CIC NEWSLETTER

No.18

2020

Center for International Collaboration
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute
The University of Tokyo

Contents
The Ocean Decade* started in January 2021!
Recent activities related to the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)International Expert Workshop on Marine Plastic Litter Monitoring and Data Sharing
Overview of PICES–2020 Virtual Annual Meeting /Scientific collaboration with Asian countries
Strategic partnership activities during 2020 with the Australian National University
Report on the 2020 Virtual CFMIP Meeting
Visiting Professors /Visiting Professors’ report

page
1.
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The Ocean Decade* started in January 2021!
Mitsuo Uematsu

Emeritus Professor, AORI, the University of Tokyo
Member of the Executive Planning Group of the Ocean Decade

The Ocean Decade commenced in January 2021, and its vision is to achieve “the science we need for the ocean
we want.” To this end, a wide range of partners will implement endorsed actions in the form of programs, projects,
and activities over the next decade. Proponents of these decade actions will have the opportunity to join a highly
visible, shared global effort that will build upon decades of achievements in ocean science. There will be opportunities
to create new collaborations across disciplines, continents, and generations, as well as an increased access to newsources of support.
Seven outcomes will define the ‘ocean we want’ at the end of the Ocean Decade: (1) a clean ocean, (2) a healthy
and resilient ocean, (3) a productive ocean, (4) a predicted ocean, (5) a safe ocean, (6) an accessible ocean, and (7)an inspiring and engaging ocean (the latter of which has been added to the six previous goals of the implementation
plan version 2.0 proposed in August 2020). The recently added seventh outcome is where society understands andvalues the ocean’s relationship with humanity’s well-being and sustainable development.
The mission of the Ocean Decade is “to catalyzetransformative ocean science solutions forsustainable development, connecting people andour ocean.” The Ocean Decade objectives form theUnderstand and map
Understand theGenerate knowledge,
Generate knowledge,
Enhanceland and sea-based
effects of multiple
support innovation,
support innovation,
understanding of thesecond tier of the framework, and guide the multisources of pollutants
stressors on oceanand develop solutions
and develop solutions
ocean-climate nexus
and contaminants
ecosystems, andto optimise the role offor equitable andand generate
and their potential
develop solutions to
the ocean insustainable developknowledge andstep, iterative, and cyclical processes that are
impacts on humanmonitor, protect,sustainably feeding
ment of the ocean
solutions to mitigate,
health and ocean
manage and restore
the world’s
economy under
adapt and build
required to fulfill the Ocean Decade Challenges.
ecosystems, andecosystems and their
population underchanging environmenresilience to thedevelop solutions tobiodiversity underchanging
tal, social and climate
effects of climate
remove or mitigatechanging environmenenvironmental, social
conditions.
change across all
The objectives involve three non-linear,them.
tal, social and climate
and climate
geographies and atconditions.
conditions.
all scales, and tooverlapping steps: (i) the identification of ocean
improve services
including predictions
for the ocean, climate
knowledge that is required for sustainable
and weather.
development; (ii) the generation of data,
information, and knowledge for the developmentof a comprehensive understanding of the ocean, its
Enhance
Ensure a sustainable
Through
EnsureEnsure that thecomponents, and its interactions; and (iii) the use
multi-hazard earlyocean observing
multi-stakeholder
comprehensive
multiple values andwarning services for
system across all
collaboration, develop
capacity development
services of the oceanof the generated knowledge and understanding of
all geophysical,
ocean basins thata comprehensive
and equitable accessfor human wellbeing,
ecological, biological,
delivers accessible,
digital representation
to data, information,
culture, andweather, climate andtimely, and actionableof the ocean, including
knowledge andsustainable
the ocean to deploy solutions for sustainable
anthropogenic related
data and informationa dynamic ocean map,
technology across all
development are
ocean and coastal
to all users.
which provides free
aspects of ocean
widely understood,
development.
hazards, andand open access forscience and for all
and identify andmainstream
exploring, discovering,stakeholders.
overcome barriers tocommunityand visualizing past,
behaviour change
The Ocean Decade Challenges in Figure X form
preparedness andcurrent, and future
required for a stepresilience.
ocean conditions in achange in humanity’smanner relevant torelationship with thethe highest level of this framework, and represent
diverse stakeholders.
ocean.
the most immediate and pressing priorities for the
Ocean Decade. They aim to unite decade partners
Figure X. Ocean Decade Challenges from the implementation plan summary
in collective action at the global, regional, national,(2020) https://oceandecade.org/resource/109/ Summary---Version-20-of-theOcean-Decade-Implementation-Planand local scales, and will contribute to the1

CIC NEWSLETTER No.18 2020

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4

CIC NEWSLETTER

No.18

20

workshop, scientists proposed a new international project to Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), theCollaborative Research and Education Project in Southeast Asia for Sustainable use of Marine Ecosystems(CREPSUM). The goals of the project are to: 1) establish an international science and educational network for theSoutheast Asian marine ecosystem, 2) progress marine ecosystem studies on emergent issues for conservation andsustainable use of marine ecosystem services in Southeast Asia, and 3) contribute to the UN Decade of Ocean
Sciences and UN SDG 14 “Life below water” by compiling the best scientific knowledge. The proposal was accepted
as a three-year project CREPSUM commenced in April 2020. Unfortunately, all planned international joint activities
in 2020 were canceled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, this unexpected vacant time was used tosummarize past results of joint activities, and create field guides for the identification of fish and jellyfish in
Malaysian waters that will be published by March 2021. We are looking forward to the relaxation of the present
COVID-19 restrictions and resuming joint scientific and educational activities under CREPSUM. Please visit thewebsite for more details (https://jspscrepsum.wixsite.com/mysite).

Strategic partnership activities during 2020 with the Australian National University
Yusuke Yokoyama

Professor
Analytical Center for Environmental Science: ACES

Another year of active exchanges of students and staff between the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute(AORI) and the Australian National University (ANU) was planned for 2020; however, because of the unprecedented
COVID-19 pandemic, many mobilizations have been restricted, including the planned R/V Falkor research
expeditions in the Great Barrier Reef funded by the Schmidt Ocean Institute. Although originally planned research
activities were largely restricted, the cruise was still conducted under a modified schedule and sampling sites,
Australian researchers’ participation, together with the Schmidt Ocean Institute’s skilled technical staff, made thecruise a scientific success. Numerous further studies on the reef environment will be conducted in the coming years.
The Research School of Physics at the ANU has offered an Honorary Professorship to Prof. Yusuke Yokoyama,
with the expectation of more frequent staff exchanges between the institutions. One of the primary topics ofcollaborative interest was studying the Anthropocene using various geological and oceanographic archives from theenvironment to measure trace nuclide abundance by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The AMS at AORI cannot
measure the heavier isotopes that are used to identify anthropogenic activity, whereas this is possible at ANU.
Students and staff planned to stay at ANU for more than two weeks; however, the travel bans because of the pandemic
affected this activity. Despite these challenges, timely virtual communication allowed us to measure the first set ofsamples before the end of the year, and we are planning to publish these results that will be used to help define the
Anthropocene epoch.
ANU is one of the main hubs of the Australian Center for Excellence in Antarctic Science (ACEAS), and Prof.
Yokoyama is participating in this project with an aim to host students and young scientists who conduct Antarctic
research. Thus, AORI will also act as an international contributor for this large project.
Schools were scheduled to reopen in September, but have been forced to abandon this plan for safety concerns.
However, both the ANU and AORI, together with the GGG (Go Global Gateway office) staff members, reached anagreement to hold a joint, weeklong course online. It is planned to commence mid-February 2021, and various
activities have been planned, including lectures, workshops, groupwork, etc. Professors at the Kashiwa Campus andthe International Coastal Research Center (ICRC) of AORI will help run the course, and although more than 60
students have expressed an interest in participating.

5

CIC NEWSLETTER No.18 2020

Report on the 2020 Virtual CFMIP Meeting
Masahiro Watanabe

Professor
Climate System Research DivisionDuring September 14–17, 2020, an international conference named The 2020 Virtual CFMIP Meeting on Clouds,
Precipitation, Circulation, and Climate Sensitivity was jointly hosted online by the Cloud Feedback Model
Intercomparison Project (CFMIP), and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), CO, USA. CFMIP
is an active research community that contributed to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), which
manages global climate simulations used for assessments in the IPCC Reports. The history of CFMIP goes back tomore than a decade, in which I have served as a co-chair since 2017. It was launched by several climate modelingcenters to compare simulations of the effects of cloud feedback on global warming. Over recent years, research fociof CFMIP have expanded to understand clouds, precipitation, and circulation changes in response to radiative forcing,such as increasing greenhouse gases, with a greater emphasis on using the satellite observations.
CFMIP has organized annual meetings in cities around the world, and tentatively planned to hold the 2020
meeting in Seattle, WA, USA. Due to a coronavirus pandemic, the physical meeting was replaced by a virtual one(see photo below). We had over 150 participants from various continents, and additional viewers watched theYouTube stream of the meeting. Because of the limited time for daily sessions, the meeting was reprogramed toconsist only of a few invited talks, but participants were encouraged to submit their poster virtually for everyone to
explore during the meeting and foster discussion.
The organizing committee focused on three key questions in climate science relevant to the CFMIP’s focus forthe day: 1) Does convective organization matter for climate? 2) Does atmosphere-ocean coupling matter for climate?
3) Do extratropical cloud feedbacks matter for climate? The speakers were invited to make presentations that included
a review of the past advances in our understanding of each question, an introduction of more recent research results,
and a wrap-up with future perspectives. Discussions on each topic were available on Slido throughout the sessions,and continued at separate local hubs hosted by individuals. Overall, the meeting was a success, and participants,
especially early career scientists, gave very positive feedback to the organizers. However, online meetings do notprovide opportunities for the participants to casually chat with each other and socialize while in a foreign country(most would acknowledge that it is an essential part of attending international conferences). Thus, we hope that we
can meet in person in Seattle as planned for September 2021.

6

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7

CIC NEWSLETTER No.18 2020

Department of Geology and Paleontology of the
National Museum of Nature and Science (NMNS) at
Tsukuba.
The purpose of my visit was to work on a project
investigating the tectonic evolution of the Scotia Sea,a scientifically critical region where the South Atlantic
meets Antarctica. The region largely consists ofcontinental crustal blocks that originated at thejunction of South America and Antarctica, neighbours
in the Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic supercontinent
Gondwana. During the later stages of Gondwana
break-up, the blocks formed a land bridge joining
South America with Antarctica and Australia. As theyrifted further apart, the region developed into thepresent Drake Passage, the most important ocean
gateway between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
However, the structure of these continental blocks
and their tectonic movements are largely unknown.
The South Orkney Islands, a rare emergent locality
on one of the larger blocks, consist of metamorphic
rocks that are part of an accreted subduction complex,
but the offshore extent of the subduction complex is
unknown, and other blocks are entirely submerged
and unsampled. Shuffling of the crustal blocks bystrike-slip movements during extension of the Scotia
Sea adds to the complexity. Nevertheless, because ofits key gateway role, understanding the Drake
Passage is very important in models of southernhemisphere biodiversity, global ocean current
development and lithospheric break-up models ofGondwana.
During my visit, I worked on sampling andinvestigating several of the key crustal blocks in thesouthern Scotia Sea around the South Orkney Islands.
In order to obtain samples, I joined Prof. Yamaguchi
and Dr Tani on a cruise of the research ship Hakuho
Maru. The KH-19-6 cruise formed the fourth leg ofthe 30th Anniversary around-the-World scientificcruise of the Hakuho Maru, starting in Punta Arenas,
Chile in December 2109 in and ending in Cape Town
in January 2020.

During the cruise, we sampled rocks from severalof the crustal blocks in the southern Scotia Sea,
including schists and sandstones of the South Orkney
subduction complex and related igneous rocks.
Understanding the distribution of the subduction
complex, which originated on the Pacific margin,
among the crustal blocks of the Scotia Sea will enable
reconstruction of the distribution of the crustal blocks
relative to the margin. Dating of the igneous rocks
and the provenance of the sandstones will provide
further key data for reviewing models for Scotia Sea
Cenozoic evolution. It was a privilege for me to join
the cruise, which was a was a highlight of my visit,
and it was exciting to be a part of the shipboard
Japanese team. The results of the cruise wereexcellent, and being on the ship gave me an
opportunity to interact with Japanese students andother researchers very closely. Prof. Yamaguchi, Dr
Ken Tani and staff and students at AORI and at NMNS
were exceedingly welcoming to me at all times during
my stay. As part of my interaction, I gave a seminar
at AORI on ‘The Scotia Sea: a key global gateway’ tostaff and students at AORI and a similar presentation
while on the Hakuho Maru. I was also able to use
laboratories at NMNS to start U-Pb dating of zircon
grains for rocks sampled by dredging during thecruise, and also used the SEM and XRF analysis
facilities there.
Toward the end of my stay, I took part on afieldtrip to the Kanto Mountains with Prof. Asuka
Yamaguchi. This was an excellent opportunity to
examine global type examples of accretionary
complexes associated with Jurassic and Cretaceous
subduction beneath Japan. (The pictures were taken
during examination of schists of the Sanbagawa
metamorphic complex along the Arakawa river).
These complexes are similar in both lithology and age
to accretionary complexes of the Pacific margin ofWest Antarctica, including the one exposed in theSouth Orkney Islands that we investigated during thecruise.

Do Hyung Ki

7, 2019 to February
23, 2020 at Kashiwa
Campusofthe
University of Tokyo
this time.
I had been studied
in ORI (former AORI)
during 1986~1990 asa Ph.D
candidate
Do Hyung Ki visiting professor (left)
student. I acquiredwith Hamasaki Koji host professor
Ph.D in March 29,
1990. The title was named as ͂ Tetrodotoxinproducing bacteria and the mechanisms of toxin

School of Life Science, Handong Global University
Professor

Fantastic visiting in AORI
I work and teach as a professor in School of Life
Science, Handong Global University in Korea. I am
interested in the detection of useful marine
microorganisms and useful lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
in Korean fermented foods.
I have been visited Japan many times so far, but
first time in AORI. I have been stayed from December

8CIC NEWSLETTER

accumulation in marine environments̓. And I visited
ORI again with my family from February of 2004 to
January of 2005 as a Sabbatical year. I researched on
the clarification of marine pollution using Capitella sp.
I came again in Otsuchi Center to study on the
distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in marine
environments (Otsuchi Bay) in summer of 2008.
Professor Hamasaki Koji invited me as a visiting
professor in AORI this time. I had been studied withhim since 1990. I am very happy to have theopportunity to write this visiting report in AORI. I
presented special lectures twice during my staying in
AORI. The title of my first seminar was ͂Tetrodotoxin
history and recent trend̓, the second seminar was͂ Detection of useful microorganisms from deep
seawater and Korean fermented seafoods ̓ . My
research interesting points are now TTX-producing
bacteria, useful LAB in Korean fermented food, deep
seawater and marine microplastics recently.

No.18

20

Professors of Kogure(former AORI) andTominaga in Okinawa.
I visited Okinawa firsttime in my life. I spent
wonderful time in
Okinawa for 5days.
Plastics from various countries inSpecial thanks are
Okinawa beachgiven to AORI for
supporting Fund. Furthermore, I discussed withProfessors Michida and Kimura and Dr. Nomura toproceed the collaboration with international
microplastics symposiums or workshops in bothcountries.
I am writing Tetrodotoxin review article, but ittakes time to finish. Therefore, I fully discuss withProfessor Hamasaki and download many TTX-related
articles in AORI. I will never forget all the cheerfullunches and welcoming/farewell parties with
Microbiology lab members. And I am particularly
thankful to Prof. Hamasaki for his hospitality and also
grateful to Ms Kobayashi for supporting me in all
documents.
Also, all thanks are given to themembers of the Microbiology lab of AORI.

photo after 1st seminar

This time I have been to visit the University of the
Ryukyus for the information and communication of
microplastics and deep seawater and also exchange
programs. I fully discussed about the above titles with

Welcome party with Microbiology lab members in AORIGlenn A. Milne

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
University of Ottawa
Professor

I am nearing the end of a very pleasant andproductive six-week visit at the Atmosphere andOcean Research Institute (AORI). I have been hosted
by Prof. Yokoyama and his group, all of whom havebeen welcoming and helpful. This is my first visit to
AORI and so the primary purpose was to initiate someprojects that will hopefully result in several
publications and a long-running and fruitfulcollaboration.
A key aspect of my visit has been to makeavailable software for modelling and interpreting sealevel changes and land motion due to isostatic
processes.
Prof.
Yokoyama
and
I
have

complementary research skills that will be combined
to improve our understanding of geodynamic
processes in Japan and beyond. During my visit, I

9CIC NEWSLETTER No.18 2020

have tutored two of Prof. Yokoyama’s students inusing my software and will work with themthroughout the remainder of their projects.
One project relates to the use of sea-level
observations to determine vertical land motion
associated with tectonic processes. There is a richdatabase of ancient sea levels around Japan fromwhich it is possible to determine rates of vertical landmotion over different timescales (1-100 kyr). These
rates can then be compared to those estimated more
recently using GPS observations and repeatedlevelling. Changes in the rates over time provide
insight to the underlying geodynamic processes –notably tectonics and isostasy – and, ultimately, an
improved understanding of regional Earth structure
and processes that will aid in hazard prediction. I
presented two seminars on this topic – focusing on
the Cascadia subduction zone – to interact with staff
and students within and external to Prof. Yokoyama’sgroup . I also initiated contact with Dr. Shaoyang Li –currently a JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow at the
Earthquake Research Institute (Hongo Campus) who
specialises in geodynamic modelling of subduction
zones. His modelling will be highly complementary tothis project and discussions are underway to collect
new sea-level observations covering decadal tocentury time scales to better constrain his model.
A second project involves the interpretation offield observations that constrain the sea-level
minimum (lowstand) during the last glacial maximum.
Prof. Yokoyama led or participated in several of the

expeditions that produced these observations and sohe has excellent insight to their strengths andlimitations. A key application of these observations is
to determine global ice volume during this important
climate event. However, the resulting estimates givea value that is 10s of metres (in equivalent sea level)
greater than that obtained from a complementary
approach. This discrepancy is a major enigma for the
paleoclimate community. Prof. Yokoyama and I havediscussed possible solutions to this problem and ongoing computer modelling experiments will test theseideas.
During my visit, Prof. Yokoyama was kind enoughto invite me on a short field expedition to gather
ocean water samples in the Tohoku region with oneof his graduate students and colleagues at theInternational Coastal Research Centre. As a computermodeller, I don’t get many opportunities toparticipate in field excursions and so this was a very
welcome opportunity! The trip was highly educational
in many respects. It presented my first opportunity tostay in a traditional Ryokan and eat a kaiseki meal –delicious! Also, I was able to see some of the impacts
caused by the 2011 tsunami and was deeply touchedby the severity of this disaster. The hard work anddetermination of the local people to recover from thislife-changing event is truly inspiring.
To finish, I’d like to thank Prof. Yokoyama and his
group for being warm and gracious hosts over the
past six weeks. I very much enjoyed my visit fromboth a professional and personal perspective.

Neil C. Sturchio

hundreds of liters of fluid to be able to obtainsufficient quantities of the noble gas radionuclides(krypton-85, krypton-81, and argon-39) for analysis
by laser atom-trap magneto-optical methods. A
variety of other measurements on the chemical andisotopic compositions of the samples will also bemade on the collected water and gas samples toenable rigorous interpretation of the noble gas
radionuclide results. There have yet been only a few
applications of the noble gas radionuclides togeothermal systems, so this is a novel study and it
should yield new insights into the hydrology of large
volcanic landforms and the near-surface behavior ofmagmatic volatile emissions from magma chambers
beneath the volcano. These data may ultimately be
helpful in predicting volcanic eruptions.
The second project involves Argonne National
Laboratory and my research group at the Universityof Delaware. We have been exploring the use of
microfluidic techniques in monitoring reactions within
defined microchannels under controlled flow rates
and chemical conditions. The characterization of the

Department of Geological Sciences
University of Delaware, USA
Professor

It was a great pleasure towork at AORI for one month with Prof. Yuji Sano andhis research group. During my visit, I participated in
two projects: (1) a noble gas radionuclide
investigation of subsurface residence times ofthermal and nonthermal groundwaters in the Mt.
Ontake region, and (2) a nanoSIMS investigation of
Pb interactions with the calcite (104) surface.
The first project is a collaborative study involving
Prof. Yuji Sano, who has worked in the Mt. Ontake
region for several decades, Dr. Reika Yokochi(University of Chicago, USA), Dr. Roland Purtschert(University of Bern, Switzerland), Dr. Zheng-Tian Lu(University of Science and Technology of China), andme. It requires extraction of dissolved gases from10

CIC NEWSLETTER

reacted calcite surface using the AORI nanoSIMS, incollaboration with Dr. Takahata and Dr. Miki, hasprovided a number of high-resolution maps of Pb
distribution, that can be related to the products ofdissolution-precipitation and adsorption-desorption
reactions along the flowpath. The nanoSIMS data arehighly complementary to the synchrotron X-ray
fluorescence maps as well as scanning electron
microscopy and atomic force microscopy images
obtained for the same samples.
These data willallow detailed thermodynamic and fluid dynamic
modeling of this microfluidic reactive transport

No.18

20

system, as an analogue for the behavior of confined
fluids in fractures and micropores of natural rockwater systems .
I was accompanied on this visit by my wife,
Dolores, and we made several weekend sightseeing
visits during our stay in Kashiwa – to Tokyo, Nikko,
and Kyoto.
It was interesting and enjoyable tolearn more about the history of Japan and to
experience the local food and culture.
Overall, it
has been a highly rewarding and productive visit, andI am grateful to Prof. Sano and his group and to AORI
for this valuable opportunity.

Dr. Miki measuring Pb distribution
in microfluidic channels at thecalcite (104) surface with AORI's
Cameca-50 nanoSIMS instrument.

Dr. Roland Purtschert of the University ofBern, Switzerland (left) and Dr. Reika Yokochiof the University of Chicago (right) preparing
to sample geothermal gas emissions at the
Nigorigo Onsen on the flank of Mt. Ontake
volcano.

Andrew Hirst

University of Liverpool
Professor

I am fortunate to have spent the past 8 months
working with colleagues at AORI, whilst on aProfessorial Fellow, and am especially lucky to haveworked alongside Prof Hiroaki Saito, and Dr Takahiro
Irie. As an academic from a UK University (Universityof Liverpool) my normal routine is one of teaching,administration and periods of research. I have avaried, interesting and challenging day when in
Liverpool, but one in which research must fill the time
between other priorities. I know many will be familiar
with such a tug-o-war on time. To have been able tospend a single, uninterrupted period, working
exclusively on research whilst in Japan, has been ahuge privilege. While spending my free time exploring
the delights of the markets, museums and parks ofTokyo, the temples of Sendai and Kyoto, and skiing
on Hokkaido at Christmas, has been a delight that I
will never forget. I have enjoyed wonderful meals andnew cuisine, a passion for me during my stay.
The research topics I have explored during mystay at AORI have been wide, and very much reflect
my interests in rules and principals of ecology andevolution, often using aquatic taxa to explore them.
I am fortunate in sharing many research interests

with Prof Saito, and we have explored our interested
in marine pelagic copepods together. The pelagic
environment, especially the sunlit-surface water, is avery risky one: the many hungry mouths and goodeyesight of many predators, combines with few
places to hide for their poor prey. Indeed, muchindirect evidence points to predation being animportant evolutionary structuring force in thisspecial environment. Our work has explored this issue,
especially in respect to those zooplankton in whichfemales carry eggs attached to her body. Suchparental care of course can protect vulnerable eggs,
but may also put the females at elevated risk,
especially as the eggs can be very visible to voracious
predators such as fish. We have worked to produce
the largest analysis to date on how pelagic copepod
species are distributed by body size, vertical depth(i.e. from surface to deep dark environments), andhow this varies between egg-carrying species andthose with the contrasting strategy of shedding theireggs freely. Our work highlights possible evolutionary
outcomes on egg-carrying species in terms of theirbody size being shifted smaller (possibly to safety)
and how they more often reside in deeper, darker
waters, than related egg-broadcasting species.
Other topics that I have completed at AORI
include a meta-analysis of sexual size dimorphism(SSD) patterns in fish species, the most11

CIC NEWSLETTER No.18 2020

comprehensive analysis of this type to date. Variationin the strength of SSD is generally considered to arise
from differences in the relative intensity of male–malecompetition and fecundity selection (i.e. bigger
females produce more eggs). Through a phylogenetic
comparative analysis of fish, we set about testingwhether SSD varied systematically with: (1) the
intensity of sexual selection for increased male size,and (2) the intensity of fecundity selection forincreased female size. We used records of bodylength at sexual maturity, and quantified variation in
the magnitude and direction of SSD in more than 600
diverse freshwater and marine fish species, fromsticklebacks to sharks. We found that althoughfemale-biased SSD is common, and this is thought tobe driven by fecundity selection typically, variation in
SSD was not dependent on either the strength of thebody-mass dependence of reproduction in female fish.
Instead, significant patterns based on habitat andlife-history characteristics associated with male–malecompetition and paternal care, suggest that adaptive
variation in SSD is driven by the intensity of sexual
selection for increased male size. This work is now
published: Horne CR, Hirst AG, Atkinson D(2020) Selection for increased male size predicts
variation in sexual size dimorphism among fish
species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 287:
20192640. We hope will be well read and used byothers, including many researchers at AORI
interested in fish.

Most ectothermic (‘cold-blooded’) organisms
mature at smaller body sizes when reared in warmer
conditions. This phenotypically plastic response,
known as the Temperature-Size Rule (TSR), is ataxonomically widespread patterns in biology, andseen in bacteria, protists, plants, invertebrates, fish
and lizards. Working with Dr Takahiro Irie at AORI,
we have been exploring how body size changes, andhow the temperature-size response is generated inorganisms in relation to the thermal dependence ofgrowth and development rates. This has provided
new insights and we hope to complete this work inthe months ahead. I cannot thank Taka enough forour enjoyable times working and exploring together.
My return to the UK in the last few weeks (at theend of March 2020) coincided with theimplementation of extreme measures to combat theCovid-19 virus. I passed through a near empty
Haneda airport on a flight back to London, which wasitself nearing lockdown. But I got home safe, and I
vow to return to complete a spring cherry blossom
tour of southern Japan that we had planned. I lookforward to visiting the friends and colleagues that I
have made during my stay at the University in thenear future, when times will again be more relaxed. I
will not forget the opportunities I have had that camefrom the great efforts of my generous host, Prof Saito.
I wish you all a happy and prosperous year ahead.

STAFF
Director of CIC
Prof. Yutaka Michida
International Scientific Planning
Prof. Yutaka Michida
International Advanced Research
Prof. Mitsutaku Makino
International Research Cooperation
Prof. Hiroaki Saito
Prof. Koji Inoue
Prof. Yusuke Yokoyama
Prof. Ryoichi Imasu
Assoc. Prof. Jin-Oh Park
Assoc. Prof. Sachihiko Itoh

Center for International Collaboration
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute,
The University of Tokyo

5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, JAPANURL : http://www.aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp/12