Coefficients of the n-fold Theta Function
and Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series
Benjamin Brubaker, Daniel Bump, Solomon Friedberg, Jeffrey Hoffstein
Dedicated to Professor Samuel J. Patterson in honor of his sixtieth birthday
May 10, 2010
Abstract
We establish a link between certain Whittaker coefficients of the generalized
metaplectic theta functions, first studied by Kazhdan and Patterson [14], andthe coefficients of the stable Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series defined in[3]. The generalized theta functions are the residues of Eisenstein series on ametaplectic n-fold cover of the general linear group. For n sufficiently large,
we consider different Whittaker coefficients for such a theta function which lie
in the orbit of Hecke operators at a given prime p. These are shown to be equal(up to an explicit constant) to the p-power supported coefficients of a Weylgroup multiple Dirichlet series (MDS). These MDS coefficients are described interms of the underlying root system; they have also recently been identified as
the values of a p-adic Whittaker function attached to an unramified principal
series representation on the metaplectic cover of the general linear group.

1

Introduction

This paper links the coefficients of two different Dirichlet series in several complex
variables that arise in the study of automorphic forms on the metaplectic group.
We begin with a brief discussion of the metaplectic group. Let F be a number fieldcontaining the group µ2n of 2n-th roots of unity, and let Fv denote the completion
ev denote the n-fold metaplectic cover of GLr+1 (Fv ). Recallof F at a place v. Let G
ev is a central extension of GLr+1 (Fv ) by µn :that Gev −→ GLr+1 (Fv ) −→ 1.
1 −→ µn −→ G
1This group is described by a 2-cocycle whose definition involves the n-th power
Hilbert symbol. See Matsumoto [16] or Kazhdan and Patterson [14] for this conev is generally not the Fv -points of an algebraic group. One
struction. The group G
may then take a suitable restricted direct product to define a global metaplectic
e over GLr+1 (AF ), the adelic points of the group. (The assumption that F
cover G
contains µ2n rather than µn is not necessary, but greatly simplifies the description of
the cocycle and resulting formulas.)Generalized theta series were introduced on the metaplectic covers of GL2 by
Kubota, and for GLn in the visionary paper of Kazhdan and Patterson [14]. These
remarkable automorphic forms are residues of the minimal parabolic Eisenstein series
on the global metaplectic cover. They generalize classical theta functions of Jacobi
and Siegel which were shown by Weil to live on the metaplectic double covers of GL2
and symplectic groups.
After Kubota introduced generalized theta series on the higher metaplectic covers of GL2 , Patterson and Heath-Brown [18] exploited the fact that when n = 3
their Fourier (Whittaker) coefficients are Gauss sums in order to settle the Kummer
conjecture. Yet it was found by Suzuki [19] that one could not so readily determine
the coefficients of the theta function on the 4-fold cover of GL2 . See Eckhardt andPatterson [10] for further discussion of this case. The difficulty in determining thesecoefficients is linked to the non-uniqueness of Whittaker models (cf. Deligne [9]).
Thus determining the Whittaker coefficients of generalized theta series was recognized as a fundamental question. The non-degenerate Whittaker coefficients on the
n-fold cover of GLr+1 are non-zero only if n ≥ r + 1 ([14]). Due to non-uniquenessof Whittaker models their complete description is unavailable. Though they arethus mysterious, the partial information that is available is interesting indeed. They
satisfy a periodicity property modulo n-th powers, which is a generalization of theperiodicity of the coefficients of the classical Jacobi theta function modulo squares.
Moreover Kazhdan and Patterson found an action of the Weyl group on the coefficients modulo this periodicity in which each simple reflection adds or deletes a Gausssum. This is an elegant formulation of the information that is available from Hecke
theory. The non-uniqueness of Whittaker models when n > r + 2 is a consequence ofthe fact that there is more than one free orbit in this Weyl group action. We review
the definition of the generalized theta functions and expand on this discussion in
Section 3.
More recently, Brubaker, Bump and Friedberg [6] have given an explicit description of the Whittaker coefficients of Borel Eisenstein series on the n-fold metaplectic
cover of GLr+1 . In particular, they showed that the first nondegenerate Whittakercoefficient is a Dirichlet series in r complex variables (a “multiple Dirichlet series”)
2that is roughly of the formX

H(c1 , . . . , cr )|c1 |−2s1 . . . |cr |−2sr .

(1)

c1 ,...,cr

Here the sum runs over r-tuples of S-integers oS ⊂ F for a finite set of bad primes
S and the coefficients H are sums of products of Gauss sums built with n-th power
residue symbols. The general expression for the coefficients H is best given in thelanguage of crystal graphs, but this full description will not be needed here. Indeed,
we will restrict our attention to cases where the degree of the cover n is at leastr + 1 (which is “stable” in the vocabulary of [3]), in which case the description of
the coefficients simplifies considerably. In this situation, the coefficients supported
at powers of a given prime p are in one-to-one correspondence with the Weyl group
Sr+1 of GLr+1 , and have a description in terms of the underlying root system [3].
Though we have described the series (1) in terms of global objects (Eisenstein series),
let us also mention that the p-power supported terms are known to match the p-adic
Whittaker function attached to the spherical vector for the associated principal series
representation used to construct the Eisenstein series. This follows from combining
the work of McNamara [17] with that of Brubaker, Bump and Friedberg [2, 6], orby combining [2, 17] and an unfolding argument of Friedberg and McNamara [11].
The precise definition of the coefficients H in the “stable” case will be reviewed in
Section 2.
This paper establishes a link between some of the Whittaker coefficients of generalized theta functions and the coefficients of a stable Weyl group multiple Dirichlet
series. Let us explain which coefficients are linked. We will show that, for n > r + 1
fixed, the coefficients at p determined by Hecke theory are in one-to-one correspondence with the coefficients at p of the series (1). This is accomplished by comparing
the two Weyl group actions – one on the Whittaker coefficients of generalized theta
series found by Kazhdan and Patterson, and another on the permutahedron supporting the stable multiple Dirichlet series coefficients. We know of no a priori reason
for this link. On the one side, we have different Whittaker coefficients attached to aresidue of an Eisenstein series. On the other, we have multiple Dirichlet series coefficients that contribute to the representation of a single Whittaker coefficient of theEisenstein series itself. (More precisely, these contribute to the first non-degeneratecoefficient.) For n = r + 1 there is also a link, but this time to a multiple Dirichlet
series coefficient attached to an Eisenstein series on the n-fold cover of GLr , rather
than on the n-fold cover of GLr+1 . Both comparison theorems for n > r + 1 (Theorem 2) and n = r + 1 (Theorem 3) are stated and proved in Section 4 of the paper.
These Theorems sharpen and extend the work of Kazhdan and Patterson (see [14],3Theorems I.4.2 and II.2.3) on this connection.
This work was supported by NSF FRG grants DMS-0652529, DMS-0652817,
DMS-0652609, and DMS-0652312, and by NSA grant H98230-10-1-0183.

2

Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series

In [3], Brubaker, Bump, and Friedberg defined a Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series for any reduced root system and for n sufficiently large (depending on the rootsystem). The requirement that n be sufficiently large is called stability, as the coefficients of the Dirichlet series are uniformly described Lie-theoretically for all such
n. In this paper we will be concerned with root systems of type Ar and in this case,the stability condition is satisfied if n ≥ r.
As above, let F be a number field containing the group µ2n of 2n-th roots ofunity. Let S be a finite set of places of F containing the archimedean ones and thoseramified over Q and that is large enough that the ring oS of S-integers in F is aprincipal ideal domain.
The multiple Dirichlet series coefficients are built from Gauss Q
sums gt , whose
definition we now give. Let ψ be an additive character of FS = v∈S Fv that is
trivial on oS but no larger fractional ideal. If m, c ∈ oS with c 6= 0 and if t ≥ 1 is arational integer, let
X  a t  am ψ,(2)gt (m, c) =cca mod× cwhere ac is the n-th power residue symbol and the sum is over a modulo c with(a, c) = 1 in oS . For convenience, we let g(m, c) = g1 (m, c). Let p be a fixed primeelement of oS , and q be the cardinality of oS /poS . For brevity, we may sometimes
write gt = gt (1, p).
The multiple Dirichlet series of type Ar defined in [3] has the formXrZΨ (s1 , · · · , sr ) =HΨ(c1 , · · · , cr )Nc1−2s1 · · · Nc−2s(3)rwhere the sum is over nonzero ideals ci of oS . Here H and Ψ are defined when ci
are nonzero elements of oS , but their product is well-defined over ideals, since H andΨ behave in a coordinated way when ci is multiplied by a unit. Thus the sum isessentially over ideals ci oS . However we will want to consider H independently of Ψ,
so for each prime p of oS we fix a generator p of p, and only consider ci which areproducts of powers of these fixed p’s.
The function Ψ is chosen from a finite-dimensional vector space that is wellunderstood and defined in [3] or [2], and we will not discuss it further here. The
4

function H contains the key arithmetic information. It has a twisted multiplicativity,
so that while ZΨ is not an Euler product, the specification of its coefficients is reduced
to the case where the ci are powers of the same prime p. See [1], [3] or [4] for further
details.
To describe H(pk1 , . . . , pkr ), let Φ be the roots of Ar with Φ+ (resp. Φ− ) the
positive (resp. negative) roots. The Weyl group W acts on Φ. Let
Φ(w) = {α ∈ Φ+ | wα ∈ Φ− }.
P
Also, let ρ = 12 α∈Φ+ α be the Weyl vector and let Σ = {α1 , . . . , αr } denote the setof simple roots. Then, as described in [3], we have:P• H(pk1 , . . . , pkr ) 6= 0 if and only if ρ − wρ = ri=1 ki αi for some w ∈ W .
P• If ρ − wρ = ri=1 ki αi , thenY
H(pk1 , . . . , pkr ) =g(pd(α)−1 , pd(α) )(4)α∈Φ(w)

with d(Pr

i=1 ki αi ) =Pr

i=1 ki .

Thus in the stable case the Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series of type Ar has
exactly (r + 1)! nonzero coefficients at each prime p. For motivation, more details,
and generalizations to the case of smaller n (where there are additional nonzero
coefficients), see [1]—[6].

3

Theta functions

e denotes the n-fold metaplectic cover of GLr+1 (AF ). Let
As in the introduction, G(n)e This function is the normalized K-fixed vector
θr denote the theta function on G.
in the space spanned by the residues at the rightmost poles of the minimal parabolice Here K denotes a suitable compact open subgroup. We
Eisenstein series on G.
will be concerned with the Whittaker coefficients of this vector, when they exist.
By Hecke theory, these are determined by the values of these coefficients at prime
power indices, or equivalently by the values of the local Whittaker functions for the(n)exceptional theta representations Θr , in the sense of Kazhdan and Patterson [14].
We now pass to a fixed completion of F at a good finite prime. In Section I.3 of [14],these authors have shown:

5

(n)

has a unique Whittaker model if and only if n = r + 1(n)does not have a Whittaker model if n ≤ r.

1. The representation Θror n = r + 2.

2. The representation Θr(n)

3. The representation Θr has a finite number of independent nonzero Whittakermodels if n > r + 2.
(n)4. When the Whittaker model for Θr is nonzero, it is completely determinedby the values of the associated Whittaker function on diagonal matrices of the
form

 f
$1


$ f2




...
$fr+1
with 0 ≤ fi − fi+1 ≤ n − 1 for 1 ≤ i ≤ r.
The reason that this last holds is that the remaining values are determined by
Kazhdan and Patterson’s Periodicity Theorem. This states that shifting one of thefi − fi+1 by a multiple of n multiplies the Whittaker value by a specific power of q.
Suppose n ≥ r + 1. Fix a prime element p of oS . Let τn,r (k1 , . . . , kr ) be the(n)k1(p , . . . , pkr )-th Whittaker coefficient of θr . This coefficient is obtained by integrating against the character!
rXψU (u) = ψ
pki ui,i+1
i=1eof the subgroup U of upper triangular unipotents of GLr+1 , which is embedded in G
via the trivial section.
Kazhdan and Patterson observed that Hecke theory may be used to compute allthese Whittaker coefficients in the unique model case, and a subset of the coefficientsin general. (See also Bump and Hoffstein [8] and Hoffstein [12].) We shall now review
their description.
Let W denote the Weyl group for the root system Ar , isomorphic to the symmetricgroup Sr+1 . In Section I.3 of [14], Kazhdan and Patterson define an action of W on
the weight lattice (identified with Zr+1 ) by the formulaw[f ] = w(f − ρ) + ρ

6Element σ of S3
e
σ1
σ2
σ1 σ2
σ2 σ1
σ1 σ2 σ1

σ((0, 0))(0, 0)(n − 2, 1)(1, n − 2)(n − 3, 0)(0, n − 3)(n − 2, n − 2)

Table 1: The orbit of (0, 0) under S3 .

where f = (f1 , . . . , fr+1 ), the Weyl vector ρ = (r, r − 1, . . . , 0), andw(f ) = (fw−1 (1) , . . . , fw−1 (r+1) ).
This action of W on Zr+1 may then be projected down to (Z/nZ)r+1 .
Because we prefer to use coordinates on the root lattice, we will reformulate thisaction in the language of the previous section. It suffices to define it for simple
reflections σi which generate W . Let Kr = {k = (k1 , . . . , kr ) | 0 ≤ kj < n for all j}.
Then the action of σi for any i = 1, . . . , r on multi-indices k ∈ Kr is given byσi (k) = m with(
1 + ki + ki−1
if 1 + ki + ki−1 < nmi−1 =
1 + ki + ki−1 − n if 1 + ki + ki−1 ≥ n(n − 2 − ki
if ki < n − 1
mi =2n − 2 − ki if ki = n − 1(5)(
1 + ki + ki+1
if 1 + ki + ki+1 < nmi+1 =
1 + ki + ki+1 − n if 1 + ki + ki+1 ≥ n
mj = kj

if j 6= i − 1, i, i + 1.

In these formulas, we take k0 = kr+1 = 0. It is a simple exercise to verify that thismatches the action on the weight lattice described above.
To illustrate, the orbit of the origin when r = 2 and n ≥ 3 is given in Table 1,
and the orbit of the origin when r = 3 and n ≥ 4 is given in Table 2. We shall also
show that the stabilizer of the origin is trivial for n > r + 1. However, this fails forn = r + 1, as one sees immediately in these two examples.

7

Element σ of S4
e
σ1
σ2
σ3
σ1 σ2
σ2 σ1
σ1 σ3
σ2 σ3
σ3 σ2
σ1 σ2 σ1
σ3 σ2 σ1
σ2 σ3 σ1

σ((0, 0, 0))(0, 0, 0)(n − 2, 1, 0)(1, n − 2, 1)(0, 1, n − 2)(n − 3, 0, 1)(0, n − 3, 2)(n − 2, 2, n − 2)(2, n − 3, 0)(1, 0, n − 3)(n − 2, n − 2, 2)(0, 0, n − 4)
(1, n − 4, 1)

Element σ of S4
σ3 σ1 σ2
σ2 σ3 σ2
σ1 σ2 σ3
σ1 σ3 σ2 σ1
σ2 σ3 σ2 σ1
σ1 σ2 σ3 σ1
σ2 σ3 σ1 σ2
σ1 σ2 σ3 σ2
σ2 σ1 σ3 σ2 σ1
σ1 σ2 σ3 σ2 σ1
σ1 σ2 σ3 σ1 σ2
σ1 σ2 σ1 σ3 σ2 σ1

σ((0, 0, 0))(n − 3, 2, n − 3)
(2, n − 2, n − 2)(n − 4, 0, 0)(n − 2, 1, n − 4)
(1, n − 2, n − 3)(n − 3, n − 2, 1)(0, n − 4, 0)(n − 4, 1, n − 2)(0, n − 3, n − 2)(n − 3, 0, n − 3)(n − 2, n − 3, 0)(n − 2, n − 2, n − 2)

Table 2: The orbit of (0, 0, 0) under S4 .

The action above is essentially that corresponding to the action of the Hecke(n)operators. Since θr is an eigenfunction of these operators, one can deduce thefollowing relation.
Theorem 1 Suppose that 0 ≤ kj < n for 1 ≤ j ≤ r, ki 6≡ −1 mod n, and σi (k) =m. Thenτn,r (m) = q i−r/2−1+δ(i,r,k) g1+ki τn,r (k),where
δ(i, r, k)(−(i − 1)(r − i + 2)/2 if 1 + ki + ki−1 ≥ n=0otherwise((i + 1)(r − i)/2 if 1 + ki + ki+1 < n+0otherwise.

Here we have used the Gauss sum gt as defined in (2). The result follows from
Proposition 5.3 of [12] and the periodicity property of the Fourier coefficients τn,r ,given in Proposition 5.1 there. (Note that G1+ci (mi , p) in [12], Proposition 5.3, isnormalized to have absolute value 1, while g1+ki has absolute value q 1/2 .) See also[8], and Corollary I.3.4 of [14].

84

A link between theta coefficients and Weyl group
multiple Dirichlet series

To give a link between the Whittaker coefficients of the generalized theta functions
that are determined by Hecke theory and the Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series,
we begin by linking the action of (5) to roots. Suppose that n ≥ r + 1.
Proposition 1 Let w ∈ W , and suppose that w((0, . . . , 0)) = k. Then 1 + ki ≡d(w−1 αi ) mod n for each i, 1 ≤ i ≤ r.
Proof We prove the Proposition by induction on `(w), the length of w as a reduced
word composed of simple reflections σi . The case w = 1 is clear. Suppose thatw((0, . . . , 0)) = k and 1 + ki ≡ d(w−1 αi ) mod n for each i. Choose σj ∈ W such that`(σj w) = `(w) + 1. If σj w((0, . . . , 0)) = m, then m = σj (k), so by (5)j=i
−2 − ki(6)
mi ≡ 1 + ki + kj j = i + 1 or j = i − 1kiotherwisemodulo n. On the other hand, we have
(σj w)−1 (αi ) = w−1 (σj (αi ))

−1

j=i
w (−αi )−1= w (αi + αj ) j = i + 1 or j = i − 1 −1
w (αi )
otherwise.
Hence

−1

j=i
−d(w (αi ))−1−1−1d((σj w) (αi )) = d(w (αi )) + d(w (αj )) j = i + 1 or j = i − 1d(w−1 (αi ))otherwise.
Using the inductive hypothesis, we see that modulo n
j=i−(1 + ki )−1d((σj w) (αi )) ≡ 2 + ki + kj j = i + 1 or j = i − 1
1 + kiotherwisej=i
1 + (−2 − ki )= 1 + (1 + ki + kj ) j = i + 1 or j = i − 1
1 + kiotherwise.
9Comparing this to (6), we see that the Proposition holds.



Corollary 1 Let w ∈ W , and suppose that w((0, . . . , 0)) = k. Then for all i,
1 ≤ i ≤ r, ki 6≡ −1 mod n.
Proof Since w−1 αi is a root, we have d(w−1 αi ) 6= 0. Moreover, from the explicit
description of the roots of type Ar , for any root β ∈ Φ, we have −r ≤ d(β) ≤ r.
If ki ≡ −1 mod n, Proposition 1 would imply that d(w−1 αi ) ≡ 0 mod n, which is
impossible as n ≥ r + 1 and d(w−1 αi ) 6= 0.
Corollary 2 Suppose that n > r+1. Then the stabilizer in W of (0, . . . , 0) is trivial.
Thus the orbit of the origin has cardinality (r + 1)!, and every point in the orbit may
be described uniquely as w((0, . . . , 0)) for some w ∈ W .
Proof Let σ ∈ W and suppose that σ((0, . . . , 0)) = (0, . . . , 0). By Proposition 1,d(σ −1 αi ) ≡ 1 mod n for all i, 1 ≤ i ≤ r. But as noted above, −r ≤ d(σ −1 αi ) ≤ r.
Since n > r + 1, the congruence can only hold if d(σ −1 αi ) = 1 for all i, 1 ≤ i ≤ r.
Thus σ −1 (αi ) ∈ Φ+ for all i. This implies that σ −1 (Φ+ ) ⊂ Φ+ , which is true only if
σ is the identity element.
Note that Corollary 2 does not remain valid if n = r + 1; it is possible that there
exists an i for which d(σ −1 αi ) is −r and not 1. This occurs, for example, when r = 2,σ = σ1 σ2 , and i = 1. More generally, see Lemma 1 below.
We may now establish a link between the Whittaker coefficients of the generalized
theta function that are determined by Hecke theory and the Weyl group multiple
Dirichlet series.
TheoremP
2 Suppose that n > r + 1. Let w ∈ W , and set w((0, . . . , 0)) = k,
ρ − wρ = fi αi . Thenτn,r (k) = q η(w,n,r,k) H(pf1 , . . . , pfr ),where the function η(w, n, r, k) is described in (9) below.
Remark 1 We should emphasize that in general ki 6= fi . For example, on A2 wehave σ1 ((0, 0)) = (n − 2, 1) while ρ − σ1 (ρ) = α1 , so (f1 , f2 ) = (1, 0). Coincidentally,on A2 with n = 4 (a unique model case), one obtains the same 6 integer lattice points
in terms of (k1 , k2 ) and (f1 , f2 ), but this phenomenon does not persist to higher rank.

10

Proof We prove this by induction on the length of w. If w is the identity the result
is clear (with η(e, n, r, k) = 0). Suppose that the result is proved for w and that`(σi w) = `(w) + 1. Let σi (k) = m. By Corollary 1, the hypothesis of Theorem 1 issatisfied. Thus by this result, we haveτn,r (m) = q i−r/2−1+δ(i,r,k) g1+ki τn,r (k).
By Proposition 1, g1+ki = gd(w−1 αi ) . Moreover, under the assumption that `(σi w) =`(w) + 1, it follows that w−1 αi ∈ Φ+ , so d(w−1 αi ) > 0. (See, for example, Bump [7],Propositions 21.2 and 21.10.). Thus by elementary properties of Gauss sums,
gd(w−1 αi ) = q 1−d(w−1 α )ig(pd(w−1 α )−1i, pd(w−1 α )
i).

So we arrive at the formulaτn,r (m) = q i−r/2+δ(i,r,k)−d(w−1 α )ig(pd(w−1 α )−1i, pd(w−1 α )i)τn,r (k).

(7)

On the other hand, it is well-known (see, for example, Bump [7], Proposition 21.10)that
Φ(σi w) = Φ(w) ∪ {w−1 αi }.
Thus (4) implies thatH(pm1 , . . . , pmr ) = g(pd(w−1 α )−1i, pd(w−1 αi) H(pk1 , . . . , pkr ).

(8)Comparing (7) and (8), the Theorem follows.
To give the precise power of q, suppose that w = σjc σjc−1 . . . σj1 is a reduced word
for w, so c = `(w). Let k(0) = (0, . . . , 0) and σji (k(i−1) ) = k(i) , 1 ≤ i ≤ c. Also letτ1 = 1 and τt = σjt−1 σjt−2 . . . σj1 for 1 < t ≤ c. Then applying (7) repeatedly, we find
that
`(w)
Y
(t−1) )−d(τ −1 α )η(w,n,r,k)−r`(w)/2jt
tq=qq jt +δ(jt ,r,k
.
(9)
t=1


Next we turn to the case n = r+1. This equality implies that the Whittaker modelof the theta representation is unique (see Kazhdan-Patterson [14], Corollary I.3.6 forthe local uniqueness and Theorem II.2.5 for its global realization). To describe thecorresponding Whittaker coefficients in terms of multiple Dirichlet series, we firstdescribe the orbit of the origin under W . As noted above, the stabilizer of the origin
is non-trivial. Indeed, we have11

Lemma 1 Suppose n = r + 1. Then σ1 σ2 · · · σr ((0, . . . , 0)) = (0, . . . , 0).
Proof The proof is a straightforward calculation, left to the reader.



Since the stabilizer of the origin is nontrivial, let us restrict the action of W on
r-tuples to the subgroup generated by the transpositions σi , 1 ≤ i < r. We will
denote this group Sr ; note that Sr is isomorphic to the symmetric group Sr , but
the action of Sr on r-tuples is not the standard permutation action.
Lemma 2 Suppose n = r + 1. Then the stabilizer in Sr of (0, . . . , 0) is trivial.
Proof In this proof (and in the proof of Theorem 3 below), we write Wr insteadof W for the Weyl group of type Ar . Wr acts on Kr by the action given in (5).
Observe that under the projection π from Kr to Kr−1 obtained by forgetting the last
coordinate, the action of Sr on Kr restricts to the action of the Weyl group Wr−1
on Kr−1 . Indeed, this is true since the actions on the first r − 1 entries are the same;note that changing the r-th entry of an element of Kr does not affect its image underπ ◦ σi for σi ∈ Sr . Then the Lemma follows at once from Corollary 2, which applies
as n > (r − 1) + 1.
Combining these, we may describe the orbit of the origin.
Proposition 2 Suppose n = r + 1. Then the stabilizer in W of the origin has orderr + 1 and is the group generated by the element σ1 σ2 · · · σr . The orbit of the origin
under W has order r!, and every point in the orbit may be described uniquely asw((0, . . . , 0)) for some w ∈ Sr .
Proof Since σ1 σ2 · · · σr has order r + 1, the stabilizer W (0,...,0) of the origin in W
has order at least r + 1. Hence [W : W (0,...,0) ] ≤ r!. But by Lemma 2, the image ofW has order at least r!. Since the cardinality of this image is exactly [W : W (0,...,0) ],equality must obtain, and the Proposition follows.
Finally, we give the analogue of Theorem 2 when n = r + 1. The link is once
again between theta Whittaker coefficients and stable Weyl group multiple Dirichlet
series coefficients, but this time the latter are of type Ar−1 rather than type Ar .
TheoremP
3 Suppose that n = r + 1. Let w ∈ Sr , and set w((0, . . . , 0)) = k,
ρ − wρ = fi αi . Then
τr+1,r (k) = q η(w,r+1,r,k) H(pf1 , . . . , pfr−1 ),where the coefficient H is the coefficient of the type Ar−1 multiple Dirichlet series,
and the function η(w, r + 1, r, k) is given by (9) above.
12

Remark 2 Note that since n > r − 1, the coefficients H are stable, and accountfor the full set of nonzero Weyl group multiple
Dirichlet series coefficients for Ar−1 .
P
See [3]. Also, if w ∈ Sr and ρ − wρ = ri=1 fi αi , then necessarily fr = 0, so therestriction to (r − 1)-tuples in the right-hand side of the Theorem is natural. In
addition, one can check thatη(σ1 σ2 · · · σr , r + 1, r, (0, . . . , 0)) = 0,
and that one can use any w ∈ W to reach k in the orbit of (0, · · · , 0) in order tocompute the coefficient τr+1,r (k). (Doing so one obtains each coefficient r + 1 times.)
Proof The Weyl group of type Ar , Wr , acts on its root system Φ and on Kr . These
actions each restrict: the subgroup Sr acts on
Φr−1 = {α ∈ Φ | α =r−1
Xmi αi for some mi ∈ Z},

i=1

and, as noted in the proof of Lemma 2 above, it also acts on Kr−1 . These actions
are each compatible with the isomorphism Sr ∼= Wr−1 . Thus, we may follow theargument given in the proof of Theorem 2. However, in that case we obtain the r!
stable coefficients of the type Ar−1 Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series. (Note thatthese coefficients are a subset of the (r + 1)! stable coefficients of type Ar .)
In concluding, we note that one can ask if theorems that are similar to Theorems 2
and 3 hold for metaplectic covers of the adelic points other reductive groups. The
theory of theta functions, that is, residues of Eisenstein series on metaplectic covers,
is not yet fully established when the underlying group in question is not a generallinear group. However, we do expect that it can be developed using methods similar
to those of [14], and that the link between the stable Weyl group multiple Dirichlet
series and the Whittaker coefficients determined by Hecke theory persists. Indeed,
Brubaker and Friedberg have carried out computations of Hecke operators on thefour and five-fold covers of GSp(4), following the approach of T. Goetze [13]. Underreasonable hypotheses about the periodicity relation (which should vary dependingon root lengths for simple roots) for theta coefficients for those groups, such a link
once again holds in those cases.

13

References[1] B. Brubaker, D. Bump, G. Chinta, S. Friedberg, and J. Hoffstein. Weyl group
multiple Dirichlet series I. In: Multiple Dirichlet Series, Automorphic Forms,
and Analytic Number Theory, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., 75. Amer. Math. Soc.,
Providence, R.I., 2006, pp. 91-114.
[2] B. Brubaker, D. Bump, and S. Friedberg. Twisted Weyl group multiple Dirichlet
series: the stable case. In: Eisenstein series and applications (Gan, Kudla andTschinkel, eds.). Birkhäuser Progress in Mathematics 258, 2008, pp. 1-26.
[3] B. Brubaker, D. Bump, and S. Friedberg. Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series.
II. The stable case. Invent. Math., 165(2):325–355, 2006.
[4] B. Brubaker, D. Bump, S. Friedberg, and J. Hoffstein. Weyl group multiple
Dirichlet series III: Eisenstein series and twisted unstable Ar . Annals of Mathematics, 166:293–316, 2007.
[5] B. Brubaker, D. Bump, and S. Friedberg. Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series:
Type A Combinatorial Theory. To appear as a volume in Annals of Mathematics
Studies, Princeton Univ. Press.
[6] B. Brubaker, D. Bump, and S. Friedberg. Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series,
Eisenstein series and crystal bases. Annals of Mathematics, to appear.
[7] D. Bump. Lie Groups, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 225. Springer-Verlag,
New York, 2004.
[8] D. Bump and J. Hoffstein.
55(3):661–691, 1987.

On Shimuras correspondence. Duke Math. J.,[9] P. Deligne. Sommes de Gauss cubiques et revêtements de SL(2) [d’après
S. J. Patterson]. Sém. Bourbaki (1978/79), Exposé No. 539. In: Springer Lecture
Notes 770, 1980, pp. 244-277.
[10] C. Eckhardt and S. J. Patterson. On the Fourier coefficients of biquadratic
theta series. Proc. London Math. Soc. (3), 64(2):225–264, 1992.
[11] S. Friedberg and P. McNamara, in preparation.
[12] D. R. Heath-Brown, and S. J. Patterson, The distribution of Kummer sums atprime arguments. J. Reine Angew. Math. 310 (1979), 111–130.
14[13] J. Hoffstein. Eisenstein series and theta functions on the metaplectic group. In:
Theta functions: from the classical to the modern (M. Ram Murty, ed.). CRM
Proc. Lect. Notes 1, 1993, pp. 65-104.
[14] T. Goetze. Euler products associated to metaplectic automorphic forms on the
3-fold cover of GSp(4). Trans. A.M.S., 350(3):975–1011, 1998.
[15] D. A. Kazhdan and S. J. Patterson. Metaplectic forms. Inst. Hautes Études
Sci. Publ. Math., (59):35–142, 1984.
[16] T. Kubota, T. Some results concerning reciprocity law and real analytic automorphic functions. 1969 Number Theory Institute (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math.,Vol. XX, State Univ. New York, Stony Brook, N.Y., 1969), pp. 382–395. Amer.
Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 1971.
[17] H. Matsumoto. Sur les sous-groupes arithmétiques des groupes semi-simples
déployés. Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup., (4)2:1–62, 1969.
[18] P. McNamara. Metaplectic Whittaker functions and crystal bases. Duke Math.
J., to appear.
[19] T. Suzuki, Some results on the coefficients of the biquadratic theta series. J.
Reine Angew. Math. 340 (1983), 70–117.
Dept. of Mathematics, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307
brubaker@math.mit.edu
Dept. of Mathematics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2125
bump@math.stanford.edu
Dept. of Mathematics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3806
friedber@bc.edu
Dept. of Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912-9032
jhoff@math.brown.edu

15