Tokyo Climate Change Strategy- A Basic Policy for the 10-Year Project for a Carbon-Minus Tokyo -June 2007
Tokyo Metropolitan Government

This “Tokyo Climate Change Strategy” defines a basic policy for the “10-Year Project for a
Carbon-Minus Tokyo,” an ambitious undertaking launched by Tokyo Metropolitan Government at
the end of January 2007. It spells out a basic framework of climate change mitigation strategies thatTokyo Metropolitan Government intends to carry out over the next ten years. Representative
measures designed to cope with climate change are identified in this strategy.
This policy specifies the direction in which TMG climate change mitigation strategies should be
pushed forward, based on the details of a study that the Tokyo Metropolitan Environment Council
had conducted since the previous year, as well as on an interim report submitted by the Council, in
preparation for a revision to the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Master Plan.

Contents■

Target Tokyo Is Seeking to Accomplish ......................................................................................1■

Basic Recognition of Climate Change and the Significance of Formulating Climate
Change Strategies.........................................................................................................................2■

A Basic Policy for Climate Change Mitigation Strategy .............................................................4■

Five Initiatives and Main Activities for Climate Change Mitigation ..........................................6
Initiative I:

Promote Private Enterprises’ Efforts to Achieve CO2 Reductions......................7

Initiative II:

Achieve CO2 Reductions in Households in Earnest..........................................10

Initiative III: Lay Down Rules for CO2 Reductions in the Urban Development....................13
Initiative IV: Accelerate the Effort to Reduce CO2 from Vehicle Traffic ...............................16■

Initiative V:

Create TMG’s Own Mechanism to Support Activities in the Respective
Sectors................................................................................................................18□

TMG’s Pioneering Actions ................................................................................21□

Collaboration with Local Governments in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area
and Across the Country ......................................................................................21□

Pushing Ahead with the Carbon-Minus Movement...........................................22

Promoting the 10-Year Project for a Carbon-Minus Tokyo .......................................................23

Reference: Trends in the World Concerning Climate Change Mitigation Measures.........................25iTarget Tokyo Is Seeking to Accomplish- 10-Year Project for a Carbon-Minus Tokyo

Avoiding a possible global crisis that may be caused by climate change requires us to reduce
global warming or greenhouse gas emissions across the world by half by the middle of the current
century.
To this end, Japan, the European Union, the United States and other industrialized nations must
reduce greenhouse gas emissions not by 50% but should achieve dramatic 60-80 % reductions ingreenhouse gas emissions. What we aim to achieve is to realize a new city model in the 21st
century that could accomplish such dramatic gas reductions in Tokyo without delay.

City Model Tokyo Aims to Create
・ A new look at how energy should be used in cities results in a shift toward a low-CO2 society –a low-energy society – that allows people to lead an affluent, comfortable urban life while
spending the minimum required amount of energy. Low-CO2 social systems and technologies
that make this society possible become widespread throughout Tokyo’s urban society, thus
minimizing the greenhouse gas emissions from the Metropolis.
・ While the optimum use of energy in a manner befitting the characteristics of demand progresses,
renewable energies such as solar energy and unutilized energy from urban waste heat are
increasingly put to effective use, thereby enhancing Tokyoites’ independence in terms of energy.
・ Progress is made in the passive use of energy that uses natural light, wind and heat as they are,particularly in homes, and the city architecture that not only considers the performance of abuilding but also cares deeply about the relationship between buildings, the relations between
structures and greenery around them, and local microclimate is being pushed forward.
・ The development and subsequent spread of low-CO2 social systems and technologies are
creating a new urban-style business. These social systems, technologies and lifestyles thatminimize environmental burden enhance the charm of Tokyo as a city, which spreads as a
trailblazing city model that continues to be chosen by people and business enterprises incompetition among cities across the world.

A GHG Reduction Target Under the 10-Year Project for a Carbon-Minus Tokyo
In an effort to realize such a city model as soon as possible, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
focuses its efforts on achieving the following numerical targets under the 10-Year Project for a
Carbon-Minus Tokyo:

Reduce Tokyo’s greenhouse gas emissions by 25% from the 2000 level by 2020.

1

Basic Recognition of Climate Change and the
Significance of Formulating Climate Change
Strategies■ Basic Recognition of Climate Change○ The Most Serious Environmental Problem Caused by Human Activities
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) 4th Assessment Report, which was
released between February and May this year, asserts that warming of the climate system is now inprogress and clearly points out that as is evidenced by unusual weather phenomena such as heatwaves, drought and increased precipitation, the melting of glaciers and Arctic ice, and rising sea
levels, global warming is progressing at an accelerated tempo. It is beyond doubt that global
warming makes a global climate crisis a reality.
Climate change is the most serious environment concern that faces human beings as it threatens
all things that form the foundation of life for people around the world, causing numerous problems
such as the frequent occurrence of unusual weather phenomena, difficulty of food production,
depletion of drinking water, and the loss of inhabitable land due to the rising sea. And it isapparently clear that this climate change is caused by greenhouse gases, including CO2, producedby the combustion of large amounts of fossil fuels that are consumed by human beings.

○ “Clear and Present Crisis” Facing Tokyo Metropolis
Tokyo’s urban activities are dependent on enormous amounts of resources being provided bysuppliers, domestic and foreign. As such, a global climate crisis inevitably poses a direct threat toTokyo’s very existence. As it has large seaside and coastal areas, the Metropolis may be more
vulnerable to the effects of global warming such as a rise in sea levels.
A crisis caused by climate change is not a future crisis that may confront the coming generations
but it should be taken as a clear and present crisis that may have a direct impact on the lives,property and health of today’s Tokyoites.

○ The Next Decade Determines the Future of the Earth
The amount of world’s CO2 emissions must be changed to a decreasing tendency by 2015-2020.
The IPCC’s 4th Assessment Report points out that a rise of 2-3℃ or more in the average global
temperature from the 1990 level is highly likely to produce adverse effects in almost all areas of theworld. It also emphasizes the need to turn the world’s CO2 emissions downward by 2015-2020.
The next decade represents a crossroad at which our generations living today may or may not beable to hand the present global environment over to the coming generations. We don’t have ample
time to spare. We must start taking action now to achieve substantial greenhouse gas reductions.

2■ The Significance of Formulating Climate Change Measures○ Turn Tokyo’s CO2 Emissions Downward Without Delay
Per capita CO2 emissions in Tokyo are 20-30% lower than in New York and London. Tokyo is
now already achieving the highest level of energy efficiency among big cities in advanced
countries.
However, Tokyo’s CO2 emissions are still showing an increasing tendency. In order to achieve
the reduction target established by “Tokyo’s Big Change – The 10-Year Plan” and in order to realize
a full-scale low-CO2 city looking far ahead into the middle of the 21st century, we must changeTokyo’s CO2 emissions to a clear decreasing tendency without delay.
Tokyo with a relatively high level of energy efficiency leads major cities in the world in climatechange mitigation measures by launching activities designed to achieve further substantial
reductions in CO2 emissions.

○ TMG Advances Pioneering Strategies on Behalf of the Japanese
Government Unable to Come Up with Effective and Specific Measures– TMG Takes the Lead in Japan’s Climate Change Mitigation Measures
Essentially it is the Japanese government’s primary responsibility to carry out climate change
mitigation measures. Fundamentally the Japanese government should come forward with anational-level strategic policy and targets to address the climate change issue. However, theJapanese government fails to come up with medium and long-term reduction targets or effective andspecific measures.
In order to step up measures to cope with climate change, which can afford no further delay,
Tokyo Metropolitan Government advances the world’s highest level strategies in this “Tokyo
Climate Change Strategy” on behalf of the Japanese government and takes the lead in Japan’s
climate change mitigation measures.

○ Advance Clear Policy to Excite Public Opinion and Implement Strategies
By advancing this climate change strategy, TMG arouses public opinion on climate change
mitigation measures extensively and, based on the views of numerous companies, Tokyoites, NGOs
and business operators, give shape to climate change mitigation measures. Moreover, the TMG
will endeavor to implement these measures through diverse measures, including carrying out
projects in collaboration with various entities, entering into agreements with them, and enacting
necessary ordinances.

3

A Basic Policy for Climate Change Mitigation
Strategy- TMG’s Stance Toward Climate Change Mitigation

Create a Mechanism Whereby to Bring Japan’s Environmental Technologies Into Full Playto Achieve CO2 Reductions
Facilitate a shift to a low-energy and low-CO2 society by making the most of the private sector’s
technologies.

Japan already has outstanding environmental technologies in which we can take pride to the restof the world, such as: highly efficient energy systems and equipment, LED and other lighting
technologies, fuel-efficient vehicles represented by hybrid cars, and photovoltaic power generation
systems capable of supplying half the world’s current production. In order to reduce CO2
emissions promptly and substantially, we must create a mechanism that allows these existing
environmental technologies to be fully BOX：Japan’s Installed Photovoltaic Power Generation
utilized and enables them to display their Capacity Outperformed by Germany
potentials to the full.
Japan (single-year basis)

However, the reality is that theseenvironmental technologies are not fully
utilized. On the contrary, photovoltaic
power generation technology, for instance,
has come in wide use rapidly in Germany
and other countries, whereas housing
market remains stagnant in this country.
TMG intends to create a mechanismthat derives the most from Japan’s reputed
environmental technologies in order toachieve a shift to a low-energy andlow-CO2 city.

Germany (single-year basis)
Germany (total)
Japan (total)

Year(Source: Prepared by the Bureau of the Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan
Government, based on the Trends in Photovoltaic Applications/IEA/PVPS.)

Create a Mechanism Whereby to Allow Large Businesses, Smaller Businesses andHouseholds to Achieve CO2 Reductions in Their Own Capacities and on Their Own
Responsibility- All parties endeavor to achieve CO2 reductions in their own ways. * Create a mechanism that ismutually beneficial.

There is no single panacea for climate change mitigation.
CO2 is produced from the consumption of energy that occurs in any and all aspects of urban
activities and urban life and not only business activities but also each one of the Tokyoites’
lifestyles are contributing a great deal to climate change, or global warming for that matter.
Accordingly, in order to achieve substantial CO2 reductions, any and all parties in Tokyo –4Tokyoites, business enterprises, and government agencies – must commit themselves to reduce CO2
emissions in their own capacities and on their own responsibility.
Large CO2-emitting big business corporations, among others, are required to take the initiativein achieving CO2 reductions and devote their efforts to the development and spread of lower-energy
and lower-CO2 products.
On the other hand, smaller businesses that number approximately 600,000 establishments inTokyo are generally lagging behind in their efforts to reduce CO2 emissions due to the lack ofknowledge of energy conservation measures as well as to insufficiency of funds to invest inenergy-saving systems. We will provide appropriate technologies and information to these smaller
businesses and support them in acquiring funds to cover necessary initial expenses in order toencourage them to invest in energy-conserving technologies and equipment that lead to reductions
in fuel and light expenses.
Households are yet to start an effort to achieve CO2 reductions in earnest. Households areencouraged to implement independent activities on clear understanding that reductions in electricity
and gas charges directly result in CO2 reductions and some incentive measures should be taken to
help them introduce equipment that entail higher initial costs.

Carry Out Measures Strategically and Intensively During the Period of the First 3-4 Yearsas the Initial Period of a Shift to a Low-CO2 Society
Achieving the reduction target by 2020 requires a changeover in urban activities at an early date.

In order to achieve the reduction target by 2020, the lifestyles of the parties who make up thiscity must be changed and economic and urban activities should be changed over to those low-CO2
activities through a set of measures, such as the application of the latest energy-saving technologies
in each and every corner of society, and the extensive diffusion of renewable energies.
Ensuring this changeover requires the intensive introduction of energy-saving systems andrenewable energies and a large-scale campaign to arouse public opinion, thereby solidifying a movetoward a low-CO2 society. To this end, we will take measures designed to reduce CO2 emissions
strategically and intensively during the period of the first three-to-four years as the initial period ofa shift to a low-CO2 society.

Utilize Private and Public Funds and Tax Incentives, and Carry Out Necessary Investment
BoldlyAppropriate necessary expenses boldly to essential measures for a shift to a low-CO2 society.

A low-CO2 society is a society that allows us to lead urban life and conduct urban activities withas small energy as realistically possible. It is an efficient society that entails less energy costs thannow. However, a shift to such a society requires covering huge initial costs needed to introduce
large capacities of energy-saving technologies and to achieve the widespread use of renewableenergies that are still expensive.
Tokyo Metropolitan Government will create a mechanism that enables us to acquire necessary
initial funds and make necessary investments through diverse measures such as collaboration withfinancial institutions, the utilization of the Fund to Promote Measures against Climate Change, andthe use of tax incentives. Through these and other measures we invest necessary funds inpioneering strategies to achieve a shift to a low-CO2 society.

5Five Initiatives and Main Activities for Climate
Change Mitigation

Based on the long-term target that avoiding a possible global crisis caused by climate change
requires us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions across the world by half by the middle of the current
century, one of the most important considerations in formulating climate change strategies in Tokyo
is that we should define the direction of policy measures to be carried out at the present moment inorder to realize a new city model that enables us to achieve such remarkable greenhouse gas
reductions.
Viewed from this perspective, we are now required to take a new look at the present energy
demand, transform the existing social systems, including lifestyles, urban architectures andbuildings, and thereby to achieve a shift to a city that allows us to lead a comfortable life with assmall energy as possible.
As a first step toward achieving a shift to such a society, efforts must be made to promote thefull utilization of energy-saving technologies and renewable energies and the segments that make up
the city should endeavor to surely reduce the total emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases
produced by urban activities.

An endeavor to turn Tokyo to a low-CO2 society is based on the following two principles:・ First, we will strive to reduce energy consumption through the complete
implementation of energy conservation measures as well as through the passive
utilization of energy, such as natural light and wind (to create a low-energy society).
・ Secondly, we will strive to use renewable energies and unutilized energies in apositive manner.

6

Initiative I:

Promote Private Enterprises’ Efforts to Achieve CO2
Reductions

CO2 emissions resulting from corporate activities in the business and industrial sectors in Tokyoaccount for more than 40% of the city’s total emissions and, as such, stepping up measures in these
sectors is crucial in achieving reductions in the total emissions of greenhouse gases in the
Metropolis. With this in mind, we will create a mechanism designed to achieve the widespreaduse of the latest energy-saving measures and renewable energies and provide enhanced support
particularly for smaller businesses in their efforts to achieve CO2 reductions.

○ Introduce Cap & Trade System Targeting Large CO2-Emitting Business
Establishments
・ Business establishments that produce large greenhouse gas emissions are required to takethe initiative in actively reducing emissions.
・ Starting in April 2005, Tokyo has inaugurated the nation’s first initiative called the Tokyo
CO2 Emission Reduction Program under the Tokyo Metropolitan Environment Security
Ordinance in which large greenhouse gas-emitting business establishments are required tosubmit and announce a five-year greenhouse gas reduction plan and this plan is evaluated,
rated and announced.
・ Because Tokyo Metropolitan Government has provided effective guidance on standard
measures that can be carried out at all business establishments, almost all the businessestablishments have successfully upgraded their own greenhouse gas reduction measures.
In addition, the introduction of the evaluation and announcement program has helped somebusiness establishments formulate their own greenhouse gas reduction measures, including
the introduction of high-efficiency equipment, in a positive manner (Businessestablishments that have gained AA ratings account for one-fourth of the total).
・ On the other hand, there is much room for reductions at about three-fourths of the businessestablishments that have gained A and A+ ratings, because they have so far attained a
relatively lower rate of gas reductions. Reduction targets of these business establishments
during the planned period remained at 3-4% on the average.
・ In order to step up climate change mitigation measures being taken by businessestablishments in Tokyo, the results of the existing program must be used to further enhancebusiness establishments’ efforts toward greenhouse gas reductions and to upgrade activitiesof all the business establishments to the top runner’s level of measures designed tocontinuously achieve total emission reductions. To this end, we will require large
CO2-emitting business establishments to reduce the total emission of greenhouse gases andintroduce the emission trading system.
・ Under the emission trading system we will promote not only transactions between large
business establishments but we will also allow large business establishments to purchase
reductions achieved by smaller business establishments through energy conservation
measures.
In so doing, we will enable smaller business establishments’ energy
conservation measures to be promoted and supported. Also we will endeavor to achieve
the widespread use of renewable energies by allowing them to utilize the green power7

certificate program.
Through these and other mechanisms we will encourage businesses to carry out top
runner’s-level activities and facilitate joint efforts by large and small businessestablishments, thus expanding commitments to climate change mitigation measures.
The Average Greenhouse Gas Reduction Rate under the Tokyo CO2 Emission Reduction Program (for Fiscal
2005 and 2006)
Source: The Bureau of the Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Number ofbusiness
establishments

Plannedreduction
rates

Basic
measures

Targetachievingmeasures

Past reduction
measures*

AA

315

8.7%

2.0%

6.6%

3.5%

A+

330

4.3%

2.1%

2.2%

1.0%

A

610

3.0%

2.6%

0.4%

0.2%

Total

1,255

4.8%

2.3%

2.4%

1.2%

Ratings* Past reduction measures: Greenhouse gas reduction measures corresponding to target achieving measuresthat were completed during the period of three years before the planned period.

○ Promote Smaller Businesses’ Energy Conservation Measures through theIntroduction of the Environmental Collateralized Bond Obligation (CBO)
Program, etc.
・ Small and medium-sized enterprises account for about 50% of CO2 emissions in theindustrial and business sectors in Tokyo. Not only large business establishments but
smaller businesses are also required to reduce the total amount of CO2 emissions. Yet
these smaller businesses are lagging behind in their efforts to promote energy conservation
measures because of insufficient knowledge of such measures and insufficient fund raisingability to invest in energy-saving technologies compared with large businesses.
・ In order to encourage the introduction of the latest technologies to ensure that small andmedium-sized enterprises are able to save energy, we will introduce a mechanism designed
to facilitate and support them in the installation of energy-saving systems and equipment.
・ By incorporating a perspective of promoting climate change mitigation strategies in the
Collateralized Bond Obligation (CBO) program that has been carried out since March 2003
to provide smaller businesses with a new means of raising funds in accordance with theTokyo Metropolitan Bond Market Initiative, the Environment CBO Program will beinaugurated in order to promote small and medium businesses’ measures to achieve CO2
reductions. At the same time, a public-private partnership fund will be created under atieup with financial institutions in order to help smaller businesses promote environmental
protection measures.

○ Call Upon Financial Institutions to Expand Environmental Investment and
Loan Options and Disclose Information about Investments
・ The financing function, which should be called the blood of economic activities, is playing a8

very important role in promoting companies’ and individuals’ activities that care about theenvironment and in crating a low-energy and low-CO2 society. From this point of view, we
will further expand the environmental financing project that was started in fiscal 2005.
・ We will call upon financial institutions to expand environmental investment and loan
options by, for example, increasing the availability of funds for smaller businesses to invest
in energy-saving technologies and achieve the expanded use of renewable energies, and byproviding funds to accelerate environmental protection measures in buildings.
・ We will also invite proposals about the way to utilize the Fund for the Promotion of
Measures to Cope with Global Warming in cooperation with private funds.
・ In keeping with these moves, we will call upon major financial institutions, which have asubstantial impact on Tokyo’s economic activities, to disclose information about
environmental investments and loans offered in the past.

○ Achieve the Widespread Use of Renewable Energies by Promoting the GreenPower Purchasing Program・ Tokyo has quite a few pioneering spirited enterprises that are trying voluntarily to expand
the use of renewable energies while encouraging energy conservation. In order to further
accelerate and expand this trend, a mechanism that justly appreciates these pioneering
spirited enterprises’ efforts and prevents them from shouldering an excessive monetaryburden is needed.
・ From this perspective, we will call upon the central government to come up with a proposalthat allows the purchasing price of green power, which is now treated as a donation, to beaccounted for as an expense under the tax laws in order to help numerous companies use
renewable energies more readily.
・ Also in cooperation with local governments across the country, we will create a national
network of green power purchase in order to accelerate the trend in green power purchase inlocal governments’ facilities.

○ Collaboration in Conjunction with Smoke, Soot and Air Pollution Control
Measures・ We will push ahead with energy conservation measures by small and medium-sizedbusinesses through multifaceted approaches, including encouraging energy conservation
efforts in conjunction with smoke and soot control measures taken for boilers and othercombustion facilities.

9Initiative II:

Achieve CO2 Reductions in Households in Earnest - Cut
down on light and fuel expenses by low-CO2 lifestyles

Over the years TMG has carried out a series of energy conservation measures, including thecreation of the Energy Efficiency Labeling System of Home Appliances designed to decrease theelectricity consumption accounting for about 50% of the energy consumed in households, theCondominium Environmental Performance Indication, and the spread of the educational programfor children on the climate change issue. The Energy Efficiency Labeling System of Home
Appliances has spread to local governments across the country. It became a national program in
October 2006 and is being carried out throughout the country. In addition to these activities, TMG
will launch an initiative aimed at reducing the total amount of CO2 emissions from households inearnest.

○ Wage the “Campaign for Elimination of Incandescent Lamps” fromHouseholds
・ Lighting accounts for a little fewer than 20% of the electricity consumed in households.
Electricity need for lighting can be reduced substantially simply by changing incandescentlamps to electric bulb type fluorescent lamps. A changeover from incandescent lamps toelectric bulb type fluorescent lamps achieves the maximum 80% reduction of energy perlamp.
・ Although electric bulb type fluorescent lamps are higher-priced than incandescent lamps,
they can reduce electricity charges by one-fifth and increase the service life by six times, soelectric bulb type fluorescent lamps are rather inexpensive in all aspects.
・ Recently the performance of electric bulb type fluorescent lamps has improved to such an
extent that the lamp comes on immediately after it is switched on. New products such as awarm colored lamp and a small lamp have been launched one after another.
・ We will eliminate incandescent lamps from households as soon as possible by starting alarge-scale
replacement
Costs of Electric Bulb Type Fluorescent Lamps in Comparison with Incandescent Lamps
promotion
campaign
toeliminate incandescent lamps in
The 10W lamp has
Lamp
Electricity
cooperation
withelectric
already been
chargeschargesappliance manufacturers, trade Electric Bulb Type Fluorescentcommercialized.
(with service life oforganizations and consumer Lamp 12W6,000
hours)¥1,890 x 1 lamp 12W÷1,000 x 6,000 hours x ¥22/kWhorganizations
・ WiththeCampaign
for
Elimination of
Incandescent
Lamps as a momentum, we willencourage consumers to turn off
electric appliances while not inuse, promote the spread ofenergy-efficient home electric
appliances and step up othermeasures to ensure that “themovement to reduce CO2 by¥1,890¥1,584

Total: ¥3,474
Difference: ¥4,662

Incandescent Lamp 50 Type 54W(with service life of 1,000 hours)¥1,008¥168 x 6 lamp

¥7,128

Total: ¥8,136

54W÷1,000 x 6,000 hours x ¥22/kWh

Source: Prepared by the Bureau of the Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, basedon data from the Energy Conservation Center, Japan10

cutting down on electricity charges” spreads among all households.

○ Build a Comfortable House Using Natural Light, Heat and Wind
– Regenerate the Solar Thermal Market
・ Much of the demand for energy used in houses for heating and hot water supply is
accounted for by demand for not so hot heat and this demand can be supplied by using solar
thermal as it is. Moreover, energy demand for air conditioning and lighting can be reducedby leading natural light and wind into houses effectively. Thus we will promote an effort
to build a comfortable low-CO2 house that use natural light, heat and wind as they are.
・ As for the use of solar thermal, in particular, the oil crises in the 1970s triggered off therapid spread of solar thermal water heaters for a brief span of time but due to themaintenance problem these solar thermal water heaters ceased to be used and the number ofsolar thermal water heaters installed is now decreasing. Today, however, products thathave an outstanding heat exchange performance and feature a high quality design are
manufactured.
・ TMG will encourage the widespread use of solar thermal technology through a set ofmeasures, including creating a mechanism that provides systematic cooperation among solar
thermalequipment Percentage Composition of Energy Consumption by Uses in the
manufacturers,
housing Residential Sector (FY2004)
manufacturers and energy
Heating
For kitchen use
CoolingLighting, home electric appliances andsuppliers, formulating clear
Hot water supply
othersperformance standards topromotecommodity
development, and carryingout a strategy designed to
improve the image of solar
Source: The Bureau of the Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
thermalsystemsasenvironmentally
soundproducts.

○ Improve the Energy-Saving Performance of Houses
・ Newly built houses in Tokyo Metropolitan area that meet the next generation energy
conservation standards account for no more than 14% of the total and this level represents
less than half the national average. For widespread of low-energy houses, we will promote
an effort in cooperation with housing manufacturers and facility manufacturers in order toraise this ratio of achievement to 65% or so by 2015.
・ Energy-saving improvements on existing houses not only bring about an improvement ofenergy-conserving performance but also result in an improvement in comfortableness inhousing, such as the installation of double glazed sash windows that produce thesound-proofing effect. With this in mind, we will make an effort in cooperation withhousing renovation firms in order to ensure that consumers carry out energy-saving
renovations, such as the improved thermal insulation of windows, other openings and outerwalls, when they reform existing houses due, for example, to a change in the householdcomposition. At the same time, we will provide advice and suggestions about the benefitsof energy-saving renovations that lead to an improvement of dwelling comfortableness forTokyoites who intend to renovate their houses.
11○ Facilitate the Spread of Renewable Energies and Energy-Saving Equipment
Such As Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems and High-Efficiency Water
Heaters in Houses
・ Photovoltaic power generation is the environmental technology in which Japan takes pride.
However, because government policy measures have not been established yet to promote thewider use of this generation system, the valuable photovoltaic power generation has not
fully utilized in Japan. As a result, Japan lost its first place position in the world in termsof the number of photovoltaic power generation systems installed to Germany.
・ In the field of water heaters, high-performance energy-efficient products have beencommercialized but these products are yet to come into wider use.
・ We will create a mechanism that facilitates the full-scale diffusion of these systems that havea great CO2 reduction potential in cooperation with equipment manufacturers, housing
manufacturers, and energy suppliers.
BOX：The Conference on the Expanded Use of Solar Energy
The use of solar energy in the forms of solar thermal and solar
light is a particularly high priority project in promoting the use ofrenewable energies in Tokyo. Accordingly, Tokyo has set up the
Conference on the Expanded Use of Solar Energy designed to achieve
the use of 1 million kW-class solar energy systems and, with thisconference, is considering policy options aimed at introducing solar
energy systems mainly in detached houses and apartment houses incooperation with equipment manufacturers, housing manufacturers,
electricity and gas suppliers, and learned persons.
Based on the results of this study, we will facilitate the expanded
use of solar energy in houses in Tokyo.
For Reference: Solar thermal markets in the European Union and Japan■■

Changes in the solar thermal market in the European
Union

Changes in the number of solar thermal facilities
installed in Japan(in ten thousand units)

Source: Data by the Solar System Development Association

・ 26% increase in 2005

・ 500,000 units were installed in 1983 but the number
decreased rapidly by the end of the 1980s.

・ Germany, Austria and Greece together account for 70% of
the EU market.

・ Approximately 50,000 units were installed in 2004.

・ Increases in local governments and countries imposing therequirement to introduce solar thermal systems at the timeof constructing a new house and refurbishing houses on alarge scale

・ Japan is confronted with a slowdown in the use of solar
thermal systems.

12

Initiative III: Lay Down Rules for CO2 Reductions in the Urban
Development
One of the salient characteristics of urban activities in Tokyo is the progress of active urban
development primarily in central Tokyo. Office buildings, apartment houses and other structuresthat are constructed in these new urban development projects will exist over the next several
decades and, as such, the environmental performance of these structures will determine themagnitude of an environmental load in Tokyo for a long period of time.
The framework of Japan’s present city planning system does not contain the provisions forenergy and CO2 emission reductions. TMG has therefore been promoting its own pioneering
policy measures, including the creation of the Tokyo Green Building Program designed to improvethe energy-saving and environmental performance of buildings under the TMG ordinance.
From now on, we will create a mechanism that maximizes CO2 reductions not only by
improving the energy-saving performance through the introduction of the latest high-efficiency
equipment but also by developing a low-energy design for buildings through the use of passive
energies and through appropriate measures in the operation of buildings, and by utilizing renewableenergies and making effective use of energy in local communities.

○ Formulate the World’s Highest-Level Energy Conservation Specifications
for Buildings and Apply Them to Facilities of Tokyo Metropolitan
Government■ Fully Apply the Tokyo Energy Conservation Design Specifications 2007 to the
TMG Facilities in the Current Fiscal Year・ Tokyo Metropolitan Government will lead the way in applying the Tokyo 2007 Energy
Conservation Specifications that it has formulated to TMG facilities to be newly
constructed, expanded or refurbished on a large scale in order to achieve substantial CO2
reductions.
*

In the case of a typical TMG building with a floor space of 3,000m², the specifications can
reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 30% (from the 2000 level).

・ For example, the newly formulated specifications will increase the thickness of roof
thermal insulation material by about 50% (from 50mm to 75mm) and the thickness ofouter wall thermal insulating material by two times.

■ Formulate the Guidelines for Energy Conservation and the Introduction of
Renewable Energies (a tentative name) in TMG Facilities
・ In order to push ahead with the construction of low-energy and low-CO2 buildings, wemust make efforts not only to improve the energy conservation performance of buildings
but also to utilize solar light and thermal and underground thermal energy effectively.
Some measures in the operation of buildings should also be carried out in order to allow
facilities to display their energy-saving capabilities.
・ To this end, we will endeavor to improve the energy conservation performance ofbuildings in accordance with the Tokyo Energy Conservation Design Specifications 200713

in order to expand the utilization of renewable energies, including the direct use of naturallight and heat. In addition, we will formulate the Guidelines for Energy Conservationand the Introduction of Renewable Energies (a tentative name) and apply the same to
TMG facilities in order to promote measures to be taken in the operation and maintenanceof buildings.
・ Through these and other measures we will reduce CO2 emissions directly and encourage
the widespread use of renewable energies in administrative organizations and municipal
facilities of Tokyo Metropolitan Area.

○ Require Large New Buildings to Have Energy Conservation Performance
・ Buildings with outstanding energy conservation performance have come to be constructedsince the Tokyo Green Building Program designed to improve the energy conservation
performance of large buildings in Tokyo was introduced under the Tokyo Metropolitan
Environment Security Ordinance.
・ In order to further establish this trend and promote CO2 reduction measures in new buildings,
we will expand the range of buildings under the Tokyo Green Building Program and requirebuildings to have energy conservation performance higher than the existing requirementlevel in order to increase the energy conservation performance of new buildings.

○ Introduce the Energy Conservation Performance Certificate Program (atentative name) for Large New Buildings
・ In the category of large condominiums, a simple approach of requiring housing business
operators to declare the environmental performance of condominiums in advertisements inaccordance with the Condominium Environmental Performance Indication has effectively
appealed to end users, thus resulting in the improved environmental performance ofcondominiums.
・ Based on this result, we will introduce the Energy Conservation Performance Certificate
Program (a tentative name) to show the environmental performance of new buildings otherthan condominiums plainly to end users and, under this program, require housing business
operators to declare energy conservation performance in the distribution process of newbuildings, including purchase and sale, and leasing transactions.

○ Promote the Effective Utilization of Energy and the Use of Renewable
Energies in Local Areas
・ Urban development projects involving intensive land use create the demand for a large
amount of high-density energy in certain areas. Accordingly, it is important to utilize
unused energy such as urban waste heat, use energy effectively not only in individual
buildings but also in the entire district, and achieve the cutting-edge energy performance.
・ From this perspective, we will examine the possibility of introducing a mechanism thatallows us to improve the performance of existing energy supply systems and of creating amechanism to formulate an effective energy utilization plan in the entire district in a stage
earlier than the process of shaping an individual construction plan.
・ In Tokyo where high-density urban functions are concentrated, energetic urban activities are14

producing various forms and large quantities of urban energy, including biomass resourcesand other renewable energies, and waste heat from sewage treatment facilities and waste
treatment facilities. We will also examine options to use these energies effectively.

15

Initiative IV: Accelerate the Effort to Reduce CO2 from Vehicle Traffic
CO2 emissions originating from vehicle traffic account for about 20% of the total emissions inTokyo Metropolitan Area and 60% of them are emitted by passenger cars. The trend statistics
since fiscal 1990 show that CO2 emissions from trucks continue to decrease while emissions frompassenger cars have shown an increase of as much as 30% or so.
The increase in CO2 emissions from passenger cars far outpaces the emission growth rate forTokyo as a whole and is well comparable to the rate of increase in the business sector that hasregistered the highest growth rate by sectors. Thus we will endeavor to reduce CO2 emissions
resulting from vehicle traffic, focusing on passenger vehicles.

○ Formulate the Rules for the Use of Fuel-Efficient Vehicles to Facilitate theWidespread Diffusion of Hybrid Cars
・ The fuel efficiency of vehicles, including passenger cars, has improved thanks to the active
development of technologies by vehicle manufacturers. Hybrid cars, among others,
achieve high fuel efficiency performance that is much higher than those of other categories
of vehicles. A look at the hybrid car ownership in Tokyo reveals, however, these hybridcars account for no more than 0.6%, or 20,000 units, of the 3,280,000 passenger cars
registered in the Metropolis. Reducing CO2 emissions from vehicles from now on requires
the full-scale spread of fuel-efficient vehicles represented by hybrid cars.
・ With this in mind, we will lay down the rules for the use of fuel-efficient vehicles to ensurethat fuel-efficient vehicles are treated preferentially in all the stages of vehicle production,marketing, purchasing and use. By enforcing the rules, we will press ahead with thefull-scale spread of fuel-efficient vehicles, including hybrid cars.

○ Implement a Project to Encourage the Introduction of Green Vehicle Fuel
Conducive to CO2 Reductions
・ Tokyo already launched a project designed to introduce first- and second-generation
biodiesel fuels (BDFs) in the current fiscal year. We also have initiated an effort to achieve
the diffusion of bioethanol by designating it as a product that TMG should take the initiativein introducing under the Tokyo Metropolitan Green Purchasing Guideline.
・ From now on we will encourage the use of BTL (biomass-to-liquids) made from biomass,
and GTL (gas-to-liquids) made from natural gas.

○ Create a Mechanism of Support for Voluntary Activities Such as the
Eco-Drive Campaign
・ Eco-Drive is highly instrumental in achieving CO2 reductions as it promotes anenvironmentally sound vehicle driving and using behavior, preventing one from accelerating
or decelerating a vehicle abruptly or idling it for too long a time.
・ Large and medium-sized business enterprises are carrying out the Eco-Drive campaign as an
16

organizational program, while smaller businesses and individuals are lagging behind inpromoting this Eco-Drive.
・ We will provide advice and suggestions to Tokyoites and smaller business enterprises toarouse their interest in Eco-Drive and establish the eco-driving practice in society. At thesame time, we will create a mechanism to provide support for trade associations and otherparties in their voluntary efforts to encourage the eco-driving practice.

○ Carry out Traffic Volume Measures by Taking Advantage of the World’s
Most Refined Public Transportation Facilities
・ In order to reduce CO2 emissions from vehicles substantially, it is necessary to decrease theusage of vehicles by promoting a shift to public transportation facilities, in addition to the
spread of fuel-efficiency vehicles, the use of environmentally sound fuels, and thepromotion of Eco-Drive.
・ Tokyo is equipped with a network of public transportation facilities that are at the highest
level among major cities in the world. Taking advantage of this remarkable network,
promotion of a departure from excessive dependence on vehicles in urban life andacceleration of a shift from passenger cars to public transportation facilities are aparticularly important measure among climate change mitigation strategies in Tokyo.
・ Thus we will introduce the park-and-ride system according to days of the week, time zones
and traffic conditions and carry out other measures designed to restrain the usage ofpassenger cars as well as to secure the convenience of transfer and timely availability of
public transportation facilities. We will also promote the car-sharing program.

17

Initiative V:

Create TMG’s Own Mechanism to Support Activities in the
Respective Sectors

Achieving substantial CO2 reductions in Tokyo and accomplishing a clear shift toward a
low-CO2 society requires a reform in the behaviors of all the people who are living and working inTokyo and who visit Tokyo.
To this end, we are required to push vigorously ahead with the strategies set forth in theinitiatives I to IV. What is particularly needed to step up measures to reduce CO2 emissions fromsmaller businesses and households is to create a mechanism that encourages and supports theirenergy-saving activities.
Financially weak small and medium-sized businesses often find it difficult to continueenergy-saving measures because they are unable to raise funds to cover initial investment needed to
introduce energy-saving facilities. For similar reasons households often decide against making
energy conservation refurbishments in housing or are reluctant to introduce energy-efficientequipment and photovoltaic power generation systems.
In most cases, however, CO2 reduction measures are “no-regret strategies” that can reduce lightand fuel expenses at business establishments and households. As such, we will be able to get
economical benefit from these measures for a certain period of time.
We will therefore be able to reduce the total amount of CO2 emissions from smaller businesses
and households as long as we can create a mechanism that would relieve financing bottlenecks
through a set of measures. From this perspective, Tokyo Metropolitan Government will endeavor
to create its own mechanism to promote and support small businesses’ and households’
energy-saving activities.

○ Introduce the CO2 Emission Trading System
・ In keeping with the imposition of the obligation to reduce total emissions on large
CO2-emitting business establishments, we aim to institute the emission trading system. We
will encourage and support smaller business establishments’ energy-saving measures bypurchasing emission reductions attained by these smaller businesses through energy
conservation activities.

○ Create a Program to Encourage and Support Smaller Businesses’ andHouseholds’ Energy-Saving Efforts
・ We will inaugurate the Environment CBO Program and call upon financial institutions todevelop financial products and create new funds to encourage and support small businesses’and households’ CO2 reduction efforts. Also TMG, on its part, will examine ways to allow
these new financing means and financial products to become more effective by the use of
the Fund to Promote Measures against Climate Change, and promote CO2 reduction
measures being carried out by small businesses
・ CO2 emissions from households can be reduced to a considerable degree by employing
already commercialized technologies, such as photovoltaic power generation systems andhigh-efficiency water heaters. However, because these products now cost a great deal,
18

their widespread diffusion cannot be achieved simply by the efforts of individuals andspecific business enterprises. In order to achieve substantial emission reductions in theresidential sector, we will implement a set of measures designed to support the spread ofthese environmental technologies.

○ Commence a Study both in Terms of Tax Reduction and Taxation to
Introduce TMG’s Own Energy Conservation Tax Incentive (a study to be
conducted by Tokyo Metropolitan Tax Research Council in the Current
Fiscal Year)・ In order to effectively promote businesses’ and households’ energy-saving measures, using
economic approaches is effective and the taxation system, among others, has a very
important role to play in this regard. A number of policy benefits can be derived from theappropriate utilization of tax options, such as: tax reduction and exemption will stimulate
investment in energy-saving systems and the introduction of energy-efficient facilities;
taxation will provide an incentive for energy conservation; and a stable revenue resource
will step up measures to support small businesses and households.
・ While the national government is squandering its time on discussing the issue of introducing
an environmental tax, Tokyo Metropolitan Government will start a study by Tokyo
Metropolitan Tax Research Council on its own energy conservation tax incentive in thecurrent fiscal year in order to effectively press ahead with a shift to a low-CO2 society by theuse of economic approaches.

19

TMG Takes the Initiative in “Building A Carbon-Minus City”◆ Achieve substantial CO2 reductions through the full utilization of the world’s highest-level energy-saving
and renewable energies technologies.
◆ TMG leads the way in carrying out four “Mechanisms of Utilizing Technologies.”

Mechanism 1: Obligation to reduce total emissions
Mechanism 2: Emission trading system
Mechanism 3: Program of encouragement and support for the
installation of energy-saving facilities at small
businesses and households
Mechanism 4: Energy conservation tax incentives, etc.

Mechanism 1:
Requiring large
business establishments
to reduce the total
amount of emissions

Large businessestablishments

Upgrading all business establishments’ efforts to the top runner’s level of activities[Means to reduce CO2 emissions]
1. Carry out voluntary reduction measures (active operation measures and the introduction of the latest high-efficiency
equipment, etc.)
2. Secure emission reductions through trading (purchasing CO2 reductions from small business establishments and others)

Fiscal year for the
initiation of measures

Fiscal year for thecompletion of measures

Mechanism 2:
Instituting the emission trading
system*Obligation to achieve
CO2 emission reductions

Creating mechanisms

Large business establishments are requested tosupport smaller business establishments’energy-saving measures.

Smaller businessestablishments

Households● Encouraging energy-saving
efforts- Accelerate the replacement
to the latest high-efficiency
equipment

Allowing business operators to sellemission reductions they have achieved

Mechanism 3:
Installing energy-saving
equipment, etc. and introducing
the encouragement and support
program● Promote the construction of low-CO2 houses- Encourage the utilization of solar light and thermal- Promote the introduction of high-efficiency water
heaters

Mechanism 3:
Installing energy-saving
equipment, etc. and introducing
the encouragement and support
programBring forth the vitality of the city by a flow of funds that
accelerates the introduction of the highest-level technologies
Commitments to
reductions
Introduction oftechnologies
Financial institutions,tax incentives, etc.

Enhancing the vitality ofa new city toward CO2
reductions

Mechanism 4:
Promoting the introduction
20of energy-saving technologies at smaller businesses and households

Environmental financing, the Fund to Promote Measures against Climate Change, energy
conservation tax incentives, etc.

Achieving greenhouse gas emission reductions without fail

20

Tokyo Metropolitan Government〔Utilizing the world’s highest-level technologies〕

TMG’s Pioneering Actions
Tokyo Metropolitan Government will initiate bold reduction actions as Tokyo’s largest CO2
emitter in the initiatives I through V.
○ Apply the Tokyo Energy Conservation Design Specifications 2007 fully to TMG facilities
starting in the current fiscal year
○ Formulate the Guidelines for Energy Conservation and the Introduction of Renewable
Energies (a tentative name) in TMG facilities this summer○ Create the “National Network of Green Power Purchasing” in collaboration with local
governments across the country○ Replace all vehicle traffic signals and pedestrian traffic signals in Tokyo with LED signals○ Formulate measures designed to reduce CO2 emissions produced in the procurement
process of goods (including public work projects)○ Revise the Global Warming Prevention TMG Plan
In consideration of these actions as well as additional undertakings under the 10-Year
Project for a Carbon-Minus Tokyo, we will revise the Global Warming Prevention TMG Plan
formulated in fiscal 2005 as a package of climate change mitigation measures that TMG should
carry out. We will lead the way in accelerating efforts by private enterprises and other parties
by further raising the present reduction target – that is, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from
TMG’s administrative operations and activities by 10% from the fiscal 2004 level by fiscal
2009.

Collaboration with Local Governments in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area
and Across the Country
Measures against climate change must be carried out not only by TMG but by all the parties
across the country. In order to push ahead with the national government’s measures, TMG will
start action in concert with local governments in the Tokyo Metropolitan area and other areas
throughout the country.
○ Deploy the “National Network of Green Power Purchasing” in collaboration with local
governments across the country○ An initiative in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (an initiative launched by the Eight Local
Government Summit) (May 30, 2007)
Expanded Use of Renewable Energies for Promotion of an Initiative to Build a
Carbon-Minus City
We have exchanged views on the expanded use of renewable energies in order to achieve
CO2 emission reductions and have decided to discuss policy options to promote the procurementof environmentally sound electricity and the spread of these procurement schemes among
private business enterprises and others at the Tokyo Metropolitan Area Federation Council.

21

Pushing Ahead with the Carbon-Minus Movement■ Raise the “Awareness” of Carbon Minus in Everyday Life and Styles of WorkA shift to a low-CO2 society can be achieved only if all the parties making up the city areaware of the seriousness of the climate crisis and necessary strategies to deal with the challenge
and, based on this recognition, this initiative is carried out with the participation of all Tokyoites,
NGOs and business operators.
With this in mind, we will conduct a survey on the effects of climate change and the like inTokyo Metropolitan Area and raise the awareness of the climate crisis among Tokyoites.
Furthermore, we will utilize the occasions of events carried out by TMG bureaus as well as
public relations activities, step up collaboration with NGOs and other parties, and further
promote educational activities on climate change, including the relationship between lifestyles
and CO2 emissions.
Meanwhile, in order to develop human resources who will be major players in a low-CO2
society, we will reinforce the environmental learning program on the climate crisis and, at thesame time, press ahead with a citizen or community participation project for the introduction ofrenewable energies.

■ Collaboration with Major Cities of the World
The populations in urban places in the world are expected to account for 60% of the world’s
total population by 2030. Since with an increase in urban populations, energy consumption incities continues to increase, cities have a very important role to play in achieving greenhousegas emission reductions.
TMG will promote climate change mitigation measures by taking advantage of energy-saving
technologies that Japan has and encourage collaboration with major cities of the world by, forexample, presenting TMG’s strategies to these major cities in the world at the Large Cities
Climate Leadership Group.

■ Cooperation with Cities in Asia
In order to reduce CO2 emissions in the world, we must achieve both economic growth and a
low-CO2 society in Asian cities that are expected to attain rapid growth and expansion in energy
consumption in the years ahead. Considering that Japan is geographically situated close to
Asia and historically has close relations with the region, Tokyo has a vital role to play indisseminating this country’s energy-saving technologies to Asian cities.
One of the contributions that Tokyo Metropolitan Government can make to the future of the
Earth is that we should furnish Asian cities with experiences involved in numerous
environmental contamination problems that TMG has resolved in its urban development process
and information about climate change mitigation strategies that TMG is now carrying out.
Accordingly, we will extend a helping hand to Asia in its efforts to solve environmental
problems in cooperation with the Japan Bank for International Cooperation that has ample
experiences involved in environmental projects in developing countries.

22

Promoting the 10-Year
Carbon-Minus Tokyo

Projectfora

We will carry out measures and strategies set forth in this Tokyo Metropolitan Climate Change
Mitigation Strategy in cooperation with private business enterprises, NGOs and other parties
concerned, and through other means such as agreements and municipal ordinances.

■ Hold a Stakeholders Meeting
We will hold a stakeholders meeting where business enterprises, NGOs, Tokyoites andresearchers gather together to express their views on measures and strategies specified in thisStrategy and come up with possibly more effective measures and activities.

■ Examine the Direction of a Revision in the TMG Ordinance and Aims at
Revising It in Fiscal 2008
Based on an interim report on the current state of the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental
Master Plan released in May 2007 by Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Council, the Council
will start a study on the direction of a revision in the Tokyo Metropolitan Environment Security
Ordinance in order to ensure that the ordinance will be revised in fiscal 2008.

■ Give Shape to the 10-Year Project for a Carbon-Minus Tokyo (Summer – Winter2007)
In accordance with this Tokyo Climate Change Strategy, we will give shape to the 10-Year
Project measures and strategies, such as measures to be carried out boldly in all the segments ofTokyo Metropolitan Government and projects in collaboration with pioneering spirited private
businesses and other parties concerned.
* The Fund to Promote Measures against Climate Change will be utilized to push ahead withprojects that can be carried out successfully through the intensive and priority infusion offinancial resources.
* The 10-Year Project measures and strategies are positioned as programs to be implemented
under the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Master Plan.

■ Revise the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Master Plan (by the end of fiscal
2007)
The Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Master Plan will be revised with due consideration
given to the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Council’s report on a revision in this masterplan as well as to the 10-Year Project initiatives.

23

Reference Data: CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption in Tokyo (tentative values for fiscal 2005)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo (tentative values for fiscal 2005)(supposing that electricity’s CO2 emission factor is fixed at the fiscal 2001 level of 0.318t-CO2/MWh)
Emissions (in Mt-CO2 equivalent)Base year
Industrial sector
Business sector
CarbonResidential sector
dioxideTransport sector
(CO2)
Other
Total for CO2
Total for other greenhouse gases than CO2
Grand total

9.9
15.8
13.0
17.9
1.0
57.6
3.4
61.0

Growth from base year

FY2004

FY2005

5.4
20.2
14.2
20.1
1.0
60.8
2.3
63.1

5.6
21.0
15.0
19.3
1.0
61.8
2.2
64.0

Growth rate(%)
-43.4%
33.0%
15.3%
7.7%
-0.9%
7.4%
-36.4%
5.0%

Growth amount(Mt-CO2)
-4.3
5.2
2.0
1.4
-0.0
4.3
-1.3
3.0

Growth from previous year
Growth rate
(%)
3.2%
3.9%
6.2%
-4.0%
1.3%
1.7%
-5.6%
1.5%

Growth amount(Mt-CO2)
0.2
0.8
0.9
-0.8
0.0
1.0
-0.1
0.9

Energy Consumption in Tokyo Metropolitan Area (tentative values for fiscal 2005)
Consumption (in PJ equivalent)Base year

Energyconsumption(PJ)

Industrial sector
Business sector
Residential sector
Transport sector
Energy total

129.1
182.5
171.8
258.5
741.9

Growth from base year

FY2004

FY2005

77.6
265.3
202.4
295.0
840.3

81.4
273.9
216.9
282.8
855.0

Growth rate(%)
-36.9%
50.1%
26.3%
9.4%
15.3%

Growth amount(Mt-CO2)
-47.6
91.4
45.1
24.3
113.2

Growth from previous year
Growth rate
(%)
5.0%
3.2%
7.1%
-4.1%
1.7%

Growth amount(Mt-CO2)
3.9
8.6
14.4
-12.2
14.7

Other service providers
Hospitals, medical facilities, etc.
Schools
Hotels, inns, etc.
Restaurants
Other wholesalers and retailers
Other various commodity retailers
Department stores
Office buildings

Hospitals, medical
facilities, etc.

FY1990

Other service
providers

FY2005Schools

Growth in CO2 emissions from buildings andpercentage composition by uses in the businesssector (compared with the fiscal 1990 levels)

Hotels,inns, etc.
Officebuildings
Restaurants

Other wholesalers andretailers 4%
Various commodity
retailers 0%

Inner circle: FY1990
Department stores
2%

24

Outer circle: FY2005

Reference: Trends in the World Concerning
Climate Change Mitigation Measures
Trends in the World

Specific strategies are beginning to be formulated toward 2020 and 2030.
World’s discussion experiences a shift toward medium and long-term efforts beyond the framework of the
Kyoto Protocol.
Trends in the European Union■ Approved the Policy for Climate and Energy in March 2007
・ Reduce GHG emissions at least by 20% from the 1990 level by 2020.
・ Raise the share of renewable energies to 20% by 2020.

Trends in the United States■

United States Climate Action Partnership (USCAP), a group of businesses and leading environmental organizations, cameforward with a proposal on the obligation to reduce CO2 emissions in January 2007
・ Introduce the emission trading system and reduce CO2 emissions by 60-80% from the current level by 2050
■ Both Democratic and Republican members of Congress advanced a total of seven bills on the obligation to reduce CO2
emissions one after another since January 2007
・ Introduce the emission trading system.
・ Democratic and Republican presidential candidates support the bill on the obligation to reduce CO2 emissions (by 60% by2050).
■ The Federal Supreme Court handed down a ruling that EPA is obliged to regulate CO2 emissions in April 2007

Trends in Major Cities of the World
California■ Inaugurated the Million Solar Roofs Initiative (2007-2017) with a subsidy of approximately $3.2 billion in January 2006.
■ Global Warming Solutions Act signed by governor in September 2006.
・ Reduction target: To reduce greenhouse gas emissions down to the 1990 level by 2020・ Introduce the obligation to reduce and the emission trading system in January 2012

London■ Announcement of the London Climate Change Action Plan in February 2007
・ Reduction target: To reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60% from the 1990 level by 2025 (half of this reduction to beachieved through measures implemented by UK and the European Union).
・ Invest approximately ￡72.5 billion in the housing energy efficiency measures (2005-2008)

New York City
■ Announcement of the Cleaner, Greater New York Plan in April 2007
・ Reduction target: To reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% from the 2005 level by 2030
・ Use the revenue from a surcharge added on electricity rates to carry out energy conservation measures.
・ Reduce the tax on hybrid vehicles.
・ Introduce the road pricing system on the southern side of Manhattan.

Paris City
■ Formulation of the Paris Climate Program in the Summer of 2007 (planned)
・ Reduction target: To reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Paris by one-fourth by 2050

25