1.

Overview
In the symposium’s afternoon session, an electronic voting system was used to gather audience

opinion regarding what were considered to be the most important points for each topic, based on thediscussions of the 1st and 2nd day expert workshop. In addition to the questions submitted by eachgroup (total: 7 questions), we asked 2 further questions regarding awareness of the CO2 reduction
targets for 2050 that the symposium is aiming for, making for a total of 9 questions. We gatheredaudience response twice, once before and once after explaining the key findings of the discussions oneach topic, so as to ascertain mind-setted audience awareness and any change in that awareness as aresult of hearing about the key findings through discussions conducted in the experts workshop. We
offered 4–6 responses for each question.
Before the afternoon session, we used electronic voting system to ask the audience to provide theirage (4 categories), region (3 categories), and profession (5 categories), these questions also serving tofamiliarize the audience with the system. Participant profiles are shown in Table 1. N/A represents
participants who joined the session part way through and so had not provided answers to the profilequestions. Results showed that most of the 198 persons who participated in the afternoon session
were Japanese, and that most were spread evenly over the 30–39, 40–49, and over 50 years age
groups. Participants were distributed fairly evenly among each of the profession categories, with aslight bias towards academia and industry.
Table 1: Participant profiles
AgeRegion

Profession

Under 29 years old17

Japan

138

Political authority and government

33

30-39 years old43

Developed country

18

Business and Industry4040-49 years old

42Developing/ Rising country

14Academics and Research

50Over 50 years old66

N/A28

Media

24

N/A

30

NGO, Citizens, and others

23

N/A

28

* A total of 198 persons participated in the session. Those who joined the session part way through were classified as N/A2. Results
At the session, the results of key findings through discussions conducted in the experts workshop
up to the previous day on the 4 themes of (1) Behaviour Change and its Impact on Delivering LCSs,(2) Delivering LCS through Sustainable Development, (3) Enabling LCSs: Investment, and (4)Barriers and Opportunities: Approaches to Sensitive LCS Sectors were announced and questions putto the audience. The questions are shown in Table 2. All of the questions produced interesting
results, but we would like to focus here on the 2 questions (Q1, Q2) on awareness regarding CO 2
reduction and 2 questions (Q4-1, Q4-2) on industrial sectors and activities that demand the greatest
attention from the viewpoint of CO2 reduction. We present overall results to the questions in Figs. 1to 3 and Table 3.
Table 2: Questions
Overall questions: Awareness of the CO2 reduction targets for 2050
Q1

In 2050, our world HAS TO reduce CO2 to ?

Q2

In 2050, our world CAN reduce CO2 to ?

(1) 0% of 1990 levels or increasing from current levels(1) 0% of 1990 levels or increasing from current levels(2) About 30% of 1990 levels(2) About 30% of 1990 levels

(3) About 50% of 1990 levels(3) About 50% of 1990 levels(4) About 70% of 1990 levels(4) About 70% of 1990 levels

Topic1：Behaviour change and its impact on delivering LCSs
Q1-1

What is most needed to change people’s behaviour towards

Q1-2

adopting a low-carbon lifestyle?

Between whom is dialogue most needed to promote
behaviours leading towards a LCS?

(1) Clear government standards and strong regulation(1) Between business and consumers(2) Information and guidance for action(2) Between government and citizens(3) Availability of suitable alternatives and choices(3) Between government and business(4) Prices and incentives that reflect the cost of carbon(4) Between national and local level governments(5) Personal mind-set and positive attitudes
Topic2：Delivering LCS through Sustainable Development
Q2-1

How to deliver LCS globally through SD?
(1) Developed countries set examples for LCS(2) Continue current development with strong carbon
mitigation(3) Alternative development path with international
assistance(4) All countries follow LCS through SD actions

Topic3：Enabling LCSs: Investment
Q3-1

From the package of actions, what area of investment would

Q3-2

you focus on as a priority?

How would you rank the priority of these interventions?
(Choose 1st one only)(1) Energy efficiency(1) Regulation(2) Demand management(2) Taxation(3) Renewables(3) Carbon pricing(4) CCS(4) Information disclosure(5) Consumer finance(6) Subsidies

Topic4：Barriers and opportunities: Approaches to sensitive LCS sectors
Q4-1

Which sector faces the biggest challenges in the transition toLCS?

Q4-2

What is the most important response to challenge for energy
intensive industries?

(1) Electricity(1) Radical LC technologies(2) Surface transport(2) Closing gaps to achieve a level playing field(3) Iron and steel(3) Retain competitiveness by restricting import(4) Forestry conservation(4) Securing subsidies to retain competitiveness(5) Aviation

In 2050, our world HAS TO reduce CO2 to ?
In 2050, our world CAN reduce CO2 to ?
HAS TOCAN

In 2050, our world HAS TO reduce CO2 to ?
In 2050, our world CAN reduce CO2 to ?
HAS TOCAN①0% of 1990 levels or increasing fromcurrent levels① 0% of 1990 levels or increasing fromcurrent levels①0% of 1990 levels or increasing fromcurrent levels①0% of 1990 levels or increasing fromcurrent levels

14 4 4 3021 4 12

②About 30% of 1990 levels② About 30% of 1990 levels② About 30% of 1990 levels② About 30% of 1990 levels

11 6821 4 17③About 50% of 1990 levels
11167201051③About 50% of 1990 levels③ About 50% of 1990 levels

2068 15514139813241010 3 7 1③About 50% of 1990 levels
788 1

14228④About 70% of 1990 levels④About 70% of 1990 levels④About 70% of 1990 levels④About 70% of 1990 levels

612 3 2 3

714 5 23010151020

81030

4050

Numbers

Political authority
and government

Fig. 16070

Business andIndustry

0Academics andResearch

1020Media

30

4050

Numbers

NGO, Citizens, andothers

60

7001310142030

Awareness regarding CO2 reduction

940

Numbers

Political authority
and government

N/A

75060

Business andIndustry

070

Academics andResearch

10Media70

energy intensive industries?

1 248

After

②Surface transport
1341Japan③Iron and steel
3 1 3

1715

5

1Developed country

4Rising/Developingcountry
N/A④Forestry conservation
2 2 2

13

12

3

4N/A

179

4

14

2

623

3

3

3

14

1

146

1

6

Before1 2Upper：Before
Lower: After⑤Aviation
111

161160N/ATable 3: Q4-2 results

3 1 231050

What is the most important response to challenge for①Electricity

940(after symposium)

Which sector faces the biggest challenges in the transition to LCS?

130

Numbers

NGO, Citizens, andothers

Fig. 2 Awareness regarding CO2 reduction(before afternoon session)

720

7

N/A

2
5

12 1
1020

30

40

Numbers

Fig. 3 Q4-1 results

5060

1: Radical LC technologies
2: Closing gaps to achieve a level playing field
3: Retain competitiveness by restricting import
4: Securing subsidies to retain competitivenessOwing in part to the fact that the symposium was invitation-only, awareness regarding CO2
reduction was probably relatively high right from the start. Regarding the level of worldwide CO2
reduction by 2050, irrespective of the timing of the question, a majority of participants responded
that a reduction of over about 50% was required. A closer look at the results shows that several of
those who chose 70% reduction before the session switched to 50% after the session. This is thought
to have been caused by confusion before the start of the session over required worldwide CO2
reduction level and the reduction level that Japan needs to achieve.
Looking at the question of feasibility of CO2 reduction worldwide, the majority of participants felt
before the start of the session that at best, no more than 30%–50% reduction would be feasible,
despite their view that reduction of over about 50% was required. When the question was put to theaudience again after the session, results show an increase in the number of participants who
considered a higher reduction level to be feasible. However, the results also show that while thegap between participant perceptions of necessary and feasible reduction levels that existed before
the symposium closed to a certain degree, the audience remained insufficiently convinced as a wholeon the feasibility of achieving a level of CO2 required for the abatement of climate change risks andassurance of a sustainable future.
Q4-1 asks which industrial sector faces the biggest challenges in relation to the implementation ofpolitical, institutional, and technological measures for the transition to the LCS. Responses to thisquestion revealed a difference in views between Japanese participants and those from othercountries. Before the announcement of the key findings of Topic 4 discussions, a great many
participants irrespective of nationality held the view that the electricity sector faced the biggest
challenges in transitioning to LCS. However, Topic 4 discussion included arguments to the effectthat Japan’s electricity sector in particular is in a favorable position for transitioning to the LCS
owing to Japanese technological capabilities and lack of international competition. We consequently
anticipated that the number of people choosing the electricity sector as a response to the question
would decrease, but the number of Japanese choosing the sector in fact increased. While thediscussion session suggested that the possibilities for the electricity sector to transition to LCS werehigh, Japanese participants appear to have thought that if the “challenges” mentioned in thequestion were surmountable, Japan’s electricity sector needs to make greater efforts to transition toLCS. Non-Japanese participants, on the other hand, appear to have interpreted “challenges” asmeaning hurdles that are difficult to surmount, and as such, chose other sectors (iron and steel,surface transport) as facing more difficult challenges than the electricity sector, for which thepossibilities for transitioning to LCS were described as being relatively high.
Q4-2 solicited opinions on the most important response to challenges for energy intensiveindustries, offering participants a choice of 4 responses: 1 response proposing the development ofradical low carbon (LC) technology, and 3 responses related to maintaining a level playing field forinternational competition. Results show that irrespective of timing of the question, the great
majority of participants considered the development of radical LC technology to be the mostimportant, with very few participants selecting responses related to the international competition
environment. The announcement of discussion results explained that electricity and heating supply
sector accounted for the largest share (25%) of per-sector global emissions, followed by transport,
buildings, and motor vehicle manufacture. The announcement also touched on the sectors mostexposed to international competition, but motor vehicle manufacture is the only such sector among
those mentioned above, and the announcement explained that even if international competition isfierce, the auto industry is not considered to be hugely significant in terms of CO2 emissions. As aresult, participants appear to have decided that domestic countermeasures are the most important,and accordingly chose technological innovation rather than responses related to the structuring of
the international competition environment.