COMMISSION K: ELECTROMAGNETICS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE(November 2010 – October 2013)
Edited by Watanabe S, Sekino M, Ikehata M, Yoshie S, Taki M and Jimbo Y

Introduction
The research activities on the biological effects of electromagnetic fields in Japan from 2010 to 2013
are reviewed. In vivo, in vitro, dosimetrical studies on DC electric and magnetic fields, extremely low
frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields, intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic fields, radio frequency(RF) and microwaves are discussed. Biomedical applications including magnetic stimulation, hyperthermia,
thermal ablation, MEG, MCG, current distribution MRI, fMRI and radiometry, contactless powertransmission, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) are also introduced.
K1 Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields
K1.1 Static magnetic field
Japanese researchers focused on biological effects of moderate static magnetic field for possible medical
application and also health risk assessment of ultra-high static magnetic field.
K1.1.1 In vivo studies
Xu et al., reported effects of moderate static magnetic field on impaired peripheral vasomotion. In vivo
ischemia model by caudal artery ligation was used. They implanted a magnetized rod (max. 160 mT) into the
middle diaphysis of the fifth caudal vertebra. NIRS measurements were performed in 3- , 5- , and 7-week
sessions and the vasomotion amplitude and frequency were analyzed. As the result, exposure for 3-7 weeks
to the SMF significantly contracted the increased vasomotion amplitude in the ischemic area. These results
suggest that SMF may have a regulatory effect on rhythmic vasomotion in the ischemic area by smoothing
the vasomotion amplitude in the early stage of the wound healing process [Xu et al., 2013].
Okano was involved various research for exploring effects of moderate static magnetic field on
peripheral vasomotion (above study), nerve conduction, bone mineralization, pain relief and hypertension[Okano et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2011; Kanai et al., 2011; Nishimura et al., 2011] .
Yamaguchi-Sekino et al. [2012] investigated effects of acute exposure to ultra-high static magnetic field(17.2 T) on brain blood barrier. Six SD rats (7-9 weeks) were exposed at 17.2 T for 3 hours under anesthesia.
Blood gas analysis of arterial blood at 1.5 hours after the beginning of the exposure and examination of BBB
permeability by injection of Evans blue under exposure were carried out. The entire brains and the slices
were observed via stereomicroscope. No differences were detected from macroscopic observation, blood gas
analysis, and Evans blue concentration between the two groups. Therefore, they concluded that acuteexposure (up to 3 hours) to ultra-high magnetic field (17.2 T) does not alter BBB permeability.
K1.1.2 In vitro studies
Okano evaluated the effect of SMF up to 0.7 T on the membrane excitation and refractory processes ofsciatic nerve fibres of Xenopus frogs. The compound action potentials (CAP) values were measured for twogroups, the control group and the SMF-exposed group for 6 h. The conduction velocity of C fiber was
significantly delayed by not 0.25 T but 0.7 T SMF exposure for 4‒6 h compared with the unexposed control
group. They suggest that these results imply that an SMF may diminish pain perception because the C fiber
is responsible for pain transmission. [Okano, 2011].
K1.1.3 Other studies
Effect of gradient static magnetic field on unstirred Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction was investigated by
Okano et al. [2013]. The ferroin-catalyzed BZ medium was exposed to the SMF for up to 16 min at 25 degrees
C. The experiments demonstrated that the wave velocity was significantly accelerated primarily by the1magnetic gradient. The propagation of the fastest wave front indicated a sigmoid increase along the peakmagnetic gradient line, but not along the peak magnetic force product line. The underlying mechanisms of
the SMF effects on the anomalous wave propagation could be attributed primarily to the increased
concentration gradient of the paramagnetic iron ion complexes at the chemical wave fronts induced by themagnetic gradient.
Yamaguchi-Sekino et al. [2011] investigated magnetic field in working environment of shielded-arc
welding. They measured the magnetic field exposure level of welders in the course of working. The
measurements were performed using a 3-axis Hall magnetometer attached to a subject’s wrist and data wascollected every 5 s from the beginning of the work time to the end. Data showed dominant is DC magnetic
field and the maximum exposed field was 0.35–3.35 mT and the average value per day was 0.04–0.12 mT.
They also conducted a finite element method-based analysis of human hand tissue for the electromagnetic
field dosimetry. Calculated eddy current (4.28 mA/m2 ) was much lower than the well-known guideline
thresholds for electrical nerve or muscular stimulation.
K1.2 Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic fieldResearch activity of this field is not high during last three years. Time-varying 1.5 T magnetic field oncell regulation, in vitro nerve stimulation method by ELF magnetic field, theoretical study of body hair
movement by ELF electric field and follow-up study of epidemiological findings were reported.
K1.2.1 In vivo studies
Takahashi et al. [2012] established and evaluated the toxic response of human-like hematopoietic lineage
in NOG mice to a representative toxic agent, benzene. They compared of responses to the toxic effects ofbenzene with mouse chimeric-NOG and found there were greater response in lymphoid cells than in myeloid
cells in Mo-NOG and Hu-NOG mice. They have a plan to use this mouse lineage to evaluate possible effectof ELF-MF on leukemia that was reported in several epidemiological studies.
K1.2.2 In vitro studies
Nishisako et al. [2011] reported effects of a 1.5 T time-varying magnetic field on cell volume regulationof bovine adrenal chromaffin cells in hyposmotic media.
Ikehata et al. [2010] reported effects of exposure to a time-varying 1.5 T magnetic field on theneurotransmitter-activated increase in intracellular Ca2+ in relation to actin fiber and mitochondrial functions
in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
Saito et al. [2011] reported establishment of precise magnetic stimulation. They developed a Mu-metal
based localized magnetic stimulation (LMS) system with micro-fabricated dual cell-culture chambers
combining with a microelectrode array (MEA) permitted the evaluation of the stimulus effects at thestimulated and non-stimulated sites. They arranged cell-culture chambers in a concentric circle manner andrat cortical neurons were separately cultured in outer and inner chambers. Mu-metal was aligned along theouter circle, which allowed us of focal magnetic stimulation to the cells in the outer chamber. Applying low
frequency magnetic field to the Mu-metal caused to induce currents and the electrical activity of the cells in
the outer chamber was modified depending on the stimulation intensity. Following the modified activity inthe outer circles, the cells in the inner chamber also showed slightly depressed activity patterns.
K1.2.3 Epidemiological studies
Schüz et al. (involved Hagihara J, Saito AM) [2012] reported follow up study of previous
epidemiological findings. Data from 3073 cases of childhood ALL were pooled from prospective studies
conducted in Canada, Denmark, Germany, Japan, UK and US to determine death or relapse up to 10 years
from diagnosis. Adjusting for known prognostic factors, we calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95%
confidence intervals (CI) for overall survival and event-free survival for ELF-MF exposure categories andby 0.1 μT increases. The HRs by 0.1 μT increases were 1.00 (CI, 0.93-1.07) for event-free survival analysis
2and 1.04 (CI, 0.97-1.11) for overall survival. ALL cases exposed to >0.3 μT did not have a poorer event-freesurvival (HR=0.76; CI, 0.44-1.33) or overall survival (HR=0.96; CI, 0.49-1.89). HRs varied little by subtypeof ALL. In conclusion, ELF-MF exposure has no impact on the survival probability or risk of relapse inchildren with ALL. Sato AM contributed to this study.
K1.2.4 Other studies
Shimizu et al. [2013a, 2013b] reported theoretical studies movement of body hair by ELF electric fields.
To elucidate the mechanism of the biological effect of ELF (extremely low frequency, 0–300 Hz) electricfield and to settle appropriate safety standards, the body hair movement in AC electric field exposure wasanalyzed. They derived the equation of motion to describe the body hair movement cause by the electric force,and obtained an analytic solution for AC input. They applied this solution to practical conditions and clarified
the body hair movement in AC electric field exposure. Using this solution, the body hair movement indifferent humidity and verified the validity of the analysis in experiments was analyzed.
K1.3 Intermediate Frequency (IF) magnetic fieldResearch activity in this frequency range is higher than ELF. Several research groups vigorously
investigated about several biological indices both in vivo and in vitro to establish data for health risk
assessment.
K1.3.1 In vivo studies
In National Institute of Public Health, several projects have been conducted. Win-Shwe et al. [2013]
investigated the effect of IF-MF on the expressions of memory function-related genes and relatedtransduction molecules in the mouse hippocampus. Mice were exposed to IF-MF (21 kHz, 3.8 mT) one hourper day for 2 weeks. Twenty-four hour after final exposure, the expression levels of memory function-related
genes and the mRNA levels for signal transduction pathway molecules in the hippocampi were examinedusing real-time RT-PCR. The relative mRNA expression levels of the N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) receptor
subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B as well as transcription factors (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein
kinase (CaMK) -IV, cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) -1) and neurotrophins (nerve
growth factor (NGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF)) were not significantly altered in the
IF-MF-exposed mice. They also examined the morphology of the hippocampus using a histological analysis,
but no changes in the IF-MF-exposed mice were observed.
Ushiyama et al. investigated blood properties and immune systems in rats. They exposed rats up to 3.8
mT, 21 kHz MF for 1hr per day for 3 consecutive days under fixed conditions in acrylic holder. On the 4th
day following the exposure, biochemical and hematological parameters in the blood were analyzed. They
also examined the effects to the immunological functions such as cytotoxic activity and phagocytotic activity.
Results indicate that there is no effects to these parameters, even high magnetic flux density was exposed tothe animals.
Ushiyama et al. [2012, 2013] investigated immunotoxicity by exposure 10.3 mT, 21 kHz MF on fetus
development in rat. They developed exposure apparatus that is suitable for abdominal exposure. Pregnant
rats were locally exposed to 21 kHz MF for 1 hr/day from gestation day 7 up to 17. Maximum flux density
is at abdominal surface was 10.3 mT. On the gestation day 20, their fetuses were excised and weighed. The
number of live fetuses, dead fetuses, and implantation sites were recorded. Then, fetuses were examined forexternal and internal abnormalities and also skeletons abnormalities. Results show that there is no significant
difference between exposed and non-exposed group.
In CRIEPI group, Nishimura et al. [2011] investigated teratological effects in rats exposed to 20 or 60
kHz magnetic fields. Pregnant Crl:CD(SD) rats (25/group) were exposed to a 20 kHz, 0.2 mT (rms) or 60
kHz, 0.1 mT (rms) sinusoidal MF or sham-exposed for 22 hr/day during organogenesis, and their fetuses were
examined for malformations on gestation day 20. As the result, no exposure-related changes were found inclinical signs, gross pathology, or number of implantation losses. The number of live fetuses and low-body3

weight fetuses as well as the incidence of external, visceral, and skeletal malformations in the fetuses did notindicate significant differences between MF-exposed and sham-exposed groups. Therefore, exposure of rats
to MFs during organogenesis did not show significant reproducible teratogenicity under experimental
conditions.
K1.3.2 In vitro studies
From RTRI’s group, several reports of the biological effect of the intermediate frequency magnetic fields(IF-MFs) were published.
Ikehata et al. [2010] studied the development of novel exposure system of IF-MFs for in vitro test
systems, which is capable of generating 20 kHz, up to 3.9 mT IF-MF within exposure space (150 mm × 150
mm × 150 mm) within ± 5 % deviation. Ikehata [2011] also reported the evaluation of mutagenic effect of
IF-MF in in vitro micronucleus assay. The results show that up to 3.9 mT, 21 kHz IF-MF exposure for 24 hrs
did not induce micronucleus in CHL/IU cells.
Yoshie et al. [2011] investigated the effect of IF-MF (21 kHz, 3.9 mT (rms)) on growth rate of various
cell lines, which are deficient in DNA repair, and mutagenicity by HPRT mutation assay using CHO-K1 cells.
The results showed that the IF-MF exposure does not affect cell growth regardless of the ability of DNA
repair. In the HPRT mutation assay, the results indicated that the IF-MF exposure does not cause mutation as
well. Yoshie et al. [2013] also reported long term IF-MF exposure on cell differentiation from embryonicstem cell to cardiomyocyte was evaluated using the Embryonic Stem Cell Test (EST). This test is a methodof alternatives of animal experiment for teratology. The results show IF-MF affect neither cell proliferation
nor cell differentiation in murine embryonic stem cell for 10 days exposure.
Ogasawara et al. [2012] investigated possible hormonal effect or effects on hormonal action by exposure
to 21 kHz IF-MF using genetically modified MCF-7 cells integrated estrogen-regulated reporter gene. The
results show neither hormonal effect nor effect on hormonal action by exposure up to 3.9 mT, 21 kHz IF-MF
for 4 days.
In CRIEPI group, Nakasono et al. investigated genotoxic and promotion potentials of a vertical andsinusoidal IF MF of 0.91 mT (rms) at 2 kHz, 1.1 mT (rms) at 20 kHz and 0.11 mT (rms) at 60 kHz. They
used microbial mutagenicity tests, gene conversion tests, micronucleus tests or mouse lymphoma assay for
genotoxicity, and Bhas 42 promotion tests for promotion. The results indicated that the IF MFs did not havegenotoxic nor promotion potentials in the experimental conditions.
K1.4 RF electromagnetic field and microwaves
K1.4.1 In vivo studies
Masuda et al. [2011] locally exposed rat’s brain cortex to 2-GHz RF and evaluated the local cerebral
blood flow (CBF) and temperature. They found that CBF depended on the brain cortex temperature but noton the rectal temperature in the early part of the RF exposure while CBF was correlated with the both target
and rectum temperature at the end of the RF exposure (18min). They used a local exposure setup with afigure-eight loop antenna. The averaged SAR of the target tissue was set at 10.5, 40.3, 130 and 263 W/kg.
Ohtani et al. [2012] conducted an in vivo study on immunotoxic effects. They used a whole-body
exposure setup using cross-dipole antennas and juvenile rats. Quantity of 6 cytokine in hematopoietic lineage
cells and T cell population were analyzed with flow cytometry as first screening. The final results will bereported in near future.
K1.4.2 In vitro studies
Miyakoshi and his colleagues have been engaging on in vitro studies in RF frequency region. Sakurai etal. [2011] evaluated the gene expression in a human-derived glial cell exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave
1, 5, and 10 W/kg for 1, 4, and 24 h and concluded that no evidence that exposure to RF fields affected gene
expression for their experimental condition. Miyakoshi [2013] has recently published his comprehensive
review on in vitro studies in RF frequency region.
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K1.4.3 Other studies
Nakatani-Enomoto et al. [2013] have conducted a human study on the quality of sleep after exposure to
RF EMF from a cellular phone. They concluded that EMF exposure for 3 h from a W-CDMA-like system has
no detectable effects on human sleep.
K1.5 Millimeter wave
Kanazawa Medical University (KMU) group has been engaging on ocular effects due to localized
exposure to millimeter wave using rabbits. Recently they reported the threshold of the thermal effects ofmillimeter wave at 40 GHz and 76 GHz [Kojima et al, 2011, 2012; Naillia et al, 2012]. They also reported
that the direction of the fluid convection in the anterior chamber of the eye exposed to millimeter wave
changed between 40 GHz and 76 GHz and significantly affects the threshold and the target of the thermal
effects,
K1.6 Contact currents
Tarao et al. investigated contact currents and electric fields by exposure to ELF electric fields using
anatomically realistic human model. As a result, they reported in the case that a human is exposed to anelectric field of 1 kV/m at 60 Hz the short-circuit current of 18 A flows though the ankles. Furthermore, theelectric field of 40 mV/m in the nervous tissue of the adult model is induced by exposure to external electricfields at the reference level, which is enough smaller than the basic restrictions established in the ICNIRP
guidelines for occupational exposure.
K2 Dosimetry
K2.1 Numerical dosimetry
The numerical dosimetry is very active in Japan because fine anatomical voxel human models ofJapanese adults and children are available from National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology (NICT). New voxel human models also recently have been developed [Nagaoka et al., 2012,2013a; Nagaoka and Watanabe, 2012a]. Furthermore new pregnant woman voxel models have been developed
by Japan-France cooperation [Wiart et al., 2011].
For the numerical calculations using the voxel human models, GPU simulators have been recently usedbecause GPU simulators offer very effective acceleration for FDTD algorithm which is generally used for
RF frequency region. Nagaoka et al. reported that the GPU simulators can achieve comparable computation
speed with a super computer [Nagaoka and Watanabe, 2011c, 2011d, 2012b, 2013].
Using the anatomical human voxel models, detailed dosimetry has been conducted for the whole-body
exposure conditions, i.e., the worst-case conditions considered in the RF safety guidelines. Asayama et al.
[2013] reported the statistical characteristics of the whole-body averaged SAR (WBA-SAR) of a pregnant
woman and child. Hirata and his colleagues, reported the WBA-SAR of human models on the ground [Hirata
et al., 2012; Yanase et al, 2011].
Numerical dosimetry for the localized exposure due to body-worn wireless devices such as smart phones
has also been reported [Onishi et al., 2012]. In addition to the hand-held wireless devices, wireless powertransmission (WPT) system has become another most important source of the localized exposure. Park et al.
[2012a, 2012b, 2013b] have reported that the induced in situ electric fields and SAR in the human body
exposed to resonance-type WPT system operated around 10 MHz. They also found that the electric field
could not be ignored even if the WPT system used magnetic resonance phenomenon. Laakso and hiscolleagues have also reported the numerical dosimetry for a 10-MHz band resonance type WPT system andfor an electric vehicle charging system operated at 85 kHz [Laakso et al., 2012, 2013].
Numerical dosimetry in ELF region has also been conducted using the anatomical human voxel models.
Tarao and his colleagues have been reported detailed analysis of the induced in situ electric fields in a humanbody exposed to ELF EMF [Hamamoto et al., 2011; Tarao et al., 2011b, 2012a, 2012c, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c,
2013d].
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K2.2 Experimental dosimetry
In Japan, several groups have been engaging on the development of measurement methods for WBASAR. Kawamura et al. [2012] has developed a WBA-SAR measurement system measuring the scattered Efield from the human body or phantom around 360 degrees. NICT group has also reported different
measurement methods using a human-equivalent antenna and calorimetory [Ito et al., 2011; Simba et al.,2011; Akiyama et al., 2012].
Ishii and his colleagues have been engaging on a novel calibration method for SAR probes using a small
antenna in the tissue-equivalent liquid used for compliance tests of cellular phones and so on [Ishii et al.,2011, 2012; Toyoshima et al., 2012]. Sato et al. [2013] has proposed an improved calibration of a magnetic
field sensor. Le et al. [2012], has reported the requirement for the SAR measurement of a MIMO transmitterand determined the uncertainty due to the averaging time.
K2.3 Development of exposure setups and dosimetry for medical and biological studies.
Localized exposure of laboratory animals is a technical challenge in RF engineering because thewavelength or resonant dimension is generally comparable with the small animals such as rats or mice. Arimaand his colleagues have been engaging on the development of the exposure setup for in vivo studies on
localized RF exposure of a rat’s head using a figure-8 loop antenna [Arima et al., 2011; Kawai et al., 2011].
They also recently developed a multiband antenna for simultaneous multi-frequency exposure [Shiraishi etal., 2011]. Suzuki and his colleagues have been conducted detailed analysis of the rabbit eye local exposure
to millimeter wave [Koike et al., 2011; Suzuki et al., 2012].
Another technical challenge is the whole-body exposure to freely moving animals. The statisticalanalyses of such exposure conditions were reported [Wang et al., 2011, 2012, 2013]. A hybrid methods was
also applied for the statistical analyses for a reverberation chamber exposure setup in which rats were exposed[Chakarothai et al., 2012, 2013a]. The hybrid method is also used for the numerical dosimetry of the rabbit
eye localized exposure [Chakarothai et al., 2013b].
Shiina et al. [2012] has developed an exposure setup for in vitro studies on biological effects of themillimeter wave. The exposure system consists of the disc-shaped post-wall waveguide and high-efficiency
temperature control devices. For a human study on sleep effects of cellular phones, an exposure system wasdeveloped and detailed exposure analyses were conducted [Simba et al., 2011]. Hirai et al. [2011] developed
an in vivo exposure setup for intermediate frequency (IF) region. Dosimetric studies for epidemiology ofcellular-phone use and cancers, i.e., INTERPHONE and Mobi-kids, have also been conducted by Japanese
researchers with cooperation of researchers of other countries [Cardis et al., 2011; Deltour et al., 2011; Takiand Wake, 2012; Wake et al., 2011].
K2.4 Mechanism between biological tissues and EMF.
Dielectric properties of biological tissues and organs are crucial parameters for the dosimetry. AlthoughGabriel’s Cole-Cole models have been widely used, further studies on expansion or improvement of thedatabase have been conducted in Japan. Hamaji et al. [2011] developed the waveguide-penetration method
for the dielectric measurement and reported in vivo measurement of actual human fingers. Sakai et al. [2010]
proposed a temperature compensation technique of complex permittivities of biological tissues and organs
from 5 GHz to 50 GHz. Wakatsuchi et al. [2012] has also reported the complex permittivities of the crystalline
lens from 0.5 GHz to 50 GHz using their-own original freeze-dry preparation technique. Sasaki et al., hasdeveloped a dielectric measurement system using a lens antenna over 100 GHz while Gabriel did measure up
to 20 GHz [Sasaki et al., 2010] and also proposed a new parametric models for interpolation and extrapolationof the measured dielectric data of the biological tissues and organs [Sasakai et al., 2013].
Tarao and his colleagues have been investigating the human-body equivalent impedance from ELF,
which is an important parameter for a compliance procedure of contact current [Hayashi et al., 2013; Tarao
et al., 2010, 2011a, 2012b].
In view of the thermal effects, the relationship between the SAR and the temperature elevation is the6most important issue in RF dosimetry. Hirata and his colleagues reported the detailed characteristics anddominant factors for the temperature elevation of a human body and of a laboratory animal [Hirata et al.,2011; Kanai et al., 2010; Oizumi et al., 2013; Onishi et al., 2010].
Positive health effects by electric field have been investigated and some health care equipment using theelectric field has been commercially available in Japan. Shimizu and her colleagues conducted theoreticalanalyses of body-hair movement in ELF electric field cause by the health care equipment [Iida et al., 2013;
Shimizu et al., 2013].
The last study dedicated for the mechanism in Japan was the investigation in the multi reflection effects
in a metallic wall such as being in an elevator. Simaba et al. [2011] has reported the effects of the multireflection of RF wave from a cellular phone near a metallic wall experimentally and numerically.
K2.5 Dosimetry for medical application (see also K3)
Enhancement of the SAR around an implanted medical device or metallic object has been investigated.
Endo and his colleagues, [Endo et al., 2011, 2012a, 2012b, 2013; Saito et al., 2011a, 2011b, 2012] reported
the increased SAR in the front of the implanted cardiac pacemaker during the use of a cellular phone.
Kawamura et al., [2012] also reported the local SAR around an implanted metal plates in a human body
exposed to UHF EMF.
The other important aspect of the medical implant is the electromagnetic interferences (EMI). There
have been numerous studies in Japan because public concerns on this issue is high: The cellular phone must
be switched off near priority seats in commune trains in Japan. Endo and his colleagues investigated the EMIof an implanted cardiac pacemaker by a cellular phone using an anatomical human voxel model and an
experimental phantom [Endo et al., 2013]. Higashiyama et al. [2011c, 2012] and Hikage et al. [2011] reported
the EMI of an implantable pacemaker from a cellular phone in an elevator cabin. Hikage et al. also reported
the EMI of an implantable pacemaker from RFID [2011d] and from a WPT system [2012, 2013]. Ishihara etal. [2011] reported the EMI of implanted medical devices from body area network devices. Nagase et al.
[2012] reported the EMI of implanted medical devices from high-speed radio access technologies such as
LTE. Yamanaka et al. [2012] reported the EMI of an implanted cardiac pacemaker of a human body existingin a nuclear fusion facility.
K3 Biomedical Applications
K3.1 Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia has been one of the most important research fields on medical application ofelectromagnetic fields. Microwave energy is a heating source used for localized hyperthermia. Depending on
the position and size of the target tumor, several types of antennas, which radiate microwave energy to thetarget, can be selected. Ito and Saito [2011] introduced two types of heating schemes which can be used withmicrowave energy, and provided brief explanations of the basic engineering involved.
Interstitial microwave hyperthermia is one of the heating schemes and it is applied to a localized tumor.
In the treatments, heating pattern control around antennas is important, especially for the treatment in andaround critical organs. Saito et al. [2013] introduced a coaxial-dipole antenna, which is one of the thin
microwave antennas and can generate a controllable heating pattern. An array of the proposed antenna
generates an arbitrary shape heating patterns.
In microwave hyperthermia for bile duct carcinoma, implantation of metallic stent within the bile duct
may distort the applied electromagnetic waves. Itakura et al. [2012] developed a biliary stent compatible withhyperthermia. Even when the probe is located inside the stent, hyperthermia can be carried out because thestent let the electromagnetic fields propagate outside through the stent. The performance of the stent wasevaluated using numerical simulations and experiments.
In the hyperthermia of bile duct carcinoma, an endoscope is first inserted into the duodenum and a longand flexible coaxial antenna is then inserted into the forceps channel of the endoscope, which is used to insert
the tool for surgical treatment. Then, the antenna is guided to the bile duct through the papilla of Vater, which7

is located in the duodenum, and is inserted in the bile duct. Tsubouchi et al. [2010] have an experience on
animal experiment using a swine. Temperature rises around the antenna inserted into the bile duct were
measured.
Clinical studies of hyperthermia are actively carried out. Aoyagi et al. [2012] reported a new strategy
for interstitial hyperthermia based on control of a huge lymph node metastasis (>400 ml) for 2 years and 7
months.
K3.2 Therapeutic applications of electromagnetic fields
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method to stimulate the brain using pulsed magnetic fields
inducing eddy currents in the brain. Recent clinical studies showed that TMS is effective for the treatment ofneurological and psychological diseases such as depression, Parkinson’s disease, and neuropathic pain. For
obtaining continuous therapeutic effect by daily TMS sessions, a concept of installing a TMS system atpatient's home has been proposed. Kato et al. [2012] proposed a novel design of stimulator coil for inducing
sufficient eddy currents in the brain at lower driving currents for the stimulator circuit. Numerical simulations
based on the finite element method showed the advantages of the proposed design. A prototype coil anddriving circuit were fabricated.
Xu et al. [2011] investigated the effects of a moderate-intensity static magnetic field on osteoporosis of
the lumbar vertebrae in ovariectomized rats. A small magnet of 180 mT was implanted to the right side ofspinous process of the third lumbar vertebra. The bone mineral density values of the lumbar vertebrae
proximal to the exposed area significantly increased in the exposed group than in the sham group.
To examine the effectiveness of a neck-type magnetotherapeutic device (MTD) with a magnetic field of
55 mT, Kanai et al. [2011] performed a study of neck and shoulder pain. In MTD patients, significant pain
relief was observed 3 hours after beginning treatment. Skin surface and deep body temperatures weresignificantly increased from the baseline values in the MTD group. These therapeutic effects were observed
at 7 days after the beginning of treatment.
Nishimura et al. [2011] reported a study to examine the effects of repeated exposure to a 1-μT extremely
low frequency fields on blood pressure in 20 humans with mild-to-moderate hypertension. There was asignificant difference between the exposed and sham groups with respect to change in systolic blood pressure
between baseline and the end of the exposure regimen, but not with respect to change in diastolic bloodpressure.
K3.3 Magnetic resonance imaging
The state-of-the-art superconductor technology enabled us to develop ultrahigh-field magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI) systems of around 10 T for humans. While these ultrahigh-field systems have advantages invisualizing neurophysiological functions in microscopic scale, the safety of ultrahigh fields are carefully
investigated. Yamaguchi-Sekino et al. [2012] exposed animals to a 17.2 T static magnetic field, and observed
no effect on the blood brain barrier.
Several novel designs of superconducting magnet for MRI have recently been proposed. Sekino et al.
[2011] fabricated a superconducting magnet with an off-centered distribution of homogeneous magnetic fieldzone. They obtained MRI using a prototype magnet. This MRI will be used for a functional-MRI-based
Benton visual retention test. Use of high-temperature bulk superconductor potentially realizes a portable MRI
system with high magnetic fields above 2 T. Sekino et al. [2011] proposed an approach for homogenizing thetrapped magnetic field by making concentric slits on the bulk superconductor.
The rise of the static magnetic field is proportional to the increase of the magnetic resonance frequency
which brings down issues of variation in capacitance used in the radio frequency (RF) coil for MRI system.
Saito et al. [2010] proposed an improve birdcage coil for MRI system with no lumped circuit elements.
Magnetic nanoparticles are now widely used as contrast agent for MRI. Due to the extension of theapplications of magnetic nanoparticles, novel methods for detecting small amount of particles and forquantification by image processing are actively developed. Zhu, Pei, and their colleagues [2011, 2012]8

proposed an approach for detecting magnetic nanoparticles based on a reversed polarization of gradientmagnetic field.
Optogenetics in which optically activated ion channels are genetically introduced into neurons has
become a recent trend in neuroscience. The optogenetics enables us to deliver highly localized stimulation to
the brain. Abe et al. [2012] reported functional MRI of brain activities evoked by optogenetic stimulation to
the rat brain.
K3.4 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) of implanted medical devices
Due to the progress of electromagnetic susceptibility of implantable medical devices, a recently
developed cardiac pacemaker lets the patient undergo an MRI scan. On the other hand, emerging technologies
for wireless communication and power transmission such as smart phones, RFID, body-area network, andelectric vehicles have raised novel issues on electromagnetic interference. Hikage et al. [2011] proposed
methodological developments for assessing electromagnetic interference of implantable medical devices.
Nagase et al. [2012] reported electromagnetic interference with medical devices from mobile phones using
high-speed radio access technologies. Endo et al. [2012] reported an experimental evaluation of SAR aroundan implanted cardiac pacemaker caused by mobile radio terminal.
The risk of electromagnetic interference between mobile phones and implantable cardiac pacemakers
should be carefully assessed when the patients get on an elevator cabin. Hikage, Higashiyama, and theircolleagues [2011, 2012] carried out numerical and experimental evaluations for this issue.
As regards a cardiac pacemaker, it is expected that an implantable antenna will be a new tool tocommunicate between a cardiac pacemaker and external devices instead of conventional coils. Takahashi etal. [2010] designed an implantable antenna for a cardiac pacemaker to operate in 402-405 MHz band.
RFID systems also attract attention in terms of electromagnetic interference with implanted medical
devices. Hikage et al. [2013] reported in vitro assessment of interference from RFID interrogator on
implantable cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
Wireless power transmission systems have recently been put into practical use for electronic equipment
such as mobile phones and electric vehicles. Hikage et al. [2012, 2013] investigated electromagnetic
interference between active medical implants and various wireless power transmission systems.
Body area network is a new concept of communication using wearable devices. Expected applications
cover a various fields such as healthcare and security. Anzai et al. [2012] reported the impact of spatial
diversity reception on SAR reduction in implant body area networks. Ishihara et al. proposed a method forevaluating the electromagnetic interference of implanted medical devices from body area network devices.
Yamanaka et al. [2012] focused on the electromagnetic interference of cardiac pacemakers in fusion
facility, and measured the leaked high-frequency burst electric field.
K3.5 Medical instrumentation
Novel healthcare applications of electromagnetic fields are widely explored. Nakajima et al. [2013]
suggested a simple urination detection system by the RFID system. In this system, a tag is embedded into adiaper worn by a care-receiver and the care-personnel bring a reader close to the tag. In a dry diaper, the tag
can communicate with the reader. However, in a wet diaper, the presented tag cannot communicate with thereader, because the characteristics of the tag antenna are changed by urination.
Yonebayashi et al. [2011] developed a dynamic phantom to evaluate the performance of the breath
detection Doppler radar. It simulates movement of the stomach by the linear motion actuator. The authors
showed the validity of the dynamic phantom by comparing it with human body.

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Saito K., Watanabe S., Endo Y., Takahashi M., Ito K. [2011b], “Calculations of SAR around Implanted Cardiac Pacemaker
Induced by Wireless Radio Terminal,” 10 th IEEE Region8 AFRICON 2011 Conf., Livingstone, Zambia, September.
Saito K., Endo Y., Watanabe S., Takahashi M., Ito K. [2012], “SAR evaluations around implanted cardiac pacemaker causedby mobile radio terminal,” 7th IWSBEEMF, Valletta, Malta, October.
Saito K., Takahashi M., Ito K. [2013], “Generation of controllable heating patterns for interstitial microwave hyperthermia
by coaxial-dipole antennas,” IEICE Trans. Commun. E96-C, pp.1178-1183.
Sakai T., Wake K., Watanabe S., Hashimoto O. [2010], “Temperature compensation of complex permittivities of biologicaltissues and organs in quasi-millimeter-wave and millimeter-wave bands,” J. Korean Inst. Electromagnetic Eng. Sci. 10,
pp.231-236.
Sakurai T., Kiyokawa T., Narita E., Suzuki Y., Taki M., Miyiakoshi J. [2011] “Analysis of gene expression in a human-derived
glial cell line exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous radiofrequency electromagnetic fields,” J. Radiat. Res., 52, pp.185-192.
Sasaki K., Segawa H., Mizuno M., Wake K., Watanabe S., Hashimoto O. [2013], “Development of the complex permittivity
measurement system for high-loss biological samples using the free space method in quasi-millimeter and millimeter wave
bands,” Phys. Med. Biol., 58, pp.1625-1633.
Sasaki K., Wake K., Watanabe S. [2013], “A dosimetric study using best-fit Cole-Cole parameters of biological tissues andorgans in radio frequency band,” Proc. Int. Symp. Electromagnetic Theory, pp. 630-633, Hiroshima, Japan, May.
Sato A., K. Fujii, Wake K., Watanabe S., Matsumoto Y., Hashimoto O. [2013], “Improvement of Spatial Resolution of aMagnetic Field Measurement System for Intermediate Frequency Range,” IEICE Trans. Electron., J96-C, pp.245-251.
Schüz J., Grell K., Kinsey S., Linet MS, Link MP, Mezei G., Pollock BH, Roman E., Zhang Y., McBride ML, Johansen C.,
Spix C., Hagihara J., Saito AM, Simpson J., Robison LL, Dockerty JD, Feychting M., Kheifets L., Frederiksen K. [2012],“Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an international
follow-up study,” Blood Cancer J. 21(2), e98.
Sekino M., Yasuda H., Miyazoe A. and Ohsaki H. [2011], “Concentric slitting of a ring-shaped bulk superconductor for a
reduction in circumferential inhomogeneity of the trapped magnetic field,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercon. 21, pp. 1588-1591.
Sekino M., Miyazoe A., Ohsaki H., Hisatsune T., Ozaki O., Kiyoshi T., Wada H. [2011], “MRI using a superconducting magnet
with an off-centered homogeneous field zone,” J. Appl. Phys. 109, 07D335.
Shiina T., Suzuki Y., Wake K., Taki M. [2012], “Evaluation of polarization characteristics of millimeter-wave in vitro exposure
apparatus based on disc-shaped post-wall waveguide,” Proc. PPEMC, pp.17-20, Tokyo, Japan.

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Shimizu H. O., Iida K., Shimizu K. [2013], “Theoretical analysis of body hair movement in ELF electric field,” CIGRE 2013
EMF-ELF Colloquium, Nara, Japan, October.
Shiraishi T., Wake K., Watanabe S., Arima T., Uno T. [2011], “A development of a multiband antenna for local exposure of a
rat head,” ISAP 2011, Jeju, Korea.
Simba A. Y., Ito A., Hamada L., Watanabe S., Arima T., Uno T. [2011], “Comparison of induced ankle currents of the humanbody equivalent antennas and anatomically human models exposed to nearby monopole antennas,” XXX URSI-GA, Istanbul,
Turkey, August.
Simba A. Y., Wake K., Watanabe S., Nakatani-Enomoto S., Ugawa Y. [2011], “Exposure system for a study of effects ofmobile phones to human sleep and its dosimetry evaluation using numerical mobile phone,” 10 th IEEE Region8 AFRICON
2011 Conf., Livingstone, Zambia, September.
Simba A. Y., Watanabe S., Hikage T., Nojima T. [2011], “Experimental and numerical investigation of the maximum specificabsorption rate in a spherical phantom when operating a mobile phone near a metallic wall,” IET Science, Measurement andTechnology, 5, pp.225-230.
Simba A. Y., Ito A., Hamada L., Watanabe S., Arima T., Uno T. [2012], “Development of liquid-type human-body equivalentantennas for induced ankle current measurements at VHF band,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. C. 54, pp.563-573.
Suzuki Y., Koike A., Kojima M., Sasaki K., Wake K., Taki M., Watanabe S., Naillia H., Sasaki K., Sasaki H. [2012],“Computational and experimental dosimetry for rabbit eyes exposed to millimeter waves,” KJJC2012, Seoul, Korea.
Takahashi M., Nakata S., Saito K., Ito K. [2010], “Characteristics of antenna on cardiac pacemaker embedded in multilayered
models,” IEICE Trans. Commun. J93-B, pp.1636-1643.
Takahashi M, Tsujimura N, Otsuka K, Yoshino T, Mori T, Matsunaga T, Nakasono S. [2012], “Comprehensive evaluation ofleukocyte lineage derived from human hematopoietic cells in humanized mice,” J. Biosci. Bioeng. 113(4), pp. 529-35.
Takahashi M., Tsujimura N., Yoshino T., Hosokawa M., Otsuka K., Matsunaga T, Nakasono S. [2012] “Assessment of benzeneinduced hematotoxicity using a human-like hematopoietic lineage in NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγ null mice,” PLoS ONE 7(12),e50448.
Taki M., Wake K. [2012], “Exposure assessment and dosimetry for epidemiology on the mobile phone use,” Proc. 2012 AsiaPacific Symp. EMC, pp.737-740, Singapore, May.
Tanaka K., Tateno A., Saito K., Nagaoka T., Takahashi M., Ito K. [2012], “Construction of a realistic calculation model of aflip phone for SAR evaluations,” Proc.ISAP2012, pp.684-687, Nagoya, Japan.
Tarao H., Hayashi N., Matsumoto M., Isaka K. [2010], “Numerical analysis of internal human body resistance at power
frequency,” Proc. ACED2010, A-15, Xi'an, China, November.
Tarao H., Hayashi N., Korpinen L., Matsumoto T., Isaka K. [2011a], “Internal body resistance of various human models at
power frequency,” Proc. 32th Ann. Meet. BEMS, PA-37, Seoul, Korea, June.
Tarao H., Hayashi N., Korpinen L., Matsumoto T., Isaka K. [2011b], “Calculation of induced electric fields in human models
exposed to ELF magnetic and electric fields,” Proc. ISH2011, No.A-005, Hannover, Germany, August.
Tarao H., Hayashi N., Matsumoto T., Isaka K. [2012a], “Currents and electric fields induced in anatomically-realistic humanmodels by ELF electric fields,” Proc. ACED2012, A-024, Johor, Malaysia, December.
Tarao H., Hayashi N., Korpinen L., Gonzalez J., Matsumoto T., Isaka K. [2012b], “Effect of tissue conductivity on internal
body resistances of numerical human model at power frequency,” Proc. 34th Ann. Meet. BEMS, PB-34, Brisbane, Australia,
June.
Tarao H., Kuisti H., Korpinen L., Hayashi N., Isaka K. [2012c], “Effects of tissue conductivity and electrode area on internal
electric fields in a numerical human model for ELF contact current exposures,” Phys. Med. Biol. 57(10), pp.2981-2996.
Tarao H., Hayahsi N., Koripinen L., Matsumoto T., Isaka K. [2013a], “Calculation of contact currents in a human body incontact with a car in 60 Hz electric fields,” BioEM 2013, PA-25, Thessaloniki, Greece, June.
Tarao H., Hayashi N., Korpinen L., Matsumoto T., Isaka K. [2013b], “Numerical estimations of induced and contact currents
in human body in contact with a car in 60 Hz electric fields,” Proc. ISH2013, PA-27, pp.193-195, Seoul, Korea, August.
Tarao H., Hayashi N., Matsumoto T., Isaka K. [2013c], “Currents and electric fields induced in anatomically realistic humanmodels by extremely low frequency electric fields,” J. Energy Power Eng.7(10), pp.1985-1991.

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Tarao H., Korpinen L., Kuisti H., Hayashi N., Elovaara J., Isaka K. [2013d], “Numerical evaluation of currents induced in aworker by ELF non-uniform electric fields in high voltage substations and comparison of them with experimental results,”
Bioelectromagnetics 34(1), pp.61-73.
Toyoshima H., Ishii N., Hamada L, Watanabe S. [2012], “Near-field gain measurement of waterproofed shielded loop antenna
in tissue-equivalent liquid,” Proc. ISAP2012, pp.1087-1090, Nagoya, Japan.
Tsubouchi K., Saito K., Takahashi M., Ito K., Tsuyuguchi T., Yamaguchi T., Kato K. [2010], “Experimental evaluation of
microwave antenna for thermal treatment of bile duct carcinoma,” Thermal Med., 26, pp. 121-130.
Ueno S., Okano H. [2011], “Static, low frequency and pulsed magnetic fields in biological systems,” In: “Electromagnetic
Fields in Biological Systems,” James C. Lin eds. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 115–196.
Ushiyama A. Unno A., Ohtani S., Suzuki Y., Wada K., Kunugita N., Ohkubo C. [2011a], “The effects of 21 kHz intermediate
frequency magnetic fields on blood properties and immune systems in rats.” 33rd Ann. Meet. BEMS, Halifax, Canada, June.
Ushiyama A., Unno A., Ohtani S., Suzuki Y., Wada K., Kunugita N., Ohkubo C. [2011b], “Short-term whole body exposureof intermediate frequency magnetic fields to rats does not affect blood properties and immune systems,” XXX URSI-GA,
Istanbul, Turkey, August.
Ushiyama A., Ohtani S., Maeda M., Hirai Y., Suzuki Y., Wada K., Kunugita N., Ohkubo C. [2012], “Effects of abdominal
local exposure of intermediate frequency (21kHz) magnetic fields on fetal development in rats,” 34th Ann. Meet. BEMS,
Brisbane, Australia, June.
Ushiyama A., Ohtani S., Suzuki Y., Wada K., Kunugita N., Ohkubo C. [2012], “The effects of 21 kHz intermediate frequency
magnetic fields on blood properties and immune systems in juvenile rats,” Korea-Japan EMT/EMC/BE Joint Conference(KJJC-2012), Seoul, Korea, May.
Ushiyama A., Ohtani S., Maeda M., Suzuki Y., Wada K., Kunugita N., Ohkubo C. [2013a], “Lack of teratological effects inpregnant rats being locally exposed to their abdomen of intermediate frequency magnetic fields,” BioEM2013, Thessaloniki,
Greece, June.
Ushiyama A., Ohtani S., Maeda M., Suzuki Y., Wada K., Kunugita N., Ohkubo C. [2013b], “Teratological study in pregnant
rats being locally exposed to their abdomen of Intermediate frequency (21kHz) magnetic fields,” Joint Workshop of URSI
Commission K and ICNIRP, Paris, France, August.
Ushiyama A., Ohtani S., Maeda M., Suzuki Y., Wada K., Kunugita N., Ohkubo C. [2013c], “The 21 kHz intermediate
frequency magnetic fields do not affect on blood properties and immune systems in juvenile rats,” CIGRE 2013 EMF-ELF
Colloquium, Nara, Japan, October.
Wada K., Suzuki Y., Ushiyama A. [2011], “Experimental verification of a localized magnetic field generator
Layered Coil,” 33rd Ann. Meet. BEMS, Halifax, Canada, June.

Using a Two-

Wakatsuchi H., Sakai T., Watanabe S., Kojima M., Yamashiro Y., Sasaki K., Sasaki H., Hashimoto O. [2012], “Application of
reproducible measurements of complex permittivities to crystalline lens from 500 MHz to 50 GHz,” IEEE Trans. Electromgn.
C., 54, pp.1298-1301.
Wake K., Arima T., Watanabe S., Masao T. [2011], “SAR Distrubutions in a child head phantom in the vicinity of recent
mobile phones,” XXX URSI-GA, Istanbul, Turkey, August.
Wang J., Wake K., Watanabe S., Fujiwara O. [2011], “Statistical dosimetry analysis in whole-body exposure setup based on
rat’s activity behavior,” XXX URSI-GA, Istanbul, Turkey, August.
Wang J., Wake K., Kawai H., Watanabe S., Fujiwara O. [2012], “Statistical determination of whole-body average SARs in a
2 GHz whole-body exposure system for unrestrained pregnant and newborn rats,” Phys. Med., Biol., 57, pp.143-154.
Wang J., Kawai H., Wake K., Watanabe S., Fujiwara O. [2013], “Performance and Validation of a Broadband-Multigeneration
Exposure System for Unconstrained Rats,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech., 61, pp.326-334.
Wiart J., Watanabe S., Bloch I., Anquez J., de la Plata Alcalde J. P., Angelini E., Boubekeur T., Faraj N., Person C., Pinto Y.,
Varsier N., Kientega T., Jala M., Hadjem A., Wong M.F., Conil E., Sudret B., Nagaoka T., Wake K., Fujiwara O., Hirata A.,
Wang J., Saito K., Takahashi M., Ito K. [2011], “Fetus RF exposure analysis. Preliminary results based on three realistic 3D
digital models,” XXX URSI-GA, Istanbul, Turkey, August.
Win Shwe T., Ohtani S., Ushiyama A., Fujimaki H., Nitta H., Kunugita N. [2012], “Effect of exposure to intermediate
frequency magnetic fields on memory function-related gene expression in hippocampus of C57BL mice,” Neuroscience 2012,
New Orleans, US, October.

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Win-Shwe TT, Ohtani S., Ushiyama A., Fujimaki H., Kunugita N. [2013], “Can intermediate-frequency magnetic fields affectmemory function-related gene expressions in hippocampus of C57BL/6J mice?,” J. Toxicol. Sci. 38 (2), pp. 169-176.
Xu S., Okano H., Tomita N., Ikada Y. [2011], “Recovery effects of a 180 mT static magnetic field on bone mineral density ofosteoporotic lumbar vertebrae in ovariectomized rats,” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011:620984.
Xu S., Okano H., Nakajima M., Hatano N., Iwata H., Tomita N., Ikada Y. [2012], “Static magnetic field effects on impaired
peripheral vasomotion in conscious rats,” 7th IWSBEEMF, Valletta, Malta, October.
Xu S., Okano H., Nakajima M., Hatano N., Tomita N., Ikada Y. [2013], “Static magnetic field effects on impaired peripheral
vasomotion in conscious rats,” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013:746968.
Yamaguchi-Sekino S., Ciobanu L., Sekino M., Djemai B., Geffroy F., Meriaux S., Okuno T., Le Bihan D. [2012], “Acuteexposure to ultra-high magnetic field (17.2T) does not open the blood brain barrier,” Biol. Biomed. Reports 2, pp. 295-300.
Yamanaka Y., Wang J., Fujiwara O., Uda T. [2012], “Measurement of leaked high-frequency burst electric field and EMI
evaluation for cardiac pacemaker in fusion facility,” IEEJ Trans. FM 132(5), pp.356-361.
Yanase K., Hirata A., Fujiwara O., Nagaoka T., Watanabe S. [2011], “Estimation of whole-body average SAR in groundedhuman models for RF far-field exposure,” IEICE Trans. Commun., J94-B, pp.226-233.
Yonebayashi J., Takamatsu S., Saito K., Takahashi M., Ito K. [2011], “Development of dynamic phantom for evaluation of
Doppler radar for breath detection,” IEICE Trans. Commun. J94-B, pp.297-299.
Yoshie S., Ikehata M., Suzuki Y., Wada K., Okubo C., Hayakawa T. [2010], “Evaluation of biological effects of intermediate
frequency magnetic field based on growth of DNA repair deficient mammalian cells and mutation assay,” AP-RASC’10,
Toyama, Japan, September.
Yoshie S., Ikehata M., Suzuki Y., Wada K., Wake K., Sakai T., Nakasono S., Taki M., Ohkubo C. [2010], “Evaluation ofmutagenicity and cytotoxicity of intermediate frequency magnetic field using DNA repair deficient mammalian cells,” 39th
Ann. Meet. Jpn. Environmental Mutagen Soc., Tsukuba, Japan, November.
Yoshie S., Ikehata M., Suzuki Y., Wada K., Wake K., Sakai T., Nakasono S., Taki M., Ohkubo C. [2011], “The effect ofintermediate frequency magnetic field on growth and mutagenesis in mammalian cells,” 84th Ann. Meet. Jpn. Soc.
Occupational Health, Tokyo, Japan, March.
Yoshie S., Suzuki Y., Wada K., Wake K., Sakai T., Nakasono S., Taki M., Ohkubo C., Ikehata M. [2011], “Estimation ofmutagenic rffects of intermediate frequency magnetic field using mammalian cells,” XXX URSI-GA, Istanbul, Turkey, August.
Yoshie S., Ikehata M., Ogasawara Y., Ishii K., Ohkubo C. [2012], “Evaluation of effect of intermediate frequency magnetic
field on cell differentiation,” 55th Ann. Meet. Jpn. Radiation Research Soc., Sendai, Japan, September.
Yoshie S., Ikehata M., Ogasawara Y., Ishii K., Suzuki Y., Wada K., Wake K., Nakasono S., Taki M., Ohkubo C. [2013],“Evaluation of health effect of intermediate frequency magnetic field,” WCRR2013, Sydney, Australia, November.
Zhu H., Demachi K., Sekino M. [2011], “Phase gradient imaging for positive contrast generation to superparamagnetic ironoxide nanoparticle-labeled targets in magnetic resonance imaging,” Magn. Reson. Imaging 29, pp. 891-898.
Zhu H., Demachi K., Pei C., Sekino M., Uesaka M. [2012], “Correction of chemical shift misregistration by images from two
different bandwidths,” Magn. Reson. Imaging 30, pp. 583-588.

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