Low Carbon London –Energy and PlanningCharles Secrett
Special Advisor on Environment
and Sustainability to The
Mayor’s Office and Visit London(Please read the notes below each slide when downloading)London’s Size & Complexity
London’s population is
expected to grow by
800,000 by 2016 – some
330,000 new homes needed
Over 300 languages are spoken in
London every day

3 of 5 most deprived councils in England
are in London + worst regional
unemployment problem

A sustainable footprint – the size of the
London challenge• London uses a land area the size of Spain (twice the sizeof Great Britain) to support its needs. If the world lived likethe UK, we would need the proverbial 3 planet earths tomeet demand• Emission reduction targets need to shape new economic
development on a fair and equitable basis – between andwithin generations and countries – and be based on best
science in order to avert catastrophic climate change andsea-level riseThe challenge – turning aspirations to begreener into actions that matter• In UK, people now believe a sustainable
home is: modern (90%); attractive (72%); hitech (79%); fashionable (78%); good value
for money (72%)• BUT while 90% of people broadly accept thescience, and 70% say they are willing tochange – ONLY 20% are changing carbon
behaviour slightly (buying local food,recycling, driving car less) and only 5%changing significantly
Sources: Ipsos-Mori 2007; Energy Saving Trust 2007

Changing carbon-heavy behaviour ultimatelymeans changing …

•
•
•
•

Attitudes
ValuesBeliefs
AND MARKETSThe biggest block to behaviour change …

As long as it is cheap, convenientand legal to waste carbon andnatural resources, then that is what
the great majority of individuals,
households and companies will do…
at work, home and play.

So, what works …
• Laws and Regulations to ban/restrict unsustainable behaviour• Polluter Pays Levies and Charges – if revenues are recycled into building up
low carbon solutions (infrastructure, technologies, products)• Financial Incentives – grants, discounts, rewards for low carbon choices andbehaviours• Focused Advice and Assistance programmes that are convenient to accessfor user, and help navigate a muddled market-place• Widely available information on problems, causes and solutions (especiallywhen help individuals, families companies in short-term)

•
•
•
•

Exemplar Best Practice – ‘seeing is believing’Partnerships across public, private, domestic and voluntary sectors
Respected Champions
Coordinated and demonstrable international action

London’s principle development and energy
plans• The London Plan – Mayor’s over-arching planning and spatial development
strategy – first 2004 - covers all aspects of city development - boroughs’
local plans must be in ‘general conformity’ with it - Mayor is also required to
produce other strategies (Transport, Energy etc) - consistent with eachother, national policies and international obligations + three crosscutting
themes: the health of Londoners; equality of opportunity; contribution tosustainable development in UK - European Spatial Development
Perspective/EU directives.

• The London Economic Development Plan – follows from the London Plan –drawn up by The Mayor’s Office and the London Development Agency
principally, with major input from the Greater London Authority• The Mayor’s Climate Change Action Plan
• New Mayoral powers on planning, housing, learning and skills, water,energy and climate change – many statutory effect.

Integration challenge: new build• Define minimum standards• Building Control
National government

1• London level

2

development
guidance

development
guidance

3

Boroughs

Mayor• Review planning• Referredplanning
applications• Boroughapplications

Private sector
45• Inspect compliance6Developers/ Consultants/
Professional
Clients
Services

Building
Control• Instigate, finance,• Advise• Inspectproject manage

developers

complianceBlocks to uptake of renewable energy in
UK/London• Lack of statutory targets – Planning Policy Statement 22(PPS22) ‘Planning Guidance on Renewable Energy’ in 2004
- The Merton Rule (10% of renewable energy in new
developments); Mayor guidance 20%; Olympics 20%.

• Confused and frequently changing Government grantsystems for local and micro- renewable energy schemes(Government funding scheme - ‘The Renewables
Obligation’ - consistent support for large wind schemes)• Local authority opposition and public opposition to wind inmany rural areas• Ignorance of planners and developers of policy, costs andtechnical options/quality

London guides for planners, developers andconsultants•

Planning policy: making it work
The project report 'Capacity building for planners and others implementing energy-relatedplanning policy in London’ acts as a resource for planners, engineers and developers and aims
to increase understanding of and receptiveness to energy related planning policy. The projectprovided advice and support to planners in a number of London Boroughs and information toengineers and architects. Recommendations include assistance in the form of training, thedistribution of glossaries of typical terms used and the increased need for technical support forborough planners to implement energy policies.

••

Capacity building for planners and others (PDF, 703 KB)•

Capacity building on sustainable energy planning policy and new build
After the launch of 'Integrating renewable energy in new developments: Toolkit for planners,
developers and consultants', London Renewables (now part of the London Energy
Partnership) provided training and pilot support to London borough planners, councillors andhousing associations and developers. The report from this work, 'Sustainable energy training
and pilot support programme for local authorities' has fed into onward support through theLondon Energy Partnership to London borough planning officers for development-specificsupport and to designers on implementing energy-related planning policy. The LEP’s projectcomplements a support service which developed from the pilot support programme.
Sustainable energy training and pilot support programme for local authorities (PDF, 555 KB)

The London renewables toolkit• Tools and Information for planners and the development and designcommunity
Developed for London Renewables, the toolkit aims to provide planners and developers with:

•
•
•
•

An overview of the renewable energy technologies and their costs••

A series of summary documents has also been produced:•

For regional planning documents – the London Plan, the Supplementary Planning Guidance on
Sustainable Design and Construction and the Further Draft Alterations to the London Plan, visit
www.london.gov.uk.

An understanding of planning requirements and methods for meeting them
Information on policy formation for London Borough planners
Integrating renewable energy into new developments: Toolkit for planners, developers andconsultants (PDF, 4.90 MB)
Summary for planners (PDF, 174 KB)
Summary for developers (PDF, 182 KB)
Summary for councillors (PDF, 124 KB)
Summary for housing associations (PDF, 162 KB)
Summary for architects (PDF, 167 KB)
Summary for property management companies (PDF, 247 KB)

The Mayor’s new powers• Planning• The Mayor will be able to direct changes to boroughs' programmes for the local
development plans they produce.

• The Mayor will have a stronger say on whether draft local development plans are in
general conformity to his London Plan.

• The Mayor will have the discretion to determine planning applications of strategic
importance.

• Climate Change and Energy• The Mayor will prepare and publish a statutory Climate Change and Energy Strategy
for London, stating how the capital should minimise emissions of carbon dioxide by
the use of energy in London, help to eradicate fuel poverty; and harness economic
opportunities for London from investment and innovation in energy technologies
and energy efficiency.

• He will also prepare and publish a statutory Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
setting out how the capital should adapt to the effects of climate change.

• The Greater London Authority will be subject to a specific duty to take action to
mitigate the effects of climate change and help London adapt to its unavoidable
impacts.

Action Today to Protect Tomorrow:
The Mayor’s Climate Change Action PlanApproach to developing the London CCAP
1. Baseline: London’s 1990 and 2006 CO2 footprint
2. Future emissions: What will London’s emissions be
under ‘business as usual’?
3. Targets: What CO2 reductions are needed for London
to play its role in stabilising global temperatures?
4. Quantified actions: How can London deliver thesetargets?
5. Cost/benefit: At a high level, what would the actions
cost and what will be the CO2 benefits?
6. Implementation: What do we need to do to make thishappen?

The London Climate Change Action Plan isbased on an enabling framework that helps …
1. Deliver needed economic and social benefits – manyskilled and low-skilled jobs … inward investment …
lower resource costs for households and companies… carbon trading to keep The City as premier global
financial … economic efficiency, innovation andmodernisation … higher quality of life … a cleaner,more liveable city
2. Create Partnerships – between public, private, voluntaryand domestic sectors
3. Integrated cross-sector action in energy, waste, transport,
buildings
4. Create the conditions for businesses, communities andfamilies to act
5. Maintain standards of living (and improving for
disadvantaged families and communities)
6. Best science-driven targets and a long-term perspective

CO2 emissions from London including aviation(2006)
Domestic
25%

Aviation

22%

34%

14%

5%

Ground BasedTransport
67 mt CO2

Commercial andpublic sector

Industrial

London CO2 emissions (excluding aviation)
2006
Domestic
38%
Ground BasedTransport

22%

7%
Industrial

33%
Commercial andpublic sector
44 mt CO2

Required CO2 reductions

Carbon Dioxide Emissions (MtCO2)

50

Profile of national targets and aspirations(against 1990)

Today
45.1m

44.3m

40
15%

Proposed London reductions to achieve
450ppm stabilisation and 60% by 2025
and 90% by 2050 targets

20%
25%

10 year target(2016)= 20%

30

600 million
tonnes CO2 to
2025

20

30%

Target for London = 60%
60%(vs 2000)

10

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

Easy opportunities to reduce household
emissions – so why don t people do them?!

Simple behaviouralchange by all
Londoners could
reduce CO2 emissions
by 2.3 million tonnes
and cut fuel bills

If all light bulbs wereenergy efficient,
London would save
575,000 tonnes of
CO2 and £139 million
per year (2006 prices)

Major reductions fromhome insulation andhelp solve fuel-povertyin 4-500,000 homes in
LondonFour new programmes to help Londoners andbusinesses change behaviour and reduce
emissions• A Green Homes Programme• A Green Organisations Programme• A Green Energy Programme• A Green Transport ProgrammePrivate sector – BedZED ‘0’ carbon
development in Wallington

Where emissions come from: energy supply•2006 emissions from all sectors,
excluding aviation•100% = 44.3 million tonnes CO2

Domestic

Groundbasedtransport

38%•2006 emissions from energy supply•100% = 34.7 million tonnes CO2

Electricity fromnational grid
44%

46%

22%

7%

Industrial

Heatingfrom
nationalgas grid

7% 2%

33%

Commercial
Heat from
Heat from CHP
grid electricity

25-3525-35percent
percentofofenergy
energyinput
inputused
used

85-95 per cent of energy input used

Cheaper and more efficient: decentralised energy

London Climate Change Agency• The LCCA - development and implementation of energy efficiency,
combined heat and power CHP (cogeneration/ trigeneration), renewableenergy, fuel cells/hydrogen technologies and related transport, waste andwater climate change projects:• The creation of a centre of climate change and energy engineering
excellence, offering advice and support to the GLA Group, the London
Boroughs, other public bodies and the private sector.

• Public/private joint venture London Energy Services Company or ESCO, in
partnership with one or more private sector partners (EDF), that will deliver
low carbon decentralised energy solutions in new and existingdevelopment. Focus will be on cogeneration (combined heat and power),
trigeneration (combined heat, power and cooling) and integrated renewableenergy on local private wire district energy systems and networks.

• Other activities include large scale renewable energy, recycling/waste-toenergy technologies, stationary/transport hydrogen projects, sustainable
water services systems (project or special purpose vehicle companies)

ESCO arrangements - Design, Finance, Build andOperate De-centralised Energy Systems• LDA owns 100% of LCCA which owns 19% of ESCO. Other 81% owned by privatecompany partner (EDF) through a subsidiary company (EDF Energy Projects) –initial funding LDA £235,000 and EDF £1million.

• Small Board of 6 Directors – primarily technical. 1 LCCA representative; 5 EDF
representatives.

• Maintaining a ratio of less that 20% protects ESCO from application of regulatedcompany status + structured as a commercial entity within EU rules involving nostate aid. Subject to selection of mutually agreed suitable projects, LCCA Limited
and EDF (Energy) Limited will purchase additional ordinary shares up to thefollowing amounts: LCCA £938,000 and EDF £4,000,000• The London ESCO about tackling market failure. Market competition is traditional
grid licensed generators, distributors and suppliers providing conventional brownelectricity and gas services. Private wire distributed generation district energy
systems provide more competitive energy services due to inherent grid inefficiency
and grid charges/levies that do not apply to distributed generation district energy
systems. Island generation in the event of a power cut in the national grid affords
local security of supply is also provided.

Using existing decentralised technologies/products – ITS
NOT MAGIC to cut emissions e.g. Combined Heat and Power
Like a car engine – provides rotational power….but also lots of heat.
Electricity generated and used in building or sold to grid
Heat used in building or exported to a district heating network (and adapt forcooling buildings too)

SBEG (South Bank Employers Group) CHP
Initiative• One of 5 CHP
schemes rolling out
across London• Proposed SBEG
developments:
2,000 hotel rooms
3.28m ft sq offices
30,000 ft sq retail1,800 dwellings• 11 Existingloads, including:
Guy’s, Shellbuilding, IBM etc

Using existing technologies –solar thermal and solar tiles
Typical system comprises:
Collector
Fluid (water & antifreeze)
Heat exchanger
Control system (temperature
sensor & pump)
Will provide around 50% ofyear round DHW – no poweror space heating
Domestic installation £3,500

Wind – it works
220kW turbine
Electricity provision: 85
houses or 5 primaryschools
Height: 36m
Cost: £550-700k
1.5MW turbine
6kW turbine
Electricity provision: 3.5houses or 20% of a
primary school
Height: 9m
Cost: £15-18k
400W turbine
Electricity provision: 20%of a household
Height: 2m
Cost: £1500-2000

House height 8m

Electricity provision:
1200 houses or 75
primary schools
Height: 65m
Cost: £1-1.5 million

Sources of savings from energy supply

Microrenewables
7%31%

Changes in
National Grid mix

Combined
Cooling Heat &
Power

47%
15%
Energy frombiomass & waste

London’s CO2 emissions from domestic
sector 2006
•All sectors, excluding aviation•44 million tonnes CO2
Ground basedtransport•Domestic sector•17 million tonnes CO2
Lighting Cooking
3%
5%

Domestic

22%

Appliances
38%

18%

Industrial 7%

54%
18%
33%

Commercial

Hot water
heatingSpace
heating &coolingThe art of the possible – exemplar developments
Gallions Park – LDA first ‘0’ carbon estate
Gallions Park ESCo Solution• Up to 250 new homes
proposed.

• Code for sustainable
homes level 4 overall, butlevel 5 for energy.

• Buildings to have a thermal
mass of 19, therefore they
are warm in winter andcool in summer.

• The development
incorporates a biomass
CHP boiler, providing
energy and power on-site.

Home insulation campaign

London incentives - cut price and FREE homeenergy services• Cut price loft and wall insulation (1year payback)• Available to every home that canbenefit across London• Free to those on benefits andtargeting pensioner households• Partnering with Faith, Charity andCommunity groups (diverse London
and global village outreach)Real world financial gains NOW

Taken together, these measures will savethe average London household around£300 each year off energy bills

Rainwater recycling and saving water

www.londonclimatechange.co.uk/greenhomes

A One Stop Shop – The Green Homes Service
programme£7m next year

GREEN HOMES PROGRAMME

1

INCREASE
AWARENESS• Not aware how their homes
Issue

Initiative

2

PROVIDE
INFORMATION

3EXECUTE/ DEVELOPTHE SUPPLY CHAIN• Not sure what they should do• Can’t overcome the inertia/hassle factor,

contribute to CO2, or that they
can do anything about it

about it, or who they should
get to help them with it

don’t have the funds, inadequate supplyof skilled tradesman to perform thework

1. Marketing andbehavioural change
campaigns (allconsumer segments)

2.

Advice service (allconsumersegments)-

Web portal

–

Phone

–

Face to Facecounters(IKEA
partner?)–

Promotions
with private
sector

3.
4.

5.
6.

7.
8.

Concierge service (owneroccupiers, able-to-pay)
Social housing and fuel poor
programme (non able topay/fuel poor)
Skills training (all sectors)
House Purchase andrefurbishment initiative(owner occupier, able to pay
Green Landlord initiative(privately rented)
Influencing government(lobbying programme)

Sources of carbon dioxide savings fromexisting homes
New build
Behaviouralchange5%18%
44%Lighting &appliances

23%
10%
Thermalefficiency

End user energy
efficiency

EnergysupplyLondon Energy Action Areas•

The London Energy Partnership set up and deliver the Mayor’s Energy Action Areas as exemplar showcase
low carbon developments in London. Huge interest from developers and local authorities that have put
themselves forward as pilot Energy Action Areas (EAAs).

•

Four pilot areas are Merton, Barking, New Wembley, and a joint proposal from Southwark of the Elephant &Castle regeneration area and the Southwark concerto community. Funding and support for the pilot EAAs
programme secured through the London Energy Partnership. Deliver carbon savings ranging from 40 per
cent - 60 per cent; Southwark aims to achieve carbon savings in excess of 60 per cent by 2010.

•

Energy Action Areas (EAAs) are a discrete neighbourhood or regeneration area, so many elements of the
Mayor’s Energy Strategy can be brought into operation simultaneously. The Mayor has proposed Energy
Action Areas as a mechanism to enable major sustainable energy projects to get implemented and tackle
range of energy issues (fuel poverty; green jobs; carbon reduction).

•

Showcase of how Energy Strategy could be applied and replicated more widely, to demonstrate integration
opportunities between sustainable energy technologies and specific built environments, e.g. a new build
housing development powered by a community network of biomass CHP. Some elements will be common
across each EAA - e.g. use of local heat distribution networks, CCHP, renewable technologies, carbon
reduction and green procurement processes - each expected to demonstrate unique characteristics in termsof technical, financial and partnership approaches.

•

Examples include the collection of organic waste from 10,000 households in the Southwark concerto
community to be treated through anaerobic digestion and distributed back to the same households througha biogas CHP community heating network. Through demonstrating holistic approach to sustainable energy
delivery and waste reduction, anticipated that other developments will learn and replicate the process.

•Energy Action Areas information leaflet PDF
Energy Action Areas information leaflet RTF

Green organisations/business programmes
Key commercial energy decision making moments
Daily

Monthly

Annually~ 10 years

BetterBuildings
Partnership

LANDLORD

GREEN BUILDINGSREFURBISHMENTTENANTSSTAFF
BEHAVIOURALCHANGEGREEN
PROCUREMENTGREEN BUILDINGS MANAGEMENTGreen500 Scheme

www.londonclimatechange.co.uk/greenorganisat
ionsBetter Buildings Partnership• Exclusive collaboration of London’s majorcommercial property owners, and alliedorganisations - working together to remove
barriers to improve sustainability ofcommercial properties• Led by London Climate Change Agency• The 3 priority issues that the BBP will tackle are:1. green leases
2. valuation of sustainable buildings
3. standard terms for managing agents/letting
agentsGreen500
Aims• To encourage, nurture, acknowledge and celebrateorganisations in London that commit to putting green
practices into action and help achieve London’s targetof a 60% reduction in CO2 by 2025.
• aimed at organisations that already lead and influenceothers and those that have potential to reduce CO2
emissions.
Structure• Combination of carbon management service and aperformance based awards scheme
Outcomes• Annual Green500 Award presented by the Mayor

Sources of savings in the commercial andpublic sector
New
build
5%
Behavioural change(simple energy audits
and staff measures)

25%
50%

20%

•Improvements to physicalinfrastructure, either to improve:• Building fabric• Other operating efficiencies

EnergysupplyInternational cooperation vital - the C 40 group(Large Cities Climate Change Initiative)• Building on the first Large Cities Climate Summit initiated andhosted by the Mayor of London in October 2005, the C40 cities
met in New York, from 14-17 May 2007. The cities recognize theneed for action and cooperation on reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and pledged to work together.

• Public procurement – 16 cities – energy efficiency in all publicbuildings – schools, hospitals, government offices – huge boost
to market – 5 biggest banks pledged $5 Billion in loans and 8
biggest electrical product manufacturers guaranteed to boost
production and lower prices – huge boost – and everyone will
benefit from lower prices …

Central Government’s role
• Carbon pricing• Carbon performance standards –• Building Regulations tightening• Code for Sustainable Buildings• Energy Performance of
Buildings Directive• Regulatory change to encourage••

decentralised energy
More rapid shift to renewablepower
Climate Change Bill + legal
reduction targets – a global firstSources of annual reductions by 2025
33 million
tonnes CO2
7.1
20 million
tonnes CO2
Ground BasedTransport

4.3

Commercial andpublic sector

7.6

Domestic

7.7
Savings achievable throughLondon’s Climate Change
Action Plan = 30%

13.7

12.2

Savings achievable with
Government action andenabling policy framework =60%

Summary 1: Sources of 60% CO2 reductions
by 2025
PRELIMINARY NUMBERS

Contribution to
overall reduction• Existing homes

13%• Existing commercial activity

15%• New build

8%• London’s energy supply

30%• National energy supply

15%• Transport

19%

0

New BuildDomestic
Commercial* Public transport, i.e., underground, buses & coaches, national rail
Supply2.8

0.9

Transport

Cars biofuels & LCVs

0.4
1.7

Cars behaviour change

1.8Road user charging

1.5

Freight measures

2.1

Ground based aviation
measures

Million tonnes of CO2

PT* renewables, LCVs,
biofuels

0.4

PT* driver behaviourand operations
PT* infrastructure energy
efficiency

4.5

National grid

Biomass & wasteenergyOn-sitemicrogeneration

1.8

CHP

2.2

Lighting and appliances

Thermal efficiency

Staff behaviour change

3.0

Building operations

Lighting and appliances

1.7

Thermal efficiency

1.4

Behavioural change

1.7

Commercial/industrial
new build2

Domestic new build

Summary 2: overall CO2 savings by sector andmeasureMaximum saving possible
Achievable savings through Mayor’s
Action Plan w/ no national action

6.2

6
4.4

4
2.5

1.5
0.9

0.3

Summary 3: Need for government action – newnational policy framework to meet 60% cut• Carbon pricing (mandatory cap-and-trade emissions
market, including air travel; carbon tax)
• Regulatory and fiscal change to encourage andincentivise decentralised energy/waste networks(CCHP + bio-gas from waste streams)• Incentives and penalties – polluter pays taxation +hypothecation• Planning and policy support for rapid shift torenewable power (wind, wave, tidal, solar) andenergy efficiencies• Statutory reduction targets, based on best science• Trade-able national and personal carbon allowancesSummary 4: Imperatives to successfully change
carbon-heavy behaviours
Long-term strategy with best science targets and policy
drivers to transform markets to value zero/low carbon
2. Enabling policy framework of ‘carrots and sticks’ forcompanies and citizens
3. Cheaper, more convenient and integrated low carbon
solutions
4. Exemplar zero-low carbon/waste developments and projects
5. Comprehensive information, advice and audit programmes
for households and companies
6. Verifiable, coordinated and effective international action
7. Partnerships between sectors – public, private, domestic,
voluntary
8. Integrated changes across economic sectors – especiallyfinancial, energy, transport, waste, buildings
9. Leadership – political, professional, personal.
1.