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〈巻頭写真英訳〉
made of cow skin. There is a hand-powered blower

Prefatory Photo 1. APPUNI’s workshop. The workshop

besides it.

has an earthen platform and is well ventilated without

Prefatory Photo 22. ALA FORGE workshop. The workshop

walls on three sides.

is closed by walls on three sides. The right is a stone

Prefatory Photo 2. APPUNI’s workshop. The center is aanvil to make a navel.

stone anvil. The far left is a water tank. The far right is

Prefatory Photo 23. ALA FORGE workshop. Usinga heating furnace.

remaining heat after casting, hot forging is begun

Prefatory Photo 3. APPUNI’s workshop. High-tin bronze

immediately.

including about 22% tin is poured into a hollow to makePrefatory Photo 24. ALA FORGE workshop. The producta disc.

is pinched with the left hand and turned with the rightPrefatory Photo 4. APPUNI’s workshop. High-tin bronze

hand using an iron crook with a L-shaped end.

including 22% tin is fragile and its section shows silver-Prefatory Photo 25. ALA FORGE workshop. The productwhite color.

is heated with sliced charcoal bits covering over it.

Prefatory Photo 5. APPUNI’s workshop. The bottom left is

Prefatory Photo 26. ALA FORGE workshop. A disc gong isa heating furnace. Hot forging is carried out on a stone

hot-forged on a stone anvil by two persons.

anvil by two persons.

Prefatory Photo 27. ALA FORGE workshop. Standing thePrefatory Photo 6. APPUNI’s workshop. A pile of two discs

disc vertically, its side is hammered around.

is hot-forged by three persons.

Prefatory Photo 28. ALA FORGE workshop. After

Prefatory Photo 7. APPUNI’s workshop. A pile of six bowls

quenching, cold forging is carried out in order to mend

is hot-forged.

its deformation.

Prefatory Photo 8. APPUNI’s workshop. The central part

Prefatory Photo 29. ALA FORGE workshop. Clay stampsof a pile of six bowls is hot-forged by one person.
Prefatory Photo 9. APPUNI’s workshop. The inside of

to make a hollow in sand molds for casting of discs.

carination of bowls is hammered on a stone anvil with a

Prefatory Photo 30. ALA FORGE workshop. Tongs andL-shaped iron crooks to turn a product in a furnace.

wooden hammer.
Prefatory Photo 10. APPUNI’s workshop. Heated bowls

Prefatory Photo 31. ALA FORGE workshop. From bottom

are quenched in a water tank with their bottom

upwards, a guide stick, two steel scrapers, and two re-

upwards.

modeled rasps.
Prefatory Photo 32. ALA FORGE workshop. The side view

Prefatory Photo 11. APPUNI’s workshop. After quenching,of the tools in 31. Shafts are made of bamboo.

cold forging is carried out using an iron anvil to makePrefatory Photo 33. Microstructure of a Cu-22Sn casttheir forms even.

material.

Prefatory Photo 12. APPUNI’s workshop. After quenching

Prefatory Photo 34. Microstructure of a Cu-22Sn hot-of a disc gong, the location which makes better sound isforged material (before quenching).

sought.

Prefatory Photo 35. Microstructure of a Cu-22Sn hot-Prefatory Photo 13. APPUNI’s workshop. Products which

forged material (after quenching).

were scraped after quenching.

Prefatory Photo 36. Microstructure of a Cu-22Sn hot-Prefatory Photo 14. APPUNI’s workshop. The back offorged material which was cold-forged after quenching.

products. Disc gongs and bowls are decorated with some

Prefatory Photo 37. Thermo image in hot forging (imme-

motifs.

diately after the beginning of forging, the average tem-Prefatory Photo 15. APPUNI’s workshop. The inside ofperature is 740℃ ).

bowls was polished while the outside was not.

Prefatory Photo 38. Bowls in hot forging. Visible image ofPrefatory Photo 16. APPUNI’s workshop. Two-handed

37, APPUNI’s workshop.

iron hammers used for hot forging.

Prefatory Photo 39. Thermo image in hot forging (immedi-

Prefatory Photo 17. APPUNI’s workshop. Iron hammers

ately before suspending forging for re-heating, the aver-used with one hand or with a handle.

age temperature is 632℃ ).

Prefatory Photo 18. APPUNI’s workshop. Tongs used toPrefatory Photo 40. Bowls in hot forging. Visible image ofhold products in hot forging.

39, APPUNI’s workshop.

Prefatory Photo 19. APPUNI’s workshop. Wooden

Prefatory Photo 41. Thermo image of bowls heated forhammers used to make a bulge (navel) in the center of aquenching (the average temperature is 730℃ ).

cymbal.

Prefatory Photo 42. Bowls heated for quenching. Visible

Prefatory Photo 20. APPUNI’s workshop. From bottom

image of 41, APPUNI’s workshop.

upwards, two steel scrapers, a guide stick and a rasp

Prefatory Photo 43. Thermo image in hot forging (imme-

used for finishing.

diately after the beginning of forging, the average tem-Prefatory Photo 21. APPUNI’s workshop. Hand bellows
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perature is 632℃ ).
Prefatory Photo 44. A gong in hot forging. Visible image of
43, SUKU’s workshop.
Prefatory Photo 45. Thermo image in hot forging (immediately before suspending forging for re-heating, the average temperature is 546℃ ).
Prefatory Photo 46. A gong in hot forging. Visible image of
45, SUKU’s workshop.
Prefatory Photo 47. Thermo image of a gong immediately
before quenching (the average temperature is 725℃ ).
Prefatory Photo 48. A gong immediately after quenching.
Visible image immediately after 47, SUKU’s workshop.
Prefatory Photo 49. Thermo image in hot forging (the average temperature of a part being worked is 690℃ , theopposite part is 420℃ ).
Prefatory Photo 50. A gong of which the edge is worked by
hot forging. Visible image of 49, Kim,Il-ung’s workshop.
Prefatory Photo 51. Thermo image in hot forging (the average temperature of a part being worked is 660℃ ).
Prefatory Photo 52. A gong of which the face is worked by
hot forging. Visible image of 51, Kim,Il-ung’s workshop.
Prefatory Photo 53. Thermo image of a gong immediately
before quenching (the average temperature is 736℃ ).
Prefatory Photo 54. A gong immediately after quenching.
Visible image immediately after 53, Kim,Il-ung’s workshop.
Prefatory Photo 55. Thermo image in hot working (spinning). (the average temperature of a part being worked
is 714℃ )Prefatory Photo 56. A bowl worked by spinning. Visible
image of 55, Kim,Il-ung’s workshop.
Prefatory Photo 57. Thermo image in hot working (spinning). Narrowed more than the state in 55 (the averagetemperature of a part to be worked is 678℃ )Prefatory Photo 58. A bowl worked by spinning. Visible
image of 57, Kim,Il-ung’s workshop.
Prefatory Photo 59. Thermo image of a hot working furnace (before quenching). (the average temperature of ahot part is 740℃ )Prefatory Photo 60. Visible image of 59. Kim,Il-ung’s
workshop.
Prefatory Photo 61. Thermo image in hot working (narrowing the rim using a press machine). (the averagetemperature of a part being worked is 660℃ )Prefatory Photo 62. A bowl narrowed with a press machine. Visible image of 61, Lee,Sun-sul’s workshop.
Prefatory Photo 63. Thermo image in hot working (Gung
Gurum technique). (the average temperature of a partbeing worked is 680℃ )Prefatory Photo 64. A bowl in hot working by Gung Gurum technique. Visible image of 63, Han,Sang-chun’sworkshop.

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