COMMISSION G: Ionospheric Radio and Propagation (November 2007 – Ocrtober 2010)
Edited by Shigeto Watanabe
G1. Ionospheric Irregularities
G1.1. Equatorial Spread F and Plasma Bubble
Variations in ionospheric height associated with the pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) and spread
F at two equatorial ionosonde stations separated by 6.34 degree in longitude were studied. The h'F
enhancement is localized in longitude when equatorial spread F (ESF) occurs. It is due to theeastward electric field enhancement (Saito and Maruyama, 2007). Ionospheric height variations andplasma irregularity occurrence are affected by meridional wind (Maruyama et al., 2009). The virtual
height of the bottom side F-region (h0F) and equatorial spread-F (ESF) onsets at Chumphon werecompared with the behaviour of equatorial electrojet (EEJ) ground strength at Phuket during theperiod from November 2007 to October 2008. The pre-sunset E-region dynamo current and/or
electric field are related to the F-region dynamics and ESF onsets around sunset (Uemoto et al.,2010a). The 3-m-scale ionospheric irregularities associated with plasma bubbles were investigatedby the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR), a 630-nm airglow imager, ionosondes, and GPS (Saito
et al., 2008a, 2008b). The occurrence of low-latitude ionospheric irregularities was different indifferent longitude (Li et al., 2010). Middle-latitude plasma bubble was observed in the 10
November 2004 storm-time in Southeast Asia (Li et al., 2009). The Nighttime F-region field-aligned
irregularities over Kototabang were observed by VHF radar (Otsuka et al., 2009b). The F-region
ionospheric irregularities in the South American sector during the October 2003 "Halloween Storms"
were investigated in detail (Sahai et al., 2009a). Large-scale wave structure (LSWS) and equatorial
spread F (ESF) were observed at the first time by CERTO radio beacon on the C/NOFS satellite. The
LSWS appears in the development of ESF than the post sunset rise (PSSR) of the F layer, and before
E region sunset (Thampi et al., 2009a, Tsunoda et al., 2010). The equatorial GPS ionosphericscintillations over Kototabang, Indonesia were associated with atmospheric waves from below(Ogawa et al., 2009a). Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances and plasma bubbles werediscovered by an all-sky airglow imager at Yonaguni, Japan (Ogawa et al., 2009c). Decay of
3-m-scale ionospheric irregularities associated with a plasma bubble was observed with the
Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (Saito et al., 2008). Oscillations with periods of 3 to 4 days wereobserved in the meteor radar zonal wind at Cariri (7.4°S, 36.5°W), in the ionospheric minimum
virtual height h'F and the maximum critical frequency foF2 at Fortaleza (3.9°S, 38.4°W), and in the
TIMED/SABER satellite temperature data in the stratosphere - mesosphere. The oscillation is
3.5–day Ultra Fast Kelvin (UFK) wave, propagating from the stratosphere to the ionosphere(Takahashi et al., 2007). The GPS ionospheric scintillations associated with geomagnetic storm wasinvestigated (Guozhu et al., 2008). The occurrence characteristic of plasma bubble was studied usingthe ground based GPS receiver networks in the Asian region in 2004 (Nishioka et al., 2008).
G1.2. Sporadic E and Quasi-Periodic Echo
The horizontally drifting sporadic E patch generated from meteor trail plasma was observed for
40 min. The descending rate of the meteor echo was approximately 22 m/s, which was considerably
greater than that of the tidal ion layer trapped in a downward-moving wind shear node (Maruyama etal., 2008b). The solar eclipse induced mid latitude plasma irregularities, Quasi Periodic (QP) echoes,
were observed at the first time during the partial solar eclipse on 22 July, 2009 by using the middle
and upper atmosphere radar (MU radar) at Shigaraki (34.85°N, 136.1°E, 25.0°N geomagnetic
laitude) (Thampi et al., 2010). Sporadic E layer was observed with a rocket-borne magnesium ion
imager (Kurihara et al., 2010a). The electron temperature (Te), electron density (Ne), and two
components of the electric field were measured from the height of 90 km to 150 km by one of thesounding rockets launched during the SEEK-2 campaign. The structure of Es is projected to a higher
altitude along the magnetic line of force, thus producing irregular structures of Te, Ne and electricfield in higher altitude (Oyama et al., 2008d, 2008e). Gravity wave-driven instability of E layer at
mid-latitude was discussed (Shalimov et al., 2009). Polarization electric fields of the Es patches onscales above about 10 km can map efficiently between the E and F regions. The electrical coupling
between the dense Es patch and the F region depends on the presence of field aligned closure
currents and the orientation of the ambient effective electric field (Shalimov and Yamamoto, 2010).
Three-dimensional simulation of the coupled Perkins and Es-layer instabilities in the nighttime
midlatitude ionosphere was carried out. The coupling process between E and F regions has asignificant effect on the scale of the Es layer perturbation rather than the growth rate of the Es layer
instability (Yokoyama et al., 2008, 2009a). Daytime 150-km echoes were observed by Equatorial
Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia. The westward and upward/southward irregularity drifts with zonal
anisotropy were found to be consistent with daytime background electric fields (Patra et al., 2007,2008, Yokoyama et al., 2009b). The middle‐ and upper‐atmosphere (MU) radar (34.85°N,
136.10°E) was operated in the incoherent scatter power‐only mode to observe the ionosphere
during 17 June 2001. Pronounced 200‐ to 300‐min. waves in the echo power appeared in the F2
region during 0240–1250 local time on 17 June 2001 (Liu et al., 2007). Simultaneous observationsof mean zonal wind at 88 km obtained by the meteor radars at Cariri (7.4°S, 36.5°W) and Ascension
Island (7.9°S, 14.4°W) and two medium‐frequency radars at Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E) andPamuengpeuk (7.7°S, 107.7°E) were used to investigate the influence of the intraseasonal variationsin the lower tropospheric convective activity associated with the Madden‐Julian oscillation on thelongitudinal behavior of intraseasonal oscillations (ISO) of the zonal winds in the equatorial
mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) (Rao et al., 2009).

G2. Ionospheric DisturbancesG2.1. Ionospheric Storm
Variations in the high-latitude ionosphere structure during geomagnetic storm were examined forelectron density and temperature by the Cosmos-900 satellite, the ISS-b satellite, the Intercosmos-19
satellite, the DMSP, TIROS and P78 satellites (Karpachev et al., 2007). The forecasting ionosphericvariations and storms at Kokubunji (35◦N, 139◦E) were studied for 24 hours in advance by using aneural network (Nakamura et al., 2007). From studying conditions of intense ionospheric storms at
lower midlatitudes in March and April 2001, an eastward disturbance dynamo electric field formed
after midnight, the ionospheric layer was uplifted, and the ion drag was reduced (Maruyama andNakamura, 2007). Ionospheric responses to the major magnetic storm disturbances of October 2003
were investigated using database selected in the Brazilian and Japanese-Asian longitude sectors.
Prompt penetrating (PP) dawn-dusk polar cap electric fields produce large F region plasma uplift on
the dayside and eveningside, while the associated westward electric field on the nightside produces
large downdraft of the F region plasma, and causes development of westward electrojet current(Abdu et al., 2007). Positive ionospheric storms at low latitudes and midlatitudes were studied froma low latitude ionospheric model and observations. The positive ionospheric storms are most likely
in the longitudes where the onset of the geomagnetic storms falls in the ionization production
dominated morning noon local time sector when the plasma accumulation due to the mechanicaleffects of the wind largely exceeds the plasma loss due to the chemical effect of the wind. The
mechanism agrees with the multi instrument observations made during the super geomagnetic stormof 7–8 November 2004 (Balan et al., 2010). Effects of electric field and neutral wind on positive
ionospheric storms were studied (Balan et al., 2009a). The ionospheric response in the Brazilian
sector was investigated during the super geomagnetic storm on 20 November 2003 (Becker-Guedes
et al., 2007). Intense geomagnetic disturbances with two super storms were observed in two
separated longitudinal sectors during the period of 8–10 November 2004 (Sahai et al., 2009b).
Prompt Penetration Electric Fields (PPEFs) affected ionospheric structure during great magnetic
storm of October 30-31, 2003. For intense southward interplanetary magnetic fields (IMFs), inward
plasma sheet convection occurs with the result of magnetospheric ring current formation and an
intense magnetic storm. Then, positive phase ionospheric storms occur on the dayside and negative
phase ionospheric storms occur on the nightside. The dayside ionospheric storms due to PPEFs arecharacterized by transport of near equatorial plasma to higher altitudes and latitudes, forming a giant
plasma fountain (Tsurutani et al., 2008). Ionospheric response occurred during the geomagnetic
storm on 20–22 November 2003 and on 13-17 April 2006 in the West Pacific region (Zhao et al.,2008, 2009).
G2.2. Traveling Ionospheric DisturbancesLarge-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance was observed by SuperDARN Hokkaido HF
Radar and GPS Networks. The observation on 15 December 2006 showed a positive correlation
between downward ionospheric motion and increasing TEC (Hayashi et al., 2010). Medium-scale
traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTID) and F region field-aligned irregularities were observedwith two spaced all-sky airglow imagers and the middle and upper atmosphere radar. The MSTID
with the velocity of 80 m/s propagated with the fluctuation amplitudes of 50% from the background
intensity and the wavelength of 380 km. The period of the MSTID was similar to the Doppler
velocity of the QP echoes. The airglow enhancement (depletion) caused by the MSTID coincidedwith the southeastward (northwestward) velocity in the QP echo (Otsuka et al., 2007, 2009a, Suzuki
et al., 2007a, 2007b, 2008, 2009a, 2009b, Saito et al., 2008). The mesospheric gravity waves overJapan were observed by airglow, lidar, and radar (Suzuki et al., 2010). The daytime MSTIDs over
North America were observed at the first time by GPS-TEC and DEMETER satellite (Onishi et al.,2009). The nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances were detected by network
GPS receivers in Taiwan (Lee et al., 2008). The medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances at
middle latitudes were observed by an airglow imager (Shiokawa et al., 2008). The relation between
sporadic-E irregularities and medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances was investigated with
the SuperDARN Hokkaido radar, all-sky imager and GPS network. Daytime radar echoes are due toground/sea surface (GS) scatter, while nighttime echoes return from 15 m scale F region fieldaligned irregularities (FAIs). The nighttime MSTIDs are often accompanied by concurrent coherent
echoes from FAIs in sporadic E (Es) layers. Some Es echo was connected with the echo areas along
the geomagnetic field, indicating the existence of E and F region coupling at night (Ogawa et al.,2009b). The relationship between medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance and sporadic E
layer in summer night over Japan was investigated (Otsuka et al., 2008). The medium scale travelingionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) with amplitude larger than 20 TECU (=10^16el/m2) wereobserved at mid latitude during the geomagnetic storm on 10 November 2004. This amplitude wasmore than 10 times larger than that of the average MSTID (Nishioka et al., 2009). A storm-timetraveling ionospheric disturbance was compared with AMIE-TIEGCM modeling. In the model, twoJoule heating enhancements in the high latitude dayside sector produced two distinct travelingatmospheric waves (TADs), which propagated to Japan in the midnight sector as enhancements inthermospheric temperature and southward wind speed (Shiokawa et al., 2007b). The travelingionospheric disturbances were observed with the Paratunka OMTI camera and the Hokkaido HF
radar (Koustov et al., 2009). The propagation parameters of daytime medium scale travelingionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) were investigated using near simultaneous SuperDARN radar
data obtained at auroral and middle latitudes. The statistical analysis implies that a portion of
MSTIDs with higher horizontal phase velocity are unable to reach the mid latitude due to theenhanced dissipation and the reduction of the ion drag effect (Ishida et al., 2008).

G3. Ionospheric Structure and Models
G3.1. Ionospheric Structure
From simultaneous observations of the electron and neutral density from the CHAMP satellite,
rapid thermospheric response within a few minutes was observed (Liu et al., 2007a). Solar activity
dependence of the electron density at equatorial and low latitudes was investigated from theCHAMP measurements between 1 August 2000 and 1 August 2006 and compared it with theinternational reference ionosphere (IRI) model (Liu et al., 2007b, 2007d). The typical diurnal cycleof the mid latitude F region electron density consisted of a midday maximum and a midnight
minimum. However, a phase reversal of this diurnal cycle occurred in three distinct regions, East
Asian, the Northern Atlantic and the South Pacific (Liu et al., 2010). The 630-nm airglow in the
Asian sector was studied by Formosat-2/ISUAL (Adachi et al., 2010). Polar cap patches is generatedby shears in the background plasma convection, and the patch motion is investigated statistically byuse of airglow imager (Hosokawa et al., 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2010a). The penetration electric fieldfrom polar region generated super plasma fountain and equatorial ionization anomaly development(Balan et al., 2009b). F3 layer was generated during penetration electric field (Balan et al., 2008a).
The F3 layer was observed by the meridional ionosonde network located in Southeast Asia
(SEALION). The simultaneous magnetic conjugate observations of the F3 layer showed clear
dependences of the F3 layer on the magnetic latitude, which is due to the plasma diffusion effects
along the magnetic field lines (Uemoto et al., 2007). Plasma densities measured by the Circum-pan
Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN) ground magnetometers and the Cluster satellites on thesame field line were compared (Maeda et al., 2008). Predawn ionospheric heating observed by
HINOTORI satellite was investigated. The observations indicate that the photoelectron flux causing
predawn ionospheric heating is attenuated by scattering in the high altitude (>600 km) ionosphereand plasmasphere (Kakinami et al., 2009b). Low-energy (<10 eV) ion outflow of O+ ions wasobserved in the region of enhanced electron density in the polar cap magnetosphere during
geomagnetic storms (Kitamura et al., 2010). Ionosphere was investigated as a coupling system ofsolar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere and upper atmosphere (Balan et al., 2008b). Solar activity
dependence of the electron density at 400 km at equatorial and low latitudes was investigated by useof CHAMP satellite (Liu et al., 2007e). The total electron content (TEC) enhancement occurred
during the low geomagnetic activity observed over Japan. The enhancements of TEC of equatorial
origin structures are produced mainly by a disturbance winds dynamo electric field, built up after themain phase of the storms (Kutiev et al., 2007). Ionospheric hole was found behind an ascending
Japanese sounding rocket with GPS array over Japan (Furuya et al., 2008), and behind the ballistic
missiles from North Korea (Ozaki and Heki, 2010). Highly Energetic Electron Environment in the
Inner Magnetosphere is monitored in order to promote Space weather project in Japan (Obara et al.,2009a, 2009b, 2010). Goto et al. (2008) proposed a new lunar ionosphere exploration method using
interference patterns of the AKR. This is a new approach to examine the existence of the lunar
ionosphere which is not based on the radio occultation technique. A chain of digital beacon receivers
established over Japan was used for the tomographic imaging of the ionosphere (Thampi et al.,2009b. Thampi and Yamamoto, 2010, Yamamoto 2008).
G3.2. Ionosphere-Thermosphere Models
A regional reference model of total electron content (TEC) was constructed using data from the
GPS Earth Observation Network (GEONET) and the neural network model (Maruyama, 2007, 2010).
Empirical models of electron density in low latitude at 600 km altitude obtained by Hinotori satellite
and that of Total Electron Content over Taiwan during geomagnetic quiet condition were constructed(Kakinami et al., 2008, 2009a). Simulation was carried out to investigate the increased upward or
downward diffusion flux of plasma in the topside ionosphere caused by the electric field penetration
during magnetic storm (Jin and Maruyama, 2008). A general circulation model from the groundsurface to the upper thermosphere has been developed, and the characteristics of gravity waves in themesosphere and thermosphere are examined (Miyoshi and Fujiwara, 2008, 2009, Fujiwara andMiyoshi, 2009, 2010). From a whole atmosphere general circulation model and an ionosphere thermosphere model, it was revealed that the longitudinal structure of the F region zonal electricfield (vertical ExB drift) results in the eastward zonal wave number 3 diurnal tide (DE3) thatoriginates from the convective activities in the troposphere and propagates upward. The daytime
zonal electric field is a direct result from charge separation induced by the Hall dynamo current,
whereas the nighttime zonal electric field is produced under the electrostatic condition (Jin et al.,2008). Solar terminal waves observed by the CHAMP satellite occurred not only in the thermospherebut also in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The terminator wave is excited in the stratosphere
and/or troposphere and propagates upward into the upper thermosphere. Specifically, the solar
terminator wave is mainly generated by superposition of the upward propagating migrating tides
from zonal wave number 4 to zonal wave number 6. The terminator wave is more prominent duringsolstice than during equinox (Miyoshi et al., 2009). The F2-layer critical frequency (foF2) and peakheight (hmF2) measured by the FM/CW ionosonde at Thailand equatorial latitude station Chumphonfrom January 2004 to December 2006 were analyzed based on the diurnal, seasonal variation, andcompared with IRI-2001 model (Wichaipanich et al., 2009). Convectively generated atmosphericgravity waves that propagate into the equatorial stratosphere were investigated using a cloud
resolving model (Horinouchi 2008). The global distribution, sources, and propagation of
atmospheric waves in the equatorial upper troposphere and lower stratosphere were investigatedusing an atmospheric general circulation model with T106L60 resolution (120‐km horizontal and
550‐m vertical resolution). The quasibiennial oscillation (QBO) with a period of ∼1.5–2 years wassimulated well without gravity wave drag parameterization (Kawatani et al., 2009).
G3.3. Ionospheric Electric Field and Current
Penetration of the magnetospheric electric field to the equatorial ionosphere was examined forthe geomagnetic storm on 6 November 2001, by analyzing the difference in magnitude of thegeomagnetic storm recorded at the dayside geomagnetic equator, Yap (−0.3° GML) and low latitude,
Okinawa (14.47° GML). The penetrated electric field caused the DP2 currents at the equator, i.e.,eastward currents during the main phase of the storm, while the overshielding currents, i.e.,
westward currents dominated during the recovery phase. The electric field associated with the DP2currents contributed to the development of the ring current during the main phase (Kikuchi et al.,2008). The relation between equatorial ionization anomaly of the total electron content andequatorial electrojet of ground-based geomagnetic field strength was investigated (Chen et al., 2008).
Low-latitude ionospheric electric and magnetic field disturbances were associated with solar windpressure enhancements (Huang et al., 2008). Characteristics of the Equatorial Electrojet current inCentral South America was investigated (Rastogi et al., 2008). Auroral electrojets were investigatedwith solar wind parameters during the extremely large magnetic storm of November 20-21, 2003
(Solovyev et al., 2008). A new index was presented in order to monitor the temporal and thelong-term variations of the Equatorial Electrojet from MAGnetic Data Acquisition System /Circum-pan Pacific Magnetmeter Network Data (MAGDAS/CPMN) real-time data (Uozumi et al.,2008). Characteristics of counter-Sq SFE (Solar Flare Effects) at the Dip equator (SFE*) by CPMN
stations were investigated, and ionospheric electric field was inferred during SFE (Yamazaki et al.,2009a). Sq current system and Sq vortex were studied from 210° magnetic meridian (MM) of the
Circum pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN) covering both the Northern Hemisphere andSouthern Hemisphere (Yamazaki et al., 2009b). Interhemispheric trans-equatorial field-aligned
currents deduced from MAGDAS at equatorial zone were measured (Bolaji et al., 2010). The
Sq-EEJ relationship based on extended magnetometer networks in the East Asian region was
analyzed (Yamazaki et al., 2010). Pedersen current was carried by the electrons in the auroral
D-region, observed by the EISCAT VHF radar in Tromsø, Norway when an intense pulsating aurora(PA) occurred. It is important in the closure of FAC associated with the patch of PA (Hosokawa andOgawa, 2010). Kasaba et al. (2010) developed three types of stiff and extendible electromagnetic
sensors in rigid monopole antenna, loop antenna, and Yagi-Uda antenna for future space missions.
One of them, rigid monopole antennas, coupled with an inflatable actuator system, was successfully
used in the JAXA S-520-23 sounding rocket experiment in September 2007. The sheath capacitancemeasurements from impedance probes onboard the S-520-23 sounding rockets allow for estimationof the electron temperature and the electron density of Maxwellian plasma (Suzuki et al., 2010). The
Jicamarca Radio Observatory, magnetometer observations from the Pacific sector and ionosondedata from Brazil were used to study equatorial ionospheric electric fields during the November 2004
geomagnetic storm. The very large eastward and westward daytime electrojet current perturbations
appeared with lifetimes of about an hour in the Pacific equatorial region during the November 7
main phase of the storm. The largest daytime prompt penetration electric fields (about 3 mV/m) wereobserved over Jicamarca. The large equatorial electrojet current and drift perturbations were present
in the Pacific and Brazilian equatorial regions (Fejer et al., 2007).
G4. Coupling with Atmosphere/LithosphereG4.1. Neutral Atmosphere-Ionosphere System
A global picture of thermospheric neutral density and the climatology of the equatorial mass
anomaly (EMA) in the thermosphere using 4 years of CHAMP measurements were revealed. There
are strong variations of the EMA with season and solar flux level. The EMA structure is mostprominent around equinox, with a crest to trough ratio about 1.05 for F10.7 = 150. The density crest
attains maximum 1–2 hours earlier and reaches higher values in the summer hemisphere than in thewinter hemisphere (Liu et al., 2007c). From an ionosonde network in the Southeast Asian area,
thermospheric neutral winds were inferred and compared with the HWM93 empirical thermosphericwind model (Maruyama et al., 2007, 2008a). A solar terminator wave in thermospheric wind anddensity was found by Liu et al., 2009a. Ionosphere-thermosphere coupling was investigated with
DE2 satellite. The fast zonal neutral wind occurs inside the zonal plasma drift velocity anomaly(PDA) in the evening hours, and such latitudinal structures in the zonal wind and plasma drifts areassociated with equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). This is a strong manifestation of the ionosphere- thermosphere coupling processes over the low latitude (Watanabe and Kondo, 2010). Fast
thermospheric wind jet at the Earth’s dip equator was observed by both CHAMP and DM2 satellites(Liu et al., 2009c). The lower thermospheric wind was investigated from a long run data set obtainedby the EISCAT UHF radar at Tromsø (69.6°N, 19.2°E) over ∼23 days, from September 6 to 29, 2005.
The 5–6 day oscillations in the lower thermosphere were found, where there were planetary wave
activities in the lower thermosphere (Nozawa et al., 2010). Lower-thermospheric wind fluctuations
were measured with a Fabry Perot Interferometer (FPI) during pulsating aurora at Tromso (Oyama etal., 2010). Nighttime mesospheric and thermospheric waves were observed by optical mesospherethermosphere imagers at middle and low latitudes (Shiokawa et al., 2009a). An intense gravity wave
near the mesopause region was observed by a Fabry-Perot interferometer and an airglow imager(Shiokawa et al., 2007a). Airglow temperature photometer with cooled-CCD detectors wasdeveloped (Shiokawa et al., 2007c). The upper atmosphere and plasma imager / the telescope ofvisible light (UPI/TVIS) were installed in the Kaguya spacecraft (Taguchi et al., 2009). OI 630.0 nm
dayglow variations were obtained over low latitudes during onset of a substorm (Chakrabarty et al.,2010). Ionospheric electron density enhancement occurred during Lithium releases from soundingrocket during WIND campaign. It is due to photo ionization of Lithium atom (Uemoto et al., 2010b).
The gravity waves and the vertical eddy diffusivity across the tropopause was obtained by MU radarand the Equatorial Atmospheric Radar (EAR) (Alexander and Tsuda, 2007, Alexander et al., 2007a,
2007b, Alexander and Tsuda, 2008). COSMIC satellite temperature data were used to derive the
2006/07 winter mean stratospheric Northern Hemisphere potential energy Ep from gravity waves( Alexander et al., 2008, 2009). Long‐term mean vertical winds were downward in the middle
troposphere and upward above the jet‐stream wind maximum, which was obtained by VHF/UHF
radars (Chen et al., 2008). Semidiurnal tides were obtained from the Extended Canadian Middle
Atmosphere Model (CMAM) and the results were compared with TIMED Doppler Interferometer(TIDI) and meteor radar observations (Du et al., 2007). The seasonal variation of short‐period (<2h) gravity wave activity was investigated in the troposphere and lower stratosphere using the windobservations made with VHF radar at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), India (Dutta et al., 2008). As partof the Maui‐Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere program, data from the Utah State University
Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (MTM) and the University of Illinois Meteor Wind Radar (MWR)
were used to investigate wave‐driven dynamical interactions in the upper mesosphere at low
latitudes. On 29 June 2003, short‐period (∼20 min) gravity waves (GWs) were imaged in the MTM
in the near‐infrared OH and O2 airglow emissions for most of the night from 0700 to 1500 UT. The
GWs were observed to disappear rapidly in the O2 data (peak altitude: ∼94 km) around 1400 UT but
remained evident in the lower altitudes OH data (∼87 km) for a further 30 min (Ejiri et al., 2009, Yueet al., 2009). The Middle and Upper atmosphere Radar (MUR) was upgraded in March 2004 forradar imaging capability with 5 frequencies across a 1 MHz bandwidth and 25 digital receivers(Hassenpflug et al., 2008). The horizontal structures of GWs were obtained directly by using
multiple profiles based on the GPS RO data from the Constellation Observing System forMeteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC)/FORMOSAT‐3 mission (Horinouchi and Tsuda,2009). During the 9‐day continuous campaign in September 2003, the Colorado State University
sodium lidar observed significant short‐term tidal variability in both diurnal and semidiurnal tides
above 85 km on days 265–268 (Li et al., 2009). The horizontal wind data acquired by MF radar at
Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E) for the period January 1993 to July 2006 were used to study long‐termvariability of equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) winds (Sridharan et al., 2007).
G4.2. Effect of Thunderstorm and Meteorological Phenomenon
Neutral winds, ambipolar diffusion coefficients, and neutral temperatures were observed by the
Nippon/Norway Tromsø Meteor Radar (NTMR) and ion temperatures observed by the European
Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) UHF radar at Tromsø (69.6°N, 19.2°E), during a major stratosphericsudden warming (SSW) that occurred in January 2009. The zonal winds at 80–100 km height
reversed approximately 10 days earlier than the zonal wind reversal in the stratosphere and theneutral temperature at 90 km decreased simultaneously with the zonal wind reversal at the same
altitude. The SSW is strongly linked to thermal structure and dynamics in the high latitude
mesosphere, lower thermosphere, and ionosphere (Kurihara et al., 2010b). From plasma drift andmagnetic field measurements during the 2001–2009 December solstices, the longitudinal
dependence of equatorial ionospheric electrodynamic perturbations during sudden stratosphericwarming was investigated. The large electrodynamic perturbations during stratospheric warming
periods are due to strongly enhanced semidiurnal lunar wave effects (Fejer et al., 2010). The
seasonal variation in the longitudinal structure of the equatorial ionosphere agreed well with that of
the nonmigrating diurnal tides DE3, supporting a close coupling between the ionosphere and themesosphere - lower thermosphere possibly via the DE3 tidal modulation of the E layer dynamo (Liuand Watanabe, 2008). Wave-4 pattern of the equatorial mass density anomaly was found by CHAMP
satellite. It is due to the direct penetration of the DE3 to F‐regions heights (Liu et al., 2009b).
Ground-based detection of sprites and their parent lightning flashes over Africa were carried out
during the 2006 AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis) campaign (Williams et al.,2009). Global distribution of intense lightning discharges and their seasonal variations were studied(Sato et al., 2008). Optical energy of sprites and its charge moment of parent lightning discharge
were obtained by ISUAL/AP (Takahashi et al., 2010). Atmospheric monitoring system of
JEM-EUSO mission is being developed (Mitev et al., 2007).
G4.3. Earthquake Effect on the Ionosphere
GPS TEC anomaly was investigated statistically for M>5.9 earthquakes in Indonesia during
1993-2002 (Saroso et al., 2008). The temporal precursor of the GPS TEC around the epicenter was
significantly reduced during the afternoon period on day 5 before the M9.3 earthquake, which
occurred in Sumatra Andaman, Indonesia on 26 December 2004 (Liu et al., 2010a). During the 2005
Sumatora earthquakes, the ionospheric and geomagnetic disturbances occurred (Hasbi et al., 2009),
and ULF geomagnetic anomalous were observed (Saroso et al., 2009). The ULF wave may be used
for the phenomena associated with earthquake (Yumoto et al., 2009). The ground‐based receivers of
the global positioning system (GPS) in the Taiwan area detected coseismic ionospheric disturbances(CIDs) in the total electron content (TEC) triggered by the Chi‐Chi earthquake of Mw 7.6 at 17:47
UT on 20 September 1999 (Liu et al., 2010b, Nishitani et al., 2009). The reduction of electron
temperature occurred in low latitude ionosphere at 600 km altitude before and after large
earthquakes (Oyama et al., 2008a). The plan of Micro/mini satellites for earthquake studies was
proposed (Oyama et al., 2008b). Ionospheric electron content anomalies were detected by a
FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC empirical model before and after the Wenchuan earthquake in 12 May
2008 (Liu et al., 2009, Kakinami et al., 2010, Jhuang et al., 2010). The FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC
results showed that the ionospheric F2 peak electron density, NmF2, and height, hmF2, significantlydecreases approximately 40% and descends about 50–80 km, respectively, when the GPS TEC
anomalously reduces. The dependence of waveform of near-field coseismic ionospheric disturbancewas discussed (Astafyeva and Heki, 2009, Astafyeva et al., 2009).
G5. Polar Atmosphere-Ionosphere
Temperature enhancements and vertical winds in the lower thermosphere associated with auroral
heating were observed during the Dynamics and Energetics of the Lower Thermosphere in Aurora(DELTA) campaign. N2 rotational temperature was measured with a rocket‐borne instrument
launched from the Andøya Rocket Range, neutral winds were measured from auroral emissions at
557.7 nm with a Fabry Perot Interferometer (FPI) at Skibotn and the KEOPS, and ionosphericparameters were measured with the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) UHF radar at Tromsø(Kurihara et al., 2009). Polar cap tongue of ionization during magnetic storm was investigated. The
polar cap tongue of ionization was caused by a combination of temporal variations in the
global‐scale plasma circulation system (Hosokawa et al., 2010b). Longitudinal development of a
substorm brightening arc was observed (Shiokawa et al., 2009b, Yogo et al., 2007) and theRayleigh-Taylor type instability mechanism was discussed (Shiokawa et al., 2010). Simultaneous
ground and satellite observations of an isolated proton arc were carried out at subauroral latitudes.
The observed isolated proton arc at subauroral latitudes was caused by the EMIC (electromagnetic
ion cyclotron) waves, which were generated near the plasmapause and resonantly scattered the ring
current protons into the loss cone (Sakaguchi et al., 2007). The GPS total electron content variations
were associated with a polar cap arc (Jayachandran et al., 2009). QSAT the satellite for polar plasma
observation was planed (Tsuruda et al., 2009). The IMF dependence of high-latitude thermosphericwind was studied (Forster et al., 2008, Luhr et al., 2007). The energy transport from the exterior cusp
into the ionosphere was investigated using coordinated ground-based (EISCAT and MIRACLE) andsatellite (Cluster) observations. The particles seen at about 9 Re in the exterior cusp carry anearthward energy flux that corresponds to the observed heating of the F-region. The estimatedearthward Poynting flux is more than enough to account for the Joule heating in the E-region(Yordanova et al., 2007). Using the European incoherent scatter (EISCAT) Svalbard radar located inLongyearbyen (78.2°N, 16.0°E) and with the EISCAT UHF radar located in Tromsø (69.6°N,
19.2°E), the data obtained for six consecutive days from 1000 UT on 1 July 1999 to 1000 UT on 7
July 1999 were investigated the ion drag on the lower thermospheric wind dynamics in the summer
polar region (Tsuda et al., 2007, 2009). Lower-thermospheric winds at high latitudes during
moderately-disturbed geomagnetic conditions were studied using data obtained with the European
Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Kiruna-Sodankylä-Tromsø (KST) ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radarsystem on 9–10 September 2004. The meridional neutral-wind speed suddenly changed its direction
from equatorward to poleward when the heating event began, and then returned equatorwardcoinciding with a decrease in the heating event. The pressure gradient caused thelower-thermospheric wind to accelerate obliquely upward over Tromsø in the poleward direction(Oyama et al., 2008c). The relationship between bulk ion upflows and suprathermal ions wasinvestigated using data simultaneously obtained from the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT)
Svalbard radar (ESR) and the Reimei satellite. The plasma waves such as broadband extremely low
frequency (BBELF) wavefields associated with precipitation are connected to the bulk ion upflows
in the cusp and effectively cause the heating of suprathermal ions (Ogawa et al., 2008). The F region
strong sunward ion flow embedded in the duskside cell of expanding polar cap ion convection andcoincidental increase in the ion temperature were observed from about 73° to 69° in geomagnetic
latitude between 16:00 and 16:48 MLT on 19 August, 2006 from an experiment using the European
Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radars at Tromsø, Sodankylä and Longyearbyen together with the
CUTLASS HF radars (Maeda et al., 2009). Hydrogen ion (H+) and oxygen ion (O+) upflow wereobserved in the topside polar ionosphere by the EISCAT Svalbard Radar and the Reimei satellite.
The H+ upflow occurred equatorward of the cusp above 500 km altitude. Within the cusp the H+
density was very low, and the upflow was dominated by the O+ ions, but on closed field lines the H+
became the larger contributor to the upward flux above about 550 km altitude (Ogawa et al., 2009).
The upward ion flux was generally higher when solar activity was high. The solar activity influences
long-term variations of the ion upflow occurrence (Ogawa et al., 2010). Neutral winds and plasma
motions were obtained by coordinated Fabry Perot imager and VHF radar observations at Syowa
Station, Antarctica. There was discrepancy between the neutral winds and the plasma Doppler
velocities, which is consistent with the linear theory of E region irregularities including the radar
Doppler velocity by E × B drift and neutral wind (Sakanoi et al., 2009).

References
Abdu, M. A., T. Maruyama, I. S. Batista, S. Saito, and M. Nakamura, Ionospheric responses to the
October 2003 superstorm: Longitude/local time effects over equatorial low and middle latitudes, J.
Geophys. Res., 112, A10306, doi:10.1029/2006JA012228, 2007.
Adachi, T., M. Yamaoka, M. Yamamoto, Y. Otsuka, Huixin Liu, C. Hsiao, A. Chen, R. Hsu,
Midnight latitude-altitude distribution of 630-nm airglow in the Asian sector measured with
Formosat-2/ISUAL, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09315, doi:10.1029/2009JA015147, 2010.
Alexander, S., Tsuda, T., Measurements of vertical eddy diffusivity across the tropopause using radio
acoustic sounding system(RASS), Geophys. Res. Lett, 34, L06803, 2007.

Alexander, S., Tsuda, T., Furumoto, J., Effects of atmospheric stability on wave and enery
proparation in the troposphere, J. Ocean. Atmos. Tsch, 24, 602-615, 2007a.
Alexander,

S. P.,

Tsuda T.,

Shibagaki,

Y.,

Kozu,

T,

2008, Seasonal Gravity Wave

Activity Observed with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) and its relation to the TropicalRainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), J. Geophys. Res, 113, D02104, 2007b.
Alexander, S. P., T. Tsuda, and Y. Kawatani, COSMIC GPS Observations of Northern Hemisphere
Winter Stratospheric Gravity Waves and Comparisons with an Atmospheric General Circulation
Model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, doi:10.1029/2008GL033174, 2008.
Alexander, S.P, T. Tsuda, High-Resolution Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) Observations
and Analysis up to 20km, J. Atmos. and Ocean Tech., 25, 8, 1383-1396, 2008.
Alexander, S. P., Tsuda T., Observations of the Diurnal Tide during seven intensive Radiosonde
Campaigns in Australia and Indonesia, J. Geophys. Res, 113, D04109, 2008.
Alexander, S. P., T. Tsuda, Y. Kawatani, and M. Takahashi, Global distribution of atmospheric waves
in the equatorial upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: COSMIC observations of wave mean
flow interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 113, doi:10.1029/2008JD010039, 2008.
Alexander, S. P., Klekociuk, A. R., and Tsuda, T., Gravity wave and orographic wave activity
observed around the Antarctic and Arctic stratospheric vortices by the COSMIC GPS-RO satellite
constellation, JGR, 114:, D17103, doi:10.1029/2009JD011851, 2009.
Astafyeva, E. and K. Heki, Dependence of waveform of neear-field coseismic ionosphericdisturbance on focal mechanisms, Earth Planets Space, 61, 939-943, 2009.
Astafyeva, E., K. Heki, V. Kiryushkin, E. Afraimovich, S. Shalimov, Two-mode long-distancepropagationof

coseismic

ionosphere

disturbances,J.

Geophys.

Res.,

114,

A10307,

doi:10.1029/2008JA013853, 2009.
Balan, N., S. V. Thampi, K. Lynn, Y. Otsuka, H. Alleyne, S. Watanabe, M. A. Abdu, and B. G. Fejer,
F3

layer

duringpenetration

doi:10.1029/2008JA013206, 2008a.

electric

field,J.

Geophys.

Res.,

113,

A00A07,

Balan, N., Katya Georgiva, Charles Lin, Shigeto Watanabe and Takuji Nakamura, Coupling of solar
wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere and upper atmosphere, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.09.015, J. Atmos.
Solar-Terr. Phys. 2008b.
Balan, N., H. Alleyne, Y. Otsuka, D. Vijaya Lekshmi, B. G. Fejer, and I. McCrea, Relative effects ofelectric field and neutral wind on positive ionospheric storms, Earth Planets Space, 61, 439-445,
2009a.
Balan, N., K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, S. Watanabe, and G. J. Bailey, Super plasma fountain andequatorial ionization anomaly during penetration electric field, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A03310,
doi:10.1029/2008JA013768, 2009b.
Balan, N., K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, T. Kikuchi, D. Vijaya Lekshmi, S. Kawamura, M. Yamamoto,and G. J. Bailey, A physical mechanism of positive ionospheric storms at low latitudes andmidlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A02304, doi:10.1029/2009JA014515, 2010.
Becker-Guedes, F., Y. Sahai, P. R. Fagundes, E. S. Espinoza, V. G. Pillat, W. L. C. Lima, Su. Basu,
Sa. Basu, Y. Otsuka, K. Shiokawa, E. M. MacKenzie, X. Pi, and J. A. Bittencourt, The ionospheric
response in the Brazilian sector during the super geomagnetic storm on 20 November 2003, Ann.
Geophys., 25, 863-873, 2007.
Bolaji, O.S., A.B. Rabiu, I.A. Adimula, J.O. Adeniyi, and K. Yumoto, Interhemispherictrans-equatorial field-aligned currents deduced from MAGDAS at equatorial zone, Space Res. J.
ISSN 1819-3382, pp.1-11, 2010.
Chakrabarty D., R. Sekar, J. H. Sastri, B. M. Pathan, G. D. Reeves, K. Yumoto, and T. Kikuchi,
Evidence for OI 630.0 nm dayglow variations over low latitudes during onset of a substorm, J.
Geophys. Res., vol. 115, A10316, doi:10.1029/2010JA015643, 2010.
Chen, C.H., J.Y. Liu, K. Yumoto, C.H. Lin, and T.W. Fang, Equatorial ionization anomaly of thetotal electron content and equatorial electrojet of ground-based geomagnetic field strength, J. Atmos.
Solar-Terre. Phys., 70, 2171-2183, 2008.
Chen, J.-S., G. Hassenpflug, and M. Yamamoto, Tilted refractive-index layers possibly caused by
Kelvin Helmholtz instability and their effects on the mean vertical wind observed with

multiple-receiver and multiple-frequency imaging techniques, Radio Sci., 43, RS4020,
doi:10.1029/2007RS003816, 2008.
Du, W. E. Ward, J. Oberheide, T. Nakamura, and T. Tsuda, J., Semidiurnal tides from the Extended
Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM) and comparisons with TIMED Doppler
Interferometer (TIDI) and meteor radar observations, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys, 69, 2159-2202,
2007.
Dutta, G., T. Tsuda, P. V. Kumar, M. C. A. Kumar, S. P. Alexander, T. Kozu, Seasonal variation ofshort-period (<2 hr) gravity wave activity over Gadanki, India (13.5N, 79.2E), J. Geophys. Res., 113,
doi:10.1029/2007JD009178, 2008.
Ejiri, M. K., M. J. Taylor, T. Nakamura, S. Franke, Mesospheric Gravity Waves and Diurnal Tidal
Interactions at a Critical Level, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D18117, doi:10.1029/2008JD011381, 2009.
Fejer, B. G., J. W. Jensen, T. Kikuchi, M. A. Abdu, and J. L. Chau, Equatorial Ionospheric Electric
Fields During the November 2004 Magnetic Storm, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A10304,
doi:10.1029/2007JA012376, 2007.
Fejer B.G., M.E. Olson, J.L. Chau, C. Stolle, H. Luhr, L.P. Goncharenko, K. Yumoto, and T.
Nagatsuma, Longitude dependent equatorial ionospheric electrodynamic effects during sudden
stratospheric warmings, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 115, A00G03, doi:10.1029/2010JA015273, 2010.
Forster, M., S. Rentz, W. Kohler, Huixin Liu, S. E. Haaland, IMF dependence of high-latitude
thermospheric wind pattern derived from CHAMP cross-track measurements, Ann. Geophys., 26,
1581-1595, 2008.
Fujiwara, H., and Y. Miyoshi, Global structure of large-scale disturbances in the thermosphere
produced by effects from the upper and lower regions: simulations by a whole atmosphere GCM,
Earth Planets Space, 61, 463-470, 2009.
Fujiwara, H., and Y. Miyoshi, Morphological features and variations of temperature in the upper
thermosphere simulated by a whole atmosphere GCM, Annales Geophysicae, 25, 427-437, 2010.
Furuya, T. and K. Heki, Ionospheric hole behind an ascending rocket observed with a dense GPS
array, Earth Planets Space, 60, 235-239, 2008.

Goto, Y., T. Fujimoto, Y. Kasahara, A. Kumamoto, and T. Ono, Lunar ionosphere exploration method
using auroral kilometric radiation, Earth Planets Space, 63(1), pp. 47-56, 2011.
Guozhu Li, Baiqi Ning, Biqiang Zhao, Libo Liu, J.Y. Liu, K. Yumoto, Effects of geomagnetic storm
on GPS ionospheric scintillations at Sanya, J. Atmos. Solar-Terre. Phys., 70, 1034-1045, 2008.
Hasbi, A. M., M. Momani, M. Ali, N. Misran, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, and K. Yumoto, Ionosphericand geomagnetic disturbances during the 2005 Sumatran earthquakes. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 71,
17-81, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.09.004, 1992-2005, 2009.
Hassenpflug, G., M. Yamamoto, H. Luce, and S. Fukao, Description and demonstration of the new
Middle and Upper atmosphere Radar imaging system: 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D imaging of troposphereand stratosphere, Radio Sci., 43, RS2013, doi:10.1029/2006RS003603, 2008.
Hayashi, H., N. Nishitani, T. Ogawa, Y. Otsuka, T. Tsugawa, K. Hosokawa, and A. Saito,
Large-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance Observed by SuperDARN Hokkaido HF Radar and
GPS Networks on 15 December 2006, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2009JA014297, 2010.
Horinouchi, T., A numerical study of upward-propagating gravity waves in two different MJO,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 17, L17802, 2008.
Horinouchi,T., and Tsuda, T., Spatial structures and statistics of atmospheric gravity waves derived
using a heuristic vertical cross-section extraction from COSMIC GPS radio occultation data, J.
Geophys. Res., 114: D16110, doi:10.1029/2008JD011068, 2009.
Hosokawa, K., T. Tsugawa, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa, and M. R. Hairston, Unusuallyelongated, bright airglow plume in the polar cap F region: is it tongue of ionization?,Geophys. Res.
Lett., 36, L07103, doi:10.1029/2009GL037512, 2009a.
Hosokawa, K., T. Kashimoto, S. Suzuki, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, and T. Ogawa, Motion of polar
cap patches: A statistical study with all-sky airglow imager at Resolute Bay, Canada, J. Geophys.
Res., 114, A04318, doi:10.1029/2008JA014020, 2009b.
Hosokawa, K., K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa, J.-P. St-Maurice, G. J. Sofko, and D. A. Andre,
Relationship between polar cap patches and field-aligned irregularities as observed with an all-sky

airglow imager at Resolute Bay and the PolarDARN radar at Rankin Inlet, J. Geophys. Res., 114,
A03306, doi:10.1029/2008JA013707, 2009c.
Hosokawa, K., T. Tsugawa, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, N. Nishitani, T. Ogawa, and M. R. Hairston,
Dynamic temporal evolution of polar cap tongue of ionization during magnetic storm, J. Geophys.
Res., 115, A12333, doi:10.1029/2010JA015848, 2010a.
Hosokawa, K., J.-P. St.-Maurice, G. J. Sofko, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, and T. Ogawa,
Reorganization of polar cap patches through shears in the background plasma convection, J.
Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2009JA014599, 2010b.
Hosokawa, K., and Y. Ogawa, Pedersen current carried by electrons in auroral D-region, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 37, L18103, doi:10.1029/2010GL044746, 2010.
Huang C-S, K. Yumoto, S. Abe and G. Sofka, Low-latitude ionospheric electric and magnetic field
disturbances in response to solar wind pressure enhancements, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 13, A08314,
doi:10.1029/2007JA012940, 2008.
Ishida, T., K. Hosokawa, T. Shibata, S. Suzuki, N. Nishitani, and T. Ogawa, SuperDARN
observations of daytime MSTIDs in the auroral and mid‐latitudes: Possibility of long‐distancepropagation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13102, doi:10.1029/2008GL034623, 2008.
Jayachandran, P. T., K. Hosokawa, J. W. MacDougall, S. Mushini, R. B. Langley, and K. Shiokawa,
GPS total electron content variations associated with a polar cap arc, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A12304,
doi:10.1029/2009JA014916, 2009.
Jhuang, H. K., Y. Y. Ho, Y. Kakinami, J. Y. Liu, K.-I. Oyama, M. Parrot, K. Hattori, M. Nishihashi,
and D. Zhang, Seismo-ionospheric anomalies of the GPS-TEC appear before the 12 May 2008 1
M7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31(13), 3579-3587, 2010.
Jin, H., and T. Maruyama, Temporary decrease in daytime F-region peak electron density due toeastward electric field penetration during magnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A05305,
doi:10.1029/2006JA011928, 2008.
Jin, H., Y. Miyoshi, H. Fujiwara, and H. Shinagawa, Electrodynamics of the formation ofionospheric wave number 4 longitudinal structure, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A09307,

doi:10.1029/2008JA013301, 2008.
Kakinami, Y., S. Watanabe, and K. -I. Oyama, An empirical model of electron density in low latitudeat 600 km obtained by Hinotori satellite, Advances in Space Research, 41(9), 1494-1498,
doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.09.031, 2008.
Kakinami, Y., C. H. Chen, J. Y. Liu, K. -I. Oyama, W. H. Yang, and S. Abe, Empirical models of
Total Electron Content over Taiwan during geomagnetic quiet condition, Annales Geophysicae, 27,
3321-3333, 2009a.
Kakinami, Y., N. Balan, J. Y. Liu, and K.-I. Oyama, Predawn ionospheric heating observed by
HINOTORI satellite, Journal of Geophysical Research, doi:10.1029/2009JA014334, 2009b.
Kakinami, Y., J. Y. Liu, L. C Tsai and K.-I Oyama, Ionospheric electron content anomalies detectedby a FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC empirical model before and after the Wenchuan earthquake,
International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31(13), 3571-3578, 2010.
Karpachev, A.T., L.Z. Biktash, T. Maruyama, The high-latitude ionosphere structure on 22 March,
1979 magnetic storm from multi-satellite and ground-based observation, Adv. Space Res., 40,
1852?1857, 2007.
Kasaba, Y., A. Kumamoto, K. Ishisaka, H. Kojima, K. Higuchi, A. Watanabe, and K. Watanabe,
Development of stiff and extensible electromagnetic sensors for space missions, Advances inGeosciences, 21, Solar and Terrestrial Science, 447-459, 2010.
Kawatani, Y. M. Takahashi, K. Sato, S. P. Alexander, T. Tsuda, Global distribution of atmosphericwaves in the equatorial upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: AGCM simulation of sources andpropagation, J. Geophys. Res., 114, doi:10.1029/2008JD010374, 2009.
Kikuchi, T., K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to theequator during a geomagnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A06214, doi:10.1029/2007JA012628,
2008.
Kitamura, N., Y. Nishimura, T. Ono, Y. Ebihara, N. Terada, A. Shinbori, A. Kumamoto, T. Abe, M.
Yamada, S. Watanabe, A. Matsuoka, and A. W. Yau, Observations of very-low-energy (<10 eV) ion
outflows dominated by O+ ions in the region of enhanced electron density in the polar capmagnetosphere during geomagnetic storms, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSCAL RESEARCH, VOL.
115, doi:10.1029/2010JA015601, 2010.
Koustov, A., N. Nishitani, K. Shiokawa, S. Suzuki, and B.M. Shevtsov, Joint observations of a
traveling ionospheric disturbance with the Paratunka OMTI camera and the Hokkaido HF radar, Ann.
Geophys., 27, 2399-2406, 2009.
Kurihara, J., S. Oyama, S. Nozawa, T. T. Tsuda, R. Fujii, Y. Ogawa, H. Miyaoka, N. Iwagami, T. Abe,
K.-I. Oyama, M. Kosch, A. Aruliah, E. Griffin, and K. Kauristie, Temperature enhancements andvertical winds in the lower thermosphere associated with auroral heating during the Dynamics andEnergetics of the Lower Thermosphere in Aurora (DELTA) campaign, Journal of GeophysicalResearch, 114, A12306, doi:10.1029/2009JA014392, 2009.
Kurihara, J., Y. Koizumi-Kurihara, N. Iwagami, T. Suzuki, A. Kumamoto, T. Ono, M. Nakamura, M.
Ishii, A. Matsuoka, K. Ishisaka, T. Abe, and S. Nozawa, Horizontal structure of sporadic E layer
observed with a rocket-borne magnesium ion imager, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, A12318,
doi:10.1029/2009JA014926, 2010a.
Kurihara, J., Y. Ogawa, S. Oyama, S. Nozawa, M. Tsutsumi, C. M. Hall, Y. Tomikawa, and R. Fujii,
Links between a stratospheric sudden warming and thermal structures and dynamics in thehigh-latitude mesosphere, lower thermosphere, and ionosphere, Geophysical Research Letters, 37,
L13806, doi:10.1029/2010GL043643, 2010b.
Kutiev, I., Y. Otsuka, A. Saito, and S. Watanabe, Low-latitude total electron content enhancement at
low

geomagnetic

activity

observed

overJapan,J.

Geophy.

Res.,

112,

A07306,

doi:10.1029/2007JA012385, 2007.
Lee, C. C., Y. A. Liou, Y. Otsuka, F. D. Chu, T. K. Yeh, K. Hoshinoo, and K. Matunaga, Nighttime
medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances detected by network GPS receivers in Taiwan, J.
Geophys. Res., 113, A12316, doi:10.1029/2008JA013250, 2008.
Li, G., B. Ning, B. Zhao, L. Liu, W. Wan, F. Ding, J. S. Xu, J. Y. Liu, and K. Yumoto, Characterizing
the 10 November 2004 storm-time middle-latitude plasma bubble event in Southeast Asia using
multi-instrument observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A7, doi:10.1029/2009JA014057, 2009.
Li, T., C.-Y. She, H.-L. Liu, J. Yue, T. Nakamura, D.A. Krueger, Q. Wu, X. Dou, and S. Wang,

Observation of local tidal variability and instability, along with dissipation of diurnal tidal harmonics
in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, Colorado (41N, 105W), Geophys. Res. Lett., 114,
doi:10.1029/2008JD011089, 2009.
Li, G., B. Ning, L. Hu, L. Liu, X. Yue, W. Wan, B. Zhao, K. Igarashi, M. Kubota, Y. Otsuka, J. S. Xu,
J. Y. Liu, and J. L. Chau, Longitudinal development of low-latitude ionospheric irregularities during
the geomagnetic storms of July 2004, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2009JA014830, 2010.
Liu, H., H. Luhr, S. Watanabe, W. Koehler, C. Manoj, Contrasting behavior of the thermosphere andionosphere

to

the

Oct.

28,

2003

solar

flare,J.

Geophys.

Res.,

112,

A07305,

doi:10.1029/2007JA012313, 2007a.
Liu, H., C. Claudia, M. Forster, S. Watanabe, Solar activity dependence of the electron density at 400
km at equatorial and low latitudes observed by CHAMP, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A11311,
doi:10.1029/2007JA012616, 2007b.
Liu, H., H. Luhr, S. Watanabe, Climatology of the Equatorial Thermospheric Mass Density Anomaly,
J. Geophys. Res., 112, A05305, doi:10.1029/2006JA012199, 2007c.
Liu, H., C. Stolle, S. Watanabe, T. Abe, D. Cooke, Evaluation of the IRI Model Using CHAMP
Observations in Polar and Equatorial Regions, Adv. in Space. Res., 39, 904-909, 2007d.
Liu, H., C. Stolle, M. Forster, S. Watanabe, Solar activity dependence of the electron density at 400
km at equatorial and low latitudes observed by CHAMP, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 112, A11311,
doi:10.1029/2007JA012616, 2007e.
Liu, J. Y., C. C. Hsiao, C. H. Liu, M. Yamamoto, S. Fukao S, H. Y. Lue, F. S. Kuo, Vertical groupand phase velocities of ionospheric waves derived from the MU radar, Radio Sci., 42, 4, RS4014,
2007.
Liu, H., S. Watanabe, Seasonal variation in the longitudinal structure of the equatorial ionosphere:
does

it

reflecttidal

influencesfrom

below?

J.

Geophys.

Res.,

113,

A08315,

doi:10.1029/2008JA013027, 2008.
Liu, H., H. Luhr, S. Watanabe, A solar terminator wave in thermospheric wind and density
simultaneously observed by CHAMP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L10109, doi:10.1029/2009GL038165,

2009a.
Liu, H., M. Yamamoto, H. Luhr, Wave-4 pattern of the equatorial mass density anomaly- A
thermospheric signature of tropical deep convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L18104,
doi:10.1029/2009GL039865, 2009b.
Liu, H., S. Watanabe, T. Kondo, Fast thermospheric wind jet at the Earth’s dip equator, Geophys.
Res. Lett., VOL. 36, L08103, doi:10.1029/2009GL037377, 2009c.
Liu, H., S. V. Thampi, M. Yamamoto, Phase reversal of the diurnal cycle in the mid-latitude
ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A01305, doi:10.1029/2009JA014689, 2010.
Liu, J. Y., Chen, Y. I., C. H. Chen, Liu, C. Y., Chen, C. Y., Nishihashi, M., Li, J. Z., Xia, Y. Q.,
Oyama, K. I., Hattori, K., and Lin, C. H., Seismo-ionospheric Anomalies Observed before the 12
May 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029 /2008JA013698, 2009.
Liu, J. Y., Y. I. Chen, C. H. Chen, and K. Hattori, Temporal and spatial precursors in the ionosphericglobal positioning system (GPS) total electron content observed before the 26 December 2004 M9.3
Sumatra?Andaman Earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09312, doi:10.1029/2010JA015313, 2010a.
Liu, J. Y., H. F. Tsai, C. H. Lin, M. Kamogawa, Y. I. Chen, C. H. Lin, B. S. Huang, S. B. Yu, and Y.
H. Yeh, Coseismic ionospheric disturbances triggered by the Chi‐Chi earthquake, J. Geophys. Res.,
115, A08303, doi:10.1029/2009JA014943, 2010b.
Luhr, H., S. Rentz, P. Ritter, Huixin Liu, K. Kausler, Averaged thermospheric wind patterns overpolar regions, as observed by CHAMP, Ann. Geophys., 25, 1093-1101, 2007.
Maeda, N., S. Takasaki, H. Kawano, S. Ohtani, P. M. E. Decreau, J. G.Trotignon, S. I. Solovyev, D.
G. Baishev, and K. Yumoto, Simultaneous observations of the plasma density on the same field lineby the CPMN ground magnetometers and the Cluster satellites, Advances in Space Research (J. Adv.
Space Res.), doi:10.1016/j.asr.2008.04.016, 2008.
Maeda, S., Y. Ogawa, K. Hosokawa, S. Nozawa, S. Oyama, T. Tsuda, and A. Brekke, Ion heating in
high-speed flow channel within the duskside cell of the polar cap ion convection under large
IMF-By condition, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A11307, doi:10.1029/2009JA014300, 2009.

Maruyama, T., M. Kawamura, S. Saito, K. Nozaki1, H. Kato, N. Hemmakorn, T. Boonchuk, T.
Komolmis, and C. Ha Duyen, Low latitude ionosphere-thermosphere dynamics studies withinosonde chain in Southeast Asia, Ann. Geophys., 25, 1569-1577, 2007
Maruyama, T., and M. Nakamura, Conditions for intense ionospheric storms expanding to lower
midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A05310, doi:10.1029/2006JA012226, 2007.
Maruyama, T., Regional reference total electron content model over Japan based on neural network
mapping techniques, Ann. Geophys., 25, 2609-2614, 2007.
Maruyama, T., S. Saito, M. Kawamura, and K. Nozaki, Thermospheric meridional winds as deduced
from ionosonde chain at low and equatorial latitudes and their connection with midnight temperature
maximum, J. Geophys. Res., VOL. 113, A09316, doi:10.1029/2008JA013031, 2008a.
Maruyama, T., H. Kato, and M. Nakamura, Meteor-induced transient sporadic E as inferred fromrapid-run ionosonde observations at midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res.,VOL. 113, A09308,
doi:10.1029/2008JA013362, 2008b.
Maruyama, T., S. Saito, M. Kawamura, K. Nozaki, J. Krall, and J. D. Huba, Equinoctial asymmetryof a low-latitude ionosphere-thermosphere system and equatorial irregularities: evidence formeridional wind control, Ann. Geophys., 27, 2027?2034, 2009
Maruyama, T., Solar proxies pertaining to empirical ionospheric total electron content models, J.
Geophys. Res., VOL. 115, A04306, doi:10.1029/2009JA014890, 2010
Miyoshi, Y. and H. Fujiwara, Gravity waves in the thermosphere simulated by a general circulation
model, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D01101, doi:10.1029/2007JD008874, 2008.
Miyoshi, Y., and H. Fujiwara, Gravity waves in the equatorial thermosphere and their relation to thelower atmospheric variability, Earth Planets Space, 61, 471-478, 2009.
Miyoshi, Y., and H. Fujiwara, J. M. Forbes, S. L. Bruinsma,
relationtotheatmospherictide,

Journalof

The solar terminator wave and its

GeophysicalRe-search,

114,

A07303,

doi:10.1029/2009JA014110, 2009.
Mitev, V., M. Sato, T. Ebisuzaki, Y. Takizawa, Y. Kawasaki, R. Matthey, and JEM-EUSO

Collaboration, Atmospheric monitoring system of JEM-EUSO mission, International Journal ofModern Physics A, 5, 1053-1056, 2007.
Nakamura, M., T. Maruyama, and Y. Shidama, Using a neural network to make operational forecastsof ionospheric variations and storms at Kokubunji, Japan, Earth Planets Space, 59, 1231-1239, 2007.
Nishioka, M., A. Saito, and T. Tsugawa, Occurrence characteristics of plasma bubble derived fromglobalgroundbased

GPSreceivernetworks,J.

Geophys.

Res.,

113,

A05301,

doi:10.1029/2007JA012605, 2008.
Nishioka, M., A. Saito, and T. Tsugawa, Super‐medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbanceobserved at midlatitude during the geomagnetic storm on 10 November 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 114,
A07310, doi:10.1029/2008JA013581, 2009.
Nishihashi, M., K. Hattori, H. K. Jhuang, and J. Y. Liu, Possi ble spatial extent of ionospheric
GPS-TEC and NmF2 anomalies related to the 1999 Chi-Chi and Chia-Yi earth quakes in Taiwan.
Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 20, 779-789, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2009.01.22.01(T), 2009.
Nozawa, S., Y. Ogawa, S. Oyama, H. Fujiwara, T. Tsuda, A. Brekke, C. M. Hall, Y. Murayama, S.
Kawamura, H. Miyaoka, R. Fujii, Tidal waves in the polar lower thermosphere observed using the
EISCAT long run data set obtained in September 2005, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A08312,
doi:10.1029/2009JA015237, 2010.
Obara,T., H.Matsumoto, K.Koga, H.Koshiishi, and T.Goka,

MDS-1 Observations of Highly

Energetic Electron Environment in the Inner Magnetosphere, Trans. JSASS Space Tech. Japan, Vol.7,
2_11-2_14, 2009a.
Obara,T., H.Matsumoto, and T.Goka, Recent topics of radiation belt sciences, Proceeding of Future
Perspectives of Space Plasma and Particle Instrumentation and International Collaborations, 138-141,
2009b.
Obara,T., K Koga, Y Kimoto, H Matsumoto, S Sasaki, N Yamada, S Muraki, T Doke and T Goka,SPACE ENVIRONMENT DATA ACQUITITION WITH KIBO EXPOSED FACILITY ON THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS), Data Science Jpurnal, Vol.8, 76-83, 2010.
Ogawa, T., Y. Miyoshi, Y. Otsuka, T. Nakamura, and K. Shiokawa, Equatorial GPS ionosphericscintillations over Kototabang, Indonesia and their relation to atmospheric waves from below, Earth
Planets Space, 61, 397-410, 2009a.
Ogawa, T., N. Nishitani, Y. Otsuka, K. Shiokawa, T. Tsugawa, Medium-scale traveling ionosphericdisturbances observed with the SuperDARN Hokkaido radar, all-sky imager and GPS network, andtheir relation to concurrent sporadic-E irregularities, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A03316,
doi:10.1029/2008JA013893, 2009b.
Ogawa, T. Y. Otsuka, K. Shiokawa, T. Tsugawa, A. Saito, K. Hoshinoo, K. Matunaga, M. Kubota,
and M. Ishii, Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances and plasma bubbles observed by anall-sky airglow imager at Yonaguni, Japan, Terr. Atmos. Ocean Sci., 20, 287-295,
doi:10.3319/TAO.2007.12.06.02(F3C), 2009c.
Ogawa, Y., K. Seki, M. Hirahara, K. Asamura, T. Sakanoi, S. C. Buchert, Y. Ebihara, Y. Obuchi, A.
Yamazaki, I. Sandahl. S. Nozawa. R. Fujii, Coordinated EISCAT Svalbard radar and Reimei satellite
observations of ion upflows and suprathermal ions, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A05306,
doi:10.1029/2007JA012791, 2008.
Ogawa, Y., I. Häggström, S. C. Buchert, K. Oksavik, S. Nozawa, M. Hirahara, A. P. van Eyken, T.
Aso, and R. Fujii, On the source of the polar wind in the polar topside ionosphere: First results fromthe EISCAT Svalbard radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L24103, doi:10.1029/2009GL041501, 2009.
Ogawa, Y., S. C. Buchert, A. Sakurai, S. Nozawa, and R. Fujii, Solar activity dependence of ion
upflow in the polar ionosphere observed with the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Tromsø
UHF radar, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A07310, doi:10.1029/2009JA014766, 2010.
Onishi, T., T. Tsugawa, Y. Otsuka, J.-J. Berthelier, and J.-P. Lebreton, First simultaneous
observations of daytime MSTIDs over North America using GPS-TEC and DEMETER satellite data,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L11808, doi:10.1029/2009GL038156, 2009.
Otsuka, Y., F. Onoma, K. Shiokawa, T. Ogawa, M. Yamamoto, and S. Fukao, Simultaneous
observations of nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances and E region
field-aligned

irregularities

atmidlatitude,J.

Geophys.

Res.,

112,

A06317,

doi:10.1029/2005JA011548, 2007.
Otsuka, Y., T. Tani, T. Tsugawa, and T. Ogawa, Statistical study of relationship between

medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance and sporadic E layer activities in summer night overJapan, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 70, 2196-2202, 2008.
Otsuka, Y., K. Shiokawa, T. Ogawa, T. Yokoyama, and M. Yamamoto, Spatial relationship ofnighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances and F region field-aligned irregularities
observed with two spaced all-sky airglow imagers and the middle and upper atmosphere radar, J.
Geophys. Res., 114, A05302, doi:10.1029/2008JA013902, 2009a.
Otsuka, Y., T. Ogawa, and Effendy, VHF radar observations of nighttime F-region field-aligned
irregularities over Kototabang, Indonesia, Earth Planets Space, 61, 4, 431-437, 2009b.
Oyama, K. -I., Y. Kakinami, J. Y. Liu, M. Kamogawa, and T. Kodama, Reduction of electron
temperature in low latitude ionosphere at 600 km before and after large earthquakes, Journal ofGeophysical Research, 113, A11317, doi:10.1029/2008JA013367, 2008a.
Oyama, K. -I., Y. Kakinami, J. Y. Liu, T. Kodama, and C. Y. Chen, Micro/mini satellites forearthquake studies - toward international collaboration -, Advances in Geoscience, 21, 251-275,
2008b.
Oyama, S., Watkins, B. J., Maeda, S., Shinagawa, H., Nozawa, S., Ogawa, Y., Brekke, A.,
Lathuillere, C., and Kofman, W., Generation of the lower-thermospheric vertical wind estimatedwith the EISCAT KST radar at high latitudes during periods of moderate geomagnetic disturbance,
Ann. Geophys., 26, 1491-1505, doi:10.5194/angeo-26-1491-2008, 2008c.
Oyama, K.-I., K. Hibino, T. Abe, R. Pfaff, T. Yokoyama, and J. Y. Liu, Energetics and structure of
the lower E region associated with sporadic E layer, Ann. Geophys., 26, 2929–2936, 2008d.
Oyama, K.-I., T. Abe, H. Mori, and J. Y. Liu, Electron temperature in nighttime sporadic E layer at
mid-latitude, Ann. Geophys., 26, 533–541, 2008e.
Oyama, S., K. Shiokawa, J. Kurihara, T. T. Tsuda, S. Nozawa, Y. Ogawa, Y. Otsuka, and B. J.
Watkins, Lower-thermospheric wind fluctuations measured with an FPI during pulsating aurora atTromso, Norway, Ann. Geophys., 28, 1847-1857, doi:10.5194/angeo-28-1847-1857, 2010.
Ozeki, M. and K. Heki, Ionospheric holes made by ballistic missiles from North Korea detected witha Japanese dense GPS array, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09314, doi:10.1029/2010JA015531, 2010.

Patra, A. K., T. Yokoyama, M. Yamamoto, T. Nakamura, T. Tsuda, and S. Fukao, Lower E region
field-aligned irregularities studied using the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar and meteor radar inIndonesia, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A1, A01301, 2007.
Patra A. K., T. Yokoyama, Y. Otsuka, M. Yamamoto, Daytime 150-km echoes observed with the
Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia: First results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L06101,
doi:10.1029/2007GL033130, 2008.
Rao, R. K., Gurubaran, S., Sathishkumar, S., Sridharan, S., Nakamura, T., Tsuda, T., Takahashi, H.,
Batista, P. P., Clemesha, B. R., Buriti, R. A., Pancheva, D. V., and Mitchell, N. J., Longitudinalvariability in intraseasonal oscillation in the tropical mesosphere and lower thermosphere region, J.
Geophys. Res., 114: D19110, doi:10.1029/2009JD011811, 2009.
Rastogi R.G., H. Chandra, M.E. James, Kentarou Kitamura and K. Yumoto, Characteristics of theEquatorial Electrojet current in Central South America, Earth Planets Space, 60, 623-632, 2008.
Sahai, Y., F. Becker-Guedes, P. R. Fagundes, A. J. de Abreu, R. de Jesus, V. G. Pillat, J. R. Abalde, C.
R. Martinis, C. Brunini, M. Gende, C.-S. Huang, X. Pi, W. L. C. Lima, J. A. Bittencourt, and Y.
Otsuka, Observations of the F-region ionospheric irregularities in the South American sector during
the October 2003 "Halloween Storms", Ann. Geophys., 27, 4463-4477, 2009a.
Sahai, Y., F. Becker-Guedes, P. Fagundes, R. de Jesus, A. de Abreu, Y. Otsuka, K. Shiokawa, K.
Igarashi, K. Yumoto, Chao-Song Huang, H. Lan, A. Saito, F. Luis Guarnieri, V. Pillat, J. Bittencourt,
Effects observed in the F-region in two well-separated longitudinal sectors during the intense
geomagnetic disturbances in the early part of November 2004. II: East Asian sector, J. Geophys. Res.,
doi:10.1029/2008JA013053, 2009b.
Saito S., and T. Maruyama, Large-scale longitudinal variation in ionospheric height and equatorial
spread F occurrences observed by ionosondes, Geophys. Res. Lett., VOL. 34, L16109,
doi:10.1029/2007GL030618, 2007.
Saito, S., S. Fukao, M. Yamamoto, Y. Otsuka, and T. Maruyama, Decay of 3-m-scale ionosphericirregularities associated with a plasma bubble observed with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar, J.
Geophys. Res., VOL. 113, A11318, doi:10.1029/2008JA013118, 2008a.

Saito, S., T. Maruyama, M. Ishii, M. Kubota, G. Ma, Y. Chen, J. Li, C. Ha Duyen, and T. Le Truong,
Observations of small- to large-scale ionospheric irregularities associated with plasma bubbles witha transequatorial HF propagation experiment and spaced GPS receivers, J. Geophys. Res.,VOL. 113,
A12313, doi:10.1029/2008JA013149, 2008b.
Saito, S., M. Yamamoto, and H. Hashiguchi, Imaging observations of nighttime mid-latitude
F-region field-aligned irregularities by the MU radar ultra-multi channel system, Ann. Geophys., 26,
8, 2345-2352, 2008.
Sakaguchi, K., K. Shiokawa, A. Ieda, Y. Miyoshi, Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa, M. Connors, E. F. Donovan,
and F. J. Rich, Simultaneous ground and satellite observations of an isolated proton arc at subauroral
latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A04202, doi:10.1029/2006JA012135, 2007.
Sakanoi, T., H. Fukunishi, K. Igarashi, S. Okano, and N. Nishitani, Neutral‐ion interaction in theauroral E region obtained from coordinated Fabry Perot imager and VHF radar observations, J.
Geophys. Res., 114, A09305, doi:10.1029/2008JA013956, 2009.
Saroso, S., Liu, J. Y., Hattori, K., and Chen, C. H., Ionospheric GPS TEC Anomalies and M>5.9
Earthquakes in Indonesia during 1993-2002, Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 19,481-488, 2008.
Saroso, S., K. Hattori, H. Ishikawa, Y. Ida, R. Shirogane, M. Hayakawa, K. Yumoto, K. Shiokawa,and M. Nishihashi, ULF geomagnetic anomalous changes possibly associated with 2004-2005
Sumatra earthquakes, Phys. Chem. Earth, 34, 343-349, 2009.
Sato, M., Y. Takahashi, A. Yoshida, and T. Adachi, Global distribution of intese lightning discharges
and their seasonal variations, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 41, 234011,
doi:10.1088/0022-3727/41/23/234011, 2008.
Shalimov, S., T. Ogawa, Y. Otsuka, On the gravitywave-driven instability of E layer at mid-latitude,
J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 71, 1943-1947, 2009.
Shalimov, S. and M. Yamamoto, Influence of midlatitude sporadic E layer patches upon the F region
plasma density, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A05309, doi:10.1029/2009JA014964, 2010.
Shiokawa, K., S. Suzuki, Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa, T. Nakamura, and T. Horinouchi, An intense gravity

wave near the mesopause region observed by a Fabry-Perot interferometer and an airglow imager, J.
Geophys. Res., 112, D07106, doi:10.1029/2006JD007385, 2007a.
Shiokawa, K., G. Lu, Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa, M. Yamamoto, N. Nishitani, and N. Sato, Groundobservation and AMIE-TIEGCM modeling of a storm-time traveling ionospheric disturbance, J.
Geophys. Res., 112, A05308, doi:10.1029/2006JA011772, 2007b.
Shiokawa, K., Y. Otsuka, S. Suzuki, T. Katoh, Y. Katoh, M. Satoh, T. Ogawa, H. Takahashi, D.
Gobbi, T. Nakamura, B. P. Williams, C.-Y. She, M. Taguchi, and T. Shimomai, Development of
airglow temperature photometers with cooled-CCD detectors, Earth Planets Space, 59, 585-599,
2007c.
Shiokawa, K., Y. Otsuka, N. Nishitani, T. Ogawa, T. Tsugawa, T. Maruyama, S. E. Smirnov, V. V.
Bychkov, and B. M. Shevtsov, Northeastward motion of nighttime medium-scale travelingionospheric disturbances at middle latitudes observed by an airglow imager, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
A12312, doi:10.1029/2008JA013417, 2008.
Shiokawa, K., Y. Otsuka, and T. Ogawa, Propagation characteristics of nighttime mesospheric andthermospheric waves observed by optical mesosphere thermosphere imagers at middle and low
latitudes, Earth, Planets, Space, 61, 479-491, 2009a.
Shiokawa, K., A. Ieda, A. Nakajima, K. Sakaguchi, R. Nomura, T. Aslaksen, M. Greffen, E.
Spanswick, and E. Donovan, S. B. Mende, J. McFadden, K.-H. Glassmeier, V. Angelopoulos, and Y.
Miyashita, Longitudinal development of a substorm brightening arc, Ann. Geophys., 27, 1935-1940,
2009b.
Shiokawa, K., A. Nakajima, A. Ieda, K. Sakaguchi, R. Nomura, T. Aslaksen, M. Greffen, and E.
Donovan, Rayleigh-Taylor type instability in auroral patches, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A02211,
doi:10.1029/2009JA014273, 2010.
Solovyev, S.I., R.N. Boroyer, A.V. Moiseyev, A. Du and K. Yumoto, Effect of auroral electrojets andsolar wind parameters on variations in the intensity of low-latitude geomagnetic disturbances andDst during the extremely large magnetic storm of November 20-21, 2003, Geomagnetism andAeronomy, Vol. 48, No.3, pp.293-306, 2008.
Sridharan, S., T. Tsuda, and S. Gurubaran, Radar Observations of Long-term Variability ofMesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Winds over Tirunelveli (8.7N, 77.8E), J. Geophys. Res, 112,
D23105, 2007.
Suzuki, S., K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa, M. Kubota, M. Tsutsumi, T. Nakamura, and D. C.
Fritts, Gravity wave momentum flux in the upper mesosphere derived from OH airglow imaging
measurements, Earth Planets Space, 59, 421-428, 2007a.
Suzuki, S., K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa, K. Nakamura, and T. Nakamura, A concentric gravity
wave structure in the mesospheric airglow images, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D02102,
doi:10.1029/2005JD006558, 2007b.
Suzuki H., K. Shiokawa, M. Tsutsumi, T. Nakamura and M. Taguchi, Atmospheric gravity waves
identified by ground-based observations of the intensity and rotational temperature of OH airglow,
Polar Science, 2, 1-8, 2008.
Suzuki, S., K. Hosokawa, T. Shibata, K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, N. Nishitani, T. Ogawa , A. Koustov,B. Shevtsov, Coordinated observations of nighttime medium-scale traveling ionosphericdisturbances in 630-nm airglow and HF radar echoes at midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A7,
A07312, doi:0.1029/2008JA013963, 2009a.
Suzuki, S., K. Shiokawa, A. Z. Liu, Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa, and T. Nakamura, Characteristics ofequatorial gravity waves derived from mesospheric airglow imaging observations, Ann. Geophys.,
27, 1625-1629, 2009b.
Suzuki, S., T. Nakamura , M. K. Ejiri, M. Tsutsumi, K. Shiokawa, T. Kawahara, Simultaneous
airglow, lidar, and radar measurements of mesospheric gravity waves over Japan, J. Geophys. Res.,
115, D24113, doi:10.1029/2010JD014674, 2010.
Suzuki, T., T. Ono, J. Uemoto, M. Wakabayashi, T. Abe, A. Kumamoto, and M. Iizima, Sheathcapacitance observed by impedance probes onboard sounding rockets: Its application to ionosphericplasma diagnostics, Earth Planets Space, Vol. 62 (No. 7), doi:10.5047/eps.2010.01.003, pp. 579-587,
2010.
Taguchi, M., T. Sakanoi, S. Okano, M. Kagitani, M. Kikuchi, M. Ejiri, I. Yoshikawa, A. Yamazaki, G.
Murakami, K. Yoshioka, S. Kameda, W. Miyake, M. Nakamura and K. Shiokawa, The upper
atmosphere and plasma imager / the telescope of visible light (UPI/TVIS) onboard the Kaguya

spacecraft, Earth Planets Space, 61, xvii-xxiii, 2009.
Takahashi, H., C. M. Wrasse, J. Fechine, D. Pancheva, M. A. Abdu and I. S. Batista, L. M. Lima, P. P.
Batista B. R. Clemesha, N. J. Schuch, K. Shiokawa, D. Gobbi, M. G. Mlynczak, and J. M. Russell,
Signatures of ultra fast Kelvin waves in the equatorial middle atmosphere and ionosphere, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 34, L11108, doi:10.1029/2007GL029612, 2007.
Takahashi, Y., A. Yoshida, M. Sato, T. Adachi, S. Kondo, R.R. Hsu, H.T. Su, A. B. Chen, S. B.
Mende, H. U. Frey, and L.‐C. Lee, Absolute optical energy of sprites and its relationship to charge
moment of parent lightning discharge based on measurement by ISUAL/AP, J. Geophys. Res., 115,
A00E55, doi:10.1029/2009JA014814, 2010.
Thampi, S. V., M. Yamamoto, R. T. Tsunoda, Y. Otsuka, T. Tsugawa, J. Uemoto, and M. Ishii, First
observations of large-scale wave structure and equatorial spread F using CERTO radio beacon on the
C/NOFS satellite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L18111, doi:10.1029/2009GL039887, 2009a.
Thampi, S. V., Lin, C., Liu, H., and Yamamoto, M.,First Tomographic Observations of the
Mid-latitude Summer Nighttime Anomaly (MSNA) over Japan, J. Geophys. Res, 114: A10318,
doi:10.1029/2009JA014439, 2009b.
Thampi, S. V., M. Yamamoto, H. Liu, S. Saito, Y. Otsuka, A. K. Patra, Nighttime-like Quasi
Periodic echoes induced by a partial solar eclipse, Geophys. Res. Lett.,

37, L09107,

doi:10.1029/2010GL042855, 2010.
Thampi, S. V., and Yamamoto, M., First results from the ionospheric tomography experiment using
beacon TEC data obtained using a network along 136°E longitude over Japan, Earth Planets andSpace, 62: 359-364, 2010.
Tsuda, T. T., S. Nozawa, A. Brekke, Y. Ogawa, T. Motoba, R. Roble, and R. Fujii, An ion dragcontribution to the lower thermospheric wind in the summer polar region, J. Geophys. Res., 112,
A06319, doi:10.1029/2006JA011785, 2007.
Tsuda, T.T., S. Nozawa, S. Oyama, T. Motoba, Y. Ogawa, H. Shinagawa, N. Nishitani, K. Hosokawa,
N. Sato, M. Lester, R. Fujii, Acceleration mechanism of high‐speed neutral wind observed in thepolar lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A04322, doi:10.1029/2008JA013867, 2009.

Tsunoda, R. T., D. M. Bubenik, S. V. Thampi, and M. Yamamoto, On large scale wave structure andequatorial spread F without a post sunset rise of the F layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L07105,
doi:10.1029/2009GL042357, 2010.
Tsuruda, Y., A. Fujimoto, N. Kurahara, K. Yumoto, T. Hanada, and M. Cho, QSAT the satellite forpolar plasma observation, Earth Moon Planet, doi 10.1007/s11038-008-9281-8, vol.104, pp. 349-360,
2009.
Tsurutani, B.T., Verkhoglyadova O.P., Mannucci A.J., Saito A., Araki T., Yumoto K., Tsuda T., Abdu
M.A., Sobral J.H.A., Gonzalez W.D., McCreadie H., Lakhina G.S., Vasyliunas V.M., Prompt
Penetration Electric Fields (PPEFs) and Their Ionospheric Effects During the Great Magnetic Stormof October 30-31, 2003: J. Geophys. Res., Vol.113, A05311, doi:10.1029/2007JA012879, 2008
Uemoto, J., T. Ono, T. Maruyama, S. Saito, M. Iizima, and A. Kumamoto, Magnetic conjugate
observation of the F3 layer using the SEALION ionosonde network, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 34,
L02110, doi:10.1029/2006GL028783, 2007
Uemoto, J., T. Maruyama, S. Saito, M. Ishii, and R. Yoshimura, Relationships between pre-sunset
electrojet strength, pre-reversal enhancement and equatorial spread-F onset, 28, 449–454, 2010, Ann.
Geophys, 2010a.
Uemoto, J., T. Ono, T. Yamada, T. Suzuki, M.-Y. Yamamoto, S. Watanabe, A. Kumamoto, and M.
Iizima, Impact of lithium releases on ionospheric electron density observed by impedance probe
during WIND campaign, Earth Planets Space, 62, 589-597, 2010b.
Uozumi, T., K. Yumoto, K. Kitamura, S. Abe, Y. Kakinami, M. Shinohara, A. Yoshikawa, H.
Kawano, T. Ueno, T. Tokunaga, D. McNamara, J. K. Ishituka, S.L.G. Dutra, B. Damtie, V. Doumbia,
O. Obrou, A.B. Rabiu, I.A. Adimula, M. Othman, M. Fairos, R.E.S. Otadoy, and the MAGDASGroup, A new index to monitor temporal and long-term variations of the Equatorial Electrojet by
MAGDAS/CPMN real-time data: EE-Index, Earth Planets Space, 60, 785-790, 2008.
Watanabe, S., T. Kondo, Ionosphere-thermosphere coupling in the low latitude region, in Aeronomyof the Earth’s atmosphere and ionosphere, Springer, 375-380, 2010.
Wichaipanich, N., P. Supnithi, M. Ishii, T. Maruyama, Ionospheric variation at Thailand equatorial
latitude station: Comparison between observations and IRI-2001 model predictions, Advances inSpace Research 45 (2010) 284–293, 2009.
Williams, E, W.A. Lyons, Y. Hobara, V. Mushtak, N. Asencio, R. Boldi, J. Bo r, S. Cummer, E.
Greenberg, M. Hayakawa, R. Holzworth, V. Kotroni, J. Li, C. Morales, T. Nelson, C. Price, B.
Russell, M. Sato, G. Satori, K. Shirahata, Y. Takahashi, and K. Yamashit, Ground-based detection of
sprites and their parent lightning flashes over Africa during the 2006 AMMA campaign, Q. J. R.
Meteorol. Soc., DOI: 10.1002/qj.489, 2009.
Yago, K., K. Shiokawa, K. Yumoto, D. G. Baishev, S. I. Solovyev, and F. J. Rich, Simultaneous
DMSP, all-sky camera, and IMAGE FUV observations of the brightening arc at a substorm
pseudo-breakup, Earth Planets Space, 59, 45-49, 2007.
Yamamoto, M, Digital beacon receiver for ionospheric TEC measurement developed with GNU
Radio, Earth Planets Space, 60, e21-e24, 2008.
Yamazaki, Y., K. Yumoto, A. Yoshikawa, S. Watari, and H. Utada, Characteristics of counter-Sq SFE
at the Dip equator1 (SFE*) observed by CPMN stations, J. Geophys. Res., vol.114, A05306,
doi:10.1029/2009JA014124, pp. 1-5, 2009a.
Yamazaki Y., Yumoto, T. Uozumi, K., Yoshikawa and M.G. Cardinal, Equivalent current systems forthe annual and semi-annual Sq variations observed along the 210 MM CPMN stations, J. Geophys.
Res., Vol. 104, A12320, doi:10.1029/2009JA014638, pp. 1-9, 2009b.
Yamazaki, Y., K. Yumoto, T. Uozumi, S. Abe, M. G. Cardinal, D. McNamara, R. Marshall, B. M.
Shevtsov and S. I. Solovyev, Re-examination of Sq-EEJ relationship based on extended
magnetometer networks in the east Asian region, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 115, A09319, 8 pp., 2010,
doi:10.1029/2010JA015339, 2010.
Yokoyama,T., Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa, M. Yamamoto, and D. L. Hysell, First three-dimensional
simulation of the Perkins instability in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere, Geophys. Res Lett., 35,
L03101, doi:10.1029/2007GL032496, 2008.
Yokoyama, T., D. L. Hysell, Y. Otsuka, and M. Yamamoto, Three-dimensional simulation of thecoupled Perkins and Es-layer instabilities in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res.,
114, A03308, doi:10.1029/2008JA013789, 2009a.

Yokoyama, T., D. L. Hysell, A. K. Patra, Y. Otsuka, and M. Yamamoto, Zonal asymmetry of daytime
150-km echoes observed by Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia, Ann. Geophys., 27, 967-974,
2009b.
Yordanova, E., D. Sundkvist, S. C. Buchert, M. André, Y. Ogawa, M. Morooka, O. Margithu, O.
Amm, A. N. Fazakerley, and H. Réme, Energy input from the exterior cusp into the ionosphere:
Correlated ground-based and satellite observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04102,
doi:10.1029/2006GL028617, 2007.
Yue, J., S. L. Vadas, C.Y. She, T. Nakamura, S. Reising, D. Krueger, H. Liu, P. Stamus, D. Thorsen,
W. Lyons, T. Li, Concentric gravity waves in the mesosphere generated by deep convective plumes
in

the

lower

atmosphere

near

Fort

Collins,

Colorado,

J.

Geophys.

Res.,

114,

doi:10.1029/2008JD011244, 2009.
Yumoto, K., Ikemoto, S., Cardinal, M. G., Hayakawa, M., Hattori, K., Liu, J. Y., Saroso, S., Ruhimat,
M., Husni, M., Widarto, D., Ramos, E., D. McNamara,Servando, A new ULF wave

R. E. Otadoy, G. Yumul, R. Ebora, and N.

analysis for Seismo-Electromagnetics using CPMN/MAGDAS data,

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 34, 360-356, 2009.
Zhao, B., W. Wan, K. Tschu, K. Igarashi, T. Kikuchi, K. Nozaki, S. Watari, G. Li, L. J. Paxton, L.
Liu, B. Ning, J.‐Y. Liu, S.‐Y. Su, Harold P. Bulanon, Ionosphere disturbances observed throughout
Southeast Asia of the superstorm of 20–22 November 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A00A04,
doi:10.1029/2008JA013054, 2008.
Zhao, B., W. Wan, L. Liu, K. Igarashi, K. Yumoto, B. Ning, Ionospheric response to the geomagnetic
storm on 13-17 April 2006 in the West Pacific region, J. Atmos. Solar-Terre. Phys., 71, 88-100,
2009.