医学部進学予備校メビオ

解答速報
関西医科大学（後期） 英語

2024年3月2日実施

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This graph shows annual global average surface temperature from 1880 to 2018. At thebeginning of the 20th century, it was more than 0.5°F below the 20th century average. However, it
had been rising steadily, and as of 2018, it was over 1.5°F above the average.
This global warming has been caused by industrial development and accompanied increase ofgreenhouse gas emissions such as CO2. Its effects include several threats to our way of life,
including rising sea levels and destruction of ecosystems. To stop global warming, the wholeworld’s commitment to a decarbonized society, such as reducing emissions of the gases, is essentialfor the future. (107 words)ҫָ෨਒ָ༩ඍߏϟϑΨʽմઈʾᶙ࣏͹ชহΝಣΊɾͨΗͶକ͚໲͏Ͷ౶͓Γɽʰ1 ͖Δ 15 Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ɾຌชͶॊ͑ͳɾช͗ਜ਼͢͏͖ɾؔҩͮͱ͏Ζ͖ɽਜ਼͢͜Ηͻ

1 [಼༲Ҳ஗ʀ෈Ҳ஗]“a” Νɾؔҩͮͱ͏Ηͻ “b” Νࣙ෾͹մ౶༽ࢶͶϜʖέͦΓʱ̏ʰԽֺͺਕؔ͹ชԿ͹॑གྷ͵Ҳ෨Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏ΖͶ΍‫ؖ‬ΚΔͥɾԽֺ͗͞͹੊Ͷਫ਼ΉΗͪ͹ͺർֳద࠹ۛ͹͞ͳͲ͍Ζʱ౶͓ͺ bɿ୊ 1 ஊཚ୊ 1ɾ2 ชͶʰԽֺͺ‫ݻ‬པΓΕଚࡑ͢ɾͨΗͺ୯΍͗எΖชԿ͹Ҳ෨Ͳ͍Ζʱͳ͍Ζ
͞ͳ͖ΔɾԽֺ͗ർֳద࠹ۛਫ਼ΉΗͪΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳ͗Κ͖ΖͪΌɾ͞͹અ໲಼༲ͺ‫ޣ‬ΕͲ͍Ζͳ൓இͲ͘Ζɽ̐ʰωψʀέϧΤηദ࢞ͶΓΖͳɾ೶͗ԽΏ‫ڧ؂‬Νཀྵմ͢Ώ͚ͤͤΖͳ͏఼͑ͲԽֺΆʹްՎద͵Խͺ͵͏ʱ౶͓ͺ aɿ୊ 5 ஊཚ࠹शช͗ࠞ‫͵ͳڎ‬Ζɽͨ͹ 1 ช͹қັͺʰԽֺͺ͞͹఼ʤ೶಼͹Խ੢ॴཀྵΝஃ͓Ηͻஃ͓ΖΆʹɾԽΏबΕ͹੊ֆͶͯ͏ͱཀྵմͤΖ͞ͳ͗ΓΕͲ͘ΖΓ͑Ͷ͵ΖʥͲଠ͹ʹΞ͵ԽͶ΍ঋΖʱͲ͍Ζɽ̑ʰԽֺΝ‫؜‬΋ͤ΄ͱ͹ԽͺԽഀͳ͏͑‫ࣘͲܙ‬Ͷ೘Εɾ‫ޓ‬ຜͶΓͮͱు‫ـ‬৶ߺ͗ࢴͪͬ͹ཀྵմͲ͘ΖՁ͖Ͷร‫͠׷‬ΗΖʱ౶͓ͺ bɿ୊ 6 ஊཚ୊ 2 ชͶൕͤΖɽͨ͹̏ช͹қັͺʰ͞ΗʤԽഀͳ͢ͱࣘͶ೘ͮͪԽֺΏͨ͹ଠԽ੢ʥ͗‫ޓ‬ຜͶ৾ಊΝਫ਼Ίड़͢ɾͨ͹৾ಊ಼͗ࣘͲు‫ـ‬৶ߺͶร‫͠׷‬ΗΖʱͲ͍Ζɽ‫ޓ‬ຜͺ͍͚ΉͲ৾ಊΝఽ͓Ζ΍͹Ͳ͍Εɾు‫ـ‬৶ߺΝร‫ͤ׷‬Ζ΍͹Ͳͺ͵͏ɽઅ໲Ͷ͍Ζʰు‫ـ‬৶ߺʱ͹ʰՁ͖ʱ΃͹ร‫׷‬Νߨͮͱ͏Ζ͹ͺɾಋஊཚ࠹शชͲफ़΄ΔΗΖ௎ְൿ࣯Ͳ͍Ζɽ̒ʰԽֺ͗೶Ν‫׈‬੓Կͦ͠ΖͳɾͨΗͺ໎Ζ͏ޭ΃ͳร‫͠׷‬Ηɾ೶͹ࢻְ໼Ν࢙ܻͤΖʱ౶͓ͺ bɿ୊ 7 ஊཚ୊ 3 ชͶൕͤΖɽͨ͹ 1 ช͹қັͺʰԽֺ͗೶Ν࢙ܻͤΖͳɾͨΗͺ໎Ζ͏ޭ͹໎໕ͳ͢ͱ೶ժ଀Ͷ‫ݳ‬ΗΖʱͲ͍ΖɽԽֺͨ͹΍͹͗໎Ζ͏ޭͶร‫͠׷‬ΗΖ͹Ͳͺ͵͏ɽΉͪಋஊཚ࠹शชͲͺɾԽֺ࢙ܻ͗ͤΖ͹ͺʰ‫״‬৚ɾ‫ى‬ԳɾਐରӣಊͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζ೶྘Үʱͳफ़΄ΔΗͱ͕Εɾࢻְ໼ͳ͏͑‫ى‬फ़ͺ͵͏͞ͳ͖Δɾ͞͹અ໲಼༲ͺ‫ޣ‬ΕͲ͍Ζͳ൓இͲ͘Ζɽ̓ʰϏʖΫϱλϱබͳͺɾ‫͗ं׳‬অʓͶӣಊ೵ྙΝࣨͮͱ͏͚බ‫ـ‬͹͞ͳͲ͍Ζʱ౶͓ͺ aɿ୊ 8 ஊཚ୊ 3 ช͗ࠞ‫͵ͳڎ‬Ζɽͨ͹ 1 ช͹қັͺʰ͞͹බ‫ـ‬ʤϏʖΫϱλϱබʥΝ΍ͯ‫ं׳‬ͺิ͏ͪΕಊ͏ͪΕͤΖ೵ྙΝΑ͚ͮΕͳ࣎ؔͳ‫ڠ‬Ͷࣨ͑ʱͲ͍Ζɽຌช஦͹ “ability to move and walk”
͗અ໲஦͹ “mobility” ͶଲԢ͢ͱ͏Ζɽ̔ʰԽֺ͗ɾϏʖΫϱλϱබҐ֐͹೶͹බ‫ـ‬Ν์͓Ζ‫ं׳‬Ͷༀཱིͯͳ͏͑ৄ‫͍͗ڎ‬Ζʱ౶͓ͺ aɿ୊ 10 ஊཚ͗ࠞ‫͵ͳڎ‬Ζɽͨ͹қັͺʰԽֺͺɾΠϩςύ΢Ϝʖබɾ೟எ঳ɾ֐উ੓೶ଝউɾ೶ଖ஦ɾࣨ‫ޢ‬঳ɾࣙถ঳ɾೋ௎ͳ͏ͮͪଠ͹঳য়Ν์͓Ζ‫ं׳‬Ͷ΍ༀͶཱིͯͳ͏͑ৄ‫͍͗ڎ‬ΖʱͲ͍Εɾઅ໲ชͺ͞ΗΝΆ·ͨ͹ΉΉ‫͏ͱ͓׷͏ݶ‬Ζͫ͜Ͳ͍Ζɽ̕ʰֺ‫ح‬Νԍ૙ͤΖ͞ͳͶͺ೶͹ଡ͚͹෨Ғ͗ಋ࣎Ͷ‫͏ͱ͢ܐؖ‬Ζͳ͏͑ࣆࣰͺɾ߶ྺं͗ॄ஦ྙΏߨಊΏ‫֭ޢݶ‬ಚΝրવͤΖ͹ͶಝͶༀཱིͯʱ౶͓ͺ bɿ୊ 11 ஊཚ୊ 1ɾ2 ᩥͶʰֺ‫ح‬Νԍ૙ͤΖ͞ͳͺ೶͹ଡ͚͹෨ҒΝಋ࣎Ͷ‫׈‬ಊͦ͠Ζɽ͞ΗͺಝͶɾ೶͗Ήͫ൅ୣ౏৏Ͷ͍Ζࢢʹ΍Ώॉେ͹ऑंͶ༙ӻͲ͍Ζʱͳ͍Εɾ߶ྺंͶͳͮͱༀཱིͯͳͺॽ͖Ηͱ͏͵͏͞ͳ͖Δɾ͞͹અ໲಼༲ͺ‫ޣ‬ΕͲ͍Ζͳ൓இͲ͘Ζɽҫָ෨਒ָ༩ඍߏϟϑΨ̖ʰԽֺͺɾࢢʹ΍͹ָस೵ྙΝրવͤΖ͹Ͷͺ͖֮ͶްՎదͫ͗ɾͨΗͶͺ‫ݸ‬ֆ͍͗Ζɽ͖ͫΔɾ߶ߏਫ਼͗Խֺ͹φϪʖωϱήΝ࢟Όͱ୉͘͵Ժ‫ܛ‬ΝಚΓ͑ͳ͢ͱ΍घஙΗͫʱ౶͓ͺ bɿ୊ 12 ஊཚ୊ 2 ชͶʰέϧΤη͹‫Ͳڂݜ‬ͺɾͪͳ͓߶ߏਫ਼Ͷ͵ͮͱ͖ΔφϪʖωϱήΝ࢟Όͱ΍ɾԽֺͶͺࢢʹ΍͹ָस೵ྙͶͳͮͱΓ͏ްՎ͍͗Ζʱͳ͍Ζ͹Ͳɾ͞͹અ໲಼༲ͺ‫ޣ‬ΕͲ͍Ζͳ൓இͲ͘Ζɽ̗ʰωψʀέϧΤηദ࢞͹‫ڂݜ‬οʖϞͶΓͮͱߨΚΗࣰͪ‫Ͳݩ‬ͺɾॉେ͹ऑं͗ 2 ೧ͶΚͪͮͱఈ‫غ‬దͶԽֺ‫׈‬ಊͶࢂՅͪ͢‫ޛ‬ɾ೶ͶรԿ͗‫ݡ‬ΔΗͪʱ౶͓ͺ aɿ୊ 13 ஊཚ୊̏ช͗ࠞ‫͵ͳڎ‬Ζɽͨ͹ 1 ช͹қັͺʰʲࢴͪͬ͹‫ڂݜ‬ͶΓΖͳɾॉେ͹ऑं͗
2 ೧ָؔߏͲ͹Խֺ‫׈‬ಊͶକ͜ͱࢂՅͪ͢‫ޛ‬ɾ೶Ͷਫ਼෼ָదรԿΝࣖͪ͢ʳͳ൶ঃͺઈ໎ͪ͢ʱͲ͍Ζɽ10ʰωψʀέϧΤηദ࢞ͶΓΗͻɾԽֺ͖Δ೶͗ण͜ΖԺ‫ܛ‬ͺɾֺ‫ح‬Νԍ૙͢କ͜Ζ‫ݸ‬Εକ͚͗ɾԽֺ‫׈‬ಊΝΏΌΗͻͨ͹Ժ‫ܛ‬ͺ͵͚͵Ζͳ͏͑ʱ౶͓ͺ bɿ୊ 14 ஊཚ୊ 1 ช͹಼༲ͶൕͤΖɽͨ͹ 1 ช͹қັͺʰʲ͏ͮͪΞԽͶްՎదͶൕԢͤΖ๏๑Ν೶Ͷ‫͓گ‬ΖͳɾԽֺ͹Ϫρηϱ͗शΚͮͱ΍ɾͨΗͺͥͮͳକ͚͹ͲͤʳͳέϧΤηͺઈ໎ͤΖʱͲ͍ΖɽҐ৏͖Δɾ͞͹અ໲಼༲ͺ‫ޣ‬ΕͲ͍Ζͳ൓இͲ͘Ζɽ

11ʰԽֺ‫׈‬ಊͺɾ߶ྺͶ͵ͮͪͳ͘͹௎্ְ֒͹༩๹ͶༀཱིͯՆ೵੓͍͗Ζʱ౶͓ͺ aɿ୊ 15 ஊཚ͗ࠞ‫͵ͳڎ‬ΖɽͨΗΔ͹қັͺʰԽֺదͲ͍Ζ͞ͳͺɾՅྺͶΓΖೋ௎Ν๹͛͞ͳͶ΍͵Ζɽࢴͪͬͺ࣎ؔ͹‫ܨ‬գͳͳ΍Ͷ௎ྙΝࣙષͶࣨͮͱ͏͚ɽಝͶɾ૿͗͢͏‫Ͳڧ؂‬͹ճ࿫ͺซ͘खΕͶ͚͚͵Ζɽ͖͢͢ɾ‫ͬͪंڂݜ‬ͺɾԽֺՊͺ૿͗͢͏৖Ͷ͍ͮͱ΍ਕ͹੢Νซ͘खΖ͹Ͷௗ͜ͱ
͏Ζ͞ͳΝ໎Δ͖Ͷ͢ͱ͏ΖʱͲ͍Ζɽ

12ʰԽֺྏ๑࢞Ͷ͵Εͪ͏ਕʓͺɾ༹ʓ͵බ‫ـ‬ͶଲͤΖॊཔ͹࣑ྏ๑͹େ଺ͳ͢ͱԽֺΝ༹࢘͑ʓ͵๏๑Ͷͯ͏ͱɾࢨ಍Ώ‫܉‬࿇Νण͜Ζ 12 ʰԽֺྏ๑࢞Ͷ͵Εͪ͏ਕʓͺɾ༹ʓ͵බ‫ـ‬ͶଲͤΖॊཔ͹࣑ྏ๑͹େ଺ͳ͢ͱԽֺΝ༹࢘͑ʓ͵๏๑Ͷͯ͏ͱɾࢨ಍Ώ‫܉‬࿇Νण͜Ζʱ౶͓ͺ bɿ୊ 16 ஊཚ࠹शช͗ࠞ‫͵ͳڎ‬Ζɽͨ͹ 1 ช͹қັͺʰԽֺྏ๑࢞ͺɾ༹ʓ͵݊߃য়ସ͹ਕʓ͹੠ਈదʀऀճదʀਐରదཋ‫ٽ‬ΝຮͪͤͪΌ͹Խֺ͹࢘͏๏͹‫܉‬࿇Νण͜ͱ͏ΖʱͲ͍Εɾઅ໲Ͷ͍ΖΓ͑Ͷ “replace conventional treatments” ʰॊཔ͹࣑ྏͶखͮͱେΚΖʱΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͏͹Ͳɾ͞͹અ໲಼༲ͺ‫ޣ‬ΕͲ͍Ζͳ൓இͲ͘Ζ13ʰਜ਼৙Ͷ࿫ͤ೵ྙΝࣨͮͱ͢Ήͮͪ೶ଖ஦͹‫ع‬ԡྼ͹͍Ζ‫ं׳‬ͺɾϟϫυΡʖͶ͹ͦͱ‫ݶ‬ཁΝ੢Ͷड़ͦΖΓ͑Ͷ͵Ζ͖΍͢Η͵͏ʱ౶͓ͺ aɿ୊ 18 ஊཚ࠹शช͗ࠞ‫͵ͳڎ‬Ζɽͨ͹ 1 ช͹қັͺʰ೶ଖ஦ྼ͹͍Ζਕͺ‫ݶ‬ཁΝՐ͑͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͗ɾ‫ݶ‬ཁΝ࿫ͤ͞ͳͺͲ͘͵͏ͫΘ͑ʱͲ͍Ζɽ

14ʰԽֺྏ๑ͺ೟எ঳͹Γ͑͵೶্֒ͫ͜Ͳ͵͚ɾ‫ࣙ͗ं׳‬෾͹য়‫ڱ‬ͶଲॴͤΖঁ͜Ͷ͵Ζ͞ͳͲѳ੓ञ ͹Γ͑͵බ‫ـ‬Ͷͳͮͱ΍༙༽Ͳ͍Ζʱ౶͓ͺ aɿ୊ 10 ஊཚͳ୊ 20 ஊཚ͹࠹शช͗ࠞ‫͵ͳڎ‬Ζɽ୊ 10 ஊཚ͹͕Γͨ͹қັͺɾʰ೟எ঳͵ʹΝ‫؜‬΋༹ʓ͵݊߃য়ସ͹ਕͶͳͮͱԽֺͺ༙༽Ͳ͍Ζͳ͏͑ৄ‫ڎ‬΍ΉͪଚࡑͤΖʱͲ͍Ζɽ୊ 20 ஊཚ͹࠹शช͹қັͺɾʰ͍Ζ‫Ͳڂݜ‬ͺɾ߶Ϩηέ‫ؠ‬͹࣑ྏΝण͜ͱ͏Ζऑ͏ਕʓ͗ࣙ෾Ͷͳͮͱ࠹΍॑གྷͫͮͪ͞ͳͶͯ͏ͱՐࢼΝॽ͏ͪΕϝϣʖζρέϑυΨΝࡠΖ͹ͶԽֺྏ๑࢞͗ༀཱིͮͱ͏ͪʱͲ͍Ζɽ͞͹್ชΓΕɾ͞͹અ໲಼༲ͺਜ਼͢͏ɽ

15ʰԽֺͺʹΞ͵য়‫ڱ‬Ͷ͏ͪͳ͢ͱ΍ɾસͱ͹ਕͶͳͮͱ৙ͶԺ‫ܛ‬Ν΍ͪΔͤʱ౶͓ͺ bɿ୊ 22 ஊཚ୊ 1 ช͗ࠞ‫͵ͳڎ‬Ζɽͨ͹ 1 ช͹қັͺʰԽֺͺ݊߃Ͷଡ͚͹Ժ‫ܛ‬Ν΍ͪΔͤ͗ɾસͱ͹ਕͶͳͮͱༀͶཱིͯΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͏ʱͲ͍ΖɽҐ৏͖Δɾ͞͹અ໲಼༲ͺ‫ޣ‬ΕͲ͍Ζͳ൓இͲ͘Ζɽҫָ෨਒ָ༩ඍߏϟϑΨჟ࣏͹ชহΝಣΊɾͨΗͶକ͚໲͏Ͷ౶͓Γɽ

16 17[ช஦‫ۡޢ‬੖঄] ʰʦմ ʧ಼͹‫ޢ‬Νన઀͵ॳͶด;଺͓ͱਜ਼͢͏ӵชΝࡠΕɾ 16 ͳ 17 Ͷ೘Ζୱ‫ޢ‬ΝͨΗͩΗમ;ɾࣙ෾͹մ౶༽ࢶͶϜʖέͦΓʱ“(Laughter’s ability to break the) ice and pave the way to social (bonding is easy enough to grasp).”<break the ice> ͺʰࢵ޳Ν‫ͯ͜ݡ‬Ζɾಧഃ޳Ν֋͚ʱͳ͏͑қັɽ <pave the way to ~> ͺʰʛ΃͹ಕΝ֋͚ʱͳ͏͑қັɽՀͶ͞ΗΝஎΔ͵͖ͮͪͳ͢ͱ΍ɾ pave ͺʰʛΝะૹͤΖʱͳ͏͑қັ͹ಊࢼͲ͍Ζ͹Ͳɾ “pave the way” ͳ͏͑‫ܙ‬Ν૟ఈ͢ɾ and ͗ “break the ice” ͳ “pave the way” Νͯ͵͏Ͳ͏
Ζͳߡ͓Ζɽ Ήͪ “social bonding” ͺʰऀճద݃;ͯ͘ʱͳ͏͑қັɽ ࢔ͮͪ to ͺ way ͹‫ޛ‬Ͷ஖͚
ͳɾ“the way to ~” ʰʛ΃ͳࢺΖಕʱͳ͵Εɾʰ঺͏ͶΓͮͱಧഃ޳Ν‫ऀͯ͜ݡ‬ճద݃;ͯ͘΃ͳࢺΖಕ
Ν֋͚͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͞ͳͺཀྵմ͢Ώͤ͏ʱͳ͏͑қັ͹ӵช͗‫׮‬੔ͤΖɽ
18ʛ21[ಋқ‫ޢ‬મ୔] ʰ18 ͖Δ 21 Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ɾԾત෨ ˕A ͖Δ ˕D ͹ୱ‫ޢ‬ΝชқΝร͓ͥͶ஖͘‫͓׷‬Ζ͹ͶAEAAEA࠹΍నͪ͢ୱ‫ޢ‬Νમ;ɾࣙ෾͹մ౶༽ࢶͶϜʖέͦΓʱ18౶͓ͺ e. Ծત෨ ˕A Ν‫؜‬΋ช͹қັͺʰৼཀྵָͳਈ‫ܨ‬Ռָ͹‫ڂݜ‬Ͷ͕͏ͱɾ঺͏ͺ෈҈Ώ‫ڬ‬ΗͳAEA͏ͮͪɾ੠ਈӶਫ਼ͶӪ‫ڻ‬Ν༫͓Ζ‫ޛ‬Θ޴͘͵‫״‬৚Ν‫ͤڂݜ‬Ζɾࠫ͢യͮͪҫָదචགྷ੓ͶΓͮͱɾ঺͏ͺӪ͗മ͖ͮͪʱͲ͍Ζɽpressing ͺʰࠫ͢യͮͪɾ‫ٺە‬͹ʱͳ͏͑қັɽଠ͹મ୔ࢸͺͨΗͩΗ aʰً͞Ε͑Ζɾ۰ષ͹ʱɾbʰ࣍କͤΖʱ
ɾcʰԣ͢͹͜Ζʱɾdʰԣ͢ࠒ΋ɾߞΖʱͲ͍Ε e ͹ urgent ʰࠫ͢യͮͪɾ‫ٺە‬͹ʱ͗౶͓ͫͳΚ͖Ζɽ
19౶͓ͺ d. Ծત෨ ˕B Ν‫؜‬΋ช͹қັͺʰϨΠϩν΢ϞͲ͹ 2 ͯ͹೶͹૮‫༽ࡠޕ‬͹รಊ͹࢕๏Ώ঺
AEA͏͹Ӫ‫ڻ‬Νɾ୉ਕͳࢢʹ΍͹ྈ๏Ͷ‫͗ͬͪंڂݜͱؖ͢‬௒ࠬͪ͢͹ͺॵΌͱ͹͞ͳͫʱͲ͍Ζɽ impact
ͺʰুܺɾӪ‫ڻ‬ʱͳ͏͑қັɽଠ͹મ୔ࢸͺͨΗͩΗ aʰ৚ಊʱɾbʰুಧʱ
ɾcʰંৰʱɾeʰҢಊʱͲ͍Εd ͹ effect ʰӪ‫ڻ‬ɾްՎʱ͗౶͓ͫͳΚ͖Ζɽ20

౶͓ͺ e. Ծત෨ ˕C Ν‫؜‬΋ช͹қັͺʰͨΗͺͪͫʲ߀ෳʳͳ‫ͻݼ‬Ηͱͪ͘ɽ͖͢͢ɾҡ͵Ζν΢AEAϕ͹઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚͗ҩͮͪ΀͑Ͷಉ͚͹͖ʹ͖͑எΖͪΌͶɾΓΕ߁͏ࢻ໼Ͷཱིͮͱ͏ΖʱͲ͍Ζɽperspective ͺʰࢻ໼ɾ‫ݡ‬๏ɾ؏఼ʱͳ͏͑қັɽଠ͹મ୔ࢸͺͨΗͩΗ aʰ‫گ‬үༀɾࢨ಍ंʱɾbʰ਎ʱɾcʰ͘Β͑ͫ͏ʱ
ɾdʰ‫ࢥگ‬ʱͲ͍Εɾe ͹ viewpoint ʰ؏఼ɾཱི৖ʱ͗౶͓ͫͳΚ͖Ζɽ21

౶͓ͺ b. Ծત෨ ˕D Ν‫؜‬΋ช͹қັͺʰҲ๏ɾδΤνʖͳϕϪρτΡͺɾ঺͏Ͷͺఽઝྙ͍͗ΕɾAEA

ຌཔඍΚͮͱ͏ΖԺ‫͍͗ܛ‬Ζ͞ͳͶٛ೨Ν์͏ͱ͏͵͏ʱͲ͍Ζɽ contagious ͺʰ(ંৰ)ఽઝ੓͹ʱͳ͏͑қັɽଠ͹મ୔ࢸͺͨΗͩΗ aʰԜઝͪ͢ʱɾcʰཊ͓ΔΗ͵͏ʱɾdʰࣙષͶً͞Ζʱɾeʰಃ໎͵ʱͲ͍Εɾb ͹ infectious ʰఽઝ੓͹ʱ͗౶͓ͫͳΚ͖Ζɽ22ʛ24[‫ ]ैึॶۯ‬ʰ22 ͖Δ 24 Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ɾ‫ॶۯ‬ʴA ʵ͖ΔʴCʵΝດΌΖ͹Ͷ࠹΍నͪ͢ୱ‫ޢ‬Νમ;ɾࣙ෾͹մ౶༽ࢶͶϜʖέͦΓʱ22౶͓ͺ e. ‫ॶۯ‬ʴA ʵΝ‫؜‬΋ช͹қັͺʰগཔ͹‫Ͳڂݜ‬ͺΉͪɾಋ‫غ‬੓Ͷ‫͞ͱؖ͢‬͹࠹߶͹݃ՎΝ΍ͪΔ఼ͤΝ֨௃ͤΖͪΌͶՁ͗Ͳ͘Ζ͖͗໲ΚΗΖ͖΍͢Η͵͏ʱͲ͍Ζɽ sweet Ͷͺʰչ͏ɾ࠹߶͹ʱͳ͏͑қັ͍͗Εɾ “sweet spot” Ͳʰ࠹߶͹݃ՎΝ΍ͪΔ఼ͤɾҲ൬ྒྷ͏ͳ͞Θʱͳ͏͑қັͶ͵Ζɽଠ͹મ୔ࢸͺͨΗͩΗ aʰ‫͏ۦ‬ʱɾbʰԚ਑͏ʱɾcʰ࢐ͮͼ͏ʱɾdʰߵྋΝ೘ΗͪʱͲ͍Ζɽ23

౶͓ͺ b. ‫ॶۯ‬ʴ BʵΝ‫؜‬΋ช͹қັͺʰ઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚ϕϫζΥέφɾͯΉΕ PEP ͺɾ‫״‬ःɾҠ‫ܡ‬͹೨ɾֺ͢Ίɾಋ৚ɾ҈ṋͳ͏ͮͪɾ৆ࡋͶΚͪΖૌ৭ద͵‫ߨ͗ڂݜ‬ΚΗͱ͏͵͏ 17 ͹‫״‬৚Ͷ঱఼ҫָ෨਒ָ༩ඍߏϟϑΨΝ౲ͱͱͪ͘ʱͲ͍Ζɽ ‫ॶۯ‬Ͷ֚౲ͤΖ͹ͺ઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚Ͳ͍Ζɽ compassion ͺʰಋ৚ɾࢧ͏ΏΕʱͳ͏͑қັɽଠ͹મ୔ࢸͺͨΗͩΗ aʰతқʱɾcʰࣩెʱɾdʰѳқʱɾeʰ‫ޛ‬ջɾࣙ੻͹೨ʱͲ͍Ζɽ24

౶͓ͺ a. ‫ॶۯ‬ʴCʵΝ‫؜‬΋ช͹қັͺʰϕϪρτΡͺɾࣙ෾͹ϕϫζΥέφͲ͹΍͑Ҳͯพ͹‫͘ڽ‬Ͷ‫ͤٶݶ‬Ζ͞ͳͶΓͮͱɾ͞͹఼Ν໎֮Ͷͪ͢ɽͯΉΕɾඅ‫͏঺͗ंݩ‬Νਫ਼Ίड़ͤՆ೵੓Ν੏‫ͤݸ‬Ζ͞ͳΝқਦͪ͢‫ڂݜ‬͹‫͑͗͘ॽ۔‬Ή͚͏͖͵͖ͮͪʱͲ͍Ζɽ <drive a point home>ͺʰ໲ୌΝ௩‫״‬ͦ͠Ζɾགྷ఼Ν໎֮ͶͤΖʱͳ͏͑΢υΡΨϞͲ͍Ζɽຌ໲Ͳͺɾby referring ҐԾ͹‫ ͗ۡޢ‬point Ͷକ͏ͱ͏ΖͪΌɾ‫͗ॳޢ‬รԿ͢ͱ͏Ζɽଠ͹મ୔ࢸͺͨΗͩΗ bʰӀ͏ͪʱɾcʰૺͮͪʱɾdʰ৒ͮͪʱɾeʰิ͏ͪʱͲ͍Ζɽ
25ʛ28 [‫ ]ैึॶۯ‬ʰ25 ͖Δ 28 Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ɾ “positive” ͖ “negative” ͹ʹͬΔ͖Νમ;ʴ̏ʵʛʴ̒ʵ͹‫ॶۯ‬ͶనͤΖ‫ޢ‬Ν೘Ηɾࣙ෾͹մ౶༽ࢶͶϜʖέͦΓʱ25౶͓ͺ b. negativeɽ‫ॶۯ‬͹࣏Ͷ “emotions that affect mental health such as anxiety and fear” ͳ͍Ζ͞ͳ͖ΔϜ΢ψηɾͯΉΕ negative ͵‫״‬৚Ͳ͍ΖͳΚ͖Ζɽ
26

౶͓ͺ a. Positiveɽ “ʴ2

ʵ emotions, like laughter, ~” ͳ͍Εɾemotions ͹۫ରྭ͗ϕϧη͹қັΝනͤ laughter Ͳ͍Ζ͞ͳ͖Δ Positive Νમ΁ɽ27

౶͓ͺ a. positiveɽ୊ 8 ஊཚ୊̏ชͲʰ঺͏͹Γ͑͵઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚ͺ͍ΉΕ‫͠ڂݜ‬Ηͱ͏͵͏ʱͳ͍Εɾͨ͹ཀྵ༟͗ʰऀճదʀྡজదӪ‫͗͠ڻ‬Άʹࠫ͢യͮͪ΍͹Ͳͺ͵͏ʱ͖Δͳ‫ى‬फ़͠Ηͱ͏Ζɽ͖͢
͢ɾ୊ 2 ชͲʰਕʓ͹߀ෳΝଁ਒ͪ͢͏͹Ͳ͍Ηͻʴ

3ʵΝଁΏ͠͵͜Ηͻ͵Δ͵͏ʱͳ͍Εɾ‫ڂݜ‬ྖΝଁΏ͠͵͜Ηͻ͵Δ͵͏͹ͺ઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚ͫͳΚ͖Ζ͹Ͳɾpositive Νમ΁ɽ28

౶͓ͺ b. negativeɽ ʴ4ʵ͹௜઴Ͷ reduce ͳ͍Εɾ‫ݰ‬ঙͦ͠Ζ΄͘΍͹͗Ձ͖Νߡ͓Ηͻɾ‫ۯ‬ॶͶ negative Ν೘ΗΖ΄͘͞ͳ͗Κ͖Ζɽ29[಼༲Ҳ஗] ʰຌช஦͹ Positive Emotions Project Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬ਜ਼͢͏મ୔ࢸΝ࣏͹஦͖Δ̏ͯમ;ɾࣙ෾͹մ౶༽ࢶͶϜʖέͦΓʱ౶͓ͺ dɿa. ʰυΡγʀδΤνʖദ࢞ͺɾ͞͹ϕϫζΥέφ͹क೜‫͍Ͳंڂݜ‬Ζ͗ɾ೶͗ࢢʹ΍࣎େͶʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ൅үͤΖ͖Ν઒໵ͳͤΖৼཀྵָंͲ͍Ζʱ
୊ 25 ஊཚ୊ 2 ชͶʰ3 ຬਕҐ৏͹ਕʓࢧߡΏ‫״‬৚Ν෾ੵͪ͢ʱͳ͍Ζ͗ɾમ୔ࢸͶ͍ΖΓ͑Ͷʰࢢʹ΍͹ࠔʱͶ‫ݸ‬ఈ͢ͱ͏ΖΚ͜Ͳͺ͵͏͹Ͳɾ͞͹મ୔ࢸͺؔҩ͏Ͳ͍Ζͳ൓இͲ͘Ζɽb. ʰ͞͹‫ڂݜ‬͹क͵໪దͺʹ͹झྪ͹઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚͗߀ෳͳ‫ؖ‬࿊͢ɾʹ͹ν΢ϕ͹઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚͗߀ෳͳ‫ؖ‬࿊͢ͱ͏͵͏͖ΝಝఈͤΖ͞ͳͲ͍Ζʱ
୊ 26 ஊཚ͹୊ 1 ชͶʰ͞͹ϕϫζΥέφ͹ใ‫ׇ‬ద͵໪ඬͺɾ઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚ΝΓΕ৆ࡋͶ‫ͤڂݜ‬Ζ͞ͳͲ͍Ζʱͳ͍Ζ͹Ͳɾ͞͹મ୔ࢸͺؔҩ͏Ͳ͍Ζͳ൓இͲ͘Ζɽc. ʰ͞͹‫ڂݜ‬͹஦ৼࣆߴͺɾҋ͏‫ͬ࣍ـ‬Ͷ͵ͮͪͳ͘Ͷਕʓ͗࢘͑࿫͢‫ݶ‬ཁͶ‫͍Ͳͱؖ͢‬Ζʱ୊ 27 ஊཚͶʰ͞͹ϕϫζΥέφͲͺɾ‫ا‬͹න৚Ώɾਕ͗͏ͯʹ͹Γ͑Ͷ઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚Ν͖ࣖͤΝखΕ‫ת‬͚ऀճ‫و‬൥Ν‫ͤڂݜ‬Ζͫ͜Ͳ͵͚ɾͨΗΝ੢Ͷड़ͤ͞ͳ΍॑གྷ͵Ҳ෨ͳ͢ͱ͏Ζʱͳ͍Ζ͗ɾʰ੢Ͷड़ͤʱߨҟͶ஭໪͢ͱ͏Ζ͹ͺɾʰԽ੢ʱͶ஭໪͢ͱ͏Ζ͖ΔͲ͍ͮͱɾʰ࿫͢‫ݶ‬ཁʱͶͯ͏ͱ‫͖͏ͪ͢ڂݜ‬ΔͲͺ͵͏ɽΓͮͱ͞͹મ୔ࢸͺؔҩ͏Ͳ͍Ζͳ൓இͲ͘Ζɽd. ʰ͞͹‫ڂݜ‬͹݃Վ͗͏ͯ͹ೖ͖ɾࣙ෾͹‫״‬৚͹য়ସΝ͑Ή͚ఽ͓Ζ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘͵͏ਕʓͶԢ༽͠ΗΖ͖΍͢Η͵͏ʱҫָ෨਒ָ༩ඍߏϟϑΨ୊ 30 ஊཚͲʰ͞͹݃Վͺࣙถ঳Ώ೟எ঳Ν‫͏ͱͮ׳‬ΖਕʓΝ‫؜‬΋‫״‬৚Νఽ͓Ζ͹ͶࠖೋΝְ͓ͱ͏ΖਕʓͶༀཱིͯ͞ͳ΍͍Ε͑ΖͫΘ͑ʱͳ͍Εɾ͞͹મ୔ࢸͺਜ਼͢͏ͳ൓இͲ͘Ζɽe. ʰ͞͹ϕϫζΥέφ͹໪దͺ߀ෳ͹ϪϗϩͶΓͮͱ͠Ή͡Ή͵ชԿΝϧϱέ෾ͤ͜Ζ੊ֆஏਦΝࡠ੣ͤΖ͞ͳͲ͍Ζʱ͞͹ϕϫζΥέφ͹໪దͺஏਦΝࡠΖ͞ͳͲͺ͵͵͏͹Ͳɾ͞͹મ୔ࢸͺؔҩ͏Ͳ͍Ζͳ൓இͲ͘Ζɽ30[֚౲‫ىޢ‬फ़] ʰ2 ͯ͹‫ॶۯ‬ʴ X ʵΝಋͣӵୱ‫Ͳޢ‬ດΌͱɾͨΗΝմ౶༽ࢶͶ‫ͦى‬ʱ౶͓ͺ “over” ɽ2 ൬໪͹‫ॶۯ‬ͺ୊ 16 ஊཚ୊ 1 ช͹‫ޛ‬ൔ෨෾Ͳɾಊࢼ laugh ͹‫ޛ‬ΘͶ͍Εɾ “laughʴ X ʵa silly word game” ͳ͏͑ಊࢼۡ͹Ҳ෨Ͳ͍Ζɽ͞͹෨෾͖Δͺͤ͛Ͷ౶͓Ν֮ఈͤΖ͞ͳ͗ೋ͢͏ͪΌɾ࠹ॵ͹ʴ X ʵΝ֮೟ͤΖɽͤΖͳɾͨΗ͗‫؜‬ΉΗΖ͹ͺɾ୊ 1 ஊཚ୊ 1 ช͹ॊ଒ઇͲ͍Ζ while ઇͲ͍Ζɽ͞͹෨෾͹ߑଆΝߡ͓Ζͳɾक‫ॶۯ͗ޢ‬Ν‫؜‬΋Ҳઇ “people the worldʴ X ʵ” Ͳ͍Εɾಊࢼ͗ enjoyͲ໪ద‫ ͗ޢ‬a good laugh ͳ͵ͮͱ͏Ζɽ‫ॶۯ‬Ͷ over Ν೘ΗΖͳɾ <the world over> Ͳʰ੊ֆ஦͹ʱ͹қັͶ͵Εɾpeople Νर২ͤΖ‫͘Ͳ͗ۡޢ‬ɾชқ΍௪Ζɽͨ͹৏Ͳ 2 ൬໪͹ʴ X ʵͶ over Ν೘ΗΖͳɾ
<laugh over ~>ͲʰʛΝΊͱ໚പ͗Ζʱ͹қັͶ͵Εɾ͞Η΍੔ཱིͤΖɽover ͗ਜ਼մͳ͢ͱ֮ఈͲ͘Ζɽ

31[֚౲‫ىޢ‬फ़] ʰ2 ͯ͹‫ॶۯ‬ʴ Y ʵΝಋͣӵୱ‫Ͳޢ‬ດΌͱɾͨΗΝմ౶༽ࢶͶ‫ͦى‬ʱ౶͓ͺ “long” ɽ‫ޛ‬ൔ͹‫ॶۯ‬Ν‫ͱݡ‬ɾ͍Ζఖౕմ౶͹ޫึΝߞΕࠒ΋ͳΓ͏ͫΘ͑ɽ‫ޛ‬ൔ͹‫ॶۯ‬ͺɾ୊
29 ஊཚ୊ 1 ช๱ಆͶड़ͱ͚Ζɽ “In theʴ Y ʵrun, ~”ͳ͍Ζ͹Ͳɾ<in the long run> ʰௗ‫غ‬దͶͺɾௗ͏໪Ͳ‫ݡ‬Ζͳʱɾ͍Ζ͏ͺ<in the short run>ʰ୻‫غ‬దͶͺɾ͍ͪ͢͠Εʱ͹ʹͬΔ͖Ͷ͵Ζͳ༩૟͠ΗΖɽͨ͞Ͳ࠹ॵ͹ʴ Y ʵΝ֮೟ͤΖɽ͞Ηͺ୊ 18 ஊཚ୊ 1 ชͲड़ͱ͚Ζ͗ɾͨ͹ช͹͕Γͨ͹қັͺɾʰͨ͹ͳ͕ΕɽҲॻͶ঺͑͞ͳͺਈ‫׈ܨ‬ಊ͹ಋ‫غ‬੓Νଇ਒ͤΖ͗ɾ༩૟֐͹ೋ఼ͺ࣏͹ͳ͕ΕͲ͍Ζɽͤ͵ΚͬͨΗͺʛ͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳͫʱͳ͵Ζɽ͠ΔͶಋஊཚ୊ 2 ชΝ‫ݡ‬Ζͳɾʰ‫ͬͪंڂݜ‬ͺɾਕʓ͕͗‫͏ޕ‬͹೶͹ϨθϞͶқࣟΝ߻Κͦɾͨ͹‫ޛ‬ͶްՎ͗ࣨΚΗΖΓ͑͵ 5 ෾ؔ͹޹‫ؽ‬Ν‫͏ͱͯ͜ݡ‬Ζʱͳ͍Ζɽ“a five-minute window”ʰ5 ෾ؔ͹޹‫ؽ‬ʱͳ͍Ζ͹Ͳɾ೶͹‫׈‬ಊ͹ಋ‫غ‬੓͗ͨΗΆʹௗ͚କ͖͵͏ͳ͏͑͞ͳΝɾ࠹ॵ͹‫ॶۯ‬Ν‫؜‬΋ҲઇͲනͨ͑ͳ͢ͱ͏Ζ͞ͳ͗ߡ͓ΔΗΖɽΓͮͱɾlong ͗ਜ਼մͳ͵Ζɽ32[‫ۡޢ‬ൊਰ] ʰΫϡϫϧ΢ψʀϕϪρτΡദ࢞͗ɾ઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚͗‫ޛ‬Θ޴͘͵‫״‬৚Άʹͺใ‫ׇ‬దͶ‫͠ڂݜ‬Ηͱ͞͵͖ͮͪཀྵ༟ͳ͢ͱ‫͏ͱ͝ڏ‬Ζ΍͹ͺՁ͖ɽͨ͹‫ۡޢ‬Ν‫ͯ͜ݡ‬ɾࣙ෾͹մ౶༽ࢶͶ‫ͦى‬ʱ౶͓ͺ “because their societal and clinical impact are not as immediate” ɽ୊ 8 ஊཚ୊ 1 ชͶ Dr. Carolina Pletti͹໌઴͗ड़ͱ͚Ζɽ͞͹ช͹қັͺɾʰ঺͏͹Γ͑͵઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚͗ͨΗΆʹ‫͠ڂݜ‬Ηͱ͏͵͏͹ͺɾͨΗΔ͹ऀճͶଲͤΖɾΉͪྡজ৏͹Ӫ‫ޛ͗ڻ‬Θ޴͘͵‫״‬৚Άʹ௜ંదͲͺ͵͏͖ΔͲ͍Ζʱͳ͵Ζɽ͖͞͞Δɾ͞͹՗ॶ͹઴ൔ͗ຌ໲͹໲ୌชͶ͍Ζʰ઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚͗‫ޛ‬Θ޴͘͵‫״‬৚Άʹ‫͠ڂݜ‬Ηͱ͏͵͏ʱ͞ͳͶଲԢ͢ɾͨ͹ཀྵ༟ͺ͞͹՗ॶ͹ because ҐԾΝൊ͘ड़ͤͳΓ͏ͳΚ͖Ζɽ33[‫ۡޢ‬ൊਰ] ʰεϣτϓΟωʖʀϖʖϩ͗ɾ঺͏͹‫ڂݜ‬Ν‫͏ݶ‬නͤͪΌͶ༽͏ͱ͏Ζ੔ۡͺՁ͖ɽͨ͹੔ۡͺɾ঺͏ͳͺɾܿ͜ͱ͏Ζ͹ͫ͗ਕؔ͹೶ಋ࢞͹૮‫ʹ͗༽ࡠޕ‬͹Γ͑Ͷً͞Ζ͖͹ಐࡱΝಚΖͪΌͶචགྷ͵གྷોͲ͍Ζͳ͏͑͞ͳΝқັ͢ͱ͏Ζɽ6 ୱ‫ޢ‬͹‫ۡޢ‬Ν୵͢ɾͨ͹‫ۡޢ‬Νࣙ෾͹մ౶༽ࢶͶ‫ͦى‬ʱ౶͓ͺ “the missing piece of the puzzle” ɽ໲ୌชͶ͍Ζɾൊ͘ड़ͤ΄͘੔ۡ͹қັͶ஭໪ͤΖͳɾʰ঺͏ҫָ෨਒ָ༩ඍߏϟϑΨͳͺʛʱͳ͏͑ॽ͘๏Ͷ͵ͮͱ͏Ζ͞ͳ͖Δɾ୊ 4 ஊཚ͖Δड़ͱ͚Ζ Dr. Stefanie Höhl ͹൅‫ݶ‬͹஦Ͳ΍ɾͳΕΚ͜঺͏Ͷ‫ͱؖ͢‬फ़΄ΔΗͱ͏Ζ෨෾ΝΉͥ୵͢ͱΊΓ͑ɽͨ͑ͤΖͳɾ୊ 15 ஊཚ୊ 1 ชͶɾ “~laughter might be really conductive to bringing people’s brains onto the same wavelength”ʰ঺͏ͳͺਕʓ͹೶ΝಋͣഀௗͶ΍ͮͱ͏͚͹Ͷ‫ر‬༫ͤΖಉ͍͗͘Ζ͖΍͢Η͵͏ʱͳ͍Εɾକ͚୊ 2 ชͲͺ laughter Νͨ͹ΉΉ it Ͳण͜ͱɾ“It’s really a social signal and, in research terms, it’s the missing piece of the puzzle, ~”ʰͨΗʤʻ঺͏ʥͺɾࣰࡏͶऀճద͵߻ਦͲ͍Εɾ‫Ͳޢ༽ڂݜ‬ͺɾͨΗͺʲϏθϩ͹ܿ͜ͱ͏ΖϒʖηʳͲ͍
Ζʱͳ͍Ζɽ͞͹෨෾ͺɾ঺͏ͺʰܿ͜ͱ͏Ζ͗ʱ೶ಋ࢞͹ಋ‫غ‬Νଇͤಉ͍͗͘Ζʰචགྷ͵གྷોʱͲ͍
Ζ͞ͳΝ‫͏ͱ͢ͳ͕͑ݶ‬ΖͳಣΊखΗΖɽ͞Ηͺ໲ୌช͗੔ۡ͹қັͳ͢ͱන͢ͱ͏Ζ΍͹ͳΆͳΞʹ߻஗͢ͱ͏Ζͳߡ͓ΔΗɾմ౶΍͞͹෨෾Ν୵͢ͱΊΖͳΓ͏ɽਜ਼մͳߡ͓ΔΗͨ͑͵੔ۡͺɾ “themissing piece of the puzzle”ʰϏθϩ͹ܿ͜ͱ͏ΖϒʖηʱͲ͍Εɾ͞ΗΝ౶͓ͳͤΖͳΓ͏ɽ
34[֚౲‫ىޢ‬फ़]ʰ‫ॶۯ‬ʴ a ʵΝɾชຼΝߡ͓ͱɾ࠹΍నͪ͢‫Ͳޢ‬ດΌͱͨΗΝմ౶༽ࢶͶ‫ͦى‬ʱ౶͓ͺɾ “laugh”ɽ୊ 34 ஊཚͶɾPletti ͹ϕϫζΥέφͶ͕͜Ζ༩૟֐͹൅‫͖ॽ͗ݡ‬Ηͱ͏Ζ͞ͳͶΉͥ஭໪͢ͱΊΓ͑ɽͨ͞Ͳͺʰඅ‫͏঺͗ंݩ‬Νਫ਼Ίड़ͤՆ೵੓Ν੏‫ͤݸ‬Ζ͞ͳΝқਦͪ͢‫ڂݜ‬͹‫͗͘ॽ۔‬͑Ή͚͏͖͵͖ͮͪʱͳ͍ΕɾͨΗΝण͜ͱɾ࠹शஊཚ୊ 1 ชͲʰखѽઈ໎ॽ͹ࡠ੔ͶखΕૌ΋ͳ͏ͮͪͳͱ΍ͯΉΔ͵͏࢕ࣆΝਕͺ༫͓ΔΗΖͳɾͨ͹য়‫ڱ‬͹෈չౕΝԾ͝ΖͪΌͶ໚പ͏͞ͳΝࢧ͏ͯ͑͞ͳ͢ɾ݃‫ͥ͏ۃ‬ΗͶͦΓʴ a ʵʱͳॽ͖Ηͱ͏Ζɽ઴ஊཚ͖Δ͹ชຼΝߡ͓Ζͳɾ঺͏ً͗͞Δ͵͏Γ͑Ͷ࢕ૌΞͲ΍ʰ݃‫͢ͱͮ঺ۃ‬Ή͑ʱͳ͏಼͑༲͗༩૟͠ΗΖ͞ͳ͗Ͳ͘ΖͪΌɾਜ਼մͺ laugh ͳͤΖͳΓ͏ɽრҐԾ͹φϒρέͶͯ͏ͱΦρι΢Νॽ͜ɽ35[ࣙ༟ӵࡠช] ҐԾ͹ήϧϓΝΓ͚‫ͱݡ‬ɾ2 ͯ͹෨෾Ͷ෾͜ͱΦρι΢Νॽ͜ɽձ ήϧϓͶࣖ͠Ηͪ‫؏ٮ‬దࣆࣰ͹གྷ༁ɽղ ͞ΗΔ͹ࣆࣰͶଲͤΖ͍͵ͪ͹մएɽ͞ΗͶͺઞࡑద͵໲ୌ఼ɾࡀΕ͑Ζմ݀ࡨɾΉͪ‫ݺ‬ਕద͵қ‫ݡ‬͵ʹ͗‫؜‬ΉΗΖɽմ౶༽ࢶͶ 100 ‫ޢ‬ఖౕ͹ӵ‫Ͳޢ‬Φρι΢Νॽ͜ɽͨ͹߻‫਼ޢܯ‬ΝԾཟͶ‫ى‬೘ͦΓɽʴմ౶ྭ 1ʵThis graph shows annual global average surface temperature from 1880 to 2018. At the beginning of the 20th century,
it was more than 0.5°F below the 20th century average. However, it had been rising steadily, and as of 2018, it was over
1.5°F above the average.
This global warming has been caused by industrial development and accompanied increase of greenhouse gas
emissions such as CO2. Its effects include several threats to our way of life, including rising sea levels and destruction ofecosystems. To stop global warming, the whole world’s commitment to a decarbonized society, such as reducing
emissions of the gases, is essential for the future.
ʴմ౶ྭ 2ʵ
This bar chart shows the annual temperature difference from the 20th century average from 1880 to 2018. From 1880
to 1940, annual global average surface temperatures for land and ocean were below average, with the largest difference
around 1910, and after 1940, temperatures hovered around + or - 0.5°F until the late 1970s. After 1980, the temperature
difference increased almost steadily, peaking in 2016.

ҫָ෨਒ָ༩ඍߏϟϑΨThis bar chart clearly shows the recent situation of global warming and forces us to face the problem and takepractical measures to stop this warming trend. In my opinion, countries around the world must work together to makeunified efforts to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

(111 words)ʴմ౶ྭ 3ʵ
According to the graph, annual global average surface temperature for land and ocean has been rising since 1940and especially rapidly rising since late 1970s. Temperature difference in 2016 is 1.7°F above 20th average.
This temperature rise may have been caused by global warming. Governments, United Nations, and otherinternational institutions should take various measures to stop this. For example, companies and factories which use fossil
fuels excessively have to pay carbon tax. We need to reduce carbon dioxide and promote renewable energy sources likewind power and solar power.

(90 words)ʴන‫ݳ‬ʵ
1ɿਦනͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζන‫ݳ‬ʰ͞͹๰ήϧϓͺʛΝනͤʱ
ʀthis bar chart shows ~ʀin this graph, ~ʀaccording to the graph, ~2ɿർֳͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζන‫ݳ‬ʰʛͺ 20 ੊‫ن‬͹ฑ‫ۋ‬Ν՜ࢱ 0.5°
Ґ৏ԾյΖʱ
ʀ~ be more than 0.5⁳ below (the)20th (century) averageʰʛͺ 20 ੊‫ن‬͹ฑ‫ۋ‬Ν՜ࢱ 1.5°
Ґ৏৏յΖʱ
ʀ ~ be over 1.5°F above (the) 20th(century) average3ɿଁ‫ݰ‬Ͷ‫ͤؖ‬Ζන‫ݳ‬ʰʛͺ±0.5°F ઴‫Ͳޛ‬ਬҢͤΖʱʀ~ hover around - or + 0.5°F
ʀ~ fluctuate between - 0.5°F and +0.5°Fʰʛͺ஥ࣰͶ৏তͤΖʱ
ʀ~ rise steadily
ʀ~ show a constant increaseʰʛͺ‫ٺ‬৏তͤΖʱ
ʀ~ increase rapidly
ʀ~ show a sharp increaseʰʛͺʞͶ࠹߶Ͷ͵Ζʱ
ʀ~ peak in …
ʀ~ spike in …
ʀ~ reach one’s highest (peak) in …

3ɿ೧ྺʀ೧େͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζන‫ݳ‬ʰ1880 ೧͖Δ 2018 ೧ΉͲʱʀfrom 1880 to 2018ʰࢴͪͬ͹ਫ਼‫΃׈‬͹‫ڶ‬Ҙʱʀthreats to our way of lifeʰ1970 ೧େ‫ޛ‬ൔʱʀlate 1970s
ʀlate 1970’sʰʛ͹ʞ͵ଲࡨΝߪͣΖʱ
ʀtake … measures to doʰք໚৏তʱ
ʀrising sea levelsʰ‫ـ‬Ի͗ʛ͖Δ৏ত͢⥆ࡅࡓʱʀ temperature has [had] been rising ʀsea level risesince ~ʰਫ਼ସ‫ܧ‬͹ഃշʱʀtemperature increased after ~ʀdestruction of ecosystemsʰʛΉͲʞ͢କ͜Ζʱʰસ੊ֆదखΕૌΊʱ
ʀ… until ~ʀthe whole world’s commitment
ʰ20 ੊‫ॵن‬ಆʱʀ the world work together to makeʀat the beginning of the 20th century
unified effort(s)ʰ2018 ೧͹఼࣎Ͳʱʀas of 2018
ʀby 2018ʰ୦୺ોऀճʱ
ʀa decarbonized societyʰ࠸ਫ਼Ն೵Φϋϩάʖʱʀrenewable energy sources5ɿͨ͹ଠ͹න‫ݳ‬ʰஏ‫ځ‬ԻஈԿʱʀglobal warmingʰࢴ͹қ‫ͱ͢ͳݡ‬ͺɾʛʱʀIn my opinion, ~ʀPersonally, I believe that ~ʰԻ࣪ްՎΪη͹ഋड़ʱʀgreenhouse gas emissions
ʀemissions of green house gasʰࢴ͹؏఼͖ΔͤΖͳɾʛʱʀFrom my point of view, ~ʰԿ੶೫ྋʱ
ʀfossil fuelsʰ್࢐Կ୺ોʱ
ʀCO2
ʀcarbon dioxideҫָ෨਒ָ༩ඍߏϟϑΨㅮホᶙʨௗชʩ

ʤΏΏҝʥʰԽֺ͗ਕؔͶ‫ͤ·ٶ‬ਐରదʀ੠ਈదްՎʱͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζӵชɽ෾ྖͺ઴‫ͳغ‬Ά·รΚΔͥɽชহ಼༲΍ཀྵմ͢Ώ͚ͤɾਜ਼մ͹ࠞ‫ڎ‬΍‫ͯ͜ݡ‬Ώͤ͏ɽᶚʨௗชʩʤඬ६ʥʰ঺͏ͳ઴޴͘͵‫״‬৚͗ਕରͶ΍ͪΔͤްՎʱͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζӵชɽชহ಼༲ɾ‫ޢ‬ኰϪϗϩͺඬ६ద͵͗Δɾઅ໲਼͗ଡ͚ɾགྷ྘Γ͚մ͘਒ΌΖචགྷ͍͗Ζɽᶛʨࣙ༟ӵࡠชʩ ʤඬ६ʥʰ཰৏ͳք༺͹೧ؔฑ‫ـۋ‬ԻʱͶͯ͏ͱ༫͓ΔΗͪήϧϓΝ΍ͳͶɾಣΊखΗΖ‫؏ٮ‬దࣆࣰͳͨΗͶͯ͏ͱ͹մएΝ 100 ‫ޢ‬ఖౕͲ‫ى‬फ़ͤΖ໲ୌɽࣆࣰΝਜ਼֮Ͷන‫ͤݳ‬Ζ͞ͳͳɾࣙ෾͵Ε͹қ‫ʹ͵ݡ‬Νద֮Ͷӵ‫Ͳޢ‬ΉͳΌΔΗΖ͖͗໲ΚΗͱ͏Ζɽ୉໲ߑ੔ͺࡤ೧ౕͳ୉͚͘รԿͺ͵͏͗ɾϜʖέ਼͗ଁՅ͢‫ى‬फ़ྖ͗‫͏ͱͮݰ‬Ζɽࡤ೧ౕ‫ͳغޛ‬ಋ༹ɾ୉໲
3 ͹ࣙ༟ӵࡠชͺௗช಼༲ͳ࿊ಊͤΖ΍͹Ͳͺ͵͏ɽήϧϓͶ‫ͤؖ‬Ζӵ‫ޢ‬න‫΃ݳ‬͹‫׵‬Η͗ड़པΝ୉͚ࠪ͘ӊ
ͤΖɽ໪ඬͺ 70%

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