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RESEARCH ARTICLE

NMN “Nicotinamide Mononucleotide”
Activates Intracellular Energy andApproaches the Prevention and
Improvement of Aging
Satoshi Kawakami1,2,7*, Yoshitaka Fukuzawa3, Hiroyuki Ichikawa2, Tsutomu
Sato4, Takaharu Ide5, Yusuke Maeda6 and Takahiko Yamamoto7
Kiryu University School of Health Care, Gunma, Japan
Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy. Sendai, Japan
3
Aichi Medical Preemptive and Integrative Medicine Center (AMPIMEC), Nagakute, Japan
4
Tokai University School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Isehara, Japan
5
University of East Asia, Faculty of Human science. Yamaguchi, Japan
6
Gran Pro Clinic Ginza, Tokyo, Japan
7
Wellness-One Co., Ltd. Iwate, Japan
1
2*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT
Aging was defined as one of the diseases by ICD-11. Preventing aging may avoid the risk ofvarious diseases. However, it is diﬃcult to simply prevent aging in daily life. The presence of nutrients
is essential there. This time, we reviewed NMN "nicotinamide nucleotide", which is attracting attention
as an anti-aging component, and conducted additional experiments using AMPK "AMP-activatedprotein kinase" and NAD + as indicators to determine whether or not it actually prevents aging gone.
As a result, a significant increase in AMPK and NAD + was confirmed, suggesting that NMN may help
prevent aging in the future.

Satoshi Kawakami, Kiryu University Schoolof Health Care, Gunma, Japan
Tel: +81-277-489-128
E-mail: kawakami-sa@kiryu-u.ac.jp
DOI: 10.37871/jbres1480
Submitted: 17 May 2022
Accepted: 20 May 2022
Published: 21 May 2022

INTRODUCTION

Copyright: © 2022 Kawakami S, et al. Distributed
under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0

From ICD-11, aging has been treated as a disease [1]. Aging is said to be aphysical and mental decline associated with aging [2,3]. Since aging is considered
to be the cause of all diseases [4], countermeasures are urgently needed. In orderto prevent aging, it is said that active intake of nutrients that are good for the
body [5], good sleep [6], and moderate exercise [7], but if it is not done by one's
own will, it is said. Is said to cause stress and generate active oxygen that causes
aging [8]. It is said that active oxygen and aging are closely related [8]. Reactive
oxygen species are generated by various external and internal factors [9], weaken
normal mitochondrial function [10], and may be a risk of aging-related diseases
such as cancer. There are four types of active oxygen in a nutshell [11], which can bedivided into superoxide, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen[12]. Normally, these active oxygens are produced by enzymes for removing active
oxygen, such as SOD (superoxide dismutase) and catalase that exist in the living body
[12,13]. In addition, active oxygen is also removed by antioxidants taken from thediet, such as vitamin C and vitamin E [14,15]. However, these reactive oxygen species
are usually produced in small amounts in the body and are involved in functions
such as maintenance of homeostasis, signal transduction, gene expression, andreceptor activation in cells [16], so it is not possible to remove them altogether. It is

OPEN ACCESS

Keywords


Aging



NMN



AMPK



NAD+



Functional foodVitamins

MEDICINE GROUPPHARMACOLOGYPHARMACEUTICA ANALYTICA ACTAVOLUME: 3 ISSUE: 5 - MAY, 2022

How to cite this article: Kawakami S, Fukuzawa Y, Ichikawa H, Sato T, Ide T, Maeda Y, Yamamoto T. NMN “Nicotinamide Mononucleotide”
Activates Intracellular Energy and Approaches the Prevention and Improvement of Aging. J Biomed Res Environ Sci. 2022 May 21; 3(5):560-565. doi: 10.37871/jbres1480, Article ID: JBRES1480, Available at: https://www.jelsciences.com/articles/jbres1480.pdf

considered undesirable. Therefore, appropriate antioxidants
are required. In addition to antioxidants, activation of
AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is also required toapproach aging [17]. AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)is an energy sensor in the body and is a serine / threonine
kinase that works to maintain homeostasis of sugar and lipid
metabolism [18]. It is thought that aging can be prevented
by activating, promoting autophagy, and enhancing
mitochondrial function [19,20]. Therefore, in this study,
the activity of AMPK was measured from the concept ofnutrition using NMN “nicotinamide mononucleotide” [21],which is currently attracting attention as an anti-aging
substance, and the expression level of NAD +, which is said
to decrease with aging, is also measured. It was measured.
NAD + decreases with age, and it is said that when NAD +decreases, age-related diseases are caused. It is consideredthat the presence of NAD + as well as AMPK is necessary to
prevent aging. Therefore, it is considered that activation ofboth leads to prevention of aging. If NMN can mention thepossibility of preventing aging in this study, it will be useful
not only for aging-related diseases but also for maintaining/ promoting health or preventing diseases in the future.
AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is an energy
sensor in the body and is a serine / threonine kinasethat works to maintain homeostasis of glucose and lipid
metabolism [18]. It is said that activation of AMPK regulates
energy metabolism and maintains energy homeostasis,
and is attracting attention as a potential therapeutic effectfor metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and cancer[22]. The existence of energy is indispensable for humanbeings to live, and the energy source is ATP (adenosine
triphosphate), and when ATP is hydrolyzed and converted
to ADP (adenosine diphosphate). Occurs [23]. By regulating
this ATP level, AMPK is expected to maintain homeostasis
and be effective against metabolic diseases such as cancer,
type II diabetes, and obesity [24-26].
In other words, it is expected that the increase in AMPK
activity can be expected to prevent lifestyle-related diseases
including cancer. It is also considered that AMPK regulates
metabolism by inhibiting the ATP consumption pathway[27,28]. From that, the following effects can be expected.
AMPK is known to have the following effects.
1. Adjust the balance of inflammation [29].
By suppressing chronic inflammation with AMPK, it
approaches cancer and heart disease and contributes to themaintenance of health in the living body [30,31].
2. Improvement of insulin sensitivity and glucose
tolerance [32].
It has been reported that activation of AMPK can
suppress insulin resistance and high insulin status, whichcause metabolic diseases33). In addition, by shifting to astate of fat burning, it induces a decrease in body fat massand suppresses the secretion of inflammatory cytokines
from excess body fat [33].
3. Promote autophagy [34].
AMPK activates cell autophagy.
4. Enhances mitochondrial function [35].
Restoring intracellular energy (ATP) levels is one of themain objectives of AMPK activation. AMPK may increase
intracellular ATP levels by activating mitochondrial
biosynthesis [36,37].
5. Immune system regulation [38].
When AMPK is activated, the immune monitoring
function is strengthened, and the host's defense against
pathogens is enhanced, which may enhance the immune
function [38]. Autophagy is indispensable for innate
immunity, which is the forefront of the immune system, andthis autophagy is also activated by AMPK [34].
6. It acts on the sirtuin gene and may lead to longevity[39].
AMPK activates the production of longevity genes sirtuins
and FOXO proteins associated with healthy longevity [40].

MATERIALS AND METHODSNMN
NMN purchased from Wellness-One Co., Ltd. (Iwate,
Japan) is adjusted to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml.

AMPK activity measurement
In this experiment, the CycLex® AMPK kinase assay kit(Institute of Medical Biology, Tokyo, Japan) was used toconfirm the activity of AMPK using MCF-7 cells as usual.
The group was divided into a PBS-added group and an
NMN-added group (final concentration 1 mg/ml), each
was compared, and the PBS group was used as a control
for evaluation. With this kit, AMPK activity was measured 1
hour, 12 hours, and 24 hours after addition. The evaluation
was performed by statistical processing software (IBM SPSS
Statistics Ver.26). Statistical evaluation was performed by
the Mann-Whitney U test).

NAD + measurementIn
thisexperiment,
NAD/NADH(DOJINDOLABORATORIES (Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan) was
purchased and measured using MCF-7 cells according to theoperation of the kit. Compared with the control group (PBS
group), NMN Addition group (final concentration 1 mg/ml).
The amount of NADH and total NAD +/NADH were measured
at a wavelength of 450 nm using an absorber, and the amountof NAD + expressed was measured by subtracting the amount

Kawakami S, et al. (2022) J Biomed Res Environ Sci, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1480

561

of NADH from the total amount of NAD/NAD. The evaluation
was performed by statistical processing software (IBM SPSS
Statistics Ver.26). Statistical evaluation was performed by
the Mann-Whitney U test).

RESULTSAMPK activity measurement
In this experiment, the CycLex® AMPK Kinase Assay Kit(MEDICAL & BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES CO., LTD. Tokyo,
Japan) was used as per the standard method, and the PBSadded group was used for the AMPK activity in the NMNadded group (final concentration 1 mg/ml). It was comparedand evaluated as a control. In this kit, in order to measure thecurrent amount of AMPK activity, the activity of AMPK wasconfirmed 1 hour, 12 hours, and 24 hours after the addition.
In addition, the evaluation was performed statistically by the
Mann-Whitney U test using statistical processing software(IBM SPSS Statistics Ver.26) (Table 1, figure 1).

Compared with the control group (PBS group), the NMNadded group (final concentration 1 mg/ml)) NADH amountand total NAD +/NADH were measured at a wavelength of
450 nm with an absorptiometer, and the expression level of
NAD + was measured by subtracting the NADH amount fromthe total NAD/NAD amount. The evaluation was performed
by statistical processing software (IBM SPSS Statistics).
Statistical evaluation was per-formed by Mann-Whitney U
test using Ver.26) (Table 2, figure 2).

DISCUSSION
This time, we examined the mechanism at the in vitro
level using the nutritional component "NMN (nicotinamidemononucleotide)" that is currently attracting attention.
NMN is a substance contained in nicotinic acid (niacin), acoenzyme present in the cells of all living organisms, andis produced in the body [41]. In this study, we measured
whether NMN increased the activity of AMPK. As a result,in the NMN-added group, when the control group was set

NAD + measurement

to 100%, the activity increased by 1230.5% 1 hour after theInthisexperiment,
NAD/NADH(DOJINDOLABORATORIES (Kumamoto, Japan) was purchased andmeasured according to the operation contents of the kit.

In other words, the activity of AMPK was significantly

addition, 506.5% after 12 hours, and 849.2% after 24 hours.
observed even after 24 hours, suggesting that NMN is
involved in the activity of AMPK. In addition, the activity

Table 1: Absorbance of an hourly control group and NMN-added group.
1.

Absorbance
1hr

2.

12hrs

24hrs

Cnt

NMN

Cnt

NMN

Cnt

NMN

0.285 ± 0.013

3.507 ± 0.136

0.352 ± 0.019

1.783 ± 0.311

0.264 ± 0.034

2.242 ± 0.182

AMPK activity increase rate when Cnt is 100%
1hr

12hrs

24hrs

Cnt

NMN

Cnt

NMN

Cnt

NMN

100%

1230.50%100%

506.50%100%849.20%Figure 1 Rate of increase in AMPK activity in the control group and NMN-added group at each time (Mann-Whitney U test p < 0.01).

Kawakami S, et al. (2022) J Biomed Res Environ Sci, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1480

562

Table 2: Absorbance of NAD + in the control group and the NMN-added group.
Average of OD value

Both of n = 3
Control

0.177 ± 0.005 (100%)Addition group of NMN(1 mg/ml)

0.544 ± 0.008 (307.3%)

Figure 2 When the Mann-Whitney U test was performed, the expression level of NAD + in the NMN-added group increased significantly at p < 0.01.

was increased compared to the control group even after 24hours had passed, so a sustained action was expected. By
activating AMPK, the various effects mentioned above canbe expected. Among them, autophagy and mitochondrial
activation were observed [34,35], suggesting prevention
and improvement of aging. In this study, we focused on theactivity of mitochondria and measured NAD +, which is oneof the indicators [35]. In the NMN-added group, a significant
increase was observed compared to the control group. It wasalso suggested that the function would be improved. NMN
is synthesized from vitamin B3 and is known as a precursor

was suggested that NMN may prevent aging in the future,
leading to an extension of healthy life expectancy andultimately an extension of life expectancy.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would also like to express our deep gratitude to Dr.
Yoshitaka Fukuzawa of Aichi Medical University for his
useful advice in conducting this research.

Conϐlicts of Interestof NAD [41]. It is considered that administration of NMN

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

efficiently promotes NAD + synthesis and further activates
sirtuins [42]. Since it has been found that NAD + is reduced
in many aged organs [43,44], it is considered important tomaintain organ function by supplying NAD + [45]. NAD +is an important coenzyme involved in the redox reaction of

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How to cite this article: Kawakami S, Fukuzawa Y, Ichikawa H, Sato T, Ide T, Maeda Y, Yamamoto T. NMN “Nicotinamide Mononucleotide” Activates Intracellular Energy and Approaches thePrevention and Improvement of Aging. J Biomed Res Environ Sci. 2022 May 21; 3(5): 560-565. doi: 10.37871/jbres1480, Article ID: JBRES1480, Available at: https://www.jelsciences.com/
articles/jbres1480.pdf

Kawakami S, et al. (2022) J Biomed Res Environ Sci, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1480

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NMN “ nicotinamide mononucleotide ” activates intracellular energy and approaches theprevention and improvement of aging.
NMN「ニコチンアミドモノヌクレオチド」は細胞内エネルギーを活性化し、老化の予防と改善効果をもたらす。
1. Introduction
ICD-11 より老化は疾病として取り扱われるようになった 1)。老化は加齢に伴う身体的・精神的な衰えと言われている 2）3)。老化はあらゆる疾病の原因 4)ともされているため、その対策は急務である。老化を予防するためには体に良い栄養素の積極的な摂取 5)、質の良い睡眠、適度な運動 7)とされているが、自分の意思で行われていないのであれば、それがストレ6）スとなってしまい、老化の原因となる活性酸素を発生させると言われている 8）。活性酸素と老化は密接な関係があると言われている 8)。活性酸素は様々な外的・内的因子より発生し 9)、正常なミトコンドリア機能を減弱させ 10）、癌をはじめとする老化関連疾患のリスクとなる可能性が考えられる 11)。一言で活性酸素と言っても大きく分けると 4 種類存在し 12）、スーパーオキシド、ヒドロキシルラジカル、過酸化水素、一重項酸素に分けることができる 12）。
通常、これらの活性酸素は生体内に存在するＳＯＤ（スーパーオキシドディスムターゼ）やカタラーゼなど、活性酸素を除去するための酵素が作られている 13）14）。そのほか、ビタミ
ンＣやビタミンＥなど、食事から摂取する抗酸化物質でも活性酸素を除去しています 15)16)。
しかしながら、これら活性酸素種は通常、体内で少量産生され、細胞における恒常性の維持、シグナル伝達、遺伝子発現、受容体の活性化などの機能に関与しているため 17）、全て除去
することは望ましくないと考えられる。ゆえに適度な抗酸化が必要となってくる。抗酸化に加え、老化に対してアプローチするためには AMPK（AMP-activated protein kinase）の活性化も必要である 18）。AMPK（AMP-activated protein kinase）とは、生体内のエネルギーセンサーであり、糖・脂質代謝の恒常性維持に働くセリン/スレオニンキナーゼであり 19)、
AMPK を活性化することにより、好中球の活性化やオートファジーの促進、ミトコンドリ
アの機能を高めることによって老化を予防することができると考えられる 20)21）。そこで本研 究 に お い て は 現 在 抗 老 化 物 質 と し て 注 目 さ れ て い る NMN “ nicotinamidemononucleotide”22)を使用して栄養の概念から AMPK の活性を測定し、加齢によって低下すると言われている NAD+の発現量も測定した。NAD+は加齢とともに減少し、NAD+が減少すると加齢に伴う疾患が引き起こされると言われている。老化の予防には AMPK のみ
ならず NAD+の存在も必要であると考えられる。ゆえに、両者が活性化することで、老化の予防につながると考えられる。本研究において NMN が老化予防の可能性に言及できるのであれば、今後老化関連疾患のみならず健康の維持・増進または疾病の予防に役立てることができると考えられる。
2. What is AMPK ?

AMPK（AMP-activated protein kinase）とは、生体内のエネルギーセンサーであり、糖・脂質代謝の恒常性維持に働くセリン/スレオニンキナーゼである 19)。AMPK が活性化することにより、エネルギー代謝を調節し、エネルギーの恒常性を保つと言われており、2 型糖尿病やがんを含む代謝疾患の潜在的な治療効果が期待できるものとして着目されている 23)。
人間は生きていく上でエネルギーの存在が不可欠となっているが、そのエネルギー源はATP（アデノシン三リン酸）であり、ATP が加水分解され、ADP（アデノシン二リン酸）に変化する際に発生する 24)。AMPK はこの ATP レベルの調節を行うことで、恒常性を保ち、がんやⅡ型糖尿病、肥満などの代謝疾患に対する効果が期待されている 25)26)27)。
つまり、AMPK の活性が上昇することによって、がんを含む生活習慣病の予防が期待できると考えられる。また AMPK は ATP の消費経路を阻害することによって代謝の調節を行っていると言うことが考えられる 28)29）。そのことから以下の効果が期待できる。
2- 1.炎症のバランスを調整する 30)。
AMPK により、慢性炎症を抑制することで、癌や心疾患などにアプローチし、生体における健康の維持に寄与する 31）32）。
2-2.インスリン感受性と耐糖能の向上 33)。
AMPK を活性化させると代謝性疾患の原因となるインスリン抵抗性や高インスリンの状態を抑制させることができると言う報告がある 33)。また、脂肪燃焼の状態に移行することで、体脂肪量の減少を誘導させ、過剰な体脂肪からの炎症性サイトカインの分泌を抑制させる。

34)

2-3.オートファジーを促進する 35)。
AMPK は細胞のオートファジー（自食作用）を活性化する。
2-4．ミトコンドリアの機能を高める 36）。
AMPK の活性化の主な目的の一つに細胞内エネルギー（ATP）レベルを回復させる。AMPKはミトコンドリアの生合成を活性化することで細胞内の ATP レベルを高める可能性がある。

37)38)

2-5．免疫系の調整 39)
AMPK が活性化すると免疫監視機能が強化され、病原体に対する宿主の防御力が高まることで、免疫機能が高まる可能性がある 39)。免疫系の最前線である自然免疫にはオートファ
ジーが不可欠であるが、このオートファジーも AMPK により活性化する 35)。
2-6.サーチュイン遺伝子に作用し、長寿につながる可能性 40)。
AMPK は健康長寿に関係する長寿遺伝子サーチュインと FOXO タンパク質の産生を活性化する 40)。

3. Materials and Methods

3-1. NMN
NMN purchased from Wellness-One Co., Ltd. (Iwate, Japan) is adjusted to a final
concentration of 1 mg / ml.
3-2．AMPK activity measurement
In this experiment, the CycLex® AMPK kinase assay kit (Institute of Medical Biology, Tokyo,
Japan) was used to confirm the activity of AMPK using MCF-7 cells as usual. The group was
divided into a PBS-added group and an NMN-added group (final concentration 1 mg / ml),each was compared, and the PBS group was used as a control for evaluation. With this kit,
AMPK activity was measured 1 hour, 12 hours, and 24 hours after addition. The evaluation
was performed by statistical processing software (IBM SPSS Statistics Ver.26). Statisticalevaluation was performed by the Mann-Whitney U test).
3-3. NAD + measurement
In this experiment, NAD / NADH (DOJINDO LABORATORIES (Kumamoto Prefecture,
Japan) was purchased and measured using MCF-7 cells according to the operation of the kit.
Compared with the control group (PBS group), NMN Addition group (final concentration 1
mg / ml) The amount of NADH and total NAD + / NADH were measured at a wavelengthof 450 nm using an absorber, and the amount of NAD + expressed was measured bysubtracting the amount of NADH from the total amount of NAD / NAD. The evaluation was
performed by statistical processing software (IBM SPSS Statistics Ver.26). Statisticalevaluation was performed by the Mann-Whitney U test).
4. Result4-1. AMPK activity measurement (Table.1, Fig. 1)
In this experiment, the CycLex® AMPK Kinase Assay Kit (MEDICAL & BIOLOGICALLABORATORIES CO., LTD. Tokyo, Japan) was used as per the standard method, and the
PBS-added group was used for the AMPK activity in the NMN-added group (final
concentration 1 mg / ml). It was compared and evaluated as a control. In this kit, in order tomeasure the current amount of AMPK activity, the activity of AMPK was confirmed 1 hour,
12 hours, and 24 hours after the addition. In addition, the evaluation was performed
statistically by the Mann-Whitney U test using statistical processing software (IBM SPSS
Statistics Ver.26).
Table.1 Absorbance of hourly control group and NMN-added group1)Absorbance

1hr
Cnt
0.285±0.013

12hrs

24hrs

NMN

Cnt

NMN

Cnt

NMN

3.507±0.136

0.352±0.019

1.783±0.311

0.264±0.034

2.242±0.182

２）AMPK activity increase rate when cnt is 100%
1hr

12hrs

24hrs

Cnt

NMN

Cnt

NMN

Cnt

NMN

100%

1230.50%100%

506.50%100%849.20%Fig. 1 Rate of increase in AMPK activity in the control group and NMN-added group at eachtime. (Mann-Whitney U test. P<0.01)

4-2. NAD + measurement (Table. 2, Fig. 2)
In this experiment, NAD / NADH (DOJINDO LABORATORIES (Kumamoto, Japan) was
purchased and measured according to the operation contents of the kit. Compared with thecontrol group (PBS group), the NMN-added group (final concentration 1 mg / ml)) NADH
amount and total NAD + / NADH were measured at a wavelength of 450 nm with anabsorptiometer, and the expression level of NAD + was measured by subtracting the NADH
amount from the total NAD / NAD amount. The evaluation was performed by statisticalprocessing software (IBM SPSS Statistics). Statistical evaluation was per-formed by Mann–
Whitney U test using Ver.26).

Table.2 Absorbance of NAD + in the control group and the NMN-added group.
Both of n=3

Average of OD value

Control

0.177±0.005（100%）Addition group0.544±0.008（307.3%）

of NMN(1mg/ml)**

Fig. 2 When the Mann-Whitney U test was performed, the expression level of NAD + in the
NMN-added group increased significantly at P <0.01.
5. Discussion
今回我々は現在注目されている栄養成分「NMN（ニコチンアミドモノヌクレオチド）」を用いて、in vitro レベルでのメカニズムを考察した。NMN は、ニコチン酸（ナイアシン）に含まれる物質で、すべての生物の細胞に存在する補酵素であり、体内で産生される。41)本研究においては NMN が AMPK の活性を上昇させるか否かについて測定を行った。その結果、NMN 添
加群ではコントロール群を 100%としたとき、添加 1 時間後では 1230.5%、12 時間後では506.5%、24 時間後では 849.2%の活性度の上昇がみられた。つまり、24 時間経過しても AMPKの活性が有意にみられたことから、NMN は AMPK の活性に関与することが示唆された。また、24 時間経過した後でもコントロール群に比べ活性が上昇していると言うことから持続作用が期待された。AMPK を活性化することで前述した様々な効果が期待できる。中でもオートフ
ァジーやミトコンドリアの活性化などがみられるために 35)36)、老化の予防・改善を行うことが示唆された。また、本研究においてはミトコンドリアの活性に着目をし、その指標の一つである NAD+の測定も行ったところ 36)、NMN 添加群においてはコントロール群に比べ有意に増加が認められたため、ミトコンドリアの機能の向上についても示唆された。NMN はビタミン B３から合成され、NAD の前駆体として知られている 42)。NMN 投与により効率よく NAD+合成が促進され、さらにそこからサーチュインが活性化されると考えられる 43)。老化した多くの臓器で NAD+が低下していることが判明しているために 44)45)、NAD+を供給することによって臓
器機能維持に重要であると考えられる 46)。NAD+は細胞内における主要な代謝経路の酸化還元反応に関与する重要な補酵素である 47)。NAD は細胞内において酸化型の NAD+と還元型のNADH として存在しているが、これら二つのバランスが細胞機能を維持する上で必須である
48)。近年、NAD+量の低下と老化に伴う疾患との因果関係も指摘されている 49)。本研究においては AMPK の活性化のみならず NAD+の量に関しても増加が確認されたために、老化に対してアプローチできることが示唆された。また、現段階では NMN において、老化の一つの原因である抗酸化活性についての報告はみることが出来ない。しかしミトコンドリア機能を改善し、代謝を増加させるという報告がある 50)。また、NMN はサーチュイン遺伝子に作用すること
で、健康の維持・増進にも深くかかわっていると言われている 51)。以上のことから、NMN に
よって今後老化予防の可能性が示唆され、健康寿命の延伸、最終的には平均寿命の延伸につながる可能性が示唆された。

6. Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
7. Acknowledgments
I would also like to express our deep gratitude to Dr. Yoshitaka Fukuzawa of Aichi Medical
University for his useful advice in conducting this research.

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