Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults
in Disaster Management
青少年の自発的な防災活動への参加
A Comparative Analysis between Japan and Germany
日本とドイツの比較分析
YAMAOKA MEMORIAL FOUNDATION
13 MARCH 2024, KYOTO

Malte Schönefeld

シューネフェルド マルテ

Political Science& Disaster Management
University of Wuppertal (GER)

Tetsuo Sujino
筋野哲央

Mechanical, Safety Engineering& Disaster Management
Kogakuin University (JAP)Outline of this presentation 目次• Focus and importance of the study – 本研究のポイント• Civil Protection System in Germany and Japan – ドイツと日本の防災システム• Volunteer involvement in civil protection in Germany and Japan– ドイツと日本の防災ボランティア活動の実働• Methodology – 方法論• Results from interviews – インタビュー結果• Comparative analysis – 比較分析
• Outlook and recommendations – 展望と提言• Impressions from data collection (pictures) – 写真による活動報告• References and acknowledgements – 参考文献と謝意

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 2

Introduction はじめに
Events like the Tohoku Earthquake (JAP) and the
Ahrtal Floodings (GER) show that voluntary
engagement strengthens the overall performanceof disaster management efforts. Vital volunteer
work is an important part of resilient societies,
especially in times of crises. Our research
addresses voluntary engagement in disastermanagement in both Japan and Germany byaiming to better understand motivational aspectsof young people.
The reliance on volunteering youth is underpressure: the proportion of young people in the
total population is declining in both countries, andtraditional ways for recruiting the young
generation for long-term engagement involuntary organizations may not fit anymore. The
study looks at motivational aspects of young
people for engagement in disaster managementfrom a comparative perspective.
Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 3東日本大震災（ 2011 年日本）やアーター
ル洪水（2021年ドイツ）のような大災害は、積極的なボランティア活動が危機管理の全体的なパフォーマンスを強化することを示している。活気のあるボランティア活動は、特に災害の激甚化時代において、レジリエントな社会を作るうえで重要である。私たちの研究は、若者のモチベー
ションの要素をよりよく理解することを目的として、日本とドイツにおける防災活動
への自発的な参加を促進するものである。
実際、両国の総人口に占める若者の割合は減少しており、ボランティア団体に長期的に参加する若い世代をリクルートす
る伝統的な方法は、もはや適合しないかもしれない。本研究では、日本とドイツという比較の視点から、防災活動に参加する若者の動機付けについて考察する。

Civil Protection System in Germany 1

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 4

Civil Protection System in Germany ２

Ratio of Red Cross Youth, Youth fire brigades, Youth THW teams
ド, イツの赤十字、消防団、災害時技術支援チームの若者割合
16000

140000301309the Red Cross Youth ：青年赤十字

Youth firebrigades：青年消防団員

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 5THW Jugend:青年技術支援団員

Civil Protection System in Germany ２
Most German civil protection organizations see youth work as an important part of their membership
recruitment and offer services for children, teenagers and young adults in youth sub-organizations –not least in order to retain them in the long term. To name a few, these are, e.g., the Red Cross Youth(around 140.000 members; Jugendrotkreuz. n.d.), youth fire brigades (301.309 members in 22.898
units; Deutscher Feuerwehrverband, n.d.), the THW Jugend (around 16.000 members; THW-Jugend,2023), and many more.
Basically, these youth groups offer a strong social component that is oriented more towards classic
leisure activities. Elements of civil protection work are usually incorporated into the regular meetings
in a playful manner. Membership in a youth organization is possible from an early age and usually ends
at a certain age. Either a transition to the main organization is then necessary or it is possible to be amember of both forms of organization for an interim period.
In recent years, new forms of volunteering challenge the traditional ways. Organizations need to takephenomena like digital volunteering and spontaneous volunteering into account, indicating a possible
shift of what young people may consider as potentially more attractive ways of (flexible) volunteeringthat is not necessarily bound to a certain space or time (Bier et al., 2023; Schütte et al., 2022), e.g., aspart of so-called Virtual Operations Support Teams (Fathi and Fiedrich, 2024; Fathi and Fiedrich 2020).
Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 6

Civil Protection System in Japan １ 日本の防災システム１
the Prime Minister(Central Disaster Management Council)
内閣総理大臣(中央防災会議)

Basic Act on
Disaster Management
災害対策基本法

the Cabinet Office 内閣府
the prefectures and municipalities, which organize disaster response
headquarters (災害対策本部を組織する都道府県と市町村)
rescue teams consisting of the Self-Defense Forces, fire
departments, police departments, and other agencies
自衛隊、消防、警察などで構成されるレスキュー隊

Country国

Municipality, Prefecture 市区町村、都道府県

Residents and businesses
住民・事業者・消防団・赤十字など

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 7

Community Disaster
Management
地区防災計画

Civil Protection System in Japan ２ ドイツの防災 ２

Ratio of professional firefighters to voluntary firebrigades
消防隊員と消防団員の割合

average age年齢平均 :43.2 years old 才

167500

firebrigades :消防団数

professional firefighters:消防隊員数

783600Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 8

Methodology：方法１- semi-structured interviews with young volunteers in disaster management in Germany
and Japan- Both countries show similar socioeconomic characteristics and differ in quite some
cultural aspects.
- In total, 9 interviews with 15 interviewees were conducted, thereof five interviews inGermany (4 individual interviews, 1 group interview with 4 participants) and 4 in Japan (1individual interview, 3 group interviews with 2 participants each). Table 1 shows thecomposition of interviewees in this research.

この論文のための実証的データは、ドイツと日本の若い防災ボランティアとの半構造化イン
タビューで収集された。両国とも社会経済の特徴は似ているが、文化的側面はかなり異なっている。ドイツで5回（個人インタビュー4回、グループインタビュー1回、参加者4人）、日本で4回（個人インタビュー1回、グループインタビュー3回、参加者各2人）、合計9回、15人のインタビューが行われた。表1に本調査のインタビュー対象者の構成を示す。

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 9the composition of interviewees:インタビュアーの構成

Age：年齢Gender：性別

Organization：組織

Country：国23

M 男

German Red Cross & German Life Saving Association (DLRG)：ドイツ赤十字＋ドイツ救難組織

Germany:ドイツ

23

M 男

Volunteer Fire Department:消防団

Germany:ドイツ

21

M 男

Volunteer Fire Department：消防団

Germany:ドイツ

21

F 女

Volunteer Fire Department：消防団

Germany:ドイツ

18

F 女

Volunteer Fire Department：消防団

Germany:ドイツ

18

M 男

Volunteer Fire Department：消防団

Germany:ドイツ

19

M 男

Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW)：技術支援機関

Germany:ドイツ

21

F 女

German Life Saving Association (DLRG):ドイツライフセービング協会

Germany:ドイツ

22

M 男

Volunteer Fire Department:消防団

Japan:日本

22

M 男

Volunteer Fire Department：消防団

Japan:日本

22

M 男

Volunteer Fire Department：消防団

Japan:日本

22

M 男

Volunteer Fire Department：消防団

Japan:日本

21

F 女

Volunteer Fire Department：消防団

Japan:日本

22

M 男

Japanese Red Cross：日本赤十字

Japan:日本

20

F 女Japanese Red Cross：日本赤十字

Japan:日本

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 10

Methodology：方法２
The material was subsequently analysed through qualitative content analysis (Mayring2022). The coding guidelines included the following principal categories:

Self-reporting (including relevant biographical aspects);
Framework conditions of volunteering in civil protection (e.g. duties/tasks, time
expenditure etc.);
Motivational aspects of volunteering in civil protection (including volunteeringfunctions, Clary et al. 1998);
Other volunteering activities.

資料は、質的内容分析（Mayring 2022）によって分析された。コーディングのガイドラインには、
以下の主要なカテゴリーが含まれている：-自己報告（関連する経歴的側面を含む）；-市民保護ボランティア活動の枠組み的条件（例：任務／タスク、時間消費など）；-市民保護におけるボランティア活動の動機的側面（ボランティア活動を含む、 Clary et
al1998；）-その他のボランティア活動
Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 11

Questions質問• How did the activity begin? Were there any specificreasons?
• What motivated you to participate at that time?
• What motivates you to continue the activity today?
• Have you experienced any kind of (non-material)
reward for your activities?
• What do you do for yourself through your volunteer
activities?

- 活動はどのように始まったのですか？具体的な理由はありましたか？
- 当時、参加する動機は何でしたか？
- 現在も活動を続ける動機は何ですか？
- 活動に対して何らかの（物質的でない）報酬を得た経験はありますか。
- ボランティア活動を通じて、自分自身のために何をしていますか。

• To what extent are you willing to help others? Why is
helping others important to you?

- あなたはどの程度まで他人を助けたいと思いますか？なぜ他人を助けることがあなたにとって重要なのですか？

• To what extent do you find disaster management
activities rewarding?

- 防災活動にどの程度やりがいを感じますか？

• Are you also involved in other disaster prevention
activities (similar to volunteering)? If so, where?
• What do you think motivates more people toparticipate in disaster reduction (similar tovolunteering) activities?
• Why do you think other people don't participate indisaster reduction (similar to volunteering) activities?
Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 12

他の防災活動（ボランティアに近いもの）にも参加していますか。もしそうなら、どこで？

- より多くの人が防災（ボランティアに近い）活動に参加する動機は何だと思いますか？
- 他の人が防災（ボランティアに近い）活動に参加しないのはなぜだと思いますか？

Results from interviews (Germany) インタビュー結果（ドイツ）１

Six out of seven interviewees have joined a civil protection organization at least 8 years ago and have beenpart of the youth units of their respective organizations. Since leaving their youth groups, all interviewees havejoined the main unit, focusing on civil protection operations. Their motivations varied from seeking belonging,skill development, to an interest in risky professions.
7人のうち6人は、少なくとも8年前に市民保護組織に入 り、それぞれの組織の青年部隊に所属していた。青
年団を脱退してからは、インタビュイー全員が市民保護活動を中心とする本隊に加わっている。彼らの動機
は、帰属意識の強さ、技能の向上、危険な職業への関心など、さまざまであった：

I always found that quite fascinating, whenever they jetted off to the mission. (FW-01-Brü, l. 55-61)
Initially, I had the idea of joining the DLRG for swimming, to engage in regular swimming. […] Then someone
convinced me to participate in water rescue, and it was interesting. (DRK-Kö-01, l. 25-29)

彼らが任務のために飛び立つときはいつも、それがとても魅力的だと感じていた。(FW-01-Brü, l. 55-61 ）。
最初は、水泳のためにDLRGに入隊して、普通に泳ごうと思っていました。[その後、ある人に水難救助に参加するよう説得されました。(DRK-Kö-01、l. 25-29）

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 13

Results from interviews (Germany) インタビュー結果（ドイツ）2
You have five squadman modules and five squad leader modules, if I'm not mistaken, and then a few things that areadded on top of that, like a climbing certificate or a respiratory protection certificate and things like that. I'm relatively
far along there now […] and will soon actually be able to start with the leader modules as well. (FW-02-Wü, l. 46-50)[T]he personal development, my further development of becoming a group leader. […] That is, I believe, individually,
but that is a point, which motivates me to continue with training, to also develop the personality. (DRK-01-Kö, l. 57-57)

僕の記憶が間違っていなければ、5つの分隊員モジュールと5つの分隊リーダーモジュールがあって、その上に登山証明書とか呼吸保護証明書とか、そういうものがいくつか追加される。今は比較的順調に進んでいて［......］、もうすぐリーダーモジュールも始めることができる。(FW-02-Wü, l. 46-50)[個人的な成⾧、グループリーダーになるためのさらなる成⾧。[...）それは個人的なことだと思いますが、人格的な成⾧も含めて、トレーニングを続けるモチベーションになる点です。(DRK-01-Kö、l. 57-57）

Last night we had an alert. It was a test operation for an oil spill barrier together with the THW. The alarm went off at
6:00 p.m. I was back home shortly after 11:00 p.m. And apart from that? I think I would have to think about that. In
fact, it's a bit difficult right now. (DLRG-01-Bo, l. 24-28)

昨晩、私たちは警報を受けた。THWと一緒に油流出バリアのテスト作戦を行ったんだ。警報が鳴ったのは午後6時で、私は午後11時過ぎに家に戻った。それは考えないといけないと思う。実際、今はちょっと難しい。(DLRG-01-Bo、l. 24-28)

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 14

Results from interviews (Germany) インタビュー結果（ドイツ）３
Regardless of the specific organization, fellow members are repeatedly described as “a second family”, even acrossorganizational boundaries:

具体的な組織に関係なく、組織の境界を越えても、仲間は繰り返し「第二の家族」と表現される：This community is not only within our city, but also when you go on training [somewhere else]. You don't know
the people, but somehow you always understand each other, because you have the same topic. (FW-03-Wü, l. 8687)

このコミュニティは、私たちの街の中だけでなく、（他の場所に）トレーニングに行ったときにも存在する。知らない人たちだけど、同じ話題を持っているから、なぜかいつも理解し合えるんだ。(FW-03-Wü、l. 86-87)
That's definitely […] one of the aspects why I'm still there. Exactly, you rely on each other in the classic way
during operations. You experience both good and bad things together. (FW-Brü-01, l. 102-105)

それは間違いなく、私がまだそこにいる理由のひとつだ。その通り、任務中はクラシックな方法で互いに頼り合う。良いことも悪いことも一緒に経験する。(FW-Brü-01, l. 102-105）
It’s the beer and the bratwurst after the service, I think. (FW-05-Wü, l. 92-93)

任務終了後のビールとブラートヴルストですね。(FW-05-Wü, l. 92-93)

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 15

Results from interviews (Japan) インタビュー結果（日本）１

The Red Cross (JRC) participants had 1.5 and 2 years of experience respectively, while the firefighters' experience
ranged from 1.5 to 3 years. Everyone had the impression that they all started out as relatively university students.
赤十字（JRC）の参加者の経験年数はそれぞれ1.5年と2年であったが、消防団の経験年数は1.5年から3年であった。皆、比較的大学生から始めた印象であった。

At that time, the teacher in charge of the Japanese class was a volunteer who often went to volunteer like that, so hetook me with him. At that time, the mountainous areas in the western part of [location] were also greatly affected bysuch disasters. (JRC-01-Oi, l. 35-43)

当時、日本語教室を担当していた先生がボランティアでよく行っていた方だったので、一緒に連れて行ってもらいました。当時、西部の山間部も大きな被害を受けていました。(JRC-01-Oi、l. 35-43）
I had an idea of having firefighters on the scene and putting out fires, so I thought of the fire brigade as a kind ofvolunteer organization. Yeah. I was a little curious about what these people usually do, what they do in an emergency.
That's what I thought before I entered. Also, I was thinking of joining the club because I've been invited by an old
soccer coach. (FW-03-Og, l. 12, l. 46-48)

消防団というと、消防士が現場に入って消火活動をするというイメージがあったので、ボランティアみたいなものだと思っていたんです。その人たちが普段何をしているのか、緊急時にどうするのか、ちょっと興味があったんです。入る前はそう思っていました。あと、昔のサッカーのコーチに誘われたから、入ろうかなと思って。(FW-03-Og, l. 12, l. 46-48)
Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 16

Results from interviews (Japan) インタビュー結果（日本）２

There is a competition in which you compete for time, such as the cleanliness of water discharge, etc., but we practice for it. Lately, I've
been doing it once a week, […] and in this division of [location], it's like, well, I'm kind of exercising for that tournament. (FW-02-Og, l. 2945)

放水のきれいさなど、タイムを競う大会もありますが、そのために練習しています。最近は週に1回やっていて、（...）この（場所の）部門では、その大会のために練習しているようなものです。(FW-02-Og、l. 29-45)
Basically, it's still discipline training. After all, from the discipline training, such as being careful, well, I threw a hose like I did the otherday, and I carried the hose on my shoulders. (FW-01-Og, l. 38-44)

基本的には、やはり規律訓練ですね。やっぱり規律訓練から、気をつけるとか、まあ、こないだみたいにホースを投げて、肩に担いで。(FW-01-Og、38-44)

The Japanese interviewees mentioned several functions of their volunteer engagement. Some of the responses
were psychological, such as the fact that their voluntary activities help them feeling good proud of themselves.
日本人のインタビュアーたちは、ボランティアに参加することの機能をいくつか挙げた。その中には、ボランティア活動が自分自身を誇りに思うことに役立っているというような心理的な回答もあった。
I'm part of a firefighting organization, so I don't feel lonely after all. Do you have a place to belong? What can I say? They always makeme feel welcome. (FW-03-Og, l. 70)

消防団に所属しているから、やっぱり孤独は感じない。あなたの居場所はありますか？なんて言ったらいいんだろう。彼らはいつも私を歓迎してくれる。(FW-03-Og、l. 70)

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 17

Results from interviews (Japan) インタビュー結果（日本）３

I was thinking about whether there was anything that would be beneficial, and in that aspect, yes, it's for the people in the event of adisaster, well, it's for me, and it's for the people. (FW-01-Og, l. 58-60)

何か有益なことはないかと考えていたのですが、そういう面では、そうですね、災害時の人々のためでもありますし、まあ、
自分のためでもありますし、人々のためでもあります。(FW-01-Og、l. 58-60)
My volunteer life has been greatly influenced by my career, so I thought that I would like you to do something about it, so I chose it for theday. (JRC-01-Oi, l. 35)

ボランティア生活がキャリアに大きく影響されたので、何とかしてほしいと思い、この日に選びました。(JRC-01-大井、l. 35)
Yes, um, my motivation for joining [the voluntary fire brigade] was that I could use it to get a job. (FW-02-Og, l. 10)

そうですね、あの、（自衛消防隊に）入った動機は、就職に使えるということでした。(FW-02-Og, l. 10)
Well, every time, after the training is over, we all go out to eat. Yes, well, I enjoyed that time. Ah, that's good. That's what I'm still doing. I
don't think I would have had the opportunity to interact with local seniors or older people if I hadn't had a place like this. This is the reason
why I keep doing it. (FW-04-Og, l. 52-53)毎回、トレーニングが終わると、みんなで食事に行くんだ。うん、まあ、その時間は楽し

かった。ああ、それはいいね。それが今でも続いている。こういう場がなかったら、地元の先輩や年配の方と交流する機会はなかったと思う。だから続けているんです。(FW-04-Og、l. 52-53)
Honestly, I think it‘s a big deal, and I also think that the relationships are very good. Ah, relationships. Let’s see. The leader of the group isalso a very nice person. (FW-03-Og, l. 55)正直、大変良いことだと思うし、人間関係もすごくいいと思う。ああ、人間関係。リーダーもすごくいい人です。(FW-03-Og、l. 55)
Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 18

Comparative analysis and discussion 比較分析と考察

Germany：ドイツ
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Have practical experience in disaster
response
Skill development through certification
exams that progressively develop your skills
Helpful for career development
No psychological reference
Second family
Sense of mission as a member of society
After work beer
災害応答の実践経験がある
スキルを段階的に伸ばす資格試験によってスキルアップ
キャリア形成に役立つ
心理的な言及無し第二の家族
社会の一員としての使命感
任務後のビール

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 19

Japan：日本
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

No experience in disaster response yet, but
preparedness for natural disasters
Improve skills through competitions andcompetitions
Psychological references such as not feelinglonelyWarm community
Sense of altruism
After work beer
災害応答の経験まだないが自然災害への備え大会や競技を通してスキルアップ
さみしさ軽減などの心理的言及有り
温かいコミュニティー
利他の感覚
任務後のビール

Outlook and recommendations ： 展望と提言１

In Germany, attracting young people to civil protection activities seems more feasible if
these activities align with their individual needs and if this aspect is emphasized andpromoted within the organization. Conversely, in Japan, where the threat of natural
disasters is a constant, promoting activities and campaigns that highlight the triple benefitsof contributing to the welfare of others while also enhancing one’s own disaster-related
skills as well as safeguarding oneself from loneliness and isolation could be particularly
effective.

ドイツでは、市民保護活動への若者の参加は、その活動が個々のニーズに合致し、組織内でこの側面が強調・促進されれば、より実現可能性が高いと思われる。逆に、自然災害の脅威が絶えない日本では、他人の福祉に貢献すると同時に、自分自身の災害関連ス
キルを高め、孤独や孤立から身を守るという三重のメリットを強調する活動やキャンペー
ンを推進することが、特に効果的である可能性がある。

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 20

Activities：活動記録

Ogikubo Metropolitan Volunteer Fire Corps(Exercising and Interviews), October 2023
Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
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Activities：活動記録
Ogikubo
Metropolitan
Volunteer Fire
Corps
(Exercising andInterviews),
October 2023

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 22

Activities：活動記録

Wülfrath Volunteer Fire Corps(Exercising and Interviews), August 2023
Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
Slide 23

Activities：活動記録

German Federal Agency forTechnical Relief,
Wuppertal branch,(Interviews), August 2023

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
Malte Schönefeld | Tetsuo Sujino
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Acknowledgements：謝辞

Thank you!

ありがとうございました。

• German Red Cross• Federal Agency for TechnicalRelief• Fire brigade in Wülfrath• German Life-Saving Association(Water Rescue)• Japanese Red Cross Oita
• Fire brigade in Ogikubo• Yamaoka Memorial Foundation

・ドイツ赤十字・ドイツ技術援助機関
・ヴルファート消防団
・ドイツライフセービング協会
・日本赤十字・荻窪消防団・山岡記念財団

Voluntary Engagement of Young Adults in Disaster Management
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