COMMISSION E:
Electromagnetic Environment and Interference(November 2010 – October 2013)
Edited by Osami Wada
Man-made EM Noise and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
E1. Electromagnetic Information Security
E2. Integrated Circuits and Chip Level EMC
E3. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) EMC, Transmission Lines and Cables
E3-1.

EMC design of PCB and its enclosure

E3-2.

Power distribution network (PDN) design method

E3-3.

Signal lines and cables: Common-mode control

E4. Automotive EMC
E5. Power Electronics EMC
E6. EMC Problems Related to Telecommunication Systems
E7. Numerical Techniques for EMC Simulation
E8. EMC Measurement Technology & EMC Test Facilities
E8-1. Near field measurement and EM field probes
E8-2.

EM environment

E8-3.

Antenna calibration

E8-4.

Radiated emission measurement

E8-5. Conducted emission measurement
E8-6.

Immunity test facilities

E9. EM Wave Absorbing and Shielding Materials’ Design
E9-1.

EM wave absorber

E9-2.

EM material characterization

E10. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Measurement and Simulation

Natural EM NoiseE11. Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes
E12. Lightning1

Man-made EM Noise and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
E1. Electromagnetic Information Security
In electronic information processing and telecommunication services, leakage of information due tounintentional electromagnetic (EM) radiation or emission has a large impact on information security.
Tosaka et al. investigated a method for determining whether information is contained in EM
disturbance radiated from a PC display [Tosaka 2011]. In the IEEE EMC Society, Subcommittee on
EM Leakage, under TC-5: High Power Electronics, has been actively studying on the electromagnetic
information leakage, and Hayashi et al. organized the “Special Section on Electromagnetic
Information Security” in IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic Compatibility [Hayashi 2013-a] and sevenpapers were published in vol. 55, no. 3 in June 2013. Topics of the papers include theoretical studies
on information propagation via EM fields, acquisition, measurement, and analysis techniques for
information leakage from information and communication devices via EM fields, modeling andsimulation techniques for the evaluation of EM information leakage. Sekiguchi et al. discussed
maximum receivable distance on EM information leakage [Sekiguchi 2013]. Hayashi et al. evaluatedand analyzed EM radiation associated with cryptographic devices [Hayashi 2013-b, 2013-c]. Iokibe etal. utilized an equivalent circuit model (ICEM and LECCS) developed for pre-estimation of
unintentional RF emission from power distribution networks, and developed modeling and simulation
technique to evaluate cryptographic devices [Iokibe 2013-a].
The process of obtaining additional information from the internal activity of a physical device
through unintentional channels is called “side channel attack”. Internal activity of cryptographic
devices generates fluctuation on circuits such as power supply network, which is the unintentional
channel in this case, and it can be detected in EM observation. The fluctuation can be generated byintentional EM interferences (IEMI) [Sauvage 2013]. Hayashi and others also has published many
papers on IEMI and information leakage, countermeasures against attacks, and electrostatic discharge(ESD) threats related to information leakage [Hayashi 2011-a, 2011-b] [Takahashi 2012] [2013-d,
2013-e]. Iokibe et al. presented development and improvement of the equivalent circuit model andcountermeasure for side-channel attack [Iokibe 2011, 2013-b] [Amano 2012]. Works on evaluationand mapping of leakage sources and suppression were published [Ikematsu 2011] [Shimada 2012][Hayashi 2012] [Kinugawa 2011, 2013] [Nakasone 2013].

E2. Integrated Circuits and Chip Level EMC
Conventionally the electromagnetic interference (EMI) and EM susceptibility problems of electronicsystems were discussed after design and fabrication of electronic units or apparatuses. However, due
to miniaturization and high functionality with low power consumption of these apparatuses,
sensitivity to EMI has been increasing and requirement for low EMI has become stricter. In this2context, consideration for EMI reduction has necessarily been shifted to early design stages in
integrated circuits and other semiconductor chip designs. Requirement for EM immunity is also oneof the main concerns in chip and circuit design.
Modeling of chip level EMC including emission and immunity is actively discussed recently.
Standardization of EMC models for emission and immunity is ongoing in the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC); the macro-model for conducted emission simulation ICEM-CE,
IEC 62433-2, has been published, and radiated emission model ICEM-RE, ICE 62433-3, and recently
the conducted immunity model ICIM-CI, IEC 62433-4, have been proposed. Works related to themodels and evaluation methods have been published. Wada et al. reported an extension of theirconducted emission model, LECCS, in time-domain, and discussed program dependency of emission
from micro-controllers [Wada 2011]. Nagata et al. prepared a test CMOS chip embedding a highprecision on-chip waveform monitor, and demonstrated the relation of AC power noise components
with the parallel resonance seen from on-chip digital circuits in simulation with their capacitor
charging model of digital circuits [Yoshikawa 2011]. They also performed immunity evaluation of
SRAM core using the direct RF power injection (DPI) method, IEC 62132-4, with on-chip voltage
waveform monitor and diagnosis structures of memory built-in self test (MBIST) [Sawada 2011].
Muroga et al. applied the on-chip monitor technique to evaluate in-band spurious attenuation in
LTE-class RFIC chip, and proposed a noise suppression technique using a soft magnetic thin film
[Muroga 2013].

Paoletti et al. proposed a new concept to extract a noise model of LSI power supply

above 1 GHz with a new equipment, the printed reverberation board [Paoletti 2012]. Nakayama et al.
proposed a new current measurement technique for each pin of a BGA package [Nakayama, T. 2012].
Power supply noise reduction is one of the main issues to control EMC and power and signal
integrity (PI/SI). Sudo et al. discussed power supply noise reduction by on-chip capacitances [Fujii
2011], on-chip power integrity evaluation system for power supply noise dependent on on-chip andoff-chip capacitances [Nabeshima 2011], the simultaneous switching noise (SSN) and jitter of FPGA
[Fijita 2012]. They also discussed the effects of critically damping of total PDN impedance inchip-package-board co-design [Kobayashi 2012], EMI peak frequency simulation depending on
power supply transfer impedance [Hatogai 2012], co-analysis of signal and power integrity of 3D
stacked package [Ikemiya 2012], and anti-resonance peak in power supply network [Yamaguchi, T.
2013] [Kiyoshige 2013]. Sasaki et al. discussed the noise coupling in mixed-signal system-inpackages (SiPs), which is a chip-on-chip stack of a Class-D speaker amplifier LSI with a DC-DC
converter and a sound source LSI with PLL [Sasaki 2011].
In high frequency region, parasitic coupling between a chip, a package and a board can causeparasitic resonances, and it can cause serious power and signal integrity (PI/SI) problems.
Matsushima et al. discussed a new type of resonance which they call “package-common-mode
resonance”, and they demonstrated degradation of PI/SI [Matsushima 2011] [Nishimoto 2012].

3E3. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) EMC, Transmission Lines and Cables
E3-1. EMC design of PCB and its enclosure
He et al. discussed suppression of the cavity mode resonance with a PCB mounted to a metal chassis.
A resistance is added in series to the conducting mounting posts and they derived a closed-form
expression for determining an optimal series resistance to damp these cavity resonances [He 2011].
Yamaguchi et al. evaluated source bus line current in LCD panel in measurement and simulation[Yamaguchi M. 2011].

E3-2. Power distribution network (PDN) design method
PDN noise has large impact on EMC, and suppression and/or decoupling of the PDN noise is an
important topic in EMC design of printed circuit boards and IC/LSI. In high frequency region,
electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure is one promising PDN noise decoupling scheme in a PCB.
Kawase et al. investigated EMI suppression of a 10 Gbit/s optical transceiver by EBG [Kawase 2011].
Toyota et al. proposed a lossy resonator filter consisting of an open stub covered with magnetic thinfilm to suppress power-bus resonances [Toyota 2013].

E3-3. Signal lines and cables: Common-mode control
Common mode is one of the major sources of unintentional radiated emission, and controlling it in
PCBs and cables attached to them is a basic requirement. Kayano et al. proposed models to predict
EM radiation caused by common-mode current on a cable attached to a PCB and differential-pairlines on a PCB [Kayano 2011, 2012, 2013]. Common-mode suppression with common-mode chokes
and noise filters were discussed [Saito 2011] [Oka 2011] [Nakamoto 2012].
Mechanism of common-mode generation has been widely discussed to control radiated emission.
Particularly, it has been well known recently that mode conversion from the differential mode, or thenormal mode, to the common-mode is relating to the imbalance of transmission lines and “imbalancedifference” is a major mechanism of common-mode generation. Sejima et al. explained model
validation of the mode-conversion sources with introducing a modal equivalent circuit [Sejima 2012].
Matsushima et al. applied the imbalance difference model to differential transmission lines andproposed techniques to suppress common mode generation [Matsushima 2012, 2013]. Ideguchi et al.
applied a resistive film sheet to suppress radiated emission [Ideguchi 2013]. Maeda et al. proposed an
estimation method for n-port S parameters with n-1 port measurements [Maeda 2013].

E4. Automotive EMC

With increase of electronic appliances in a vehicle, automotive EMC has been a very hot topic. In
addition to it, wireless communication application is increasing in car systems. There have been4

some intensive works on electromagnetic environment in a car. Maeda et al. proposed a method toprovide probability distribution of electric field strength in automotive cabin [Maeda 2011]. To
implement a local area network (LAN) on an automobile, they also proposed a modeling for an
automotive LAN to optimize the wire lengths in the network to secure the signal integrity at every
communication node [Mori 2011]. To maintain signal integrity on the Controller Area Network(CAN), they investigated the ringing phenomenon in a linear passive star CAN with connected
EUCs, and proposed a ringing suppression circuit [Mori 2012]. They also proposed a receiver circuit
to achieve higher data rates in the linear passive star CAN [Mori 2013]. In the automotive
environment, the immunity characteristics are really critical for safety. Oguri and Ichikawa proposeda simulation technique to predict malfunction frequencies in the immunity test [Oguri 2012].

E5. Power Electronics EMC

In accordance with development of high-performance switching devices, the noise frequency rangeof power electronics devices have been expanding from kHz range to MHz and several hundred
MHz range. It may cause serious EMI problems. Ibuchi and Funaki discussed EMI noise source
modeling with current sources for a power conversion circuit [Ibuchi 2012], and air-core inductor
copper loss model for high-frequency power conversion applications [Ibuchi 2013]. Kamikura et al.
discussed the mode conversion between common-mode and differential-mode noises in EMI filters
for power electronics circuits [Kamiura 2013]. Yamada et al. presented simulation results ofelectromagnetic (EM) noise generated by fast switching circuits with gallium nitride (GaN)-based
power devices. They analyzed conducted and radiated noise up to several hundred MHz [Yamada
2013].

E6. EMC Problems Related to Telecommunication System
Due to the shift from analog to the digital broadcasting and digital wireless communication, situationof the EMC related to the telecommunication systems has been greatly changed. Kuwabara et al.
evaluated the effect of disturbances from electrical equipment on a digital TV signal. They evaluatedthe disturbance using the quasi-peak (QP) value, amplitude probability distribution (APD), average
power, and the received images were evaluated using mean opinion score (MOS) and bit error rate
(BER) [Kuwabara 2011]. Higashiyama and Tarusawa proposed a method for evaluating the
distribution of an electric field to assess the RF human exposure compliance of indoor radio basestations employing a built-in antenna that radiates broadband RF signals such as an Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal [Higashiyama 2011].
Matsumoto et al. of EMC Group in the National Institute of Information & Communication
Technology (NICT) have been continuing intensive investigation on EMC issues related to digital
broadcasting and communication systems. Ishigami et al. of NICT received the Richard B. Schulz
Transactions Prize Paper Award for the paper titled, “A New Method of Interference Evaluation
5

between an Ultrawideband System and a Wireless LAN Using a Gigahertz Transverse
Electromagnetic Cell.” at the 2011 IEEE International Symposium on EMC [Ishigami 2010]. It is amethod of evaluating the interference to a wireless LAN with a built-in antenna using a gigahertz
transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) cell. The strength of the interfering electromagnetic field to be
applied to the victim can be directly calculated from a given equivalent isotropically radiated power
and propagation distance of the interfering signal in free space. As an example of use of the method,they conducted an evaluation of interference between an IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN and a
direct-sequence spread-spectrum UWB.
From their group, there were some papers presented in symposiums. Matsumoto et al.
discussed the accuracy of Gaussian approximation applied to impulsive interference in OFDM
reception [Matsumoto 2011]. Gotoh, et al. reported evaluation of EM disturbance using pulse
duration distribution [Gotoh 2012]. In another study, they performed interference experiments toevaluate degradation of satellite broadcasting interfered by microwave ovens emission [Gotoh 2013].
Regarding the emission limits mainly applied for microwave ovens emission above 1 GHz in CISPR
11, it has been proposed in CISPR B to delete the peak limits and only to use the weighted (a kind of
average) limits for a compliance test.
The spread spectrum clock (SSC) is known to have the ability to reduce the quasi-peak level ofclock harmonics noise. However, SSC may also have an adverse effect on wireless systems. Ohmae
et al. developed a SSC with optimized parameters that has a beneficial effect on one-segment
broadcasting, which is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and is used formobile TV [Ohmae 2012]. Honda et al. introduced a new surveillance system named as OCTPASS(Optically Connected Passive Surveillance System) which is under development at Sendai airport byresearch institute `Electronic Navigation Research Institute (ENRI)'. The OCTPASS using the RoF(Radio over Fiber) has better interference immunity in multipath environment in comparison withthe conventional system [Honda 2013]. They simulated propagation characteristics on the airport
surface. Numerical simulations showed received powers computed by the ray tracing method.

E7. Numerical Techniques for EMC Simulation
With the increase of circuit complexity and its density, the scale of numerical simulation has becomehuge, and new numerical techniques are required. Asai et al. introduced some new techniques tolarge scale circuit simulation with EM coupling in high frequency. Sekine et al. extended the latency
insertion method (LIM) to include complex EM coupling and proposed the block-latency insertion
method (block-LIM) [Sekine 2011-a, 2011-b, 2011-c]. They also applied an extended
finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, a hybrid implicit-explicit (HIE)-finite-differencetime-domain (FDTD) method, on graphics processing unit (GPU) for massively parallel
electromagnetic field simulation and described its implementation and estimation [Unno 2012].
Another field of large scale simulation is EM field distribution evaluation. Nakayama et al.
introduced a new equation for calculating the electric field strength in the boundary region between
6near and far fields, and they applied the method to electric field strength in close vicinity ofhalf-wavelength dipole antennas [Nakayama, M. 2012, 2013]. Hikage et al. performed large-scale
numerical simulations of the electromagnetic fields inside an aircraft excited by 800 MHz cellularradio. They employed the parallel FDTD technique to estimate field distributions throughout thecabin, and estimated the effect of absorption by the passengers' bodies inside the cabin [Hikage
2011]. Nagaoka et al. evaluated the specific absorption rate (SAR) in a human body by thefinite-difference time domain (FDTD) method with anatomically realistic computational humanmodels. To improve the method's calculation speed and realize large-scale computing with thecomputational human model, they adapt three-dimensional FDTD code to a multiple graphics
processing unit (multi-GPU) cluster environment with Compute Unified Device Architecture(CUDA) and Message Passing Interface [Nagaoka 2013].

E8. EMC measurement technology & EMC Test Facilities
E8-1. Near field measurement and EM field probes
Near field measurement gives useful information to control undesirable EM noise emission, locating
EM emission sources, noise coupling paths, and also field distribution in immunity test. Funato el al.
proposed a stand-alone electric-field probe to measure electric field inside an enclosure forinvestigating immunity testing at high electric fields. They evaluated the probe with electric fields of
10 to 100 V/m in the frequency range up to 1 GHz [Funato 2011]. They also investigated a magnetic
near-field probes consisting of dual ferrite-core coils [Funato 2012], and an electric field probe withdouble position signal difference method to independently extract the normal and tangential electric
near-field components using two measurements at slightly different heights above the test object[Funato 2013].
Xiao el al. proposed a new measurement system for scanning the complex near field on a
printed circuit board (PCB) [Xiao 2012]. The measurement is based on the 6-port technique.
Yamaguchi el al. developed a new Si on-chip planar shielded loop coil with 60 × 60 μm2 window
size for high special resolution magnetic near field measurements. They set the probe on a 3-D
scanner with positioning accuracy of 10 μm with yaw, pitch, and roll angles adjustor, and measured
magnetic near field distribution on an LTE (Log Term Evolution)-class CMOS RFIC receiver testelement group (TEG) chip they developed [Yamaguchi, M. 2013]. Murano et al. proposed a new
method for suppressing near-magnetic field generated around a printed circuit board (PCB) [Murano2013]. They implemented some active circuit components such as a varactor diode, and controlled
the target frequency of field suppression by externally changing the bias voltage.

E8-2.

EM environment

Recently, new types of electric and electronic household appliances have popularly used, which cancause new types of EMC problems. Energy-conservation equipment, such as light-emitting diode7

(LED) lamps, operates with high speed switching and it can cause unintentional electromagnetic
emissions. IH cookers and power electronic devices also generate unintentional EM fields.
Evaluation of EM environment related to these new EM noise sources have been reported.
Mizuno et al. reported results of field surveys of low frequency magnetic field in living
environments; field characteristics generated by household appliances, and other field characteristics
in living environments [Mizuno 2011]. Ishigami et al. analyzed electromagnetic-field attenuations ofsome kind of buildings in very-high frequency (VHF) band numerically by using the finite-integration(FI) method [Ishigami 2012]. They also proposed a measurement method to identify noise from an
LED lamp that causes electromagnetic interference. They compared the time domain variation of EM
noise and light emission from LEDs which generate product-specific switching patterns. The
effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated experimentally [Matsumoto 2013]. Komatsu
et al. evaluated far-field radiation and near-field leakage of self-resonant spiral antennas forcoupled-resonant wireless power transfer system [Komatsu 2013]. Sato et al. proposed a real-timemeasuring method of 3D EM field distributions using a built-in infrared camera of a home video
game controller [Sato 2013].

E8-3.

Antenna calibration

Several groups have reported antenna calibration methods. Ishii et al. reported comparison between
the three-antenna method and the equivalent capacitance substitution method for calibrating
electrically short monopole antenna [Ishii 2011]. Morioka et al. proposed a new method to calculate
the properly defined antenna factor (AF) of a dipole antenna including environmental and terminal
conditions. The AF obtained by the proposed method is free from the mutual coupling effects and theimperfect applied plane wave due to the finite separation from the transmitting antenna [Morioka
2011-a]. Morioka also proposed a simple calibration method for E-field probes using dipole antenna
factors (AF) and uncertainty associated with this method was overviewed [Morioka 2011-b]. They
also discussed error on AF of a shortened dipole antenna by the reference antenna method at a finite
separation [Morioka 2013]. Fijii, Sugiura et al. discussed the uncertainty for the three antenna
method and the standard antenna method [Fujii 2012], and the equivalent capacitance substitution
method for monopole antenna calibration [Sugiura 2012-a].
A folded rhombic antenna as a broadband antenna for measuring a radiated electromagnetic
emission was numerically analyzed using the finite integration method in frequencies from 100 MHz
to 6 GHz. In the analysis, radiation patterns, absolute gains, front-to-back ratios (F/B), and antenna
impedances were calculated for three types of antenna dimensions. As a result, the antenna isapplicable to the emission measurement in frequencies from 110 MHz to 2 GHz as a broadband
antenna that has larger F/B than that of a biconical antenna and more compact size than that of alog-periodic dipole array antenna [Ishigami 2011].

E8-4.

Radiated emission measurement
8

The frequency range of standardized radiated emission measurement has been extended upward
above 1 GHz, and is now being extended downward below 30 MHz. However, there exist problems
to solve relating to evaluation of test sites, equipment, and measurement methods. Ameya et al.
proposed a new site evaluation technique for anechoic chambers above 1 GHz. The proposed
method using plane-wave spectral decomposition and fish-eye lens camera enables to obtain theintensity and the angle of arrival of reflection waves from walls, ground and ceiling [Ameya 2011].
Maeda et al. proposed another method to evaluate radiated emission test sites above 1 GHz as
free-space by means of wave propagation measurements using a conical dipole antenna [Maeda
2012]. To ensure the site-to-site measurement reproducibility of radiated and conductedmeasurement, Voluntary EMC Laboratory Accreditation Center (VLAC) has organized Proficiency
Testing (PT) program of EMI measurement. Osabe et al. reported results of the PT program;standards compliance uncertainty for radiated emission measurement, data evaluation criteria forradiated emission test, and evaluation method of proficiency test results on EMI measurement[Osabe 2011, 2012, 2013].
To ensure reproducibility in the radiated emission measurement, VCCI Technical Subcommittee has investigated the dispersion of radiated emission measurement results, and it was
confirmed that one of the main cause of the dispersion of radiated emission measurement results was
the difference of the power line-to-ground impedance of the power supply for the equipment under
test (EUT). To control the line impedance, including the common-mode impedance of a mains cable,
they proposed VHF LISN (Very High Frequency Line Impedance Stabilization Network), andreported the results of a round-robin test on the effectiveness of the VHF LISN [Miyazaki, C. 2011].
At present, radiated emission measurement standards do not specify the common mode impedance
for the outlet terminal of mains network to the equipment under test (EUT) in the test site. Okuyama
et al. evaluated the effect of the VHF LISN and the common mode absorbing device (CMAD)
specified in CISPR 16-1-4. Though the results showed effectiveness of both, the VHF-LISN issuperior to the CMAD; the VHF-LISN can fix both the differential-mode and common-mode
impedances independently while the CMAD only control the total common mode [Okuyama 2013].
Some of the information technology equipment (ITE) such as a personal computer isconstructed by combining modules such as a hard disc drive and memory boards. To control theundesirable emission generated by each module, module level emission measurement was proposed
and used in Japan. Abe et al. applied this method in the frequency range from 1 GHz to 6 GHz, andevaluate the power supply current noise and decoupling characteristics with capacitors on the DC
supply line of a hard disc drive [Abe 2012]. The measurement method is an extension of themagnetic probe (MP) method, IEC 61967-6. Tohya et al. reported test results of the module level testcomparing with CISPR 22 [Tohya 2012].

E8-5. Conducted emission measurement
In conjunction with the progress of power electronics as well as digital communication, conventional
techniques of conducted emission measurement still need extension and improvement. One of the9

important applications is the broadband power line telecommunication (PLT) or power line
communication (PLC) systems. Sugiura and Kami theoretically discussed generation andpropagation of the common-mode currents in a balanced two-conductor line utilizing a newly
developed equivalent circuit, and show the validity in comparison with numerical results [Sugiura
2012-b].
Evaluation of RF noise generation by power electronics equipment is a critical issue
particularly in extension of frequency range and development of the measurement equipment withnew standards. Coupling and decoupling networks for emission (CDNEs) are used in an alternative
method for measuring radiated emission from lighting equipment, such as LED lamps, in thefrequency range of 30 to 300 MHz. Hirasawa et al. evaluate the correlations between radiatedemission measurements and conducted disturbance measurement using the CDNE method, and theresults showed the correlations are weak. They also showed the effects of longitudinal conversion
loss (LCL), and LCL requirements are necessary when measuring the disturbances of which
differential-mode components are dominant [Hirasawa 2012].

E8-6.

Immunity test facilities

The electromagnetic field immunity test requires uniformity of electric field. Uchida et al. applied
the array antenna technology to generate high uniformity of electric field and high power electricfield near the antenna, in wideband, by beam forming technology. Their system is constructed by a128-element array antenna with low price and low power amplifiers [Uchida 2013].

E9. EM Wave Absorbing and Shielding Materials’ Design
E9-1. EM wave absorber
There have been many works on new types of EM absorbers, designs and applications. Yamamotoand Hatakeyama proposed EM-wave absorber composed of straight metal wire array sheet and aferrite-powder/rubber mixture plate, and discussed its characteristics and design including two
resonant frequencies [Yamamoto 2011, 2012-a, 2012-b, 2013]. Hashimoto et al. proposed two-layered
wave absorber using short carbon fibers [Kato, 2011], a thin wave absorber using an admittance sheet
composed of closely placed conductive and resistive films [Tsuda 2011-a,2011-b], absorbers using
foamed polyimide containing carbon black [Takano 2011], etc. They also discussed multi-layeredtranslucent wave absorber using carbon fibers and its application to portable anechoic chamber[Yasuzumi 2012-a], and evaluation of absorber placed on ceiling of ETC gate [Yasuzumi 2012-b].
Electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures were applied to absorbers. Yagitani et al. discussed
absorption characteristics of a tunable thin EBG absorber consisting of an array of mushroom unit
cells and lumped resistors, and applied it to capture the 2-d image of radio-frequency (RF) power
distribution [Yagitani 2011]. Shinohara et al. also proposed a thin wave absorber composed ofmushroom structures [Shinohara 2012].

10

E9-2. EM material characterization
Many types of materials for EMC applications have been reported in wide ranges of frequencies
above GHz and millimeter waves.
Yamada et al. reported high-performance laminated thin-film shield with conductors andmagnetic material multilayer in UHF band [Yamada 2011]. Kik and Nishikata proposed a new
calibration algorithm for the waveguide-penetration method to evaluate the complex permittivity andpermeability in the S-band [Kik 2011]. Tsutaoka et al. reported characterization of ferrite materials
including metamaterials; metal granular composite materials, spinel ferrite composites, negative
permeability spectra of YIG composite materials [Tsutaoka 2011, 2012, 2013-a, 2013-b]. Wakatsuchi
discussed reproducible measurements of complex permittivity to crystalline lens from 500 MHz to 50
GHz [Wakatsuchi 2012].

E10. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Measurement and Simulation
Kuriyama et al. proposed a silicon micro-mirror array to measure EM field distribution at ESD
events [Kuriyama 2012]. Asai and his group discussed simulation of ESD with circuit andelectromagnetic hybrid modeling [Sekine 2012, 2013] [Takada 2012]. Mori et al. also discussed asimulation to calculate discharge currents for air discharges of ESD-guns [Mori 2011]. Xiao et al.
proposed a model of secondary ESD for a portable electronic product [Xiao 2012]. Masugi et al.
performed analysis of ESD and discussed the effect of discharge gap shape [Masugi 2012-a,
2012-b].

11

Natural EM NoiseE11. Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes
The disastrous Japan earthquake (EQ) in March 2011 reminds us of the importance of EQ prediction,
particularly “short-term EQ prediction”. The short-term EQ prediction means that we predict an EQ
with the timescale of a few days to a few weeks before an EQ with the information on the possible
epicenter and magnitude. This prediction has been carried for many years on the basis ofconventional mechanical methods (such as the measurement of crustal movements withseismometers), but it is recently confirmed that this method is not suitable for short-term EQ
prediction. On the other hand, there has appeared a new wave based on electromagnetic effects andthere has been a lot of progress of seismo-electromagnetic effects during the last few decades, with ahope of possible EQ prediction.
Before the earthquake, Hayakawa et al. reported a statistical study on the correlation between
lower ionospheric perturbations as seen by subionospheric VLF/LF propagation and earthquakes[Hayakawa 2010]. An extensive period of data over 7 years from January 2001 to December 2007 anda combination of different propagation paths in and around Japan were used to examine the statisticalcorrelation between the VLF/LF propagation anomaly (average nighttime amplitude, dispersion, andnighttime fluctuation) and earthquakes with magnitude >6.0. They found that the propagation
anomaly exceeding the 2σ (standard deviation) criterion indicating the presence of ionosphericperturbation is significantly correlated with earthquakes with shallow depth (<40 km). They also
discussed the mechanism of seismoionospheric perturbations. Hobara et al. introduced various
ground-based radio physical measurements to study seismo-electromagnetic signals [Hobara 2011-a],and reported statistical analysis of the ULF magnetic field data during earthquake swarm around Izu
Island [Hobara 2011-b].
After the Japan earthquake, Hayakawa et al. published a “Special Issue on Earthquake
Precursors” in Annals of Geophysics, Vol 55, No 1 in 2012, and it included 22 papers presenting someof the recent results obtained from around the world. Three of them were from groups including
Japanese members. Hayakawa et al. presented a possible precursor to the March 11, 2011, Japan
earthquake: ionospheric perturbations as seen by subionospheric very low frequency/low frequency
propagation [Hayakawa 2012-a]. Kopytenko et al. reported the anomaly disturbances of the magnetic
fields before the earthquake [Kopytenko 2012]. Ono et al. reported ionospheric perturbations
associated with two huge earthquakes in Japan [Ono 2012].
The Open Street Map Project (OSM) is creating a world geographic database that can be editedby anyone. Its activities have high social significance. Hayakawa et al. reported the relevance of theinformation quality of OSM. They compared the data of other regions and before the Great East Japan
Earthquake to the Japanese data to analyze community activities, and analyzed the transitions
12

[Hayakawa 2012-b] [Imi 2012].

E12. Lightning
Lightning on power distribution lines can damage home electric appliances. Miyazaki et al. reported
the patterns of intrusion of lightning surges into residences, data on 18 lightning strokes between
2003 and 2006, observed by the Tokyo Electric Power Company using lightning surge waveform
detectors installed at ordinary residences [Miyazaki, T. 2010]. They also reported analysis of
distribution-line faults caused by lightning based on the 284 datasets including data on 62 direct
flashes to lines [Miyazaki, T. 2011]. Toyonaga et al. reported lightning damage to undergroundcables [Toyonaga 2011]. Sekioka et al. proposed an analytical formula based on the Return-Stroke
Model for calculating lightning-induced voltages on an infinitely long overhead line generated by alightning stroke [Sekioka 2011].
The operating voltages of low-voltage control circuits in power stations and substations havebecome lower with the installation of digital control equipment. This significantly increases the riskof faults and malfunctions of the circuits resulting from overvoltages in the control circuits due tolightning and switching surges. Tatematsu et al. reported experimental study of lightning andswitching surges-induced overvoltages in low-voltage control circuits a gas-insulated switchgear(GIS) model with two instrumental transformers, and digital-type protection-relay equipment[Tatematsu 2013]. Lightning has caused considerable damage to telecommunications equipment thathas multiple ports, such as home gateways. As a protection device, Masuda and Hiroshima reported
a new compact multi-electrode gas discharge tube (GDT) and showed its characteristics [Masuda2013]. Yutthagowith performed calculations of lightning transient potential rises in grounding
systems. In the paper they applied the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method, adopting amodified image method. The effect of retardation in the PEEC method is also investigated[Yutthagowith 2011]. Yuda applied the transmission-line modeling (TLM) method to analyzing
transient responses of grounding electrodes and lightning-induced voltages on an overhead wire
[Yuda 2013].

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