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OF

COMPARATIYE ZOOLOGY,AT HAMARB COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

j^ouirtEli

1)»

piitiitc subscvfption, in 1861.

Deposited by ALEX. AGASSIZ.
No. IpHqS-K-

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MALACOSTRACA PODOPHTHALMATA
BRITANNIA;
OR,

DESCRIPTIONS OF SUCH BRITISH SPECIES OF THE LINNEAN GENUS

CanterAS HAVE THEIR EVES ELEVATED ON FOOTSTALKS.

BY

WILLIAM ELFORD LEACH, M.D. F.L.S. & W.S.
Felloto of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh; of the Royal College of Surgeons, and of the Medico-

Chirurgical Society of London,S)C.

ILLUSTRATED WITH

FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES,
BY

JAMES SOWERBY,

F.L.S. G.S. & W.S.

&c.

Veniet Tempus quo ista, quae nunc latent, in lucem dies extraliel.
JLinn.

tonmx:

PRINTED BY B. MEHEDITH, SILVER STREET, WOOD STREET;
PUBLISHED AND SOLD BY JAMES SOWERBY, 2, MEAD PLACE, LAMBETH,

1815.

LIST OF PLATESMALACOSTRAOA PODOPHTHALMA,
New Plates marked thus *
XXII.

XI.

I.

Inachus Dorsettianus, Fig. 1-6.

Xantho florida.

Corystes cassivelaunus.

Dorynchus

„

„

7, 8.

XII.

II.

XXII. 6.

Pilumnus hirtellus.

Atelecyclua heterodon.

Inachus leptocheirus.
XIII.

III.

xxn. c.

Gonoplas bispinosa.

Pii'imela denticulata.

AchsBus Cranchii.

XIV.

IV.

Portumnus variegatus.

Pinnotheres pisum,

V.
Carcinus moenas.

Cranchii „„Latreillei „

6-8.

„

varians

9-11.

VI.

„

4, 5.

Macropodia tenuirostris, Fig. 1-5.
„

Montagui „Portunus corrugatus, Fig. 1, 2.
„

emarginatus „

3, 4.

„

arcuatua5, 6.

„

armataIX.
Portunus depurator, Fig. 1,2.
„

lividus

„

3, 4.

„

pusillus„

5-8.

XVIII.
Maia squinado.

XIX.

XXIV. a*„IX. J.
Polybius Henslowii.

X.
Cancer pagurus.

„

7-9.

Ebalia Pennanti, Fig. 1-6.
,,

Crauchii

„

7-11.

„

Bryeri„12, 13.

XXVI.
Pagurus streblonyx, Fig. 1-1.
Prideauxi

„

4-6.

„

5, U.

XXVII.*
Planes Linnseana, Fig. 1-3.

„

XX.

Portunus longipes, Fig. 1-3.
Thia polita

Dromia Mediterranea.

Porcellana platycheles. Fig. S.

Pisa Gibbsi.

IX. a*G.

XXV.

Megalopa Montagui, Fig. 1-6.

XVII.
Eurynome aspera.

Portunus marmoreus.

6-8.

XVI.
„

VIII.

„

XXIV.

Pinnotheres veterum, Fig. 1-5.

VII.

phalangium

Lithodes maia.

XV.

Fortimus puber.

xxin.

Fig. 1-3„

Pisa tetraodon.

XXI. a.

longicornis

XXVIII. a.
Galathsea squamifera.

XXVIII. 5.

Hyas araneus.

Galathsea spinigera.

XXI. 5.
Hyas coarctatus.

Galathsea rugosa.

XXIX.

„

4-7.

xxxvn. a.

XXX.
Palinurus vulgaris.

XXXI.
Gebia stellata, Fig. l-S.
„

deltura„9, 10.

XXXII.
Calllanassa subterranea.

XXXIII.
Axiu3 stirynchus.

XXXIV.*
Potamobius astacua. Fig. 1.
Scyllarus arctus

„

XXXV.
Astacus gammarus.

XXXVI.
Nephrops Norvegicus.

2-5.

GENERIC AND SPECIFIC INDEX
TO THE

MALACOSTRACA POD O PH TH ALMA.
AcF^rs Crancliii

Planes Linnseana

CORYSTES.
CORYSTES.

Lalreille,

ALBUNEA.

Fabricii, Bosc.

CANCER.

Pennant, Herbs/.

Leach, Lamarck.

Antenncc cxtcriorcs corpore loiigiores,

setaceapj

ulrinqueciliat^e ;scgniento tertio ex articulis

plon.o'atis. cvlindricis efFomiato.

to/ caulis
f^

^

/ ut

/c^

interni aiticulo

secundo (primo lorigiore) augusto, apice aiigus-

latere intenio late emaiginato.

iticum majus a?quale, didactylum, digitis deflexis''mann gradatiin

ndricuni,compressa:lu;maris corpore duplo

subcompressa

subcrassiore,paria reliqua tibiis tarsisque;femin^

corporis

longitudine subaequalibus,

rectis, acutis, longitudinaliter sulcatis instructa.

,ti»,

articulo primo transverso-lineari ;;iculatum ;)ducto ;tertiouequaliter

subquadrato;

secundo longiore utrinquequarto praecedente angustiore,

quinto angustiore^ subtriangulari apice rotundato:

iculatum ; articulis sex primis transversis antice arcuatis ; septimo trianice rotundato.

antice subrostrata, postice truncata^ marginata: orhita superne fissura una.
ivi baud crassiores.

a;longer than the body, setaceous^ ciliated on each sidee,cylindric joints.

:

the third segment

External double fectpalpes, with the second joint of thenger than the first), narrow, its point more slender and rounded;.

Legs ten:he length of the body, subcjlindricand subcompressed:itsinternal

anterior pair largest, unequal, didactyle, with deflexed fingers;of the female the length of the bodythe tibife and tarsi of subequal length.Abdomen of the male five-jointed::;

hand compressed

other legs with:claws elongate, straight, sharp, h>ngitudinally sulcatcd.

firstjoint transverse-linear;second longer, produced oneach side behind; third equally subquadrate; fourth narrower than the third, transverse;
narrower, subtriangular ;the apextransverse anteriorly arcuated ;anteriorly subrostrated,;the hand gradually somewhat thicker,

rounded: of the female seven-jointed;

seventh triangular,

behind truncate, margined:its

apex rounded.

orbit above with

six

Shell

first

fifth

jointsoblong-ovate,

one fissure.

Ei/es notthicker than their peduncles, which bend backward.

One species only of this genus, has hitherto been noticed by naturalists, and of its economy
and mode of life nothing is known.

Planes Linnreana

CORYSTES.
CORYSTES.

Lalreille^

ALBUNEA.

Fabricii, Bosc.

CANCER.

Pennant, Herbst.

Leach, Lamarck,

Antcnncc cxfcriorcs corpore longioics,

setacefCj

ulrinqueciliatEe ;segmento<ertio ex articulis

elongatis, cylindricis efformato.

Pcdipalpi gcmini cxterni caulis interni articulo secundo (primo longiore) augusto, apice angustiore rotundato, latere inierno late emarginato.

Pedes decern: par anticum niajus a>quale^ didactylum, digitis deflexis
manii gradatim subcrassiorCj

longiusj subcylindricuni,

longitudine

manu compressa:;

maris corpore duplo

femin*

subcoinpressa :paria reliqua tibiis tarsisque longitudine

corporis

subajqualibus,

unguibus elongatis^ rectis, acutis^ longitudinaliter sulcatis instructa.

Abdomen maris 5-articulatum
postice producto ;articulo primo transverso-lineari ;;tertioa;qualiter

subquadrato;

secundo longiore utrinquequarto prascedente angustiore,transverso ; quinto angustiore, subtriangulari apice rotundato:

femiNjE 7-articulatum ; articulis sex priniis transversis antice arcuatis ; septimo triangularis apice'rotundato.

Testa oblongo-ovata antice subrostrata, postice truncata^ marginata: orhita superne fissura una.

Ocidi pedunculo reclivi baud crassiores.

Exterior antaince longer than the bod)-, setaceous, ciliated on each side

composed of elongate, cjlindric joints.

the third segment:

External double fectpalpes, with the second joint of theinternal footstalk (longer than the first), narrow, its point more slender and rounded;side broadly notched.

Legs ten:of the MALE double the length of the body, subcjlindricand subcompressed:itsinternal

anterior pair largest, unequal, didactyle, with deflexcd fingers ;;the hand gradually somewhat thicker,of the female the length of the bodythe tibife and tarsi of subequal length

Abdomen of the male five-jointed::;

hand compressed

other legs with:claws elongate, straight, sharp, longitudinally sulcatcd.

firstjoint transverse-linear;second longer, produced oneach side behind; third equally subquadrate; fourth narrower than the third, transverse;
narrower, subtriangular ;transverse

the apex

anteriorly arcuated ;anteriorly subrostrated,rounded:of the female seven-jointed ;seventh triangular,its

apex rounded.

six

Shell

behind truncate, margined: orbit above with one

first

fifth

jointsoblong-ovate,

fissure.

Eyes notthicker than their peduncles, which bend backward.

One species only of this genus, has hitherto been noticed by naturalists, and of its economy
and mode of life nothing is known.

CORYSTES CASSIVELAUNUS.
Tab.
C. testa granular! postice subcrenulata;I.

fronte bifido ; lateribus tridentatis

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 6. tab. 7. mas. ct fern.

Cancer Cassivelaunus.

Herhst. i. 195. tab. 12. fg. 72. mas.
Herhst. i. 193. tab. 12. Jig. 11. fern.

Cancer personatus.

Albunea deiitata.

Cor_ystes longimane.

Corjstes dentatus.

.,

Fair. Suppl. Ent. Sijst. 398.
Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des Insect, vi. 12S. mas,
Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 40.

Corystes Cassivelaunus.

Leach, Edinb. Encyl. vii. 395.

Trans Linn. Soc. xi. 311.
Fig.

1,

mas.

2, maris

abdomen ampl.

3,

Femins abdomen auct.

4, Femina.

5, Pedi-palpus geminus externus.

On most of the sandy coasts of Great Britain, Corystes Cassivelaunus occurs in greatabundance, especially after storms or gales of wind that have been tending towards the shore.
By Herbst the sexes of this animal were considered as distinct species, and Latreille, in thesixth volume of his " Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces et des Insectes," entertained theopinion,which he has since corrected in his " Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum.''samer^/.-

i^%m

ATELECYCLUS.
ATELECYCLUS.

Leach.

CANCER (Hippa).

Montagu.

Antenna extcrions corporis dimidio longiores,

setaceas^utrinque ciliate ; segmento tertio ex

articulis elongatis cjlindricis effecto.

Pedipal}d gemini externi, caulis iiiterni articulo secundo breviore[ad apicem internum producto etad latus iuternuni apicem versus emarginato.
Pedes decern, par anticum majus, jequale, didactylum, digitis deflexis ; maris corpore longius

manu compressa;

femin^e corporis longitudine manu compressa:

tarsisque longitudine
sulcatis,

Eequalibus,

unguibus

rectis,elongatis,

paria reliqua tibiis

quadratis, longitudinaliter

ad apices teretibusj acutis, nudis (postices obscure subcompressis.)

Abdomen maris 5-articulatum;

articulo

primo trans ver so-linear i;

secundo duplo longiore ;tertio valde elongato, apicem versus angustiore, apice subrecto ;quarto subquadrato,

angulis anticis productis ; quinto lageniforme, apice acutissimo:

Femin^ articulis 1, 2^, 3, 4 et 5 transversis longitudine vix

diversis; articulo

sexto

transverso-quadrato antice emarginato; articulo ultimo elongato-subtriangulari postice subproducto.

Testa subcircularis lateribus sensim

postice inangulum convergentibus postice truncata etgranulari-marginata ; orbita postice externe fissuris duabus, inferne externe fissura una.

OcuU pedunculo angustiores.

External antenncs longer than half of the bod}', setaceous, ciliated on each side ; the third

segment composed of elongate cjlindric joints.

External double feetpalpes, with the second

joint of their internal footstalk shorter than the first, produced at its interior apex, and towards
its

Legs ten: anterior pair largest, didactjle; fingers deflexedinternal side notched.

MALE longer than the body with the hand compressedwith a compressed hand
elongate,:other legs with their tibise and tarsi of equal length

quadrate, longitudinally sulcatedobscurely subcompressed.

;

their joints

Abdomen of the male:of theof the female of the length of the body:;claws straight,

rounded, naked, sharp, hinder ones

five-jointed

:

first

joint transverse-linear ;second twice as long; third very long, narrower towards its extremity, apex nearly strait;
fifth flask-shaped, its point very sharp
fourth nearly quadrate, the anterior angles produced:;of the FEMALE with the first five joints transverse and scarcely differing in length; sixth joint
transverse-quadrate anteriorly notched ; seventh joint elongate-subtriangular,- slightly produced
posterior
Sliell subcircular, the sides gradually converging into an angle behind;behind.

margin truncate, and granulate-margined;
externallv, with one fissure.

orbit behind externally, withEyes narrower than their peduncles.

twofissures,below

ATELECYCLUS HETERODON.
Tab. II.
A. testa granulata, fionte tridentata, deiitibus denticulatis, medio longiore; lateribus dentatis,
dentibus

inasqualibus margine

subdenticulatis ;manibus granulatis, granulis nonnullis

niajoribiis in lineis digestis.

Cancer (HippaJ septem-dentatus.
Atelecjclus septem-dentatus.

Montagu Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. tah. i.Jig. i.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 430.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 313.

Fig.

Ij

mas.

2, maris abdomen amplif.

3, feinins abdomen auct.

4, femina.

5,

pedipalpus

geminus externus.

Zoologists are indebted to the late

Montagu for the discovery of thisfound in great plenty along the southern coast of Devonshire,

in deep water ;species^which isand is occasionallyalso found thrown on the shore after long continued storms.

Females are extremely rare, two full-groAvn specimens only having been observed amongst
several hundreds of the male,and these were found by Mr. C. Prideauxand Mr. J. Cranch.

I have received the young of this species from Mr. Stephenson, of Edinburgh, who obtained

them from the Bell Rock.

The legs and arms are beautifully ciliated with testaceous hair, which gives to the animal avery handsome appearance.

'/^r/:JL:

PIRIMELA.
CANCER.

Montagu.

Ayitcnna externce elongataPj setaceas ad ornlorum canthum internum insertae
interrus in foveolis obliquis reponendae.

Pedipalpi gemini externi cauli interne articulo secundo quadrato^, ad apicem internum truncato-

subemarginato palpigero.

Pediwi par anticum tequale, didactylum ; paria alia ambulatoriaj subcompressa:

ungues acuti.

Abdomen Maris 5, F^min^e 7-articulatum.
Testa subtransversa, margine antico in lineam subsemicircularem arcuato ;orbita supra ac

infra fissura unica.

OcuU pedunculo subcrassiores.
Obs. IMas abdomine articulo quarto quadrato.

External antennae elongate, setaceous^ inserted at the internal corner of the eyes ; internalantennas placed in oblique excavations.
their internal footstalks,palpes.

Anterior

External double pedipalpes with the second joint of
having the internal apex truncate-emarginate for the insertion of thepair of legs unequal, didactyle ; the other pairs formed for walking, sub-compressed; claws sharp.

Abdomen of the Male with five, of the Female with sev enjoints.

Shell somewhat transverse, the anterior margin bent in a semicircular line ; orbit above and below

with one fissure.

Eyes somewhat thicker than their peduncles.

This Genus is distinguished from Carcinus, to which it makes the nearest approach, by
having the four hinder pair of legs equally compressed, by the greater length of its antennae, andby the form of the fourth segment of the abdomen of the male.

PIRIMELA DENTICULATA.
Tab. hi.
p. testa Iffivi tuberculata, lateribus utrinque 5-dentatis», orbita postice 3-tlentata ;dente medio longiore.
riore majore, fronte 3-dentato

dente ante-;

Cancer denticulatus.
Fio". 1,
6:,

Mas.

Antenna externa.

Montagu Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 87.
Leach Edinb. Enci/cl. vii. 391.
3, Femina.
1, Maris abdomen.
1,4,Tab. 2. fig. 2.

Feminae abdomen.

5,

Pedipalpus.

Antenna interna.

Montagu first described this beautiful little crab from a specimen sent him from the Sandwich
coast,by Mr. Boys.

Donovan has in his Museum a specimen from the Scottish shores, from whence I also have
Dead examples were found at Bantham on the South coast of Devon, byreceived a fragment.
C. Prideaux, Esq. who, with his usual liberality, supplied my cabinet with a fine series, exhibiting considerable variation in colour
figured in the adjoining plate,;but the finest individual that I have seen, and which is

was found amongst the rubbish of some Trawl-fishers, at Tor-

quay, by that accurate observer of nature. Dr. Goodall Provost of Eton,

with a number of other marine productions, that now enrich my cabinet.

who gave it to me/'^i/aAjir.

PORTUMNUS.
CANCER latipes, Planet,
CANCER, Pennant.

PORTUMNUS, Leach.
Antenme externa setacetE articulis duobus pritnis majoribus, in oculorum cantho interno insertee,
Pedipalpi gemini externi caulis interni articulo secundo ad latus iuternum emaiginato pro iusertione palpi friarticulati^ elongato-subconici.

Pedum par anticuni majus, aequale didactjlum
sulcatis

internequebasinversus;dilatatis

paria 2, 3, et 4 compressa unguibus compressis,

par quintum compressum ungue

instrucla;

foliaceo, sublanceolato.

Abdomen Maris 5-articulatum articulis tertio longiore^ quarto elongato*: FemiiKe 7-articulatum articulo ultimo prjecedente baud abrupte angustiore.
Testa margo anticus arcuatus^

seinicircularis

lateribus

sensim postice inangulum conver-gentibuSj apice subtruncato ; diametro longitudinali transversum sequante; orbita integra,

angulo interno imperfecto.
Oculi pedunculo mediocri baud crassiores.

External antennje setaceous^ with tbe twocorner of the eye.

firstsegments largest^ inserted at the internal

Second joint of the internal footstalk of the external double palpes with theinternal side notched for the insertion of the elongate-conic palpes^
joints.

which are composed of threeAnterior pair of legs largest, didactyle, and equal in size; second, third, and fourthpairs compressed^ furnished with compressed, longitudinally grooved claws^
internally towards their base;fifth pair compressedwhich are dilatedwith a foliaceous somewhat-lanceolate claw.

Abdomen of the male five-jointed^ the third segment longest, the fourth elongate; of the female
seven-jointed, the last segment not abruptly narrower than the sixth.
shell semicircular,

the transverse diameter not exceeding the longitudinal ;imperfect.

Anterior margin of thewith the sides gradually converging to an angle behind; the apex truncate;orbit

entire,,with the internal angle

Eyes not thicker than their footstalk, which is short.

The genus Portumnus is distinguished from Portunus by having equal sized fore legs; byhaving all the claws compressed; by the proportion of the first joint of the abdomen in the male,and tbe seventh in the female; by the form of the shell; the entire orbits, and more slender eyes,^rom the more compressed form of the legs it has doubtless a much greater facility of swimmingin the ocean.

* III Carcinis, Portunh kansverso.

PORTUMNUS VARIEGATUS.
Tab. IV.
2 et 3 subobsoletioribus ;p. testa obscure subgranulata^ utrinquc 5-dentata dentibus

fronte3-dentata; carpis interne unidentatis.

Cancer latipes variegatiis.

Planch, de Conch, min. notis. p. 34. tab. Ill.^g'. 7. B. C. mas.

Penn. Brit. Zool. IV. p. 3. tah. \.fig. 4. mas.

Cancer latipes.

Herbst 1. p. 267. tab. XlLl.fg. 126.

Cancer Ljsianassa.

Herbst tab. hlV.fig. 6?

Portumnus variegatus.

Leach Edin. Encycl. 7. 391,

Habitat littora maris passim sub arena latitans.
Fig.

\,

externa auct.

maris abdomen.

mas.

2,

b,

femina.

6,2,

pedipalpus geminus externus auctus.

4j antenna

feminee abdomen.

Portumnus variegatus is one of the most beautiful as it is the most common species of the
it is taken by digging beneath the sand at low
water mark^ and is found thrown on all the sandy shores of Great Britain in great abundance^
Malacostracous animals that inhabit our coasts ;especially during storms.

The very fine specimens represented in the annexed plate were given to me by my indefatigable friend, C. Prideaux, Esq. along with a vast number of rare and curious Crustacea^ taken

by himself on the southern coast of Devonshire.

JJ-: IV.

/JCARCINUS,CANCER, Aiictorum.
CARCINUS, Leach.
Antenncs extertue setaceje articulis duobus primis majoribus, in oculorum cantho internoinsertee.
Pedipalpi externi apice interiore truncato-emarg'iiiati.

Pedum par anticum infequale, didactylum, manibus externe glabrispressa^ unguibus quadratis loiigitudinaliter sulcatis

paria 2, 3 et 4 subcomparquintum compressum, subnatato-::rium, ungue compresso.

Abdomen maris o-articulatum^ articulo quarto transverse precedente vix ang;ustiore:

Fcemin^7-articulatum.

Testa diametro transverse submajore utrinque 5-dentataj margine antico semicirculari,orbitapostice at inferne unifissa, cantho interno imperfecto.

Oculi pedunculo angustiores.

External antennfe setaceous, with the two first joints longest,of the orbit.

inserted in the internal angle

External pedipalpes with their internal apex truncate-emarg-inate.

Anterior

pair of legs unequal didactyle, their hands externally smooth ; second, third, and fourth pairs
slightlycompressed, with quadrate claws longitudinally sulcatedcompressed claws.

Abdomen of the malefive-jointed,

:

fifth

pair compressed, withthe fourth joint transverse, scarcely

narrower than the preceding- joint of the female seven-jointed. Shell rather broader thanorbit behind andlong, with five dentations on each side, the front margin semicircular,•:beneath with one fissure, the internal canthus imperfect.

One species only of this Genus is known.

Eyes narrower than their peduncles,

CARCINUS M^NAS.
Tab. V.
C. testa g-ranukri, fronte trilobato

Cancer Maenas.

:i

lobo medio sublongiore.

Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1. 1043.

Fn. Sv. 2026.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 3. tab. 3. Jig. 5.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 450. <^\.—Suppl. 334. 3.
Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 30. 2.

Portunus Maenas.
Carcinus Maenas.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 390.
Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 429.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 314.
Encycl. Britann. Suppl. i. 410.

Fig.

1.

Carcinus Masnas mas.

5. Antenna externa.

6.

2.

maris abdomen.

Pedipalpus externus.

7.

3.

fcemina.

4.

ecemin^ abdomen.

Carcinus Maenas, junior.

This very common species inhabits all the estuaries and rocky shores of Great Britain, lurking
beneath stones and tangle or burrowing in the sand. It is sent to London in immense quantities,
and is eaten by the poor, who esteem it a great delicacy.

The young or fry, are frequently mottled or bordered with white, and in this state the frontof the shell is entire, but this part becomes gradually more lobed as the animal increases in size,and old specimens are rarely found without the rudiments of the lobes.

The colour of the adult is generally similar to that given in the annexed plate, but is sometimes of a pale green more or less mottled with a darker teint, which has probably given rise to
the supposition of the existence of several species.

fPORTUXUS.
PORTUXrS.
CANCER.

DahL, Fabr., Lam., Bosc, L<ifr.

Linn,, Penn, Sec.

Antcnva eiia^ee setacei articulis duobus primis raajoribu?, in oculorum cantho inlerno iaserta?.
PedJpalforum geminorum extcrnorum caulis interai articulus secundus ad apicem internum truncatus,

aut ad internum latus emarginatus pro icsertione palpi

triarticulati..

elonsfato-

subconici.

Pedum par anticum niaju*^ inaequale. didactvlum.. raanibus externe elevato-lineatis

;

paria

% 3, et4 imguibus elongatis, qradransTjIatis,. acutisj lorgitudinaliter sulcatis; par quintum tarsis
unguibusque foliaceis, natatoriis.

-^

AMomai maris 5-articulatum.. segniento antepenultimo longiore basi ultrinque abrupte producto :,Feminm: T-articulatum^ articulo ultimo prfecedente abrupte angustiore.

margo anticus arcuatu*. semicircularis lateribus (sa-pius 5-dentatis) sensim postice inangulum convergentibus,, apice subtruncato ; diametro transverse majore; orbita posticeTcstffexterne bifissa, subtus externe unifissa, angulo intemo imperfecto aut subimperfecto.

Oculi pedunculo brevi cra^siores.

GENERIS DIVISIONES.
* Ungues postici lima longitiidinali elgvata.

Pedipalpi gemini extemi caulis intemi articulo secundo

ad apicem internum truncato.
a.

Orbita interne ad antennarum visertionem imperfecta; carpi bidentati.

b.

Orbita interne suiimperfecta : carpi unidentati.

** Ungues postici ecostati.
emarginato.

Pedipalpi gemini ejrtemi caidis intemi articulo seamdo ad latus internum(Orbita interne sub antennarum extemarum inscrtionc imperfecta.

Carpi^

unidentatiJ.

External antenna? setaceous., with the tvro
corner of the eve.

internal apex truncate., or with the internal

palpes,first

segments largest, inserted at the internal

Second joint of the internal footstalk of the external double palpes, with thesidewhich are corupoied of three joints.

notched for the insertion of the elonsate-conic
Anterior pair of legs

unequal in size, the hands with elevated longitudinalwith elongate, acute, four-sided lonoritudinallj grooved claws
claws compressed and formed for swimming.

;

didactvle,

andand fourth pairthe fifth pair with the tarsi and

Abdomen or flap of the male five-jointed, themiddle segment longest with the base on each side abruptlv produced
jointed-,largest.,lines ; the second, third,

the last joint abruptlv narrower than the sixth.

;

flap

of the female seven

Anterior margin of the shell semicir-

cular with the sides (armed with five teeth in the indigenous species) graduallv convergring into

an angle behind, the apex truncate, the transverse diameter greatest: orbit of the eves externallybehind with two
imperfect.

fissures,below externally with one

fissure, the internal

Eyes thicker than their footstalk, which is short.

comer more or less

DIVISIONS OF THE GENUS.
* Hinder claws with a longitudinal elevated line.

Second joint of the interned footstaW of the cTtcrnnl

douMe palpes with the internal apex truncate.
a.

Orbit internalhj at the insertion of the antennce imperfect: xvrists hidentate.

b.

Orbit internallij slightly imperfect: wrists unidentate.

** Hinder claws without an elevated line.

Externcd double pcdpes with the second joint of the interned(Orbit internedli/, under the insertion of the externalfootstalk notched at the interned side.

antennce, imperfect: wrists xvith one tooth).

The Portuni, which are commonly named by our Fishermen flying or fiat-footed Crabs,
have the power of swimming in the ocean

which serve the purposes of fins.

;they effectSome of thetliis

species^,by means of theirflatespecially those of thehinder hgi,

firstdivision,

i'requent rocky coasts^ and are to be found at low tide lurking under stones, whilst those of thesecond division inhabit sandy coasts, approaching the shores only at certain seasons of theycai\

>\PORTUNUS PUBER.
Tab. VI.
p. (,. a.) antennis corporis dimidio longioribus, testa pubescente, fronte multidentato.

Cancer puber.

Linn. Syst. J^at. xii. 1046.

Cancer velutiuus.
Portunus puber.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 6. PI. 4. fig. 8.
Latr. Hist. JVat. des Crust, et des Insect, vi. 10.

Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 37. 3.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vU. 390.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 315.
Fig. 1. Portunus puber MAS. mag. nat.

2.

Pedipalpus externus.

Portunus puber is found in great plenty all along the South-Western coast of Devonshire,
and is called Velvet Crab by the fishermen. It is used in France as an article of food, and is
When living the colours are very vivid, as
for that purpose taken in very large quantities.
as represented in the plate.

>*-—

PORTUNUS CORRUGATUS.
Tab. \ni.-'F?g. 1—2.
p.

(,. b.) testa convexa lineis transversis

serrato-granulatis ciliatis utrinque 5-dentata

tribus posticis acutioribus, fronte trilobo ; lobis subgranulato-serratis ;acuminato:

manibus supra uni-dentatis

Cancer corrugatus.

:

dentibus

medio majore sub-unguibus posticis apice acutis.

:

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 5. PI. b.fig. 9.
Herbst.

Portunus corrugatus.

Tab. 1, fig. 30.

Bosc. Hist. Nat. des crust,

i.

217.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 390.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 315.
Fig.

1.

P. corrugatus mas.

2 Pedipalpus.

Pennant discovered this species on the shores of Skie^ opposite to Loch Jurn, and 1 haveyoung specimens from Mr. C. Prideaux, who caught them in the Plymouth Sound.

received

The fissure in the under part of the orbit is wide;in the two following species the sides of the

fissure meet together,

PORTUNUS EMARGINATUS.
Fig.

S— 4.

P. (*. b.) testa convexiore lineis abbreviatis e granulis compositis,

penuUimo minore;

fronte emarginato:

dentibus quinque utrinque^manibus supra uni-dentatis:

unguibus

posticisacutis.

Portunus emarginatus.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 390.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 316.

Fig. 3. Portunus emarginatus.

4.

Feminae abdomen.

This species inhabits the South- Western coast of Devon^ but is extremely rare.
received it from Mr. Gibbs.

I have once

PORTUNUS ARCUATUS.
Fig. 5— 6.

p. (#. b.) testa convexiore lineis abbreviatis e granulis compositisj dentibus utrinque quinque,penultimo minore; fronte arcuato integro; manibus supra uni-dentatis; unguibus posticis
acutis.

Portunus arcuatus.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 390.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 316.

Fig. 5. Portunus arcuatus.

6.

Maris abdomen.

P. arcuatus differs from P. emarginatus only in the form of the anterior part of the shelly andmay be no more than a variety of that species.
England.

It inhabits the northern

and western coasts of

PORTUNUS MARMOREUS.
Tab. VIII.
P. (**) Testa convexa obsolete et tenuiter granulata, utiiuque dentibus quinque subfequalibus;
fronte dentibus tribus sequalibus, obtusis;

manibus glabris liueis obsoletiusculis, supraunidentatis; tarsis posticis apice acutioribus.

Montagu mss.

Cancer piniialus marmoreus.

abdomen feminjE.

5,

pedipalpus extemus

Shell convex obsolete and slightly granulated, with five nearly equal

sized teeth on each

Fig.

I,

mas.

2, maris abdomen.

geminus paululum aniplificatus.

6,

3, femina,

4^

antenna externa aucta.

MARBLED PORTUNUS.
side: front with three equal, obtuse teeth;

hands sm.ooth with obsolete lines, above unidentate;hinder tarsi with their points acute: color whitish elegantly marbled with reddish.

This very beautiful species, which derives

its

name fromits

G. Montagu, Esq. who very kindly sent me specimens for description.

color,

was discovered bj

It is not uncommon on the

sandy shores of the Southern coast of Devon, from Torcross to the mouth of the river Ex, andis frequently found entangled

in the shore netsof the Fishermen, or thrown on the shore after

heavy gales of wind.

The rounded form of the dentations between the eyes, the very slight elevation of the lines
on the hands, the convexity, remarkable smoothness and marbled appearance of theshell, atonce distinguish this from any other species of the genus with which I am acquainted.

Young specimens are plain brown, and much resemble the fry of Portunus depurator^, fromwhich they may be easily separated by their more considerable convexity.
Full-grown specimens are subject to some variation in color and markings, as may be seen in
the annexed plate, where the two extremes are depicted.

abdomen is in both sexes transversely carhiated.

The second and third joint of theJe^/'.

/--

17//.

PORTUNUS DEPURATOR.
Tab. IX.— Fig. 1—2.
P.

(*«.) testa

subcomplanata lineis clevatis
quinqueutrinque dentibus
tribiis::et transversis abbreviatis esecundo breviore

medio subacutiore sublongiore,

granulis compositis,

subreniotiore

postico:manibus supra unidentatiSj:

frontedentibus

apice

tarsis posticis

acutioribus saepe subemarginatis.

Cancer depurator.

Lin7i. Syst. Nat. xii. 1043. 23.

Cancer depurator,

var.

Portunus depurator.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. tab. 4:. Jig. 6. ^.

Fabr.

Siippl.

Ent. Syst. 365. 9.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 390.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 317.
Fig.

1.

Portunus depurator mas mag. nat.

2.

maris abdomen.

The sculpture of the shell of P. deptirator, which is by far the most common species that inhabits
The second and third joints of the abdomen
The abdomen of theof both sexes (especially of the male) are acutely carinated transversely.
the British Coast, varies considerably in degree.

male is triangular; of the female broad ; the ciliae which surround it being very long, thefourth,fifth,

andsixth joints are broader than thetwo first:

third,

sides of the sixth acute ;theseventh abruptly narrower than the one before it.
It is often eatenby the poor of London.

PORTUNUS LIVIDUS.
Fig.

3—i.

secundo subbreviore:
P. (««.) testa complanata tenue subgranulata utrinque dentibus quinquepostico remotiore, fronte dentibus tribus acutis: medio longiore, manibus supra uniden:

tatis,

tarsis posticis apice abrupte produclis.

Cancer depurator.
Portunus lividus.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. tab. 2. Jig. G.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 390.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 317.

Fig. 3. Portunus lividus mas.

4.

maris abdomen.

This species most resembles p. depurator, from which it differsinhaving the shell narrower

behind, with the surface minutely granulated, the eyes too are smaller and the antennae shorter.
I

found a single specimen amongst a number of the preceding species that were taken in theat Newhaven, and observed another in the collection of Montagu.

Frith of Forth,.

PORTUNUS PUSILLUS.
Fig. 5--'S.
p. («#.) testa subrugosa^ fronte producta triloba^ lateribus 5-dentatis

Portunus pusillus.
Fig. 5.

:dente postico acutiore.

Leach Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 318.

Portunus pusillus MAS.

6.

maris abdomen.

7. femina.

This beautiful little species is found occasionally in the Frith of Forthin some parts of the southern coast of

8.

;

femin^ abdomen
and is very common

Devon, where it is taken by dredging in deep water.

The fingers are generally annulated with red and whitish, and the back is not unfrequently
ornamented with a red streak or spot.

PORTUNUS LONGIPES.
Tab. IX.

a.

Fig.

P. testa transversa subquadrata, marg'ine antico-laterali

1.

quam posticum

breviori,

fronte quadrilo-bata ; dentibus marginalibus acutis ; postico elevato, acutissiine producto ; pedibus angi/stiselongatis.

I'ortuuus longipes.
Fig-. 1.

Risso, Crust. Nice, t. 1, fig". 5.

Portunus loiigipes, mas. mag-, nat.

2.

Pedipalpus.

3.

Feniinse abdomen.

This species is more slender in all its parts than any others of the g-enus.

Thefront of tlie

carapace is wide and short, with five teeth on each side, the last of which is much produced.

Likemany other Crustacea long known as Mediterranean, this Portunus has been tardily discovered as
an inhabitant of our shores.

THIA.
THIA, Leach.

CANCER, LinncBus.
AnteniKB externte subtus occuli pedunculum instructte.

Pedipalpi versus foveam antennarum extensi, articulo superiori magis lato quam longo.

OcuU minuti, pedunculis brevissimis.
Testa eordata, postic^ angustata, lateraliter arcuata.

Pedum par anticum breve, ung'uibus deflexis.
Abdomen utroque sexu angusto.
External antenuse placed beneath the peduncle of the eye.
antennal

pit,

witli

upper joint broader than long.

Pedipalps extended towards theEyes very minute, with short peduncles.

Carapace heart-shaped, narrow posteriorly, arched from side to side.
with the finoers bent downwards.

Anterior pair of feet short,

Abdomen narrow in both sexes.

THIA POLITA.
Fig.
T.

testa

polita,valde

arcuata,

4—6.

margine obsoletissime dentato, ad oculum unisulcato, postic^

angustissimo, ad terminum truncate, omnino ciliato, orbitis minutissimis, oculis fere obtectis.

A

Pedum pari antico robusto, unguibus incurvis leviter tuberculatis, paribus alteris brevibus
coraplanatisj ultimo brevissimo.

Thia polita.

Abdomine feminse septem-articulato.

Leach, Zool. Misc. II. tab. CIII.

Cancer residuus.

Herbst. 1. t, XLVIII. fig*. 1.

Thia Blainvillei.

Risso.

Fig". 8,

Thia polita, mas. 5^ Maris abdomen.

5,nianus.

^h.IX.A

POLYBIUS.
duobus piimis majoribus,

aiticulis

Antennce exlcfnce sctaceseinoculorum

cantho interno

insertai.

Pedipalporiim geminorum externorum caulis interni articulus secundus adlatus internum prope
apicem emarginatus pro insertione palpi triarticulati, elongato-subconici.

Pedum par anticum majus sequale didactylum, manibus externe elevato-lineatis

paria 2, 3, 4,:

et 5 (pari 5 praesertim) coinpressa foleacea natatoria.

Abdomen maris 5-articulatum segmento antepenultimo longiore basi utrinque abrupteproducto:
FCEMiN^ 7-articulaUim;

articulo ultimo prascedente abrupte angustiore.

Testce margo anticus arcuatus, semicircularis, lateribus 5-dentatis,

convergentibuSj apice subtruncato:

sensim postice in angulum

diametro transverso submajore

orbita postice externe:

subtus externe unifissa, angulo interno imperfecto.

bifissa,Oculi pedunculo suo brevi crassiores.

External antennae setaceous, with the twocanthus of the eyes.

firstfootstalk notched near its apex,

into theinternal

with the second joint of theirinternal

joints largest, inserted

External double pedipalpes,

for the insertion of the palpi,

which are three jointed and elon-

Anterior pair of legs equal, didactyle, the hands externally with elevated lineso-ate-conic.

other pairs, especially the last, compressed and formed for swimming.
five-jointed

the last joint but one longest;;

its base;theAbdomen of the maleon each side abruptly produced.

That of theAnterior margin
female seven-jointed ; the last joint abruptly narrower than the one before it.
of the shell, semicircularly bent, its sides with five teeth, gradually converging into an angle
behind, where it is truncated:

its transverse,

exceeding the longitudinal diameter

externally with two fissures, beneath externally with one ;its internal angle:

orbit behind

imperfect.

Pedun-

cle of the eyes narrower than the eyes themselves.

The only species of this genus hitherto discovered, is described below.

POLYBIUS HENSLOWII.
Tab. IX.— b.
P.

testa planiuscula

moderatim convexiuscula obscurissimc granulata utrinque 3-dcntata
lobo medio angustiore.

dentibus brevibus latis, fronte trilobo

Fig.

1.

Polybius Henslowii MAS.

2.

:

:

femina.

3.

maris abdomen.

4. femin^e

abdomen.

This species was first communicated to me by John Henslow, Esq. who found it in the net
It was taken under similarof a Herring fisher, on the Northern coast of Devon, in 1817.
circumstances in Pilchard-nets, off Bigbury Bay, in the South-Western coast of Devon during
the same season by C. Prideaux, Esq. 1 have since received it from the Rev. Dr. Goodall, Provostof Eton, bywhom it was observed in considerable plenty on the shore of Dorset opposite

Portland Island, amongst the refuse from the nets of Fishermen.

Since writing the above,

cimen of this species,
Banks.

I

have observed in the collection of the Linnean Society, a spe-

which was taken off the coast of Spain, by the Rt. Honorable Sir Joseph

T«/>:/XJi.

CANCER.
CANCER.

Auctorum.

Antennee exlerncc breves, inter oculonini cantlmm internum et frontem insertce
interna clypei medio, in foveolis reccpt.Te pcdunculus sublunaris.

:;

Pedipalpi gcmini externi caulis interni articulo secundo ad apicem internum emarginato.
paria 2, 3, 4 et 5 ambulatoria.

Pedum par anticum inaequale didactylum
Abdomen maris b,:foemin^e 7-articulatum.

Testa transversa, margine antico in lineam semicHipticam arcuato, portice marginata
postice extcrne fissuris duabus, subtus fissuris duabus ;:orbilauna utrinque.

OcuU pedunculo brevi.
External antennas sbort, inserted between the internal Canthus of the eye and the front.
Internal antennae received into foveols situated about (he middle of the Clypeus ; their peduncles sublunate.

External double pedipalpes, with the second joint of their internal footstalknotched at its internal apex.
for -walking.

verse ;

its

Anterior pair of legs unequal, didactyle

Abdomen of the Male with five;anterior margin semielliptically bent, hinder part margined

externally behind

and with two below;:

the other pairs formedof the Female with seven joints.

one on each side.

:

Shell trans-

Orbit with two fissures

Eyes with a short peduncle.

CANCER PAGURUS.
Tah. X.
C. testa granulata utrinque novem-plicata, frontc trilobo.

Cancer Pagurus.

Linn.

Si/si.

Nat. XII. i. 1044.

Fn. Sv. II. 2028.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. Supp. 334.
Lat7'.

Hist. Nat. des C. et. des I. v. 365.

HerbstKrab. tab. 9./. 39.
Pcnn. Brilt. Zool. iv. 4. pi 3.f. 7.

Leach Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 391. Sf 43Q.
Encycl. Britt. Suppl. i.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 320.

Cnv. Begne Animal, iii. 12.
Lajn. H. A', des A. sans V. v. 270.
Fig,

1.

Cancer Pagurus MAS.

2.

maris abdomen.

3.

Peminas abdomen.

4.

Pcdipalpus.

Cancer Pagurus, Crabe Pagure of French Naturalists, is the common Crab of our Markets,and is in season between Christmas and Easter, being by many esteemed more delicious thanlis natural history is but little known.
During the Summer

the Lobster, Astacus Gammarus.

months,itfrequentsallour rocky coasts, generally preferring deep water.

met with in the Winter, when it is said to burrow in the sand.

Itismore rarely•*.

VIt is taken in wicker baskets resembling a common Mouse-trap, or in nets with large meshes^

which are baited with garbage and sunk to the bottom of the sea. During the breeding season,
the female approaches the shore and takes up her residence in a hole amongst the rocks, wheresheisrecessvery

soon visited by the male, and if he be removed, anotherwill

be found at the

Old Fishermen who are acquainted with

this

fact,

of the next

tide.

discover as

many females in their retreats^ as possible, and are sure of two males a day from each female^for from three to five weeks.

The proportion of males to females, is, one to eleven, which is usual with most of theBrachyurous Malacostraca.

The tips of the claws, were formerly used in medicine, to correct acidities in the Stomach.

XANTHOCANCER, Montagu.

XAMTHO, Leack.
Antennte extentce brevissimaBj in oculorutn cantho interno insertae:

internee sub clypei prominentis mai£rine antico foveolis receptae ; pedunculo sublineari.

Fcdipalpi gemini extei'ni caulis inteini articulo sccundo ad apicein internum emarginato.

Pedum par anticum inasquale didactylum:

paria 2, 3, 4 et 5 ainbulatoria.

Abdomen maris 5, Femin.e 7-articulatum.
Testa transversa, margine antico in lineam semiellipticam arcuato, postice submarg'inata:

orbitasupra infegra inferne externe fissura unica.
Oculi pedunculo brevi.

External antennae very short, inserted in the internal canthus of the eye: internal antennte
received into foveolse in the anterior prominent margin of the clypeus;

the peduncle sublinear.

External double pedipalpeswith the second joint of the internal footstalk, notched at its internal
apex.

Anterior pair of legs unequal didactyle ; other pairs formed for walking.

Abdomenof themalefive, of the female seven-jointed. Shell transverse ; the anterior margin semi-ellipticallybent, hinder part slightly margined

Eyes with a short peduncle.

;

orbit entire above, externally beneath with one fissure.

XANTHO FLORIDA.
Tab. XI.
X. carpis supra bituberculatis^ testa, utrinque dentibus quatuor

obtusis:interstitiis

excisis,digitis nigris.

Cancer floridus.

Montagu Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 85. tab. 2. Jig. I.

Cancer incisus.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 391.

Xantho incisa.
Xantho florida.

Leach Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 320.

vii.

430.

Var |3- Digitis concoloribus.
Pig.

\.

Xantho Jlorida MAS.

Antenna externa aucta.

6.

2.

femina.

3.

maris abdomen.

4.

fbmin^ abdomen.

5.

Pedipalpus.

On the rocky parts of the southern coast of Devon this species occurs in very great abundance.

animal^The variety^ vi^ith the tops of the claws of the same colour with the other parts of theis not conimon.

;

PILUMNUS.
CANCER.

Linne, Pennant.

PILUMNUS.

Leach.

Anlennce extenue setacese, subelong-ata?^

ad oculonim cantlium infornum inserts

g-racilcs,:

internee in foveolis transverso-subobliquis reponenda\

Pedipalpi gcmini cxterni caulis intciioris articulo sccuiido sul) transverso-quadrato. ad apiccm

internum emarginato, palpigcio.

Pedum par anticnni valde inaequale, didactykun;

digitis dcntatis ;paria alia anibulatoria

ungues apicc acuti, nndi.

Abdomen in utroque sexu 7-articulatum.
Testa transversa, postice truncata, marg'inc antico in lineam semiellipticam arcuato.

Ocidi pedunculo brevi baud crassiores.

External antennfe setaceous, subelongate, inserted at the internal angle of the eyes; internalantenna' placed in transverse somewhat oblique excavations.

External double pedipalpes withthe second joint of their internal footstalk, having- its internal apex notched for the insertion of
the palpi.

Anterior pair of legs very uncciual, didactyle ;formed for walking
seven-jointed.
cate.

;

the fingers toothed ; other pairs

claws with their extremities sharp and naked.

Sliell transverse,

Abdomen in both sexes

the anterior margin semielliptically bent, hinder margin trun-Eyes not thicker than their peduncles, which are short.

The animals of this Genus live in holes of rocks and under stones in the sea.
slow,

Their motion isand all the species that I have seen are more or less covered with bristly hairs, which aremost obvious on their legs.

PILUMNUS HIRTELLUS.
Tab. XII.
P, testa utrinque 5-dentata ; dentibus duobus anterioribus minoribus^ manibus, carpisque snpra

et«xterne granulatis.
Cancel' hirtellus.

Linn. Syst. J\''at. i. 1045.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. Pi. 6. ^g-. II,

Leach Edinh. Encycl. vii. 391.
Leach Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 331.
Var. 0. maribus carpisque glabris non granulatis.
Pilumnus hirtellus.
Fig.
6^

1,

Mas.

2,

Antenna externa.

Maris abdomen.
7,3,Femina.

4,

Feminffi

abdomen.

5, Pedipalpus.

Antenna interna.

This species is extremely common all along the rocky shores that bound the South-Westernand may be taken under stones at low

coast of Devonshire^ from Plymouth to the Berry Head,tide.

The fore legs vary;atone time the left, and at another time the right being the largest ;besides which, the wrists and hands are sometimes quite smooth, without the sHghtest appear-

ance of that granulated surface which Linne considered as the essential mark of this species.

.'J^iAXIl.

GONOPLAX.
OCrPODA.

Bosc.

CANCER.

Pennant.

GONOPLAX.

Leach.

Antenna externa setaceae, graciles^ elongatae sub oculis inserts:

interna in foveolis transversis reposite.
Pedipalpi gcmini cxteimi cauli interno biarticulato ;articulo

secundo quadrato ad apiccm

intcrioiein truncato-subemarg-inato, palpigero.

Pedum par anticum aequale, didactylum. Maris longissimum
digitis subdeflexis interne insequaliter dentatis ;ungues subcompressij;

FiEMiN^ testa duplolone-ius ;paria alia cursoria, ordine 4, 3, 5 et 2 :acuti.

Abdomen in utroque sexu 7-ai'ticulatum.
Testa quadrata, transversa, antice latior.

Ocidi pedunculo articulo secundo valde elongato, ad testae marginem anticum fere attingente.

External antennte setaceous,

slenderand elongate, inserted under theantennae situated in transverse excavations.
jointeyes; internal
External double pedipalpes with the second

having its anterior apex truncate-subemarginate, for theAnterior pair of legs didactyle ; of the Male very long ; of the Femaleof their internal footstalk

insertion of the palpes.

twice the length of the shell; fingers internally unequally dentated ; other legs formed forrunning, in order, according to their length, 4, 3, 5 and 2: claws sub-compressed, sharp.

Abdomen (in both sexes) seven-jointed.

Shell quadrate, transverse, broader before.

Eyes withthe secondjoint of their peduncles very much elongated, almost reaching to the anterior marginof the shell.

Of this Genus one species only is known, the economy of which will be given in the following
page.

There is another Genus allied to Gonoplax, and with it forms a stirps in one of the mostinteresting families of the brachyourous Malacostraca,OONOPLAX BISPINOSA.
Tab. XIII.
G. testa angulis anticis spini-formibus,

lateribus utrinque, brachiis supra,

carpis interne fema-

ribusque apice unispinosis.

Cancer angulatus.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.

7.

PL 5. fg. 10. mas.

Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Si/st. 341.

Herbst.i.Sb.

Tab.

fig. 13.

I.

Gmel. Syst. J^at. i. 2971.

Ocypoda ang-ulata. Bosc. Hist. Nat. des crust, i. 198.
Ocypode angulata. Leach Edin. Encycl. vii. 393.
Gonoplax angulata. Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 430.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 323.
Fig. 1,6,

Mas.

Pedipalpus.

7,% Maris abdomen.
Antenna externa.

3,8,Femina.

4^

Feminae abdomen.

5,

Mas junior.

Antenna interna.

Gonoplax bispinosa was discovered at Weymouth by the late Dutchess of Portland, from whose
It is not uncommon in the Sound of Plycabinet it was first described and figured by Pennant.
mouth, and is often taken in trawl nets.
In the Kingsbridge estuary this species was first observed by Montagu, and has since beentaken in great plenty by Mr. C. Prideaux, and by Mr. J. Cranch.
serves, that they live in excavations formed in the hardened mud,the extremities of which they live, are open at each end.

The latter gentleman ob-

and that their habitations,at

The large specimens from which theannexed figures are taken, occurred at a bank called the Dentridge, which is rarely uncovered
excepting at very low tides.

The colour is yellowish red, the thumb only being blackish or greenish-black.
The anterior legs of the adult male are nearly five times the length of the shell, but in younger
specimens they are but little longer than those of the females, in whom they are about twice thelength of the shell.

^^i/a/^xiir.

.

PINNOTHERES.
PINNOTHERES.
CANCER.

Lalreille, Bosc.

Linn., Gmel., Penn.

ALPH.^US.

Daldorff,

Antenn(c externa: setacejPj brevissimfe, (articulis tribus primis niajoribus,) in oculorum cantlio
intcrno insertjE.

ftcUimliwrum gcminorum cxtcrnorvm caulisinternusiini-articulatus

ad apicem subabrupte

acumiuato-rotundatus, palpigerus.

Pedum par anticuni a^quale;paria 2^ 3, 4, et 5 simplicia^ (maris prascrlim) compressa, pariquinto breviore: Ungues arcuati^ acuti^ validi.

Abdomen in utroque sexu 7-articulatuni
Testa ovato-orbiculata, orbiculato-subq«adra<a aut transverse subquadrata.

Oculi crassi pedunculo brevi, in fronte inserti inter se dissiti.

External antennae setaceous^, rerj shorty inserted at the internal corner of the eye, the three
first

joints largest.

Internal footstalk of external double palpes one-jointed, with the apex

somewhat abruptly acuminate, rounded and bearing the palpes.

Anterior pair of legs equal,

didactyle; the other legs simple compressed (especially in the male), fifth pair shortest
bent, sharp and strong.

Abdomen seven-jointed in both sexes.

quadrate or transverseh-subquadrate.

:

nails

Shell avote-orbicular, orbicular-

Eyes thick, with short footstalks, inserted at a distancefrom each other in the front of the shell.
All the Pinnotheres inhabit bivalve shells, and were supposed by some of the ancients to beconsentaneous inmates with the animal, bound by mutual interest; the fableisbeautifully told

bv Oppian, and is alluded to by Cicero*.
Aristotle supposed them to act as centinels, and believed that they guarded the Pinna (theshell inwhich they were first observed) from the attacks of its enemies; Rondcletius and someother naturalists held the same opinion.

The species are but little understood, and it is even probable that I may
have considered the sexes as distinct species;insome instances

those which'are described, however, have received thesanction of my friend Mr. Montagu, who entertains the same opinions v/ith mjself on this difilcult
subject, and to whom my warmest thanks are due for the trouble and time which he has evermost kindly and willingly bestowed in giving me his opinion when it has been required.

* " Pinna vpro,*'

comparandi cibi.

(<i: enim graece dicitur.) duabus graudibus patula conchis, cum parva squilla quasi societatem coit

Ilaque ciira pisciculi parvi in concham hiautem InnatiTerint, turn adnionita a squilla pinna morsu," comprimit conchas."'tic. d« uat. Deor. Lib. 2. Sec. XLVIII.

PINNOTHERES PISUM.
Tab. XIV.
i*.

Fig.

1,

and 3.

2,{Fern.) Testa orbiculato-subquadrata, molliuscula^ glaberrima^ frontc subarcuato^ integro J

manibus oblongis subtus femoribusque supra linea
latissimo

scgmentorum lateribus

arcuatis,

ciliata;articulo

pollice subarcuato;

qiiintolatiore,abdomine

ultimo praecedente

angustiorCj apicc tcnue et obscure at late emarginato

Cancer Pisum.

Linn.

Suppl. But.

Pinnotheres Pisuni.

Stjst.

Nat.

ed.

XII. 1039?

Pcnn. Brit. Zool. IV. 1. T. \.f. 1.

Fabr.

343.

Si/St.

Latr. Gen. Crust, et Ins. T. I. p. 35.

Bosc Hist. Nat. clcs Crust. 1. 243.

Habitat inter Modiolorum, Mytilorum testas frequentissinie.
Fig. 1, mag. nat.

2, ead. sp. aucta.

3jFeminfe abdomen auctum.

* Pedipalpus geminus

externus auctus.

It is notwithout doubt that

I have quoted this species(which is very often found in theshells of Modioli and Mytili) as Cancer Pisum of Limiaeus, as he has describeditto be of thelize of a pea, ("niagnitudinepisi"), without making anj mention of its habitat.

The shell of the female is orbiculate-quadratej soft, very smooth, with the front slightly
arcuate and entire; hands oblong, with a ciliated line beneath; thighs with a ciliated line above;

thumb slightly bent; abdomen very broad, with the sides of the segments arcuate, the fifth segment broader, the last narrower than the sixth, obscurely but broadly emarginate. Male unknown.

PINNOTHERES CRANCHII.
Fig. 4 and 5.
P. (Fern.)

Testa orbiculato-subquadrata, moUiuscula, glaberrima, lateribus postice dilatatis;

fronte recto, obscure subemarginato ; manibus oblongis subtus femoribusque supra linea
ciliata: pollice

subarcuato; abdomine latissimo segmentis lateraliter subarcuatis secundo

sequentibusque postice distincte emarginatis, segmento quiuto sublatiore; ultimo praecedente angustiore.

Habitat in Modiolis, Mjtilis rarius.
Fig. 4, Fern. mag. nat.

5,

Feminae abdomen mag. nat.

This new species was discovered by Mr. J. Cranch (a most assiduous Collector of marme
productions) in the Kingsbridge estuary, where it is occasionally found in Modioli and Mytili.
It is easily distinguished from P.

Pisum by the form of the front, which is straight and slightly

emarginate, by the breadth of the hinder part of the sides of the shell, and by the abdomen, all the
joints of which, excepting the first, are distinctly notched behind.

Male unknown.

%/.x/v.

^

PINNOTHERES LATREILLII.
Fig. 6, 7, and 8.
P. (Fern.) Testa ovato-orbiculata, anticc subangustiore, convexa, glaberrima, subsolida, frontc
producto integro vix subarcuato; laleribus postice utrinque lineis duabus obliquis gradatim
poslicc coiicurrcntibus impressis ; manibus subovatis subtus femoribusquc supra liiica ciliafa ;digitis arcuatis ; abdoniinc subangusto sogmentis laleraliter subarcuatis,

ultimo prii.'cedente

angustiore, apice subacuininato, rotiindato, integro.

Cancer niytillorum albus.

Herbsl. 1. 101. T. 2.fg. 24.?

Pinnotheres nijtillorum.

Lair. Gen. Crust, et Ins. 1. 35.

Leach.

Leach Edin. Enc. art. Crust, p. 430.
Habitat in Modiolis rarissime.
Fig. 6j mag. nat.

7, ead. auct.

8, femina; abdomen auctum.

A single specimen of this elegant little crab was taken bj myself in the Frith of Forth.
Although a female, it has very much the general appearance of the male of the followijig spoeies,
from %vhich it diflers in not having the under part of the thighs hairy, and in only having one
lineof cilifs under the hands; but the most remarkable point of distinction is in the two im-pressed lines on each side of the hinder part of the shell.

The abdomen in the more adult state is probably as broad as in the preceding species.
Montagu supposes it to be the young of P Pimm. Male unknown.

PINNOTHERES VARIANS.
Fig. 9, 10, and 11.
p.

(il/fls)

Testa ovato-orbiculata, antice subangustiore^ convexa,

productOj arcuatOj integro;
arcuatis;manibus ovatis subtus

lineisglaberrima, solida; frontc

duabusciliatis;

digitis valde

supra ac infra linea ciliata; abdomine lateribus late emarginatig,

femoribus

articulo ultimo prascedente abrupte angustiore, apice angusto, rotundato, integro.

Cancer varians.
Cancer minutus.

Oliv. Encycl. meth. hist. nat. torn. %.p. 155.

Pain. Brit. Zool.?

Cancer mytillorum fuscus.

Hcrbst Tab. 2. Jig. 25.

Habitat in Modiolis et Mytillis sat freqiiens.
Fig. 9, mas magn. nat.

10^ idem amplilicatus.

11_,

maris abdomen auctum.

This species^ which I formerly considered as the male of P. Pisum,

isfound with thatspecies in Modioli and Mytilli.
Latreillc considers this as the

given

it,

same species with P.

LaircilUi,

and Pennant seems to haveor some species akin to it, as the Limiaean Cancer minutus, which is a species of tlie

genus Grapsus.

The contour and consistance of the shell in this and in the preceding species is nearly the
The female (unlesssame, but they are readily distinguished by the characters pointed out above.
she be P. Pisinn) is unknown.

31?

PINNOTHERES VETERUM.
XV.

Tab.

Fig.

1,

2,

3,

4,

et 5.

p. Fronto siibemarginata ; manibus infra arciiafo sinuatis.

(Mas.) Testa transvcrso-subqiiadrata, subsolida, punctata; nianibiis ovath digitis arciiatis;
abdoinine lateribus intcgris

seg-niciito

ultimo praecedente abrupte latiore apice acuniinato-

rotundato.

(Fcm.) Testa subtransvorso-subquadrata, molliuscula, punctulatissima; manibus elongatoovatis digitis subarcuatis ; abdoinine latissimo noduloso-carinato, segmentis 5, 6, et7 postice

cmarginatis ultimo prfpcedente angustiore.

Linn. Sijst. Mit. XII.

Cancer pinnotheres.

Oliv. Encijcl.

Fig.

1040. 9.

Bosc Hist. Mit. des Crustaces. 1. 243.

Pinnotheres veterum.
Pinnotheres pinna?.

1.

Method. Crabe. 23.

Leach Edin. Encijcl. 7. 431.

ejusdem abdomen.

1,Fern. mag. nat.

5,

maris abdomen amplif.

2,

3,

Mas. mag. nat.

4',

sex idem amplificatus.

Habitat intra Pinnas, Ostreas rarius.

Mus. Montagu, Mas. et Fern.

Francillon, Leach, Prideaux, Fern.

Montagu first observed this interesting species in Britain; he found both sexes in Pinnas
from the Salcombe estuary, where it has likewise been taken by Mr. J. Cranch.
Itoccurs envellopedin themantle of the Pinna, but it is not confined to that genus ofanimals, having been once noticed in Ostrea edulis (the common oyster) by my assiduous friend

Mr. C. Prideaux.

This is most probably the species alluded to by Cicero and PJiny*, and may

be the same with the species given in vol. 2. tab. 34, of the splendid work of Poll on the shells of
the Sicilies ; but the figure is not sufficiently correct to enable me to refer to it with any degreeof certainty.

PINNOTHERES MONTAGUI.
Fig. 6, 7, et 8.
P.

(Mas.)

Testa transverso-subquadrata,

ovatis; digitis arcuatis;

subsolida, punctata,fronte emarginata;manibusabdomine lateribus late emarginatis, segmento ultimo praecedente

subabrupte latiore apice obtuse rotundato, integro.

* Hist. Nat. Lib. 9. cap. 42.

Pinnotheres modioli.

Leach Edin. Encycl 7. 431.

Habitat in Modiolorura testis; semel obvius.

Mus. Montagu.
Fig. 6, mas.

7,

mas amplificatus.

8,

ejusdem abdomen auctum.

This species was discovered in a Modiolus from the Salcombe estuarj by Montagu, -who
sent it to me as Cancer minntus, which is, as I before remarked, referable to the genus Grapsus.
This and the preceding species differ from those figured in Tab. 14, by having their wholeand may on further examination be found to constitute a division ofshell more or less punctate,

the genus.

P. Montagui is distinguished from P. Veterum by the form of its abdomen, by the greater
depth of the notch in the front of the shell, and by the form of the fore feet; the last characterfor discrimination is obscure, and may be more easily seen than described.

':y^y/'

xi:

v<

MEGALOPA.
MEGALOPA.

Leach.

Antennce cxtcrnce setacea? articulis elongatis:

internee setis duabus articulatis terminatae ; supcriore longiore.

Pcdipalpi externi caule interno articulis duobus primis comprcssis ; secundo brcviorc apiceexteriore producto palpigcro.

Pedes decern;

par anticuin majus didactylum;

paria alia consiinilia ungue simplici instructa.

Abdomen 7-articulatuiii.
Testa elongata antice rostro lato instructa.

Oeuli niaxiini ; peduncula oculis non angustioraj articulo secundo cylindrico.

External antennas setaceous^ with elongated joints
articulated sette^ theupper of whichisthe longest.

the internal ones terminated by two:

External pedipalpes with the two

firstjoints of their internal footstalks compressed ; the second shortest with its internal point pro-Legs ten

duced and palpigerous.

terminated by a simple claw.

;

the anterior pair largest and didactyle ; other pairs alike,

Abdomen seven jointed.

Shell elongate, the front furnishedEyes very large, their peduncles not narrower than the eyes, with

with a broad flat rostrum.
their second joint cylindric.

MEGALOPA MONTAGUI.
Tab. XYl.—Fig. 1--6.
•NI.

rostro integro apiceuni-spinoso, testa postice inermi,

coxis octo anticis

spina curvata

instructis.

Cancer rhomboidalis.

Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 84.

tab. vi. fig. 1.

Megalopa rhomboidalis. Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 431.
2. Eadem aucta.
Fig. 1. Megalopa Montagui mag. natur.
5. Pes anticus sinister auctus.
4. Antenna interna auct.
amplificata.

3.

Antenna externa

6.

Pes secundi paris

ampl.

Montagu discovered one specimen of this species amongst corallines on the back of Maia
Squinado, on the southern coast of Devon;and I have received from J. Bulwar, Esq. twoothers that were taken amongst some floating marine plants in Torbay.

MEGALOPA ARMATA.
Fig. 7—9.

M. rostro integro apice uni-spinoso, testa postice carinata ; carina in spinam acutam pirodeunte,coxis quatuor anticis spina curvata instructis.

Fig. 7. Megalopa armata mag. nat.

8,

Eadem amplificata.

9.

Pedipalpus externus

auctus.

The discovery of this new species is due to the indefatigable zeal of C. Prideaux, Esq. who
took two specimens from a crab-pot in Bigbury Bay, South Devon.

'/^'/.Xl'I.

*

J-

r
«i

EURYNOME.
CANCER.

Pennant.

EURYNOME.

Leach,

AnteniKB extcrnce distantcs ros<ro pauliilum longiores,
articiilis

inoculorum cantho interne inserts,

primo secundo subbreviore, tertio minore, ultimo e plurimis segmentis eftormato

piloso.

Pcdipalpi gcmini exferni cauMs interni articulo secundo ad apicem interiorem truncato-emarginato.

Pedum par anticum aliis tiassius didactjlum digitis deflexis; Maris corpoie triplo longius,FeminjE corpoie longius
Testa

;

paria 2, 3, 4, et 5, consimilia, niediocria; ungues acuti apice nudi.

subtriangularis verrucata antice rostrata;

rostrum bifidum

laciniis

divaricatis:

oi'bitasupernc fissura unica, infra externe emarginata.
Oculi distantes globosi pedunculo mediocri crassiores.

Abdomen 7-articulatum;

Maris articulis tertio latiore, ultimo acuminato apice rotundato;
Femin^ ovatura late ciliatum.

External antennas distant, a little longer than the rostrum, inserted at the internal corner ofthe eye, the first joint rather shorter than the second, the third less, the last hairy and composedof several segments.
their

External double feet-palpes with the interior point of the second joint ofinternal footstalks truncate-emarginate.

didactyle with deflexed fingers, of theAnterior pair of legs thicker than the others,

Male three times

the length of the body, of the Female

longer than the bodj; second, third, fourth, and fifth pair of moderate length.

with naked tips.

Shell somewhat triangular, warted, terminated anteriorly

Claws sharp,by a bifid rostrum

with divaricating laciniap; orbit above with one fissure, beneath externally with a notch.
distant, thicker

than their peduncle, which is of moderate length.

Eyes

Abdomen seven-jointed; ofthe Male with the third joint broader than the others, the last joint acuminate with a rounded
joint; of the Female ovate and broadly ciliated.

EURYNOME ASPERA.
Tab. XVII.
E. pedibus

anticispluriniisquefemoribusque tuberculatis; dorso tuberculis octo elevatioribus 2, 1,2,3

aliis

irregularibus

depressis

pilis-maiginatis ;lateribus

utiiuque lamellis

quatuor; rostro laciniis simplicibus, acuminatis.

Pm. Brit. Zool. IV. 18. PI. IX. A. 20.
Eurjnome aspera. Leach Edin. Encycl. 7. 431.
S, Femina.
Fig. 1, Mas.
2, Maris abdomen.

Cancer asper.

4,

Feminfe abdomen.

5,

Pedipalpus

externus ffeminus auctus.

This species, which is the tj'pe of the genus, and the only one that has hitherto been noticed,

The veryfound by dredging in deep water on the coasts of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall
fine specimens figured in the plate, were sent to me by my very industrious friend, C. Prideaux, Esq.

is

who obtained them from the trawl-fishers of the Plymouth Sound.

Many of tlie tubercles on the back of the shell have a cauliflower sculpture.

''^ACKVJI.

MAIA.
MAI"A, Aristotelis.

MAIA, Lnmarcli, Latreille, Bosc, Leach.

CANCER, Olivier, Scojioli, Herhst. Sowerhy.
Antenncc externa; setacca?, articulis duobus basilaribus crassioribus et longitudlne subsEqualibus ;articulo primo subciassiore.

Pedipalpi exteriii caulis interni articulo secundo ad apicem internum profunde emarginato.

Pedum par anticnm aliis baud aut vix crassiores
unguibus simplicibus apice nudis^:

paria octo postica subelongata consimilia,

acutis.

Abdojnen 7-articulatum.
Testa connexa ovato-subtriangularis, spinosissima, antice rostro bifurco terminata.

Oculi pedunculo suo elongate baud crassiores.
External antennas setaceous with the two first joints thickest and nearly equal in length ; thefirstjoint thickest.

External pedipalpes with the second joint of their internal footstalk deeply

notched at its internal apex.

Anterior pair of legs not or scarcely thicker than the rest

other legs alike in form, subelongate

Abdomen seven-jointed.
by a bifurcate rostrum.

:

the claws:

thesimple, with their joints sharp and naked.

Shell convex, ovate-subtriangular, very spinose, terminated anteriorly

Eyes not thicker than their peduncles which are elongate.

,

MAIA SQUINADO.
Tab. XVIII.
M. testa fasciculato-pilosa, orbita superne spina unica, lateribus valide 5-spinosis^ clypeo infra
frontem spina breviuscula supra excavata.

Cancer Squinado.

Herbst.

iii.
i.

Scopol. Ent.

Cancer Maia.

adultus.

tab. 56.
t.

14./. 84. 85.

Cam. 1126

Sowerbi/ Brit. Miscel. t. 39.

Cancer spinosus.

Oliv. Encycl. meth. hist. nat. vi. 173.

Maja Squinado.

Latr. Gen. Crust, et Ins. i. 37.
Hose, Hist. Mtt. des. Crust, i. 257.

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vii. 394. 431.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 326.

—

Encj/cl. Britan. Suppl.

Fi"-. 1. Maia Squinado mas.

abdomen.

5.

2.

FCEMiNvEJun. abdomen.

i.

415.

Antenna externa.
6.

3.

Pedipalpus externus.

4. maris

Maia Squinado FCEMiNiE, jun.

This animal has been confounded with Lithodes Maia and with Parthenope horrida in many
It is extremely common in deep water off the Southwestern coasts of Devon andcabinets.

Cornwall being called by the fishermen King-crab or Thornback.
often taken in the common net
In the young state it approaches the shore, and isfigure of it is added.
athatadult,
thefromappearance
generalmuch in:itdiffers so•

KAXVin.

;

PISA.

CANCER.

Pen.nanl, Ilerbsl, Monla^u.

IXACHUS. FabriciL
MAJA. Lalreille, Bosc,
PISA.

Leach.

BLASTUS.

Leach.

AntcniKc externa setacefe, hirfje, pilis basilaribus clavatis, articiilo primo secundo multo longiore.
Pedipalpi geinini extend caulis

iiiterni

articulo

secundo ad apicem internum emarginato aut

truncato.

Pedum par anticum majus crassius (Maris corpore longius, F^emin^ corporis longitudine)parid octo postica niediocrcs^ unguibus denticulatis apice nudis.

Abdomen 7-articuIatum.
TiSta snbtriangularis, villosa^ tuberosa^ antice rostro laciniis divaricatis terminata.

0cm// pedunculo vix crassiorcs.

GENERIS DIVISIONES.
* Testa densius villosa, lateribus utrinque postice spina terminatis.

** Testa vitlosa lateribus spinosis.

(Pisa.

Leach.)(Blastus. Leach.)

External antennae setaceous, hairy, the lowest hairs clubbed, the first much larger than thesecond joint.

External double footpalpes with the second joint of their internal footstalknotched or truncate.

Anterior pair of legs didactyle and thicker than the rest; of the malelarger than the body;of the female the length of the body: other legs moderatearired with claws having naked tips and their internal edge denticulated.
Shell somewhat triangular villose, tuberose, terminated in front

cating points.

in length,

Abdomen 7-jointed.

by a bifid rostrum with divari-

Ej/es scarcely thicker than their footstalks.

DIVISIONS OF THE GENUS.
* Shell more thickhj villose, the sides behind terminated bij a spine.

** Shell villose, vjith spiiijj sides.

Of the economy and mode of life of this genus nothing is known

PISA GIBBSII.
Tab.

XIX.

p. roitro deseendente ; testa spina utrinque pone oculos; brachiis femoribusque inermibus.

Montagu 7Va/ks. Liim. Soc. XI. 2. t. l.f. 2.

Caucer biaculeatus.

Leach Edinh. Encycl. VII. 431.

Pisa biaculeata.
Pisa Gibbsii.
Fig.

\,

Leach Trans. Linn. Soc. XI. 327.
mas.

2,

pedipalpus gem. extern.

3,

maris abdomen.

4, feminae abdomen.

Pisa Gibbsii is not an uncommon species on the Southern coasts of Devon and Cornwall ;itinhabits deep water, and is taken by the Trawl net.
It

was

first

noticed bj

Mr. Gibbs^ employed by Montagu, and is named after that in-

defatigable and successful collector^, by whom the British Fauna has been considerably enriched.

The shell, when the hair is removed, is whitish and covered with impressed punctures,r^a/':XIX.

PISA TETRAODON.
Tab. XX.
P. testa lateribus utrinque 6-spinosis

Cancer tetraodon.

Maja tetraodon.

:

spinis duabus minoribus ;quatuor majoribus.

Pinn. Brit. Zool. iv. 7. tab. \'m.fg. 15.
JBosc, Hist.

Nat. des Crust. 1. 254.

Leach, Edinb. Enci/cl. vii. 395Blastus tetraodon.

Pisa tetraodon.

vii.

431.

Leach Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 328.
Encycl. Britan. Suppl. i. 415.

Fig.

1.

Antenna.

Pisa tetraodon MAS.
6.

2.

maris abdomen.

3. f(emina.

4.

fcemin^ abdomen.

5.

Pedipalpus externus.

This animal inhabits deep water on the coasts of the Isle of Wight^ Brighton^ and Teignmouth.

It is often thrown on

the shore after storms.

The arms of the young males are scarcely thicker than those of the adult female.

:/t,AJiY.

f

HYAS.
CANCER, Herlst,
MAJA, Bosc.
INACHUS, Fab rid

I.

HYAS, Leach.
Anteixncc f.v7e/'W(«distantes,

articulo primo extcrne dilatato secundo longioie,

PciUpalpi cxtcrni, articulo secundo ad apicem internum emarginato.

Pedum par primum aliis crassius^ didact3'lum, aequale^ maris corpore longius, Fcemin.e corporis
longitudine:

paria alia elongata, siinplicia.

Testa elongato-subtriangularis, subtuberculata^ lateribus pone oculos hastato-productis^ fronte
rostrato ; rostro fisso^ laciniis approxiniatis.

Oculi pedunculo baud crassiores.

Abdomen 7-articulatum.
the

and

dilated externally.

External pedipalpes uith the internal apex of the second joint notched.

First pair of legs

External antennae distant,

first

joint larger than the second,

thicker than the others, didactyle and equal ; of the male long-er than the body, of the female
as long as the body.

Shell elongate-subtriangular, slig-htly tuberculated, the sides behind the eyeswith a spear-shaped process, the front rostrated, the rostrum fissured, the laciniae nearly parallel.

Abdomen seven-jointed.
Of this Genus two species have been discovered in the British seas.

Eyes not thicker than the peduncle.

HYAS ARANEUS.
Tab. XXI.

a.

n. testa processu hastiformi postice tuberculato.

Cancer araneus.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1044.

Fn. Sv. 493.2030.
Herbst. i. 242. tab. wn.fig. 59.

Cancer Bufo.

Inachus araneus.

Fabr. Siippl. Ent. Syst. 356.

Maja Bufo. Bosc. Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 255.
Maja araneus. Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 394.
Hyas araneus. Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 431.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 328.
Encycl. Britan. Suppl.
Fig.
externa.

1.

Hyas araneus mas.

5.

Pedipalpus externus.

2.

i.

416.

maris abdomen.

3.

fceminjj

abdomen.

This species of Hyas is very abundant on the coasts of Scotland and of Kent.

4.

Antenna

On the shoresof Devonshire it is of rare occurrence.

The young is frequently found inhabiting pools of water amongst the rocks at low tide, andis often covered

with fragments of marine plants, which adhere to the hairs of the legs and shell ;in this state it has been

observed on the coast of Mernshire, near INIontrosc, by G. Milne, Esq,

and on that of Kent, near Sandgate, by myself.

HYAS COARCTATUS.
Tab. XXI.

b;

H. testa lateribus coarctatis^ processu hastiformi police valde dilatato inermi,
Hyas coarctatus. Leach Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 329.
Fig. 1. Hyas coarctatus MAS.

2. fcemina.

I discovered this species in the Frith of Forth,and on the southern coast of Devon, and I havereceived very fine specimens from a scientific friend,

who took them off the coast of Kent, near

Sandgate.
It is always found in very deep water,

and is to be obtained by dredging.

'lah.XXl.li.

:

INACHUS.
CANCER.

Pennant^ Herbsi, Gmelin.

INACHTS.

Fabridits, Leach,

MA J A.

Bosc^ Lair € ilk.

Antmncv externa' distantes,corj)orc quin<iiplo brcviores, setacea*, ante oculus ad rosiri latfia

inscrtcP, artirulis tribus ba^ilaribus icliquis distiiicte crassioribiis.

l^edipalportim geininonim externortnn caulis iutcrni articuhis sccundus ad apiccni internum trixn-

catus ad iusertionem palpi elongato-subcouici, triaiticulati.

Pedum par anticum niajus, didactvlum, aequale (maris corpore diiplo longius, nianu ovata;
FEMiNE corporis longitudine niaiiu subfiliformi: paria rcliqua longissima tenuissiina; pari
sccundo lougioro, crassiore; tertio deinde^ quarto postca, longiuribus, quinto breviore.
Ungues antici longiorcs subcurvati, secundi breviores magis incurvi, tertii ct quarti secundis
brcviores, a-quales, aicuati.
Testa subtriangularis parcc spitiosaj aiiiicc rostrata, spina utrinque ad latera oculos retractos
protegente; (orbitam quasi dupliccm efformante).

Oculi distantes, pedunculi mcdiocris basi vix crassiores.

Abdomen 6-articulatuni, longitudinaliter tuberculato-subcarinatum, articulo ultimo longiore:

Maris articulis prime latiore, secundo breviore^, angustiorCj tertio primo latiore, quarto
paululum angustiore, quinto et sexto abrupte angustioribus, hoc ad basin subquadrato ad apicein abrupte angustiore arcuato
FeminjE articulis primo et secundo fequalibus, angustioribus, hoc cum icliquis conjunctii

caudara latam, ovatara efFormantibus.
External antennas one-fifth of the length of the body^ situated at a distance from each otheron each side of the rostrum before the ejes^ with the three first joints distinctly thicker than theothers second joint of the internal peduncle of the external double palpi truncated at its internal
Anterior pair of feet didactyle
apex, for the insertion of the three-jointed elongate-conic palpus.
and large, equal in size and form (of the 7)tale twice the length of the body with an oval handof the female the length of the body with a nearly filiform hand) other legs very long and slendet,
second pair longest and thickest, the second shorter, the third still shorter, the fourth shortest.
Anterior claws long, slightly curved; third shorter, and more curved; fourth and fifth still
Shell somewhat triangulate with few spines, anteriorly rostrated,shorter, arcuate and equal.
with a spine on each side protecting the eyes when retracted, forming as it were a double orbit.
Eyes distant, scarcely thicker than the peduncle, which is of a moderate length. Abdomen six-jointed, with a kind of longitudinal tuberculatcd carina, the last joint longest; firstjoint in the male broader, the second shorter and narrower, the third broader than the first, thefourth a little narrower, the fifth and sixth abruptly narrower than the latter, nearly quadrate at
the base, with the apex abruptly narrower and arcuate: the two first joints in th§ female equa.l
and narrow, the latter joint with the others forming a broad ovate tail.
;;:

INACHUS DORSETTENSia
Tab. XXII.

Fig.

1,

2, 3, 4, 5, et 6.

testa antice tuberculis quatuor
deinde spinis tribus (antica dorsali validiore);postea spinis tribus validis, acutis (media sjepius majorc, acutiore) lineara subrecurvam
delinicntibus ; margine postico tuberculis duobus distantibus obsoletis.

i. Rostro brevi, emarginato, clypeo infra in spinam, producto;

parvis, a?qualibus,

transversim dispositis;;Cancer Scorpio Fdbr. Sp. Ins.

1 .

504. 47.

Mant. Ins.l.m.b.'iT.
Herbst Krctb. 1. 23T. 130.
Gmtlin Sr/st. Nat. 2978. 133.
Fabr. Sijst. Ent. 2. 462. 83.

Inachus Scorpio.

Fub. Supl. Ent. Sijst. 358. 16.

Inaclius Dorscttensis.

Fig.

1,

immatura^

Leach Edin. Enct/cl. art. Crust, p. 431.

mas. 2, feminje.
3, maris abdomci^
6, Pes anticus maris.

4:,

abdomen maturse feminaj.

5,abd. feiu.

Rostrum short and emarginate, the cljpeus beneath forming a spine; shell behind therostrum with four small equal sized tubercles placed transversely; behind these are placed threespines, the anterior or middle one strongest; behind these again are tluce other strong Rcuic
spines (the middle generally largest and sharpest), arranged in a slightly recurved line; hinder
margin with two distinct obsolete tubercles.
This species which is very abundant on the Devonshire coasts, Avas first described by Penrant
from specimens in the Portland cabinet, and afterward by Fabricius as a native of the Norwegianseas, under the name Scorpio.
Herbst and Gmelin never haying seen this animal, have merely
copied the Fabrician description, which, in Entomologia Systematica, is so good as to leave no
doubt as to the refer^ice. It is often taken by the shore net and dredge, at the mouths of rivers,
and in deep water far from the shore; and is generally overgrown with coralloids, sponges, orother marine matter. The anterior or compound feet in the male are often very rough with little
spines and tubercles
and those of the female also exhibit slight vestiges of spinules. The sides;of the shell are often tuberculated, especially anteriorly.

INACHUS DORYNCHUS.
Fig. 7 et 8.
I.

fisso; testa antice spinis tribus triangulum delinientibus, postica majore;deinde tuberculo utrinque; postea tuberculis cjuinque tribus raediis appro.ximatus obtusioribus in triangulum dispositis pone lateralia et cum illis lineara retrorsum delinientibus
margine postico tuberculis duobus distantibus obsoletis.

Rostro hastiformi,

Cancer Phalangiura.

Fabr. Ent. Sr/st. II. 463. 84?

Inachus dorynchus.

Leach Edin. Encycl. art. Crust, p. 431.

Fig. 7, mas.

8,

Ejusdem pes anticus.

Rostrum hastiform, fissured anterior part of the shell with three spines placed in a triangle,
the hinder one largest; then with a tubercle on each side; behind these with five tubercles, thethree middle ones more obtuse, approximate and arranged in a triangle behind the lateral ones, andwith them forming a line arched backwards; hinder margin with two obsolete distant tubercles.
;

Like the foregoing species, it is generally overgrown with marine matter, which circumstancehas doubtless concealed it from notice.
I discovered the distinctions whilst cleaning a parcel of
I. Dorsettensis from the Salcombe estuary for examination.
The sides of the shell rarely exhibit
any vestiges of spines or tubercles, and the compound feet are less rugose than in Dersettensisj
indeed the hands are for the most part quite smooth.
Like the foregoing species tlie sliell issprinkled with short yellowish or testaceous hair, which easily washes oft' with the Byesus; tli#
liaods too are slightly covered with long hair.

y<'/ xx//.

INACHUS LEPTOCHIRUS.
Tab.
I.

XXII -b.

manibiis brachiisque in utroque sexu tenuibus,

rostro hastiformi,

testa antice tuberculis

duobus obsoletis cum spina triangulum delinientibiis, deinde spina utrinque, postea spinis
diiabus in lineam subrectam digestis, (pectore maris inter pedes anticos elevato glaberrimo
polito )Fig.

1,

Inachus leptochirus mas mag-, natur.

2.

maris abdomen auctum.

3.

maris

pectus mag. nat.

Mr. John Cranch discovered

this speciesof Inachus on the Western coast of Devon or

Cornwall ; and it has since been taken from a crab pot in Bigbury Bay, by C. Pridcaux, Esq.
Itiseasily distinguished from Inachus Dorhi/nchus

number and disposition of the spines on the back.
male is a very striking and curious character.

by its more slender arms, and by theThe

tubercle also on the breast of the.

^a/.:sxiT. n

ACH^US
AntentKe externte distantes setacese ante oculos ad rostri latera insertae, articulis duobus basisecundo primo duplo long'iore at tenuiore articulis
laribus reliquis distincte crassioiibus
:

aliis

:

elongatis.

Pedipalpi exlerni cauli interno articulo primo apice interiore valde producto
subtriangulato;:

articulo secundo

iingulis rotundatis.

Pedum par anticum majus didactylum

par secundum unguibus rectis;;

par tertium unguibus

gradatim arcuatis ; paria quartum et quintum unguibus abrupte et valde curvatis.
Testa subtriangularis parce spinosa^ antice breviter rostrata:

rostro fisso.

OcuU distantes (pedunculi articulo secundo antice unituberculato) in orbitas baud retractiles.
Abdomen 6-articulatuai tuberculato-subcarinatum.
External antennas wide apart, setaceous, inserted on the sides of the rostrum before the eyes:
the two first joints distinctly thicker than the others ; the second joint twice as long as the first,

and more slender;

The external pedipalpes with interior apex of

the other joints elongate.

their first joint very much produced ; the second joint somewhat triangular ;Anterior pair of legs largest and didactyle

w ith gradually curved claws
Shell subtriangular,;;

the angles rounded.

second pair with straight claws;

the third pairthe fourth and fifth pairs with the claws abruptly and much curved.

with few spines, anteriorly terminated by a short fissured rostrum.

distant (with the secondjoint unituberculated in front) not retractile within the orbits.

Eyes

Abdomensix-jointed, with a tuberculated keel.

The situation of Achceus, of which one species only has hitherto been discovered, is interit is the only known genus of the Brachyura,

mediate between Inachus and Leptopodia:

excepting the latter, whose eyes are not retractile.

ACH.EUS CRANCHII.
Tab. XXIL— c.
A. testa medio tuberculis duobus;

ordine1,1,Fig. 1., Achasus Cranchii fem. mag. nat.
exterior aucta.

4.

et inter oculos liiieis duabus elevatis.
3.

Pedipalpus externus auctus.

Oculiarticulus secundus amplificatus.

5.

3.

Antenna

FtEMiNiE abdomen auctum.

Mr. John Cranch discovered, by dredging olV Falmouth, a single specimen of the female ofwhich from the developement of its abdomen is ceilainly adult.

this curious species,

Whether the tubercle in the second joint of the peduncle of the eyes, be a specific chai'acter
only, or common to the whole genus,

The legs are very hairy.

isextremely uncertain.

ruo.juu.c.

ca^

I

:

MACllOPODIA.
INACHUS. Fabricii.
CANCER. Herbst^ Pennant^ Fillers.
MAJA. Bosc.

MACROPUS. Lalreille,
MACROPODIA. Leach,
Anlamce cxlcrncr distanteSj corporis dimidii longitudine
inserta; ;setaceje^ante oculos ad rosfri latera

articulo secundo primo tiiplo loiigiore.

Pcdipalpi gciniiii exlcrrii tenues caule iiiterno biarticulato^ articulis longitudine subaequalibus;
palpi triarticulati hirsutissinii.
Pcdiini par anticuni niajus, didactyliim, a^quale (maris corpore duplo longius; manibus elongato-

subovatis,

compressis;

carolsmanibus duplo brevioribus^ angulatis;

longissimaj tenuissinia:

hracliiis

manuunimanu subfiliformi) ^rtJ'/rt 4 postica,
ungues 4 antici ad apiceni arcuati 4 postici ad basin abrupte curvati.

longitudine angulatis: fkmiNjE corporis longitudine,:;

Testa subtriangularis parce spinosa, antice rostrata, rostro longo, fisso.

OchU distanteSj subreniformes^ pcdunculo nuilto crassiores, in orbitas baud retractiles.
Abdomen 6-articulatuni, tuberculato-subcarinatum
Maris articulo primo longiore, secundo angustiore, tertio postice latiore, quarto angustiore,
quinto et sexto abrupte angustioribus, hoc ad apicem abruptissime angustiore, rotundato.

Femin^ articulis primo angustiore, aliis caudam ovatam efformantibus, ultimo ad apicem
abrupte producto^ rotundato.

External antennaj distant, half the length of the body, setaceous, inserted at the sides of therostrum before the ejes; the second joint three times the length of the tirst.

External double

palpi slender, the internal footstalk two-jointed, the joints of nearly an equal length: palpi threejointed,

and very hairy.

Anterior pair of legs largest, didactyle, equal (of the male twice thelength of the body, the hands elongate-suboval, compressed ; wrists half the length of the hands,

angulated;arms of the length of the hands and angulated

hand subiiliform)::of the female as long as the bod}', thefour hinder pairs very long, very slender: four anterior claws bent at theirtops; hinder claws abruptly bent at their base.

SJicllsubtriangular, subspinose, rostrated in

front, the rostrum long, cloven.

Ejjes distant, subreniform, much thicker than their peduncles,

not retractile within their orbits.

Abdomen six-jointed, tuberculate-subcarinated (of the malewith the first joint largest, the second narrower, the third broader behind, the fourth narrovAcr,
the fifth and sixth abruptly narrower, the latter at its apex abruptly na^ro^^er and rounded:of the female with the first joint barrowcst, the other joints forming an ovate tail, the last jointiwith its apex abruptly produced and rounded).

There are but two species of this genus known, and with their habits I am unacquainted.

MACROPODIA TENUIROSTRIS.
Tab. XXIII.
M. rostro longissimo tenui

;

Fig.

1, 2, 3, 4,

antennis rostro sublongioribus

;

et 5.

testa

pone rostrum tuberculis

duobus spinaque unica in triangulum dispositis; brachiis interne spinulosis.
Leptopodia tenuirostris. Leadi Edinh. Encjjcl. vii. 431.

Macropodia tenuirostris. Leach Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 331.
Fig. 1;, Mas.
3, Femiua; abdomen,
2, Maris abdomen.
5,4jFeminas pes anticus.

Pedipalpus geminus externus.
I first observed this species amongst some Crustacea collected at Torquay^ in Southern Devon,by Hooker, and have since found it a very common inhabitant of all the deep water off the coastof that country, especially in the Sound of Plymouth.
It

may be readily distinguished from the following species, by its spinulose arms, and longand slender rostrum.

MACROPODIA PHALANGIUM.
Fig. 6.

M. rostro acuminato antennis multo breviore; testa pone rostrum tuberculis tribus triangulum
delinientibus: postice majore; brachiis interne subscabrosis, hirsutis.

Cancer Phalangium.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 8.
Macculloch Trans. Linn. Soc. vi. 389. tab. 31.

Macropus longirostris. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 39.
Maja Phalangium. Leach Edinh. Encjjcl. vii. 393.
Zool. Miscel.

ii.

18.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 331.

Leptopodia phalangium.

Leach. Edinh. Encycl. vii. 431.

Fig. 6, Mas.

This species is very common in the mouths of rivers and in estuaries throughout the greaterpart of Britain, being wellknown by the popular

appellation of Spider-crab.

It hasbeen

observed by Dr. Macculloch to be sometimes covered by fragments of a species of the Linnean

genus Fucus, which are attached to its body and legs.

T<,i>.

xna.

I

LITHODES.
LITHODES.

MAJA.

Latreille, Leach.

Bosc.

INACHUS.

Fahricil,

CANCER.

Lijinl',^-r.

Antenna; externte corporis dimidii longitudine,setacese,

sub oculos externe insertse, spina adbasin exteriorem.

Interme porrectae, elongatae,

setis duabus compressis,

multiarticulatis instructse.

Pedipalpi exierni articulo secundo interne dilatato, denticulato.
Pedes decern par anticum ina?quale, didactylum ; digitis interne excavatis;

consimilia,

ungue terminata;:

paria 2, 3, et 4,par posticum minutuni, spuriuni, adactylum.

Testa triangularis, spinosissima, antice rostro elongate, instructa.

Oculi ad basin approximati, pedunculo baud crassiores.

Abdomen (m utroque sexu?) membranaceum, squamis crustaceis

articuh's;

primo et ultimo

crustaceis.

External antennee setaceous, half the length of the body, inserted under the eyes externally,
with a spine at their exterior base ; internal antennae porrected, elongate, terminated by two
External pedipalpes with the second joint internally dilated andcompressed many-jointed setae.
denticulated.

Legs ten:second, third, and fourth

anterior pair unequal, didactyle ; the fingers internally excavated;pairs

alike,and terminated by a claw;

hinder pair very small,spurious,and simple.

rostrum.

Eyes not thicker than their peduncles, their bases approximating-.

Shelltriangular, very

sexes?) membranaceous, with crustaceous scales

spiny, anteriorly terminated;by an elongate

Abdomen (in boththe first and last joints entirely crustaceous.

The situation of this anomalous genus, which was classed with the Maj^ by Lamarck, isextremely doubtfid.
the eyes,it

In the form of its pedipalpes and external antennae, and in the position of

approaches the Macrourous Malacostraca.

LITHODES MAJA.
Tab.

XXIV.

spinoso.
L. rostro bifurco basi spinoso, digitis fasciculato-pilosis^ abdomine basi
41.
1046.
^at.
1.
Cancer Maja. Linn. Si/st.

Fn. Sv. cd. 2. .^b. '2031.
Hcrbst 1.219. Tab. Ij.Jig. ST.

Penn. Brit. Zool. 4.

Cancer horridus.

7.

PI. 7. Jig. 14.

Fab. Suppl. Ent. Si/st. 358. 13.

Inachus >Iaja.

Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect.

Lithodes Arctica.

1.

40.

Litliodes INIaja.

Leach Edin. Encycl. 7.

jNfaia Araignee.

Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des bisect, vi. p. 91.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 332.

Le Crabe epineux.
Fig.

1,

.iscan. Icon. Per. Natur. Tab. xxxx.

Lithodes

INIaja.

2,

Pedipalpus geminus externus.

3,

Pes

posticus.

4,Ab-domen.

LiUiodes Maja inhabits the coasts of Aberdeen and Yorkshire ; and has hkewise been taken
mouth of the Frith of Forth it must, however, be considered as one of the rarer
degree of plenty.
Crustacea of Britain, as it has no where occurred in any
armed, it is sometimes devoured
isanimal
this
which
with
spinestheNotwithstandins:at the:species of Gadus, and has been taken from the stomach of a cod by P. Neill, Esq.
by the laiger^

S.W.S.
Colour,when living,flesh-red.

Seba in the third volume of his Thesaurus, tab. IS. fg. 10. atid tab. 22. fig. 1. has given<^ood representations of this species, which, from the false references of Linne (S^st. Nat. 1.
1047 j. have caused tlie erroneous synonyms of Pennant, who confounded it with Parthenope horrida* (Cancer horridus Linne) ; and this error, although repeatedly pointed out, has been
continued in the new edition of Pennant's British Zoology.

* Vide Leach Zoological Miscellany,

vol.

ii.

page 107.

.

^,'i/xxxir.

DROMIA.
Tab.

XXIV. A.

CANCER, Linnceus.
DROMIA, Fabricius, Leach, Latreille.
AntenncB externce subtus oculi pedunculum insertte

Antemue interna: articulo basali mag-no et fer^;

tuberculo basali maximo, perforate.

cylindrico ;antennarum

fossaeloug-itudinales etdistantes.

Pedum par anticum robustum, ung-uibus cochleariformibus valide dentatis;

paria 4 et 5 parva,

super dorsum testoe reflexa et compressa, ung-uibus parvis duplicatis terminantes.
Testa transversa, subg'lobosa, sublobata, fronte declinata, parva.

Omdi pedunculis brevibus.
External antennte placed under the peduncle of the eye, with the basal tubercle very large,
jierforated.

Interior antennte with the basal joint larg-e and almost cylindrical ; the antennal pits

are long-itudinal and distant.

toothed;The first pair of feet robust, with fing'ers spoon-shaped and strongly

the 2nd and 3rd sing-le-clawed, and the 4th and 5th small, turned over the back of thecarapace and closely pressed, terminating- in small double-claws.
with the front bent downwards and small.

Carapace transverse subglobose,

Ej'es with short peduncles.

DROMIA MEDITERRANEA.
Tab.

XXIV. A.

DROMIA MEDITERRANEA, Zeflc^, Grarj Zool. Journ. \. p. 419.
CANCER DROMIA, Olive. Zool. Adr. p. 45.
DROMIA RUMPHII, 5osc.
D. testa subglobosa, rotundo-nodosa,

latiorquam

quadridentato ; dente secundo basi tuberculato

long-a,;margineantico-laterali utrinque valide

abdomine maris articulo ultimo

latioi'iquam

long'o, feminee latissimo, valde arcuato.
Fig". 1,Dromia Mediterranea.

5, pedipalpus.

6,2,Feminee abdomen.

3, antenna externa.

4,antenna interna.

manus.

This very hirsute species frequently becomes covered with spong-e, so that little of the shell isvisible.

Although long known as a Mediterranean Crab, its existence in our seas has only been

recently discovered.

The figure is taken from a large specimen, now in the British Museum,

which was dredged off Penzance, and for some time hved captive in a tank.

'^b. XX IV-. A.

EBALIA.
CANCER,

Pennant, Montagu.

LEUCOSIA.

Leach Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 333. annot.

Antenme extertice setaceae minutissimae in oculoium cantho interno insertae;

intenue mediocres in foveolas obliquo-transversas inter oculos receptae.
Pcdipalpi cxlerni cauli interno sensim acuminato, articulo secundo interne palpigero

:

cauli

externo flagro nullo instructo.

Pedes decern
illo;

par anticum majus aequale depressum didactylum, brachiis subangulatis ; marisparia alia ambHlatoria^ ungue simplici instructa.

FOEiMiN^ long-ius

Abdomen 7-articulatum,;articulis

mediis confluentibus ;maris angustuni a segmento tertio

sensim acuminatum, articulo ultimo basi unituberculato; FCEMiNiE amplissimum medio latius^
articulo ultimo parvo penultimo abrupte angustiore.

Testa rhomboidalis, lateribus integris, fronte subproducto.

Oculi minuti frontales.

External antennee very minute, setaceous, inserted in the internal corner of the eye. Internalantennae moderate in size, received into oblique-transverse foveote between the eyes. External
pedipalpes with their internal footstalk gradually acuminated ;palpigerous:

external footstalk without the usual appendage.

the second joint internallyLegs ten;anterior pair largest,

equal, depressed, didactyle, with the arms somewhat angulate ; of the male longer than that of

the female

other pairs formed for walking and terminated with a simple claw.

;

Abdomenseven-jointed, the middle joints confluent; of the male narrow, gradually acuminated from thethird joint;of the female very large, broader in the middle, with the last joint small andabruptly narrower than the preceding joint.
front slightly produced.

Eyes minute,frontal.

Shell rhomboidal, with the sides entire and the—

EBALIA PENNANTII.
Tab. XXY.-Fig. 1-6.

—

3 6 coalitis.
E. testa granulata cruce irregulari elevata, abdomine articulis
Cancer tuberosus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 8. tab. 9. a. Jig. 19.
4. Pedipalpus auctus.
2. maris abdomen auctum.
Fig. 1. Eballa Pennantii MAS.
Ebalia Pennantii fcemina.

Pennant

6.

first described this5.

fcemin^ abdomen ampl.
species from the Portland cabinet

dredging off the Dentridge, near

it

:

is

occasionally taken by

the Saltstone, in the Estuary of Kingsbridge,

from whence

imperfect female half as large again as fig. 5.
I have received several specimens, and possess one

EBALIA

CRANCHII.

Tab. XXY.—Fig. 7—11.
E. testa subgranulata carinata tuberculis quinque ; ordine, 2 aproximatis, 2 distantibus,
medio majore, abdomine maris articulis 3 5, femincei: 6 coalitis.

—

Fig. 7. Ebalia Cranchii mas.
FCEMiNiE abdomen.

11.

8.

Ejusdem abdomen.

9.

E.

Cranchii

foemina.

1

10.

E. Cranchii mas, junior.

This species was discovered by that enterprizing naturalist, Mr. J. Cranch, (whose death in
the late expedition to Congo, has been so much lamented by naturalists),

in the Sound of Ply-mouth, where Mr. C. Prideaux has likewise obsei'ved it, in considerable plenty, and has supplied

my collection with a complete series.

EBALIA BRYERII.
Tab. XXY.—Fig. 12--13.
E. testa laeviter granulata antice subcarinata tuberculis tribus ordine 2, I
abdomine maris articulis 3 5 et 6 7, fcemiiKe 4 6 coalitis.

—

Cancer tuberosa.

—;(foemince tumidis),—Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 86. tab. 2. ^g-. 3. foem. aucta.

Brachia maris illis E. Cranchii breviora ; carina dorsalis inter tubercula antica uni-tuberculata.
Fig. 12. E. Bryerii femina.

13 fcemin^ abdomen.

Montagu received this species from Mr. Bryer, who took it at Weymouth.

I

have obtained

the Sound of Plymouth, through the liberality of Mr. C. Prideaux.

Ihave seen but

it from

one male, which differs from the female in not having the dorsal tubercles tumid.

/^/.-.YIV.

?

•
•
<#^,
/y

;:

PAGURUS.
PAGURUS.

Fabr.^ Sosc, La?)i., Lair., Leach.

ASTACUS.

Pennant.

CANCER.

Linn^.

Antenna

intcrioirs breviores,

setis

duabus articulatis;

inferiore breviore,

filiformi ;superior©

compressa subconica infra pilosa, pedunculus triarticulatus, articulo tertio longiore
extcriores

setacejelongissiiiiffi

nuiltiarticulatae ;pedunculus 4-articulatus,:

articulo

secundo ad apicem supra spina niobili instructo.
Pedipalpi gcmini cxhrni cauli intcrno articulis quinque exsertis ;articulis1

et 3 brcvioribus,

2 et4 longioribus longitudine subsqualibus.
Oculi frontages, spina mobili supra ad illorum basin.

Fides decern;paria

par anticum valde inajquale^ niajus, didactjlum ;digitisfasciculato-pilosis

2 et 3 elongatis^, jequalibus unguibus elongatis snbcurvatis instructa; paria 4et5

abbreviata, subcrustacea^ pilosa, didactyla.

Thorax membranacens antice supra clypeo crustacco instructus.

Abdomen membranaceum exarticulatuni, elongatum^ niolle.
Cauda triarticulata, Crustacea, articulo secundo utrinque appendiculato.

Interior antenna shortest, with two articulated sets ; the lower seta shortest, filiform ; theupper one compressed, subconic hairj beneath; peduncle three-jointed, the third joint longest

fx/fmr fiH/cMH^ setaceous, very long, composed of many joints; peduncle 4-jointed, the second
joint with a moveable spine at the upper part ofits

extremity.

External feetpalpes with theirinternal footstalk having five cxserted joints, the first and third joints shortest; the second andfourth longest and of equal length.

upper part of their base.

Eyes situatedin the front,with a moveable spine at theLegs ten ; anterior pair very unequal, larger than the rest, didactyle,the fingers with tufts of hair ; second and third pairs of equal size, elongate,elongate claws; fourth andfifth pairs short,branaceous, with a crustaceous shield on
elongate, membranaceous, soft.

on eachitswith subcurved

Thorax memAbdomen without joints,

subcrustaceous, hairy, didactyle.
anterior part above.

Tail triarticulated, crustaceous, the second joint with appendicesside.

The animals of this genus are commonly denominated Soldier, or Hermit-crabs. Theireconomy is extremely curious and interesting, and so much so as to have attracted the attentionof ancient naturalists ; one species is described bv Aristotle under the title xa^xmo-j.
All the species are parasitic, and inhabit the cavities of turbinated shells.
their habitation during their growth,

considerable dimensions.
either side of their tail

:

first

occupying the smallest

shells,andThey change

latterly those of

They adhere to the pillars of the shells by the appendices situated on
and move about with great facility, dragging the shells after them.

PAGURUS STREBLONYX.
Tab. XXVI. Fig. 1 ad 4.
P. manibus fortius granulatis ; carpis supra^ brachiis apice pedibusque secundis tertiisque supraspinosis ; unguibus tortuosis, supra spinosis.

Fig.
4:,

1;,

Pagurus Streblonjx.

2,

antenna interior aucta.

3,

antenna exterior aucta.

pedipalpus aucta.

This is the common soldier-crab of our seas.
are found on our coasts.

It inhabitsalmost all of the univalves that

The right claw is generally but not alvvajs the largestj as I haveseen a specimen in which the contrary was the case.
It is generally placed in British collections asventure to affix any synonym toit,Cancer Bcrnlmrdus of Linne, but I cannot

as the descriptions of authors are too general,and many

species agreeing with their characters are found in the European Ocean.

The twisted claws distinguish this from all the other species which I have yet seen.

PAGURUS PRIDEAUX.
Fig. 6 et 6.
p. manibus granulatis;

carpis angulo interno spinosis;

brachiis apice spinulosis;

pedibussecundis et tertiis obscure submuricatis ; unguibus tenuibus, supra subserratis.

Fig. b, Pagurus Prideaux.

6, in Scaphandre lignario.

Pagurus Prideaux inliabits the sea on the southern coast of Devon, and is most common
in the Sound of Plymouth.

Itisnamed after C. Prideaux, Esq. by whose friendly assistance in sending me a goodseries of specimens I

am enabled to ascertain that it is distinct from the preceding species.

Mr. Prideaux has observed it in a vast variety of habitations, even in the tubes of the
Dentalia, and in the shell of Scaphander lignarius.

^alSKXVr.

;

PLANES.
CANCER, Herbst.
GRAPSUS, Latreille.
PLANES, Leach.
Testa depressa, convexa^ rotundato-subquadrata.

Antenn<s externce extus fossas antennarum insertae.

Antennce internee in fossas transverse plicatte,

Pcdipalpi extern! articulo tertio latiori quam long-o.

Pedum par anticum robustum, manu inflato, digitis inflexis, leviter dentatis.
Oculi distantes, pedunculis elongatis.

Abdomen utroque sexu septem-articulatura.
Carapace depressed, convex, roundly-subquadrate.
antennary grooves.

External antennae placed outside theInternal antennae folded transversely in the groove.

the third joint broader than long.

inwards and slightly toothed.

First pair of feet robust, thehandEyes distant, with long peduncles.

External pedipalps with
inflated, fingers

curvedAbdomen seven-jointed ineach sex.

PLANES LINN^ANA.
Tab. XXVH. Fig. 1-3.
P. testa subquadrata, medio depressa, lateribus rotundatis,

posticfe

striatis ; fronte lata,

producta

integra ; orbitis distantibus, utrinque ad angulum testae locatis, marg'ine externo unidentato

pedibus anticis robustis, subaequalibus.

Cancer minutus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. XL. p. 443.

— Herbst.

Planes Linnaeana, Leach.
Fig'. 1,

Planes Linnaeana.

2, maris abdomen.

3, feminai

abdomen.

This species principally inhabits the coasts of Devon and Cornwall.

Ja-l^-TOiVn.

^%

FORCE LL AN A.
CANCER, Pennant.
PORCELLANA, Lamarch, Leach.
Antcnnce exiernce extus oculos insertoe.
Antenna.' internee parvne, subtiis frontem obtectae.

Pedum par anticum inoequale, plus minusve complanatum, brachio
ambulatoria, raonodactyla;

brevissiino j paria 2, 3, et 4,par. 5, minutuni, didactyle.

Testa suborbicularis, depressa.

Oculis minutis.

Abdomen maximum.

External antennoe inserted outside the eyes.
fore-head.

First pair of feet very large, unequal,Internal antennae small, hidden beneath themore orlessflattened,with very

second, third and fourth pairs ambulatory, terminating' in a single finger ;didactyle ; eyes very small.

fifth

short

arm;

pair very small,

Abdomen very large.

POEOELLANA LONGICORNIS.
Tab.

XXVII.

Fig.

4-7.

r. testa suborbiculari, fronts trilobata, loba media profunde unisulcaf a ; manibus inaequalibus,
elongatis, angustis, extus convexis.

Cancer longicornis, Pennant, Brit. Zool. IV.
Herhst, II. t. XLVIII.

Leach, Diet. Sci. Nat. XVIII.

Pisidia et Porcellana Linnseana.

Porcellana Leachii.

Oray (Postea.)

Fig. 4, Porcellana longicornis.

5,manus.

6, 7, pedes quartum et quintum.

The colour of this species is generally pale red, with deeper markings.
hands, wrists and arms, distinguish it very decidedly from P. platycheles.

The characters of the
It is common

British coasts, being dredged in the oyster nets very abundantly in some localities.

on thePORCELLANA PLATYCHELES.
Tab.

XXVIL Fig. 8.

p. fronte dentibus tribus, complanatis, trigouis, mediano pi-oductiori, manibus maximis, unguibus
trigonis ; carpo infra loba dentata armata.

Cancer platycheles, Pennant, Brit. Zool. IV. pi. VII. IJerhst, t. II. f. 6.
Porcellana platyoheles, Leach^ Diet. Sci. Nat.
Fig. 8. Porcellana platycheles.

This curious little crab is quite littoral in its habits, being found under stones at low Avater inmany parts of our coast.
purpose of escaping.

If seized by its claws, it makes no difficulty of jerking them off' for theGALATHEA.
CANCER.

Limi., Gmel.

ASTACUS.

Johnst.^ De Geer, Pennant.

GALATHEA.

Fabricii^ Daldorf, Lamarck, Bosc, Lalreille, Leach,

Antenna' extcriui'cs corpore longiores segmentis basilaribus tribus crassioribus^ secundo baud
longiore quam latiore;/?2?fT/o?Yspedunculo elongate infra oculos insertae segmento ultimo acuto multiarticulato
infra cilialo, seta articulata ad basin.

Pcdipalfi gcmini externi 5-articulati, articulo priino interne baud dilatato.

Pedes decern; par anticum a?quale, crassius, didactylum indice ad apicem saltern dentato

;

paria

2^ 3j et4 simplicia eonsimilia, subcompressa^ unguibus acutis instriicta ; par quintum brevius

spuriuni articulo ultimo inermi^ ciliato.

Abdomen 6-articulatum.
Cauda pentaphylla;

processibus medio fixo e segmentis composite, duobus externis simplicibus

mobilibus.

GENERIS DIVISIONES.
* Rosiruin acuminatum acutum ntrinque 4:-spinosum (spina posticd minorc).

Abdomen scgmentis latcraliler obtusis.

Pedes antici compressi.

Cauda lamella intermedia triangulari apice cmarginato

laciniis apice rotundatis.
a.

Antenna interior es ^-articulatce. articulo primo

apice unispinoso, peduncido apice hispinoso.

Pedipalpi gcmini externi cauli interna articulo secundo primo longiore.
h. Anteimce interiores 3-arlicuJatce, pedunculo trispinoso.

Pedipalpi gemini externi caidi interno

articulo primo secundo longiore.

** Rostrum elongatum spiniforme bast utrinque bispinoso (spina posticd minorc
J.
S2ibcijlindrici.

Abdomen segmentis lateraliter acutis.

Pedes

anticiCauda lamella intermedia trcmsverso-

quadrata apice subemarginato.

(Antenna interiores triarticulatte, pedunculo 3-spinos6.

Pedipalpi gemini externi cauli interno

articulo primo secundo longiore.)

External antenna^ longer than the body, with the tiiree first segments thicker than the others,
the second not longer than broad
ej'es,;

internal antenna; with an elongate footstalk inserted beneath thetheir last joint acute composed of many segments, ciliated beneath, with an articulated seta

at its base.

External double feet-palpes five-jointed, the first joint not dilated internally.

ten ; anterior pair didactyle, equal in size and thicker than the other legs
pairs simple, alike in form, somewhat compressed, with acute nails;

the last joint simple ciliated.

;

Legs

second, third, and fourth

fifth pair shorter,

spurious,

Abdomen six jointed; tail composed of five foliaceous processes,

the middle one of which is fixed and composed of several pieces, the outer ones being moveable.

DIVISIONS OF THE GENUS.
* nostrum acuminate, xharp untli four spines on each side (hinder spine smallest).
depressed.

Abdomen with the sides of the segmejits obtuse.

Anterior legs

Tail zvith the mieldle process trian-

gular, the tip emarginate Tuith the' lacinice rounded.
a.

Internal antennae four-jointed, the first joint with its apex one-spined, the tip of the peduncle

being two-spined.

External double feet-palpes with the second joint of the internal stalks longer

than tlie first.
h.

External double feet-palpes

Internal antennce three-jointed, their peduncle with three spines.

with the second joint of the internal stalks shorter than the first.

** Rostrum elongate spine-shaped with two spines on each
Anterior legs somezvhat cylindric.

of its base (hinder spine smallest J.

side

Abdomen with the sides of the segments acute.

Intermediate

lamella of the teal transverse-quadrate, the tip slighili/ notched.

(Interior antenna: three-jointed, peduncle with three spines.

Externcd double feet-palpes xdth thesecond joint of their internal stalk shorter than the first.)

The Galathea; inhabit deep water, and are for the most part found on rocky coasts. Thor
move with very great rapidity, and when taken violently flap their breast with their abdomen.
Johnson has figured three species of this genus.

(Historia naturalis de exanguibus,

tab. 2.

fig.S.l.cttab.^.fig.U.)

GALATHEA SQUAMIFERA.
Tab. XXVIII. A.
G.

(* a)

Pedibusanticisgranulato-squamosis, manibus externCj

carpis brachiisqueinternespinosis.

Cancer astacus squamifer.
Galathea squaniifera.

4_,

Montagu MSS.

Leach Edin. Encijcl. 7. p. 398.

Fig.], Mas adultus. 2, Mas junior. 3, Pedipalpus geminus e.xternus panluluni auctus.
Pedum tertii paris basis. 5, Feminje pars eadem coxae perforationem exhibens. 6, Marispes posticus coxa perforata.

7,

Pes posticus Feminaj.

8^

Abdominis segmenti secundi maris

appendiculum*.

This elegant species of Galathea was discovered by Montagu on the Southern coast of
Devon, where it occurs in very great abundance. Young specimens generally have a white line
running down their back, and in this state they are frequently taken by the dredge in deep water.
It may be found under stones at low tide on all the rocky shores of Southern Devon from
Plymouth to Torbay.

* ObierTaTit J. Sowerbjr, junior.

'%/.XXVII/\GALATHEA SPINIGERA.
Tab. XXVIII. B.
G.

(# b)

Pedibus anticis subgranulato-squamosis supra et utrinque spinosis, brachiis exterue

inermibus.

Astacus strigosus*.

Penn. Brit. zool. IV. 18. p/. 14.
Herbsttab. 26. fig. 2.

Galathea strigosa.

Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 471.
Latr. Gen. Crust, et Ins.

Svpl. p. 414.
1.

49.

Leach Edin. Encycl. 7. 398.
Fig. 1, Mas.

2,

Ejusdem pullus.

Galathea strigosa is a common species on most of the rocky shores of Great Britain.

It hasbeen confounded by all the authors who have noticed it, with Cancer strigosus of Liiine, but as it
will not agree with the description given in the twelfth edition of the Sysfema Natura; and in the

Fauna Suecica, I have been under the necessity of changing the specific name.

Our figure is colored from a drawing most kindly sent to me by Mrs. Dorville, who drewitfrom a living specimen.
In the young state the legs arc most elegantly annulated with red and white, as exhibited in

fiffure 2.

* Alia et distinda species est Cancer strigosus Linncei ut hwc indicant verba.
spinisocto acuminatis antrorsum porrectis

depressas," Thorax obovatus margine ufrinquedorso rugis numerosis antrorsum imbricatis.

margine aculeats, supra scabrK, subtus quasi squamosae ; pedes apice rubri."" Brachia introrsum
i-iliari."ciliatis,

Sjjst.

nat.

aculeata;

Chelae oblongje,

Fn. Sv.

cd,

alt.

2036.

chels oblonga;, margine aculeate, latere superiore antrorsum imbricate scabritie

XII. 1053.

'^:JXYm B.

GALATEA RUGOSA.
XXIX.

Tab.

G. pedibus anticis introrsum prssertim spinosis; abdomine segraento secundo antice 6^ tertio
4-spinosis.

Penn. Brit. Zool IV. pi. 13.

Astacus Bamffius.

Nat. 2985. 149.

Cancer rugosus.

Ginel. Sj/st.

Galatea rugosa.

Fahr. Ent. Sjjst. 2. 472.

Siipl.

415. 2.

Bosc Hist. nat. des Crust. 2. 87.
Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des Insect. 6. 198.

Lam. Sj/st. des Aniin. sans Vert. 158

Galatea Longipeda.
Galatea Bamffia.
Fig. 1, mas.

Leach Edin. Encycl. 1. 398.
2,

antenna interna.

3,maris senioris manus,, digitos curvatos exhibens.

Rondeletius seems to have been the earliest writer towhom this curious Galatea was

known, and he has given an intelligible figure in his work "de pistibus/' page 542.
Pennant next described it in his British Zoology, from a specimen taken near BamfF in
Scotland, and communicated to him by the Rev. Mr. Cordiaer.
It

appears to be a very rare species in Buitain, as it occurs in but very few collections.

In the winter of 1814 my friend

female from the Trawl-fishers,

Mr. C. Piidcaux of Kingsbridge, obtained a fine male andwho found them in the Plymouth Sound.

These specimens werecommunicated to me for this work, and the male is represented in the plate, together wi<h one of
the internal antennas and a claw, showing the change that takes place in the form of this partin old specimens.

Herbst has copied Pennant's plate into table 27j fig. 3. of his work.

.^/^03X.

PALINURUS.
PALINURUS.

Daldorf^ Fabricit\ Lamarck, Lalreille, Bosc, Leach.

Antcnnce interiorcs breviores,
dilafala.

setis

duabusarticulatis ;exteriore brevlore,

compressa inferne

pcdunculus longissimus 3-articulatus ; articulis, primo longiorc, sccundobreviore:

Extcriorcs

setaccae

longissiniar,

articulis

basilaribus

tiibuscrassissimis,

spinosis;

articulis aliis brevissimis fasiculato-pilosis.

Palpi pcdiformcs articulis sex exsertis, ultimo acuminate, subobtuso, hispido.
OciiU pedunculo comniuni transAerso.

Pedes decern; par anticum crassius, subdidactjlum indice abbreviato; pollice interne fasciculatopiloso; paria secundum^ tertiuin, quartum et quintuiu simplicia, nuda; ungues fasciculatopilosi, apice curvati nudi.

Abdomen 6-aiticulatuni, segmentis lateribus spinoso-productis.
Cauda pentaphylla lamellis membranaceis proecssu medio elongato-subquadrato apice rotundato,basi crustaceo ; processibus aliis squama Crustacea ad basin externe.
;Interior antenna

shortest,

with two articulated seta; the exterior seta compressed anddilated beneath ; peduncle very long, triarticulated, the first joint longest^ the second shortest;

exterior antennje setaceous, very long, the three first joints very thick, spiny; the other joints

very short, with fasciculi of hairs.

sub-obtuse, hairy.

Feet-like Palpi with six exserted joints; the last acuminate

Eyes with a common transverse peduncle.

Legs ten; anterior pair thickest,

subdidactyle, the finger abbreviated, the thumb internally with tufts of hair.

naked; claws with tufts of hair, their points naked and bent.
the segments produced into spines.

Other legs simple,

Abdomen six-jointed, the sides ofTail composed of five membranous lamellje, the middle ofwhich is elongate-subquadrate, with its base crustaceous;

the others with a crustaceous scaleat their base externally.

Aristotle, Athenaus, and Pliny were acquainted with the animals of this genus,

which they

named xa^a^c; and Locusta, and used them as food.

The Palinuri live on fish and on other marine animals;

they have the power of producing

a very loud noise by rubbing the first joint of their exterior antenna against the projecting clypeus.
All the species have a large spine over each eye, and from this part some of the subsidiaryspecific characters may be drawn.

PALINURUS VULGARIS,
Tab.
p. spinis superocularibus subtus deiitatis;

XXX.

segraentis abdominis sulco transverso,

mediointer-

rupto, maculaque utrinque albido.

Astacus Homarus.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 16. pi. xi.Jig. 23.

Palinurus vulgaris.

Lair. Gen. Crust, et Insect.

1.

48.

Leach Edinb. Encijcl. vii. 397.
Palinurus Homarus.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 397.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 339.

Fig. sup. Palinurus vulgaris niagnit. natural.

Palinurus vulgaris

isFig. infer. Palpus pediformis.

very common on ihe western coasts of England^ and is sold in the

London markets under the name of thorny lobster and craj-fish.

It often grows to the length ofeighteen or twenty inches, and is very rarely found of the small size given in the annexed plate.

Pennant and Latreille are the only authors to whom I can refer for this species.

Linne, inthe description of his Cancer Homarus, has given a generic character, and he refers to figures ofat least two species; the one inhabiting the Asiatic, the other the American Seas.

This species is very variable in its colors;

all thespecimens that I have seen, however, hada whitish or cream-colored spot on each side of the back of the abdomen.

In our figure themost common variety of color is given, and the whole has been executed with the greatest
care and attention, that no doubt may hereafter arise as to the exact species intended.

GEBIA.
CANCER (Astacus).
GEBIA.

Montagu,

Leach.

Antennae in eadem fere linea horizontali insertae:

inieriores biarticulatse ; articulo primo secundo breviore : pedunculus elongatus basi

externe dilatatussetae duae ;:exteriores triarticulatae ;superiore compressa.

articulo

secundolongiore:setalongissima ;articulis

subelongatis.

Palpi pediformes 5-articulati infra pilosi.

Pedes decern
pilosa ;:par anticum majus aequale didactylum ; index abbreviatus

paria alia conipressa:

ugues simplices.

Abdomen 6-articulatum
Cauda pentaphylla;;

articulis transversis.

processus lamelliformes lati ; lateralibus costatis.

Antennae inserted nearly in the same horizontal line

inner ones two-jointed ; the first joint:

shorter than the second ; the peduncles elongate, their base externally dilatedsetae two, the upper
one compressed. External antennae three-jointed, thesecond joint longest; the seta very long-,
composed of subelongate joints. Pedipalpes five-jointed, hairy beneath. Legs ten ; anterior

pair largest, equal,
simple.

didactyle,with the finger short::other pairs compressed, hairy ; claws

Abdomen composed of seven transverse joints.

Tail with five broad lamellae; thelateral ones ribbed.

All the species as indicatedby the generic name,live

beneath the earth, and are only to beobtained by digging in the mud at very low tides.

Gebia is probably confined to the European Seas it has been confounded with the Indian
Genus Thalassina of LatreillCj from which it differs in every character.
;GEBIA STELLATA.
Tab. XXXl.—Fig. 1—9.
G. abdomine toto crustaceo, cauda lamella exteriore rotundata^ interiore subacuminata^ manibus
anticis lineis granulatis pilosis.

Cancer astacus stellatus.
Gebia stellata.

Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 89.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 342
Fig. 1. Gebia stellata mag. nat.
palpus.

5.

tab. iii. /. 5.

Leach Edinb. Enci/cl. vii. 400.

Pes anticus.

6.

2.

1.

Antenna interior.

Pes secundus.

7.

Pes tertius.

3.

Antenna exterior.

8.

Cauda.

Gebia stellata was discovered by Mr. Gibbs in the Kingsbridge Estuary ;it hasPedi-

4.

likewise beentaken on some of the shores of the Plymouth Sound, under the mud in which it makes winding
horizontal passages^ often of an hundred feet or more in length.

GEBIA DELTURA.
Fig.

9—10.

G. abdomine dorso submembranaceo, cauda lamella exteriore apice subrotundata dilatatariore truncata deltoidea, manibus anticis lineis pilosis.

:

inte-

Gebia deltaura. Leach Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 342. 2.
10. Cauda.
Fig. 9. Gebia deltura mag. nat.

This species lives with Gebia stellata, with which it was confounded,

were discovered by Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby.

until the distinctions

yy^A-xni.

CALLIANASSACANCER (Astacus).
CALLIANASSA.

Montagu.

Leach.

Antennce in cadem ferelineahorizontali inserlae
inleriores pedunculo:

elongate biarticulato

articulo sccundo long'iore:

;

seta»

dua»,

superiore sub-compressa.
exleriores pedunculo elongato; seta long-issinia.

Palpi pediformes QX{\cv\o secundo compresso longiore.

Pedes decern: par anticum valde inaequale didactyium coinpressissimum par secundum primo
minus didactyium par tertium monodactylum par quartum simplex par quintum sul):

:

:

;

didactylum.

Abdomen submembranaceum.
Cauda pentaphylla: processus lati;

laterales exteriores interioribus majores costati.

Antennfe inserted nearly in the same horizontal line
jointed;with an elongate peduncle andLegs ten:seta.

interior ones with the peduncle two-

exterior ones
Pedipalpes with the second joint longest, compressed.
.•

anterior pair very unequal, didactyle, very much compressed: second pair didactyle^smaller than the anterior pair: third pair monodactyle
tyle.

:

the second joint longest: setae two, the upper ones slightly compressed

Abdomen somewhat membranaceous.

:

fourth pair simple:

Tail with five broad plates ;fifth jjair subdidac«

theexterior ones

ribbed, larger than the interior lateral ones.

One species only of this singular Genus has hitherto been observed.

It has the sameas Gebia, at least it resides in subterraneous passages of the same construction.

economy—

CALLIANASSA SUBTERRANEA.
Tab.

XXXII.

C. thorace antice abrupte subacuminato, processus rostriformi unicarinato apice rotundato.
Cancer astacus subterraneus. Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 89. tab. iii. fg. 1 2.

—

Callianassa subterranea.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 400.
Ti-ans.

Fig.

1.

Linn. Soc. xi. 343. i.

Callianassa subterranea mag. nat.

4.

Pedipalpus.

5 et 6.

9.

Pes quartus.

10.

2.

Antenna interior.

Pedum par anticum mag. nat.

7.

3.

Antenna exterior.

Pes secundi paris.

8.

Pes tertius.

Pes quinti paris.

The figure in the annexed plate is coloured from a drawing, done from the living animal, by
Mrs. Dorville.
C. subterranea was discovered by Montagu on the Southern coast ofvery uncommon.

Devon, where it is not

The larger fore leg is sometimes on the left, sometimes on the right side.

Montagu has described a curious parasite, which is found under the sides of the thorax.
See Trans. Linn. Soc, ix. 103.

.ya/:Xn7f.

:

AXIUS.
AXIUS.

Leach.

Antentue in eadem fere linea horizontali insertae:

exteriores setacese corporis fere longitudine ;interior es setis duabus.

Fedipalpi gemini externi articulis duabus primis sublongioribus^ aequalibus.

Pedes decern

par anticum majus didactylum valde inaequale:

dactylum::

par secundum compressum di-par quintum minus compressum gracilius.

paria alia compressa simplicia ;Abdomen 6-articulatum.
Cauda pentaphylla lata

lamella intermedia elongato-triangularis ; lamellis exterioribus medio:

costatis.

Antennje inserted nearly in the same horizontal line
long as the body:

joints somewhat longer than the others,

men six-jointed.

fifth

:

Tail with:

Legs tensecond pair compressed, didactyle

pair less compressedfivebroad plates

and nearly as

exterior ones setaceous,and of nearly an equal length.

pair largest, didactyle and very unequal

compressed and simple:

External double pedipalpes, with the two firstinterior ones with two seta^.

:

anterior:

other pairs:

and more slender than the others.

Abdo-

the intermediate plate elongate-triangularexterior plates with their middles costated.

AXIUS STIRYNCHUS.
Tab. XXXIII.
A. rostro marginato medio carinato, thorace pone rostrum
emarginatione basi prominente.
postice emarginato

lineisduabus elevatis abbreviatis;

Axius stirynchus.
Fig.

1.

palpus.

5.

Leach Trans. Linn. Sac. xi. 3^3.
mag. nat. 2. Antenna interior.

3.

Antenna exterior.

Pes tertius.

8.

Pes quartus.

A. Stirynchus

Pes anticus.

6.

Pes secundus.

7.

9.

4.

Pedi-

Pes quintus.

Axius Stirynchus was first obtained by myself at Sidmouth, where it was taken amongst
prawns on the shore. Montagu afterwards procured near Plymouth another specimen, whichforms part of his collection of British Zoology, lately purchased by the trustees of the British

Museum.

.^/fjcxxi/r.

aii.iim,' imMNi^xkiBsgi;^

POTAMOBIUS.
CANCER, Linnccus.
ASTACUS, Fabricius.
POTAMOBIUS, Leach.
Aiitennce externcB elong-atte, subtus et extus internas iusertae, pedunculo crasso, articulis secuiido
et tertio subcyliudricis, squama mobili tectis.

Antenna internee setis duabus ciliatis.
Pedipalpi cxterni articulo secundo latissimo, crasso.

Pedum par primum fere sequale, tumidum, carpo brevi^ rotundo, manu leviter tuberculatum
secundum et tertium attenuata, didactyla;

Testa medio sulco transverse profundo subdivisa

;

paria

paria quartum et quintum monodactyla.
;

rostrum breve, trigonum utrinque unidentatum.

Ahdomen quinque-articulatum, Igeve.
Cauda pentapbyla, segmento primo-mediani utrinque unidentato.
External antennae long-, inserted below and outside the internal, with thick peduncle, second

and third joints cylindrical, covered by a moveablefilaments.

Internal antennae with two ciliatedscale.

External pedipalps with second joint very broad and thick.

middle by a deep transverse groove.

pair of feet nearly equal, large, thick ; wrist short, rounded ;and third pairs attenuated, two-fingered ; fourth andfive joints, smooth.

Carapace divided in the

Rostrum short, trigonal, single-toothed at each
fifth

hand

side.

First

slightly tuberculated ;secondpairs sing'le-fingered.

Abdomen with

Tail with five flaps ; first section of the middle flap with a strong- tooth oneach side.

POTAMOBIUS ASTACUS.
Tab.

XXXIV.

Fig.

1.

P. testa granulata, rostro pedunculum antennarum longitudine aequanti, medio carinato, utrinquedente parvo versus extremitatem armato.

Cancer astacus.

Linnceus.

BAstacus fluviatilis.

Fahricins, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 406.
Latreille, Gen. Crust. V. p. 235.

Potamobius fluviatilis.
Fig. 1.

Leach, non Risso.

Potamobius astacus.

There lias been some confusion of synonyms between this species and the common lobster.
The present editor, however, beheves that the nomenclature adopted by the authorities in the
BritishMuseum is the more correct.

In general appearance the Potamobius

representation of the marine Lobster, andisour country, as well as those of Europe generally.

name of the " Eiver Cra3^-fish."habits,Specimens

willlittlea miniature

It is much in request for the table, under thesome time in a fish-tank, where their
One in possession of the writer, shed hislive forwhich are very interesting, may be observed.

outer covering so neath^, and A^'ith soisabundantly diffused through all the larger rivers of

disturbance of the parts, that it was at first thought

there were two Cray-fish instead of one in the tank.
living, the shells turn red, when boiled, like the

Although of a dull greenish colour whencommon Lobster.

TchXXKlY

SOYLLARUS.
SCYLLARUS, Fahricius,
CANCER, LinncBus, Herbst.
AntenncB externcB latissimae, flabelliformes, pedunculo articulis dilatatis, cristatis.

Antennoe internee quatuor, dissimilimeej medianis filiformibus ; articulo ultimo bifido.
Oculi distantissimi.
Testa lata, oblong-o-subquadrata.

Pedum par primum breve, articulis inflatis, raaiui nionodactyli;

paria 2, 3, 4, ievh consimilia j par

ultimum didactyle.

Abdomen sex-articulatum, seg'mentis ad latera spinoso-productis.
Cauda peutaphylla,inmembranaceis terminans, medio transversi

lamellis

articulata,

raargine

articuli primi acutissim^ dentato.

SCYLLARUS ARCTUS.
XXXIV. Fig. 2, 3, 4, 5.

Tab.

S. testa squamoso-tuberculata, antic^

marg-inibus

acutissime quadridentata, frontis margine concavo, cristato,

lateralibus bidentatis,

antennis externis flabelliformibus, acut^ dentatis,

anticelobatis, ciliatis.

Scyllarus arctus.

Cancer arctus.

Fahricius, Ent. Syst. Supp. p. 309, I.

Linnceus, Syst. Nat.

Cancer (Astacus) Ursa Major.
Fig-. 2, Scyllaris arctus.

Herbst, II. p. 83, t. 30, f. 2.

3, fifth claw.

4, first claw.

The name of this curious crustacean was

first

5, middle claw.

taken on other parts of our coasts.

list of British fauna by Dr.
They have also been not unfrequently

added to ourBorlase, who found specimens in Mount's Bay, Cornwall.

The more usual order in decapodous Crustacea is reversed

this case, the first pair of leg's being* sing-le-clawed,

and the last weakly double-clawed.

inASTACUS.
ASTACUS, pi Fahricius, Leach,

CANCER, LinncBus.

HOMARUS, M. Edwards, (postea.)
AntenncB interiores breves,bifidi;exteriores longissimee,

pedunculo fere

appendicecylindrico,larainari dentiformi, intils dilatata, vix articulum ultimum pedunculi obtectenti.

Palpi pediformes ante pedunculos antennarum extensi,

articulis sex exsertis, ultimo

acuminato,

hispido.

Pedes decern:

par anticum crassissimum insequale, digitis valide tuberculatis ;paria secundum ettertium didactyli, quartum et quintum monodactyli ; ungues fasciculato-pilosi, curvati, obtusi.

Abdomen sex-articulatum, seg-mentis ad latera in laminis latis coraplanatis terminantibus.
Cauda pentaphylla laminis

exterioribus versus

terminum

articulato-divisisj

ad articulum acut^

dentatis.

External antennoe above and outside the internal. The laminar appendage tooth-shaped,
and not quite covering the penultimate joint of the peduncle. The

dilated on the inner side

exterior pedipalpus pediform and produced forwards beyond the peduncles of thefive pairs of legs are very large, thick,and unequal

antennae.

Thethe grasping edges of the thumb and finger;

in the larger tuberculated ; in the smaller toothed ; second and third pairs narrow, with two fingers

on the last joint;

fourth and fifth with the last joint undivided.

The carapace nearly cylindrical,
The six segments of thethe rostrum curved forwards and having several teeth on each side.

abdomen terminate at each side with a broad flat flapside ;;

last

segment with a sharp tooth at eachouter laminae of the tail divided transversely at about one-third distance from the end, in a

moveable joint, the edge of the larger portion being sharply toothed.
This genus, the principal member of which is our common Lobster, was included under the
specific name of gammariis in the

Linneean genus Cancer.

It is associated by Lamarck with thelittle-fresh water Lobster in the genus Astacus, our large edible crustacean

and our smaller one A.Jluviatilis.

being named A. marinns

7h/,AJ.\l.

\

ASTACUS GAMMARUS.
Tab.

XXXV.

CANCER gamraarus, Leach.
A. carapace cylindrico, leviter puncturato, prope medium sulco diviso ; pedunculo antenuarum
majorum basi unidentato oculis g-lobosis quam pedunculos minoribus ; segmentibus abdominis;

Isevibus, ad latera planilobatis ;cauda latissima, laminis exterioribus dentato-articulatis.

Cancer gammaruS; Idnnmus.

Syst. Nat.

Astacus mai'inus, Fabricius.

Suppl. p. 406.

Homarus vulgaris, irdne Edwards.

Pennant^ Brit. Zool. IV, t. X. f. 22.

Hist. Crust. II. p. 324.

The supply of this inestimable crustacean annually brought totheLondon markets for ourtables from the Channel Islands, from various localities on our own coasts, and above all, from thoseof Norway, has been something wonderful.

The latter have supplied above 600,000 annually,

and the former combined about 200,000.
Like Crabs and Cra}--fish, the Homarus vulgarus, or common Lobster, is known, when cauo-ht

by a claw, to escape by shaking off the Hmb, leaving

itin thehands of the captor.

beheved that sudden fright produced by the noise of cannon or thunderwill

And it issometimes cause

the creature thus to dismember itself.

The colour of thespecies is dull reddish yellow

appearing beautifully marbled.

which they occur.
tittlespotted with blueish black, the under side

The specimens vary very much according

toIn each of their special haunts the range of the Lobster iscommunity of them retains its own characteristics.

the localities inlimited, and each

These are in many cases so marked that

good authorities have declared that on seeing a specimen they could indicate the spot whence it

had been brouo-ht.

:

NEPHROPS.
ASTACUS.

Pennant.

NEPHROPS.

Leach.

CANCER.

LinnL

Antennce in eadem linea horizontal! inserta?
Intcriores setis duabus ; superiore crassiore compressa ; inferlore setacea,

tereti.

Exteriorcs pedunculo articulo primo squama ultra pedunculi apicem prodeuntc.

Palpi pediformes articulis quinque exsertis ; articulo primo latere interiore supra dentato, infra
subscrrulato.

OaiU maximi^ reniformes, pedunculo abrupte et multo crassiores.
Pedes decern ; par anticum majus, insquale, didactylum
tyla,

filiformia;

paria 4 et 5 filiformia,

Abdomen sex-articulatum;;

manu filiformi:

paria 2 et S didac-

ungue terminata ; MWgwes acuminati.

segmentis lateribus acutis.

Cauda pentaphylla ; processu exteriore bipartite, articulato.
JReij/jiv^^ coxis tertiisj

Mas coxis quintis perforatis.

Antennae inserted in the same horizontal line
compressed;

the under seta setaceous, rounded::interior ones with two setje ; theupper seta

exterior antennas with a scale on the first jointof their peduncle, extending- beyond the apex of the peduncle.

Pedipalpes withfive exserted

joints; the first joint with the interior side dentated above, subserrulated beneath.

large, kidney-shaped,

largest, unequal, didactyle ;filiform,

acute.

Eyes very
Legs ten ; anterior pairdidactyle ; fourth and fifth pairs

much and abruptly thicker than their peduncle.
second and third pairs

terminated by acuminate

claws.

filiform,

Abdomen six-jointed ;the sides of the segments

Tail with five plates ; the exterior scale articulated.

The form of the eyes, and the sexual perforations, distinguish this genus from. Astacus.

NEPHROPS NORVEGICUS.
N. testa dorso subcarinato.
Cancer Norvvegicus.

Linn. Syst. Nat, 1. 1053.
Fenn. Brit. Zool. iv. 17. t. 12. Jig. 34.

Astacus Norwegicus.

Nephrops Norvegicus.

Leach Edin. Encycl. vii. 400.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 344.

Le Homar lettre.
Fig.

Ascan. Icon. rer. natur. Tab. xxxix.

Nephrops Noi-vegicus.

1,

2,

Palpus pediformis.

The colour of the JV. M)rveg;icust is a pale flesh-red. occasionally varied with darker colour
The grooves of the fore claws, and back of the abdomen are pale fulvous oror with whitish.
cinereous.

Eyes blackish.

Sometimes the left anterior leg, and at other times the right is largest ; the internal edgeof the smaller one denticulated.
of the fingers of the larger leg being knotted;

In the summer months this species is very abundant, in the Frith of Forth, and is taken adhering to the bait of the fishermen who are employed in taking fish with lines.
Fabricius, and
legs,

which

quoting them.

allsucceeding authors, describe this species as having but four didactylerenders their synonyms extremely doubtful:I

have, therefore,

refrained from

PONTOPHILUS.
CRANGON.

Lerich.

Antemuv supcrioi-es

brovioies

dual)U9

sctis

eadem

in

fere

linea horizontali insertis

seta

:

intciiore longiore.

iufcriorcs corporis longitudine

unidenfata pednnculo annexa:

decrescentes,

setacesesquama ad apicem externe

articiilo primo ultra medium squamae producto.

Palpi pedifonnes aYi.\cv\\\<i qualuor exsertis articulo ultimo acuminate praecedente duplo ferelonp^iorc.

Pedes decern

par:anticuni

majus

compressum subdidactylum;

pollicebrevissimo

par:secundum tcnue brevissimum didactylum par tertium tenue elongatum ungue simplici
paria 4 et 5 praecedente crassiora unguibus compressis instructa.
instrurtum::

Abdnmeii G-ardculatuni.
Caiida pcntaphylla:

lamcllis lateralibus ang'ustis.

Upper anteiinae shortest^ witb two setteinterior longest:

inserted in nearly thebase, with a spine in the apex externally ; thesquama.

same horizontal line ; theunder antennte as long as the body, setaceous, with a large squama at their
first

joint produced

Pediform palpes with three exserted joints

the length of the preceding joint.

with the thumb very short:Legs tenfirstpair longest, compressed, subdidactyle,second pair slender, very short, didactyleelongate, furnished with a single claw
furnished with compressed claws.
lateral ones narrow.

:beyond the middle of thethe last acuminated, and almost twice;rfourthand

fifth

Abdomen six-jointed.

pairs

:

third pair slender,

thicker than the third, andTail composed of five plates;

thePONTOPHILUS SPINOSUS.
Tab.

XXXVII- -a.

p. thorace lineis quinque longitudinalibus spinosis ; tribus dorsalibus ; una utrinque laterali.
Crangon spinosus. Leach Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 346.
Fig. 1. Pontophilus spinosus mag. nat.

2.

Antenna inferior auct.

auct.

5.

Pedipalpus auct.

ampl.

8.

Pes quartus auct.

9.

Pes quintusamplificatus.

6.

3.

Pes secundus auct.

4. Pes anticus ampl.

Antenna superior
7.

Pes

tertiusThis curious animal was discovered by C. Prideaux^ Esq. amongst some rubbish dredged in
the Sound of Plymouth, near the Edistone ; a second specimen was afterwards taken off Fal-mouth, by the late Mr. John Cranch, Zoologist to the Congo Expedition.
Itsnatural color is unknown.

.

,^/, ^XXXVZl.^4

CRANGON.
CANCER.

Linne.

ASTACUS.

Pennant.

CRANGON.

Fabr., Latr., Bosc, Leach.

.AntcntKe stiperiores setis duabus in eadem fere linea horizontali insertis
inferiores corporis long'itudine setaceae decrescentes

dentata pedunculo adnexa::

interiore longiore.

squama ad apicem externe uni-

articulo prime ad squamje medium non producto.

Palpi pediformes articulis quatuor exsertis

duobus ultimis longitudine asqualibus:;

hoc apiceobtuso.

Pedes decern:

par anticum majus compressum subdidactylum

dum elongatum tenue didactylum
ungue

simplici instructum

:

:

;

pollice brevissimo:

par secun-par tertium tenue praecedcnte longiore subcrassiore

4

paria

et

5 pra?cedente crassiora unguibus compressis

instructa.

.ihdomen 6-articulatum.

Cauda pentaphylla:

lamellis laleralibus angustis.

Upper antenna? with two setae inserted in nearly the same horizontal line the inner one
Under antennae as long as the body, setaceous, with a large scale, having its apex
externally armed w ith a spine^ at their base first joint not produced to the middle of the squama.
;

longest.

:Pediform palpes with four cxsertcd joints
obtuse.

Legs ten:

the two last equal in length;

second pair elongate, slender, didactylethird pair slender^ longer,:

second pair, furnished with a single claw
with compressed claws.

narrow.

;the latter with the apex

anterior pair largest, compressed^ subdidactyle^ with the thumb very short::and rather thicker thanfourth and fifth pairs thicker than the preceding,Abdomen six-jointed.

Tail composed of five plates ; the lateral ones

CRANGON VULGARIS.
Tab. XXXVIL-b.
C. thorace pone rostrum et utrinque brachiisque infra unispinosis.

Cancer Crangon.

Linn. Syst. ^Vaf. i. 1052.

Astacus Crangon.

Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 20.

Crangon vulgaris.

Fabr. Ent. Sj/st. Suppl. 410.
Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 55.

Bosc Hist. Nat. des Crust, ii. 96.

Leach Edinb. Encyl. vii. 401.

PI. 221. /g. 5.

Trans. Linn. Soc.\\.S\Q.
Encycl. Britt. Suppl. i. 421.
Fig. 1. Crangon vulgaris mag. nat.
auct.

4.

Pedipalpus auctus.

tertius auct.

8.

5.

Pes quartus ampl.

2.

Antenna inferior aucta.

Pes anticus auctus.
9.

6.

Pes quintus auct.

Crangon vulgaris, or Common Shrimp,

10.

7.

Pes

Cauda ampl.

inhabits most of the sandy shores of the British

Seasj often entering estuaries, especially during the breeding season
rivers with the tide,

Antenna superior3.

Pes secundus amplificatus.

and is left in great quantities in the saline marshes.

:itsometimes ascends

rl/a/r.JUOLVll. J3.

CRAGNON FASCIA T US.
Tab.
C. peduui secuudo parifiliforiiie,

XXX VIL

c.

Fig.

1.

quam primuin et tertiura breviore minute didactyle, abdomine ad

articulum quartum subito contracto, fusco latifasciato.

Spin^ sterni obsoletii.

Crag-non fasciatus, Bisso, Crust, de Nice, t. III. f. 5, p. 83.

The colour of this shrimp resembles that of the common

species, excepting-inthe dark

marking-s on the second and third and a brown band across the fourth seg-nient of tlie abdomen. The
fourth segment contracts rather suddenly, and the fifth and sixth are comparatively short andnarrow.
species.

The sternal spine, sharp and strong in the common shrimp, is almost obsolete in thisThe first specimens found on our coast were taken in Salcombe Bay in Devonshire.

ALPHEUS.
AST AC US, Fahricius.
ALPHEUS, Fahricius, Leach, Latreille.
Antennce externcB subtus et extus internas locatse, palpo lamellar! ang'usto et acuminato.
Antennce interncB

setis

duabus terminantibus seta superiori quam

inferior crassiuseula, articulo

basali brevi, squama spinifermi munito.

Pedipalpi externi angusti, elongati.

Pedum par primum magnum inaequale didactyle;

par secundum filiforme, didact3-le, tenuissimo,

carpo multiarticulato ; paria altera attenuata, monodactyla.

Testa antice super oculos arcuatim producta.

Abdomen elongatum.

External antenna placed underneath and outside internal
acuminated.

;laminar flap narrow andInternal antennae ending- in two setae; upper seta rather thicker than under, basal

joint short, provided with a spiniform scale.
feet large, unequal, didactyle ;second pair

Carapace produced in an arch over the eyes.

External pedipalps narrow, elong-ated.
filiform,

First pair ofvery thin, didactyle, with multiarcutate wrist.

Abdomen elong-ated.

ALPHEUS RUBER.
Tab.

XXXVII. c. Fig. 2.

A. rostro parvo^ anteimte esternoe spina basali nulla bracliiis spina niinuta prope extremitatem, admarginem superiorem manu majori quadricarinato
Alpheus ruber.
Fig. 2.

;

dig-itomobili quam altera breviori.

Edwards^ Hist. Crust. 11^ p. 251.

Alpheus rubei-.

The first specimens procured
Falmouth.
general form

in

this

country Avere taken from the stomachs of cod-fish near

The species was long previously known as inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea.
is

The

that of a shrimp, but in the front pair of feet the hands are enormously large andquite dissimilar in form and character, the larger having scarcely any hairs, but strong tubercles

on the nippers, and the smaller having those organs lanceolate and hirsute.

PASIPH^A.
ALPH^US, Risso.
PASIPH-iEA, Savigny, Leach, Risso.
AnteiincB externcE subtus internas locatte.
Aiitennce internee pedunculo attenuate, setis filiformibus duabus inaequalibus.

Palpi pediformes elongati ad basim, squama laminata muniti.

Pedum pavia primo et secundo didactyla; paria 3, 4, 5 attenuata, monodact la.
,Testa elong-ata, lateraliter compressa, antic^ ang-ustata.

Abdomen 6-articulatum, elongatissiraum, valde compressum.
Cauda pentaphylla, lamellis lateralibus ang'ustis.
External antennae placed beneatli the internal, which have an attenuated peduncle with two
filiform unequal setse.

Pedipalps

pairs of feet didactyle ;elong-ated, laterally compressed,pressed.

long-,

third, fourthwith a laminated scale at the base.

and

fifth

in

front.

narrowpairs attenuatedAbdomenFirst and secondand monodactyle.

6-jointed, verylong",

Carapacemuch com-

Tail five-flapped, side-flaps narrow.

PASIPH^A SIVADO.
Fig.

3.

P. rostro parvo, acute dentiformi ; laminis externis caudse quam internee long-ioribus.
Pasipheea sivado, Bisso, Crust. Nice, t. III. f. 4.

Latreille, Reg-ne Anim. Cuv. IV. p. 99.

Pasiphcea Savignyi, Leach. MS. in Brit. Mus.
Fig. 3, Pasiphtea Sivado.

The

first

British specimen seenby

the author (Dr. Leach) was in a collection of British

Crustacea formed by Mr. J. Sowerby in his

Museum at Lambeth.

Others were afterwards

obtained from Mr. Baker and Mr. Macandrew, taken in the Irish and Bristol Channels, and placed
in Dr. Leach's private collection.

The specimen stated to have been in the British Museum under

the name of P. Savignyi in the Doctor's hand-writing, is probably the same as now appears there
Dr. Leach probably did not notice the description by Eisso, or
correctly labelled, P. Sivado.
seeing it was uncertain about the identity of the species.

'JoiL.Yxr\nr.c.

MYSIS SPINULOSUS.
Fig. 4-6.
^I.

lamina central! caudte bifurcata;rostro obtuso,

longitudine trientem

pedunculi

oculorum

aequante.

Mysis spinulosus, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. XI. p. 350, Desmarest, Edwards, &c.
Mysis Leacliii et Mysis Chamoeleon, TAomson, Bell^ &c. (postea, Ed.)
Fig. A, Mysis spinulosns, Mag", auct. 5, cauda. 0, pes duplicatus quintus.

The present editor believes that Professor Bell, persuaded as he was of the identit}^ of Leach's
species with the M. Chamoeleon of Thomson, oug-ht to have followed Desmarest, Edwards, &c. inretaining- Leach's name.

The reason g'iven for departing- from the law of priority in this instance,The

namely, that the term '^ spinulosus" applies to other species of the genus, is quite insufRcient.
species has the middle joint of the tail bifurcate.

MYSIS INTEGER.
Fig.

7, 8.

M. caudex lamina centrale lanceolata, apice integro rostro brevi, long-itudine trientem pedunculorum
oculorum sequanti. Squama antennarum testam long-itudine tequanti.
;

Mysis integer, Leach, —1 JMS. Mus. Brit.
]\Iysis vulgaris,

Fig-. 7;

Thomson, Zool. Eesearches, p. 30, t. 1, Edwards, &c.

Mysis integer. 8, cauda.

Professor Bell having been able to quote Dr. Leach's description of this species shews it tohave been published somewhere, although we do not know in what work.
British Museum

The specimen in thenamed in Dr. Leach's handwriting, has the peculiarity mentioned as distinguish-

mg M. vulgaris from M. spinulosus, namely, that the middle flap of the tail is single-pointed andnot divided into two lobes.

IIIPPOLyTE.
HIPPOLYTE.

Leach.

AntnuKC supcriorcs breviorcs setis diiabus

supcriorc infra cxcavata.

:iiifrriorcs corpore long-iorcs setaccu; docrcsccntes,

squama adapiccm cxtcnio unidcntata

pedunculo annexa.
rcdpi pcdi formes articulis tribus exsertis

ultimo penultimo niulto Jongiorc apice spinuloso;:

prinio longo a basi ad incdiuni cmarginato.

Pedes decern

par anticum didactybim breve jequale:carpo muUi-articulato:

paria tcrtimn,

quartum:

par secun<bini inacquale didactyluni ;etquintum simpHcia (magnitudine sub-decroscentia) unguibus interne spinulosis instructa,

Abdomen 6-articulatuni

articulo;

secundo utrinquc infra antice

et posticc producto ;articulotertio postice gibboso-produdo.

Cauda pcntapbylla

proccssu medio spinis in;lineasduas longitudinales

digestis ;apicespinulifero.

Generis Divisiones.
* Pedipalpi articulo ultimo apice oblique
instructte.

truncato,

antcnnce superiores basi spina

Cauda lamella intermedia medio supra utrinquc bi-spinosa.

** Pedipalpi articulo ultimo fasciculuto-piloso

formi instructce.

Antenna superiores basi lamella spiniCauda lamella intermedia siipra utrinquc 'i-spinosa.

Superior antennas shortest, with two

setae

.

the upper one excavated beneath.

:

Inferior

antennfc longer than the body, setaceous, with a lamella at their base, which is unidentated at

Pediform palpes with three exserted joints

apex externally.

its

secondthe first notched from its base to the middle.

:

didactyle ; the second didactylesimple, decreasing in size:

and unequal,

plates;;;the anterior pair short andwith the wrist many-jointed

the claws spinulose within.

joint on each side beneath produced

the last much longer than the:Legs ten

Abdomen;the other pairs

six-jointed;

the third joint behind gibbosely produced.

the second

Tail with fivethe middle one with spines arranged into two longitudinal lines.

Divisions of the Gems.
* Last joint of pediform palpi, loith its apex obliquely truncated.

Upper antennce loith

Middle process of the tail above xailhfour spines.
Upper antennce with a spini** Last joint of pediform palpi ic/7/i fascicidi of hairs.
a spine at their base.

Jiiddle process of the tail with eight spines above.

form lamella at their base.
Montao-u sento-ibbosus, (Trans.
jiis

fin-ure andtome Hippolyte varians,

Linn. Sec. ix. 91,

description had been

t.

5,

f.

the type of this g-enus, as

his

Cancer astacus4,) but he afterwards informed me,

made fromby letter, that

mutilated specimens, of what he had since

ascertained to be a very distinct species, and requested me to take the earliest opportunity tocorrect his mistake.

HIPPOLYTE PRIDEAUXIANA.
Tab.
II. (»)XXXYin.—Fig. 1, 3, 4, et 5.

rostro acuminato apicem versus subtus uni-serrato.

Pig. 1. Hippolyte Prideauxiana mag. nat.
5. Rostrum amplificatum.
cundi paris auctus.

Pedipalpus externus auctus.

3.

4.

Pes se-Mr. Charles Prideaux discovered this species nearBantham, on the southern coast of Devon,
and communicated it to me, along with a vast number of very curious Crustacea.

HIPPOLYTE MOORII.
Tab. XXXVIIl.

-i^g. 2.

H. (») rostro acuminato ante medium subtus bi-serrato.
Fig. 2. Hippolyte Moorii mag. nat.
This species was found by Mr. Thomas Moore, amongst some rubbish dredged in the Plymouth Sound, and was given to me by Mr. C. Prideaux.

HIPPOLYTE VARIANS.
Tab.

XXXVIII.-%. 6—16.

H. (#) rostro acuminato ante medium subtus bi-serrato;

pone medium et ad apicem supra uni-serrato.

Hippolyte varians.

Leach Edinh. Encycl. viii. 432.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 347.
Enci/d. Bnt. Stipp. i. 421.

7. Antenna superior.
8. AnFig. 6. Hippolyte varians mag. nat. (7 ad 16 auctae.)
11.
Pedum par secundum.
Pedum par primum.
10.
Pedipalpus.
9.
tenna exterior.
14. Par quintum.
15. Cauda.
13. Par quartum.
12. Par tertium cum illius ungue.
16. Rostrum.
Hippolyte varians is found in profusion in pools amongst the rocks, on the South-Western
It is very variable in colour, occurring with every shade ofcoast of i5evon and Cornwall.
green, and of every tint between reddish and liver-brown.

HIPPOLYTE CRANCHII.
Tab.

XXXVIII.— iv;^-. 17—21.

H. (*#) rostro supra tri-serrato ; apice emarginato:

lacinia superiore longiore.

Fig. 17. Hippolyte Cranchii mag. nat.
18. Pedipalpus auctus.
dum. 20. Pedum par tertium. 21. Rostrum.

19.

Pedum par secun-

Mr. John Cranch discovered this species on the southern point of the SaltstonCj
Kingsbridge Estuary, where it has likewise been observed by C. Prideaux, Esq.

in theTii/i.'xxxvni.

5-^^^g^f3^,^'^^^^ss-^^^td::^

HIPPOLYTE SOWERBtEI.
Tab. XXXIX.
H. (*») rostro alto obtuso supra multi-scrrato^ apice emarginafo serrulate
Cancer spinus. Soxaerby Brit. Misc. Tab. 2\\l' Alphasus spinus.

—I.

cundus.

7.

Trans. Linn. Soc.

3.

mag.

Antenna inferior.

Pes tertius.

8.

nat.
4.

Pes quartus.

347.

xi.

Enci/cl. Brit. Suppl.

Hippolite Sowerbtei

tenna superior.

subtus uni-scrrato.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 431.

Fig.

;

i.

421.

(Partes sequentes sunt amplificatas.)

Pedipalpus.
9.

5.

Pes quintus.

Pedum par anticum.
10.

2.
6.

An-

Pes se-Cauda.

H. Sowerhcei was first described and figured in the above quoted work^ by Mr. Sowerby,
who received it from the Scottish coast, where it was found by Mr. Simmons, a young man
who has since fallen a sacrifice to his zeal for Natural History in the West Indies.
The imperfect specimen from whence the annexed figure is taken, was sent to me by myliberal friend P. Ncill, Esq. who took it out of the boat of a fisherman at Newhaven, in the
Mr. Ncill informed me thatFrith of Forth, and kept it alive in sea water for several days.
he had not met with one of this species for fifteen years.

///A.tnzr

PANDALUS.
PANDALUS.

Leach,

Antennae supcriorcs breviores

duabussctis

bifidis;pediinculus 3-articulatus, articulo primo

niajore ad oculorum receptioneni cxcavato et sub oculis extcrnc foliaceo-producto; articulis

sccundo tertioqiie brcvioiibus a^qiialibus:

seta superior brcvior a basi

usque ad medium

incrassata et ad inferioris receptioncm cxcavata:

Jnfcriores corpore longiores, setaceas, decresccntes, squama ad apicem externe unidentata

pedunculo annexa.
Palpi pediformcs articulis tribus exsortis, articulis prinio longiore a basi usque ad medium interneemarginato, sccundo bicviore^ ultimo acuminate apice spinuloso.

Pedes decern:

par anticum adactylum, articulo extimo acuminato,

simplici;

par secundum

didactylum inaequale^ hoc longissimo^ tenuissimo carpo, cubito et brachiorum apice multiarticulatis ; illo breviure, crassiore carpo cubitoque apice multi-articulatis ; paria tertium,

quartum et quintum

simplicia (magnitudine subdecrescentia) unguibus interne spinulosis

instructa.

Abdomen 6-articulatum, articulis secundo infra antice et poslice ad latera producto, tertio posticc
gibboso-producto.

Cauda pentaphylla; processibiis externa cxtcrne bidentato; medio elongato apice basi duplo angustiore^ spinis mobilibus instructo, dorsoque spinulis in lineas duas longitudinales digestis.

Superior antennje with two seite;

the peduncle three-jointed, the first joint longest excavatedabove to receive the ejes and produced beneath the eves into a leaf-like process, the second andthird joints shorter and equal in length ; the upper seta shortest^ thickened

middle, excavated beneath for the reception of the inferior seta:from the base to thesuperior antennfe longer than thebody, setaceous, and gradually decreasing towards their extremities, furnished at their base witha large scale, having its external point unidentate.
first of which islastFeet-like palpi with three cxserted joints, thelongest, excavated from the base to the middle; the second joint is shortest, theacuminate with the apex spinose.

Legs ten;firstpair simple, adactyle; the second pairunequal, didactyle; one being very long and slender with the wrist, fore-arm and apex of thearm manv-jointed, the other moderately long and thicker, having the wrist and apex of the fore-arm
many-jointed;

the three other pairs simple (slightly diminishing in size) furnished with nails which

are spinulose within.

before produced;

Abdomen six-jointed^ the second joint withthe third joint gibbous behind.

itslower sides behind andTail composed of five plates, the external

process extcrnallv bidentate, the middle process with the apex (only half the breadth of the base)armed with moveable spines, the upper part also with two rows of spines arranged longitudinally.

PANDALUS ANNULICORNIS.
Tab.

XL.

p. rostro multidentato ascendente apice eniaiginato ; antennis infeiis rubro aiinulatis^ interne
spinulosis.

Fig.

magnif.
8,1,

Pandalus annulicornis mag-, nat.

4,

Palpus pediforniis amp.

Pes tcrtii paris.

9j

5,

Pes quart, paris.

2, antenna superior aniplificata.

Pes anticus adactjlus.
10, Pes quinti paris.

6 et 7,11,

3^ antenna infer,

Pedum par secundum.

Unguis amplificatus.

I3j Abdominis segmenti autici organa sexuum differeutias forte cxhibentia?

12 et

14^ Cauda ampliticata.

This highly interesting species was discovered in Zetland, and in St. Andrew's Bay, Scotland,by the Rev. Dr. Fleming, who most kindly gave me the specimens I originally described in the

Edinburgh Encyclopedia. It was observed also by Montagu, who found it on the coast of
Devon; and by Mrs. D. Turner it was noticed at Yarmouth, and pointed out to Mr. J. D. C.
Sowerby, as distinct from the common prawn.
Itisused at Yarmouth as an article of food ; and is at that place so much esteemed for thetable, as to afford constant employment during the summer season to several fishermen, who takeitin abundance at a considerable distancefrom the shore, and name it from that circumstancethe sea-shrimp.
I have seen but one living specimen,

and Tavy in Devon

and whitish;:

which was taken at the junction of the rirers Tamer

the whole animal was cinereous ; antennas alternately annulated with red

pediform palpi and four anterior legs spotted with deep red, the other legs withlight red ; thorax and abdomen speckled with red, the former on each side withcomposed of red spots, placed on a testaceous ground, the latter also with

two streaks

several obliquestreaks of a similar color.

The last joint of the pediform palpi is very bristly, and the spines at the apex are strong:
the spines on the upper part of the middle process of theseen, were ten in number :tail,in all the specimens that I

have

the denticulations on the upper part of the rostrum begin at the base,and are continued a little beyond the middle, and in some instances to within a third from theapex:

the left of the second pair of legs, in those examined, was longest ; between the eye andthe squama of the inferior antenna^ is a small spine.

PROCESSA.
Antenna; superiorefi breviorcs sctis duabas in oadem, fere liiica horizonfali inscHisj seta intcriore
lonjjiore:

peduiiculus 3-articulatus articulO primo longiore; iilfimo breviorc.

Infcriorcs rorpoie longioiesj setaceas decrescentcs, squama ad apicem ex<erne unidenfato

pcdiincuio aiinexa.
Palpi pedifornies

articiilis

qiiatuor exscrtis,

socundo lorgissiino ad basin interne subabrupte

emargiuato.

Pedes decern;

par anticum pede uno didactylo, altero monodactjio;

par secundum inequale,didactylum tenue, hoc longissimo carpo cubiloque multi-articulatis,
multi-articulato

:

illo

breviore carpO

paria tertium^ quartum et quintuni unguibus acutis, simplicibus instructa.

Abdomen 6-articuIatum, segmento secundo infra antice et postice producto.
Cauda pentaphylla; processibus externis bipartitis parte exteriore mobili.

Superior antemife shortest, with two

setfp

placed in nearly the same horizontal line; thepeduncle with three joints, the first of which is the largest, the third theinterior seta largest:

shortest: inferior antennfe setaceous and larger than the body, furnished at their base with alarge scale, having

its

external point unidentate.

Pediforni palpi with four exserted joints;

the second joint very long, somewhat abruptly emarginate atanterior pair with one leg didactyle, the other monodactyle

Aery long,

havingwrist only jointed:

its

wrist and fore-arm

third, fourth,

and

;

its

base internally.

composed of many joints, the other having thefifth pairfurnished with sharp simple claws.

six-jointed, the second segment beneath anteriorly and posteriorly produced.
five plates ;Legs ten;second pair unequal, one being

AbdomenTail composed ofthe external plate composed of two parts, separated by a hinge-joint.

The discovery of the species constituting this most curious and interesting genus, is theresult of Montagu's indefatigable labors.
The circumstance of the legs on different sides ofthe same animal being different in length is not an uncommon occurrence in several crustaceous
genera, but this is thein essentia! structure.

first instance inwhich the legs of opposite sides have been found to differ

PROCESSA CANALICULATA.
Tab. XLI.
p. rosfro basi unidentato; Cauda lamella intermedia longitudinaliter canaliculata.

Fig.

1,

animal mag. nat.

2,

antenna inferior amplificata.

5 et 6, pedum par anticum ampl.

4,

pedipalpus auctus.

9,

pes tertii paris auc.

10,

pes quarti paris auct.

antenna inferior aucta.

3,

Yet 8, pedum par secundum auctum.
11, pes quinti paris auc.

12, Caudae

processus exterior auctus.

Montagu* discovered a single specimen of the above species at Torcross in the Southerncoast of Devon, and with his usual liberality sent it to me for this work.

The thighs of the third and fourth pair of legs are spinulous beneathrostrum thereis;at the base of the

an elevation dividing it from the thorax or shell ; the rostrum has evidently

been broken, so thatits

exact direction

naturally bent abruptly downwards.

isnot known, althoughI

suspectitto have been

The tip of the middle tail process is also broken.

* Since writing the above, I have received intelligence of the death of this most zealous Zoologist, in whomscience has lost an able supporter

panion and correspondent .

— the world an accomplished gentleman — and his friends a most valuable com-

His Testacea Britannica and Ornithological Diclionarj/, not to mention his numerous

papers published in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, leave proofs of his industry andresearch that will cause his name ever to be remembered and respected by British Zoologists.
JVr. still hope to
see his observations on the British Mollusca atid Vermes, which have long been prepared for publication.

ry<t/\ III.

^^PENtEUS.
Fair., Latr., Bosc, Leach.

PEN^US.

Antenrue superiores breviores basi appendiculati:

apice setis duabus aequalibus;

seta superiore

infer ne excavala.

inferiores corporis longitudine, setacea?, decrescentes ; squama magna ad illarum basin.

Palpi pediformes articulis quinque exsertis ; articulo ultimo obtusiusculo.
Pedes basi appendiculati sex antici didactyli ; alii simplices ; unguibus edentulis.
:

Abdomen sex articulatum.
Cauda pentaphylla;

lamellis duabus externis simplicibus ; lamella media apicem versus utrinquespinulis mobilibus instructa.

Upper antennse shortest with an appendage at their base apex with two equal setae upper
Under antennae as long as the body, setaceous, decreasing towards theirseta excavated below.
;;

extremities,

with a large broad squama at their base.

joints, the last joint obtuse.

didactyle,lamellae ;littlePediform palpi with

Legs with a little appendage at

the other legs simple, with toothless claws.

their baseAbdomen six-jointed.

the two external lamellae simple, the middle lamella towards

fiveexserted

six anterior legs:

Tail with fiveits

apex furnished with

3.

Antenna inferior.

moveable spines.

PENtEUS TRISULCATUS.
Tab. XLII.
p. thorace postice trisulcato; rostro decendente supra multi-dentato.

Rondel, xviii. 547.

Squilla Crangon.

Fig. 1.

viii.

Leach Trans. Linn. Sac. xi. 347.

Penaeus trisulcatus.

Penaeus trisulcatus mag. nat.

4.

Pedipalpus.

9.

Quinti paris.

5.

Pes antici paris.

10.

6.

2.

Antenna

Pes secundi paris.

superior.

7. Tertii paris.

8.

Quartiparis.

Cauda.

Penceus trisulcatus which is the only British species yet discovered, was sent to Mr. Sowerby

by the Rev. H. Davies, who caught it on the shore of Anglesea.
specimen from the coast of Wales.

I

have likewise received a

The fourth and fifth segments of the abdomen are notched on each side.

PALtEMON.
PAL^MON.
ASTACUS.

Fair., Latr.,

Lam., Bosc, Leach.

Pennant.

Antettnce superiorcs breviores sctis tribus

duabus externis ad basin connatis:;

intorna brcviore.

inferiorcs corporis longitudine, setaceae, decrescentcs ; squama magna ad illarum basin.

Palpi pediformes articulo ultimo pcnultimo breviore.

Pedes quatuor antici didactyli;

pari antico minuto;

paria alia simplicia;

unguibus edentulis.

Abdomen sex articulatum.
Cauda pentaphylla

lamellis duabus externis siraplicibus, lamella intermedia spinulis mobilibus;

instructs.

Upper antennae shortest with three sette, the two external seta; joined at their baseSj the inteUnder antenna; as long as the body, setaceous, decreasing towards their ex-rior one shortest.

tremities ; with a large squama at their base.

one beforeit.

Pediform palpi with the last joint shorter than the

Four anterior legs didactyle

Abdomen six-jointed.

with simple claws.

;

the first pair minute,the other legs simple,

Tail with five lamelte ; the two exterior ones

simple ; the middle one furnished with little moveable spines.

The European Palcemones inhabit the shores of the sea during the summer months feeding on
The females seem to be much more abundant than the males, and aredead animal matter.

generally found with spawn.

PAL7EMON SERRATUS.
Tab. XLIIL— %. 1--10.
p. rostro ascendente supra 6, 7 aut 8-dentato apice emarginato

Astacus serratus.

Petm. Brit. Zool. iv.

19.

Palajmon squilla.

Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. Si.

PalEemon serratus.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 401.
Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 432.

—•—

paris.

10.

6.

infra 4, 5 vel 6-dentato.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 348.

Fig. 1. Palfpmon serratus mag. nat.

Antenna inferior.

;

PL 16. Jig. 28.

Pedipalpus.

7.

2 et3. Rostri varietates.

Pes antici paris.

S.

4.

Antenna superior. 5.
paris.
9. Pes tei'tii

Pes secundi

Unguis.

This is the common prawn of the London markets.

It

may always be distinguished from theother British species by the form of its rostrum, which, although subject to considerable variation in the number of teeth, yet always turns upwards,

and has its point generally notched.*It

has been confounded with the following species by several writers.

* In two accidaUdl laiielifs 1 found thenouh wuniing, but in three thomand other specimens this character was constant.

PAL.EMON SQUILLA.
Fig.

11—13.

p. rostro redo apice cmarginato supra 7 aut 8 infra 3 vel 3-dentato.

Cancer squilla.
Palaemon squilla.

Linn. Syst. .Mit.

i.

1061.

Leach Edinh. Encycl. vii. 432.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 448.

Fig. 11. Palaemon squilla mag. nat.

13 et 14. Rostri varietates.

The above species which is found in abundance on the South- Western coast of Devonshire, issubtus S-dentato, manuum digitis aequalibus."" Thorace laevi rostro supra" Rostrum lanceolatum^ perpendiculare,acutum, supra octo crenis, infra tribus serratum."

Linne repeats in the last edition of histhus described by Linne in the second edition of Fauna Suecica
serrato;:Systema naturce the same character^ and as it applies so exactly to the most common variety ofthis specieSj there cannot be the least doubt as to the correctness of the reference.

PALiEMON VARIANS.
Fig.

14.-16.

p. rostro rectro supra 4, 5 aut 6-dentato apice integro

Palaemon varians.

Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 401;,;

infra bidentato.

—431.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 349.
Fig. 14. Palasmon varians mag. nat.

15 et 16. Rostri varietates.

Palcemon varians is very common on the Devonshire, Glamorgan, and Norfolk coasts, where
It may be Astacus Squilla of Pennant ?
it is taken as an article of food.

I'i-'"/ftAxLm.

ATHANAS.
ATHANAS.

Leach.

AntentKB superiores setis tribus instructae:

inferiores corpore subbreviores setaceae, basi squama magna apice externe unidentata
instructae.

Pedipalpi articulo ultimo penultimo longiore.

Pedes decern; par anticum majus didactylum; par secundum aliis gracilius didactylum^ carpo
multi-articulato

paria alia consimilia ungue simplici terminata.

:abdomen 6-articulatum apice pentaphyllum:

lamella exteriore bipartita.

Testaant'ice rostro terminata.

Upper antennae terminated by three setae under ones setaceous^ rather shorter than the body,and furnished at their base with a large scale^, having a tooth on its external apex. Pedipalpes:

Legs tenwith their last joint longer than the preceding joint.

;

anterior pair largest didactyle ;second more slender than the others, didactyle^ the wrist many-jointed ; other legs alike andterminated by a simple claw.

Abdomen six-jointed

one composed of two parts.

Shell anteriorly terminated by a rostrum.

;theapex with five plates ; the exterior

ATHANAS NITESCENS.
Tab. XLIV,
A. rostro recto inermi.

Montagu, MSS.
Leach Edinh. Encycl. vii. 401.
Leach Edinb. Encycl. vii. 432.

Cancer (Astacus) nitescens.
Palaemon nitescens.

Athanas nitescens.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 349.
Encj/cl. Britan. Suppl. i. 421.

Fig. 1. Athanas nitescens mag. nat.
2. A. nitescens auctus.
3. Antenna superior auct.
Antenna inferior auct. 5. Pedipalpus auctus. 6. Pes anticus auctus. 7. Pes secundus
auctus.
8. Pes tertii paris auct.
9. Quarti paris ampl.
10. Quinti paris ampl.
4.

Athanas nitescens is occasionally found in pools left by the tide amongst the rocks on the coasts
of Devon and Cornwall.
It wasdiscovered by Montagu,

reason for this name is unknown.

who sent it to me under the specific title nitescens ;the

>'//..rz/7-.

.^c^.

^'

SQUILLA.
SQUILLA, Romlelet, Fahricius, Latreille, Leach.

CANCER, Herhst.
Segmentum antennarum mobile, fere quadrilaterale.
Antennee externce ad latera seg'menti, subtus testoe marg-inem anticum insertae.

Pedum thoracis par primuin magnum, complanatum dig-ito prehensili elong'ato, mobile, deutibus
tenuibus armatis armato munitum paria 2, 3, 4, manu rotundo unidig-itato
paria 5, 6, 7,;;

parvis, tenuibus articulo antepenultimo appendici styliforrai raunito.

Testa longior quam lata, sulcis duobus lougitudinalibus divisa.
Abdomen araiatum, elongatum, eegmentis novem.

Cauda flabelliformi, segraenti mediano lato, dentato.
Antenual segment moveable, almost quadrilateral.

External antennse fixed at the sides ofthe segment, inserted under the anterior margin of the carapace ;peduncle short, the second with an elongated ciliated plate.
fiat,

first and second

joints of theFirst pair of thoracic feet large andprovided with a long, moveable, prehensile finger armed with thin curved teeth.

third, and fourth pairs with a round,

Second,flattened single-fingered

hand ; fifth, sixth pairs thin, small,

antepenultimate joint provided with a styliform appendage.

Carapace oblong-, divided by two

longitudinal grooves.

Abdomen arched, elongated^ with nine segments.

Tail fan-shaped, withthe middle segment broad, toothed.

SQUILLA MANTIS.
Tab.
S.

abdomiue longitudinahter octo-cristata

XLV. Fig. 1-3.
;

ci'istis

centralibus approximatis.

Pedum pari primi

digiti prehensili sex-dentata.

Cancer (Mantis) digitalis, Herbst, II. t. xxxiii. f. 1, p. 9, e.
Squilla mantis, Mondelet, Poissons II. t. xxxiii. p. 397, Latreille, Hist. Crust. VI. t. 65, f. 3.

Fig. 1, Squilla mantis.

2, Pessecundus.

3,

Manus.

The prehensile claw of this crustacean is very curious.
its eleg'antly curved teeth into

to receive thehand.

It is capable of being- bent back, witha groove in the long- flattened hand.

point of each tooth.

The groove has a little notch

There are also three moveable teeth at the extremity of the

The seizing* and retaining* power of this apparatus must be ver}' considerable.

Squilla mantis, tolerablycommon in the

The

Mediterranean, occurs but rarely on the south-western

coasts of Great Britain.

SQUILLA DESMARESTIL
Fig.
S. abdomine ad

4.

latera longitudinaliter cristatum medio Isevig'ato, seg-menti penultimo octocristato;

digito prehensili quinque-dentato.

Squilla Desmarestii, Risso^ Crust. Nice, t. 11, f. 8, p. 114, Couch, Corn. Faun. p. 81.

Fig. 4, Squilla Desmarestii.

Like the preceding, this species
rarely on the British coast.

iscommon inits

Mediterranean home, while it occurs but

It differs fi'om S. mantis in the central arch of the abdominal

segments being uncrested, and in having five instead of six long teeth on the prehensile fi""-°-

Sab.XLv.

:No. XII.
(Price Seven Shillings and Sixpence colored, and Six Shillings plain)

PODOPHTHALM A

MALACOSTRACA

BRITANNIJE;
OR

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF

AND OF OTHER

MALACOSTRACA WITH PEDUNCULATED EYEl?,
BY

AVILLIAM ELFORD LEACH,
KfWot* (if die Rm/al College of Physicians of Edinburgh,

M. D.

F L. S. & W. S.

and of the Royal College of Surgeons, and of the Mtdice-chiritrgical Society of London, Jyc.

ILLUSTRATEDWITH COLORED FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES,
BY

JAMES SOWERBY, F.L.S G.S W.S. &c.
Honorary Member of the PhysicalSociety of Gotiingen ;Author of English Fungi, British Mineralogy, Exeiic

Mineralogy, Mineral Conchology, a Botanical Drawing-Book, a New Elucidation of Colors ;Proprietor of English Botany,

tSr.

ILon&ott

PRINTED BY W. AHDING,

OLD BOSWELL COURT, CAREY STREET;PUBLISHED BY JAMES SOWERBY, No. 2, MEAD PLACE, LAMBETH-

Nov. 1, 1816.

ADVERTISEMENT.

This Work will consist of twelve or fourteen Numbers (one Number to be published erery
two Months), which will form, when complete, one moderately-thick Volume.
Although this Work is to be published miscellaneously, yet the Plates are numbered,enable the Purchaser to arrange it systematically,towhen complete.

The following species, viz. Astacus Arctus, and Mantis of Pennant, seem to have been
introduced into the British Fauna on slender authority,and fragments of a species of thegenus Squilla which were found by the late Mr. Boys in a Torbay trawl-boat, are preserved in
the cabinet of Montagu

information therefore on these or on other species is very desirable,
and we shall feel obliged to any Naturalist who shall render us any assistance in making thi«:publication as complete as possible.

The mode of obtaining Crustacea is easy Crab and Prawn-Pits, also the rubbish takenfrom the bottom of the sea by dredgers, should be carefully examined, as either new or rare
species often occur, and are rejected by the Fishermen as useless ; when obtained they should be
immersed in fresh water, for the purpose of extracting the salt, after which they should be diied;in \ht skide,

and if possible,

in a tlraft of air.

:

No. XVII.
(Price Seven Shillings and Sixpence colored, and Six Shillings plain)

PODOPHTHALMA

MALACOSTRACA

BRITANNLE;OR

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF

Crate;,

2;oi3!Stn:5J,^ratoue;,

AND OF OTHER

MALACOSTRACA WITH PEDUNCULATED EYES,
BY

WILLIAM ELFORD LEACH,

M. D.

F.R.S.

F. L. S.

& W. S.

TfiloK of ihe Royal CoUes^e of Physicians of Edinhuri^h, and of the Royal College of Surgeons of London ; correspondentyjemher of the Mttseum,an::Philomulic Sociefy of Paris ; of the Berlin Society of Naturalists,and of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,(fc.

ILLUSTRATED

WrrH COLORED FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES,
BY

JAMES SOWERBY, F.L S. G.S. W.S. &c.
}[onorary Mentbcr of the Physical Society of Gottingen ;Author of English Fungt, British Mineralogy, Exotic
Mineralogy, Mineral Conchotogy, a Botanical Drawing-Book, a New Elucidation of Colors;
Proprietor of English Botany,—

4 < 4 < < Oi* »

>

Ifc,

>

w

i

Eontfon
PRINTED BY W. ARDING, OLD BOSWELL COORT, CAREY STREET.

PUBLISHED BY JAREES SOWERBY, No. 2, MEAD PLACE, LAMBETH.

March

i,

1820.

ADVERTISEMENT.
When this Work commenced,

it was the intention of the
Author to have completed k in
but the discovery of several new species
has rendered this
impossible, and he will, consequently,
be under the necessity of extending it tonineteen
numbers, one of which will be publi^eda, usual, on the first day of
every second
month, and the new matter will be
introduced in such a manner as not todisturb the systematicarrangement of the work, which, whencompleted, will form one volume;
some general remarks on the British Crustacea,
and an Index of Synonyms wUl be
Idded.

twelve or fourteen numbers,

rihh'^" 7'''' ^' '" ^" P"^"'^'^ Tniscellaneously, yet
the plates are so.. tototllT?!;asenable the purchaser to arrangeitsystematicaUy,when complete.

mnumberedmm£umNos. XVIII.

& XIX.

IVicc two guineas.

MALACOSTRACA PODOPIITHALM A
BRITANNIA;
OK
1)KS(

llirTlOKS OF

THE BRITISH SPECIES OF

AND OF OTHER

M A l.A r DSTi; ACA

AV I T TI

EYES,

P i: J) T X (' T L A T K D

WILLIAM ELFOKD LEACH, M.D. F.^v,^.

i. L.s.

W. S.,.^,-.

tLLUSTILVTET)WITH COLORED FIGURES OF ALL THE

SPECIES,BY

JAMES SOWERBY, F.L^S. G.S. W.S. &c.
Author of English Funyi, British Mineralogy, Exotic Mineralogy, Mineral Gonchology, ^-c.

CONTINUED AND COMPLETED, WITH A NEW

GENERIC AND SPECIFIC INDEX TO THE WHOLE,.WD si-;vi-;n new plates,
BY(.EOIJCE I'.RETTTXnHAM SOWERr.Y

HonHonBY BERNARD QUARIT

i

:

,1)

1875.

ICCADILLY.

jfaJ^A M^^KlIv'^^ ffiSZZ, ZZZEE; xyW

IIPI^;..-'-^ADVERTISEMENT.
The Author of tliis work announced in 1810, on

port

XVII, that it wns his intenti
Upon the stock beconiii

to complete it in nineteen parts ; however, he stopped short then.

my property, I adopted tlie snj^-g-estion of Mr.

Georg-e Bretting-hara Sowerb}', the emini

Naturahst, that the Avork should be continued, by the addition of such species as form
part of tlie authoi-'s original pUm; that g-entleman has now drawn for the work fifteen n(
species, on six entieely

new copper plates, to which is added a descriptive letterpri

AKD A complete GeNERIC AND SPECIFIC IXDEX TO THE WHOLE WORK*. tO this isSUt
further added plate 35, A very large figure of a lobster which remained unfini-^^
the abrupt cessation of the work.

The new matter is arranged in such a manner, that while the gapsof the plates are filled up, the systematic arrang-ementisnot disturbed;

inthe numberj)

and by means

these additions the unfinished work of Leach and the elder Sowerby is arranged and completr

Possessors of imperfect copies should avail themselves of the present opportuni(\completing- them, as only a small number of parts 18 and 19 were printed in excess.

A few copies of parts 18 and 19 were printed on Large Paper, super royal quarto.
Bernard Quarit(
London, 15 Piccadilly, W.
Novemher 1, 1875.

;^

V^^::