2009530( )81

英語史における英語史における形容詞屈折消失と支柱語 one(s)のの出現
における形容詞屈折の形容詞屈折の消失と山村 崇斗 (名古屋大学大学院)
yamamura.shuto@f.mbox.nagoya-u.ac.jp
1.

Introduction(1)a.

John has a red car and Jim has a blue one.

b.

I’ll take the green apples if you haven’t got any red ones.
(Radford (2009: 4))

(2)

a.

… þewynsumlicorþa myclan byrþenne and [þa hefian]… themore-joyfully

the bigburden

and the heavy

aberan migton
endureb.

þæsmight(BlHom3 1.65)

swetan wætres and [þæs ferscan]of-the sweetwaterand thefresh(Alex. 1.338)(Fischer (2000: 175))(3)
2.

John bought the red car and [the green *(one)](Kester (1996: 58))

The Adjectival Inflection and the Prop-word One in the History of English(4)a.

and [DP þa hefian pro]b.

and [DP þæs ferscan pro]

2.1. Postnominal ‘And Adjective’ Constructions and the Prop-word One: Haumann (2003)
(5)
DPDþa
þæs

AgrPAP
hefianferscanAgrʹ
AgrNPpro(6)

Licensing and Identification of pro
An empty, non-arbitrary pronominal must be properly head-governed, andgoverned by an X-0 specified for strong agreement.

(7)(Lobeck (1995: 52))

Strong Agreement
An X-0 is specified for ‘strong’ agreement iff X-0, or the phrase or head withwhich X-0 agrees, morphologically realizes agreement in a productive numberof cases.

(ibid.: 51))

(8)

DPD
theAgrP
AP
green

Agrʹ
AgroneNP
pro

2.2. Problems with Haumann’s Analysis(9)a.

Haumann (2003) does not provide any empirical evidence for thecorrelation between the loss of the adjectival inflection and the rise of theprop-word one.

b.

She does not argue about substantive adjectives, which are attested withgreat frequency in the Old English period

(10)

a.

DPs in Haumann (2003) involve some notions which are no longer
assumed within the recent Minimalist framework.

b.
3.

The prop-word one is generated as a head.

A Historical survey on the Loss of the Adjectival Inflection and the Rise of theProp-word One
(11)

a.

YCOE:

The York-Toronto Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Proseb.

PPCME2: The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, Second
Edition for Middle Englishc.

PPCEME: The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English forEarly Modern English

3.1. Postnominal ‘And Adjective’ constructions
Table 1 The Frequency of Postnominal ‘And Adjective’ Constructions (per 1,000,000 words)
YCOE

PPCME2

PPCEME

85.7

12.3

5.0

2

(12)

a.

to ðam fægran monnum &to thefairmen

ðam beorhtan

and thebright(cobede,Bede_5:14.440.6.4421:o2)b.

ða fægran boc &the fiarc.

ða hwitanbook and the white

seo anwyrþe fæmne &(cobede,Bede_5:14.440.27.4436:o2)

seo halige

the honorable woman and the holy(coblick,HomU_18_[BlHom_1]:5.23.27:o39)
(13)

a.

þe wicked man and þe treacherous
the wicked man and the treacherousb.

bothe þe newe kynge and the oldboth(14)(CMEARLPS,52.2240:m2)

a.

the newkingand the old(CMGREGOR,216.2039:m4)

betweene the superiour Globe and the inferiour(BACON-E2-H,1,22V.78:e2)b.

towards the right hand or the left

(BOYLE-E3-H,32E,118:e3)

3.2. Substantive Adjectives
Table 2 The Frequency of Substantive Adjectives in Subject Positions (per 1,000,000 words)

(15)
(16)

YCOE

PPCME2

PPCEME

874.2

213.4

40.1

The poor are often generous to each other.
a.

Se lamahim

andwyrde, …

the crippled to him answeredb.

(coaelhom, ÆHom_2:33.257:o3)… m+ag la se blinda lædan þone blindanmay

the blind lead

theblind(coaelhom,ÆHom_14:18.2015:o3)

(17)

a.

, so þat ðe grete grucchede agenst hym, and þe smale, so that the great grutchb.

cursedwell fastcursedwel fasteagainst him and the small(CMPOLYCH,VIII,103.3666:m3)

The wykkyde sall be don a-waye,
The wicked

shall be done away

(CMROLLTR,4.118:m4)

3

(18)

a.

For the wicked do reuenge them selfe vpon dygnytie(BOETHCO-E1-P2,61.124:e3)b.

I see the good lye down prostrate for feare of my fall
(BEETHEL-E2-P1,12.93:e2)

3.3. The Rise of the Prop-word One
Table 2 The Frequency of the Prop-word One

(19)

YCOE

PPCME2

PPCEME0

134[thilke same oon] is thilke that is goodthis(20)(per 1,000,000 words)

same onis thisthat is good

(CMBOETH,436.C2.319:m3)

a.

and God blesse that Little one(PETTIT-E2-P1,23.20:e2)b.

it were the wild onec.

…, which is almost as good as the old one(MARKHAM-E2-P1,1.94.96:e2)(PEPYS-E3-P1,7.420322:e3)

3.4. Summary
4.

Alternative(21)DPDAgrP
APAgrʹ
Agr(22)DPDNPAP(23)

(24)

NPNPʹ

a.

Determiners have unvalued φ-features which function as a probe.

b.

Adjectives in Old English have lexically valued φ-features.

c.

At least, pro generated in NP does not have any φ-features.
selegfamblawenda seað & [DP se fula pro] wæs helle tintreges muðthat vomiting-firehole and that foul

was hell’s torture’smouth(Bede, 13.432.7)(Haumann (2003: 80))

4(25)

DPD
seu-φ(26)NPAP
legfamblawenda
φ[sg, masc]

NPʹseað
φ[sg, masc]DPD
seu-φ(27)NPAP
legfamblawenda
φ[sg, masc]

NPʹ
pro

John bought the red car and [the green*(one)].

(28)(Kester (1996: 58))

DPD
theu-φNP
AP
redNPʹ
car(29)DPD
theu-φNPAPgreen

NPʹ
pro

(30)

DPD
theu-φNP
APgreen

NP
one
φ[sg]

5.

Consequences
(31)

a.

* Mary will meet at Berkeley because she didn’t [e] John.

b.

Mary will meet at Berkeley because she didn’t [e].

(Lobeck (1995: 23))5

(32)

a.

I like this very tall girl more than that one(Radford (1981: 92))b.

They passed through a small clear area, then a larger one.
(Yasui and Nakamura (1984: 63))

(33)

DPD
thisNP2
AP
very tall(34)NP1girlDP
DaNP3
AP
small

NP2
APclear

(35)

a.

NP1
area

I like the students from Mexico, and I adore the one from Canada.
(Schütze (2001: 130))b.

How do farmers decide which apples to use for what? – Well, they often
use ones that have fallen to the ground to make cider.

(36)

DPD(37)(ibid.: 175)

a.

NP2
NP1

Modifierone

PP-modifiers
Relative Clause

The attack on Iran by Iraq in June was more destructive than the one inSeptember.

b.

(McCawley (1988: 186))

The theory of light that Newton proposed that everyone laughed at wasmore accurate than the one that met with instant acceptance.
(ibid.: 368)

(38)

a.

* The students of physics are smarter than the ones of chemistry.

b.

* Newton’s theory of planetary motion is more interesting than his one oflight.

(McCawley (1988: 185-186))

6

(39)

a.

* Alice read every book on the reading list, and George read one too.

b.

* Toscanini recorded Wagner’s Faust overture, and Furtwängler recorded
one too.

6.

(ibid.: 186)

Conclusion

References
Chosky, Noam (2000) “Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework,” Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist
Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, ed. by Roger Martin, David Michaels and Juan Uriagereka,
89-155, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Cinque, Guglielmo (1994) “On the Evidence for Partial N-Movement in the Romance DP,” Paths
towards Universal Grammar: Studies in Honor of Richard S. Kayne, ed. by Guglielmo Cinque etal., 85-110, Georgetown University Press, Washington DC.
Fischer, Olga (2000) “The Position of the Adjective in Old English,” Generative Theory and Corpus
Studies: A dialogue from 10 ICEHL, ed. by Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero et al., 153-181, Mouton deGruyter, Berlin.
Haumann, Dagmar (2003) “The Postnominal ‘And Adjective’ Construction in Old English,”English Language and Linuistics 7, 57-78.
Lobeck (1999) “VP Ellipsis and the Minimalist Program: Some Speculations and Proposals,”
Fragments: Studies in Ellipsis and Gapping, ed. by Shalom Lappin and Elabbas Benmamoun,
98-123, Oxford, New York.
Lobeck, Anne (1995) Ellipsis: Functional Heads, Licensing, and Identification, Oxford, New York.
McCawley, James D. (1988) The syntactic Phenomena of English, University of Chicago Press,Chicago.
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Radford, Andrew (1981) Transformational Syntax: A Student’s Guide to Chomsky’s Extended Standard
Theory, Cambridge, New York.
Radford, Andrew (2009) Analysing English Sentences, Cambridge, New York.
Schütze, Carlton T. (2001) “Semantically empty Lexical Heads as Last Resorts,” Semi-lexicalCategories: The function of Content Words and the Content of Function Words, ed. by Norbet
Corver and Henk van Riemsdijk, 125-187, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.
Ukaji, Masatomo (2000) Gendai no Eigogaku Series 8: Eigo-shi (Series of Modern English Linguistics, 8:
History of English), Kaitakusya, Tokyo.
Yasui, Minoru and Yukiyoshi, Nakamura (1984) Gendai no Eibumpo 10: Daiyou Hyougen (ModernEnglish Grammar, 10: Pro-form), ed. by Kazuo Araki, Kinsuke Hasegawa and Minoru Yasui,Kenkyusya, Tokyo.
CorporaKroch, Anthony and Ann Taylor (2000) The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, 2ndEdition, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Kroch, Anthony, Beatrice Santorini and Lauren Delfs (2004) The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus ofEarly Modern English, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Taylor, Ann, Anthony Warner, Susan Pintzuk and Frank Beths (2003) The York-Toronto-Helsinki
Parsed Corpus of Old English, University of York, England.
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