Climate Change Policy Frameworks
UNFCCC and Partnerships

Akio TAKEMOTO
Akio_Takemoto@env.go.jp
Climate Change Policy Division,
Ministry of the Environment, JapanJune 16, 2006

Post Kyoto:
Sharing concern, building consensus
under UNFCCC

Achievements at Montreal, 2005

• Agreement on the three “I”s:– Implementation:• the rulebook of the Kyoto Protocol has been agreed– Improvement:• CDM: strengthening the EB, simplifying procedures• JI: establishing the JI supervisory committee– Innovation:• dialogue on strategic approaches for long-term
global cooperative action• Ad-hoc working group on further commitments
for AXI

Dialogue on Long-term Cooperative Action to Address
Climate Change - 1st Workshop, Bonn, 15-16 May 2006

• Four Elements – Sustainable development,
Adaptation, Technologies, Market opportunities• Annex I (Japan, EU, Norway..) : Major emitting
countries should make efforts for maximum
reduction to achieve the ultimate objective of theConvention• G77 & China: Implementation of the Convention
should be prioritized (assistance from developedto developing countries…)

Post 2012 - Japan’s views -1• Times are changing rapidly: CO2 from Annex I
Kyoto ratifiers 31% and will decline, while nonAnnex I grew by 55% between 1990 and 2003.
• Must address UNFCCC’s ultimate objective.
• Need to continue discussion to reach agreement on
long-term goals and ways to achieve them, reachcommon understanding on our emission reduction
potentials and capabilities• An effective framework which brings aboutmaximum reduction efforts by all major emitting
countries, while enabling all countries to takeeffective mitigation measures in accordance with
their own capabilities

Post 2012 - Japan’s views - 2• Not only quantified commitments of Annex I countries but
also new visions and concepts are required, an enabling
culture is indispensable.
• Necessary to coordinate between Dialogue on L-termcooperative actions, AWG on Commitments for AXI andKP Art9. reviews• Important to fully utilize market mechanisms. Promotion ofCDM and its institutional reform are indispensable.
• CDM should go through necessary extensive reforms, it
should be noted that current CDM stands on two groups,
those who commit to quantified emission reduction targets
and those who do not have such commitment

Developing countries’ views(Majority)Importance of Sustainable development, technologies,
adaptation
Enhancement of market mechanism, continuation of CDM
More assistance from developｅｄ to developing countries(Some parties)
Positive incentive approach to enable developing country
action under the Convention
 SD-PAM, programmatic / sectoral CDM, no-lose target

Dual-track process (further commitment to KP by Annex I
and voluntary commitment under UNFCCC by non-Annex I1st AWG on Further Commitments for AXI,
Bonn 17-25 May, 2006

• Focus on consideration of further commitments by
AXI to be established in amendments of Annex B
to KP• AWG should aim to complete the work in time toensure there is no gap between 1st and 2ndcommitment periods• AXIs need to assemble and analyse information
on a diversity of scientific, technical and socioeconomic topics to enhance common
understanding of the level of ambition• Decide to hold an in-session workshop in Nairobi(to provide information on science including on
scenarios for stabilization of GHGs concentration)

How to mobilize global participation?
Key words•Dialogues•Partnerships (International / Regional / Bi-lateral)•Top-down & Bottom-up Approaches•Essential elements
Technologies
Sustainable development
Adaptation
Market opportunities

Is UNFCCC enough to build consensus on“beyond 2012”?

Elements to encourage global
participation

G20 dialogue -G8 process
Dialogue on climate change, clean energy
and sustainable development
Initiated by G8 Gleneagles Summit (2005) andbe reported at G8 summits in 2008 (Japan’spresidency)
Main themes: technology, market andadaptation
tasked out to IEA and WB

Dialogues -What else?
Plethora of international, regional and bilateraldialogues to share concerns and to build consensus• South African informal ministerial dialogue (17-21 following
Greenland dialogue, August 2005)• Informal meeting on further actions against cc (since 2002,hosted by Japan (MOFA) and Brazil)• Asia-pacific seminar on CC (hosted by Japan (MOEJ),since 1991
• Asia-pacific consultation on cc beyond 2012 (hosted byIGES)• TEMM (Japan, China, ROK, since 1999)• ECO Asia (since 1991), etc…

Technological approach- Asia-Pacific Partnershipon Clean Development and Climate (APP)
AP6: Australia, China, India,Japan, ROK, USA 1st Ministerial meeting, Sydney,January 2006)
 1st Task Force meetings (BerkleyCalifornia, April 2006)
 Facilitate development, diffusion, deployment andtransfer of technologies
 Facilitate attainment of respective national pollution
reduction, energy security and climate change objectives
 Consistent with the UNFCCC, complement to KP

APP: Keywords

1:Technologies
 Development, diffusion and transfer of Tech.

2:Secotor-by-sector approach 8 Task forces; clean fossil energy, RE &distributed generation, power generation &transmission, steel, aluminium, cement, coalmining, building & appliances

3:Voluntary based activities
4:Public-private partnership

APP – Share of AP6 in the world
CO2 emission from AP6 accounts > 50% in the world- Big potential for emission reduction in major sectors throughtechnology diffusion
Power (kWh)JapanＧＤＰ（2003
ＧＤＰ（2003）
2003）
China India

JapanUS
Others

US

54.7%

Jap

Aus
USIndia

US

ROK
India

Chi（（２５．
２５．８％）

Aus 54.1%

China

Others

Japan

Aus
US

ROKIndia

ROK
China（（４４．
４４．１％）AUSIndia

China

50.5%

OthersCement (ton)JAP US

48.2%
CO2 emission（2003)

OthersChina

49.1%

Steel (ton)

ROK

Aus

Primary Energy Consumption（Consumption（2003）
2003）
Japan

Australia India

Others
ROK

60.5%

Others
ROKAluminum (ton)IndiaAus
Chi

USMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2006)
36.9%

OthersActions to seek sustainable development
Methane to Market Partnership (M2M)
 Initiated in 2004, proposed by USA
 Advance recovery and use of methane as a clean energy
sources Encourage development of cost-efficient methane recoveryand use opportunities inCoal mines, landfills, oil & gas systems and agriculture (manurewaste management)

 Private companies, MDB etc. participate by joining theProject Network (over 180 organizations)
 17 Partner countries; Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada,Colombia, China, Ecuador, India, Italy, Japan, ROK, Mexico,Nigeria, Russia, Ukraine, UK, US

Actions to seek sustainable development
Japan-US Workshops in US (since 2004 )2004-2005: Focus on exchanging information
on domestic climate policy updates (national& local government, stakeholders)March 2006: MOEJ and US-EPA agreed todevelop a new partnership to promote “cobenefit”

Actions to seek sustainable development
Japan-US new partnership on “co-benefit”

 This partnership will help developing countries
take actions that will simultaneously reduce
emissions of GHGs and other air pollutants
 Cooperate with US-EPA’s Integrated
Environmental Strategies (IES) program
IES partner: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, India,
Mexico, Philippines, Republic of Korea

 Possible contribution from AIM by quantitative
analysis on co-benefit; PAMs on air pollution
control in Asian developing countries

How to mobilize adaptation policy frameworks?
Five-year programme of work on impacts,
vulnerability and adaptation to CC (2/CP.11)
 Assist all parties, in particular developing
countries, incl. LDC and SIDS, to improve theirunderstanding and assessment, and to makedecisions on practical adaptation actions andmeasures
 Additional activities and modalities of POW up toSBSTA28 (June 2008)should be developed ASAP

How to mobilize adaptation policy frameworks?
Adaptation Fund (KP 12.8)
 Financed from share of proceeds (2%) on CDM
project activities and others
 Assist developing countries that are particularly
vulnerable to the adverse effects of CC to meet thecost of adaptation
 Need to operationalize AF ASAP (at COP/MOP2)

How to mobilize adaptation policy frameworks?
Integration of climate adaptation into development
cooperation policies
 Declaration at OECD development-environment ministerial
meeting (Paris, April 2006)
 Need to further assist developing countries in adaptation
activities (esp. SIDS and LDCs)

Partnership on research related to adaptation
 Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN)Launch in 1996, Intergovernmental body -21 member
countries, Secretariat – APN Kobe Center

APN Strategic Plan (FY2005-2009) Goals
1. Supporting regional cooperation in global changeresearch
2. Strengthening interactions among Scientists and policymakers
3. Improving scientific and technical capabilities
4. Cooperating with other global change networks andorganisations
5. Facilitating development of research infrastructure andtransfer of know-how and technology

Time line on multilayered discussion
2006
G8 summit (Russia)
2nd G20 Dialogue (Mexico)
COP/MOP2: Review of KP (Article9)2007
G8 summit (Germany)
IPCC/AR4
APP meeting?
COP13: Report of Dialogue on long-term cooperativeaction
2008
1st commitment period starts
EU-ETS (2nd phase)
G8 summit (Japan): report of G20 Dialogue
US Presidential election
2012
1st commitment period ends

Conclusions• Need to establish an effective framework realizing
maximum reduction by all major emitting countries in orderto address the UNFCCC’ ultimate objectives• UNFCC must be responsible for the post 2012 framework.
• A variety of undertakings complementing UNFCCC (G8,APP, etc.) have been developed.
• Need to continue discussion to reach agreement on longterm goals and ways to achieve them.
• New visions and concepts are required, enabling culture isindispensable.
• Specific actions to be taken; sustainable development,
adaptation, technologies, etc.