-1-Types and performance characteristics of thixotropic agents(Issued at Apr. 13th 1999 / Copyright 1999. Kusumoto Chemicals, Ltd. Allright Reserved. )1. Introduction
There are a great number of paint additives, among which thixotropic agents are particularly
important and essential material in formulating paint systems.
Thixotropic agents are classified into two categories, organic and inorganic thixotropic agents.
The organic thixotropic agents include not only mono component products, but also hybrid types
as well as pre-activated products. This diversity of product types has made it necessary for people
in the paint industry to better understand the types available and their characteristics when they
make a proper selection of additives. This paper discusses the organic thixotropic agents.
2. Types of Organic Thixotropic Agents Classified According to Raw Materials
Raw materials used for thixotropic agents include castor wax, amide wax, polyethylene wax,
polymerized vegetable oil, some surface active agents and mixtares or combinations of two or
more of these materials.
◇ Castor Wax
Photo No.1
Castor wax is obtained by hydrogenating castor oil.
This wax has a tendency to swell into a thixotropic gel
structure in some solvents at a high temperature.
Castor wax is now offered as a thixotropic agent in theform of powder. This types of thixotropic agent can workin a broad range of systems from clear varnish to enamels.
However, there is one drawback, which is that the wax
can cause seeding due to its inherent property to solubilize
and recrystalize in solvents heated up to 30 〜 50 ℃.
Photo No.1 shows swollen particles of castor wax ina solvent at a high temperature.
◇ Oxidized Polyethylene Wax
Photo No.2
Oxidized polyethylene wax is a polyethylene wax which
has some polar groups incorporated by oxidization.
The wax, when dispersed in a coating system to makea colloidal dispersion, builds up a network structure
together with pigment present there, giving a mild
thixotropy to the system.
This type of wax is offered as an anti-settling agent forenamels and supplied in the form of pre-gel for easierdispersion. One advantage of oxidized polyethylene wax isthat the wax does not give the problem of seeding as thecastor-wax-based products are likely to do.
Photo No.2 shows the colloidal dispersion of oxidized polyethylene wax.

-2◇ Amide Wax
Some types of the amide wax compounded with vegetable oil fatty acids and amines havethe property to form a gel structure in some solvents as castor wax does.
The most desirable ones are offered as thixotropic agents in the form of fine powder or paste(wax pre-activated with solvent and heat) . Just as in the case of castor wax products, theseamide-wax-based thixotropic agents are used in a broad application area ranging from clear
varnish to enamels.
It should be noted that you can handle amide-wax-based products with much less concern
for possible seeding than castor-wax-based products because amide wax is rather difficult tosolubilize in solvents.
Photo No.3

Photo No.4

◇ Polymerized Linseed Oil
Polymerized linseed oil has long been used in oil and alkyds paints for bodying purposes.
This type of bodying agent, though it has a thixotropic nature to some degree, is notpreferred in paint systems based on present-day technology, as its use increases viscosity
much more than desired.
◇ Surface Active Agents
Dimmer acid esters and amine salts of sulfate etc. are used in oil and alkyds paints, but
their use is limited because of their characteristics of wide selectivity particular to surface
active materials.
◇ Hybrid Type(Amide wax/Oxidized polyethylene wax)
The combination of these two different materials makes a product with an interesting andunique property which makes up for the shortcomings of amide-wax-based products andwhich offers the benefit of oxidized polyethylene wax.
It is a widely accepted fact that amide-wax-based products
cannot work as intended when dispersed too much. For thisreason, the amide wax, in many cases, has not been used inhighly pigmented systems such as heavy duty anticorrosion paints. In the hybrid-type wax, the interaction
between the two materials prevents excessive dispersion.
Also structures are build up by the interaction of thehybrid-type wax with the pigments.
Therefore, grinding with the milbase brings out its
effectiveness, and also does not raise viscosity too much.
Photo No.5
This is why it is often used in high solid systems or solvent free systems.
With the hybrid type, you can duly expect further reduction in the possibility of seeding.
The hybrid type is supplied in the form of pre-activated paste.
Photo No.5 shows the swollen(activated) particles of a hybrid product.

-33. Kusumoto Chemicals' Thixotropic agents
Raw material

DISPARLON

Appearance etc.

Application

RemarkCastor wax#305

powderAlkyds and oil paints

Castor wax#4300

powderAlkyds and oil paints

Modified castor wax#4200-20Paste
20% solids in Xylene

Universal use

Pre-gelled oxidized
polyethylen wax#4200-10Paste
10% solids in Xylene

Universal use
Metalic paints
Zinc-rich paints
Aerosols

Pre-gelled oxidized
polyethylen wax#4401-25M

Paste
25% solids inPetroleum naphtha

Universal use

Pre-gelled oxidized
polyethylen wax#6650

PowderHeavy duty anticorrosion coatings

Modified amide wax#6900-20X

Paste
20% solids in Xylene

Metalic base coats,
Wood andArchitectural coatings

Pre-activatedamide wax

A650-20X

Paste
20% solids in Xylene

Industrial top coats
Heavy duty anticorrosion coatings

Pre-activatedamide wax

A670-20M

Paste
25% solids inPetroleum naphtha

Heavyduty anti-corrosion
coatings

Pre-activatedamide wax

F-9030Paste
30% solids inBanzyl alcohol

Hi-solods coatings

Pre-activatedamide wax

NS-30

Paste
15% solids in Xylene

Conventional anticorrosion enamels

Pre-activatedwaxes

F-9010Paste
30% solids in Xylene

Hi-solods heavy
duty anti-corrosion
enamels

Pre-activatedwaxes

F-9050Paste
100% solids in Resin

Non-solvent enamels
Hi-solods heavy
duty anti-corrosion
enamels

Pre-activatedwaxes

Oxidizedpolyethylene wax

Amide wax

HybridAmide wax/
Oxidized polyethylene wax