日本英文学会第 81 回大会
2009 年 5 月 30 日

東京大学

‘Give + O + to’構文のイディオム化
秋元実治（青山学院大学）

1.

序2.

1500 以前の ‘give + O + to’構文の様態(1)

Off gudes I shall gar giffe … To poure men. ( c1400 St. Anne (1) 176) [MED](2)

He þat Зeueþ liif to þe tre ond to þe braunchis is þe rote. (?a1425 Orch. Syon 37/23)[MED]

3. Rivalry among the give constructions
Table 1: Percentages of three categories of‘give’ constructions from ME to PDE
MEgive +Oi + OdEModEIIIIII IVIII3341392853 136

58(62%) (46%) (26%) (33%)

give + O + to0(0%)

otherLModE

20132418(14%) (16%) (10%)

3584

96(37%) (39%) (57%) (56%)(26%) (35%)

1111IIIPDEIIIIIIIV

168

397

346

286

422

(42%) (49%)

(39%)

(31%)

(33%)

(33%)

29

43

138

135

128

138

(10%) (0.7%) (0.9%)

(12%)

(13%)

(12%)

(14%)

(10%)

128

468

618

450

713

(48%) (37%)

(46%)

(56%)

(52%)

(56%)

6985

(63%) (56%)

155

Key: MEI = 1150-1250, MEII = 1250-1350, MEIII = 1350-1420, MEIV = 1420-1500, EModEI =1500-1570, EModEII = 1570-1640, EModE III = 1640-1710, LModEI = 1600-1699, LModEII =1700-1799, LModEIII =1800-1899, LModEIV = 1900~-1--Table 2: Percentages of three categories of ‘give’ constructions without pronoun
Objects
MEI
give + O +O

EModE
III IV

413IPDE

IIIII

IIIIII

IV

72035

68

86

77

167

(25%) (0.7%) (10%) (o.3%) (o.5%) (0.6%) (0.9%)

(16%)

(10%)

(10%)

(11%)

7II

LModE

45(16%)

give + O + to0other1324

181111(0%) (25%) (19%)(15%) (12%) (10%)

206935 96

69(74%) (67%) (81%) (81%)

852943138135128138(14%)

(20%)

(20%)

(16%)

(19%)

(13%)

128468618

450713(62%) (69%)

(73%)

(68%)

(70%)

155(81%) (82%) (75%)

Table 3: Numbers of a(n) and zero articles in each construction

EModE

LModE

III

suf

Isuf

ø

IIsuf

ø

IIIsuf

ø

PDE
IVsuf

ø

suf

ø

suf

ø

ø

a ø a ø aø aø

a

ø

a

ø

a

ø

a

ø

a

ø

a

ø

a

ø

a

ø

a

ø

a

ø

give+O+O

0

3

2

110

1

4

17

5

5

24

24

17

28

57

48

10118029

121251

1928

16

110

23

give+O+to0

1

2

40

1

2

3

4

531772013284151543372306231150

Give + O

03141171033201448351681838231833

10241855

211(3) And Iesus sayde vnto her: geve me drynke.

(1534 The New Testament) [HC](4) … what arte thou that we maye geve an answer to # them that sent vs …
(1534 The New Testament) [HC](5) … for God wil give # knowledge to whom he will give knowledge of the Scriptures. (1500-1570
Private Letters) [HC](6) The good shepeheedrd geveth his # lyfe for the shepe.

(1534 The New Testament) [HC](7) And yf his master gave him leave to play, that was …

(1600 Forman, The Autobiography) [HC]-2--(8) God, which lightned thus the eies of their vunderstanding giving them knowledge by vnvsuall andextraordinarie meanes … (1614 Hooker, Two sermons upon part of S. Judes epistle) [HC](9) … wherefore you gave ear to my Lord (ˆCobhamˆ) for receiving Pensions …
(1603 The Trial of Sir Walter Raleigh) [HC](10) Then they gave a great alarme to the towne both by land and water …

(1627

Hayward,Annals of The First Four Years …) [HC](11) … and to be able to give a reason of every thing why it is so …

(1627

Brinsley,Ludus

Literarius or The Grammar Schoole) [HC](12) … they should be # readie in armes by midnight, and, in the meane season, gave order that thebattery should not cease …

(1627 Hayward, Annals of The First Four Years …) [HC](13) … while he was at rem <??> in re, he gave him such a remembrance upon the small of the back …
(1661 flat. f1) [AC](14) Master was ashore, gave him a visit, who told his condition …

(1665 int2. n1) [AC](15) I presently after gave chase to two sails which I saw to leeward … (1650 penn. j1) [AC](16) … as the Act of the house, which might give Reputation to their influence amongst us …
(1682 prol. n1) [AC](17) And am glad my forbearing to write to the contrary, gave such hope as was anything serviceable …
(1664 more. x1) [AC](18) … let me die if I could help giving her a kiss, which hang me …

(1751 cove. f3) [AC](19) It gives me great satisfaction to see so many of my countrymen warmly pressing …
(1788 alle. j3) [AC](20) Hence, giving way to dissipation, and being unused to labour, they proceed for support to fraud…
(1785 gen 2. n3) [AC](21) … I endeavour to regulate my conduct so as to avoid giving offence to any man …
(1778 reev. f3) [AC](22) I transcribe a paper giving an account of what passed between … (1753 rich. f3) [AC](23) … those who many give occasion for such a remark, are not Quakers …

(1759 rowe. x4) [AC](24) I don’t remember what – and he became so insulting and abusive that Robert gave him a thrashingon the spot … (1899 chop. f7) [AC](25) … he had lost his bread-winner, then gave his head a nod.

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(1828 moir. f5) [AC]-(26) Well, would you mind confiding to me the circumstances that gave rise to the reflection?
(1895 mach. f6) [AC](27) The court erred in charging, that there must be an actual ouster, to give operation to the statute oflimitation between tenants in common.
(28) He gave a shout.

(1823 fred. l5)(1897 cran. f7) [AC](29) He not only gave sympathy, but wanted it, too, from others.

(1849 robe. h5) [AC](30) When she finally realized where she was and with whom, she gave Churchill a kiss, crying …
(1971 mich. f0) [AC](31) It gave him pleasure to imagine the baths attendant shouting abuse at Rammage …
(1973 trev. f9) [AC](32) He says that my three very nice young reporters gave great joy to him …

(1920 clar. j8) [AC](33) In addition, the presence of a family history gave a clue to the possibility that …
(1985 wier. m0) [AC](34) … Bernie Perk gave an exaggerated groan and the panel laughed …

(1970 elki. f0a) [AC](35) … the attacks would be directed at military targets before she gave permission for bases in Britain
to be used.

(1989 tim2. n9) [AC](36) I wish I was with her that I might give you a kiss.

(Flob)(37) He reluctantly declined to give us permission to reproduce the picture …

(Flob)

4. Idiom structure and composite predicates(i) Those idioms that take no articles (37) :make use of (2275), take advantage of (1927), give rise to (1856), take account of (1587), payattention to (1027), take care of (928), give way to (817), get hold of (752), have regard to (488),
take notice of (427), give birth to (414), make love to (380), catch sight of (374), put pressure on(328), take charge of (315), lose sight of (286), make way for (281), set fire to (281), take note of(267), do justice to (219), keep pace with (205), take pride in (198), make room for (162), makemention of (152), take possession of (144), set foot in/on (127), make fun of (99), have recourse to(98), take leave of (92), take delight in (83), take exception to (74), set sore by/on (66), give credence
to (58), find fault with (56), give voice to (55), have resort to (50), give vent to (45)(ii) Those idioms that take the indefinite article (11):take an interest in (642), put an end to (311), catch a glimpse of (282), make a point of (189), make a-4--fool of (177), put a stop to (150), make a mess of (118), make a secret of (101), make a fuss of (53),make a mockery of (49), take a fancy to (39)(iii) Others:
make friends with (104), give the lie to (47)

5. Idiomatization of the ‘give + O + to’ constructioni) general process of idiomatization(a)weakening of nouniness↓(b)

abstraction of noun↓(c)←constructional change↓(d)reanalysis←

semantic change

idiom structureii) idiomatic process of change of the ‘give + O + to’ construction(A) give + indirect object + direct object ……..

OE period↓(B)give + object + to + NP …………………ME period[+ concrete]↓(C)give + object + to + NP …………………Late Mod E period[+ abstract]

CONSTRUCTION

6. Some factors contributing to the formation of give + O + to idioms
6.1 Weakening of nouniness(38) … though I confesse his expressions have given you just occasion to take that advantage ofhim. (The Conway Letters: 120)-5--(39)

We complain of advantages which the men take of our youth, inexperience, sensibility, andall that …

(1771 Smollett: 259)(40) I took advantage of the good weather to paint the shed.

(LDCE)(41) They loste ye syght of ye castell, it was clene vanysshyd a way.
(OED, s.v. sight a1533 LD BernersHuon xxiii 68)(42) … so that they that were behind lost the sight of him that went before.
(1678 – 1684 Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress: 150)
(43) We must never lose sight of the fact that man must work in harmony with nature.

(LDCE)

6.2 Construction and frequency
6.3 From synthesis to analysis and French influence
I. From synthesis to analysis(i)the obscuration and loss of inflectional endings;(ii)

developments in the use of prepositions;(iii)changes in element order.

(Smith 1996: 153 – 158)

II. Latinate verbs of non-alternationg to (Levin 1993: 46)
address (1475), announce (1483), convey (1574), contribute (1653), deliver (1440), demonstrate(1650), dictate (1667), distribute (1746), explain (1726), introduce (1739), recommend (1400),
report (1489), submit (1386), transfer (1516), transport (1483).

7. Conclusion

Primary sources
Archer Corpus = A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers.
BNC = British National Corpus (100 million words) distributed by Shogakkan Company.
FLOB included in ICAME.
HC = Helsinki Corpus of English Texts. Diachronic Part. Ed. by Matti. Rissanen; Merja, Kytö;
and Collin M, Palander. (1993). (Included in ICAME)MED = Middle English Dictionary. (1952 – 2001). Hans, Kurath; Sherman M. Kuhn; John,Reidy ; and Robert E. Lewis (eds.) Ann: Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/m/mec-6--

OED = Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. Oxford: Clarendon, 2nd ed. (also OED CD-ROM(Version 2.0, 1999)

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