￨.￨‐ 1■

￨■

■ 11

￨￨￨￨￨:■ ■1:■￨ : 1‐￨￨￨ ￨￨■‐
・

1= ￨Masato Fukushima

Onc of thc rcccnt fruits Of thc sO̲callcd scicncc

tools and inatcrlals.AlthOugh thc pOssiblity Ofthc

studics is thc fact that rcscarchcrs havc rcalizcd thc

swecping thcOrctical sOlutiOns tO thc cllsis Of rcp―

fundamental irnpOrtancc of smal practiccs,sciCn―

rcscntation has bccn rightly qucstioncd,thc vc7

tiflc t001s and variOus gadgets in mundanc,evc7‑

idca Of thc crisis Of rcprcscntation has nOt.Thc

day activities OflaboratOrics fOr thc prOductiOn ofargumcnt,thcn,dcvc10ps in linc with thc cOncep―

scicntinc knowledgc,asidc frOn■

thc thcOrcticaltual ranliflcations Of thc tcrnl rcprcsentation in

aspccts ofscicncco NO、 v this succcss sCCmS to havc

variOus domains likc politics,law,artiflcial intclll

bccn cxtcndcd tO fOrm thc vcry lcitmOtif Of thiscxhibitiOn, cmploying nOt grand thcOrics but

gencc(AI)and so on.
Now hcrc is thc stumbling b10ck that l havc

things,t001s and apparatuscs in difFcrcnt domains

mcntioncd:Thcsc rhctOrical dcviccs,such as cty―

OfsOcicty as a incans of discOvcl・

m010gy and conccptual analysis,takc thcir fulllng clucs fOr s01v̲

ing thc prOblcm Ofwhatis gcncrally callcd thc ar′̲Sバ 0/″ ψ ′
笞θ
″″′
′
ο″
・

clfcct Only ifyou sharc with thc audicnce thc samc

linguistic hcrltagc,whethcrit be thc 01d Ccrman

Yct rathcr than bcing caiOICd by hypnOtic rhct―

languagc or thc impcl・ lal Latin.Thc rhetOric inay

oric to sct f00t in this irrcsistiblc cxhibitiOn,I cOn―

touch thc hcart Of thc dcsccndants Of thcsc tribal

fcss l havc almost stumblcd,nOt Ovcr thc訪 ブ″gs

anccstors or thc vanishcd cmpirc.But thc troublc

that arc planncd tO appearin thc shOw but ovcrthc

is that if thcsc arc translated into nOn― EurOpcan

ι
O″ ι
ι
S and″ みι′ο″′ιthat form its backgrOund.
ριlanguagcs, thc aura of thc rhctOric evaporatcs

Thc f010wing skctch is an attempt to anatonlize

cphcmcrally,and pcOple start to wondcr what

what kind ofinvisible stOnc was put iust at thc

actually is at stakc herc.

cntrance,which,iustlikC thc maliciOus and absurd

Bctwccn thcsc twO rhctorical dcviccs shO、

gatckccpcr in Katta's nOvcl,kccps mc away frOm

above,あ ル従■ctym010gy is an casicr casc,as this is

the party insidc.

a conventional rhctO五 cal tcchnique ncwly applied

Bctwcen thc strllcturalistic dichOtOmy appcar―
ing in this shOw― ′ク″∂訪θο″ブθ
s,which are mainly

tcxtual,and s″ α′
′′
οο

Js・

and″ クた″″ ,which arc
rs・

concrctc and visiblc things― thcrc arc things that I

vn

to thc、 vOrd′ あブ″g tO imprcss the audicncc abOut

thc dircrcnt aspCcts ofthings.This knd OfctymO̲
phiOsOphical display is not unusualin rnany ofthc
wcll― 1010wn phi10sOphical tcxts,butitis alsO pos―am going to highlight that sccnl alinOst incOnsc―

siblc tO play with wOrds in othcr languages,toO.

qucntial yct in fact arc far frol■ l bcing insigniflcant:Thc rhctOrical cffects prOduccd by it,hO、 vevcr,

litcra7 tricks such as puns,ctymo10gics and cOn―、
vould bc quitc diffcrcnt.

ccptual analyscs.For instancc,thc ctym010gicalcxcgcsis Ofthc wOrd ιカプ″g plays a rOlc of pivOtal
irnportancc,which is tO bc cxtcnded tO cOin abasic distinctiOn betwccn οι″Out thcrc and
″θ
ι
力′
4
4g in disputc as thc lcitmOtifOfthc shO、 、Another cOnspicuous cxample is thc use Ofthc

tcrm″

″
ι
sθ ″
滋′
グ
οπ Thc wh01c argumcnt starts

For instancc,thc ordinarァ Japanesc cquivalcnt Of

訪′/7g is″ ο″ο,which is an ancicnt tcrm iuSt hkc its
countcrpart,but its histOrical ranliflcations Of

mcaning are quite diffcrcnt.(Driginally ″zο ″οmcant not only an obicct With shape but evcry―
thing、 vhOse existcncc wc can pcrccivc.SO′,2ο 770̀ρfrom takng
fOr grantcd the idca Of thc crisis ofalsO cxtcnds tO spiritual,80dly existcncc,as inrcprcscntation,and thcn it prOcccds to scck thc″Oκ O″ 0々 ι(Spirit).Hayao Miyazaki'sIレ κι●sMο ″ο″οたι is an cxamplc. And ηzο ″ο is alsO

s01utiOn by rcfcrcncc to thc practical dctails Of

58

Ｃ日Ｈ ｎ口出●﹄

Nobuo Sek ne′ /s6̲∂ ∂lchiIPhase― Mother EarthL 1968′ insta lalon,◎

forthe′ し′οηο―/1θ ISChool of Things〕

Nobuo Sek ne,phOtOi osamu Mural tt A defactO manfesto￨Rodney A Brooks′
BrooksGθ η
θ力7s iantJ ke robot〕 ′1999′ O

The b rth of non―

Rodney A″θ″々υ
needles,photo
School servicefor
Tools have theo、 ″n"[Need Oe Goto1/Vasai
RIualora memotta
wornr out

representat onal「 obot cs?

lfe tO be taken care ofcloscly rclated tO spccch.So thc bOundary Of

dctail thc prcdicamcnt of thc translatcd cOncep―

7770770 iS Vaguc and cxtcndable tO supcrnaturals

tual nctwOrk

and to speech;thus thc bOundary ofthing,spirit,and spccch can bc vaguc and contcstablc.So withTl・ anslatcd intO JapanCSe,thc tcrm
γ″
ι
Sι ″
″―
′
′
ο″bccOmes a lot Of diffcrcnt and sccnlinglỳρ

this wc can concoct anothcr catcgo,:fl・ om dcad

unrelatcd tcrl■ ns.Ifitis about a sign or way of

ObiCCt tO thc hauntedncss Of things. What is at

shOwing something,■ is usualy translatcd as力 y″ ′=point).If it is about politics likc
=show,ブ ブ

stakc is nOt rcally thc disputability of things,but(力 yδ

thc hazy boundarr bct、 vcen living things and dcad

rcprescntat市 c dcmOcracy,it is Jr77g7(滋 ′=rcplace,things.As such,thc inlagincd shOw Of″ ο″οver―sions would be possibly far morc tainted、 vith

g7=arguc)or″´′
みγ6(a″ =rcplacc,カ ッ6=shOw),

comparativc religiOus practiccs a1l ovcr the wOrld,Thc phOto shOwn hcrcisれ 7″ んι
yめ ,hteraHy a nlcillorial

which arc alinost cntircly lacking hcre, ascⅣ icc 10r ncedles Tllis hnd Of Htual10r shOwing thc users'
thankltllness is not conllncd lo llccdlcs,l、O、 vcvcr

Thillgs

sort of a ghOstly shO、 v Of things in the parallcl

and tools c10sc t0 0tlr cvettday activitics,such as dOlls,

world bascd on the cphcn■ cral ctymo― phlosOphy

brt:shcs,scissOrs or cvel]lllortars,are traditionally givcn
such specinc lltual scl■ 7icc Thc idca bchind this is that the

Of 77,0/70‑nCSs .

The mOrc trOublcsOmc casc is thc concept ofr̀ρ ′でSa″ ″′′
0″ Itis in lact almost cyc― opcning IOr
non―ヽ石cstcrncrs to obscrvc hOw this small tcrm,
deriving fl・ Om′
77rr7,で Of Latin,has sprcad itsθ'ὴρ
ramiicatiOns,stretchingconccptual capillaries
fl・

Onl phi10sOphy tO art,law,politics,and cvcn AI.

And that is、 vhy thc battlc c,of̀̀crisis of rcprc―
scntation''can havc sin■ ultancOus cchocs ill difler―0ル 7み ο′17″ ο″、vhich shOuld bc ritllallv rcturncd
Onc Ofthc wcl― に10wn tllcOredcal rcncctk)ns on thc nOdOn
of″ ′
ο″ο、
vas crcatcd by a ntlnlbcr of artists c.llcd iヽ 4ο ″0‑ル .7users owc thclll a dcbt of gradtudc lor tlncirご(School o「 Thi1lgs)in thc 1970S,qtlcstionilng thc itlnd.ln,en―tal rclati01l bctwccll thC htlilla1l alnd nlatcrial wOJd by lllak―
ing tlsc of stlch thilngs as trccs,stOnCS,papcrs,c.lrth and sO

on as nlatcriaL HOwcvcr,■

requircs ttlrthcr scrudny todcterinline whctllcr thcir enlpl()ynlcnt ofthe cOnccpt of′″0″ O is n10rc r00ted in thc tr.lditionュ l ctynlological ranlifl―?ο ″οthan sinlply qllcstionillg thc

c.ltiOns ofthc nlcanillg of″ent realins of disciplincs,fronl parlianlcnta,Poli―

Wcstcrn nOtion ofObicct ln ict,tllcir thcOretical rcnccti。

tics tO cc010gical robotics

sccnls rathcr c10scr tO thc organizer's lcitinotiv l)r thc

But hcrc again thc success sto,of thc nOtion
ofthc cl・ IsiS Of rcprcscntation hits hOme only、 vith

thosc who share,in this casc,its Latin hcritage
Thc histOrical conncctions of this cOncept、

vill bc

clinlinatcd whcn translatcd,and thc ha10 0fthc
s、

veeping phi10sOphical critiquc may dwindlc

rathcr quickly.Lct's obscl■ lc herc cOncrctcly and in,

11

shOw,t10nn ο127′ ご′10′ ル′
gs thall tllc prc lllodcrn rcncclon′′
on nlono― ness,、 vhiCh is rcpresentcd in,say,a vcry wcll―
k10、 vn cOnccpt of.lllc・″′
ο″0′ ′ò7′ ι
り′
で''(thc sensc OflDci1lg

ctcd dccply by things in cvcryd.ly cxpericncc)as theesscncc oftllcJ.lpancsc ctllturC,cI.lilllcd by a ll.ltivist

plli10sOpllcr Of pre nlodcrllJapan,MOto'()ri NOHnagn Asto
A/1()1lolla,''in:T/・ ´D′ ご
′
′
ο″
̀7,〕
ο′ス7ち Janc Ttlnler lt・ dり ,Maan‖ an pul・ lkhing cOn,pany,

MOn()ha,scc Slligc()Chiba,'｀

Lolldon and Ncw York,21,[996,p892;Edward M
Gonlcz,̀・ ヽ
4ollo ha,''hl:A″ 」′′
ιs,88,3,1989,P191 AstO1ヽ″κν′0″ 0′ ′
ι で,SCC Harry D Harootunian,T17ル 唇ss ″ ″′
̀″
″バご ″I)な ご
0″ パ′″々
れ た0′03,ル ′あた′た′な″ちThc感″ 7″ ′′.l′6o

Univcrsity of Chicago Prcss,Chicago,1988

日 Ｈ出 ｏ● 出 ● ﹂]::百1:￨￨ド :il∬1954 phao puЫ thed hス ヵ
ゎ
た
Oゎ η
″
∂
∂θ
わ
″θめ
」
ε
θ
η
″
::りT驚窯蠍侃 ・″鶴lreψ σ 誇il′C‖ s s Ofrepresentaion in East Asian S

2η2θ

1.」 iritis in a phi10sOphical scnsc,1lkc a critiquc Of「ご
FrCSCntatiOn,it is an ugly nc01。 gisn■,力 γδs力 6
iう =shOw,sみ δ=image),which is scarccly uscd
lご 、
ewday cOnvcrsatiOn,just like thc Husscrliani =ゞ ′s and ″οι777′ ヽ
vhich, I flrnlly bclicvc, are―■rdl)‐ uscd tO buy a chickcn nuggct, cvcn in「rご :卜 tlrg.

丁his cxOtic shOw of thc translatcd tcrnls=ご:1lollstratcs that in the prOccss Of translatiOn,:1ご ()rigillal wcb Ofthe term′

マ′reSι /露αr70″ in vari
二、t10mains is shattcrcd,dissectcd and rcplaccd
l:l, secmingly nlutually unrclatcd tcrms, thc
iごrrcl.ltiOn Ofwhich is vcr/hard tO flnd fOr thOse

dO nOt know thc originaltcrm wcn
ヽnd、 vhat is particulal・ ly conftlsing is thc casc Ofl■―i 11l this area,a key tcrm likc knOwlcdgc rcprc―.itaiOn is O

cially trtanslatcd as r/7た ヵ
及バkllowl―

ルyδ r″ But tlllsり■き―o多 ″おa vc7 comnlon
■
1lor
2ゃ ′
eSSノ ο
/7(likc力 γ
・「
6ge/7‐ S力 ″gら cxprcssion̲
■l SO ifitis re― translatcd back intO English,thc=「■1ヽ VoLlld bccOmc knOwicdgc θ ,cssプ
ο7/!Imag̲
ゅ轟驚#聯聯
肺掘W#l菫 I瀞
I懸''and so On,Or hc has tO authoritatively grant

Butthcn I、 vondcrifthisis rcally a stumbhng block(and oftcn hc indced、 vOuld)thcsc ignorant politi―
cians and AI cxperts a bit Of a lcngthy lcc′ ″γ
θOn

only for nOn― EU citizcns.Picture an imaginary

the cOnccptual hist07 0fthe wOrd rcprcscntatiOnspccialist.Thc fOrmer is troublcd with thc unruly″″

mccting bctwccn a」 apanesc pohtician and an AI

in EurOpc and ho、 v it is relatcd、 vith this and thatsituatiOn in thc Dict,whilc thc lattcr is thinking

arcas.Then yOu would hcar thcse exhaustcd―

about a ncw mcthOd Of rnOrc cffcctivc program―looking mediOcritics complaining, ̀̀Thcrc arenling. 1)O thcy undcrstand cach Othcr siinply

always egghcadcd argumcnts going on sOme―

bccause thcir problcms arc rOoted in the cl・ Isis of

whcrc in Paris,prObably ncar thc rue d'Ulm Or

rcprcscntationP I belicvc thcrc nceds tO be a quan―Jardins dc LuxembOurg…

tum lcap fl・ Onl thcir actual expcricnce to thc phi10̲

''Now what shall wc dO tO cOmbat this transla―

sophically sublime nOtion of rcprescntation.For

v00ppOsing

undcrstanding thc rcal intcntiOn Of thc mccting,tiOnal incssP I can think Of at lcast t、attitudcs about this situation:one is that Of a paci―

both Of thcln shOuld bc indOctrinatcd as、 vcll tO

llst,thc Othcr,a militant.Thc pacinst attitudc istranslate thcir practiccs intO thc phi10sOphical iar―

pcrsonined by thC nOn― EU audicncc:Lamenting

gons barcly uscd in an cvc7day cOntcxt.

thc difflculty of translating thcse dccply European

Butthcn wc havc tO be carcftli nOttO undercsti―

tcrms and argumcnts intO thcir Own languagcs,

matc the powcr of indOctrinatiOn.I said I″ J7770Sι

thcy subllnissivcly acccpt thcnl and try hard tO

stumblcd,but thatis an cxprcssion fOr shOwing aleα′フlrOm that.That's a docilc,gOOd pupil's atti―
″

tudc.

scnsc of anxicty; I actually did ″ο′stumblc,
bccausc l havc learncd the hist07 0fthc tcrn■

Thc militant,prObably a rninOr spccics,wOuld
cOncludc on the cOntrarァ that such an argument,

rcp―

rcsentation through which l becamc awarc thatboth pOlitics and AI sharc thc tcrm,which isbascd On intra― Europcan ctymology and conccp―

derlvcd l10m Latin.With such prcviOus indoctri―

tual bounda7,is simply a Jo

nation,cvcn thc scenlingly disparate cquivalent Of

ちcthnic European(lncaning thc EurOpcan as the cthnic nlinority ofthc globe,in thc scnsc ofpopulation atlcast)phc―″α/gブ (politics)andヵ y6解 ″(AI)can bc cqualizcd
with thc hclp ofthe addcd cOnccptual brackctlikc

nomcnon″ ο″cxtcndablc tO thc non Westcrn con―

ルな けCprcsentadon)=り 6″ ″∈cprcscntation).

tcxt Hc、 vould thcn cOntinuc that the failurc Of

This brackcting isiust hkc a mcntal crLltCh WithOut

thc translatiOn is 770′ thC failurc Ofhis nOn V/cstcrn

language but intrinsically theみ ″ Oge″ ι
ノ
ォ
ン(and

Thc pOint here is that thc llc010gisill.lCCOnlpanyillg st:ch

cvcn thc″ ′″‑777ω ″″ι
″S″ 協ι′′′″)Ofthe cOnccpttranslation cannot bc ltllly tlllclCrSt00d、 vithOtlt t.lcitly

rcprcscntation itscll Thus cvcn though thc phc―

nomcna likc dcmocracy and thc knowlcdgc sys―

rclerllng to thc Origillal tcrnl in parcllthcscs This dOuble
structllrc of the translatcd ternls olten causcs lot Of cOn―

ceptllal cOnftlsion Tetstlro Nak.loka,a leadillg phi10sOpllcr

tcm of AI arc bOth cOnvcntionally describcd、 vith

Ofscicnce and tcchnO10gy inJapan,points Out the dccp―

thc tcrnl reprcscntation,these arc fundamcntally

rootcd contt:siOn cvoked by translated cOnccpts stlch aS

mutually unrclatcd phcnomena,and thcrc is nosuch uniflcd thing as rcprcscntation and thc crisis
ofit!

If you abandon thc paciflst's appeascmcnt pol―icy to agrcc、 vith thc nlllitant's clairn,thc、 vhOlc

tech″ ο10P Ustlany thc tcrill technO10gy ls translatcd asg″ ′ 〃
,Ike々
̀ぉ

7々

″―
g=,″ お′′(Scicncc and tcchn010gy),and̀多 oま 7々 ″ But this cOrrcspondcnce rcvcrscs
enginecring asた、vhell、 vc talk abOut the dcpartlllellt oftcchnO10gy,、 vhich is″ο′dcpartlllent of F77′ ′お′ゝ た′̀(technology)but ofた ひ ̀(engi‐nccring),and an cngineer,notた δ
87々 ″Sあ ̀ち but g1/7rr̲・ ″sみ ″!

In a se五 cs Ofdebates cOnducted byJapanese Marxもts,theschcmc ofthe shOw― thc comparlson ofthc prac―

tllcOreical disti1lc10n bctwccln g″tical sOlutiOns fOr thc crlsis ofrcprcscntatiOn―

thOtight to be ftlndanlcntal ill tindcrst.lndillg thc essencc Of

col―lapscs,bccausc frOn■ thc bcginning thcrc is nO′′
お″and々 by々 ″wastechno10gy,but Nakaoka poillts otlt that this distinctiOn inthc cOntcxt ofthcJapanCSC langu.lge docs nOt corrcspolld

such thing as a unillcd nOtiOn of rcprcscntation

well tO thc distinction bct、

Pohtics and AI are quitc diffcrcnt phenomena,as

Ll this case the assistance ofthc br.lcketcd Original term ishas bccn shOwn in thcir translatiOn,and thcidca Of

nOt Of nluch llclp butis a sOurcc Of cOnftlsiOn,、comparison is incffcctivc because thc conccptual
lynchpin itselfis fragilc.

veen tcchnO10gy and cnginecring

tllc tt11ldamcntal dililculy Ofph‖vhich shO、 vsosophizing wlh a nlass Of

translatcd terminologics whcrc thc cOnceptual nctwOrks arc
hopelessly flagnlcntcd and wOrdplays or cty!llological prac‐
ticcs dO not、 vork at an tlom thc beginnillg See TetsurO

Nakaoka,̀A rencction onJapanCSC languagc:tcchn010gy,"
h:T17′ 乃0こ ′ss O/″ ″
ル
r/7α

62

″
めヵ夢 :ゞ ″″ ″7ノ r/7θ 蒻″ど^″ ̀力 で′f′ ′υ´こAsahi shinbunsha,TOkyo,198o,pp 121‐ 147(inJapanesc)

、vhich wc cannOt think prOperly. And this is
cxactly、 vhatthc pO、 vcr Ofthe pcdagOgy has dOnc

to us.Once yOu arc imprintcd with this′ ο ′net―
̀α

麗 ポ lwS淵

ぽ

1謂 嘱

:TT盤

』誕 L

撤I書轟紋槻螂懲∬
五羅T:nStt「 脳盤:r」:躙 l『lli]￨li[liilllil[￨liliIWI[

mt『liili■
nlli:IIIlilif[￨[liF]王 lll[:ょ

and intcrnational bOunda7 0f Europcan intcnec―

i肌 wけ I mmotlDc a制 ■drd甜

―ul富 翼聯lli」 蹴lmyζ ∫∬冨
1:L:1淵 常lc驚 胤vI設牌蒐鳳I「11:冨 胤鍵講rwuぷ :l猶 』『II Euκ よ1,II守置dt蠍 :illI琳 ぶti‖tant,insisting thatthc whOlc schcmc Ofthc cxhibi̲椰蔦欝藤滋飽警欝』∫∴鸞淋 驀滋麟種型甲
報
『驀節
」
邁憮 椰壷
搬H紺芭
椰誌
駆丼構
F analyzing′ カプ″g and′ ep″θsι /7′ ク′ブ
0″ 、vithin thc
こtlropcan cOntcxt― aftcr all l fccl this is a typical『∬:ll:::∬l〔rlili:Iこ [:il島:

l::設I「l inlbcr of θ′
力″ο′
οgブ ι
クノcascs in atoncmcnt fOr

ごh llistOrical indOctrinatiOn

But dOn't imaginc that I、 vant to b10w up thclへ ヽill AI Qacda ttshiOn.Rathcr than bcing::1きr.l paciflst Or a nlilitant,I、 vOuld likc tO bc a

lrd klnd:an cthnOgraphical obscⅣ cr whO pOscs

揚
:朋 写
ど
L電:L:l瞭 潔群鵠∬
Tt∬
密
讐
:1跳 ∬
l:lttr漑 ま
ζ織』
aI:l嘗

I認
cxpanding EurOpcan UniOn,I anl plcascd tO cOme

i ごnlpirical questiOn.Bcing decply imprcsscd

i:n thc aln10st invinciblc fOrtrcss Of inhcritcd
iご cpttlal[:1卜th」 till:tf:輩structurc ofEurOpcan traditiOn,which::fli瞥

彙 i:ifよ ま
,
l:1は

]T『

to bc toO hard tO cOnqucr、 vlth thc Ordinaッ[::10d Of cOnccptual criticisnl, this qucstiOn

tlld bc askcdi can nOn― EurOpcan thOught
ilこ its appcarancc withOut rclying On thc trans̲

1 :l ol cxOtic cOnccpts but in the fornls Of::s truc that sOmc things,fl・ Om itOn tO walk―t ha、 e dOnc a fairly good iOb in this cOntcxt,=ビ n tllcy are far frOm bcing rccOgnizcd as‐ヽtstcrn thOught Or cvcn phi10sOphy as such.
11l q1lcstiOn is:DO thcsc cxhibitcd things̲

、PhotOs,audio― visual prcscntatiOns― havc
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