The home country’s government should find ways to prevent brain drain.
Ｂ. ‌The home country’s government should understand the importance of having
skilled workers.
Ｃ. ‌The receiving country’s government should understand the causes of brain
drain.
Ｄ. ‌The receiving country’s government should understand the problems of brain
waste.

⑼

 hich of the following is NOT identified in the essay as a major reason for brain
Wdrain?
Ａ. high taxes
Ｂ. lack of job security
Ｃ. limited access to education
Ｄ. political problems⑽

The title of the essay can best be replaced with which of the following?
Ａ. Causes of Brain Drain in Countries
Ｂ. The Advantages of Brain Drain
Ｃ. The Prevention of Brain Drain in Countries
Ｄ. Understanding Brain Drain and its Effects– 6 –（一般 A）

２‌Writea paragraph between 120 and 150 words in English to answer the following
question.（語数を記入する必要はありません。）
Question: ‌Cities in Japan are often ranked according to how attractive they areperceived to be. Explain one factor that you believe makes a city attractive
and give two reasons why you think that factor makes a city attractive.

– 7 –（一般 A）