COMMISSION E:
Electromagnetic Environment and Interference(November 2007 – October
2010)
Edited by Ryuji KOGA

Anthropogenic EM Noise and EMC
E1

2009 International Symposium on EMC, Kyoto
EMC'09/Kyoto was organized by L. R. Koga, Okayama University, and was held in Kyoto at

Kyoto International Conference Center, from June 20th to 24th, 2009. This was the sixth EMC
Symposium in Japan, because they have been held every five years since 1984. Number of attendee
was 409 from 21 countries, though the number was less than had been expected due to the Lehman
Shock which prohibited financial support of attendees by their farms. Still many traveled with theirown expense and enthusiastic discussions were held. Next conference is scheduled on 2014, so far,though the serious earthquake in North East district of Japan associated enormous Tsunami and
Nuclear Power Reactor destruction makes its situation ambiguous mainly from the harmful rumouror misinformation in foreign countries.
E2 EMC measurement technology

The studies of EMI antenna and electromagnetic field probe calibration method, near fieldmeasurement techniques using electro-optical or magneto-optical crystal, etc, have been performed inthis period. Detail descriptions are presented below.
E2-1. Electromagnetic field probes and near field

A high frequency carrier type magnetic field probe, which employs the principle of giant
magneto-impedance (GMI) developed by the group of Akita Research and Development Center, wasimproved in the probe design, including a balanced circuit for increased signal to noise ratio and an
on-probe magnetic-field bias circuit suitable for the measurement of time-domain transient current
waveform [Zhou, et al., 2010a, 2010b].
New measurement technique on the radiated electric field using the principle of themodulated scattering technique (MST) has been developed with a small dielectric material probe.
[Komakine, et al., 2009, 2010a]. The scattered electric field by the dielectric sphere wastheoretically estimated to confirm the measurement factors which relate the sensitivity of the MST
system.
To evaluate the permittivity of the material in high electromagnetic frequency range, several
practical measurement systems were developed [Komakine, et al., 2010b]. Moreover, a frequency

domain analytical method has a possibility to detect the phase shift of the scattered wave caused by
the dielectric loss.
A near field Poynting vector visualization system has been developed and applied to themeasurement of energy flows caused by crosstalk on a coupled line and by radiation from a patch antenna
as a demonstration. This is the first visualization of Poynting vectors that are evaluated with only
experimental data in near-field regions [Suzuki, et al., 2008]. An optical scanning electromagnetic fieldprobe system consisting of an optic crystal substrate and a galvano scanner has been developed for highspeed, low-invasive measurement of electromagnetic near field distribution. Magnetic field distribution
measurements above a microstrip line were demonstrated using several magnetic garnet crystal substrates
and the probe system [Ota, et al., 2008], [Adachi, et al., 2008, 2009, 2010], [Takahashi, M., et al., 2009,2010], [Ikenaga, et al., 2009, 2010].
E2-2 Antenna factor of EMI measuring antennas
Radio disturbances emitted from electronic equipment have been measured with an EMI
antenna, where the disturbance level is expressed in terms of the electrical field strength. In practicalmeasurements, it is given by multiplying the received voltage by the antenna factor of a measuring
antenna used. Since the antenna factor can be derived from the actual gain of the antenna undercalibration, calibration methods of the actual gain have been developed in the frequency range above 1
GHz in order to improve the accuracy of EMI measurements:(1) The gain of pyramidal horn and double-ridged guide horn antennas is determined using thethree-antenna method by considering the phase center, and the uncertainty of measurement is estimated.
The results show that by considering the phase center, accurate gain measurement can be performed at a
reduced distance [Harima 2008a, 2009a, 2009b, 2010a, 2010b]. (2) A novel calibration technique inrandom electric fields was developed [Harima 2008b]. (3) Application of the in-phase synthetic method
has been investigated to reduce a reflected wave from the ground plane and objects around the calibration
test site for a double-ridged guided antenna [Fujii, et al., 2010].
E2-3 Calibration of electromagnetic probe
Electric field probes with three orthogonal elements are calibrated from 1 to 6 GHz by thestandard field method in an anechoic chamber [Wu, et al., 2009a]. To improve calibration quality anddetermine the factors affecting calibration, uncertainty in the calibration factors is also investigated. The
electric field probes are then calibrated in a GTEM cell from1 to 6 GHz using the reference antenna
method [Wu, et al., 2009b]. The GTEM cell is as effective as the anechoic chamber for calibrating
electric field probes with the same type of probe. When calibrating electric field probes with different
type and size, it is important to place the probe in an area with good uniformity or maintain the uniformityof the electric field in the GTEM cell [Wu, et al., 2010].

E3 Printed circuit board (PCB) and chip level EMC
Many studies on radiated and conducted emissions related to PCB and integrated circuits

(ICs) , simulation of undesired electromagnetic couplings on PCB, EMI simulation, EMC design,
EMC modeling, immunity modeling, design tools, etc, have been performed in this period. Detail
descriptions are presented below.
E3-1 Coupling and crosstalk modeling on PCB
Simplified interference coupling model was proposed to evaluate crosstalk between
transmission lines on a PCB [Araki, et al. 2008]. The main part of the circuit model is evaluation of
the distribution of mutual capacitance, and lumped mutual capacitance was expressed using an error
function. Coupling between microstrip lines on adjacent layers in a multi-layer printed circuit board
was also expressed with a circuit-concept approach based on modified telegrapher's equations [Park,et al. 2009]. This approach was extended for the time-domain analysis by using the inverse Laplacetransform (ILT), and applied to the evaluation of distortions in the output waveforms of meander
delay lines due to the crosstalk [Xiao, et al. 2009]. Not the Fourier-transform, but the ILT leads to an
analytical expression, so that the calculation efficiency is good.
E3-2 EM radiation from cables and transmission lines on PCB
To evaluate the influence of contact degradation of a connector to radiated emission (RE), a
connector model for a coaxial cable was investigated and near-field around a cable was evaluated[Hayashi, et al. 2009]. EM emission from UTP cable was calculated by the Moment Method from
0.3 GHz to 2 GHz and compared with the results by the 4-port network method [Kuwabara, et al.
2009].
Evaluation method of RE above 1 GHz was proposed for a PCB driven by a connected feed
cable [Kayano, et al. 2009d]. The results show that far-electric field due to common-mode (CM)dominates the total radiation at lower frequencies, and differential-mode (DM) is the dominantcomponent above 3 GHz. The same authors investigated experimentally and numerically basic left
hand mode transmission line (LH mode TL) characteristics made on PCB with a folded-stepped
impedance resonator (F-SIR) [Yanagisawa, et al. 2010b]. Some backward propagation characteristic
and negative group delay was observed.
E3-3 Simulation of undesired noise from PCB
A new switching converter model was proposed for analyzing the generation mechanism of
ringing ground leakage (GL) current[Intachot, et al. 2010]. An unbalanced converter (half-bridge
converter) and a balanced converter (full-bridge converter) for bidirectional D.C. motor drive wereused as examples, and good agreement was obtained with the numerical analysis results in terms ofthe minimum or maximum peak currents and the ringing frequency.
Current distribution on a 2-layer PCB with lumped circuits was estimated by measuring thenear electric field [Kato, et al. 2008]. Current estimation model was made without considering theelectrical parameters of lumped circuits, and experimental and numerical results confirmed thevalidity of the method.
Information leakage due to RE from IT devices such as personal computers and smart cards
has been investigated. By some experimental results of Tempest, example estimations of amount of
information leakage were shown [Tanaka, 2008]. Using the value of channel capacity, the amount of
information per pixel in the reconstructed image was calculated, and the effectiveness of Tempest
fonts generated by Gaussian method and its threshold of security were evaluated.
E3-4 Common-mode radiation from PCB
Common-mode (CM) radiation is one of the major sources of RE from a PCB and cables.
Effective method for evaluation of CM generation was proposed, which is the imbalance difference
model (IDM), and some applications and extensions were published. To reduce the CM radiation,
guard traces (GT) placed near signal lines are effective, but evaluation of design was a problem. The
imbalance difference model (IDM) was applied to evaluate the suppression of CM radiation by aguard trace on a PCB[Matsushima, et al. 2009a]. The current division factor (CDF), which
represents the degree of imbalance of a transmission line, is the key parameter in the IDM.
Experimental results showed that the maximum reduction in common-mode radiation was about 14
dB achieved by placing guard traces on both sides of a signal line. Possibility of CM reduction of
about 25 dB was also shown.
Guard traces are usually connected to a ground plane by via-holes. When interval of theground connection is not short enough, a guard trace can resonate and it may cause increase of CM
generation. The authors show the increase of CM radiation adopting the IDM, and additionally they
proposed the effective via location of the guard trace to reduce the number of vias [Matsushima, et al.
2009b]. Another technique to suppress the CM increase due to GT resonance was proposed[Watabnabe, et al. 2010]. By matching the impedance at both ends of a GT, the resonance issuppressed. Particularly, it was shown that "matched termination at the far end of the guard trace" iseffective, and at least two vias at both ends of a guard trace and only one matching resistor at the far
end suppress the guard-trace resonance.
The IDM was extended to apply to differential transmission lines [Matsushima, et al. 2010],
which evaluate asymmetric property of differential transmission lines such as ones placed close to anedge of a ground plane. The authors defined a primary common mode and a secondary common
mode, and showed that the secondary common mode is dominant in radiation.
E3-5 EMC design of power distribution network on PCB
Controlling the property of power distribution network (PDN) on a PCB is an issue of power
integrity (PI) in one sense. In recent years, it has been well recognized that degradation of PI, whichmeans unstable power and ground voltages, causes signal integrity (SI) problems and also EMC
problems.
On EMC control in automotive application, power distribution circuit model was improved tosimulate common-mode noise reduction for in-vehicle digital electronic equipment in an actual
instrument design [Uno, et al. 2010]. Using an EMC macro-model, LECCS, of an LSI, noise
reduction technique for common-mode on a wire harness was investigated, and an optimization
algorithm for designing PDN was proposed. To optimize PDN on a PCB of an electronic control unit
(ECU) for automotive, parallel processing for reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI) was
proposed [Okazaki, et al. 2010]. Simulated annealing (SA), genetic algorithm (GA) and taboo search(TS) were applied to seek optimal solutions, and a SPICE-like circuit simulator to analyze
common-mode current.
Another issue on PDN noise control is the ferrite cores. Evaluation method of noise reduction
effect of ferrite cores was proposed for the frequency range of 30 to 100 MHz [Urabe, et al. 2008].
Measurement method was proposed and its theoretical expression was induced. For noise reduction
design in PDN for an LSI in quad flat package (QFP), a pi-type decoupling circuit consisting of two
capacitors and a power trace was proposed and improved design with reduced number of capacitors
was discussed [Sasaki, et al. 2009].
A novel approach to suppress noise propagation in PDN is the electromagnetic band-gap(EBG) structures. A new EBG structure adopting open stubs into the shunt circuits was proposed[Toyao, et al. 2010], and highly suppression of noise propagation over the frequency range of
1.9-3.6 GHz including the 2.4-GHz wireless-LAN band was experimentally demonstrated with aunit cell size of 2.1 mm. Similar idea was tried by Matsumoto, K. et al. forming a band-eliminating
filters along a transmission line on PCB.
E3-6 Modeling of EMC characteristics of digital IC/LSI
To simulate EMC characteristics of digital ICs and LSIs, macro-models such as ICEM-CE and
LECCS models have been proposed. In recent years, these models have been improved to express
high-frequency characteristics including internal and external parasitics.
For signal integrity (SI) simulation, the most common macro model is the input/output buffer
information specification (IBIS). However, it does not include enough information of PDN and can
not handle well the power supply voltage/current simulation. On the other hand, the LECCS model
does not express I/O characteristics. In this context, a new modeling technique was proposed [Oka,et al. 2009][Oka, et al. 2010], which combined the LECCS and IBIS models, and achieved accurate
simulation.
The LECCS model itself has been improved to express noise characteristics of LSI having
multiple power-supply pins[Iokibe, et al. 2010]. The internal parasitic coupling between blocks in an
LSI was also evaluated and modeled [Saito , et al. 2010]. Those models were applied to practicalcircuit boards such as automotive ECUs [Mabuchi, et al. 2010].
As a related field of research, more precise noise modeling methods have been developed. A
fast calculation tool for state-dependent capacitance of power distribution network (PDN) was
proposed [Hagiwara, et al. 2010]. The method achieves linear time-complexity, which can be morethan four orders magnitude faster than a conventional SPICE-based capacitance calculation. With its
calculation efficiency, the proposed modeling tool facilitates to build an accurate macro model of an
LSI. In time-domain, clock skew and jitter were evaluated with a new timing verification methodthat takes into consideration delay variation inside a clock network due to both manufacturing
variability and dynamic power supply noise [Enami, et al. 2010]. The proposed method is applied toindustrial designs in 90 nm process, and it shows good estimation of dynamic delay.
Electromagnetic immunity in LSI circuit operation was also evaluated with a macro-model[Ichikawa, et al. 2010]. EM power injection to a power-supply system leads to malfunction, where
the power is translated into voltage bounces, affecting power supply and ground, as well as signal
nodes in a die, seen from on-chip waveform measurements. Based on measurement, a lumped
power-supply impedance model was derived and the minimum amplitude of voltage bounce induced
by EM power for malfunction was evaluated. The formulated EM interference model is helpful in
the PCB design toward high immunity.
E3-7 Co-design and co-simulation of IC/LSI and PCB
In high-speed and high-frequency application, parasitic coupling between a package of IC/LSI
and PCB degrades noise characteristics. Simultaneous Switching Noise (SSN) for the combined
system of the package with the 4-layer Printed Circuit Board (PCB) was evaluated [Takahashi, N.,
2009], including coupling between the package and the board.
Power and ground planes on multilayer PCBs can effectively radiate electromagnetic fields
excited by the IC simultaneous switching noise. Usually the attention is focused only on the
differential-mode current of the package pins, but it was shown that parasitic capacitance between apackage and PCB forms a common-mode current path and it excites the power bus noise [Paoletti, etal. 2009]. With the proposed equivalent circuit, it was shown that the effectiveness of decoupling
inductors is strongly dependent on their location.
E3-8 EM disturbance to digital wireless communication
EM disturbance to digital communication systems is essentially different from that to analog
systems. Bit error rate (BER) or packet error rates (PER) is not directly related to the conventional
EM noise spectrum, but related to statistical parameters in time-domain. PER in wireless-LAN
mounted on a printed circuit board was evaluated and a mechanism of electromagnetic noise
coupling affecting the PER was discussed [Iwanami, et al. 2010]. The authors utilized the amplitude
probability distribution (APD) to investigate the noise coupling channel. With measurement of themagnetic near-field distribution, they confirmed that noise radiates from a power supply system of adigital circuit and its coupling to a receiving antenna causes an increase of the PER.
To estimate the impact of electromagnetic disturbances on multi-carrier wireless systems, amethod for converting an amplitude probability distribution (APD) of disturbance measured at afrequency to be valid for another frequency was presented [Matsumoto , et al. 2008]. The conversion

uses two parameters, the receiver noise power of the APD measuring equipment and a scale factor
that can be estimated from a measured disturbance spectrum. The validity of the proposed method is
examined by measurements of actual disturbances.
An equivalent circuit model for predicting EM radiation from a PCB was proposed anddemonstrated [Kayano, et al., 2009a 2009b, 2009c, 2010a, 2010b]. The equivalent circuit model isbased on consideration of the concept of Common Mode (CM) antenna impedance and distributed
constant circuit to the mechanisms of current- and voltage-driven.
The frequency responses of the EM radiation from a PCB driven by Low Voltage
Differential Signaling (LVDS) were identified by using three EMI-antenna models [Kayano, et al.,2008c, 2009d, 2010d]. EM radiation is modeled and analyzed as three kind of EMI antennas, a loop
type due to the signal current flowing on the paired lines, the ground plane and cable for a dipole
type antenna due to a common-mode current flowing along the PCB with cable, and the trace on the
ground plane for the loop-type antenna due to the signal current.
To clarify the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems that related to theinterconnection in the IC chip, transmission characteristics and electromagnetic coupling between
wirings in the specially designed model transmission lines in IC chip were investigated byexperiment and simulation [Kayano, et al., 2008a, 2009e]. Model transmission lines, implemented in
the bear chip, were designed as model parallel transmission lines. The decrease of transmission
coefficient and the significantly large far-end cross-talk are thought to be enough to cause serious
errors arise at gigahertz frequency band.
Basic left hand mode transmission line (LH mode TL) characteristics made on PCB andthe possibility of a LH mode TL characteristic made by a folded-stepped impedance resonator(F-SIR) type are investigated experimentally and numerically [Yanagisawa, et al., 2009, 2010a,
2010b; Kayano, et al., 2010]. Some backward propagation characteristic and negative group delay
can be made by F-SIR structure.

E4 EMC problem related telecommunication system
E4-1 APD measurement
Measuring the amplitude probability distribution (APD) of a disturbance has been shown to be a
promising method of defining emission limits for protecting digital wireless services. It was demonstrated
that degradation in sensitivity of digital TV tuner due to intrasystem interference was successfully
estimated by means of multichannel APD measurement [Gotoh, et al., 2008]. Moreover, an APD
measuring system has been developed by using FFT to realize a simultaneous measurement in 8192
channels [Gotoh. et al., 2010a]. For establishing APD based emission requirements, an expression for
estimating the BEP from a disturbance APD for multilevel digital modulation schemes was theoreticallydeveloped with the conditions for applying it [Matsumoto, 2008a]. The expression was extended for a
BPSK system with error correction coding interfered with a class A noise [Matsumoto, et al., 2008a,

2009a, 2010a]. A method and its applying conditions were developed and demonstrated for converting a
disturbance APD measured at one frequency to be valid for another frequency [Matsumoto, et al., 2009,2010b].
E4-2 UWB (Ultra wide-Band) systems
A new method has been proposed and demonstrated for evaluating the interference between the
UWB and the wireless LAN by using the GTEM cell that can test the receiver with the antenna built-in
type in a case where the UWB signal is multiband orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing(MB-OFDM) [Kamiya, et al., 2008]. In addition, the separation distances in regulation limits of FCC andJapan are evaluated using the method. The measurement results for the amplitude probability distribution(APD) of the interfering UWB signal were also discussed. [Ishigami, et al., 2008]. The results of theevaluation of the interference between a direct-sequence spread-spectrum UWB (DSUWB) system and an
IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN by a GTEM cell using the proposed method are reported. Furthermore, theAPD of the DS-UWB signal was measured at each subcarrier frequency of the victim IEEE 802.11a
signal. The measured APDs were used to calculate the throughput of the IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN.
These results were compared with the throughputs measured by the proposed method [Ishigami, et al.,2010].
E4-3 Interference from PCs employing spread spectrum clock systems
Recent electronic appliances, such as PCs (personal Computers) peripheral devices, game devices,
etc., usually employ SSC (Spread Spectrum Clocking) by the frequency modulation of clock signals to
reduce the peak spectral amplitude of their radiating clock harmonics measured in the compliance tests.
However, this technique does not actually reduce the total radiating noise power. The effects of SSC onan OFDM UWB system was analyzed [Matsumoto, et al., 2010c], and it was found that SSC had nointerference mitigation effects on the transmission performance of the system even though it apparently
reduces the spectral amplitude of radiating noise.
E4-4 EMC problem related PLC (Power Line Communication) system
The attenuation effect of a reinforced concrete wall of a building on the electromagnetic (EM)field generated by an indoor power line communication (PLC) system is numerically investigated at a
distance of 10 m from the single, finite-sized wall [Wu, et al., 2009]. The attenuation of the EM field
asymptotically approaches a constant value when the wall is over 15 m long. The relation between theattenuation effect of the single-wall model and that of the house model is also investigated. It is found thatthe attenuation effect of the house model is almost the same as that of the 15-m-wall model. This suggeststhat evaluation of the attenuation of the EM field using a single wall model instead of a house model iseffective.

E 5 EMC test facilities

The studies of test methods using rotating electromagnetic fields, correlation between GTEM cells
and anechoic chambers, evaluation methods of reverberation chamber, etc, have been performed in thisperiod. Detail descriptions are presented below.
E5-1 Immunity/susceptibility test method
To obtain the radiated RF immunity/susceptibility characteristics of electronic equipment in detail,a new test method using a modulated electromagnetic field with low-speed rotation (modulated
rotating-EM field) was proposed by Prof. Kami’s group. It became possible to find theimmunity/susceptibility-weak points of the equipment by using the RF-pulsed rotating-EM field.
Moreover, it was clarified that complex EM fields, such as the EM noise generated by Spread-Spectrum
Clocking (SSC), can be experimentally simulated by using the rotating FM-EM field [Murano, et al.,2008, 2010].

E5-2 GTEM CellA GTEM (gigahertz transverse electromagnetic) cell is used for immunity and emission tests. A
calibration method of an electric-field probe using a GTEM cell with a monopole antenna, of which
method is not a gain transfer method that is conventionally reported in a case of a GTEM cell, is proposed[Ishigami, et al., 2009]. The basic standard of a TEM waveguide including GTEM cell for the immunityand emission tests was improved and released in 2010. A description of the new calibration method is
added in the standard.
E5-3 Reverberation chamber
A new application for determining antenna gain with a reverberation chamber was developed. Thismethod exploits the statistical characteristics of complex electric fields in multipath environments, i.e.
averaging the complex received value eliminates the reflected waves with random phases [Harima
2008b].

E6 EM Wave Absorbing and Shielding Materials’ Design
EM-wave absorbers, shielding sheets and gaskets have been widely used to block undesiredinterferences. Recently, the absorbing/shielding materials have been developed based on new ideas.
For the automotive radar (around 75GHz), absorbers produced by the traditional smoking
roof-tile sintering process have been proposed [Hatakeyama et al. 2008a,b, Nakamura andYamamoto
et al. 2010]. This type of absorbers placed along roads can absorb emission from radars mounted oncars to eliminate the false echo in the radar receiver. Since they are manufactured by the “roof-tile
process”, the absorbers possess a very good durability for the out-door use.
By using artificially designed dielectrics such as wire-array sheets, wire-grid planes, newmethods have been proposed in an absorbing/shielding materials’ design. Thin-flat absorbers

showing a wide absorption frequency range have been developed by using a resonance inpermittivity of a wire-array sheets [Hatakeyama et al. 2010]. Frequency selective shielding screensand reflection-transmission control screens, which show total reflection at particular frequency whileat another frequency total input energy can transmit through the screens. These devices aredeveloped by combining several artificial dielectric layers having different resonant frequencies, orby piling a dielectric sheet up on an artificial dielectrics having negative permittivity [Tsutaoka et al.
2010, Iwai et al. 2010, Kasagi et al. 2010].
In order to suppress the undesired electromagnetic radiation from a PCB, new PCB structureand shielding technique, Noise Suppression Sheet (NSS), and some effect of on EM radiation from a
PCB driven by a connected feed cable are investigated with FDTD modeling and experimental
studies [Kayano, et al., 2008d], [Kasuga, et al., 2009]. At lower frequency, CM current and nearfield in the “with NSS” case are larger than that of “without NSS (PCB only)” case. In addition,
increment of EMI due to the NSS in the Surface-MSL structure case is larger than that ofEmbedded-MSL structure case.
EM radiation through aperture of metallic enclosure with a PCB inside was investigated byexperiment and calculation [Miyata, et al., 2008]. It was demonstrated that PCB placement
influences directivity, strength and resonance of EM radiation from aperture of the enclosure.
For the improvement of the analytical method on the very narrow to wide space,
FDTD-Multi Analysis Space (FDTD-MAS) calculation method was expanded. Good agreement in
the engineering accuracy is obtained for the electromagnetic analysis to use surrounding large
objects [Kasuga, et al., 2009].

E7 Electrostatic Noise(ESD) and Gap discharge
E7-1 ESD measurements and ESD phenomena
A Method for estimating wideband transients of ESDs waveform using transmission lossof high performance semi-rigid coaxial cable was proposed by experimental and theoretical study[Kawamata, et al., 2009]. (2) Spark-resistance formula for electromagnetic fields due to spark
between charged metal bars with ferrite core attachment was examined using the FDTD simulation
method [Fujiwara, et al., 2009]. (3) Estimation and validation of electrical breakdown field due toapproach of hand held metal from charged human body was investigated by experimental andtheoretical study [Taka, et al., 2010]. (4) One of a relationship between radiated electromagnetic
field intensity and electrode condition due to micro gap discharge was examined experimental study[Kawamata, et al., 2010b]. (5) The potential gradient was estimated using from discharge current
through hand held metal piece from charged human body. The corresponding potential gradientswere estimated, which were validated in comparison with the Paschen’s law and other researcher’s
experimental results [Taka, et al., 2010]
For the improvement of the analytical method on the very narrow to wide space,
FDTD-Multi Analysis Space (FDTD-MAS) calculation method was expanded. Good agreement in
the engineering accuracy is obtained for the electromagnetic analysis to use surrounding large
objects [Kasuga, et al., 2009].
E7-2 ESD immunity test concerned with the IEC test method
One of a method for immunity prediction technique due to conducted ESD current
proposed to the early design on PCB (printed circuit boards). Validity of this method was confirmed
in experimental study [Shiraki, 2010]. (2) A method for immunity testing less dependent on
arrangements of equipment under test in contact discharge of ESD Gun onto vertical coupling plane
was proposed as a new method [Yamamoto, et al., 2010]. (3) One of a severity evaluation of the IEC
immunity test against ESD was discussed based on wideband measurement of discharge current
waveform [Mori, et al., 2010]
Special session of “ESD and Transients” was organized by Prof. Pommerenke, Prof. Fujiwara andProf. Kawamata in the 2010 Asia-pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic
Compatibility. In the Special session, (1) the influence of the electrode surface condition uponelectromagnetic field radiation due to micro-gap discharge was examined by experimental study[Kawamata, et al., 2010a]. (2) ESD phenomena of magnetic head impressed 1 ns pulse ESD was
posed a problem [Ohtsu, et al., 2010]. (3) Effect of Shapes of metal electrodes on ESD Current andradiation noise was arranged by experimental and theoretical study [Yoshida, T. et al.].
Oral session of “Lightning and discharge in EMC” was organized by Prof. Qie and Prof.
Kawamata in the 2010 Asia-pacific Radio Science Conference. In the session, five lightning papers
and one ESD paper were presented. (1) Measurement result of radiated electromagnetic field
intensity due to micro gap discharge was examined using wide band experimental system andspherical electrode. The amplitude properties of radiated electromagnetic field intensity werediscussed by experimental study. [Kawamata, et al., 2010c].

E7-3 EM radiation from an Electric Contacts
To clarify the mechanism of the generation of electromagnetic noise, current and radiationnoise up to the GHz band originated by slowly breaking silver-compound contacts were investigatedexperimentally with and without external direct current (DC) magnetic field [Inoue, et al., 2008,2010; Kayano, et al., 2008b, 2010e].
The experimental results on AgSnO2 material newly revealed that although applying
external DC magnetic field is effective in reduction of duration of gaseous phase in arc discharge,

higher variation of contact voltage in the gaseous phase which results in high frequency noise iscaused. There are two kinds of rapid changes, which cause high-frequency EMC problem, in thevoltage waveform. One is at extinction of arc discharge. Others phenomena is short-duration arc(short-arc) before the ignition of the continuous metallic arc.

Natural EM Noise
E.8 Lightning
The followings are carried out by Z. Kawasaki’s group. Akita et al. [in press] conducted
observation campaign in Australia and found that the Cloud to Ground (CG) and intracloud (IC)flashes were initiated from the outer and the inner parts of the upper side of the graupel regions,
respectively. In the cases of CG flashes, the negative leaders traveled first about ten kilometers
horizontally through positive charge regions and then began to bend toward the ground when theyreached the end edge of the positive charge regions where there were no graupel region underneath.
In contrast, in the cases of the IC flashes the negatively charged graupel regions block the downward
developments of negative leaders.
In Yoshikawa et al. [2010a], the raindrop size distribution DSD in the lower atmosphericboundary layer (ABL) is retrieved using Ku-band broadband radar (BBR) having an observational
range of 50 m to 15 km, and a high range resolution of several meters and a 3dB beam width of 3
degree. While the DSD reveals no significant change in the stratiform event, the growth processincreases about 2 times in the number of raindrops larger than 0.5 mm in diameter in the convective
event.
In Yoshida, S., et al. [2010], upward positive leaders (UPLs) in two artificially-initiatedlightning flashes were imaged in three dimensions using VHF broadband digital interferometers anda high-speed video camera with time synchronized channel base current measurements. Locatable
VHF sources of the two UPLs began at 1.1 km and 1.5 km, a few milliseconds after the UPL
inception, and ascended to 2.4 km and 3.7 km, respectively, with average 3D speeds on the order of
106 ms1.
In Akita et al. [2010a], as a result of the VHF observations during the 2006–2007 monsoon
season in Darwin, Australia, cloud flashes accompanied by K processes are clearly imaged in three
dimensions with high time resolution. In the late stage of the cloud flashes, negative recoil streamers
accompanied by K changes propagate along the same channels as that of preceding negative
breakdowns in the early stage. The speeds of the negative recoil streamers are 2 orders of magnitude
faster than the preceding negative breakdown.

Akita et al. [2010b] conducted observation campaign in the coastal area of the Japan Sea
using VHF broadband digital interferometers during winter, and observed a bipolar flash thattransferred both positive and negative charge inside thunderclouds. In the flash, a subsequent
negative leader was initiated from the proximities of the initiation points of the preceding negative
stepped leaders. The bipolar lightning flashes observed in this campaign transferred positive charge
after lowering the negative charge to the ground.
In Yoshikawa et al. [2010b], a new high-resolution Doppler radar, called Ku-band broadband
radar (BBR), with fast scanning capability for meteorological application has been developed. Dueto the new system design, the BBR can accurately measure the radar reflectivity factor with a range
resolution of several meters and a time resolution of 55 s per volume scan from the nearest range of
50 m to 15 km for 10W power using pulse compression. In this paper, the basic concepts,
configuration, and signal processing of the BBR are described.
In Yoshida, S., et al. [2009a], coincident data from the precipitation radar and the lightning
imaging sensor aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite are used to examine thecorrelation between the number of lightning flashes per second per convective cloud (NFSC) and thecold-cloud depth. The cold-cloud depth is defined as the height from the melting level, which is thealtitude at 0 degree, to the storm height. It is found that the NFSC is approximately proportional to
the fifth power of the cold-cloud depth. In addition, it should be noticed that the relationship does
not have regional dependencies.
Nakamura and Yoshikawa et al. [2009] proposed a high-resolution precipitation and lightning
monitoring for meteorological application with a Ku-band broadband radar (BBR) and a VHF
broadband digital interferometer (DITF). The BBR measurer radar reflectivity factor and mean
Doppler velocities with 5 m resolution over a rave from 40 m to several kilometers.
Lightning channels are imaged in 3D with a use of two or more DITFs. The initialobservations for severe storms involving lightning during both summer and wither thunderstorm
seasons indicate that we estimated precipitation distribution in detail and detected active convective
cells with lightning discharges.
Nakano et al. [2009] examined the equivalent potential temperature (EPT) at lightning
locations in typhoons in order to determine whether a storm in typhoon produces lightning, andfound that the lightning producing thunderstorms in typhoons typically have two instability layers at
upper level (250hPa-300hPa) and lower levels (600hPa-700hPa). The difference between the 250hPa
EPT and 300hPa EPT in the upper-level convective instability is used to create an instability index
for the forecast of lightning flashes particularly in typhoon. Nakano et al. [2009] found that in casesof the 250hPa EPT of 367K or more, and 300hPa EPT of 390K or less, a Critical Success Index
shows the highest score of 0.49.
In Yoshida, S., et al. [2009b], six initial continuing current (ICC) pulses contained in upward
negative lightning were studied. Yoshida et al. [2009] classified these ICC pulses into two types
according to current pulse shapes. The type 1 ICC pulses had a short geometric mean (GM) of10-90% risetimes of 8.9 μs, while the type 2 ICC pulses had a long GM of 10-90% risetimes of 55
μs. Yoshida et al. [2009] found that the type 1 ICC pulses had preceding negative leaders which wereconnected to the channel of the existing ICC. These negative leaders caused the current increases of
the ICC pulses by creating the conducting channels.
Yoshikawa et al. [2009] proposed a new approach of the real-time estimation of Doppler
spectral moments for precipitation in the presence of ground clutter overlap. The proposed method isa frequency domain approach that uses a Gaussian model both to remove clutter spectrum and to
estimate weather spectrum. The performance of this method was evaluated based on simulation data
and the observation data acquired by the Ku-band broadband radar.
Yoshida, S., et al. [2008] conducted a field campaign during the Japanese winter thunderstorm
season to observe radiation bursts associated with lightning discharges using a NaI scintillator and athin plastic scintillator (PS), which primarily detects high energy electrons. Yoshida et al. [2008]
successfully recorded the bursts of high energy electrons with energies in excess of 100 keV fromlightning discharges, and speculate that these high energy electrons were produced by high energy
photon interactions near the PS.

E.9 Lightning and spherics
This subject is carried by the group of M. Hayakawa. ELF (extremely low frequency)
wave propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide (or cavity) has been investigated in order tostudy the global lightning activity and the lower ionosphere. There are known two types of ELF
sferics; one is the stationary background noise known as Schumann resonance, and the other is
non-stationary strong ELF sferics (sometimes called ELF transients or Q bursts). As for the 1st topic,
Sekiguchi et al. [2008] have studied the diurnal and seasonal variations of the Schumann resonanceparameters (such as resonance frequency, intensity and Q value) observed at Moshiri, Japan. Then
Nickolaenko and Hayakawa [2008] have tried to separate the UT [universal time] and LT [localtime) effects in the Schumann resonance data observed at Moshiri, in which the UT dependence is
expected to indicate the most important global lightning activity of our interest. The importance of
positive lightning in the excitation of Schumann resonances has been pointed out by Surkov andHayakawa [2010]. An important contribution of the use of Schumann resonance data in mapping the
global lightning activity has been done by Shvets et al. [2009, 2010]. These authors have developed
an inversion problem to the Schumann resonance data observed simultaneously at several stations in
the world to estimate the snapshot global distribution of background lightning activity. A few days
real data are used in Shvets et al. [2009], but Shvets et al. [2010] have used the long-enoughone-year data and succeeded in finding the seasonal change in the global lightning activity.
As for the 2nd class of ELF sferics, Yamashita et al. [2009] have deduced the global mappingof ELF huge transients observed at Moshiri, Japan, for one year, who have found significant

differences in the characteristics and global distributions between negative and positive lightning
discharges. Nakamura and Sekiguchi et al. [2010] have compared different direction finding
methods to locate ELF transients by using the ELF sferics from huge lightning discharges whose
positions are known, who have finally recommended the use of Lissajous method (in time domain),
together with the wavelet analysis.
Those ELF transients are recognized to be very useful for the study of lightning-induced
mesospheric transient luminous events (optical emissions such as sprites, elves etc.). Nickolaenko
and Hayakawa [2010] and Nickolaenko et al. [2008] have compared the observed waveforms of Q
burst with the corresponding theoretical computations. Matsudo et al. [2009] have estimated the timedelay of sprites behind their causative lightning, who have suggested significant differences of thistime delay depending on the morphology of sprites (larger time delays for carrots and small delays
for columns). Williams et al.(2010) have compared the mesospheric optical emissions (sprites)with their parent lightning flashes over Africa, and they have found a good correlation between thetwo.
The generation of those mesospheric luminous events has been studied theoretically by meansof EM computer code [Asano et al. 2008, 2009], and especially Asano et al. [2009a] have indicatedthe importance of high-frequency components (like M components) in the continuing current of alightning discharge in on the triggering of sprites in addition to the quasi-electrostatic electric field.
Asano et al. [2009b] have studied the 3D simulation on sprite initiation above a horizontal lightning
discharge. Similar computations have been performed by Kudintseva et al. [2010], who haveconsidered only the EMP radiation for a gamma-shape lightning. Myokei et al. [2009] have studied
the morphology of winter sprites in the Hokuriku area of Japan in relation to the cloud charge height.
Hayakawa et al. [2008] have modeled the VHF/UHF radiation from the preliminary
breakdown stage of lightning, in terms of the fractal concept, and a comparison with the observation
indicates that both are in good agreement.

E10 Electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes
This subject is also carried by the group of M. Hayakawa. Electromagnetic phenomena are
known to take place in association with earthquakes (EQs), and these seismo-electromagnetic effects
are expected to be of extreme significance in short-term EQ prediction. The first phenomenon is
ULF (ultra-low-frequency, f<10Hz) electromagnetic emissions. Ida et al. [2008] have improved theformer polarization analysis and applied it to the Chinese ULF data, who have succeeded in findingout significant precursors of Chinese EQs. Mezentsev et al. [2009] have studied the fractal propertiesof geomagnetic ULF data, and they have tried to distinguish between the geomagnetic andseismogenic effects.
The subionospheric VLF/LF propagation has been extensively utilized in order to investigate

the ionospheric perturbations associated with EQs. Some statistical studies on the correlation of thepresence of ionospheric perturbations and EQs with magnitude M larger than 6.0 and with shallow
depth [Kasahara et al., 2008; Muto et al., 2008; Biagi et al., 2009; Hayakawa et al.,2009; Kasahara
et al., 2010a,b;. Hayakawa et al., 2010a, b, c; Hayakawa, 2010; Hayakawa and Hobara, 2010].
Additional case studies have also been performed for different huge EQs (Biagi et al.[ 2008] for an
Italian EQ, Hayakawa et al. [2008c] for the 2007 Niigata-Chuetsu-oki EQ, Muto et al. [2009a] forthe 2005 Miyagi-oki EQ, Rozhnoi et al. [2009a] for the 2009 Abrusso EQ in Italy). The generation
mechanism of those seismo-ionospheric perturbations has been investigated in terms of theatmospheric gravity wave (AGW) mechanism. A lot of indirect evidences on the important role of
AGWs have been obtained in terms of amplitude fluctuations, fractal analysis etc. [Korepanov et al.,2009; Blaunstein and Hayakawa, 2009; Muto et al., 2009a,b; Rapoport et al., 2009; Imamura et al.,2010; Kasahara et al., 2010]. Furthermore, the satellite observations have also been succeeded infinding the lower ionospheric perturbation associated with EQs by means of the detection of such
whistler-mode VLF/LF transmitter signals [Rozhnoi et al., 2008, 2009, 2010; Muto et al., 2009].
Anomalous effects in Schumann resonance phenomena have been observed in Japan(Moshiri) by Hayakawa et al. [2008], who have found abnormal behaviors in Schumann resonance(enhancement of third or fourth harmonic) in possible association with an EQ in Taiwan and who
have interpreted those anomalies in terms of the interference between the direct wave from thelightning source in South America and the wave reflected from the seismo-ionospheric perturbation
above Taiwan. Izutsu et al. [2009] and Ohta et al. [2009] have found further anomalous effects suchas the excitation of Schumann-resonance-like line emissions in possible association with the EQs in
Japan, and Hayakawa et al. [2010] have interpreted these line emissions in terms of the gyrotropic
waves excited by the ELF waves from below in association with EQs. The effects of a large-scale
gamma-ray burst (SGRJ 1550-5418) on the ELF Schumann resonance has been studied theoreticallyby Nickolaenko and Hayakawa [2010], who have predicted a severe decrease of all parameters(intensity, resonance frequency, etc.) of Schumann resonance modes.
Yasuda et al. [2009] have developed an interferometric direction finding for over-horizon
VHF transmitter signals and natural VHF emissions possibly associated with EQs, in which thedirection information is found to be extremely useful in sorting out the natural emission and VHF
transmitter signal and to be useful to find one-to-one correspondence between the anomaly and an
EQ. Nagamoto et al. [2008] have studied the disturbances in VHF/UHF telemetry links as apossible effect of a particular EQ in Hokkaido. Hayakawa [2009] has reviewed different kinds of
direction finding systems for sferics in VLF and ELF bands, and he has discussed advantages anddisadvantages of each direction finding system.
A few reviews on these seismogenic effects have been published. Hayakawa [2009] has editeda monograph composed of ten chapters, whose authors are qualified scientists working on this topic,
including ULF emissions, geochemical effects, laboratory experiments, atmospheric disturbances,
ionospheric disturbances and the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling. Hayakawa andHobara [2010] have reviewed the whole view of seismo-electromagnetics, but paying more
attentions to ULF emissions and ionospheric perturbations which are regarded as being mostprospective for EQ prediction.

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