Chapter 1: Introduction

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 2: EnergyAuthors
Amit Garg (India) and Melissa M. Weitz (USA)

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2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 1: Introduction

Contents
1Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1.4
1.1

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1.4

1.2

Source categories ................................................................................................................................. 1.4

1.3

Methodological approaches ................................................................................................................. 1.6

1.4

Data collection issues .......................................................................................................................... 1.6

1.5

Uncertainty in inventory estimates ...................................................................................................... 1.6

1.6

QA/QC and completeness ................................................................................................................... 1.6

FiguresFigure 1.1 (Updated)

Activity and source structure in the Energy Sector....................................................... 1.5

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 2: Energy

1 INTRODUCTION
Users are expected to go to Mapping Tables in Annex 2, before reading this chapter. This is required to correctly
understand both the refinements made and how the elements in this chapter relate to the corresponding chapter
in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

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INTRODUCTION

No refinement.

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SOURCE CATEGORIESThe energy sector mainly comprises:•exploration and exploitation of primary energy sources;•conversion of primary energy sources into more useable energy forms in refineries and power plants;•

transmission and distribution of fuels;•use of fuels in stationary and mobile applications.

Emissions arise from these activities by combustion and as fugitive emissions, or escape without combustion.
For inventory purposes, fuel combustion may be defined as the intentional oxidation of materials within anapparatus that is designed to provide heat or mechanical work to a process, or for use away from the apparatus.
This definition aims to separate the combustion of fuels for distinct and productive energy use from the heatreleased from the use of hydrocarbons in chemical reactions in industrial processes, or from the use ofhydrocarbons as industrial products. It is good practice to apply this definition as fully as possible but there arecases where demarcation with the industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector is needed. The following
principle has been adopted for this:Combustion emissions from fuels obtained directly or indirectly from the feedstock for an IPPU process will
normally be allocated to the part of the source category in which the process occurs. These source categories arenormally 2B and 2C. However, if the derived fuels are transferred for combustion in another source category, theemissions should be reported in the appropriate part of Energy Sector source categories (normally 1A1 or 1A2).
Please refer to Box 1.1 and section 1.3.2 in chapter 1 of the IPPU Volume for examples and further details.
When the total emissions from the gases are calculated, the quantity transferred to the energy sector should be
noted as an information item under IPPU source category and reported in the relevant energy sector source category
to avoid double counting.
Typically, only a few percent of the emissions in the energy sector arise as fugitive emissions from extraction,transformation and transportation of primary energy carriers. Examples are leakage of natural gas and theemissions of methane during coal mining and flaring during oil/gas extraction and refining 1. In some cases wherecountries produce or transport significant quantities of fossil fuels, fugitive emissions can make a much larger
contribution to the national total. Combustion and fugitive emissions from production, processing and handling ofoil and gas should be allocated according to the national territory of the facilities including offshore areas (seeChapter 8 - section 8.2.1 in Vol. 1). These offshore areas may be an economic zone agreed upon with othercountries.
Figure 1.1 shows the structure of activities and source categories within the energy sector. This structure is basedon the coding and naming as defined in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the Common Reporting Format (CRF) usedby the UNFCCC. The technical chapters of this Volume follow this source category structure.

1 Note that the combustion emissions due to transport of energy carriers by ship, rail and road are included in the mobilecombustion processes.

1.42019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 1: Introduction

Figure 1.1 (Updated) Activity and source structure in the Energy Sector

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 2: Energy

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METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHESNo refinement.

1.4

DATA COLLECTION ISSUES

No refinement.

1.5

UNCERTAINTY IN INVENTORY ESTIMATES

No refinement.

1.6

QA/QC AND COMPLETENESS

No refinement.

1.6

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories