COMMISSION K: ELECTROMAGNETICS IN BIOLOGY AND
MEDICINE (November 2007 – October 2010)
Edited by Ikehata Masateru, Jimbo Yasuhiko, Watanabe Soichi, and Tsukasa Shigemitsu

Introduction
The research activities on the biological effects of electromagnetic fields in Japan
from 2007 to 2010 are reviewed. In vivo, in vitro, dosimetrical studies on DC
electric and magnetic fields, extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic
fields, intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic fields, radio frequency (RF) andmicrowaves are discussed. Biomedical applications including magnetic
stimulation, hyperthermia, thermal ablation, MEG, MCG, current distribution
MRI, fMRI and radiometry, contactless power transmission, and electromagnetic
interference (EMI) are also introduced.
This report does not describe every paper of the member of JapaneseCommission K that has been carried out during 2007-2010. It begins with asection describing the recent published papers of the biological effects of electromagnetic fields. Next section reviews the results of electromagnetic fieldmeasurement, dosimetry and exposure assessment. Third and forth sections
provide a state-of-the-art review of biomedical applications using thermal therapy,
hyperthermia with soft-and inductive-heating, MRI, and current distribution MRI,and further discuss some of the EMI issue on implantable medical devices.
K1 Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields
K1.1 Static magnetic field
K1.1.1 In vivo study
Kimura et al [2008] reported the effect of high strength static magnetic fields andionizing radiation on gene expression and DNA damage in Caenorhabditis elegans.
They demonstrate that genes involved in motor activity, actin binding, celladhesion, and cuticles are transiently and specifically induced following exposure
to 3 or 5 T SMF They suggest that the response of C. elegans to high SMFs is
unique and capable of adjustment during long exposure, and that this treatment
may be less hazardous than other therapeutic tools.
Nakaoka et al [2010] reported about orientation of Paramecium swimming ina static magnetic field in a static magnetic field (0.78 T). Results of measurements of membrane lipid fluidity obtained using fluorescence image analysis withthe lipophilic dye, laurdan (6-lauroyl-2-dimethylaminonaphtalene), showed thatthe degree of membrane lipid fluidity was correlated with the differences inmagnetic orientation between syngens. That is, the syngens with decreased
membrane fluidity showed an increased degree of magnetic orientation. Therefore,
the membrane lipid order is a key factor in the magnetic orientation of1

Paramecium swimming.
Furuno, et al., investigated effects of strong magnetic fields on amphibian.
Oocyte maturation, fetal development and gene expression were affected byexposure to over 10 T static magnetic field of Silurana tropicalis [Furuno, et al.,2007, 2010 and Kashiwagi, et al., 2010].
Xu, et al., reported recovery effects of static magnetic field on bone mineraldensity in ovariectomized rats. 180 mT static magnetic field enhanced recovery ofbone mineral density of osteoporotic lumbar vertebrae in the rats [Xu, et al .,2011].
K1.1.2 In vitro study
Egami et al [2010] reported the effect of static magnetic fields on the budding of
single yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The budding angle was clearlyaffected by the direction of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous magnetic fields
strong magnetic field. In the homogeneous magnetic field, the budding directionof daughter yeast cells was mainly oriented in the direction of magnetic field B at
2.93 T.
Ikehara et al. reported that Effects of exposure to a time-varying 1.5 T
magnetic field on the neurotransmitter-activated increase in intracellular Ca (2+)
in relation to actin fiber and mitochondrial functions in bovine adrenal chromaffincells. They measured the physiological functions of ER, actin protein, andmitochondria with respect to a neurotransmitter-induced increase in Ca(2+) in
chromaffin cells exposed to the time-varying 1.5 T magnetic field for 2h.Results
show the magnetic field-exposure influenced both the ER and mitochondria, but
the inhibition of Ca(2+) release from ER was not due to mitochondria inhibition.
The effect of eddy currents induced in the culture medium may indirectly
influence intracellular actin and suppress the transient increase in [Ca(2+)][Ikehara , et al., 2010, 2011].
Research group of Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI) (Ikehata andYoshie) investigated mutagenicity of strong static magnetic field up to 13T invarious in vitro test systems. In bacteria, SOD defective Escherichia coli was
exposed to up to 13T static magnetic field for investigating effects of magnetic
field on super oxide [Yoshie, 2007, 2008a]. In addition, plumbagin (super oxide
producer) was treated during exposure period in the test system to investigate
effect of magnetic field on mutagenesis by super oxide. In this test system, noeffect was observed both experiments and concluded SOD related mutagenesis
was not affected by exposure strong magnetic field. These results also indicatedthat mutagenic effect of strong static magnetic field in SOD deficient E. coli thatwas reported by Zhang’s results did not confirmed in similar test system [Yoshie,2008b]. In yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to examine the effect ofstatic magnetic field in various mutagenesis. In this system, point mutation was
not induced but gene conversion/recombination was slightly increased by exposure
to 5T magnetic field for 72 hr [Ikehata, 2007a, 2008b]. In culture cells, mouse
lymphoma assay (MLA) conducted up to 5T magnetic field but no mutagenicity
was observed in L5178Y tk +/- 3.7.2c cells that was generally used in this assay
2

[Ikehata, 2009]. Ikehata also reported evaluation of biological effect by exposure
to combined magnetic field with static and 50Hz [Ikehata, 2007c, 2008c, 2008d].
No synergetic effect to combine magnetic field was found in their study.
In Prof. Miyakoshi’s group, Monzen et al [2009] reported that effect of static
magnetic field on human placental and umbilical cord blood. Results suggest thatthe 10 T SMF exposure may change gene expressions and result in the specificenhancement of megakaryocytic/erythroid progenitor (MEP) differentiation frompluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and/or the proliferation of bipotent MEP.
Sakurai et al reported effect of strong static magnetic field on several secretingsystems. Enhanced secretion of prostaglandin E2 from osteoblasts [Sakurai,
2008a], enhance of responsiveness to glucose stimulation and enhanced insulin
secretion (only by exposure to gradient magnetic field) [Sakurai, 2009a, 2009f]
were reported. Sakurai et al [2009c] also reported the effects of strong static
magnetic fields on astrocyte differentiation. Terashima et al [2007] reported
morphological changes of cultured cells by the medium convection under strong
static magnetic fields.
Nakamichi et al [2009] reported the effects of static magnetic field on thefunctionality of neural progenitor cells. Static magnetism not only significantly
decreased proliferation of neural progenitor cells without affecting cell viability,
but also promoted differentiation into cells immunoreactive for MAP2 with aconcomitant decrease in that for an astroglial marker in fetal rat brain.
Okano et al have been investigating effects of magnetic field on behavior,
hypertension, angiogenesis, etc. They reported promotion of tubule formation by
applying the peak gradient/force (1428 mT/m) using moderate magnetic field (120mT) in endothelial tubular formation in vitro (Okano, 2008a).
K1.1.3 Other study
Effect of gradient static magnetic field on unstirred Belousov-Zhabotinsky
reaction was investigated by Okano et al [Okano, 2008b, 2009] The ferroincatalyzed BZ medium was exposed to the SMF for up to 16 min at 25 degrees C.
The experiments demonstrated that the wave velocity was significantly
accelerated primarily by the magnetic gradient. The propagation of the fastest
wave front indicated a sigmoid increase along the peak magnetic gradient line,
but not along the peak magnetic force product line. The underlying mechanisms of
the SMF effects on the anomalous wave propagation could be attributed primarily
to the increased concentration gradient of the paramagnetic iron ion complexes atthe chemical wave fronts induced by the magnetic gradient.
Yanamoto, et al ., investigated repeated application of an electric field. The
field increases BDNF in the brain, enhances spatial learning and induced infarct
tolerance [Yanamoto, et al., 2008].
K1.2 Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic field
K1.2.1 In vivo study
Negishi et al. [2008] belong to Central Research Institute of Electric Power
Industry (CRIEPI), reported the promotion effects of 0 (sham-exposed), 7, 70, or
3350 μT (rms) circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic fields on 7, 12-dimethylenz (a)anthracene-induced malignant lymphoma/ lymphatic leukemia in mice. There isno evidence to support the hypothesis that power frequency MFs is a significant
risk factor for hematopoietic neoplasia.
Nishimura et al . [2010] investigated the behavioral responses of a diurnal
agamid lizard (Pogona vitticeps) to a sinusoidal ELF electromagnetic field (EMF;
6 and 8 Hz, peak magnetic field 2.6 μT, peak electric field 10 V/m). The average
number of the tail lifts per individual per day was greater in the EMF group thanin the control group. The tail-lifting response to the ELF-EMF disappeared, when
the parietal eye of the lizards was covered with a small round aluminum 'cap'which could block light. These results suggest that lizards perceive the EMFs,
and that the parietal eye may be involved in light-dependent magnetoreceptive
responses.
Tanaka K., et al . [2010] reported the effect of power frequency MF (60-Hz,
0.05 μT - 60 mT) on acute, chronic, and genetic toxicities of fruit flies. Statisticalanalysis of the results showed that there was no obvious evidence that magnetic
field level affects the behavior, longevity, and mutation of fruit flies.
K1.2.2 In vitro study
From Prof. Miyakoshi’s group, four reports of the biological effect of the extremely
low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs) were published. Koyama et al . [2008a]
studied the effects of the ELF MFs on the number of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP)sites in human glioma A172 cells. The results showed no difference in the numberof AP sites between the cells exposed to the ELF MF and sham controls. Exposure
to the ELF MF in combination with a genotoxic agents (MMS or H 2 O2 ) increased
AP-site levels compared with the genotoxic agents alone. The results suggest thatsuch exposure can enhance the activity or lengthen the lifetime of radical pairs.
Sakurai et al. [2008b] reported the effect of ELF MFs (a sinusoidal magnetic field
at a frequency of 60 Hz, 5 mT) on beta-cell survival and function of a hamsterderived insulin-secreting cell line (HIT-T15). The results showed the increase incell number under apoptotic culture conditions by exposure to the ELF MF.
Sakurai et al. [2008d] also investigated the effects of the ELF MF on cytokinemediated dysfunction of insulin-secreting cells, RINm5F cells. Three days ofcontinuous exposure at 5 mT enhanced cell dysfunction and insulin content.
These results indicated that the increase in intracellular insulin concentration by
the ELF MF would be useful for cell transplantation to cure diabetes mellitus.
Sakurai et al. [2009d] studied the effects of extremely low frequency magnetic
fields on adipogenesis in a preadipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1. The exposure to
ELFMFs does not affect adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells and hence has no effect onpatients suffering from obesity.
Soda et al. [2008] reported the effect of exposure to ELF MF (3 mT, 60 Hz) on
differentiation of mouse osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. The results showed theexposure to the MF increased significantly the collagen, a marker of thedifferentiation, in the cells. Treatment with PD98059, an inhibitor of extracellularsignal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation, did not prevent the increase in4the collagen caused by ELF-EMF exposure. The insulin-like growth factor I(IGF-I) increased the collagen in the presence of the inhibitor. Whenphosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway was inhibited by LY294002, theincrease in collagen induced by ELF-EMF exposure was accelerated, however, theincrease in collagen observed by IGF-I addition was suppressed. Treatment with
SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK),
suppressed the increase in the collagen induced by ELF-EMF exposure, whereas
IGF-I addition increased the collagen in the presence of the inhibitor. These
results suggested that collagen synthesis stimulated by ELF-EMF exposure wascarried out by the participation of p38 MAPK pathway, and that PI3K pathway
may have the role to suppress the collagen synthesis induced by ELF-EMF
exposure, and that the suppression of the PI3K pathway may allow theacceleration of the collagen synthesis.
From Prof. Jimbo’s group, five reports of the biological effect of the ELF MFs
were published. Saito A., et al. [2008] studied the effects of ELF MF (1 mT, 50 Hz,
sinusoidal) exposure on differentiation and spontaneous activity of P19 embyonalcarcinoma (P19EC) -derived neuronal cells. This report showed the changes of thesize of EBs and spontaneous activities by long-term cultivation of P19EC-derived
neuronal networks. At the 14 days after plating, the spontaneous activity andneuronal differentiation rate of exposed P19EC-derived neuronal networks weredrop down compared to non-exposed one. Saito A., et al. [2009] [2010a] also
reported the effects of the ELF MFs (1 mT or 10 mT, 50 Hz, sinusoidal) on theneuronal differentiation process of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells (P19 cells). The
results showed the percentage of MAP2 positive cells and the spike frequencies
were increased by 10 mT ELF-MF, and then the percentage of GFAP positive cells
were reduced. However, these effects were not seen in 1 mT exposed cells. Saito etal. [2010b] studied the neuronal differentiation of P19EC cells by exposure to AC
magnetic fields (50 Hz sinusoidal and the strength used 1, 5, 10, and 20 mT). The
results showed that a slight rise (1, 5 mT) or reduction (10, 20 mT) of the spike
firing rate were observed by repeated exposure to the MF for 60 sec. Saito et al.
[2010c] also investigated the effects of AC magnetic fields on neuronaldifferentiation and network activities of P19EC cells. The results showed theneuronal marker (MAP2) positive cells and spike frequency recorded by
microelectrode array (MEA) were increased by 10 mT AC-MFs (50 Hz, sinusoidal)
exposure. And the percentage of positive cells and the size of embryoid bodies(EBs) which formed in the neuronal induction were correlated with intensities of
induced current.
K1.2.3 Epidemiological study
Saito T. et al. [2010] reported the effect of power-frequency MF on childhood brain
tumors. The population-based case-control study encompassed 54 % of Japanesechildren under 15 years of age. After excluding ineligible targeted children, 55
newly diagnosed brain tumor cases and 99 sex-, age-, and residential areamatched controls were included in the analyses. The result showed a positive
association between high-level exposure-above 0.4 μ T and the risk of brain
5

tumors. This association could not be explained solely by confounding factors or
selection bias.
K1.2.4 Other study
Mizuki et al. [2010] reported the activity of an enzyme immobilized on superparamagnetic particles in a rotational MF of 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 30 Hz. The results
showed that the activity of the enzyme molecules immobilized on super- paramagnetic particles increases in the rotational magnetic field and reaches
maximum at a certain frequency (5 Hz). Enzyme reactions are enhanced even in atiny volume of solution using the present method, which is very important for thedevelopment of efficient micro reactors and micro total analysis systems (muTAS).
K1.3 Intermediate Frequency (IF) magnetic field
K1.3.1 In vivo study
From CRIEPI group, Nishimura et al . [2009] investigated the chick embryotoxicity after 20 kHz, 1.1 mT magnetic field exposure. White Leghorn fertile eggs
(60/group) were either exposed to a 20 kHz, 1.1 mT (rms) sinusoidal magnetic
field or sham-exposed during the first 2, 7, or 11 days of embryogenesis. Lower
dose exposures at 0.011 and 0.11 mT (rms) for 2 days were also conducted toelucidate possible dose-response relationships. Additional eggs given all-transretinoic acid, a teratogen, were exposed to the 1.1 mT (rms) magnetic field for thesame periods to investigate the modification of embryotoxicity. No exposurerelated changes were found in any of the endpoints in intact embryos exposed to
1.1 mT (rms) or to the lower doses of 0.11 and 0.011 mT(rms) magnetic fields.
Retinoic acid administration produced embryotoxic responses, which were embryonic death and developmental abnormalities, in 40-60% of embryos in the shamexposed groups. The magnitude of these responses was not changed significantly
by the magnetic field exposures. Under the present experimental conditions,
exposure to 20 kHz magnetic field up to 1.1 mT (rms) was not embryotoxic in thechick and did not potentiate the embryotoxic action of retinoic acid.
Sakai H et al . [2010] studied the effect of radiofrequency radiation at 40 kHz
on the liver hepatic injury in Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats, an animal modelfor human Wilson disease. The activities of ALT and AST in serum of LEC rats
exposed to the RF radiation for 2 weeks were approximately 3.8-fold and 2-foldhigher than those in serum of sham-exposed rats, respectively. The result showedthat the RF radiation at 40 kHz induced hepatic injury in LEC rats.
K1.3.2 In vitro study
From RTRI’s group, six reports of the biological effect of the intermediate
frequency magnetic fields (IF-MFs) were published. Ikehata et al. [2008a] [2008e]
reported the mutagenicity of IF-MF of 2, 10 and 20 kHz at 0.8mT by mouse
lymphoma assay (MLA) using L5178Y tk+/-3.7.2c cells. The result shows that no
significant difference by exposure to any IF-MFs was observed in mutation
frequency between unexposed control and exposed cells. Ikehata et al.[2009b]6

[2010] [2010] also reported the effect of 2 mT, 21 kHz IF-MFs on growth invarious DNA repair deficient cells (such as Ku86, DNA-PK, XRCC1), frequency of
micronucleus in CHL/IU cells, and gene mutation frequency at hprt locus in
CHO-K1 cells. The results showed no significant effect by exposure to 2 mT, 21
kHz IF-MF in all every experimental indexes. Additionally, Ikehata et al. [2010]
studied the development of novel exposure system of IF-MFs for in vitro test
systems, which is capable of generating 20 kHz, up to 3.9 mT IF-MF within
exposure space (150mm×150mm×150mm) within ± 5% deviation. From the samegroup, Yoshie et al. [2010] investigated the effect of a IF-MF (20 kHz, 2 mT (rms))
on growth rate of various cell lines, which are deficient in DNA repair, andmutagenicity by HPRT mutation assay using CHO-K1 cells. The results showedthat the IF-MF exposure does not affect cell growth regardless of the ability of
DNA repair. In the HPRT mutation assay, the results indicated that the IF-MF
exposure does not cause mutation.
Fujita et al. [2010] have developed novel exposure system for in vitro
research, which can generate an IF MF of 6.25 mT (rms) at 23 kHz with auniformity within ± 5 %. The authors examined the harmonics, coil shape, andheat generated in the medium by the high-strength MF. They confirmed thesystem can be used to evaluate the biological effects of the IF MF.
From Prof. Miyakoshi’s group, four reports of the biological effect of the
IF-MFs published. Miyakoshi et al. [2007] reported the effects of IF magnetic
fields of 532 ± 20μT at 23 kHz on growth, mutation and DNA strand break. The
results showed the exposure to the IF MF for 2 h did not affect the growth of
CHO-K1 cells or cellular genotoxicity in both bacteria and Chinese hamster cells.
From the same group, Kiyokawa et al. [2008] [2009] reported the effect of an IF
MF of 23kHz at 6 mTrms for 2 hours on cell growth, micronucleus formation, DNA
strand breaks, HPRT gene mutation and expression of heat shock proteins. As aresult, there was no significant difference between exposure and sham-exposuregroup in the experiments of each cellular criterion. Sakurai et al. [2009e]
investigated the effects of the IF MF on cellular genotoxicity and stress responses.
The authors did not detect any effects of the IF magnetic fields on cell growth,
comet assay, micronucleus formation, HPRT gene mutation, expression ofphosphorylated Hsp27, or nuclear translocation of Hsp27, 70 or 105. Overall
results indicate that the exposure to an IF MF at 6.05 mT (rms) for 2 h does notcause detectable cellular genotoxicity, and does not induce detectable cellularstress.
From CRIEPI’s group, six reports of the biological effect of the intermediate
frequency magnetic fields published. Nakasono et al. [2008b] [2010a] [2010b] usedbacterial mutation tests and yeast genotoxic test to evaluate the effects ofintermediate frequency (IF) magnetic fields (MFs) on mutagenicity, co-mutagenicity and gene conversion. For the in vitro research, the authors constructed a
Helmholtz type exposure system which can generate vertical and sinusoidal MFs,
such as 0.91mT at 2 kHz, 1.1mT at 20 kHz and 0.11 mT at 60 kHz. The assays ofmutagenicity, co-mutagenicity and gene conversion were carried out for the three
MF exposure conditions. For the mutagenicity tests, four strains of S.
7

typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537) and two strains of E. coli (WP2
uvrA, WP2 uvrA/pKM101) were selected to cover a wide spectrum of point
mutation. For co-mutagenicity tests, the authors used four sensitive test strains(TA98, TA100, WP2 uvrA, WP2 uvrA/pKM101), and five chemical mutagens, BH(hydroxyl radical precursor), AF2 and ENNG (DNA reactive reagents), BaP and
2AA (DNA reactive promutagens which were activated metabolically by rat
S9mix). For the gene conversion tests, the authors used the yeast test strain, S.
cereviciae XD83. The effects on the repair system of DNA damage caused by UV
radiation were also tested. In statistical analysis for all above genotoxicity tests,
neither significant nor reproducible difference was found between exposed andunexposed control groups. These results indicate that the IF MFs did not havemutagenic or co-mutagenic potentials for the chemical mutagens in the experimental conditions. These results also indicate that the IF MFs did not induce
gene conversion and did not affect DNA damage repair system in eukaryotic cells.
Nakasono et al . [2008a] [2010a] [2010b] also investigated the effects of theintermediate frequency (IF) magnetic fields (MFs) on micronucleus formation in a
mammalian cell line. The Chinese hamster V79 cell was chosen to estimate theeffects of the MF exposure on micronucleus formation and DNA damage repair
caused by mitomycin C (MMC). The V79 cells were exposed to MFs of 0.91 mTrms
at 2 kHz, 1.1mTrms at 20 kHz or 0.11mTrms at 60 kHz, for 24h in 5% CO2 . In
statistical analysis, neither significant nor reproducible difference was foundbetween the micronucleus formation rates for all MF exposure conditions. To
examine the effect on DNA damage, V79 cells were exposed to MMC with/without
above three MF conditions, which potentiate micronucleus formation. Somestatistically significant differences were found between the rates for all MF
exposure conditions, however, no reproducible difference was found. These results
suggested that the strong IF MFs used in this study did not induce micronucleus
formation and did not affect DNA damage by MMC or DNA damage repair system
in mammalian cells. Nakasono et al. [2009] [2010a] [2010b] investigated theeffects of the IF MFs on genotoxicity in Mouse Lymphoma Assay (MLA). The
L5178Y tk+/- -3.7.2c cells were exposed the IF MF of 0.91mT at 2 kHz, 1.1mT at
20 kHz or 0.11 mT at 60 kHz. In statistical analysis, neither significant nor
reproducible difference in the mutation frequencies was found between exposureand control groups under the all MF exposure conditions. To examine the effects
on DNA damage, the cells were exposed to each MF with MMS that potentiates
mutation. In statistical analysis, neither significant nor reproducible difference inthe mutation frequencies was found between exposure and control groups under
the all MF exposure conditions. The strong, sinusoidal IF MFs at 2 kHz (0.91 mT),
20 kHz (1.1 mT) or 60 kHz (0.11 mT) did not have genotoxic or promotion
potentials by in vitro tests.
K1.4 RF Electromagnetic Field and Microwaves
K1.4.1 In Vivo Studies
Masuda et al. studied whether albumin leakage and dark neurons were present in
rat brains 14 and 50 days after a single 2-h exposure to a 915 MHz electro8

magnetic field [Masuda, 2009]. The whole-body average specific absorption rates
of 0, 0.02, 0.2 and 2.0 W/kg in TEM cells for 2 h were studied. No albumin
immunoreactivity was observed in the exposed groups. Dark neurons were rarely
present with any statistically significant difference between exposed and sham
exposed animals. This study thus failed to confirm the results of Salford et al .
(Environ. Health Perspect. 111, 881–883, 2003).
Ogawa et al. studied whether gestational exposure to an EMF targeting thehead region, similar to that from cellular phones, might affect embryogenesis inrats [Ogawa , et al., 2009]. A 1.95 GHz wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) signal, which is one applied for the International Mobile Telecommunication 2000 (IMT-2000) system and used for the freedom of mobile multi- media
access (FOMA), was employed for exposure for gestational days 7–17. The
exposure was performed for 90 min/day in the morning. The spatial average SAR
for individual brains was designed to be 0.67 and 2.0 W/kg with peak brain SARs
of 3.1 and 7.0 W/kg for low and high exposures, respectively, and a whole-body
average SAR less than 0.4 W/kg so as not to cause thermal effects due to temperature elevation. There were no differences in maternal body weight gain. No
adverse effects of EMF exposure were observed on any reproductive and embryotoxic parameters such as number of live, dead or resorbed embryos, placental
weights, sex ratios, weights or external, visceral or skeletal abnormalities of live
fetuses.
Takahashi, et al., investigated effects of whole-body exposure to 2.1 GHz radio
frequency EMF on the rat fetus. The data did not reveal any adverse effects of
exposure to a 2.14 GHz W-CDMA signal for 20 h/day. Thus none of theexperimental findings demonstrated any consistent adverse biological effects ofwhole body exposure to the electromagnetic field on gestation and lactation ineither dams or F1 rats or in the F2 offspring [Takahashi, et al., 2009].
Salama et al. investigated the effect of exposure to electromagnetic radiation
emitted from the mobile phone on sperm motility using the adult rabbit as amodel [Salama, 2009]. Rabbits were exposed to radio frequency emitted from a
mobile phone (900 MHz) kept in standby mode and positioned adjacent to thegenitalia for 8 h daily for 12 weeks. A significant drop in both fructose levels andnumber of motile sperms was observed in the phone group at the 10th week.
However, no correlation was found between the two values. The stress control
animals showed a similar but significantly less decline in motility. In conclusion,
the pulsed radio frequency emitted by the mobile phone kept in the standby
position longitudinally affected sperm motility and fructose but not citrate levels
in rabbit semen.
Salama et al . studied the accumulating effects of exposure to electromagnetic
radiation emitted by a conventional mobile phone (standby position) on thetesticular function and structure [Salama et al., 2010]. Rabbits were exposed toradio frequency emitted from the mobile phone (800 MHz) in a standby position
opposite to that of testes for 8 h daily for 12 weeks. A drop in the sperm
concentration appeared in the phone group at week 6. This became statisticallysignificant at week 8, compared with the two control (stress and ordinary) groups.
9Motile sperm population showed similarity amongst the three study groups until
week 10 when it declined significantly, and thereafter in the phone and stresscontrol groups, with more significant decline in the phone animals. Histologicalexamination showed also a significant decrease in the diameter of seminiferous
tubules in the phone group vs. the stress and ordinary controls. In conclusion, lowintensity pulsed radio frequency emitted by a conventional mobile phone kept in
the standby position could affect the testicular function and structure in the adultrabbit.
Yamashita et al. elucidated the possible effects of short-term exposure to a1439 MHz electromagnetic field employing time division multiple access (TDMA),
which is the basis of the Japanese Personal Digital Cellular system, on estrogenic
activity in rats [Yamashita et al., 2010]. Rats were exposed for 4 h per day on
three consecutive days to the 1439 MHz TDMA signal that produced 5.5–6.1 and
0.88–0.99 W/kg average SARs in the brain and the whole body, respectively. The
uterine wet mass and serum estradiol level significantly increased in the 17 betaestradiol injected group, while there were no differences among the other groups.
Although negative effects of long-term electromagnetic field exposure must be
thoroughly investigated before a final conclusion can be reached, our results do
not support the assumption that the high frequency electromagnetic field used incellular phones exerts estrogenic activity.
Tanaka et al . investigated the effect of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) current
on mechanical allodynia induced with resiniferatoxin (RTX) in rats [Tanaka,
2010]. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received a single intraperitoneal injectionof RTX (200 microg/kg). Rats in group S(2) were assigned to receive PRF current
to the right sciatic nerve for 2 minutes 1 week after RTX treatment; rats in group
M(2), PRF current for 2 minutes 3 weeks after RTX treatment; rats in group L(2),PRF current for 2 minutes 5 weeks after RTX treatment; rats in group S(4), PRF
current for 4 minutes 1 week after RTX treatment; rats in group S(6), PRF
current for 6 minutes 1 week after RTX treatment; and rats in group S(0), no PRF
current was delivered. In groups S(2), S(4), S(6), and M(2), the ipsilateral paw
withdrawal thresholds significantly increased. A statistically significant
difference was detected between the PRF-treated and PRF-untreated hindpaws.
The ipsilateral-contralateral paw withdrawal thresholds after PRF procedures ingroup S(2) were significantly higher than those in groups M(2) and L(2). Between
groups M(2) and L(2), significant differences were found 1, 2, 4, and 5 weeks after
PRF procedures. The ipsilateral-contralateral paw withdrawal thresholds ingroup S(6) were significantly higher than those in groups S(2) and S(4) 5 weeks
after PRF procedures. No significant difference was found between groups S(2)and S(4) at any time. After PRF procedures, no difference in the withdrawal
latency after heat stimulation and no motor disturbance were observed at any
time in all groups. In conclusions, PRF treatment was more effective whenapplied in the early stages of mechanical allodynia (1 week) in rats. Increased
exposure time to PRF current from 2 to 6 minutes showed a significant antiallodynic effect without motor impairment. They propose the application of PRF
current for 6 minutes adjacent to the nerve as soon as possible when allodynia
10appears.
A 1.95 GHz wide-band code division multiple access (W-CDMA) signal, which
is used for the freedom of mobile multimedia access (FOMA), was employed forwhole body exposure for 5 hours per day, 7 days a week for 5 weeks. Whole-body
average specific absorption rates (SAR) for individuals were designed to be 0.4
and 0.08 W/kg respectively. There were no differences in body weight gain or
weights of the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate among the groups.
The number of sperm in the testis and epididymis were not decreased in theelectromagnetic field (EMF) exposed groups, and, in fact, the testicular sperm
count was significantly increased with the 0.4 SAR. Abnormalities of sperm
motility or morphology and the histological appearance of seminiferous tubules,
including the stage of the spermatogenic cycle, were not observed. Thus, under
the present exposure conditions, no testicular toxicity was evident.
Hirota, et al., investigated direct observation of microcirculatory parameters
in rat brain using cranial window technique to estimate effects of local exposure
to radio-frequency electromagnetic field [Hirota, et al ., 2009a].
K1.4.2 In Vitro Studies
Hirose et al . studied the effects of low-level radiofrequency (RF) fields frommobile radio base stations employing the International Mobile Telecommunication
2000 (IMT-2000) cellular system to test the hypothesis that modulated RF fields
act to induce phosphorylation and overexpression of heat shock protein hsp27[Hirose, 2007]. Human glioblastoma A172 cells were exposed to Wideband CodeDivision Multiple Access (W-CDMA) radiation at SARs of 80 and 800 mW/kg for
2–48 h, and continuous wave (CW) radiation at 80 mW/kg for 24 h. Human
IMR-90 fibroblasts from fetal lungs were exposed to W-CDMA at 80 and 800
mW/kg for 2 or 28 h, and CW at 80 mW/kg for 28 h. No significant differences inthe expression levels of phosphorylated hsp27 at serine 82 (hsp27 [pS82]) wereobserved between the test groups exposed to W-CDMA or CW signal and thesham-exposed negative controls, as evaluated immediately after the exposure
periods by bead-based multiplex assays and no noticeable differences in the gene
expression of hsps were observed between the test groups and the negative
controls by DNA Chip analysis. Our results confirm that exposure to low-level RF
field up to 800 mW/kg does not induce phosphorylation of hsp27 or expression of
hsp gene family.
Koyama et al. examined the effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields at
SARs from 5 to 200 W/kg on bacterial mutations and the hypoxanthine-guanine
phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) gene mutations [Koyama et al., 2007].
Bacteria were exposed to high-frequency electromagnetic fields (HFEMF) for 30
min in Ames test and CHO-K1 cells were exposed to HFEMF for 2 h in examination of mutations of the HPRT gene. In Ames test, there was no significant
difference in the frequency of revertant colonies between sham exposure and
HFEMF-exposed groups. In examination of mutations of the HPRT gene, we
detected a combination effect of simultaneous exposure to HFEMF and bleomycin
at the respective SARs. A statistically significant difference was observed between
11the cells exposed to HFEMF at the SAR of 200 W/kg. Cells treated with the
combination of HFEMF at SARs from 50 to 200 W/kg and bleomycin exhibited
increased HPRT mutations. As the exposure to HFEMF induced an increase intemperature, these increases of mutation frequency may be a result of activationof bleomycin by heat. We consider that the increase of mutation frequency may be
due to a thermal effect.
Hirose et al . conducted a large-scale in vitro study focusing on low-level radiofrequency (RF) fields from mobile radio base stations employing the International
Mobile Telecommunication 2000 (IMT-2000) cellular system to test the hypothesisthat modulated RF fields affect malignant transformation or other cellular stressresponses [Hirose, 2008]. BALB/3T3 cells were continuously exposed to 2.1425
GHz W-CDMA RF fields at specific absorption rates (SARs) of 80 and 800 mW/kg
for 6 weeks and malignant cell transformation was assessed. In addition, 3methylcholanthrene (MCA)-treated cells were exposed to RF fields in a similar
fashion, to assess for effects on tumor promotion. Finally, the effect of RF fields ontumor co-promotion was assessed in cells initiated with MCA and co-exposed to
12-Otetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). No significant differences in transformation frequency were observed between the test groups exposed to RF signals
and the sham-exposed negative controls in the non-, MCA-, or MCA plus TPAtreated cells. Our studies found no evidence to support the hypothesis that RF
fields may affect malignant transformation. Our results suggest that exposure to
low-level RF radiation of up to 800 mW/kg does not induce cell transformation,
which causes tumor formation.
Matsui et al . investigated the effects of exposure to RF fields (UMTS/
IMT-2000; 1950 MHz) on micronucleus (MN) formation in HL-60 cells [Matsui etal., 2008]. The experiments were performed, as follows: 1) RF exposure, 2) Shamexposure, 3) Control groups that were incubated in a conventional incubator, and
4) Positive control groups that were irradiated by X-rays with 1 and 3 Gy. The
exposure conditions for the RF field were as follows: 1) SAR; 0.2, 1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 2.0
and 3.0 W/kg for 24 hours, and 2) SAR; 1.3 W/kg for 6, 24 and 72 hours. No
significant differences in the frequencies of MN formation were observed in the
RF exposure group compared with the sham-exposure and control groups. We did
not observed any increase in MN formation by exposure to UMTS/IMT-2000 (1950
MHz) RF field.
Hirose et al . investigated the effect of RF fields on microglial cells in the brain
to examine any biological effects on the central nervous system (CNS) induced by1950 MHz Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) RF field, which
are controlled by the International Mobile Telecommunication-2000 (IMT-2000)
cellular system, at specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.2, 0.8, and 2.0 W/kg for 2
h [Hirose et al., 2010]. Assay samples obtained 24 and 72 h after exposure were
processed in a blind manner. Results showed that the percentage of cells positive
for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II was similar between cells
exposed to W-CDMA radiation and sham-exposed controls. No statisticallysignificant differences were observed between any of the RF field exposure groups
and the sham-exposed controls in percentage of MHC class II positive cells.
12Further, no remarkable differences in the production of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were observed between
the test groups exposed to W-CDMA signal and the sham- exposed negative
controls. These findings suggest that exposure to RF fields up to 2 W/kg does not
activate microglial cells in vitro.
Yoshie et. al . investigated thermal tolerance of budding yeast exposed to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RFs) under the active temperature regulation
evaluating the expression of mRNA relating to stress response in yeast cells[Yoshie et al., 2009]. 50 W/kg SAR of RF was exposed to yeast cells. Incubation
temperature was kept at 25°C. Stress response of yeast cells were analyzed bysurvival rate after heat treatment at 47 or 48°C for 5 min and level of gene
expression as quantity of mRNA of four stress response genes. The effect on
expression of hsp82 in S. cerevisiae following RF exposure (2.45 GHz, 50 W/kg)
did not observed in this study. This suggests that stress response pathway
regulated by HSF might little respond to RF exposure under the condition in thisstudy.
Narita et al . investigated the influence of a high-frequency electromagnetic
field (HFEMF) at 2.45 GHz on neurite outgrowth of PC12VG cells cultured for 7
days after exposure to HFEMF at average specific absorption rates (SARs) of 1
and 10 W/kg for 4h [Narita et al., 2009]. We found that HFEMF exposure slightly
inhibited the percentage of neurite-bearing cells. However, at the same time, theaverage length of all neurites per neurite-bearing cell and the longest neurite
length increased by approximately 10% and 5%, respectively. Significant increases
in the average length of neurites, the longest neurite length and the percentage ofneurite-bearing cells were observed in PC12VG cells cultured in the presence of
NGF. These data suggest that exposure to a HFEMF of 2.45 GHz for 4h has no
significant effect on neurite outgrowth in PC12VG cells.
Sekijima et al . investigated the mechanisms by which radiofrequency (RF)fields exert their activity, and the changes in both cell proliferation and the gene
expression profile in the human cell lines, A172 (glioblastoma), H4 (neuroglioma),and IMR-90 (fibroblasts from normal fetal lung) following exposure to 2.1425 GHz
continuous wave (CW) and Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA)
RF fields at three field levels [Sekijima et al ., 2010]. During the incubation phase,cells were exposed at the specific absorption rates (SARs) of 80, 250, or 800
mW/kg with both CW and W-CDMA RF fields for up to 96 h. Heat shock treatment was used as the positive control. No significant differences in cell growth or
viability were observed between any test group exposed to W-CDMA or CW
radiation and the sham-exposed negative controls. Using the Affymetrix Human
Genome Array, only a very small (< 1%) number of available genes (ca. 16,000 to
19,000) exhibited altered expression in each experiment. The results confirm that
low-level exposure to 2.1425 GHz CW and W-CDMA RF fields for up to 96 h did
not act as an acute cytotoxicant in either cell proliferation or the gene expression
profile. These results suggest that RF exposure up to the limit of whole-body
average SAR levels as specified in the ICNIRP guidelines is unlikely to elicit ageneral stress response in the tested cell lines under these conditions.
13

K1.4.3 Other Studies
Takebayashi et al . used a novel approach for estimating the specific absorption
rate (SAR) inside the tumour, taking account of spatial relationships between
tumour localisation and intracranial radiofrequency distribution in a case–control
study in Japan of brain tumours in relation to mobile phone use [Takebayashi etal., 2008]. Personal interviews were carried out with 88 patients with glioma, 132with meningioma, and 102 with pituitary adenoma (322 cases in total), and with
683 individually matched controls. All maximal SAR values were below 0.1 Wkg 1,
far lower than the level at which thermal effects may occur, the adjusted odds
ratios (ORs) for regular mobile phone users being 1.22 (95% confidence interval(CI): 0.63–2.37) for glioma and 0.70 (0.42–1.16) for meningioma. When the
maximal SAR value inside the tumour tissue was accounted for in the exposure
indices, the overall OR was again not increased and there was no significant
trend towards an increasing OR in relation to SAR-derived exposure indices. A
non-significant increase in OR among glioma patients in the heavily exposedgroup may reflect recall bias.
Furubayashi et al. conducted a double-blind, cross-over provocation study toconfirm whether subjects with mobile phone related symptoms (MPRS) are more
susceptible than control subjects to the effect of electromagnetic fields (EMF)
emitted from base stations [Furubayashi et al., 2009]. There were four EMF
exposure conditions, each of which lasted 30 min: continuous, intermittent, andsham exposure with and without noise. Subjects were exposed to EMF of 2.14
GHz, 10 V/m (W-CDMA), in a shielded room to simulate whole-body exposure to
EMF from base stations. The MPRS group did not differ from the controls in theirability to detect exposure to EMF. The two groups did not differ in their responses
to real or sham EMF exposure according to any psychological, cognitive or
autonomic assessment. In conclusion, we found no evidence of any causal link
between hypersensitivity symptoms and exposure to EMF from base stations.
Mizuno et al . investigated the effects of the third generation system on regional
cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in humans [Mizuno et al., 2009]. They compared effectsof the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted from the Wideband Code Division
Multiple Access (W-CDMA) cellular system versus sham control exposure on rCBF
in humans after unilateral 30 min EMF exposure. The subtraction analysis
revealed no significant rCBF changes caused by the EMF conditions comparedwith the sham exposure, suggesting that EMF emitted by a third generation
mobile phone does not affect rCBF in humans.
Rongen et al . reviewed the effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF), specifically related to the use of mobile telephones, on the
nervous system in humans [Rongen et al., 2009]. Exposure to a GSM-type signal
may result in minor effects on brain activity, but such changes have never beenfound to relate to any adverse health effects. No consistent significant effects on
cognitive performance in adults have been observed. If anything, any effect issmall and exposure seems to improve performance. Effects in children did not
differ from those in healthy adults. Studies on auditory and vestibular function
14

are more unequivocal: neither hearing nor the sense of balance is influenced byshort-term exposure to mobile phone signals. Subjective symptoms over a wide
range, including headaches and migraine, fatigue, and skin itches, have been
attributed to various radiofrequency sources both at home and at work. However,in provocation studies a causal relation between EMF exposure and symptoms
has never been demonstrated. There are clear indications, however, thatpsychological factors such as the conscious expectation of effect may play animportant role in this condition.
Okano et al . investigated whether exposure to a pulsed high-frequency
electromagnetic field (pulsed EMF) emitted by a mobile phone has short-term
effects on the inhibitory control of saccades [Okano et al., 2010]. A double-blind,counterbalanced crossover study design was employed. They assessed theperformance of 10 normal subjects on antisaccade (AS) and cued saccade (CUED)
tasks as well as two types of overlap saccade (OL1, OL2) task before and after 30
min of exposure to EMF emitted by a mobile phone or sham exposure. After EMF
or sham exposure, we observed a slight but significant shortening of latency in
the CUED and OL2 tasks. AS amplitude decreased as well as the saccade
velocities in the AS, CUED, and OL1 tasks after exposure. These changes
occurred regardless of whether exposure was real or sham. The frequencies of
prosaccades in the AS task, saccades to cue in the CUED task, and prematurely
initiated saccades in the overlap (OL2) task did not change significantly after realor sham EMF exposure. They concluded that thirty minutes of mobile phone
exposure has no significant short-term effect on the inhibitory control of saccades.
Sato., et al . conducted a case–case study of mobile phone use and acoustic
neuroma using a self-administered postal questionnaire [Sato et al., 2010]. A totalof 1589 cases identified in 22 hospitals throughout Japan were invited toparticipate, and 787 cases (51%) actually participated. Associations between
laterality of mobile phone use prior to the reference dates (1 and 5 years before
diagnosis) and tumor location were analyzed. The overall risk ratio was 1.08
(95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.93–1.28) for regular mobile phone use until 1
year before diagnosis and 1.14 (95 % CI, 0.96–1.40) for regular mobile phone use
until 5 years before diagnosis. A significantly increased risk was identified formobile phone use for >20 min/day on average, with risk ratios of 2.74 at 1 year
before diagnosis, and 3.08 at 5 years before diagnosis. Cases with ipsilateral
combination of tumor location and more frequently used ear were found to havetumors with smaller diameters, suggesting an effect of detection bias. Furthermore, analysis of the distribution of left and right tumors suggested an effect oftumor-side-related recall bias for recall of mobile phone use at 5 years before
diagnosis. The increased risk identified for mobile phone users with average callduration >20 min/day should be interpreted with caution, taking into account thepossibilities of detection and recall biases. However, we could not conclude thatthe increased risk was entirely explicable by these biases, leaving open thepossibility that mobile phone use increased the risk of acoustic neuroma.
K1.5 Other higher frequencies and other studies.
15

K1.5.1 Millimeter wave
Kojima et al [2009c] reported about thermal ocular injuries by irradiated to 60
GHz electromagnetic field in rabbit eye. Three different antenna systems such asa horn antenna and two lens antennas (6 and 9 mm diameter; phi6, phi9) wereused. Morphological changes were assessed by slit-lamp microscopy. The most
reproducible injuries without concurrent eyelid edema and corneal desiccation
were achieved using the phi6 lens antenna: irradiation for 6 min led to anelevation of the corneal surface temperature (reaching 54.2 ± 0.9 degrees C) plus
corneal edema and epithelial cell loss and the three types of millimeter-wave
antennas can cause thermal injuries of varying types and levels. The thermal
effects induced by millimeter-waves can apparently penetrate below the surface ofthe eye.
K1.6 Contact currents
Kamimura et al [2008, 2009, 2010a] reported the study of tracking methods tomonitor threshold of contact currents for perception. Some differences were foundin the perception threshold for ELF, 100 kHz and VLF band currents while nodifference was observed in 300 kHz and 1 MHz currents.
K2 Dosimetry
K2.1 Numerical dosimetry using voxel human models
Nagaoka and his colleagues have developed various voxel human models based onJapanese MRI. They have applied Free-Form Deformation (FFD) technique tovoxel human models to develop child models based on an adult voxel model[Nagaoka 2008b] or to change the posture of a voxel human model [Nagaoka
2008a]. Recently they have also developed new techniques to change the postureof the voxel human models without anatomical knowledge [Nagaoka 2009b].
Dosimetry of pregnant woman models is one of the most important themes in
EMF safety as described in 2006 WHO Research Agenda. Chiba University and
NICT have developed 26-weeks pregnant woman model and applied it fornumerical calculation of SAR and temperature due to a VHF-band professionaltransceiver [Akimoto et al., 2008a, 2008b, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2010a, 2010b, and2010c]. Togashi et al., have studied on the SAR in the pregnant woman model due
to cellular phones [Togashi et al., 2008]. Kawai et al., have also reported SAR
characteristics of the embryo in a pregnant woman model during early stage andfound that the maximum averaged SAR of the embryo with the incident power
density of the ICNIRP reference level is lower than the basic restriction, i.e., 0.08
W/kg, from 10 MHz to 1.5 GHz [Kawai et al ., 2009].
Hirata et al., have reported the temperature elevation due to human-body
exposure to RF fields and compared between adults, children and laboratory
animals [Hirata et al., 2008c, 2009d]. They also investigated on the averaging
mass for local SAR and the temperature elevation due to EMF from a dipole
antenna [Hirata et al., 2008d and 2009e]. Onishi et al., have numericallyestimated the SAR and temperature elevation in a Japanese human model due tothe use of body-worn wireless devices [Onishi et al ., 2009a, 2010a, and 2010b].
16

Furthermore Hirata et al., have improved thermal parameters used fornumerical simulations of temperature elevation and reported the importance oftime variation of blood temperature [Hirata et al., 2009a]. They have also
proposed conservative models for whole-body averaged SAR based on the
numerical calculations using the voxel human models [Hirata et al ., 2008e].
Various characteristics of whole-body averaged SAR which is used for themost important basic restriction for RF region have been investigated.
Polarization of the EM wave have been reported as the important factor forhuman-body SAR and concluded that the horizontal polarization is the worst caseat 2 GHz compared with the vertical polarization which is assumed for the worst
condition at lower frequencies [Hirata et al., 2009b and 2009f]. Hirata et al., havealso proposed the estimation formula for the whole-body averaged SAR for the
resonant frequency region [Hirata et al., 2010b].
Whole-body averaged SAR of children has been great concerns as ICNIRP Statement has pointed out in 2009. In Japan, Nagaoka et al., have reported the wholebody averaged SAR of children [Nagaoka 2008a and 2009a].
Human SAR characteristics in complex environments have been investigated.
Simba et al., have reported the effect of SAR enhancement or passive exposure inan elevator where multiple reflection causes hot spots of EMF [Simba, et al.,2009a and 2009b]. Wang, et al., have investigated human-body exposure to EMF
when using wireless body-area network (WBAN) devices with UWB signals [WangJ., et al., 2009; Wang Q., et al., 2009a and 2009b]. Arima et al., have developed a
new modeling method for FDTD calculation of a human voxel model standing on
lossy ground plane using the surface impedance technique [Arima et al., 2009].
Applications of millimeter wave have recently increased while the needs for
accurate dosimetry have also been growing. Kanezaki et al., have conducted afundamental investigation using a multi-layer flat model of human skin andsubcutaneous tissues exposed to millimeter wave. They have reported thedependence of the SAR and temperature elevation due to the millimeter wave
exposure on the electrical and thermal parameters [Kanezaki et al., 2009 and2010].
Numerical dosimetry using voxel human models have also been applied for
EMF dosimetry in ELF frequency region. Hirata et al., have conducted thedetailed calculation of induced current and in-situ electric field strength in ahuman body exposed to ELF magnetic field [Hirata et al., 2009c]. This study isreferred in the revision of the ICNIRP guidelines issued in 2010. The averaging
volume for in-situ electric field, used for the basic restrictions in the ICNIRP
guidelines, has also been investigated [Hirata et al., 2010c; Takano, et al., 2010].
Inter-laboratory comparison has also been conducted among Japanese researchgroup [Hirata et al., 2010e; Yamazaki, et al., 2009]. It is found from thecomparison that differences in the maximal and 99th percentile value of the insitu electric field were less than 30 and 10 % except for the results of one groupand that differences in the current density averaged over 1 cm 2 of the central
nerve tissue are 10 % or less except for the results of one group. Kamimura has
proposed high-speed calculation procedure for ELF dosimetry [Kamimura 2010b].
17

Yamazaki has reported a calculation of induced electric field and current forhuman-body exposure to magnetic field in the context of compliance testing[Yamazaki 2010].
Tarao et al., have conducted numerical calculations of internal bodyresistance at power frequency and compared with experimental measurements.
They found similar trend in electric potential distribution but significant
difference in absolute resistance values between the numerical calculations andthe experimental measurements.
Nagai et al., have estimated in situ electric field causing electro-stimulationfrom conductor contact of charged human using a dispersive FDTD model and theindices used in international guidelines [Nagaoi et al., 2010].
Intermediate frequency region (300 Hz to 10 MHz) has also been great
concerns in dosimetry research fields because of extensive growing new wirelesssystems operating in this frequency region, such as EAS/RFID, IH cooking
systems, and wireless power transmission systems. Suzuki et al., have conductednumerical estimation of induced current density and in-situ electric field strength
in the pregnant woman model exposed to internal frequency magnetic field[Suzuki et al., 2009].
K2.2 Compliance methods for EMF applications to EMF safety guidelines andexposure assessment
In order to evaluate the compliance of EMF applications with EMF safety
guidelines, we need to estimate internal dose of a human body exposed to EMF,
i.e., SAR or induced ( in-situ ) electric field strength, or incident electromagnetic
field strength as reference levels described in safety guidelines. The researchgroup of NTT DoCoMo and their colleagues has extensively studied on theevaluation methods for SAR by a cellular phone and for E-field radiated from abase station antenna.
Onishi with NTT DoCoMo also joined an international research group on theevaluation method of the compliance of multiple RF sources [Faraone, et al.,2009]. Higashiyama and his colleagues have proposed a RF field measurement
method around W-CDMA base stations and reported detailed characteristics of Efield distribution around the base station [Higashiyama, et al., 2009a, 2009b,
2010a, 2010b, and 2010c]. Iyama et al., have proposed a novel SAR measurement
method using multiple probes embedded in a flat phantom [Iyama et al., 2008aand 2008b; Kiminami 2008a and 2008b; Onishi 2008a and 2009b]. They also
developed three-axial electro-optic (EO) SAR probe [Iyama et al., 2009a;
Kiminami 2008c]. A novel SAR measurement procedure for multiple-antennatransmitter such as MIMO, which has recently been introduced into advanced
wireless devices to realize high-speed data transmission, has been proposed[Iyama et al., 2009b, 2010a, and 2010b; Onishi 2008b].
The researchers of National Institute of Information and Communications(NICT) have also conducted researches on the compliance procedures. Simple andfast measurement methods using a novel flat phantom have been proposed[Hamada , et al., 2009a and 2009b]. They also studied on a novel calibration18

method for SAR probes using a small standard antenna in phantom liquid incooperation with Niigata University [Watanabe T., et al., 2009; Ishii, et al., 2008].
Exposure assessment or experimental measurement of electric and magnetic
field strength in low frequency region have also been investigated in Japan. Satoet al ., with his colleagues of Utsunomiya University have developed a freescanning method for measuring magnetic field using a magnetic tracker [Sato K
et al., 2009 and 2010]. Tanaka, et al., with his colleagues of Nagoya Institute ofTechnology has reported frequency spectrum of electromagnetic fields leaked formhousehold appliance from 40 to 800 Hz [Tanaka K., et al ., 2009]. Hosono et al.,have developed array sensor system for intermediate-frequency magnetic fieldradiated from IH hob or EAS/RFID [Hosono et al., 2010].
Very wide-frequency EMF measurement around the Large Helical Device(LHD) has also been reported [Uda, et al., 2009]. It is shown that usual leakage ofthe static magnetic field strength was less than 0.1 mT, that the leakage of theelectric and magnetic fields from the Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequency (ICRF)
plasma heating sources of 25-100 MHz were less than occupational regulationlevels, and that high-strength extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic
levels were measured near the magnetic coil power supply boxes.
K2.3 Development of exposure setups and dosimetry for medical and biologicalstudies.
Arima et al., have developed a local-exposure setup for the head of a rat. Applying
this setup to a cranial window rat, real-time observation can be available. They
have evaluated SAR of the rat fixed in the setup and found that the localized head
exposure similar to the case of the mobile-phone use in the proximity of a humanhead can be realized [Usui et al., 2010]. Wang, et al., have developed in vivo
exposure setup simulating whole-body exposure to RF signals from base stations[Wang et al., 2008a and 2008c] and partial-body exposure to RF signal from
cellular phones [Wang et al., 2008b] for pregnant rats.
Wake et al., has developed the estimation method for epidemiological studies
on cellular-phone use and brain cancer, i.e., INTERPHONE study led by WHO/
IARC, [Cardis et al., 2008; Varsier et al., 2008a, 2008b and 2008c; Wake et al .,2009]. Especially the development of a novel estimation procedure for actual dosearound brain cancer region based on the categorization of cellular phones used bysubjects provided more reliable estimation of the relationship between the brain
cancer and cellular phone use for Japanese epidemiological study [Takebayashi, etal., 2008].
Hirata et al., have studied on temperature elevation of laboratory animals due
to RF exposure. They found good agreement between the experimental measurement and the numerically calculation with optimized thermal parameters [Hirata
2008a and 2008b]. They have also investigated the thresholds for thermal stressfor 2.45-GHz microwave exposure in rabbits [Hirata 2010d].
Kozai et al., have conducted fine resolution E-field measurement from millimeter-wave lens antenna which have been used for thermal sensation humanstudies or ocular effects of rabbit eyes [Kozai et al., 2009; Kouzai et al., 2010].
19Based on the measurement, they have reconstructed the millimeter-wave beam
radiation from the lens antenna with plane-wave spectrum method andnumerically calculated the SAR in the human skin.
IH cooking systems, RFID, EAS, wireless power transmission systems and so on
operate in intermediate frequency (IF; 300 Hz to 10 MHz) region. Health effects of
IF EMF are also important topics in Japan because those systems are very
popular in public environment. Fujita et al., have developed an exposure setup forin vitro studies on biological investigation in intermediate-frequency region. The
system can realize 6.25 mT (rms) at 23 kHz with uniformity within 5 %. Ikehata
et al., have also developed an in vitro exposure setup for simulating the magnetic
field (3.9 mT at 20 kHz) exposure from IH cooking systems with high-performance
temperature control system (37±1℃). The research group has also developed ahigh-performance magnetic field generator at 20 kHz [Kogure et al ., 2009].
Shigemitsu et al., have developed an exposure system for in vivo studies on 20
kHz magnetic-field exposure [Shigemitsu et al., 2009a].
K2.4 Mechanism between biological tissues and EMF.
Koyama et al., has conducted in vivo measurements for complex permittivities ofhuman skin using time-domain reflectometry (TDR) method from 300 MHz to 6
GHz [Koyama et al., 2010]. Sakai et al., have recently reported complex permittivities of biological tissues and organs up to 50 GHz and also proposed atemperature-compensation technique based on the temperature characteristics of
the water relaxation mechanism [Sakai T., et al., 2010].
Sekino, et al., have developed a magnetic resonance imaging of electric
properties in living bodies [Sekino et al., 2007 and 2008b]. Recently they alsomeasured low-frequency conductivity tensor of rat brain tissue [Sekino et al.,2009b; Imae et al., 2008].
Cespedes et al., have investigated the effects of radio frequency magnetic
fields on iron release and uptake from and in cage proteins. They reported theradio frequency magnetic fields of 1 MHz and 30 μT can increase the release ofiron ion from cage proteins up to a factor of 3 [Cespedes, et al., 2009]. They also
investigated the mechanism of this effect using Raman spectroscopy [Cespedes, etal., 2010].
Hinou et al., have investigated the effect of microwave (2.45 GHz) radiation
on glycosylation promoted by solid super acid in supercritical carbon dioxide.
They reported that microwave irradiation without alteration of the temperatureof the reaction solution enhanced reaction yield when aliphatic acceptors were
employed while no enhancement was observed when a phenolic acceptor was
employed [Hinou, et al., 2009].
K2.5 Dosimetry for medical application (see also K3)
Temperature elevation of a human body in a MRI system is required to be
estimated, especially in a high-magnetic-field-strength MRI system introduced
recently. Kikuchi et al., have studied detailed SAR and temperature elevation of apregnant woman in a MRI system [Kikuchi 2008a, 2008b, 2009a, 2009b, 2009b,
20and 2010]. They found that in a thermal equilibrium state, the temperatureelevations in the intrinsic tissues of the woman and fetal tissues were 0.85 and0.61 °C, respectively, at a whole-body averaged specific absorption rate of 2.0
W/kg, which is the restriction value of the International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC) for the normal operating mode although the maximum
temperature elevation exceeded the recommendation described in ICNIRP
statement on MRI issued in 2004.
Saito and his colleagues with Chiba University have investigated theapplication of the thermograph method to the temperature elevation in a humanbody exposed to high-strength RF fields radiated from a birdcage coil of 3-T MRI
system [Kawamura et al., 2009; Saito K., et al., 2009]. Sekino et al., with The
University of Tokyo have also conducted FDTD simulation of RF electromagnetic
field and signal inhomogeneities in ultra-high-field MRI system [Sekino et al.,2008a].
Microwave radiometry is a promised technique for future medical treatment
such as noninvasive temperature measurement during hypothermal neural rescue
for newborns. Sugiura, et al., have developed high-accurate radiometry systemwith five-band microwave signals [Sugiura et al., 2010]. Hirata et al., haveinvestigated the validity of inverse coupler to improve temperature resolution of
one-band microwave radiometer for non-invasive brain temperature monitoring[Hirata et al., 2010a].
Higaki et al., have evaluated the SAR and current density during the use ofenergy transmission for artificial hearts and compared with the ICNIRP
guidelines [Higaki et al., 2010]. Sato et al., have investigated the heating level
due to a prototype charger system for a cardiac pacemaker and also developed awireless communication system in real-time internal dose measurement system[Sato T et al., 2008; Sato F., 2009]. Watanabe, et al., have reported SAR enhancement in a human body with an implantable pacemaker using a cellular phone dueto the reflection at the metal boundary of the household of the pacemaker[Watanabe et al., 2010].
K3 Biomedical Applications
K3.1 Medical treatment
Hyperthermia has been one of the most important research fields on medical
application of EMF. Prof. Ito with Chiba University and his colleagues haveextensively studied on MW hyperthermia and coagulation with coaxial antennas[Saito K., et al., 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c, and 2010d]. They
reported five clinical cases (four cases were supraclavicular or inguinal nodemetastasis and one was a soft palate primary lesion) [Aoyagi, et al., 2008] andexperimental evaluation of thermal treatment of bile duct carcinoma [Tsubouchi,
et al., 2010]. They also developed a circular loop antenna combined with highintensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment system [Ishikawa, et al., 2010aand 2010b]. They furthermore developed an external microwave hyperthermia
system for treatment of pleural metastasis in orthotopic lung cancer model andevaluated the system in vitro and in vivo [Motomura, et al., 2010].
21

Watanabe Y., et al., have developed a second-generation radiofrequency
ablation system. They used MgFe2O4 needles and introduced alternating
magnetic field for human cancer therapy [Watanabe Y., et al., 2009].
Prof. Matsuki with Tohoku University and his colleagues have also studied on
the hyperthermia with magnetic field. They developed a novel method called as
soft-heating medhot in which a small elongated element is implanted inside thebody and heated by strong magnetic field excited by a coil [Furiya et al., 2009].
They studied on the magnetic particle heated by incident magnetic field [Takura,
et al., 2008a, 2008b, and 2009]. Other research group has also investigated theheat ability of the magnetic nanoparticles under AC magnetic field for cancer
therapy [Motoyama, et al., 2008].
Matsumine et al., have reviewed the difficulty of the application of hyperthermia to bone tissues because of their deep location from the body surface andlow conductivity. In order to overcome these difficulties, they developed a novel
hyperthermia treatment for bone metastases using magnetic materials[Matsumine, et al., 2011].
Takahashi et al ., have applied MW hyperthermia to osteoarthritis, one of themost frequency muscleoskeltal disorders in the elderly population, and reported
that the MW heating can increase Hsp7 which protects the cartilage and inhibits
the apoptosis of chondrocytes [Takahashi et al., 2009].
Baba et al ., have studied on medical treatment of electrical stimulation toischemia stroke. They conducted electric cortical stimulation (0 to 200 μA at 0 to
50 Hz) of adult Wistra rats and found that the electrical stimulation abrogated
the ischemia-associated increase in apoptotic cells in the injured cortex [Baba etal., 2009]. Kato et al ., have developed a novel functional electrical stimulation
method using small implanted stimulators under the skin at a depth of 10—20mm and a magnetic coupling system to transport stimulus energy and signals
noninvasively. They developed a magnetic connective dual resonance (MCDR)
antenna with two resonance circuit for the magnetic coupling system [Kato, et al.,2009].
Nakajima et al ., have studied on the effect of electroacupuncture on the healing process of tibia fracture in a rat model. They used the electroacupuncture (50Hz, 20 μA, 20 min) and reported that the treatment accelerated bone healing[Nakajima et al., 2010].
Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been developed and studied by Prof.
Ueno and his colleague long time. Recently Tsuyama et al., investigated theeffects of coil parameters on the stimulation area by transcranial magnetic stimulation system [Tsuyama, et al., 2009].
Wireless power transmission systems for implanted medical devices havebeen investigated. Prof. Matsuki and his colleagues have studied on a contactless
power transmission for implantable medical devices [Tokuhara, et al ., 2008]. They
pointed out that the eddy current (loss) caused by the metal case of the medical
devices for magnetically energy coupling must be reduced [Komai, et al., 2009].
Same research group has also developed a desktop contactless power station
system using spiral coils [Miyamori, et al,, 2009]. MW is also used for the wireless22

power transmission. Kumagai et al., have developed a small 915 MHz antenna forwireless power transmission for medical applications [Kumagai et al., 2010].
Takura, et al ., have studied thermosensitive magnetic powder that was coatedwith Ag-paste for cancer therapy [Takura et al., 2008a].
K3.2 Medical diagnosis
Hoshino et al., have reported detailed measurement and analysis of magnetcardiograms (MCG) and body surface potential maps (BSPMs) using 39-channnel
superconducting quantum interface device (SQUID) [Hoshino, et al., 2009].
Kotani et al., have investigated measurement methods for respiratory sinus
arrhythmia as a selective index of cardiac vagal activity under the condition ofbody motion (keyboard typing and mental arithmetic with touching panel). They
reported that elastic chest band is suitable under the quiet condition, whilethermistor is suitable under the condition of body motion [Kotani, et al., 2007].
They also investigated the multiple effects of respiration on cardiovascularvariability in different postures by analyzing respiratory sinus arrhythmia andrespiratory-related blood pressure variations [Kotani , et al., 2008].
Sekino, et al ., reported improvement method to detect transient changes inmagnetic resonance signal intensity by neuronal electrical activities [Sekino, etal., 2009a]
Sekino et al ., have studied on improvement of MRI system with an offcentered distribution of homogeneous magnetic field zone using superconducting
magnet. They fabricated the sytem for a functional-MRI-based Benton visual
retention test [Sekino, et al., 2010].
Shinohe, et al., have developed X-ray internal dosimeter using a wirelesscommunication system similar to RFID. A signal transmission small coil with
X-ray detector (CdTe) is implanted in a human body and 3-MHz magnetic field isused to read the information noninvasively [Shinohe, et al., 2008 and 2009]. An
equivalent human model has been developed for medical applications by Prof. Itoand his colleagues with Chiba University [Uno, et al., 2010]. The same researchgroup have also developed a dynamic phantom for evaluation for breath detection
Doppler radar [Yonebayashi, et al., 2010a and 2010b].
Sugiura et al., have developed and improved the multi-frequency microwave
radiometer system for measuring deep brain temperature in new born infants[Sugiura, et al ., 2009].
Hayami et al., reported magnetic field variation of fiber loss on a peripheral
nerve. The loss of nerve fibers, which is observed in some neuropathies, isconsidered as the cause of low amplitude and slow conduction of the wave
[Hayami, et al., 2008].
Sann et al., investigated discriminating multiple source components ofmagnetocephalogram by time-frequency analysis [Sano, et al., 2009].
Sato, et al., reported variations and differences in evoked EEG by transcranial
magnetic stimulation [Sato , et al., 2008].
K3.3 Neuronal circuit development in vitro
23

Prof. Jimbo’s group is active in artificial neuronal circuit development in vitro
and studies its behavior. Goto, et al., developed “Micropipette drawing” technique
to develop micropatterning of neurite outgrowth and recording its electricalactivity [Goto, et al ., 2009, 2010a, 2010b]. Hattori, et al., reported direction
control of information transfer between neuronal cells using asymmetric threedimensional microstructure [Hattori, et al ., 2008]. Hirota, et al., reported
reconstruction of visual information processing system using retina cells andsuperior colliculus in vitro [Hirota, et al., 2008, 2009b]. Moriguchi, et al.,investigated site-selective stimulation of neuronal networks that was constructedon micro-patterning electrode and recording of electric activity of the neuronal
circuits [Moriguchi, et al., 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d]. Suzurikawa, et al.,investigated methods for stimulation of cultured neurons using light-addressable
electrode with hydrogenated amorphous silicon and low-conductive passivation
layer [Suzurikawa, et al., 2007a, 2007b, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2009]. Takayama, etal., used P19 embryonal carcinoma cells to establish functional neuronal networkon microelectrode array and induced ensemble calcium oscillations within network [Takeyama, et al., 2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2009d].
In addition, they showed interaction of hybrid in vitro neuronal network by
co-culture of P19 cell-derived neuronal networks and mouse cortical networks[Takeyama et al., 2010a, 2010b, 2010c]. Takeuchi , et al., investigated developmental changes in spontaneous beating rhythm of cardiac myocytes [Takeuchi , etal., 2008]. They developed semi-separated co-culture system for electricalstimulation and extracellular recording of sympathetic neuron and cardiomyocyte
to investigate their relationship [Takeuchi, et al., 2009a, 2009b, 2010a, 2010b,
2010c, 2010d]. Tonomura, et al., applied MEMS device for electrophysiologicalmeasurement with micro channel array for cellular network analysis and parallel
multipoint recording of aligned and cultured neurons [Tonomura, et al., 2007,2008].
K3.4 Medical instrumentation
Abe, et al., developed high throughout automated bioscreening system using
magnetic beads to elucidate molecular mechanisms of anticancer drugs [Abe , etal., 2009]..
K3.5 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) of implanted medical devices.
EMI with a bipolar pacemaker in a patient with sick sinus syndrome by an IH
rice cooker has also been investigated [Nagatomo, 2009].
Watanabe et al., have investigated the interference voltage of a pacemakerembedded in a human phantom, which has been used for experimental
investigation promoted by Ministry of Internal Affair and Communications, by acellular phone model [Watanabe R et al., 2009]. They found good agreement
between the numerical calculation and the experimental measurement.
Kitagawa et al., have investigated the E-field distribution inside of theelevator with humans with cellular phones [Kitagawa et al., 2009]. The estimateddata can be used for risk assessment of the EMI of implantable cardiac pace24

makers.
Acknowledgements
Editors are grateful to Dr. Sakurai T of Kyoto University and Dr. Nakasono S ofCentral Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, for their contribution in
preparation of this manuscript.
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exposure to intermediate frequency magnetic fields”, Proceedings of 6th
32

international workshop on biological effects of electromagnetic fields, Oct.
Imae T., Shinohara H., Sekino M., Ueno S., Ohsaki H., Mima K. and Ohtomo K.
[2008], “Evaluation of membrane permeability of rat brain using diffusion
magnetic resonance imaging (in Japanese with English summary).” Journal of
the Magnetic Society of Japan, vol.32, pp.491-494.
Ishii N., Shiga H., Ikarashi N., Sato K., Hamada L., and Watanabe S. [2008],“Simultaneous measurement of antenna gain and complex permittivity of liquidin near-field region using weighted regression,” IEICE Trans. Commun.,
Vol.E91-B, pp.1831—1837.
Ishikawa S., Saito K., Takahashi M., and Ito K. [2010a], “Heating performances ofcircular loop antenna combined with HIFU treatment system,” The 5th AsianCongress of Hyperthermic Oncology (ACHO) and The 27th Japanese Congressof Thermal Medicine (JCTM), p.62, Fukuoka, Japan, Sep. 2010.
Ishikawa S., Saito K., Takahashi M. and Ito K. [2010b], “Heating performance ofloop antenna for microwave thermal therapy by combination of HIFU treatment
system,” 2010 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP2010), Macao, China, Nov. 2010.
Iyama T., Onishi T., Tarusawa Y., Uebayashi S. and Nojima T. [2008a], “Novel
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Measurement Method Using a Flat Solid
Phantom,” IEEE Trans. EMC, vol. 50 (1), pp. 43 – 51.
Iyama, T., Kiminami K., Onishi T. and Nojima T. [2008b], “Average SAR
Measurement Using Multiple-Probe-Embedded Flat Solid Phantoms,”
Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 30th Annual Meeting (BEMS2008), P-16, June.
Iyama T., Kimianmi K. and Onishi T. [2009a],“Applicability of Three-Axis ElectroOptic (EO) Probe for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Measurement,” IEICE
Trans. Commun., vol. E92-B (4), pp. 1414 – 1417.
Iyama T. and Onishi T. [2009b], “SAR measurement procedure for multi-antennatransmitters,” EMC’09/Kyoto, 21S4-2, July.
Iyama T. and Onishi T. [2010a], “Applicability of SAR estimation method based on
2-D scanned E-fields to determine maximum average SAR for multi-antennatransmitters,” Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 32nd Annual
Meeting, P-A-26, June.
Iyama T. and Onishi T. [2010b], “Maximum average SAR measurement procedure
for multi-antenna transmitters,” IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E93-B (7), pp.
33

1821 – 1825.
Jimbo Y. [2007], “MEA-based recording of neuronal activity in vitro.” Arch. Ita.
Biol. vol.145, pp. 289-297.
Kamimura Y., Mishima H., Furubayashi T., Mizuno Y., Hanajima R., Nishikata A.,
Wake K., Watanabe S. and Ugawa Y. [2008], "Comparison of the thresholdcurrents for perception determined by three different threshold tracking
methods", BEMS 30th Annual Meeting Abstract Collection, 8-3, pp.136-138,
June.
Kamimura Y., T. Furubayashi, Y. Terao, Y. Mizuno, R.Hanajima, T. Sakai, K. Wake,
S. Watanabe, and Y. Ugawa [2009], "The threshold currents for perception
determined by two different threshold tracking methods", Proceedings of BioEM
2009, P-126, June.
Kamimura Y., Yamashita A., Furubayashi T., Hanajima R., Terao Y., Sakai T.,
Wake K., Watanabe S., Ugawa Y. [2010a], “The perception threshold for LF-MF
band currents: comparison among three threshold tracking methods”, BEMS
32th Annual Meeting, Soul, Korea, P-B-94.
Kamimura Y. [2010b], “High speed calculation of induced current in human body
exposed to uniform ELF magnetic fields”, Proceedings of the 2010 Asia-PacificRadio Science Conference (APRASC'10), KAE-2, Toyama, Sep.
Kanezaki A., Hirata A., Watanabe S. and Shirai H. [2009], “Effects of dielectric
permittivities on skin heating due to millimeter wave exposure.” Biomedical
Engineering online vol.8 (20) pp1-23.
Kanezaki A., Hirata A., Watanabe S. and Shirai H. [2010], “Parameter variation
effects on temperature elevation in a steady-state, one-dimensional thermal
model for millimeter wave exposure of one-and three-layer human tissue. Phys
Med Biol, vo.55, no.16, pp.4647-4659.
Kashiwagi K., Fujiwara Y., Sakao S., Furuno N., Yanagisawa M., Hanada H.,
Tanimoto Y., Yamashita M., Watanabe M., Shinkai T., Yoshitome S., Kubo H.,
Sakai M., Fujii H., Naitoh T., Suzuki K., Kashiwagi A. [2010], “Effect of strong
static magnetic fields on amphibian life cycle- morphogical and molecularbiological analyses of early development”. Spce Utiliz. Res. vol. 26, pp. 232-235
Kato K., Matsuki H., Sato F., Sato T. and Handa N. [2009], “Duplex communicable
implanted antenna for magnetic direct feeding method: Functional electricalstimulation,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol.105, 07B316.
Kawai H., Nagaoka T., Watanabe S., Saito K., Takahashi M. and Ito K. [2009]34

“Computational dosimetry in embryos exposed to electromagnetic plane waves
over the frequency range of 10 MHz-1.5 GHz.” Phys Med Biol, vol.55,
pp.N1-N11.
Kawamura T., Saito K., Kikuchi S., Takahashi M. and Ito K. [2009], "Specificabsorption rate measurement of birdcage coil for 3.0-T magnetic resonanceimaging system employing thermographic method." IEEE Transactions on
Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2508-2514.
Kikuchi S., Saito K., Takahashi M., Ito K., and Ikehira H. [2008a], "Calculation oftemperature rise distribution in pregnant woman model exposed to RF pulses
during MR imaging." Proceedings of the International Workshop on Antenna
Technology 2008, pp. 354-357.
Kikuchi S., Saito K., Takahashi M., Ito K., and Ikehira H. [2008b], "Numericalcomputation of temperature increase in pregnant woman model induced byelectromagnetic absorption of MRI system." Book of Abstract on European
Electromagnetics 2008, p. 355.
Kikuchi S., Saito K., Takahashi M., Ito K. and Ikehira H. [2009a], "SAR
computation inside fetus by RF coil during MR imaging employing realistic
numerical pregnant woman model." IEICE Transactions on Communications,vol. E92-B, no. 2, pp. 431-439.
Kikuchi S., Saito K., Takahashi M., Ito K., and Ikehira H. [2009b], "Numericalcalculation on electromagnetic energy absorption in pregnant woman by RF coilfor MRI system." Proceedings of 2009 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 661-664.
Kikuchi S., Saito K., Takahashi M., and Ito K. [2010], "Temperature elevation in
the fetus from electromagnetic exposure during magnetic resonance imaging."
Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 55, no.8, pp.2411-2426.
Kiminami K., Iyama T., Onishi T. and Uebayashi S. [2008a], “Novel specificabsorption rate (SAR) estimation method based on 2-D scanned electric fields,”
IEEE Trans. EMC, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 828 – 836.
Kiminami K., Iyama T. and Onishi T. [2008b], “Simple estimation method basedon electric fields on a two-dimensional plane for SAR measurement,”
Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 30th Annual Meeting(BEMS2008), P-15, June.
Kiminami K., Iyama T. and Onishi T. [2008c], “A three-axis electro-optic probe for
specific absorption rate measurement,” Proceedings of the XXIX General
Assembly of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI), KAE. 3, August.
35

Kimura T., Takahashi K., Suzuki Y., Konishi Y., Ota Y., Mori C., Ikenaga T.,
Takanami T., Saito R., Ichiishi E., Awaji S., Watanabe K. and Higashitani A.
[2008], “The effect of high strength static magnetic felds and ionizing radiation
on gene expression and DNA damage in Caenorhabditis elegans.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 29, pp.605-614.
Kitagawa A, Hikage T., Nojima T., Simba A. Y., Watanabe S. [2009] “Large scale
FDTD analysis for the electromagnetic field distribution estimations in elevatorusing precise numerical phantom model” EMC09, p.517-520
Kiyokawa T., Sakurai T. and Miyakoshi J. [2008], “Effects of magnetic fields
generated by induction heating (IH) cook tops on genotoxicity and HSP
expression in cultured cells,” The proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics
Society 30th Annual Meeting, P-93, pp. 386-387.
Kiyokawa T., Sakurai T. and Miyakoshi J. [2009], “Effects of magnetic fields
generated by induction heating (IH) cooktops on mutagenicity and HSP
expression in cultured cells,” The proceedings of BioEM2009, P-153, June.
Kiyokawa T., Sakurai T., Miyakosi. J. [2010], “Effects of long-term exposure tomagnetic fields generated by induction heating cooktops on genotoxicity andcogenotoxicity,” BEMS 32th Annual Meeting, Soul, Korea, P-A-102.
Kogure S., Wada K. and Suzuki Y. [2009], “Development of a magnetic field
generator at 20 kHz using a voltage-source inverter for biological research,”
IEICE technical report. Electromagnetic compatibility, 109(350), 19-24,
2009-12-11
Kojima M., Yamashiro Y., Sakamoto Y., Kawakami Y., Sasaki H. and Sasaki K.
[2007], “Difference of cataract development by different frequency in millimeterwave”, US-Japan Cooperative Cataract Research Group Meeting, Hawaii, pp 46,
December
Kojima M., Sakai T., Yamashiro Y., Suzuki Y., Sakamoto Y., Kawakami Y.,
Watanabe S., Taki M., Sasaki K. and Sasaki H. [2008a], “Investigation of
frequency specificity of millimeter wave exposure through ocular temperature
measurement and heat”, The Association for Research in Vision andOphthalmology, Florida, 2777-D793, pp 219, April
Kojima M., Sakai T., Suzuki Yamashiro Y., Sakamoto Y., Kawakami Y., WatanabeS., Taki M., Sasaki K. and Sasaki H. [2008b], “Investigation of frequency
specificity of quasi- and millimeter wave exposure through ocular temperature
measurement and heat transportation”, The Bioelectromagnetics Society 30th
Annual Meeting, San Diego, P-115, pp 440, June
36

Kojima M., Sakai T., Yamashiro Y., Suzuki Y., Hirata A., Sakamoto Y., Kawakami
Y., Watanabe S., Wake K., Taki M., Kamimura Y., Sasaki H. and Sasaki K.,[2008c], “Relationship between frequency specific characteristics of quasi- andmillimeter-waves and complexity of the eye structure”, The 7th Asian Cataract
Research Conference in conjunction with Cataract Satellite Meeting of the 18th
International Conference for Eye Research and the 11th Conference of Chinese
Cataract Society, Xi'an, September
Kojima M., Sakai T., Yamashiro Y., Matsuda T., Watanabe S., Sasaki K. and
Sasaki H. [2009a], “Characteristics of ocular temperature rise under exposure
to frequency (18-40 GHz)”, Proceedings of the BioEM2009, 16-3, June.
Kojima M., Yamashiro Y., Sakai T., Suzuki Y., Sasaki K. and Sasaki H. [2009b],“Heat cataract by millimeter wave band exposure and thermal transport ofaqueous humor”, US-Japan Cooperative Cataract Research Group, Hawaii,
December
Kojima M., Hanazawa M., Yamashiro Y., Sasaki H., Watanabe S. and Taki M.
[2009c], “Acute ocular injuries caused by 60-GHz millimeter-wave,” Heath Phys,
vol.97 (3), pp.212-218.
Kojima M., Yamashiro Y., Sakai T., Suzuki Y., Sasaki K. and Sasaki H. [2010a],“Analysis of Heat Transportation to Crystalline Lens Surface by Aqueous
Humor convection”, The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology,
Florida, May
Kojima M., Sakai T., Yamashiro Y., Suzuki Y., Watanabe S., Taki M., Sasaki K.
and Sasaki H. [2010b], “Mechanism of ocular temperature difference between
18 and 40 GHz exposure”, Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society 32nd
Annual Meeting, 4-4, June.
Kojima M., Yamashiro Y., Sasaki K. and Sasaki H. [2010c], “Examination ofthreshold 60 GHz millimeter wave ocular exposure in rabbit”, The 8th Asian
Cataract Research Conference, Hangzhou, June
Kojima M., Yamashiro Y., Sasaki H., Sasaki K., Sakai T., Wake K., Watanabe S.,
Kamimura Y., Hirata A., Suzuki Y. and Taki M. [2010d], “Verification of safety
guidelines for 60 GHz millimeter wave ocular exposure”, Proceedings of the2010 Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC'10), K2-3, Toyama,
September
Kojima M., Sasaki H., Sasaki K., Sakai T., Wake K., Watanabe S., Suzuki Y., Taki
M., Hirata A. and Kamimura Y. [2010e], “Investigation of frequency specificityof millimeter wave exposure trough ocular temperature measurement”, Glore,
37

Paris, October
Komai, T., Sato T., Sato F., Matsuki H. and Sato T. [2009], “A study of contactless
power transmission for an implantable medical device (in Japanese withEnglish summary),” Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan, vol.33,
pp.328-332.
Kotani K., Iida F., Akagawa T., Saitoh T., Jimbo Y., Kawaguchi Y. and Takamasu
K. [2007], “Development of the method for estimating cardiac vagal activity inreal-time during body motion and generation of the interactive CG (in Japanesewith English summary).” IEEJ Trans. EIS, vol. 127, pp. 1762-1769.
Kotani K., Takamasu K., Jimbo Y. and Yamamoto Y. [2008], “Postural-induced
phase shift of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and blood pressure variations insight from respiratory-phase domain analysis.” Am. J. Physiol Heart Circ
Physiol 294, pp. H1481-H1489.
Koyama S., Takashima Y., Sakurai T., Suzuki Y., Taki M. and Miyakoshi J. [2007],“Effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields with a wide range of SARs on
bacterial and HPRT gene mutations,” Journal of Radiation Research, vol. 48, pp.
69-75.
Koyama S., Sakurai T., Nakahara T. and Miyakoshi J. [2008a], “Extremely low
frequency (ELF) magnetic fields enhance chemically induced formation of
apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in A172 cell,” International Journal of
Radiation Bioloy, vol. 84, pp. 53-59.
Koyama D., Kim BS., Sagae T., Uchikawa Y. and Kobayashi K. [2008b],“Discussion of ST segment of exercise-induced 3D MCGs (in Japanese withEnglish summary). Journal of the Magnetic Society of Japan, vol. 32, pp.36-41.
Koyama K., Hirata A., Wang J. and Fujiwara O. [2010], “In-Vivo time domain
measurement of dielectric properties of human body tissue.” IEEJ–A, vol.130,
no.12, 1087-1091.
Kouzai M., Nishikata A., Sakai T., Watanabe S., Enomoto H., Ugawa Y. [2010],“Threshold measurement for thermal sensation produced by 60 GHz millimeter
converging beam exposure onto the palm,” IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.J93-B,
pp.1456—1465.
Kozai M., Nishikata A., Sakai T. and Watanabe S. [2009] “Characterization of 60
GHz millimeter-wave focusing beam for living-body exposure experiments”
EMC09 22S1-1 p.309-312.
Kumagai T., Saito K., Takahashi M. and Ito K. [2010], “A small 915MHz receiving
38

antenna for wireless power transmission aimed at medical applications,”
International Journal of Technology (IJTech), vol. 2, issue 1, pp.20-27, Jan2011.
Masuda H., Ushiyama A., Takahashi M., Wang J., Fujiwara O., Hikage T., NojimaT., Fujita K., Kudo M. and Ohkubo C. [2009], “Effects of 915 MHz electromagnetic field radiation in TEM cell on the blood-brain barrier and neurons in
the rat brain.” Radiation Research, vol. 172 (1), pp.66-73.
Matsui H., Sakurai T., Kiyokawa T. and Miyakoshi J. [2008], “Effects of
exposure to radiofrequency fields (UMTS/IMT-2000; 1950MHz) on micronucleus
formation in HL-60 cells,” The proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society
30th Annual Meeting, P-94, pp. 387-389, June.
Matsumine A, Takegami K, Asanuma L, Matsubara T, Nakamura T and Uchida T.
[2011], “A novel hyperthermia treatment for bone metastases using magnetic
materials.” Int J Clin Oncol (in press).
Matsumoto H. and Hashimoto K. [2009], “Solar Power Satellite/Station,” IEICE,
vol.92 (9), pp.755-760 (in Japanese)
Miyakoshi J., Horiuchi E., Nakahara T. and Sakurai T. [2007], “Magnetic fields
generated by an induction heating (IH) cook top do not cause genotoxicity invitro ,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 28, pp. 529-537.
Miyakoshi J. [2008], “Effects of Static Magnetic Field at the Cellular Level,”
ISMRM 16th Scientific Meeting and Exhibition and the SMRT 17th Annual
Meeting, May.
Miyakoshi J. [2009], “Advances in Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems,” Vol.
5, Health Effects of Cell Phone Radiation, (J. Miyakoshi, M. J. Schoemaker, A.
W. Preece, N. Leitgeb, P. Bernardi and J. C. Lin.) J. C. Lin. (Editor), Springer,
USA
Miyakoshi J., Narita E. and Sakurai T. [2010], “Effects of exposure to radiofrequency fields (UMTS/IMT-2000; 1950 MHz) on DNA strand breaks andmicronucleous formation in cultured cells”. BEMS 32th Annual Meeting, Soul,
Korea, P-A-124
Miyamori J., Haga A., Kakubari Y., Sato F., Matsuki H. and Sato T. [2009],“Examination of Phase Excitation in a Desktop CLPS (in Japanese with English
summary)”, Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan, vol.33, pp.110-113.
Mizuki T., Watanabe M., Nagaoka Y., Fukushima T., Morimoto H. and Usami R.
[2010]. “Activity of an enzyme immobilized on superparamagnetic particles in a39

rotational magnetic field.” Biochem Biopjhys Res Commun, vol.393 (4),pp.779-782.
Mizuno Y., Moriguchi Y., Hikage T., Terao Y., Ohnishi T. and Nojima T. [2009],“Effects of W-CDMA 1950 MHz EMF emitted by mobile phones on regional
cerebral blood flow in humans,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol.30, pp.536-544.
Monzen, S., Takahashi K., Toki T., Ito E., Sakurai T., Miyakoshi J. andKashiwakura I. [2009], “Exposure to a MRI-type high-strength static magnetic
field stimulates megakaryocytic/erythroid hematopoiesis in CD34 + cells fromhuman placental and umbilical cord blood,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 30, pp.
280-285.
Moriguchi H., Tamai N., Takayama Y., Kurashima T. and Jimbo Y. [2008a],“Site-selective recording of spontaneous activity from cultured small neuronal
circuits by means of spray-patterning and a mobile microelectrode (in Japanesewith English summary).” IEEJ Trans. EIS, Vol. 127, pp. 1562-1567.
Moriguchi H., Tamai N., Takayama Y., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2008b], “Extracellular recording from mass-produced small neuronal networks using mobile
metal microelectrodes.” 6th Int Meeting on Substrate-Integrated Microelectrodes, Reutlingen, July.
Moriguchi H., Tamai N., Takayama Y., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2008c],“Hierarchical oscillatory patterns observed in the spontaneous and evoked
activity in cultured small recurrent networks.” 6th FENS Forum, Geneva, July.
Moriguchi H., Tamai N., Takayama Y., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2008d],“Site-selective stimulation and recording of the electrical activity of cultured
neuronal networks using mobile microelectrodes.” Int. Symp. Biol. Physiol.
Engng..January.
Motomura T., Ueda K., Ohtani S., Hansen E., Ji L., Ito K., Saito K., Sugita Y. andNose Y. [2010], "Evaluation of systemic external microwave hyperthermia fortreatment of pleural metastasis in orthotopic lung cancer model." Oncology
Reports, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 591-598.
Motoyama J., Hakata T., Kato R., Yamashita N., Morino T. and Honda H. [2008]“Size dependent heat generation of magnetite nanoparticles under AC magnetic
field for cancer therapy.” BioMagnetic Research and Technology (open Accsess) 6,
pp.1-6.
Nagai T. and Hirata A. [2010], “In situ electric fields causing electro-stimulationfrom conductor contact of charged human.” Radiat Prot Dosimetry, vol.140, no.4,
pp.351-356.
40

Nagaoka T., Kunieda E., and Watanabe S. [2008a], “Proportion-corrected voxel
models for Japanese children and their application to the numerical dosimetryof specific absorption rate for frequencies from 30 MHz to 3 GHz.”, Physics in
Medicine and Biology, Vol.53, pp.6695—6711.
Nagaoka T. and Watanabe S. [2008b], “Postured voxel-based human models forelectromagnetic dosimetry,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol.53,
pp.7047—7061.
Nagaoka T. and Watanabe S. [2009a] “Estimation of variability of specificabsorption rate with physical description of children exposed to electromagnetic field in the VHF band” 31st Annual International Conference of theIEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp.942-945, September
Nagaoka T. and Watanabe S. [2009b], “Voxel-based variable posture models ofhuman anatomy” Proceeding of the IEEE, vol.97, no.12, Nov.2009
Nagaoka T., Sakatani K., Awano T., Yokose N., Hoshino T. and Murata Y. [2010],“Development of a new rehabilitation system based on a brain-computerinterface using near-infrared spectroscopy.” Adv Exp Med Biol, vol.662,
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Nagatomo T., Abe H., Toyoshima T., Fujimoto H., Kohno R. and Kondo S. [2009],“Electromagnetic interference with a bipolar pacemaker by an induction
heating (IH) rice cooker.” International Heart Journal, vol. 50 (1), pp.133-137.
Nakajima M., Inoue M., Hojo T., Inoue N., Tanaka K. and Takatori R. [2010],“Effect of electroacupuncutre on the healing process of tibia fracture in a rat
model: a randomised controlled trial.” Acupunct Med (in press).
Nakamichi N., Ishioka Y., Hirai T., Ozawa S., Tachibana M. and Nakamura M.
[2009], “Possible promotion of neuronal differentiation in fetal rat brain neuralprogenitor cells after sustained exposure to static magnetism,” J Neurosci Res(in press).
Nakaoka Y., Itoh J. and Shimizu K. [2010], “Orientation of Paramecium
swimming in a static magnetic field: Dependence on membrane lipid fluidity.”
Bioelectromagnetics, Vol.32, pp.66-72.
Nakasono S., Ikehata M., Dateki M., Yoshie S., Shigemitsu T. and Nagishi T.
[2008a], “Intermediate frequency magnetic fields did not have micronucleus
formation potential in in vitro tests,” Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics
Society the 30th Annual Meeting (BEMS2008), P-67, pp. 340-341, June.

41

Nakasono S., Ikehata M., Dateki M., Yoshie S., Shigemitsu T. and Negishi T.
[2008b], “Intermediate frequency magnetic fields do not have mutagenic, comutagenic or gene conversion potentials in microbial genotoxicity tests.”
Mutation Research, vol. 649, pp.187-200.
Nakasono, S., M. Ikehata, M. Dateki, S. Yoshie and T. Nagishi [2009]“Intermediate frequency magnetic fields did not have genotoxic potentials inmouse lymphoma assay (MLA),” Proceedings of the BioEM2009, P-152, June.
Nakasono S., Nishimura I., Ikehata M., Yamazaki K. and Negishi T. [2010a]“Intermediate frequency magnetic fields did not have genotoxic and promotion
potentials in vitro, nor reproductive and developmental toxicity in vivo”,
Proceedings of the BEMS2010, T-1-2, June.
Nakasono S., Ikehata M., Yamazaki K. and Negishi T. [2010b], “Intermediatedfrequency magnetic fields did not have genotoxic and promotion potentials”,
Proceedings of the 2010 Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (APRASC'10),
KP-3, Toyama, Sept.
Narita E., Sakurai T., Taki M. and Miyakoshi J. [2009], “Influence of ahigh-frequency electromagnetic field at 2.45 GHz on neurite outgrowth in
PC12VG cells,” The proceedings of BioEM2009, 11-2, June.
Negishi T., Imai S., Shibuya K., Nishimura I. and Shigemitsu T. [2008], “Lack ofpromotion effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on 7, 12-dimethylenz (a) anthraceneinduced malignant lymphoma/ lymphatic leukemia in mice.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 29, pp.29-38.
Nishimura I., Imai T. and Negishi T. [2009], “Lack of chick embryotoxicity after
20 kHz, 1.1 mT magnetic field exposure,” Bioelectromagnetics vol.30 (7),pp.573-582.
Nishimura T., Okano H., Tada H., Nishimura E., Sugimoto K. and Mohri K. [2010],“Lizards respond to an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields.” J Exp
Biol, vol.213 (pt12), pp.1985-1990
Nishimura T, Tada H, Guo X, Murayama T, Teramukai S and Okano H. [2011], “A
1-uT extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field vs. sham control for mild-tomodulate hypertension: a double-blind, randomize study.” Hypertension
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Ogawa K., Nabae K., Wang J., Wake K., Watanabe S., Kawabe M., Fujiwara O.,
Takahashi S., Ichihara T., Ramano S. and Shirai T. [2009], “Effects ofgestational exposure to 1.95-GHz W-CDWA signals for IMT-2000 cellular
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42

vol. 30, pp.205-212.
Ohkubo C. and Okano H. [2010], “Clinical aspects of static magnetic field effects
on circulatory system.” The Environmentalist (in press)
Okano H., Tomita N. and Ikada Y. [2008a], “Spatial gradient effects of 120 mT
static magnetic field on endothelial tubular formation in vitro.” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 29, pp.233-236.
Okano H., Kitahara H., Akai D. and Tomita N. [2008b], “The influence of a
gradient static magnetic field on an unstirred Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.”
Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 29, pp.598-604.
Okano H., Kitahara H. and Akai D. [2009], “Effect of a gradient static magnetic
field on an unstirred Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction by changing the thicknessof the medium.” Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.113 (13), pp.3061-3067.
Okano T., Terao Y., Furubayashi T., Yugeta A., Hanajima R. and Ugawa Y. [2010],“The effect of electromagnetic field emitted by a mobile phone on the inhibitory
control of saccades. Clin Neurophysiol, vol. 121, No. 4, pp. 603-611
Onishi T., Kiminami K. and Iyama T. [2008a], “Novel specific absorption ratemeasurement techniques,” EMC-in-Singapore 2008, TU-BIO-1-3, May.
Onishi T., Kiminami K. and Iyama T. [2008b], “Exclusion procedure with respect
to SAR measurement for simultaneous multi-band transmission assessment,”
Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 30th Annual Meeting (BEMS2008), P-26, June.
Onishi T., Iyama T., Hamada L. and Watanabe S. [2009a] “SAR and Temperatureelevation Using Japanese anatomical human models for Body-worn Usage,”
Proceedings of the BioEM2009, P-82, June.
Onishi T., Iyama T. and Kiminami K. [2009b], “Faster specific absorption ratemeasurement techniques,” EMC’09/Kyoto, 21S1-6, June.
Onishi T., Iyama T., Hamada L., Watanabe S. and Hirata A. [2010a], “Relationship between SAR and temperature elevation for body-worn devices,”
Proceedings of the Bioelectromagnetics Society the 32nd Annual Meeting,P-A-43, June.
Onishi T., Iyama T., Hamada L., Watanabe S. and Hirata A. [2010b], “Evaluationof SAR and Temperature Elevation Using Japanese Anatomical Human Models
for Body-Worn Devices,” IEICE Trans., E93-B, no. 12, pp. 3643-3646, Dec.

43

Rongen E., Croft R., Juutilainen J., Lagroye I., Miyakoshi J., Saunders R., Seze R.,
Tenforde T., Verschaeve L., Veyret B. and Xu Z. [2009] “Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on the human nervous system”. Journal of
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Saito A., Takayama Y., Moriguchi H., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2008], “Effects of
ELFMF exposure on differentiation and spontaneous activity of P19EC-derived
neuronal cells.” 3rd Int. Symp. Biomed. Engng., Bangkok, November.
Saito A., Takayama Y., Moriguchi H., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2009],“Developmental effects of low frequency magnetic fields on P19-derived
neuronal cells.” 31st Ann. Int. IEEE EMBS Conf., Minneapolis, September.
Saito A., Takayama Y., Moriguchi H., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2010a], “Effects ofextremely low frequency magnetic fields on neuronal development of P19
embryonal carcinoma cells”. IEEJ Trans. in press.
Saito A., Takayama Y., Moriguchi H., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2010b], “Evaluationof neuronal differentiation of P19EC cells after alternating current magnetic
fields exposure.” 7th FENS Forum, Amsterdam, July.
Saito A., Takayama Y., Moriguchi H., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2010c], “The Effectsof AC magnetic fields on neuronal differentiation and network activities of
P19EC cells.” 7th Int. Meeting on Substrate-Integrated Microelectrodes,
Reutlingen, July.
Saito A., Moriguchi H., Goto M., Saito A., Takayama Y., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y.
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neuronal networks using needle-type microelectrodes.” 7th Int. Meeting on
Substrate-Integrated Microelectrodes, Reutlingen, July.
Saito K., Kamimura T., Takahashi M. and Ito K. [2008a], "Evaluation on
performances of microwave antenna with thermosensor for intracavitary
thermal therapy." The 10th International Congress on Hyperthermic Oncology
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Saito K., Kamimura T., Takahashi M., and Ito K. [2008b], "Microwave antenna
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Symposium on Antennas and Propagation.

44

Saito K., Kawamura T., Kikuchi S., Takahashi M. and Ito K. [2009], "SAR
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Bioelectromagnetics Society Annual Meeting, P-181.
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Saito K., Tsubouchi K., Takahashi M. and Ito K. [2010b], "Intracavitary
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Workshop on Antenna Technology 2010.
Saito K., Tsubouchi K., Takahashi M. and Ito K. [2010c], "Development of antenna
for intracavitary microwave thermal therapy-Evaluations on heating
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AP-S International Symposium and CNC-USNC/URSI Radio Science Meeting.
Saito K., Tsubouchi K., Takahashi M. and Ito K. [2010d], “Practical evaluations onheating characteristics of thin microwave antenna for intracavitary thermal
therapy,” 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in
Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS 2010), pp.2755-2758, Buenos Aires,
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Sakurai T. and Miyakoshi J. [2008c], “Effects of strong static magnetic fields on
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Sakurai T., Kiyokawa T., Kikuchi K. and Miyakoshi J. [2009d], “Intermediate
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decreases fructose but not citrate in rabbit semen: a longitudinal study.” Syst
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Sato K., Kamimura Y. and Yamada Y. [2009], “A Free Scanning Method for
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Sato K., Miyata N., Kamimura Y. and Yamada Y. [2010], “A Freehand Scanning
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Low Heating Levels for Cardiac Pacemaker (in Japanese with English
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Sato, F., Shinohe K., Takura T., Matsuki H., Yamada S. and Sato T. [2009],“Development of Wireless Communication System in real-time Internal Dose
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Sekino M., Tatara S. and Ohsaki H. [2008b], “Imaging of electric permittivity andconductivity using MRI.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 44, pp.
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Sekijima M., Takeda H., Yasunaga K., Sakuma N., Hirose H. and Nojima T. [2010],“2-GHz band CW and W-CDMA modulated radiofrequency fields have nosignificant effect on cell proliferation and gene expression profile in humancells.” J Radiation Research, vol.51, no.3, pp.277-284..
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Measurement System (in Japanese with English summary),” Journal of theMagnetics Society of Japan, vol. 33, pp.337-340.
Simba A.Y., Hikage T., Watanabe S. and Nojima T. [2009a], “Specific absorption
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Simba A.Y., Watanabe S., Hikage T., Nojima T. [2009b], “A Review of Mobile
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Soda A., Ikehara T., Kinouchi Y. and Yoshizaki K. [2008], “Effect of exposure to an
extremely low frequency-electromagnetic field on the cellular collagen withrespect to signaling pathway in osteoblast-like cells.” Journal of Medical
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Sugiura T., Umehara N., Mizushina S. and Hirata H. [2009], “Improvement of theConfidence Interval Level of Multi-frequency Microwave Radiometer System for
Measuring Deep Brain Temperature in New Born Infants,” Proceedings of
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Sugiura T., Okita Y., Takahashi I. and Hirata H. [2010], “Five-band microwave
radiometer system for non-invasive brain temperature measurement in newborn babies: Improvement of confidence interval and phantom measurement
experiment,” Proceedings of AP-RASC’10, KB1-5, 2010.9
Suzuki Y., Maruyama K., Wake K., Watanabe S., Taki M. and Hashimoto O. [2009],“Computational analysis on induced current density and electric field in apregnant woman model due to intermediate frequency magnetic fields” EMC09
21S3-3 p.189 to 192, Jul.2009
Suzurikawa J., Takahashi H., Kanzaki R., Nakao M. and Jimbo Y. [2007a],“Photoelectric properties of a light-addressable electrode with a low-conductive
passivation layer and spatial resolution of the light-addressed electricalstimulation (in Japanese with English summary).” IEEJ Trans. EIS, Vol. 127,
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Suzurikawa J., Takahashi H., Kanzaki R., Nakao M., Takayama Y. and Jimbo Y.
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Suzurikawa J., Kanzaki R., Nakao M., Jimbo Y. and Takahashi H. [2008a],“Optimization of thin-film configuration for light-addressable stimulationelectrode (in Japanese with English summary).” IEEJ Trans. EIS, Vol. 128, pp.
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Suzurikawa J., Nakao M., Jimbo Y., Kanzaki R. and Takahashi H. [2008b],“Characterization of response patterns evoked by light addressed electricalstimulation in cultured neuronal network.” 6th Int. Meeting on SubstrateIntegrated Microelectrodes, Reutlingen, July.
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Suzurikawa J., Nakao M., Jimbo Y., Kanzaki R. and Takahashi H. [2008c], “Lightaddresable electrodes for probing functional neuronal networks in culture.” Int.
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Suzurikawa J., Nakao M., Jimbo Y., Kanzaki R. and Takahashi H. [2009], “Lightaddressed stimulation under Ca 2+ imaging of cultured neurons.” IEEE Trans.
BME 56, pp. 2660-2665.
Takahashi S., Imai N., Nabae K., Wake K., Kawai H., Wang J., Watanabe S.,
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Takahashi K.A., Tonomura H., Arai Y., Terauchi R., Honjo K. and Hiraoka N.
[2009], “Hyperthermia for the treatment of articular cartilage with osteoarthritis.” Int J Hyperthermia, pp.661-667.
Takano Y., Hirata A. and Fujiwara O. [2010], “Basic restriction and reference levelin anatomically-based Japanese models for low-frequency electric and magnetic
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Takayama Y., Moriguchi H. and Jimbo Y. [2007], “Activity changes induced byspatio-temporally correlated stimuli in cultured cortical ntworks (in Japanesewith English summary).” IEEJ Trans. EIS, Vol. 127, pp. 1619-1624.
Takayama Y., Saito A., Moriguchi H. and Jimbo Y. [2008a], “Developmental
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Int. Symp. Biol. Physiol. Engng. January.
Takayama Y., Saito A., Moriguchi H., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2008b], “Neurons
derived from P19 embryonal carcinoma cells establish functional neuronal
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Takayama Y., Saito A., Moriguchi H., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2008c], “Neurons
derived from P19 embryonal carcinoma cells establish functional neuronal
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Takayama Y., Moriguchi H., Kotani K. and Jimbo. Y. [2009a], “Spontaneous
calcium oscillations in cultured cortical networks during development.” IEEE
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Takayama Y., Saito A., Moriguchi H. and Jimbo. Y. [2009b], “Ensemble simulationof embryoid bodies using substrate-embedded electrodes.” IEEJ Trans. 4, pp.
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734-735.
Takayama Y., Saito A., Moriguchi H., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2009c], “Ensemble
recording of electrical activity in neurons derived from P19 embryonalcarcinoma cells (in Japanese with English summary).” IEEJ Trans. EIS, Vol.
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Takayama Y., Moriguchi H., Saito A., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2009d], “Ensemble
stimulation of embryoid bodies using microfabricated ITO substrates.” 31st Ann.
Int. IEEE EMBS Conf., Minneapolis, September.
Takayama Y., Moriguchi H., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2010a], “Spontaneous
calcium transients in cultured cortical networks during development.” 7th Int.
Meeting on Substrate-Integrated Microelectrodes, Reutlingen, July.
Takayama Y., Moriguchi H., Saito A., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y. [2010b], “Interactionof P19 cell-derived neuronal networks and mouse cortical networks co-cultured
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Takeuchi A., Ogawa H., Moriguchi H., Lee J., Noshiro M., Kotani K. and Jimbo Y.
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Takeuchi A., Moriguchi H., Kotani K., Miwa K., Lee J., Noshiro M. and Jimbo Y.
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Takeuchi A., Tani M., Mori M., Moriguchi H., Kotani K., Lee J., Noshiro M. andJimbo Y. [2010b], “Effects of electrical stimulation in sympathetic neuroncardiomyocyte co-cultures (in Japanese with English summary).” IEEJ Trans.
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Takeuchi A., Tani M., Mori M., Kotani K., Miwa K., Lee J., Noshiro M. and Jimbo
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Takeuchi A., Tani M., Mori M., Moriguchi H., Kotani K., Miwa K., Lee J., Noshiro
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neuron-cadiomyocyte coculture.” 7th Int. Meeting on Substrate-Integrated
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Tonomura W., Kurashima T., Takayama Y., Moriguchi H., Jimbo Y. and Konishi S.
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Tonomura W., Moriguchi H., Jimbo Y. and Konishi S. [2008], “Parallel multipoint
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Variser N., Wake K., Taki M., Watanabe S., Takebayashi T., Yamaguchi N., andKikuchi Y. [2008a], “SAR characterization inside intracranial tumors for case–control epidemiological studies on cellular phones and RF exposure,” Annals of
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Varsier N., Wake K., Taki M., Watanabe S., Cardis E., Wiart J., and Yamaguchi N.
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Watanabe R., Saito K., Watanabe S., Takahashi M. and Ito K. [2009],"Computation of interference voltage at a pacemaker due to electromagnetic
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Meeting, P-70.
Watanabe R., Saito K., Watanabe S., Takahashi M. and Ito K. [2010], “SAR
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32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine
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