TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Establishment of a cold charcoal trap-gas
chromatography-gas counting system for 85Kr
measurements in Japan and results from 1995 to 2006
Michio Aoyama, Kenji Fujii, Katsumi Hirose,
Yasuhito Igarashi, Keisuke Isogai, Wataru Nitta,
Hartmut Sartorius, Clemens Schlosser,
Wolfgang Weiss᳇⽎⎇ⓥᚲᛛⴚႎ๔
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85
Kr ߩ᷹ቯࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ᭴▽߅ࠃ߮ 1995 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2006 ᐕߩ᷹ቯ⚿ᨐ㕍ጊ㆏ᄦ, ⮮੗ᙗᴦ, ᑝἑൎᏆ, ੖ච፲ᐽੱ, ⏷⽴໪੺, ᣂ↰ᷣ,
Hartmut Sartorius, Clemens Schlosser, Wolfgang Weiss᳇⽎⎇ⓥᚲ
METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, JAPANMarch 2008

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1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0052 JapanTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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Establishment of a cold charcoal trap-gas
chromatography-gas counting system for 85Kr
measurements in Japan and results from 1995 to 2006

Michio Aoyama1, Kenji Fujii2*, Katsumi Hirose1,
Yasuhito Igarashi1, Keisuke Isogai2, Wataru Nitta2,
Hartmut Sartorius3, Clemens Schlosser3,
Wolfgang Weiss3
1)

Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
2)
Japan Chemical Analysis Center, Chiba, Japan*present address: General Environmental Technos Co.,
Ltd. (Kanso Technos)3)
Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg, GermanyPreface
Krypton-85 is a major radionuclide released from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants
into the atmosphere. Radiological concern is still present on the level and variation of
atmospheric 85Kr. Especially, a large-scale nuclear fuel reprocessing plant will be operatedin Rokkasho, Aomori, Japan. Therefore, the measurement of the atmospheric 85Kr is one of
the most significant requirements in Japanese environmental radioactivity monitoring.
However, there was no continuous measuring system for atmospheric background 85Kr in
Japan until 2000. In 1995, the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) decided to establish
a monitoring system for atmospheric 85Kr and to set-up a system based on the one
developed by the Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz BfS in Germany. In 2000, the MRI
established the atmospheric 85Kr monitoring system based on the BfS system bycollaboration with the BfS, Shimazu, Rinei and General Enviornmental Technos Co., Ltd.
(Kanso Technos). The MRI system has reliable been operated to measure the atmospheric85

Kr activity concentration from 2000 to 2005. The atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration

determined by the MRI is traceable to the BfS. In 2005, an atmospheric 85Kr monitoring
system as the same as the MRI system was constructed by the Japan Chemical Analysis
Center (JCAC) in order to establish a Japanese monitoring network for atmospheric 85Kr.
The technical report, which is a joint project of the MRI and JCAC, includes proceduraland technical details of the atmospheric 85Kr measuring MRI system, although theprinciple concepts of the MRI system and its development were published in a research
journal. This technical report is a useful tool for monitoring background 85Kr in theatmosphere.
Katsumi Hirose
Director of Geochemical Research Department
Meteorological Research InstituteAbstract
At the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) in Tsukuba, Japan, atmospheric 85Kr
activity concentrations in ground level air have been observed since 1995 in collaboration
with the Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS), Germany. In 2001, MRI implemented an
atmospheric 85Kr measurement system for continuous monitoring based principally on the
BfS method (Cold charcoal trap - Gas chromatography - Gas counting system) for the firsttime in Japan. Thereafter, this system had been used to monitor the atmospheric 85Kr
activity concentrations in ground level air at MRI in Tsukuba and several other locations inJapan up to March 2006. In parallel samples were collected and sent to the noble gas
laboratory of the BfS for analysis and quality assurance. In 2006, MRI and the Japan
Chemical Analysis Center (JCAC) had started a cooperative effort to develop a newpractical 85Kr measuring system based on the existing MRI system. Their objectives wereto establish a 85Kr monitoring system in Japan and publish a technical document on 85Kr
measurements.
This report gives a detailed description of the new 85Kr measurement systems asestablished at the MRI and JCAC and the technical procedures needed for the operation. It
includes also the results of 85Kr measurement in Tsukuba during the period from May 1995
to March 2006.
The record distinctively indicates the background level of the85

Kr activity

concentration in ground level air at mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and theelevated concentrations affected by the operation of a nuclear-fuel reprocessing plant inTokai-mura, Ibaraki, Japan.
Atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations have been continuously monitored since1995 at the MRI in Tsukuba, Japan. In January 1996, the background atmospheric 85Kr
activity concentration was 1.21 Bq m-3. It increased to 1.51 Bq m-3 in January 2006. The
annual growth rate of the background atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Tsukuba
was calculated to be 0.03 Bq m-3 yr-1 during the period from 1995 to 2006. The global
atmospheric inventory of 85Kr in December 2001 was also estimated to be 5 EBq m-3 using
the 85Kr activity concentrations observed in Tsukuba.

Contents
1 Introduction ··········································································································1-4
2 Instruments of cold charcoal trap - gas chromatography - gas counting
system of 85Kr ····································································································5-35
2.1 Sampling procedures ······················································································5-15
2.1.1 Outline ······························································································5-8
2.1.2 Start of sampling ················································································8-9
2.1.3 Routine work during sampling ···························································92.1.4 Exchange of the absorber ··································································· 9-10
2.1.5 Transfer Kr to aluminum bottle (mini can) ·········································11-13
2.1.6 Re-use of sampling instruments ························································ 13-14
2.1.7 Maintenance ····················································································· 14-15
2.2 Brief system description ················································································· 15-16
2.3 Analytical procedures ·····················································································17-19
2.4 Gas counting system·······················································································19-24
2.4.1 Sample proportinal counter operation················································· 20-22
2.4.2 Anti-coincidence counting ·································································· 22-24
2.5 Determination of the stable Kr volume···························································24-26
2.6 Schedule of sample analysis ········································································· 26-28
2.7 Calculation of atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration ··································28-29
2.8 Uncertainty of atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration··································30-33
2.9 New 85Kr measurement system ·····································································33-35
3 Standard gas for 85Kr measurement······································································· 36-37
4 Atmospheric85Kr in Japan ····················································································· 38-63

4.1 85Kr activity concentrations at Tsukuba since 1995 ········································38-57
4.2 Results in Tsukuba and Chiba during the technical transfer····························57-60
4.3 Atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Aomori······································60-61
4.4 85Kr activity concentration at several sites in Japan········································61-63

Acknowledgements··································································································64
References ···············································································································65-67

Appendices:
Appendix 1 Chromatograms of the system ······························································71-74
Appendix 2 Program of the system··········································································75-90
Appendix 3 Hardware specifications of the system ·················································91-96
Appendix 4 85Kr measurement system for continuous monitoring at the MeteorologicalResearch Institute, Japan ······································································97-107
Yasuhito Igarashi, Michio Aoyama, Kazuhiro Nemoto, Katsumi Hirose,
Takashi Miyao, Katsuhiko Fushimi, Mikihiko Suzuki, Shigeo Yasui,Yasuhiro
Asai, Iwao Aoki, Kenji Fujii, Shigeo Yamamoto, Hartmut Sartorius, Wolfgang
Weiss, 85Kr measurement system for continuous monitoring at MeteorologicalResearch Institute, Japan, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 3, 688-696,
2001
Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry

List of tables and Figures
TablesTable 2.1

Schedule of sample analysis ····································································27

Table 2.2

Uncertainties involved in 85Kr measurement ···········································33

Table 3.1

Gas composition of the sample in the aluminum bottle and the simulated
gas ··········································································································36

Table 4.1

Monthly averaged atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Tsukuba ·38

Table 4.2

Weekly atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration at Tsukuba during theperiod from May 1995 to March 2006 ···············································44-57

Table 4.3

Atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration in Tsukuba and in Chiba ··········58

Table 4.4

Sampling locations and related information ············································62

FiguresFigure 2.1

Schematic diagram of 85Kr measurement system···································5Figure 2.2

Diagram of sampling apparatus ·····························································6Figure 2.3

Absorber for 85Kr sampling ···································································7

Figure 2.4

Removal of water from absorber····························································10Figure 2.5

Water adsorbent tube ·············································································12Figure 2.6

Transfer of sample gas ···········································································12Figure 2.7

Schematic flow chart of pretreatment unit ·············································16

Figure 2.8

Schematic flow chart of the GCs ···························································16

Figure 2.9

Schematic flow chart of recirculating loop ············································20

Figure 2.10 Plateau curve of the center proportional counter····································21

Figure 2.11 Activity counting unit ············································································23
Figure 2.12 Diagram of signal cable connection ·······················································24
Figure 2.13 Chromatogram of stable Kr determination.············································25
Figure 4.1

Atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Tsukuba observed from 1995
to 2006 ···································································································39

Figure 4.2

Atmospheric background 85Kr activity concentrations in Tsukuba ········41

Figure 4.3

Typical charts of backward trajectory in winter and in summer. The point
for each category is indicated on the globe·············································42

Figure 4.4

Comparison between the observed 85Kr activity concentrations and theestimated ones from the “Trajectory Indexes” in Tsukuba in 1999·········43

Figure 4.5

Temporal variation of atmospheric 85Kr in Tsukuba and in Chiba··········59

Figure 4.6

Background 85Kr activity concentration observed at Tsukuba and Aomori
from 2003 to 2005··················································································61

Figure 4.7

Seasonal variation of the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations at all
stations in Japan ·····················································································63

Figure A.1

Chromatogram of coarse separation of Kr···············································73

Figure A.2 Expanded chromatogram of containing Kr fraction in coarse separation of
Kr ···········································································································73
Figure A.3

Chromatogram of purification of Kr ·······················································74

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

1. Introduction
The radioactive noble gas 85Kr is a beta emitter with a half-life of 10.76 years. Natural85

Kr is produced by nuclear reactions by cosmic radiation in the upper atmosphere andspontaneous fission of the heavy elements in the Earth’s crust (Styra and Butkus, 1991).
However most of the 85Kr in the present atmosphere is derived from anthropogenic
sources (i.e., nuclear weapons tests, nuclear-fuel reprocessing plants and nuclear reactors).
At present, the major sources of atmospheric 85Kr are releases from the nuclear fuelreprocessing plants in Europe (Rath, 1988, Von Hippel et al., 1986, Weiss et al., 1986 and1992).
The relatively well-known distribution of the point like sources and the fact that the only
significant sink in the atmosphere is radioactive decay, make 85Kr an ideal tracer to assess
the characteristics of the large-scale horizontal and the interhemispheric transport, as
depicted in numerical atmospheric circulation models. For instance Jacob et al. (1987),
Zimmermann et al. (1989) and Draxler (2007) simulated the global 85Kr distribution usinga three-dimensional tropospheric model while Rath (1988) used a two-dimensional model.
The solubility of 85Kr (as with all inert gases) in water is very low (the ratio of stable
Kr to water is 1.85x 1010 g/g at equilibrium) and therefore the ocean dissolves not morethan 0.1% of the annual input of 85Kr (Izrael et al., 1982). However 85Kr is also a very
useful tracer to have better understanding of oceanic processes such as relatively short-term(decadal) atmosphere-ocean exchanges and the determination of the age distribution ofwater masses in the ocean as described by Loosli (1992). The 85Kr distribution in theatmosphere can also be used as an indicator of clandestine separation of plutonium forbuilding nuclear weapons.

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Because of its inertness, the major sink of 85Kr in the Earth’s surface is a radioactive
decay at the rate of about 6% per year. The imbalance between sinks and sources of 85Kr
causes a change in the atmospheric 85Kr global inventory. The current global inventory of
85

Kr in the atmosphere is estimated to be 5000 PBq (Hirota et al., 2004). Thus, 300 PBq of85

Kr has been lost each year from the atmosphere, due to its radioactive decay. However,

the amount of released 85Kr from the nuclear-fuel reprocessing plants in Europe is now 300
to 400 PBq per year㧔United Nations, 2000). In fact the atmospheric 85Kr activity
concentration is increasing yearly according to the differences between released 85Kr anddecayed 85Kr (Hirota et al., 2004; Igarashi et al., 2000; Pollard et al., 1997).
Owing to its long half-life and chemically inertness, 85Kr has spread all over the globe.
The activity concentration of 85Kr in ground level air of 1.3 Bq m-3 in 1999 at mid-latitudesof the Northern Hemisphere is slowly but continuously increasing at an annual rate of 30
mBq m-3 because the annual global release rate of 85Kr to the atmosphere still exceeds theremoval rate by decay. Therefore it is important to monitor the concentration of
atmospheric 85Kr in order to evaluate potential radioecological impacts on human healthand the environment. Regarding radiation protection, based on its small effective doseconversion factor of the order of nSv yr-1 per Bq m-3, the annual dose of 85Kr received by
the general public is insignificant compared with the annual external dose from natural
sources. In the vicinity of a nuclear-fuel reprocessing plant the 85Kr activity concentrations
sometimes reach values of some hundred thousand Bq m-3 for a short period of time
(Gurriaran et al., 2004). Even in this case the average 85Kr activity concentration over a
year would not reach the proposed ICRP dose limit (Fujitaka, 1995).

From the viewpointof the atmospheric sciences 85Kr data can be used for validation of local, regional andglobal transport models. The well-known source term and its chemically inert properties

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

make 85Kr a useful tool for atmospheric studies (Weiss et al., 1986, 1987, 1992) in whichtransport and dilution processes should be considered but no complicated chemical
reactions are involved. In addition it seems possible to detect clandestine plutonium
production for nuclear weapons by monitoring 85Kr (Sittkus and Stockburger, 1976,
Kalinowski et al., 2004, World Meteorological Organization, 1996). As an environmental
effect the contribution of 85Kr to air conductivity has been discussed (Styra and Butkus,
1991; Stockburger et al., 1977), although the contribution of 85Kr at backgroundconcentration levels is concluded to be much smaller than the natural ones and to be buriedin natural fluctuations. However, attention should be given to the fact that the backgroundlevel of the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration at the global level is still increasing.
At the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) in Tsukuba, Japan, atmospheric 85Kr
activity concentrations have been observed since 1995 in collaboration with the Bundesamt
für Strahlenschutz (BfS), Germany (Igarashi et al., 2000). Igarashi et al. (2001) developed
a 85Kr measuring system based on the BfS method in 2000. Details of the method and thetechniques developed and used by the BfS to monitor the activity concentrations of 85Kr
and 133Xe are described in Stockburger et al., 1977 and in Sartorius et al. 2002. It was
confirmed by intercomparison measurements between the BfS and the MRI laboratories
that the 85Kr activity concentration measured by the MRI system is traceable to the value
determined by the BfS. (Igarashi et al., 2001, Figure 8, see appendix 4)
In 2006 the MRI and the Japan Chemical Analysis Center (JCAC) conducted acooperative research program of 18 months to develop a practical 85Kr measuring system
based on the MRI system. The objectives of this program were to establish a monitoring
system of atmospheric 85Kr in Japan and to publish a technical document on 85Kr
measurements.

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

In this technical report we describe the 85Kr measurement system and report the resultsof 10 years of observation of 85Kr in Tsukuba, Japan.

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

2. Instruments of cold charcoal trap - gas chromatography - gas
counting system of 85Kr
In this chapter we describe the sampling procedures, including a sampling apparatus(cold charcoal trap), and the determination of 85Kr activity concentration by a combinedgas chromatography and gas counting system as well as the description of the
instrumentation.

Figure 2.1 Schematic diagram of the 85Kr measurement system

2.1 Sampling procedures
2.1.1 Outline
Atmospheric krypton is collected using a sampling apparatus (Fig. 2.2) that consists ofan air pump, a metal absorber, and a liquid nitrogen dewar bottle. First the air is passed
through a glass filter (Whatman GF/F 47mmØ) to remove dust, and then dehumidified witha refrigerator or a dehumidifier. After removal of dust and water vapor the air is passed
through a metal absorber, which is immersed in a liquid nitrogen dewar using the air pumpand the atmospheric Kr is trapped on the activated charcoal that fills the lower part of theabsorber. Air sampling is continuously performed for one week at a constant flow rate of 1

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

l min-1 and about 10 m3 of the air is introduced into the absorber during the routine
sampling period. After end of collection trapped moisture is removed from the absorber,
and the absorber is heated to desorb the Kr trapped on the activated charcoal. The Kr
fraction is completely transferred by expansion into an evacuated aluminum bottle
followed by rinsing the absorber and the tubing with pressurized He gas at the end of thedesorption step.

Figure 2.2 Diagram of sampling apparatus

The sampling procedure described below is based on the techniques and methods of the
BfS, except for using refrigerator or a dehumidifier to remove moisture due to highhumidity of the air in Japan. The metal absorber (Fig. 2.3) was developed and designed at
the BfS (Sartorius et al. 2002, BfS 2004). It is cylindrical, 63cm and 6cmØ in length and inradius, respectively. The absorber has a needle valve, a stopcock, a manometer and a safetyvalve.

The air flow rate through the absorber is regulated with a needle valve installed at

the entrance of the absorber. Atmospheric Kr trapped on the activated charcoal is

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54transferred to an aluminum bottle by opening the stopcock at the outlet side of the absorber.
The pressure in the absorber can be read by the manometer. When the pressure in theabsorber exceeds +0.5 MPa, the excess pressure is automatically blown off through thesafety valve. The upper part of the absorber internal volume has plenty of metal fins toremove from the air moisture as ice and CO2 as dry ice. The lower part of the absorberinternal volume is filled with 200 g of activated charcoal (No. 1.09631.0500, 0.3-0.5 mm(35-50 mesh), Merck, Germany). Atmospheric trace constituents with low melting points(e.g., Kr and Xe) are adsorbed on the activated charcoal at liquid nitrogen temperature. The
absorber is kept at low pressure (about 0.5 atm) during sampling to avoid the condensationof the main air constituents N2 and O2. The major part of the air passed through theabsorber is discharged by the air pump.

Figure 2.3 Absorber for 85Kr sampling
1: Quick connects (sample out), 2: Quick connects (sample in), 3: Needle valve, 4: Safetyvalve, 5: Manometer, 6: Stop cock, 7: Fin, 8: Activated charcoal.

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

After collection, the absorber is warmed to room temperature. In this step, most of thegaseous air components (N2, O2 and CO2) and the water are discharged from the absorber.
The Kr trapped on the activated charcoal is transferred into an evacuated aluminum bottle(minican) by heating the absorber up to 300 ºC. Last of all the transfer is completed bysweeping the absorber and the tubings with He gas and flush the gas into the aluminium
bottle at a pressure of 0.4 MPa. The aluminum bottle has a volume of about 1 l with aspring-type valve. Usually, this spring-type valve seals the aluminum bottle. When thespring-type valve is pushed with a thin stick, the spring can be depressed downward andthe gas sample can be introduced into the aluminum bottle. The aluminum bottle can becovered with a cap to protect the valve. This lightweight but strong bottle is a suitabletransportation container, and the gas sample can be preserved for a long period.

2.1.2 Start of sampling
To start sampling, fix the air inlet tube carefully to the outside wall of a building to avoid
rainwater. Fresh air should be collected to ensure that the sample represents 85Kr activity
concentration in the atmosphere. During storage the absorber is kept under He pressure at+0.4 MPa. Before start of sampling the absorber is depressurized to atmospheric pressureby opening the stopcock at the outlet. Afterwards the stopcock is closed and the needle
valve checked if its closed correctly. Attach the fixing rubber collar to the absorber andcool it in the liquid nitrogen dewar. Make sure approx. 10 cm of the stainless steel part of
the absorber is above the top of the liquid nitrogen dewar. The screw bolt to exchange theactivated charcoal is fitted on the bottom of the absorber. Any shocks may affect the air
tightness of the absorber. Therefore, the handling of the absorber has to be paid care. In
order to avoid that moisture in the air sticks on the surface of the absorber as ice and to8

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

control the liquid nitrogen evaporation, it is required that the absorber is covered by athermal insulator on the part of the fixing rubber collar. When the absorber is cooled by theliquid nitrogen, the activated charcoal firstly acts as a cryopump, and therefore the pressureof manometer is gradually decreased. The pressure of manometer will be constant, when
the gas adsorption on the activated charcoal will be reached saturation. Connect the tubes
to the absorber and turn on the flow meter. After the pressure of the manometer reached-0.06 MPa open the needle valve and adjust the flow rate to 1.00 l min-1. Ten minutes later,turn on the air pump and open the stopcock completely.

2.1.3 Routine work during sampling
During sampling check the gauges (manometer, gauge1 and gauge2), flow rate, total air
volume, and amount of remaining liquid nitrogen daily. Make sure that the pressure of the
manometer is below -0.03 MPa, that the gauge1 constantly indicates the atmosphericpressure, and that gauge2 constantly indicates the negative pressure. It is important that theflow rate shows 1.00 l min-1. When the flow rate is lower adjust the flow rate back to 1.00 l
min-1 by opening the needle valve. The total amount of the air volume would be 1.44 m3
per day.The consumption rate of liquid nitrogen is 3 to 5 kg per day, so refill the dewar
with liquid nitrogen every two days. Due to the large thermal capacity of the absorber, its
increase of the temperature is negligible if the absorber is taken out of liquid nitrogen
dewar during the short time of refilling. But it is better to immerse the absorber into a spareliquid nitrogen dewar when refill the engaged dewar with liquid nitrogen.

2.1.4 Exchange of the absorber
At the end of the collection period close the stopcock and the needle valve of the9

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

absorber in use and turn off the air pump. Disconnect the tubes from the absorber, take itout of the dewar and remove the rubber collar from the absorber. Turn the absorber upside
down and hold it in a stand (refer to Fig. 2.4). When the pressure in the absorber has been
above atmospheric pressure (it takes about 5 minutes), open the stopcock completely andleave it for 35 minutes. During this time the main air components adsorbed on the activatedcharcoal are discharged. We determined that 1-2 % of Krypton had lost during a one hour
warming up. In case the stopcock has not been opened when warming up the absorber toroom temperature, the pressure in the absorber increases over +0.5 MPa, the safety valve is
automatically opened and the pressure in the absorber is immediately decreased. Exchangea glass filter of the sample unit and refill the dewar with liquid nitrogen. Finally start thenext sampling with the other absorber as described in chapter 2.1.2 “Start of sampling”.

Figure 2.4 Removal of water from absorber

10

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

2.1.5 Transfer Kr to aluminum bottle
Close the stopcock of the upside down absorber and leave it stand again for one hour todissolve the ice trapped in the absorber. The pressure in the absorber increases to +0.2 MPadue to the desorption of air trapped on the activated charcoal. If the pressure in theabsorber is less than +0.04 MPa, pressurize it with He gas to +0.1 MPa. Rotate the absorber,
which is turned upside down, like a top, attach the Quick-connects (Swagelok®) to the portof the needle valve, open the needle valve and allow the water, trapped in the absorber, runout dropwise into a beaker. Recording the amount of water can help determine whether the
moisture trap in the absorber is operating correctly or not.
After the pressure of the absorber reaches atmospheric pressure close the needle valve,
remove the Quick-connects and insert the absorber into a cylindrical heater. When thesample gas is transferred into the aluminum bottle, use a water adsorbent tube to remove
the water vapor in the sample gas (Figures.2.5 and 2.6). Fill the inner tube of the water
adsorbent tube with the regenerated silica gels, insert it into the outer tube, and connect it
firmly to the upper cap of the water adsorbent tube with the stretching ring. The water
adsorbent tube is connected between the absorber and the aluminum bottle. When the water
adsorbent tube is assembled no silica gel should remain on the surface of the flange of theinner tube.

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Figure 2.5 Water adsorbent tube

Figure 2.6 Transfer of sample gas

12

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Screw a closed minican valve onto an evacuated aluminum bottle (minican), and connect
it to the water adsorbent tube with Quick-connects. Connect the counter-port of the water
adsorbent tube to the absorber with the Quick-connects. Open the stopcock and the minicanvalve completely ensure that the manometer indicates negative pressure (-0.03 MPa) andthen record it. Close both valves and switch on the heater. Heat the absorber for one hour at
300 ºC. Fifteen minutes after the heater was switched on check the manometer to makesure that no sharp increase of the pressure has occurred due to the water vapor. Open the
stopcock and the minican valve completely to decrease the pressure of the system toconstant pressure. After the stabilisation of the pressure in the system close both valves.
After one hour open the stopcock and the minican valve completely and record the pressureof the manometer. The pressure of the gases in the minican is typically +0.1 - +0.3 MPa. To
ensure a quantitative transfer of the desorbed gases from the activated charcoal to thealuminum bottle, rinse out the absorber by slowly pressurizing the system with He gas
from the port of the needle valve side until +0.4 MPa is reached. After pressurizing at +0.4
MPa, close all the valves and remove the water adsorbent tube (including the minicanvalve and the aluminum bottle) from the absorber. Remove the minican valve (including
the aluminum bottle) from the water adsorbent tube. Remove the aluminum bottle from theminican valve. Paste a sampling label on the bottle indicating the sampling location, thesampling period, and the sample number and then screw a cap onto the bottle.

2.1.6 Re-use of sampling instruments
a. Regeneration of the absorber
Connect a silicon tube to the outlet port of the stopcock side and open it to exhaust theexcess pressure. At this time, water drops are attached inside the silicon tube. Blow He gas

13

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

into the absorber from the port of the needle valve side at a low flow rate. It is easy toadjust the flow rate by controlling the out-coming gas using a conventional flow meter witha water tube (at several bubbles per second). Continue to heat the absorber (300 ºC) until
no condensed water is visible in the silicon tube at the outlet (about one hour).
Next, switch off the heater and leave the absorber in the heater for two hours. Continue
to flush the absorber with He gas. After two hours close all the valves of the absorber,
remove it from the heater, place it on the stand and allow it to cool. After the absorber iscooled to room temperature, pressurize it with He gas until +0.4 MPa is reached. Check the
air tightness of the absorber by appling soapy water to the parts where leakage would occur
making sure no bubbles appear. With the next usage of the absorber, air tightness can beensured by maintaining the pressure (+0.4MPa).
b. Ensuring dryness of the water adsorbent tube
 Open the stretching ring, remove the inner tube and move the silica gel to a beaker. Next
regenerate the silica gel by heating it in a drying oven, dismantle the water adsorbent tube
and dry the components until the next usage.

2.1.7 Maintenance
If a suitable flow rate can not be achieved during sampling, it is necessary to confirm
that the air inlet has not been blocked. If the manometer has not maintained negative
pressure, make sure that no leakage is occurring in the sampling unit and that the air pumphas normal suction. If the air pump has failed, replace it with a spare air pump. If theexchanged air pump is repaired, it can be reused.
If the flow rate is unstable, check the connection between the tubes and the sampling
unit. The activated charcoal in the absorber will become fine during use, and part of the

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

activated charcoal may flow out with water from the needle valve. Therefore, change theactivated charcoal every one or two years.

2.2 A brief system description
The MRI 85Kr measuring system consists of two trap tubes (made of stainless steel;
Traps 1 and 2, packed with activated charcoal), three gas chromatographs (GC 1, 2 and 3)(GC-14B, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), an activity measurement unit containing a gas-flow
proportional counter (200 ml in volume) (No. 49583, LND, New York, USA) and two dataprocessing and control systems (Shimadzu Chromatopack C-R7A). The sample flow lines
are built mostly of using stainless-steel tubes (1/8 inch or 2 mm diameter) and connectedby appropriate stainless-steel fittings (Swagelok, Solon, OH, USA and Shimadzu). The
treatment unit (Shimazu) is composed of Trap 1 [6 mm diameter, filling: 60 ml of activatedcharcoal, 30 to 45 mesh (Shimadzu)] and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD; hereafterreferred to as TCD-P). This unit is used for the crude separation of Kr from other gases.
Figs. 2.7 and 2.8 show the schematic flow chart of pre-treatment unit and the GCs,
respectively. The separation and purification conditions of the whole system were adjusted
and calibrated by using simulated standard gas, which was designed to have a composition
similar to that of the real sample gas in the aluminum bottle. The pre-treatment unit has
multiple ports to introduce the simulated gas for test and calibration and He gas for purging
the line; their amounts and flow rates are controlled by a mass flow monitor/controller(DS-3, Stech, Kyoto, Japan).

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Figure 2.7 Schematic flow chart of pre-treatment unit㪚㪪㪸㫄㫇㫃㪼 㫀㫅㪈㪏㪇㫂㪧㪸
㪧

㪟㪼

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㪭㪼㫅㫋㪅

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㪚

㪤㪭㪉 㪃 㪤㪭㪊㪥㪚㪪㪭㪎㪉㪉㪇㫂㪧㪸
㪧㩿 㪭㪈 㫆㪽㪽 㪀 㪚㪟㪋㪪㪣㪪㪸㫄㫇㫃㪼 㪣㫆㫆㫇㪚㪚㪚㪿㫆㫂㪼 㪚㫆㫃㫌㫄㫅 㩿㫊㫀㫃㫀㪺㪸 㪹㪼㪸㪻㫊㪀

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䋺䌏䌆䌆

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㪛㫀㫊㪺㪿㪸㫉㪾㪼㪧㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㫌㫉㪼 㪚㫆㫅㫋㫉㫆㫃㪼㫉㪤㪚㪤㪸㫀㫅 㪚㫆㫃㫌㫄㫅㪧㪚㪧㫉㪼 㪚㫆㫃㫌㫄㫅㪩㪚㪩㪼㪽㪼㫉㪼㫅㪺㪼 㪚㫆㫃㫌㫄㫅

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㪚㪸㫇㫀㫃㫃㪸㫉㫐 㪫㫌㪹㪼㪪㪣㪌㪪㫋㪸㫅㪻㪸㫉㪻 㪾㪸㫊 㫀㫅㩿㫄㪸㫅㫅㫌㪸㫃㪀㪪㪫㪛㪈㩿㪢㫉㪄㪚㪟㪋㪀

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Figure 2.8 Schematic flow chart of the GCs

16

㪭㪼㫅㫋㪅

㪪㪸㫄㫇㫃㪼 㫀㫅㩿㪤㪸㫅㫅㫌㪸㫃㪀

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

2.3 Analytical procedures
The sample gas in the aluminum bottle is injected into the pre-treatment unit (see Fig.
2.7); in the first stage, it sequentially passes through the wet CO2 removal column and thewater removal column. The wet CO2 removal column (22 mm in diameter, 230 mm inlength) has a special design to remove a large volume of CO2; packed with Askarite II (No.
C049-H40, 8-20 mesh, 50 g, Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, NJ, USA), on the silica gel
layer (0.35 to 2.0 mm, 7 g) (Kanto Kagaku, Tokyo, Japan), with 10 ml of pure water added
just before the analysis. The water removal column (10 mm in diameter, 145 mm in length)
is packed with Mg(ClO4)2 (No. 500-94444, 10 g) (Kishida Chemical, Osaka, Japan). The
sample gas is pushed into the pre-treatment unit by over pressure in the aluminum bottle.
The gas flow rate is set at 250 ml min-1 for the sample and at 350 ml min-1 for thesimulated sample. The sample gas then flows into Trap 1 where it is cooled to -90 ºC by
immersion in refrigerated ethanol (5 liter). The refrigerator used is a Cryocool CC-100II(Neslab, Portsmouth, NH, USA). After most of the sample gas is released in the aluminumbottle by over pressure, He gas is charged into the aluminum bottle to rinse it and tocomplete the sample transfer. The flush of pure He completely elutes major air components
adsorbed on the activated charcoal in Trap 1 chromatographically. It usually takes 30 to 40
min to elute most of the air components from Trap 1. Fifty to 60 minutes after the start,
Trap 1 is manually removed from the cold bath and placed in the heater (ARF-80KC, Asahi
Rika, Chiba, Japan). Continuous He flow at up to 400 ºC transfers the gases retained inTrap 1 to Trap 2 (4 mm in diameter; filled with 1 ml of activated charcoal) immersed inliquid Ar (about 0.5 l). After adsorption of Kr in Trap 2, the trap is heated by a sheath
heater, and the gases retained in the trap are injected sequentially into GC 1 and GC 2 forisolation of Kr (Fig. 2.8). In these processes, pure CH4 (purity 99.999%) is used as a carrier

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

gas which is also used as part of the counting gas mixture in the proportional counter toimprove the counting conditions for the 85Kr activity measurement. The analyticalconditions for the GCs are summarized in Table 1 in Igarashi et al., (2001). In addition,
Trap 2 and GC 1, 2 and 3 are operated automatically by a Shimadzu Chromatopack C-R7A
system and its BASIC program. The chromatogram output data of all GCs areautomatically recorded and analyzed by the C-R7A.
The separation system at the Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz in Freiburg is based on twolarge-diameter, column and valve. It operates under normal pressure and a low gas flowrate of several milliliters per minute (Stockburger et al., 1977). The MRI separation system
is composed of commercially available GC parts, (i.e., small-diameter tube, column andvalve). It operates at relatively high pressures up to 300 kPa and a high gas flow rate of 70
ml min-1. This caused a problem in the early version of the MRI system. Even if CO2 werecompletely removed, the separation column was saturated with abundant N2 and O2
relative to Kr in the sample, resulting in insufficient isolation and purification of Kr frommajor air components. In the early stages of system development, removal of O2 wasattempted by using an oxidation reaction column, but a satisfactory outcome was not
obtained. Therefore, the idea of chemical removal of O2 was later rejected. A pre-treatment
unit, which employed gas chromatographic separation at low temperature, was newly
developed and integrated. Crude separation of Kr from N2 and O2 is carried out with thisunit, to achieve the complete isolation of Kr. This unit is the most innovative part of the
MRI system. Activated charcoal, which has a high affinity to noble gases heavier than Ar
was chosen as an adsorbent in this trap-and-purge technique. Trap 1 was also intended tohave a sufficiently large capacity (60 ml) to avoid saturation problems. In order to achieve
the chromatographic separation of N2 and O2 from the noble gas fraction, the retention time

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

of Kr at low temperature was monitored. A known volume of Kr was introduced into Trap
1 immersed in a different cold medium and its elution was recorded. The retention time
was increased to a good value by decreasing the column temperare. The retention time of
Kr was long enough to completely separate Kr from other gas components at 90 ºC. It wasalso confirmed that the temperature for the purge procedure should be as high as possible
so as to ensure the recovery of the noble gas fraction from the trap. In practice, the purge
temperature was set at 400 ºC.

2.4 Gas counting system
The purified Kr fraction is subsequently introduced into the loop which includes the
proportional conter (Fig. 2.9). The loop is closed off after the Kr fraction has been
introduced and the sample gases in the loop are mixed well by circulation with a newly
devised plunger-type air pump (Mac pump 40, Nitto Koatsu, Ibaraki, Japan) in order toattain homogeneity in the loop. When homogeneity has been achieved, the excess pressure
is released by equilibration with atmospheric pressure through a four-way valve in the loop.
The beta activity of 85Kr is counted by the proportional counter. Background counting iscarried out before and after the Kr sample measurement to confirm the sample purge. The
beta-counting of 85Kr is continued until at least 10000 net counts have been obtained. The
activity counting unit is composed of a NIM bin power module (Repic RPN-011), a
four-channel high-voltage supply (Repic RPH-011), a pre-amplifier (Model 142AH, Ortec,
Tennessee, USA), an analog-to-digital converter (Model 705, Philips Scientific, Mahwah,
NJ, USA), a gate and delay generator (Model 794, Philips Scientific), logics devices(Models 756 and 757, Philips Scientific), and a personal computer support counter system(RPN-032, Repic). Along with activity counting, the volume of stable Kr in the loop is

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

precisely determined with GC 3, the sampling loop of which is also located in theabove-mentioned recirculating loop. Thus the specific activity of 85Kr is obtained from theactivity counting and the stable Kr volume measurements.
ᵩᶐᵋᵡᵦᵒ ᵱᵲᵢᴾᶅᵿᶑ㪞㪤㩷㫋㫌㪹㪼䋨㪉㪈㪋㪋㪏㪎䋩

㪉

㪈

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㪈㪅㪌㫄㫃
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V3
(㧾e.6)

㪍ᵆᵩᶐᴾᶎᶓᶐᶇᶄᶇᶁᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᵇ㪥㪦㪚

Flow monitor /Volume monitor

ᵥᵡᵏ

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(Re.23)

V4(Re.7)

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V5(㧾e.8)

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㪌

㪈

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㪉

MV2

㪥㪦

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SV6
(Re.19)ᵡᵦᵒ ᶁᵿᶐᶐᶇᶃᶐᴾᶅᵿᶑ

㪥㪚䌉䌎㪽㫆㫉㩷㪻㪼㫋㪼㫉㫄㫀㫅㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㫍㫆㫃㫌㫄㪼㩷㫆㪽㩷㫉㪼㪄㪺㫀㫉㪺㫌㫃㪸㫋㫀㫅㪾㩷㫃㫆㫆㫇㪭㪼㫅㫋㪅

Figure 2.9 Schematic flow chart of recirculating loop

2.4.1 Operation of the proportional counter
Figure 2.10 depicts the plateau curve of the center proportional counter that is used forthe 85Kr activity measurement. For the measurement of the plateau curve Kr gas
corresponding to 3% of the recirculating loop volume was introduced and mixed with CH4.
Since the Kr gas produced at present from air already contains 85Kr, pure Kr gas itself is agood activity source. A counting time of 5 min was applied for each high-voltage value,
giving the counting characteristics of the counter. The signal output began at 3400 V and a

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

plateau was attained between 3600 and 4000 V. Highly stable counting was achieved withthe present proportional counter. Dependent on the counter plateau the high voltage for the85

Kr measurement was set to a value between 3600 and 3800 V to optimize the counting

performance. It should be noted that long use of proportional counters finally result in
disappearance of the plateau. This ageing effect may be caused by the deposition ofcarbonaceous material on the surfaces of the detector arising from decomposition of themeasurement gas, CH4.

Figure 2.10 Plateau curve of the center proportional counter

Activity counting (u) gave a good linear response to the stable Kr volume (v) in therecirculating loop system (in one instance, u=24.84+31.39v, r~0.999, for 0.8-8.0 ml ofstable Kr, n~5). This result indicated that the activity counting was not affected by a trivial
change of gas composition in the proportional counter accompanied by varying Kr content.

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 3 in Igarashi et al., (2001) gave the activity-counting efficiency of the proportionalcounter of the MRI system. It was obtained by using the reference Kr gas of which the 85Kr
activity was determined with the BfS system in Freiburg. Thus the MRI and the BfS
systems had a common calibration regarding 85Kr activity measurement. A counting
efficiency of 55 to 60% was achieved with the present system. The data were in goodaccordance with the volume ratio of the proportional counter to the whole recirculating
loop suggesting that the active volume of the proportional counter was 85 to 90%.
Currently the proportional counter is shielded by 10 cm thick lead bricks and no otherbackground reduction procedures have been applied. The background count rate for the
proportional counter is 80 counts min-1. However 85Kr has a relatively high concentrationlevel of at least 1 Bq m-3, and it is fairly easy to measure 85Kr activity with high precision.
The current detection limit defined by 3.29 times one sigma of background is 0.02 Bq m-3
under the present conditions. Since the detection limit of the stable Kr measurement is of
the order of some tens ppmv at the GC 3, the major factor controlling the detection limit ofthis system is the activity measurement rather than stable Kr measurement.

2.4.2 Anti-coincidence counting
We introduced an anti-coincidence technique to reduce the counting background. The
anti-coincidence system consists of a center proportional counter and an outer proportionalcounter. The center proportional counter is inserted into the outer proportional counter (No.
49215, LND, USA) for anti-coincidence counting which is operated at a high voltage of
940 V using the counting gas, He 99.05% with 2-methyl-propane 0.95%. The high voltages
for both proportional counters are supplied by a four channel HV power supply unit
(RPH-012, Repic, Japan) and generated signals are amplified by preamplifier (Model

22

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

142AH, Ortec, USA). The signals from the preamplifier are sent to a discriminator unit
(Model 705, Phillips Scientific, USA). The functions of this unit are to set the thresholdlevel of the signal height and to convert the signal over the threshold level into digital
signal. The signals are then sent to a gate-delay generator unit (Model 794, Phillips
Scientific, USA). The functions of this unit are to delay the signal from the center
proportional counter and to convert the signal from the outer proportional counter into agate signal. Each signal is processed by logic units (Model 756&757, Phillips Scientific,USA) and an anti-coincidence circuit is built. The signals through the anti-coincidence
circuit are output to a single channel analyzer (RPN-032, Repic, Japan) as counts. The
activity-counting unit is presented in Fig. 2.11. Signal cable connections are depicted in Fig.
2.12. In the MRI system, the anti-coincidence technique reduces the background by afactor of 10 to 8 counts min-1.

23

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Figure 2.11 Activity counting unit (Electronics of the counting system)

Figure 2.12 Diagram of signal cable connection
The 85Kr measurement is continued until at least 10000 net counts have been obtained.
Before and after the sample counting, background measurements are conducted to confirm
the sample purge which replaces the sample gas by pure methane gas in the loop.
Along with the activity counting, the amount of stable Kr in the recirculating loop is
precisely determined by GC3. Consequently the specific activity of 85Kr (Bq ml-1) is
obtained from the activity measurement by the proportional counters and the amount of
stable Kr is determined by a gas chromatograph.

2.5 Determination of the amount of stable Kr
The volume concentration of stable Kr in the loop is precisely determined by the gas

24

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

chromatograph (GC2014, Shimadzu, Japan). In this gas chromatograph (GC3) pure He gas
is used as a carrier gas and its main column for separation is packed with MS-5A.
An example of a gas chromatogram is presented in Fig. 2.13. It is important to confirm
that the peaks of krypton and methane are well-separated (not overlapped) in the gas
chromatogram. When the separation of the main column is incomplete, the MS-5A column
should be regenerated or exchanged. The presence of oxygen in the proportional counter
reduces the activity count rate. Confirm that no peaks of air components (O2 and N2) arepresent in the gas chromatogram. If air peaks exists in the gas chromatogram, it isnecessary to check the air tightness of each connection and six-ways valve. The Kr gas in
the sample loop in re-circulation loop is subjected to analyze stable krypton concentration.

2.0

Output voltage / 105㱘V

He gas carrier

1.5
CH4
1.0

Kr

0.5

0

0

5

10

15

20

25

Time / min.

Figure 2.13 Chromatogram of stable Kr determination

In GC3 the gas in the sample loop (2 ml) is analyzed, after the loop is opened until its
pressure becomes equilibrium with atmospheric pressure. The sample volume determinedwith GC3 depends on the temperature and air pressure, Therefore, analytical results
obtained by the GC3 should be corrected to a standard condition for a fixed temperature (025TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54ºC) and air pressure (1 atm), which are monitored in the measurement room. The krypton
volumes are corrected to standard temperature and pressure conditions (STP; 0 ºC, 1 atm).
The Boyle-Charle’s law is applied to the correction of the Kr volume assuming that the Krgas behaves as an ideal gas.
Three gravimetric-made standard Kr-CH4 mixed gases are used to calibrate GC3 prior toand after determine the stable Kr volume in the sample. The stable Kr volumeconcentrations in the standard gases using the calibration of the GC3 are determined,taking into account the Kr amount in the sample gas. The Kr volume concentrations in thethree standard gases used are 0.5, 1 and 3 %.

2.6 Schedule of sample analysis
The time required for a sample analysis is as follows.
Calibration of the GC3 requires three hours before the sample analysis, but thiscalibration is performed automatically by a basic program. It takes one hour for the
pre-treatment unit to separate the air components coarsely. It takes 30 minutes to separate
and purify the Kr gas. Two to three hours are needed to measure the activity, depending on
the Kr recovery and its activity level. It takes 30 minutes to determine the concentration of
stable Kr in the sample. Nine hours are needed to carry out all analytical processes,
including in a sample analyis. Therefore, only one sample can be analyzed per day in thecurrent 85Kr measurement system. The system operation for 85Kr analysis is carried out asfollows.
The pre-treatment unit is turned on just before the sample analysis and turned off after
the sample analysis. However He gas continues to flow at a low flow rate in the
pre-treatment unit to prevent moisture or other redundant components to attach to the26

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

pre-treatment tube (Trap1). The GC1 and GC2 use methane gas as a carrier. In
consideration of safety the GC1 and GC2 are turned on just before the sample analysis.
After the sample analysis they are turned off and the carrier gas flow is also stopped. GC3
operates continuously to perform automatic calibration every morning. However, GC3 isturned off and the carrier gas flow is stopped on the weekend to control the consumption of
He gas.
To ensure the 85Kr measurement system operates normally a standard gas of a known85

Kr activity concentration is analyzed once a week.
This schedule of sample analysis for a week is presented in table 2.1. Three samples canbe analyzed in a week and if the GC3 is operated continuously during a weekend, startingof the system is unnecessary. Consequently four samples can be analyzed in a week.
Table 2.1 Schedule of sample analysis
Day of the week

Operation

MondaySystem starting

TuesdayStandard gas analysis

Wednesday

Sample analysis

Thursday

Sample analysis

FridaySample analysis

If the 85Kr measurement system is shut down for a long time, the schedule is as follows.
For a comparatively short suspension (one week), He gas continues to flow at a rate of
10 ml min-1 through the pre-treatment unit (Trap1). GC3 is turned off and its carrier gas
flow is also stopped. For a long suspension the flow of He gas through the pre-treatment
unit is stopped, the power of this unit is shut down and all the valves are closed. The

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

proportional counter counting unit (e.g., PC and logic units) and other devices, such as the
GC controller (Chromatopac C-R7A, Shimadzu, Japan), are also turned off. In the Kr
enrichment tube (Trap2), a He gas flow continues at a small flow rate. In the proportionalcounter CH4 gas continues to flow at a small flow rate or it should be formed a closed loop
to avoid absorption of the air components and moisture to the proportional counter.

2.7. Calculation of atmospheric 85Kr activiy concentration
The atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration 㧔Bq m-3㧕 is calculated by multiplying theabundance ratio of the stable Kr in the air (1.14 ml m-3) by the specific activity (Bq ml-1)
obtained from the proportional counter activity measurement and the stable Kr
determination by the gas chromatograph. It should be noted that the chemical recovery of
Kr need not to be determined to obtain the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration, which
is one of the characteristics of the method as developed by the BfS.
The activity concentration of atmospheric 85Kr can be calculated by

A䋽Rs u1
1
uuM
E Cs uV㨯㨯㨯2.1

where A is the activity concentration of atmospheric 85Kr, Rs is the net count rate of thesample, E is the counting efficiency, Cs is the stable Kr concentration in the recirculating
loop, V is the volume of the recirculating loop and M is the abundance ratio of stable Kr in
the air.
From equation 2.1, it is necessary to determine the counting efficiency of the propotional

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

counter in advance to calculate the concentration of the atmospheric 85Kr. There are two
ways to determine the proportional counter counting efficiency. One is to determine theabsolute efficiency for beta particles in the active area by evaluating precisely the
non-active area. The other is to calculate the proportional counter counting efficiency byusing a standard gas with well known 85Kr activity concentration. The first method needs
several kinds of the same type of proportional counters which have different active
volumes with known length and diameter. The counting efficieny of the BfS system wasdertermined applying this method. However this method is not easy, so the latter using the
known concentration standard gas is adopted for the determination of the counting
efficiency of the MRI system.
Using the known activity concentration of the standard gas the proportional countercounting efficiency can be found from the following equation:

Rstd
E䋽
S std u C std u V㨯㨯㨯2.2where Rstd is the net count rate of the standard gas, Sstd is the specific activity of thestandard gas and Cstd is the stable Kr concentration in the recirculating loop.
Equation 2.1 can be transformed into the following equation by substituting the
proportional counter counting efficiency (E):A䋽

Rs Cstduu S std u M
Rstd Cs㨯㨯㨯2.329

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

2.8 Uncertainty of atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration
We consider two kinds of error terms: accuracy (systematic bias of the data) and
precision (size of the randomness of the data). Accuracy is currently interpreted as
traceability. The traceability of the data is ensured by using the Kr standard gas of which
the 85Kr activity was determined by the BfS. Therefore it is necessary to estimate theprecision of the data separately and it is necessary to estimate the uncertainty involved ineach measurement.
It is necessary to estimate the uncertainty of the proportional counter counting
efficiency and the volume of the recirculationg loop using equation 2.1. However thisequation can be transformed into equation 2.3 by using the mixed standard gas, which hasa known activity concentration of 85Kr. We therefore have to estimate only the uncertainty
involved in the radioactivity measurement, in the stable Kr analysis and of the specificactivity of the mixed standard gas for the determination of the uncertainty of the 85Kr
activity concentration.

a Radioactivity measurement
The uncertainty in the radioactivity measurement is estimated as the result of thecounting error (square root of the count). Since a net counting rate is substituted for abackground counting rate from a gross counting rate, the counting error must be calculated
according to the four rules of arithmetic with error. The uncertainty in the radioactivity
measurement is

30

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

VN

N

2

t


·
 §¨ N B1 N B 2
t B1  t B 2 ¸¹©

2

㨯㨯㨯2.4

where ıN is the uncertainty of the sample (ıNs) and the standard (ıNstd) in the radioactivity
measurement, N is the gross count of the sample (Ns) and the standard (Nstd), NB1 and NB2
are the gross counts of the backgrounds, t is the counting time of the sample (ts) and thestandard (tstd), and tB1 and tB2 are the counting times of the backgrounds.

b Stable Kr analysis
The stable Kr concentration in the recirculationg loop is determined by the working
curve obtained by analyzing the standard gas which has a known concentration of thestable Kr. Therefore, the concentration of the stable Kr is calculated by the regression line

C b u E0  a㨯㨯㨯2.5where C is the concentration (%) of stable Kr of the sample(Cs) and the standard(Cstd) in
the recirculationg loop. Here, E0 is the accumulated thermal conductivity under standard
conditions (0 ºC, 1atm) of the sample gas and the standard gas, a is the intercept, and b is
the slope of linear regression.

The intercept and slope in this regression curve are included the uncertainty of the Kr
standard gas analysis. This uncertainty spread to the stable Kr concentration in the sample.
When the standard deviations of the intercept and slope are introduced as the uncertainty of
the regression curve, the uncertainty in the stable Kr analysis is31

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

VC

V a 2  E0 u V b 2

㨯㨯㨯2.6

where ıC is the uncertainty of the stable Kr analysis of the sample gas(ıCs) and the standard
gas(ıCstd), ıa and ıb are the standard deviations of the intercept and slope.
The standard deviations of the intercept and slope in the regression curve are defined as2¦xn¦ x  x
i

Va

V y/x

i

2

㨯㨯㨯2.7iiVb

V y/ x¦ x x㨯㨯㨯2.8

2

i

i

1/ 2

V y/x

­ ¦ yi  yˆ i 2 ½
°
° i
¾
®
n
2

°
°
¿
¯

㨯㨯㨯2.9where ıy/x is a statistical value that estimates the accidental error of the direction of a y-axis
in the regression curve and is used for calculating the standard deviations of the intercept
and the slope, xi is the accumulated thermal conductivity in each analysis, x is theaverage of the accumulated thermal conductivity, n is the number of the data, yi is thestable Kr concentration of the standard gas and ŷi is the stable Kr concentration
calculated by the working curve.

The mixed 85Kr standard gas used to calibrate the 85Kr measurement system was also

32

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

used to determine the proportional counter counting efficiency. The specific activity andthe net counting rate of the mixed standard gas are necessary to determine theconcentration of 85Kr. Therefore the 85Kr activity concentration needs not to be determined
the proportional counter counting efficiency and the volume of the recirculationg loop fromequation 2.7.3.
The specific activity determined by the BfS (Sstd ± ıSstd) is 0.9781 ± 0.004 Bq ml-1.
We adopt this counting error as the uncertainty of the specific activity.
The uncertainty in the 85Kr activity concentration can be estimated by the combinationof uncertainties from each source. Before the combination, the uncertainties must be
unified into relative standard uncertainty. By combining of the relative standard
uncertainties from each source, the combined standard uncertainty (Uc) can be calculated
as

2

UC

2

2

2

·
·  § V Cs ·  § V Sstd
·  §V Cstd
§V Ns ·  §V Nstd
¨
¸
¨
¸
¨
¸
¨
¸
¨
Ns ¹ ©
N std ¹ ©
Cstd ¹ ©
Cs ¹ ©
S std ¸¹©

2

㨯㨯㨯2.10
An example of uncertainties from each source is shown in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Uncertainties involved in 85Kr measurement
Sources
Radioactivity measurement (Terms1 and 2 in Eqn. 2.10)
Stable Kr analysis (Terms 3 and 4 in Eqn. 2.10)
Specific activity of the mixed standard gas(Term 5 in Eqn. 2-10)
Combined standard uncertainty (UC, k=1)

Relative standard
uncertainty (%)
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.7

2.9 New 85Kr measurement system
The new 85Kr measurement system of JCAC is constructed based on the system at MRI

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

along with the technical transfer of the 85Kr monitoring system from MRI to JCAC. This
new system consists of the sampling unit, the pre-treatment unit, the gas chromatographs
for the purification of Kr (GC1) and for the determination of the amount of stable Kr(GC2) and the proportional counter. Three sampling units have been made in considerationof the framework of 85Kr monitoring in JCAC.
The 85Kr sampling unit is almost the same as the MRI sampling unit including the metal
absorber. However the instrument for the preliminary removal of moisture has been
modified from a remodeled refrigerator to a thermoelectric dehumidifier (DH-109,
Komatsu Electronics Inc., Japan). The diagram of the sampling unit and the absorber arepresented in Fig. 2.2 and Fig. 2.3, respectively.
The new 85Kr measurement system has some improvements taking into consideration theframework of JCAC and the convenience of the usage, although the 85Kr measurement
system was also based on the MRI system. The improvements in the system of JCAC are
as follows.
1) The number of the gas chromatographs has been changed from 3 to 2:
In the framework of the environmental radioactivity monitoring at JCAC, the target
noble gaseous radionuclide is 85Kr only, so that the GC2 for purifying Xe was notconsidered.
2) In the pre-treatment unit has an additional He gas line for a pure water supply:
The pure water in a water tank can be automatically filled into a water column bypressurizing He gas.
3) The connection of the cables for the activity measurement has been modified:
The JCAC system uses two proportional counters simultaneously for sample

34

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

analysis. The delay method of the center proportional counter signal by the gate/delay
generator is changed by passing through the Mixed Logic unit several times. The
signal is delayed by physical processing. The connection of the cables among the units
for the activity measurement of JCAC is illustrated in Fig. 2.12.

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

3. Standard gas for 85Kr measurement
A simulated gas with a composition similar to that of the actual sample gas in thealuminum bottle (minican) is necessary to calibrate the 85Kr measurement system and to fix
its measurement conditions. In the early stages of development the major gas in thealuminum bottle was considered to be He and the simulated gas was prepared with the
expected composition. However when the actual sample gas was analyzed, its compositiondiffered from the expected one. Table 3.1 presents the actual sample gas compositions in
the aluminum bottle along with those of the simulated gas (Takachiho Chemicals, Japan)
based on this determination.

Table 3.1 Gas composition of the sample in the aluminum bottle and the simulated gas
Unit: (%)
O2
Kr
CH4
CO2
Xe
Total
Sample
He
Ar
N2
110-B

NA

NA

21.5

9.10

0.178

0.192

61.5

NA

92.5

178-B

10.4

NA

17.9

10.5

0.208

0.194

60.3

NA

99.5

179-B

6.89

NA

12.8

16.1

0.234

0.232

63.0

NA

99.3

Average

8.65

NA

17.4

11.9

0.207

0.206

61.6

NA

97.1

57.84

0.451

99.55

Simulated
8.12
0.903
20.9
9.76
1.07
0.949
gas B
NA, not analyzed
This table is reproduced from Tabble 2 in Igarashi et al., 2001.

The result revealed that a major component of the sample gas in the aluminum bottle is
CO2 rather than He, N2 and O2. This result suggests that CO2 has a high affinity to theactivated charcoal. Therefore the major component in the simulated gas was changed fromHe to CO2 (ca. 60%). As a result removal of CO2 became a key point for the activity

36

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

measurement of 85Kr. The CO2 in the air contains both natural and anthropogenic 14C andradio carbon interferes with the activity measurement of 85Kr. The alkali-wet column,
which can react more quickly with CO2 in the sample, was therefore devised in the
pre-treatment unit. Water is essential to complete the chemical reaction of CO2 withalkaline agents. Although water is inadequate for gas chromatographic separation, a wet
column was introduced for effective removal of a large amount of CO2 (more than a few
hundred milliliters).
Usually 4000 ml of the simulated gas was introduced into the system to adjust the whole85

Kr measurement system. Therefore about 2400 ml of CO2, about 800 ml of N2 and about

400 ml of O2 were injected into the pre-treatment unit along with about 40 ml of Kr.

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

4. Atmospheric 85Kr in Japan
4.1 85Kr activity at Tsukuba since 1995
We had observed the weekly average atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in groundlevel air in Tsukuba during the period from May 1995 to March 2006. Monthly averaged85

Kr activity concentrations are shown in Table 4.1, and weekly atmospheric 85Kr activity

concentration are shown in Table 4.2, respectively. During the period that the nuclear fuelreprocessing plant at Tokai was in operation (before May 1997 and after June 2000), high85

Kr activity concentrations exceeding 2 Bq m-3 were observed. On the other hand, low

85

Kr activity concentrations of less than 1.6 Bq m-3 were observed when operations at theTokai plant were suspended. Compared with reprocessing plants in Europe, the magnitudeof the emission at the Tokai plant is less than 10% of those in Europe (United Nations,
2000).

Table 4.1 Monthly averaged atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Tsukuba
Unit: Bq m-3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Jan
1.26 1.26
1.3 1.37 1.35 1.36 1.46 1.45 1.89 1.50 1.50
Feb
1.24 3.34 1.31 1.36 1.37 1.34 1.47 1.43 1.94 2.43 3.94
Mar
1.23 1.29 1.29 1.37 1.36 1.92 1.55 1.44 1.78 4.80 1.52
Apr
2.44 1.27 1.27 1.37 1.38 3.13 3.88 1.45 1.99 2.82
May
6.88 4.35 1.31 1.29 1.36 1.32 2.48 4.86 1.49 2.55 2.76
Jun
2.11 2.29 1.26 1.25 1.32 1.33 2.85 3.50 1.44 1.45 1.45
Jul
1.08 1.16 1.23 1.21 1.25 2.02 1.29 1.30 1.41 1.40 1.44
Aug
1.06 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.24 1.25 1.33 1.32 1.36 1.43 1.40
Sep
5.3 1.99 1.23 1.22
1.3
1.3 1.39 1.37 2.40 1.45 1.40
Oct
4.29 5.03 1.27 1.32 1.39 1.37 3.18 2.09 3.55 4.92 2.80
Nov
1.76
2.2 1.33 1.35 1.37 1.46 1.85 1.69 2.54 2.08 2.41
Dec
1.33 1.23 1.36
1.4 1.41 1.39 1.51 1.50 1.47 1.54 1.53
note: Monthly averaged atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations during the period from1995 to 2001 are cited from Hirota et al., 2004.

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Figure 4.1 plotts the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Tsukuba observed fromMay 1995 to March 2006. Sporadic high 85Kr activity concentrations were due to the effectof the release of 85Kr from a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Tokai operated by Japan
Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC), 60 km northeast from the MRI (Igarashi et al.,Atmospheric 85Kr concnetration / Bq m-3

2000).

10
8
6
4
2
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

Figure 4.1 Atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Tsukuba observed from 1995 to2006. Each box encloses 50% of the data with the median value of the variable displayed
as a line. The top and bottom of the box mark the limits of +-25% of the variable
population. The lines extending from the top and bottom of each box mark the minimum
and maximum values within the data set that fall within an acceptable range. Any value out
side of this range, called an outliter, is displayed as an individual plot. The acceptable range
is defined as follows;
Upper quartile (UQ): The data value located halfway between the median and the largest
data value.
Lower quartile (LQ): The data value located halfway between the median and the smallest
data value.
Outliters-Points whose data value is either:greater than UQ + 1.5 x (UQ – LQ) or less than LQ – 1.5 x (UQ – LQ)

Because of a fire and explosion accident in March 1997 (STA, 1997, NSC, 1997,
Igarashi et al., 1999), the operation of the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Tokai was

39

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

discontinued until the summer of 2000. During this period, no sporadic high 85Kr activity
concentrations in surface air were observed in Tsukuba. Experimental operation of thenuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Tokai was conducted in the summer of 2000, and its
routine operation was restarted in the spring of 2001. Since that time, sporadic increases ofatmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations have occurred again in Tsukuba. For the public’s
radiation protection, it is important to know the background level of the atmospheric 85Kr
activity concentrations in Japan. For the background level of atmospheric 85Kr activity
concentrations in Tsukuba, data affected by 85Kr release from the Tokai plant should be
removed. Since the effect of 85Kr release from the Tokai plant toto the atmosphere in
Tsukuba depends on wind direction, wind speed, and daily 85Kr release rate from the Tokai
plant (Igarashi et al., 2000), all of the observed data in the sampling period including thedays when the Tokai plant has been in operation were removed regardless of the 85Kr
activity concentration measured at MRI. The background data obtained are plotted in Fig.
4.2
The background atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Tsukuba have been
increasing, accompanied by seasonal variations throughout our study period. Hirota et al.
(2004) had showed that annual growth rate from 1996 to 2001 in Tsukuba was calculated
to be 0.03 Bq m-3 yr-1. This rate was at the same level as a previous estimate for the periodof 1996 - 1998 (Igarashi et al. 2000). During the period from 1995 to 2006, the linear
regression of atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration also showed similar increasingrate of 0.03 Bq m-3 yr-1. However, it must be noted that the growth rate varied annually,
especially atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration are almost constant since 2004. The
mean annual growth rate of 0.03 Bq m-3 yr-1is independently observed at all other stationsof the global BfS noble gas network. The background values measured at the sites on the40

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Northern Hemisphere of the global BfS network are in good agreement with the one
measured during winter time at MRI in Tsukuba. Pollard et al. (1997) reported theatmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations at Clonskeagh, Dublin, Ireland, between 1994 and1996. Excluding the data exceeding 2.5 Bq m-3 as outliers, the mean annual 85Kr activity
concentration was 1.12 Bq m-3 during 1994 and 1.30 Bq m-3 during 1996, and an increasing
trend of approximately 0.1 Bq m-3 yr-1 was observed which is app. a factor of 3 higher thanthe ones measured at other sites in Europe and Japan. The atmospheric 85Kr activity
concentrations in Dublin from 1994 to1996 were in agreement with those observed in

Atmospheric 85Kr concnetration / Bq m-3

winter at the MRI, Tsukuba.

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Year
85

Figure 4.2 Atmospheric background Kr activity concentrations in Tsukuba
The background atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Japan indicated a clear
seasonal variation which is characterized as low in summer and high in winter. To explain
this pattern of seasonal variation Hirota et al., (2004) had carried out the backward

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

trajectory analysis by using 85Kr data observed in Tsukuba in 1999. They used Global
Analysis Data (GANAL) compiled by the Japan Meteorological Agency for wind data
analysis. A total of 240 hours backward data (starting at an altitude of 1,500 m, about 850
hPa; 00 UTC) was calculated every 5 days. Figure 4.3(a) illustrates typical examples of the
backward trajectory in winter and Figure 4.3(b) depicts those, respectively.

Figure 4.3 Typical charts of backward trajectory in winter and in summer. The point foreach category is shown on the globe. (a) the chart for 10 days from January 5, 1999. (b) the
chart for 10 days from August 3, 1999. (Hirota et al, 2004, figure 5)
In their analysis the origin of air mass transported to Tsukuba was estimated. The
origins were grouped by four categories centering on Tsukuba, and they introduced the“Trajectory Index” of air masses to reflect the relative distribution of the global
atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations. This index is defined as a mean of the points
during the sampling period, in which the point on each day is assigned from the category of
the trajectory (Figure 4.3). Since most of the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants are located inEurope, it is considered that the area classified as category 1 shows the highest
concentrations of 85Kr, i.e., the highest point. The areas classified as categories 3 and 4

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TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

show the lowest concentrations of 85Kr, i.e., the lowest point. This classification reflects alatitudinal gradient of the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations, high in the northern air
mass and low in the southern air mass, which is in agreement with the observations
reported by Weiss et al. (1992). We examined the correlation between the “Trajectory
Index” and the observed atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations and found a goodcorrelation between them (correlation factor 0.67) was found. Using a linear regression
obtained from this correlation, we estimated 85Kr activity concentrations in Tsukuba fromthe indexes. Figure 4.4 shows the comparison between the observed 85Kr activity
concentrations and the estimated ones from the indexes in Tsukuba. The result suggeststhat the seasonal variation of the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Tsukuba,
Japan, is mainly controlled by the transport of the air masses with different origins and thatthe high concentrations from October to May are attributable to the transport of thecontinental air mass directly affected by the European sources.

Figure 4.4 Comparison between the observed 85Kr activity concentrations and theestimated ones from the “Trajectory Indexes” in Tsukuba in 1999. (Hirota et al., 2004
Figure 6)

43

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Weekly atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration at Tsukuba during the period
from May 1995 to March 2006.
code

start

stop

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

1995.5.1
1995.5.1
1995.5.1
1995.5.8
1995.5.15
1995.5.22
1995.5.29
1995.6.5
1995.6.5
1995.6.5
1995.6.5
1995.6.12
1995.6.12
1995.6.12
1995.6.19
1995.6.26
1995.7.3
1995.7.10
1995.7.14
1995.7.18
1995.7.24
1995.7.28
1995.8.1
1995.8.7
1995.8.14
1995.8.21
1995.8.28
1995.9.4
1995.9.11
1995.9.18
1995.9.25
1995.9.25
1995.10.9
1995.10.16
1995.10.23
1995.10.30
1995.11.6
1995.11.13
1995.11.20
1995.11.27
1995.12.4
1995.12.11

1995.5.8
1995.5.8
1995.5.8
1995.5.15
1995.5.22
1995.5.29
1995.6.5
1995.6.12
1995.6.12
1995.6.12
1995.6.12
1995.6.19
1995.6.19
1995.6.19
1995.6.26
1995.7.3

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

1995.7.14
1995.7.18
1995.7.28
1995.8.1
1995.8.7
1995.8.14
1995.8.21
1995.8.28
1995.9.4
1995.9.11
1995.9.18
1995.9.25
1995.10.9
1995.10.16
1995.10.23
1995.10.30
1995.11.6
1995.11.13
1995.11.20
1995.11.27
1995.12.4
1995.12.11
1995.12.18

44

Duration
day
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
7
7
4
3
6
4
3
6
5
7
4
7
7
7
7
5
5
7
4
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

85

Kr
Bq m-3
7.67 ± 0.06
7.78 ± 0.02
7.72 ± 0.23
14.20 ± 0.06
3.28 ± 0.03
6.02 ± 0.03
3.16 ± 0.03
5.03 ± 0.05
5.05 ± 0.05
4.98 ± 0.03
5.02 ± 0.15
1.19 ± 0.04
1.19 ± 0.01
1.19 ± 0.01
1.14 ± 0.01
1.11 ± 0.01
N.A
1.10 ± 0.01
1.12 ± 0.01
1.08 ± 0.01

remark

*

*

*

**

**
1.04 ± 0.01
1.03 ± 0.01
1.08 ± 0.01
1.06 ± 0.01
1.04 ± 0.01
1.08 ± 0.01
1.16 ± 0.01
1.15 ± 0.00
N.A
13.60 ± 0.10
3.60 ± 0.05
6.39 ± 0.03
8.30 ± 0.03
1.21 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.01
1.22 ± 0.01
3.11 ± 0.02
1.41 ± 0.01
1.28 ± 0.01
1.27 ± 0.01
1.42 ± 0.00**

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code
start

stop

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

1995.12.18
1995.12.25
1996.1.1
1996.1.8
1996.1.15
1996.1.22
1996.1.29
1996.2.5

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

1996.2.12
1996.2.19
1996.2.26
1996.3.5
1996.3.12
1996.3.19
1996.3.25
1996.4.2
1996.4.9
1996.4.16
1996.4.23
1996.4.30
1996.5.7
1996.5.14
1996.5.21
1996.5.28
1996.6.4
1996.6.10
1996.6.14
1996.6.17
1996.6.24
1996.7.1
1996.7.8
1996.7.15
1996.7.22
1996.7.30
1996.8.1
1996.85
1996.8.12
1996.8.19
1996.8.26
1996.9.2
1996.9.9
1996.9.16
1996.9.23
1996.9.30

85

1995.12.25
1996.1.1
1996.1.8
1996.1.15
1996.1.22
1996.1.29
1996.2.5
1996.2.12

Duration
day
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

Kr
Bq m-31.38 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.00
1.25 ± 0.00
1.24 ± 0.01
1.24 ± 0.01
1.28 ± 0.01
1.29 ± 0.01
1.25 ± 0.01

1996.2.19
1996.2.26
1996.3.5
1996.3.12
1996.3.19
1996.3.25
1996.4.2
1996.4.9
1996.4.16
1996.4.23
1996.4.30
1996.5.7
1996.5.14
1996.5.21
1996.5.28
1996.6.4
1996.6.10
1996.6.14
1996.6.17
1996.6.24
1996.7.1
1996.7.8
1996.7.15
1996.7.22
1996.7.30
1996.8.1
1996.8.5
1996.8.12
1996.8.19
1996.8.26
1996.9.2
1996.9.9
1996.9.16
1996.9.23
1996.9.30
1996.10.7

7
7
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
2
4
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
4

1.21 ± 0.01
1.27 ± 0.01
1.23 ± 0.01
1.24 ± 0.01
1.27 ± 0.01
1.21 ± 0.01
1.19 ± 0.01
1.81 ± 0.02
1.31 ± 0.01
4.55 ± 0.02
2.93 ± 0.02
1.61 ± 0.01
7.52 ± 0.05
5.76 ± 0.03
1.16 ± 0.01
2.95 ± 0.01
3.11 ± 0.02
4.72 ± 0.04
1.23 ± 0.01
1.19 ± 0.01
1.20 ± 0.00
1.21 ± 0.01
1.14 ± 0.01
1.15 ± 0.00
1.19 ± 0.01
1.12 ± 0.01
1.16 ± 0.01
1.15 ± 0.01
1.11 ± 0.01
1.19 ± 0.01
1.17 ± 0.01
1.18 ± 0.01
1.20 ± 0.01
1.18 ± 0.01
1.64 ± 0.01
4.74 ± 0.03

45

remarkTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code

start

stop

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

1996.10.7
1996.10.15
1996.10.21
1996.10.28
1996.11.5
1996.11.11
1996.11.18
1996.11.25
1996.12.2
1996.12.9
1996.12.16
1996.12.23
1996.12.25
1997.1.6
1997.1.13
1997.1.20
1997.1.27
1997.2.3
1997.2.10
1997.2.17
1997.2.24

1996.10.15
1996.10.21
1996.10.28
1996.11.5
1996.11.11
1996.11.18
1996.11.25
1996.12.2
1996.12.9
1996.12.16
1996.12.23
1996.12.25
1997.1.6
1997.1.13
1997.1.20
1997.1.27
1997.2.3
1997.2.10
1997.2.17
1997.2.24
1997.3.3

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

1997.3.15
1997.3.17
1997.3.24
1997.3.31
1997.4.7
1997.4.14
1997.4.21
1997.4.28
1997.5.5
1997.5.12
1997.5.19
1997.5.26
1997.6.3
1997.6.9
1997.6.16
1997.6.23
1997.6.30
1997.7.7
1997.7.14
1997.7.21
1997.7.28

1997.3.17
1997.3.24
1997.3.31
1997.4.7
1997.4.14
1997.4.21
1997.4.28
1997.5.5
1997.5.12
1997.5.19
1997.5.26
1997.6.3
1997.6.9
1997.6.16
1997.6.23
1997.6.30
1997.7.7
1997.7.14
1997.7.21
1997.7.28
1997.8.4

46

Duration
day
7
3
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
2
2
7
7
7
7
7
7
4
7
7
7
5
2
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

85

Kr
Bq m-38.85 ± 0.05
4.50 ± 0.04
2.72 ± 0.01
4.05 ± 0.02
3.09 ± 0.02
1.65 ± 0.04
2.50 ± 0.01
1.56 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.01
1.25 ± 0.01
1.23 ± 0.01
1.22 ± 0.02
1.22 ± 0.00
1.24 ± 0.01
1.21 ± 0.01
1.33 ± 0.01
1.28 ± 0.01
4.82 ± 0.02
3.69 ± 0.02
1.29 ± 0.01
3.56 ± 0.04
N.A
N.A
N.A
1.30 ± 0.01
1.30 ± 0.01
1.30 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.01
1.25 ± 0.01
1.29 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.01
1.29 ± 0.01
1.28 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.01
1.35 ± 0.01
1.33 ± 0.01
1.30 ± 0.01
1.29 ± 0.01
1.22 ± 0.01
1.28 ± 0.01
1.19 ± 0.01
1.21 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.01
1.28 ± 0.01
1.19 ± 0.01

remarkTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code
start

stop

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

1997.8.11
1997.8.18
1997.8.25
1997.9.1
1997.9.8
1997.9.16
1997.9.22
1997.9.29
1997.10.6
1997.10.13
1997.10.20
1997.10.27
1997.11.4
1997.11.10
1997.11.17
1997.11.25
1997.12.1
1997.12.8
1997.12.15
1997.12.22
1998.1.5
1998.1.13
1998.1.19
1998.1.26
1998.2.2
1998.2.9
1998.2.16
1998.2.23
1998.3.2
1998.3.9
1998.3.16
1998.3.23
1998.3.30
1998.4.6
1998.4.13
1998.4.20
1998.4.27
1998.5.6
1998.5.11
1998.5.14
1998.5.18
1998.5.25
1998.6.1
1998.6.2
1998.6.8

1997.8.4
1997.8.11
1997.8.18
1997.8.25
1997.9.1
1997.9.8
1997.9.16
1997.9.22
1997.9.29
1997.10.6
1997.10.13
1997.10.20
1997.10.27
1997.11.4
1997.11.10
1997.11.17
1997.11.25
1997.12.1
1997.12.8
1997.12.15
1997.12.22
1998.1.5
1998.1.13
1998.1.19
1998.1.26
1998.2.2
1998.2.9
1998.2.16
1998.2.23
1998.3.2
1998.3.9
1998.3.16
1998.3.23
1998.3.30
1998.4.6
1998.4.13
1998.4.20
1998.4.27
1998.5.6
1998.5.11
1998.5.14
1998.5.18
1998.5.25
1998.6.1
1998.6.2

47

Duration
day
4
7
7
7
7
4
6
7
4
3
4
7
6
6
7
4
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
7
5
7
7
7
3

85

Kr
Bq m-3
1.13 ± 0.01
1.18 ± 0.01
1.21 ± 0.01
1.24 ± 0.01
1.16 ± 0.01
1.21 ± 0.01
1.25 ± 0.01
1.30 ± 0.02
1.25 ± 0.01
1.25 ± 0.01
1.31 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.01
1.28 ± 0.01
1.31 ± 0.01
1.31 ± 0.01
1.34 ± 0.01
1.34 ± 0.01
1.39 ± 0.01
1.34 ± 0.01
1.35 ± 0.01
1.36 ± 0.01
1.32 ± 0.01
1.31 ± 0.01
1.32 ± 0.01
1.34 ± 0.01
1.33 ± 0.01
1.30 ± 0.01
1.34 ± 0.01
1.28 ± 0.01
1.29 ± 0.01
1.30 ± 0.01
1.33 ± 0.01
1.28 ± 0.01
1.28 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.01
1.28 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.01
1.29 ± 0.01
1.27 ± 0.01
1.35 ± 0.01
1.23 ± 0.01
1.25 ± 0.01
1.29 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.01
1.32 ± 0.01

remarkTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code
start

stop

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

1998.6.8
1998.6.15
1998.6.22
1998.6.29

1998.615
1998.6.22
1998.6.29
1998.7.6

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

1998.7.13
1998.7.21
1998.7.29
1998.8.3
1998.8.10
1998.8.17
1998.8.24
1998.8.31
1998.9.7
1998.9.14
1998.9.21
1998.9.28
1998.10.5
1998.10.12
1998.10.19
1998.10.26

1998.7.21
1998.7.29
1998.8.3
1998.8.10
1998.8.17
1998.8.24
1998.8.31
1998.9.7
1998.9.14
1998.9.21
1998.9.28
1998.10.5
1998.10.12
1998.10.19
1998.10.26
1998.11.3

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

1998.11.9
1998.11.16
1998.11.23
1998.11.30
1998.12.7
1998.12.14
1998.12.21
1998.12.28
1999.1.4
1999.1.11
1999.1.18
1999.1.25
1999.2.1
1999.2.8
1999.2.15
1999.2.22
1999.3.1
1999.3.8
1999.3.15
1999.3.23
1999.3.29
1999.4.5
1999.4.12

1998.11.16
1998.11.23
1998.11.30
1998.12.7
1998.12.14
1998.12.21
1998.12.28
1999.1.4
1999.1.11
1999.1.18
1999.1.25
1999.2.1
1999.2.8
1999.2.15
1999.2.22
1999.3.1
1999.3.8
1999.3.15
1999.3.23
1999.3.29
1999.4.5
1999.4.12
1999.4.19

48

Duration
day
7
7
7
7
7
4
8
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
4
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
6
7
7
7

85

Kr
Bq m-3
1.27 ±0.01
1.32 ±0.01
1.21 ±0.01
1.20 ±0.01
N.A
1.27 ± 0.00
1.17 ± 0.01
1.18 ± 0.01
1.23 ± 0.01
1.23 ± 0.01
1.23 ± 0.01
1.16 ± 0.01
1.21 ± 0.01
1.29 ± 0.01
1.19 ± 0.01
1.18 ± 0.01
1.25 ± 0.01
1.34 ± 0.01
1.29 ± 0.01
1.31 ± 0.01
1.32 ± 0.01
N.A
1.37 ± 0.01
1.32 ± 0.01
1.36 ± 0.01
1.36 ± 0.01
1.35 ± 0.01
1.36 ± 0.01
1.44 ± 0.01
1.45 ± 0.00
1.45 ± 0.01
1.41 ± 0.01
1.30 ± 0.01
1.32 ± 0.01
1.32 ± 0.01
1.34 ± 0.01
1.37 ± 0.01
1.42 ± 0.01
1.34 ± 0.01
1.40 ± 0.01
1.33 ± 0.01
1.37 ± 0.01
1.41 ± 0.01
1.36 ± 0.01
1.36 ± 0.01

remarkTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code

start

stop

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

1999.4.19
1999.4.26
1999.5.3
1999.5.10
1999.5.17
1999.5.24
1999.5.31
1999.6.7
1999.6.14
1999.6.21
1999.6.28
1999.7.5
1999.7.12
1999.7.19
1999.7.26
1999.8.2
1999.8.9

1999.4.26
1999.5.3
1999.5.10
1999.5.17
1999.5.24
1999.5.31
1999.6.7
1999.6.14
1999.6.21
1999.6.28
1999.7.5
1999.7.12
1999.7.19
1999.7.26
1999.8.2
1999.8.9
1999.8.16

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

1999.8.23
1999.8.30
1999.9.6
1999.9.13
1999.9.20
1999.9.27
1999.9.30
1999.10.1
1999.10.2
1999.10.4
1999.10.12
1999.10.18
1999.10.25
1999.11.1
1999.11.8
1999.11.15
1999.11.22
1999.11.29
1999.12.6
1999.12.13
1999.12.20
1999.12.27
2000.1.3
2000.1.10
2000.1.17
2000.1.24
2000.1.31

1999.8.30
1999.9.6
1999.9.13
1999.9.20
1999.9.27
1999.9.30
1999.10.1
1999.10.2
1999.10.4
1999.10.12
1999.10.18
1999.10.25
1999.11.1
1999.11.8
1999.11.15
1999.11.22
1999.11.29
1999.12.6
1999.12.13
1999.12.20
1999.12.27
2000.1.3
2000.1.10
2000.1.17
2000.1.24
2000.1.31
2000.2.7

49

Duration
day
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
3
1
1
2
4
6
4
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

85

Kr
Bq m-31.36 ± 0.01
1.40 ± 0.01
1.41 ± 0.01
1.39 ± 0.01
1.33 ± 0.02
1.31 ± 0.01
1.35 ± 0.01
1.34 ± 0.01
1.31 ± 0.01
1.36 ± 0.01
1.27 ± 0.01
1.31 ± 0.01
1.22 ± 0.01
1.24 ± 0.01
1.24 ± 0.01
1.23 ± 0.01
1.22 ± 0.01
N.A
1.26 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.01
1.28 ± 0.00
1.24 ± 0.01
1.30 ± 0.02
1.33 ± 0.01
1.38 ± 0.07
1.36 ± 0.01
1.37 ± 0.01
1.47 ± 0.01
1.35 ± 0.01
1.38 ± 0.01
1.39 ± 0.01
1.36 ± 0.01
1.44 ± 0.01
1.38 ± 0.01
1.33 ± 0.01
1.37 ± 0.03
1.44 ± 0.00
1.42 ± 0.01
1.39 ± 0.01
1.37 ± 0.02
1.33 ± 0.01
1.40 ± 0.01
1.39 ± 0.01
1.33 ± 0.01
1.32 ± 0.01

remarkTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code

start

stop

BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS
BfS

2000.2.7
2000.2.14
2000.2.21
2000.2.28
2000.3.6
2000.3.13
2000.3.21
2000.3.27

2000.2.14
2000.2.21
2000.2.28
2000.3.6
2000.3.13
2000.3.21
2000.3.27
2000.3.31

MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti

2000.4.10
2000.4.17
2000.4.24

2000.4.17
2000.4.24
2000.5.1

2000.5.8
2000.5.15
2000.5.22
2000.5.29
2000.6.5
2000.6.12
2000.6.19
2000.6.26
2000.7.3
2000.7.10
2000.7.17
2000.7.24
2000.7.31
2000.8.7
2000.8.14
2000.8.21
2000.8.28
2000.9.4
2000.9.11
2000.9.18
2000.9.25
2000.10.2
2000.10.10
2000.10.16
2000.10.23
2000.10.30
2000.11.6
2000.11.13
2000.11.20
2000.11.27
2000.12.4
2000.12.11

2000.5.15
2000.5.22
2000.5.29
2000.6.5
2000.6.12
2000.6.19
2000.6.26
2000.7.3
2000.7.10
2000.7.17
2000.7.24
2000.7.31
2000.8.7
2000.8.14
2000.8.21
2000.8.28
2000.9.4
2000.9.11
2000.9.18
2000.9.25
2000.10.2
2000.10.10
2000.10.16
2000.10.23
2000.10.29
2000.11.6
2000.11.13
2000.11.20
2000.11.27
2000.12.4
2000.12.11
2000.12.18

50

Duration
day
7
7
4
7
7
4
6
4
10
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

85

Kr
Bq m-3
1.33 ± 0.01
1.35 ± 0.01
1.50 ± 0.01
1.33 ± 0.01
1.39 ± 0.05
1.34 ± 0.01
1.36 ± 0.03
1.36 ± 0.01
N.A
1.39 ± 0.14
1.33 ± 0.13
1.38 ± 0.14
N.A
1.34 ± 0.08
1.34 ± 0.12
1.24 ± 0.06
1.27 ± 0.06
1.27 ± 0.06
1.27 ± 0.18
1.38 ± 0.09
1.26 ± 0.05
2.35 ± 0.09
2.19 ± 0.08
2.85 ± 0.12
1.24 ± 0.04
1.19 ± 0.05
1.20 ± 0.06
1.29 ± 0.04
1.25 ± 0.04
1.27 ± 0.04
1.23 ± 0.04
1.29 ± 0.04
1.38 ± 0.06
1.33 ± 0.04
1.56 ± 0.05
1.37 ± 0.06
1.39 ± 0.04
1.38 ± 0.05
1.35 ± 0.07
1.47 ± 0.03
1.48 ± 0.03
1.41 ± 0.02
1.63 ± 0.03
1.48 ± 0.03
1.41 ± 0.03

remarkTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code

start

stop

MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_non_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti

2000.12.18
2000.12.25

2000.12.25
2001.1.1

2001.1.9
2001.1.15
2001.1.22
2001.1.29
2001.2.5
2001.2.13
2001.2.19
2001.2.26
2001.3.5
2001.3.12
2001.3.19

2001.1.15
2001.1.22
2001.1.29
2001.2.5
2001.2.13
2001.2.19
2001.2.26
2001.3.5
2001.3.12
2001.3.19
2001.3.26

2001.4.2
2001.4.9
2001.4.16
2001.4.23
2001.5.1
2001.5.7
2001.5.14
2001.5.21
2001.5.28
2001.6.4
2001.6.11
2001.6.18
2001.6.25
2001.7.2

2001.4.9
2001.4.16
2001.4.23
2001.5.1
2001.5.7
2001.5.14
2001.5.21
2001.5.28
2001.6.4
2001.6.11
2001.6.18
2001.6.25
2001.7.2
2001.7.9

2001.7.16
2001.7.23
2001.7.30

2001.7.23
2001.7.30
2001.8.6

2001.8.13
2001.8.20
2001.8.27
2001.9.3
2001.9.10
2001.9.17
2001.9.25
2001.10.1
2001.10.9
2001.10.15
2001.10.22

2001.8.20
2001.8.27
2001.9.3
2001.9.10
2001.9.17
2001.9.25
2001.10.1
2001.10.9
2001.10.15
2001.10.22
2001.10.28

51

Duration
day
7
7
8
6
7
7
7
8
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
6
8
6
7
6

85

Kr
Bq m-31.35 ± 0.02
1.40 ± 0.02
N.A
1.36 ± 0.04
1.39 ± 0.04
1.39 ± 0.02
1.36 ± 0.03
1.35 ± 0.03
1.34 ± 0.03
1.38 ±0.04
1.37 ± 0.04
1.40 ± 0.02
1.66 ± 0.02
2.01 ± 0.04
N.A
1.39 ± 0.03
2.26 ± 0.05
2.67 ± 0.04
6.36 ± 0.09
1.32 ± 0.03
4.50 ± 0.09
2.23 ± 0.03
2.74 ± 0.04
N.A
1.36 ± 0.01
7.16 ± 0.07
1.36 ± 0.02
1.32 ± 0.02
1.32 ± 0.02
N.A
1.29 ± 0.02
1.34 ± 0.02
1.36 ± 0.03
N.A
1.30 ± 0.03
1.32 ± 0.02
1.31 ± 0.02
1.32 ± 0.03
1.32 ± 0.03
1.38 ± 0.03
1.38 ± 0.01
1.38 ± 0.03
3.39 ± 0.06
5.22 ± 0.09
1.57 ± 0.03

remarkTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code

start

stop

MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti

2001.10.29
2001.11.5
2001.11.12
2001.11.19
2001.11.26
2001.12.3
2001.12.10

2001.11.5
2001.11.12
2001.11.19
2001.11.26
2001.12.3
2001.12.10
2001.12.17

2001.12.24
2001.12.31
2002.1.7
2002.1.14
2002.1.21
2002.1.28
2002.2.4
2002.2.12
2002.2.18
2002.2.25
2002.3.4
2002.3.11
2002.3.18
2002.3.25
2002.4.1
2002.4.8
2002.4.15
2002.4.22
2002.4.29
2002.5.6
2002.5.13
2002.5.20
2002.5.27
2002.6.3
2002.6.10
2002.6.17
2002.6.24
2002.7.1
2002.7.8

2001.12.31
2002.1.7
2002.1.14
2002.1.21
2002.1.28
2002.2.4
2002.2.12
2002.2.18
2002.2.24
2002.3.4
2002.3.11
2002.3.18
2002.3.25
2002.4.1
2002.4.8
2002.4.15
2002.4.22
2002.4.29
2002.5.6
2002.5.13
2002.5.20
2002.5.27
2002.6.3
2002.6.10
2002.6.17
2002.6.24
2002.7.1
2002.7.8
2002.7.15

2002.7.22
2002.7.29
2002.8.5
2002.8.12
2002.8.19
2002.8.26
2002.9.9

2002.7.29
2002.8.5
2002.8.12
2002.8.19
2002.8.26
2002.9.2
2002.9.17

52

Duration
day
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

85

Kr
Bq m-33.16 ± 0.05
1.44 ± 0.02
1.76 ± 0.04
1.49 ± 0.02
2.42 ± 0.04
1.38 ± 0.03
1.40 ± 0.03
N.A
1.47 ± 0.03
1.46 ± 0.03
1.41 ± 0.04
1.45 ± 0.04
1.49 ± 0.04
1.48 ± 0.05
1.44 ± 0.04
1.48 ± 0.04
1.47 ± 0.05
1.48 ± 0.05
1.45 ± 0.03
1.46 ± 0.04
1.68 ± 0.05
1.60 ± 0.04
4.67 ± 0.11
7.75 ± 0.19
1.57 ± 0.04
4.01 ± 0.13
1.37 ± 0.05
1.47 ± 0.04
9.15 ± 0.21
7.04 ± 0.17
1.77 ± 0.05
1.42 ± 0.04
7.67 ± 0.21
3.49 ± 0.12
1.42 ± 0.03
1.33 ± 0.04
1.31 ± 0.03
N.A
1.30 ± 0.04
1.26 ± 0.03
1.29 ± 0.04
1.31 ± 0.03
1.36 ± 0.03
1.30 ± 0.03
1.33 ± 0.03

remarkTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code

start

stop

MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti

2002.9.17
2002.9.24
2002.9.30
2002.10.7
2002.10.15
2002.10.22
2002.10.28
2002.11.5
2002.11.11
2002.11.18
2002.11.25

2002.9.24
2002.9.30
2002.10.5
2002.10.15
2002.10.22
2002.10.28
2002.11.5
2002.11.11
2002.11.18
2002.11.25
2002.12.2

2002.12.9
2002.12.16
2002.12.24

2002.12.16
2002.12.24
2002.12.31

2003.1.14
2003.1.20
2003.1.27
2003.2.3
2003.2.10
2003.2.17
2003.2.24
2003.3.3
2003.3.10
2003.3.17
2003.3.24
2003.3.31
2003.4.7
2003.4.14
2003.4.21
2003.4.28
2003.5.6
2003.5.12
2003.5.19
2003.5.26
2003.6.2
2003.6.9
2003.6.16
2003.6.23
2003.6.30
2003.7.7
2003.7.14
2003.7.22

2003.1.20
2003.1.27
2003.1.27
2003.2.10
2003.2.17
2003.2.24
2003.3.3
2003.3.10
2003.3.17
2003.3.24
2003.3.31
2003.4.7
2003.4.14
2003.4.21
2003.4.28
2003.5.6
2003.5.12
2003.5.19
2003.5.26
2003.6.2
2003.6.9
2003.6.16
2003.6.23
2003.6.30
2003.7.7
2003.7.14
2003.7.22
2003.7.28

53

Duration
day
7
6
5
8
7
6
8
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
6

85

Kr
Bq m-3
1.42 ± 0.03
1.42 ± 0.04
1.32 ± 0.03
1.38 ± 0.04
1.40 ± 0.03
3.86 ± 0.10
1.72 ± 0.05
2.35 ± 0.06
1.47 ± 0.04
1.46 ± 0.04
1.48 ± 0.04
N.A
1.54 ± 0.04
1.46 ± 0.04
1.50 ± 0.04
N.A
N.A
1.44 ± 0.04
1.47 ± 0.04
1.44 ± 0.04
1.46 ± 0.04
1.45 ± 0.04
1.40 ± 0.03
1.40 ± 0.03
1.42 ± 0.04
1.44 ± 0.04
1.49 ± 0.04
1.40 ± 0.03
1.44 ± 0.04
1.42 ± 0.03
1.42 ± 0.03
1.48 ± 0.04
1.49 ± 0.04
1.44 ± 0.04
1.51 ± 0.04
1.52 ± 0.04
1.50 ± 0.05
1.51 ± 0.04
1.47 ± 0.03
1.41 ± 0.03
1.40 ± 0.02
1.41 ± 0.02
1.42 ± 0.03
1.44 ± 0.02
1.40 ± 0.02

remarkTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code

start

stop

MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti

2003.7.28
2003.8.4
2003.8.11
2003.8.18
2003.8.25
2003.9.1
2003.9.8
2003.9.16
2003.9.22
2003.9.29
2003.10.6
2003.10.14
2003.10.20
2003.10.27
2003.11.4
2003.11.10
2003.11.17
2003.11.25
2003.12.1
2003.12.8
2003.12.15
2003.12.22

2003.8.4
2003.8.11
2003.818
2003.8.25
2003.9.1
2003.9.8
2003.9.16
2003.9.22
2003.9.29
2003.10.6
2003.10.14
2003.10.20
2003.10.27
2003.11.4
2003.11.10
2003.11.17
2003.11.25
2003.12.1
2003.12.8
2003.12.15
2003.12.22
2003.12.26

2004.1.5
2004.1.13
2004.1.19
2004.1.26
2004.2.2
2004.2.9
2004.2.16
2004.2.23
2004.3.1
2004.3.8
2004.3.15
2004.3.22
2004.3.29
2004.4.5
2004.4.12
2004.4.19
2004.4.26
2004.5.3
2004.5.11
2004.5.17
2004.5.24
2004.5.31

2004.1.13
2004.1.19
2004.1.25
2004.2.2
2004.2.9
2004.2.16
2004.2.21
2004.3.1
2004.3.8
2004.3.15
2004.3.22
2004.3.29
2004.4.5
2004.4.12
2004.4.19
2004.4.26
2004.5.3
2004.5.11
2004.5.17
2004.5.24
2004.5.31
2004.6.7

54

Duration
day
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
6
7
7
8
6
7
8
6
7
8
6
7
7
7
4
10
8
6
6
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
6
7
7
7

85

Kr
Bq m-3
1.39 ± 0.02
1.33 ± 0.02
1.40 ± 0.02
1.37 ± 0.02
1.34 ± 0.03
1.39 ± 0.03
1.34 ± 0.03
1.79 ± 0.02
3.71 ± 0.04
3.75 ± 0.06
4.33 ± 0.05
1.44 ± 0.01
5.91 ± 0.06
2.53 ± 0.03
2.95 ± 0.03
4.28 ± 0.04
1.48 ± 0.01
1.44 ± 0.01
1.45 ± 0.01
1.46 ± 0.01
1.48 ± 0.03
1.48 ± 0.01
N.A
1.51 ± 0.02
1.49 ± 0.01
1.53 ± 0.01
3.01 ± 0.04
1.92 ± 0.01
1.69 ± 0.01
1.59 ± 0.01
2.58 ± 0.03
1.72 ± 0.02
1.66 ± 0.03
2.16 ± 0.02
1.51 ± 0.02
1.86 ± 0.02
2.01 ± 0.02
2.63 ± 0.02
1.49 ± 0.01
1.83 ± 0.02
1.47 ± 0.03
2.73 ± 0.03
5.45 ± 0.06
1.57 ± 0.03
1.54 ± 0.03

remarkTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code

start

stop

MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti

2004.6.7
2004.6.14
2004.6.21
2004.6.28
2004.7.5
2004.7.12
2004.7.20
2004.7.26
2004.8.2
2004.8.9
2004.8.16
2004.8.23
2004.8.30
2004.9.6
2004.9.13
2004.9.21
2004.9.27
2004.10.4
2004.10.12
2004.10.18
2004.10.25
2004.11.1
2004.11.8
2004.11.15
2004.11.22
2004.11.29
2004.12.6
2004.12.13
2004.12.20
2004.12.24
2005.1.4
2005.1.11
2005.1.17
2005.1.24
2005.1.31
2005.2.7
2005.2.14
2005.2.21
2005.2.28
2005.3.7
2005.3.14
2005.3.22
2005.3.28
2005.4.4
2005.4.11

2004.6.14
2004.6.21
2004.6.28
2004.7.5
2004.7.12
2004.7.20
2004.7.26
2004.8.2
2004.8.9
2004.8.16
2004.8.23
2004.8.30
2004.9.6
2004.9.13
2004.9.21
2004.9.27
2004.10.4
2004.10.12
2004.10.18
2004.10.25
2004.11.1
2004.11.8
2004.11.15
2004.11.22
2004.11.29
2004.12.6
2004.12.13
2004.12.20
2004.12.24
2005.1.4
2005.1.11
2005.1.17
2005.1.24
2005.1.31
2005.2.7
2005.2.14
2005.2.21
2005.2.28
2005.3.7
2005.3.14
2005.3.22
2005.3.28
2005.4.4
2005.4.11
2005.4.18

55

Duration
day
7
7
7
7
7
8
6
7
7
2
4
7
7
7
7
8
7
8
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
4
11
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
6
7
7
7

85

Kr
Bq m-3
1.47 ± 0.03
1.49 ± 0.01
1.40 ± 0.02
1.45 ± 0.02
1.38 ± 0.02
1.43 ± 0.01
1.40 ± 0.02
1.39 ± 0.01
1.39 ± 0.02
1.44 ± 0.01
1.43 ± 0.01
1.46 ± 0.01
1.40 ± 0.01
1.41 ± 0.01
1.46 ± 0.01
1.47 ± 0.01
1.47 ± 0.01
2.32 ± 0.02
7.12 ± 0.06
4.51 ± 0.03
5.74 ± 0.04
1.48 ± 0.01
3.70 ± 0.03
2.27 ± 0.02
1.45 ± 0.01
1.52 ± 0.01
1.55 ± 0.02
1.54 ± 0.01
1.57 ± 0.01
1.52 ± 0.01
1.45 ± 0.02
1.51 ± 0.02
1.50 ± 0.01
1.51 ± 0.01
1.52 ± 0.01
2.59 ± 0.03
2.44 ± 0.03
3.20 ± 0.03
1.49 ± 0.01
9.83 ± 0.08
6.21 ± 0.05
1.64 ± 0.01
1.52 ± 0.01
1.78 ± 0.02
3.61 ± 0.03

remarkTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code

start

stop

MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti
MRI_anti

2005.4.18
2005.4.25
2005.5.2
2005.5.9
2005.5.16
2005.5.23
2005.5.30
2005.6.6
2005.6.13
2005.6.20
2005.6.27
2005.7.4
2005.7.11
2005.7.19
2005.7.25
2005.8.1
2005.8.8
2005.8.15
2005.8.22
2005.8.29
2005.9.5
2005.9.12
2005.9.20
2005.9.26
2005.10.3
2005.10.7
2005.10.17
2005.10.24
2005.10.31
2005.11.7
2005.11.14
2005.11.21
2005.11.28
2005.12.5
2005.12.12
2005.12.19
2005.12.26
2006.1.4
2006.1.10
2006.1.16
2006.1.23
2006.1.30
2006.2.6
2006.2.13
2006.2.20

2005.4.25
2005.5.2
2005.5.9
2005.5.16
2005.5.23
2005.5.30
2005.6.6
2005.6.13
2005.6.20
2005.6.27
2005.7.4
2005.7.11
2005.7.19
2005.7.25
2005.8.1
2005.8.8
2005.8.15
2005.8.22
2005.8.29
2005.9.5
2005.9.12
2005.9.20
2005.9.26
2005.10.3
2005.10.7
2005.10.17
2005.10.24
2005.10.31
2005.11.7
2005.11.14
2005.11.21
2005.11.28
2005.12.5
2005.12.12
2005.12.19
2005.12.26
2006.1.4
2006.1.10
2006.1.16
2006.1.23
2006.1.0
2006.2.6
2006.2.13
2006.2.20
2006.2.27

56

Duration
day
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
18
6
7
4
10
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
9
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7

85

Kr
Bq m-34.33 ± 0.03
1.55 ± 0.01
1.53 ± 0.01
3.42 ± 0.03
2.91 ± 0.02
4.47 ± 0.05
1.49 ± 0.01
1.49 ± 0.01
1.47 ± 0.01
1.45 ± 0.01
1.41 ± 0.01
1.44 ± 0.02
1.44 ± 0.01
1.47 ± 0.02
1.41 ± 0.01
1.37 ± 0.01
1.40 ± 0.01
1.40 ± 0.02
1.41 ± 0.02
1.43 ± 0.02
1.40 ± 0.02
1.40 ± 0.02
1.43 ± 0.02
1.51 ± 0.03
1.55 ± 0.02
2.42 ± 0.02
2.50 ± 0.03
5.11 ± 0.05
2.24 ± 0.02
1.57 ± 0.02
3.38 ± 0.04
3.03 ± 0.04
1.80 ± 0.02
1.58 ± 0.02
1.53 ± 0.02
1.52 ± 0.02
1.50 ± 0.02
1.46 ± 0.02
1.51 ± 0.02
1.52 ± 0.02
1.62 ± 0.02
1.51 ± 0.02
1.62 ± 0.02
2.99 ± 0.03
8.19 ± 0.08

remarkTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.2 Continued
code

start

stop

MRI_anti
2006.2.27
2006.3.6
MRI_anti
2006.3.6
2006.3.13*mean of two or more measurements** minican was empty

Duration
day
7
7

85

Kr
Bq m-33.18 ± 0.03
1.52 ± 0.02

remark

4.2 Results in Tsukuba and Chiba during the technical transfer

The collection of the air samples in Tsukuba (MRI) and in Chiba (JCAC) from January
2006 has been started according to the technical transfer schedule. At the beginning, the air
samples were collected only in Tsukuba. On the other hand, the air sampling in Chiba has
been started at the end of February 2006 after the sampling unit was transferred to Chiba.
In order to guarantee the continuity of the data for the atmospheric 85Kr activity
concentration in Japan, the air samples both in Tsukuba and in Chiba were collected forone month in April 2006, and the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations were comparedwith each other. The results of to the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration at two
sampling points are presented in Table 4.3 and Fig. 4.5.
When we compared the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration in Tsukuba and that in
Chiba when Tokai plant was not operating, the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration in
Tsukuba (1.48-1.41 Bq m-3 in Jan., 2006) coincided with that in Chiba (1.47-1.48 Bq m-3 in
May, 2006) within the counting error. The finding concluded that no significant difference
exiated between the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Chiba and that in Tsukuba,
although Chiba is located 60 km from Tsukuba.

57

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Table 4.3 Atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration in Tsukuba and in Chiba

code

start

stop

MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
JCAC
JCAC
JCAC
JCAC
JCAC

2006.1.5
2006.1.18
2006.1.25
2006.2.1
2006.2.8
2006.2.28
2006.3.7
2006.3.14
2006.3.22
2006.3.28
2006.4.4
2006.4.11
2006.4.17
2006.4.24
2006.5.2
2006.5.11
2006.5.15
2006.5.23
2006.5.30
2006.6.6
2006.6.13
2006.6.20
2006.6.28

2006.1.10
2006.1.25
2006.2.1
2006.2.8
2006.2.15
2006.3.7
2006.3.14
2006.3.22
2006.3.28
2006.4.4
2006.4.11
2006.4.17
2006.4.24
2006.5.2
2006.5.6
2006.5.15
2006.5.23
2006.5.30
2006.6.6
2006.6.13
2006.6.20
2006.6.28
2006.7.3

Durationin days

5
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
6
7
7
6
7
8
4
4
8
7
7
7
7
8
5

58

85

Kr activity
concentration
In Bq m-3
TsukubaChiba
1.49 ± 0.01
1.49 ± 0.01
1.48 ± 0.01
1.49 ± 0.01
1.61 ± 0.01
2.24 ± 0.02
1.49±0.01
1.85±0.02
2.04±0.02
1.53±0.01
2.29±0.02
1.59±0.01
3.01±0.03
2.03±0.02
2.84±0.02
1.56±0.01
1.64±0.01
1.48±0.04
1.47±0.04
1.46±0.02
1.48±0.02
1.47±0.02
1.49±0.02
1.42±0.02
1.44±0.02
1.40±0.03

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Figure 4.5 Temporal variation of atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration in Tsukuba and in
Chiba
Compared with the background level (1.5 Bq m-3) of the atmospheric 85Kr in Japan(Tsukuba), relatively high 85Kr activity concentrations in Tsukuba and Chiba wereobserved from March to April 2006. The air samples were collected both in Tsukuba and in
Chiba during three weeks from the beginning of April 2006, and the observed
concentrations of the atmospheric 85Kr in Tsukuba were generally higher than those in
Chiba. The reason why the concentration of the atmospheric 85Kr became higher thanbackground level is considered to be the influence of the operation of the nuclear fuelreprocessing plant at Tokai, which is located about 60 km northeast of Tsukuba. Although
the transport of 85Kr from Tokai to sampling sites depends on the meteorological conditions(wind direction and wind velocity), previous analysis (Igarashi et al., 2000) revealed thatthe discharged 85Kr by the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel caused temporal increase of
the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration in Tsukuba. In addition, the reason why theconcentrations of the atmospheric 85Kr in Tsukuba were higher than those in Chiba is

59

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

explained by the difference of the distances of two sampling sites from the reprocessing
plant at Tokai. Since Chiba is located about 100 km away from Tokai, it was expected thatthe influence on the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Chiba due to the 85Kr
release from the Tokai nuclear reprocessing plant would be less than that in Tsukuba.

4.3 Atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Aomori
The operation of the large-scale nuclear fuel reprocessing plant started in April 2006 at
Rokkasho, Aomori in northern area of the Honshu Island. As a result, a significant amountof 85Kr will be released into the atmosphere. Therefore, it is important to know thebackground level of the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentration in Aomori before theoperation of the plant. We continuously collected weekly air samples at Aomori (40º 49’ N,
140º 45’ E) during the period from June 2003 to March 2006.
The temporal variation of the 85Kr activity concentration in surface air in Aomori isshowen in Fig. 4.6. The 85Kr activity concentrations in Aomori in June to December 2003
were 1.38 to 1.58 Bq m-3, those in 2004 were 1.39 to 1.66 Bq m-3, those in 2005 were 1.39
to 1.66 Bq m-3 and those in January to March 2006 were 1.50 to 1.77 Bq m-3, respectively.
The atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in Aomori were generally slightly higher thanthose in Tsukuba. The 85Kr cactivity oncentration in Aomori showed a seasonal changewith high in winter and low in summer as observed in Tsukuba. During this period, the85

Kr activity concentration in both Aomori and Tsukuba gradually increased.

60

2
1.9
1.8
3

(Bq/m )

Atmospheric conentration of 85KrTECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2

2003

2004

2005

Year

Figure 4.6 Background 85Kr activity concentration observed at Tsukuba and Aomori during 2003
to 2005 (Geochemical Res. Dep., MRI, 2005, pages 36, Figure 2)

4.4 85Kr activity at several sites in Japan
In order to clarify the spatial distribution of the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrationsin Japan, we collected air samples at six stations of Japan during the period from 1995 to
2001. However, the data of the atmospheric 85Kr in the six stations (Table 4.4), except
Tsukuba, are scant. Therefore we introduced normalized 85Kr activity concentrations. All
the background data observed from 1995 to 2001 at all the stations in Japan werenormalized to the concentration level of 2001 taking into account the annual growth rate of
0.03 Bq m-3 yr-1; this enabled us to obtain information about the spatial distribution of the
background atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations regardless of the annual variations.
Figure 4.7 depicts the seasonal variations of the normalized atmospheric 85Kr activity
concentrations in Tsukuba together with those observed at the six stations over theJapanese islands. As shown in Fig. 4.7, the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations fromFebruary to March at the stations of Wak-kanai, Sapporo, Osaka and Ishigaki were at thesame levels as those in Tsukuba. On the other hand, a few data obtained in December in

61

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Sapporo and Ishigaki seem to be different from those in Tsukuba, which is explained asfollows. Since Sapporo is at a higher latitude than Tsukuba, it was covered in early winterby the continental air mass directly affected by European sources. Therefore the 85Kr
activity concentrations in Sapporo were higher than in Tsukuba in December. On the other
hand, Ishigaki, at a lower latitude than Tsukuba, was still covered by the Pacific air mass
with lower 85Kr; thus the 85Kr activity concentrations in Ishigaki were lower than in
Tsukuba. It is suggested that the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in early winter inJapan reflect global-scale latitudinal gradient (Weiss et al., 1992). On the other hand, in
winter to early spring, Japanese islands were covered by the continental air mass.

Table 4.4 Sampling locations and related information.
StationLocation

Sampling period

Frequency of sampling

Tsukuba

36.05°N, 140.13°E

1 weekevery week

40 m

Sapporo43.06°N, 141.33°E

3 daysonce a year

17.2 mIshigaki24.33°N, 124.16°E

3 daysonce a year

5.7 m

Wakkanai

45.41°N, 141.68°E

2 hours

once a year

10.6 mSendai38.26°N, 140.90°E

2 hours

once a year

38.9 mOsaka

34.68°N, 135.52°E

2 hours

once a year

92.6 m

Fukuoka

33.58°N, 130.38°E

2 hours

once a year

17.1 m62

Height of intake

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Figure 4.7 Seasonal variation of the atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations at all stationsin Japan. Data were obtained for the period from 1995 to 2001. All data were normalized tothe concentration levels of 2001 on the assumption of an annual growth rate of 0.03
Bq·m-3·yr-1. (Hirota et al., 2004, Figure 7)

63

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere thanks to H. Y. Inoue and H. Matsueda, MRI, fortheir technical suggestions. The authors express their sincere thanks to K. Nemoto and for
managing 85Kr monitoring during the period from 1999 to 2001 and to M. Hirota, T.
Tokieda, Y. Sawa and A. Wada for managing 85Kr monitoring during the period from 2002
to 2005. M. Suzuki and S. Yasui of Shimadzu Corp., Y. Asai and I. Aoki of Repic Corp.,
and S. Yamamoto, KANSO Tecnos, are acknowledged for their services in constructing
analytical system at MRI; without their expertise the present work could not have beenaccomplished. Y. Naka, Naka Showa, and T. Yogi and M. Yamada, Shimadzu Corp., areacknowledged for their services in purchasing various parts; without their expertise thepresent work also could not have been accomplished. Mr. S. Hodota, Nitto Koatsu, isacknowledged for devising a new plunger-type air pump. Mr. R. Lehnart, LND, isacknowledged for providing proportional counters which fulfilled our requirements. The
authors express their sincere thanks to M. Suzuki, Shimadzu Corp., again for his grate
works to build new 85Kr measurement system for JCAC in 2005 and 2006. K. Ito,
Shimadzu Corp, is acknowledged for his technical support for JCAC. The authors also
express their thanks to W.J.Zhu, S. Miyashita, and S. Ishikawa to prepare the whole text,
figures ang tables in this report.
This study is supported by the fund for the research of environmental radioactivity
in Japan (Houshanou Chousa Kenkyuu-Hi) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology (MEXT), the former Science and Technology Agency (STA)
throughout our study periods up to 2006.

64

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

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as tracers in environmental studies. IAEA, Vienna, 29-62
Weiss, W., A. Sittkus, H. Sartorius, and Stockburger, H., 1987: Tschernobyl . eineRückschau. Phys. Bl., 43 (5), 125-130.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1996: Report of an Expert Consultation on
85Kr and 222Rn: Measurements, Effects and Applications (Freiburg, Germany, 28-31
March 1995), Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme Report SeriesNo. 109.
Zimmermann, P. H., J. Feichter, H. K. Rath, P. J. Crutzen, and W. Weiss, 1989: A global
three-dimensional source-receptor model investigation using 85Kr. Atmospheric
Environment, 23, 25-35.

67

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

68

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Appendices

69

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

70

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Appendix 1 Chromatogram of the system

71

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

72

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

10He gas carrier
Trap1 temp. -90㷄
Trap1 temp.
400㷄

Output voltage / 105㱘V

8
Cleaning of
Al bottle

64

Gas fraction
containing Kr

Purge ofAl bottle

Injection ofsample gas

Start heating
Trap1

2

0

0

10

20

50

30
40
Time / min.

60

70

Figure A.1 Chromatogram of coarse separation of Kr

1.5

He gas carrier

Output voltage / 105㱘V

Kr

1.0

N2O
Air

0.5

0
60

CO2

62

64

66

Xe

68

70

Time / min.

Figure A.2 Expanded chromatogram of containing Kr fraction in coarse separation of Kr

73

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

10

CH4 gas carrier

Output voltage / 105㱘V

8
Kr

Start injection of
Kr to therecirculating loop

6

Air

4

2

0
60

End of injection

62

64

66

Time / min.
Figure A.3 Chromatogram of purification of Kr

74

68

70

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Appendix 2 Program of the system

75

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

76

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

10 ' **************************************************************************
20 ' **
᳇⽎⎇ⓥᚲᲚะߌ ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㧳㧯ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
**30 ' **No ITEM
No
ITEM
No
ITEM
**
40 ' **
1
9
17**
50 ' **
2
 
10
18
**
60 ' **3 
11
19 SV6**70 ' **
4 V1(10-VALVE)
12SV1

20 STD SV1 **
80 ' **
5 ಽข↪ V2
13
SV2
21 STD SV2
**90 ' **
6 V3
 14
SV3
 22 STD SV3
**
100 ' **
7 ᄢ᳇࿶ᐔⴧ↪ V4 15
SV423 PUMP **110 ' **
8 ♖ኒಽᨆ↪ V5
16SV5
24 GM ▤ಾ឵߃↪ V6 **120 ' ****
130 ' **FOR C-R7A Plus Ver 1.1**
140 ' **
Shimadzu Corporation**
150 ' **Create2006/06/20 T.KOMAKI**
160 ' **
Update2006/08/04 T.KOMAKI**
170 ' *************************************************************************
300 CLR ,48000,8192
310 GOSUB 50000:REM ㈩೉ߩቯ⟵320 GOSUB 30000:REM 㨾㩡㨺㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨㧔⸳ቯ㑐ଥ㧕⺒ㄟ
330 GOSUB 30200:REM 㨾㩡㨺㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨㧔㩍㩨㨲㩇㩂㑐ଥ㧕⺒ㄟ
340 GOSUB 52000:REM ೋᦼ୯ߩ⺒ㄟ
350 KEY%=014EH:GOSUB 25000:GOSUB 27000:REM PRG-102A 㩢㩈㨹㩎 ೋᦼ㩖㨱㨼㩣ߩ⺒ㄟ
400 CLS:RESTORE 550:LPE=6:LN=0:TMSET=1:GOSUB 13500
410 ME$(0)=STR$(ANS)420 IF ME$(0)="1" THEN 8600
430 IF ME$(0)="2" THEN GOSUB 14500:G. 15000
440 IF ME$(0)="3" THEN 5000:REM 2006/08/04
450 IF ME$(0)="4" THEN 600
460 IF ME$(0)="5" THEN 19000
470 IF ME$(0)="6" THEN 500
500 CLS:GOSUB 25000:LOCATE 20,8:P. "ౣ⿠േߔࠆ႐วߦߪ㧾㨁㧺ࠠ࡯ࠍ᛼ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬:END
550 DATA "‫ࡓ࠹ࠬࠪڎڎڎ‬㧳㧯ࡔ࠾ࡘ࡯‫"ڎڎڎ‬560 DATA "ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠟࠬಽᨆ","ᮡḰࠟࠬಽᨆ"570 DATA "㧳㧹▤㧮㧳᷹ቯ","ࡔࡦ࠹࠽ࡦࠬ"580 DATA "ೋᦼ⸳ቯ","⚳ੌ"
600 '-- ࡔࡦ࠹࠽ࡦࠬ
610 CLS:RESTORE 700:LPE=3:LN=0:TMSET=1:GOSUB 13500
620 ME$(1)=STR$(ANS)
630 IF ME$(1)="1" THEN 8000
640 IF ME$(1)="2" THEN 8600
650 IF ME$(1)="3" THEN 400
700 DATA "ࡔࡦ࠹࠽ࡦࠬࡔ࠾ࡘ࡯
"710 DATA "㐽࡞࡯ࡊౝߩࡔ࠲ࡦᵞᵺ","Ớ❗▤὾߈ߛߒ"720 DATA "⚳ੌ"1300 '--- ೨ಣℂ㧔Ớ❗ㇱ㧕
1310 RELAY 12,OFF:RELAY 13,OFF:RELAY 15,ON:REM SV1 OFF SV2 OFF SV4 ON
1320 BTM=TM(0):MSG=1:GOSUB 9000:REM ᤨ㑆⴫␜1330 IF ABORTFLG=1 THEN 400
1340 RELAY 12,ON:RELAY 13,ON:REM SV1 ON SV2 ON
1350 BTM=TM(2):MSG=3:GOSUB 9000:REM
1360 IF ABORTFLG=1 THEN 400
1370 GOSUB 1600:CLS:X=20:Y=2:REM Ớ❗⚳ੌ ⚳ੌ㩕㩨㨺㩖㩩㖸1380 RESTORE 1500:FOR I=0 TO 3:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
1390 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+2:P. PI$(0)1400 LOCATE X,Y+4:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+4:P. PI$(1)1410 LOCATE X,Y+6:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+6:P. PI$(2)1420 LOCATE X,Y+8:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+8:P. PI$(3)1430 G. 1700
1500 DATA "ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ߩỚ❗߇⚳ੌߒ߹ߒߚ‫"ޕ‬77

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

1510 DATA "Ớ❗ኈེࠍਅߦ㒠ࠈߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
1520 DATA "㒠ࠈߔߣಽᨆ߇ࠬ࠲࡯࠻ߒ߹ߔ‫"ޕ‬
1530 DATA "ਛᢿߔࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬㧲㧣ࠠ࡯ࠍ᛼ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬1600 '----- ⚳ੌ㩕㩨㨺㩖㩩㖸
1610 FOR I=1 TO 3
1620
BEEP 10:FOR K=1 TO 120:NEXT K
1630 NEXT I
1640 BEEP 300
1650 RETURN
1700 '---- 㩇㩊㨺㩎ᓙಣℂ
1710 CHK%=KEY%
1720 IF CHK%=0096H THEN 400
1730 IN 5,A%:A=FLT((A% AND 0FH)+SR%(A%,4)*0AH)
1740 IF A=1 THEN 1760
1750 G. 1710
1760 S.DATE$=DATE$:S.TIME$=TIME$:FLAG=1
1770 GOSUB 2000:REM ශ೚
1780 START 1:WAIT 6:KEY%=014CH:WAIT 2:KEY%=009BH:WAIT 2:KEY%=0DH:WAIT 2:GOSUB 1900
1785 IF RT(1)=10 AND FLAG=1 THEN KEY%=014CH:COPY ,1:FLAG=2
1790 IF (FIX%(STATUS(1)) AND 1H)=0H THEN 1785
1800 GOSUB 8400:REM 㐽㩣㨺㩖㩩㩜㩊㩧ᡬᜈ
1810 RELAY 7,ON:REM V4 ON
1820 BTM=40:MSG=8:GOSUB 9000:RELAY 7,OFF:REM V4 OFF
1830 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN OPEN TRS 1
1840 GOSUB 3100:REM ♖ኒಽᨆ㐿ᆎᣣᤨ㩈㨹㩎1850 GOSUB 3600:REM ಽᨆᣣᤨ㩖㩩㩢㩧㩎㨻㨽㩎㧔♖ኒಽᨆ↪㧕
1860 GOSUB 3300:REM ♖ኒಽᨆ⁁ᘒࡕ࠾࠲࡯
1870 FF=FF+1:GOSUB 52000:GOSUB 27000:G. 400
1900 '--- ಽขಽᨆ⴫␜
1910 CLS:X=20:Y=2
1920 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. "ಽขಽᨆࠍⴕߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫"ޕ‬
1930 LOCATE X,Y+4:P. "ಽᨆ⚳ੌ߹ߢߒ߫ࠄߊ߅ᓙߜߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬1950 RETURN
2000 '-- Kr ಽขಽᨆශ೚
2010 PI$(0)="*** Kr ಽขಽᨆ ***":PI$(1)="ࠬ࠲࡯࠻ᣣᤨ"2020 SDT$=S.DATE$[1,2]+"ᐕ"+S.DATE$[4,5]+"᦬"+S.DATE$[7,8]+"ᣣ"2030 STM$=S.TIME$[1,2]+"ᤨ"+S.TIME$[4,5]+"ಽ"2040 LPRINT PI$(0):2050 LPRINT PI$(1);SPC(3);SDT$;SPC(3);STM$
2060 LPRINT
2100 RETURN
2500 '--- ♖ኒಽᨆ
2510 KEY%=014EH:CLS:X=20:Y=4:RESTORE 2700:FOR I=0 TO 3:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
2520 LOCATE X,Y:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(0)2530 FOR I=1 TO 2
2540
LOCATE X,Y+I+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+I+2:P. PI$(I+1)
2550 NEXT I
2560 KN%=KEY%
2570 IF KN%=0000H THEN 2560
2580 IF KN%=0020H THEN 2800
2590 IF KN%=0096H THEN GOSUB 52000:GOSUB 27000:G. 400:REM 2006/08/04
2600 G. 2560
2700 DATA ‫♖ ڎڎڎ‬ኒࠟࠬಽᨆ ‫"ڎڎڎ‬2710 DATA "Ḱ஻߇ߢ߈ߚࠄࠬࡍ࡯ࠬࠠ࡯ࠍ᛼ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
2720 DATA "ਛᢿߔࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬㧲㧣ࠠ࡯ࠍ᛼ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬2800 '--- ♖ኒಽᨆ
2810 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN OPEN TRS 1
2820 BTM=40:MSG=6:GOSUB 9000
2830 GOSUB 3100:REM ♖ኒಽᨆ㐿ᆎᣣᤨ㩈㨹㩎
2840 GOSUB 3600:REM ಽᨆᣣᤨ㩖㩩㩢㩧㩎㨻㨽㩎㧔♖ኒಽᨆ↪㧕

78

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

2850 GOSUB 3300:REM ♖ኒಽᨆ⁁ᘒࡕ࠾࠲࡯
2860 GOSUB 52000:GOSUB 27000:G. 400:REM 2006/08/04
2900 ' ਛᢿ㩁㨺ಣℂ
2910 st%=KEY%
2920 IF st%=0096H THEN ED=1
2950 RETURN
3100 '--- ♖ኒಽᨆᤨߩ࠺ࠫ࠲࡞㩙㩓㩜㨺㩊㨺୯ߩᦠㄟ
3110 S.TIME$=TIME$:S.DATE$=DATE$
3150 RETURN
3300 '--- ♖ኒಽᨆ⁁ᘒࡕ࠾࠲࡯
3310 X=15:Y=4:FLAG=13320 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN START#1 1:WAIT 3:KEY%#1=014CH:WAIT 2:KEY%#1=009BH:WAIT
2:KEY%#1=0DH
3330 RELAY 8,ON:WAIT 3:RELAY 16,ON:RELAY 19,ON:REM V5 ON SV5 ON SV6 ON
3340 CLS:LOCATE X,Y:P. "♖ኒࠟࠬಽᨆࠍⴕߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫"ޕ‬3350 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. "ಽᨆ⚳ੌ߹ߢߒ߫ࠄߊ߅ᓙߜߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬3360 IF TRSFLG=1 AND RT#1(1)=20 AND FLAG=1 THEN COPY#1 ,1:FLAG=2:REM 2006/08/04
3370 IF (FIX%(STATUS#1(1)) AND 1H)=1H THEN 3410
3380 KN%=KEY%3390 IF KN%=0000H THEN 3360
3400 G. 3360
3410 RELAY 8,OFF:REM V5 OFF
3420 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN CLOSE TRS 1
3450 RETURN
3600 '--- ಽᨆᣣᤨ㩖㩩㩢㩧㩎㨻㨽㩎㧔♖ኒಽᨆ↪㧕
3610 IF ME$(0)="1" THEN GOSUB 3700:GOSUB 3800
3620 IF ME$(0)="2" THEN GOSUB 3700:GOSUB 3900
3650 RETURN
3700 '-- ಽᨆᣣᤨ 㩅㩧㩖㩩㩣ᵈ౉࿶ 㩖㩩㩢㩧㩎
3710 IF TRSFLG=0 THEN 3750
3720 SDT$#1=S.DATE$[1,2]+"ᐕ"+S.DATE$[4,5]+"᦬"+S.DATE$[7,8]+"ᣣ"3730 STM$#1=S.TIME$[1,2]+"ᤨ"+S.TIME$[4,5]+"ಽ":3750 RETURN
3800 '-- 㩅㩧㩖㩩㩣ಽᨆශ೚
3810 IF TRSFLG=0 THEN 3870
3820 PI$(1)="ࠬ࠲࡯࠻ᣣᤨ"3830 B$#1=PI$(1)3840 LPRINT#1 "ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠟࠬಽᨆ"3850 LPRINT#1 B$;SPC(3);SDT$;SPC(3);STM$
3860 LPRINT#1
3870 RETURN
3900 '-- STD ಽᨆශ೚3910 IF TRSFLG=0 THEN 3970
3920 PI$(1)="ࠬ࠲࡯࠻ᣣᤨ"3930 B$#1=PI$(1)3940 LPRINT#1 "ᮡḰࠟࠬಽᨆ"3950 LPRINT#1 B$;SPC(3);SDT$;SPC(3);STM$
3960 LPRINT#1
3970 RETURN
4000 '-- ⺞ᢛಽᨆ
4010 CLS:X=20:Y=4
4020 RESTORE 4200:FOR I=0 TO 3:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
4030 LOCATE X,Y:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(0)4040 FOR I=1 TO 2
4050
LOCATE X,Y+I+1:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+I+1:P. PI$(I)4060 NEXT I
4070 LOCATE X,Y+5:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+5:P. PI$(3)4080 AYP=Y+6:GOSUB 14000
4090 CLS:IF ANS$="Y" THEN 4400
4100 G. 600
4200 DATA "‫⺞ ڎڎڎ‬ᢛಽᨆ ‫"ڎڎڎ‬79

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

4210 DATA "㧹㨂㧝ߩዉ౉ญ߆ࠄࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠟࠬࠍዉ౉ߊߛߐ޿"4220 DATA "৻ቯᤨ㑆ᓟ‫ޔ‬㧹㨂㧝ࠍ߹ࠊߒߡߊߛߐ޿"4230 DATA "⺞ᢛಽᨆࠍⴕ޿߹ߔ߆‫"ޕ‬4400 '--- ⺞ᢛಽᨆ
4410 S.DATE$=DATE$:S.TIME$=TIME$
4420 LOAD F "@FILE1",14430 GOSUB 2000:REM ශ೚
4440 START 1:WAIT 64450 WAIT STOP 1:REM 㩂㩢㩖㩩㩎㩧ಽᨆ⚳ੌᓙߜ
4460 G. 600
5000 '--- 㐽㩣㨺㩖㩩ౝ㩅㩧㩖㩩㩣㩀㩨㩇ಽᨆ(㩇㩊㨺㩎⏕⹺) 2006/08/04
5010 CLS:X=20:Y=4
5020 RESTORE 5200:FOR I=0 TO 1:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
5030 LOCATE X,Y:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(0)5040 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+2:P. PI$(1)5050 AYP=Y+3:GOSUB 14000
5060 CLS:IF ANS$="Y" THEN GOSUB 5500
5070 GOSUB 52000:GOSUB 27000:G. 400
5200 DATA "‫ ڎڎڎ‬㧳㧹▤㧮㧳᷹ቯ ‫"ڎڎڎ‬5210 DATA "㐽࡞࡯ࡊࠍᒻᚑߒ߹ߔ߆‫"ޕ‬
5500 '--- 㐽࡞࡯ࡊᒻᚑ㧔㧮㧳▤㧮㧳᷹ቯ㧕2006/08/04
5510 CLS:X=20:Y=2
5520 RELAY 6,ON:WAIT 3:RELAY 7,ON:REM V3 V4 ON
5530 BTM=40:MSG=8:GOSUB 9000:REM 㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨⴫␜
5540 RELAY 7,OFF:REM V4 OFF
5550 CLS:LOCATE X,Y+2:P. "㧳㧹▤㧮㧳᷹ቯਛ
"5560 LOCATE X,Y+4:P. "㧳㧹▤㧮㧳᷹ቯࠍ⚳ੌߔࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ࠍ࡯ࠠࠬ࡯ࡍࠬޔ‬᛼ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬5570 KN%=KEY%5580 IF KN%=0000H THEN 5570
5590 IF KN%=0020H THEN 5610
5600 G. 5570
5610 RELAY 6,OFF:REM V3 OFF
5650 RETURN
7000 '--- 㐽㩣㨺㩖㩩ౝ㩅㩧㩖㩩㩣㩀㩨㩇ಽᨆ(㩇㩊㨺㩎⏕⹺)
7010 CLS:X=20:Y=47020 RESTORE 7200:FOR I=0 TO 3:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
7030 LOCATE X,Y:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(0)7040 FOR I=1 TO 2
7050
LOCATE X,Y+I+1:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+I+1:P. PI$(I)7060 NEXT I
7070 LOCATE X,Y+5:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+5:P. PI$(3)7080 AYP=Y+6:GOSUB 14000
7090 CLS:IF ANS$="Y" THEN 7500
7100 GOSUB 52000:GOSUB 27000:G. 400:REM 2006/08/04
7200 DATA "‫ ڎڎڎ‬㐽࡞࡯ࡊౝߩࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠟࠬಽᨆ ‫"ڎڎڎ‬7210 DATA "㧹㨂㧞ߩዉ౉ญ߆ࠄࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠟࠬࠍዉ౉ߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
7220 DATA "৻ቯᤨ㑆ᓟ‫ޔ‬㧹㨂㧞ࠍ߹ࠊߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
7230 DATA "ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠍᓴⅣߒ߹ߔ߆‫"ޕ‬7500 '-- 㐽࡞࡯ࡊౝߩࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠟࠬಽᨆ
7510 RELAY 23,ON:REM ᓴⅣ㩘㩩㩧㩖㩩 ON
7520 BTM=30:MSG=5:GOSUB 9000:REM 㐽㩣㨺㩖㩩ᓴⅣᤨ㑆⴫␜
7530 RELAY 23,OFF:WAIT 57540 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN OPEN TRS 1:WAIT 3:START#1 1:RELAY 8,ON:
7550 CLS:X=15:Y=2:LOCATE X,Y:P. "♖ኒࠟࠬಽᨆࠍⴕߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫"ޕ‬
7560 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. "ಽᨆ⚳ੌ߹ߢߒ߫ࠄߊ߅ᓙߜߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬7570 IF TRSFLG=0 THEN WAIT 6:G. 7590
7580 IF (FIX%(STATUS#1(1)) AND 1H)=0H THEN 7580
7590 RELAY 8,OFF:WAIT 67600 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN CLOSE TRS 1
7610 G. 600

80

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

8000 '--- 㐽㩣㨺㩖㩩㩜㩊㩧ᵞᵺ
8010 CLS:X=20:Y=48020 RESTORE 8150:FOR I=0 TO 1:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
8030 LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(0)8040 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. PI$(1)8050 AYP=Y+3:GOSUB 14000
8060 CLS:IF ANS$="Y" THEN GOSUB 8200
8070 G. 600
8150 DATA "‫ ڎڎڎ‬㐽࡞࡯ࡊౝߩࡔ࠲ࡦᵞᵺ‫"ڎڎڎ‬8160 DATA "㐽࡞࡯ࡊౝߩࡔ࠲ࡦᵞᵺࠍⴕ޿߹ߔ߆"8200 '--- 㐽㩣㨺㩖㩩㩜㩊㩧ᵞᵺ
8210 CLS:RELAY 6,OFF:RELAY 16,OFF:RELAY 19,OFF:REM V3 OFF SV5 OFF SV6 OFF 2006/08/04
8220 RELAY 14,ON:RELAY 5,OFF:REM SV3 ON V2 OFF
8230 RELAY 8,OFF:WAIT 10:RELAY 23,ON:REM V5 OFF PUMP ON
8240 CLS:BTM=20:MSG=4:GOSUB 9000
8250 RELAY 23,OFF:WAIT 3:REM PUMP OFF
8260 RELAY 14,OFF:REM SV3 OFF
8300 RETURN
8400 '--- 㐽㩣㨺㩖㩩㩜㩊㩧ᡬᜈ
8410 CLS:RELAY 6,ON:WAIT 5:RELAY 7,OFF:RELAY 8,OFF:REM V3 ON V4 OFF V5 OFF
8420 RELAY 5,OFF:RELAY 16,OFF:REM V2 OFF SV5 OFF
8430 RELAY 23,ON:REM PUMP ON
8440 CLS:BTM=30:MSG=5:GOSUB 9000:
8450 RELAY 23,OFF:WAIT 10:REM PUMP OFF
8500 RETURN
8600 '--- Ớ❗▤὾߈ߛߒߩ⏕⹺
8610 CLS:X=20:Y=48620 RESTORE 8700:FOR I=0 TO 1:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
8630 LOCATE X,Y:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(0)8640 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. PI$(1)8650 AYP=Y+3:GOSUB 14000
8660 CLS:IF ANS$="Y" THEN GOSUB 8800:G. 8680
8670 IF ME$(0)="1" THEN 400
8675 IF ME$(0)="4" THEN 600:REM 2006/08/04
8680 IF ME$(0)="1" THEN 1300
8690 IF ME$(0)="4" THEN 600:REM 2006/08/04
8700 DATA "‫ ڎڎڎ‬Ớ❗▤ߩ὾߈ߛߒ‫"ڎڎڎ‬8710 DATA "Ớ❗▤ߩ὾߈ߛߒࠍⴕ޿߹ߔ߆"8800 '--- Ớ❗▤὾߈ߛߒ
8810 CLS:X=20:Y=4:RESTORE 8950:FOR I=0 TO 2:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
8820 RELAY 12,ON:RELAY 13,ON:RELAY 15,ON:REM SV1 SV2 ON SV4 ON
8830 LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(0)8840 IF ME$(0)="1" THEN LOCATE X,Y+2:P. PI$(1)8850 IF ME$(0)="4" THEN LOCATE X-10,Y+2:P. PI$(2):REM 2006/08/04
8860 KN%=KEY%8870 IF KN%=0000H THEN 8860
8880 IF KN%=0020H THEN 8900
8890 G. 8860
8900 RELAY 12,OFF:RELAY 13,OFF:REM SV1 SV2 OFF
8910 RETURN
8950 DATA "‫ ڎڎڎ‬Ớ❗▤ߩ὾߈ߛߒ‫"ڎڎڎ‬8960 DATA "Ớ❗ࠍ㐿ᆎߔࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ࠍ࡯ࠠࠬ࡯ࡍࠬޔ‬᛼ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
8970 DATA "Ớ❗▤ߩ὾߈ߛߒࠍ⚳ੌߔࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ࠍ࡯ࠠࠬ࡯ࡍࠬޔ‬᛼ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
9000 '- 㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨ಣℂ
9010 RESTORE 9400:FOR I=0 TO 11:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
9020 CLS:X=10:Y=2:PM=8:ABORTFLG=09040 IF MSG=1 THEN LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. PI$(0):LOCATE X+5,Y+6:P.
SPC(SW):LOCATE X+5,Y+6:P. PI$(PM+3)
9050 IF MSG=2 THEN LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. PI$(1)9060 IF MSG=3 THEN LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. PI$(2)9070 IF MSG=4 THEN LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. PI$(3)81TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

9080 IF MSG=5 THEN LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. PI$(4)9090 IF MSG=6 THEN LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. PI$(5)9100 IF MSG=7 THEN LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. PI$(6)9110 IF MSG=8 THEN LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X+5,Y+2:P. PI$(7)9200 FOR I=BTM TO 1 STEP -1
9210
LOCATE X+5,Y+4:P. PI$(PM)9220
LOCATE X+5+LEN(PI$(PM))+1,Y+4:P. SPC(10)9230
IF MSG=1 OR MSG=2 OR MSG=3 OR MSG=8 THEN LOCATE X+6+LEN(PI$(PM)),Y+4:P.
I;SPC(1);PI$(PM+1)
9240
IF MSG=4 OR MSG=5 OR MSG=6 OR MSG=7 THEN LOCATE X+6+LEN(PI$(PM)),Y+4:P.
I;SPC(1);PI$(PM+2)9250
CHK%=KEY%
9260
IF MSG=1 OR MSG=2 OR MSG=3 OR MSG=8 THEN WAIT 1
9270
IF MSG=4 OR MSG=5 OR MSG=6 OR MSG=7 THEN WAIT 60
9280
IF CHK%=0020H THEN I=0:ABORTFLG=1:
9290 NEXT I
9300 RETURN
9400 DATA "ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠟࠬߩỚ❗ਛߢߔ࡮࡮࡮࡮"9410 DATA "ᮡḰࠟࠬߩ⟎឵ਛߢߔ࡮࡮࡮࡮"9420 DATA "ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠟࠬỚ❗⚳ੌᓟ‫ޔ‬ᓙߜᤨ㑆ߢߔ࡮࡮࡮࡮"9430 DATA "㐽࡞࡯ࡊౝߩࡔ࠲ࡦᵞᵺਛߢߔ‫"࡮࡮࡮࡮ޕ‬9440 DATA "㐽࡞࡯ࡊౝࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠟࠬᡬᜈਛߢߔ‫"࡮࡮࡮࡮ޕ‬9450 DATA "Ớ❗▤὾߈಴ߒਛߢߔ‫"࡮࡮࡮࡮ޕ‬9460 DATA "Ớ❗▤⥄ὼ᡼಄ਛߢߔ‫"࡮࡮࡮࡮ޕ‬9470 DATA "ᄢ᳇࿶ᐔⴧᓙᤨ㑆ਛ࡮࡮࡮࡮"9480 DATA "ᱷࠅᤨ㑆","⑽","ಽ"9490 DATA "ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠟࠬỚ❗ਛᢿߩ႐วߦߪ‫ࠍ࡯ࠠࠬ࡯ࡍࠬޔ‬᛼ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
10000 '--- SAMPLE 㩂㩥㩙㩎ශ೚(޽ࠅ㧛ߥߒ)
10010 IF CRPN$="0" THEN GOSUB 10100
10020 IF CRPN$="1" THEN GOSUB 10300
10050 RETURN
10100 '-- ቯ㊂⸘▚ߩߺ
10110 FOR I=1 TO 2
10120
FOR K=1 TO 9
10130
FORMAT(I,K)=0
10140
NEXT K
10150 NEXT I
10160 FORMAT(1,1)=1:FORMAT(1,4)=2
10170 FORMAT(2,1)=1:FORMAT(2,4)=2
10200 RETURN
10300 '-- 㩂㩥㩙㩎ශ೚޽ࠅ
10310 FOR I=1 TO 2
10320
FOR K=1 TO 9
10330
FORMAT(I,K)=0
10340
NEXT K
10350 NEXT I
10360 FORMAT(1,1)=1:FORMAT(1,3)=2:FORMAT(1,4)=3
10370 FORMAT(2,1)=1:FORMAT(1,3)=2:FORMAT(2,4)=3
10400 RETURN
10500 '--- STD 㩂㩥㩙㩎ශ೚(޽ࠅ㧛ߥߒ)10510 IF CRPN$="0" THEN GOSUB 10600
10520 IF CRPN$="1" THEN GOSUB 10800
10550 RETURN
10600 '-- ቯ㊂⸘▚ߩߺ
10610 IF TRSFLG=0 THEN 10700
10620 FOR K=1 TO 9
10630
FORMAT#1(1,K)=010640 NEXT K
10650 FORMAT#1(1,1)=1:FORMAT#1(1,4)=2
10700 RETURN
10800 '-- 㩂㩥㩙㩎ශ೚޽ࠅ82

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

10810 IF TRSFLG=0 THEN 10900
10820 FOR K=1 TO 9
10830
FORMAT#1(1,K)=010840 NEXT K
10850 FORMAT#1(1,1)=1:FORMAT#1(1,3)=2:FORMAT#1(1,4)=310900 RETURN
13500 '- 㩁㨺ಣℂ(ĹĻ㧕
13510 FOR I=0 TO LPE:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
13520 CLS:CLOSE:KI%=KEY%:LOCATE 20,4:P. PI$(0)13530 FOR I=1 TO LPE
13540
LOCATE 20,5+I:P. I;":";SPC(1);PI$(I)13550 NEXT I
13560 LOCATE 20,7+LPE:P. "ㆬᛯ⇟ภ :"13570 IF LN=1 THEN LOCATE 20,9+LPE:P. "---------------------------------------"
13580 ANS=1:CONSOLE ,,,0:GOSUB 13900
13590 KI%=KEY%
13600 IF OPTION$(1,1)<>"3" THEN 13590
13610 IF TMSET=1 THEN LOCATE 50,3:P. DATE$;" ";TIME$
13620 IF KI%=0H THEN 13590
13630 IF KI%<>8AH THEN 13670
13640 LOCATE 20,ANS+5:P. ANS;":";SPC(1);PI$(ANS):IF ANS<LPE THEN 13660
13650 ANS=LPE:GOSUB 13900:G. 13590
13660 ANS=ANS+1:GOSUB 13900:G. 13590
13670 IF KI%<>89H THEN 13710
13680 LOCATE 20,ANS+5:P. ANS;":";SPC(1);PI$(ANS):IF ANS>1 THEN 13700
13690 ANS=1:GOSUB 13900:G. 13590
13700 ANS=ANS-1:GOSUB 13900:G. 13590
13710 IF KI%<>0DH THEN 13730
13720 OPEN:CLS:RETURN
13730 IF KI%<31H OR KI%>39H THEN BEEP 50:G. 13590
13740 IF VAL(CHR$(KI%))>LPE THEN BEEP 50:G. 13590
13750 LOCATE 20,ANS+5:P. ANS;":";SPC(1);PI$(ANS)
13760 ANS=VAL(CHR$(KI%)):GOSUB 13900:G. 13590
13900 CONSOLE ,,68:LOCATE 20,ANS+5:P. ANS;":";SPC(1);PI$(ANS)13910 LOCATE 36,7+LPE:P. ANS:CONSOLE ,,413920 RETURN
14000 REM YES,NO 㩅㩖㩨㩣㨺㩋㩧
14010 A.YES$="ߪ޿":A.NO$="޿޿߃":REV=1:KI%=KEY%
14020 CONSOLE ,,68:LOCATE 28,AYP:P. A.YES$:CONSOLE ,,414030 LOCATE 35,AYP:P. A.NO$
14040 KI%=KEY%:IF KI%=0H THEN 14040
14050 IF OPTION$(1,1)<>"3" THEN 14040
14060 IF KI%<>87H AND KI%<>88H THEN 14100
14070 IF REV=2 THEN 14090
14080 LOCATE 28,AYP:P. A.YES$:CONSOLE ,,68:LOCATE 35,AYP:P. A.NO$:CONSOLE ,,4:REV=2:G. 14040
14090 LOCATE 35,AYP:P. A.NO$:CONSOLE ,,68:LOCATE 28,AYP:P. A.YES$:CONSOLE ,,4:REV=1:G. 14040
14100 IF KI%<>0DH THEN BEEP 50:G. 14040
14110 IF REV=1 THEN ANS$="Y"14120 IF REV=2 THEN ANS$="N"14130 OPEN
14140 RETURN
14500 '--- 㩜㩊㩧ᵞᵺ⏕⹺ 2006/08/04
14510 CLS:X=20:Y=414520 RESTORE 14700:FOR I=0 TO 3:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
14530 LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(0):LOCATE X+4,Y+1:P. PI$(1)14540 AYP=Y+2:GOSUB 14000
14550 CLS:IF ANS$="Y" THEN MTWASH=1:G. 15000
14560 IF ANS$="N" THEN MTWASH=014580 CLS:LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(2)14590 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. PI$(3):14600 AYP=Y+3:GOSUB 14000
14610 CLS:IF ANS$="Y" THEN 16000

83

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

14620 GOSUB 52000:GOSUB 27000:G. 400:REM 2006/08/04
14700 DATA "ᮡḰࠟࠬಽᨆ⚳ੌᓟ‫"ޔ‬14710 DATA "㐽࡞࡯ࡊౝߩࡔ࠲ࡦᵞᵺࠍ⛯ߌߡⴕ޿߹ߔ߆"14720 DATA " ᮡḰࠟࠬಽᨆ
"14730 DATA "ᮡḰࠟࠬಽᨆࠍ㐿ᆎߒ߹ߔ߆"15000 '--- ᮡḰࠟࠬಽᨆ
15010 REM GOSUB 25000:REM RELAY ALL RESET
15030 CLS:X=15:Y=2:
15040 RESTORE 17200:FOR I=0 TO 3:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
15050 LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(0):15060 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. PI$(1):LOCATE X+LEN(PI$(1))+2,Y+2:
15070 OPEN LINE INPUT:CUR ON
15080
IF (TRSF%(0) AND 1H)=0H THEN 15080
15090
INPUT CLDT$
15100 CLOSE LINE INPUT:CUR OFF
15110 CDT$=CLDT$:GOSUB 17900:REM DATE 㨾㩡㨺㩋㨴㨹㩂
15120 IF DTERR=1 THEN CLDT$="":G. 15060
15125 CLDT$=CDT$15130 LOCATE X,Y+3:P. PI$(2):LOCATE X+LEN(PI$(2))+2,Y+3:
15140 OPEN LINE INPUT:CUR ON
15150
IF (TRSF%(0) AND 1H)=0H THEN 15150
15160
INPUT CLTM$
15170 CLOSE LINE INPUT:CUR OFF
15180 CTM$=CLTM$:GOSUB 17300:REM TIME 㨾㩡㨺㩋㨴㨹㩂
15190 IF TMERR=1 THEN CLTM$="":G. 15130
15200 A$=CLTM$:GOSUB 17700:
15210 GOSUB 17600:STDTM$=HH$+":"+MM$
15220 LOCATE X,Y+5:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+5:P. PI$(3)15230 AYP=Y+6:GOSUB 14000
15240 CLS:IF ANS$="Y" THEN 15300
15250 G. 400:REM 2006/08/04
15300 KEY%=014EH:CLS:
15310 LOCATE X,Y:P. "⃻࿷ߩᤨೞ"15320 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. "̪̪̪ಽᨆᓙᤨ㑆ਛߢߔ‫"̪̪̪ޕ‬15330 LOCATE X,Y+4:P. "ᮡḰࠟࠬಽᨆ㐿ᆎᣣ";SPC(3);CLDT$[1,2];"᦬";CLDT$[4,5];"ᣣ"15340 LOCATE X,Y+6:P. "ᮡḰࠟࠬಽᨆ㐿ᆎᤨೞ";SPC(3);STDTM$[1,2];"ᤨ";STDTM$[4,5];"ಽ"15350 LOCATE X,Y+8:P. "ਛᢿߔࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬㧲㧣ࠠ࡯ࠍ᛼ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
15360 LOCATE X+25,Y:P. DATE$;SPC(3);TIME$
15370 IF DATE$[4,8]=CLDT$ THEN 15410
15380 GOSUB 2900:REM ਛᢿ㩁㨺ಣℂ
15390 IF ED=1 THEN GOSUB 52000:GOSUB 27000:G. 400
15400 G. 15360
15410 IF TIME$[1,5]=STDTM$ THEN 16000
15420 GOSUB 2900:REM ਛᢿ㩁㨺ಣℂ
15430 IF ED=1 THEN GOSUB 52000:GOSUB 27000:G. 400
15440 G. 15360
16000 '
RS232C OPEN
16010 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN OPEN TRS 1
16020 GOSUB 10500:REM 㩖㩩㩢㩧㩎㩖㨵㨺㩙㨹㩎⸳ቯ
16100 FOR NO=1 TO 2:REM 2
16110
FOR STD=1 TO 3:REM 3
16120' INTRODUCE OF STD GAS
16130
FLAG=116140
CLS:PRINT:PRINT "Cycle No=";NO;"
STD=";STD
16150
PRINT:RELAY 6,ON:PRINT "V3 on":REM V3 ON 2006/08/02
16160
RELAY 16,ON:RELAY 19,ON:WAIT 3:PRINT "SV5 & SV6 on"
16170
IF STD=1 THEN RELAY 20,ON:PRINT "SV5 & SV6 & STD1 on"
16180
IF STD=2 THEN RELAY 21,ON:PRINT "SV5 & SV6 & STD2 on"
16190
IF STD=3 THEN RELAY 22,ON:PRINT "SV5 & SV6 & STD3 on"
16200
BTM=TM(1):MSG=2:GOSUB 9000:REM STD GAS 㩔㩩㨺㩆㩨
16300'
PRINT START TIME

84

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

16310
IF TRSFLG=1 THEN STD#1=STD:NO#1=NO:
16320
IF TRSFLG=1 THEN LPRINT#1 "Cycle No=";NO;16330
IF TRSFLG=1 THEN LPRINT#1 " STD=";STD
16340
IF TRSFLG=1 THEN LPRINT#1 DATE$;" ";TIME$
16360' EQUIBRATE TO ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
16370
IF STD=1 THEN RELAY 20,OFF:REM STD1 OFF
16380
IF STD=2 THEN RELAY 21,OFF:REM STD2 OFF
16390
IF STD=3 THEN RELAY 22,OFF:REM STD3 OFF
16400
CLS:PRINT "SV5 & SV6 on "
16410
'
16420
WAIT 40
16430' START GC3-ANALYSIS
16440
PRINT "Valve 5 on (inject sample)":RELAY 8,ON:WAIT 1:REM V5 ON
16450
IF MTWASH=1 THEN RELAY 16,OFF:RELAY 19,OFF:REM SV5 SV6 OFF
16460
PRINT "⃻࿷ᮡḰ᷹ࠟࠬቯਛߢߔ! (Only Valve 5 on)"
16470
IF TRSFLG=0 THEN WAIT 3:G. 16530
16480
IF TRSFLG=1 THEN START#1 1:WAIT 2:KEY%#1=014CH:WAIT 2:KEY%#1=009BH:WAIT
2:KEY%#1=0DH
16490
IF TRSFLG=1 AND RT#1(1)=19 AND FLAG=1 THEN COPY#1 ,1:FLAG=216500
IF TRSFLG=1 AND (FIX%(STATUS#1(1)) AND 1H)=0H THEN 16490
16510
PRINT "Measurement was finished [All relay off]":RELAY 8,OFF:REM V5 OFF
16520
'
16530
WAIT 1
16540
'
16550
NEXT STD
16560 NEXT NO
16570 '
RS-CLOSE
16580 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN CLOSE TRS 1
16590 IF MTWASH=1 THEN 16950
16600 CLS:X=20:Y=4:REM 2006/08/04
16610 RESTORE 16750:FOR I=0 TO 1:READ PI$(I):NEXT I:
16620 LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(0):16630 AYP=Y+1:GOSUB 14000
16640 CLS:IF ANS$="Y" THEN 16660
16650 IF ANS$="N" THEN 16620
16660 CLS:LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(1)16670 AYP=Y+1:GOSUB 14000
16680 CLS:IF ANS$="Y" THEN GOSUB 8200
16690 GOSUB 52000:GOSUB 27000:G. 400
16750 DATA "㧳㧹▤᷹ቯ⚳ੌߒ߹ߒߚ߆"16760 DATA "ࡔ࠲ࡦᵞᵺࠍⴕ޿߹ߔ߆"16800 '- ᓙᤨ㑆ಣℂ
16810 KEY%=014EH:CLS:16830 LOCATE X,Y:P. "⃻࿷ߩᤨೞ"16840 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. "̪̪̪㐽࡞࡯ࡊᵞᵺᤨ㑆ᓙߢߔ‫"̪̪̪ޕ‬16850 LOCATE X,Y+4:P. "ᵞᵺ㐿ᆎᤨೞ";SPC(5);CLTM$[1,2];"ᤨ";CLTM$[4,5];"ಽ"16860 LOCATE X,Y+6:P. "ਛᢿߔࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬㧲㧣ࠠ࡯ࠍ᛼ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
16870 LOCATE X+35,Y:P. TIME$
16880 IF TIME$[1,5]=CLTM$ THEN 16950
16890 GOSUB 2900:REM ਛᢿ㩁㨺ಣℂ
16900 IF ED=1 THEN GOSUB 52000:GOSUB 27000:G. 400
16910 G. 16870
16950 '--- 㐽㩣㨺㩖㩩㩜㩊㩧ᵞᵺಣℂ
16960 GOSUB 8200:REM 㐽㩣㨺㩖㩩㩜㩊㩧ᵞᵺ17000 GOSUB 52000:GOSUB 27000:G. 400
17200 DATA "‫ ڎڎڎ‬ᮡḰࠟࠬಽᨆ ‫"ڎڎڎ‬17210 DATA "㧳㧹▤㧮㧳᷹ቯ㐿ᆎᣣ(**/**)"
17220 DATA "㧳㧹▤㧮㧳᷹ቯ㐿ᆎᤨ㑆(**:**)"
17230 DATA "ࠪ࡯ࠤࡦࠬࠍ㐿ᆎߒ߹ߔ߆‫"ޕ‬
17300 '--- TIME 㨾㩡㨺㩋㨴㨹㩂
17310 TMERR=085

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

17320 ON ERROR GOTO 17500
17330 HH=VAL(CTM$[1,2])
17340 MM=VAL(CTM$[4,5])17350 IF HH>23 OR HH<0 THEN TMERR=1
17360 IF MM>59 OR MM<0 THEN TMERR=1
17370 IF CTM$[3,3]<>":" AND CTM$[3,3]<>" " THEN TMERR=1
17400 RETURN
17500 IF ERR=2 OR ERR=4 THEN RESUME 17520
17510 ON ERROR GOTO 017520 IF ERL=17330 OR ERL=17340 THEN TMERR=1:G. 17400
17600 '- TIME ---> TIME$
17610 HH=INT(A/3600):HH$="00":HH$[3-LEN(STR$(HH))]=STR$(HH)
17620 MM$="00":MM=INT((A-3600*HH)/60):MM$[3-LEN(STR$(MM))]=STR$(MM)17630 RETURN
17700 ' TIME$ --->TIME
17710 HH=3600*VAL(A$[1,2])
17720 MM=60*VAL(A$[4,5])
17730 A=HH+MM:
17740 A=A-180*60
17750 IF A<0 THEN A=A+86400
17800 RETURN
17900 '-- DATE 㨾㩡㨺㩋㨴㨹㩂
17910 DTERR=0
17920 ON ERROR GOTO 18200
17930 CMM=VAL(CDT$[1,2])
17940 CDD=VAL(CDT$[4,5])
17950 IF CMM>12 OR CMM<0 THEN DTERR=1:G. 18100
17960 IF CDD>31 OR CDD<0 THEN DTERR=1:G. 18100
17970 IF CDT$[3,3]<>"/" AND CDT$[3,3]<>" " THEN DTERR=1:G. 18100
17980 IF CMM>0 AND CMM<10 THEN CMM$="0"+STR$(CMM)
17990 IF CMM>9 THEN CMM$=STR$(CMM)
18000 IF CDD>0 AND CDD<10 THEN CDD$="0"+STR$(CDD)
18010 IF CDD>9 THEN CDD$=STR$(CDD)
18020 CDT$=CMM$+"/"+CDD$
18100 RETURN
18200 IF ERR=2 OR ERR=4 THEN RESUME 18220
18210 ON ERROR GOTO 018220 IF ERL=17930 OR ERL=17940 THEN DTERR=1:G. 18100
18500 '--- 㩍㩨㨲㩇㩂ኈ㊂㩋㨴㨹㩂 (1)18510 ON ERROR GOTO 18650
18520 CLS:X=15:Y=2
18530 IF DSKF(2)>50 THEN 18600
18540 LOCATE X,Y+2:P."C-R7A(NO.1)ߩ DISK2 ኈ㊂߇⿷ࠅ߹ߖࠎ㨫DISK ࠍ੤឵ߒߡߊߛߐ޿㨫"
18550 LOCATE X,Y+4:P."੤឵߇⚳ࠊࠅ߹ߒߚࠄ㨅ࠠ࡯ࠍ᛼ߒߡߊߛߐ޿㨫";SPC(2);18560 INPUT KN$
18570 IF KN$="Y" OR KN$="y" THEN 18600
18580 G. 18560
18600 RETURN
18650 IF ERR=26 THEN RESUME 18670
18660 ON ERROR GOTO 0
18670 IF ERL=18530 THEN 18600
18700 '---㩍㩨㨲㩇㩂ኈ㊂㩋㨴㨹㩂 (2)18710 ON ERROR GOTO 18900
18720 IF TRSFLG=0 THEN 18850
18730 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN OPEN TRS 1
18740 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN IF DSKF#1(2)>50 THEN 18850
18750 CLS:X=15:Y=2
18760 LOCATE X,Y+2:P."C-R7A(NO.2)ߩ DISK2 ߩኈ㊂߇⿷ࠅ߹ߖࠎ㨫DISK ࠍ੤឵ߒߡߊߛߐ޿㨫"
18770 LOCATE 15,6:P."੤឵߇⚳ࠊࠅ߹ߒߚࠄ㨅ࠠ࡯ࠍ᛼ߒߡߊߛߐ޿㨫";SPC(2);18780 INPUT KN$
18790 IF KN$="Y" OR KN$="y" THEN 18850
18800 G. 18780

86

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

18810 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN CLOSE TRS 1
18850 RETURN
18900 IF ERR=26 THEN RESUME 18920
18910 ON ERROR GOTO 0
18920 IF ERL=18740 THEN 18850
19000 '-- ࡄ࡯ࠫᤨ㑆⸳ቯ
19010 CLS:ON ERROR GOTO 30600:GOSUB 27000:REM ೋᦼ㩖㨱㨼㩣⺒ㄟ
19020 CLS:KEY%=014EH:RESTORE 19900:FOR I=0 TO 5:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
19030 LOCATE 20,4:P. PI$(0):CLOSE
19040 FOR I=1 TO 5
19050
LOCATE 20,5+I:P. I;":";SPC(1);PI$(I)
19060 NEXT I
19070 LOCATE 50,6:P. TM(0);"⑽":LOCATE 50,7:P. TM(1);"⑽"19080 LOCATE 60,8:P. TM(2);"⑽":19090 IF CRPN$="1" THEN LOCATE 60,9:P. "޽ࠅ"19100 IF CRPN$="0" THEN LOCATE 60,9:P. "ߥߒ"19200 LOCATE 20,12:P. "⸳ቯ⇟ภ";SPC(1);":":KI%=KEY%
19210 ANS=1:CONSOLE ,,,0:GOSUB 19500
19220 KI%=KEY%:IF KI%=0H THEN 19220
19230 IF OPTION$(1,1)<>"3" THEN 19220
19240 IF KI%<>8AH THEN 19280
19250 LOCATE 20,5+ANS:P. ANS;":";SPC(1);PI$(ANS):IF ANS<5 THEN 19270
19260 ANS=5:GOSUB 19500:G. 19220
19270 ANS=ANS+1:GOSUB 19500:G. 19220
19280 IF KI%<>89H THEN 19320
19290 LOCATE 20,5+ANS:P. ANS;":";SPC(1);PI$(ANS):IF ANS>1 THEN 19310
19300 ANS=1:GOSUB 19500:G. 19220
19310 ANS=ANS-1:GOSUB 19500:G. 19220
19320 IF KI%<>0DH THEN 19340
19330 OPEN:G. 19600
19340 IF KI%<31H OR KI%>39H THEN BEEP 50:G. 19220
19350 IF VAL(CHR$(KI%))>5 THEN BEEP 50:G. 19220
19360 LOCATE 20,5+ANS:P. ANS;":";SPC(1);PI$(ANS)
19370 ANS=VAL(CHR$(KI%)):GOSUB 19500:G. 19220
19500 CONSOLE ,,68:LOCATE 20,5+ANS:P. ANS;":";SPC(1);PI$(ANS)
19510 LOCATE 34,12:P. ANS:CONSOLE ,,419520 RETURN
19600 IF ANS=5 THEN GOSUB 20600:G. 400
19610 IF ANS<>5 THEN 19630
19620 GOSUB 20600:G. 400
19630 LOCATE 20,12:P. SPC(70);19640 IF ANS<>1 THEN 19690
19650 LOCATE 50,6:P. SPC(4);:LOCATE 20,12:P. SPC(40)19660 LOCATE 20,12:P. PI$(1);:LOCATE 50,12:INPUT "",ANS$
19670 IER=0:GOSUB 20500:IF IER=1 THEN 19650
19680 TM(0)=VAL(ANS$):G. 19020
19690 IF ANS<>2 THEN 19740
19700 LOCATE 50,7:P. SPC(4);:LOCATE 20,12:P. SPC(40)19710 LOCATE 20,12:P. PI$(2);:LOCATE 50,12:INPUT "",ANS$
19720 IER=0:GOSUB 20500:IF IER=1 THEN 19700
19730 TM(1)=VAL(ANS$):G. 19020
19740 IF ANS<>3 THEN 19790
19750 LOCATE 60,8:P. SPC(4);:LOCATE 20,12:P. SPC(40)19760 LOCATE 20,12:P. PI$(3);:LOCATE 60,12:INPUT "",ANS$
19770 IER=0:GOSUB 20500:IF IER=1 THEN 19750
19780 TM(2)=VAL(ANS$):G. 19020
19790 IF ANS<>5 THEN 19000
19800 LOCATE 60,9:P. SPC(10);:LOCATE 20,12:P. SPC(40)19810 LOCATE 20,12:P. PI$(4);:LOCATE 60,12:INPUT "",ANS$
19820 IF ANS$<>"1" AND ANS$<>"0" THEN 19800
19830 CRPN$=ANS$:G. 19020
19900 DATA "‫ڎڎڎ‬ೋᦼ⸳ቯ‫"ڎڎڎ‬87

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

19910 DATA "ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠟࠬߩỚ❗ᤨ㑆"
19920 DATA "ᮡḰࠟࠬߩ⟎឵ᤨ㑆"
19930 DATA "ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ࠟࠬỚ❗ᓟᓙߜᤨ㑆"
19940 DATA "ࠢࡠࡑ࠻ශ೚[1:޽ࠅ 0:ߥߒ]"19950 DATA "⸳ቯ⚳ੌ"
20000 IF ERR=2 THEN RESUME 20020
20010 ON ERROR GOTO 0
20020 IF ERL=19680 THEN 19650
20030 IF ERL=19730 THEN 19700
20040 IF ERL=19780 THEN 19750
20500 ' ౉ജ㩋㨴㨹㩂
20510 FOR I=1 TO LEN(ANS$)
20520
IF ASC%(ANS$[I,I])>29H AND ASC%(ANS$[I,I])<40H THEN 20550
20530
IF ANS$[I,I]="." THEN 20550
20540
IER=1:BEEP 50:I=LEN(ANS$)
20550 NEXT I
20560 RETURN
20600 ' 㩖㨱㨼㩣ᦠㄟ⏕⹺
20610 CLS:X=20:Y=4
20620 LOCATE X,Y:P. "ࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߦᦠ߈ㄟߺߒ߹ߔ߆":AYP=Y+1:GOSUB 14000
20630 IF ANS$="Y" THEN GOSUB 28100:REM ೋᦼ㩖㨱㨼㩣ᦠㄟ
20640 RETURN
21000 REM ࠺ࠖࠬࠢߩೋᦼൻ
21010 ON ERROR GOTO 30600
21020 RESTORE 21030:FOR I=0 TO 4:READ PI$(I):NEXT I
21030 DATA "࠺ࠖࠬࠢࠍೋᦼൻߒ߹ߔ߆"21040 DATA "࠺ࠖࠬࠢฬࠍ౉ജߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
21050 DATA "࠺ࠖࠬࠢࠍ࠼࡜ࠗࡉ㧞ߦ࠮࠶࠻ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
21060 DATA "    ታⴕߒ߹ߔ߆"21070 DATA "̪̪̪࠺ࠖࠬࠢࠍೋᦼൻߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫"̪̪̪ޕ‬21080 CLS:X=20:Y=421090 LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(0):AYP=Y+1:GOSUB 14000
21100 IF ANS$="N" THEN 21210
21110 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+2:P. PI$(1):LOCATE X+34,Y+2:INPUT DN$
21120 IF LEN(DN$)<1 OR LEN(DN$)>9 THEN DE=1:GOSUB 30400:G. 21110
21130 CLS
21140 LOCATE X,Y:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y:P. PI$(2)21150 LOCATE X,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+2:P. PI$(3)21160 AYP=Y+3:GOSUB 14000
21170 IF ANS$="N" THEN 21110
21180 DR$="2:"21190 CLS:LOCATE X,Y+2:P. SPC(SW):LOCATE X,Y+5:P. PI$(4)21200 CONSOLE 0,20,4,2:IDISK DR$+DN$:CONSOLE 0,20,4,021210 G. 400
25000 ' --- PRG-102A㧔ೋᦼൻ㧕
25010 FOR I=1 TO 24
25020
RELAY I,OFF
25030 NEXT I
25050 RETURN
27000 '--- ೋᦼ㩖㨱㨼㩣ߩ⺒ㄟ
27010 ON ERROR GOTO 27200
27020 OPEN "@INIT.TXT" INPUT AS 5
27030
INPUT #5, TM(0),TM(1),TM(2),CRPN$
27040 CLOSE #5
27100 RETURN
27200 IF ERR=26 AND FDERR=10 THEN GOSUB 28000:RESUME 400
27210 G. 30600
28000 '--- ೋᦼ㩖㨱㨼㩣ߩᦠㄟ
28010 ON ERROR GOTO 30600
28020 TM(0)=60:REM 㩅㩧㩖㩩㩣㩔㩀㩨㩇Ớ❗ᤨ㑆

88

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

28030 TM(1)=60:REM ᮡḰ㩀㩨㩇㩔㩩㨺㩆㩨ᤨ㑆
28040 TM(2)=60:REM 㩅㩧㩖㩩㩣㩔㩀㩨㩇Ớ❗ᓟᓙߜᤨ㑆
28050 CRPN$="1":REM ࠢࡠࡑ࠻ශ೚ߥߒ㧛޽ࠅ
28100 OPEN "@INIT.TXT" OUTPUT AS 6
28110
WRITE #6, TM(0),TM(1),TM(2),CRPN$
28120 CLOSE #6
28130 CONSOLE ,20,4,2:SET "@INIT.TXT",6:CONSOLE ,20,4,028200 RETURN
30000 '---- 㨾㩡㨺㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨ߩ⺒ㄟ(⸳ቯ㑐ଥ㧕
30010 RESTORE 30020:FOR I=0 TO 7:READ EM$(1,I):NEXT I:RETURN
30020 DATA "ᢙሼએᄖߪ‫౉ޔ‬ജߢ߈߹ߖࠎ‫"ޕ‬
30030 DATA "㧜ߪ‫⸳ޔ‬ቯߢ߈߹ߖࠎ‫"ޕ‬
30040 DATA "⸳ቯ୯߇ᦨዊ୯એਅߢߔ‫"ޕ‬
30050 DATA "⸳ቯ୯߇ᦨᄢ୯એ਄ߢߔ‫"ޕ‬
30060 DATA "ᢥሼᢙ߇㐳ߔ߉߹ߔ‫"ޕ‬
30070 DATA "ࠨࡦࡊ࡞࡜ࠗࡦ࠮࡟ࠢ࠲࡯ࠛ࡜࡯"30080 DATA "ߎߩ⇟ภߪ‫⸳ޔ‬ቯߢ߈߹ߖࠎ‫"ޕ‬
30090 DATA "ᱜߒߊ⸳ቯߐࠇߡ޿߹ߖࠎ‫৻߁߽ޕ‬ᐲ౉ജߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
30200 '---- 㨾㩡㨺㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨ߩ⺒ㄟ(㩍㩨㨲㩇㩂㑐ଥ㧕
30210 RESTORE 30220:FOR I=0 TO 5:READ EM$(2,I):NEXT I:RETURN
30220 DATA "㩍㩨㨲㩇㩂߇౉ߞߡ޿߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬㩍㩨㨲㩇㩂ࠍᏅߒㄟࠎߢߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
30230 DATA "㩍㩨㨲㩇㩂ኈ㊂߇৻᧰ߢߔ‫ޕ‬㩍㩨㨲㩇㩂ࠍ੤឵ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
30240 DATA "㩍㩨㨲㩇㩂߇㨼㩐㩆㨶㩡㨼㩇㩨ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߖࠎ‫"ޕ‬
30250 DATA "㩍㩨㨲㩇㩂਄ߩ㩔㨺㩎㩨㨾㩡㨺ߢߔ‫ޕ‬㩍㩨㨲㩇㩂ࠍ੤឵ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
30260 DATA "㩍㩨㨲㩇㩂߇ᦠㄟ଻⼔ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫߈ᦠޕ‬ㄟߺ଻⼔ࠍ⸃㒰ߒߡߊߛߐ޿‫"ޕ‬
30270 DATA "*** 㨾㩡- ***"
30400 '---- 㨾㩡㨺ಣℂ 1
30410 IF SR=1 THEN er1=1:er2=0:GOSUB 30800:SR=030420 IF KK=1 THEN er1=1:er2=1:GOSUB 30800:KK=030430 IF MN=1 THEN er1=1:er2=2:GOSUB 30800:MN=030440 IF MM=1 THEN er1=1:er2=3:GOSUB 30800:MM=030450 IF LL=1 THEN er1=1:er2=4:GOSUB 30800:LL=030460 IF SL=1 THEN er1=1:er2=5:GOSUB 30800:SL=030470 IF CE=1 THEN er1=1:er2=6:GOSUB 30800:CE=030480 IF DE=1 THEN er1=1:er2=7:GOSUB 30800:DE=030500 RETURN
30600 '---- 㨾㩡㨺ಣℂ 230610 IF ERR=26 AND FDERR=67 THEN er1=2:er2=0:GOSUB 30800:RESUME 400
30620 IF ERR=26 AND FDERR=76 THEN er1=2:er2=1:GOSUB 30800:RESUME 400
30630 IF ERR=26 AND FDERR=80 THEN er1=2:er2=2:GOSUB 30800:RESUME 400
30640 IF ERR=26 AND FDERR=132 THEN er1=2:er2=3:GOSUB 30800:RESUME 400
30650 IF ERR=26 AND FDERR=133 THEN er1=2:er2=3:GOSUB 30800:RESUME 400
30660 IF ERR=26 AND FDERR=134 THEN er1=2:er2=3:GOSUB 30800:RESUME 400
30670 IF ERR=26 AND FDERR=65 THEN er1=2:er2=4:GOSUB 30800:RESUME 400
30680 ON ERROR GOTO 030800 '--- 㨾㩡㨺㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨⴫␜
30810 CONSOLE ,,68:BEEP 100
30820 QQ=LEN(EM$(er1,er2)):LOCATE XX,YY:P. SPC(QQ):LOCATE XX,YY:P. EM$(er1,er2)
30830 CONSOLE ,,4:WAIT 3:LOCATE XX,YY:P. SPC(SW)30840 IF er1=2 THEN LPRINT EM$(2,5),EM$(er1,er2)
30900 RETURN
50000 '--- ㈩೉ߩት⸒
50010 DIM PI$(50)[100]:REM ᢥሼ೉⺒ߺㄟߺ↪
50020 DIM P$(50)[100]:REM ᢥሼ೉⺒ߺㄟߺ↪㧔ᤨ㑆⴫␜↪㧕
50030 DIM TM(10),TM$(10):REM ᤨ㑆⸳ቯ↪
50040 DIM M(10):REM 㩖㩩㩢㩧㩎㩖㨵㨺㩙㨹㩎↪
50050 DIM EM$(2,20)[100]:REM 㨾㩡㨺㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨↪
50060 DIM TL$[100]:REM 㨾㩡㨺㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨↪
51000 RETURN

89

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

51500 '--- C-R7A(2) ㈩೉ት⸒51510 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN OPEN TRS 1
51520 DIM#1 A$[100]51530 DIM#1 B$[100]51540 DIM#1 SDT$[20]51550 DIM#1 STM$[20]51560 IF TRSFLG=1 THEN CLOSE TRS 1
51600 RETURN
52000 '--- ᄌᢙೋᦼ୯
52010 PB=6:REM ᄢ᳇࿶ᐔⴧᓙᤨ㑆
52020 AA=0:BB=0:CC=0:DM=0:REM 㩍㩨㩆㩨㩊㩣㩙㩓㩜㨺㩊㨺ߩೋᦼ୯
52030 SW=70:REM 㩇㩗㩩㨺㩇᏷
52040 XX=15:REM X ゲ㧔㨾㩡㨺㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨↪㧕
52050 YY=15:REM Y ゲ㧔㨾㩡㨺㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨↪㧕
52060 TM(0)=10:REM Ớ❗ᤨ㑆52070 TM(1)=90:REM ᮡḰ㩀㩨㩇⟎឵ᤨ㑆
52080 TM(2)=60:REM 㩅㩧㩖㩩㩣㩀㩨㩇Ớ❗ᓟᓙߜᤨ㑆
52090 TIM=0:REM ᮡḰ㩀㩨㩇ಽᨆ㐿ᆎᤨ㑆㩈㨹㩎
52100 QQ=0:ED=0:REM
52110 SR=0:KK=0:MN=0:MM=0:LL=0:CE=0:DE=0:BE=0:SL=0:REM 㨾㩡㨺㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨㩖㩡㩂㩨
52120 er1=0:er2=0:REM 㨾㩡㨺㩜㨹㩈㨺㩆㩨㈩೉
52130 ABORTFLG=0:REM ਛᢿ㩖㩡㩂㩨
52140 FF=0:REM ಽᨆ㩀㨽㩧㩎ೋᦼ୯
52150 NSET=0:REM (1:ᰴ࿁ಽᨆ޽ࠅ 0:ᰴ࿁ಽᨆߥߒ)52160 MTWASH=0:REM (1:㩜㩊㩧ᵞᵺ޽ࠅ 0:㩜㩊㩧ᵞᵺߥߒ)52170 FLAG=0:REM 㩂㩥㩙㩎㩄㩕㩩㨺㩖㩡㩂㩨ೋᦼ୯
52180 TRSFLG=1:REM C-R7A No1 ߣ No2 ߩㅢା(1:ㅢା޽ࠅ 0:ㅢାߥߒ)53000 RETURN

90

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Appendix 3 Spec of hardware of the system

91

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

92

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

࡮Proportional counter
Guard Counter; No. 49583, LND, NY, USA
Gas Filling: P-10 gas
Operating Voltage Range: 1400V-1650V, Plateau Slope: <3%㨯100V-1
Charge/Pulse: 1.0E-13, Pulse Height: 1mV  Sample Counter; No. 49215, LND, NY, USA
Gas Filling: P-10 gas
Operating Voltage Range: 1450V-1650V, Plateau Slope: <3%㨯100V-1
Charge/Pulse: 1.0E-13, Pulse Height: 1mV࡮NIM BIN Power Supply; RPN-005-153, Repic, Japan
Input: AC 100V (±10%)Outputs: DC ±6V (15A), ±12V (4A), ±24V (2A), Total Output
Capacity = 372W, AC 117V (0.5A)
Output Voltage Regulation: < 0.2% (±6V)
Noise and Ripple: < 2mV pp, Current limiting: 120-125%
࡮Pre-Amplifier; ORTEC Model 142AH, Advanced Measurement Technology, Inc.,
Tennessee, USA
Rise Time: 5n sec. at 0pF, 12n sec. at 100pF
Conversion Gain: 45mV㨯MeV-1
Integral Nonlinearity: 0.05% for 0 to ±7V (open circuit)±3.5V (terminated)
Temperature Instability: <±50ppm㨯{C-1 (0 to 50 {C)
Detector Bias Isolation: ±5000V, Open Loop Gain: 40000
࡮Discriminator; NIM Model 705, Phillips Scientific, Mahwah, NJ, USA
Continuous Repetition Rate: 75MHz, Pulse-Pair Resolution: 12n sec.
Input to Output Delay: 9.0n sec.
Discriminator Input: 50ȍ Direct Coupled
Threshold Control: -10mV to -1V
Doubled-Amplitude Bridged Output: -32mA (-1.6V into 50ȍ, -0.8V into
two 50ȍ Loads)
Output width Control: 6n sec. to 150n sec.
࡮Gate/Delay generator; NIM Model 705, Phillips Scientific, Mahwah, NJ,USA
NIM/TLL Trigger Input: NIM=50ȍ, TLL=1kȍ
Main Time Base Range: 1 sec. to 10 sec.
Gate Width Setting: 50mV to 1.050V
Delayed Output Width Control: 10 n sec. to 110n sec.
Normal NIM Gate Output: Quiescently -16mA (-800mV) and 0mA (0V)
during Output, Delayed NIM Output: -16mA (-800mV into 50ȍ)࡮Multifunction Logic Unit; NIM Model 757, Phillips Scientific, Mahwah, NJ,USA
Two Logic Level LEMO Inputs; Negative NIM or Positive TLL
NIM=50ȍ, TTL=500ȍ

93

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Rise and fall times: 1.5n sec. (maximum), Insertion Delay: 8.0n sec.
Two Pairs Double-Amplitude Bridged NIM Outputs; -32mA (-1.6V into
50ȍ, -0.8V into Two 50ȍ Loads)
࡮Majority Logic Unit; NIM Model 756, Phillips Scientific, Mahwah, NJ,USA
Four NIM Logic Inputs; 50ȍ Direct Coupled
Four Position Coincidence Level; OR, AND, Majority Logic and
Fan-in/Fan-out, One Bridged NIM Output: -32mA (-1.6V into 50ȍ, -0.8V
into Two 50ȍ Loads)
Double-Pulse Resolution: 6.5n sec. (typically 6.2n sec.)
Input to Output Delay: 8n sec.
࡮Scaler; RPN-032-016, Repic, Japan
Eight CH LEMO Inputs: Negative NIM or Positive TLL, NIM=50ȍ
TTL=50ȍ
Pulse-Pair Resolution; 10n sec.
Power Required; +6V at 870mA, 㧙6V at 300mA, +12V at 60mA
࡮High Voltage Power Supply; RPH-012, Repic, Japan
Power Supply: Four Identical bias supply
Output Voltage Range: 0 to ±6kV, Output Current Range: 1mA (Max.)
Output Ripple: <80mV pp, Output Voltage Regulation: <0.02%
Voltage Control Resolution: 2V
Temperature Sensitivity: <100ppm㨯{C-1 (0 to 50 {C)Overload Protection; Any Current Setting Available
࡮Gas Chromatographs (GC)  Preparative GC; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan
Carrier Gas: He (>99.9999%), Primary = 500kPa, Carrier = 300kPa
Gas Flow Rate: 250ml㨯min-1 (Sample), 350ml㨯min-1 (He)
CO2 Removal Column: Alkali (KOH) Wet Column, AskariteΤ Column
Water Removal Column: Mg(ClO4)2 Column
Trap1 (Kr): Activated Charcoal (-85 {C), 60ml
Trap2 (Kr): Activated Charcoal (-196 {C), 1ml
Thermal Conductivity Detector: Operating Temperature 40 {CPolarity Positive, Current 60mA
  Kr Purification GC; GC-2014AT, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan
Carrier Gas:
CH4 (>99.9999%), Primary = 500kPa, Carrier1 = 95kPa
Carrier2 = 115kPa, Carrier3 = 115kPa, Carrier4 = 350kPa
Carrier5 = 40kPa
He (>99.9999%), Primary = 500kPa, Carrier8 = 40kPa
Gas Flow Rate: 10.2ml㨯min-1 (CH4), 26.4ml㨯min-1 (He)Column:Precut Column (Porapak-N, 50-80mesh, 6mmĳSUS, 1m)
Dummy Column1 (Shimalite-Q, 100-180mesh, 3mmĳSUS, 0.1m)
Dummy Column2 (MS-5A, 60-80mesh, 3mmĳSUS, 2m)
Choke Column (Shimalite-Q, 100-180mesh, 3mmĳSUS, 1m)
Main Column1 (Activated Charcoal, 30-60mesh, 6mmĳSUS, 4m)
Main Column2 (Shimalite-Q, 100-180mesh, 3mmĳSUS, 0.1m)

94TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Reference Column1 (MS-5A, 60-80mesh, 3mmĳSUS, 2m)
Oven Temperature: 100 {C
Thermal Conductivity Detector: Operating Temperature 100 {CPolarity Positive, Current 80mA  Stable Kr Determination GC; GC-2014AT, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan
Carrier Gas: He (>99.9999%), Primary = 500kPa, Carrier6 = 180kPa
Carrier7 = 190kPa
Gas Flow Rate: 14.6ml㨯min-1, Sample Loop: 1.5ml
Column:Main Column3 (Activated Charcoal, 60-80mesh, 3mmĳSUS, 0.5m
+ MS-5A (60-80mesh, 3mmĳSUS, 2m×2)
Reference Column2 (Activated Charcoal, 60-80mesh, 3mmĳSUS, 0.5m
+ MS-5A (60-80mesh, 3mmĳSUS, 2m×2)
Oven Temperature: 45 {CThermal Conductivity Detector: Operating Temperature 80 {CPolarity Positive, Current 100mA

95

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

96

TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 54

Appendix 4 85Kr measurement system for continuous
monitoring at the Meteorological Research Institute, Japan
Yasuhito Igarashi, Michio Aoyama, Kazuhiro Nemoto, Katsumi Hirose,
Takashi Miyao, Katsuhiko Fushimi, Mikihiko Suzuki, Shigeo Yasui, Yasuhiro Asai,
Iwao Aoki, Kenji Fujii, Shigeo Yamamoto, Hartmut Sartorius, Wolfgang Weiss, 85
Kr measurement system for continuous monitoring at Meteorological Research Institute,Japan, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 3, 688-696, 2001

Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry97