Net Primary Production andLand Cover mapping from GLIK. Muramatsu
KYOUSEI Science Center forLife and Nature
Forest in East-Yoshino village.

Objective• Vegetation role for C cycle• Net Primary Production of vegetation• Land Cover change• From GLI data, just present conditionof Land CoverAnalysis algorithm

Generally used estimation method ofnet primary production: LUE model
light→CGross Primary Light Use
Production = Efficiency

Absorbed amount of lightx Fraction ofx PAR
absorbed PAR

empirically determined
CO2 呼吸AmountofLeaf(LeafAreaIndex)
光合成によるRespiration
estimated using nonlinear relationship with NDVI
総生産量
太陽光GPP

純一次生産量over estimate

NPP

GPP or NPP

Photosynthesis

PARPAR

Observed reflected light by satellite is sensible tovegetation coverage than vegetation depth.
Photosynthesis is done only exposed area bysolar light. We consider that reflected radiance
has information of the exposed area, since
photosynthesis can be directly estimated fromreflected light.

light curve,Vegetation index

NDVI =

（Reflectance of Near Infrared ーR of Red）
（R of NIR ＋R of red ）Many studied using NDVIThe range of applicable vegetation is not so wide.
Analysis band number of ADEOS-II/GLI 1km
5 81315 19 24 262829Vege

Reflectance

0.90.60.300.4 0.6 0.8

11.2 1.4 1.6 1.822.2 2.4

Wavelength [µm]GLI ：Multi-spectral observation

channel 15: vegetation condition

Cv-0.2Cs-Cw-C4
Vegetation index: MVIUPD=Cw+Cv+Cs

To estimate NPP, linear relationship is important
index and vegetation coverageindex and the maximum photosynthesis
under light-saturation.

Vegetation cover ratio

Vegetation cover ratio

Vegetation index vs.Vegetation coverage
NDVIMVIUPD
110.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0f(x)=1.36*x; rms=0.13
00.2

0.4 0.6
MVIUPD

0.8

10.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0f(x)=1.01*x; rms=0.10
00.2

0.4 0.6
NDVI

0.8

1

Vegetation index vs. Maximum photosynthesis
under light-saturation
NDVI
Pmax
Pmax
MVIUPDNDVI_Pmax

1

VIUPD_Pmax

536y
538g
540y
546g
550y
552g
553g
554g
555g
556g
557g
558g

536y
538g
540y
546g
550y
552g
553g
554g
555g
556g
557g
558g

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
00PAR

0.20.4
VIUPD
MVIUPD

0.6

0.8

1

linearity is better

Pmax [mgCO2/(m2.s)]

Photosynthesis
Pmax

Pmax [mgCO2/(m2.s)]

10.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
000.2

0.4

0.6
NDVI

0.81

Estimation of Net primary production
using Vegetation index MVIUPD
month

NPP
Autotrophic
respirationSolarmonthempirical formula[Chang 1968, Maisongrande 1995]

太陽光

Autotrophic respiration

CO2 呼吸光合成による総生産量
純一次生産量Gross primaryproduction

Net primary production

Time integral for GPP

Gross Photosynthesis

GrossGrossPrimaryPrimaryProduction
Production

monthP(PAR(t), MVIUPD(t)) dt

month

Calculated fromdaily solar radiation
MVIUPD j
MVIUPDstd( m=28, 30, or 31)
h: effective daylength for vegetation photosynthesis(Xiong et al.,2005)

Gross Photosynthesis
Gross Primary
Production

nonlinear
Non linear
photosynthesis curve
photosynthetic curve(Furumi et al. 2005)

Standard photosynthesis curve
photosynthesis(mgCO2/m2/s)

Photosynthetic rate [mgCO2/m2/s]

Photosynthesis

0.6
0.5

Pstd (P AR(t)) =0.52 × 0.028 × P AR(t)1 + 0.028 × P AR(t)Standard photosynthesis curve :Measurement results of photosynthesis for leaves.
Spectral reflectance --> MVIUPDstd

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0f(x)=a*b*x/(1+b*x),a=0.53,b=0.027
050

100

150

200250PAR [W/m2]

300

350

400

PAR(W/m2)
This model has potential to include various types of photosynthetic curve, when ecologicalparameters of photosynthesis is determined for each vegetation type

Forest survey

Forest survey
Nara prefecture forest
80mx80m
Ceder・Hinoki ＝4:1
44 years
Forest survey from 2001 summer
83 trees from 1108
diameter at the breast height, height,
litterSpectral reflectance measurements byradio-control helicopter

Growth of diameter of the breast hight
胸高直径の成長率
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
10.99
0.98
7/17
2002

9/10

11/22

4/7 5/21
2003

7/20 8/23 10/2

12/15

4/2
2004

6/1 7/6

9/1 10/4

Growth rate during one year : 1.9 %Growth amount during one year :1.50 ± 0.75 (kgCO2/m2/year)
Error: tree height measurements
For improving accuracy : Steam Analysis

12/13

Net primary production from GLI data
Validation of estimation algorithm
GLI 250m data
Compare with ground survey data and estimation
Global distribution of NPP
GLI 1kmCompare with ground survey data
Compare with other studies
Value of Annual global NPP

False color image of GLI 250m data
2003年2月

2003年6月

Around Kii peninsula

Estimation for the forest
survey area from Satellite（森林調査の領域）
1.73±0.45(kgCO2/m2/year)
Forest survey(森林調査）
1.50 ± 0.75
(kgCO2/m2/year)
For the glass area in Mongolia
observation value from satellite
is agree with the survey value
within error.

Validation for paddy field
GLI 1km data

FieldFromGLIFrom
rice crop data

検証地域 推定値 収穫量からの概算値 推定率[g/m2][g/m2]
Akita
NiigataToyamaNaraYamagata

酒田市 1077.7
大潟村 1171.1
越後平野 887.9
富山平野 819.1

1712
153915471423

Paddy field in Japan: fertilize
MVIUPD vs. photosynthesis
Studying for fertilized and not fertilized

63%
76%
57%
58%

4月

8月

5月

9月

6月

10月

8Analysis band number of ADEOS-II/GLI 1km
5 81315 19 24 26
2829Vege

7月

Reflectance

0.9
0.6
0.3
00.4 0.6 0.8

11.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Wavelength [µm]22.2 2.4

MVIUPD

day length

Solar radiation(NCEP)

air temperature(ECMWF)MVIUPD -0.20SRDL
6.0-10.0
AT

1.3
400.0 [W/m2]
19.0 [Hour]
30.0 [ C]

MVIUPD: two scenes/month from Apr. to Oct.
-> one scene ( to reduce theeffects of cloud)No data in Jan to Mar., Nov. and Dec. :supplemented with linear extrapolation

Annual Net Primary Production

06.6[ kgCO2/m2/year ]ANPP estimation [kgCO2/(m2.year)]

Comparison with ground survey data byInternational biological program
Esser and(IBP) : 1960-1980 Esser1998,
Lautenschlager 19947
Area07
Area11
Area15Area20
Area26
Ceder Forest

6543

Estimated values are agree within the tropical and subtropical regions
and a little high in mid-latitude regions.

2100

12

3456

ANPP ground measurement [kgCO2/(m2.year)]7Comparison with other studies
region of comparison

Climate model(Chikugo Model) 1980s
Seino and Uchijima 1992

(tC/ha/y) (kgCO2/m2/y< 0.4
0.4 - 1.8
1.8 - 3.7
3.7 - 5.5
5.5 - 7.3
7.3 - 9.2
> 9.2

02.2

4.4

Adapted from [Seino and Uchijima, 1992]

6.6[kgCO2/m2/year]

LUE Model
AVHRR NDVI 1993

Awaya et al. 2004

MODIS NDVI 2001
Heinsch et al.2003
Adapted from [Heinsch, 2003]

Adapted from [Awaya, 2004]

00

1000
1.65

2000
3.30

3000[gDW/m2/year]
4.95[kgCO2/m2/year]

00

1
3.7

2
7.3

3 (kgC/m2/year)
11(kgCO2/m2/year)

3

51
7

80

2.2

8

4.4

92

6.6[kgCO2/m2/year]

99

Chikugo (2003)

8

AVHRR (1993)

7NPP [kgCO2/m2/year]

64

MODIS (2001-2003)

6Present (2003)

543210123456

Selected region numbers

789

Annual global Net primary production

03gC/m2/year)[ kgCO2/m2/year](106.6

1.8

Total in the earth：66.5±17.3 (1015gC/year)
39.9〜80.5 PgC/year(17 type models, Cramer, 1998)
59.9, 62.6 PgC/year( IPCC TAR)

To increase accuracy• GPP estimate algorithm• paddy fields: improving• PAR estimation :x global solar radiation• PAR= PAR/Solar
0.48• Air temperature• time period for photosynthesis• BRF effects : estimating using BRF
measurement data by Helicopter data

PAR and Solar radiation
Average values for 10 days

PAR/Solar at Nara
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.5
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.4
0.38
1234567月

89101112

PAR/Solar
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.5
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.4
0.38

Kannodai 1978-1980
Nishigahara 1978-1980

Z.Uchizima et. al,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3

EIKOseiki
LICOR
LICOR
0.452*(x+0.0573)**0.0704

at Hong Kongrate and water
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55

PAR/SR

PAR/Global Solar Irradiance

PAR/Solar vs. Precipitable water

0.50.450.4
0.35
0.3000.5

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Precipitable Water(cm)44.5

12345cm

6789Simulation results using MODTRAN

Land Cover Mapping
Koppen Climate Classification scheme

Classification criteria
Using Spring and Summer data

--> including agricultural classClassified by Seasonal pattern of Cw, Cv, Cs and MVIUPD

Correction of lacking data because of cloud
Before collection
After collection

0 : 常緑樹林(EvgForest)
1 : 常緑落葉混合樹林 (MixForest)
2: 落葉樹林1 秋に落葉(DecForest)
3 : 落葉樹林2 冬に落葉(DecForest)
4 : WoodySavanna(雨季高乾季11月-4月低)
5 : 高原 北半球夏植生度高(冬低)6 : Savanna /* 植生度は中程度でやや季節変化有*/7 : Grassland /* 植生度は低中程度*/
8 : ステップ(Step)/* 植生度は低く季節変化無*/
9 : 人工作物春高1 植生度高0.8以上
10 : 人工作物春高2 植生度中0.8未満
11 : 人工作物夏高1 植生度高0.8以上
12 : 人工作物夏高2 植生度高0.8未満
13 : 人工作物秋高1 植生度0.8以上
14 : 人工作物秋高2 植生度0.8未満
15 : 秋人工作物4 秋冬植生度0.2,春0.0
16 : 春人工作物4 春夏植生度0.2,春0.0
17 : 無樹木地帯（Desert,Bare,Woodless)
18 : 水域（海、湖、川など）(Water)
19 : 湖、海（未処理）
20 : 高山地帯（雪）21 : 異常値多くて分類不可能1(-999.9 or 0.00が半分以上 OR -999.9 or 0.0が連続して5個以上存在)
22 : Unclassﬁcation

012

By N. Soyama
3456789 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Under Study
Validation ?

Products• NPP with error estimation• Land Cover Mapping• NPP for each land cover typeThank you!

10 to the power of twenty; 10 to the twenty

Estimation of global net primary
production
Global mosaic data of GLI 1km spatial resolution(空間分解能の全球モザイクデータ)
one mosaic data is produced with removing
cloud for 16 days(16日間に１度)
13 data from Apr. to Oct. in 2003
Weather data （全地球再解析データ）
Air T. (気温(ECMWF))、
Solar radiation (全天日射量(NCEP)
Day length (日長時間)

History of estimation of net primary production• International biological program(IBP) : 1960-1980• Measurement of vegetation in the world wide ,diameter at the breast height , height, etc.

• Development of climatic model using IBP data
• Distribution and vigor of vegetation are not included.
• Use of Satellite data : include the vegetation distribution• Annual net primary production of vegetation in theearth : 39.9 〜 80.5 PgC/year

It is needed to improve the estimation accuracy!

Global CO2 budget in one year
1990s (IPCC TAR)

Unit：PgC/year

Atmosphere
6.3
Emission byhuman

Increase 3.2

1.4
Absorption by land
land cover change
plant ecosystem

1.7
Absorption
by seaGLI data:
Land cover mapping,
Observe by satellite
and NPPCarbon cycle on landsolar light
太陽光

IPCC TAR

Role of vegetation ?
autotrophic respiration
CO2 呼吸 60(1015gC/y)

光合成による総生産量
Gross primaryproduction

Net primary production
純一次生産量 60(1015gC/y)

15120(10 gC/y)

Soil respiration
土壌中微生物 55(1015gC/y)による分解

Vegetation absorbs CO2 by photosynthesis. It is called Gross primary production. By the subtraction of respiration from GPP,
that is the amount of the absorption of vegetation and called net primary production.
For terrestrial ecosystem, there is emissions from soil respiration, By subtraction of soil respiration from NPP, it is the amount of theabsorption of ecosystem. From the IPCC report, global annual values are roughly considered . estimation with high accuracy