COMMISSION K: ELECTROMAGNETICS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE(November 2013 – October 2016)
Edited by Onishi T, Ikehata M, Yoshie S, Saito K, Sekino M, Nagaoka T, and Ito K

INTRODUCTION
The research activities on the biological effects and medical applications of electromagnetic fields(EMFs) in Japan from 2013 to 2016 are reviewed. In vivo, in vitro, human volunteer, and dosimetric studies
at frequencies up to THz region are discussed. For these topics, in order to compare with previous terms,
similar items have been chosen. Biomedical applications including wireless capsule endoscope (WCE),
wearable and implantable medical devices, magnetic stimulation, hyperthermia, thermal ablation, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), wireless power transfer (WPT), and electromagnetic interference (EMI) are also
introduced.
K1 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EMFS
K1.1 Static and Low Frequency (LF)
Research activities in this field were low in last three years. Instead of experimental research,measurements of static magnetic field were reported to clarify working environment during MRI
diagnosis.
K1.1.1 In vivo studies
There is no relevant study in this term.
K1.1.2 In vitro studies
There is no relevant study in this term.
K1.1.3 Other studies
Occupational exposure to the high static magnetic fields (SMFs) during MRI examinations raises
concerns of adverse health effects. Yamaguchi-Sekino et. al. [2014] reported personal exposure
monitoring of the magnetic fields during routine examinations in two 3 T MRI systems. The maximum
exposed field ranged from 0 to 1250 mT and the average peak magnetic field (B) was 428 ± 231 mT(mean ± standard deviation (SD): number of samples (N) = 103). Yamaguchi-Sekino, et. al. [2015]
proposed a safe working procedure involving a restricted access area set at a distance of 30 cm from theend of a 3 T MRI system. The values for maximum field exposure (peak B) were reduced for all subjects
using the safe working procedure. The average peak B also decreased by approximately 26%, comparedwith the results obtained without any restrictions (conventional protocol) with no significant differencesin worker performance compared with conventional procedure. They concluded that this simple safe
working procedure may be applied to MRI system operation in order to reduce occupational SMF
exposure, without noticeable changes in worker performance.
K1.2 Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)
Research activity of this field was not high during last three years.
K1.2.1 In vivo studies
There is no relevant study in this term.
K1.2.2 In vitro studies
There is no relevant study in this term.

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K1.2.4 Other studies
Shimizu et. al. [2014] reported that perception threshold of ELF electric field by body hair movement
and its seasonal change. In addition, Shimizu et. al. [2016] gave a review of their research to investigate
human perception of static and ELF electric fields. Kanemaki et. al. [2016] reported altar of peripheral
blood flow in body surface by ELF electric field exposure and found enhancement of the blood
aggregability.
Ikehata M. et. al. [2014a, 2016a] reviewed their research and trend of risk evaluation to build aprocess of communication with people who are concern health impact of ELF magnetic field and RF
electromagnetic field. Ikehata M. et. al. [2016b] also propose a procedure to evaluate conformity withinternational guideline (e.g. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation (ICNIRP) guideline and
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) standard) including measurement anddosimetry applied for railway systems.
K1.3 Intermediate Frequency (IF)Research activity in intermediate frequency range is still higher than ELF. Several research groups
vigorously investigated about several biological indices both in vivo and in vitro to establish data for
health risk assessment.
K1.3.1 In vivo studies
In National Institute of Public Health, several projects have been conducted. Ushiyama A., et. al.
[2014] reported that exposure to 21-kHz sinusoidal IF-MF at 3.8 mT for 1 h/day for 14 days did not affectimmune function in juvenile rats. Win-Shwe TT., et. al. [2015] reported that the expression levels of NR1
and NR2B as well as transcription factors (CaMKIV, CREB1), inflammatory mediators (COX2, IL-1 b,
TNF-α), and the oxidative stress marker heme-oxygenase (HO)-1 were significantly increased in the
IF-MF-exposed mice, compared with the control group, in the 7-week-old mice, but not in the 3-week-old
mice. However, these changes are transient and recover after termination of exposure without
histopathological changes.
K1.3.2 In vitro studies
Miyakoshi and his colleagues have been engaging on in vitro studies in IF frequency region. Mizuno
K., et. al. [2015] investigated whether exposure to magnetic resonant coupling WPT (12.5 MHz) has
genotoxic effects on WI38VA13 subcloned 2RA human fibroblast cells. They studied cell growth, cell
cycle distribution, DNA strand breaks using the comet assay, micronucleus formation, andhypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene mutation, and did not detect any
significant effects. Koyama S., et. al. [2015] investigated the effect of exposure to a 23-kHz IF magnetic
field of 2 mT for 2, 3, or 4 h on neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis using differentiated human
HL-60 cells. They found no effect on neutrophil chemotaxis or phagocytosis. Mizuno K., et. al. [2014]
investigated whether extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposure has modification effects oncell survival after ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation and on repair process of DNA damage induced by
UV-B irradiation in WI38VA13 subcloned 2RA and XP2OS(SV) cells. They found neither significant
change in cell survival between ELF magnetic field and sham exposures nor DNA damage induced by
UV-B irradiation change significantly following ELF magnetic field exposure.
From a research group of the Railway Technical Research Institute, several reports of the biologicaleffect of the intermediate frequency magnetic fields (IF-MFs) were published. Yoshie S., et. al. [2015,2016] investigated developmental toxicity of intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic field (MF) using
murine embryonic stem (ES) cells and fibroblast cells based on the embryonic stem cell test (EST). No
significant difference was observed in the test of 21 kHz IF–MF up to 3.9 mT. In addition, the expressionsof a cardiomyocytes-specific gene, Myl2, and an early developmental gene, Hba-x, in the exposed cellaggregate were not altered. Wada K., et. al. [2016] reported several exposure devices to expose strong2

IF-MF for in vitro experimental study. Ikehata M., et. al. [2015] reviewed their activity to evaluatemutagenic effect of magnetic field from static strong MF up to 14T to IF-MF up to 21 kHz, 3.9 mT.
Ikehata M., et. al. [2014b] reported that no significant effect by exposure to 21 kHz, 3.9 mT IF-MF. Theysuggested that IF-MF is unlikely to cause adverse biological effects with our previous results.
K1.3.3 Other studies
Several topics related to effect of transient electric field were reported. Ito R. and Masugi M. [2014a]
investigated the effect of pulse electric field with charging voltages of 10 kV and 15 kV on growth of aplant, broccoli (Brassica oleracea var italica). They found the exposed plant which had been applied
10kV/3days and 15kV/3days, became greater than the others by around 30% with higher chlorophyll
content. Ito R. and Masugi M. [2014b] reported an analysis of the effects of transient electromagnetic
fields on bioelectric potential responses of plant leaves. A single transient electromagnetic field wasperiodically applied to aloe and pachira for 3 days. They found that bioelectric potential energy wasincreased by application of transient electromagnetic fields. Ito R. and Masugi M. [2014c] reported ananalysis of biological effects of a transient electromagnetic field on a nerve cell using Hodgkin-Huxleymodel. In this paper, a single pulse waveform is set as an external electromagnetic field. The non-linear
response of cell membrane potential was influenced by pulse width and amplitude of a transient
electromagnetic field in their result. Ito T. and Masugi M. [2016] investigated effects of transient
electromagnetic fields on bioelectric potentials of plants by a self-similarity-based-analysis. A single
transient electromagnetic field was applied to aloe and pachira caused increase of the Hurst exponent ofbioelectric potential.
K1.4 Radio Frequency (RF)K1.4.1 In vivo studies
Masuda et. al. [2015a-c] reported many results of investigations to elucidate the effects of RF-EMF
exposures on the brain. They focused on changes in several brain microcirculatory parameters, including
the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) function. Experiments were performed with a figure-of eight applicator,
which enabled highly localized exposure on the brain and real-time direct observation of brain circulation
through a cranial window in the skull of the animal. Frequency and waveform were those of the
2G-TDMA system at 1439 MHz. Under the local exposure condition at an average SAR of 2.0 W/kg in thetarget brain tissue, no significant changes were found in hemodynamics, leukocyte behavior, andpermeability of BBB in juvenile and adult rat brains using in vivo imaging and histological evaluation.
Shirai et. al. [2014] carried out with rats to evaluate the effects of whole body exposure to 2.14 GHz
band code division multiple access (W-CDMA) signals for 20 h a day, over three generations. The average
specific absorption rate (SAR, in unit of W/kg) for dams was designed at three levels: high (<0.24 W/kg),
low (<0.08 W/kg), and 0 (sham exposure). Pregnant mothers (4 rats/group) were exposed from gestational
day (GD) 7 to weaning and then their offspring (F1 generation, 4 males and 4 females/dam, respectively)
were continuously exposed until 6 weeks of age. The F1 females were mated with F1 males at 11 weeks
old, and then starting from GD 7, they were exposed continuously to the electromagnetic field (one half of
the F1 offspring was used for mating, that is, two of each sex per dam and 8 males and 8 females/group,
except for all offspring for the functional development tests). This protocol was repeated in the samemanner on pregnant F2 females and F3 pups; the latter were killed at 10 weeks of age. No abnormalities
were observed in the mother rats (F0, F1, and F2) and in the offspring (F1, F2, and F3) in any biologicalparameters, including neurobehavioral function. Thus, it was concluded that under the experimental
conditions applied, multigenerational whole body exposure to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals for 20 h/day
did not cause any adverse effects on the F1, F2, and F3 offspring.
Ohtani et. al. [2015] investigated the effects of RF-EMFs on T cell responses during development
due to the lack of science-based evidence for RF-EMF effects on developmental immune systems.
Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to 2.14-GHz W-CDMA RF signals at a whole-body specific3absorption rate (SAR) of 0.2 W/kg. Exposures were performed for a total of 9 weeks spanning in utero
development, lactation and the juvenile period. Rats were continuously exposed to RF-EMF for 20 h/day,
7 days/week. Comparisons of control and exposed rats using flow cytometry revealed no changes in thenumbers of CD4/CD8 T cells, activated T cells or regulatory T cells among peripheral blood cells,
splenocytes and thymocytes. Although only the Il5 gene was significantly regulated in spleen tissues, Il4,
Il5 and Il23a genes were significantly upregulated in thymus tissues following exposure to RF-EMF.
However, ELISAs showed no changes in serum IL-4 protein concentrations. These data indicate noadverse effects of long-term RF-EMF exposure on immune-like T cell populations, T cell activation, or
Th1/Th2 balance in developing rats, although significant transcriptional effects were observed.
Ohtani et. al. [2016] investigated the thermal effects of RF-EMFs on the variation in coretemperature and gene expression of some stress markers in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to
2.14 GHz W-CDMA RF signals at a whole-body averaged SAR (WBA-SAR) of 4 W/kg. The results
revealed that the core temperature increased by approximately 1.5°C compared with the baseline andreached a plateau till the end of RF-EMF exposure. At WBA-SAR of 4 W/kg, some Hsp and Hsf gene
expression levels were significantly upregulated in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum following exposurefor 6 hr/day but were not upregulated after exposure for 3 hr/day. On the other hand, there was no
significant change in the core temperature and gene expression at WBA-SAR of 0.4 W/kg.
K1.4.2 In vitro studies
Koyama S. and Miyakoshi J. [2015a] reviewed recent studies on the cellular response and potential
risks of exposure to RF radiation. Although most studies have reported no significant effects at thecellular or genetic level due to exposure to RF radiation, a consensus has yet to be reached. Therefore, thecellular response to RF radiation requires further investigation. Koyama S. et. al., [2015b] examined theeffect of 2.45-GHz RF fields at the SAR of 2 and 10 W/kg for 4 and 24 h on neutrophil chemotaxis andphagocytosis in differentiated human HL-60 cells. Neutrophil chemotaxis was not affected by RF-field
exposure, and subsequent phagocytosis was not affected either compared with that under sham exposure
conditions. These studies demonstrated an initial immune response in the human body exposed to2.45-GHz RF fields at the SAR of 2 W/kg. The results of their experiments for RF-field exposure at an
SAR under 10 W/kg showed very little or no effects on either chemotaxis or phagocytosis inneutrophil-like human HL-60 cells.
K1.4.3 Other studies
Nakatani-Enomoto et. al. [2013] investigated subjective and objective effects of mobile phones using
a W-CDMA-like system on human sleep. Subjects were 19 volunteers. Real or sham EMF exposures for 3
h were performed before their usual sleep time on 3 consecutive days. They were exposed to real EMF on
the second or third experimental day in a double-blind design. Sleepiness and sleep insufficiency were
evaluated the next morning. Polysomnograms were recorded for analyses of the sleep variables and power
spectra of electroencephalograms (EEG). No significant differences were observed between the two
conditions in subjective feelings. Sleep parameters including sleep stage percentages and EEG power
spectra did not differ significantly between real and sham exposures. We conclude that continuous wave
EMF exposure for 3 h from a W-CDMA-like system has no detectable effects on human sleep. Kiyohara
et. al. [2015] developed in Japan were modified from 3G (cdma2000) phones and were unique in theirability to record the laterality of use estimated from the information from a gravity sensor. A study was
performed to examine the recall accuracy of laterality of use by using the new software modified phones(SMPs). A total of 198 subjects were instructed to use SMPs for 1 month. The results showed that recall
was prone to small systematic and large random errors for both the number and duration of calls and thatthe laterality of use was misclassified by 19% of the subjects. The authors stated that the results should beinterpreted cautiously in epidemiological studies of mobile phone use based on self-assessment
considering the large random recall error for the amount of calls and misclassification of laterality.
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K1.5 Millimeter and THz waves
K1.5.1 In vivo studies
Kojima et. al. [2015] investigated the effects of quasi-millimeter and millimeter wave exposures on
the eye. Rabbits were exposed in the eye to 18, 22, 26.5, 35, and 40 GHz continuous waves at 200
mW/cm2 for 3 min. The changes in temperature in various parts of the eye were measured. It was foundthat temperature elevations were dependent on various factors, including the penetration depth,
convection of the aqueous humor, and so on. As a result, the temperature elevation characteristics weredependent on frequency.
K1.5.2 In vitro studies
Koyama S. et. al. [2016a] investigated human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) and human lens epithelial(SRA01/04) cells derived from the human eye exposed to 60 GHz millimeter-wavelength radiation for 24
h. There was no statistically significant increase in the micronucleus (MN) frequency in cells exposed to
60 GHz millimeter-wavelength radiation at 1 mW/cm² compared with sham-exposed controls andincubator controls. The MN frequency of cells treated with bleomycin for 1 h provided positive controls.
The comet assay, used to detect DNA strand breaks, and heat shock protein (Hsp) expression also showedno statistically significant effects of exposure. These results indicate that exposure tomillimeter-wavelength radiation has no effect on genotoxicity in human eye cells. Koyama S. et. al.
[2016b] investigated the cellular effects of THz exposure, human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) cells derived
from human eye were exposed to 0.12 THz radiation at 5 mW/cm² for 24 h, then the genotoxicity,morphological changes, and Hsp expression of the cells were examined. There was no statisticallysignificant increase in the MN frequency of cells exposed to 0.12 THz radiation compared withsham-exposed controls and incubator controls, whereas the MN frequency of cells treated with bleomycin
for 1 h (positive control) did increase significantly. Similarly, there were no significant morphologicalchanges in cells exposed to 0.12 THz radiation compared to sham-exposed controls and incubator controls,and Hsp expression (Hsp27, Hsp70, and Hsp90α) was also not significantly different between the threetreatments. These results indicate that exposure to 0.12 THz radiation using the present conditions appears
to have no or very little effect on MN formation, morphological changes, and Hsp expression in cells
derived from human eye. Yaekashiwa N. et. al. [2014a, b, c, 2015] tried to elucidate the Frorich
hypothesis which tells that THz/MWW irradiation may cause non-thermal effect on the cell membrane oron the biological systems. The authors have measured the cell activity using two methods; Real-time andEnd-point analysis.
K2 DOSIMETRY
K2.1 Numerical dosimetry
K.2.1.1 LF
Yamazaki K. [2015] reported the review of dosimetry technique for magnetic field in Japan including
an intercomparison study of six research group. This comparison suggests that the computational
uncertainty of the in situ electric field/current density due to different methods and coding is smaller thanthat caused by different human phantoms and the conductivity of tissue, which was reported in a previous
study.
Research group of Prof. Hirata vigorously investigated human models with electromagnetics andthermos physiology. To use their model, they proposed evaluation technique and research needs. De
Santis V. et. al. [2013] reported the compliance assessment that is the most stable against both time- andfrequency-domain biases. It does not create any filter phase artifact, which can lead to variations of ±25%
in the obtained results. De Santis V. et. al. [2015] investigated LF magnetic field dosimetry of skin model.
They report the relationship between the basic restrictions and the reference or maximum permissible
exposure levels recommended by these safety standards is not always consistent by dosimetry evaluation
using a multi-layer skin structure with conductivity of the stratum corneum or of a weighted average
5between several skin layers. Chan KH, et. al. [2015] investigates in situ electric field due to
low-frequency contact current and specific absorption rate (SAR) due to high-frequency contact currents
in a realistic child model and compared with those in the adult model. The in situ electric fields and SAR
in the child model are found to exceed the corresponding values in the adult. At the finger tip, the electricfield and SAR due to contact currents, both at the ICNIRP reference levels and IEEE Maximum
Permissible Exposures, are well beyond the corresponding basic restrictions. Reilly JP and Hirata A.
[2016] reported 25 issues needing attention as research agenda of the IEEE ICES. Their fitting 25 issues
into three general categories: induction models; electrostimulation models; and human exposure limits.
K.2.1.2 IF
Activity in this area is high because research groups of National Institute of Information andCommunications Technology (NICT), Nagoya Institute of Technology, and NTT DOCOMO INC.
conducted various topics related to evaluate compliance with existent guideline and to evaluate basic
philosophy of guideline itself.
Laakso I. and Hirata A. [2013] investigated an induced electric field in a human body is evaluated forthe magnetic field leaked from a WPT system for charging an electrical vehicle. The induced electric field
in a human standing around the vehicle is smaller than the allowable limit prescribed in internationalguidelines, although the magnetic field strength in the human body is locally higher than the allowable
external field strength. Sunohara, et. al. [2014] investigated the SAR and the in situ electric field in
human models for the magnetic field from an inductive WPT system using 140kHz developed on the basisof the specifications of the wireless power consortium. The results indicate that the peak value of the SAR
averaged over a 10 g of tissue and that of the in situ electric field are 72 nW/ kg and 91 mV/ m for atransmitted power of 1 W. Consequently, they showed the maximum allowable transmitted powers
satisfying the exposure limits of the SAR (2 W/ kg) and the in situ electric field (18.9 V /m) are found to
be 28 MW and 43 kW. Shimamoto T., et. al. [2015a] investigated the in-situ electric field of an adult malemodel in different postures is evaluated for exposure to the magnetic field leaked from a wireless powertransfer system (7 kW and 85 kHz) in an electrical vehicle. They evaluated four scenarios (i) crouchingnear the vehicle, (ii) lying on the ground with or without his arm stretched, (iii) sitting in the driver's seat,and (iv) standing on a transmitting coil without a receiving coil. In each scenario, the maximum in-situ
electric fields are lower than the allowable limit prescribed by international guidelines, although the local
magnetic field strength in regions of the human body is higher than the allowable external magnetic fieldstrength. Laakso I., et. al. [2015a] reported an example of the assessment of human exposure to the
non-uniform magnetic field of a realistic WPT system for wireless charging of an electric vehicle battery,and proposed a coupling factor for practical determination of compliance with the international exposure
standards using the quasistatic approximation which reduces the computational requirements of theassessment of human exposure. Sunohara, et. al. [2015] proposed compliance procedure that is applied toand demonstrated for a prototype WPT system in 140 kHz band. The maximum allowable transmitting
power is relaxed by a factor of 23 with the proposed procedure for the prototype system. The contributionof the harmonics decreased the allowable transmitting power by 39%, indicating their importance forsafety compliance. Shimamoto T., et. al. [2015b] reported the internal electric field in the fetus andmother is investigated in anatomically based pregnant- and non-pregnant-woman models. The
computational results show that the internal electric field strength is smaller in the fetus than in themother, because the magnetic field there is weaker than around the feet, even though the abdomen of thepregnant woman may come closer to the vehicle than that of a non-pregnant adult female.
Chakarothai J. [2014a] investigated exposure assessment of the WPT system in 10 MHz band with ahomogeneous cylinder in various operating situations possible was performed to characterize thedosimetry. As the result, the maximum allowable input power of the WPT system was restricted based on
the whole-body average SAR rather than the peak 10g-average SAR for some exposure conditions.
Chakarothai J. [2015a] investigated numerical exposures of adult and child models in proximity of a WPT
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system in 7 MHz bands. He found that the exposures of human models in vicinity of the WPT system ishighly localized, where the peak 10g average SAR is higher than the whole-body average SAR in all
exposure scenarios in the study. Park et. al. [2014] reported the difference between the two resonantmodes of the WPT system for the SAR induced in the head model. Chakarothai et. al. [2015b] also
reported numerical exposures of adult and child models in proximity of a WPT system in 7 MHz bands.
They found that the exposures of human models in vicinity of the WPT system is highly localized, where
the peak 10g average SAR is higher than the whole-body average SAR.
Ishii N. [2015] proposed an extension of reference antenna method, which is one of methods forcalibrating the probe. As a reference antenna, they examined a circular folded loop antenna immersed innormal saline solution. If its perimeter is well selected, constant near-field gain can be realized in its
near-field region. And, to reduce its size, the number of folding should be larger. Also, they showed thevalidity of estimated formula for electric field intensity radiated by the reference antenna with its
near-field gain.
Aoki Y. [2016] reported calculation of the distance characteristics of an external magnetic fieldstrength and internal electric field strength in human bodies when WPT system is put on the perfectelectric conductor (PEC) ground plane. As a result, it was indicated that the external magnetic fieldstrength and the internal electric field strength for the case of the PEC ground plane may be as large as
142 % and 130 % of those for the free space at the maximum, respectively. In addition, they reported thatthe coupling factor in free space was larger than that for the PEC ground-plane case when the compliancedistance is equal to 0.4 m.
Ishihara S. [2014a] and Onishi T. [2014, 2016a] reported a measuring system of electric field
distributions around a cuboid phantom. They found measured results with a coaxial cable were different
from calculated results even though direction of the cable was changed. However, when measured results
were well matched with calculated results by using an optical fiber. Ishihara S., Onishi T., and Hirata A.
[2014b, 2015b] reported a measurement method of magnetic field ranged from 100 kHz and 6.78 MHz
near a magnetic source. As a result, even if magnetic sensor is placed nearest to the source, change ofcurrent flowing through the source is marginal in this study. This paper describes about an exposure
assessment for the WPT systems to ascertain the actual exposure level from commercial WPT systems
when they are used close to the body.
K.2.1.3 RF
Study on the numerical dosimetry is very active in Japan, because various computational humanmodels with fine-resolution are available from NICT. New models of pregnant females in the second andthird trimesters of pregnancy recently developed by Nagaoka et. al. [2013, 2015] and SARs in thesemodels for whole-body exposure were estimated. Tateno et. al. [2014, 2015a] reported SARs of pregnant
females and their fetuses in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy due to wireless radio terminals in
proximity to a fetus. Tateno et. al. [2015b] also reported the SAR in human body for various
configurations of a commercial tablet computer using Japanese adult models.
Core temperature elevation and perspiration in younger and older adults for plane-wave exposure at
WBSAR of 0.4 W/kg at 65 MHz and 2 GHz was reported by Nomura et. al. [2014]. The results indicatedthat the core temperature elevation in the older adult model was larger than that in the younger one at both
frequencies.
Graphics processing unit (GPU) is a powerful tool for the numerical dosimetry using thecomputational human models because GPU calculations offer very effective acceleration for
Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) algorithm. Large-scale FDTD computations on GPUs arereported [Nagaoka et. al., 2014, Chakarothai and Watanabe, 2016]. In addition, Chakarothai et. al. [2016]
propose a new approach for determining convergence in FDTD method for numerical dosimetry at asingle frequency.

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K2.2 Experimental dosimetry
K.2.2.1 IF
Chakarothai J. [2015c] reported construction of a near-field measurement system using magnetic
field probe developed inhouse in order to measure both magnitude and phase of magnetic near-fieldradiated from WPT systems. They conducted measurements for WPT systems in 7 MHz bands and 100
kHz bands. Comparison with numerical results demonstrates validity and accuracy of their measurement
systems. They concluded that the proposed system is able to provide a direct way to determine a limit for
input power for WPT devices in compliance with the ICNRIP guideline.
K.2.2.2 RF
Wake et. al. [2014] experimentally evaluated the hand effects for SAR in child head phantom withseveral types of the phones. Form the results, hand effects on 10 g SAR were negligible for about half ofthe cases compared to experimental uncertainty. Among the cases the hand effect is not negligible, thecases whose SAR is reduced and increased by the hands are same order.
Ishii et. al. [2014] proposed a novel method for calibrating the probes used in standard measurement
systems to evaluate SAR of the radio equipment operating at frequencies over 3GHz.
Higashiyama J. [2014] and Iyama T. [2015, 2016a, b] investigated exposure assessment methods
regarding radiocommunication base-stations. Iyama T. [2016c] also reviewed IEC 62232 - Determinationof Radio-Frequency (RF) Field Strength and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Vicinity ofRadiocommunication Base Stations (RBS) for the Purpose of Evaluating Human Exposure.
K.2.2.3 Millimeter
Recently research and development as well as standardization on the 5th mobile communication
system (5G) have been actively conducted all over the world. Frequency bands above 6 GHz for 5G are
considered in addition to those used for current mobile systems. From exposure assessment point of view,
the power density should be used above 6 GHz as a measurement index while the SAR has been used fornear-field exposure up to 6 GHz. Satoh K. et. al. [2015] exhibited their preliminary measured electricalfields close to a standard horn antenna using both waveguide (WG) and electro-optical (EO) probes at 15
GHz. Onishi T. [2016b] and Satoh K. [2016a, b] also conducted measurement using a conventional probe
such the WG probe, which has been used for near-field to far-field transformation.
K2.3 Development of exposure setups and dosimetry for medical and biological studies.
An in-vivo research project on local and whole-body exposure of rats to RF-EM fields above 6 GHz
was started in Japan in 2013. Therefore, Shi et. al. [2015a, b] perform a dosimetric design for thewhole-body-average SARs of unconstrained rats exposed to RF-EMFs in a reverberation chamber (RC).
On the other hand, Chakarothai et. al. [2014] proposed a hybrid approach combining the method of
moment (MoM) and the FDTD method for evaluating SARs in a small rat inside a RC. The hybrid method
is able to overcome the problem of poor convergence for a solution of the FDTD method in analyzing theRC.
K2.4 Mechanism between biological tissues and EMF.
Dielectric properties of biological tissues and organs are crucial parameters for the dosimetry.
Although Gabriel’s Cole-Cole models have been widely used, further studies on expansion or
improvement of the database have been conducted in Japan.
Sasaki et. al. [2014a] proposed optimal Cole-Cole parameters for the dielectric properties from 43
biological tissues and organs for frequencies between 1 MHz and 20 GHz. Sasaki et. al. [2014b] reported
dielectric properties for the epidermis and dermis with in vitro measurement at frequencies ranging from
0.5 GHz to 110 GHz, and they [2015] also reported the dielectric properties for ocular tissues up to 110
GHz. In intermediate frequency band, Wake et. al. [2016] presented the data for the conductivities of the8tissues composing the skin (epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue).
In view of the thermal effects, the relationship between the SAR and the temperature elevation is themost important issue in RF dosimetry. Hirata et. al. [2014] proposed a thermal model for a pregnant
woman, and then applies it to simulate the temperature variations due to ambient heat exposure and RF
exposure. They found that the fetal temperature elevation for radio-frequency exposure is higher than thatin the mother. Morimoto et. al. [2016] also reported the relationship between the peak temperatureelevation and the peak SAR averaged over 10 g of tissue in human head models in the frequency range of
1–30 GHz.
For estimating the SAR enhancement due to metallic implants in the human body and Hikage et. al.
[2014, 2015] assessed by experimental and numerical methods whether two parallel metal plates
implanted in the head region could be expected to cause SAR enhancements under ultra high frequency(UHF) near-field exposure.
K2.5 Dosimetry for medical application (see also K3)
Anzai D. et. al. [2014] investigated the effect of spatial receive diversity on SAR reduction based onoutage probability analysis for wireless capsule endoscope (WCE). Morimoto et. al. [2015] developed anultra wide band (UWB) planar loop antenna for implant communication, and calculated the implant pathloss and SAR using the finite difference time domain method together with an anatomical human bodynumerical model.
Liao et. al. [2015] reported the two-step approach to evaluate EMI with a wearable vital signal sensor
and demonstrated its usefulness by wearable electrocardiogram (ECG).
There are several types of implantable medical devices and the implantable cardiac pace maker is themost popular device among them. It should be appreciated that the mobile radio terminals are used close
to the implanted cardiac pace maker. Therefore, mechanism of EMI of the implanted pace maker due tothe cellular phone is analyzed by Endo et. al. [2016a]. In the above situation, hot spots may appear aroundthe implanted metallic objects due to concentration of the electric field. Saito et. al. [2014a] calculated
the SAR around the implanted cardiac pace maker induced by the mobile radio terminal in VHF band. Inorder to evaluate some characteristics of the implantable devices, human phantoms are developed. Ito K.
et. al. [2013] introduced the physical phantom for evaluation of antenna performances for implantableantenna. Moreover, Antenna for capsular endoscope is developed and its performances are measured
with the abdominal phantom model by Ito K. et. al. [2016].
K2.6 EMI evaluation with medical devices
Ishihara S. et. al. [2014c] investigated EMI with medical devices from third generation mobile phoneincluding LTE (Long Term Evolution). Thirty-two different medical devices, which are mainly used in theoperating room or Intensive Care Unit, are used in this evaluation. The results show that 12
medical-device models (37.5%) incurred EMI. The results also clearly show that the EMI strongly
depends on the transmission power and the distance between the mobile phone and medical device. In
addition, Ishihara S. et. al. [2015a] evaluated electric field distributions around a half-wave dipole
antenna, broadband antenna, and various mobile terminals and compared in the frequency bands of 800
MHz, 1.5 GHz, 1.7 GHz, and 2 GHz to confirm the difference among radiation sources when conducting
EMI tests on medical devices. Comparison results show that the electric field strengths around dipole
antennas is almost equal to or higher than those of all mobile terminals used in this study for all theconsidered frequency bands.
K3 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
K3.1 Hyperthermia
Thermal therapies which include hyperthermia is one of the important research fields employing thethermal effect of electromagnetic wave to the body. In the low frequency such as high frequency (HF)
9band, the electric field induces the current inside the patient body. Then the current heats up the target
region by the Joule heating. Nowadays, many capacitive heating devices for hyperthermic treatment areused in Japan. However, only a few considerations have been studied in terms of the SAR and thecurrent distributions. Therefore, Kumagae and Saito [2016] introduced some characteristics of RF
capacitive heating device. The microwave energy is suitable for localized heating. Especially, theinterstitial and the intracavitary schemes can be certainly heated the target tumor. Saito et. al. [2014b] andYashima et. al. [2014] introduced intracavitary microwave heating for treatment of bile duct carcinoma byuse of thin microwave antenna. In these techniques, they have studied the bile duct heating under the
metallic stent placement. In addition, Debnath et. al. [2015, 2016] have studied the interstitial
microwave heating combined with the interstitial radiation therapy. They have been considering not
only the microwave heating but also the brachytherapy in view.
Saito et. al. have been studying the surgical devices using the microwave thermal effect. In recent
surgical operations, many energy devices such as electrical scalpel using RF current and ultrasonically
activated scalpel are often employed. However, there are some problems should be improved. On theother hand, the microwave surgical device (microwave antenna) may improve the problems. Therefore,
several kinds of microwave surgical devices are developed Saito et. al. [2014c, 2015], Endo et. al. [2014,2015a], Suzuki et. al. [2014]. In addition, devices combining the microwave antenna with the electrodes
for RF current have also been studied Suzuki et. al. [2015]. Ogasawara et. al. [2015] have studied tissue
coagulation detection mechanism by measurement of impedance of the treated tissue. The proposedsystem is installed the forceps type microwave device Saito et. al. [2016a, b]. In the using the
microwave surgical devices, temperature of treated tissue will be increased dramatically. In order tosimulate the performances of the device, temperature dependent tissue properties are included for thenumerical computations Endo et. al. [2015b, 2016b].
K3.2 Other medical applications related topics
Up to now, biological tissue equivalent phantoms for microwave band are developed and utilized.
However, the phantoms around HF band have not been considered, because the measurement of electricalproperties of the materials in HF band have not been established. Suga et. al. [2013] have developed thephantom for HF band and measured its properties.
Tsuzaki et. al. [2014a, 2014b] and Takei et. al. [2014] have considered the WPT to a capsularendoscope. Recent capsular endoscope is operated by the battery and has some limitations of operation
by battery capacity. Therefore, if the WPT can be realized in this field, it may be useful for diagnosis in
the human body.
Some antennas for body centric wireless communication have been developed. Lin et. al. [2014a,
2014b] suggested the dual mode wearable antenna for the body centric wireless communication. It canrealize the body centric wireless communication between some sensors installed on the body and can also
communicate with outer base station located at a short distance from the body. If this kind of antenna
system can be realized, it may be useful for the telemedicine.
K3.2 Therapeutic applications of electromagnetic fields
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method to stimulate the brain using pulsed magnetic
fields inducing eddy currents in the brain. Recent clinical studies showed that TMS is effective for thetreatment of neurological and psychological diseases such as depression, Parkinson’s disease, andneuropathic pain. Daily TMS treatment at home has been desired for continuous effect by TMS. To
improve efficiency of stimulation leads to a compact driving circuit suitable for home treatment. Sekino et.
al. [2015] proposed eccentric figure-eight coils, which required a less driving current intensity thanconventional one, and Yamamoto et. al. [2016a] showed the improvement of the eccentric coil withcombination of iron core plates laminated in different directions in simulations. The coil-position system
for home treatment has been proposed. However, it is challenging to stimulate the accurate target with the10system by conventional figure-eight coils, which induces highly localized electric field. Sekino et. al.
[2014] proposed a coil design which has a high robustness to positioning error and then, Yamamoto et. al.
[2015] proposed a bowl-shaped coil for stimulating a wider area of the brain. Laakso et. al. [2014a, 2014b,
2015a, 2016] performed a study of multi-scale computer simulations whose techniques can predict about
which or where neurons are activated and the effect of the electric field depend on the position andorientation of the coil. For obtaining inter-subject variations in the efficacy of transcranial direct current
stimulation (tDCS), the electric fields among subjects and the strength and variability of group-level
electric fields in the standard brain space were investigated. Yamamoto et. al. [2016] reported adevelopment of numerical analyses software on individual brain model by using scalar-potential
finite-difference (SPFD) method, which could be applied to the research of individual differences in thetherapeutic effect. Lu et. al. [2015a, 2015b] proposed the Halo-circular assembly coil and Halo coilworking with two circular coils, and Halo-Fo8 assembly coil for deep brain stimulations. Hirata et. al.
[2013] simulated the electric field distribution induced by implanted and transcutaneous electrode for thetreatment of bladder overactivity.
Electrical dosimetry in the skin layers due to different types of intra-epidermal electrical stimulation(IES) electrodes was conducted by Motogi et. al. [2016].
Ueno and Sekino [2015] published the book, which explains physical principles of biomagnetic
stimulation and imaging, and introduces applications of these techniques in neuroscience, clinicalmedicine, and healthcare. The brief overview of the recent research trend in biomagnetics is also reported
in this book.
K3.3 Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI serves as an important tool in medical inspection. Since MRI systems with higher static
magnetic fields are able to provide images with higher signal-to-noise ratio, there is a tendency of
expanded use of MRI system with 3T magnetic field in clinic, calling for concerns of exposure to the highmagnetic field. Yamaguchi-Sekino et. al. [2014, 2015] performed experiments to evaluate exposure levels
during routine MRI examinations in 3T MRI system by personal monitoring, providing valuable
information for exposure levels for scanner operators. Then they proposed a save working procedure
involving a restricted access area set at a distance of 30 cm from the end of a 3T MRI system to reduce
occupational SMF exposure without notable changes in worker performance for the one with 3T ofmagnetic field. Another concern raised with the application of high field MRI is the SAR, especially forpatients with met. al. materials like implants or pacemaker inside their body. The SAR evaluations havebeen done for artificial knee joint by Suga et. al. [2014a] and carotid artery stent by Koizumi et. al.
[2015].
On the other hand, researches for developing MRI system with higher magnetic field are continuing.
Recently, Suga et. al. [2014b] designed a new birdcage coil with no lumped circuit elements for 4T
systems, which matches the performance of the conventional birdcage coil that includes several
capacitors.
Contrast agent also plays an important role in finding out useful interesting information in MRI.
Ahmed et. al. [2016] applied the MRI to analysis the superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) uptake tosentinel lymph nodes for researches of a new sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) method based onmagnetic tracer. The phase map cross-correlation detection and quantification are used to produce
highlighted signal at tissues contains SPIO. However, underestimations of magnetic susceptibilitychanges may occur while facing high-concentrated iron accumulation. Zhu et. al. [2016] proposed apositive contrast imaging method based on least square analysis of phase gradient image and its
corresponding template for measuring the high-concentrated SPIO labeling in MRI-monitored
implantation or drug delivery.

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Saito K., Yashima E., Ishikawa E., Takahashi M., and Ito K. [2014b], “Intracavitary microwave heating
for treatment of bile duct carcinoma - Numerical calculations inconsideration of practical treatments,”
BioEM2014, PB-10, Cape Town, South Africa, June.
Saito K., Tezuka Y., Endo Y., Takahashi M., and Ito K. [2014c], “Performance evaluation of biologicaltissue coagulation device by microwave energy,” VJISAP, pp.183-186, Hanoi, Vietnam, Jan.
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Saito K., Endo Y., Suzuki S., and Ito K. [2015], “Development and performance evaluations of surgicaldevices by use of microwave energy,” 2015 KJJC, pp.35-36, Sendai, Japan, Nov.
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Shi J., Chakarothai J., Wang J., Wake K., Watanabe S. and Fujiwara O. [2015a], “Quantification andverification of whole-body-average SARs in small animals exposed to electromagnetic fields inside
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