Natural Disaster Research Report of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 45 ; February, 20112009 Typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng Disasters in the Phillipines
Tadashi NAKASU*, Teruko SATO**, Takashi INOKUCHI***, Shinya SHIMOKAWA***, and Akiko WATANABE*****International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management under the auspices of UNESCO (ICHARM), Japan**
Visiting Researcher, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), Japan,***
National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), Japan****
Toyo University, Japan

Abstract
On September 25 and 26, 2009, Typhoon Ondoy struck the south-west island of the Luzon islands in the Philippines.
Heavy rainfall affected 4.9 million people, causing 501 fatalities. In the middle of October 2009, Typhoon Pepeng struckin and around Baguio City, located in the northern part of the Luzon islands. Heavy rainfall caused a large number oflandslides, and 4.5 million people were affected, totaling 539 fatalities. This is a survey report of the great water related
disasters that occurred in the Philippines and that were caused by Typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng. The report is focused on
the extensive urban flood disaster that occurred in Metro Manila and on the landslides that occurred in and around Baguio
City. The investigation was managed and carried out by an interdisciplinary team including a geologist, a geophysicalscientist, a geographer, a sociologist, and an anthropologist. This research reveals that changes in socio-economic
conditions increases vulnerability to disasters and thereby exacerbates damage. It is suggested that future rapid population
growth in urban areas along with global warming could further increase vulnerability to disasters in developing countries.
Key words: Typhoon Ondoy, Typhoon Pepeng, Flood Disasters, Landslides Disasters, Metro Manila, Baguio City

1. Introduction
Three tropical cyclones ─ Tropical Storm Ketsana (local
name: Ondoy), Typhoon Parma (local name: Pepeng), andTyphoon Mirinae (local name: Santi), consecutively hit thecentral and northern parts of Luzon island in the Philippines
in September and October of 2009, resulting in serious
damages associated with floods and landslides. In particular,
the National Capital Region (NCR), namely, Metro Manila,
and Rizal Province were hit hardest by flooding induced byTropical Storm Ondoy. Out of 10 million inhabitants, thistyphoon affected approximately 4.9 million and left 501
missing or dead. Typhoon Pepeng came in mid-October,affecting approximately 4.5 million inhabitants and leaving
another 539 missing or dead mainly due to landslides.
Subsequently, Typhoon Santi affected approximately 0.8
million and left 39 missing or dead due to the heavy rains andassociated inundations in the Laguna Lake (Laguna de Bay)coastal area.

The Philippines is one of the most disaster-prone
countries in the world. Its location makes it vulnerable
to a variety of natural disasters. Furthermore, social andeconomic conditions, such as low maintenance standards
for disaster prevention facilities and problems with the poor
living in damage-prone areas, contribute to an increase in
their vulnerability to disasters. It is also a concern that theflood risk would increase along with an increase in heavy
rainfall frequency due to global warming. Hence, in orderto clarify the characteristics of the disasters and explore
solutions to alleviate the damage, it is important to conduct
a comprehensive study that is not only geared towards
understanding the natural phenomena that caused the disasters
but also takes into account the social and economic factorsthat contributed to the disaster. Thereby, an investigation of
the disasters was conducted by an interdisciplinary team that
included a geologist, a geophysical scientist, a geographer, asociologist, and an anthropologist. The team was organized*

Minamihara 1-6, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8516, Japan
Miwa 1-430-1, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8585, Japan***
Tennodai 3-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0006, Japan****
Hakusan 5-28-20, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8606, Japan**－9－

Natural Disaster Research Report of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 45 ; February, 2011by the National Research Institute for Earth Science andDisaster Prevention (NIED) in Japan with the assistance of
the Disaster Prevention Research Forum.
The paper is organized as follows. In part 1, the content
and a summary of this report are given. In part 2, themeteorological features of the tropical cyclones that caused
the severe damages are described. In part 3, the landslidein and around Baguio City and the reasons why landslides
caused so much damage are discussed, and in part 4 theflooding in Metro Manila is addressed. Part 5 is focused on
the future of the poor in the urban areas affected by Tropical
Storm Ondoy, and in part 6, the response of central and local
governments to the disasters is described and the social andeconomical factors that exacerbated the damage is discussed.
Note that a brief summary of this report has already been
published as a flash report on the website (http://www.bosai.
go.jp/library).
2. Summary of the ResearchThis research is focused mainly on the flood disaster inMetro Manila and the landslide disaster in Baguio city thatwere both caused by Typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng in 2009.
2.1 Overview of the Research Area
The Philippines, which was struck by Typhoons Ondoy
and Pepeng in 2009, is located along the western rim of the
Pacific and the circum-Pacific seismic belt and thereby issubject to various natural disasters including typhoons, floods,
earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
Metro Manila has developed along flood hazard areas
on the downstream side of large rivers and continues to be
developed while being faced with the dangers of water-related
disasters, similar to other major cities in Southeast Asia.
Thus, Metro Manila has a high flood risk. Its population has
grown from 4 million in the 1970’s to 6 million in the 1980’s
and presently to over 10 million. The population is predicted
to grow to 25 million by 2015. Metro Manila is becoming
one of the most densely populated urban areas in Southeast
Asia (JICA, 2004). This population growth, brought onby urbanization, high-density land use from development,
housing developments in flood prone areas, and the swellingof squatter areas, has continually increased the potential fordamage caused by water-related disasters.
Baguio City, affected by the landslide caused by Typhoon
Pepeng, is home to many famous resort destinations and islocated in northern Luzon about 250 km away from Metro
Manila. Approximately 4 million tourists visit the city
every year. Along with the continuous population growthand development, many squatter houses have been built on
steep slopes, and as a result forests for preventing landslides
are lost, increasing the risk of slope failure caused by large
earthquakes and heavy rainfall. The developing area of
Baguio City located on a mountainside was affected by bothfloods and landslides resulting from heavy rainfall induced
by Typhoon Pepeng in 2009. Many of the houses built on thesteep slopes were damaged by slope failures. Slope failures
also occurred along main roads leading toward Baguio City,
leaving the city isolated for several days.
2.2 Research TeamWe intended to examine the disasters in terms of hazards,
vulnerability, damages, and response to damages. Thereby,
the investigation was conducted by an interdisciplinary teamthat consisted of five members as shown below. Three ofthem conducted the field research, and the other two analyzed
the documents and data. We conducted the field researchand interviewed local residents in the disaster areas andofficials of local and government agencies. This field research
was also aimed at collecting as much data as possible forsubsequent disaster research. The following list shows themembers' names and their research fields.
<Field Research Team>
Tadashi Nakasu
Environmental Sociology(Society and disaster responses in the Philippines)
Takashi Inokuchi
Landslide Geomorphology(Landslide disasters in the northern part of Luzon)
Teruko Sato
Geography(Flood disasters in Metro Manila)<Documents Research Group>
Shinya Shimokawa
Geosciences(Physical characteristics of typhoons)Akiko Watanabe
Area Studies on the Philippines(Social characteristics of the Philippines)
2.3 Overview of the Field Research
We conducted the planning and the field research by using
the snowball sampling method. Snowball sampling is a chain
referral method used to obtain research and knowledge byhaving subjects recommend subsequent subjects that theyshare similar traits with in order to expand the subject pool. It
is sometimes used if the sample for a study is rare or limited.
Through this method we were able to conduct field andinterview surveys from Nov. 26 to Dec. 3, 2009 in Baguio
City, Benguet Province, and Metro Manila.
For the field survey, we visited devastated areas and− 10 −

2009 Typhoon Ondoy and Pepenng Disasters in the Phillipines − T. NAKASU et al.

then inspected flooding conditions, the extent of thedamage, and flood control facilities. At the same time, we
consulted with local residents. For the interview survey, weinterviewed officials of related agencies about the social andnatural background surrounding the damage, their damage
assessment, and their response to the disasters.
The following is the schedule and overview of the research.
<Research Schedule>
November 27, 2009
We carried out an interview survey at the following offices:- Baguio City Mayors Office- Baguio City Disaster Coordinating Council (CDCC)
Headquarters- Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB)- Cordillera Region Disaster Coordination Council- Benguet Provincial Capital
November 28
We conducted the following field research:- Landslide disaster and inundated areas within Baguio City
- Landslide disaster areas in Benguet Province
November 29
We conducted the following field research:- Drainage system facilities in central Manila
November 30
We conducted the following field research:- Areas affected by an inundation of river water, the insideof the levee in Metro Manila, and flood control facilities(Marikina River Basin, Pasig River Basin, and Laguna Lakeregion)December 1
We carried out an interview survey at the following offices:- National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), whichchanged its name to the National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Council (NDRRMC) after the events.
- Office of Civil Defense (OCD)- Philippines Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA)- Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB)- Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)- Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC)
December 2
We carried out an interview survey at the following office:- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
December 3
We carried out an interview survey at the following office:- Asian Development Bank (ADB)<Summary of the Field Survey>
Investigation in Baguio City and Benguet Province
1) Field Survey Research Areas:
Landslide-Affected Areas in Baguio City and Benguet
Province and Flood-Affected Areas in Baguio City
The developing area of Baguio City located on a
mountainside was affected by floods and landslides. Many of
its houses were built on steep slopes and damaged by slope
failures. Slope failures also occurred along main roads suchas Kennon Road, leaving the city isolated for five days. The
most serious landslide was a sediment disaster at La Trinidad,
Benguet Province.
We observed the flood disaster area in Baguio and foundthat the main causes of flooding in low-lying areas were boththe blocking of a drainage path by garbage thrown by local
citizens and the blocking of valleys by structures. We also
found that the presence of illegal occupants in areas at risk offlood had exacerbated the disasters.
2) Interview Survey1) At Baguio town hall, Mayor Reinaldo "Peter Rey" A.
Bautista Jr. discussed the recent problems and future
prospects of the city. In this interview, it emerged that
Baguio faces serious issues with regard to climate
conditions, the vulnerability of pine trees to landslides,
the struggle to prevent rapid population growth, andthe regional ban on mining development projects.
Baguio City also has a high risk of earthquake disasters.
For example, the city was devastated by the Luzon
earthquake of 1990. There are three fault lines that passthrough the city area.
2) Data collection and interviews were conducted at theBaguio CDCC.
3) We obtained hazard maps, and the vulnerability of
Baguio City to landslides was explained at the MGB in
the city.
4) A disaster response scheme was outlined at the Cordillera
Regional Disaster Coordinating Council. We confirmedthat the flow of information relating to disaster responses
in the Philippines was set up as follows: NDCC - OCD [RDDCC - PDCC - MDCC - BDCC - local people in thebarangays as referred to in Part 6.
5) At the governor's office in Benguet Province, interviews
were conducted on the subject of landslide disasters anddisaster responses at the local level.
Investigation in the Metro Manila area
1) Field Survey<Marikina River Basin> Inundation of River Water,
Extent of Inundation, Flood Control Facilities− 11 −

Natural Disaster Research Report of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 45 ; February, 2011

<Pasig River Basin (including San Juan River)> Areas
Affected by an inundation of River Water, Inside theLevee, Extent of the Inundation, and Flood Control
Facilities<Laguna Lake Area> Inundation from Rising Water
Level, Extent of Inundation, and Flood Control Facilities
We surveyed the flood damage caused by the massive
rains brought by Typhoon Ondoy in the Marikina, Pasig, andLaguna Lake areas. We surveyed the extent of flooding andthe flood control facilities in low-lying areas in Marikina, theLaguna Lake lakeshore areas, and Manila Bay area. On top of
the social background of the Philippines, we also looked into
the relationship between disaster and poverty in the country.
The following is an overview of the flooding in Metro
Manila:1) Heavy rains caused overflowing beyond the capacity of
the river channel in the upstream Marikina River Basin,
resulting in flooding in low-lying areas in Marikina. For
example, a flood close to 7 m was recorded in the upscale
Provident Village in Marikina City, which resulted inmany casualties.
2) In the low-lying parts of the Manila Bay coastal area
downstream from the Pasig River Basin, an inundationof river water from river channels was limited since 70%of the flood volume from the upstream Marikina Riverwas diverted into Laguna Lake through the Manggahan
Floodway. However, even though the drainage behind
levees was working, since the rains were very massive,
damage due to large-scale inundation inside the levees
happened over a wide area.
3) Even in the low-lying areas in these downstream regions,inundation by river water occurred along the San Juan
River and the right tributary of the Pasig River, causing
damage in residential areas.
4) In Laguna Lake, which serves as the flood control basinof the metropolitan area that has expanded from theManila Bay area’s low-lying regions, the water levels
rose up due to the heavy rainfall in the area and formed
a flood flow from Marikina River, causing flooding of
the residential areas around the lake. Furthermore, Bay
Breeze Village in Taguig City was still flooded when wevisited it in early December, where we had to use boats.
There were many squatter areas around the lake that werealso flooded.
Although some issues have been pointed out regarding
operation after a technology transfer of flood control systems
provided by JICA in Metro Manila, based on our field surveys
and interviews with local residents and flood specialists, these
JICA-funded flood control projects played an important rolein abating the flooding damage caused by Tropical Storm
Ondoy.

2) Interview Survey <National Agencies>
1) <NDCC>
We interviewed the NDCC, our counterpart in thePhilippines, and the OCD, which is their core agency. We
then observed their activities and organizational set-ups. We
also heard about the extent of damage and the actions taken
in response to the disasters by different institutions such as
the PAGASA and the MGB, which are part of the NDCC.
2) <MMDA>
We asked the MMDA about their involvement in dealing
with the disaster and about the flood control systems in Metro
Manila.
3) <National NGOs>
At the Rizal Chapter of the PNRC, we inquired about the
PNRC’s disaster response activities as an NGO. In particular,
we were able to hear about PNRC’s effective disaster
information gathering system that uses cell-phone text
messaging and the process by which they deploy trained Red
Cross volunteers to each barangay to carry out prompt rescue
operations.
4) <Bilateral Cooperation Agencies>
We asked about the results of the post-disaster needs
assessment conducted by the JICA as part of their bilateral
cooperation activities.
5) <Multilateral Cooperation Agencies>
We interviewed the ADB, a multilateral cooperating
agency, about their disaster response activities for Tropical
Storm Ondoy and discussed with them the results of ourresearch as we came up with an overall picture of the disaster.
3. Outline of the Report
Here, we summarize each part in this report.
Part 2: Fujiwara Effect: the Interaction between T0917
and T0918.
Shimokawa, Iizuka, Kayahara, Suzuki, and Murakami
Shimokawa et al. use satellite images and best trackdata to examine why Typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng caused
huge damage in the Philippines. Typhoon Ondoy remainedin the Philippines for a long time, leaving and returning.
Furthermore, it moved southward, something typhoons do not
usually do. The authors suggest that the complex movementof Typhoon Ondoy is due to the interaction between
Typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng, resulting in an exacerbation ofdamage such as landslides and debris flows. This interaction
is called the Fujiwara effect named after Sakuhei Fujiwara,
the former director of the central meteorological observatory
in 1921 in Japan.
Part 3: Landslide Disaster around Baguio City Caused by
Typhoon Pepeng in 2009.
Inokuchi, Nakasu, and Sato

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2009 Typhoon Ondoy and Pepenng Disasters in the Phillipines − T. NAKASU et al.

This paper contains discussion on the extent of landslide
damage and the factors that contributed and exacerbatedthe damage caused by the massive rains brought about
by Typhoon Pepeng in and around Baguio City, based onfield surveys and interviews. First, the extent of rainfall innorthern Luzon and the landslide disasters caused by theheavy rains are described. Damages due to mudslides andearth slides within and around Baguio City and the possible
causal factors based on the field surveys are then discussed.
In the paper, it is pointed out that the rapid growth of Baguio
City’s population has led to the unregulated developmentof residential areas in steep slopes, which has contributed
greatly to exacerbating the harm to human’s that was causedby the disaster.
Next, the extent of damage is described and an overview
is provided of the earth movements of the rapid landslidedisaster that occurred in La Trinidad, Benguet, which resulted
in 85 casualties, the worst damage reported in one location.
It is also pointed out that the building of many houses on alandslide prone area within a valley exacerbated the severe
damage. Finally, the landslide disasters along Kennon Road
are reported.
Part 4: 2009 Typhoon Ondoy Flood Disasters in Metro
Manila.
Sato and Nakasu
This paper contains an outline on an overview of the water
disasters and actual damage that occurred in Metro Manila aswell as future challenges. First, the authors distinguish water
disasters in Metro Manila into four categories. The first andsecond types are respectively those that occurred in floodprone areas along the Marikina River and plains along the
San Juan River affected mainly by an inundation of riverwater. The third and the fourth types of floods happened
respectively in the lower zones along Manila Bay and thelower zones along Laguna Lake that were affected mainly byan inundation of water inside a levee. The vulnerabilities toflood disasters in the Metro area are also shown. In addition,
the situations reflecting the characteristics of mega cities
and the impact of water and land conditions on floods are
examined.
With regard to future challenges, as countermeasures for
reducing water disaster risks in Metro Manila, the following
points are discussed: countermeasures for river channels
to reduce occurrences of severe floods, countermeasures
for river basins to control the spread of flood discharges,
countermeasures for drainage systems to prevent infections
and diseases that cause death, and the establishment of social
systems to sustain flood control facilities. The challenges offlood prevention in metropolitan areas involving financial,social, and political factors are then discussed. The authors
also stress that it is necessary to discuss disaster mitigationfrom various view points and with a long term view, with thecooperation of experts from various field.
Typhoon Ondoy, which struck Metro Manila, thecapital region, teaches us a lot of lessons, especially when
considering the vulnerability of urban areas, which tend
to have a concentration of the population in low-elevation
coastal zones (LECZ).
Part 5: Representations over a Tropical Storm Disasterand the Restoration of Everyday Lives for Urban Poor
Victims in the Philippines; The Case of Typhoon Ondoy.
Watanabe, Nakasu, and Inokuchi
This paper is focused on the embedded social problems
in the Philippines from an anthropological viewpoint. Some
newspapers held the view that the disasters affected people
equally no matter whether they were rich or poor. The
authors, however, try to not to hold that view.
For example, in the paper, it is revealed that an affected
man had to pay for a damaged work tool worth 100,000
pesos to a company while he was earning only 7,000 pesos
a month (Ellao 2009). Not only that, the authors look, froman anthropological viewpoint, at a situation in which theunderprivileged class in urban areas was bombarded withresettlement policies.
With the help of respective local governments, theadministration is trying to solve the problem with a programfor returning to one’s province, called “Balik Probinsiya” aprogram for returning to one’s residence from evacuations
centers, called “Balik-Bahay,” and a relocation program for
informal settlers to resettlement sites in Laguna, Rizal, andsome other nearby provinces (Labro 2009, Ellao 2009, Cinco2009) However, in spite of this effort, it is pointed out that theresettlement policy has not met the needs of the settlers for asustainable resettlement.
The paper is focused on the "ought to have been" steps
taken before the disaster and restoration period of the urban
underprivileged class together with the way that people
see the world and conduct their everyday lives. It is alsosuggested that there is a strength against disaster in theFilipino people at the social and personal levels.
Part 6: The Exacerbation of Human Suffering andDisaster Response Caused by Tropical Storm Ondoy andTyphoon Pepeng Disasters; Cases of NCR and Baguio
City.
NakasuIn this paper, the author attempts to investigate the factorsthat exacerbated human suffering caused by Tropical Storm
Ondoy and Typhoon Pepeng. The paper is mainly focused onsocial background and disaster response systems in order toexamine those factors. The population of Manila increases
continuously through an inflow of people from the outlying− 13 −

Natural Disaster Research Report of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 45 ; February, 2011provinces to metropolitan areas, and that causes illegal
settlers, garbage, and sanitation issues in the NCR. Baguio
City as well is experiencing a rapid growth in populationand housing development. As a result, social vulnerabilities
against natural hazards in both areas are increasing along witha rapid increase in population and urbanization.
In reference to disaster response systems, it is suggested
that the systems in the Philippines are relatively systematized.
Thus, strength against disasters at the social and personallevels are relatively high.
The gaps in disaster responses noticeably reflect the gaps
in community as seen by the level of community disaster
preparedness. The gaps, then, were revealed as the disastersituations.
As mentioned above, Tropical Storm Ondoy revealed theurbanization problems in the coastal areas of Metro Manila.
Typhoon Pepeng revealed the urbanization and geologicalvulnerability of Baguio City, which is 90 % landslide prone.
The disasters in both cities could serve as important examplesof the future effects of global warming. It is believed thatJapan should learn a lot from the experiences of Ondoy and
Pepeng.
The term "Tropical Storm" is used instead of "Typhoon"in the case of Ondoy in reference to a post-disaster needs
assessment produced by the ADB, UN, World Bank Group,and other partners (2009).
4. Conclusion
The role of the development and urbanization of Metro
Manila in water-related disasters became apparent in our
survey of the damage caused by Typhoon Ondoy. Likewise,in the study of the damage caused by Typhoon Pepeng, it
was found that 90 % of the damage was actually due toan exacerbation of disaster vulnerability brought about by
the urbanization of Baguio City, a landslide-prone area. In
both disasters, it was apparent that urban development had
exacerbated the serious hazards, increased the number ofpeople exposed to danger, and amplified the potential fordamage. All these factors resulted in extensive destruction.
Changes in social and economic environments haveexacerbated Philippine society’s vulnerability to damage. Thisview overlaps with the problems of overpopulation in urban
areas and global warming issues and therefore will become
an increasingly important issue that must be addressed tomitigate future causalities from disasters.
Metro Manila is faced with an increasing population,and the current construction boom is expected to further
intensify as a result. In light of this reality, it has become
clear that aside from using structural measures to control
natural phenomena such as the implementation of strict rivercapacity control measures that reduce flood incidence (thiswould probably need time due to financial constraints), a shift

to a comprehensive damage mitigation measure is necessary
in order to sustain efforts to reduce risks from disasters. This
comprehensive approach would include land use management
policies that are aimed at curbing hazard and damage
potential, a social system that can sustainably maintain thefunction of flood control facilities, environmental measuresthat prevent the spread of fatal and infectious diseases, and amore efficient damage reduction response system for people
and property. This approach involves various financial, social,
and political factors and would necessitate a great amountof time before it could be realized. However, consultations
with social scientists and other specialists regarding damage
risk reduction from a long-term perspective must be started
as soon as possible in order to take the first step towards
reaching a solution to this complex problem.
Acknowledgment
The heartfelt sympathy of everyone in the NIED researchteam is extended to all those who were affected by thesetyphoons, and we wish them well in their efforts to rebuild
their communities. We would also like to thank everyone
who helped with our research in the Philippines. We areparticularly grateful to the following individuals:- The Disaster Prevention Research Forum for theirinvaluable assistance- Ms. Crispina B. Abat, Ms. Sheena Carmel Opulencia,
and Ms. Jaqueline L. Manara from the NDCC for helping
us coordinate our research with many disaster-relatedorganizations in the Philippines- Mercado Mayor from the Manila Metropolitan
Development Authority (MMDA), Ms. Geraldine Repollo
from the PNRC, Mr. Masashi Nagaishi and Ms. Yoko
Nomura from the JICA, and Mr. Hisashi Mitsuhashi
and Mr. Kimio Takeya from the ADB for their generous
cooperation in conducting our interviews- Ms. Rose Malekchan and Ms. Minda Licawen of thecommunity radio station in Baguio City for helping us to
conduct our research in the city and coordinate with manyorganizations.
- Mr. Hajime Tanaka of CTi for providing useful data about
the disasters- The Hon. Reinaldo “Peter Rey” A. Bautista Jr., Mayor of
Baguio City, Ms. Olive Luces, Regional Director of theCordillera Administrative Region, the Office of the Civil
Defense, and the Regional Disaster Coordinating Council
for lecturing to us and giving us detailed information on thesituation in the Philippines.
- Mr. Kazutami Shiga, for helping us with all aspects of ourfield investigations in the Philippines.
We thank you for all your help.

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2009 Typhoon Ondoy and Pepenng Disasters in the Phillipines − T. NAKASU et al.

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