Annals of Clinical Case Reports

Case Report
Published: 04 Feb, 2023

Development of the Microwave Syndrome in Two Men
Shortly after Installation of 5G on the Roof above their
OfficeNilsson M1 and Hardell L2*
1

Swedish Radiation Protection Foundation, Sweden

2

The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, Sweden

Abstract
The 5th generation, 5G, for wireless communication is rolled out without previous studies on
potential effects on human health and the environment. In this case study we describe two men, case
1 and case 2, working in three office rooms close to base stations. After the deployment of 5G, bothmen developed symptoms typical for the microwave syndrome, e.g., headache, tinnitus, dizziness,balance disorder, concentration and attention deficiency, and fatigue. Radiofrequency Radiation(RFR) after the 5G deployment was measured in the three offices. In office one maximum (peak)
RFR during one minute varied from 463 to 1,180,000 µW/m2, in office two from 6,230 to 501,000
and in office three from 13,700 to 613,000 µW/m2. The symptoms disappeared in both men within acouple of weeks (case 1) or immediately (case 2) after leaving the office for other offices with much
lower maximum peak RFR emissions, maximum for case 1 =16 and for case 2 =2,920 µW/m2. Thiscase report may be regarded as a provocation study on health from 5G RFR. The clinical picture inboth men was clearly related to the exposure, although the exposures were well below the guidelines
recommended by ICNIRP that are claimed to protect against all health effects. We conclude thatthe guidelines for RFR exposure based only on tissue heating by ICNIRP are inadequate to protect
human health and that 5G appears to provoke symptoms of microwave syndrome in previously
healthy people.

OPEN ACCESS*Correspondence:
Lennart Hardell, The Environment
and Cancer Research Foundation,
Studievägen 35, SE-702 17, Örebro,
Sweden,E-mail: lennart.hardell@environmentandcancer.com
Received Date: 24 Jan 2023
Accepted Date: 30 Jan 2023
Published Date: 04 Feb 2023
Citation:
Nilsson M, Hardell L. Development of
the Microwave Syndrome in Two Men
Shortly after Installation of 5G on the
Roof above their Office. Ann Clin Case
Rep. 2023; 8: 2378.
ISSN: 2474-1655.
Copyright © 2023 Hardell L. This is an
open access article distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction inany medium, provided the original work
is properly cited.

Keywords: Base station; 5G; Radiofrequency radiation; Electromagnetic hypersensitivity;
Microwave syndrome; Health

Introduction
Guidelines for exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation (RFR), also called microwaves, from
ICNIRP [1] and the FCC [2] are based on outdated assumptions that ignore current scientificevidence on health effects. Tissue heating within very short exposure time is the only accepted basis
for these guidelines. Thereby these guidelines do not protect against numerous non-thermal healtheffects observed for RFR exposure at non-thermal levels [3]. Microwaves are frequencies in the rangeof 300 MHz to 300 GHz and it is within this range of frequencies that modern wireless technologies
for instance 3G, 4G, 5G and Wi-Fi operate. People may react to RFR with e.g., insomnia, heart
palpitations, tinnitus, skin disorders, headache, and neurological symptoms at exposure levels clearly
below the guidelines suggested by ICNIRP and FCC. The terms microwave syndrome, microwave
illness, radiofrequency sickness or Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (EHS) have been attributed tothese health effects. The symptoms develop at levels of RFR exposure well below the guidelines from
ICNIRP, and are alleviated by elimination of or reduced exposure, but may in some cases persist to
some degree. Individuals suffering from EHS react with health symptoms already at very low nonthermal exposure levels to RF-radiation [4]. The symptoms of microwave syndrome or illness were
described already in the 1960’s by researchers in East European Countries [5] as a consequence oflong-term occupational exposure to microwaves/RFR. These non-thermal effects depend primarilyon the modulation and/or pulsation of the signal and also on the peak and average intensity of the
RFR. The symptoms decline and may disappear completely after exposure has ceased and may aftera few days to several weeks have disappeared completely [6]. Recently we published a case reporton two persons, who developed the microwave syndrome after installation of base station for 5G
on the roof just above their apartment [7]. Due to the severity of the symptoms caused by the sharp
increase in non-thermal levels of microwaves from the 5G base station, the couple had to move toRemedy Publications LLC., | http://anncaserep.com/

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Annals of Clinical Case Reports - Oncology

Nilsson M, et al.,Figure 1: Top floor apartment adjacent to base stations. Office 1 = number 1 in figure (see Table 3), Office 2 = number 2 in figure (see Table 4), office 3 = number
3 in figure (see Table 5).

another accommodation with low radiation whereby most of their
symptoms quickly alleviated. This was a clear case of the microwave
syndrome or illness. In this article we describe two cases with a similar
medical history after installation of 5G base stations on the roof above
their office. They were asked to evaluate prevalence and severity of
microwave syndrome symptoms experienced at different places. The
list of symptoms is adapted after Belpomme et al. [8].

the symptoms listed in table 1 the man experienced sudden and very
sharp pain in the elbows while working and living below the 5G
antennas and also pain upon touching the skin with his own hand.
The man left the office on August 1st, 2022. Most of his symptoms
disappeared after a couple of weeks after moving to another combined
office and apartment in another small town with no 5G base station
antenna in proximity. All symptoms had completely disappeared by
September 15th, 2022 one and a half month after he left the office.
However, arthralgia and headache reappear rather quickly wheneverhe visits places with high radiation such as in Stockholm city [9-13].
He estimates that his sensitivity to RFR has increased after the period
when he stayed in the office below the 5G base station.

Case History
Two men aged 57 and 42 years, respectively, developed symptoms
typical of the microwave syndrome shortly after start of exposure toa 5G-base station that was installed and activated in November, 2021
on the roof of their office. All symptoms were self-assessed.

Man aged 42, case 2

Man aged 57, case 1

The man worked and slept since February 2021 in a combined
office/apartment, se Figure 1, room no 3. Soon after the deploymentof the 5G-base station several symptoms appeared that he did nothave previously. The list of symptoms he experienced during his
stay in the office are presented in Table 2. He experienced worsened
insomnia (6), tendency of depression (6), anxiety/panic (7), emotivity(5), headache (3), concentration/attention deficiency (3) and toa lesser extent irritability (2), tinnitus (1), dizziness (1), balance
disorder (1), confusion (1), and hair loss (1). Toothache was a major
problem (not in list of symptoms). He had a history of very healthy
teeth, no amalgam fillings, or any other problems. Further, the man
experienced during his stay in the office a light pressure aroundthe whole head. He describes himself as a previously very healthy
person who has never had any problems with either his teeth orwith headaches. The toothache, the head-pressure, and the tinnitus
disappeared immediately when he left the office on December 20th,
2021. He moved to a house on the countryside with no 5G or othertelecommunication masts in the near vicinity. All symptoms that hehad experienced in the office disappeared rapidly. In November 2022
he declared himself completely symptom free.

The man is a director of a small company and an IT andmanagement consultant like the other two men in this case study. He
hired the office and used it from May 2019. At that time a base stationfor 3G and 4G was already at the same spot on the roof of the building
where the new 5G base station was installed in November 2021. The
man worked in the office below the base station without any healthissues from May 2019 until November 2021. His own office room wasplaced right below the base station, see Figure 1, room number 1. The
man spent very little time in this office during the first period after the
5G deployment, from November 2021 until end of April 2022, due
to his work in other areas. However, from the end of April 2022 heworked full time in the office located below the 5G base station. He
also slept overnight in the conference room within the office spacenext to his own office from May to the end of July 2022, see Figure
1, room no 2. In consequence, during the months of May, June andJuly 2022, he spent both days and nights close to the 5G base station.
Within a couple of weeks, during May, he developed headache. He
noticed that the headache disappeared when he left the building but
reappeared when he returned.
The list of symptoms the man experienced over time during his
stay in the office room and the conference room below the 5G basestation is presented in Table 1. The grading of the symptoms wasgrade 0 (no symptoms) to 10 (unbearable pain and/or discomfort).
As shown in Table 1 the most severe symptoms were headache (5),arthralgia (10), tinnitus (5), concentration and attention deficiency(7), fatigue (6), early wake-up (7), and skin burning (7). Apart from
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Exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR)
All measurements of RFR exposure in the office below the 5Gbase station were made daytime on June 10th, 2022 with the device
Safe and Sound and Pro II. It has a true response detection range
between 400 MHz and 7.2 GHz. It was calibrated by the manufacturer
and has an accuracy of ± 6 dB. (https://safelivingtechnologies.com/
products/safe-and-sound-pro-ii-rf-meter.html). In Sweden in city
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Annals of Clinical Case Reports - Oncology

Nilsson M, et al.,Table 2: Clinical symptoms grades 0-10. 0= no symptoms, 1= mild symptoms,
10= unbearable pain and/or discomfort. A man aged 42, previously healthy
without any symptoms.
Office with Office New office
Symptomno 5Gwith 5G without 5G

Table 1: Clinical symptoms grades 0-10. 0= no symptoms, 1= mild symptoms,
10= unbearable pain and/or discomfort. A man aged 57 years with diabetes typeII.
Office with Office
New office
Symptomno 5Gwith 5G without 5G
Headache0

50Headache030Dysesthesia

0

8

0

Dysesthesia

0

0

0

Myalgia030Myalgia000Arthralgia

0

10

0

Arthralgia

0

0

0

Ear heat/otalgia

0

0

0

Ear heat/otalgia

0

0

0

Tinnitus

3

5

3

Tinnitus010Hyperacusis

0

0

0

Hyperacusis

0

0

0

Dizziness

0

3

3

Dizziness010Balance disorder

0

2

0

Balance disorder

0

1

0

Concentration/Attention deficiency

0

7

0

Concentration/Attention deficiency

0

3

0

Loss of immediate memory

0

2

0

Loss of immediate memory

0

0

0

Confusion

000

Confusion0

1

0

Fatigue2

6

2

Fatigue030Insomnia000Insomnia

3

6

0

Early wake-up

0

7

0

Early wake-up

4

6

0

Depression tendency

0

0

0

Depression tendency

0

6

0

Suicidal ideation

0

0

0

Suicidal ideation

0

0

0

0

Transitory cardiovascularabnormalities, heart rate variability

0

0

0

Transitory cardiovascularabnormalities, heart rate variability00Ocular deficiency

0

0

0

Ocular deficiency

0

0

0

Anxiety/Panic

0

0

0

Anxiety/Panic

0

7

0

Emotivity

N.A.

N.A.

N.A:

Emotivity050

Irritability

N.A.

N.A.

N.A:

Irritability

0

2

0

Global body dysthermia

0

0

0

Global body dysthermia

0

0

0

Lungs; dyspnea, cough,

0

3

0

Lungs, dyspnea, cough

0

1

0

Stomach, diarrhea (involuntary)

0

0

0

Stomach, diarrhea (involuntary)

0

0

0

Skin (face, arms, legs)

0

8

4

Skin (face, arms, legs)

0

0

0

0

0

0

-burning, lancinating skin on
hands and arms

0

8

0

-burning, lancinating skin on
hands and arms

Nose bleeding

0

0

0

Nose bleeding

0

0

0

Blood pressure variability (high, low)

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

Blood pressure variability (high, low)

0

0

0

Hair loss

000Hair loss

01

0

N.A.: Not Assessed

environments, the frequencies around 3.5 GHz and below are mostcommonly used for 5G, i.e., frequencies covered by the exposimeter.
Nineteen measurements, each during one minute, were performedin the office room where the 57-year-old man who developed
microwave syndrome symptoms worked, see no 1 in Figure 1. Further
20 measurements each during 1 minute were performed in the small
apartment/office where the 42-year-old man (case 1) developed
symptoms, see no 3 in Figure 1, and in the conference room where
the 57-year-old man stayed overnight during three months, see no2, Figure 1. The highest maximum radiation level, 1,180,000 μW/m2,
was measured in the office room right below the 5G base station (no1, Figure 1) where case 1 worked, see Table 3. The roof is covered
only by roofing felt which probably contributes to the very high levels
right below the antennas, i.e., less shielding than sheet metal. The
peak exposure values over one minute varied very much between
times of measurements, which reflects the high variation of exposure
to radiation from the 5G base station.

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In the conference room, see no 2 in Figure 1, where the 57-yearold man (case 1) slept for three months the highest peak maximum
level measured was 501,000 μW/m2, see Table 4. In the combined
apartment/office room, see no 3 in Figure 1, where the 41-year-oldman (case 2) worked and slept, highest measured peak maximum
level was 613,000 μW/m2, see Table 5. These results contrast to RFR
in the new office of case 1. The radiation was low, 9 μW/m2 to 15 μW/
m2 peak exposure, see Table 6. Also, at other places such as conference
and resting rooms, and kitchen low peak RFR was measured. For case2, lower emissions were measured in his new office/home with peak
RFR from 51 μW/m2 to 2,350 μW/m2, see Table 7. The office wasalso used as bedroom. Low emissions were measured in the kitchen.
Highest peak exposure was found in the living room, 2,920 μW/m2.

Discussion
In 2020 the French government agency ANSES concluded that
there were no studies on health or biological effects from microwaves
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Annals of Clinical Case Reports - Oncology

Nilsson M, et al.,Table 3: Measurements of radiofrequency/microwave radiation in the office
below the 5G base station June 10th, 2022. Office 1 in Figure 1. Each value
represents maximum (peak) value during 1 minute.

Table 5: Measurements of radiofrequency/microwave radiation in the office
below the 5G base station June 10th, 2022. Office 3 in Figure 1. Each value
represents maximum (peak) value during 1 minute.

Maximum value in μW/m2

Time

Maximum value in μW/m2

Time20,700

15:36

13,700

15:19

1,180,000

15:38

17,800

15:20

15,100

15:39

17,500

15:21

6,690

15:40

19,600

15:24

4,190

15:42

91,300

15:25

275,000

15:43

27,300

18:44

463

15:44

38,900

18:47

19,20018:23

25,800

18:49

8,460

18:25

19,200

18:51

3,090

18:26

19,900

18:52

2,440

18:27

154,000

19:12

1,110

18:28

490,000

19:13

428,000

18:30

613,000

19:14

6,460

18:31

19,900

19:49

7,320

18:33

22,700

19:50

1,130

18:35

17,200

19:51

849

18:37

25,400

19:52

3,200

18:38

20,700

19:53

864

18:39

18,500

19:54

23,500

19:56

Table 4: Measurements of radiofrequency/microwave radiation in the office
below the 5G base station June 10th, 2022. Office 2 in Figure 1. Each value
represents maximum (peak) value during 1 minute.
Maximum value in μW/m

Time

Table 6: Measurements of radiofrequency/microwave radiation in the new officeof case 1, Man aged 57, November 14th, 2022 at 1.30 pm to 2.30 pm. Each value
represents maximum (peak) value during 1 minute.

9,770

15:28

Maximum value in μW/m2

2

8,930

15:30

Office10,500

15:31

15

6,230

15:46

11

31,100

18:02

16

501,000

18:03

9

10,500

18:04

Conference room

13,30018:06

13

12,80018:07

811,300

18:08

6

11,10018:09

5254,000

18:10

Resting room

8,610

18:11

6

8,010

18:13

5

8,770

18:14

3

9,090

18:15

2

7,690

18:16

Kitchen

7,190

18:17

6

7,460

18:18

5

8,770

18:19

4
3

in the frequency range that is used for 5G in city areas (3.5 GHz)
(https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/AP2019SA0006Ra.pdf).
Nostudies on effects on human health from 5G radiation exposure have
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previously been published. The first rat study on effects from the 5G
frequency 3.5 GHz (GSM modulated), published in October 2022,
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Annals of Clinical Case Reports - Oncology

Nilsson M, et al.,second time he woke up in the middle of the night with severe headache
and also slight nausea. Again, he therefore left the apartment like thefirst time in the middle of the night and drove out to the countryside.
The headache and nausea disappeared after some hours this second
time as well. This case study may be regarded as a provocation studyof real-life exposure to 5G.

Table 7: Measurements of radiofrequency/microwave radiation in the new office/living space of case 2, Man aged 42, November 22nd at 11.30 am and 12.30 am.
Each value represents maximum (peak) value during 1 minute.
Maximum value in μW/m2
Kitchen
53
9

Measurements of microwave radiation were made in the officeand the living space of the men after the installation of the 5G basestation on the roof. This investigation shows that the 5G base station
emitted very high pulses of exposure to microwaves/RFR (maximum
1,180,000 μW/m2) and that 5G seems to be able to massively increase
microwave/RFR exposure [13]. Within short time typical symptomsof the microwave syndrome are triggered, such as headache, sleep
disturbances and tinnitus although the levels are well below theguidelines recommended by ICNIRP [1]. No health issues had
appeared with the previous 3G and 4G equipment’s at the same place.
Previous measurements showed that deployment of 5G base stationin addition to 3G and 4G increased microwaves/RFR peak exposure
from 9,000 to 2,500,000 μW/m2 [7]. Nevertheless, the guidelines for
exposure to microwaves applied in most countries today are based
only on thermal (heating) effects [1] that allow exposure to be as highas 10,000,000 μW/m2 averaged over 30 min and 40,000,000 μW/m2
local exposure averaged over 6 min [16]. The limits allow exposure
to short peak exposure to be yet much higher, or 1000 × 10,000,000
μW/m2. These thermal effects [17] occur at much higher intensities
than those measured in the office that caused ill health effects withina short period of time.

30
20
61
46
Living room
496
360
2,920
910
2,810
978
Bedroom/office
454
401
68
735
2,350

Thus, humans are completely unprotected against all nonthermal effects of real-life exposure to microwaves/RFR from modern
technology such as 3G, 4G, 5G. The harmful effects include cancer,
DNA damage, oxidative stress, neurological, and other biologicaleffects that may impair health [3]. The International Commission
on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields [3] concluded
that “the assumptions underlying the FCC’s and ICNIRP’s exposure
limits are invalid and continue to present a public health harm.” The
Commission further points to the fact that 5G is being rolled out
without any previous studies on health effects and that 5G createsradiation pulses from “extremely fast data transmission rates” that“have the potential to generate bursts of energy”. This case study
illustrates these intense bursts of energy. The maximum peak levels
varied considerably over time, see Tables 3-5.

323
1,150
51

observed that 2 hours a day of exposure to 1,600,000 μW/m2 5 daysa week during one month caused oxidative stress in the brain as wellas an increase of degenerated neurons in the hippocampus region of
the brain. Irisin levels were also decreased. The observed effects may
trigger neurodegenerative diseases according to the authors of thestudy [14]. The level of exposure was non-thermal and well below theguidelines recoommended by ICNIRP [1]. Previous studies on healtheffects in people living near base stations and mobile phone masts
have to a majority found health effects and symptom in line withthe findings in this case study, also called radiofrequency sickness or
microwave syndrome [15]. The effects have been observed at levels
very much lower than the ICNIRP guidelines.

The BioInitative Report suggested already in 2012, a limit for
RFR of 30 μW/m2 to 60 μW/m2, and even lower for sensitive persons
and children, 3 μW/m2 to 6 μW/m2 [18] in order to protect against
all known health effects based on the available evidence ten years
ago. The EUROPAEM EMF guidelines proposed in 2016 maximum
exposure to be 10 μW/m2 to 1,000 μW/m2, and lower at nighttime 1
μW/m2 to 100 μW/m2, and yet lower for sensitive persons 0.1 μW/m2
to 10 μW/m2 [19].

The presented symptoms in this case study after the deployment
of 5G are typical for the microwave syndrome. They appeared after
the deployment of a 5G base station on the roof right above the officeand disappeared after the reduction of microwave exposure when themen left the office. The 57-year-old man’s brother visited the office in
May 2022 and was invited to stay overnight in the small apartment
within the office space (see Figure 1, room no 3) The brother went
to bed in the evening but woke up in the middle of the night with aheavy headache. He took an aspirin but the severe headache persisted.
He therefore left the office space in the middle of the night and droveout of the town with his car. The headache disappeared within acouple of hours.

In addition, hundreds of scientists, medical doctors andorganizations have called for a revision of the limits for better
protection of humans and the environment (www.5gappeal.eu; www.
emfcall.org; www.emfscientist.org). This study shows that 5G leads
to very high microwave exposure with sharp peak pulses, which
confirms previous measurements performed after the roll-out of 5G[13]. Several years before the roll out of 5G, scientists and medical
doctors called for a moratorium on the 5G deployment due to the“massive increase of mandatory exposure” to microwaves and the

The headache returned when the brother again tried to stayovernight in the apartment one month later in June 2022. Also, thisRemedy Publications LLC., | http://anncaserep.com/

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Annals of Clinical Case Reports - Oncology

Nilsson M, et al.,fact that the health hazards of this new technology had not been
investigated [20], (www.5gappeal.eu). In a presentation at the ITU
Workshop on 5G, EMF & Health Warsaw, December 5th, 2017, an
employee of Ericsson, one of the world’s leading 5G infrastructure
providers, illustrated that 5G will lead to a substantial increase in RF
radiation exposure [21]. If 100 times lower limits than ICNIRP’s were
to be used, i.e., those applied in countries such as Switzerland, 5G rollout would be a “major problem or impossible”. Exclusion zone could
be 35 meters below a base station on the roof of a building in cities.

8. Belpomme D, Campagnac C, Irigaray P. Reliable disease biomarkers
characterizing and identifying electrohypersensitivity and multiple
chemical sensitivity as two etiopathogenic aspects of a unique pathologicaldisorder. Rev Environ Health. 2015;30:251-71.
9. Carlberg M, Hedendahl LK, Koppel T, Hardell L. High ambient
radiofrequency radiation in Stockholm city, Sweden. Oncol Lett.
2019;17:1777-83.
10. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Koppel T, Hedendahl L. High radiofrequency
radiation at Stockholm Old Town: An exposimeter study including
the Royal Castle, Supreme Court, three major squares and the Swedish
Parliament. Mol Clin Oncol. 2017;6(4):462-76.

Conclusion
5G is being rolled out without any studies showing that 5G issafe for humans and wildlife. To our knowledge, this is among thefirst studies of health outcomes in persons exposed to real life 5G
microwave radiation. Within few weeks, a new 5G base station caused
typical symptoms of the microwave syndrome or radiofrequency
sickness in two men working and living in the office below the basestation. The deployment of 5G also caused very high maximum(peak) microwave/RFR radiation non-thermal exposure, however far
below the ICNIRP guidelines. The symptoms disappeared completely
within some weeks after the men moved from the office to dwellings
with much lower exposure. This case is in line with scientific findings
reported over the last years on effects of exposure to microwave/RFR
radiation at non-thermal levels. It also confirms previous findingsthat most symptoms disappear when the exposure is reduced or
discontinued. This study adds to previously available studies thatshow that the microwave syndrome or illness appears at levels much
below the current guidelines recommended by the ICNIRP.

11. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hedendahl LK, Koppel M, Ahonen M.
Environmental radiofrequency radiation at the Järntorget Square in
Stockholm Old Town, Sweden in May, 2018 compared with results on
brain and heart tumour risks in rats exposed to 1.8 GHz base station
environmental emissions. World Acad Sci J. 2019;1:47-54.
12. Koppel T, Ahonen M, Carlberg M, Hardell L. Very high radiofrequency
radiation at Skeppsbron in Stockholm, Sweden from mobile phone basestation antennas positioned close to pedestrians' heads. Environ Res.
2022;208:112627.
13. Koppel T, Hardell L. Measurements of radiofrequency electromagnetic
fields, including 5G, in the city of Columbia, SC, USA. World Acad Sci
J. 2022;4:22.
14. Bektas H, Algul S, Altindag F, Yegin K, Akdag MZ, Dasdag S. Effects of
3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation on ghrelin, nesfatin-1, and irisin level indiabetic and healthy brains. J Chem Neuroanat. 2022;126:102160.
15. Balmori A. Evidence for a health risk by RF on humans living aroundmobile phone base stations: From radiofrequency sickness to cancer.
Environ Res. 2022;214:113851.

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