授 業 展開例

限られた時間の中で，効率よく入試対策が入試対策
できる授業スタイル。

入試対策型の授業スタイル

入試対策に絞って柔軟に活用いただけます。番号〜が示す指導順は一例です。

Use the Skills
Getting “ in the zone ” during a sports game is important for victory. First, when you are in

1

LESSON 1

Structure

TopicsIntroduction

5

the Ponzo Illusion

3 another example:

the Fick Illusion

・an elevator ( 6

主題文の論点を支えて展開する文。複数の文で構成される。

Potential Uses of Optical Illusions＊Body Sentences とも言う。

結論文〔まとめ文〕：Concluding Sentencewell. One study in Sierra Leone showed that, on average, a 50 percent increase in calories per
farm worker would increase agricultural output by 16.5 percent. It is clear that having enough

主題をまとめたり言い換えたりして再確認する文。

food helps a country develop.
The common methods we use to solve food shortages are mistaken. There are huge surpluses

パラグラフ内の構成には，次の特徴が挙げられます。この特徴を踏まえてパラグラフを読むことで，パラグラフの要点と文脈の展開を効率的に捉えることができます。同時に，この特徴を踏まえて文章を書くことが大切です。

of food in the rich West, and much of this food is sent to poorer countries as aid. However,

10
15

パラグラフ内の構成の要点

agencies are well aware that this does not constitute a long-term solution. We need to raise theaverage income in poor regions so that the people there can buy what they need themselves.

・ 1 つのパラグラフでは， 1 つのテーマ・主題について述べられるのが原則。

(

・主題文は，パラグラフの冒頭に述べられることが多い。

)＊Sierra Leone：シエラレオネ(アフリカ西部の国)・支持文では，主題文の説明となる理由・根拠，事実，統計，引用，例示などの情報が適宜示される。
・結論文〔まとめ文〕では，主題文の主旨が別の表現で述べられたり，要約されたりする。新たな主張やテーマは含まれない。

15

Q3：Underline the concluding sentence in the first paragraph. Then share it with your partner.

・それぞれの文は，論理的な展開の道筋を示すつなぎの表現(ディスコースマーカーなど)で適宜結ばれる。
＊主題文はパラグラフ内の中位，最後に示される場合もあります。
20①Chocolate is very tempting to many people.

②We can’t resist it even though we know

eating too much of it will cause us to gain weight.

③However, chocolate has health benefits

1

as well.

④First, chocolate gives us energy when we are tired.

⑤More importantly, research

Q4：Which of these is the best conclusion for the second paragraph in the given blank?
a. These poorer countries should import more food and export less.
b. Poverty is the real cause of long-term food shortages.
c. Agencies recommend other methods instead.

20

shows dark chocolate may keep our blood flowing smoothly, helping to prevent heart⑥These benefits may encourage us to eat more chocolate.

＊【Topic Sentence】＝①，【Supporting Sentences】＝②〜⑤，【Concluding Sentence】＝⑥

4 a three-dimensional

5

W

1

zone [zóun]
concentrate [kά(ː)ns ntrèit]
competition [kὰ(ː)mpətíʃ n]confidence [kά(ː)nfəd ns]
2 obstacle [άːbstəkl]
calorie [kǽl ri]
agricultural [�ɡrik�ltʃ r l]
repetition [rèpətíʃ n]surplus [s�ːrplʌs]aid [éid]agency [éidʒ nsi]
output [áutpùt]mistaken [məstéik n]long-term [l�ːŋt�ːrm]E

1

concentrate on 〜

Which of the following is a limitation of optical illusions written in the passage?

b. They depend on the angle from which they are viewed.
c. They are interpreted in different ways by different people.

three-dimensional crosswalk designs→ in order to ( 8) traffic accidents

3 The purposes of using the optical illusions in the passage can be put into two categories. Choose the・the power of optical illusions: limited⇔ it might be possible to find useful ( 10appropriate option for the purposes of two types.

20

) of

25

optical illusions

longer / applications / direction / spaciousa. ①：Make space bigger

sec.

25

②：Show something important, or to be carefulb. ①：Show the artistic beauty②：Surprise peoplec. ①：Prevent traffic accidents②：Make something easy to findd. ①：Make something look more spacious②：Attract people’s attention

24

TRUE OR FALSE

1. (

)

2. (

) 3. ()

4. () 5. (

25

Skill 補充問題集)

1. The karesansui garden uses the same type of optical illusion as the Ponzo Illusion.

28

Skill を学習した後に，さらに演習を行える
ように，補充問題を用意しています。

e

e

e

e

e

順序立てて述べる

FLEX ENGLISH COMMUNICATION Ⅲ

関連入試問題データ ➡ p.61
Workbook 文字データ ➡ p.70

Skill 補充問題集

Skill 1 パラグラフ内の構成

Class:

Number:Name:

次の英文を読んで，後の設問に答えなさい。
①*Siberian tigers and *leopards are in danger of extinction. ②Although many of them used to live
throughout Russia and China, (ア) in recent years, ( these animals / a / the / have / has / decreasing / of /been / number ) ; in fact, (イ)in 2002, ( their / less / place / fewer / in /400 tigers and 40 leopards / less /existed / living / than ) near the border of Russia and China. ③(ウ)People working to protect wildlife
believe that they are disappearing.

順序立てて述べる

1

You may often see the word “ Stop ” in long letters on the road. The long

letters make it easy for drivers to read them while driving.
This is called an optical illusion. Illusions like the Ponzo Illusion and the

書きにするなど整理し，以下のような表現を利用して順序立てて並べます。このようにすれば，読み手や聞き手は情報の一貫性

Ebbinghaus Illusion are a couple of the most famous.

を保ちながら，整理された情報を積み上げて理解していくことができます。いくつの情報について述べるのか，例えば There

However, there are other illusions too. For example, let’s look at the auditory illusion. If you

5

are three reasons. First, 〜 などあらかじめ方向性を示しておくと，全体像を意識しながら理解を進めることが可能です。

watch someone’s mouth making the “ ga ” sound, but listen to the “ ba ” sound when they pronounce
順序を表す表現5

it, it may sound like “ da.”First(ly) (第一に，最初に) / Second(ly) (第二に) / Third(ly) (第三に) / Next (次に) / Then (それから，そのThis is called the McGurk Effect. Your auditory sense is being

influenced by visual information.

あとで) / Lastly (最後に) / Finally (最後に)Another is the tactile illusion. If you rub a hard material like tennis racket strings between

To begin with (第一に，最初に) / First of all (まず第一に) / In the first place (まず第一に)

10

your hands, it may feel soft, like velvet. This is called the Velvet Hand Illusion.
These illusions are used often in real life. The “ Stop ” road sign is one. They are used in many1other ways, such as information signs in train stations. They are interesting and have theJournalists can function in three different ways. Firstly, they can act as ‘ servants ofthe state ’ reporting only news that supports those in power. Secondly, they can act as

potential to improve our lives.

10＊Ponzo Illusion：ポンゾ錯視 Ebbinghaus Illusion：エビングハウス錯視 McGurk Effect：マガーク効果‘ observers ’ reporting only what they see as the objective facts. Thirdly, they can act as‘ watchdogs ’ demanding that powerful people explain their actions and criticizing policies thatthey think are wrong or mistaken.

2

Velvet Hand Illusion：ベルベットハンド錯覚

15

Q1：Put the appropriate answers from a. to c. in each blank to explain how to create the Ebbinghaus
Illusion.
First, draw ①(). Then, around one of them, draw②(). Finally, around the other circle, draw ③().
This picture is called the Ebbinghaus Illusion. The first two circles
you drew are the same size, but one appears to be larger.

A psychologist studied short-term memory in rats using a cage. It had three doors with alight in each door. First, a rat was placed in the closed cage. Next, one of the lights was

15
20

turned on and then off. There was food for the rat only at this door. After the light was
turned off, the rat had to wait for a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it

a. two circles of the same sizec. smaller circles

went to the correct door, it was able to eat the food that was there. The psychologist did thisexperiment many times.

3

More than 8,000 volunteers picked up over 89 tons of litter from Hawaii’s beaches

20

25

b. larger circles

a. Müller-Lyer Illusion

yesterday. What kinds of items did they find?

b. Delboeuf Illusion

Thirdly, glass bottles were also common. When broken, they are dangerous. Moreover,25

Lesson 1 関連入試問題 名城大学 2018年大問【 1 】

・Topic Sentence（ ①・Concluding Sentence（ ⑤

次の英文を読み，下の問いに答えなさい。

Early humans watched their fires blacken the ceilings of the caves where they
lived. They saw blue and red in the sky and brown and green on the ground.
time,

(A)

In

that color not only made the world more beautiful, it was also able toconvey emotion and symbolize power.

）内に番号を記入しなさい。
（完答 12 点）

要素ごとに分類し，（Using colors they *extracted from insects,

・Supporting Sentence（ ② ③ ④

）

）

）

(2) 下線部（ア）が，「近年ではこれらの動物の数は減少しつつあります」という意味になる
よう，（）の語（句）を並べ替えなさい。使わない語（句）が２つあります。
（8 点）

the number of these animals has been decreasing

plants, and minerals, primitive humans copied animals, painting their bodies to(3) 下線部（イ）が，「2002 年には，ロシアと中国の国境近くの生息地に存在していたのは，

signal *aggression toward an enemy or attract a mate.

トラが 400 頭より少なく，ヒョウは 40 頭より少ない頭数でした。
」という意味になるよう，

Over the centuries, the sources of colors such as blue, purple, and red were
carefully guarded and were often worth as much as gold.

In the 19th century, a（）の語（句）を並べ替えなさい。使わない語（句）が１つあります。
（8 点）

fewer than 400 tigers and 40 leopards existed in their living place

young chemistry student became the first to manufacture a *synthetic dye, andsuddenly the world became a much more colorful place.

By the 20th century, as

scientists discovered the psychological effects of colors, everyone from advertisers
to educators found ways to make use of color to influence our feelings and behavior.
Red, the color of human blood, has traditionally symbolized intensity, fire, love,
and anger.

In Eastern cultures, it also represents luck, wealth and success. In(4) 下線部（ウ）を日本語に直しなさい。
（8 点）
野生動物の保護に従事している人々は，それらが消滅しつつあると思っています。
(5) 下線部（エ）の具体的な内容を 2 つ，本文から抜き出しなさい。
（6 点）
tigersleopards

humans, some people redden, for example, when they are angry or embarrassed,
sending a clear signal to others (B) .

British anthropologists Russell Hill andRobert Barton of the University of Durham found that when opponents in a gameare more equally matched, the team dressed in red is more (1 ) to win.

Why?

to be the color, across species, that signals

heart rate to accelerate. However, one of red’s lighter shades, pink, can have theMen in prisons are reported to be more passive when

the walls are painted a specific shade of pink.

C

Humans have also used the color red in everything from politics to advertising.
Many food products in the U.S., for example, are packaged in red containers. Why?

＊Müller-Lyer[mjúːlər láiər] Illusion：ミュラーリヤー錯視 Delboeuf[delb�ːf] Illusion：デルブーフ錯視

unusual items such as a small wooden staircase and a sewing machine were also found.

signatories to CITES：ワシントン条約の締結国(1) ①から⑤の文を，３つの要素に分けるとしたら，どのように分けられるか。当てはまる

opposite effect on people.

problem. For example, bags, wrappers, straws, caps, and cups made of plastic are eyesores.

B*Siberian tiger : シベリアトラ leopard : ヒョウ

many animal species (including humans), contact with this *bold color causes thec. Oppel-Kundt IllusionA

measures should be taken to protect (エ)these endangered animals.

FLEX ENGLISH COMMUNICATION Ⅲ

dominance” — giving those dressed in red an advantage in sporting events. In

To begin with, cigarette butts were the most common on the beaches ― about 126,200
butts were removed. Secondly, plastic litter, which nature cannot break down, is also a

Trading them is prohibited between

which in turn may destroy the ecosystem. ⑤Thus, their extinction is a serious issue, and urgent

According to Barton, “red seems

Q2：Choose one of the following optical illusions and write an English explanation using Q1 as a guide.
Then explain it to your group members in English while drawing the picture.

A*signatories to CITES. ④However, if these animals do become extinct, it may destroy the food chain,

Digital

関連入試問題データとWorkbook（Advanced）には 計 22 題の 長 文 入 試問題を収録しています。
Workbook（Standard）の巻末には共通テスト ( 一部 抜粋 ) と私 立 大学入試の文法問題を収録しています。

Use the Skills

指 導 用 Data

図表やグラフを含む英文など，特定の文章の読解に必要なテクニックを身につけます。また，ディスコースマーカーになる語 ( 句 ) やその機能についても学習します。

一連の出来事や手順などを含むまとまった情報を述べるとき，順序立てて述べるようにしましょう。伝えたい情報をまず箇条➡ p.5729

7Skill 620

total words 435
min.

be aware that 〜

6

Skill 6 〜18

3

a. They become less effective when people adapt to them.

)・at an intersection with no traffic lights

5. In spite of their limitations, optical illusions have the potential to be effectively used in wider ways.

e
e e

2

].

4. Optical illusions can make gardens larger and also ceilings higher.

eflow [flóu]③ Finally, [located / deeper / limitations / tricked / same / prevent /2. In the Fick Illusion, the upper line looks longer than the lower line, even though they are the same length.

tempting [témptiŋ])in optical illusions].

→ people can’t often find it
15

crosswalk design

6 some ( 9② Second, [c. people often couldn’t find an elevator located in a blind spot

→ help people go in the right ( 75 a three-dimensional].

b. those looking for an elevator were sent in the right direction

・a three-dimensional sign painted on the floor

Of course, the power of optical illusions is limited. It cannot make a4garden larger, nor can it make a ceiling higher. Over time, a crosswalk
painted to appear three-dimensional will lose its effectiveness in preventing
accidents. Drivers will come to realize that what they are seeing is just an
Conclusion
illusion. Nonetheless, with such limitations kept in mind, it should bepossible to find an even wider variety of useful applications of optical
illusions.

What is the correct order of events for the way an optical illusion was used in a train station?

a. people found a guiding optical illusion painted on the floor) in a blind spot in a train

sign in a station

3. Drivers believe without a doubt that three-dimensional crosswalks on streets are real concrete blocks.

W

2① First, [15

Oppel-Kundt[άpel kúnt] Illusion：オッペルクント錯視

The color makes the product look as if it is advancing toward the shopper.
Yellow, the color we most often associate with sunshine, is found throughout

6

3

break down 〜

2short-term [ʃ�ːrtt�ːrm]
eyesore [áis�ːr]W

optical [ά(ː)ptikl]
illusion [ilúːʒ n]auditory [�ːdət�ːri]
pronounce [prənáuns]tactile [tǽktl]rub [r�b]
string [stríŋ]velvet [vélvət]

E

1

e

E
16

servant [s�ːrvnt]
state [stéit]observer [əbz�ːrvər]objective [əbdʒéktiv]
3 litter [lítər]cigarette [síɡərèt]
butt [b�t]wrapper [rǽpər]
straw [str�ː]
wooden [wúdn]
staircase [stéərkèis]sewing [sóuiŋ]1

nature and the man-made world as a color that commands attention; indeed, it isvisual [víʒu l]eW

one of the easiest colors to see.

This highly visible shade is found on everythingfrom school buses to traffic signs and pens used to *highlight importanta couple of 〜

make 〜 of . . .

17

関連教材

attacks.

10

)

紙面紹介

10

Look at the illustration below. What do you see? Some people might see a
rabbit facing to the right, while others might see a duck facing to the left.
This illustration shows how our eyes can be tricked, what is called an optical
illusion. Such illusions have been used in various ways which we can see in5
our daily lives.
First, one example is the manner in which they have historically been
incorporated into structural designs. The karesansui (dry landscape) garden
at the Zen temple Ryōanji in Kyoto illustrates such a use. Its surface may
look completely level, but actually, it inclines towards the garden’s southeast corner. Also, the west-side earthen wall is slightly higher at its 10
northern end. These factors create an optical illusion that makes thissurface look deeper. This effect is the same as the one seen in the Ponzo
Illusion (Figure 1), in which the horizontal line closer to the top looks longer
than the line below it, even though the two are exactly the same length.
Second, another optical illusion can be seen in the picture below, which 15
shows the interior of a house that appears to have an extremely high ceiling.
The effect is caused by the Fick Illusion (Figure 2), in which the vertical line
seems longer than the horizontal line despite their lengths being precisely thesame. Using this effect can make a room look more spacious than it actually20
is.
Third, another technique employed recently is to create, on a twodimensional surface, the appearance of a three-dimensional object. In one
train station, for instance, people are frequently unable to find an elevator
located in a blind spot. To assist them, a sign that appears to be threedimensional is painted on the floor. The sign is of significant help in sending 25
people in the right direction.
Last, they can be used at an intersection with no traffic lights. Crosswalk
designs that look three-dimensional have been painted on some roads toprevent traffic accidents. From the viewpoint of approaching drivers, it looks
like large concrete blocks are in the road. Hopefully, drivers will slow down 30
when they see them, before nearing the crosswalk.

Talk about it with yourHunger is a huge obstacle to development. People who do not have enough to eat cannot work

2c. Optical illusions have been used in structural designs.
)

stationRapid Reading

to 3 below.

b. A room which uses an optical illusion looks better than it really is.

・a house with a high ceiling→ a room look more ( 41Choose one fact mentioned in the passage.

a. Optical illusions are mainly used to assist people with disabilities.
10・the Fick Illusion:

you achieve it and bring you success.

Q2：What is the best way to get “ in the zone ” during a sports match?
partner.

2 Answer the following questions from1)

the horizontal line closer to the top looks ( 3⇔ two horizontal lines are the same length3

支持文：Supporting Sentences

5)⇔ the lengths of both lines are the ( 5LESSON 1

5→ the garden’s surface look level and ( 2the vertical line looks longer than the horizontal one

Q1：Underline the topic of this paragraph. Then share it with your partner.
パラグラフ内で述べる話題(Topic)と意見・主張など(Main Idea)。

c. Optical illusions are not effective because people seldom notice them.
5・the Ponzo Illusion:

1

2〈パラグラフ〉
主題文：Topic Sentenceb. Optical illusions have a large variety of practical uses.

・the garden at Ryōanji

Confidence in your ability leads you to a higher level of play. Practice and repetition will help

パラグラフ内は次の 3 つの要素と流れで構成されるのが普通です。読み手側が要点を把握しやすくなる，重要な構成です。

a. Optical illusions are interesting to tell your friends about.
)used in our daily lives

2 one example:

Body

1 What is the main idea of the passage?

Outlines
・optical illusions: how our eyes can be ( 11 optical illusions

in the competition. Second, because of this, you stop feeling nervous and make fewer mistakes.

)と言います。
文で構成された文章の単位をパラグラフ(Paragraph段落Comprehension

1 Choose the most appropriate word from the list below to fill in each blank.

the zone, you are able to show your full ability. You are concentrating only on that exact moment
自分の意見や主張をまとまった文章として伝えるとき，論理的で説得力の高い構成の文章が求められます。そのための一連のPotential Uses of Optical Illusions

Overview

授業展開例

1
12

パラグラフ内の構成

本課 Lesson
最初に Rapid Reading で本文全体を読み，その後に Overview や Comprehension などの問題に取り組むといった使い方も可能です。

パラグラフ内の構成

Skill 1特長

「パラグラフ内の構成」「事実，意見，一般論の捉え方」といった英文読
解の基本的な要素を学びます。入試対策に向けた土台作りに最適です。

Skill 1 〜 5

information in a text. The color is also used to *caution people; soccer players, forexample, are shown yellow as a reminder to behave.

It can be used as a stimulant

7