COMMISSION B : Fields and Waves (Nov. 2007 - Oct. 2010)
Edited by Toru Sato
This report presents a summary of Japanese contributions, including those of international
collaborations, in the field related to URSI Commission B during the last three years. It is notintended to be an exhaustive survey of all relevant works, but rather an omnibus of importantworks around the authors of each section or subsection. If important contributions in some field
are missing, it is due to the limited knowledge and effort of the editor.

B1. Scattering and Diffraction
1.1 Basic Electromagnetic Fields Analysis
Hosono and Hosono [2009] clarified the physical meaning of the energy velocity in lossy
Lorentz media. First, two expressions for the energy velocity, one by Brillouin and another by
Diener, are examined. They showed that, while Diener’s is disqualified, Brillouin’s is acceptable as energy velocity. Secondly, they showed that the signal velocity defined by Brillouin andBaerwald is exactly identical with the Brillouin’s energy velocity. Thirdly, by using trianglemodulated harmonic wave, they showed that the superluminal group velocity plays its role as arevelator only after the arrival of the signal traveling at the subluminal energy velocity. In short,nothing moves at the group velocity, and every frequency component of a signal propagates at
its own energy velocity.
(T. Yamasaki)

1.2 Periodic Array Structures
In microwave and optical engineering, there are many devices with periodic structures including
resonators, filters, and couplers composed of gratings as well as reflector antennas. Therefore
the analysis of the scattering by periodic structures is one of the important subjects in electromagnetic theory and optics. Various analytical and numerical methods have been developed
thus far and the diffraction phenomena have been investigated for a number of periodic structures.
The Wiener-Hopf technique is known as a powerful tool for analyzing electromagnetic wave
problems related to canonical geometries rigorously, and can be applied efficiently to problemsof the diffraction by specific periodic structures. Zheng and Kobayashi [2009a] analyzed theE-polarized plane wave diffraction by a semi-infinite parallel-plate waveguide with sinusoidal
wall corrugation using the Wiener-Hopf technique together with the perturbation method. The
problem is formulated in terms of the simultaneous Wiener-Hopf equations by introducing theFourier transform for the unknown scattered field and applying approximate boundary conditions in the transform domain. Employing the factorization and decomposition procedure
together with a perturbation series expansion, the zero- and first-order solutions of the WienerHopf equations are obtained. Explicit expressions of the scattered field inside and outside thewaveguide are derived analytically by taking the inverse Fourier transform and applying thesaddle point method. Far field scattering characteristics of the waveguide are discussed in detail
via representative numerical examples.

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The plane wave diffraction by the same waveguide geometry is analyzed for the case of
H polarization by the same authors [Zheng and Kobayashi, 2009b] using a similar but more
complicated analysis procedure. This diffraction problem is reconsidered for both E and H
polarizations in [Zheng and Kobayashi, 2009c], and investigated from different aspects.
Ozaki et al.[2009] propose an improved method to analyze the scattering problem of multilayered periodic arrays, by dielectric gratings with dielectric rectangular cylinders sandwiched
between two multilayers, by combining an improved Fourier series expansion method and multilayer method. In our improved method, the order of simultaneous equation is the same as thatof previous methods, but it differs in the position of summarized matrix. Numerical results are
given for the influence of incident angle and frequency of the transmitted power in terms of permittivity of the rectangular cylinders in the middle layer sandwiched between two multilayers
yielding the basic characteristic of resonance peak for switching or frequency-selective devices
for both TM and TE cases.
Shadow theory has been applied to the analyses of the dielectric diffraction gratings [Wakabayashi et al., 2010]). The matrix-based formulation has been proposed to get the diffraction
amplitudes at a low grazing limit of incidence. It has been demonstrated that the scatteringfactors defined in the Shadow Theory imply the Green’s functions in the spectral domain.
The contributions of the quadrupole moments in the effective constitutive characteristics ofthree dimensional periodic array of skew pairs of metallic helices have been studied by using
the quasi-static Lorentz approach combined with the method of moments [Asai ans Yamanaka,
2010]. It has been shown that there are geometrical parameters where the contributions ofquadrupoles have values comparable to the effective medium parameters. Asai and Yamanaka[2008] analyzed the effective constitutive characteristics of three dimensional periodic array ofmetallic helices by the quasi-static Lorentz approach. It has been shown that the contributionsof quadrupoles are negligible for the cases of helices with more than a certain number of turns.
Yokota and Sesay [2008] examined a two-dimensional scattering of a plane wave from aperiodic array of dielectric cylinders with arbitrary shape using multigrid-moment method. The
scattered field is expressed in terms of the integral form by an infinite summation of the surface
integral over the cross section of the reference cylinder. The integral form is converted into
the matrix equation by using moment method. The integration in the elements of the matrix
equation is evaluated by the lattice sums technique in order to obtain precise solution. The
multigrid method is applied to the matrix equation to improve the CPU time. As numericalresults, the CPU time and residual norm are examined for a given number of iteration andcycle index. After that, the effects of shape and material of the periodic structure on the powerreflection coefficient of the fundamental Floquet mode are shown. The results also indicate
the effect of changing the relative permittivity of the dielectric coated body and the reflection
coefficient.
(K. Kobayashi, T. Yamasaki, and M. Yokota)

1.3 Cavity Structures
The analysis of electromagnetic wave scattering by open-ended metallic waveguide cavities is
an important subject in the prediction and reduction of the radar cross section (RCS) of a target.
This problem serves as a simple model of duct structures such as jet engine intakes of aircrafts
and cracks occurring on surfaces of general complicated bodies.
As an example of waveguide geometries that can form two-dimensional cavities, Zheng andKobayashi [2008] considered a finite parallel-plate waveguide with four-layer material load2

ing, and analyzed rigorously the problem of the E-polarized plane wave diffraction using the
Wiener-Hopf technique. Introducing the Fourier transform for the scattered field and applying boundary conditions in the transform domain, the problem is formulated in terms of thesimultaneous Wiener-Hopf equations, which are solved via the factorization and decomposition
procedure together with a rigorous asymptotics. The scattered field is evaluated explicitly bytaking the inverse Fourier transform and applying the saddle point method. Representative numerical examples of the radar cross section (RCS) are shown for various physical parameters
and the far field scattering characteristics are discussed in detail. The diffraction by the same
waveguide geometry is analyzed for the case of the H-polarized plane wave incidence by Shangand Kobayashi [2008] using the Wiener-Hopf technique. This diffraction problem is reconsidered for both E and H polarizations in [Zheng et al., 2010], and investigated from different
aspects.
As a related cavity geometry, Shang and Kobayashi [2009a, 2009b] have considered a terminated, semi-infinite parallel-plate waveguide with four-layer material loading, and solved
the plane wave diffraction rigorously using the Wiener-Hopf technique for both E and H polarizations. Introducing the Fourier transform for the unknown scattered field and applying
boundary conditions in the transform domain, the problem is formulated in terms of the simultaneous Wiener-Hopf equations satisfied by the unknown spectral functions. The Wiener-Hopf
equations are solved via the factorization and decomposition procedure leading to the exact
solution. The scattered field in the real space is evaluated by taking the inverse Fourier transform and using the saddle point method. Representative numerical examples of the radar crosssection (RCS) are presented, and the far-field scattering characteristics of the waveguide areinvestigated in detail.
(K. Kobayashi)

B2. Inverse Scattering
High-speed ultra-wideband (UWB) radar imaging has been of great interest. SEABED method
is one of such promising methods, and can estimate target shapes quickly [Sakamoto et al.,2010b, Cresp et al., 2010]. However, to realize real-time imaging, measurement time as wellshould be shortened. Bi-static SEABED method has been developed to achieve fast measurement using a multi-static radar with switches [Kidera et al., 2008b]. Another approach, a codedivision multiple transmission UWB radar system was proposed, which does not need switches,to achieve even faster measurement [Sakamoto and Sato, 2009b].
Since SEABED method uses derivative operations, it becomes unstable for noisy data. To
improve its noise tolerance, an extended version of SEABED, namely Envelope method, wasdeveloped [Kidera et al., 2008e, Saho et al., 2008] which employs envelopes of circles insteadof derivative operations. To improve the accuracy of the Envelope method, waveform distortion
was suppressed [Kidera et al., 2007]. Then, the Envelope has been further extended to apply tothrough-the-wall imaging (TWI) [Kidera et al., 2008a,d, 2009c].
Both the SEABED and Envelope methods require what is called quasi-wavefront (QW) thatis a surface obtained by connecting peak points of signals. This process is not always easy
to realize due to interference of waveforms. Optimization-based QW estimation method wasdeveloped to avoid this difficulty [Sakamoto et al., 2008b,c,e]. Then, range point migration(RPM) method was developed [Kidera et al., 2008c, 2010a,b,c]. This method does not need
QW because it calculates derivatives with distribution functions.
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These SEABED-class methods all require large-scale antenna arrays that make the systemcostly. A simple two-antenna UWB radar imaging system has been proposed for a uniformly
moving target [Sakamoto and Sato, 2008a], and applied to experimental data [Sakamoto andSato, 2008d]. This method was extended to apply to arbitrary translational motion [Sakamoto
et al., 2009d, Matsuki et al., 2010]. Another approach to reduce the number of antennas was
proposed by employing multi-path echoes from environments [Sakamoto and Sato, 2009a].
This method uses only a single antenna, but needs a priori information about the environment.
This environment-related information can be estimated without calibration process using the
optimization-based method [Sakamoto and Sato, 2010a]. Then, a human body tracking method
has been proposed using the same principle [Sakamoto and Sato, 2010c]. Furthermore, thisapproach makes it possible to image targets in a shadow region [Fujita et al., 2010, Kidera etal., 2009a,b]. In addition, some feasibility studies have been conducted to apply these methods
to actual human bodies [Sakamoto et al., 2009c, Saho et al., 2010].
Ishida [2009, 2010] formulated an algorithm for reconstructing a dielectric cylinder withthe use of the T-matrix and the singular value decomposition (SVD) and discussed it throughnumerical examples under noisy conditions. The algorithm consists of two stages. At the firststage the measured data of scattered waves is transformed into the T-matrix. At the second stage
the cylinder is reconstructed from the T-matrix. The singular value decomposition is appliedin order to separate the radiating and the nonradiating currents, and the radiating current isdirectly obtained from the T-matrix. The nonradiating current and the object are reconstructedby decreasing a residual error of the current in the least square approximation, where linear
equations are solved repeatedly. Some techniques are used in order to reduce the calculation
time and to reduce the effects of noise. Numerical examples show us that the presented approach
is simple and numerically feasible, and enables us to reconstruct a large object in a short time.
(T. Sakamoto and N. Nakashima)

B3. Computational Techniques
3.1 Integral Equation Methods
Integral equation methods are widely used in analyzing various wave propagation and scattering problems. There are a number of papers treating complicated two- and three-dimensional
problems based on different integral equation methods.
Kobayashi et al.[2009] considered the diffraction of an electromagnetic field by a locallyinhomogeneous body in a perfectly conducting waveguide of rectangular cross section. This
problem is reduced to solving a volume singular integral equation (VSIE). The examination ofthis equation is based on the analysis of the corresponding boundary value problem (BVP) for
the system of Maxwell’s equations and the equivalence of this BVP and VSIE. The existence
and uniqueness for VSIE in the space of square-integrable functions are proved. A numerical
Galerkin method for the solution of VSIE is proposed, and its convergence is proved.
The singular volume integral equation describing the electromagnetic wave scattering inthree-dimensional bounded inhomogeneous anisotropic media is considered by Samokhin andKobayashi [2010]. The problem of finding the spectrum of the pertaining integral operator
is analyzed. A closed-form expression describing the continuous part of the spectrum on thecomplex plane is presented. Subsequently the Chebyshev iterative method for non-selfadjoint
operators is investigated in this paper. Some numerical results are presented, and the conver-4

gence of this procedure is discussed for different physical parameters of the problem.
A wideband fast multipole algorithm (FMA) is presented for the computation of two-dimensional
volume integral equations [Nakashima and Tateiba, 2009a]. The wideband FMA can be realized
by switching between the diagonal and non-diagonal forms according to cell size and required
accuracy. In order to improve the efficiency of the algorithm, they use interpolation and filtering
techniques and introduce a simple and efficient way to store sequences of the special functions
and their discrete Fourier transforms. The computational and memory complexities are O(N),where N is the number of square elements followed by the discretization of the volume integral
equations.
Fast and efficient linear iterative solvers for complex and dense linear system of equations
are necessary in the computation by means of integral equation methods. In 2008, P. Sonneveld
and M. van Gijzen presented the breakthrough nonstationary linear iterative solver “IDR(s)method” for nonsymmetric linear system of equations. After that, variant algorithms of theIDR(s) method have been proposed. Nakashima et al.[2009b, 2009d, 2010a] evaluate performance of the IDR(s) method and its variants through the computation of electromagnetic wave
scattering from over ½¼ dielectric cylinders. Numerical experiments reveal that minimization
schemes for residual vectors refine the convergence of the original IDR(s) method. However,
the may deteriorate in 1 digit independently of parameter s.
In the integral equation methods, a time transient of multiple scattering is mathematicallyequivalent to an iterative progressive numerical method (IPNM). The original IPNM was proposed by L. Shafai for the fast computation of large scale electromagnetic wave problems in
antennas and scattering. Nakashima and Tateiba [2009c] remark the similarity between theoriginal IPNM and the Jacobi method which is one of the classical linear iterative solvers.
Nakashima et al.[2010b, 2010c] modify the original IPNM and present 9 type variant algorithms from the standpoint of the classical and the IDR-based linear iterative solvers. They
report the performance of the variant algorithms through the computation of electromagnetic
wave scattering from conducting objects.
Recently, the number of customers who use cellular phones indoors is rapidly increasing.
In this case, mobile terminals used in a stationary condition receive a level variation different
from that in a moving condition. Yokota et al.[2010] proposed that a physical channel model fora static terminal used in indoors. The proposed model can consider physical parameters suchas moving people, their moving speed in order to evaluate various situations preciously, andan experimental verification is done. The model is two dimension, and assumes that a moving
person is represented as a disk with diameter of ¡ [m] and its moving person absorbs a partof the power of the paths across his width of ¡ . They verified the equivalent human body
diameter of ¡ from numeric viewpoint based on electromagnetic field theory as a humanbody to be loss dielectric cylinder.
(K. Kobayashi, N. Nakashima and M. Yokota)

3.2 Modal Expansion Methods
Radar cross sections of polygonal cylinders are investigated by using a kind of mode matching
methods [Ohnuki et al., 2010]. Applying two types of novel field-decomposition techniques,
electromagnetic scattering analysis can be performed very precisely. Computational accuracy ofour proposed method and the proper choice of field-decomposition techniques for a rectangularcylinder with various shapes of wedge cavities and bumps is discussed.

5Electromagnetic scattering problems of polygonal cylinders can be analyzed with high degree of accuracy by the point matching method [Ohnuki et al., 2009]). In this method, theelectromagnetic fields can be expanded by using the modes which satisfy the wave equation in
the local coordinate systems. The way to estimate proper mode numbers due to computational
accuracy is discussed.
The fast inhomogeneous plane wave algorithm is an alternative approach of the diagonal
factorization of the Green’s function which is represented by the infinite integration in the complex plane [Ohnuki, 2009]. Therefore, the error control method is different from that for the fastmultipole method. They compared the two algorithms, FIPWA and FMM, in terms of the error
control, and clarify the error properties for applying to electromagnetic scattering problems.
The condition that two translators become numerically equivalent is discussed.
(T. Yamasaki)

B4. High Frequency Technique
The paper by [Sato and Shirai, 2008] proposes a simple accuracy improvement of the raylaunching analysis by efficiently including the multiple reflection effect inside lossy wall. The
Green’s function problem in the presence of a lossy dielectric slab has been considered to derive
the transmitted ray component with the internal multiple reflections. So as to realize the appropriate ray shooting inside lossy material, alternative real refraction angle is introduced, insteadof the conventional complex refraction angle. By approximately including multiple reflections
effect inside wall for indoor environment, an easy and efficient modification of simplified 2D
ray-launching method has been presented in [Sato and Shirai, 2009a]. To precisely carry out the
ray-launching procedure inside lossy wall, a simple modification using true real refraction angle
is first introduced, instead of complex one. Furthermore, an efficient approximation is carriedout to bundle or collect the inner multiple reflected rays into the primary one. This ”collectiveray” approximation is applied to not only reflected but also transmitted rays. Consequently, it isconfirmed from the detailed considerations that the ray representations obtained by introducing
the real refraction angle are well suitable for indoor propagation analysis, and in particular the”collective ray” solution can be utilized confidently even when the internal reflections strongly
contribute to the propagation feature of the considered indoor environment.
By including multiple reflection effect inside wall for indoor environment, an efficient modification of 2D ray-launching method, has been proposed in [Sato and Shiarai, 2009b] which
focuses on the derivation of the approximate solution for H (or Vertical) polarized incident case.
An efficient approximation is carried out to bundle or collect the internal multiple reflected rays
into the primary one. This approximation is called ”collective ray” approach. It is confirmed
from the detailed considerations that the ”collective ray” solutions for H-polarization can be
confidently utilized in particular when the internal reflections strongly contribute to the propagation characteristic of the considered indoor environment.
The paper by [Sato and Shirai, 2009c] attempts to find out a useful marker with specificpropagation feature for appropriately modeling outdoor/indoor interface environments, by analyzing diffraction problem for finite number of empty slits in an infinitely long PEC screen.
The analysis has been focused on E polarized plane wave incident case. The analysis utilizes
the Kobayashi Potential (KP) method, which is a rigorous eigen-function expansion in terms ofWeber-Schafheitlin type integrals with discontinuous features. The contribution of the multiple
scattering between the slits is represented by the asymptotic approximation for the distance of6them. The analysis has been extended to H-polarized plane wave incident case [Sato and Shirai,
2009d]. The Kobayashi Potential (KP) is utilized to obtain the analytical representations of thediffracted fields. In particular, the paper investigates how the multiple scattering between theslits influences on the diffraction characteristics. The paper by [Sato and Shirai, 2010a] investigates specific propagation feature under outdoor/indoor interface environments, by analyzing
diffraction problem for finite number of material filled slits in an infinitely long PEC screen.
The slits array is considered as a simplified indoor/outdoor interface model, i.e. glass windows
with PEC frames. The Kobayashi Potential (KP) method is utilized in the analysis. The contribution of the multiple scattering is approximately obtained by the high frequency asymptotic
approximation with respect to the distance between the slits. Influence of the existence of the
PEC frame surrounding the window glass, i.e. the multiple scattering between the adjacent slitson the propagation feature has been investigated for both empty and material filled cases, andfor both E and H polarization cases.
Electromagnetic plane wave diffraction by a wide slit on conducting plane with finite thickness has been discussed in the paper by [Sato and Shirai, 2010b]. Here, high frequency asymptotic ray technique is applied to analyze the diffraction phenomenon. According to the ray-mode
coupling analysis, the total diffracted field in each region is considered as a summation of successive modal radiation contribution due to the original modal excitation by the incident planewave. The successive process for generating higher modal reflection and radiation fields continues until all the energy inside the slit region is completely consumed. The accuracy of thepresent high frequency solution is confirmed by comparing with the other analytical one.
Local-MoM is proposed which reduces computational load of the MoM by solving only
local areas around stationary phase points [Ito and Ando, 2010, Ito et al., 2010]. Range of
MoM areas are explicitly determined in terms of Fresnel zone number. Fresnel zone criterion
can also be applied to curved surfaces. Local-MoM solves much less unknowns as comparedwith the standard MoM but still retains comparable accuracy of the MoM. The different formsof Fresnel zone [Ando et al., 2008] can be a criterion for MoM regions in PO-MoM hybrid
method as well. Complementary use of Local-MoM and PO-MoM enhances the reduction effectof number of unknowns for all the observation angles; this combined method provides nearlyfrequency-independent characteristic. Application to concave surface with multiple reflections
and expansion to three- dimensional structure is left for the future work.
The local errors in the MER integral reduction due to the higher order terms contribution are
identified and defined in the PO surface integration [Ando et al., 2008, Rodriguez et al., 2008,
Kumamaru et al., 2008, Rodriguez et al., 2009]. In order to assess the diffusion area where theseterms are confined, the Fresnel criterion is introduced as a function of the source/observer position, the local shape of the scattering surface and also the frequency. The extended applicationof the PO surface to MER line integral reduction, named as ”combined PO/MER expression” isproposed in the article [Rodriguez et al., 2009] to compensate the MER reduction errors.
Simple equivalent surface currents perturbed from the Physical Optics (PO) are proposed[Shijo et al., 2008, Ando, 2008, Omaki et al., 2009], which predict accurate scattering fields
without a special knowledge about the high frequency asymptotic theory such as the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD). A novel and empirical concept of ”modified surface-normal
vectors,” is introduced in the classical definition of the PO current which is defined in a way thatthe reflection law is satisfied at each point of interest in the integration region. This empiricaland geometrical replacement of the surface-normal vectors drastically enhances the accuracy of
the PO to a level of GTD.
When the electromagnetic wave is incident on the cylindrically curved surface, the total
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scattered field excited by the incident wave is obtained from geometrical rays, edge-diffractedrays, edge-surface diffracted ray, WG modes, and a combination of these [Goto et al., 2008a,b,
2009a]. The high-frequency asymptotic analysis methods have been studied for the scatteredfields by a cylindrically curved conducting surface excited by the incident wave on the curved
surface from the convex side [Goto et al., 2009a]. The novel hybrid ray-mode solution has been
derived for the scattered fields near the concave surface by solving a canonical problem formulated under the assumption that the cylindrically curved conducting surface possesses only one
edge. Then by applying the ray tracing technique and the idea of Keller’s GTD (Geometrical
Theory of Diffraction), the solutions derived for the canonical problem are extended to accountfor the problem of the radiation from and the scattering by the other edge of the cylindricallycurved surface. The validity of the novel asymptotic representations has been confirmed bycomparing both with the numerical results obtained from the method of moment and the experimental results performed in the anechoic chamber.
By extending the corresponding frequency-domain asymptotic solution, a novel time-domain
asymptotic solution for a transient scattered field by a cylindrically curved conducting surface
has been derived [Goto et al., 2009b,c]. The transient scattered field is excited by the highfrequency modulated pulse source. By comparing the asymptotic solution with the reference
solution calculated numerically, it is shown that the novel time-domain asymptotic solution
is highly accurate and very efficient in terms of the computation time. Also a novel timedomain asymptotic solution has been derived for a transient whispering-gallery (WG) mode
radiation from the aperture plane of a cylindrical concave conducting boundary [Goto et al.,2008c, 2010a,b]. The WG mode is excited by a Gaussian-type modulated pulse source. The
WG mode radiation field propagates with the phase velocity coincident with the speed of lightand the newly derived group velocity. The validity of the time-domain asymptotic solution is
confirmed by comparing with the reference solution calculated numerically.
When the radio wave traverses a coastline from the land to the sea or viceversa, the groundwave is strongly influenced by the abrupt change of the surface impedances. In the papers by[Kawano et al., 2008a,b, 2009a], the integral representation has been derived for the groundwave propagation over land-to-sea mixed-paths. Then by using the method of the stationary
phase applicable uniformly as the stationary phase point approaches the endpoint, the highfrequency asymptotic solution has been derived for the ground wave propagation over themixed-path. The validity of the various representations has been confirmed by comparing bothwith the conventional mixed-path theory and with the experimental results performed in Kanto
areas including the sea near Tokyo bay. By examining the asymptotic solution in detail, thecause or the mechanism of the recovery effect occurring on the portion of the sea over theland-to-sea mixed-path has been clarified.
A novel high-frequency asymptotic solution has been obtained for scattered fields by a junction of planar impedance surfaces assuming that the transmitting and the receiving antennas areplaced at some heights from the sea level [Kawano et al., 2009b] and at sufficiently higher
positions from the surface of the earth [Kawano et al., 2010a,b,c]. An integral representation
for scattered fields derived by using the aperture field method is evaluated asymptotically byapplying the saddle point technique applicable uniformly as the saddle point approaches theendpoint of the integral. The novel asymptotic solution includes the higher-order term to obtain
the accurate solution [Kawano et al., 2010b,c]. The validity and applicable range of the novel
asymptotic solution have been confirmed by comparing with the reference solution calculated
from the numerical integration of the integral for the scattered fields. Also shown is the physicalinterpretation of the asymptotic solution proposed in this study.
8

The problems of the electromagnetic wave that is incident on a plane dielectric interface
consisting of two different mediums have been the important research subjects for many years.
It has been shown that the lateral displacement (or Goos-H?nchen shift) occurs when incidence
takes place at or very close to the critical angle of total reflection. When the cylindrical wave
or the spherical wave is incident on a plane dielectric interface from a denser (1st) medium to ararer (2nd) one, the observer placed in the 2nd medium may receive only the transmitted geometrical ray in the short distance and both the transmitted geometrical ray and evanescent wave
in the long distance. In the work by [Quang et al., 2010], a novel uniform asymptotic solution
has been derived for the transmitted and scattered waves observed in the 2nd medium. Outside
the transition region, the uniform asymptotic solution approaches the conventional transmitted ray solution in the short distance and the transmitted ray and the evanescent wave solution
in the long distance. The validity of the uniform asymptotic solution has been confirmed bycomparing with the reference solution calculated from the numerical integration of the integral
representing the transmitted and scattered fields.
(T. Ishihara)

B5. Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media
Tateiba [2010] discussed the studies conducted until now mainly by himself and reviewed on (1)derivation of arbitrary order moment equations and solutions of some equations, (2) scattering
by many particles and the effective medium constant of random medium, (3) scattering by aconducting body in random media and (4) spatially partially-coherent wave scattering, withapplication to satellite communications, artificial material development, and sensing and radar
technology. The leading research results are presented with many references; and also unsolved
subjects in the above four studies are touched.
Hanada et al.[2008a, 2008b, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2009d] numerically analyzed the BER
for GEO Satellite communications in Ka-band at low elevation angles under atmospheric turbulence whose effects include both spot dancing and wave form distortion of wave beams.
The statistical characteristics of random fluctuation of the dielectric constant in atmosphericturbulence are assumed to be given by the Kolmogorov model which is known to be a good
approximation and the Gaussian model. From these analysis, they discussed influences of spot
dancing, wave form distortion and the spatial coherence of received wave beams caused byatmospheric turbulence on BER for the satellite communications.
Fukuda et al.[2008] evaluated the backscattered coefficient, which is closely related to thesea wave period, by computer simulation. The average received power is determined by radar
altimetry simulation proposed by them. It is shown that the backscatter coefficient of the sea
surface can be calculated on a relative basis. The possibility of observing the sea wave period
by using satellite radar altimetry is demonstrated.
Meng et al.[2008] discussed wave scattering from a conducting circular cylinder surrounded
by a phase changing screen. The numerical result shows that the scattering is enhanced in theneighborhood of backward direction and resembles that by the cylinder embedded in a random
medium.
Furukawa et al.[2008] proposed a fiber with two inhomogeneous sector holes around thecore, and propagation characteristics of polarization maintaining region and single-polarization
maintain region and single-polarization region are numerically analyzed by circular Fourier expansion method. In each case of the single-polarization region and the polarization maintaining
9

region a fiber is designed so as to satisfy the zero total dispersion at wavelength of 1.55 micrometer. Then, the shingle-polarization bandwidth for the single-polarization region and the modal
birefringence for the polarization maintain region are examined as the specific characteristics
in each region. In addition, the power concentrating into the core region and distributions ofPoynting vector is also discussed.
Kameda and Furukawa [2009] proposed a new polarization splitter constructed from a circular core fiber ( fiber1 ) and an elliptical core fiber ( fiber2 ). The polarization splitters aredesigned so that the x-polarization and y-polarization are derived from the fiber2 and the fiber1,
respectively. The device length and the bandwidth at the extinction ratio below -15dB are
discussed by adjusting mainly the ellipticity of the core in the fiber2 and the relative index
difference of the fiber2.
The peak value of transmitted pulse in printed circuit boards (PCB) is important for a pulse
peak detection device. When an input line and an output line are connected to each pad withthe direction of right angle, the propagating pulses with the narrow time duration separate intosome parts and decrease the peak value of pulse response. Kobayashi et al.[2009] presented an
improved line-pad connected structure. The microstrip line is in contact with a pad from outside
by considering the pulse propagation time passing through the via structure. They obtained thelarge peak value of the pulse response for which the time duration is larger than 0.2ps.
Komiyama [2009] clarified the asymptotic behavior of the light power at large distance in arandom waveguide system with a short correlation length and a mathematical mechanism of theasymptotic behavior. The discussion is based on the coupled mode theory. First, for the lightpropagation in an ordered waveguide system a new description in terms of the light power ispresented. A solution of the integro-differential equation describing the light power is expressed
as a contour integral in the Laplace transform domain. Singularities of the integrand are branch
points and the branch cut integral determines the asymptotic behavior of the solution. The light
power decreases in inverse proportion to the distance. Secondly the description is extended
to the case of a random waveguide system. The differential equation of the recurrence typedescribing the incoherent power is reduced to the integro-differential equation and it is shownthat the kernel is the product of the kernel for an ordered system and the damping term. The
equation is solved by using the same procedure as that for an ordered system and a contour
integral representation of the solution is obtained. Singularities of the integrand are poles andbranch points. The poles arise from the damping term of the kernel and the residues of the poles
determine the asymptotic behavior of the solution. The incoherent power decreases in inverse
proportion to the square root of the distance.
The coupled mode equation describing the propagation of light in a disordered waveguidesystem composed of randomly different cores in size is analytically solved by the perturbation
method and the average amplitude of light is derived [Komiyama, 2010]. In the summation of a
perturbation series only successive scatterings from different cores are taken into account. The
result obtained shows that the average amplitude behaves as if in an ordered waveguide systemcomposed of identical cores at short distance and decreases exponentially with increasing distance at large distance. The result is compared with the result obtained by the coherent potential
approximation and the both results are in good agreement with each other. The results are also
compared with the results obtained by numerically solving the coupled mode equation.
Using light-wave in a radar or wireless LAN of diffused type, the receiving power fluctuates due to the speckle phenomena so that the phenomena can deteriorate the received signal.
In designing a system, therefore, it is important to evaluate the characteristics of the speckle
phenomena. Inaba et al.[2007] experimentally showed the dependence of the receiving power
10fluctuation on scattering materials, and the system parameters of an illumination diameter, illumination area displacement, and a receiving aperture size.
(T. Yamasaki, N. Nakashima, and T. Takano)

B6. Guided Waves
6.1 Dielectric and Optical Waveguides
Novel multi-core fibers for space-division multiplexing [Koshiba, M. et al., 2009] and modedivision multiplexing [Kokubun, Y. and M. Koshiba, 2009] have been proposed and a fiberbased mode multi/demultiplexer for mode-division multiplexing has been designed [Saitoh, F.
et al.., 2010]. Dispersion, birefringence, and/or coupling characteristics of several types ofphotonic crystal fibers (PCF) such as holey fibers (HF) [Saitoh, K. et al., 2008, Tsuchida, Y.
et al., 2008, Varshney, S.K. et al., 2008b, 2009b], photonic band-gap fibers (PBGF) [Murao,
T. et al., 2008, 2009, Skorobgatiy, M. et al., 2008, Varallyay, Z. et al., 2009], hole-assisted
fibers (HAF) [Saitoh, K., et al., 2007], and leakage channel fibers (LCF) [Saitoh, K. et al.,2009a, 2009b] have been investigated. Lasing [Iizawa, K. et al., 2008, Varallyay, Z. et al.,2008, Varshney, S.K. et al., 2008a], amplification [Varshney, S.K. et al., 2008c, 2009a], andnonlinear [McElhenny, J.E. et al., 2008] characteristics of photonic crystal fibers have also been
investigated. Various photonic devices based on coupled resonator optical waveguides (CROW)[Kawaguchi, Y. et al., 2008, 2009, 2010, Rosa, L. et al., 2009], slot waveguides [Komatsu, M. etal., 2009], and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) ridge waveguides [Kakihara, K., et al., 2008, Koshiba,
M. et al., 2008] have been proposed and characterized.
(M. Koshiba)

6.2 Transient Fields in Guided Waves
Yokota and Ohtsuka [2009] examined two-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) waveguide withthe microcavity numerically by FD-TD method. They used an absorbing boundary condition(ABC) at the edge of the window called Mur’s ABC. The structure of the PC is the triangulararray and the microcavity is made by removing the crystal in parallel with the PC waveguide.
The effects of the radius of the surrounding pillars on the resonance are examined. Also, thestructure which takes out the light is examined from the practical point of view.
(M. Yokota)

B7. Antennas
7.1 Fundamental and Wideband Antennas
Small antennas have been developed [Nakano et al., 2007a,b, Mehta et al., 2007, Mehta etal., 2008, Deo et al., 2009a,b, 2010, Nakano et al., 2010a] for handset applications, where
Deo et al.[2009a,b, 2010] and Nakano et al.[2010a] have realized a beam steerable function.
Low-profile Antennas with wideband characteristics have also been developed [Nakano et al.,2008a,b,d, 2009a,b, 2010b]. These antennas have an extremely small height of less than 0.07
wavelength at the lower edge frequency of the operating band, covering a wide frequency rangeof more than 90%. In addition, stop-band formation techniques for wideband antennas have11

been established for suppressing interferences from nearby electric equipments [Nakano et al.,2008c]. Discussion on circularly polarized radiation from a fundamental element, such as aloop, has been made [Hirose et al., 2009a,b, 2010], and a loop array antenna has been realized[Hirose et al., 2009c].
(H. Nakano)

7.2 Antenna Elements
High-performance antennas at light-wave frequency require optimal curved surfaces and highmechanical precision in order to realize high aperture efficiencies. Munemasa et al.[2007a] developed a novel micro light-wave antenna by employing the MEMS (micro electro mechanicalsystem) processing technology. They described a transparent antenna that has a multilevel step
structure with a diameter of 4 millimeters. The ideal curve of the antenna surface is discretizedby steps of a constant height. The characteristics of the fabricated antenna have been measured.
The measured gain is 84.1 dBi, which is 0.83 dB less than that of a reference antenna witha uniform field distribution. The aperture efficiency is 82.6%. The power radiation pattern ismeasured through the FTL (Fourier transform lens) method and is in good agreement with thesimulation result.
Munemasa et al.[2007b] describes a technique for measuring the far -field radiation pattern(FFP), gain, and the transmissivity of each portion of an aperture of light-wave (optical) antenna.
First, the compatibility of light-wave antennas to a system is mentioned. Then, the principles
and setup for each measurement term are presented. A comparison with radio-wave antennas isalso given.
(T. Takano)

7.3 Arrays and Phased Arrays
Two kinds of ultra-large antennas are required for SPS. The one is called a spacetenna whichtransmits an enormous amount of a microwave, and the other is called a rectenna which receives
and rectifies the microwave. As all microwave power in a transmitted beam has to be received
by the rectenna, the beam width should be quite narrow. Accordingly, the diameters of bothantennas are quite large: For example, in the Reference System of NASA, the spacetenna andrectenna are, 1km and 3km in diameter, respectively. Moreover on the spacetenna, several
requirements are imposed for space use. In order to construct an ultra-large antenna, several
schemes were proposed, and technical issues were clarified. Novel technologies have beenstudied and proposed in Japan so far. Launch, assembling and testing of ultra-large antennas
are also important. Takano [2008] describes the peculiarities of these antennas in comparison
with conventional large antennas. Relevant technologies is also presented.
Okumura et al.[2008] proposes a novel design to reduce the number of driven elementsby replacing them with passive elements or wires in an array antenna. The study is basedon the analysis of electromagnetic wave fields in consideration of the coupling between thehalf-wavelength dipoles. An array antenna of two driven elements and two passive elements
is considered as a model. After optimizing the element arrangement, the antenna gain canmatch that of the equivalent four driven element case. The simulation result is confirmed byexperiment which uses dipoles with simplified matching technique. Feeding networks in a highpower radiating system are analyzed in terms of the length and matching of feed lines, and thenumber of amplifiers.
12A phased array antenna (PAA) where almost all antenna elements are equipped with digitalphase shifter is widely used for military applications. On the other hand, some research works
are attempted to use PAA for commercial mobile satellite communications. In these conventional PAA, an element antenna with a pencil beam is used which is a microstrip antenna ora dipole antenna with a reflector. The radiation beam of the element antenna is vertical in direction and 120deg. in width typically. Therefore, when a mobile station points a satellite inelevation range from 30deg. to 60deg. with its radiation beam, the antenna gain is much deteriorated to be a serious problem. Suda et al.[2010] proposes a PAA using an element antenna
which has the main beam in the satellite direction. The radiation pattern has the maximum at theoffset directions from the zenith by a certain angles, or is conical with low radiation intensity
in the zenith direction. No one has attempted to use such antenna for a phased array element,
so far. They firstly analyzed the characteristics of the basic PAA where all the elements of split
radiation patterns. A computed result is shown comparing the case of the proposed PAA withthe case of a conventional PAA. It has been shown that the proposed antenna is superior to theconventional antenna in the gain of elevation angle below 30deg. Other problems of a PAA forcommercial application are cost, weight, size, and power consumption. The PAA need a lot ofphase shifters, which cause high production cost. For the countermeasure of this problem, they
proposed a partial drive method, which thins array elements significantly. Then, the partial drive
technique is applied to the proposed PAA to reduce the driven elements. The beam scanningcharacteristics are shown.
(T. Takano)

7.4 Systems
Space debris are increasing in orbits around the Earth. The measurement of space debris isa key issue for the investigation and monitoring of space environment. But the measurement
opportunities and the detection ability are limited in existing radar systems. Yajima et al.[2007]
proposed a bistatic radar which is composed of transmitter and receiver stations. A carrier
modulated by PN-PSK signals is used in combination with a VLBI recorder for the purpose of
the range measurement. The received radio wave is processed on the basis of VLBI techniques.
Accordingly, the system is shown to have significant advantages over a monostatic radar. They
actually formed a bistatic radar system, and observed imaginary space debris, a satellite in orbit
in order to experimentally verify the validity. The configuration of the system, data analysis andthe experimental results are described.
The performances of optical and radio frequency communication systems are compared forlong distance applications, e.g. deep space communications, where the signal-to-noise ratio is
crucial. They compared an optical communication system operating at 0.8m using intensity
modulation and direct detection with an avalanche photodiode, an optical communication system operating at 1.5m using on-off keying and an optical preamplifier, and a radio frequency
communication system operating in the X-band. Assuming typical system parameters for thelink budget analysis, Toyoshima et al.[2007] found that for distances between the transmitting
and receiving antennas (R) of 107 km- the signal-to-noise ratios for the optical systems are proportional to R-4, and that for the radio frequency system is always proportional to R-2. Despite
the fact that the results are based on specific parameters, the maximum data rate achievable withthe radio frequency system is higher than that with the optical systems for distances beyond 108
km. For near Earth communication links, an optical system with optical preamplification ispreferable when the data rate is higher than several Gbit/s.
13

SELENE (Kaguya) is Japan s first large lunar explorer aims to obtain the scientific data
to investigate the origin and the evolution of the moon and to acquire engineering techniques
for the future moon exploration and utilization. The nominal mission phase finished at theend of October 2008, and the extended mission phase started from the beginning of November
2008. In order to perform the additional scientific observation, the Kaguya spacecraft had been
put into several sets of different orbits compare to the nominal mission phase. At the end ofextended mission phase, Kaguya made a controlled impact with the lunar surface on 10 June
2009. Namiki et al.[2009] described the results of the orbit determination of Kaguya from thenominal mission phase to the extended mission phase and the lunar impact analysis and its
operation results. The present status of lunar gravity field estimation is also described.
SELENE Main Orbiter (KAGUYA) has separated two small sub-satellites; (1) the Relay Satellite ”OKINA (Rstar)”, and (2) the VLBI Radio Satellite ”OUNA (Vstar)”. These
sub-satellites started to perform 4-way Doppler measurements using Relay Satellite Transponder (RSAT) and multi-frequency phase-delay differential VLBI using VLBI Radio Sources(VRAD) for lunar gravity mapping. Iwata et al.[2009] developed the frequency conversion
system, multi frequency S/X-band vertical dipole antenna, and light weighted S-band patch antenna to perform these missions. Simple structured release mechanism has also been developed
and confirmed its performance by ground test and orbital demonstration using micro-Lab Sat.
Initial check out were executed and properties of satellite bus equipments, onboard mission instruments, and observation systems including ground stations were evaluated. Electric power
and thermal control subsystems have shown that they conduct as designed and inspected in the
ground tests. The release mechanisms have given the spin which can maintain the stability ofthe satellite attitudes. Communication functions of mission instruments conform to the linkbudgets. These results suggest that OKINA and OUNA have enough performances to produce
efficient data by RSAT/VRAD gravity observations.
Liu et al.[2010] reported on the effect of in-situ phase characteristics of antennas onboard
flying spin satellites on Doppler measurements for lunar gravity field. They analyzed the effectof the in-situ phase characteristics of dipole and patch antennas onboard two flying spin satellites, Rstar and Vstar, in the Japanese lunar mission, SELENE (KAGUYA), on 2-way and 4-way
Doppler measurements, and detected higher harmonics of the spin frequency up to order 26 in
Doppler frequency. They developed a low pass filter (LPF) using the Kaiser window, with the
optimal parameters empirically determined, to remove the influence of the in-situ phase characteristics and to precisely conserve the lunar gravity field information itself. They processedthe 2-way and 4-way Doppler data of SELENE by using the LPF. After LPF, a high accuracyof about 0.001 Hz was achieved for these Doppler measurements, and signals that reflect thegravity field on the far side of the Moon was firstly detected from the 4-way Doppler data. In
addition, they also firstly obtained the in-situ phase characteristics of the antennas onboard flying spin satellites such as Rstar and Vstar with a root-mean-square error of about 2 degrees fromthe harmonics in Doppler frequency, which is very useful for developing antennas and structureof a satellite.
(T. Takano)

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Komiyama, A. [2010], ”Propagation of Light in a Disordered Waveguide System:Average Amplitude,” IEICE Trans. Electron., vol.E93-C, no.1, pp.46-51.
Koshiba, M., K. Kakihara, and K. Saitoh [2008], ”Reduced lateral leakage losses of TM-likemodes in silicon-on-insulator ridge waveguides,” Optics Letters, vol. 33, 17, pp. 2008-2010.
Koshiba, M., K. Saitoh, and Y. Kokubun [2009], ”Heterogeneous multi-core fibers: proposal
and design principle,” IEICE Electronics Express, vol. 6, 2, pp. 98-103.
Kumamaru, K., L. Rodriguez, and M. Ando [2008], ”Mathematical derivation of scattering geometrical optics from a sphere by modified edge representation line integral around the stationary
phase point,” International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Session: TP-B12,
Paper No.: 1645332, Taipei, Taiwan.
Liu, Q., K. Matsumoto, T. Iwata, N. Namiki, H. Noda, H. Hanada, Y. Ishihara, S. Goossens, F.
Kikuchi, K. Asari, S. Tsuruta, T. Ishikawa, S. Sasaki, and T. Takano [2010], ”Effect of In-situ
Phase Characteristics of Antennas Onboard Flying Spin Satellites on Doppler Measurementsfor Lunar Gravity Field, IEEE Trans. Aantenna. Propagat., Vol.7, No.4, 2010.
Matsuki, Y., T. Sakamoto and T. Sato [2010], Study of a Method for 2-D Imaging of SimpleShaped Targets with Arbitrary Motion using UWB Radar with a Small Number of Antennas,
20th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications (ICECom2010), Dubrovnik, Croatia.
McElhenny, J.E., R.K. Pattnaik, J. Toulouse, K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2008], ”Unique characteristic features of stimulated Brillouin scattering in small-core photonic crystal fibers,” Journal of Optical Society of America B, vol. 25, 4, pp. 582-593.
Mehta, A., D. Mirshekar-Syahkal, and H. Nakano [2007], ”Pattern reconfigurable spiral antenna
and its current distribution,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 49, 10, pp. 25672570.
Mehta, A., D. Mirshekar-Syahkal, and H. Nakano [2008], ”A star patch antenna for generating
multiple radiation patterns,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 50, 7, pp. 19081910.
Meng, Z., M. Tateiba, and K. Haruta [2008], ”Scattering from a conducting cylinder surrounded
by a phase-changing screen”, Proc. of the 7th Asia-pacific Engineering Research Forum on
Microwaves and Electromagnetic Theory, pp. 75-78.
Munemasa, Y., M.Mita, T.Takano, and M.Sano [2007a], ”Light-Wave Antenna with a Small
Aperture Manufactured Using MEMS processing Technology,” IEEE Trans. on Antenna
Propagation, Vol.55, 11, pp3040-3045.
Munemasa, Y., T.Takano, M.Mita, and M.Sano [2007b], ”Measurement of Lightwave Antennas: Difficulties and Peculiarities in Comparison with Radio-Wave Antennas”, IEEE Trans. on

20Antenna Propagation, Vol.55, 11, pp3046-3051.
Murao, T., K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2008], ”Structural optimization of air-guiding photonic
bandgap fibers for realizing ultimate low loss waveguides,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave
Technology, vol. 26, 12, pp. 1602-1612.
Murao, T., K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2009], ”Detailed theoretical investigation of bending
properties in solid-core photonic bandgap fibers,” Optics Express, vol. 17, 9, pp. 7615-7629.
Nakano, H., N. Oki, H. Iwaoka, H. Mimaki, and J. Yamauchi [2007a], ”Slot bowtie antenna fordual-frequency operation,” Electronics Letters, vol.43, 10, pp. 554-555.
Nakano, H., G. Tsutsumi, and J. Yamauchi [2007b], ”Small helix with conducting rectangularparallelepiped,” Electronics Letters, vol. 43, 8, pp. 437-438.
Nakano, H., H. Iwaoka, K. Morishita, and J. Yamauchi [2008a], ”A wideband low-profile antenna composed of a conducting body of revolution and a shorted parasitic ring,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, 4, pp. 1187-1192.
Nakano, H., K. Kikkawa, Y. Iitsuka, and J. Yamauchi [2008b], ”Equiangular spiral antenna
backed by a shallow cavity with absorbing strips,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, 8, pp. 2742-2747.
Nakano, H., K. Morishita, Y. Iitsuka, H. Mimaki, T. Yoshida, and J. Yamauchi [2008c], ”Fanshaped antennas: realization of wideband characteristics and generation of stop bands,” Radio
Science, vol. 43, RS4S14, pp. 1-12.
Nakano, H., S. Sasaki, H. Oyanagi, and J. Yamauchi [2008d], ”Cavity-backed Archimedeanspiral antenna with strip absorber,” IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 2, 7, pp.
725-730.
Nakano, H., T. Igarashi, H. Oyanagi, Y. Iitsuka, and J. Yamauchi [2009a], ”Unbalanced-mode
spiral antenna backed by an extremely shallow cavity,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol. 57, 6, pp. 1625-1633.
Nakano, H., K. Kikkawa, N. Kondo, Y. Iitsuka, and J. Yamauchi [2009b], ”Low-profile equiangular spiral antenna backed by an EBG reflector,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, 5, pp. 1309-131.
Nakano, H., Y. Ogino, and J. Yamauchi [2010a], ”Bent two-leaf antenna radiating a tilted,
linearly polarized, wide beam,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, 11,
pp. 3721-3725.
Nakano, H., R. Satake, and J. Yamauchi [2010b], ”Extremely low-profile, single-arm, wideband spiral antenna radiating a circularly polarized wave,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol. 58, 5, pp. 1511-1520.
Nakashima, N., and M. Tateiba [2009a], ”A Wideband Fast Multipole Algorithm for Twodimensional Volume Integral Equations,” Internatinoal Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 77, pp. 195-213.
Nakashima, N., S. Fujino, M. Tateiba, and Y. Onoue [2009b], ”An Application of IDR(s)Method to Boundary Element Analyses of Two-dimensional Electromagnetic Multiple Scattering,” IEICE Transaction on Electronics, Vol. J92-C, No. 4, pp. 111-118 (in Japanese).
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Nakashima, N., and M. Tateiba [2009c], ”An Iterative Progressive Numerical Method for Computations of Electromagnetic Multiple Scattering from Perfectly Electric Conducting Objects,”
Proc. the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI
National Radio Science Meeting (CD-ROM), IF313.3.
Nakashima, N., S. Fujino, M. Tateiba, and Y. Onoue [2009d], ”A State-of-the-Art Linear Solver
IDR(s) Method for Large Scale Electromagnetic Multiple Scattering Simulations,” Proc. the2009 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI National
Radio Science Meeting (CD-ROM), IF313.5.
Nakashima, N., S. Fujino and M. Tateiba [2010a], ”State-of-the-art Linear Iterative Solvers
Based on IDR Theorem for Large Scale Electromagnetic Multiple Scattering Simulations,”
Proc. The 26th International Review of Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics,
pp. 124–129.
Nakashima, N., and M. Tateiba [2010b], ”Modified Iterative Progressive Numerical Methods
Based on Classical Iterative Solvers”, Proc. 2010 Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (CDROM), BEFKc-3.
Nakashima, N., S. Fujino, and M. Tateiba [2010c], ”Modified Iterative Progressive Numerical
Methods Founded on IDR-based Iterative Solvers”, Proc. 2010 Asia-Pacific Radio Science
Conference (CD-ROM), BEFKc-4.
Namiki, N., T. Iwata, K. Matsumoto, H. Hanada, H. Noda, S. Goossens, M. Ogawa, N. Kawano,
K. Asari, S. Tsuruta, Y. Ishihara, Q. Liu, F. Kikuchi, T. Ishikawa, S. Sasaki, C. Aoshima, K.
Kurosawa, S. Sugita, and T. Takano [2009], ”Farside Gravity Field of the Moon from Four-way
Doppler Measurements of SELENE (Kaguya)”, SCIENCE VOL 323, pp.900-905.
Ohnuki, S. [2009], ”Error Bounds of the Fast Inhomogeneous Plane Wave Algorithm,” IEICE
Trans. Electron., vol. E92-C, no. 1, pp. 169-172.
Ohnuki, S., T. Mochizuki, and T. Yamasaki [2009], ”Error Prediction of the Point Matching
Method for EM scattering from a Conducting Rectangular Cylinder,” IEEJ Trans., vol. 129, no.
10, pp. 727-728.
Ohnuki, S., R. Ohsawa, and T. Yamasaki [2010], ”EM Scattering from Rectangular Cylinders
with Various Wedge Cavities and Bumps,” IEICE Trans. Electron., vol. E93-C, no. 1, pp.
77-80.
Okumura, M., T. Imura, N. Kamo, A. Sugawara and T. Takano [2008],”Theoretical and Experimental Study on a Partially Driven Array Antenna with Simplified Dipole Elements”, IET
Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol.2, No.7, pp. 696-703.
Omaki, N., T. Shijo, and M. Ando [2009], ”PO with modified surface-normal vectors for RCS
calculation of scatterers with edges and wedges,” IEICE Trans. Electron., Vol.E92-C, No.1,
pp.33-39.
Ozaki, R., T. Yamasaki, and T. Hinata [2009]， ”Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by Dielectric Gratings with Dielectric Rectangular Cylinders Sandwiched between Two Multilayers” ，
IEEJ Trans. FM. Vol.129-A, No.10, pp.718-724.
Quang, D. T., T. Kawano, K. Goto, and T. Ishihara [2010], ”Uniform asymptotic analysis oftransmitted wave through a dielectric interface,” 2010 Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference22

(AP-RASC), CD-ROM, B5-9, ISBN: 978-4-88552-250-5, Toyama, Japan.
Rodriguez, L., Y. Katakai, M. Oishi, and M. Ando [2008], ”PO-surface to MER-line integral
reduction -Local error criteria in terms of Fresnel region indices-,” IEEE AP-S International
Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Session: 315.5, San Diego,
CA, USA.
Rodriguez, L., Y. Katakai, M. Oishi, and M. Ando [2009], ”Partial reduction of the physical
optics surface integral to the modified edge representation line integral,” Radio Science, Vol.
44, RS4004, doi:10.1029/2008RS003992.
Rosa, L., K. Saitoh, K. Kakihara, and M. Koshiba [2009], ”Genetic-algorithm assisted design of
C-band CROW-miniaturized PCW interleaver,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology,
vol. 27, 14, pp. 2678-2687.
Saho, K., T. Kimura, S. Kidera, H. Taki, T. Sakamoto, and T. Sato [2008], Experimental
study of robust and high-resolution ultrasound imaging algorithm with adaptive smoothing techniques, Workshop for Space, Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics, Ba-Da-Guan Hotel,
Qingdao, P.R. China.
Saho, K., T. Sakamoto, T. Sato, Kenichi Inoue, and Takeshi Fukuda [2010], High-resolution
UWB Doppler radar interferometoric imaging algorithm for multiple moving targets with smoothed
pseudo Wigner distribution, International Conference on Space, Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics 2010 (ICSANE 2010), Ramada Hotel, Jeju, Korea.
Saitoh, K., S.K. Varshney, and M. Koshiba [2007], ”Dispersion, birefringence, and amplification characteristics of newly designed dispersion compensating hole-assisted fibers,” Optics
Express, vol. 15, 26, pp. 17724-17735.
Saitoh, K., N.J. Florous, S.K. Varshney, and M. Koshiba [2008], ”Tunable photonic crystal fiber
couplers with a thermo-responsive liquid crystal resonator,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave
Technology, vol. 26, 6, pp. 663-669.
Saitoh, K., Y. Tsuchida, L. Rosa, M. Koshiba, F. Poli, A. Cucinotta, S. Selleri, M. Pal, M. Paul,
D. Ghosh, and S. Bhadra [2009a], ”Design of all-solid leakage channel fibers with large modearea and low bending loss,” Optics Express, vol. 17, 6, pp. 4913-4919.
Saitoh, K., Y. Tsuchida, and M. Koshiba [2009b], ”Design of effectively single-mode leakage
channel fibers with large mode area and low bending loss,” IEICE Electronics Express, vol. 6,7, pp. 412-417.
Sakamoto, T., and T. Sato [2008a], 2-Dimensional Imaging for Human Bodies with UWBRadar using Approximately Uniform Walking Motion along a Straight Line with the SEABED
Algorithm, IEICE Trans. on Commun., vol.E91-B, no.11, pp.3695-3703.
Sakamoto, T., K. Teshima and T. Sato [2008b], Estimation method of quasi-wavefronts for
UWB radar imaging with LMS filter and fractional boundary scattering transform, Progressin Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), Hangzhou, China.
Sakamoto, T., H. Matsumoto, and T. Sato [2008c], A high-resolution imaging algorithm forcomplex-shaped target shapes by optimizing quasi-wavefronts, Proc. IEEE AP-S International
Symposium 2008, IF516.5, Manchester Grand Hyatt, San Diego, USA.

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Sakamoto, T., and T. Sato [2008d], A Study on Fast Imaging for Walking Human Bodies
by UWB Radar with Realistic Motion Model, 2008 IEEE International Conference on UltraWideBand (ICUWB2008), Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Germany.
Sakamoto, T., H. Matsumoto and T. Sato [2008e], 3-D fast imaging method for UWB radar ininterference-rich environments with global optimization, Workshop for Space, Aeronauticaland Navigational Electronics, Ba-Da-Guan Hotel, Qingdao, P.R. China.
Sakamoto, T. and T. Sato [2009a], Time-reversal UWB imaging with a single antenna in
multi-path environments, 3rd European Conference on Antennas & Propagation (EuCAP)
2009, Estrel Convention Center, Berlin, Germany.
Sakamoto, T., and T. Sato, [2009b] Code-Division Multiple Transmission for High-Speed
UWB Radar Imaging with an Antenna Array, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote
Sensing, vol.47, no.4, pp.1186-1179.
Sakamoto, T., H. Taki and T. Sato [2009c], Experimental study on high resolution techniques
for high-speed imaging of human bodies, Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium(PIERS), pp.596-600, Moscow, Russia.
Sakamoto, T., Yuji Matsuki and T. Sato [2009d], A Novel UWB Radar 2-D Imaging Methodwith a Small Number of Antennas for Targets with Arbitrary Shapes and Motion, 2009 IEEE
International Conference on Ultra-WideBand (ICUWB2009), pp.449-453, Vancouver, Canada.
Sakamoto, T. and T. Sato [2010a], A method of estimating a room shape with a single antenna
in a multipath environment, Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Antennas andPropagation (EuCAP), 2010, Barcelona, Spain.
Sakamoto, T., T. Sato, Anthony Cresp, Ioannis Aliferis, Jean-Yves Dauvignac and ChristianPichot [2010b], An experimental study on multi-static ultra wideband radar imaging with
SEABED and synthetic aperture, The 26th International Review of Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics, in conjunction with RFIDay 2010, Tampere, Finland.
Sakamoto, T. and T. Sato [2010c], A target tracking method with a single antenna using timereversal UWB radar imaging in a multi-path environment, Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, pp.3319-3322 Hilton Hawaiian Village,
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
Samokhin, A. B. and K. Kobayashi [2010], ”Numerical solution of low-frequency 3-D electromagnetic scattering on dielectric structures by using generalized Chebyshev iteration method,”
Proc. 2010 Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC’10), No. B1-1 (invited paper).
Sato, R. and H. Shirai [2008], ”Simplified Ray-launching Analysis for Indoor Propagation Including Multiple Reflection Effect Inside Walls,” 2008 IEEE Antennas and Propagation SocietyInternational Symposium Digest, CD-ROM.
Sato, R. and H. Shirai [2009a], ”Efficient Ray-Launching Method For 2D Indoor Propagation,”
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE) Transactions
on Electron, vol. E92-C, no. 1, pp.40-45.
Sato, R. and H. Shirai [2009b], ”Efficient Ray-launching Analysis for Indoor Propagation Including Multiple Reflection Effect Inside Walls,” Proc. of the International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA’09), CD-ROM.
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Sato, R. and H. Shirai [2009c], ”Propagation Characteristics for a Simplified Indoor/outdoor
Interface Model,” Proc. of the 2009 Korea-Japan Joint Conference on AP/EMCJ/EMT (KJJCAP/EMTC/EMT2009), pp.263-266.
Sato, R. and H. Shirai [2009d], ”On Multiple Scattering Between Slits in an Infinite PEC
Screen,” 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium Digest, CDROM.
Sato, R. and H. Shirai [2010a], ”Propagation Analysis for a Simplified Indoor/outdoor Interface
Model,” 2010 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium Digest, CDROM.
Sato, R. and H. Shirai [2010b], ”Electromagnetic Plane Wave Diffraction by a Wide Slit on
Conducting Plane with Finite Thickness” Proc. of the 2010 Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference, CD-ROM.
Shang, E. H. and K. Kobayashi [2008], ”Plane wave diffraction by a finite parallel-plate waveguide with four-layer material loading: part II - the case of H polarization,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, vol. 6, pp. 267-294.
Shang, E. H. and K. Kobayashi [2009a], ”Diffraction by a terminated, semi-infinite parallelplate waveguide with four-layer material loading,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research B,
vol. 12, pp.1-33.
Shang, E. H. and K. Kobayashi [2009b], ”Diffraction by a terminated, semi-infinite parallelplate waveguide with four-layer material loading: the case of H polarization,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, vol. 12, pp. 139-162.
Shijo, T., L. Rodriguez, and M. Ando [2008], ”The modified surface-normal vectors in thephysical optics,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol.56, No.12, pp.3714-3722.
Skorobogatiy, M., K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2008], ”Full-vectorial coupled mode theory forthe evaluation of macro-bending loss in multimode fibers, application to the hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers,” Optics Express, vol. 16, 19, pp. 14945-14953.
Suda, T., A. Sugawara, Y. Kazama, and T. Takano [2010], ”A Phased Array Antenna with Radiation Pattern of Element Antenna being Conical” (in Japanese), Trans. of Institute of Electronics, Trans. of Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Vol.J93-B,
No.09, pp.1229-1238.
Takano, T. [2008], ” Ultra-Large Antennas” (in Japanese), Journal of Vacuum Society of Japan,
Vol.51, 8, pp. 523-528．
Tateiba, M. [2010], ”Theoretical Study on Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Mediaand its Application (invited),” IEICE Transactions on Electronics, Vol.E93-C, No.1, pp.3-8.
Toyoshima, M., W.R. Leeb, H. Kunimori, and T. Takano [2007], ”Comparison of microwave
and light wave communication systems in space applications”, Optical Engineering, Vol. 46(1),015003, pp.1-7.
Tsuchida, Y., K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2008], ”A design method for single-polarization holey
fibers with improved beam quality factor,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.
26, 14, pp. 2162-2167.

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Varallyay, Z., K. Saitoh, J. Fekete, K. Kakihara, M. Koshiba, and R. Szipocs [2008], ”Reversed
dispersion slope photonic bandgap fibers for broadband dispersion control in femtosecond fiber
lasers,” Optics Express, vol.16, 20, pp. 15603-15616.
Varallyay, Z., K. Saitoh, A. Szabo, and R. Szipocs [2009], ”Photonic bandgap fibers with resonant structures for tailoring the dispersion,” Optics Express, vol. 17, 14, pp. 11869-11883.
Varshney, S.K., K. Sasaki, K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba [2008a], ”Design and simulation of 1310
nm and 1480 nm single-mode photonic crystal fiber Raman lasers,” Optics Express, vol. 16, 2,
pp. 549-559.
Wakabayashi, H., M. Asai, K. Matsumoto and J. Yamakita [2010], ”On a Scattering Field Expression by Dielectric Diffraction Gratings Using Shadow Theory,” IEICE Trans. Electron.,
vol. J93-C, No. 3, pp. 81-90.
Yajima, M., K. Tsuchikawa, T. Murakami, K. Katsumoto, and T. Takano [2007], ”Study ofBistatic Radar System Using VLBI Technologies for Detecting Space Debris and the Experimental Verification of its Validity”, Earth, Moon, and Planets, vol.100, pp.57-76.
Yokota, M., T. Ikegami, Y. Ohta, and T. Fujii [2010], “ Numerical Analysis of Radio Wave
Shadowing by Human Body”, Proceedings of 4th European Conference on Atennas and Propagation, Mo-95.T. Ikegami, Y. Ohta, and T. Fujii, [2010], “ Numerical Analysis of Radio Wave
Shadowing by Human Body”, Proceedings of 4th European Conference on Atennas and Propagation, Mo-95.
Yokota, M. and N. Ohtsuka [2009], “ Numerical Examination on Two-Frequency Lightwave
Propagation in Two-Dimensional Triangular Photonic Crystal Waveguide with Microcavity”,
Trans. of IEICE，Vol. J92-C, No. 2, pp.84-87 (in Japanese).
Yokota, M. and M. Sesay [2008,] “ Two-Dimensional Scattering of a Plane Wave from a Periodic Array of Dielectric Cylinders with Arbitrary Shape”, Journal of the Optical Society ofAmerica A, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 1691-1696.
Zheng, J. P. and K. Kobayashi [2008], ”Plane wave diffraction by a finite parallel-plate waveguide with four-layer material loading: part I - the case of E polarization,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, vol. 6, pp. 1-36.
Zheng, J. P. and K. Kobayashi [2009a], ”Diffraction by a semi-infinite parallel-plate waveguidewith sinusoidal wall corrugation: combined perturbation and Wiener-Hopf analysis,” Progress
In Electromagnetics Research B, vol. 13, pp. 75-110.
Zheng, J. P. and K. Kobayashi [2009b], ”Combined Wiener-Hopf and perturbation analysis of
the H-polarized plane wave diffraction by a semi-infinite parallel-plate waveguide with sinusoidal wall corrugation,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, vol. 13, pp. 203-236.
Zheng, J. P. and K. Kobayashi [2009c], ”Diffraction by a semi-infinite parallel-plate waveguidewith sinusoidal wall corrugation,” Proc. 11th International Conference on Electromagnetics inAdvanced Applications (ICEAA 09), pp. 621-624 (invited paper).
Zheng, J. P., E. H. Shang, and K. Kobayashi [2010], ”Wiener-Hopf analysis of the plane wave
diffraction by a finite parallel-plate waveguide with four-layer material loading,” Proc. 2010
URSI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory (EMTS 2010), pp. 1120-1123 (invited paper).
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