SD = IWRM + IRBM + IFM
Eugene Z. Stakhiv
International Center for Integrated Water
Resources Management (ICIWaRM)
ICHARM International Symposium“LocalLocal Practices of Integrated Flood Risk Management
under Changing Natural and Social Conditions”
NYC/Tokyo
30 Sept. 2008

Levels of Integration & Management for
A hi i S
Achieving
Sustainablei bl D
DevelopmentlSustainableSt i bl Development
Dlt(‘Vision’, Goals)

Management

Integrated Water Resources Mgmt
(IWRM)

I
Integratedd RiverRi
Basin
B i Management
M(IRBM)
Integrated Flood Management(IFM)

Transportationp
Policy(Navigation)

Ocean Policy(Commercial Fisheries)

Environmental
Policy(Water Quality,
Environmental Flows)

Sustainable
Development

IWRM
National Water Policy

CZM

TRADE

•Irrigation•FloodFlood Control•Hydropower•Water Quality•Water Supply
Navigation•Navigation•Urban Drainage•Recreation

Agricultural Policy(Irrigation)

Energy Policy(Hydro Power)

Watershed
Management

Flood Plain
Management•Structural
St t l•Non-Structural•Insurance•Tax Incentives•Environment•Relocation•Zoning/Mapping•Regulatory

US President’s Council on
S
Sustainablei bl D
Developmentl“Overarching
Overarching Elements (1998)(1998)”
 Economic Efficiency
 Environmental Health Social Well
Well--being and Equity“the three elements are interdependent and must be
pursuedd simultaneouslyll andd in a balancedb l
d way iffsustainable development goals are to be met”

(Same as the original ‘WRC Principles andStandards’ of 1973/80)
Standards

Report of SIWI to CSD
CSD--13“Making Water a Part of Economic Development”
 ImprovedId water mgmt bboosts economici growthh andderadicates poverty
 EconomicEi b
benefitsfi off water supply
l andd sanitationi i ffaroutweigh investment costs
 WaterW
storage capacity
i iimproves national
i l economici resiliency
ili
to climate variability, and boosts growth InvestingI
i iin water isi goodd businessbusinessb i-improvedid IWRM b
boostsproductivity within economic sectors
 Public
P bli & privateiinvestment
i
needs
d for
f water are highhighhi h-butbachieving investment goals is feasible for most nations

What is ‘Management’g?
SustainableSt i bl Development
Dlt(‘Vision’, Goals)

Management

Integrated Water Resources Mgmt
(IWRM)

I
Integratedd RiverRi
Basin
B i Management
M(IRBM)
Integrated Flood Management(IFM)

What are we managing for?
 What are the pprincipal
p p
purposesp
for water management?
g How are they established? Can the goals change? Whochangesg them?
 How does one manage?
 W
What are the services w
we provide?
p How do we do it costcost-effectively, reliably,
environmentallyy sustainable,, equitably?
qy How to measure performance of management? how do
we know we’re doingg the job
j well?

Functions/Elements of Water Resources Management
Conventional Mechanisms for Adapting to Uncertainties(& climate variability)
 Planning
Pl i new investments,i
investments, or forf capacity
i expansioni(reservoirs, irrigation systems, levees, water supply, wastewater
treatment) Operation & regulation of existing systems:
accommodatingg new uses or conditions (e.g.
( g ecology,
gy climatechange, population growth) Maintenance and major rehabilitation of existing systems
(e.g.
(
dams,
d
barrages,b
irrigationi i i systems, canals,
l pumps, etc.))
 Modifications in processes and demands (water
conservation pricing,conservation,
pricing regulation
regulation, legal)
 Introduce new efficient technologies (desalting,biotechnology,botec o ogy, drip
d p irrigation,
gat o , wastewater
wastewate reuse,
euse, recycling,ecyc g,solar energy )IWRManagement
IWR
Management
Management is the action
action-- & performance
performance--oriented key to IWRM &the mechanism for achievingg Sustainable DevelopmentpGoals Mgmt means making strategic planning choices and operating
decisions that promote the principles and improves performance IWRM must adapt to changes in goals, objectives, priorities,
technologies and policies
 Policymakers
P li m k r are
r nnott managers;
m n r goodd managementm n m nt m
makes
k policies
p li iwork effectively
 Implementationp e e tat o requires
equ es accou
accountability,
accountability
tab ty,ty, review,
ev ew, monitoring,o to g,performance measurement Outputs (water quantity, projects) vs. Outcomes (reduce poverty,
deliver reliable, costcost-effective services – clean water, reduce flood
damages, irrigated agriculture, etc.)Three simple goals of Management
 Manage theh resources (forf effective
ff
deliveryd loffservices now) Measure the resources (to better understand where

greatestgneeds are,, and how well you’reydoing)g) ‘Grow’ (increase) the resources (demand
management new supplies,
management,
supplies conservation,conservation better
quality, increased reliability, increased access towastewater treatment and water supply

World Bank Report (2002):“Bridging
Bridging Troubled Waters – Assessing the World Bank
Water Strategy”
 Performance review of 1993 “Water
Water Resources Management

Policy (306 completed projects; 410 proposed projects; 98
CAS reports;
p ; 270 sectoral)) Bank’s principles incorporated into sectoral & economic
work,, but difficult in countryy policyp y reforms and projectsp j Bank has not reorganized itself to treat water resources
comprehensivelypy Adoption of institutional, financial and socioeconomic
objectivesjwithin traditional water service sectors
 Service delivery focus is on improving water supply andsanitation – irrigationgand drainage
g not so goodgWorld Bank Reportp Recommendations
Link water projects with CAS & poverty reduction strategies – assure
access off watert r tot poorp r
 Adopt use of environ & social assessments as part of overall water
resources planning – focus on poverty
 Employ economic instruments to manage conflicts in integrated
water systems; balance demands at riverriver-basin level, monitor
project effects on poor Develop cost
cost--effective, performanceperformance-based project selection,
design and service delivery approaches
 Reorient capacitycapacity-building in water sector toward comprehensive
water mgmt
g & regionalgpartnershipspp Determine choice between private vs public sector involvement water
development based on realistic institutional analysis of what works indiff i country contexts
differingWhat is IWRM ?
SustainableSt i bl Development
Dlt(‘Vision’, Goals)

Management

Integrated Water Resources Mgmt
(IWRM)

I
Integratedd RiverRi
Basin
B i Management
M(IRBM)

Integrated Flood Management(IFM)

The Promise & Practice of IWRM
“ IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinateddevelopment and management of water , land andrelated resources,, in order to maximize theresultant economic and social welfare in an
equitable manner without compromising thesustainability of vital ecosystems.”
ecosystems.” (GWP)“…water sector reform is very complex. Even with soundgovernance, participation, institutions and skills – all largely
missing in Bank client countries –such reform takes 1010-20
years, even in OECD countries.” (World Bank Report, 2002).

US Project Planning & Impact Accounting System(US Water Resources Council, 1972)
 National Economic Development (NED) beneficial and adverse effects on the national economy inmonetary terms

 Environmental Quality (EQ) effects of plans on significant environmental resources andecological, cultural and esthetic attributes

 Regional Economic Development (RED) distribution of regionalgeconomic activityy from each planp interms of regional income and employment

 Other Social Effects (OSE) effects on urban and community impacts, life, health, safety

factors; displacement, long term productivity; energy
requirements and energy conservation

IWRM Components
Economic
Efficiency

Enabling
Environment¾ Policies¾ Legislation

EquityEnvironmental
Sustainability

Institutional
Framework¾ Central Local¾ River Basin¾ Public Private

Management
Instruments¾ Assessment¾ Information¾ Allocation
Instruments

Balance “water for livelihood” and “water as aresource”

Integrated WRM
 Vertical
V i l Integration:Iicoordination
di i andd implementation
i l
i off

policies, programs and projects from national to regional
to local levels
 Horizontal Integration: coordination andimplementation of sectoral programs within projectplanning, across multiple agencies (e.g. IFM) Multidisciplinary Integration: forming teams ofspecialists from various relevant disciplines Multiobjective Integration: achieving social,socialenvironmental, economic and equity goals for sustainable
development

Where does the ‘Vision’ for IWRM comefrom?
 National Policies (legislature, Parliament) National Water Code ((coordinated collection of all rules

and regulations related to water) National water management
g
plans
p
 River Basin, watershed plans Municipal,
M i i l provincial
i i l plansl Land use plans What else?
How do we influence the ‘Vision’? Who creates the‘vision’ ?

IntegratedgWater Resources Managementg Integrated: coordinated, internally consistent,

comprehensive, collaborative,
 Management:ge e : implementationp e e tat o oof popolicies,c es, laws,
aws,
regulations, application of science and engineering‘best
best management practices
practices’ in a coordinated,consistent manner to provide essential services forsociety.
society Basic Operating Principles of , and evaluation

criteria for SD: Equity,
Eq ity Economic Efficiency,
Efficiency

Environmental Quality, Social WellWell-Being (social
welfare)lf )Some Differences in IWRM Goals:
D l i &D
Developing
Developedl dN
Nationsi
DevelopedpComprehensive planning Resource use efficiency
 Regulatory/Legal/focus
 Flood control, navigation,
multipurpose storage
 Private Sector Investment
 Ecorestoration/biodiversity
 Watershed Mgmt/Protection
 Hazard Risk reduction plans Recreation
R r ti & Esthetics
E th ti Transparency/Accountability Participatory planning Expensive technologies


Developing
p g
Poverty reduction
 Access to clean water Women’s roles promoted
 Irrigation/drainage
 Water Supply/Sanitation
 Public sector investment
 Waterborne diseases
 Rural Development
 Humanitarian disasterdreliefl f
 Water User associations for
operation and maintenance “Appropriate” technologies
‘The Kuznets curve’
curve’:(as investments increase for growth
growth, reducing environmental
quality, environmental impact first increases, then declines)
no investment
1970

High

1990

1950

U.S., UK
1920

2000

adaptive investment
Developing
Developed(Bhutan, Laos,
M ld
Moldova,
etc.)
t )

Low

Low

(Costa Rica,
Sl
Slovakia,
ki Croatia,
Cti
Botswana, etc.)

$5 7K
$5-7K
Income (per capita)HighWhat is IRBM ?
SustainableSt i bl Development
Dlt(‘Vision’, Goals)

Management

Integrated Water Resources Mgmt
(IWRM)

I
Integratedd RiverRi
Basin
B i Management
M(IRBM)

Integrated Flood Management(IFM)

CHECKS AND BALANCES OF IWRManagement
Ministry
AgencyPARLIAMENTARYCOMMITTEES

Budgets
Project Approval
Planning Intiatives
Policies

Implement
Programs
Projects

National Water Resources
Council (of Ministers)
Agricultureg
EnergyEnvironment
Trade
Economics
Finance

MULTISECTORALAPPROACHMINISTR
RIES,
STATE
ES

National Water Policy
National Environmental Policy
N ti
Nationall Energy
E
PolicyP liNational Agricultural Policy
National Transport Policy

POLICY FORMULATION•Incentives•Subsidies•Regulations
egu at o s
PLANNING/
DESIGNIMPLEMENTATIONCONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENTOPERATIONSMAINTENANCEREGULATORY•Permits•Cadaster“Apex”
Apex National Water
Resources Planning andPolicy Organization“

Secretariat
Supportpp•Water Policy•Water Code•National Water Management
Planning•Project Review•Database Integration•Universities•National
A d
Academy•TechnicalInstitutes•Consultants•NGO’s•States•Municipalities

Horizontal
INTEGRATION

River Basin Commissions
Watershed Councils•Set priorities consistent with
policies, goals•Permits, allocation•Regional planning•Water demand/ availability

Horizontal Integrationgamong Sectors
IntegratedgWater Resources Managementg
Urban
Water Supply

Integrated
Flood
Management
Ecological
Flows
Fl

Hydropower

Irrigationg& Drainage

Integrated
Drought
Mgmt
Commercial
Navigation

Integrated River Basin (Watershed) Management

Types of River Basin Organizations
 Advisory Committees (formally established,porgs;
g ; advice,, coordination,, information
representative
exchange) Associations (citizen(citizen--initiated; advisory)
 Councils (legally established citizen advisory)
 Authorities
A h i i (makes planning decisions, set regulations,enforces regs, revenues, projects) Commissions ((formallyy delegatedg
to make decisions tomanage and veto)IJC,
J DRBC, MRC, MM-DRBC, Ohio Sanitation, Tarim RBC

Functions of RBO’s
RBO s
 Coordination among many users and Ministries
 Strategic planning Planning, evaluating new projects
 Regulating water abstractions, use Licensing
 Revenue generation (fees, charges, taxes)
 Managing water allocation, distribution
 Managing, maintaining infrastructure Data collection, Monitoring Research Dispute resolution

Checklist for RBO’s
1. Defining the role of the organization – why it exists and what is its
mandate?
2. Planning performance – what it intends
d to do?
d
3. Developing organizational strategies – how it will carryout its plans?
4. Allocating resources – matching the staff, technology,y, and the budget
g to the planspand strategies?
gsystems,
5. People management – how to develop and maintainstaff skills for high performance?
6 Resource
6.
Rcontroll – howh to kkeep trackk off what
h is
i spent
and what is achieved?
7 Public accountability and transparency – reporting results in an
7.
open and transparent way
8. Review and evaluation – determining whether plans
are being realized and identifying improvements that can be made.

What is IFM ?
SustainableSt i bl Development
Dlt(‘Vision’, Goals)

Management

Integrated Water Resources Mgmt
(IWRM)

I
Integratedd RiverRi
Basin
B i Management
M(IRBM)
Integrated Flood Management(IFM)Gilbert White – “Human
Adjustments to Floods
Floods”((1945))“Floods are Acts of God,, but
flood losses are largely acts ofman”( h ’ in(who’si chargehoff landl d use planning?)
l i ?)

Evolution of Comprehensive
Planning & IWRM in the US
1958-61 Harvard Water Program
1958 1962 Design
D i off Water
W
R
Resources Systems
S(Maass, et.al.) 1965 Water Resources Planning Act
 Basin Planning Commissions
 Principles
P i i l andd Standards
St d d Water Resources

CouncilUS Flood Policy Development &Non--Structural Floodplain Management
Non Gilbert
Gilb WhiWhite, 1945 DissertationDii Executive Order 11988, Floodplain Mgmt (1977)
 P&S requirement for nonstructural plan (1980) Water Resources Development Act (WRDA1986)
 Unified Nat’l Prog for Floodplain Mgmt (1992)
 UpperU
MiMiss R
R. Fl
Flood
d (1993)
 “Galloway Committee” Report (1994)
 “Challenge 21” Legislation (WRDA 99)
 Responsep
to Katrina ((2005(2005- 08)) – ‘Fair’PRINCIPLES: Unified National Flood Plain
Management Program Modify Human Susceptibility to Flood Damage(relocation, flood warning forecasting, disaster preparedness, assistance,
land acquisitionacquisition, etc
etc.))
 Modify Impact of Flooding on People andCommunities (emergency response, flood recovery) Preserve and Restore Natural Floodplain
Resources (land acquisition, restore habitats) Modify
M dif Fl
Floodingdi (dams,(dddikes, ddetention basins))

“CHALLENGE
CHALLENGE 21”
21
 WRDA 99 (PL 106106-53),
53) Section
S i 212:212 “Flood“Fl d Mitigation
Mi i iand Riverine Restoration Program”

 “…projects“jto reduce
d
fl
flood
dh
hazards
d and
d restore thehnatural functions and values of U.S. rivers”

 “…studies“
di andd projects
j shallh ll emphasize,
h i to theh maximumi
extentpracticable, nonstructural approaches to preventing or reducing
flood damages
damages”

 ensure the restoration of natural functions andvalues of floodplains
floodplains.

WMO/IFM/IFI FOCUS AREAS
FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT• Multi-hazard analysis• Data for risk assessment• Hydrologic, hydraulic and economic
modeling• Flood hazard mapping• Structural and non-structural measures

VULNERABILITY• Methodologies to account for multiple
stressors• Estimating
g social, political,phealth, andecological impacts• Estimating economic impacts including
benefits of floods• Mechanisms (including financial) to
increase coping capacity and resilience• Indicator development

EARLY WARNING AND
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT• Effective
Eff ti forecastingfti andd early
l warningi• Effective communication• Preparedness• Response to warning

GOVERNANCE AND
PARTICIPATION• People networking• Institutional reform• Developing stakeholder processes

Flood Damages as Percent of GDP(Based on damages and GDP data in 2000 dollars)
1.6

0.5%

0.4%
0 3%
0.3%
0.3%
0 2%
0.2%

Mississippi
ppRiver Valley

Total damages as percent of GDP
Kansas &Missouri Rivers

1.4

1.2

Hurricane
Agnes

1.0

Hurricane
Diane

Midwest Floods
0.8

Teton Dam
Failure

0.6

0.2%
0.4
0 1%
0.1%
0.2

0.1%
0.0%

-

Tot al flood dam
mages as peercent of G DP

0.4%

Direct damages as percent of GDP

Ohio & Lower
Mississippi River
Basins

1900
1903
1906
1909
1912
1915
1918
1921
1924
1927
1930
1933
1936
1939
1942
1945
1948
1951
1954
1957
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005

Direcct flood dam
mages as peercent of GD
DP

0.5%

Implications for IHP
IHP--VII/ICHARM ?


¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾

What are the scientific/technical issues that jump out of
the Katrina
Kat i a event?
eve t? For
Fo ICHARM
CH RM ?
Flood warning/evacuation/recovery planning
Ri
Risk
Riskk-costt based
b d standards
t d d vs. deterministic
d t
i i ti standards
t d d(PMF, PMH, SPF or .01, .001, .0001)?
Risk and reliability analysis & communicationRole of public participatory processes in decision making
and setting of safety standards
Role of ggovernance/institutions/consensus//
Subsidiarity, ‘LOCALISM’
FOCUS on HORIZONTAL IWRM/IRBM/IFM

Finis Thanks
Finis-Thanks(Quest o s )(Questions?)ICIWaRM - Program Goals
IWRM Practice
Undertake capacity
capacity--development
Contribute to the development &focusing on training for implementing
advocacy of IWRM principles
IWRM at both watershed andand best management
national levels, particularly inpractices,, focusing onpractices
Latin America, Africa & Asia,
ICIWaRM:
institutional, engineering,working closely in collaboration
planningli andd evaluationl i iissues.
International
among UNESCO centers
towards joint problemproblem-solving. Center for Integrated
Water Resources
Management
Water Education

Foster research, techdevelopment andgy transfer oftechnology
models and methods
that enhance IWRM .

Water ScienceFocus of ICIWaRM
Practical science, applied research and technology embodied in IHPIHP-VII
programme which can be readily transferred to improve IWRM andp((SD)) and contribute towards meetingg MDGs andsustainable development
goals of other related UN and complementary programs.



Activelyy partnerpand support
pp existingg IHP pprograms
programs,g, e.g.,
g , IFI,, WWAP,,
HELP, FRIEND, ISI, ISARM, etc, which serve to implement IHPIHP-VII
programmatic objectives that are related to attaining IWRM objectives.

Foster collaborations for joint, applied research, capacity
capacity--building andtraining programs through existing UNESCO Centers and established IHP
programs, on a global basis, but with an initial emphasis on the Western
Hemisphere – Latin America and the Caribbean,
Caribbean and in Africa.
Africa

Major emphasis on water education,
education, training, capacity building, andtechnology transfer.
transferConcentrate on IWRM principles, best management practices (BMP’s),(BMP’s),proven technologies to further multi
multi--purpose,
purpose multimulti-sectoral,
sectoral multi
multi--objective
approaches to solving water resources management problems.

ICIWaRM Core Organizations
and Partners
Oregon State
University

Univ of New HampshireH
HarvarddU
UniversityiitJohns Hopkins University

Southern
Illinois Univ
ASCE

Hydrologic Engineering
Center (HEC)
Colorado
DAVIS,CA
State University
University of
Arizona

ICIWaRM Secretariat,,

AWRA

Alexandria, VA

University
y of Florida
The Nature
Conservancy
Global Water Partnership

Florida Atlantic University
Waterborne
Commerce Statistics Center
New Orleans, LA

USA Institute for Water Resources (IWR)

Professional Practice / NGO Sector

Water Science / Academic Sector

Participating Universities - IWRM
Masters Degree Program