Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow:
Innovation, Accessibility, Sustainability
A White Paper from the Chemical Sciences and Society Summit (CS3)
San Francisco, California, United States
September 2012

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Table of Contents

About the Chemical Sciences and Society Summit (CS3) ........................................................ 2
Foreword: Letter from the 2012 CS3 Chairs ................................................................................ 3
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Organic Electronics Today …………………………………………………………………………………10
Organic Electronics: The Vision for Tomorrow ....................................................................... 14
Research Pathway to the Future .................................................................................................... 20
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 26
References .............................................................................................................................................. 27
2012 CS3 Participants ........................................................................................................................ 31

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ABOUT THE CHEMICALSCIENCES AND SOCIETY
SUMMIT (CS3)

The annual Chemical Sciences
and Society Summit (CS3) brings
together some of the best minds inchemical research from around the world
and challenge them to propose
innovative solutions to society’s mostpressing needs in health, food, energy,
and the environment. This uniquegathering boasts an innovative format,
aiming to set the course of international
science, and rotates each year among
participating nations.
Organic Electronics for a Better
Tomorrow: Innovation, Accessibility,
Sustainability summarizes the outcomesof the fourth annual 2012 CS3, which
focused on organic electronics. Thirty
top chemists and other scientists from
China, Germany, Japan, the UnitedStates, and the United Kingdom
assembled in San Francisco to identify
major scientific and technologicalresearch challenges that must be
addressed to advance the field of organic
electronics in a way that best meets

societal needs. This white paper presents
an international view on how the use oforganic materials in electronic devices
can contribute positively to creating amore innovative, accessible, andsustainable electronic world.
The CS3 initiative is acollaboration between the Chinese
Chemical Society (CCS), German
Chemical Society (GDCh), Chemical
Society of Japan (CSJ), Royal Society ofChemistry (RSC), and American
Chemical Society (ACS). The annual
symposia are supported by the National
Science Foundation of China (NSFC),
German Research Foundation (DFG),
Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science (JSPS), UK Engineering andPhysical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC), and U.S. National Science
Foundation (NSF).
This white paper was preparedby science writer Leslie A. Pray, PhD, in
consultation with the American
Chemical Society, and reviewed by 2012
CS3 participants.

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FOREWORD: LETTER FROM THE
2012 CS3 DELEGATION CHAIRS
We live in an electronic world.
Economic, health, and national security
rely on and are positively impacted byelectronic technology. However, theresources and methodologies used to
manufacture electronic devices raiseurgent questions about the negativeenvironmental impacts of the
manufacture, use, and disposal ofelectronic devices. The use of organic
materials to build electronic devices may
offer a more eco-friendly -- andaffordable -- approach to growing ourelectronic world. Moreover, and somewould say more importantly, organic
small molecules, polymers, and othermaterials afford electronic structuresunique properties impossible to obtainwith silicon alone, creating untold
potential for novel functionality.
However, the field of organic
electronics is in its infancy with respect
to devices on the market. Realizing thevision of organic electronics as a moreinnovative, accessible, and sustainableapproach to growing our electronic
world will require overcoming key
research challenges.
Chemists, physicists, and otherscientists and engineers engaged inorganic electronics research representing
China, Germany, Japan, the United
Kingdom and the United States gatheredin San Francisco in September of 2012
to discuss their visions for the future oforganic electronics and to offer research
recommendations for advancing the field
in a way that will maximize its potential
positive impact on society.
Our hope is that our research

recommendations will be recognized andconsidered by science policy-makers
worldwide – not just in the field ofchemistry, but also in the broad range ofother scientific and engineering
disciplines that impact organic
electronics research and development.
While chemists play a vitally importantrole in synthesizing and transforming theorganic “building block” materials thatmake organic electronics possible, our
vision for the future will not be realized
without the cooperation of physicists andother scientists and engineers fromacross academia and industry.

Xi Zhang
Chair, China Delegation

Peter Bäuerle
Chair, Germany Delegation

Takuzo Aida
Chair, Japan Delegation

Cherie Kagan
Chair, United States Delegation

Peter Skabara
Chair, United Kingdom Delegation

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Chemists, physicists, and otherscientists and engineers are synthesizing
and manipulating a wealth of neworganic materials in ways that willchange the way society interacts withtechnology. These new materials create
novel properties impossible to replicate
with silicon, expanding the world ofelectronics in ways unimaginable until
now. Organic Electronics for a Better
Tomorrow: Innovation, Accessibility,
Sustainability examines where organic
electronics are today, where chemical
scientists envision the field is heading,and the scientific and engineering
challenges that must be met in order torealize that vision.
Already, consumers are usingorganic electronic devices, such as smart
phones built with organic light emitting
diode (OLED) displays, often withouteven being aware of the organic natureof the electronic technology in hand. The
Samsung Galaxy line of OLED-based
smartphones occupies a major share of
the global smartphone market.
Potential future applications areenormous and untold. Organic materials
are being studied and developed for theirpotential to build devices with aflexibility, stretchability and softness(“soft electronics”) not afforded bysilicon or any other inorganic materials –that is, electronic devices that bend,
twist, and conform to any surface.
Imagine a smartphone that folds like amap. Devices made with organic
materials also have the potential tointerface with biological systems inways not possible with inorganic
materials. Imagine an artificial skin witha tactile sensitivity approximating realskin that can be used to treat burns or
add functionality to prosthetic limbs.

Potential applications of organic
electronics span a broad range of fields,
including medicine and biomedical
research, environmental health,information and communications, andnational security.
Because of the lower cost andhigher throughput manufacture oforganic-based electronic devices,compared to today’s silicon-based
devices, organic electronics also promise
to expand the use of electronic
technology in resource-limited areas of
the world where supplies are limited or
the necessary infrastructure is lacking.
Already, organic solar cells are being
installed on rooftops in African villages
that lack access to standard on-grid
electricity, providing rural populations
with a safer and cheaper alternative tokerosene.
Not only do organic materials
promise more innovative and accessible
electronic technologies, they also
promise more sustainable electronic
technologies. The potential for greater
sustainability extends across the entire
life cycle of electronics, beginning withthe use of materials that are synthesized,
rather than mined from the earth, andending with potentially biodegradable orrecyclable devices. It is not just thedevices themselves that promise to be
more eco-friendly than silicon-based
electronics, but also their manufacture.
Today, the major focus ofresearch and development in organic
electronic is on three main types ofexisting applications: displays andlighting, transistors, and solar cells. The
vision for the future is to move beyond
these already existing applications andexplore new realms of electronic use.
The intention is not that organic

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 4

electronics, or any specific type oforganic electronics, will replace siliconbased electronics. Indeed, organic
molecules and materials are often usedin combination with silicon materials.
Rather, the vision for the future is one ofan expanded electronic landscape – one
filled with new materials that makeelectronics more functional, accessible,
and sustainable.
The 2012 CS3 participants
articulated three visions for the future oforganic electronics:
1. Organic electronic devices will
do things that silicon-based
electronics cannot do,
expanding the functionality andaccessibility of electronics.
2. Organic electronic devices will
be more energy-efficient andotherwise “eco-friendly” than
today’s electronics, contributing
to a more sustainable electronic
world.
3. Organic electronic devices will
be manufactured using moreresource-friendly and energyefficient processes than today’s
methods, further contributing toa more sustainable electronic
world.
Arguably the greatest overarching
challenge to realizing these visions iscreating electronic structures at industrylevel scale with high yield anduniformity. This is true regardless oftype of material or application. Whilethe electronics industry has alreadyachieved enormous success with someorganic electronic structures, such as
those being used to build OLED-based
smartphones, most organic electronic
structures are being synthesized on only
very small scales, with reproducibility inthe formation of many materials being amajor problem. Until wide-scaleindustry-level production is achieved,
future visions for organic electronics
will remain just that – visions.
CS3 participants identified four
major scientific and technology researchchallenges that must be addressed inorder to achieve high yield anduniformity.
1. Improve controlled selfassembly. Chemists need to gain
better control over the selfassembly of organic electronicmolecules into ordered patterns
to ensure that the structures being
assembled are reproducible.
Improved controlled selfassembly requires a better
understanding of the electronic
properties of organic materials,
especially when those materials
are in contact with othermaterials (i.e., their interfacial
behavior). Only with thatknowledge will researchers beable to predict how organic
electronic materials actually
perform when integrated into
devices, and only with thosepredictions will engineers be able
to develop industry-scale
synthetic processes.
2. Develop better analytical tools.
Better analytical tools are needed
to detect and measure what ishappening with respect tostructure and chemicalcomposition when organic
materials are assembled andintegrated into electronic
structures and devices, ideally at
every step along the way. These

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 5

3. tools need to be non-destructive,
non-invasive, and high-speed.
4. Improve three-dimensional (3D)processing technology. Manyorganic electronic structures canbe assembled on flexible
substrates using existing printing
technologies. However,fabrication of 3D organic
electronic structures with thesame precision achievable withtwo dimensional (2D) printing
technology remains a major
challenge to reliable highthroughput manufacturing oforganic electronic devices.
5. Increase multi-functionality oforganic electronic devices. As
chemists gain better control overthe synthesis of organic
materials, they and theirengineering collaborators will beable to build increasingly
sophisticated optoelectronic1 andother devices with multiple
functions. However, in order tofully realize the multifunctional
capacity of organic chemistry,
chemists need to broaden theirresearch focus beyond “chargecarrier” transport (i.e., electrons
and holes, respectively) and gaina better understanding of optical,
magnetic, thermal and otherproperties.

While chemical scientists have been
critical drivers of organic electronics andwill continue to serve an essential role inexpanding the landscape of organic
electronics, other areas of scientific andengineering research are equally
essential. Chemists, physicists, materialscientists and other scientists andengineers must combine their expertise
and work together to realize the fullpotential of organic electronics.
Multidisciplinary research and training
programs that bring together scientists
and engineers from different fields ofknowledge, as well as from different
sectors of activity (i.e., academia,
industry, government), will facilitate thecollaborative effort needed to meet thesescientific and technological challenges

1

An optoelectronic device is anelectronic device that produces orinteracts with light. Organic
optoelectronic devices already in themarketplace include organic lightemitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic
solar cells.

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 6

INTRODUCTION
We live in an increasingly
electronic world, with computers
occupying a central part of our lives. In
2012, there were an estimated 30-40
processors per person, on average, withsome individuals surrounded by as manyas 1000 processors on a daily basis.
While silicon electronics has solved
many of the challenges associated with
our increased use of electronics, there
are limits to what silicon can do.
Chemists are synthesizing a wealth of
new organic materials for use inelectronic devices that create novel

properties impossible to replicate withsilicon. These materials hold tremendous
promise to expand our electronic
landscape in ways that will radicallychange the way society interacts withtechnology. Organic Electronics for a
Better Tomorrow: Innovation,
Accessibility, Sustainability examines
where organic electronics are today,
where chemical scientists envision thefield is heading, and the scientific andengineering challenges that must be met
in order to realize that vision.

Figure 1. From silicon to carbon. Silicon (S) and carbon (C) may be in the same familyon the periodic table, but the properties they confer on electronic structures are anything
but similar. Source: Jin Zhang.

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Our Electronic World
While Moore’s prediction that the number of transistors per chip would double
every 18 months has more or less borne true, many scientists and engineers speculate thatsuch growth is not indefinite and that a limit will be reached. While the miniaturization ofsilicon-based electronic structures has created an electronic world full of affordable, highperforming devices, still there are things that silicon-based electronics cannot do and will
never be able to do. Organic materials, whether used in combination with silicon or not,hold the potential to expand our electronic world in ways unimaginable when Moore madehis prediction some forty years ago.

Organic Materials for Electronics: A
PrimerChemical scientists work withseveral different types of organic
materials in their research on electronics.
These materials include small
molecules2 and polymers; fullerenes,
nanotubes, graphene, and other carbonbased molecular structures; ensembles ofmolecules and molecular structures; andhybrid materials. They use thesematerials to build electronic structures
and then integrate those structures into
electronic devices. Many of thesedevices are early-stage prototypes, withmajor scientific and engineering
challenges still to be surmounted before
the prototypes can become real-world
products. But others are alreadycommercial realities, some being used
on a widespread basis. For example,
both small molecules and polymers arebeing used in the manufacture of OLED
displays (e.g., TV and cell phone
displays), solar cells, and transistors.

Polymer electronic materials inparticular are one of the most active
areas of organic electronic research, somuch so that polymer-based organic
electronic devices (and device
prototypes) have significantly improvedin performance over the past decade. For
example, power conversion efficiencies(PCEs) of organic photovoltaics (OPVs)
have increased from 5 percent in 2005 to> 10 percent in 2012. This increased
performance is being driven by newly
developed polymers with improved solar
light absorption properties and superior
mobilities. For organic transistor
devices, charge-carrier mobilities3 haveincreased from less than 0.010 cm2/Vs in2000 to greater than 1.0-3.0 centimetersquared per Volt-second (cm2/Vs) in2010. Some high-performance polymers
exhibit as great as 5.0-10.0 cm2/Vs
mobility. Increasing charge-carrier
mobility and thereby improving device
performance even further poses one of
the greatest challenges to the field ofpolymer electronics. An additional
concern is that most reported charge-

2 “Small molecule” is used in this White

Paper in reference to organic moleculesthat are smaller than polymers, that is,both monomers and oligomers.

3 “Charge-carrier” mobilities

characterize how quickly charged
particles move through a semiconductor.

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carrier mobility values are for isolated
and optimized systems and that mobility
decreases when such systems areintegrated into actual devices.
Carbon-based materials holdtremendous promise for the field oforganic electronics because carbon
comes in so many different forms, with awealth of chemistries associated withthose different forms. Fullerenes were
the first carbon nanostructures produced,
in 1990. Carbon nanotubes were
produced shortly thereafter and then, in
2004, graphene was isolated. Carbonbased materials are being researched anddeveloped mostly to create bendable, orrollable, electronic displays, solar cells,

and other flexible devices. But they arealso being investigated for their chargestorage potential, conducting ink
capacity (e.g., graphene-based inks arebeing investigated for their use in
security packaging such that tampering
breaks the printed circuit, sounding an
alarm), and other applications. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes are being
produced on a large scale (e.g.,
Hyosung, Inc., South Korea, produces
more than one ton daily) and being used
as electrically conductive plastic parts in
ATM machines and other devices. But
single-walled carbon nanotube
production has yet to be scaled up to anindustrial level.

Figure 2. Improved electronic performance in devices made with organic polymer
materials, 2000-present. Top: Continued research on polymer materials has led to asteady increase in charge-carrier mobilities in organic field effect transistors (OFETs)(top) and increased photoconversion efficiencies (PCEs) for organic solar cells (bottom).
Source: Lixiang Wang.

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Single Molecule Organic Electronics: Illusion or Insight?
The field of single molecule organic electronics has made great strides since theworld’s first single-molecule organic electric device, the molecular rectifier, wasenvisioned in the mid-1970s. Researchers have learned how to alter structures of single
molecules in ways that change conductance and other electronic properties. However, they
still face daunting challenges to integrating those structures into macroscopic circuitries
and into actual usable devices. The field is still occupied largely by academic researchers,with some scientists speculating that the notion of single-molecule electronics is but anillusion. Or at least the notion of a single-molecule computer is but an illusion. There areother potential applications. Because single molecule devices involve constricting allelectrical current to flow through a single molecule such that anything perturbing themolecule is sensed by the device, single molecule devices could make for fantasticallysensitive sensors. At the very least, while no single molecule electronic device has yet
become a commercial reality, research in the field has yielded a wealth of new knowledge
about the chemistry of organic electronics. By shrinking electronic systems down to asingle molecule, chemical scientists are learning about charge movement throughmolecules, molecule-electrode interfacial activity, and other phenomena that help tounderstand how organic molecules function as electronic device components.

ORGANIC ELECTRONICS TODAY
Organic electronics is not a new
field. Electronic devices made withorganic materials already have multiple
applications and have been widelycommercialized, mostly in display (e.g.,smart phone displays), photovoltaic, andtransistor technologies.
Organic Display Technology
Organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs) are built from one or morelayers of organic and hybrid material(either small molecules or polymers)
sandwiched between two electrodes(e.g., indium tin oxide), all on a plastic
or other substrate. Unlike other display
technologies, which require a backlightin order for the display to show, OLEDs
generate their own light via

electroluminescence and therefore they
do not require backlights. They requireless power and are more energy-efficientthan backlight-dependent display
technology.
OLEDs are already widelycommercialized in many Samsung andother smartphone models. The Samsung
Galaxy line of OLED-based
smartphones occupies a significant
portion of the global smartphone market.
Additionally, Samsung and LG
Electronics have both announced
forthcoming launches of large-screen
OLED TVs. The new TVs are expected
to not only be more spectacular than
today’s TV technology, with respect tocrisper colors and sharper contrasts, butalso lighter, thinner, and more energyefficient.

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 10

Figure 3. Building better OLED displays. Left: Samsung has announced the near-future
release of a foldable smartphone built with a flexible plastic OLED display; the phone canbe folded to an eighth of its size. Source: Josh Miller/CNET. Right: Both Samsung and
LG Electronics have announced near-future releases of 55-inch, 4-mm thick OLED
display TVs. Source: LG Electronics.

Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs)
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs), or
organic solar cells, are generally viewed
as one of most exciting near-futureapplications of organic electronics, notnecessarily as a replacement for siliconbased PVs, rather because of uniqueways that OPVs can be used due to theirflexibility, large-area coverage, and low
cost. However, a key challenge toexpanding solar cell production isindustry-scale reproducibility.
The harvesting of solar energy
relies on chemical and physicalinteractions at the interfaces between
materials that harvest the light andmaterials that transport electrical current.
These interfaces can be either organicorganic or organic-inorganic. As
chemical scientists gain a better
understanding of the processes that

occur at these various interfaces,
engineers will be able to build interfacial
structures that drive energy conversion
even more efficiently than today’s
devices do. While current OPV
technology boasts conversion
efficiencies that exceed 10 percent,reaching even 12 percent, someresearchers predict organic solar cells
will reach 15-20 percent efficiency.
Transistor Technology
Transistors are considered afundamental “building block” of modern
electronic devices, either amplifying
signals or operating as on-off switches.
There are many different types oftransistors. Most organic transistors areorganic field-effect transistors (OFETs).
OFETs have several unique properties
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notably their flexibility. Because OFETs
can be manufactured at or near room
temperature, they enable the
manufacture of integrated circuits onplastic or other flexible substrates thatwould otherwise not withstand the hightemperature conditions of silicon-based
device manufacture. OFETs are also
highly sensitive to specific biologicaland chemical agents, making themexcellent candidates for biomedical
sensors and other devices that interface
with biological systems.
With the synthesis of neworganic materials, chemists have
improved charge-carrier mobilities forsmall-molecule OFETs from < 1 cm2/Vs
in 2000 to 8-11 cm2/Vs today. Initially,
the improved mobilities were obtained
only under very clean conditions inultrahigh vacuum chambers. However,recent results suggest that high-performance OFETS can be fabricatedusing simple and relatively inexpensive
techniques, such as solution processing.
By 2020, with the synthesis of evenmore advanced materials, mobilities
could increase to as much as 100
cm2/Vs. As with small-molecule OFETs,
polymer OFETs have also increased inperformance, with typical mobilities
increasing from about 0.1 cm2/Vs in2000 to about 10 cm2/Vs today.
Despite this progress, several
challenges remain before OFETs will
become a widespread commercial
reality. For example, only recently havescientists demonstrated the fabrication ofthermally stable flexible OFETs. Highthermal stability is prerequisite tointegrating OFETs into biomedical
devices; otherwise they won’t survive
high-heat sterilization.

From Chemist to Consumer: OLED Displays
The touch-screen display on the Galaxy S series of smartphones manufactured by
Samsung Electronics is testament to the tremendous progress already achieved in the fieldof organic electronics. Most other smartphones, as well as computers, tablets, highdefinition television sets and other similar devices, use liquid crystal display (LCD)
technology, an organic-inorganic hybrid electronic technology that requires a backlight toproduce the image displayed on the screen. But the Galaxy S uses a technology that
doesn’t require a backlight: organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display technology.
OLEDs emit their own colored light to produce images. Because they do not needbacklights, OLED displays are thinner and lighter than LCD displays. They have otherpotential advantages as well, including flexibility, with efforts underway to develop andcommercialize foldable OLED display smartphones and other devices. Other similar
devices are emerging in the marketplace. For example, the PlayStation (PS) Vita, a
handheld game console, boasts a 5-inch touchscreen OLED display.
These and other future OLED devices exemplify how fundamental research inorganic chemistry, including the chemical synthesis of new organic materials and thecharacterization of those materials, can evolve into mass production of a novel
technology. To advance the technology even further, chemists, physicists, and otherscientists are collaborating to develop yet more advanced organic materials with evenbetter electronic and other properties. Researchers predict that OLED lighting technology,
including large-area (white) lighting, will become a commercial reality within the next
five years.

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Organic Chemists Outsmart Counterfeiters
Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) create a wealth of innovative opportunities
for electronic applications. For example, scientists are fabricating OTFTs on banknote
surfaces as an anti-counterfeiting feature. Not only are OTFTs thinner than even thethinnest silicon-based transistors (less than 250 nanometers [nm], compared to 20
micrometers [µm]), making it possible to embed them into the banknote paper, they also
operate at a low enough voltage (about 3 volts [V]) that they do not cause any damage tothe paper. Most importantly, because they are made with organic materials, the OTFTs are
flexible enough that they can withstand repeated crumpling, creasing, and sharp folding.
OTFTs on banknotes exemplify how research on organic materials, in this casewith German and Japanese chemists collaborating on the use of very thin polymer
substrates as the starting material for fabrication of the OTFTs, can eventually lead todevelopment of a novel device otherwise impossible to build with silicon-based electronic
structures. Flexible organic thin-film transistors are also being studied and developed fortheir potential applications in a wide range of other types of bendable devices, such as
rollable solar cells.

Figure 4. OTFTs make for good anti-counterfeiting features in banknotes. Left:
Polymer substrate with functional OTFTs wrapped around a cylinder with a radius of 300µm. Source: Sekitani et al. 2010. Right: Banknote with OTFTs embedded as acounterfeiting feature. Source: Zschieschang et al. 2011.

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 13

ORGANIC ELECTRONICS: THE
VISION FOR TOMORROWAs chemists continue tosynthesize and functionalize new andimproved organic materials for use inelectronic structures and devices, thefield of organic electronics will likely
expand in ways not even imaginable
today. Some applications have alreadybeen realized, like the OLED
smartphones and the low-cost solar cells
being installed on rooftops in rural offgrid communities in South Sudan. Some,like the ultra-thin OLED TVs andfoldable smartphones, are expected to belaunched in the near future. Others, likeelectronic skin that mimics human skinwith its tactile sensitivity, will takelonger. Still others cannot be foreseen.
The potential future applications aremany and varied, spanning acrossmultiple fields: medicine and biomedical
research, energy and the environment,
national security, communications andentertainment, home and officefurnishings, clothing and personal
accessories, and more.
Not only will the field of organic
electronics yield innovative applications
not even imaginable today, it also has
the potential to make electronics
production, use, and disposal moreenvironmentally sustainable. Chemists
and their colleagues are seeking ways tomake organic electronics – both thedevices themselves and the manufactureof those devices – more resourceconservative and energy-efficient than
today’s silicon-based electronic world.
CS3 participants identified threeoverarching visions for the future oforganic electronic materials:
Vision #1: Organic electronic devices
will do things that silicon-based

electronics cannot do, expanding thefunctionality and accessibility ofelectronics.
Organic materials give electronic
devices unique properties impossible toachieve with silicon-based electronic
structures, enabling a broad range ofinnovative “out-of-the-box”
applications. These properties includesensing, biocompatibility, and flexibility.
Because of the unique structuraland functional variation of organic
materials, arguably one of the greatest
areas for innovation in the field oforganic electronics is in sensing -- thatis, the use of electronic devices to sense
chemical or biological substances in theenvironment, in or on the human body,in food and water, or elsewhere. For
example, chemical scientists envision
diagnostic sensors that detect changes inbiomarker levels (e.g., changes inglucose levels in people with diabetes);
environmental sensors that detect toxins
in food or water; and national security
sensors that detect trinitrotoluene (TNT)or other explosives. Biosensors areamong the most exciting near-futureapplications of organic electronics. As
just one example, chemical scientists
envision biosensors that not only detect
glucose levels in people with diabetes,
but also actually dispense theappropriate dose of insulin at the righttime.
Not only are organic electronic
structures more chemically compatible
with biological systems than siliconbased devices are, they also enable a
flexibility, stretchability and mechanical“softness” not possible with silicon.
Together, these properties create thepotential for innovative bio-electronic
sensors that can conform to the curvatureand moving parts of the human body.

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Flexible organic thin-film transistors(OTFTs) are being used to develop
electronic skins with tactile sensitivity
and other sensing capabilities. The hopeis that this technology will be used tobuild artificial skin for burn patients,
prosthetics with tactile capabilities, andother touch-sensitive devices impossible
to build with silicon-based electronic
structures. In the very distant future,some scientists wonder whether such“robotic skin” might even be capable ofdetecting emotional states.
The flexible (“soft”) nature ofcarbon-based and other organic materials

makes them mechanically compliant notjust with biological systems, but alsowith a wide range of other types ofcurved surfaces and movable parts.
Scientists envision flexible displays,
solar cells, sensors, and batteries withapplications in automobiles, clothes andother fabrics, and machinery. As just one
example, the Smart Forvision Concept
Car has been proposed as a futuristic carthat would boast, among many otherweight and energy-saving features, atransparent organic solar cell roof for
fueling the car’s climate control system
and OLED lighting.

Figure 5. Flexible organic semiconductors. Circuits fabricated on a flexible andtransparent organic substrate. Flexibility is an important advantage of organic materials.
Source: Sun et al. 2011.

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Figure 6. Using organic materials to create artificial skin. Scientists are using organic
field-effect transistor (OFET) architecture to build electronic material that mimics humanskin. The electronic skin is a stretchable two-dimensional (2D) array of tactile sensors thatcollect environmental signals and translate those signals into information. Source:
Sokolov et al. 2012.

Vision #2: Organic electronic devices
will be more energy-efficient andotherwise “eco-friendly” than today’s
electronics, contributing to a moresustainable electronic world.
As chemical scientists andengineers continue to improve thesynthesis and characterization of organic
materials for use in electronics, theirhope is that the use of such materials
will lead to more energy-efficientelectronic displays and lights, solar cells,
transistors, and other electronic devices.
For example, while organic solar cells
are already very energy efficient, with anenergy “payback” time of less than six
months, their energy efficiency needs tocontinue to improve in order to succeed
as a widespread technology in places

like Northern Europe where long spellsof sunlight are but a dream.
As with organic solar cells,
chemical scientists and engineers hopeto improve the energy efficiency oforganic transistors as well, in the case of
OFETs by lowering their operating
voltages. Lowering OFET operating
voltages is more than an energy
efficiency goal. It will also allow
chemists to take advantage of thebiocompatibility of OFETs; high-voltage
FETs generate fatal levels of heat.
In addition to increasing energy
efficiency, as chemists continue to study
and improve their understanding of theelectronic behavior of organic materials,
engineers will be able to build devices
that last longer and that are recyclable orperhaps even biodegradable.

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 16

Off-the-Grid Organic Electronics: Making Electronics More Accessible
While we live in an increasingly electronic world, access to that world is limited. An
estimated 1.3 billion people have no access to electricity, with many people relying on
kerosene, batteries, or diesel-fueled generators. Because of their cheaper manufacturingcosts, organic electronics promise not only to change the way people use technology, butalso to expand the use of technology to populations without access to on-grid electricity.
For example, in 2011, Eight19, a Cambridge, UK-based company dedicated to thedevelopment and manufacture of organic solar cells, launched a program called Indigo toprovide off-the-grid solar-powered energy to rural markets. The pay-as-you-go program
eliminates the high initial purchase cost of solar power systems (customers pay for thesystem with scratch cards on a week-by-week basis until they own the product outright),
costs less than kerosene (after the customer has paid for the product, usage is free), and isenvironmentally safer than kerosene (kerosene emits poisonous fumes). The technology
being used in the Indigo program -- indeed all organic solar cell technologies -- would not
be possible without ongoing work by organic chemists to synthesize and functionalize
new materials.

Vision #3: Organic electronic devices
will be manufactured using moreresource-friendly and energy-efficient
processes than today’s methods, further
contributing to a more sustainable
electronic world.
The use of organic materials tobuild electronic devices holds thepromise that future electronic
manufacturing methods will rely on
fewer, safer, and more abundant raw
materials. The vision is for resourceefficient synthetic methodologies,
whereby both the devices themselves
and the manufacturing of those devices
use less material than today’s siliconbased electronic methodologies require.
For example, materials can be saved byrelying on less wasteful processes, suchas printing, whereby materials are added
to structures or devices layer by layer as
they are built, in contrast to spin-coating

which involves removing materials anddisposing of those excess materials. In
addition to using fewer materials,
chemists are seeking ways to use safer
materials. For example, many polymers
require carcinogenic solvents, including
some solvents not even allowed in the
EU printing industry because of their
toxicity. Chemists are hoping to design
polymers that are soluble in non-toxic
solvents and that rely on more benign
methodologies in general. Finally, theresource-friendly vision is for relianceon more abundant starting materials,
thereby conserving precious andendangered resources. For example,
graphene is being investigated as areplacement for indium tin oxide (ITO),
as indium is considered a limited
resource.
In addition to becoming moreresource-friendly, organic electronic
manufacturing methods will also become

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 17

DRAFT -- DO NOT DISTRIBUTE (2013 March 13)
more energy-efficient as materials andprocess engineers continue to learn andimprove methodologies for synthesizingorganic materials and assembling
electronic structures. The vision is for
manufacturing processes with fewer
steps and with methods for recovering
lost heat. Currently, both carbon
nanotube and graphene synthesis
methodologies are highly energy-

intensive, with the scale of production
being too small to invest in theinfrastructure necessary for recovering
lost heat. As the manufacture of carbonbased electronics expands in scale andthe volume of material being processed
increases, the hope is that process andmaterials engineers will develop ways tobuild the infrastructure needed toreclaim heat.

Figure 7. Accessible electronics. Pay-as-you-go organic solar cell technology is being
distributed throughout rural areas of southern Africa and elsewhere, providing a low-costand safe alternative to kerosene. Source: Eight19.

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 18

Sustainable Electronics
What is “sustainable electronics”? And how can organic electronics help to makeelectronics more sustainable? The meaning of sustainability is open to interpretation. The
2013 CS3 participants considered several different definitions of sustainable electronics.
Environmental sustainability. For most people, mention of “sustainable
electronics” brings to mind images and concerns about energy efficiency, resource use,
and waste disposal or recycling – that is, building an electronic world that enables
sustainable management of natural resources. For example, how can electronic devices bebuilt that operate more energy efficiently than today’s silicon-based devices? Creating
more sustainable electronic products is not just about building a more “eco-friendly” solar
cell or other device, but also using more “eco-friendly” manufacturing methods to do so.
In fact, sustainability cuts across the entire life cycle of an electronic product, from raw
resources to disposal. Chemists and other scientists and engineers are using organic
materials to steer electronics into the future in a more environmentally sustainable way
than is possible in today’s electronic world, for example by using carbon-based materials
instead of precious earth-mined resources and by relying on safer and less energyintensive manufacturing methods than silicon-based electronic processing methods.
Social sustainability. More broadly, “sustainable electronics” also implies
building an electronic world that enables a more sustainable society – that is, as describedin the United Nations 2012 report Realizing the Future We Want for All, one that ensures“inter-generational justice and a future world fit for children … in which children will beable to grow up healthy, well-nourished, resilient, well-educated, culturally sensitive andprotected from violence and neglect …” Organic electronics is helping to steer electronics
into the future in a way that ensures such justice and in a way not possible with today’s
silicon-based electronics. Specifically, organic electronics is making electronics in generalmore accessible to people worldwide. Chemists are using organic materials to develop“off-the-grid” solar cells, low-cost water sensors, and other devices for use in areas where
people otherwise do not have the resources or infrastructure to light their homes ormonitor water quality. Even in resource-rich areas where electronics are alreadypervasive, organic materials hold the potential to expand the use of electronic products inways that will benefit society. One of the potential advantages of organic electronics is its
more cost-effective large-scale manufacture, compared to silicon electronics, which
creates opportunities for high-throughput production of item-level sensors and otherdevices that could be used to monitor and protect our environment, including our foodsupply, in ways not possible until now. For example, chemists envision item-level foodspoilage sensors that would significantly reduce the amount of wasted food.
Technology sustainability. Finally, “sustainable electronics” implies thatelectronics itself is long lasting – not just the actual devices, but also organic electronic
technology in general. Chemical, materials, and other scientists and engineers have only
just begun to tap the vast potential for innovative functionality made possible through theuse of organic materials in electronic devices. The way that organic electronic structuresinteract with biological systems opens up a vast world of possibility with respect tomedical, sensing, and other human interface applications. The versatile nature of organic
electronics, combined with the promise the field holds forth for environmental and social
sustainability, point the way to a very long-lived set of technologies.
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RESEARCH PATHWAY TO THE
FUTURE
Realizing the visions articulated
in the previous section will require
overcoming several major scientific andengineering research challenges.
Arguably the greatest overarching
challenge to the field of organic
electronics is to create electronic
structures at industry-level scale withhigh yield and purity. This is true
regardless of the type of material used orapplication. Until industry-levelproduction of well-controlled structures
is achieved, the visions for organic
electronics will remain just that –visions. Only by addressing thesechallenges will the field of organic
electronics expand the functionality,
accessibility and sustainability of ourelectronic world:(1) Improve controlled selfassembly. Chemists need to gain
better control over the selfassembly of organic electronicmolecules into ordered patterns
to ensure that the structures being
assembled are reproducible.
Today, a lack of reproducibility
in the formation of many
materials precludes industryscale processing. To overcome
this, chemists need to gain better
control of the self-assembly oforganic electronic molecules into
ordered patterns. Improved
controlled self-assembly requires
a better understanding of theelectronic properties of organic
materials, especially when thosematerials are in contact withother materials (i.e., theirinterfacial behavior). Only withthat knowledge will researchers
be able to predict how organic
electronic materials actually
perform when integrated into
devices, and only with thosepredictions will engineers be able
to develop industry-scale
synthetic processes.
(2) Develop better analytical
tools. Better analytical tools areneeded to detect and measure
what is happening with respect tostructure and chemicalcomposition when organic
materials are assembled andintegrated into electronic
structures and devices, ideally at
every step along the way. These
tools need to be non-destructive,
non-invasive, and high-speed.
Additionally, highly sensitive
analytical methods are necessary
to detect degradation products oforganic materials under operating
conditions in order to better
understand the break-down
mechanism of such materials andeventually increase their lifetimein electronic devices.
(3) Improve three-dimensional(3D) processing technology.
Many organic electronic
structures can be assembled on
flexible substrates using existing
printing technologies. However,fabrication of 3D organic
electronic structures with thesame precision achievable withtwo dimensional (2D) printing
technology remains a major
challenge to reliable highthroughput manufacturing oforganic electronic devices.

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 20

DRAFT -- DO NOT DISTRIBUTE (2013 March 13)(4) Increase multi-functionalityof organic electronic devices. As
chemists gain better control overthe synthesis of organic
materials, they and theirengineering collaborators will beable to build increasingly
sophisticated optoelectronic andother devices with multiple

functions. However, in order tofully realize the multifunctional
capacity of organic chemistry,
chemists need to broaden theirresearch focus beyond “chargecarrier” transport (i.e., electrons
and holes, respectively) and gaina better understanding of optical,
magnetic, thermal and otherproperties.

Organic Electronics: The Role of Chemistry
Chemistry research plays a critical role in the development and commercializationof organic electronics. After all, it is chemists who synthesize and functionalize theorganic materials being used in the OLED smartphones, organic solar cells, and otherdevices either already on the market or in the development pipeline. Without thosematerials, these devices would not exist. Not only do chemists provide the raw starting
materials, but they also play a key role in improving the performance of those materials
over time. For example, charge-carrier mobilities of polymer-based OFETs have increased
dramatically over past 10 years, from 0.1 cm2/Vs to over 10 cm2/Vs, largely because
scientists know a great deal more about the chemistry of the polymers than they did in thepast. Still, there is a great deal more to learn. Many high-performance polymers being
developed for use in organic electronics show non-textbook behavior, making it difficult
to predict and control how polymeric structures will actually pack and perform once
integrated into electronic systems. The reasoning behind this chemical behavior, and thepossible uses of these polymers are still unknown. Continued research will help chemists
to gain a better understanding of how these materials behave when they are integrated into
electronic systems and hopefully point the way to even better-performing polymer-based
OFETs.

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DRAFT -- DO NOT DISTRIBUTE (2013 March 13)

Research Challenge #1: Improve
Controlled Self-Assembly
Organic chemistry enables a vastarray of complex structures and largescale molecular assemblies to be built.
However, the actual self-assembly4
process is complex and still very poorly
understood. Some design rules are
beginning to emerge for small molecule
self-assembly, but for the most partchemists are still operating on a largely
trial-and-error basis. While it is known
that small changes in microstructure cansignificantly impact self-assembly in thesolid state, in most cases it is difficult or
impossible to predict how. Without
controlled self-assembly of organic
electronic structures, the manufacture ofdevices built from those structures will
be hindered and visions for the future oforganic electronics thwarted.
For polymer materials inparticular, improved control ofmorphology is arguably among thegreatest challenges to moving the fieldforward. This is true even for P3HT
[poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)], thewell-studied of polymeric electronicmaterials, especially for OPVs. Even
though the mechanism of P3HT
polymerization is well understood,
recent research has demonstrated how
certain defects that significantly impact
electronic performance emerge evenwith the most commonly used synthetic
protocol. Even for commercial polymer
materials already available for purchase,batch variation is significant. Thus,
4 In this White Paper, self-assembly isdefined as the spontaneous ordering of
patterned building blocks at a
macroscopic scale.

industrial scale-up of polymer-based
electronics will require a more robust
understanding of polymer self-assembly.
For all organic materials,
chemists need to be able to model
structure-property relationships at themolecular level so that they can design
systems with more controlled selfassembly, regardless of whether that
self-assembly occurs in solution (i.e., inink) or on a surface. In other words, theymust develop a more predictive scienceof organic electronics. Otherwise,
synthesis will continue to yield
decidedly non-uniform mixtures ofstructures that behave in unpredictableways.
The issue of batch variation andreproducibility, or lack thereof, raises
questions about whether some defects or
impurities might be tolerable. It appears
that most are not, with defects occurring
at frequencies of less than one percent
having significant impact on
performance, especially for small
molecule aggregate electronic devices.
Whether defect-tolerant moleculararchitectures exist and, if so, under what
conditions, remain a matter ofinvestigation.
The challenge of reproducibility
is especially acute for large-scale
synthesis of carbon-based materials.
Currently, only gram quantities of semiconducting carbon nanostructures can be
manufactured. Even then, defects arepervasive, with typical batches being
heterogeneous mixtures of forms withvarying electronic and other properties.
A better understanding of self-assembly,
including a better understanding of
kinetic versus thermodynamic control
during the self-assembly process, would
help chemical engineers to develop thenecessary selective synthesis tools forseparating semi-conducting carbon

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 22nanostructures from other typesof molecular structures.
The Importance of Understanding
Interfacial Behavior
Improved self-assembly requires
not only a greater understanding of theelectronic properties of any given
organic material, but also how those
properties manifest when the material isin contact with another material.
Chemical scientists need to gain a better
understanding of interfacial chemistry
and the impact of the interface on device
performance. For example, graphenematerials have charge-carrier mobilities
on the order of 200,000 cm2/Vs in a
vacuum environment. But thosemobilities drop orders of magnitude
when the same materials are assembled
on substrates. The mechanism andinterfacial chemistry responsible fordriving this drop in mobility is still
unknown.

The need for a greater
understanding of interfacial behavior,especially interfacial self-assembly, istrue of all organic-organic interfaces(e.g., assemblages of multiple layers oforganic materials, single molecules incontact with a carbon nanotube) and allorganic-inorganic interfaces (e.g., single
organic molecules in contact with anelectrode). While molecule-electrodeinterfaces are key to increasing theenergy efficiencies of many devices, any
or all of these different points of contact
can impact electronic behavior.
The significance of the interface
is not limited to the electronic structures
or devices themselves. Interfacial
behavior also impacts manufacturing.
Chemists need to gain a better
understanding of the various moleculesolvent interactions that occur duringsolution processing (e.g., inkjet or screen
printing).

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DRAFT -- DO NOT DISTRIBUTE (2013 March 13)

Figure 8. The complexity of self-assembly calls for a complexity science approach: The
self-assembly of well-ordered patterns of organic electronic materials, whether thosematerials are molecules, polymers, carbon-based or not, is very difficult to predict andcontrol. Until such self-assembly is better understood, such that well-controlled structures
can be synthesized repeatedly and reliably, large-scale production of many of theenvisioned applications for organic electronics will not be possible. Chemists need to gaina better understanding of self-assembly in order to achieve the prediction and control
needed for industry-level production. Some chemists are calling for a systems-levelapproach to studying the complexity of self-assembly. Source: Würthner and Meerholz
2010.

Research Challenge #2: Develop Better
Analytical Tools
Reliable analytical tools are key
to building a predictive science oforganic electronics. Only when scientists
are able to better characterize theelectronic and other properties of theirsystems at the highest possible
resolution will they be able to predict
how molecular structure impacts
performance. Currently, chemists have
limited capabilities to characterize thelocal molecular environments of thestructures they are building. Better tools
are needed for analyzing the molecularcomposition, molecular organization,and local electronic and other propertiesof the organic electronic systems they
are building.
A stronger fundamental
measurement science would not only
help with developing a more predictive
science of organic electronics, it is also
key to scaling organic electronic
processing up to an industry level. In

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 24

DRAFT -- DO NOT DISTRIBUTE (2013 March 13)
order to guarantee quality control,
process engineers need to know what ishappening at every point in the process.
They need non-invasive, nondestructive, high-speed analytical tools.
Research Challenge #3: Improve
Three-Dimensional (3D) Processing
Technology
In order to scale organic
electronic processing up to an industrylevel standard, chemical scientists andengineers need improved threedimensional (3D) fabrication
technologies. An important advantage ofmany organic electronic structures anddevices is that they can be assembled onplastic, paper and other flexible
substrates using existing low-cost, highthroughput inkjet printing technologies.
Printing also enables large-areafabrication of OLEDs, organic solar
cells, OFETs and other organic
electronic devices. Moreover, its
additive approach makes for moresustainable production (i.e., necessary
resources are added as needed rather
than excess resources being subtracted
and removed as waste). However,defect-free 3D processing of organic
electronic structures remains a major
challenge to industry-scale manufacture.
Engineers need to build on what has
already been done with 2D lithography
so that they can fabricate uniform 3D
structures in a controlled manner on anano-level, not just micron-level, scale.

Research Challenge #4: Increase
Multi-Functionality of Organic
Electronic Devices
Organic electronic devices cando more than transport electronic
information. They can also transport
optical, magnetic, and thermal
information. Indeed, many of the organic
electronic devices already on the market
are multi-functional. For example,
organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
and organic solar cells are multifunctional optoelectronic devices, that is,electronic devices that use or produce
light in addition to using or producing
electrons. As chemists gain better
control over the synthesis of organic
materials, they and their engineeringcollaborators will be able to build
increasingly sophisticated optoelectronic
and other multi-tasking devices withmultiple inputs and multiple outputs. For
example, researchers envision multitasking window glazings that function as
solar cells that generate electricity and as
OLEDs that generate light. In order tofully realize the multifunctional capacityof organic electronics, chemists need tobroaden their research focus beyond
charge transport and gain a better
understanding of how molecular
structure and interfacial behavior
impacts not just electronic but also
optical, magnetic, thermal and otherproperties.

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 25

DRAFT -- DO NOT DISTRIBUTE (2013 March 13)
CONCLUSION

In 2004, it was predicted thatchemists would soon synthesize organic
semiconductors with charge-carrier
mobilities greater than 10 cm2/Vs andorganic photovoltaic cells with 10
percent power conversion efficiencies.
Those predictions have come true. Morerecently, it was predicted that organic
electronics would become a US$30
billion industry by 2015. While thismore recent prediction may have been
overly optimistic, nonetheless the fieldof organic electronics clearly has madetremendous strides over the past few
decades, with some devices already on

the market and a multitude of device
prototypes in development.
The field will continue to grow,changing the way society interacts withtechnology, as chemists, physicists, andother scientists and engineers address theresearch challenges identified by the2012 CS3 symposium participants.
Multidisciplinary research and training
programs that bring together scientists
and engineers from different fields ofknowledge, as well as from different
sectors of activity (i.e., academia,
industry, government), will facilitate thecollaborative effort needed to meet thesechallenges.

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Materials 23(5):654-658.

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 30

DRAFT -- DO NOT DISTRIBUTE (2013 March 13)
2012 CS3 ParticipantsNameInstitution

Title

China Delegation
Zi Zhang (Chair)
He Tian

Lixiang Wang

Jian Pei
Jin Zhang
Zhigang Shuai (liaison)
Yunqui Liu

Tsinghua University,
Beijing
East China University of
Science and Technology,
Shanghai
Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Changchun
Peking University, Beijing
Peking University, Beijing
Tsinghua University,
Beijing
Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing

Professor of Chemistry
Professor of Chemistry andMolecular Engineering
Professor, ChangchunInstitute of Applied
Chemistry
Professor of Chemistry
Professor of Chemistry
Professor Chemistry

Germany Delegation
Peter Bäuerle (chair)

Ulm University, Ulm

Frank Würthner

University Würzburg,
Würzburg
University of Cologne,
CologneHumboldt-Universität zu
Berlin, Berlin

Klaus Meerholz
Stefan Hecht

Andreas Hirsch
Horst Hahn

Hans-Georg Weinig(liaison)

Director, Institute ofOrganic Chemistry II andAdvanced Materials
Professor, Institute ofOrganic Chemistry
Professor, Institute ofPhysical Chemistry
Professor, Laboratory ofOrganic Chemistry andFunctional Materials,
Department of Chemistry
Professor/Chair, Organic
Chemistry
Executive Director

University ErlangenNuremberg, Erlangen
Karlsruhe Institute ofTechnology, EggensteinLeopoldshafen
Germany Chemical Society Head Education andScienceOrganic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 31

Markus Behnke

German Research
Foundation (DFG)

Program Director

Japan Delegation
Takuzo Aida (chair)

University of Tokyo,
Tokyo

Yoshiharu Sato

Mitsubishi ChemicalGroup Science andTechnology ResearchCenter, Inc., Tokyo
Graduate School ofEngineering, Kyoto
University, Kyoto
School of Engineering,
University of Tokyo,
Tokyo
Graduate School ofEngineering, Hiroshima
University, HigashiHiroshima
Graduate School of
Science, Tohoku
University, Sendai, Miyagi
Chemical Society of Japan,
Tokyo
Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science(JSPS), Tokyo

Mitsuo Sawamoto

Takao Someya

Kazuo Takimiya

Masahiro Yamashita

Nobuyuki Kawashima(liaison)
Mitsuhiko Shionoya

Professor, Departments ofChemistry andBiotechnology, School ofEngineering
Senior Researcher,
Photovoltaics Project

Professor, Department of
Polymer Chemistry
Professor, Department ofElectrical Engineering
Professor, Department ofApplied Chemistry

Professor, Department ofChemistry
Executive Director andSecretary General
Graduate School of
Science, University ofTokyo

United Kingdom Delegation
Peter Skabara (chair)
Stephen Yeates
Karl Coleman
Martin Heaney

University of Strathclyde,
Glasgow, Scotland
University of Manchester,Manchester, England
Durham University,
Durham, England
Imperial College London,
London, England

Professor of Materials
Chemistry
Professor of Polymer
Chemistry
Reader, Department ofChemistry
Senior Lecturer, Materials
Chemistry, Department ofChemistry

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 32

Andrew Monkman

Durham University,
Durham, England

Richard Walker (liaison)

Royal Society ofChemistry, Cambridge,
EnglandEngineering and PhysicalPhysical Sciences Portfolio
Sciences Research Council, Manager
Swindon, England

Clare Bumphrey

Director, Photonic
Materials Centre,
Department of Physics
Science Executive

United States Delegation
Cherie Kagan (chair)

University ofProfessor, Departments ofPennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chemistry, Electrical and
Penn.
Systems Engineering, andMaterials Science andEngineering
Lynn Loo
Princeton University,
Professor, Department of
Princeton, New Jersey
Chemical and BiologicalEngineering
Claudia Arias
University of California,
Acting Associate
Berkeley
Professor, Department ofElectrical Engineering andComputer Sciences
Colin Nuckolls
Columbia University, New Professor, Department ofYork, New YorkChemistry
James Batteas
Texas A&M University,
Professor, Department ofCollege Station, Texas
Chemistry
Jiwoong Park
Cornell University, Ithaca, Asst. Professor,
New York
Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology
Dat Tran (liaison)
American ChemicalInternational Activities
Society, Washington, D.C. Manager, Office ofInternational Activities
Francisco Gomez
American Chemical
Assistant Director, OfficeSociety, Washington, D.C. of International Activities
Zeev Rosenzweig
National Science
Program Director
Foundation, Arlington,
Virginia
Leslie Pray (science writer) Independent Consultant,
Los Angeles, California

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow / 33