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Potential Uses of Optical Illusions→ 教科書 pp.20-23

Vocabulary

1 Choose the appropriate answer.
⑴ The storm caused (a. earthen) damage to ten buildings.

b. interiorc. northern⑵ This technique is no longer (a. employedd. structural) in medical treatment.

b. incorporated

c. limitedd. tricked⑶ The accident has raised questions about the (a. direction

b. intersection⑷ His most (c. effectiveness d. landscape) political achievement was the establishment of mail service.

a. opticalb. significant⑸ Despite the (c. variousd. vertical) of the survey, it did show some general trends.

a. illustration⑹() of campus security.

b. illusionc. limitations

d. surface) we can find a way of solving this problem.

a. Slightly

b. Historicallyc. Hopefullyd. Precisely

2 Put the appropriate word below into each blank.
⑴ Here is an example to () what I mean.

⑵ The artist has developed various (⑶ The land () of creating an illusion of depth.

) gently toward the river.

⑷ The vaccination program has been one of major () in the improvement of healthstandards.
⑸ Traffic lights have been placed at all major ().

[ factors / illustrate / inclines / intersections / techniques ]3 Write the word that the definition means. Every answer is from W in Lesson 1.
⑴ everything you see when you look across a large area of land, especially in the country→⑵ a place where people can cross a street and where drivers must stop to let them cross→⑶ very often or many times →⑷ a direction or place from which you look at something →4 Lesson 1

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・前置詞＋関係代名詞

Expressions and Grammar

・受け身の完了形

・現在分詞

・付帯状況

・倒置

4 Choose the appropriate word in each sentence.
⑴ Our children were fascinated by ( that / who / what ) is called “capsule toy.”⑵ In the electronic industry, ( in / for / on ) instance, 6,000 jobs have been lost.
⑶ A lot of people suddenly began to run ( at / in / to ) the same direction.
⑷ If I can be ( in / of / on ) any help to you, I’d be willing to come anytime.

5 Put the appropriate word into each blank.
⑴ レポートを書くときはこれらのポイントを頭に入れておきなさい。

You should () these points ()() when writing a report.

⑵ 彼らはそこで起きていることをわかっていないようだった。

They () not () realize what was happening there.

⑶ 私の叔父は海の近くの小さな家に住んでいた。

My uncle lived in a small house ()() the sea.

6 Translate the sentence into English. You must use the words in the brackets.
⑴ 砂漠はほとんどの種類の動物が住んでいそうにない環境です。( in / which / few types / an )A desert

are likely to live.

⑵ 彼は背景に音楽が流れる中，アートプロジェクトに取り組んだ。
（ with / his art project ）in the background.
⑶ 彼女は犬を飼いたくないし，犬に触ることもできないのです。( nor / can / have a dog / one )

She.

7 T
 ranslate the sentence into Japanese. The beginning of the Japanese sentence isgiven.

⑴ The walls of the tower have been kept in good condition with regular cleaning.
定期的に汚れを落とすことで。

⑵ The movie was not a great success despite receiving a good advance review.
前評判は。

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1
1 Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Take a look at the object in the illustration below. What does it look like to you? To some people
this might appear to be a rabbit facing to the right, while ① () others it may seem like a ducklooking in the opposite direction. This illustration is an example of what is called an “optical illusion”,
in other words it shows how our brains can interpret the same image ② () different ways.

Illusions such as these have a variety of uses and are often seen around us in our daily lives.
To start, these types of illusions have traditionally been incorporated into various structural andarchitectural designs. For example, the karesansui (dry landscape) garden at the Zen temple Ryōanji
in Kyoto illustrates this concept well. At first glance, its entire surface may appear perfectly flat, but
if we look closer, we can see that it actually inclines towards the garden’s south-east corner. Also, theearthen wall on the west-side is slightly higher on its northern end. These features combine to create
an optical illusion and to our eyes the surface actually appears to be deeper than it truly is. This sameeffect can also be seen in the Ponzo Illusion, in which the uppermost horizontal line closer appears tobe longer than the line just below it, even though the two are exactly the same length.
Second, if we look at the image below we can see another example of an optical illusion. Theinterior of the house appears to have an extremely high ceiling though it is actually much lower thanit looks. Our brains interpret the image in this way as a result of the Fick Illusion (Figure 2), in which
the vertical line seems longer than the horizontal line, even ③ () they are exactly the samelength. This effect can be very useful in architecture, as it can cause us to think a room is much more(a) spacious than it actually is.
Third, another valuable technique which has been used successfully in recent times is the creationof what appears to be a three-dimensional object on a two-dimensional surface. For example, in one
particular train station people are often unable to find an elevator because it is located in a blind spot,
so a sign that appears three-dimensional has been painted on the floor in order to help them find it
more easily. The sign quickly catches people’s attention and has been extremely successful in helping
reduce the number of people who have been become lost while trying to locate the elevator.
Last, they have been found to be useful in the field of transportation, in particular at intersections
which don’t have traffic lights. Crosswalk markers which appear to be three-dimensional havebeen painted on some roads in an effort to prevent traffic accidents from occurring. ④ () theviewpoint of approaching drivers, it looks like they are about to hit large concrete blocks which arein the road. These were created in hopes that the drivers (b) ( see / get / slow / and / them / down / as /the crosswalk / they / nearer / will ).
(c)They cannot magically make a garden larger, ⑤ () can they truly make aceiling higher. Over time, even if a crosswalk is painted to appear three-dimensional, it will eventuallylose its effectiveness in preventing accidents as drivers who regularly see these markers will get used
to them and come to understand that what they are seeing is just an illusion and they won’t slow
down. That being said, even if we recognize such common limitations of these illusions, we should be
able to find numerous other useful applications for optical illusions in society.
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⑴ Put the appropriate word into blanks ①～⑤.
① ()

② ()

③ ()

④ ()

⑤ ()

⑵ Choose one whose underlined word has the same meaning as (a).

a. The topic is of universal interest.

b. I liked his liberal way of thinking

c. I went into a large living room.

d. His home is a long way from this station.

⑶ Put the words in underlined part (b) into the correct order.

... the drivers.

⑷ Choose the appropriate sentence into (c).
① In all ages, optical illusions are of great use.
② Optical illusions are just illusions.
③ By using optical illusions effectively, we will be released from reality.
④ There will always be drivers who are tricked by such optical illusions.

.

⑸ The optical illusion often employed in the interior design of a house is able to① make a ceiling appear higher than it really is② make a ceiling appear larger than it actually is③ make the walls look darker than they really are④ make the walls look farther than they really are from each other⑹ Optical illusions used on some roads are useful.

① to make drivers frequently have a look at traffic lights② when some guides for drivers are needed③ for making drivers drive safely④ to make the roads look narrower than they actually are⑺ According to the passage, one fact is that.

① optical illusions trick our eyes and make the real length longer② we should find a wider variety of useful applications for optical illusions③ the first illustration looks the same to everyone④ optical illusions have been historically incorporated in Japanese landscape architecture

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1 L isten to the dialog and choose the most appropriate answer to the question.
⑴[A] It is an old painting of scenery in Italy.
[B] It is an upside-down portrait of the artist’s face.
[C] It is a painting of a pear tree that looks like a human face.
[D] It is a painting that tricks the eyes.

⑵[A] He enjoys visiting history museums.
[B] He will take the girl to an art gallery.
[C] He took some wonderful pictures of three-dimensional art at a museum.
[D] The rain will stop by the weekend.

⑶[A] A picture of rocks at different angles.
[B] An illusion of a hole in the ground.
[C] A picture of a scene in London.
[D] Safety markings for car drivers.

2 L isten to the explanation and choose the most appropriate answer to the question.
⑴[A] Attract a mate using optical illusions.
[B] Build a nest using stones and flowers.
[C] Line up stones to protect its partner.
[D] Decorate itself with flowers and feathers.

⑵[A] Buy a mirror for the living room.
[B] Put a table against the wall.
[C] Paint the living room ceiling white.
[D] Paint dark colors on the walls.

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3 L isten to the dialog and choose the picture that matches the content.
①②③④4 L isten to the dialog and choose the most appropriate answer to the question below.
You may take notes in the table below.

MiaKenSarahRicky

Question: What do Mia and Sarah disagree about?

[A] The blue dress with white stripes is the most attractive.
[B] The pink dress is the perfect length for Mia.
[C] Mia’s skin tone would look good in a pink dress.
[D] Horizontal stripes give the illusion of width.

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11 R ead the following passage and answer the questions.（静岡大学）
When psychologist Joseph Jastrow created his ⑴ strange duck/rabbit picture (see Fig. 1) in1899, it was to prove that an individual’s way of seeing the world is based on their emotional state,background, and surroundings.
A child with a favorite pet rabbit, for example, or an adult looking forward to Easter would
naturally see the rabbit, while the thoughts of an outdoor sports lover should immediately turntowards the duck. But now cooks believe the same mind games could alter the taste of food.

Fig. 1 The duck/rabbit picture created by Jastrow(Source: Wikimedia Commons)
An experiment based on Jastrow’s picture is currently attempting to see if it can alter the taste offood simply by encouraging the brain to switch between two states while eating.
The duck/rabbit picture is known in scientific terms as ⑵ a “bistable precept” or an image made upof two realities, which forces the brain to choose just one picture at a time or switch between the two.
To test if such brain switching could also change the taste of food, ⑶ the research team has createda dish which is a mixture of duck and rabbit. A simpler version of Jastrow’s picture of the duck/rabbit
image is then decorated onto the plate in an orange sauce in the hope that the switch between the two
will essentially alter the flavor. If it works, it will be the first time that anyone has proven that taste
can be altered simply by looking at a picture.
A professor of experimental psychology who has helped to create the dish said, “It may take twoto three seconds but we think people might start to notice a different taste in their mouth, based on
the image they are looking at. We found that people tend to see one of the pictures more easily to
begin with, but then there comes the moment when they suddenly see the other, and the brain starts toswitch between the two over and over, and it is that we are interested in.”
The team is also hopeful that the moment of understanding the trick will also stimulate the rewardcenter of the brain, flooding the body with happy hormones which, in turn, improves the taste.
Recently they created a clever dish in which the restaurant customer sitting opposite could pickout the face of Picasso, again creating the surprising moment of discovery which improves flavor andenjoyment.
The professor said, “We know that tricks like this create a sudden increase of happiness and pride
when people finally see them, which starts the brain’s reward mechanism and creates a more positiveexperience. It also stimulates laughter and conversation, and that kind of atmosphere at the table has
been shown to improve our sense of taste.”“⑷ Rabbit is also something we should be eating more of, so if we can convince people to have aconversation about the taste, and give it a try to see if they like it, then it might change their idea of it
being an acceptable meat. Currently in Britain rabbits are viewed as pets, but in Spain they are seen as
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everyday ingredients, so maybe we could change the perception in the UK because rabbit is an easyto-find source of protein which we should be using more.”
In the first part of the experiment, the scientists asked nearly 1,000 people online to choose whether
they thought the sauce on the dish was a duck or a rabbit.
The team is also experimenting with playing the sounds of duck hunting and the killing of animals
while customers are eating to encourage people to take greater responsibility for where their foodcomes from.
(Adapted from Sarah Knapton, Gastro-trickery: how optical illusions could fool our minds and ourtaste buds. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2018/05/20/gastro-trickery-optical-illusions-couldfool-minds-taste-buds/)

Questions
1. Why is Jastrow’s duck/rabbit picture described as (1)strange? Choose the most appropriate answer
from the following, and write (a), (b), (c), or (d).
(a) Because it is strange that the picture looks like anything a person wants to see.
(b) Because the picture draws a strange animal that is part duck and part rabbit.
(c) Because it is strange that the picture looks like both a duck and a rabbit according to a person’s
point of view.
(d) Because the picture is so strange that nobody understands what it is.
2. According to the article, what does the brain do when it sees (2)a “bistable precept”?
Answer in Japanese.

3. According to the article, ⑶the research team has created a dish. What kind of dish did they create?
Answer in Japanese.

4. What do the scientists expect to happen during the first cooking experiment? Answer in Japanese.

5. The professor says, “(4)Rabbit is also something we should be eating more of.” Why aren’t people
in the UK eating more rabbit? Answer in Japanese.

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