2021/2022

SORGHUMQUALITY REPORTAs a USDA programs participant, the U.S. Grains Council is committed
to complying with non-discrimination policies from federal, state andlocal civil rights laws and those of the USDA. Visit the USDA website
page (https://www.usda.gov/non-discrimination-statement) for details.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction...........................................................................................................................ii
Methodology..........................................................................................................................1
Quality Test Results..............................................................................................................2
A.

Grade Factors........................................................................................................................ 2

B.

Tannins................................................................................................................................... 6

C.

Chemical Composition........................................................................................................... 7

D.

Physical Factors..................................................................................................................... 9

U.S. Sorghum Supporting Information.................................................................................12
U.S. Grains Council Contact Information (back cover)

2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report • i

INTRODUCTIONThe U.S. Grains Council (Council) is pleased to present the findings from its
2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report. This is the third annual edition of a reportdesigned to provide international customers and other interested parties withaccurate, unbiased information about the quality of the U.S. sorghum crop. A
total of 97 samples were collected from the outbound shipments of U.S. country
elevators and large farmers and analyzed for the grade factors established by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture as well as chemical composition and other quality
characteristics not reported elsewhere. The results are summarized at the U.S.
Aggregate level.
The Council’s mission is one of developing markets, enabling trade and improving
lives. To help fulfill this mission, the Council is pleased to offer this report as aservice to our partners. We hope it provides valuable information about the qualityof U.S. sorghum to our valued trade partners.

ii • 2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report

METHODOLOGY
Sorghum production in the United States can be grouped into the two main harvest
areas shown in the map below (the Early Harvest Area and the Late Harvest Area). For
this 2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report, the target population was sorghum from thesetwo key U.S. sorghum-producing areas representing nearly 100% of the U.S. sorghum
exports.1 The results reflect the quality of blended samples pulled from the outboundsorghum shipments of U.S. elevators and a large sorghum producer.
The targeted number of samples were
proportionately stratified according toeach sorghum-producing area’s shareof total U.S. sorghum exports, as
shown on the map.
The Council recruited participating
elevators across these two areas byemail or phone. Participants were
instructed to collect 2,200 grams(about five pounds) of sorghum
per sample bag provided. Samples
were requested to be collected fromindividual outbound rail or truck
shipments as the sorghum wasbeing loaded or from inventories
expected to be shipped for export.

SORGHUM HARVEST AREAS

Late
Harvest

82.5%
Early
Harvest17.5%● A total of 97 blended sorghum samples from thirteen participating elevators andone participating farmer were received from September 20, 2021, through February
16, 2022. Samples were received by the Amarillo Grain Exchange, Inc. in Amarillo,
Texas, and tested for the sorghum grade factors. The samples were then sent to the
Cereal Quality Lab at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas, for chemicalcomposition and physical factor analysis.
● Averages and standard deviations for each quality factor were calculated for the
Early Harvest Area and the Late Harvest Area. The U.S. Aggregate average andstandard deviation were then calculated based on each Harvest Area’s proportion of
total U.S. sorghum exports following standard statistical techniques for proportionate
stratified sampling. The results are reported only for the U.S. Aggregate and not theindividual harvest areas.

1

Source: USDA NASS and Centrec estimates

2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report • 1

QUALITY TEST RESULTS
A. GRADE FACTORSThe U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS) has
established numerical grades, definitions and standards for grains. The attributes that
determine the numerical grades for sorghum are test weight, broken kernels and foreignmaterial (BNFM), foreign material, total damage and heat damage.

SUMMARY: GRADE FACTORS
2021/2022
No. ofStd.
Samples Avg. Dev.

2020/2021
No. ofStd.
Min. Max. Samples Avg. Dev.

U.S. Aggregate

2019/2020
No. ofStd.
Min. Max. Samples Avg. Dev.

U.S. Aggregate

Min. Max.

U.S. Aggregate

Test Weight (lb/bu)

97

59.1 1.55 52.9 62.0

108

58.3* 1.92 47.8 61.5

68

58.9 1.59 55.4 62.2

Test Weight (kg/hl)

9776.1 1.99 68.1 79.8

108

75.1* 2.47 61.5 79.2

6875.8 2.04 71.3 80.1

BNFM (%)

97

1.5

0.85

0.1

7.3

108

1.6

1.08

0.1

5.7

68

1.7

Foreign Material (%)

97

0.7

0.53

0.0

2.6

108

0.6

0.45

0.0

3.0

68

0.5*

0.40

0.0

2.4

Total Damage (%)

97

0.0

0.16

0.0

1.8

108

0.0

0.26

0.0

3.0

68

0.2

0.89

0.0

6.9

Heat Damage (%)

97

0.0

0.00

0.0

0.0

108

0.0

0.00

0.0

0.0

68

0.0

0.00

0.0

0.0

*

0.74

Indicates average was significantly different from current year’s sorghum, based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95.0% level of significance.

2 • 2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report

0.3

3.9

QUALITY TEST RESULTSTEST WEIGHT
Test weight is defined as the weight of grain required to fill a specific volume(Winchester bushel). This measure of bulk density is often used as a general indicatorof overall quality and as a gauge of endosperm hardness for value-added processing.
The test involves filling a test cup of known volume through a funnel held at a specificheight above the test cup to the point where grain begins to pour over the sides of
the test cup. A strike-off stick is used to level the grain in the test cup, and the grain
remaining in the cup is weighed. The
weight is then converted to and reported
in the traditional U.S. unit, pounds per
TEST WEIGHT (lb/bu & kg/hl)
bushel (lb/bu). Results are also reported
U.S. AGGREGATE RESULTS SUMMARY
in kilograms per hectoliter (kg/hl) in
Test Weight (both)this report. The average and standard
59.1
deviation for the 2021/2022 samples were
58.9
(76.1)
the following:(75.8)● Average: 59.1 lb/bu (76.1 kg/hl),higher than 2020/2021 (58.3 lb/bu or
75.1 kg/hl), 2019/2020 (58.9 lb/bu or
75.8 kg/hl) and the minimum for U.S.
No. 1 grade (57.0 lb/bu or 73.4 kg/hl).
● Standard deviation: 1.55 lb/bu(1.99 kg/hl), lower than 2020/2021(1.92 lb/bu or 2.47 kg/hl) and2019/2020 (1.59 lb/bu or 2.04 kg/hl)

58.3(75.1)

MY19/20

MY20/21

MY21/222021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report • 3

QUALITY TEST RESULTSBROKEN KERNELS AND FOREIGN MATERIAL
Broken kernels and foreign material (BNFM), an indicator of the amount of clean, soundsorghum available for feed and processing, is reported as the sum of broken kernels asa percent of the dockage-free sample weight and the foreign material.
Broken kernels is defined as all material that passes through a 5/64th -inch triangularhole sieve and over a 2.5/64th -inch round-hole sieve.
Foreign material is defined as all material, except sorghum, that remains on top of the
5/64th -inch triangular-hole sieve and all matter other than sorghum, which passes overa No. 6 riddle. Foreign material is reported as a sum of the mechanically-separated
foreign material as a percent of thedockage-free sample weight and the
BNFM (%)
BNFM (%)
handpicked foreign material as a percent
U.S. AGGREGATE RESULTS SUMMARYof the handpicked sample portion weight.
The average and standard deviation forthe 2021/2022 samples were the following:
1.7● Average: 1.5%, lower than 2020/2021(1.6%), 2019/2020 (1.7%) and the
maximum for U.S. No. 1 grade (3.0%)

1.6
1.5

● Standard deviation: 0.85%, lower
than 2020/2021 (1.08%) and higher
than 2019/2020 (0.74%)
MY19/20

MY20/21

MY21/22FOREIGN MATERIAL
Foreign material, a part of BNFM, consists Foreign Material (%)
FOREIGN MATERIAL (%)
of non-sorghum material and dust. Foreign
U.S. AGGREGATE RESULTS SUMMARY
material is generally higher in moisture
content than the sorghum itself andreduces feed and processing value. The
0.7
average and standard deviation for the
0.6
2021/2022 samples were the following:
0.5● Average: 0.7%, higher than
2020/2021 (0.6%) and 2019/2020(0.5%) but below the maximum for
U.S. No. 1 grade (1.0%)● Standard deviation: 0.53%,
higher than 2020/2021 (0.45%)
and 2019/2020 (0.40%)
4 • 2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report

MY19/20

MY20/21

MY21/22QUALITY TEST RESULTSTOTAL DAMAGE
Total damage is the percentage of kernels and pieces of kernels that are damaged
in some way. A representative working sample of 15 grams of BNFM-free sorghum isvisually examined by a properly trained individual for the content of damaged kernels.
Types of damage include germ-damaged kernels, ground- or weather-damaged kernels,
diseased kernels, frost-damaged kernels, heat-damaged kernels, insect-bored kernels,
mold-damaged kernels (surface or internal), mold-like substance, purple-pigmentdamaged kernels and sprout-damaged kernels.
Total damageis reported as the weight
Total Damage(%)
percentage of the working sample that is total damaged grain.
● Average: 0.0%, same as
2020/2021 (0.0%) and lower
than 2019/2020 (0.2%) andthe maximum for U.S. No. 1
grade (2.0%)

TOTAL DAMAGE (%)
U.S. AGGREGATE RESULTS SUMMARY

0.2● Standard deviation: 0.16%,
lower than 2020/2021 (0.26%)
and 2019/2020 (0.89%)
MY19/20

0.0

0.0

MY20/21

MY21/22HEAT DAMAGE
Heat damage is a subset of total damage and consists of kernels and pieces of sorghum
kernels that are materially discolored and damaged by heat. It occurs during heated
air drying or in storage. Heat-damaged kernels are determined by a properly trained
individual visually inspecting a 15-gram sample of BNFM-free sorghum. Heat damage,if found, is reported separately from total damage. The average for the 2021/2022
samples was the following:● Average: 0.0%, no heat damage was observed, same as in 2020/2021
and 2019/2020

2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report • 5

QUALITY TEST RESULTS
B. TANNINS
Tannins are present in sorghum varieties that have a pigmented testa within their kernels.
Tannins affect nutritional and functional properties as a result of interactions of the tannins
in sorghum-containing rations. Values near or below 4.0 mg catechin equivalents (CE) per
gram (g) sample by this method generally imply the absence of condensed tannins. Type IIItannin sorghums usually have values greater than 8.0 mg CE/g.
Leucoanthocyanidins (catechins) and proanthocyanidins (tannins) are a class offlavonoids known as flavanols that react with vanillin in the presence of mineral acids to
produce a red color. Vanillin reacts with flavanols, but other flavonoid compounds cangive specific color development. The test involves grinding approximately 50 g of soundseed using a UDY grinder with a 1 mm sieve and accurately weighing 0.30 g of thissample for analysis. Extraction and analysis are performed using the vanillin-HCl testwith blank subtraction to remove interference by sorghum pigments. Developed color ismeasured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 500 nanometers. A standard curve is
run using pure catechin. Tests are run in triplicates, and the average value is reported
as mg CE/g sample on a dry basis.

Tannins (mg CE/g)

DON'T CHANGE THE FONT SIZE ON THIS CHART● Tannin levels in all 97 samples were less than 4.0 mg CE/g, implying an absenceof tannins, the same as in 2020/2021 and 2019/2020.

TANNINS (%)
PERCENT OF SAMPLE BY CROP YEAR

 2019/2020  2020/2021  2021/2022

100.0 100.0 100.0

0.0
<4.0

6 • 2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report

0.0
4.0-7.9

0.0

0.0

0.0
≥8.0

0.0

QUALITY TEST RESULTS
C. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Chemical composition of sorghum is important because the components of protein,starch and oil are of significant interest to end-users. These attributes provide additional
information related to nutritional value for livestock and poultry feeding and other processing
uses of sorghum. Chemical composition tests for protein, oil and starch were conductedusing an approximately 50-gram sample in a Perten DA 7250 Near-Infrared Reflectance(NIR) instrument. Results are reported on a dry basis (percent of non-water material).

SUMMARY: CHEMICAL FACTORS
2021/2022
No. ofStd.
Samples Avg. Dev.

2020/2021
No. ofStd.
Min. Max. Samples Avg. Dev.

U.S. Aggregate

2019/2020
No. ofStd.
Min. Max. Samples Avg. Dev.

U.S. Aggregate
0.89

Protein (Dry Basis %)

97

11.3

14.5

108

11.2

12.8

68

10.4* 0.76

Starch (Dry Basis %)97

73.4 0.97 71.2 75.5

108

72.6* 1.01 69.1 75.2

68

72.1* 1.21 68.5 74.6

Oil (Dry Basis %)

97

4.7

108

4.7

68

4.7

0.32

9.2

Min. Max.

U.S. Aggregate

2.9

5.2

0.79
0.20

9.3
3.9

5.2

0.26

9.0
3.4

13.1
5.1

*

Indicates average was significantly different from current year’s sorghum, based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95.0% level of significance.

PROTEIN
Protein is very important for poultry and
PROTEIN (Dry Basis %)Protein (Dry Basis %)livestock feeding, as it supplies essential
U.S. AGGREGATE RESULTS SUMMARY
sulfur-containing amino acids andimproves the feed conversion efficiency.
11.3
11.2
Protein is usually inversely related tostarch concentration. Results are reported
on a dry basis. The average and standard
10.4
deviation for the 2021/2022 samples were
the following:● Average: 11.3%, higher
than 2020/2021 (11.2%)
and 2019/2020 (10.4%)● Standard deviation: 0.89%,
higher than 2020/2021 (0.79%)
and 2019/2020 (0.76%)

MY19/20

MY20/21

MY21/222021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report • 7

QUALITY TEST RESULTS
STARCH
Starch is related to metabolizable energy
for livestock and poultry. High starchconcentration is often indicative of goodkernel maturation/filling conditions andreasonably moderate kernel densities.
Results are reported on a dry basis. The
average and standard deviation for the2021/2022 samples were the following:

Starch (Dry Basis %)STARCH (Dry Basis %)U.S. AGGREGATE RESULTS SUMMARY

73.4
72.1

72.6

● Average: 73.4%, higher
than 2020/2021 (72.6%)
and 2019/2020 (72.1%)● Standard deviation: 0.97%,
lower than 2020/2021 (1.01%)
and 2019/2020 (1.21%)

MY19/20

MY20/21

MY21/22OIL
Oil is an essential component of poultry
and livestock rations. It serves as anenergy source, enables fat-soluble
vitamins to be utilized and provides
certain essential fatty acids. Oil may also
be an important co-product of sorghum
value-added processing. Results arereported on a dry basis. The averageand standard deviation for the 2021/2022
samples were the following:● Average: 4.7%, same as 2020/2021
and 2019/2020

U.S. AGGREGATE RESULTS SUMMARY

4.7

4.7

4.7

MY19/20

MY20/21

MY21/22● Standard deviation: 0.32%, higher
than 2020/2021 (0.20%) and 2019/2020 (0.26%)

8 • 2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report

OIL (Dry Basis %)Oil (Dry Basis %)QUALITY TEST RESULTS
D. PHYSICAL FACTORS
Physical factors include other quality attributes that are neither grading factors nor
chemical composition. Tests for physical factors provide additional information about
the processing characteristics of sorghum for various uses, as well as its storability andpotential for breakage in handling.

SUMMARY: PHYSICAL FACTORS
2021/2022
No. ofStd.
Samples Avg. Dev.

2020/2021
No. ofStd.
Min. Max. Samples Avg. Dev.

U.S. Aggregate

2019/2020
No. ofStd.
Min. Max. Samples Avg. Dev.

U.S. Aggregate

Min. Max.

U.S. Aggregate

Kernel Diameter (mm)972.52 0.15 1.98 2.94

108

2.48 0.13 2.20 2.85

68

2.57* 0.10 2.28 2.82

1000-Kernel Weight (g)9725.23 3.08 16.70 32.60

108

25.02 2.72 19.09 31.71

68

26.58* 2.11 22.60 31.99

Kernel Hardness Index

97

67.8

108

67.1

68

70.9*

4.8

53.9 79.9

5.6

48.1 83.7

6.1

50.2 85.3*

Indicates average was significantly different from current year’s sorghum, based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95.0% level of significance.

KERNEL DIAMETER
Kernel diameter directly correlates with kernel volume, affects material handlingpractices and may indicate the maturity of kernels.
Kernel diameter is measured using a
Kernel Diameter (mm)KERNEL DIAMETER (mm)Perten Single Kernel Characterization
U.S. AGGREGATE RESULTS SUMMARY
System (SKCS 4100). The instrument
records the individual diameter of 300
seeds and calculates the average seed
2.57
diameter in millimeters (mm). The average
2.52
and standard deviation for the 2021/2022
2.48
samples were the following:● Average: 2.52 mm, higher than
2020/2021 (2.48 mm) and lower
than 2019/2020 (2.57 mm)● Standard deviation: 0.15 mm,
higher than 2020/2021 (0.13mm) and 2019/2020 (0.10 mm)

MY19/20

MY20/21

MY21/222021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report • 9

QUALITY TEST RESULTS
1000-KERNEL WEIGHT
1000-kernel weight (commonly referred to as TKW) is the weight for a fixed number ofkernels and is reported in grams. Kernel volume (or size) can be inferred from TKW. As
TKW increases or decreases, kernel volume will proportionally increase or decrease.
The TKW is determined from the average weight of 300 individual kernel replicatesusing the SKCS 4100. The instrument weighs each seed to the nearest 0.01 mg andautomatically calculates the TKW
based on the average weight of the
1000-KERNEL WEIGHT (g)TKW (g)300 individual seeds. The average
U.S. AGGREGATE RESULTS SUMMARYTKW is reported in grams. The
average and standard deviation forthe 2021/2022 samples were the26.58
following:● Average: 25.23 g, higher than
2020/2021 (25.02 g) and lower
than 2019/2020 (26.58 g)● Standard deviation: 3.08 g,
higher than 2020/2021 (2.72 g)
and 2019/2020 (2.11 g)

10 • 2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report

MY19/20

25.02

25.23

MY20/21

MY21/22QUALITY TEST RESULTS
KERNEL HARDNESS INDEX
Kernel hardness affects mold and insect resistance, size reduction behavior andsorghum end-use. Grain hardness was measured using the SKCS 4100. The SKCS
4100 automatically selects individual kernels, weighs them, and then crushes thembetween a toothed rotor and a progressively narrowing crescent gap. As a kernel iscrushed, the force between the rotor and crescent is measured. About 50 g of clean,
externally intact seed is introduced into the instrument hopper. The instrument thenautomatically characterizes 300 individual seeds. The data are reported as averagekernel hardness index, based on the
300 individual seeds. Samples are
KERNEL HARDNESS INDEX
Kernel Hardness Index
also classified as hard, mixed, or soft,
U.S. AGGREGATE RESULTS SUMMARY
depending on the average hardness index
value and hardness distribution amongthe 300 seeds. Kernel hardness index
70.9
values can range from 20 to 120. The
average and standard deviation for the
67.8
2021/2022 samples were the following:
67.1● Average: 67.8, higher than 2020/2021(67.1) and lower than 2019/2020 (70.9)● Standard deviation: 4.8, lower than
2020/2021 (5.6) and 2019/2020 (6.1)

MY19/20

MY20/21

MY21/222021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report • 11

U.S. SORGHUM SUPPORTING INFORMATION

U.S. SORGHUM GRADES AND GRADE REQUIREMENTS
Maximum Limits ofDamaged Kernels

Grade

Minimum Test
Weight per Bushel(Pounds)

Heat
Damaged(Percent)

Total(Percent)

Broken Kernels and Foreign Material
Foreign Material(part of total)(Percent)

Total(Percent)

U.S. No. 1

57.0

0.2

2.0

1.0

3.0

U.S. No. 2

55.0

0.5

5.0

2.0

6.0

U.S. No. 31

53.0

1.0

10.0

3.0

8.0

U.S. No. 4

51.0

3.0

15.0

4.0

10.0

U.S. Sample Grade is sorghum that:(a) Does not meet the requirements for the grades U.S. Nos. 1, 2, 3, or 4; or(b) Contains 8 or more stones which have an aggregate weight in excess of 0.2 percent of the sample
weight, 2 or more pieces of glass, 3 or more crotalaria seeds (Crotalaria spp.), 2 or more castor
beans (Ricinus communis L.), 4 or more particles of an unknown foreign substance(s) or a commonly
recognized harmful or toxic substance(s), 8 or more cockleburs (Xanthium spp.) or similar seeds
singly or in combination, 10 or more rodent pellets, bird droppings, or an equivalent quantity of otheranimal filth in 1,000 grams of sorghum, 11 or more pieces of other material from any combinationof animal filth, castor beans, crotalaria seeds, glass, stones, unknown foreign substances, andcockleburs; or(c) Has a musty, sour, or commercially objectionable foreign odor (except smut odor); or(d) Is badly weathered, heating or otherwise of distinctly low quality.
1

Sorghum which is distinctly discolored shall not grade any higher than U.S. No. 3.

Source: Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 810, Subpart D, United States Standards for Sorghum

12 • 2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report

U.S. SORGHUM SUPPORTING INFORMATION

U.S. AND METRIC CONVERSIONS
Sorghum Equivalents
1 bushel = 56 pounds (25.40 kilograms)
39.368 bushels = 1 metric ton
15.93 bushels/acre = 1 metric ton/hectare

Metric Equivalents
1 pound = 0.4536 kg
1 hundredweight = 100 pounds or 45.36 kg
1 metric ton = 2204.6 lbs

1 bushel/acre = 62.77 kilograms/hectare

1 metric ton = 1000 kg

1 bushel/acre = 0.6277 quintals/hectare

1 metric ton = 10 quintals

56 lbs/bushel = 72.08 kg/hectoliter

1 quintal = 100 kg
1 hectare = 2.47 acres

2021/2022 Sorghum Quality Report • 13

A global network of professionals building worldwide demandand developing markets for U.S. grains and ethanol.

Seoul

SOUTH KOREA

CANADAEUROPEAN UNION
Washington, D.C.

UNITED STATES
Mexico City

MOROCCOALGERIAMEXICO

Beijing

TURKEY

SPAIN
Tunis

TUNISIACHINA

JORDAN
EGYPT SAUDI ARABIA

Tokyo

JAPAN
TaipeiTAIWANNew Delhi

INDIA

VIETNAMCOSTA RICA
Panama City

PANAMA

COLOMBIA

Kuala Lumpur

KENYA

MALAYSIATANZANIABRAZILSINGAPORE
INDONESIAUSGC Office Locations
Global Headquarters

SOUTH AFRICA

Regional Office

AUSTRALIA

In-Country Office
USGC Representation
In-Country

20 FHEADQUARTERS:
St. NW, Suite 900  Washington, DC 20001  202-789-0789  www.grains.org

20 F Street NW, Suite 900 • Washington, DC 20001
Phone: +1-202-789-0789 • Fax: +1-202-898-0522
Email: grains@grains.org • Website: grains.org .
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: Beijing

SOUTH ASIA : New Delhi

Tel1: 011-86-10-6505-1314 • Tel2: 011-86-10-6505-2320
Fax: 011-86-10-6505-0236 • china@grains.org.cn

Tel: 011-202-695-5904 • adcastillo@grains.org

JAPAN: Tokyo

SOUTH EAST ASIA: Kuala Lumpur

Tel: 011-81-3-6206-1041 • Fax: 011-81-3-6205-4960
japan@grains.org • www.grainsjp.org

Tel: 011-603-2093-6826 • kl@grains.org

KOREA: Seoul

TAIWAN: Taipei

Tel: 011-82-2-720-1891 • Fax: 011-82-2-720-9008
seoul@grains.org

Tel: 011-886-2-2523-8801 • Fax: 011-886-2-2523-0189
taipei@grains.org

MEXICO: Mexico CityTANZANIA: Dar es Salaam

Tel1: 011-52-55-5282-0244 • Tel2: 011-52-55-5282-0973
Tel3: 011-52-55-5282-0977 • Fax: 011-52-55-5282-0974
mexicousg@grains.org

Tel: 011-255-68-362-4650
mngalaba@grains.org

MIDDLE EAST, AFRICA AND EUROPE: Tunis

LATIN AMERICA: Panama City

Tel: 011-216-71-191-640 • Fax: 011-216-71-191-650
tunis@grains.org

Tel: 011-507-315-1008 • lta@grains.org

Developing Markets • Enabling Trade • Improving Lives