Translation in English Decision

CONSEIL D'ETAT
statuant au contentieux N° 427301

COMMUNE DE GRANDE-SYNTHE et autreFRANÇAISE AU NOM DU PEUPLE FRANÇAIS

REPUBLIQUE

Mme Airelle Niepce Rapporteure

Le Conseil
d'Etatstatuant au
contentieux(Section ducontentieux,
6 ème et 5èmechambresréunies) Sur lerapport de la
6 èmechambre de laSection ducontentieux

M. Stéphane Hoynck Rapporteur public
Séance du 9 novembre 2020 Lecture du 19 novembre 2020

Having regard to the following procedure

By a query, a reply and a new memory, saved on January 23 and December 21, 2019 and October 30,
2020 at the Council's Litigation Secretariat d'Etat, the commune of Grande-Synthe and Mr. DamienCarême ask the Council of State1°) to annul for excess of power the implicit decisions of rejection resulting from the silence kept by
the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister and the Minister of State, Minister of Ecological andSolidarity Transition, on their requests that all useful measures are taken to influence the curve ofgas emissions of greenhouse gases produced on the national territory in order to respect at least thecommitments France at the international and national levels, on the other hand, to ensure that thefollowing are implemented immediate measures to adapt to climate change in France, and finally tothat all legislative and regulatory initiatives be taken to "make it easier for the public to climate
priority" and prohibit any measures that could increase the greenhouse gas emissions ;2°) to enjoin the Prime Minister and the Minister of State, Minister of the ecological and solidarity
transition, to take the above measures and provisions within a period of time maximum of six
months3°) in the alternative, to transmit to the Court of Justice of the European Union a number ofpreliminary questions on interpretation- of the provisions of Articles 2, 3, and 4 of the Paris Agreement, in order to determine if they
constitute provisions of direct effect that individuals are entitled to rely on ;- the provisions of Article 3 of Decision No. 406/2009/EC of the Parliament of the European
Parliament and the Council of 23 April 2009 on the effort to be made by the Member States in orderto reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in order to meet the commitments of the Community'scommitment to reduce these emissions until 2020 ;- the combined provisions of (a) of paragraph 1 er of Article 2 of the Agreement of Paris and theaforementioned Decision No. 406/2009/EC of April 23, 2009;- the provisions of Directives 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25
October 2012 on energy efficiency and 2009/28/EC of the Parliamentof the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of energy use
produced from renewable sources ;4°) to charge the State the sum of 3,000 euros on the basis of Article L. 761-1 of the Code of
Administrative Justice.

In view of the other documents in the file ;Seen:- the Constitution and its Preamble;- the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms
fundamental ;- the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of the 9th
May 1992 and its protocol signed in Kyoto on December 11, 1997;- the Paris Agreement, adopted on December 12, 2015;- Council Decision 94/69/EC of 15 December 1993;- Decision 406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 23, 2009.
2009 ;- Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009; and2009 ;
- Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 25, 20092012 ;- Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 30, 2008.
2018 ;- the energy code;- the environmental code;- Law No. 2009-967 of August 3, 2009;- Law No. 2015-992 of August 17, 2015;- Law No. 2019-1147 of November 8, 2019;
N° 427301 - 3 - the decree n° 2015-1491 of November 18, 2015 ;- Decree No. 2019-439 of May 14, 2019;- Decree No. 2020-457 of April 21, 2020;- the code of administrative justice;

After hearing in public session:- the report of Mrs. Airelle Niepce, Maître des requêtes,- the conclusions of Mr. Stéphane Hoynck, public rapporteur ;The floor having been given, before and after the conclusions, to SCP Foussard, Froger, lawyer for thecommune of Grande-Synthe and others, and at the SCP Nicolaÿ, of Lanouvelle, Hannotin, lawyer of
the association Greenpeace France and others ;Considering the following:
1. By three letters dated November 19, 2018, the commune of Grande-Synthe, represented by
its incumbent mayor, Mr. Carême, also acting on his own behalf in
his capacity as mayor and citizen, respectively, asked the President of the Republic, the Prime
Minister and to the Minister of State, Minister of Ecological and Solidarity Transition, of an to take allnecessary measures to influence the curve of emissions of effect gases greenhouse gases producedon the national territory in order to meet the obligations of the France or even to go beyond it, on
the other hand, to take all legislative initiatives to "make the climate priority mandatory" and toprohibit any measure that would likely to increase greenhouse gas emissions, and finally, toimplement immediate measures to adapt to climate change in France. He was charged These
applications will be received on November 20 and 21, 2018. The commune of Grande-Synthe and Mr.
Lent request the annulment for excess of power of the decisions of implicit refusal that have arisen.
silence kept for more than two months on these requests.

On the motion as it concludes to the annulment of the implied decisions refusing to take legislative
action :2. The request presented by the commune of Grande-Synthe et al. tends in party to theannulment of the implicit decisions of refusal arising from the silence kept by the Presidentof the Republic, the Prime Minister and the Minister of State, Minister of EcologicalTransition and solidarity on their requests for the adoption, and thus submission to
Parliament, all legislative provisions to "make climate priority mandatory" and prohibit any
measures that could increase greenhouse gas emissions. However, the fact, for the executive
branch, to refrain from submitting a bill to Parliament, affects the relations between theconstitutional public authorities, and is therefore outside the jurisdiction of theadministrative jurisdiction. As a result, the conclusions of the application, in so far as they are
directed against the implicit denials of their requests for the adoption of provisions for thelegislation, must be rejected.
On the other conclusions of the motion :With respect to the motion for dismissal opposed by the Minister of the ecological and solidarity
transition :3. It emerges from the documents in the file, and in particular from the data published by thenational observatory on the effects of global warming, which the dunkerquois sector is
identified as belonging to a climate risk exposure index qualified as very low. strong. In thisrespect, the commune of Grande-Synthe argues, without being seriously challenged, on thefollowing points to this point that due to its immediate proximity to the coast and thephysical characteristics of its territory, it is exposed in the medium term to increased andhigh risks floods, to an increase in episodes of severe droughts with a non only a decrease
and degradation of the freshwater resource but also damage significant on the built-up areas
given the geological characteristics of the soil. If these the concrete consequences of climatechange are unlikely to be fully realized. effects on the territory of the commune that by 2030
or 2040, their inevitability, in the lack of effective measures taken quickly to prevent thecauses of the problem and in view of the horizon for public policy action in this area, is suchas to justify the need for to act without delay to this end. As a result, the commune ofGrande-Synthe, in view of its level Exposure to and impact of risks arising from thephenomenon of climate change and certain about its situation and the interests for which itis responsible, justifies a direct and certain interest giving it standing to seek the annulmentof the implied decisions under attack, the the Minister's argument in support of her
dismissal, that these effects of the climate change are likely to affect the interests of asignificant number of The common interest is not of such a nature as to call into question thisinterest.

4. On the other hand, Mr. Carême, who limits himself to maintaining that his current residence
is located in an area prone to flooding at on the other hand, to claim his status as a citizen,
does not justify such an interest.

In terms of interventions :5. Firstly, the Paris region as well as the Grenoble conurbation are identified by the National
Observatory on the Effects of Global Warming as with a climatic risk exposure index qualified
as very high. In this respect, the City of Paris and the City of Grenoble argue, without being
disputed, that the the phenomenon of global warming will lead to a significant increase in
the peaks of heat observed on their territory, both in intensity and duration, as well as at an
average temperature of a significant increase in winter rainfall, increasing the risk of major
floods, and of subsequent flooding. Under these circumstances, both communities have ademonstrated interest in the project. sufficient to intervene in support of the application forannulment of the contested decisions.

6. Second, the associations Oxfam France, Greenpeace France and Notre Affaire A Tous, andthe Foundation for Nature and Mankind, whose objectives are to Fight against anthropic
attacks to the environment, one of the manifestations of which is in the contribution to thephenomenon of climate change, also justify an interest sufficient to intervene in support of
the application for annulment of the contested decisions.

7. It follows from the foregoing that the interventions of the City of Paris, the city of Grenoble,
the associations Oxfam France, Greenpeace France and Notre Affaire A Tous, and theFoundation for Nature and Mankind are admissible.

With regard to the legality of the contested decisions:8. The useful effect of the annulment on grounds of excess of power of the refusal opposed to
the request of the applicant municipality to take all useful measures to influence thegreenhouse gas emissions produced on the national territory, to take all the necessary
measures to reduce the a regulatory measure to "make the climate priority mandatory" andto put in place immediate adaptation measures to climate change, lies in the obligation,
which the judge may prescribe ex officio under the provisions of article L. 911-1 of the Codeof Civil Procedure. code of administrative justice, for the competent authority to take themeasures judged to be necessary. necessary. It follows that, when it is seized with a claim forthe annulment of such a refusal, the judge of excess of power is led to assess its legality inthe light of the applicable rules and the circumstances prevailing at the date of its decision.

9. On the one hand, at the global level, Article 2 of the Framework Convention of the United
Nations United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of May 9, 1992
states that: "The objective of this Convention and any related legal instruments to be
adopted by the Conference of States Parties. of the Parties could adopt is to stabilize, in
accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, the concentrations ofgreenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system. (…). ». In this respect, Paragraph 1 of Article 3 of theConvention provides, inter alia, that: "It is incumbent on the Parties to preserve the climate
system for the benefit of present and future generations, based on of equity and inaccordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and their respective
capacities. Accordingly, it is incumbent on developed country Parties to be at at the forefront

of the fight against climate change and its adverse effects. "By elsewhere, under the terms of
Article 2 of the Paris Agreement of December 12, 2015, concluded in the framework of the of
the Conference of the Parties referred to in Article 7 of the Convention: "1. This Agreement,in contributing to the implementation of the Convention, in particular its objective, aims tostrengthen the global response to the threat of climate change in the context ofdevelopment and the fight against poverty, particularly in : / a) Containing the elevation of
the average global temperature well below 2° C compared to levels and by continuing theaction taken to limit the rise in temperature to 1.5° C compared to pre-industrial levels, withthe understanding that this would significantly reduce the (b) Building capacity to adapt to
the risks and impacts of climate change; and adverse effects of climate change andpromoting resilience to climate change; and low greenhouse gas emission development, in a
way that does not threaten the environment. food production; / (...). / 2. This Agreement
shall be applied in accordance with the equity and the principle of common but
differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, eu with regard to different nationalsituations. "According to the provisions of paragraph 1 of the Article 4 of this agreement
states: "In order to achieve the long-term temperature objective set out in In Article 2, theParties shall seek to achieve a global cap on emissions of gases at greenhouse gas emissions
as soon as possible, with the understanding that the cap will take more than a year toachieve time for developing country Parties, and to achieve rapid reductions through the inaccordance with the best available scientific evidence in order to achieve a balance between
anthropogenic emissions by sources and anthropogenic removals by greenhouse gas sinks inthe second half of the century on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable
development and the fight against poverty. "According to the paragraph 2 of the same
article: "Each Party shall communicate and update the contributions The Commission isplanning to carry out a series of successive national-level determinations. The Parties shalltake internal mitigation measures to achieve the objectives of these contributions. » Finally,
under the terms of its paragraph 3: "The contribution determined at the national level ofeach Party will represent a progression in relation to the next contribution of each Party.
determined at the previous national level and will correspond to its highest level of ambition
possible, taking into account its common but differentiated responsibilities and its
capabilities. respective, taking into account the different national situations. »10. On the other hand, at the European level, by Decision 94/69/EC of December 15, 2009 1993
concerning the conclusion of the UNFCCC, the Council approved the convention on behalf ofthe European Community, now the European Union. In particular for the purposes of
implementing of the above-mentioned stipulations, the European Union adopted a first"Energy Package". Climate 2020", consisting in particular of Decision No. 406/2009/EC ofApril 23, 2009 relating to the effort to be made by Member States to reduce theirgreenhouse gas emissions in order to meet the Community's commitments to reduce theseemissions until 2020, with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020.
greenhouse effect compared to 1990. Under Annex II of the April 23, 2009 decision, agreenhouse gas emission limit of -14% compared to 2005 emission levels a The target datefor 2020 has been set for France. Subsequently, the European Union, which has joined theParis, has notified the Conference of the States Parties to the UNFCCC, pursuant to theprovisions of Article 4 of this agreement, a "nationally determined contribution" (NDC) for
the Union and its Member States corresponding to a minimum 40% reduction in emissions ofgreenhouse gases. greenhouse effect in 2030 compared to their 1990 level. It then adopted asecond "Package Climate Energy" based in particular on the EU regulation 2018/842 of May
30, 2018 on binding annual reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by the United States, andmembers from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments taken in
the framework of the Paris Agreement, which, under the terms of its Article 1 er established
for the States members of their minimum contribution obligations for the period 2021-2030,
ith a view to achieving the Union's objective of reducing, by 2030, its emissions ofgreenhouse gas emissions by 30% over 2005 levels in the sectors covered under Article 2 of
the these Regulations, and contributes to the achievement of the objectives of the Paris
Agreement. ». Annex I of the Regulation, provided for in Article 4 thereof, shall fix for each
Member State the level of this minimum contribution and has assigned France an obligation
to reduce gas emissions to greenhouse effect of -37% in 2030 compared to their 2005 level.

11. Finally, at the national level, the provisions of article L. 100-4 of the French energy, in theirwording resulting from the law of November 8, 2019 on energy and climate, specify that: "I. To respond to the ecological and climatic urgency, the policy 1° To reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by 40% between 1990 and 2030, and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 bydividing the greenhouse gas emissions by a factor of more than six between 1990 and 2050.
The trajectory is specified in the carbon budgets mentioned in Article L. 222-1 A of theFrench carbon code. the environment. For the application of this 1°, carbon neutrality isunderstood as a the balance, on the national territory, between anthropogenic emissions bysources and the N° 427301 - 7 - anthropogenic removals by sinks of greenhouse gases, as
referred to in Article 4 of the the Paris Agreement ratified on October 5, 2016. Accounting forthese emissions and absorptions is carried out according to the same procedures as those
applicable to national inventories of gas at greenhouse gas emissions notified to theEuropean Commission and within the framework of the Framework Convention on Climate
Change. United Nations Climate Change Convention, without taking into accountinternational credits from carbon offsetting; / (...) ". In order to achieve this objective of
reducing emissions of greenhouse gas emissions, Article L. 222-1 A of the French
Environmental Code provides that: "For the period 2015-2018, and then for each consecutive
five-year period, a national cap of greenhouse gas emissions, known as the "carbon budget",is set by decree. "and the article L. 222-1 B of the same code, in its wording resulting fromthe aforementioned law of November 8, 2019, in particular that: "I. - The national lowcarbon development strategy, known as the "low-carbon strategy", set by decree, defines
the procedure to be followed in order to drive the policy of mitigating greenhouse gas
emissions under sustainable conditions on the medium and long term economic level (...) / II.
- The decree establishing the low-carbon strategy allocates the carbon budget for each of theperiods mentioned in Article L. 222-1 A. by major sectors, particularly those for which France
has made European commitments or international, by sector of activity as well as bycategory of greenhouse gases. The breakdown by period takes into account the cumulative
effect of the issues in question with regard to the characteristics of each type of gas, inparticular the duration of its stay in the upper atmosphere. atmosphere. (...) / It also divides
the carbon budgets into indicative tranches of emissions annual / III. - The State, local
authorities and their respective public institutions take the low-carbon strategy into accountin their planning and implementation documents. programming that have a significant
impact on greenhouse gas emissions. / As part of the low-carbon strategy, the level offinancial support for public projects integrates, systematically and among other criteria, thecriterion of contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The principles andmethods for calculating greenhouse gas emissions are as follows greenhouse effect of publicprojects are defined by decree. "According to the terms of article D. 222-1-A of theenvironmental code in its wording resulting from the decree of November 18, 2015 relating
to the national carbon budgets and the national low-carbon strategy: "I. - Emissions ofgreenhouse gases greenhouse gas emissions accounted for under the carbon budgets
established pursuant to Article L. 222 1 A are those that France notifies to the European
Commission and in the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change / (...) "Under the terms of the Article D. 222-1-B of the same Code: "I. - Compliancewith carbon budgets is assessed on the basis of annual inventories transmitted to theEuropean Commission or within the framework of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change. "Finally, in pursuant to Article 2 of the decree of November
18, 2015: "Carbon budgets for the periods 2015-2018, 2019-2023 and 2024-2028 are set at442, 399 and 358 Mt CO2eq respectively per year, compared to annual emissions in 1990,
2005 and 2013 of, respectively, 551, 556 and 492 Mt of CO2eq".

12. As a result of these stipulations and provisions, the European Union and the France, asignatory to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, has committed to fight against harmful
effects of climate change induced in particular by the increase, over the course of the era
greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, by conducting research and developmentin the field of industrial policies aimed at reducing the level of these emissions in successive
stages, in order to to assume, in accordance with the principle of an equitable contribution
by all States Parties to the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, their common
responsibilities but differentiated according to their participation in the emissions acquired
and their capacities and means to reduce them in the future in relation to their level of
economic development and the intervention of complementary acts to produce effects withregard to individuals and are, therefore have no direct effect, they must nevertheless betaken into consideration in the interpretation of provisions of national law, in particular
those referred to in point 11, which, if not interpreted referring to the objectives they set,
are precisely intended to implement them.social. If the stipulations of the UNFCCC and theParis Agreement cited in point 9 require

13. In this respect, the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40% between 1990
and 2030 set in article L. 100-4 of the energy code, which now states the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the United Nations Framework Convention
on the Paris Agreement, aims to ensure, as far as France is concerned, the implementation of
the following effective of the principles set forth in this convention and agreement. In thisrespect, in order to achieve this reduction target, the provisions of Article L. 222-1-A of theFrench Commercial Code (Code de the environment entrust to a decree to set a national
ceiling on gas emissions at greenhouse effect for the period 2015-2018 and then for eachconsecutive five-year period. In Within this framework, article 2 of the decree of November
18, 2015 cited in point 11 has set for the period 2015- 2018, corresponding to the firstcarbon budget and the only period completed to the date of the This decision sets a limit
value of 442 Mt of CO2eq per year.

With regard to the implicit refusal to take any useful measure allowing to influence the curve ofgreenhouse gas emissions produced on the national territory:

14. It emerges from the documents in the file, in particular the data commonly greenhouse gas
emissions, that at the end of the period 2015-2018, the France substantially exceeded thefirst carbon budget it had set for itself, by approximately 62 Mt of CO2eq per year, achieving
an average decrease in its emissions of 1% per year while the budget set required a
reduction of around 2.2% per year. The years 2015, 2016 and 2017 have thus led to anincrease in greenhouse gas emissions and the year 2018, despite a return to a decrease inthese emissions, led to a 4.5% overrun of the annual share set by this first carbon budget,with all business sectors posting an annual share of exceeding their objectives for the same
year. In this respect, in its first two annual reports published in June 2019 and July 2020, theHigh Council for the Climate, the body created by the decree of May 14, 2019, to issue
opinions and recommendations on the implementation of public policies and measures toreduce greenhouse gas emissions France's greenhouse gas emissions, highlighted theinadequacies of the policies implemented to achieve the objectives. fixed.

15. However, the decree of April 21, 2020 on national carbon budgets and the national lowcarbon strategy has significantly modified the 2 th carbon budget (corresponding to theperiod 2019-2023) provided for by the decree of November 18, 2015, under the following
terms 399 Mt CO2eq to 422 Mt CO2eq per year the emissions cap for this period. It has, in on
the other hand, maintained the objective assigned to the 3 th carbon budget (corresponding
to the period 2024- 2028), increasing it from 358 Mt of CO2eq per year provided for in thesame decree of November 18, 2015. to 359 Mt of CO2eq, and set the 4 s carbon budget(corresponding to the period 2029-2033) at 300 Mt of CO2eq per year. This 4 he carbon
budget is likely to enable the final objective to be achieved. reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions by 40% in 2030 compared to their level in the past. 1990, set out in Article L. 100-4of the Energy Code, and 37% compared to their levels of 2005, assigned to France by Annex I
of Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of May 30, 2018. However, the changes made by the decree ofApril 21, 2020 compared to what had been envisaged in 2015, revise downwards theobjective of reducing emissions of effect gases at the end of the period 2019-2023,
corresponding to the 2 s carbon budget, and thus provide for a shift of the emissions
reduction trajectory that leads to deferring the bulk of the effort beyond 2020, on a
trajectory that has never been reached before. Moreover, the data the most recent scientific
literature, including reports published by the Expert Group Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), on the contrary, highlight a aggravation of the climatic risks atconstant temperature increases, so that, in In a recent communication, the European
Commission is considering proposing to increase the number of the European Union's
greenhouse gas emissions reduction target for 2030 by notifying the Conference of theStates Parties to the UNFCCC of a new NDC of - 55 % by compared to the 1990 emission
level.

16. As a result, it is not possible to rule on the conclusions of the motion to the cancellation of
the implicit refusal to take any useful measure allowing to inflect the curve of thegreenhouse gas emissions produced on the national territory in the current state of the file,the latter not highlighting in particular the elements and reasons allowing to establish thecompatibility of the refusal with the trajectory of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
such as it is is the result of the decree of 21 April 2020, which makes it possible to achieve
the objective of reducing the level of greenhouse gas emissions produced by France, as set
by Article L. 100-4 of the French Code of Commerce. energy and by Annex I of EU Regulation
2018/842 of May 30, 2018. It is therefore necessary to to order further instruction for the
production of these items.

With respect to the implied refusal to take any regulatory action tending to "make the climate
priority mandatory":
17. The means derived from the implicit refusal to take any action regulatory initiative to "makeclimate priority mandatory" would be tainted of manifest error of assessment is notaccompanied by sufficient details to enable it to be assessed. appreciate the merits.

With respect to the implied refusal to implement accommodation measures immediate response to
climate change :18. If the commune of Grande-Synthe maintains that the decision it is attacking disregards the
stipulations of article 2 of the Paris Agreement cited in point 9, these stipulations, as well as
as stated in point 12, are of no direct effect. Consequently, their mere ignorance does not
can be usefully invoked against the contested decision.
With regard to the conclusions of the application under Article L. 761-1 in so far as it concerns Mr.
Carême :19. It follows from what was said in point 4 that the conclusions of the motion presented under
Article L. 761-1 in so far as they concern Mr. Carême can only be rejected.
D E C I D E : -------------Article 1 er: The conclusions of the request of the commune of Grande-Synthe and other directedagainst the implied refusal to take any legislative initiative to "makethe climate priority" are dismissed as brought before a court of law. incompetent to know about
them.

Article 2: The conclusions of the request presented under Article L. 761-1 of the French Code of Civil
Procedure are to be submitted to the court. administrative justice are rejected as they concern Mr.
Carême.

Article 3: The interventions of the City of Paris, the City of Grenoble, Oxfam associations, etc., are notaccepted. France, Greenpeace France and Notre Affaire A Tous and the Fondation pour la Nature andMan are admitted within the limit of the admissibility of the request of the commune ofGrandeSynthe.

Article 4: The conclusions of the request of the commune of Grande-Synthe for the annulment of thedecision of the court of Grande-Synthe. for abuse of power of implied refusals to take any regulatory
initiative action to "make the climate priority mandatory" and to implement measures of immediate
adaptation to climate change are rejected.

Article 5: Before ruling on the surplus of the conclusions of the request of the commune of GrandeSynthe, additional instruction will be given for the production by the parts of the elements in point
16 of this Decision.

Article 6: These elements must be sent to the Secretariat of the Litigation Section in a period of threemonths from the notification of this decision.

Article 7: This decision shall be notified to the commune of Grande-Synthe, the first commune to be
notified. applicant named, to the City of Paris, the City of Grenoble, to the Oxfam France
associations, Greenpeace France and Notre Affaire à Tous and the Fondation pour la Nature etl'Homme, at the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister and the Minister of EcologicalTransition.