Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center

The Co-benefits of addressing Air
Pollution and Climate Change
Cornie Huizenga
Executive Director, CAI-Asia Center

COP 14December 2008
Poznan, PolandDistribution of emission allowances under the Greenhouse Development Rights and other effort sharing approaches
By Niklas Höhne, Sara Moltmann, Heinrich Boell Foundation, Ecofys, 2008

www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia
CAI-Asia CenterUrban Air Quality Levels in Asia
Aggregated Annual Ambient AQ Trends, µg/m3 (1993 to 2007)• Air quality in Asia isimproving but still farabove WHO limits• PM is main pollutantof concern• Ozone becoming aproblem
WHO (1979) TSP guideline,
60-90µg/m3
WHO (2005) SO2 24-hourguideline, 20µg/m3
WHO NO2 guideline,40µg/m3
WHO (2005) PM10guideline, 20µg/m3

Source: CAI-Asia, 2008

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CAI-Asia Center

Interacting effects
CLIMATE CHANGE

AIR POLLUTION(Global, Regional, Urban)

Air Pollutants

Greenhouse gases (Kyoto Protocol only)Black Carbon
N2O

CH4SF6HFC
CO2PFCwww.cleanairnet.org/caiasia
4CAI-Asia Center

Energy Consumption and Vehicle Growth in AsianCountries
1400

1200

250

1000
200800150600100
40050

Number of Vehicles (in millions)

Energy Consumption (Quadrillion BTu)

300

20000
1990

2004

2005

2010

2015

Energy Consumption

2020

2025

2030

2035

Number of Vehicles

Notes:The energy consumption figures reflect Non-OECD and OECD countries as stated in the EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2008. The vehicle projection figures include Japan, Pakistan,Singapore, Bangladesh, South Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Viet Nam.
Sources: EIA (2008) and CAI-Asia calculations based on Segment Y Ltd

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CAI-Asia Center

The importance of scale: think integrated and big

Scaling up: number of cities

2500

250

Awareness

Analysis

ActionTransport

Sustainabletransport

Urbanplanning

Single issue

Co-benefits

Sustainability

25

Scaling out: within cities
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CAI-Asia CenterCombined AP and CC policies most effective

Source: “Air Pollution and Climate Change – scientific understanding as a basis for integrated policy making.
Frank Raes et al., Joint Research Center, European Commissionwww.cleanairnet.org/caiasia
7

CAI-Asia CenterTransport options to reduce air pollution and CO2APCO2$ Costs

Technology/ vehicle change+++++

lowBehavioral change (e.g. Fleet mgm’t, driver’straining)

++

+

low

Fuel-switch (e.g. gas to CNG/LPG, to biofuels)

++

?

?

Mode switch+++++low-medUsage of larger units

+

+

low

Improved occupation rates

++

++

low++

++

low-medLand-use – Behavioral change

+++

+++

? - highTDM

++

+++

? - med

Reduce emissions per kilometer

Reduce emissions per unit transported
Passenger transport:

Freight transport
Reduce number of trips

Source: Authors, adapted from GTZ, 2007www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia
CAI-Asia CenterPolicies on AP and CC relevant to Asia
Climate Change••••

Global/regional level– UNFCCC / Kyoto protocol: Noobligations developing
countries, Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM)– Bali Action Plan: nationallyappropriate mitigation actions
by developing country Parties
National level policies– e.g. China, Korea, India– Limited target setting
Sectoral targets:– Energy efficiency (e.g. China,Viet Nam)
Urban level– Limited but growing level ofactivity

Air Quality••••Global/Regional level– No global agreement– CLRTAP in Europe a success– Regional agreements in Asia
emerging: EANET, ASEAN
Haze agreement, MaleDeclaration
National level– Clean air legislation, AQ
standards in place but not wellenforced– No or limited targets
Sectoral policies and targets– Power sector, industry,transport
Urban level– Wide range of capacity
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9CAI-Asia Center

For more information

CAI-Asia Center
www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia
Sophie Punte
Incoming Executive Director
sophie.punte@cai-asia.org
May Ajero
Air Quality Program Manager
may.ajero@cai-asia.org

Unit 3510, 35th Floor, Robinsons-Equitable Tower, ADB Avenue, Pasig City, Metro Manila, 1605 Philippineswww.cleanairnet.org/caiasia
CAI-Asia Center