目次

Ⅰ． 米国の流通事情 ··························································· 1
１． アメリカの国土と流通機構の発展 ·········································· 1
２． アメリカの歴史、国民性と経営の考え方 ···································· 7

Ⅱ． 最近の米国市場の動き ···················································· 12
１．消費者の変化 ···························································· 12
２．技術革新・情報化の進展 ·················································· 21
３．企業買収（Ｍ＆Ａ） ······················································ 22
４．マスマーチャンダイザーの躍進 ············································ 24
５．食品流通のパワーシフトと最近の取引慣行 ·································· 26１）取引慣行の変化 ······················································ 27２）メーカーの挑戦 ······················································ 33
３）今後の取引形態 ······················································ 35
６．食品・Ｈ＆ＢＣの流通チャネル ············································ 37１）加工食品流通チャネル ················································ 37
２）Ｈ＆ＢＣ ···························································· 37
７．プライベートブランドの動向 ·············································· 38１）プライベートブランドのシェア ········································ 39２）プライベートブランド成長の背景 ······································ 40
３）最近のＰＢ市場の特徴 ················································ 41４）欧州各国のＰＢ比率 ·················································· 43
８．ＨＭＲ、ミールソリューションの動向······································ 45１）消費者の変化 ······················································· 45２）米国食品産業の構造変化 ············································· 46３）食品小売業におけるＨＭＲの展開······································ 49
９. データベース・マーケティング ··········································· 51
１）データベース・マーケティングの背景·································· 52２）スーパーマーケットのデータベース・マーケティング ···················· 53
３）フリークェント・ショパー・プログラム································ 53
10. 食品小売業の競争環境と競争への対応······································ 56１）食品小売業の競争環境 ··············································· 56２）競争への対応 ······················································· 58

11. Ｅマーケット／ネット・エクスチェンジ···································· 62１）Ｅマーケット ······················································· 62
２）Ｂ２Ｃ市場 ························································· 64３）オンライン・スーパーマーケット······································ 65

Ⅲ． 米国の商取引と法律規制 ················································ 68
１．ロビンソン・パットマン法の概念 ·········································· 68

１）ロビンソン・パットマン法の対象 ······································ 68２）価格差別による競争阻害 ·············································· 69３）価格差別の正当化事由 ················································ 69
２．ロビンソン・パットマン法の商慣習・制度への影響 ·························· 70１）同等級、同品質の商品を販売する場合 ·································· 70２）実質的に競争を阻害することとなる場合 ································ 71
３）方法あるいは数量の違いにより、商品の製造、販売及び配送に伴われるコストの差異が正当に考慮され、その差異に相当する部分が提供されるのでない場合 ······················································· 71４）競争相手の低価格に等しく対応するために、善意により提供される ········ 71
ものでない場合 ···················································· 71
３．割引制度（ディスカウント及びアローワンス）とその法的妥当性 ·············· 71

１）数量割引（ボリューム・ディスカウントまたはクオンティティー・ディスカウント） ································· 72
２）取引割引（トレード・ディスカウント） ································ 73
３）季節割引（シーズナル・ディスカウント） ······························ 74４）広告及びプロモーショナル・アローワンス ······························ 74
５）現金割引（キャッシュ・ディスカウント） ······························ 75６）バックホール ························································ 76７）ブローカレッジ・アローワンス ········································ 76８）その他の割引、アローワンス ·········································· 77
４．州法の取引規定 ························································· 77
５．酒類規制 ······························································· 78１）酒類販売規制 ························································ 78２）酒税 ································································ 80３）流通チャネル ························································ 82

Ⅳ． 主要小売業の定義と概要 ················································· 83
１．デパートメントストア（百貨店） ·········································· 83１）デパートメントストア ················································ 83
２）ゼネラル・マーチャンダイズ・ストア ·································· 84
３）ディスカウント・デパートメントストア（ディスカウントストア） ········ 86
２．バラエティストア ························································ 88

１）バラエティストアの発生と発展 ······································· 88２）バラエティストアの衰退 ············································· 89３）新業態バラエティストア ‒ ダラーストアの躍進························ 89
３．ドラッグストア ·························································· 92

１）ドラッグストアの変化 ··············································· 92２）ドラッグストアのタイプ ·············································· 93
３）最近のドラッグストアの動向 ·········································· 95
４．スーパーマーケット ······················································ 96１）スーパーマーケットの歴史 ············································ 96
２）出現当初のスーパーマーケットの特徴 ·································· 97３）スーパーマーケットのフォーマット ···································· 97４）その他のフォーマット ··············································· 100
５. ホールセールクラブ／ウエアハウスクラブ ································ 101１）競争の激化 ························································ 102２）Sam’s 平均店舗の概要 ··············································· 102
６．パワーリテーラー ····················································· 103
１）パワーリテーラーのタイプ ··········································· 104
２）主な専門ディスカウンター ··········································· 105
７. ショッピングセンター ·················································· 107
１）ショッピングセンターの定義 ······································· 107
２）ショッピングセンターの種類 ······································· 108

Ⅴ． 主な卸売業の概要 ······················································· 113
１．商業センサスに見る卸売業の定義 ········································· 113
２．ボランタリーチェーン（ＶＣ） ··········································· 113

１）ボランタリーチェーンの発生 ········································· 113
２）ＩＧＡ(Independent Grocer s Alliance)の設立 ······················· 114
３）変貌するボランタリーチェーン ······································· 115

４）食品卸売業の買収 ··················································· 116
３．コーオペラティブチェーン ·············································· 117
４．食品卸売業のリテール・サポート ········································· 118

１）リテール・サポートの変化 ··········································· 119
２）スーパーバリューのリテール・サポート ······························· 119
５．食品卸売業の収益構造の変化 ············································ 121

１）スーパーバリューのアドバンテッジ・プログラム ······················· 122
６．フードブローカー（セールス＆マーケティング・サービス・カンパニー） ····· 124
７．医薬品卸売業 ·························································· 125１）医薬品卸売業界の寡占化 ············································· 125２）粗利益率の低下 ····················································· 125

Ⅵ． 米国の医療制度と医薬品流通 ············································· 129
１．日本と米国の医療制度の基本的な違い····································· 130
１）保険制度 ··························································· 130２）医薬分業 ··························································· 130３）薬価 ······························································· 131４）国民医療費 ························································· 131
２．米国医療制度の変化 ···················································· 131
１）公的保険制度 ······················································· 131２）医療費の高騰 ······················································· 132
３）民間保険機関の成長 ················································· 134
４）医療保険の支払い額 ················································· 136５）医療形態の変化 ····················································· 136
６）病院の経営努力 ····················································· 136
３．米国の処方医薬品流通チャネル ·········································· 137

Ⅶ． 米国流通関連統計資料 ··················································· 140
１．米国小売業の業種別事業所数、年間販売額、雇用従業者数― ２００７年商業統計·················· 140

２．米国卸売業の業種別形態別事業所数、年間販売額、雇用従業者数― ２００７年商業統計··················· 142
３．米国企業売上高上位５０社 ················································ 144
４．産業別売上高上位企業 ···················································· 146

５．ドラッグストア売上高上位５０社 ········································· 149
６．大手小売業５０社の米国内、全世界売上高及び店舗数························ 150
７. スーパーマーケットチェーン売上高上位５０社······························ 151
８. 食品小売業売上高（規模別、業態別）······································ 152
９. 食品卸売業売上高上位４０社 ············································· 153
10. 飲食業チェーン売上高上位３０社 ········································· 154
11. ホールセールクラブの店舗数及び売上高···································· 154
12. e‑リテーラー売上高上位 50 社 ············································ 155
13‑1. ＰＢインフォスキャン・データ（売上高）································ 156
13‑2. ＰＢインフォスキャン・データ（販売数量）······························ 158

◆ 本文図表目次(Ⅰ〜Ⅵ)

図表‑1

人口の推移 ······················································· 12

図表‑2

国民１人当たりの所得、可処分所得、消費支出および伸び率 ············ 12

図表‑3

収入別世帯構成比 ················································· 13

図表‑4

伝統的家族世帯の崩壊 ············································· 13

図表‑5

人口構成比の変化 ················································· 14

図表‑6

主な世帯消費支出（世代別）········································ 15

図表‑7

消費者の変化と企業の対応 ········································· 19

図表‑8

技術革新の動向 ··················································· 22

図表‑9

Ｍ＆Ａの構図 ····················································· 24

図表‑10

各種業態小売業の経営指標−１······································ 25

図表‑11

各種業態小売業の経営指標−２（価格差の分析） ······················ 26

図表‑12ウォルマート、コストコ、クローガーの業績比較 ······················ 26

図表‑13

米国食品流通業トップ 20 社と市場シェア····························· 36

図表‑14

米国の加工食品流通チャネル········································ 37

図表‑15

米国のＨ＆ＢＣ製品主要流通チャネル································ 38

図表‑16

スーパーマーケットとドラッグストアのＰＢ売上高及び数量シェア······ 39

図表‑17

最寄品小売業のＰＢ売上高及び販売量シェア ························· 39

図表‑18

商品別プライベートブランドのシェア ······························· 40

図表‑19

欧州各国のＰＢ比率（金額ベース） ································· 43

図表‑20

北米大手食品流通業のＰＢ比率 ····································· 44

図表‑21

食品産業の構成 ··················································· 47

図表‑22

食品産業の産業別販売額の推移 ····································· 47

図表‑23

小売業の食品販売とフードサービスの成長率 ························· 48

図表‑24

ファストフードとフルサービス・レストランの成長率·················· 48

図表‑25

世帯当たり食品支出額の推移 ······································· 49

図表‑26

ミール・ソリューションとＨＭＲの位置づけ（概念図）················ 50

図表‑27

サイネテックス社のデシル・レポート································ 56

図表‑28

米国食品小売業の上位集中化········································ 57

図表‑29

小売業の業態別、部門別販売額及びシェア···························· 58

図表‑30

スーパーマーケットとスーパーセンターの商品別シェアの変化 ·········· 59

図表‑31

スーパーマーケットのカテゴリー別売上高・構成比 ···················· 60

図表‑32

業態別店舗数の変化と買い物頻度の変化······························ 61

図表‑33

オンライン・ショッピングの伸展···································· 65

図表‑34

オンライン・スーパーマーケットの状況······························ 66

図表‑35

取引割引の業者別・機能別分類······································ 73

図表‑36

米国の酒類流通チャネル（カリフォルニア州の場合ビールを除く） ······ 82

図表‑37

ＧＭＳ系チェーン百貨店の売上高、店舗数···························· 85

図表‑38

ダラーストア、ホールセールクラブ、スーパーマーケットの対前年成長率·········· 90

図表‑39

ダラーストア／クローズアウト／バラエティーの上位売上高 ············ 91

図表‑40

各種医薬品小売業の店舗数の推移···································· 93

図表‑41

需要者別処方医薬品売上高·········································· 94

図表‑42

上位ドラッグストアの薬局売上高、小売売上高、店舗数 ················ 96

図表‑43

スーパーセンターの部門別売上構成比、粗利益貢献度 ················· 100

図表‑44

主なスーパーセンターの売上高、店舗数····························· 100

図表‑45

ホールセールクラブの店舗数、売上高の推移························· 102

図表‑46

規模別ショッピングセンター数の変化······························· 112

図表‑47

1920 年代の主要チェーンストアの店舗数 ···························· 114

図表‑48

食品卸売業の営業収入の内訳······································· 121

図表‑49

スーパーバリュー社のＡＢＳ移行前と移行後の請求金額事例 ··········· 123

図表‑50

医薬品卸売業の企業数、流通センター数(ＨＤＭＡ加盟企業) ··········· 125

図表‑51

医薬品卸売業の売上高推移········································· 125

図表‑52

医薬品卸売業ＤＣの経営指標······································· 126

図表‑53

医薬品卸売業のカテゴリー別売上高及び在庫品目数 ··················· 126

図表‑54

医薬品卸売業の販売先別売上高・構成比 ···························· 127

図表‑55

医薬品卸売業上位企業 ············································ 128

図表‑56

国民医療費と対ＧＤＰ比··········································· 132

図表‑57

総医療費に占めるメディケア及びメディケイド支出の割合 ············· 133

図表‑58

一人当たり医療費に占める病院費の割合····························· 133

図表‑59

病院数の推移 ···················································· 133

図表‑60

総医療費の支出費目別割合········································· 134

図表‑61

ＨＭＯ数と加入者数 ·············································· 135

図表‑62

消費者世帯当たり医療費··········································· 136

図表‑63

入院日数の変化 ·················································· 137

図表‑64

処方医薬品の流通チャネル········································· 138

図表‑65

メーカーの処方医薬品販売：流通チャネル別割合 ····················· 138

図表‑66

処方医薬品の顧客別店舗数、売上高、市場シェア ····················· 139