SUGISAKAMASANORI

Journal of Advances in Artificial Life Robotics
Vol. 3(2); September (2022), pp. 113–121
ON LINE ISSN 2435-8061; ISSN-L 2435-8061
https://alife-robotics.org/jallr.html

Research Article

Halal Supply Chain Management Using Blockchain Technology
Kadeer Zulihuma1, Abdul Samad Bin Shibghatullah2
1

Faculty of Business & Management, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Institute of Computer Science & Digital Innovation, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2

ARTICLE INFO
Article History
Received 23 November 2021
Accepted 11 November 2022
Keywords
Blockchain technology
Halal supply chain
Supply chain integrity

ABSTRACT
A halal supply chain consists of a supply network where special attention is paid to products toensure halal integrity. Given the growing demand for halal products from both Muslims and nonMuslims worldwide, it is important to ensure product quality through an integrated supply chain.
Integrity means honesty and constant monitoring and strong ethical principles and values.
Maintaining the integrity of the halal supply chain is important, all aspects of halal food integrity
must be carefully protected and all actors in the supply chain must take all necessary measures toavoid cross-contamination causing product damage. convert to non-halal. In addition, food safety
is part of the halal integrity and traceability process, which produces traceable information fromthe source of the product to the store. In this way, the unit can track and trace food, such as foodingredients and expiration date, date of preparation, packaging during production, and record
during the process, including when, where and how. To achieve better traceability, it is necessary
to move and digitize the traditional supply chain, which can be done with blockchain technology
in halal supply chain management (SCM). Three smart contract features, including traceability,
decentralization and anonymity, are added to the model as moderators to investigate their impact
on the integrity of the halal supply chain.
© 2022 The Author. Published by Sugisaka Masanori at ALife Robotics Corporation Ltd
This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

special attention is paid to products to ensure halal
integrity[9] [10] [11][12]. Given the growing demand forhalal products from both Muslims and non-Muslims
worldwide, it is important to ensure product quality
through an integrated supply chain [13]. To achieve
better traceability, it is necessary to migrate and digitize
the traditional supply chain, which can be done in a halal
supply chain management (SCM) system using
blockchain technology [14].

1. Introduction
Today, with the global security crisis, consumer concerns
about food safety, quality, origin and authenticity haveincreased, and the lack of uniformity has createdproblems in the halal supply chain [1][2]. The traditional
supply chain is complex and all information is
fragmented and cannot be clearly traced. This is because
everything is recorded on paper, so full visibility is aprerequisite for fast data transfer [3][4][5]. Anotherconcern is food ingredients and the purity and crosscontamination of halal food with non-halal ingredientsduring storage and distribution, which is against Islamicprinciples. Some studies have suggested existing
technology such as radio frequency identification (RFID)
to develop and improve halal traceability [6][7][8]. A
halal supply chain consists of a supply network where

2. The Proposed Conceptual Framework
The four main operations that make up the halal supply
chain are production, distribution, and logistics [15], In
order to employ blockchain technology in the halal
supply chain, records must be kept on the product orgoods, certificates of origin, suppliers, resources, andmaterials, including halal species and any genetic

Corresponding authors’ E-mail: 1001333819@ucsiuniversity.edu.my, abdulsamad@ucsiuniversity.edu.my113

contamination brought on by Haram species throughroutine reproduction [16]. A halal producer is a company
that creates halal products. A halal certification must also
be present for any additional ingredients or raw materials
utilised in halal manufacturing [17]. Using blockchain
technology, this organisation may confirm the product's
quality, expiration date, manufacture date, and any
ingredients or additional Halal-compliant components[18][19][20]. Halal transportation has benefited halallogistics [21][22][23][24]. Hypothesis 1 is: Adopting
blockchain in halal supply chain positively impacts theintegrity of the halal supply chain in the food industry.

Fig.1: The Proposed Conceptual Framework
3. Research Methodology
In this study, the quantitative approach is employed toassess the association between the independent variable(halal supply chain using blockchain) and dependent
variable (integrity of halal supply chain). This method
begins with data collection and followed by applicationof descriptive as well as inferential statistics. Data
collection is a technique of gathering data from thespecific sources in order to find the answers of researchquestion and assessing the hypothesis and outcomes.
Several quantitative data collection techniques, including
questionnaires,interviews,
focus
companies.
Considering halal supply chain is a new approach in the
supply chain industry, in this research a survey
questionnaire is used, to get relevant data from theperspective of each respondent and experience in order to
identify the effect of blockchain technology in halal
supply chain. A survey questionnaire helps to gain
valuable knowledge about large populations by only
surveying a selected sample of the population. In thisapproach, researchers provide questionnaires to the
respondents and demonstrate the result of responses in
the form of descriptive statistic and other statisticalanalysis. In this study, a close-ended questionnaire
approach is used. In this study, it may consist of therationale for selecting respondents, sampling size,
selection method, sampling frame and location and formof data generated, whereas the part of probability
sampling consists of a time of sampling selection anddepth of information per respondent. Therefore, thesampling was chosen halal food supplier, manufacturer,
distributor, retailer, and target halal small-medium
enterprises (SME) and companies. The study location
was chosen Kuala Lumpur, to interview the target
companies those participants, and also throughpresentations to explain to them about the project. Those
who were interested and participated in this study. The
target population combined of small and medium size
enterprises (SME) in Kuala Lumpur. According to thereport provided by The Edge Communications Sdn. Bhd.
[25], around 320 small and medium size of enterprises
from various industry, including food and beverages,
cosmetics, halal ingredients, logistics, biotechnology,
pharmaceutical and personal care attended the Malaysia
Halal Expo 2019. The questionnaire is distributed in halal

In the halal food industry, traceability allows
practitioners to track the halal status of a product throughthe blockchain network [18]. Therefore, the Hypothesis
2 is: Traceability positively moderates the relationshipbetween blockchain-based halal supply chain and halal
supply chain integrity. The goal of Blockchain
technology is to create a decentralized environment
where no third party is in control of the transactions anddata [20]. Therefore, Hypothesis 3 is: Decentralization
positively moderates the relationship between
blockchain-based halal supply chain and integrity ofhalal supply chain. The presence of untrusted parties
interacting in a distributed environment often encourages
an anonymity component [19][21]. So our fourth
hypothesis is: Halal supply chain integrity andblockchain-based halal supply chain relationships areactively coordinated through anonymity.
This proposed conceptual framework in Figure 1 isderived from a comprehensive literature review that
includes halal supply chain blockchain as theindependent variable (IV) (halal supply, halal production,
halal distribution and halal logistics) and traceability as
moderating variables. , decentralization and anonymity
as three moderators to investigate the effect of variables
on improving halal supply chain (SCH) integrity.

114

companies including Nestle foods Malaysia Sdn. Bhd,
Kawan food, Yakult, Secret receipt, and Old Town White
Coffee. These included supply chain employees and staff,
directors or managers, operations directors or managers,purchasing directors or managers, Logistic directors or
managers. Each category of respondents will be
providing some information which will be useful for thisstudy.
The selection of respondents needs to be representativeof the population. The population of this study will betargeted on quantitative research, which is considerednecessary, where the information is composed through aseries of interviews and specific populations. For thisresearch study, the data is collected from entities in thehalal small business enterprises that are related to the
supply chain, such as suppliers, manufacturers,
distributors, retailers, because those all the entities aresharing information for the benefits of the end-user
customers. Shared information is using blockchain
technology to record all the information digitally to sharewith all entities. This study used quantitative
methodology to focus on the goals of the statistical, or
numerical analysis of data collected through votes, andselected questionnaires. Since this study evolved aroundsupply chain entities that suppliers, manufacturers,
distributors, and retailers of small enterprises ofmanagers based whole equity, therefore, relationshipwith blockchain technology is significantly the mostacceptable notifies for this research study. Because of theimportance of halal food and consumption in the halalmarket are particularly suitable for this study. Sample
size calculated by targeted SME population size 32000,
according to the 3200 SME Company and each company
have 10 employees, which is involve of the supply chain
operations. The confidence level 95%, margin of error
5%, so the purpose of the number of respondents who
would be taking part in the survey 380 responders. The
questionnaire is developed based on existing researchand designed in English as it is widely understandable.
The researcher ensures individuals about theconfidentiality of information, and it will not be disclosed
to the public or any unauthorized person. The
questionnaire is divided into two main segments, which
are Segment A and Segment B. Segment A addresses
demographic information of each respondent, andSegment B includes questions about specified variables.
This study consists of measurement of independent
variables including Halal supply chain, Smart contract,and Halal supply chain integrity for SME in halal supply
chain in Malaysia. All questions are adapted fromprevious research studies which have been done insimilar areas of study. The questionnaire is designed
based on the dependent variable (DV) and independent
variable (IV), which were discussed in the previous
chapters. Measurement is crucial to a quantitative study
because it has the importance in connecting between
empirical survey and quantitative analysis of numerical
data. There is no guarantee of a quantitative study worth
that, it just has used statistics as statistics can bemisapplied either intentionally or unwillingly. Below are
the details on the questionnaire.
Halal procurement [26][27]HP1: Using BT helps to make sure suppliers are reliable
and can fulfil requirements of JAKIM (Jabatan
Kemajuan Islam Malaysia)
HP2: Using BT helps to improve relationships with
suppliers.
HP3: Using BT helps to make sure the meat and food is
Halal
Halal manufacturing [26][27]
HM1: Using BT helps to ensure the integrity of Halal
Manufacturing (eg, it guarantees that only certified halal
raw materials are used)
HM2: Using BT helps to monitor the situation as therecords are visible to all the market participants in SC
HM3: Using BT helps to eliminate possible inclusion ofHaram or doubtful substances in the products
HM4: I feel good that in BT certificates and qualification
statuses will remain immune from forgery and othercompromises.
Halal distribution [26][27]HD1: Using BT helps to ensure the integrity of Halal
Distribution ( eg it guarantees that containers used forhalal products are not mixed together with the ones used
for non-halal products)
HD2: Using BT improves food ingredients safety bymaking sure the selected packaging materials do not have
any toxic effect on the product.
HD3: Using BT improves halal traceability of the
packaging and helps to determine product’s origin
Halal Logistic [26][27]115

HL1: Using BT Facilitate origin tracking in SC and helps
to know where the ingredients came from and where they
were delivered
HL2: Using BT helps to ensure the integrity of Halal
logistics ( e.g., it makes sure the container or lorries usedin the delivery are used only to deliver halal products)

This study uses a five-point Likert scale to specify the
degree of participants’ agreement or disagreement witheach statement, in which 1= strongly disagree, 2=
disagree, 3= neutral, 4=agree, 5= strongly agree. The
items measure the degree of effect of blockchain
technology, on supply chain collaboration with smart
contract, on supply chain integrity from local firm’s
perspective in Kuala Lumpur.

Traceability [27]TS1: I feel good that the public will see the information
which is sent over the blockchain
TS2: It is good that smart contracts allow us to track realtime performance and improve trust between theparticipants

Prior to conducting the actual survey for the research, apilot test is necessary to determine if the questions are
consistent and reliable. Reliability refers to the degree towhich a measure is un-bias, thereby shows consistentmeasurement in different time and different items in the
instrument. The suggested sample size for the pre-testshould be between 15-30 respondents, which is required
to be distributed among the same populations as theactual survey. Hence, in this research sample size of 30
is chosen. It is crucial to perform data screening
attainment in any multivariate analysis to ensure theoutcome from quantitative research is meaningful. The
quality of data screening directly affects the quality andthe output of the analysis. Therefore, data screening isimportant to check the reliability and validity of the data.
It is crucial to determine the missing data before starting
analysis. Because problems might occur if there is
missing data during the research process. Missing data
may affect the generalization of the result of the study orcause bias issues as the respondents may leave thequestions unanswered. One of the steps to screen the datais to examine the outliers. Outliers state the observations
that are more distant in comparison with the rest of data.
A multivariate outlier is a combination of unusual scoreson at least two variables. One way to detect the outliers
effectively is by examining Mahalanobis distance. The
Mahalanobis distance helps to discover influential
multivariant outliers by using predetermined thresholdthat will show if a point can be categorized as outliers.

Anonymity [27]ANN1: I think using smart contracts protects our privacy
as it allows us to use a generated address to avoid identity
exposure
ANN2: I prefer to use a public key rather than mypersonal information
Decentralization [28]DEC1: I think it is a good idea that smart contracts
eliminate the requirement for any intermediaries (e.g.,banks) to validate and verify the transactions
DEC2: I feel decentralized systems will be better
compared to conventional centralized transaction
systems (e.g., banks)
DEC3: Using smart contracts will minimize mytransaction delays
DEC4: I feel safe using smart contracts as it reduces therisk of fraud
Integrity [26][27]INT1: I think using BT improves public’s trust andensures the trustworthiness of Halal food integrity
INT2: Implementation of BT in halal food supply chain
will improve quality of our products.
INT3: Implementation of BT in halal food supply chain
will improve trust between partners
INT4: Using BT improve food ingredients safety throughestablishing SC transparency in all processes frommanufacturers to the individual consumers
INT5: I trust BT as the records are permanent andimmutable. (e.g., it is not possible to falsify a SC paymenttransaction or the records of inventory, warehousing
conditions, delivery times and dates etc.)

The normality test of collected data is a prerequisite
assessment for conducting statistical tests in quantitative
research. If the collected data are not normally distributed,
resultant mean for the value of output is not
representative, which means a wrong selection of valueof output and furthermore results wrong eventualinterpretation to the analysis by using such a set of value
to calculate significance value of output [25]. There arevariety of methods that are applicable to test data116

normality, Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
are the two well-known and widely applied methods totest normality out of these methods. Both of two methods
can be utilized for dealing with large sampling size thatover 50 samples. For Shapiro-Wilk and KolmogorovSmirnov methods, null hypothesis states that data aretaken from normal distribution if P >0.05.

necessary to be concerned about is time as it is closely
associated with subjectivity. For instance, once a
researcher adopts a subjective approach for the study,
there is a compromise towards the degree of reliability
inside the work. The coefficient of reliability is ranging
between 0 and 1, in which 1 equaling with perfectreliability while 0 equals no reliability. Reliability is also
calculated by employing the test of correlation in the testretest and alternate forms. For high stakes setting,reliability must be more than 0.9, but in less importantsituations, values of 0.8 or 0.7 are also acceptable.
Generally, it is considered as high if reliability is greaterthan 0.7. The Pearson correlation analysis is conducted
to evaluate the strength of association between two
variables. A Pearson coefficient (r) can be in the range of+1.00 to -1.00. This statistical test is utilized to assess thecovariation, or relationship, between one variable toanother. If the value of coefficient found to be 0, it means
there is no relationship between two specified variables.
If the r value is more than 0, it indicates there is positive
correlation while less than zero indicates negative
correlation. Pearson Correlation analysis is used in thisresearch to test the association between independent
variables and dependent variables. Regression analysis isreferred to as a statistical tool that is utilized for clarifying
association between dependent variable (DV) andindependent variables (IV). It is said that regression tool
has long been central to the field of econometrics, that is
economic statistics. Regression analysis with a single
explanatory variable is regarded as simple regression.
However, the other type of regression analysis – multiple
regression more suited the present study as it allowed
additional factors to separately enter the analysis so thatthe consequence of each can be calculated. At the base ofpresent study, halal certification, price, quality, trust, andcommitment stood for independent variables whereas
consumers purchase intention towards halal brandcosmetics products. Therefore, it was more valuable tochoose multiple regression analysis to measure the effectof various coinstantaneous influences upon a single
dependent variable.

Linearity represents the association between Independent
Variables (IV), and Dependent Variables (DV). It
represents the degree to which change in the dependent
variable is constant across the range of values for the
independent variable. The linearity should be less than p<0.05 to show there is some significant linear association
between DV and IV. Multicollinearity refers to therelationship between variables and indicates when atleast two variables are strongly correlated. The redundant
information increases the possibility of error, which willalter the output of analysis. Therefore, such data needs tobe reconsidered. Multicollinearity can be calculated via
measuring Variable Inflation Factor (VIF) for all
independent variables. Following is the rule of thumb for
the VIF: If VIF is less than 3; then there is no problem; If
VIF is more than 3; then there is a potential problem; If
VIF is more than 5; then there is very likely problem; If
VIF is more than 10; then there is problem. The statisticalsoftware used in the research is the IBM Statistical
Package for the Social Science (SPSS) to analyze datacollected. It is a reliable and comprehensive tool tomanage the data collected from the respondents.
Descriptive analysis includes gathering of data, which isrelated to present study, and then organization, tabulation,
depiction, and description the outcomes of collected data.
The main objective of descriptive analysis is to provide aknowledge base which can be a foundation and groundfor further quantitative analysis. One of the mostcommon approaches of descriptive analysis is the survey
method which is closely related to present study.
In quantitative research, reliability refers to theuniformity, immutability and repeatability of outcomes.
In other words, the results that the researcher concluded
is considered reliable if corresponding outcomes havebeen achieved in same situations but different
circumstances. However, it is also meant to ask whether
the approach that employed by the researcher isconsistent even across different researchers as well as
different projects. However, one issue of reliability is

4. Hypothesis Analysis and Findings
In this section the hypothesis will be analysed based on
the results.
Hypothesis 1. Adopting blockchain in halal supply chain
positively impacts the integrity of the halal supply chain
in the food industry
117

According to the results of statistical analysis that was
carried out in this research, this hypothesis is accepted.
Considering the value of person correlation coefficient(.668) and a significant value of 0.000 (less than 0.01),
there is a strong positive relation between blockchain in
halal supply chain (HSC) and integrity in halal supply
chain (INT). Moreover, the result of simple linear
regression with p value of 0.000 (less than 0.05) and thebeta value of 0.612 (B= 0.612), indicates that, HSC is oneof the important factors influencing integrity of halal
supply chain (INT).

5. Conclusion, Implication and Limitation
This research investigated and provided an in-depth
insight about the influence of blockchain on halal supply
chain in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur). According to the aim
and objectives of the research, the direct influence ofblockchain on halal supply chain (HSC) is evaluated, andthe moderating role of three features of smart contract
namely as traceability (TS), decentralization (DEC) andanonymity (ANN), as a link between blockchain andintegrity (INT) of halal supply chain, are assessed. Inorder to accomplish the purpose of the study, acomprehensive literature review on existing research isdone, and a conceptual framework is proposed. The
proposed conceptual framework is comprised of one
independent variable, which is blockchain in halal supply
chain (halal procurement, halal manufacturing, halal
distribution, halal logistics), and three moderator
variables including traceability, decentralization andanonymity. Given the variables, four hypotheses havebeen developed in which the findings indicated that two
hypotheses were accepted, and two hypotheses(moderating role of decentralization and anonymity)
were rejected. Findings of the research suggested that
according to the supply chain practitioners, blockchain
has a significant positive effect on integrity of halal
supply chain. It indicates that blockchain is generally
accepted, and it is believed to be influential in integrityof halal supply chain, especially in halal procurement andhalal logistic, in which the information of origin of
product as well as transportation is recorded.
The results further show that traceability has a significant
positive moderating effect on the integrity of halal supply
chain. It indicates that the participants found traceability
as an important variable, and they are willing to sharehalal status of a particular food product at every stage ofthe supply chain. Therefore, it is easier to trace theproducts and ensure the quality and safety of halal food.
The findings revealed that based on the supply chain
participants, the moderating effect of decentralization is
insignificant in integrity of halal supply chain.
Decentralization includes using a decentralized
transaction system which eliminates the third party fromcontrolling the transactions and data. It indicates thatparticipants are not sure if security is preserved, or it isendangered when a trusted third party is eliminated.
According to the results, this moderator has no significate
positive or negative effect, which shows the blockchain
providers must increase awareness about trustworthinessHypothesis 2: Traceability positively moderates therelationship between blockchain-based halal supply
chain and integrity of halal supply chain
According to the results of statistical analysis that was
carried out in this research, this hypothesis is accepted.
The moderating effect of traceability (TS) was examinedby utilizing bootstrapping method and assessing theeffect of HSC on INT in the presence and absence of TS
by using multiple linear regression. According to theresults, the value of p is 0.0011 (less than 0.05) and valueof beta is 0.2144, meaning that the TS significantly
contribute to positive effect on integrity of halal supply
chain (INT).
Hypothesis 3: Decentralization positively moderates therelationship between blockchain-based halal supply
chain and integrity of halal supply chain
According to the results of statistical analysis that was
carried out in this research, this hypothesis is rejected.
The moderating effect of decentralization (DEC) was
examined by utilizing bootstrapping method andassessing the effect of HSC on INT in the presence andabsence of DEC by using multiple linear regression.
According to the results, the value of p is 0.28, which isgreater than 0.05. It indicates that DEC has insignificant
effect on integrity of halal supply chain (INT).
Hypothesis 4: Anonymity positively moderates therelationship between blockchain-based halal supply
chain and integrity of halal supply chain
According to the results of statistical analysis that was
carried out in this research, this hypothesis is rejected.
The moderating effect of anonymity (ANN) was
examined by utilizing bootstrapping method andassessing the effect of HSC on INT in the presence andabsence of ANN by using multiple linear regression.
According to the results, the value of p is 0.7691, whichis greater than 0.05. It indicates that ANN has
insignificant effect on integrity of halal supply chain(INT).

118

and security of such decentralized technology, as themain concern of the supply chain participants is inbanking transactions. Similarly, the results of the survey
indicated that the moderating role of anonymity isinsignificant toward the integrity of halal supply chain.
Anonymity as a feature of smart contract, allows theusers of blockchain based technologies to use theiridentities anonymously. In the blockchain each user isgiven a public key instead of personal information which
protects the user privacy and avoids identity exposure.
According to the survey results, the supply chain
practitioners believe anonymity has no significant
positive or negative effect on integrity of the halal supply
chain. It indicates the blockchain providers must increaseawareness about privet or public options that allows
using identities publicly or protecting the identities byusing public key instead. The main concern ofparticipants is willingness to share identities to enhance
the transparency and allow other users I the network to
acknowledge who is responsible for a certain transaction
or data. Therefore, this research reveals insights into
blockchain in halal supply chain from perspective ofsupply chain practitioners, which can be used by supply
chain technology providers to understand factors
influencing integrity of halal supply chain.

integrity of halal supply chain which shows that enoughtrust is not stablished between users of supply chain, andthey prefer to have a trusted third party in order toaccomplish transaction.
Moreover, the results show that majority of participants
are either neutral or agreed to use public key instead of
personal information. However, the anonymity had an
insignificant effect on integrity of halal supply chain. It
indicates that the users are willing to use public key
instead of their identities, however anonymity is not a key
indicator of integrity of halal supply chain. Hence, it canbe concluded that supply chain actors did not find suchfeature disturbing, or cause of any discomfort. Therefore,
the researcher suggests the companies to ensure that users
are aware of private or public options for privacy, thatallows users to choose the status for identity exposure,and highlight the importance of such feature in the
integrity and blockchain technology. Using thesefindings will help companies to implement blockchain
technology in a way that improve integrity of the halal
supply chain, which entails mutual benefits across thewhole halal supply chain.
There have been limitations during accomplishing thisstudy that can be further improved in future studies.
Firstly, the data collection is limited to companies in
Kuala Lumpur, which limits the generalization of thefindings. In order to increase the reliability of the results,
future studies can extend the sample size to include
greater number of companies. Secondly, blockchain
technology in supply chain is relatively new concept, andthe participants are familiar with blockchain technology
but lack experience or practical knowledge about thisrevolutionary technology. Additionally, this study
focused on smart contract features (traceability,
decentralization, and anonymity) however otherconstructs such as inter-organization trust can help tounderstand the influence of blockchain on integrity ofhalal supply chain. Finally, the current study did not
discuss the influence of blockchain in each halal supply
chain activities including halal procurement, halal
manufacturing, halal distribution, halal logistics). Thus,
the future studies can investigate their relationship withintegrity of halal supply chain.

Supply chain actors are the primary key in maintaining
and guaranteeing the halalness of a product. Therefore,
cooperation between different actors must be maintained
to ensure the trustworthiness of halal food integrity.
Using blockchain can help the integrity of halal supply
chain and ensures the quality and halalness of the food.
As the actors of the supply chain plays the key roles inhalal supply chain integrity, the findings of this research
assist companies to understand the concerns about theblockchain technology in halal supply chain. Therefore,
the findings help to manage and successfully implement
blockchain technology in halal supply chains. There aresome recommendations that companies can take theminto consideration while implementing blockchain
technology. For instance, the concept of blockchain is
generally accepted by the halal supply chain and most of
the participants believes blockchain improves theintegrity of halal supply chain. However, the companies
have to increase knowledge and awareness of theemployees about the features of smart contract such as
decentralization and anonymity. Majority of participants
stated decentralization has no significant effect on
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Authors Introduction
Ms Kadeer Zulihuma
She received her Bachelor Degree inInterior Architecture from UCSI
University in 2018 and continue his
Master in Business Administration at
the same university and completed in2020. Her research interest is in
Halal blockchain technology.

Dr. Abdul Samad Bin Shibghatullah
He received the bachelor accounting
degree from Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia in 1999,
the M.Sc. degree in computer sciencefrom the Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia in 2002,
and the Ph.D. degree in computerscience from the Brunel University of Uxbridge, United
Kingdom. He is currently Associate Professor at Instituteof Computer Science & Digital Innovation, UCSI
University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. His current researchinterests include optimization, modelling and scheduling.

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