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2003 l 11 m=n!

opCONTENTS
Introduction
Part !

New Perspectives on Old Ideas

1. Bacteria and Viruses ‘Want’ to Live Too [Disease] ! 2!"# $%&' ()*+,-.

2. More and More Delicious [Food] !!!!!!!!! 7/0123#456789:

3. A Human-Centered World [Animals] !!!!!!! 12;<=>1?+@ABC1D EBC1

4. Past, Present, and Future [IT]!!!!!!!!! 17

FGH1IJD K8LMNO9D PQRP1S#T

5. Five Days and Forty Hours [Work] !!!!!!! 22!#UVD W1BXYZ[1.:Part "Intelligence and Instinct

6. Politics in Our Blood [Power and Equality]!!! 28!#\]Y^_(`XRa-1.

7. The Unity of Ideas [Knowledge]!!!!!!!! 33

bcdeUfgh1ijk

8. Variety is the Spice of Life[Sex]!!!!!!!! 38

UV!"#lmUnoYpq+,B1.

9. Cheap Sperm and Precious Eggs [Sexuality] !!!! 43
rsYtu-vw1xa

10. Deeper than Our Skin [Beauty]!!!!!!!!! 49

yz{|#}m~;,[BX1

Part !

Groups and Individuals

11. Easy Answers to Di$cult Questions [Religion]!! 56!"#$%&'()*+,-

12. Temporary Borders [Countries]!!!!!!!!! 61./0#123456789:;<=,-

13. Simplifying as a Survival Technique [Prejudice] !! 66>?#@A9B-C

14. Island on the Horizon [Travel]!!!!!!!!! 71-DEF#GH%!IJK8LMJ

15. The End of Diversity? [Culture] !!!!!!!!! 76
NO#P'QR+@D9.STUVE+=

Notes/81

Bibliography /104

+Bacteria and Viruses !Want" to Live Too
DISEASE

Short-term pain, long-term gain

As you read this, you are probably relaxed and sitting ina chair at a comfortable temperature. There is a good chancethat you are neither sick nor in pain. You may have a cold or
perhaps a sports injury, but they will soon disappear. In other/ words, you are probably healthy, and you take it for granted.
Now spare a moment to think about the life of ourhunter-gatherer ancestors. Although we may think that they
lived an easy life without pollution, pesticides, or the stressesof modern life, it is clear that they lived much more di$cult+* lives than ours. In fact, it is very hard for us to appreciate
how di$cult their lives were. The causes of death in pre# , $Bacteria and Viruses !Want" to Live Too-modern times were much di#erent than they are now. Infant
death, accidents, violence, starvation, and poisoning were themost common ways to die. Most of these can be very
painful. Another common cause of death was parasites. Today, parasites seldom cause problems in the developed world /because we know how to avoid them with better hygiene,
preservatives, and chemically-treated water. Again, parasites
often cause painful symptoms before finally killing the host.
With the beginning of civilization about 10,000 years
ago, infectious diseases suddenly became the most common +*cause of death. Before this time, people lived in small groups
that were quite far apart, so diseases caused by bacteria andviruses could not be spread beyond the group. If a germkilled everyone in the group, the germ also died. However,the change in living pattern from small groups to urban +/communities gave harmful bacteria and viruses an ideal place
to grow and reproduce. Instead of dying out with the smallgroup it infected, a germ could be spread to thousands oreven millions of people. Like a fire with plenty of fuel, these
diseases could spread easily from human to human. People ,*also began living more closely with animals, such as cattle,horses, and rats, which can also pass diseases to people. TheBlack Death in 14th century Europe, which killed 25 million
people, was spread by rats. Many of the big killers in humanhistory, such as smallpox (cows), flu (pigs), tuberculosis ,/(cows), malaria (birds), and measles (cows), also evolved
from animals. It is easy to imagine catching a disease from acow after drinking its milk. Even AIDS is said to come frommonkeys. Another negative factor about living in cities is.

NEW PERSPECTIVES ON OLD IDEAS

that we produce so much sewage, an ideal breeding groundfor bacteria and viruses.
This discussion about death and disease makes us wonder how we now manage to be so healthy and live so long.
/ One reason is that we are the descendants of those who
managed to survive. This means that we have inherited theimmune system and genes that were able to survive diseasesof the past. One illustration of this idea comes from the first
Europeans who arrived in the Americas. It is estimated that+* as much as 95 percent of the native people were killed, but
most of them did not die on the battlefield. Rather, they
were killed by diseases, such as smallpox, brought by theEuropeans. The natives had no resistance to these new diseases and quickly died. However, Europeans and Asians who+/ had contact with each other overland had built up a naturalimmunity to various diseases over the centuries. Interestingly,Blame us next time you get the flu

Bacteria and Viruses !Want" to Live Too/

early Europeans in the Americas rarely caught diseases fromthe natives because there were fewer diseases there. It isthought that this is because the native Americans did not live
as closely together with huge numbers of animals as the/Europeans did.
Of course, the other main reason we are so healthy isbecause we now have modern technology, medicine, a more
nutritious diet, and better hygiene. Doctors are even having
success with diseases of aging, such as cancer and heartdisease, using powerful drugs and new hi-tech medical tools. +*The potential of genetic engineering o#ers even more promise. However, bacteria and viruses also ‘want’ to survive andreproduce, and to do this they sometimes need our bodies as
hosts. Recently, antibiotics are not as e#ective because newbacteria have evolved that are able to overcome these drugs. +/Moreover, recent changes in the environment caused by humans are actually helping diseases. Global warming aids
bacteria and viruses because it increases the speed at which
germs reproduce. Also, because many new drugs are madefrom plants found in nature, the disappearance of the rain ,*forest means this potential source could be lost.
This good news and bad news about our future withdiseases reflects a bigger picture. It is na ı̈ve to think that wecan permanently defeat disease with modern technology. Ever
since the first forms of life appeared on Earth, all life has been ,/in a struggle to survive and reproduce. The struggle against
disease is not just one battle, but a war that will never end.
While we think of disease as something bad, it is actuallysimply part of nature’s plan of birth, death and rebirth.

EXERCISES!. Write the English that corresponds to each Japanese word or phrase.
One reason we are so healthy and live so long is that weare the ( a ! " ) of those who managed to( b #$%& ). This means that we have developed( c ' ( ) to various diseases of the past. The othermain reason is because we now have modern medicine, amore nutritious ( d ) * ), and better hygiene.
a. () b. () c. () d. ()". Choose T (True) or F (False) for each statement.
1. Parasites were one of the common causes of death before civilization.
(T / F)
2. As more people began living in cities, infectious diseases
became a common cause of death.
(T / F)
3. Many of the infectious diseases in human history camefrom animals, such as cows, pigs, and birds.
(T / F)
4. Most of the native people in the Americas were killed inbattles, not by infectious diseases.
(T / F)
5. Global warming helps increase the speed at which therainforest disappears.
(T / F)#. Fill in the blanks.
1. +,-./0123456789$:;<=>!
()() a good chance that she left her keys
in the o$ce.
2. :<,;?@3ABC>;D1E." FGHIJK$<!
We should do something () of just talking about it.
3. ,;LM61 200 NO;NPQRS:!
There were as () as 200 people at the lecture.
4. TUB1>R.H$RB:G!
Did you have any () in finding a job?
# 0 $