Animism一●ヨンエ Ｆ００ユｃ∽﹂ｏつ⊇のＰ ＯのユヽｃＱ バ００

口のヽΦ
争 要∽
ヨＯ
﹁⊆ワ発紺輩覇≒ 叶一Ｆ□Φ︵Ｅｍ∽のう∽３誇 郵哨調 跡輻 議¨一勇一恥¨¨﹃課 ¨礁塾 勇 Ｆｌ 屋一︐一
¨汁
絆ｌ 撃コｉｏ﹃Ｏ一
試卍鰐軽 卜嘔鶉疑把一Φ
ｉ
ｗ訴群 証 一調¨
詩一藩¨諄野¨訂 美 婆ギ ﹁騨襲尋講¨﹄
ゼ一
締︐ ﹁一ヽＯＣヽ耐一
Φ♂ ン〇¨Ｃ０００ ■５ 天Ｏｏ∽汁スη17mlsm is a cOllabOraJOn between Extra Cly―

Kunsthal Antwerpen,the Museum Of
ContempOrary Art,Antwerp(M HKAL the Kunsthalle Bern,the Cenerali Foundation,Vl,nna,
the HOuse Of wOrid culturesin BeHin,and the Free University BerhnlAnirnism Volumel
Ediled byスnserm Frranke2ι ′´′
先ノんSιιrnbι
4gPrι 計「Anirna's Silent Repatriation:Reconsidering
Anirnism in the Contemporary Worid
Masaro Fu々 us力 ima訛綸
鍛Fi嵐 盤総11堂 よ獄yttT:‖ 翼鋼身一Ｉ■

l Ma× Weber,711en,transg/ο f Re′ o′ οοSocわ ′Ephra m Fischoff(London:Methuen.1965)■■一eP/Otesね ǹ
2 Max Weber,■ り
fr12た and ille,′ ri Of Caρ

′"llSm,trans Talcott Parsons(London:George Al en&じ nw n,1978)誕

3 Yoshinott Shiozawa,Oηe

Order oF Markè:F7omス ηル ̀わex′ :/い nm ro Comρ ′e9υ ′′,br′ υ」apanesel{TOkyo:Chikuma― Shobo,1990)

輩J舗糞∬ 鸞 拗浴 婁
聰乱IT」 r:1:l:y:llCi葛 iTttliti:l峨
覇:tX盤 篤∬ough the::安holes of inodernit】 らI invite readcrs to a bricf round trip th■―‐so asdifferent in tilnc,space and content―
to providc cases to reconsider the possibility of her rcne、 ved rolc in thc

threc sccnes that follow

contemporary、 vorld

Masato FukushirnaSccnc l:ヽ rillages OfJaVa,IndOnesia.

欺∬T群 糧者
孔号 し挽f背 鳶∬機i謂 喘聰∬11』;:::S絶somc classical cxamples Of thc livelincss Of the wOrks Of anilna in thc

盤 蝶緻瑚器 鸞麓臓 掘鮮織釜

Il豊 1彗
Onc day lny land10rd,Onc Of thc lcadcrs Of thc OrthOdOx Muslim
sch001 0fthc village,noticed thatl wasintercstcd in the phcnOmcnOn Of
spirit posscssiOn and he sOmc、 vhat rcluctantly agrccd t0 1ct me nlcct Oncof thc well― knOwn spirit mcdiums in the villagc.At a glancc,thc man,in his rnid― fOrties,100ked likc a bOrn―

tircd pcasant,scra、 vntt Suntanned,

and rcticcnt.Thc land10rd asked the rnedium tO invite thc spirits hc wasin cOntact with,and at nrst he grumbled,a bit rcluctant tO respond.

But altcr a bricf exchange Of wOrds bctween the twO,thc medium
becamc silcnt fOr a inOmcnt and then suddenly hc explodcd int0 1augh―tern the facial exprcssion changcd dramatically frOn■

that Of a rcticcnt

pcasant tO that of an aggrcssivc and cxcitcd pcrsOn、vith glaring cycs,apcrson vcry hard to imagine as thc samc as thc onc a few minutcs be―蕩鸞

喜I量 騨鱗謀灘:iξ

量よ 胸 盤 l∴ :憮 期 寵 Ⅷ『 F聰 轟嵩 り ∫1:慨 柵
opiniOn abOut this kind Of phcnOmenon.He、 vas embarrassed by wit―
ncssing such a dramatic transformatiOn Ofthc pcrsonality Of the rnedi―

締li鮮li∫ 戯[}I軸 鰐榊島奄
鸞l:i∬

犠:獅鳶嚇
累量
壼モ 精]章∫:黒:l灘lc棄ClavanIrrespcctive Of the land10rd's ObviOus distastc,spirits are witncssedcver)n″ hcrc in JaVa;thcy are supposcd to cause various cffects,sOme―

tillles attacking pcople in thc fOrms Of lllisfOrtunc or illness Or sOme―

撥轟驚ユ節買蓮犠欄離張聾覺ings is tO sOothe thcm sO thcy dO nOt cause damagc to pcople.メ i bricf
stay in a Javancsc villagc M/0じ ld easily lcad you tO a full cncOuntcr withsuch cntitlcs.

Yct this was Only half thc stOr■

aS I S00n realizcd.Af‐ cw mOnths

iatet a fricnd Of nline,alsO a rcsearchcr On rural culture,came to sec
mc to repOrt that he had encOuntercd legendary Salllinists in a vil―

轟Itti盤鳥罵粥 i殺樅驚顎i彗

ry in cctttral Java.Unlikc Othcr prcscnt revolts,hOwcveら:

the Sallllinists'

鯖驚llξ]ifl::疑 『岳悧fll[;[::籠l:11:lnotrCallァ:∫Animism

186

undcrstand

5 The Sam n sts use a sortof clandest ne vocabulary hard
to fathOm by Outsiders Forin―

stance,when they were asked
the rname,they answered
thattheir name was man(Orwoman卜 The rage:One for ever,and so on Behind such tricky
conversation hes their pecuttar

no10n Oflanguage On Saminsm atiarge,see Harry Benda

and Lance Casues,The samin
Movement,3ッ dlagen roF de乃a′ ,と and,en yorkenkυ nde 125{1968)AIso see partthree of

Masato Fukush ma,Rellg′ οn andSoc′ er/ο f」 a/a ttn Japanese](TOkyo:Htuz ShObo,2002)

I塩 llt
署盤鷹管
満製よiお l諸 盟
器:flt潔 鷺ind、 vas one such cnclavc.

Thc Salllinists livcd a very inodest life,rarely attcnded to any othcr

謡鮮柵 lI構 鮮 鮮h塊鰤庶make love and to cultivatc thc nclds.
From this basic tcnet dcrivcs a dozen subsidiary rules,one Of whichhuman actlon and conditlons.

蹴腑:W:躍導 灘謂よa胤常tFll∬ 密」
露li府 ょi¶『翼驚』
露∬肌 1靴 繁篇認驚il品 脆累n
ir淵島
撹
繊W麟
轟 鍵織
lc17。

:燎

〕a sort

確凛 肌驚∬ll羅 :瑞:蹴為翼思X:∬:蹴鳳

i ary hard, Forin―li』
lllind witncsscd the rnassive advcnt of thc gospcl that the von Ncu―

re askederedla n(Orle for ever,Ih tr ckypecu iarn Sa nnin―′Bendae Sam nὸde々υnde 125
ree of力 わρaη danese]
2002)

6 Howard Gardner,η he Mわ dЪοr/ο fめ e
New Schfence′ ス″たそ″οn(New YorkCο 9″￨′"Ret/oル
Basic BOoks,1985),o4asato Fukushirna:

、
vas whatI、 vitnessed during iny stay in London in the 1990s.The verybclief in thc sirnilarity(or CVen identity)bctヽ

VCCn thc computcr and hu―

man mind iust,SOmewhat awkwardlyt corrOdcd,and even the invcn―
tion of parallcl distributcd prOcessing and thc ncural nctWOrk model,、
vhich in fact cxpanded thc vcry nOtion of computation signincantlL
fcll short of reviving the cnthusiasn■ that we witnesscd at thc initialstagc of its developmcnt.

/hilc thc heatcd controvcrsy aboutthc rclation betwecn computa―tion "ζand thc human lnind、 vcre gradually subducd,another attempt bc―
gan to take shapc,namely artincial life,or alifc,as is called at present.

Rathcr than talking about thc、 vorking of the human lnind,research―ers tried lloorc audaciously to deinc M/hat life is,by lncans of cOmputer
silllulation based on cellular automata.Thesc automata prolifcrate likea unit of life,such as genes or gcrllls,and you can obscrvc how theygro、 v or evolve in number on a displaL fol10wing a couple of silnplc

rulcs in rclatiOn to the neighboring cells.Somc insisted that this could
siinulatc the very cvolution of living things through thousands of gcn―
vcnt furthcち insisting that thcsc ccllular′ιο,and other。 ゃcrations′ πs′ ′

automata vvcrc actuallyク ルυθIn a lccturc hcld in a small ofAcc in Tokyo,prcscnting the gcn―.

cral map of cOntrovcrsics around thc status of alife philosophically inthc 1990s,lllainly for thc purpose of introducing thc Original idea ofC.G.Langton and his fol10wers,7 1 remember l had a very acutc scnsc
Of″ a̲ν ク about thc way the vcry status of such silllulation M/as dis―̀′cusscd.It
was something quite siinilar to the、 /ay the nature of human

7 C aus Emmeche,T71e caden
わめe Macわ hef rlle ttη ech9Scたnce οfス r″ flc,aた ′た{Pttnc̲

lllind was dcbated in the frame of representation and computation.

1994)

eton:Princeton University press,Naturall,as in the case of artincial intelligence,thcrc were thosc forand against thesc ldeas

Yct at the samc time,I alsO remcmbcr that l was alsO struck by
thc fact that thcrc wcrc somc,as far as l observcd thc lccturc― roo■ ■,who,if somc、 vhat hcsitantl"agrecd、 vith the idea that thcsc ccllularοcould bc denned as alive.It was an cyc― opcncr toautomata′ πsグ ルι
mc,in a scnsc,as therc arc a varicty of ways to denne lifc.And the es―sential function of these automata、 vas sclf‑lnultiplication in rclatiOn toothers,and somc seemed to bclieve the csscnce oflife was rcduciblc tosuch a silnple opcration.
Of coursc,1lke in the casc of artincial intclligcncc,there is a hugc
gap bet、 veen nlinlicking ccrtain aspects of a living thing and insistingthat thesc automata are actually living,yct l fOund it not casy to cx―
clude the validity of the idca of lifc― as― it― could― bc for dcscribing ahfe.

Sccne 3:A ncld muscum of architccture in Tokyo.
The third sccnc is at the、 vestern outskirts Of thc expanding capital ofTOkyO.Thcrc lics a largc park、 vherc you ind a neld muscum oftradi―tional and rnodern bulldings,some of which are traditionalfarmhOuses
cquippcd with a couplc of well― knOwn items for traditional JapaneSC
α77,′ ,and sliding papcr doors,Westcrn
houses,such as earth loors,′ αιvisitors that l have accompanied thcrc usually lllarvel at、 vitncssing thc
actual opcnness of thc structure of thcsc hOuscs,as well as at thc thin―ncss of thcsc sliding doors.Once l inet a Finnish student of contcmpo―
rary architccture thcrc,and later I M/ondcrcd if he noticed thc historicalAnlmism

鮮曹]熙 撚滋壺難1椰
椰敬alriness.

Therc is,howevcち an itcm which time― presscd visitors oltcn ovcr―
look:a smali shrine on thc wall,close to thc cciling in the innermostroon■ ,thc darkcst part of the house.Traditional houscs arc usually

ith a portiOnfurnished、vith this kind of lniniature shrinc,usually Ⅵ″

8For a claSSiCalintroduction

apan,tO the nat ve re igion of」
η′ο:め e κam′see SOkyo OnO,Sh′l1/a/(Ъ kyαscOtt L

C E tttJe,196a andη f Oro力 s,Jeton,Sわ ′R71υ aた ,FesF′

1/aた ,Sρ̀ο′″お,Sac

d9Ces(OXfOrd1 0xfOrd Universた yPl・Press,2002)

Of various ritual fOods provided as an offcring to spirits or dcitics.8Forcign visitors lnay havc rcgrcttcd having failed to noticc such cxotic

tradition thcre,yct theyヽ /Ould soon bc compensated by discovcring
countless numbcrs of shrincs,hcrc and thcrc,largc and small,only if「1潔 [鑑 il群 h鬼 iyttfff∬y朧:tltti]&鷺ま』讐 服富寵澪
認麗∫
htttL撫漁蹴 碍:考:」tt窓■りe Ca′ denηerg′ ηθO(Pncrslty Press,醐 驚蛾栃 撮]轟 聾淋 鮮:豊撚 椰椰鼈 il富蠅獅
1椰
血貯麓鴨
罫]鳳 盟
電蠍絋:鶴躍締
艶I脚隆慰撚 ̲黎要離
聾榊 :鸞樅難1墨III鮮 昴離釜憚寵li犠詈
難甲鱗墨櫛1聾
妻甲鮮蝦菫ill嶺質翼重‖滅蓮騨墳熊Xttl驀椰 鐵 雌
S:Ъ

rttL宙mκ

L与h躍幣iぶ::ei儀 ∬麗fr鮒 ぶ猟∬壼 譜:留鼻群
紺七1朧 1猫 u翼:ifl:遠 IWIW:蠅 l∴ 麟 辞

the woman in thc documcntary
特4asato Fukushima

What imprcssed mc,thcn,、 vas not rcally thc contrast bctヽ vccn
thc two.Rathcち it was the overwhclming sclf― conndencc of thc spir―vas mostitualists vis― )― vis the cautious psychiatrists.The contrast、

apparcnt in the casc of the documentary part inentioncd abovc.Thc
psychiatrist's diagnOsis of dissociation Of personality at the scene wasnOt directly follo、 vcd by any concrete M/ay of treating the、voman,

whilc the spiritualist,asserting that it、 vas causcd by a spirit of un―

known origin at a glance,quickly went on to identi"whO the pos―
SCSSlng splrit、 vas.

In thc cxchange ofconversation bctween the woman and the spi←
itualist,the latter gradually revcalcd thc idcntity of thc spirit,、 vhich

turncd out to be that of her fricnd、 vho had dicd in a car accident
in thc recent past.The spirit thcn rcvcaled that it had possesscd thewoman bccausc it rnissed hc■ ヽVhen this proccss Of identincation wasoveち the woman camc to hCrsclf again,in front of thc psychiatrist,M″h01ooked somcwhat cmbarrasscd to、 vitness the cxchangc betv″ een
9 The same issue is treated

thc t、 vo.9

more theoreicallv in YuJi sasaに,F/om Reゎ lon fο PSycわ ね″/ln」apanesel{TOkyo:Kongo― shup‐pan,1986)

Anilnat repatriation to thc contemporary cultural sccne.

曝 」 ポ ￨]:
搬 1種 :111垂 まili驀、投 塞
ious ways anima manifests itsclf in a contcmpOrary contcxt.Anima'sI魏livcliness cannOt be casily conined to a particular placc or culturc.
Sccnc l sho、 vs that thc very lourishing of spirit posscssion in onc

i庶恩篇1猟L施 里ょ
灘 輩熱
1釜 謂 IW鳳 籠l鑑 籍ltti∬ 智1ま lξ t脇 罵』
誕暮紹::」 蹴惚瑠t認 哩繋町灘器鰹」認1盆 ::鷲 :∬鮮鷺滉I鰍富紹夏T∬ ∬職軋:督ItT∬翼瀾 I
fぷ 計
鮮il::悧首
dSSЪ
[艦 電配驚北:寵 thoddLarnfromthetrOメ驚電Slil』
絲写tplilTT[1‰ 輩蹴 Teltttyt籠 ぷ犠鳳婿
FT藍17ボ 翼請it麒』憲彙:∬ よT」 乳:::Ji『 畿irt鷲tよil量c」 l lllagescause damage to people but may also carry fortunes.Thcy lnay lllake:∬

by building up an intricatc net、 vork of rclations.Thcy are thc cmbodi―
ment of thc ncxus of cultura1/natural rclations.

Once this densc net、 vork of conncctcdncss is understood in theT舞凛嚇鸞電‖壁齢Ⅷ夏f龍 笹朧嘗llli譜 騰∫:』難驚il麟麟難難難Itti苺
蓮1露掛l鰹薇l暴難押 椰瀞i篇

cd on thc lllcaning of space rcprescntcd by the small shrinc ofthe Japa―

ncse farmhouse,、 vhcn thcy compllcd thc theory of architecture bascd
On thc abstract and empty notion of functional space.
/cvcら the point is that thc apparcnt dissolution of thc
Hcre,hoヽハ、/ork of anillla is only half of the story.Sccne l depicts the scattcrcd
ハ
distribution of anirlla's habitat thrOugh thc rural arca ofJava.ThC dis―connccting po、 vcr of Salllinislll,a sort of rcvitalizcd traditionalisn■ ,ac―tually、viPcd out thc v″ orks of anilna,、 vhilc in thc ncighboring villagcs
shc was still activc and busily connecting disparatc reillns of our living
space.The point is that if anilna is understood as the ncxus of Culturc/naturc,itヽ vill constantly appcar and disappcar from our vie聯 Ъin ac―

cOrdance with thc shifting balancc of cultura1/natural conditions,sothat in thc vcry proccss Of rCappearance,anilna lllight come into vicw
in a vcry diffcrent shape from its traditional vcrslon,、 vhich M/ould go

iS treatedn Yui sasakL,力′ai/in long。 ̲shup‐y哄腱藍Л壇1::増 誂霞糧L電 胸::器 悪電鼈∴欝1記サ
fOrm of blinking cellular automat〔agility ofthis candidate for a ncw forin of anima,asidc from its small

fl・―

numbcr of supportcrs,is its very lilnited connectcdncss― altllost c10SC―in contrast to thc shining richncss of relations、 vhich thc
to nothing―traditional anilna spaヽハ/ns around hCt as shoヽ vn in Sccne l.The onto―

logical status of thc blinking altomata is indccd ambiguous,so are thenc、v chilnera likc prOducts― tO― bC of thc ncwly cmerging synthctic bio―tcchnologI Thesc ncw cntitiCs lnay expand our ixcd nOtion Oflifc,yet
thc automata arc far frOn■ causing illness or cxplaining our rnisfortunc,

Or cven incorporating into our body.Thc scopc ofthcirιクογ
たis largcly

cOnined to thc vcry lilnitcd area of activity in the computcr display orin thc test tube,in its cxtrcmc forlllls.Forthem to grow as a nc、

v fOrmOf anillla,they、 vould necd to connect various clcmcnts in our dailyzones of activity.

Conversel)Ъ oncc thC prcrcquisitc of anilna as the ncxus of con―ncctcdncss is somcwhat fu11llcd,thcrc is a chancc for thcsc nc、 v cnti
tics to gro、 v as hcr ncw candidate.Herc we should pay carcful atten―

tion to the multifacetedncss of the、 vord̀̀life."ヽ

Fic、 ving

it fron■ thc

cstcrn linguistic tradition,it is hard to And a precise scmantic
エアnon― ｀
countcrpart in,say.Japancse language.Ditlerent terms in JapanCSelllight be allocatcd to its derivatives,such as cvcryday life,life sciencc,
ァフι′is for a biologicaltcrm
lifc world and so on To putit concretel)Ъ sθ ルz is for social life,and sι ′forα′z),S̀′ たgα た′ηZι グた′likc life scicncc(sθ‖LⅧ
岬鷹

philosophical lifc.The notion of life actually intcgratcs thesc lnultiple:誌R″:r讐but not thc wider reallnn of the s( i場票

11:事 1難L霧 1ぞ ￨″,and sι ′たク′).
(Sι ′sO ifthc nc、 v candidatcs for anilna,oncs not conined to computcr

silllulation but any form of images and shapes,arc rcady to conncct
diftcrent rcalms of our̀̀life''in the multifacctcd mcaning ofthc word,′form of anilna cmcrging
Mrc are going to bc cye、 vitncsscs to thC nC、 ハfron■ our contcmporary tcchno― scientinc environmcnt.BCing still at theprilllitivc level of devclopmcnt,thcre arc in fact a profusion of can―didatcs for the contemporary aninla.And somc ofthem in fact may
audaciously challcngc thc bordcr bct、 vecn lifc and non― life、varlous strateglcs.

卜Иasato Fukushima

191vith thcirturら tOt」

■サthe aF舗￡∬珊
堰 精脱翼∬草誕

rmat市 c voにrary agc of a supericially cmpt,Ъ Sp:盤of modcrn architecturc.

Animism

iH選