Agritech Report:From the Perspective of Food Security andEnvironmental Impact
Excerpt From the Original Report in Japanese

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization（NEDO）
Technology and Innovation Strategy Center （TSC）
International Strategy Unit
（Co-op：Agriculture and Food Technology Unit）©NEDO 2024

Table of Contents
TSC International Strategy Unit

2

1. Introduction
2. Current State of World Agriculture- Basic information - Population trends and food demand, food prices,
number of workers, production volume and productivity- Food security - Food self-sufficiency ratio of major countries and foodsecurity risk cases- Environmental impact - GHG emissions
3. International Agreements and US/EU Policy Trend on Agriculture- International agreements: Agreements and targets on environmental
aspects of agriculture- Policy trend: Key agricultural policies of US and EU
4. Global Agritech Trends -Technology Development Trends in US and Europe- Fertilizers
Highlight: NEDO's efforts in the agricultural sector (1), (2), (3)- Precision Farming
Highlight: NEDO's efforts in the agricultural sector (4)- Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)
Highlight: NEDO's efforts in agriculture (5), (6), (7), (8)5.

Summary and consideration
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１．Introduction

3

Introduction
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Due to Covid-19-pandemic, extreme weather and Russian aggression against
Ukraine, food prices have jumped since 2020, and the world has faced various foodsupply chain challenges, including widespread hunger in developing countries. As
the world's population continues to grow and demand for food continues toincrease, food security become a global priority issue.
◼ At the same time, agriculture is required to respond to environmental issues. The
environmental impact of pesticides on ecosystems and the pollution ofgroundwater and rivers due to runoff of fertilizers into the nature. Furthermore, as
the world targets carbon neutrality, agriculture sector is also required to reduce
GHG emissions and to transform to sustainable one.
◼ In Japan, the Diet passed a bill this year (2024) to partially revise the "The Basic
Law on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas”. The main points of the revisions include
the reinforcement of food security and the transformation to environmentallyfriendly agriculture as well as enhancing the productivity for the sustainable growth.
◼ This report summarizes the current global situation related to agriculture and thedevelopment trends of Agritech (agriculture-related technology) from theperspectives of food security and environmental impact. We do hope this report willserve as a reference for those involved in agriculture in Japan as well as for R&D
personnel with aim to start a business.

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2. Current State of World Agriculture- Basic information - Population trends and fooddemand, food prices, number of workers,
production volume and productivity- Food security - Food self-sufficiency ratio ofmajor countries and food security risk cases- Environmental impact - GHG emissions

5

Basic information

Population and Food Demand Forecast
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ By 2050, the world population will increase to nearly 9 billion, mainly in developing
countries (1.3 times of 2010 level).
◼ Food demand will be 1.7 times of 2010 level (5.8 billion tons), exceeding the ratio of
population growth.
Forecast of world population

Forecast of world food demand（100million）（100million Ton）

100

70

8.6Billion 1.3X

90

5.8Billion 1.7X

60

80
70

6.6Billion
40.43

60
50

1.6X

30

40

20

30.88

34.99

1.1X

20
10

10
0

1.83
40

25.25

30

13.98

50

9.61

11.01

2010年
2010

2050年
2050

1.2X
5.92

3.4Billion

1.6X

7.83
3.63

1.58
36.44
1.7X

21.26

1.1X
0

High
Middle
Low
高所得国
中所得国
低所得国
（Group of countries by income）

1.8X

2010年
2010

2050年
2050

穀物
油糧種子
畜産物
■Grains■Oil
Seeds 砂糖作物
■Sugar ■Livestock

Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on the report “Global food supply and demand outlook in 2050” by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

6Basic information

Number of Agricultural Workers and Production Value in the World
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TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ The number of agricultural workers worldwide peaked in 2002 and has been on a
downward.
◼ Despite the decline in the number of workers, the growth at 2% CAGR has been
secured for agricultural output during 2010 to 2021.

Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC based on USDA data “TFP indices and components for countries, regions, countries grouped by income level, and the world, 1961-2021”

2021

2018

2015

2012

2009

2006

2003

2000

1997

1994

1991

1988

1985

1982

1979

1973

1970

1967

1964

2021

2018

2015

2012

2009

2006

2003

0

2000

0
1997

500

1994

200

1991

1,000

1988

400

1985

1,500

1982

600

1979

2,000

1976

800

1973

2,500

1970

1,000

1967

3,000

1964

1,200

1961

Production value（Billion dollar）

1976

Number of agricultural workers

1961（Million）

Basic information

World Food Prices and Hunger Numbers
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TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Food prices hit highest record in 2022 due to Covid-19 pandemic and Russian
aggression against Ukraine, exposing supply chain vulnerabilities.
◼ The number of hungry people in the world increased since 2017, mainly due topopulation growth in Africa, and exceeds 700 million people.
World food price Index（％）

World hunger numbers（%）(2014~2016=100)（Million）

200

18

900

180

16

800

160

14

700

140

12

600

10

500

8

400

6

300

4

200

20

2

100

0

0

0

120
100

Food Price Index

Meat Price Index

Dairy Price Index

Cereals Price Index

Oils Price Index

Sugar Price Index

Source： Created by NEDO’s TSC based on FAO report ”Annual FAO Food Price Indices”

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2024

2022

2020

2018

2016

2014

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

40

2006

60

2005

80

Prevalence of undernourishment

Number of undernourished（% Left axis）（Million Right axis）

Source： Created by NEDO’s TSC based on FAOSTAT “Suite of Food Security Indicators”

Basic information

Number of Agricultural Workers by Major Countries
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ The number of agricultural workers in China, Vietnam, and Thailand started to
decline, while that of India became the world's largest.
◼ Japan, US and Europe have almost bottomed out.
Number of agricultural workers

Number of agricultural workers(Except India and China)（Thousand）（Thousand）

400,000

30,000350,000

25,000300,000
20,000250,000
200,000

15,000150,000

10,000100,000

5,000

1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020

0

日本

0
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020

50,000Japan

Thailand

VietnamJapan

Thailand

Vietnam

India

Spain

FranceSpain

FranceUnited States

United States

China

Netherlands

Netherlands

Source： Created by NEDO’s TSC based on USDA data “TFP indices and components for countries, regions, countries grouped by income level, and the world, 1961-2021”

9Basic information

Crop Production in Value by Major Countries
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TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ China, India and US are far ahead of other countries, and the growth trend
continues.

Crop production in value

Crop production in value（Except China ,India and US）（Billion dollar）（Billion dollar）

800

45

700

40

600

35

500

30
25

400

20

300

15

200

10

100

5

Thailand

Vietnam

India

Spain

FranceJapan

Thailand

VietnamUnited States

China

Netherlands

Spain

FranceNetherlands

Source： Created by NEDO’s TSC based on USDA data “TFP indices and components for countries, regions, countries grouped by income level, and the world, 1961-2021”

2020

Japan

2018

2016

2014

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

0
1980

2020

2018

2016

2014

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

1980

0

Basic information

Productivity（Land Productivity and Labor Productivity）
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ The Netherlands outstands in land productivity. So does US in labor productivity.
Land productivity

Labor productivity（Dollar/ha）（Dollar/person）

4,500

100,000

4,000

90,0003,500

80,00070,0003,000

60,0002,500

50,0002,000

40,000

1,500

2020

2018

2016

2014

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

0
1988

0
1986

10,000
1984

500

1982

20,000

1980

1,000

1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020

30,000Japan

Thailand

VietnamJapan

Thailand

Vietnam

India

Spain

France

India

Spain

FranceUnited States

China

Netherlands

United States

China

Netherlands

Source： Created by NEDO’s TSC based on USDA data “TFP indices and components for countries, regions, countries grouped by income level, and the world, 1961-2021”

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Food security

Food Self-sufficiency Ratio of Major Countries
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TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Japan's food self-sufficiency ratio is relatively low both on a calorie supply basis andon a production value basis.
◼ As Japan's food self-sufficiency ratio continues to decline, “The Basic Plans for Food,
Agriculture, and Rural Areas” established in 2020 sets the 2030 food self-sufficiency
target at 45% on a calorie supply basis and 75% on a production value basis.
Food self-sufficiency ratio
by major countries

(%)
250
200
150
100

Japan’s food self-sufficiency
ratio and target

(%)
100

221

90
173

124

80

110
115 117
92
83 84
58

50

70

87
60
61
58
54
49

60
58
38

50
40

Target

86 85
83
77

73

82
75 74

60
54 53 53

75
66

58
48

30

0

71 70 70

43

40 40 39 39 38

45

20
10

0
Calorie supply basis

Production value basis
Calorie supply basis

Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on the report “Food self-sufficiency
ratio of Japan and major countries” by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Production value basis

Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on the report “Japan’s food self-sufficiency
ratio” by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Food security

Food Security Risks ～Recent Cases～
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TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Recently some governments have implemented export restrictions of food fordomestic and political reasons, which affected global food supply chain andimpacted global food prices.（See left below）◼ The export restrictions extend to fertilizers and their raw materials. The bias
towards exporting countries has become apparent as a risk to food security.
Top fertilizer exporting countries（2022）

TurkeyApril 2020,Turkey has subjected lemons to export control
amid a rising domestic demand due to Covid-19
pandemic. Turkey has 13% export share of Lemon.

RussiaJuly 2023,An agreement allowing the safe Black Sea
export of Ukraine's grain expired after Russia quit.

India
July 2023, The world’s largest rice exporter, banned theexports of white rice, as the government sought to tame
surging domestic food prices.

（Billion dollar）05

RussiaCanadaChina
USA
MoroccoSaudi Arabia
Oman
Belgium
Netherlands
Qatar

10

15

20

25
20.65

13.73
11.38
8.47
7.72
6.75
5.00
4.56
4.00
3.58

Price trend of fertilizer materials
（USD）

1000
Price in US dollars per metric ton

Russia2022 November, the Russian government introduced atwo-month export ban on certain types of ammonium
nitrate fertilizers.

China2023 December, China imposed measures including
export quotas and lengthy inspection requirements on
the fertilizer ingredients to cool domestic prices.
Food in bule box and Fertilizer in orange box

5000

Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on various news report

2015
Urea

2016

2017

2018

Phosphate rock

2019

2020

2021

Potassium chloride

2022
DAP

Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on Statista report “Fertilizer industry worldwide”

Environmental impact

GHG Emissions from Agriculture
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◼ Anthropogenic GHG emissions worldwide in 2021 reached 53Gt (CO₂ equivalent).
◼ Agriculture sector accounts for 6.5 Gt which is 12% of the total GHG emissions.
◼ Among agriculture sector, livestock-related accounts for 63% while crop productionrelated accounts for 37%.
Total GHG emissions（2021）（Excluding LULUCF*）
5%28%

GHG emissions in agriculture sector (2021)
Energy• Machinery• Greenhouse

7%
10%

53GtCO₂eq

11%

Synthetic Fertilizers• Production• Transportation 9%
Crop production• Burning• Crop Residues• Rice Cultivation

14%

15%

14%

Livestock• Enteric Fermentation• Livestock manure• Manure Management

6.5GtCO₂eq
63%

12%
12%

* LULUCF:Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry■Agriculture非産業用燃焼■Buildings ■Fuel
Exploitation
廃棄
生産プロセス
燃料精製■Industrial Combustion ■Power Industry ■Processes
農業
産業用燃焼
輸送
発電
■Transport ■Waste■Livestock■Crop化学肥料
productionエネルギー
家畜飼育
作物生産
■Fertilizers ■Energy

Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on Statista report “EdgarEDGAR/JRC Annual
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide from 1990 to 2022 by sector”

Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on Statista report “FAO Emissions
from agriculture and forest land worldwide in 2021 by component”

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3. International Agreements and US/EU Policy Trend on
Agriculture- International agreements: Agreements andtargets on environmental aspects of agriculture- Policy trend: Key agricultural policies of US and EU

15

International Agreements

Agreements and Targets on Environmental Aspects of Agriculture
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◼ At both two COP conferences, Convention on Biological Diversity and UN Climate
Change Conference, the necessary actions for the environmental aspects ofagriculture and food systems were concluded.
COP15 - Convention on Biological Diversity
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework～Adopted at COP15 in 2022～

COP28 - UN Climate Change Conference
Emirates Declaration on Sustainable
Agriculture, Resilient Food Systems,
and Climate Action～Adopted at COP28 in 2023～【Vision】
A world of living in harmony with nature where: “By2050, biodiversity is valued, restored and wisely used,maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthyplanet delivering benefits essential for all people.”【Objectives】【2030 Targets relevant to Agriculture】◼ Nature regeneration:

Urgently transform for the sustainable development ofagriculture and food systems and for responding to theimperatives of climate change:• Sustainable food security• Integrated management of water• Enhancing soil health and biodiversity, etc.

◼ Pollution prevention/reduction:【5 areas to strengthen efforts by 2025】➢ Restore at least 30% of areas of degraded ecosystem➢➢➢

Halving excess nutrients flowing into the environment
Halving the overall risk of pesticides and highly
hazardous chemicals
Preventing and reducing plastic pollution◼ Sustainable management of agriculture,
forestry and fisheries:➢

Contributing to the resilience of production systems,
long-term efficiency / productivity, and food security◼ Sustainable consumption:➢ Halving food waste etc.

①

②
③
④
⑤

Integrate agriculture and food systems into National
Adaptation Plans etc. of each country
Reduce food loss, ecosystem loss and degradation
Support income increase, GHG reduction etc.
Enhance access to all forms of financeAccelerate innovations to increase sustainableproductivity and production
Strengthen the rule-based, open, fair andtransparent multilateral trading with WTO at its core.
Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on various news reportPolicy Trend

Key Agricultural Policies of US
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◼ The United States aim to increase agricultural production by 40% while cutting theenvironmental footprint in half by 2050. The research strategy accelerates
innovations incorporating technologies such as AI, Digital, Bioengineering, etc.
Agriculture Innovation Agenda（AIA)
5 goals are set to realize the increase of
agricultural production by 40% while cutting theenvironmental footprint in half by 2050.
＜AIA Goals＞◼ Increase agricultural production by 40% by
2050, to meet future demand for food
◼ Reduce food loss and waste by 50% by 2030
from the 2010 baseline◼ Achieve a net reduction of current carbon
footprint by 2050 by enhancing carbon
sequestration, leveraging the renewableenergy benefit and capitalizing innovativetechnologies and practices◼ Reduce nutrient loss from agriculture by 30%
nationally by 2050
◼ Support renewable fuels, including ethanol,
biodiesel, and biomass, to achieve blend
rates of E15 in 2030 and E30 in 2050
（Issued in February 2020）

USDA Science and Research Strategy
2023 - 2026
5 research priorities for the next generation ofsustainable and resilient agriculture responding
to climate change (*Technology examples after arrows)
1. Accelerate innovative technologies & practices➢➢➢

IT-enabled decision support systems, precisionenvironmental management tools, digital twins,
Combined AI and autonomous robot, AI embedded
diagnostic, 3D printing,
Advanced microbial, agricultural nitrogen cycle etc.

2. Drive climate-smart solutions
➢

➢
➢
➢

Quantitative analysis and modeling of agriculturalemissions and sequestration,
Biophysical/socioeconomic climate change indicators
AI-assisted remoted sensing climate-smart decisionsupport tools,
Biotechnology & biomanufacturing for agriculture
and food, etc.

3. Bolster nutrition security & health
4. Cultivate resilient ecosystem➢➢

Precision agriculture to strengthen soil vitality,
Water quality and quantity prediction, etc.

5. Translate research into action（Issued in March 2023）

Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on various news reportPolicy Trend

Key Agricultural Policies of EU
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◼ EU set Farm to Fork (F2F) Strategy to make food systems sustainable and, based on
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), each country designed the national strategic plan,
while there exist certain oppositions from farmers in view of rising fertilizer prices etc.
Farm to Fork (F2F) Strategy

Common Agricultural Policy 2023-2027

As a core part of the European Green Deal, F2F
Strategy articulates a comprehensive approachto sustainable food systems for EU. (May 2020)

CAP has 10 objectives including “climate change
action”, “to preserve landscapes and biodiversity”,“fostering knowledge and innovation” and so on.
Each country designed its own strategic plan
accordingly, thus contributing to F2F Strategy.

<2030 Targets>◼ 50% reduction of chemical pesticides use*
◼ 50% reduction of nutrient losses◼ 20% reduction of fertilizers use◼ 50% reduction of antimicrobials sales forfarmed animals and aquaculture◼ 25% of the EU’s agricultural land underorganic farming
EU pursues the development of Green Allianceson sustainable food systems with all its partners.
It seeks to incorporate a sustainability chapter inbilateral trade agreements.
*This 50% pesticides reduction faced the strong
opposition from farmers and the EU Commission
baked away from making it mandatory.
(February 2024)(January 2023)

Nature Restoration Law
The law intends to restore ecosystems across EU.
Each country shall restore its degraded land andsea areas at least 20% by 2030, 60% by 2040
and 90% by 2050. (June 2024 - Adopted at EU Council ）EU Deforestation Regulation

The regulation sets mandatory due diligence
rules to sellers in EU market or exporters fromEU to trace 7 products such as coffee, soy, cattle
and so on, as well as their derived products arefree from risks of deforestation and forest
degradation.
(June 2023)
Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on various news reportPolicy Trend

EU/US Efforts for CO2 Sequestration in Farmland

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◼ EU and US promote policies for CO2 sequestration, as well as measurement,
reporting and verification of GHG emission reduction, in the farmland.
Regulation on an EU certification
for carbon removals (Proposal)• European Commission announced a proposal
for the voluntary certification scheme forcarbon removals in November 2023.
• The scheme enhances carbon farming
practices, storing carbon in land and forests
through soil improvements and reforestation,in addition to BECCS/DACCS.
• It aims to prevent green washing andintegrate carbon removals into Emission
Trading System.
• Some agricultural associations expressed
dissatisfaction for:- details of verification methods not clear
until the regulation is adopted- some practices like precision fertilization notrecognized as carbon farming.

Investment in measurement, monitoring,
reporting & verification of GHG emission• USDA announced the $300 million investment
in July 2023 from Inflation Reduction Act (IRA).
• It advances “Federal Strategy to AdvanceGreenhouse Gas Measurement and Monitoring
for the Agriculture and Forest Sectors”.
• Key focus areas include establishing a soil
carbon monitoring and research network,
establishing a GHG research network,
expanding data management, improving
assessment models and tools etc.
• IRA provided $19.5 billion for USDA’s Natural
Resources Conservation Service program,including this investment, and tasked USDA
with quantifying/tracking carbon sequestration
and GHG emissions and evaluate effectivenessof climate-smart mitigation practices.

ARPA-E program “SMARTFARM” - monitoring and analytics for bio-fuels• ARPA-E under Depart of Energy runs a R&D program of “Systems for Monitoring and Analytics
for Renewable Transportation Fuels from Agricultural Resources and Management” (SMART).
• It funded technologies, with $20 million for 2021 ~ 2024, to quantify feedstock-related emissions
and enable new market incentives for efficiency in feedstock production and carbon management.
• Its phase 1 adopted 5 projects for quantification using drone system, sensing etc.
Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on various news reportSummary: World’s Agriculture Status (Chapter 2)
and Agricultural Policies (Chapter 3)
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Globally, agriculture sector faces the need to respond to food security issues by
increasing its production and at the same time to manage environmental impact
by reducing its GHG emissions and its use of fertilizers and pesticides.

✓ The world's population in 2050 is expected to reach 8.6 billion, 1.3 times that of2010, and food demand is expected to grow 1.7 times. With the number ofagricultural workers in the world decreasing, it is essential for agriculture toincrease production over the long term and reduce the number of hungry people.
✓ The world is also facing vulnerabilities in the global food supply chain through the
COVID-19 pandemic and Russian aggression against Ukraine. Export restrictions bysome major food and fertilizer exporting countries, as well as extreme weather,have caused historic surges in food prices and problems in food supply anddemand. While food security becoming more important than ever, countries suchas US and EU implement policies to strengthen the food systems.
✓ Agriculture accounts for 12% of total GHG emissions and causes issues such as
the runoff of pesticides and fertilizers into the natural environment. Both two COP
conferences, Convention on Biological Diversity and UN Climate Change
Conference, concluded targets in responding to the environmental issues ofagriculture. In this course, the AIA in US and F2F Strategy in Europe have set
targets such as reductions of fertilizer use, as well as contributions to carbon
storage in farmland, ecosystem restoration and so on.

20Issues in Agriculture to be Resolved forFood Security and Environmental Issues
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Key issues to be resolved for food security and environmental response can be
categorized as below.

Increasefood selfsufficiency

Responding toFood Security

Responding toEnvironmental Issues

Reducesynthetic
fertilizers

Reducepesticides

Save
labor

Respond to
extremeclimateIncreaseyieldManagewater

ReduceGHG
emission

Biodiversity

Soilintegrity※The issues shown here have been categorized for the convenience of the structure in this report.
They do not necessarily correspond to either "food security" or "environmental issues“ alone.

In Chapter 4, we summarize agritech trends, identifying which of these issues
the technology is effective at.

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4. Global Agritech trends -Technology development trends
in US and Europe- Fertilizers
Highlight: NEDO's efforts in the agricultural sector (1), (2), (3)- Precision Farming
Highlight: NEDO's efforts in the agricultural sector (4)- Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)
Highlight: NEDO's efforts in agriculture (5), (6), (7), (8)22Agritech for Food Security and Environmental Impact
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ This report focuses on three agritech categories, Fertilizers, Precision Farming, andControlled Environment Agriculture (CEA), in consideration of overseas efforts andinitiatives to solve food security and reduce environmental impact, as well as relevance to
NEDO. The figure below shows the relationship between each of these issues andtechnologies.
✓ Reduction of synthetic fertilizers could contribute not only to reduce GHG emissions, butalso to reduce the dependency of the import of fertilizers from specific countries.
✓ Precision farming, driven by digital technology, is expected to contribute to labor saving,yield increase and reduction of the use of pesticides and fertilizers for the environment.
✓ Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) could contribute to food security by increasing
yields even under extreme weather in addition to mitigating environmental impact.
Food Security Solutions

Agritech

Reduce
GHG emission

Save labor
Increaseyield
Reduce synthetic
fertilizers
Respond to extreme
climateIncrease food selfsufficiency

Environmental Impact
Reduction

Fertilizer

Soil integrity

Precision
farming

Biodiversity

CEA

Manage water※
In this report, precision agriculture is treated as outdoor farming and
CEA is treated as indoor farming, using the latest technologies, including
AI and other digital technologies.

Reduce pesticides

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TSC International Strategy Unit

Fertilizers

24

Nitrogen Fertilizers
TSC International Strategy Unit

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◼ Development of low-carbon nitrogen fertilizers is ongoing
ReduceGHG
emission◼ Nitrogen fertilizer made with green ammonia

The current Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis uses fossil fuels and emits CO2 ,which accounts
for about 1gigaton/year (1.8% of total emissions). And 80% of the ammonia applications are for
fertilizers. Now water electrolysis hydrogen generator powered by renewable energy is being developed,
through which green ammonia with less CO2 emission can be synthesized.
A Scandinavian fertilizer company YARA has signed a contract with the Indian renewable energy
company ACME for the supply of 100,000 tons per year starting in 2027.
Worldwide application of ammonia
8.4%

Direct use
Ammonia
sulfateNitric acidammonia

Industrialuse 10%1Gt
CO₂eq

Fertilizer
Urea

Phosphoric acidammonia
Source : Agency for Natural Resources and Energy◼ Nitrogen fixation by plasma

Reducesynthetic
fertilizer

ReduceGHG
emission

Nitrogen fixation by lightning strikes is done artificially using plasma technology. The project aims to
produce nitrogen fertilizer without the use of ammonia, using only air, water, and renewable energy.
The nitrogen fertilizer will be produced on the farm, so this will also reduce GHG emission fromtransportation. A demonstration project was carried out by a start-up, Nitricity, under an ARPA-E program.

Bio-based Fertilizers
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◼ Development of bio-based fertilizers is promoted, especially by European
manufacturers who have set synthetic fertilizer reduction targets in their F2F strategy.
◼ Since most of bio-based fertilizers are made from natural materials, it can contributeto reduce the risk of dependency on specific fertilizer-exporting countries.
Reducesynthetic
fertilizer

ReduceGHG
emission

Soil
integrity

Biodiver-sity◼ Biostimulants （BS）
They are materials that increase plant and soil activity, reduce plant stress, increase resistance against
disease and promote growth. BS are naturally derived from microorganisms, seaweed extracts, aminoacids, humic acids, mineral salts, and some chemicals. In EU, BS is defined in the new fertilizer
regulation of 2022 and is expected to grow at CAGR 10% or more between 2018 and 2030. BS madefrom 100% natural materials can be certified as organic fertilizers. The European Commission considers
BS as one of the measures to reduce the dependency of fertilizers on specific countries.
BS is also promoted for regenerative agriculture in FIMA2024(Billion Yen)

Global biostimulants market

750
500

2018
239 Billion

2030
747 Billion

250
0Reducesynthetic
fertilizer

ReduceGHG
emission

Soil
integrity

Biodiver-sity

Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on the report “Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries Research Innovation Strategy 2021” byMinistry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries◼ Biochar
Charcoal made from biomass such as rice husks, livestock manure, and tree bark can improve soil water
retention and permeability, neutralize soil moisture, and purify water, thereby increasing crop
yields. At the same time, CO2 in the Biochar can be sequestered in the soil for a long period.
The European Biochar Industry Consortium (EBI) positions Biochar as a negative emission tool toaddress climate change.

Highlight NEDO‘s efforts in the agricultural sector① Low-carbonization

TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Green Innovation Fund Project / Development of CO2 reduction and absorption
technologies for food, agriculture, forestry and fisheries industries～Establishment of a production and application system of high performancebiochar made from agricultural byproducts～（Participating organizations : Gurunavi Inc., Katakura ＆ Co-op Agri Co., YANMAR ENERGY SYSTEM CO. LTD.,
National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization）

Objectives & Overview:•••

To expand the use of biochar, develop high performance biochar at low cost in production andapplication, and at the same time improve crop yields by adding effective microorganisms that
help the growth of crop.
Establish a methodology to objectively evaluate the "environmental value" of crops produced incarbon sequestered farmland. And make it possible to add this value on to the transaction
price to improve the profitability of biochar carbon farming.
Project period: FY2022-2030
Business image
FarmerDevelopment of highperformance biochar

High performance
Biochar•••Overseas
marketPromote carbon
sequestration bybiochar
Expansion of organic
farming
Consideration forbiodiversity
Development of supply
chain system to identify
the environmental value ofcrops.

Microorganisms

Scoring for
overallenvironmental
value

Link

Consumer/End user

Production
machineBiocharproduction

Production Site

Source：NEDO “Green Innovation Fund Project / Development of CO2 reduction

and absorption technologies for food, agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry”

Buy productswith high score

Incentive forscore point
Next
step

2727

Highlight NEDO‘s efforts in the agricultural sector② Low-carbonization

TSC International Strategy Unit

2828

◼ Moonshot Research and Development Program～Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from farmland throughoptimization of resource circulation～（Participating institutions : Tohoku University, The University of Tokyo, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization）

Objectives and Overview:
•
•
•
•
•

Aim to significantly reduce N2O (Dinitrogen monoxide) emitted from farmland towards 2050 by
the establishment and demonstration of recycling technologies.
N2O has a GWP 265 times of that of CO2 and 59% of its anthropogenic emissions comes fromagriculture. The main source of N2O emissions from farmland is synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.
In the natural nitrogen cycle, atmospheric nitrogen gas is fixed by microorganisms, transformed
into ammonia and nitric acid, and finally returned to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas.
The project aims to activate the material circulation function of N2O detoxifying microorganisms,
thereby reducing GHG emissions from the farm field.
Project period: FY2020-2029 (maximum)
GHG

Fertilization

N2O detoxification circulation image

Challenging research on
artificial design of plants
and soils

Biologicalnitrogenfixation

Plant
absorption

Harmless

Reduction of N2O emissions by
optimizing the nitrogen cycle
Source：NEDO “Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculturallands through optimization of resource circulation”

N2O detoxifying
microorganisms

Highlight NEDO‘s efforts in the agricultural sector③ Low-carbonization

TSC International Strategy Unit

2929

◼ Moonshot Research and Development Program～Realization of DAC agriculture for a super carbon-circulating society～（Participating Institutions : National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture andTechnology, Nagoya University, The University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, Shinshu University, Saitama University,
The University of Shiga Prefecture）

Objective and Overview:
•

•

•
•

Utilize the CO2 absorption characteristics of crops. By developing crops with dramatically
improved CO2 fixation capacity and dramatically increased biomass production capacity, aim torealize a new type of agriculture (DAC agriculture), in which the produced biomass is used forenergy source or useful substances that can contribute to decarbonization.
Realize plant breeding of three types of crops, rice, corn, and sorghum, by genome editing
technology and crossbreeding with wild species to increase dramatically their biomass capacity.
In addition, to maximize the carbon sequestration function of farmland, enlarge theunderground portion (roots and stems) of crops that remains in the soil.
Carry out the assessment of environmental impact and economic viability from the production ofcrop biomass through the utilization.
Project period: FY2022-2024
Theme & target to realize DAC agriculture
Agriculture goal for 2050（DAC agriculture）

Technical theme

Realization of DAC agriculture（Carbon farming technology）
Maximize CO2
absorption capacity

Contribution to lowcarbonization

Increase biomass forabove ground portion

Resource recycling
industries

Fixed Carbon
Utilization

Carbon sequestration

Contribution to lowcarbonization

Increase biomass underground portion

Source：NEDO “Realization of DAC agriculture for a super carbon-circulating society”

Target for 2030

R&D Theme

TSC International Strategy Unit

Precision Farming

30Precision Farming
31

TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Precision farming began in the 1990s as a farming method to minimize the input of agricultural
materials while aiming to increase yields with quality. The goal is to maintain soil fertility, increase
the yield and reduce the environmental impact by meticulously managing the field of a variety ofsoils and varying the amount of seeding, pesticides, fertilizers and other inputs according to thelocation within the field based on the data.
◼ With recent sensing and digital technologies that makes it more precise and less labor intensive,various industries and start-ups, especially in Europe and the US, have entered this market. Now
data-driven precision farming is becoming a trend.
◼ According to a survey by the Association of Equipment Manufacturers (AEM) in the US, farmers
who have implemented precision farming using technologies have reported 4% increase in yield,
7% reduction in fertilizer, 9% reduction of pesticides, 6% reduction in fossil fuel consumption, and
4% reduction of water. And there are yet rooms for further improvements.
Digital Technology Advances Precision Farming

Market size of precision farming
technologies
16 （Billion dollar）

14.44

14

12.79

12
10
8

6.73

7.65

8.7

9.89

11.25

6
4
2
0
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027
Source： Created by NEDO’s TSC based on Statista report “Forecast market value of
precision agriculture worldwide from 2021 to 2027”

Digital Farming Software
32

TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Digital farming software is at the core of precision farming. Available software tools vary from
simple digitalized versions of work diaries that farmers used to write by hand, to those thatprovide and prescribe necessary information for farmers' decision-making in all stages, fromseed selection to crop selling price recommendation, and that even control farm machinery, by
linking various data including the one through sensing tools.

ReduceGHG
emissionManagewater

Soilintegrity

Data
Weed Detection
Growing conditions
Pest damage
DiseaseDiagnosis
Irrigation

Tillage
Sterilization

Fertilization
Seeding

GrowthHarvestBiodiver-sity

Reducepesticide

BIG DATA
Marketdata

Forecast

StorageLog data

Field MAP
Soil Analysis
Nematode
distribution
Nitrogen volume
Humidity

Planning

Increase
Increase foodselfyield
sufficiency

Log Data

API連携

Log data

Log Data

Data

Control

Analysis

Control

Climatedata

Reducesynthetic
fertilizer

Seed recommendation , Fungicide andfertilizer amount , Seeding zone & route , Sowing time &amount , Harvest time , Yield forecast , Profit forecast ,Weather forecast Disease/pest diagnosis , Irrigation timing &amount, Pesticide selection & amount , Harvest route &amount Storage space , Selling priceControl by API linkage

BIG DATA

Save
labor

Control by API linkage

Image of digital farming
softwareAccumulation ofannual data improvesforecasting accuracy

Sales

Consumption

Waste

Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC

Digital Farming Software（Agrochemical Companies）
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Major agrochemical companies that aim to enclose farmers entered the market
because they can recommend their own seeds and agrochemicals prescriptions.
FieldView and Cropwise were originally developed by startup and software company.
Through M&A processes, they belong to current company. Below are examples offunctions. Each company has different functions depending on the region & crops
Company

BAYER

Syngenta

BASF

SoftwareFieldView

CropwisexarvioData origin

Satellite, farm machinery log,
weather data, seedlings andcrops data

Satellite, weather data,
seedlings and crops data

Satellite, weather data,
seedlings and crops data

Visualization
function

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Cultivation record
Management
Growth and disease maps
Variable seeding map
Pesticide application map
Fertilizer application map
Yield analysis and soil
condition maps
• Storage space

•
•
•
•
•

Variable Seeding Map
Seeding priority map
Pesticide application map
Fertilizer application map
Disease, pest, and weed
monitoring• Harvesting route map

•
•
•
•
•
•

Soil integrity map
Growth map
Weed map
Average vegetation
Elevation and slope map
Variable fertilization andseeding map

Analysis andforecasting
functions• Seed prescription• Yield Prediction• Field weather forecasting• Seed prescription• Yield revenue• Recommended application
dates for pesticides andfertilizers

•
•
•
•
•

Weather forecast
Spray timing
Growing stage forecast
Weed management
Disease alerts

Compatibility• Map export• Compatible with Trimble• Compatible with John
Deere

• Map Export• Compatible with CHN &John Deere

Map export

Source ; Created by NEDO’s TSC based on HP

33

Digital Farming Software（Startups）
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ In Europe, many startups have entered the market using image data from the earth
observation satellites (Sentinel-2).
◼ There are various lineups, from simple and inexpensive ones for small size farms to those withmore substantial contents for corporate farms. (Photos below are examples from FIMA 2024)◼ xFarm（Italy）

A startup former farmer, offering management softwarefor Eur.195-2,400 per year.
More than 300,000 users.
Visualization features:
Field maps (satellite images), weather data, fieldhumidity, diseases, pests, farm machinery maintenancehistory, farm machinery tillage history, inventory, pests,
farm machinery maintenance history, farm machinery
tillage log, inventory management, reporting.
Forecasting function:
Planting plan, seeding time, pesticide/fertilizer
application, yield, financials
Linkage with the following in-house sensing tools
Soil humidity sensor, pest sensor, weather sensor, GNSS

◼ ISAGRI（France）

Simple farm management software. Manages
activities by manually inputting activities.It can belinked with their weather sensor. There are 150,000
users in five countries.

◼ Agricolum（Spain）

Field management software by manual input. free
for up to 2 fields. Eur.14/month for 9 fields. Over50,000 users in Spain.

Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC based on FIMA2024 information and home page34

Digital Farming Software（Farm Machinery Manufacturers）
TSC International Strategy Unit

35

◼ Major farm machinery manufacturers acquired startups, developers ofautonomous driving technology and precision farming software, to reinforce digital
farming field through both hardware and software.
◼ John Deere Operation Center
The world‘s largest farm machinery manufacturer strengthened this field by acquiring
startups such as Blue River Technology for machine learning of image data
and Bear Flag Robotics for ADAS development. The Operation Center software allows
farm management and farm machinery control (Level 3). Its data can also be linked to
BAYER's Fieldview.
◼ CLAAS Connect
German farm machinery manufacturer CLAAS, which owns digital farming software
company 365FarmNet, announces CLAAS Connect, a single cloud-based farming
platform that combines digital farming management software with autonomous steering,machinery management, and other functions in 2024. This makes seamless field andmachinery management possible. Control of third-party farm machinery is also possible
via ISOBUS connectivity.

Field map of CLAAS Connect

Cockpit of autonomous
farm machinery

ISOBUS connection kit

Huge machinery of CLAAS

Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC based on FIMA2024 information and home page

Digital Farming Software（IT Giants）
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Microsoft, Alphabet & IBM entered the market in partnership with major
agrochemical companies to become agricultural solutions providers that collect andintegrate vast amounts of agriculture-related data and provide highly accurate
forecasts through AI analysis.
◼ Microsoft (MS) announced the Azure Data Manager for Agriculture preview version in March
2023. The company aims to develop tools to support decision making in all phases ofagriculture including the value chain. MS partnered with BAYER to complement each other'sdata. MS provides satellite and climate data to BAYER and BAYER provides specialized
agriculture-related data.
◼ Alphabet spun off its Moonshot R&D as a company named Mineral. It is collecting agricultural
data with the goal of developing high-performance AI models to help farmers, researchers,
and breeders to achieve sustainable agriculture that predicts crop yields, increases production,
reduces waste, and minimizes chemicals and water. It has already surveyed and analyzed
10% of the world's farmland using data sources from camera-laden rovers, satellite imagery,farm machinery, and public databases. Also, it partnered with Syngenta to collect agriculturaldata.
◼ In 2018 IBM launched the Watson Decision Platform for Agriculture to support
farmers‘ decision-making through AI-based predictive analysis of climate data and fieldsensing tools, etc. In 2020 it partnered with YARA, a major agrochemical company in
Scandinavia, to improve forecasting accuracy and enhance farm data collection. In 2021 it
released the Environmental Intelligence Suite with enhanced AI-based forecasting capabilities.
Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC based on various news report36Sensing (Earth Observation Satellites Sentinel-2)
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ ESA (The European Space Agency) started Sentinel-2 for Agriculture project in2014 and, since the early stage, it has been demonstrating the use of satellites in
the agriculture sector. Thanks to this project, many startups and companies areusing the satellite data (free of charge) to develop digital farming software.
◼ Due to the limited pixel resolution, early detection of pests and diseases is notpossible, and the combined use of drones and ground sensors is required.
Save
labor

Reducesynthetic
fertilizer

Managewater

Soilintegrity

Reducepesticide◼ Overview
Ownership: ESA
Satellite type: meteorological and earth observation satellites (support for agriculture, forest
monitoring, land cover change, natural disaster monitoring, etc.)
Launch year: 2015 (2A), 2017 (2B)
Capabilities: multispectral data: 13 bands over visible, near-infrared, and short-wavelength
infrared, 5-day cycle, Spatial resolution of 10-20 m, almost global coverage
One of its mission is Agriculture support

NDVI image of Sentinel-2◼ Agricultural Applications
Field maps
Soil moisture and irrigation need
Estimation of chlorophyll content
Crop growth conditions

Source：Copernicus

Source：USGSNDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

37

Sensing (IoT device)
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ IoT devices include weather sensors, soil humidity sensors, pest sensors, soil
nitrogen sensors, etc. Communicate with the application on smartphone via SIM
cards and powered by batteries (some use solar power) . Some products linkwith digital farming software.
（Photos below are from FIMA2024, a farm machinery exhibition held in Spain.)
Save
labor

Reducesynthetic
fertilizer

Managewater

Soilintegrity

ReducepesticideIG4’s Weather and soil (humidity,
nutrients) sensors

xFarm's weather, soil humidity andpest sensors. Operated through theirdigital farming software.

Irrigation remote control systems fromSPHERAG. Solar-driven soil humidity
sensor and water valve remote control

ISAGRI's weather sensor Linked totheir digital farming software

Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC based on FIMA2024 information and home page38

Drones
TSC International Strategy Unit

39

◼ Agricultural drones are used for (1) sensing and (2) spraying. The first is monitoring of crop
growth as well as soil conditions, including pest and disease detection, using high-resolution
camera images (RGB, multispectral), that cannot be captured by satellite images. The second isspraying of seeds, pesticides and fertilizers in hilly terrain and other medium-sized fields that are
difficult for tractors to enter.
◼ Overall drone market revenue is expected to reach $4.7 billion by 2028. The agricultural use
accounts for approximately 11% of the overall market as of 2022. The manufacturers such as
XAG and DJI Agriculture develop dedicated drones for agriculture.
◼ DJI has 76% of overall market as of 2021, while is added to the US entity list.
◼ Advancements in batteries are expected to extend operation time, and features such as wirelesspower supply are being studied for the future.
Reducesynthetic
fertilizer

Save
labor

Drone market size

4

3.3

3.6

4

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

0%

4.7

20%

DJI
4.1%

Yuneec

3.6%

2

3D Robotics

2.6%

1

Parrot

2.5%

eHang

0.6%

3

2.9

3

0
2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

Reducepesticide

2025

2026

2027

40%

60%

80%
76%

Intel

2.9

Soil
integrity

Drone market share（2021）（Billion dollar）

5

Managewater

2028

Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC based on the report of Statista “Drones-market data & analysis”

Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC based on the report of Statista “Global
market share of consumer and commercial drone manufacturers in
March 2021, based on sales volume”

Auto Steering Systems
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Auto steering systems connected through ISOBUS (International standard ISO 11783) oftractors become popular. It can realize Level 1 autonomous driving for owned tractors. The
basic kit consist of 3 pieces, handle for ISOBUS connection, GNSS receiver, and monitor.
◼ Many startups are entering the market by combining China-made ODM 3-pieces kit with
Sentinel-2 satellite images. The low-priced models are available from as low as 5,000 euros,
making it easy for farmers to start precision farming with their current farm machinery assets.
◼ Trimble's equipment offers variable seeding, fertilizer application, and pesticide spot sprayfunctions. It also works with BAYER's FieldView. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, andFisheries (MAFF) of Japan mentions that the system can reduce overlapped work, allow
unskilled farmers to work with the same or better accuracy and speed as skilled farmers, andcould increase the working area per unit time by approximately 10 to 25%.me.
Save
labor

Basic kit consist of
steering for ISOBUS,
GNSS receiver and monitor

Trimble system
connected with BAYER’s
Fieldview

Reducesynthetic
fertilizer

Managewater

Soilintegrity

Reducepesticide

Variable seeding and pesticides spot spraying function of Trimble

Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC based on FIMA2024 information and home page40

Autonomous Farm Machineries
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Fully autonomous models (Level3) are available in the market. However, thoseprices are more than double compared with conventional models.
Save
labor

Type

Manufacturer
John Deere（USA）

Tractor

CLAAS（Germany）
Monarch（USA）
FarmDroid（Denmark）

Sprayer

FEDE（Spain）

Reducepesticide

Model

Overview

Autonomous
8R

Equipped with 6 cameras and ECU (Nvidia), image
recognition with 4GB/s high-speed processing, data
constantly uploaded to the cloud for AI machinelearning.

0.5～0.8
million dollar

XERION12.650

CLAAS established world's first consortium topromote automation and autonomous driving for
multi-manufacturers, 3A-ADVANCED AUTOMATION& AUTONOMY. This machinery is compatible with it.

0.95
million dollar～

MK-V

Equipped with 2 3D cameras and 6 standard
cameras with ECU (Nvidia) and Jetson Edge AI for
data processing. EV, 70 HP, mainly for wine farms.

75 thousand
dollar～Fully automated field robot both for seeding andweeding operations. Mechanically removing weeds
between each plant with an accuracy of 8 mms.
Operates up to 24 hours per day using PV as a subpower source, covering up to 6.5 hectares/day.

97 thousand
euro～

Weeding farm robot for wine farms, precise
mechanical weeding without herbicides, 8 hours per
day autonomous operation, EV,5 ha/day workload.

200 thousand
euro～

FD20

WeederNAÏO
Technologies（France）

Reducesynthetic
fertilizer

TED

KFAST

Price range

Autonomous drive and spray pesticides with highprecision in the orchard. Can prevent pesticide
exposure to workers. Will be available in 2025.
Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC based on FIMA2024 information and home page41

Farm Machineries with Alternative Energy
TSC International Strategy Unit

42

◼ Tractors under 100HP segment see the electrification with EV models. In the upper
segments where the higher power is required, multiple fuels type, compressed
methane, hybrid diesel, fuel cell (FC), etc. are being considered.
Segment

Manufacturer

Kubota（Japan）
Under
Case（CNH）
100（Netherlands）
HP

Model

HP

ReduceGHG
emission

Overview

LXe-2626

Equipped with lithium-ion battery. In
average 3-4 hours of continuous operation ispossible by 1-hour quick charge.

Farmall
75C
Electric

75

Powered by 110 KWh lithium-ion battery ,Max. torque 320 Nm, 4 hours operation,

75

Powered by 100 kWh lithium-ion battery,5-7
hours operation.

Fendt（AGCO)
e100 Vario（USA）

Source：CNH Home page

Multiplefuels
Tractor

168

MethanePower
CNG

6.7-litre methane-fueled engine, it can
270 reduce CO2 emissions by 878 tons annuallyby bioLNG operation, under demonstration.

（Netherlands）

HybridCVT
TractorCombination of diesel and electric motor. 10260 15% fuel savings, Up to 260hp, under
demonstration.

Fendt（AGCO）
（USA）

FC
TractorFuel cell, 100 kW (134 hp) electric motor.
134 Demonstration underway to establish ahydrogen infrastructure for farmland

John Deere（USA）
New Holland（CNH）

Upper （Netherlands）
100
HP
STEYR（CNH）■EV、■Alternative fuels

Case（CNH）
Farmall 75C Electric

Multiple fuels types (vegetable oil, biodiesel,
renewable diesel, etc.), under demonstration.

Source : Created by NEDO’s TSC

John Deere Multi-fuelSource ：Another model in CES2024

Movement in the Digital Farming Software Industry
TSC International Strategy Unit◼

Startups, farm machinery manufacturers, and IT giants have entered the digital farming software

market, which had been developed under the leadership of major agrochemical companies.
◼ While each company developed their own software, they are complementing each other for data andtechnologies to improve accuracy and expand functionality. The companies are aiming to become theleading provider of digital farming technology in alliance with the partners.
◼ Farm machinery manufacturers open their APIs to expand sales opportunities, and are enhancing
linkage functions, e.g., the control of their machinery on other companies' applications.
◼ Startups’ inexpensive and simple software is a favorite of many users, which has contributed for
digitalization of agriculture.

Players

Strengths

IT Giants

AI analysis, machinelearning, Big Data
analysis, data
integration andclassification, image
analysis, climate
forecasting

Major
Agrochemical
Companies

Soil and crop data,
seed, pesticide andfertilizer information,
pest and disease
data

Farm
Machinery
Manufacturers

ADAS and farmmachineryinformation,soil and crop data,
seed, pesticide andfertilizer information

Startups

Innovation,
simplicity,
low costs

Movement in the digital farming software industry

Microsoft

Alphabet

IBM

PartnerPartnerPartner

BAYER

Syngenta

YARA

Linkage

Linkage

Linkage

John Deere
M&A

Blue River

CNH
M&A

Bear Flag

CLAAS

Partner（365Farmnet）

M&A
Klopper & Wiege

xFarm

ISAGRI, Agricolum, etc.
Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC

43

Reference: Trend of Standardization of Agriculture-related Data
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ In the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) and the German Standards Institute (DIN) lead the Strategic Advisory Group(SAG) on Smart Agriculture since 2021. Following the final report of the SAG, both associations
proposed to establish a new Technical Committee (TC).
◼ In response to this proposal, TC347 on "Data-driven agrifood systems" was newly established in
October 2023. The goal is to standardize data on technology in the agri-food sector, improve
interoperability, and promote data-driven decision-making systems.

Status of Agriculture-related Standardization Activities in ISO

ISO/TC23
Tractors and machinery for
agriculture and forestry(1952-)
More than 400 standards related
to agriculture were published up to
now. Below are outcome examplesof the SC.
➢
➢

➢

SC4
Tractors
SC6
Equipment for crop
protection
SC19
Agricultural Electronics※ISO 11783 for ISOBUS standardization
was published under SC19.
SAG: Strategic Advisory Group, TC: Technical Committee, SC: Sub Committee,

ISO/TC347
Data-driven agrifood systems（Established in October,2023)
DIN of Germany is in charge for thesecretariat and start discussions on data
standardization in agriculture and foodsystems. The following SCs will beestablished.
➢➢

Indicators and data in sustainable models/agrifood systems
Greenhouse, controlled environment, urban
agriculture, etc.

Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC based on ISO HP

44

Highlight NEDO‘s efforts in the agricultural sector④ Alternative Energy

TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Collaborative Industry-Academia-Government research and development project for“Solving Common Challenges Toward Dramatically Expanded Use of Fuel Cells andRelated Equipment.”◼ ～ Demonstration research for practical application of fuel cell powered tractors ～（Grantee : Kubota Corporation）
Objective & Overview:• Expand the use of fuel cells in the agriculture sector which could contribute to the increase of
the hydrogen demand and the establishment of its infrastructure in rural areas towards CN
society.
• Develop “Next generation medium and large sized tractor powered by fuel cell" with high CO2
reduction effect, which is superior to battery in terms of its high power and long operating
hours.
• Project period: FY2021 - FY2024
FC Tractor for demonstration

Source：Kubota corporation News release

FC/HDV roadmap

Source：NEDO “Roadmap for Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technology Development”

4545

TSC International Strategy Unit

CEA : Controlled Environment Agriculture

46

CEA (Controlled Environment Agriculture）
TSC International Strategy Unit

47

◼ CEA generally refers to the cultivation of crops and plants in a protected indoor area,with a highly controlled environment throughout the year.
◼ It is positioned as an urban way of agriculture that strengthens the resilience of foodsupply while transforming agriculture, which has a large environmental footprint interms of GHG emissions and water use, into a sustainable one. (According to OECD,
agriculture sector accounts for about 70% of the world's water use.)
Save
labor

Respond
to extreme
climateReducesynthetic
fertilizer

Major cultivation methods

Aeroponics

Hydroponics

Aquaponics

Plant roots are exposed anda mist containing nutrients is
applied directly to the roots.

Method of growing plants
using a water-based nutrient
solution. Vertically stacked
culture trays can increase
yield per floor space.

A system of aquaculture inwhich the waste producedby farmed fish supplies thenutrients for plants grownhydroponically, which in turn
purify the water.

Features• Roots can easily take inoxygen and plant growthrate is fast
• Up to 95% of water
reduction• No pesticides required• No soil required (CO2emissions reduction)

Source：NASA

Features• Up to 95% of water
reduction• No pesticides required• No soil required (CO2emissions reduction)

Source：USDA

Features
Water reduction
No pesticides required
No fertilizers required
No soil required(CO2emissions reduction)

出典：USDA
Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC

IncreaseyieldManagewater

Reducepesticide

Comparison of lettuce
yield by water volume
Water Lettuce
VolumeYield（per/㎡）

Open
Field

250L

3.9Kg

Green
House

20L

41Kg

CEA

1L

100Kg

Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC based on thereport of DANTHERM GROUP “Why Controlled
Environment Agriculture (CEA) is the futureof Farming”

Investment in CEA in the US
48

TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ In the US, USDA, NIFA, DOE and other institutions are making significant
investments in developing innovative technologies and business models for CEA toestablish the resilience of food supply and decarbonize agriculture. Below are just a
few examples.
In June 2022, USDA announced $43.1 million for urban agriculture development.
In October 2022, USDA contributed $14.3 million for urban agriculture projects in 27 states.
In January 2023, USDA contributed $7.5 million for innovative project planning and implementation.
In February 2023, USDA and NIFA announced $70 million contribution for Sustainable Agriculture.
In September 2023,DOE committed $2.5 million for the development of CEA energy/water
efficiency technologies as 2-year Accelerator Program.
Benefits of CEA
◼
•
•
•
•
◼
•
•
•
•
•

Global CEA value by method

Food Security
Increased yield per unit area
Less susceptible from extreme weather
Highly accurate yield prediction
Labor savings

40（Billion dollar）
35

Reduction of environmental impact
Water saving
Fertilizer reduction
No pesticides required
No conversion of forests to farmlands
CO2 emissions reduction during transportation for thecultivation near consumption areas

15

30

13.5

25

11

20

9

10
5
0

10.5

7.5

2
2
1.5

2.5
2
2.5

3
2.5
2.5

4
3
3

4.5

5.5

4

4.5

4

4.5

6
5.5
5

6
6.5

7
7.5

8.5

9

11.5

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032
エアロポニックス
ハイドロポニックス
アクアポニックス■Aeroponics■Hydroponics■Aquaponics

Source：Created by NEDO’s TSC based on Statista report “Indoor Farming”

CEA Case Study ー Oishii FarmTSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Oishii Farm, a Japan originated startup, opened “Mugen Farm”, the world's largest high-end
strawberry plant factory in the suburbs of New York City, combining the traditional techniques ofgreenhouse horticulture and the ingenuity of CEA.
◼ The world's first successful stable mass production of strawberries using natural bee pollination.
◼ Replicate the unique climate (soft rain, mild heat, warm light, wind) necessary to improve andgrow Japanese varieties in the plant.
◼ No use of pesticides, use of renewable energy, complete water circulation system, CO2 control,
automatic harvesting robots, etc.
◼ The sugar content is higher than strawberries in the US, which are mainly grown in open fields.
After successful branding through direct sales to Michelin restaurants, it started selling at apremium price at $50/box of 8 pcs at upscale grocery stores.
“Mugen Farm”
Opening May 2022; over 74,000 square feet; 60% less energy
use and 40% less water use than the company's initial farm.
Urban farming located in Jersey City near Manhattan. Partneringwith Yaskawa Electric to create a fully automated factory.

Source：NARO（No relation with Oishii Farm）

49

Highlight NEDO‘s efforts in the agricultural sector⑤ Indoor harvesting robot

TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ Project to Construct a Basis for R&D of Innovative Robots～Development of fruit and vegetable crops harvesting system～（Grantee : YANMAR HOLDINGS CO., LTD.）
Objectives and Overview:• To support basic and applied research on elemental technologies such as "handling-related
technology“, "remote control technology“, "new robot materials technology“, and "generalpurpose motion planning technology“, which are key to the development of industrial robots that
can handle a wide variety of products in small quantities, through collaborative R&D amongindustries, universities and other research institutions.
• Towards practical use of robots, it develops a recognition system for irregularly shaped crops
and fruits, and an end-effector for harvesting fruits without damaging them.
• Project period: FY2020 - FY2022
Image of Project to Construct a Basis for
R&D of Innovative Robots

Source：NEDO “Project to Construct a Basis for R&D of Innovative Robots”

Large sized tomato harvesting robot prototype
Exhibited at the 2022 International Robot Exhibition

Source： YANMAR HOLDINGS CO., LTD. News release5050

Highlight

NEDO‘s efforts in the agricultural sector⑥ AI
TSC International Strategy Unit

5151

◼ Realization of a Smart Society by Applying Artificial Intelligence Technologies～Value chain efficiency by AI system for plant factories etc.～（Grantee : Farmship, Inc.）
Purpose and Overview:• The Japanese government set in 2017 the "Goals of artificial intelligence R&D and a roadmap forthe commercialization" and positioned three priority fields where artificial intelligence (AI)technology must be implemented in society: "productivity," "health and medical/nursing care"and "spatial movement”.
• In those three fields, R&D projects were conducted to verify the effectiveness of thetechnologies by demonstrating AI technologies and cyber-physical systems (CPS) in actual fields.
• It developed a system to collect data from agricultural value chain, from the procurement ofagricultural materials including seeds to consumers’ purchasing behaviors, with aims to analyze
such data by AI technologies, to predict the amount of production and demand of crops such as
vegetables and to match supply and demand quickly and accurately.
• The goal was to build the efficient value chain and reduce waste and loss by 20% onsite.
• Project period: FY 2018-FY2022
Overall R&D image
Cyber
space

Matching of supply & demand

Organic molecular
creation algorithm(Optimization Algorithm by AI)

Big Data collection
Seed, Raw
Materials

Physicalspace

Installation of robotics
in the plant factory

Value
chain

POS
monitoring

Precision control of delivery

Source：Farmship,Inc News release

CRM forconsumer

Trend removal
Fluctuation analysis
AI image processing

Advanced cultivation
technology

Highlight

NEDO‘s efforts in the agricultural sector⑦ Energy saving
TSC International Strategy Unit

5252

◼ Program to Develop and Promote the Commercialization of Energy Conservation
Technologies to Realize a Decarbonized Society （Public solicitation in 2022）～ Development of innovative energy-saving plant factory technology ～（Grantee : Farmship, Inc.）
Objective and Overview:• While demand for CEA (controlled environment agriculture) is expanding thanks to its
stable quality crop production, its high energy consumption mainly by lighting and air
conditioning become serious issues.
• For CEA, develop IoT technologies to observe environmental variations and to control
the facility for optimal environment by AI, including the control of lighting and air
conditioning, to minimize the energy consumption.
• Project period: FY2022-2024 (this theme)
Overall image【Expected outcome】
Energy saving by 30% in lighting, 52% in
air-conditioning and 36% in total. Cost
saving by 20% through the reduction ofequipment, consumables, and waste losses.
The technology is expected to spread widely.

Source：NEDO “Program to Develop and Promote the Commercialization of Energy Conservation Technologies to Realize a Decarbonized Society“Highlight

NEDO‘s efforts in the agricultural sector⑧ Startups support
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ The 44th NEDO pitch （Agritech ver.） November.2,2021
Objective and Overview:• NEDO and the Japan Open Innovation Venture Creation Council (JOIC; Secretariat
by NEDO) have been organizing “NEDO Pitch”, a pitch event for startups to create
open innovation.
• At the 44th NEDO Pitch (Agritech ver.), five startups that aim to solve problems
faced by agriculture spoke on the following themes.

➢ Protection against both heat and dryness through own mechanism of plants
Ac-Planta Inc.
➢ Making agriculture possible even on the moon
TOWING Ltd.

➢ Farming robot with advanced autonomous driving technology
REGMIN inc.
➢ Genome editing breeding with fast development speed
GRA & GREEN Inc.
➢ Pinpoint application of pesticide for the safety enhancement
AgroDesign Studios Co., Ltd.

Summary of Global Agritech Trends（Chapter4）
TSC International Strategy Unit

54

◼ In terms of fertilizers, R&D for bio-based fertilizers using naturally derived materials such as
seaweed and microorganisms are being promoted mainly in Europe from the viewpoint ofenvironmental responsiveness and reducing the risk of dependence on specific countries. Lowcarbon nitrogen-based fertilizers that emit less CO2 during production are also being developed.
◼ Digital farming software, which aims to provide and prescribe information necessary for farmers'
decision-making in all stages, are becoming more accurate with the evolution of sensing and AI
technologies. Autonomous driving technology for farm machineries has been established up to
Level 3 which saves manpower. However, due to its high price, auto steering systems (Level 1)
for the aftermarket are expected to become the mainstream for the time being.
◼ As for alternative energy for farm machineries, the trend is towards EVs under 100HP segment,
while, for the upper segments, manufactures are trying to develop other ways like hybrids, FC,etc. which require the establishment of supply chains, too.

◼ Startups, farm machinery manufacturers, and IT giants have entered the digital farming software
market, which had been developed under the leadership of major agrochemical companies. They
are complementing each other for data and technologies to improve accuracy and expand
functionality. The companies are aiming to become the leading provider of digital farming
technology in alliance with the partner.
◼ In the US, CEA is positioned as a way of agriculture that contributes to resilient food supply anddecarbonization, and the government is investing significant amount for it. There are successful
examples of mass production of high value-added foods such as strawberries, and further market
expansion is expected.
54

TSC International Strategy Unit

55

５．Summary and consideration

55

Summary and consideration
TSC International Strategy Unit

Agriculture faces the needs to respond to food security and environmental impact globally. This reportsummarizes the trends of agritech which is expected to contribute to solve these issues.
◼ In Europe and the US, various goals and regulation are set to urge the agriculture sector to transform tobiodiverse and climate-friendly one. Agrochemical companies, farm machinery manufacturers and IT
giants are promoting precision farming, as well as CEA, which aims to minimize inputs and maximize
yields of quality crops by making full use of digital technologies.
◼ As the bio-based fertilizers such as BS become more popular in parallel with the reduction of pesticides
and synthetic fertilizers by precision farming, it will further reduce the environmental impact, improve
fertilizer self-sufficiency, and be an important factor to contribute to food security issues.
◼ By combining the agricultural data, including seeds, soil, fertilizers and prescription know-how, held byagriculture related companies and the advanced technologies of IT companies for climate forecasting,data analysis, AI and so on, the prediction accuracy of digital farming software will evolve. This will
enable scientific agriculture with higher productivity and lower environmental impact. Furthermore, byimplementing data not only from the production phase, but also from the distribution, consumption, anddisposal phases, it will be possible to build the system that covers entire food value chain.
◼ One of the objectives of the recent revision of Japan’s "The Basic Law on Food, Agriculture and Rural
Areas” is the sustainable growth of agriculture. To sustain the growth, it will require to keep having new
people. Agritech has the potential to support the future of agriculture by attracting the farm successors
from the younger generation, new workers and new businesses from the different sectors, as Agritech
can make the farming more of fun, cool and profitable.
◼ As introduced in Highlight, NEDO is working to formulate and implement various projects from theperspective of carbon neutrality and agriculture-industry collaboration. NEDO will continue to promote
such projects in consideration of global technology trends.

56

Postscript
TSC International Strategy Unit

◼ This report concludes with two impressions at FIMA 2024 (International Agricultural
Machinery Exhibition) held in Spain.
The first was the large number of teenager visitors (successors to farmers). They
were experiencing the auto steering systems of various companies as if they wereplaying a game. They looked happy to climb into the cockpit of the huge CLAAS farmmachinery. It was thoughtful that farm machinery manufacturers positioned
teenagers as their next customers and took positive measures to attract them.
Digital technology has lowered the hurdle for unexperienced peoples to enter the
agricultural industry. This contributes to invite workers from the next generation.
Second is about startups. Data-driven precision farming is yet at the stage of dawn
era and many startups are greedily entering the market of auto steering systems
and digital farming software. It was impressive that all of them were using Sentinel2 satellite image which is available at free of charge. As Japan promotes the Tellus*
initiative, it is worth considering to create such mechanisms further.
（※） Satellite data platform service from Japan57

Citation and reference
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Caption

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農林水産省 「日本の食料自給率」（2023.08.7）
国土交通省 「食料安全保障を支える農林水産業・食関連産業の持続的な発展について」（2022.11.15）
農林水産省 「みどりの食料システム戦略の実現に向けて」（2022.6）
UNICEFF "The State of Food Security and Nutrition 2023”（2023.7）
農林水産省 「2050年における世界の食料需給見通し」 （2019.9）
USDA "International Agricultural Productivity" （2023.9.29）
FAO "World Food Situation" （2024.4.5）
FAO "The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023" （2023.12.12）
FAO "FAOSTAT Suite of Food Security Indicators"
USDA "International Agricultural Productivity" （2023.9.29）
USDA "International Agricultural Productivity" （2023.9.29）
USDA "International Agricultural Productivity" （2023.9.29）
農林水産省 「我が国と諸外国の食料自給率（試算）」農林水産省 「日本の食料自給率」（2023.08.7）
World Bank "How export restrictions are impacting global food prices" （2022.7.6）
OECD Library "Turkey has subjected lemons to export control amid a rising domestic demand"
REUTERS "Black Sea grain deal expires after Russia quits" （2023.7.18）
USDA "India’s rice exports increased by almost 49 percent in 2020 and then rose 46 percent more in 2021 to more than 21
million tons before peaking in 2022 at 22.1 million" （2023.9.27）
CNBCAFRICA "India’s rice export ban to hurt millions globally. These countries will be the worst hit" （2023.8.1）
GLOBAL TRADE ALERT "Russian Federation: Temporary ban on exports of fertilizers (Feb-Apr 2022) （2022.5.1）

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農林水産省 「第13号特別分析トピック：我が国と世界の肥料をめぐる動向」
REUTERS "Asian fertiliser buyers turn away from key exporter China amid growing curbs" （2023.12.18）

URL
https://www.maff.go.jp/j/zyukyu/zikyu_ritu/012.html
https://www.mlit.go.jp/policy/shingikai/content/001521610.pdf
https://www.maff.go.jp/j/council/seisaku/kikaku/goudou/attach/pdf/32-8.pdf
https://data.unicef.org/resources/sofi-2023/
https://www.maff.go.jp/j/zyukyu/jki/j_zyukyu_mitosi/attach/pdf/index-12.pdf
https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/international-agricultural-productivity/
https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/
https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc3017en
https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FS
https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/international-agricultural-productivity/
https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/international-agricultural-productivity/
https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/international-agricultural-productivity/
https://www.maff.go.jp/j/zyukyu/zikyu_ritu/attach/pdf/013-4.pdf
https://www.maff.go.jp/j/zyukyu/zikyu_ritu/012.html
https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/psd/how-export-restrictions-are-impacting-global-food-prices
https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/0d2529e7-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/0d2529e7-en

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/black-sea-grain-deal-expire-monday-if-russia-quits-2023-07-17/
https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/rice/rice-sector-at-a-glance/

https://www.cnbcafrica.com/2023/indias-rice-export-ban-to-hurt-millions-globally-these-countries-will-be-the-worst-hit/
https://www.globaltradealert.org/intervention/101270/export-ban/russian-federation-temporary-ban-on-exports-of-fertilizers-feb-apr2022
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Statista "Statistics report on the global fertilizer industry" （2023.11.23）
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FAO "Emissions from agriculture and forest land worldwide in 2021, by component" in STATISTA（2023.11.8)
環境省 「昆明･ﾓﾝﾄﾘｵｰﾙ生物多様性枠組について」 （2022.12.22）

https://www.statista.com/study/106183/global-fertilizer-industry/

環境省 「昆明・モントリオール生物多様性枠組（仮訳）」 （2023.1.23）
農林水産省 「COP28における食料システム・農業に関する首脳宣言」 （2023.12）
農林水産省 「COP28における食料システム・農業に関する首脳級宣言」 （2023.12）

https://www.env.go.jp/content/000107439.pdf

https://www.maff.go.jp/j/kokusai/kokusei/kanren_sesaku/attach/pdf/COP28-3.pdf

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農林水産省 「COP28エミレーツ宣言（仮訳）」 （2023.12）
USDA "Agriculture Innovation Agenda"
USDA "Ag Innovation White Paper" （2023.2）
USDA "Science and Research Strategy, 2023-2026: Cultivating Scientific Innovation" （2023.5）

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European Commission "Farm to Fork strategy"

https://food.ec.europa.eu/horizontal-topics/farm-fork-strategy_en

18European Commission "Farm to Fork targets - Progress"（2020.5）
農林水産省 「Farm to Fork 戦略に関する調査」

https://food.ec.europa.eu/plants/pesticides/sustainable-use-pesticides/farm-fork-targets-progress_en

euronews.green"EU Policy. Governments caught off guard by von der Leyen’s U-turn on pesticide cuts" （2024.2.6）
European Commission "The common agricultural policy: 2023-27" （2021.12.2）
European Commission "Nature restoration law"
European Commission "Just and sustainable economy" （2022.2.23）
European Parliament "Towards deforestation-free commodities and products in the EU" （2023.4.11）

https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/02/06/governments-caught-off-guard-by-von-der-leyens-u-turn-on-pesticide-cuts

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https://www.statista.com/statistics/1423179/global-ghg-emissions-by-sector-annual/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1254324/agricultural-forest-land-emissions-worldwide-by-component/
https://www.biodic.go.jp/biodiversity/private_participation/business/post2020_target/

https://www.maff.go.jp/j/kokusai/kokusei/kanren_sesaku/COP28.html
https://www.maff.go.jp/j/kokusai/kokusei/kanren_sesaku/attach/pdf/COP28-4.pdf

https://www.usda.gov/aia

https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/agriculture-innovation-agenda-vision-statement.pdf
https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/usda-science-research-strategy.pdf

https://www.maff.go.jp/j/kokusai/kokusei/kaigai_nogyo/k_syokuryo/attach/pdf/230410-41.pdf

https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/cap-overview/cap-2023-27_en
https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and-biodiversity/nature-restoration-law_en
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_1145
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/698925/EPRS_BRI(2022)698925_EN.pdf

https://www.jetro.go.jp/biznews/2021/07/8fa465d9c657fd52.html
JETRO 「EU、2023～2027年の共通農業政策について暫定合意」 (2021.7.1）
European Commission "European Green Deal: Commission proposes certification of carbon removals to help reach net zero https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_7156
emissions" （2022.11.30）
https://www.jetro.go.jp/biznews/2022/12/c32b97e28cf745f7.html
JETRO 「欧州委、炭素除去の認証枠組みを導入する規則案を発表」 （2022.12.6）
USDA "New Investments to Improve Measurement, Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions" （ https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2023/07/12/biden-harris-administration-announces-new-investments-improve2023.7.12）
https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Draft-Federal-Ag-and-Forest-MMRV-Strategy.pdf
USDA "Draft-Federal-Ag-and-Forest-MMRV-Strategy" （2023.7.12)
https://arpa-e.energy.gov/technologies/programs/smartfarm
ARPA-E: Systems for Monitoring and Analytics for Renewable Transportation Fuels from Agricultural Resources andManagement

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資源エネルギー庁 「アンモニアが“燃料”になる？！（前編）」 （2021.1.15）

https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/johoteikyo/ammonia_01.html

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NEDO 「アンモニアを燃料としてカーボンニュートラルの実現に貢献！」
ITIF "Current ammonia production is responsible for 1.8 percent of global CO2 emissions" （2023.4.17）

https://green-innovation.nedo.go.jp/article/carbon-neutral-ammonia/

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日本肥糧アンモニア協会 「アンモニアは2016年時点において世界で約１億7600万トン生産されていますが、そのうち約８割が肥料用に消費されています。」

http://www.jaf.gr.jp/ammonia.html#:~:text=%E8%82%A5%E6%96%99%E3%81%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A3%E3%82%92%E9%80%9A%E3%8
1%98%E3%80%81%E9%A3%9F%E6%96%99,%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%8
1%BE%E3%81%99%E3%80%82

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Icon-Rainbow 「太陽光パネルの無料アイコン 2」

https://iconrainbow.com/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%85%89%E3%83%91%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E7%84%A1%E6%96%99%E3%82%
A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3-2/

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NIH "Greenhouse gas emissions from global production and use of nitrogen synthetic fertilisers in agriculture" （2022.8.15）
YARA "Yara and ACME signed a binding agreement for supply of green ammonia" （2024.3.1）
Arpa-e "Non-Equilibrium Plasma for Energy-Efficient Nitrogen Fixation"
Nitricity "Renewable Nitrogen Fertilizer Pioneer Nitricity Raises $20 Million In Series A Funding" （2022.10.18)
European Commission "New EU rules have been adopted to cover various types of fertilising products (inorganic, organomineral and organic fertilisers, growing media, plant biostimulants etc.) " （2021.6.23）

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36008570/

https://biostimulants.eu/highlights/eu-regulation-ensures-that-biostimulants-are-safe-and-effective/

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European Biostimulants Industry Council (EBIC) "EU Regulation Ensures that Biostimulants Are Safe and Effective"
European Commission "Ensuring availability and affordability of fertilisers" （2022.11.9）
EBIC "Plant biostimulants can alleviate a secondary food security
crisis triggered by the conflict in Ukraine"
EBIC "Function defines biostimulant products
EBIC "What are biostimulants made of ?"日本バイオスティミュラント協議会 「7. BSの分類」
農林水産省 「農林水産研究イノベーション戦略2021」 （2021.6）
The European Biochar Industry Consortium (EBI) "EBI Whitepaper" （2020.10）

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The European Biochar Industry Consortium (EBI) "Biochar is mitigating climate change"

https://www.biochar-industry.com/why/26

European Commission "The initiative would extend this list by adding pyrolysis and gasification materials (‘biochar’)"https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12136-Fertilising-products-pyrolysis-and-gasification-materials_en

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NEDO 「農業副産物を活用した高機能バイオ炭の製造・施用体系の確立」 （2022.12.19）
NEDO 「資源循環の最適化による農地由来の温室効果ガスの排出削減」
NEDO 「資源循環の最適化による農地由来の温室効果ガスの排出削減」
NEDO 「炭素超循環社会構築のためのDAC農業の実現」 （2022）
NEDO 「炭素超循環社会構築のためのDAC農業の実現」 （2022）
特許庁 「第5世代の精密農業 日本から発信するコミュニティベース精密農業」
Statista "Forecast market value of precision agriculture worldwide from 2021 to 2027" （2022.8.16）
AEM "THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE QUANTIFIED" （2024.3.21）
ピクトアーツ 「トラクター - アイコン」
シルエットイラスト 「ドローンのシルエット05 アイコンイラスト」
ICOOON MONO 「人工衛星アイコン3」
BAYER "Digital Farming's Leading Platform"
Climate "Digital Farming’s Leading Software Platform"
Cropwise "DIGITAL FARMING CONNECTED"
Xarvio "xarvio Digital Farming Solutions Plan Smarter.Grow Better"
Xarvio 「新しい農業で収量アップを実現」

https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100954911.pdf

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xFarm "Yara International and xFarm Technologies partner to advance Sustainable Farming across Europe" （2023.11.14）

https://xfarm.ag/en/blog-posts/yara-international-e-xfarm-technologies-collaborano-per-far-progredire-lagricoltura-sostenibile-in-europa

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xFarm "A company started by farmers, for farmers"
xFarm "Precision Farming"
ISAGRI "EUROPEAN LEADER IN AGRICULTURAL SOFTWARE"
Agricolum "CUADERNO DE CAMPO"
Jones Deere "Operations Center"
Jones Deere "Operations Center"

https://xfarm.ag/en/the-company

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Claas "One platform, multiple options: new CLAAS connect digital ecosystem launches in 2024"

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https://itif.org/publications/2023/04/17/climate-tech-to-watch-green-ammonia/

https://www.yara.com/corporate-releases/yara-and-acme-signed-a-binding-agreement-for-supply-of-green-ammonia/
https://arpa-e.energy.gov/technologies/projects/non-equilibrium-plasma-energy-efficient-nitrogen-fixation
https://www.nitricity.co/renewable-nitrogen-fertilizer-pioneer
https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12135-Technical-amendments-to-the-annexes-to-the-FertilisingProducts-Regulation

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52022DC0590(01)https://biostimulants.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/20220425-EBIC-position-Ukraine-COM-communication-final.pdf

https://biostimulants.eu/issue/function-defines-biostimulant-products/
https://biostimulants.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/EBIC-Brochure-English.pdf
https://www.japanbsa.com/biostimulant/definition_and_significance.html
https://www.affrc.maff.go.jp/docs/innovate/attach/pdf/index-3.pdf
https://biochar-industry.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Whitepaper_Biochar2020.pdf

https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100923465.pdf
https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100943571.pdf
https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100958130.pdf
https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100958156.pdf
http://www.tokugikon.jp/gikonshi/256/256tokusyu03.pdf
https://www.statista.com/statistics/721921/forecasted-market-value-of-precision-farming-worldwide/https://www.aem.org/news/the-environmental-benefits-of-precision-agriculture-quantified
https://free-icon.org/07-illustration/0692-download-image.html
https://www.silhouette-illust.com/illust/24392#google_vignette
https://icooon-mono.com/license/
https://www.cropscience.bayer.us/tools/fieldview
https://climate.com/
https://www.cropwise.com/
https://www.xarvio.com/us/en.html
https://www.xarvio-japan.jp/

https://xfarm.ag/en/precision-agriculture
https://www.isagri.com/
https://agricolum.com/
https://www.deere.com/en/technology-products/precision-ag-technology/data-management/operations-center/
https://www.deere.co.uk/en/campaigns/ag-turf/operations-center/
https://www.claas.co.uk/news-testimonials/current/claas-news/one-platform--multiple-options--new-claas-connect-digital-ecosystemlaunches-in-2024/2837374

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Microsoft 「Microsoft Azure Data Manager for Agriculture の発表: 農業バリューチェーン全体のイノベーションを加速」 （2023.4.11）

https://www.microsoft.com/ja-jp/industry/blog/sustainability/2023/04/11/announcement-microsoft-azure-data-manager-for-agriculture/

Mineral "Our technology embraces the complexity of nature, unlocking plant secrets so the world can reimagine sustainable foodproduction."

https://mineral.ai/knowledge/

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Mineral "Introducing Mineral" （2023.1.11）

https://mineral.ai/blog/m-is-for-mineral/

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AFN "BREAKING: Alphabet brings agtech startup out of stealth with data from 10% of world’s farmland, 3 major customers"(2023.1.10）

https://agfundernews.com/breaking-alphabet-brings-agtech-startup-out-of-stealth-with-data-from-10-of-worlds-farmland-3-major-customers

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AG WEB "Mineral: Applying Silicon Valley ‘Superpowers’ To Agriculture" （2023.1.10）

https://www.agweb.com/news/business/technology/mineral-applying-silicon-valley-superpowers-agriculture36

IBM "Yara and IBM launch an open collaboration" （2020.1.23)

https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-01-23-Yara-and-IBM-launch-an-open-collaboration-for-farm-and-field-data-to-advance-sustainable-foodproduction

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IBM 「Yara International ASA 食糧問題の解決を目指して」 （2021.9.14）
IBM "Watson Decision Platform for Agriculture" （2019.1）
IBM "Make your smart farm smarter"
リモート・センシング技術センター 「Sentinel-2A / 2B / 2C / 2D」
Copernics "SENTINEL-2 MISSION GUIDE"USGS "Sentinel-2 Alberta NDVI" （2016)
Copernicus "Project database Sentinel-2 for Agriculture"
xFarm "ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE"
Agriexpo "xFarm"
IG4 "Acerca de IG4 - Agricultura Razonada"
Statista "Drones: market data & analysis" （2023.9）
Statista "Global market share of consumer and commercial drone manufacturers in March 2021, based on sales volume" （2021.6）
Statista "Share of the agriculture in drones market worldwide in 2022" （2023.10.16）
Bureau of Industry and Security "s 77 Additions to the Entity List for Human
Rights Abuses" （2020.12.18）

https://www.ibm.com/blogs/solutions/jp-ja/iot-yara/

https://www.maff.go.jp/j/kanbo/smart/forum/R2smaforum/mattingu/system.html

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農林水産省 「作業の重複幅が減少し、単位時間あたりの作業面積が約10～25％増加」
John Deere "John Deere Reveals Fully Autonomous Tractor at CES 2022" （2022.1.4)
Agtecher "The 8R 410 is available in five models offering 177 to 405 engine horsepower. List prices range from $500,000 to$800,000." （2023.11.9）

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CLAAS "CLAAS Claims Two of Three Davidson Prizes for Farm Equipment Innovation and Technology"

https://www.claas.ca/claas-central/media-center/news_stories/claas-claims-two-of-three-davidson-prizes-for-farm-equipment-innovationand-technology-/2861372

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AG Dealer.com "Base Price for the XERION 12.650 TERRA TRAC is $953,743 USD on Claas.com"
MONARCH "The world’s first driver-optional, data driven, and 100% electric tractor"
FARMDROID "FARMDROID FD20"FARMDROID "FARMDROID FD20 FACT SHEET"
Irish Farmers Journal "The FarmDroid FD20 has a list price of Eur97,000 plus VAT. "https://www.agdealer.com/equipmentcorner/model/claas-xerion-12-series-tractor/

https://www.naio-technologies.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/brochure-TED-ENGLISH-3.pdf

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naio Technologies "Ted, straddling vineyard robot"
Future Farming "Mechanical weeding and cultivation in vineyards. Development start: 2018. Pricing: Sale. Eur 200,000 "Kubota "The Autonomous Sprayer Concept Model Co-developed with Pulverizadores Fede Receives the FIMA Technical NoveltyAward 2024" （2024.2.21）
Kubota "KUBOTA RELEASES LXE-261 COMPACT ELECTRIC TRACTOR IN EUROPE"

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CNH "CASE IH_Farmall 75C Electric wins Farm Machine Award 2024_3"

https://media.cnh.com/emea/case-ih_farmall-75c-electric-wins-farm-machine-award-2024_3/a/e6584060-a293-4542-9d2f-b2584fd09a90

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Fendt "Fendt e100 Vario: The battery-powered compact tractor" （2017.9.8）

https://www.fendt.com/us/fendt-e100-vario-press-release

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John Deere "Il motore MultiFuel: sostenibilita e basso impatto ambientale grazie ai biocarburanti" （2022.11.18）

https://www.deere.it/it/la-compagnia/news-e-media/comunicati-stampa/2022/il-motore-multifuel-sostenibilita-e-basso-impatto-ambientalegrazie-ai-biocarburanti.html

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Future Farming "John Deere Tests Multi Fuel Concept" （2021.11.15）

https://www.futurefarming.com/smart-farming/john-deere-tests-multi-fuel-concept/

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New Holland "New Holland debuts next generation of alternative fuel tractors with T7.270 Methane Power CNG" （2023.9.26）

https://agriculture.newholland.com/en-ie/europe/new-holland-world/news/2023/next-generation-of-alternative-fuel-tractors-with-t7-270methane-power-cng

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AG Dealer com "New Holland T7 Methane Power LNG Tractor" （2023.11.8）
CNH "HYBRID CVT WINS SILVER MEDAL IN AGRITECHNICA AWARDS AS STEYRR BRINGS INNOVATION INTO THE FIELD" （2023.9.26）
Fendt "Fendt shows first hydrogen tractor at German Hydrogen Summit" （2023.2.27）

https://www.agdealer.com/equipmentcorner/model/new-holland-t7-methane-power-lng-tractor/

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https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/ONVXEB2A
https://www.ibm.com/products/environmental-intelligence-suite/agriculture
https://www.restec.or.jp/satellite/sentinel-2-a-2-b
https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/documents/247904/4180891/Sentinel-2-infographic.pdf
https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/sentinel-2-alberta-ndvi

https://www.copernicus.eu/en/sentinel-2-agriculture
https://xfarm.ag/en/environment-and-climate
https://www.agriexpo.online/ja/prod/x-farm/product-189200-149112.html
https://www.ig4.es/ig4.php
https://www.statista.com/study/78525/drones-market-data-and-analysis/
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1254982/global-market-share-of-drone-manufacturers/

https://www.statista.com/statistics/729533/forecasted-market-size-of-drones-in-smart-agriculture-worldwide/https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/about-bis/2700-77-entity-list-additions-revised/file

https://www.deere.com/en/our-company/digital-security/autonomous-tractor-reveal/
https://agtecher.com/autonomous-tractors-pros-cons/

https://www.monarchtractor.com/mk-v-electric-tractor
https://farmdroid.com/products/farmdroid-fd20/
https://pdf.agriexpo.online/ja/pdf-en/farmdroid/farmdroid-fd20-factsheet/190622-43685.html#open147331
https://www.farmersjournal.ie/machinery/farm-machinery/ireland-first-autonomous-seed-n-weed-robot-gets-to-work-in-the-southeast769012

https://www.futurefarming.com/naio-ted-mechanical-weeding-and-cultivation/
https://www.kubota.com/news/2024/20240221.html

https://ke.kubota-eu.com/blog/news/kubota-releases-lxe-261-compact-electric-tractor-in-europe/#agriculture

https://media.cnh.com/emea/steyr/hybrid-cvt-wins-silver-medal-in-agritechnica-awards-as-steyr--brings-innovation-into-thefield/s/fbd4017b-23af-4bf3-8442-84d97d29c256
https://www.fendt.com/int/fendt-shows-first-hydrogen-tractor-at-german-hydrogen-summit

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https://www.precisionfarmingdealer.com/articles/5683-syngenta-announces-integration-of-cropwise-platform-with-cnh-brands

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PRECISION FARMING DEALER "Syngenta Announces Integration of Cropwise Platform with CNH Brands" （2023.11.20）
Syngenta "Syngenta Group and CNH Industrial connect digital applications to better serve farmers" （2023.11.13）

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Climate "Users of John Deere Operations Center can connect their accounts to Climate FieldView"

https://climate.com/friends/john-deere-operations-center/43

xFarm "Yara International and xFarm Technologies partner to advance Sustainable Farming across Europe" （2023.11.14） europa

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Claas "1989 - 2019 - Company history"
ISO "Data-driven agrifood systems"
ISO "Supporting agrifood systems through international standards"
ISO "STRATEGIC ADVISORY GROUP REPORT ON SMART FARMING"
DIN "New structures for data-driven agrifood systems"
ANSI "HARNESSING THE POWER OF DATA IN THE AGRIFOOD INDUSTRY"

44

農林水産省 「ISOでデータ駆動型アグリフードシステムに関連する新たな規格の検討がはじまります」 2024.3

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ISO ”TMB resolutions (TMB resolutions - 2021 (Resolution 1- 100).pdf)”

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NEDO 「NEDO燃料電池・水素技術開発ロードマップ報告会」
クボタ 「NEDO水素・燃料電池成果報告会2023」 （2023.7.14）
クボタ 「クボタ、開発中の「水素燃料電池トラクタ」を初公開」 （2024.3.28）
OECD "Agriculture irrigation accounts for 70% of water use worldwide"
USDA "Hydroponics"
USDA NIFA "Aquaculture Stakeholder Listening Session: Aquaponics"
NASA "NASA SPINOFF" （2006）
Congressional research service "Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) Production" （2023.8.31）
Danthem Grop "Why Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) is the future" （2023.8.1）
Roland Berger "Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)" （2023.6.5）
US Department of Energy "Water, Energy, and the Future of Farming" （2023.9.28）
USDA "Trends, Insights, and Future Prospects for Production in Controlled Environment Agriculture and Agrivoltaics
Systems" （2024.１)
Statista "Statistics report on indoor farming" （2023.6.7）
Oishii "The World's Largest Indoor Vertical Strawberry Farm"農林水産省 「日本の高級イチゴを米国において垂直農法で栽培」
Smart Agri 「Oishii Farm、200億円の資金調達で米国に世界最大の次世代植物工場を建設」
AFN ”‘Prioritizing taste over timelines’: amidst ongoing market correction, vertical farming company Oishii raises $134m
Series B” （2024.2.27）
農研機構 「そよかの」
Yanmar 「「ヤンマー大玉トマト収穫ロボット」試作機を「2022国際ロボット展」へ出展」 （2022.3.1）
NEDO 「革新的ロボット研究開発基盤構築事業」 （2020.10.16）
NEDO 「人工知能技術適用によるスマート社会の実現」
NEDO 「AI活用型サービスやAI開発運用基盤の開発など6テーマを採択」 （2018.8.16）
FARMSHIP 「「植物工場等バリューチェーン効率化システム研究開発」がNEDOの研究開発プロジェクトに採択されました。」 （2018.8.21）
FARMSHIP 「AIによる植物工場等バリューチェーン効率化システムの研究開発」 （2022.6.16）
Nedo 「脱炭素社会実現に向けた省エネルギー技術の研究開発・社会実装促進プログラム」
FARMSHIP 「NEDO 脱炭素省エネプログラムで、革新的省エネ植物工場技術の開発、２年目目標を達成」 （2024.3.29）
ASCII 「月面でも農業を可能に 次世代のアグリテック技術をもつスタートアップ5社」 （2022.3.31）
European Commission "Ensuring availability and affordability of fertilisers" （2022.11.9）
EBIC "Plant biostimulants can alleviate a secondary food security
crisis triggered by the conflict in Ukraine"
ファームコネクト 「【衝撃】3Kはもう古い？農業のイメージは新3Kの時代です」 （2023.1.6）

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https://www.syngentagroup.com/newsroom/2023/syngenta-group-and-cnh-industrial-connect-digital-applications-better-serve-farmers

https://xfarm.ag/en/blog-posts/yara-international-e-xfarm-technologies-collaborano-per-far-progredire-lagricoltura-sostenibile-inhttps://www.claas.co.uk/company/history/company-history/company-history/1989-today?subject=CUK_en_GB
Data-driven agrifood systems
https://www.iso.org/news/supporting-agrifood-systems
https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/publications/en/2023_SAG-SF_Final_Report.pdf
https://www.din.de/en/innovation-and-research/smart-farming/new-structures-for-data-driven-agrifood-systems
https://www.ansi.org/standards-news/all-news/2024/04/4-30-24-harnessing-the-power-of-data-in-the-agrifood-industry-join-us-tag-toiso-tc-347
https://www.maff.go.jp/j/jas/attach/pdf/hukyuu-22.pdf
https://www.iso.org/committee/4882545.html?t=rQ0lbicBpgOraPTxt0YNOijdmMwcR8U15dIyHxRKWmaotzToLKn9daMB2D733pW&view=documents#section-isodocuments-top
https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100957123.pdf
https://hydrogen2023.nedo.go.jp/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/A2-2.pdf
https://www.kubota.co.jp/news/2024/management-20240328.html
https://www.oecd.org/agriculture/topics/water-and-agriculture/https://www.nal.usda.gov/farms-and-agricultural-production-systems/hydroponics
https://www.nifa.usda.gov/events/aquaculture-stakeholder-listening-session-aquaponics
https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2006/er_2.html
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12485
https://www.danthermgroup.com/en-gb/calorex/why-controlled-environment-agriculture-cea-is-the-future-of-farming
https://www.rolandberger.com/en/Insights/Publications/Controlled-Environment-Agriculture-(CEA).html
https://www.energy.gov/eere/iedo/articles/water-energy-and-future-farming
https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/108221/eib-264.pdf?v=6749.4

https://www.statista.com/study/51572/indoor-farming/
https://oishii.com/pages/our-farms
https://www.affrc.maff.go.jp/docs/innovate/attach/pdf/seika-4.pdf
https://smartagri-jp.com/news/8531
https://agfundernews.com/prioritizing-taste-over-timelines-amidst-ongoing-market-correction-vertical-farming-company-oishii-raises134m-series-b
https://www.naro.go.jp/collab/breed/0300/0301/131361.html
https://www.yanmar.com/jp/news/2022/03/01/104681.html
https://www.nedo.go.jp/news/press/AA5_101366.html
https://www.nedo.go.jp/activities/ZZJP_100137.html
https://www.nedo.go.jp/news/press/AA5_101009.html
https://farmship.co.jp/news/227/
https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100950147.pdf
https://www.nedo.go.jp/activities/ZZJP_100197.html
https://farmship.co.jp/news/1037/
https://ascii.jp/elem/000/004/087/4087511/
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52022DC0590(01)https://biostimulants.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/20220425-EBIC-position-Ukraine-COM-communication-final.pdf

https://farm-connect.org/to-become-a-farmer/3k/

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TSC International Strategy Unit

Agritech Report～From the perspective of food security and environmental impact～
Published in August,2024

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization（NEDO）
Technology and Innovation Strategy Center（TSC）■ Executive Director KISHIMOTO Kikuo■ Director General UEKI Kenji■International Strategy Unit
TOKUHIRO Masayo, FUJISHIMA Kotaro,
SATO Yume, SUZUKI Shigeo, TANI Masamichi■Agriculture and Food Technology UnitUGI Toshiharu, NISEKI Yoko, MISHIRO Junya,
WATANABE Naoki• The copyright of all documents, images, and so on published inthis material belongs to NEDO TSC, unless otherwise stated.
• The contents of this report may be quoted, reprinted, andreproduced in whole or in part as long as such actions are
permitted under the Copyright Act for private use, quotation orother use, with clear indication of the source in an appropriate
way.
However, if the contents are specified from other sources than
NEDO TSC, please use them according to their terms of use
set by the respective copyright holder.
• If you wish to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained inthis document for commercial purposes, please contact us inadvance at the contact information below. Reproduction forcommercial purposes refers to copying and selling copyrighted
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• Alteration of all or part of this report without the permission of
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Contact Information:
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Technology and Innovation Strategy Center（TSC）
Phone: +81 44 520 5200
E-Mail: tsc-unit-2024@ml.nedo.go.jp

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