Energy Generation using Nano-sized Multilayer Metal
Composites with Hydrogen Gas; Intentional Induction of
Heat Burst Phenomenon
Yasuhiro Iwamura1, Takehiko Itoh1,2, Tomonori Takahashi2, Shinobu
Yamauchi2, Mari Saito2, S. Murakami2 and Jirohta Kasagi1
1Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 9820826, Japan
2
CLEAN PLANET Inc., Tokyo, 105-0022, Japan
E-mail: iwamura@lns.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract
An innovative heat generation method using Ni based nano-sized metal multilayer thin films
with hydrogen has been investigating by our team. Anomalously large heat generation up to about
20keV/H, which was too high to be explained by known chemical reactions, was induced byheating up the metal multilayer thin film that absorbed hydrogen gas in advance.
Spontaneous heat burst phenomena during excess energy generation has been observed, which
was reported at JCF21. In this study, we reported that we succeeded in intentionally inducing sucha heat burst phenomenon. For example, a heater input of 25.8 W could be reduced to 25.0 W andthen returned to the original 25.8 W after 3 minutes to cause a heat burst phenomenon in which
the surface temperature rises 20°C to 30°C for several minutes. Considering that the pressure in
the chamber is less than 10-4 Pa, the energy released in this heat burst cannot be explained by any
known chemical reactions such as hydrogen combustion. This phenomenon has been observed
frequently, although it depends on the state of sample. At present, we assume that the temperature
distribution change due to the perturbation in input power and hydrogen diffusion andconcentration are involved in intentional induction of heat burst phenomenon.

1. Introduction
Our research team has been studying innovative methods of generating heat using Nibased nano-sized multilayer metal [1]-[5]. This experimental method was developed
based on the experiments on permeation- induced transmutation using deuterium andpalladium multilayers [6]-[9] and on anomalous heat generation using nanoparticles [10][13].
The permeation-induced transmutation phenomenon, which is completely different
from conventional transmutation by nuclear reactors or accelerators. D2 gas permeation
through a nano-structured multilayer thin film composed of Pd and CaO thin film and Pd
substrate with a target element induces nuclear transmutation reactions [6]-[9]. It was
firstly observed at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries [6] and successfully replicated by otherinstitutes such as Toyota R&D center [14]. Typical target element is Cs and produced
element is Pr. Transmutation reactions of Sr, Ba, W into Mo, Sm, Pt were also observedby this method. In this research, deuterium diffusion through nano-sized multilayer thinfilm was a key factor and the elemental analysis was key technique.
NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization) research
project on anomalous heat effects using Ni, Pd, Cu, Zr nano particles was done from Oct.

27

2015 to Oct. 2017 [10]-[13]. Anomalous heat generation, which is too much to be
explained by any known chemical process, was observed. Qualitative reproducibility wasconfirmed between the Kobe University and Tohoku University. In the paper [13],coincident burst events of the reaction chamber pressure and gas temperature wereobserved many times using Cu, Ni and Zr nanoparticles with H2 gas. It suggested heatburst energy releases in the reaction chamber. In these experiments, nano-sized particles
and diffusion of hydrogen and deuterium were one of key factors to observe the heateffects and precise heat estimation was crucial.
Combining above important factors and methods to induce transmutation and heatgeneration reactions, we developed a present method using a nano-sized metal multilayercomposite and hydrogen gas. During the anomalous heat experiments, we discovered thatspontaneous heat bursts occur during excess heat generation. Even the energy generated
by a single heat burst was too large to be explained by the chemical reactions of thematerials in the vacuum chamber. By precisely analyzing the experimental conditions
under which this spontaneous heat burst phenomenon occurred, we attempted tointentionally cause heat generation bursts. This paper focuses on heat burst phenomena
and discusses the fact that even a single heat burst phenomenon cannot be explained by
known chemical reactions and the significance of observing heat burst phenomena in heatmeasurement.

2. Experimental
Experimental method is basically the same with the paper [1]. Experimental set-up is
shown in Fig.1. Two nano-sized metal multilayer composite samples, which werecomposed of Ni, Cu, CaO thin films on bulk Ni (25 mm × 25 mm × 0.1 mm), placed in
the center of the chamber. H2 gas and its pressure were monitored by a Pirani gauge. The
chamber was evacuated by a turbo molecular pump. The multilayer samples were heated
up by a ceramic heater in which a thermocouple (TC; Pt-PtRh13%) was embedded.
In the papers [1]-[2], the surface temperature of a sample was measured by an infrared
radiation thermometer (IR-CAQ3CS; Chino Corp.). Now, we can measure surface
temperatures for the two nano-sized metal multilayer composite samples by introducing
two thermometer detectors. They were made of In GaAs and dual wavelength mode, 1.55
m and 1.35 m, were usually used. During the surface temperature measurement, it waspossible to measure the emissivity of the sample surface by switching between single
wavelength mode and dual wavelength mode. Heater input power was supplied by a DC
power source in constant voltage mode. The input voltage and current were measured
both by voltage and current monitors provided by the power supply and an independent
voltmeter and amperemeter, respectively. Input power is calibrated using the voltmeterand the amperemeter readings. Gamma-rays and neutrons were monitored by a NaI (Tl)scintillation counter (TCS-1172; Hitachi, Ltd.) and He-3 counter (TPS-1451; HitachiLtd.) during all experiments for safety reasons.

28

Figure 1. Experimental set-up; (a) schematic of experimental apparatus, (b) detail drawing
around nano-sized multilayer metal composite [1].

A detailed drawing of the Ni based nano-sized metal multilayer composite isshown in Fig. 1(b). It was composed of a Ni Plate (25 mm square and 0.1 mm thick) andCu-Ni multilayer thin film (20 mm diameter circle and about 100 nm thick). Thesesamples were fabricated by the Ar ion beam method, or the magnetron sputtering method.
Two nano-sized metal multilayer composite samples were heated by the ceramic heater(25 mm square and 2.2 mm thick) through SiO2 plates (0.3 mm thick). If certain energy
generation reactions occur on the surface of the samples, the temperature of the embedded
thermocouple will rise. Simultaneously, infrared emission detected by the radiation
thermometer, which corresponds to the surface temperature of the sample, would increase.
Photos of the experimental set-ups and STEM image of Cu-Ni multilayer thin film areshown in Fig. 2.
The experimental procedure is as follows. Two nano-sized metal multilayercomposites were placed in the chamber and baked for 2-3 days at heater temperature
900°C to remove H2O and other hydrocarbons from the surface under vacuum conditions.
According to general knowledge, Cu and Ni diffuse into each other during thebaking process, forming a Cu-Ni alloy. However, in our multilayer film, Cu and Ni are
not simply alloyed, especially when CaO, Y2O3, etc. are added to Ni. The cause of thisphenomenon is still under investigation, but it might be due to the effect of oxygen formedon the surface during the sputtering process.
After the baking process, H2 gas was introduced into the chamber up to about
200 Pa at 250°C. To change the hydrogen loading conditions, the pressure of H2 gas was
sometimes increased up to 30 kPa. H2 gas was loaded for about 16 hours. Then, H2 gas
was evacuated by the turbo molecular pump and simultaneously the samples were heated
up by the ceramic heater up to 500~900°C. These processes trigger heat generation
reactions and anomalous heat. Typically, after 8 hours, the heater input was turned down29

and the samples were cooled down to 250°C. These processes (H2 loading, heating up
and cooling down samples) were repeated several times, with different heating
temperatures or H2 loading pressure.

Figure 2. Photos of experimental apparatus and cross-sectional view of nano-sized metal
multilayer composites; (a) STEM (Scanning transmission electron microscope) image of Cu-Ni
multilayer thin film, (b) outer view of the present experimental set-ups.

During the above experimental procedure, hydrogen atoms are supposed todiffuse from the Ni plate through the nano-sized metal multilayer to the surface. The
diffusion mechanism of hydrogen atoms is well known as “quantum diffusion” at low
temperature [15]. Hydrogen atoms are hopping from a site to another site in metal. We
assume that hydrogen flux is one of the key factors to induce condensed matter nuclear
reactions and the hydrogen flux is intentionally arranged by the present experimental
method. Hydrogen flux J from the nano-sized metal multilayer composite to the chamberis caused by gradient of hydrogen concentration and gradient of temperature as shown in
eq. (1)[16].
𝑐𝑄 ∗ ∇𝑇(1)

𝑱 = −nD (∇c + 𝑘 𝑇 2 ),𝐵

where n is the number of lattice atoms per unit volume, c is hydrogen concentration
defined as the hydrogen/host-metal atom ratio, D is diffusion coefficient and Q* is theheat of transport.

3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Excess Heat Evaluation

30

Excess Heat is evaluated based on the model described in Fig.3(a) and the following
equation (2).
𝑇𝐶 − 𝑇𝑊44 )+𝜀 (𝑇 44
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 𝐴𝑆 𝜎{𝜀𝐴 (𝑇𝑆𝐴− 𝑇𝑊
𝐵 𝑆𝐵 − 𝑇𝑊 )}
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
4
4)
+ 𝐴𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝜀𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝜎(𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠− 𝑇𝑊= 𝑃𝑖𝑛 +𝐻𝑒𝑥 ,
𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓

(2)

where keff is equivalent thermal conductivity, Tc is the thermocouple temperatureembedded in the ceramic heater, Tw is wall temperature of the chamber, Leff and Aeff are
effective length and effective surface area between the sample holder and wall,
respectively. As is surface area of the sample, TS is the surface temperature,  is theemissivity of the sample,  is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. subscript A and B means
surface A and B, respectively. ARloss, Rloss and Rloss are effective surface area; effective
emissivity and effective surface temperature for radiation loss except from the sample
surface, which is mainly derived from the sample holder. Pin is the electrical heater input
and Hex is excess power. This equation is obtained under the following assumptions.
1) Thermal conduction via H2 gas is negligible as H2 pressure is low enough.
2) Radiation from chamber wall is negligible because Tw is room temperature.
3) The electrical input power is constant.

Figure 3. Method for excess heat evaluation; (a) model of excess heat evaluation, (b) relationshipbetween input power(W) and thermocouple temperature (TC) for a blank run and a multilayerrun.

A blank run, in which same sized Ni bulk samples without multilayer thin films
were used, was performed with the same procedure described above. Figure 3(b) shows31the relationship between input power given to the ceramic heater and heater temperaturedetected by the thermocouple. As the radiation loss term from the sample holder is thesame for Ni bulk and multilayer samples for the same temperature, generated excess heat
power is supposed to be evaluated based on the blank run result as shown in Fig.3(b).
Equation (2) for Ni bulk (subscript “0”) is written as𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓

𝑇𝐶0 − 𝑇𝑊44 )+𝜀 (𝑇 44
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 𝐴𝑆 𝜎{𝜀𝐴0 (𝑇𝑆𝐴0− 𝑇𝑊
𝐵0 𝑆𝐵0 − 𝑇𝑊 )}
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓

4
4)
+ 𝐴𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝜀𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝜎(𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠0− 𝑇𝑊= 𝑃𝑖𝑛 .

(3)

In the papers [2]-[5], excess heat analysis was executed based on the assumptionthat  is constant for Ni based nano-sized metal multilayer composite and Ni bulk as afirst step of data analysis.
Emissivity  can be measured by switching two wavelengths mode and single
wavelength mode. Actual measured emissivity was in the range of 0.1-0.2 at surface
temperature 700-750 ℃, depending on the condition of the sample such as oxidation of
surface or surface roughness, the vacuum of the experimental apparatus. However, thedifference in emissivity between Ni bulk and Ni multilayer composite samples is within
0.05 (< 5 %), and the assumed condition is satisfied. It would be possible to consider thatemissivity was almost the same for the Ni bulk and multilayer composite samples.
Excess heat Hex is written based on the equations (2) for multilayer composite
and Ni bulk (subscript “0”) samples.
𝑇 −𝑇𝐶0𝐻𝑒𝑥 = 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝐿

𝑒𝑓𝑓

4
4
4
4
4 (𝜀
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 𝐴𝑆 𝜎{𝜀𝐴 𝑇𝑆𝐴− 𝜀𝐴0 𝑇𝑆𝐴0+𝜀𝐵 𝑇𝑆𝐵−𝜀𝐵0 𝑇𝑆𝐵0− 𝑇𝑊
𝐴 − 𝜀𝐴0 ) } +4
4)
𝐴𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝜀𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝜎(𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠− 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠0
𝑇 −𝑇𝐶0≈ 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝐿

𝑒𝑓𝑓

4
4
4
4
4
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 𝐴𝑆 𝜎{𝜀𝐴 𝑇𝑆𝐴− 𝜀𝐴0 𝑇𝑆𝐴0+𝜀𝐵 𝑇𝑆𝐵−𝜀𝐵0 𝑇𝑆𝐵0}+𝐴𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝜀𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝜎(𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠−

4)
𝑇𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠044∵ 𝑇𝑆𝐴,𝐵≫ 𝑇𝑊(4)Now, we assume the following relations based on our experimental data. It is possiblethat TSA and TSB can be expressed as liner function of Tc within the experimental
parameters.
𝜀𝐴 ≈ 𝜀𝐴0, 𝜀𝐵 ≈ 𝜀𝐵0, 𝑇𝑆𝐴 ≈ 𝛼𝐴 𝑇𝐶 + 𝛽𝐴, 𝑇𝑆𝐵 ≈ 𝛼𝐵 𝑇𝐶 + 𝛽𝐵 , 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 ≈ 𝛼𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝐶 + 𝛽𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 .
∆T is defined as∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑐0.

(5)

Therefore, the following expression is obtained.
𝑘2
2 )𝐻𝑒𝑥 ≈ ∆𝑇 {𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 𝐴𝑆 𝜀𝐴0 𝜎𝛼𝐴 (𝑇𝑆𝐴 + 𝑇𝑆𝐴0 )(𝑇𝑆𝐴+𝑇𝑆𝐴0+ 𝐴𝑆 𝜀𝐵0 𝜎𝛼𝐵 (𝑇𝑆𝐵 +
𝑒𝑓𝑓

2
2 )+𝐴
2
2
𝑇𝑆𝐵0 )(𝑇𝑆𝐵+𝑇𝑆𝐵0
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝜀𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝜎(𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠0 )(𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠0 ) }.

32

(6)

This equation shows that excess heat can be written as a function of ∆T. Therefore, excess
heat evaluation by the Ni bulk calibration curve shown in Fig.3(b) is valid under theassumptions described above.
3.2 Experimental Results
Before describing heat burst phenomena, a typical example of anomalous heatgeneration, already published [2], is shown in Fig.3. Red and blue lines mean excess heatand pressure of the chamber, respectively.
At the beginning of the experiment, hydrogen gas was introduced to the chamber
and absorbed into the Ni based nano-sized multilayer metal composite at 250℃. The
pressure for each experiment gradually decreased as shown in the Fig. 3. The amount ofhydrogen absorbed by the sample could be estimated based on the pressure change andtemperature of the chamber.
After about 6 × 104 sec, H2 gas was evacuated and simultaneously each sample
was heated up rapidly by the ceramic heater. After that, excess heat generation more than
input power was triggered by the rapid heating and hydrogen diffusion. Excess heat is
calculated using the previously described method. For example, the first excess heat isabout 5W at a heater temperature of about 870°C for an input of 19W. The input power
was stable during a one cycle; for example, 19 W was applied to the ceramic heater fromabout 6 × 104 sec to about 9× 104 sec.

Figure 4. Example of anomalous heat generation [2].

From the decrease in pressure in the vacuum chamber, the total amount ofhydrogen absorbed in this sample can be calculated as 7.3×10-4mol or 4.4×1020 as shownon the right side of the Fig.4. By integrating this excess heat with time, the total energy
released in this experiment can be calculated as 1.1 MJ. It is difficult to assume that all of
the absorbed hydrogen is involved in the excess heat generation, and much of it is simply

33released from the sample due to heating, but here we divide the total energy by the amountof hydrogen absorbed to avoid overestimation. This yields a value of 16 keV/H or 1.5
GJ/H-mol.
In normal chemical reactions, the amount of energy generated per hydrogen ison the order of eV. This is because chemical reactions can only release energy at the levelof electron binding energy. Compared to this, the value of 16 keV/H just obtained is anorder of magnitude higher, even though it is an underestimate. Released energy perhydrogen cannot be explained by any known chemical process and suggests that theobserved heat generation might be of nuclear origin.

Figure 5. An example of spontaneous heat burst, which occurred at the surface A at first andafterwards at the surface B. Their heat bursts induced the rise of Tc. Input power and room
temperature were constant during these events [1].

Next, an example of a spontaneous thermal burst is described. As shown in Fig.
5, a heat burst occurred suddenly on surface A, and the heat propagated to thethermocouple (TC) at the center of the ceramic heater, followed by a heat burst on surface

34

B, which further propagated to the TC. Input power and room temperature were constantduring these events. Therefore, the heat burst events were not caused by the change ofelectrical input power or heat coming in from the environment. The samples consisted of
6 layers of Cu (2 nm) and Ni (14 nm) fabricated by magnetron sputtering on Ni bulk.
Delay time from the spontaneous heat burst at surface A and B to thethermocouple was about 33 and 40 sec, respectively. Based on the specific heat and size
data for the sample, ceramic heater and sample holder materials (Al2O3 and SiO2), thetime constant when heat is generated on the sample surface can be calculated to beapproximately 36 seconds (see [1]). Therefore, the delay time obtained from theexperiment is almost the same, and it is consistent to assume that the heat burst occurred
near the sample surface. This example gives us clear evidence that heat release reactions
occurred in the near surface region of the nano-sized multilayer metal composite withhydrogen gas.
When analyzing the phenomenon of spontaneous sudden heat bursts describedabove, it was observed that there were some cases where the heat burst phenomenon
occurred after small deviations in input power caused by fluctuations in the outside
temperature, etc. Therefore, we tried to reproduce the heat burst phenomena byperturbating the electrical input power. As a result, it became possible to intentionallyinduce heat burst phenomena.
An example of a heat burst phenomenon induced by an intentional perturbationof input electrical power is shown in Fig. 6 (a). At the beginning, 25.8 W was input, andthen decreased to 25.0 W. Then the TC and surface temperature A and B decreased
gradually. When the input was returned to the original input of 25.8 W, the surface
temperature A, B, and Tc all increased and became larger than the values at the original
input of 25.8 W. At maximum, Tc increased by about 9°C, surface A by about 17°C, andsurface B by about 25°C. The increases in surface A and B temperatures were larger andsteeper than that of Tc as shown in Fig. 6 (a). It can be considered that heat burst energy
generated at the surface A and B, which is induced by the intentional perturbation of input
power, propagated to the thermocouple.
On the other hand, an example of no heat burst phenomenon induced by a similar
perturbation is shown in Fig. 6 (b). In this case, when the input power, which was initially26.3 W, was reduced to 25.8 W, the thermocouple and surface temperatures A and B
gradually decreased as in Fig. 6(a). Then, when the input power was returned to 26.3 W,
the heat burst phenomenon did not occur, and the thermocouple and surface temperatures
A and B returned to their original values.
The same experimental setup was used for these two examples, but thecompositions of the samples were different. Figure 6 (a) is a 6-layer CuNi7 sample, andFigure 6 (b) is a 6-layer CuNi7 sample with CaO inserted into the Ni layer. The conditions
under which this phenomenon occurs are being investigated in detail. According toexperimental results, it depends on (1) the composition and state of the sample, (2) the
surface temperature of the sample, and (3) the amount and time range of the input power
perturbation. At present, we assume that the temperature distribution change due to theperturbation in input power and hydrogen diffusion and concentration are involved inintentional induction of heat burst phenomenon.
The research implications of heat bursts are as follows. Usually, in the case ofheat measurement as shown in this paper, the heat generation is evaluated using acalibration curve, and there are many cases where people question whether the heat35

dissipation characteristics are different between the time of calibration and the time of theheat generation experiment due to variations in the way the sample is mounted, etc. We
are constantly checking various measurements to see if there are any changes in the heatdissipation characteristics from experiment to experiment. We conclude that the heatburst phenomena cannot be explained by the difference in the heat dissipation
characteristics between a calibration and an experiment. The observation of the heat burst
phenomena increases the reliability of the heat measurement experiment.

Figure 6. Intentional heat burst induced by a perturbation in input power: (a) an example ofheat burst phenomena induced by the intentional perturbation in input electrical power, (b) an
example of no heat burst phenomena.

36

Next, we examine the possibility that the observed heat burst phenomenon wascaused by some chemical reactions. Figure 7 plots the change in excess power during theintentionally induced heat burst shown in Fig. 6. At about 1.0944x105 sec, a heat burst
induced by the perturbation of input power. About 5.5 W excess heat was obtained before
the input power perturbation and it increased up to 6.5 W after the perturbation in input
power and gradually decreased. The excess increase due to the heat burst lasted for atleast 1.2 x 104 seconds. 12 kJ energy release by the one heat burst can be calculated byintegrating excess power with time.
Whether the energy obtained from this single heat burst can be explained bychemical reactions is discussed below. During the heat release experimental cycle, all thehydrogen introduced for absorption was evacuated, and the degree of vacuum was lessthan 1x10-4 Pa when the heat burst phenomenon was observed. Therefore, the number ofmoles of residual gas was less than 4x10-10 mol. Chemical reactions that could generateheat under these circumstances are as follows.
(1) When the residual gas in the chamber is all oxygen and the absorbed hydrogen isoxidized and generates heat.
(2) When the residual gas is oxygen and Ni metal is oxidized.
(3) When the residual gas is a mixture (H2:O2=2:1) and its combustion energy energizes
the surfaces of the two samples.
It is known that the combustion reaction of hydrogen is about 290 kJ/mol and the heat offormation of nickel oxide is about 240 kJ/mol. Since the number of moles of residual gas
in the chamber was less than 4x10-10 mol, the heat generated in each case can be calculated
less than 10-3 J. It is completely negligible if we compare the energy increased by the heatburst: 12kJ. This clearly shows that at least the chemical reactions (1)-(3) cannot explain
the heat burst phenomenon observed in this study.

Figure 7. Released energy by a single heat burst reactions.

37

4. Concluding Remarks
We have been conducting research and development with an experimental
method using Ni based nano-sized metal multilayer thin films with hydrogen.
Anomalously large heat generation up to about 20keV/H, which was too high to be
explained by known chemical reactions, was induced by heating up the metal multilayer
thin film that absorbed hydrogen gas in advance.
As reported at JCF21, sudden spontaneous heat burst phenomena during excessenergy generation has been observed. In this paper, we described that we succeeded inintentionally inducing such a heat burst phenomenon. An example of intentional heatburst phenomenon induced by a perturbation in input power is shown in this paper.
Considering that the pressure in the chamber is less than 10-4 Pa, the energy released inthis heat burst cannot be explained by any known chemical reactions such as hydrogen
combustion. This phenomenon has been observed frequently, although it depends on thestate of sample. The observation of the intentional heat burst phenomena dispelledconcerns that the observed excess heat might be due to a deviation of Ni bulk calibration
curve. In other words, it contributed to improving the reliability of heat measurements.
We are currently investigating the conditions under which this heat burst phenomenon
occurs, which is expected to contribute to the clarification of the mechanism of induced
abnormal heat reactions.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge Mr. H. Yoshino, Dr. T. Hioki, Mr. Y. Endo and Mr. S.
Hirano who are the members of CLEAN PLANET Inc., for their significant assistance.
The authors also thank Mr. Y. Shibasaki and Prof. H. Kikunaga of Tohoku University for
their support. This work is supported by CLEAN PLANET Inc., Research Center forElectron Photon Science of Tohoku University Electron Photon, the Thermal & Electric
Energy Technology Foundation and Tanaka Kikinzoku Memorial Foundation.
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