IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2022) 13-2

Research article
erd

Awareness and Compliance of Corn Farmers to Good
Agricultural Practices (GAPs) in Nueva Vizcaya,
Philippines
JANE B. BACANI*
Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Email: janebbacani@gmail.com
Received 30 December 2021

Accepted 18 July 2022(*Corresponding Author)

Abstract This study investigated the level of awareness and extent of compliance tocertification of corn farmers with Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) in corn development
projects in the cluster municipalities of Nueva Vizcaya. The study sought to determine thedemographic characteristics of the respondents, their level of awareness in GAP corn
certification requirements, and extent of compliance in GAP corn certification. One
hundred sixty (160) corn farmers who are active participant in GAP corn project wererandomly selected. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages, and mean
were used in describing the demographic characteristics of the respondents. A four-point
Likert-type scale was used to analyze the level of awareness and extent of compliance. The
result revealed that both men and women are active corn farmers, older farmers, most haveformal education, smallholder farms, more experience in farming and members in farmers’organization and cooperatives. Likewise, the study indicated a high awareness of the
respondents in GAP corn certification requirements gained through their participation tovarious GAP and GAP-related trainings and activities while compliance to GAP
certification is moderate which resulted to low certified corn farms in Nueva Vizcaya.
Demographic profile such as sex, education and trainings have positive correlation to the
respondents’ awareness, however, there is no significant correlation to their compliance.
Keywords GAP, awareness, compliance, certification requirements

INTRODUCTION
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) certification is a stamp of safety and genuine freshness (ATI,2013). The Philippine GAP program is a government certification program with the Department ofAgriculture as the certifying body. The enactment of Republic Act No. 10611 otherwise known as“Food Safety Act of 2013” strengthens the food safety regulatory system in the country (Official
Gazette of the Philippines, 2013). The GAP standard requires a scrutiny of the history of the farmsite and its prior; the type of soil, and its compatibility with crops and seed sources; the judicious
use of agrichemicals; the sources of potable water for irrigation and washing of crops; the harvestand post-handling procedures; the health and hygiene of the farmer and handlers, and other factors.
Aside from scrutiny, the GAP standard also requires systems to be set in place such as sanitaryfacilities, safe storage areas, post-harvest infrastructure, a paper trail for traceability, among others(PNS, 2017). The Code of GAP for corn is a set of consolidated safety and quality standards
prepared by the Department of Agriculture for the production, harvesting and on-farm postharvest
handling and storage of corn. The emphasis is to decrease the hazard of pesticide use and aflatoxin
contamination. GAP corn was officially launched in 2014, and it became more intensive since thepassing of RA 10611 due to inappropriate use of pesticides and other chemicals in farming thatpose a hazard to both human and animal health.
The national trend of low GAP adoption is reflected in the Province of Nueva Vizcaya in the
Northern part of the Philippines. That despite its intensive implementation and government support,
the adoption and certification for GAP corn is still very low, a measly 1.78% in the corn cluster
areas, hence, this study investigated the awareness and extent of compliance of corn farmers toⒸ ISERD

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Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) which is a prerequisite to adoption and certification. The
purpose is to identify the requirements with low compliance as basis of the implementers forplanning. Likewise, it will be relevant to the corn farmers to appreciate good agricultural practices
in general and the GAP corn in particular and for them to realize the requirements they havecomplied and those that needs to be improved. The eight requirements for GAP corn certification
were evaluated that included: farm location, farm environment, farm structure and facility
maintenance, pre-harvesting practices, harvesting practices, post-harvesting practices, safety andprecautions, and farm management.
OBJECTIVESThis study aimed to determine the demographic profile of the respondents, the level of the
respondents’ awareness in GAP corn certification requirements, and the extent of compliance in
GAP corn certification.
METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted in 2019 in the four corn cluster municipalities (Bagabag, Diadi, Quezon
and Villaverde) of Nueva Vizcaya. Simple random sampling was used to identify the 160
respondents. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, mean, and percentages was used in
describing the demographic characteristics of the respondents. A four-point Likert-type scale wasused to analyze the level of awareness and extent of compliance. Pearson’s r was used in measuring
the significant relationships between the variables in the study.
Instruments for data collection included: survey questionnaires and key informants’ interview
of Farmer Led Extensionists (FLEs) and Agricultural Extension Workers (AEWs). The structured
survey questionnaire included open-ended and categorized questions.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Demographic Characteristics of Corn Farmers
The result revealed that 50% are male and 50% are female. It can be noted that more females are
now involved in corn farming and in the agricultural industry as a whole. The mean age is 52 years
old, the youngest is 25 years old and the oldest is 80 years old. It can be deduced that there areolder corn farmers because younger people nowadays prefer nonfarm careers. In the Cagayan
Valley Region, the average age of corn farmers is 51 years old (PSA, 2014).
The study shows that the respondents are mostly high school level or graduates with 51.90%,
college (25.1%) and vocational/technical education (5.6%). It can be inferred that the corn farmers
are better educated when compared to the provincial statistics wherein high school is 35.75%,
college (19.40%) and vocational (3.40%) (PSA, 2014), in effect they are more open in adopting
new technologies and practices in farming. They also understand the consequences of conforming
to sustainable agricultural practices for land-use and production efficiency, global warming
potential, economic viability, conservation of biodiversity, waste minimization and recycling,
farmer and community well-being, animal welfare, and the capacity to meet food sufficiency long
into the future. Education also allows a farmer to share his farming experiences to other farmers.
The average area farmed is 1.93 hectares, majority (58.2%) of the corn farmers surveyed have
1.0 - 2.9 hectares. The result signifies that the size of cultivated land and average land productivity
could strongly affect farm revenues and, consequently, investments. This explains the ability offarmers to diversify in farming, smaller land area tends to lean more on monocropping which is
discouraged in GAP since it proliferates pests and diseases and depletes soil fertility while larger
farmlands could diversify not only as an approach to prevent pests/diseases and soil fertilityⒸ ISERD

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depletion but to increase revenue as well. The increase in revenues enable the farmers to establish
the needed facilities and structures in GAP farming.
The average number of years in corn farming is 20. Most respondents had 10-29 years(56.5%) experience in corn farming, 24.5% had more than 30 years and 19.5% with less than 10
years. The respondents’ minimum number of years in corn farming is 5 and the maximum is 60
years of experience. It can be noted that the respondents are experienced corn farmers. Extensive
experience in corn farming helps the farmers to determine the merits of adopting new technologies
based on their knowledge gained through years of corn farming. This aided them in decisionmaking for adopting GAP, in addition it boosts their confidence to share their experiences andfacilitate the spread of new technologies like GAP. This is consistent with the national and regional
statistics wherein (BAS, 2011) reported that corn farmers in the country had an average of 22 yearsof farming experience.
More than eighty percent (86.7%) are members of farmers’ organization, cooperatives with
65.6% and other organizations with 54.4%. Membership to farmers’ organizations, cooperatives
and other organizations in the community help the farmers to unify their efforts towards
achievement of their common goals especially in lobbying for government and other agencies’support and services in training, facilities and machineries, loans and other agricultural assistance.
Cooperatives is the government vehicle in granting farmers loans. It also extended seed, fertilizer
and agrichemical loans with agreeable payment schemes. It is through these organizations that
small farmers band together to convey issues and concerns through their representatives (e.g.,
Municipal Agricultural and Fishery Council) and avail of assistance.
Respondents’ participation to GAP-related trainings such as integrated pest management(IPM) like proper spraying and disposal of used herbicides, how to make organic pesticides fromfruit and plant juices, pest surveillance, etc. has high attendance with 96.3%, followed by integrated
crop management with 74.4% and other trainings with 38.1%. These related trainings support theimplementation of GAP by reinforcing it through activities and demo farms. It will also increase
the farmers’ self-reliance and confidence in adopting GAP by expounding their training toencompass technologies that is important in sustainable agriculture. These practices help toimprove environmental and ecological diversity as well as economic condition towards GAP
adoption.
Awareness and Compliance in GAP Corn
Fig. 1 illustrates the comparison of means for the respondents’ level of awareness and extent ofcompliance for the eight GAP corn requirements.

FL – Farm location, FE – Farm environment, FSM – Farm structure and maintenance,
PHP – Pre-harvesting practices, HP – Harvesting practices, PP – Post-harvest practices,
SP – Safety and precaution, FM – Farm management

Fig. 1 Comparison of means for the respondents’ level of awareness andextent of compliance to GAP corn
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Farm location has high awareness denoted by an average mean of 3.31 on the suitability of the
production area and its surrounding farms for agricultural use. They have to trace the history of theland use whether it is being used for other purposes other than agriculture such as landfill toidentify possible potential hazards specifically chemical (heavy metals) and physical hazards(broken glass, plastics, rubber, etc.) as part of the requirement. However, the respondents aremoderately aware on how to identify ways to prevent the potential hazards. The result implies thatthe respondents are highly aware of the requirements and fully understood the importance of
tracing the history and land use pattern of their farm. These requirements were thoroughly
discussed during the GAP training conducted by the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI),
Department of Agriculture (DA) and Local Government Units (LGUs). Compliance is moderatewith an average mean of 2.51 for farm location since all of the corn farms were established not forother purposes but for crop production only and the potential hazards identified is the excessive useof agrichemicals and natural calamities such as flooding and drought. The slight compliance for
mitigating measures is attributed to their lack of documentation or records concerning the potential
hazards in their farms.
Respondents’ awareness on farm environment was high with an average mean of 3.30. The
respondents were highly aware that the production area, post-harvest and storage area should be
kept clean at all times to avoid contamination. Likewise with the importance of crop rotation to
avoid soil deterioration due to monocropping especially planting of nutrient enriching plants likepeas, peanuts, beans and other leguminous crops and availability of water source or irrigation to
avoid plant stress. It is only soil analysis that has moderate awareness, this might be due to absenceof soil laboratory in the province to cater the needs of the corn farmers. The farmers have to submit
soil samples through the LGUs to be brought to the soil laboratory at the neighboring provinces in
Isabela or Cagayan. The respondents stated that the release of the soil analysis result as basis for
fertilizer application was delayed wherein the crops was already harvested but the result is notreleased yet. The AEWs also encourage the use of convergence approach such as integrated
farming for the integration of other crops and livestock in corn farming as alternative source ofincome. The compliance for farm environment is slight with an average mean of 2.40 for field
sanitation practices, soil nutrient status analysis for appropriate fertilizer recommendation, soil
mapping for crop rotation and production plans and locating water sources. Soil analysis should bedone every two years and carried out by accredited laboratory. The slight compliance forcertification requirements with regards to farm environment can be attributed to their non-adoptionof strict field sanitation practices, soil analysis, and soil mapping.
The respondents were highly aware that farm structures and facilities should be maintainedwith an average mean of 3.33. Structures such as warehouse for the corn produce, storeroom for
fertilizer, pesticide and other farm supplies and materials including protection shed of farmmachineries should be appropriately designed and constructed in a reasonable distance from one
another to lessen contamination. Likewise, farm structures, facilities and equipment should always
be kept clean and in good condition for optimal operations. They were also highly aware thatsewage, waste disposal and drainage system should be appropriately located and constructed tominimize the risk of contaminating the production area and water supply with chemical hazards.
The farmers claimed that GAP is good since it safeguards health, and the proper storage of
agrichemicals such as insecticides, pesticides and fungicides makes it easier to locate when needed.
Display of farm code and availability of medicine kit in the farm is moderate. It is imperative that afully equipped first aid box with all the necessary items is placed prominently in the farm. Farm
structure and facility maintenance has slight compliance with an average mean of 2.44. The
respondents’ reason for slight compliance is the lack of finances to construct farm structures suchas storage for tools and machineries though there is no prescribed size for structures as long as it issafe for farm tools and materials and properly labeled. The respondents stressed that they arecompliant in GAP especially in farming practices but lack the financial capability to establish theneeded structures and toilets required in GAP corn certification that is the reason for noncertification.
The result for the pre-harvest practices has high awareness with an average mean of 3.64 that
includes weed control measures through proper land preparation to ensure healthy and uniformⒸ ISERD

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plant growth; planting and seed materials such as use of high yielding varieties that are adaptable tothe locality and following the recommended planting distance and seeding rate; proper handlingand use of agrichemicals such that applicators should be trained and wear protective gear whenhandling and spraying, agrichemicals should be properly labeled and stored and proper disposal of
empty container, and strict observance of pre-harvest intervals; fertilizer management such as useof fully decomposed organic materials, fertilizer application should be based on soil analysis,
proper storage to prevent contamination due to leaching, runoff or wind drift and records offertilizer sources and application; insect pest and disease management during flowering tomaturation stage and prevention of aflatoxin contamination; other cultural management practices
such as maintenance of the recommended row and plant spacing to avoid overcrowding and regularmonitoring at all crop stages to provide measures to problems that may arise. While compliance ismoderate with an average mean of 2.96, the pre-harvesting practice were adequately implemented
and complied by the respondents due to their extensive experience in corn production.
Harvesting practices includes harvesting of fully matured corn in the shortest possible time,
the use of clean mats and other suitable underlays to prevent damage and contamination of cornears and remove corn ears that show visible signs of insect or microbial damage. The respondents
have high awareness with an average mean of 3.56 but moderately complied with an average meanof 2.78. Following the recommended harvesting practices has high compliance but sorting has
slight compliance. Sorting out and discarding corn ears with visible damage is not followed by the
respondents because they sell their harvest immediately to buyers upon harvesting.
Post-harvesting practices has high awareness with an average mean of 3.31. This includes
hauling should be done immediately after harvest and facilities for hauling should be clean and dry;
immediate drying of corn grains to reduce the moisture content; avoid grain moisture accumulation
during transport by using an appropriate covering for the container, proper stacking inside thetransport vehicle and protection against pests; storing area should have good ventilation, prevent
entry of insects, birds and rodents and maintain the recommended moisture content to minimize
aflatoxin contamination and conformity to the principle of first-in-first-out. The respondents
asserted that though they are aware of the ideal moisture content of the corn to avoid aflatoxin but
they do not have the instrument for testing it. Post-harvesting practices has slight compliance withan average mean of 2.18. This might be due to the fact that farmers sell their yellow corn directly
upon harvest and no longer follow post-harvesting practices while white corn also referred to as
green corn are sold by contract when it is matured for cooking and eating. The key informant
revealed that GAP evaluation for certification in post-harvesting is done by testing for aflatoxin
which is accomplished by getting 5 kilos sample from the harvested seeds. The dried seeds wasbrought to the laboratory at DA-Cagayan Valley Integrated Agricultural Laboratory (DA-CVIAL)
for the said test.
With regards to safety and precautions, all the variables were rated to have high awarenesswith an average mean of 3.70. This includes wearing of appropriate clothing and protective gears in
production and post production activities and training of farm workers to follow the recommended
personal hygiene and sanitary practices. The respondents agreed that safety gears should be worn to
avoid exposure to chemical hazards as well as training and supervising farm workers in the properuse of agrichemicals and sanitary procedures. It is a major compliance criterion that pesticide
application protective gear must be present in the farm at all times. The equipment must be kept
clean and functional, and there must be documentation that shows that farm workers have been
trained to use the protective gear correctly. Compliance on safety and precautions was rated to bemoderate with an average mean of 2.94. The respondents are moderately compliant with safety andprecautions which implies that though they are aware of the consequences of mishandling
agrichemicals but some farmers still do not strictly follow the recommended safety and precaution
practices.
Respondents has high awareness on farm management with an average mean of 3.14. It
includes keeping of farm and staff records and traceability. Farm records should be updated using
the DA pro-forma record system of GAP corn and should be kept up to two years. (PNS, 2017)
explained that new farm applying for certification must have at least 3 months of farm records
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with matters associated with GAP corn certification. Likewise with records of farm workers andtheir trainings should be maintained. The respondents claimed that though there is a pro-forma
record system but they also use a simplified record system that they could easily understand. Theyuse record book to log in farm activities with the corresponding expenses like cost of inputs andlabor. In traceability, produce leaving the farm must be traceable to the farms, thus records mustalso be maintained. The respondents insisted that the corn buyers can trace back the produce totheir farms since they know their sources or suppliers of corn. Compliance was slight with anaverage mean of 2.06. Farm records has moderate compliance that includes designating in-charge
to deal with matters associated with GAP corn certification like copies of laboratory analysis andcertificates that verify compliance with the DA regulations. The respondents claimed thatmaintaining the pro-forma farm records from DA is complicated and time consuming, hence, they
improvised and ask assistance from family members and AEWs in accomplishing the farm records
issued by DA. Maintaining of staff records has slight compliance and traceability was low whichsuggests that the respondents are not compliant with these particular criteria.
The overall mean for GAP corn awareness was denoted by the mean value of 3.42, which isqualitatively described to have 76-100% awareness of the requirements in the GAP corn. While theoverall mean on the extent of compliance is indicated by a mean value of 2.54 which isqualitatively described to have 51-75% compliance signifying that awareness is 25% higher than
the respondents’ compliance.
In the correlation analysis in Table 1, sex, highest educational attainment, and trainings are
significantly correlated to the respondents’ awareness in farm environment, pre-harvesting andharvesting practices at 5% level of significance. The respondents’ awareness in GAP corn in termsof farm environment (r = 0.174) and pre-harvesting practices (r = 0.176) positively correlated withsex. It indicates that more involvement of both men and women in corn farming spell increased
awareness in farm environment that includes cleanliness to avoid contamination, crop rotation, andavailability of irrigation; and pre-harvesting practices such as weed control measures, planting andseed materials used, proper use of pesticides and other agrochemicals, fertilizer, insect and pest
management and other cultural management practices. The respondents’ awareness in terms offarm environment (r = 0.157) and pre-harvesting practices (r = 0.163) are significantly correlatedwith the respondents’ highest educational attainment. The result signifies that the respondents withhigher educational attainment have higher understanding of the environmental effect and preharvesting practices in GAP corn. This further implies that the respondents’ education is importantin their awareness and adoption of GAP corn.
Table 1 Relationship between the demographic profile and level of awareness in GAP corn
Demographic profile
Age
SexHighest educational
attainment
Land area for corn farming
Number of years in corn
farming
Membership in farmer’sorganization
Membership incooperatives
GAP trainings
Other trainings

FL
.006
.059

FE
-.046
.174*

Level of awareness in gap corn
FSM
PHP
HP
PP
-.043
-.048
-.045
-.032
.130
.176*
.151
.134

-.064

.157*

.081

.163*

.117

.083

.097

.096

.097

.121

.087

.066

.021

.022

.032

SP
-.039
.143

FM
-.039
.143

.076

.096

.096

.097

.097

.097

.097

.086

.075

.093

.085

.085

.008

.022

.015

.018

.017

.017

.019

.008

.018

.012

.019

.016

.016

.090

.175

.123

.178

.147

.141

.144

.144

.080

**

.203

**

*

.231

.249

.249

.348

.354

.267

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed), ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
FL – Farm location, FE – Farm environment, FSM – Farm structure and maintenance, PHP – Pre-harvesting practices,
HP – Harvesting practices, PP – Post-harvest practices, SP – Safety and precaution, FM – Farm managementⒸ ISERD

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Respondents’ awareness in farm environment (r = 0.348) and pre-harvesting practices (r =0.354) are highly significant when correlated with trainings while significant in terms of harvesting
practices (r = 0.267). The positive correlation implies that more trainings conducted to the corn
farmers magnified their awareness on farm environment, pre-harvesting and harvesting practices.
It further implies that generally, participation to trainings like proper storage of corn, how to makefeeds and organic fertilizers, field days, and production of other crops and animal raising increased
the farmers’ knowledge and awareness on the effect of GAPs to corn farming especially in theenvironment, pre-harvesting and harvesting practices. Environmental protection supports
sustainable agriculture while pre-harvesting and harvesting practices are important in the assuranceof food safety. This indicates that trainings conducted in support to GAP is important to the
respondents’ awareness. Furthermore, the respondents were also trained on integrated farming andother alternative sources of income such as fishery, poultry and livestock and other crops likevegetables to supplement family income since corn takes more than three months to be harvested.
Likewise, Azam and Banumathi (2015) denoted that educational attainment, age and gender of the
farmers has positively motivated them to move towards GAP farming.
The correlation analysis in Table 2, finds no significant relationship between the demographic
profile and extent of compliance in GAP corn. The result indicates that demographic characteristics
has no effect in the farmers’ compliance to GAP corn. This might be the reason for the very low(1.78%) GAP certification of corn farms in Nueva Vizcaya since all the requirements forcertification should be complied 100%, partial compliance will be deferred. The respondents
affirmed that GAP corn compliance is labor intensive since it needs more labor to comply with thecriteria such as establishment of fences or barriers to prevent entry of animals and other predators,
pest and diseases surveillance and strict implementation of field sanitation practices. The
respondents claimed that they have 75-85% compliance since most of the farming practices werecomplied. It is the establishment of structures that they lacked. Adding that even if the farm will
not be certified, they still need to maintain good agricultural practices always for environmental
protection and health reasons. This is affirmed by the study of Ganpat et al. (2014) that complianceon GAPs among smallholder farmers was low.
Table 2 Relationship between the demographic profile and extent of compliance in GAP corn
Demographic profile
Age
SexHighest educational
attainment
Land area for corn
farming
Number of years in corn
farming
Membership in farmer’sorganization
Membership incooperatives
GAP trainings
Other trainings

FL
-.039
.143

FE
-.037
.141

Extent of compliance in GAP corn
FSM
PHP
HP
PP
-.038
-.039
-.038
-.038
.142
.142
.142
.142

SP
-.038
.142

FM
-.038
.142

.096

.091

.095

.095

.095

.094

.095

.095

.097

.097

.097

.097

.097

.097

.097

.097

.085

.087

.086

.085

.085

.086

.086

.086

.017

.017

.017

.017

.017

.017

.017

.017

.016

.017

.016

.016

.016

.016

.016

.016

.144
.249

.144
.245

.144
.248

.144
.248

.144
.248

.144
.248

.144
.248

.144
.248

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed), ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)

CONCLUSION
Demographic characteristics of the corn farmers in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines comprised men andwomen active involvement in farming, older farmers with a mean age of 52 years, most haveformal education with 51.90% high school level or graduates, majority (58.2%) are small farm
holders with an average land area of 1.93 hectares, more experience in farming with an average ofⒸ ISERD

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20 years and has membership in farmers organization (86.7%) and cooperatives (65.6%) andparticipation to GAP and GAP-related trainings with 96.3%. These characteristics towed their levelof awareness which is high or qualitatively described to have 76-100% awareness of the GAP
requirements while their compliance is moderate which is 51-75% compliant to GAP certification
requirements that subsequently deferred their application for GAP certification. Generally, the corn
farmers adopted GAPs especially in farm environment, farming practices for pre-harvesting andharvesting but their compliance to records of potential hazards in farm location, establishment offarm structures, post-handling practices, safety and precaution practices, documentation/recording
and traceability in farm management needs to be improved.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is grateful to the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) for the study grant and to
the Nueva Vizcaya State University for the indorsement.
REFERENCES
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www.journalijar.com/uploads/560_IJAR-6817.pdf
Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS). 2011. Costs and returns of corn production. Quezon City Philippines.
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agricultural practices (GAPs) by state-registered and non-registered vegetable farmers in Trinidad, West
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Official Gazette of the Philippines. 2013. Republic Act 10611, An act for food safety. Retrieved fromhttps://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/08/23/republic-act-no-10611/
Philippine National Standards (PNS). 2017. Revised code of good agricultural practices (GAP) for corn.
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2020%202018%20GAP%20Corn.pdf
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