PROCEEDINGSOF RCCE &SDGs 2021
Regional Conference in Civil Engineering& Sustainable Development Goals in
Higher Education Institutions 2021

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REGIONAL CONFERENCE IN CIVIL
ENGINEERINGAND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTGOALS(RCCE & SDGs 2021)
22-23 January 2022
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

Regional collaboration in civilengineering education to acceleratedelivery of the SDGs

REGIONAL CONFERENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING& SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN
HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS 2021
(RCCE & SDGs 2021)

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First Edition 2022

All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any
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subject to royalty or honorarium estimation.
Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia
Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Shamsul Sarip, Nur Syamimi Zaidi, Mohamed Zuhaili Mohamed Najib
Regional Conference in Civil Engineering & Sustainable Development Goals in
Higher Education Institutions 2021
eISBN 978-967-19987-9-3

Editor:SHAMSUL SARIPNUR SYAMIMI ZAIDI
MOHAMED ZUHAILI MOHAMED NAJIB
Cover Design:
MOHAMED ZUHAILI MOHAMED NAJIB
Typeset by
SHAMSUL SARIP
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Johor
Published in Malaysia by
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Malaysia
Tel: +60(0)7 5533151 / 33152 / 33155
Web page: https://sustainable.utm.my/

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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TABLE OF CONTENTSCONTENTSWELCOMING SPEECH
Prof. Datuk Ts. Dr. Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
The Vice-Chancellor
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Prof. Dr. Norhazilan Md Noor
Chair School of Civil Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
FOREWORD
Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd Fadil Md Din
Conference Chair

SPEAKERSPLENARY 1
Prof. Dr. Norhazilan Md Noor
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

PAGE

1

2

3

5

KEYNOTE 1
Associate Professor Dr. Daisuke KOMORI
Tohoku University

7

KEYNOTE 2
Prof. Kazuei ISHII
Hokkaido University

8

Conference Agenda

9

Presentation of Plenary Speakers

13

Presentation of Keynote Speakers

15

Presentation of Invited Speakers

17

List of Abstracts

29

Conference Committee

136

Sponsorship

138

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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RCCE & SDGs 2021

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WELCOMINGSPEECHFirst and foremost, I would like to congratulate and thank the
ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering
Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-Net), organize
by School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering forproviding the seed fund for this conference. Besides, that I
would like to extend the gratitude to both the International
Scientific Committee and the Technical Committee of the
RCCE&SDGs Conference for their initiatives, relentless effort
and commitment in making this virtual conference a success.

Prof. Datuk Ts. Dr.
Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
The Vice Chancellor
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

I am privileged and honoured to be here, again as the 2nd
achievement of this conference to officiate the opening of thisconference in my capacity as the Vice Chancellor of Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). Being on the 2nd Regional
Conference, I believed the success of online virtual platform
has successfully serves as a strategic platform to combine thetransformation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
implementation for Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) as
been highlighted by United Nations in the year of 2030. This
year the aspiration continues with the targeting on creating thequadruple helix besides emphasis on in-demand of Industrial
4.0 skills and knowledge in digital and digitization in current
academic practices. Besides that, this conference is aiming tosupport the national agenda of 2050, providing privilege whichhighlights four (4) key points mainly creating the value addedin SDG’s on new technology, able to expand the knowledgetransfer among regional issues besides catering the living lab
among universities and stakeholders, expand the networking
through the conjunction of MySUN Conference and strengthen
the networking among Alumni of AUN/SEED-Net community.
With the involvement of networking across the regional and
ASEAN mainly from China, Thailand, Philippine, Vietnam,
Malaysia, Gaza, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Bangladesh,
Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, I hope this conference
able to connect and expand the networking besides looking in
the key points of SDG’s for higher education for current
practices.
I believe that all of you will leave this conference with having
learned something new, be it in your field or other fields. I
would like to convey my sincere gratitude to the conference
committee, the generous sponsors, the cooperative hostmanagement and most importantly to you, our beloved
participants for contributing to the success of this Conference.
I wish, ladies and gentlemen, all the participants here today
can actively continue to participate in contributing ideas,
comments, views and suggestions which will certainly bebeneficial for the good of our shared nation. Our hope is that
all these ideas can be transformed into reality in solving all
problems associated with sustainability of our environment. I
once again congratulate all the people involved in making thisconference a success especially the organizing committee for
their hard work and perseverance in running this conference.

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WELCOMINGSPEECH
Assalamualaikum and welcome to the Second Regional Conferencein Civil Engineering and Sustainable Development Goals (RCCE &SDGs 2021) in the theme of "Regional Collaboration in Civil
Engineering Education in Accelerating Delivery for SDG’s". As weknow this conference is aiming to support the national agenda of2050, providing privilege which highlights four (4) key points mainly
creating the value added in SDG’s on new technology, able to expand
the knowledge transfer among regional issues besides catering theliving lab among universities and stakeholders, expand the
networking through the conjunction of MySUN Conference andstrengthen the networking among Alumni of AUN/SEED-Net
community.

Prof. Dr.
Norhazilan Md Noor
Chair
School of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

This conference able to drives social, economic and humandevelopment that underpins our knowledge prior to the societies andinfrastructures. As an academia this virtual platform has successfully
serves as a strategic platform to combine the transformation of
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) implementation for Higher
Education Institutions (HEIs) has been highlighted by United
Nations in the year of 2030. Besides being an engineer, thisconference opens up an innovation platform and indeed the rise andfall of the civilizations especially in the move continues with thetargeting on creating the quadruple helix besides emphasis on indemand of Industrial 4.0 skills and knowledge in digital anddigitization in current academic practices.
This year promises to be equally stimulating, by having the
involvement of networking across the regional and ASEAN mainly
from China, Thailand, Philippine, Vietnam, Malaysia, Gaza,
Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Bangladesh, Japan, Korea, Indonesia,
Singapore, I hope this conference able to connect and expand the
networking besides looking in the key points of SDG’s for higher
education for current practices.
I hope during your time at the conference that you take theopportunity to engage with your peers to discuss your ideas forresearch and practice and that you ask questions of the presenters.
There will be plenty of opportunities for collaboration. We will all
benefit from our combined participation at this conference.
Thank you.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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FOREWORD
First and foremost, welcome to all speakers, delegates andparticipants who are joining our 2nd RCCE in 2021. The 2nd
AUNSEED.Net Regional Conference for SDGs is a previous platform
for Alumni and regional members in ASEAN to share the most
updated technology and research of common issues, including therecent development of state-of-the-art in the trans-discipline
research area. This program is also providing opportunities forparticipants to discuss future collaborations and activities related toengineering, social science and humanities that will be relevant to
the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs). With the newincoming partner from EU, this conference will benefit beyond thehorizon of opportunity. Each keynote and invited speakers will
expand their knowledge to induce the implementation of SDGs
element, as well as for the other participants. Moreover, it aims at
maximizing the outreach of the existing AUN/SEED-Net Network forstronger impacts by involving external participants such as
representatives from the government, industry, community andother professional organizations.
Prof. Ir. Ts. Dr.
Mohd Fadil Md Din
Conference ChairUTM Campus Sustainability
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

The Regional Conference is the strategy to combine thetransformation of SDGs implementation in HEIs based on therequirement of United Nation for the year 2030 and supporting thespecific agenda in “The World in 2050” (TWI 2050). Previous
conference in 2021, the strategy in enhancing SDGs across the fieldreached to the various industrial and non-governmental sectors.
This aspiration is the global research and fact-based knowledge intransforming the indicated SDGs in a better way. Therefore, all the
keynotes/invited/guest speakers will be explaining their roles andcontribution to the society, with SDGs related to R&D, innovation,technology, knowledge-transfer and industrial experiences. Most of
the issue and challenges will be connecting to the environmental
application as to strengthen the interaction work between HEIs,
Industry, Government and Community. The Conference will also be
having parallel session on academia, networking among Alumni andseveral members from ASEAN countries. Moreover, MySUN member
from Malaysia and EU will join as the part of co-existence network
among the established AUN/SEED-Net platform and enlarge themembership between HEIs and external stakeholders.
Do activate yourself and wishes the best in our networking platform.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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RCCE & SDGs 2021

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PLENARY SPEAKER 1
Prof. Dr. Norhazilan Md Noor
Chairman
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

He is currently serving as a Professor at the School of Civil Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia. He served as the Principal of student residential college andAcademic manager of postgraduate (research) from 2011 to 2015. He currently serves
as the Chair of School of Civil Engineering. His primary interest includes thedevelopment of soil-corrosion model for tropical region, probabilistic-based reliability
assessment software for pipeline integrity management, risk assessment approach for
deteriorating infrastructure, non-physical inhibitor for mitigating microbial-influenced
corrosion and new material for pipeline repair. He is currently the Editor-in-Chief ofMalaysian Journal of Civil Engineering and ASEAN Engineering Journal. Dr
Norhazilan Md Noor has already published more than 200 articles, journals andconference proceedings with several best publications awards. He has considerable
experience in global networking and world university ranking exercise. He has also beenprivileged to participate in the ASEAN University Network (AUN/SEED-net)
networking as a member of working group and field management meeting since 2012and several Erasmus+ project funded by European Union. He pro-actively involves in
MOU initiatives between UTM and global research partner in ASEAN, Japan and
Korea. He is the recipient of Special Award for Innovation in 2013 by the MalaysianConstruction Industry Excellence Award Committee. He has gathered more than 30
major awards locally and internationally for his contribution in research, teaching andadministration.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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RCCE & SDGs 2021

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KEYNOTE SPEAKER 1
Associate Professor Dr. Daisuke
Komori
Associate Professor, Tohoku University, Japan

Associate Professor Daisuke Komori is currently Associate Professor in Department ofCivil Engineering and Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University,
Japan. Affiliated members of Science Council and Young Academy of Japan. Board
members on "Promoting Observation and Monitoring of Climate Change Impacts"
Ministry of the Environment; Countermeasures against Woody debris in Reservoirs”
and "Urban Flooding Countermeasures in Light of Climate Change” Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and so on. I have been researching thephenomenon that human activities modify the water cycle and environment and affecthuman life as environmental problems and natural disasters, from regional by global
scales. I have also conducted interdisciplinary research on the mechanisms of local
environmental problems while clarifying the reality of local communities based on thefield survey in mainly Japan and Asia.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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KEYNOTE SPEAKER 2
Prof. Kazuei Ishii
Professor, Hokkaido University, Japan

Kazuei Ishii is professor in Laboratory of Sound Material Cycle Systems in Faculty ofEngineering, Hokkaido University, since 2018. His research topics is focus on researchon soil and groundwater contamination and remediation: (1) Numerical simulation ofcontaminants transport and fate in groundwater: (2) Development of biologicaltreatment method (bioreactor or in-situ bioremediation): (3) Nitrate groundwaterpollution by daily farms. He is also interested in research on final disposal system ofmunicipal solid waste: (1) Method of promotion to stabilization of landfilled waste: (2)Numerical modeling for washing pollutants from waste layer. But and not least his
research interest also focus on development of biomass utilization systems such as
biogas and biosolid fuels.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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CONFERENCE AGENDA
DAY 1 (22 JAN 2022, SATURDAY)
Cisco Webex Meeting for Opening Session

TIME (GMT+8)

AGENDA

8.30 am - 9.00 am

Conference Registration (Day 1)

9.00 am - 9.15 am

Opening Ceremony by UTM
By Professor Datuk Ts. Dr. Ahmad Fauzi Ismail(Vice Chancellor of UTM)

9.15 am - 9.25 am

AUN/SEED-Net promotional session
By Ms. Tonghathai Likhitweerawong

9.25 am - 9.30 am

Welcoming remarks from AUN/SEED-Net
By Prof. Emeritus Dr. Ueda Tamon

9.30 am - 10.00 am

Plenary Speaker 1 (Civil): Prof. Dr. Norhazilan (UTM, Malaysia)

10.00 am - 10.45 am

Refreshment

10.45 am - 11.15 am

Keynote Speaker 1 (Civil):
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Daisuke KOMORI (Tohoku University, Japan)
Invited Speaker 1
Dr. PhanthoudethPongpanya(Laos)
Theme:
GeotechnicalEngineering

Invited Speaker 2
Assoc Prof. Dr. Nur
Sabahiah Abdul Sukor(USM, Malaysia)
Theme:
Transportation
Engineering &GeotechnicalEngineering

11.35 am - 12.55 pm

Parallel Session 1(Room 1)

Parallel Session 1(Room 2)

Parallel Session 1(Room 3)12.55 pm - 1.30 pm

Session 1 Q&A(Room 1)

Session 1 Q&A(Room 2)

Session 1 Q&A(Room 3)11.15 am - 11.35 am

1.30 pm - 2.30 pm

Lunch Break

2.30 pm - 3.30 pm

Poster Presentation 1

3.30 pm - 3.50 pm

3.50 pm - 5.00 pm
5.00 pm - 5.30 pm
5.30 pm

Invited Speaker3
Lt Col Ir. Dr.
Vikneswaran A/L
Munikanan(UPNM, Malaysia)
Theme:
Green and
Sustainable
Construction

Invited Speaker 4
Mr. Hiroshi Kokubu(Daisyo Corporation,
Japan)
Theme:
Architecture and Built
Environment& Construction ProjectManagement and
SafetyInvited Speaker 5
Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr.
Aeslina Binti Abdul
Kadir(UTHM, Malaysia) Theme:
Environmental
Engineering

Invited Speaker 6
Dr. Trinh Quoc Dung
(HUST, Vietnam)
Theme: SDGs in
Engineering andScienceParallel Session 2(Room 1)
Session 2 Q&A(Room 1)

Parallel Session 2(Room 2)
Session 2 Q&A(Room 2)

Parallel Session 2(Room 3)Session 2 Q&A(Room 3)

Tea time and End

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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DAY 1 (22 JAN 2022, SATURDAY)
TIME

ROOM 1

ROOM 2

ROOM 3

Theme 1:
Geotechnical Engineering
Chairperson:
Ts. Dr. Norhidayah
Abdul Hassan

Theme 2:Highway andTransportation Engineering& Geology
Chairperson:
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr.
Sitti Asmah Binti Hassan

Theme 5:
Green and Sustainable
Construction
Chairperson:
Prof. Ts. Ir. Dr.
Mohd Fadhil Md Din

SESSION 1
11.35 am 12.55 pm

ID20
ID33
ID42
ID46
ID63
ID96
ID92

SESSION 2
3.50 pm 5.00 pm

My - Chinh Do – Thi
Joenel Galupino
Thet Htet Ye Htun
Kunpeng Yu
Mary Ann Adajar
Nur Syahirah Syuhadah
Zakaria
Muhamad Nurfirdaus
Sapawie

Theme 4:
Architecture and Built
Environment& Construction ProjectManagement and Safety
Chairperson:
Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Kriengsak Panuwatwanich
ID18
ID36
ID50
ID59
ID64
ID52
ID31

Arjun Kumar Segar
Ahmed Ali Ahmed Mohamed
Mariawati Ali
Vuthea MIN
Kamoli Adetunji
Alghamdi, Khalid Ahmed M
Muhammad Qusyairi Zahar

ID07
ID62
ID91
ID87
ID06
ID45
ID32

Hasanain Radhi Radeef
Mohammad Jawed
RoshanIsmail Hasim
Rafiuddin Hakim Roslan
Jeyasri A/P Packirysamy
Donzala David SOME
Shannen Teo Sin-Chze

Theme 3:
Environmental Engineering
Chairperson:
Dr. Mohd Armi Bin
Abu Samah

ID21
ID58
ID47
ID51
ID56
ID88
ID83

May Phoo Ngyon
Phetyasone Xaypanya
Amyrhul Abu Bakar
Nur Aqeela Syuhadah Aji
Mazni Mat Zin
Mohd Aznor Lamat
Michael Angelo
Promentilla

ID35
ID73
ID93
ID77
ID17
ID98
ID100

Emad Ameen A Alharbi
Cheryl Lyne C. Roxas
Muhammad Zulkhairin
Anwar Zainudin
Shamzani Affendy Mohd Din
Arjun Kumar Segar
Muizzuddin Marzuki
Eeydzah Aminudin

Theme 6:
SDGs in Engineering andScience
Chairperson:
Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Umi Aisah Bt Asli

ID02
ID23
ID30
ID48
ID89
ID101

Wai Yan Soe
Zuhaili Idham
Nurfarhain Mohamed Rusli
Mohammed Baqer Zaki
Yahya Al-Quraishi
Faridahanim Ahmad
Eeydzah Aminudin*Presentation Session: Please refer to specific tentative for details

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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CONFERENCE AGENDA
DAY 2 (23 JAN 2022, SUNDAY)
Cisco Webex Meeting for Opening Session

TIME (GMT+8)

AGENDA

8.30 am - 9.00 am

Conference Registration (Day 2)

9.00 am - 9.30 am

Keynote Speaker 2 (SDGs):
Prof. Dr. Kazuei Ishii (Hokkaido University, Japan)

9.30 am - 10.30 am

Poster Presentation 2

10.30 am -10.50 am

Invited Speaker 7
Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr.
Shahrul Ismail(UMT, Malaysia)
Theme:
Environmental
Engineering & Water
Resources

Invited Speaker 8
Scl. Dpl. Glenn
Banaguas(DLSU, Philippine)
Theme:
Climate Change

Invited Speaker 9
Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Norhisham Bin Bakhary(UTM, Malaysia)
Theme:
Structures andConstruction Engineering

10.50 am - 12.00 pm

Parallel Session 3(Room 1)

Parallel Session 3(Room 2)

Parallel Session 3(Room 3)12.15 pm - 12.30 pm

Session 3 Q&A(Room 1)

Session 3 Q&A(Room 2)

Session 3 Q&A(Room 3)12.30 pm - 1.15 pm

Networking Session

1.15 pm - 2.00 pm

Lunch BreakInvited Speaker 10

Invited Speaker 11

Invited Speaker 12

Ms. Khadijah Madihi(Asia Family First,
Singapore)
Theme:
SDGs inEngineering andScience

Ts. Dr. Mohd Zamri
bin Ramli(UTM, Malaysia)
Theme: Disaster andRisk Engineering

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul
Rahman Mohd Sam(UTM, Malaysia)
Theme:
Materials for Civil Engineering& Innovation

2.20 pm - 3.30 pm

Parallel Session 4(Room 1)

Parallel Session 4(Room 2)

Parallel Session 4(Room 3)3.30 pm - 3.45 pm

Session 4 Q&A(Room 1)

Session 4 Q&A(Room 2)

Session 4 Q&A(Room 3)2.00 pm - 2.20 pm

3.45 pm - 4.30 pm

Poster Presentation 34.30 pm - 5.30 pm

Award & Closing Ceremony
By Prof. Ts. Ir. Dr. Mohd Fadhil Md Din(Director of UTM Campus Sustainability, UTM)

5.30 pm

Teatime and End

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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DAY 2 (23 JAN 2022, SUNDAY)
TIME

ROOM 1

ROOM 2

ROOM 3

Theme 3:
Environmetal Engineering &Water Resources
Chairperson:
Ts. Dr. Kogila Vani Annammala

Theme 11:
Climate Change
Chairperson:
Ts. Dr.
Eeydzah Aminuddin

Theme 10:Structures andConstruction Engineering
Chairperson:
Asst. Prof. Dr. Watanachai
Smittakorn

SESSION 1
11.35 am 12.55 pm

ID38
ID40
ID09
ID10
ID57
ID80
ID81

SESSION 2
3.50 pm 5.00 pm

Yongjun Wang
Zhang Hemeng
Zulfaqar Sa'adi
Abdul Mazli Hafiz Abdul Malik
Mohd Khairul Idlan
MuhammadSergi S. Garbanzos
Jay Manzano Navaluna

ID72
ID71
ID69
ID74
ID84
ID86

Theme 8:SDGs in Management andSocial Science
Chairperson:
Dr. Shazwin Mat Taib
ID67
ID44
ID08
ID29
ID94

Vo Thanh Hung
Nazlee SiddiquiWesam Al Madhoun
Monika EA
Suzila Mohd

Siti Norhuda Abdullah
Nurul Nazleatul Najiha
Mohd Nazif
Taishi Yazawa
Fadzlin Md Sairan
Adamu Musa Eya
Adamu Musa Eya

Theme 9:Disaster and Risk
Engineering
Chairperson:
Dr. Nor Eliza Alias
ID70
ID79
ID01
ID95
ID97
ID66
ID65

Dustine Louise V. Pancho
Joseph Burhan
Yusrin Faiz Abd Wahab
Rasnavi Paramasivam
Fara Aiza Md Sanin
Alvin Kurniawan Santoso
Fatin Munirah
Mohd@Mohammad

ID03
ID11
ID13
ID22
ID55
ID68

Khun Aye Han Kyu
Thanh-Canh Huynh
Yan Win Aung
Duc-Duy HoAzhar Ahmad
Ngoc Lan Pham

Theme 7:
SDGs in Engineering andScience
Chairperson:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Umi Aisah
Bt Asli
ID37
ID41
ID76
ID16
ID34
ID99

Adithep Bunphot
Ugen Tashi Lhamo
Fadzli Irwan Bahrudin
Arjun Kumar Segar
Falmata Audu Mustapha
Idlan Maszeri*Presentation Session: Please refer to specific tentative for details

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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Presentation
Plenary Speaker 1
Prof. Dr. Norhazilan Md Noor
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Satellite Internet Constellation Technology: How It Will Change
Construction and Infrastructure Management Forever

Abstract: Interplanetary spaceflight designed with the ultimate goal to colonize Mars
has sped up radically the revolution of internet technology. The invention of a muchcheaper way to send rockets into space has brought a new idea of satellite internet
constellation technology. A satellite internet constellation is a constellation of artificial
satellites providing satellite internet service as opposed to grounded cable internet
network. A constellation of satellites capable of beaming internet from the sky will
improve drastically high-speed internet penetration with superb low-latency network
especially in rural areas. The construction industry can take advantage of this technology
to embed IoT more aggressively in the current technology related to construction andinfrastructure management. Future infrastructure development should be greener, lowcarbon footprint, longer service life, autonomous in nature and require minimal
resources for maintenance. Most of these criteria can only be achieved with a high-data
rate at low latency of internet technology. Autonomous construction, remotemonitoring, connected construction site, real-time transfer of data, wireless sensor andcloud technology are among future components that can make the construction industry
more sustainable. Look to the skies because the future is there.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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Keynote Speaker 1
Associate Professor Dr. Daisuke Komori
Tohoku University

Trade-offs Between Urban Flood Resilience and Urbanization in Asia

Abstract: Inland water flooding is one of the typical urban floods, and its risk is expected toincrease in urban areas in the future (IPCC, 2014). There are similarities in urban
environments in monsoon Asia, (1) Water disasters are always suffering by typhoons andheavy rains, (2) Urbanization and mega-cities are developed at lowland areas (mainly paddy
fields) along the river, where has difficulties for discharging water inundation. Therefore, thisstudy was elucidated the transition mechanisms of occurrence of inland water flooding
attributable to urbanization at seven cities in Japan each having a different urban scale. The“frequent inland water flooding areas” were extracted using the past 20 years inland water
flooding records during 1993 and 2012. The average population in the target duration in eachcity was used as an indicator of the urban scale. The number of years of inland water floodingin the target duration divided by the target duration, 20 years, was used as the inland water
flooding risk index. The ratio of daily maximum hourly rainfall larger than 30 mm/h in thetarget duration was defined as an index of meteorological factors. An index of topographicalfactors was calculated using a two-dimensional unsteady flow model. An index of urban
factors was calculated by an inverse analytical manner using the inland water flooding risk
index and other factors. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The risk of inland water
flooding increases as the urban scale increases and decreases with further increases of urban
scale. 2) There is a negative correlation between the urban scale and topographical factors on
the occurrence of inland water flooding. 3) Urban factors on the occurrence of inland water
flooding were minor in small- and large-scale cities, and significant in medium-scale cities.

Keywords: Inland water flooding; Urban scale; Rainfall intensity; Inundation model;
Vulnerability; Socio-hydrology

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Keynote Speaker 2
Prof. Kazuei Ishii
Hokkaido University

Waste and Biomass to Energy toward Biomass Community Planning

Abstract: Reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) has been required toward zero carbon
society (net zero) in the world. Renewable energy (RE) should be promoted to reduce use offossil fuel, such as oils, coal, and natural gas. Waste and Biomass to Energy is one ofpromising activities for promoting RE as well as establishing sustainable material cycle ineach region.
(1) Current situation on society and environment in Japan: We are facing population
reduction and aging society and in particular significant decrease in rural area that havefinancial difficulty to continue proper waste management.
(2) Circular economy: Cyclic use of waste, such as manure, food waste, sewage sludge, andwood biomass, in each region should be promoted to increase resource productivity (=production / resource consumption), to reduce money to flow out of the region, and toincrease eco-efficiency (= production / environmental impacts).
(3) Biogas plants (Anaerobic digestion): Biogas plants contributes to enhance circular
economy described above. In Japan, the number of biogas plant treating cow manure
increased because of feed-in-tariff (FIT). Although the utilization of food waste for anaerobic
digestion is not popular because most of municipal solid waste, including food waste, isincinerated. I will present the cases of biogas plants for food waste in Japan: Fukagawa city,
Takikawa city, Sunagawa city, and Kitahiroshima city in Japan. In addition, the manure tohydrogen project in Shikaoi town will be presented.
(4) Wood biomass power plants: I will show the latest case introducing a technology forwood biomass to energy: gasification in Shimokawa town.

Keywords: GHG reduction; Waste; Biomass; Anaerobic digestion
RCCE & SDGs 2021

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Invited Speaker 1
Dr. Phanthoudeth Pongpanya
Freelance (AUN/SEED-Net Alumni)

Stability Analysis and Support Design of Main Roadway in Underground Coal
Mine
*Phanthoudeth Pongpanya1, Takashi Sasaoka2, and Hideki Shimada2
1

Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Laos,
Laos PDR.

2

Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University,
Japan.
*E-mail: phanthoudeth.p@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper focuses on the stability analysis and support design of the main roadway
prior to longwall mining at the deeper depth at GDM underground coal mine in Indonesia.
The stability of the main roadway at the GDM coal mine under various depths and stressratios is studied by means of numerical simulations. According to the results of a series ofnumerical simulations, the stability of the main roadway decreases by increasing the depth
and stress ratio. Ground control problems such as falling roof, sidewall collapse, and floor
heave can be expected unless an appropriate support system is provided. Three support
systems, i.e. friction rockbolt, steel arch (SS540), and shotcrete, are discussed as methods tostabilize the roof and sidewalls of the main roadway. The steel arch is considered to be themost effective support system comparing with other systems. The steel arch meets thequalifications of stability control. The steel arch with closer space and larger size of crosssection provides a better stability condition to the roof and sidewalls of the main roadway.
Although the stability of roof and sidewalls of the main roadway can be controlled by steelarch support, the occurrence of floor heave can be expected according to the increase ofmining depth. Therefore, two techniques using cablebolt and invert-arch floor are selected
and discussed in order to control the floor heave. Heaving of the floor is controlled effectively
after the cablebolt and invert-arch floor are employed. However, controlling the floor heaveby cablebolt support may be the most appropriate technique in GDM coal mine comparedwith other methods in terms of installation process, providing a flat and safe working
condition of floor, and economy. In addition, the cablebolt with closer row space and longer
length works more effectively to control the floor heave.

Keywords: Main roadway stability; Support design; FLAC3D; Weak rock

RCCE & SDGs 2021

17

Invited Speaker 2
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nur Sabahiah Abdul
Sukor
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)

The Effect of Behavioural Intervention Techniques in Encouraging Low
Carbon Mobility Among Adolescents*Nur Sabahiah Abdul Sukor1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
*E-mail: cesabahiah@usm.my

Abstract: In order to achieve the status of a sustainable city, the municipalities need toencourage the residents to use sustainable transportation, especially public transport, cycling,
and walking. These exposures and encouragement need to be focused on the young generation
to become accustomed to a more sustainable way of travel. The objective of this study was to
examine the determinants that influence the intention to change to more sustainable transport
while traveling to school among the school students in Penang city. Data were gathered
through the survey of 176 school students living in Penang Island before and after anintervention program. These data were analysed using the PLS-SEM by considering the
expanded version of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), which contains psychologicalvariables such as attitude, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control, awareness towards
the environment, and moral obligation. The results indicate that negative awareness, moral
obligation, and subjective norm are significant predictors of the intention to change mode
before the intervention. Meanwhile, positive awareness, moral obligation, perceived
behaviour control, and subjective norm are significant predictors of the intention to change
the mode after the intervention.

Keywords: Travel to School; Adolescents; Urban Transportation; Theory of Planned
Behavior

RCCE & SDGs 2021

18

Invited Speaker 3
Lt. Col. Ir. Dr. Vikneswaran Munikanan
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Malaysia

Sustainable Neighbourhood Profile of Malaysia*Vikneswaran Munikanan1, Rozana Zakaria2, and Noraziah Wahi3
1

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional
Malaysia, Malaysia.
23Construction Research Center, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

.Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Sarawak, Malaysia.
*E-mail: vikneswaran@upnm.edu.my

Abstract: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is being debated as an important measure
due to degradation of global environment and the consent for our future generation. To enable
the environment being protected, a preventive measure must be implemented as soon as
possible. But less attention is being paid to the type of nature close to where people live andwork, to small-scale green areas in neighbourhood and to their benefits to people. In Malaysia
the land use pattern for neighbourhood development needs to be protected from being
overused and devastated due to minimal option of sustainable neighbourhood planning anddesigns guidelines. Focus need to be given to this type of development especially on smallscale green areas in neighbourhoods. The main concern of this paper is to give more emphasisto the sustainable neighbourhood elements in Malaysia as it gives much impact to the living
environment of a group of community. The issues pertaining sustainable neighbourhood
planning and design in Malaysia were discussed. To assist planners and stakeholders involvedin the planning process, Sustainable Neighbourhood Elements can be the main contributions
based on the current need which urban designers can manipulate. This is to make the planning
process more transparent and explicit, and potentially making planning and design process
more efficient.

Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals; Sustainable neighbourhood; Sustainableneighbourhood elements

RCCE & SDGs 2021

19

Invited Speaker 4
Mr. Hiroshi Kokubu
Daisyo Corporation Tokyo

Important and Noteworthy Technical Content of Slope Cut Work in Highway
Construction Project*Hiroshi Kokubu1
1

Daisyo Corporation/Tokyo branch, Japan
E-mail: cop@kmail.plala.or.jp

Abstract: Technical content empirically obtained in construction management of highway
construction project is introduced. Highway construction work consists of mainly earth
works, paving works, and bridge works, but the important and noteworthy technical content
of slope cut works are shown concretely. Although all the pavement works and bridge works
were completed as planned in the process, the completion was significantly delayed due tothe collapse of the cut slope beside highway. The geology of the target cut slope, the collapse
structure, the characteristics of the collapse, etc. were summarized by conducting a continuous
field survey every day. By grasping the changing of the slope and the progress of the collapse
on a daily basis, it is possible to concretely formulate the characteristics of the collapse andthe countermeasures. Through this work, it was understood that detailed and continuous
investigations along construction process, and the evaluation method for slope stability arevery important, based on the geological technics. In addition, it is desirable that engineers
who are deeply familiar with geology and engineers who are familiar with sabo technics also
participate in the design and construction stages of road construction project.

Keywords: Geological characteristics; Muddy limestone; Slope collapse structure

RCCE & SDGs 2021

20

Invited Speaker 5
Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Aeslina Abdul Kadir
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn (UTHM)

Solid Waste Management*Aeslina Abdul Kadir1
1

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn(UTHM), Johor.
E-mail: aeslina@uthm.edu.my

Abstract: Solid waste management is recognized as one of the most challenging issues
confronted by both the developed and developing countries. The problems rise due to rapid
urbanization and industrialization, population growth and lifestyles. Malaysia is generating
an immense amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) where 33,130 tonnes were recorded
per day, with an average of 1.17 kg/capita/day. The tonnes of solid waste generated mostly
come from food waste with the highest waste generated of 44.5% of the total volume of waste
generated every day. There are three most common method used for MSW management in
Malaysia. The main method is landfilling, which represents approximately 81.5% of theusage followed by recycling (17.5%) and only 1% is composting. Currently, Malaysia's
recycling rate in 2019 is 28.1% surpassing the national recycling rate of 22% in 2020 as set
by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government. Although the total recycling rate in
Malaysia has been increasing yearly, it is worth noting that the recycling rate in Malaysia is
still in a critical state as compared to other developed countries with best practices in the Asia
region, such as South Korea and Singapore, which recorded recycling rate of 53.7% and52.0%, respectively. These issues arising from improper solid waste management,
insufficient and inefficient waste collection, lack of recycling or treatment facilities, anduncontrolled open dumping of wastes. The annual MSW generation rate in Malaysian is
projected to increase by 3.3%, leading to an increase in GHGs, especially methane gas,
resulting from the degradation of organic waste within landfills. Besides GHG, leachates,
especially from dumpsites, giving rise to major surface and groundwater contamination.
According to Malaysia’s Third Biennial Update Report, the second-largest contributor ofwaste sector emissions is methane gas from solid waste disposal sites, accounting for an
average of 31.2% emissions throughout the time series period. On average, the increase in
the emissions from solid waste disposal sites was 4.6%. Despite this alarming situation,
Malaysia still relies on landfilling as the main method for waste disposal compared to otherselected countries that have been adopting other practices such as recycling, composting andincinerating processes. Therefore, an extensive adoption of solid waste management andrecycling initiatives to reduce the environmental impact from the increased waste generationand disposal should be implemented. Although several issues and challenges may hinder, byexecuting a holistic approach and sustaining a strategic action plan could eventually lead tosustainable solid waste management.
RCCE & SDGs 2021

21

Invited Speaker 6
Dr. Trinh Quoc Dung
Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)The Role of Refrigeration Towards Sustainable Energy and Environment*Quoc Dung Trinh1
1

Department of Refrigeration and Air conditioning, School of Heat Engineering andRefrigeration, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No.1, Dai Co Viet Road,
Hanoi, Vietnam.
E-mail: dung.trinhquoc@hust.edu.vn

Abstract: The refrigeration sector - including air conditioning - consumes about 20% of theoverall electricity used worldwide. Electricity consumption for refrigeration and air
conditioning has been increasing for many years in both developed and developing countries.
This 20% share highlights the importance of the refrigeration sector, which is expected to
grow further in the coming years because of (i) increasing refrigeration demand in numerous
sectors, and (ii) global warming. The energy issue is a major challenge for the future. Fossil
fuels resources are limited, so their exploitation has to be monitored closely. Many countries
still do not have access to a sufficient level of energy, allowing to improve their quality oflife and development. The important role of refrigeration technologies to the environmental
aspect of sustainable development must be addressed due to the high global GHG emissions(i.e. 4.14 Gt CO2 eq.). Therefore, a more reasonable use of energy and the development of
new technologies to produce energy are necessary. Consequently, some promisingalternatives related to use renewable energy and improve energy efficiency have been shownin the presentation.

Keywords: Refrigeration; Air conditioning; Energy efficiency; Renewable energy

RCCE & SDGs 2021

22

Invited Speaker 7
Ts. Dr. Shahrul Ismail
Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)

Application of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (ANAMMOX) Process
Technology for Sustainable Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment*Shahrul Ismail1,2,3, Ismafatin Nabilah Ismail1, Mohd Taufik Muhammad3, Noor Azrimi
Umor4, Norulhuda Mohamed Ramli5, Zulkarnain Zulkarnaini61

Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia
Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

2

Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HiCoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture andFisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
34

5

BioNexG Sdn. Bhd., ICE-Hub, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu.

School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA,
Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti
Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
6

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Andalas,Indonesia.
*E-mail: shahrul.ismail@umt.edu.my

Abstract: Treatment of wastewater, especially aquaculture wastewater containing highconcentrations of ammonia and nitrate, would improve the sustainable development ofaquaculture and reduce its impact on the environment. The anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox) process is a novel solution to address this aquaculture wastewater problem. This
paper provides an overview of the anammox process in the treatment of aquaculture
wastewater, its impact on the marine ecosystem, and the control of ammonia and nitrogen inaquaculture. It also highlights the important role of anammox bacteria in the development ofaquaculture treatment systems. Although the anammox process has been shown to be feasible
for the treatment of aquaculture wastewater, the efficiency of nitrogen removal could befurther improved by proper management of anammox bacteria, operating conditions, andmicrobial diversity.

Keywords: Anammox; Aquaculture wastewater; Ammonia; Nitrogen removal; Microbial

RCCE & SDGs 2021

23

Invited Speaker 8
Glenn Banaguas
EU-Asia Expert Panel for Climate Diplomacy and Environmental Security

The Implementation Challenges of Climate Diplomacy in Asia

Sci. Dpl. Glenn Banaguas
Chairman, Asian (ASEAN) Science Diplomats
Chairman, US-ASEAN Fellows for Science and Technology
Climate Diplomat, EU-Asia Expert Panel for Climate Diplomacy and Environmental
Security
E-mail: glenn.banaguas@asean.org

Abstract: Climate diplomacy plays an imperative role in the implementation of climate
smart and disaster resilience in Asia. It provides elucidations in reducing disaster risks andpreventing potential damage and losses through scientific wide-ranging assessment, capacity
development, project management, and multilateral cooperation among stakeholders. It is anavenue for all the actors to understand, plan, develop and implement not only the best scienceand evidence-based strategic solutions but also the most humane and gender-responsive
schemes in the most diplomatic way. It is also a stratagem designed to bring out the best in
every individual to solve the most pressing conundrum regardless of culture, gender, andnationality. And it is also a bridge that influences and impacts public policy, which deals
with matters of fretfulness, peevishness, and sensitivity. However, despite the significanceof climate diplomacy in the region, recurring issues and threats still occur in the areas ofpolicy and governance, science communication, monitoring and evaluation systems, andresource mobilizations.

Keywords: Climate diplomacy; Disaster resilience; Asia

RCCE & SDGs 2021

24

Invited Speaker 9
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norhisham Bakhary
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

Uncertainties Handling for Damage Detection Using Vibration Data

*Norhisham Bakhary1,2, Khairul Hazman Padil1,3
12School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310, Johor, Malaysia.

Institute of Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Semarak, 54100,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

3

Forensic Engineering Center, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
*E-mail: norhisham@utm.my

Abstract: Damage detection using vibration data is proven by many studies to be efficient in
detecting damage in structures. Time domain data, Frequency-based data and modal data arealways used as the parameters to detect the existence of damage. However, the existence of
unavoidable uncertainties such as modelling error and measurement error may lead to false
results. Modelling error is from inaccurate baseline model (finite element model) andnonlinearity effect that makes the model unable to represent exactly the actual structure. On
the other hand, the measured data is also affected by systematic error and environmental
factors. Therefore, the true information that submerged within those errors limits theefficiency of vibration-based damage detection in practice. This presentation highlighted
three types of methods to consider the existence of damage in vibration data. The methods
are statistical method, non-statistical method, and artificial intelligence method. For purposeof demonstration, several types of structures are used and the relationship between thevibration data and damage information are established using Artificial Neural Network.
Through these methods, it is proven that by considering the existence of uncertainties
appropriately, the vibration-based damage detection method can be used as an efficientmethod for damage detection.

Keywords: Damage detection; Vibration data; Artificial Neural Network

RCCE & SDGs 2021

25

Invited Speaker 10
Khadijah Madihi
Founder Asia Family First

Refugee Rights (R2) - A Reflective Approach Towards Inclusivity to Reduce
Inequalities*Khadijah Madihi11Asia Family First*E-mail: khadijah@asiafamilyfirst.org

Abstract: Human rights serve our existential being in having the freedom of choice, accessto basic needs and opportunity to aspire for a better life. There are universal rights inherent
to us all, regardless of gender, race, religious beliefs, or economic status with a common
understanding that “when every individual is self-sufficient, the entire world prospers”. Yet,that very fundamental right has been denied to many, in particular refugee and internallydisplaced populations, one of the long-standing challenges to our collective ideal and global
goal in reducing inequalities (SDG10). Latest figures indicate there are 20.4 million refugees
under UNHCR’s mandate (plus 5.6 million Palestinian refugees under UNRWA’s mandate)and 45.7 million internally displaced persons with an addition of 79.5 million forcibly
displaced persons. Not including 272 million migrants and more than 1 billion migrants
living away from home/within their own country. An estimate of nearly 20% of the world
population. It is a multi-dimensional and global problem which cannot be simply disregarded
nor turn a deaf ear to where the calls to assist these vulnerable groups have been quite
deafening within the world community. Requiring a comprehensive, multifaceted and multi
sectoral perspective in recognizing the wide range of factors as causes for the denial of thebasic i.e., refugee rights. Delving into the established mechanisms, international treaties, andlegislations to address the matter seem inadequate if we still fail to acknowledge that theserights are inalienable. We need to begin first by re-examining our own lenses in viewing thevery individuals who are “living in exile” not by choice, unpacking some of the existing
myths or narratives and re-framing platforms for mutual co-existence to build a better future
together.

Keywords: Refugee rights; SDG10; Reduce inequalities; Reflective approach

RCCE & SDGs 2021

26

Invited Speaker 11
Ts. Dr. Mohd Zamri Ramli
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

Implications of Seismic Requirements on Structural Design in Malaysia*Mohd Zamri Ramli1
1Engineering Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research, Institute of Noise andVibration, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310 Johor, Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
*E-mail: mohdzamri@utm.my

Abstract: Eurocode (EN) 1998 introduce the capability to design structures under earthquake
will replacing the traditional standard with no earthquake design called British Standard (BS).
In order to successfully implement Eurocodes 1998 in Malaysia, great efforts have to beundertaken by all stakes holders and industry players including governments agencies,
researchers, consulting engineers, contractors and laboratory testers. The adoption of the
Malaysia national Annex to the Eurocode 1998 which was developed and endorsed byStandard Malaysia at the end of year 2017 soar the understanding of structural design forearthquakes in Malaysia. This paper sets out the basic parameters necessary in designingstructures under seismic. It also discusses the impact on reinforced concrete design
requirements and applications to precast concrete for example. The cost study of reinforced
concrete design is also applied in the study of this paper. The reference ground acceleration(agr), building importance factor ( ), soil factor (s), regional response spectra and behaviour
factor (q) are important parameters in structural design against seismic. Design under ductility
will affects the layout of reinforcement for reinforced concrete structures. The use of precast
concrete needs to be proof by laboratory analysis data to ensure that its capacity is sufficient
to withstand the expected earthquake load in the project area. The development of a fragility
curve helps facilitate understanding to stakeholders for this purpose. In this case study, thecost will be significant in the change of ductility requirements with the increase ofreinforcement rather than the relative increments of loads.

Keywords: Eurocode 1998; Reference ground acceleration; Response spectra; Ductility;
Fragility

RCCE & SDGs 2021

27

Invited Speaker 12
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Rahman Mohd
Sam
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

Green and Sustainable Concrete – The Way Forward*Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam1
1UTM Construction Research Centre, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia.
*E-mail: abdrahman@utm.my

Abstract: Concrete, a mixture of cement, water and aggregates is one of the most usedmaterials in construction. It is estimated approximately 10 billion tons of concrete produced
each year which definitely will affect the availability of natural resources. Concrete also
contributes to the release of about 8% carbon dioxide gas to the environment. Thus, it is timelythat people involve with construction industry to consider the concept of green and sustainableconcrete through the use of waste and recycle materials. In view of this concept, this paper
discusses the effects on fresh and hardened properties of concrete manufactured using wastematerials. Concrete grade 30 were made using artificial aggregates and bottom ash as natural
aggregate replacement by 25%, 50%, and 100%, fly ash (20%) as partial cement replacement
and effective microorganisms (10%) as water replacement. Experimental tests conducted
include workability, compressive strength, and concrete hydration temperature. The findings
showed that concrete with the combination of artificial aggregates and fly ash recorded higher
workability by 20 to 30% and comparable compressive strength at aggregate replacement of
50%. On the other hand, concrete with bottom ash and fly ash recorded lower workability by
about 30% due to higher water absorption of bottom ash but comparable compressive strength
at also 50% replacement. In addition, concrete mix containing 10% effective microorganisms
shows relatively similar workability and compressive strength properties compared with
control concrete. However, interestingly concrete with effective microorganisms recorded
lower hydration temperature by 1 to 2ºC compared with control concrete. This lower
temperature will likely to reduce the use of electricity for room air-conditioner. Overall, thefindings indicated that concrete made using manufactured artificial aggregates, bottom ash,
fly ash and effective microorganisms produced comparable concrete properties. Therefore, it
is believed that these materials can be used for green and sustainable concrete production.

Keywords: Concrete; Green; Sustainable; Compressive strength; Waste materials

RCCE & SDGs 2021

28

RCCE & SDGs 2021

29

LIST OF ABSTRACTSID No.

Title

Corresponding
AuthorOrganization

RCCE_ID01

The Ranking of Critical Infrastructure for
Flood Risk Assessment and Flood
Vulnerability Index in Sungai Pinang,
Pulau Pinang

Yusrin Faiz Abd
Wahab

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

RCCE_ID02

Vulnerability Assessment of Ancient
Masonry Arch Bridge in Myanmar

Wai Yan Soe

RCCE_ID03

Comparison of Two-Way Slab Designs
Based on Different Building Codes

RCCE_ID04

Cooling Behavior and Reusability of Hot
Mix Asphalt

RCCE_ID05

Characterization of Penetration Grade
Bitumen Blended With Petroleum
Products For Cutback Production

Abdullah Farhan
Nasralddin

RCCE_ID06

Green Rural Road Approach For The
Sustainable Development of Malaysia

Jeyasri A/PPackirysamy

RCCE_ID07
RCCE_ID08

RCCE_ID09

RCCE_ID10

RCCE_ID11

RCCE_ID12

RCCE_ID13

Critical Crack Tip Opening Displacement
Of Asphalt Using Digital Image
Correlation
Current Challenges, Future Sustainability
Opportunities and Peace
A Comparative Study of Multiple
Imputation Methods for HighSpatiotemporal Variability of Rainfall inJohor River Basin, Malaysia
Assessment of Stormflow and Baseflow
Pattern Controlling River Status andClassification of Sungai Koyan
Catchment, Sarawak
Development of a Novel PZT-based
Transducer for Admittance-based Prestress
Force Monitoring
The Role of Education 5.0 in Accelerating
The Implementation of SDGS andChallenges Encountered in Civil
Engineering Education: A Review
Study on Benefits of Hybrid Simulation
System and Innovation Design Method in
Reinforced Concrete Building

Khun Aye Han
Kyu
MunzirAbdullah
Zawawi

Hasanain Radhi
RadeefYangonTechnological
University (YTU)
Myanmar Nobel
University
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Wesam Al
MadhounGaza University

Zulfaqar Sa'adi

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Abdul Mazli
Hafiz Abdul
Malik

Department ofEnvironment
Sarawak

Thanh-Canh
Huynh

Duy Tan
University (DTU),
Viet Nam

Rozaina Ismail

UiTM Shah Alam

Yan Win Aung

RCCE_ID14

A Case Study of Front Lawn Parking
Needs in Terraced Houses

Pua Rui Ching

RCCE_ID15

Satellite Geometry Analysis and GNSS
Performance Evaluation in The Urban
Environment

Teo Chuan Yi

RCCE_ID16

The Causes of Concrete Wastage in the
Precast Manufacturing Industry

Arjun Kumar
Segar

RCCE_ID17

The Measurement of The Amount ofConcrete Wastage That Produced in the
Precast Manufacturing Industry

Arjun Kumar
Segar

Chindwin
Technological
University
Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

RCCE & SDGs 2021

30

RCCE_ID18

RCCE_ID19

RCCE_ID20

Strategy on How to Reduce the Amount ofConcrete Wastage in the Precast
Manufacturing Industry
Innovating the Tradition: Passive Cooling
Design Elements Applied to the
Traditional Barbadian Chattel House
Mechanical behaviors of soilcrete
specimens made from soft clay using Jet
Grouting technology to treat differential
settlement of bridge approad in Ho Chi
Minh city

Arjun Kumar
Segar

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Marco Gerardo
De Bortoli

M+ Architecture

My - Chinh Do Thi

Nguyen Tat
Thanh University

RCCE_ID21

Assessment of Streamflow due to Land
Use Changes in Bago Region

May Phoo
Ngyon

RCCE_ID22

Vibration-based Damage Detection in
Reinforced Concrete Beams Under
Various Loading

Duc-Duy Ho

RCCE_ID23

RCCE_ID24

Enhancing Phenolic Contents andAntioxidant Potentials of Roselle Calyces
by Green Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Extraction Process
Impact of Land Use and Urbanization
Activities on Freshwater Eutrophication: A
Case Study of Megacity, Dhaka

Zuhaili Idham

Habiba Rashid

RCCE_ID25

Assessment study of energy demand in
multi-story steel moment frames

Oeung Kimheng

RCCE_ID26

Volarization of Banana Peels by
Subcritical Water Extraction in Pectin
Recovery

Noor Azwani
Mohd Rasidek

RCCE_ID27

A Critical Review of Resilient Housing
Practices : Enhancing Disaster Resilience

Nurin Mansoor

RCCE_ID28

Development of the national fault
database of Malaysia

Chang Yong
Sheng

RCCE_ID29

A Study on Quality of Work Life of
Cambodian Female Civil Engineers

Monika EA

RCCE_ID30

RCCE_ID31

Assessing Water Scarcity in Muda River
Basin: Water Energy Food Nexus in
Malaysia for Rice Production
Management of Plant and Machinery
Impacts The Completion Time ofConstruction Projects

Nurfarhain
Mohamed Rusli
MuhammadQusyairi Zahar

RCCE_ID32

The Impact of Distracted Driving on
Traffic Safety

Shannen Teo
Sin-Chze

RCCE_ID33

Regression Tree Model to GenerateStandard Penetration Test (SPT) N-Valuesof Malabon City, Philippines

Joenel Galupino

RCCE_ID34

Mechanical Properties of Concrete with
Plastic Waste - An Overview

Falmata Audu
Mustapha

Victoria
University
College (VUC)
Ho Chi Minh City
University ofTechnology(HCMUT)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
North South
University,
Bangladesh
Institute ofTechnology ofCambodia (ITC)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
National Instituteof Science,
Technology andInnovation,
Cambodia
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
De La Salle
University(DLSU)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

RCCE & SDGs 2021

31

RCCE_ID35

Optimization of Mosque Geometry to
Reduce the Total Cooling Load andEnhance the Sustainability of Future
Mosque Design

Emad Ameen A
Alharbi

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

RCCE_ID36

Communication Model Framework For
Site Level of a Mega Construction Project

Ahmed Ali
Ahmed
Mohamed

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Adithep
Bunphot

Thammasat
University (TU)

RCCE_ID37

Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance ofStructural Steels after Exposure in Rural,
Industrial, and Marine Atmosphere,
ThailandExperimental Study on Dynamic
Characteristics of Surface CO2 Flux inAbandoned Spontaneous Combustion
Goaf
Microgranulation technology forenhancement of wastewater treatment
process
Study on the prevention effect of preformed gel from inhibition water solutionof sodium metasilicate nonahydrate andpolyvinyl alcohol on coal spontaneous
combustion

Yongjun Wang

Liaoning
Technical
University

Thilagavathi
Arumugham

MJIIT UTM

Zhang Hemeng

Liaoning
Technical
University

RCCE_ID41

Conceptual Design and Computer Fluid
Dynamic Analysis of Floating Water
Turbine.

Mohammed
Baqer Zaki
Yahya AlQuraishi

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

RCCE_ID42

Mechanism behind the Improvement in the
CBR of Subbase Aggregates Blended with
Non-pozzolanic Coal Bottom Ash

Thet Htet Ye
Htun

Thammasat
University (TU)

RCCE_ID43

Renewable Biomass Nanofluid for Low
Carbon Emission in Vehicle Exhausts

Mohamad Afiq
RoslanUniversiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Nazmun Nahar

North South
University

Donzala DavidSOME

Saga University,
Japan

RCCE_ID38

RCCE_ID39

RCCE_ID40

RCCE_ID44

RCCE_ID45

RCCE_ID46

An SDG Agenda: How to Motivate
Engineering Teachers and Students for
Research?
Technique for improving the geotechnicalperformance of materials to be used asbase layer in roads construction: case of
the Lithostab in Burkina Faso.
Study on caving characteristics of rockmass and mechanism of rock movement
controlled by backfill

Kunpeng Yu

China Universityof Mining andTechnology
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

RCCE_ID47

Modelling of Solute Transport for Water
Quality Process in a Stream Reach

Amyrhul Abu
Bakar

RCCE_ID48

Conceptual Design and Computer Fluid
Dynamic Analysis of Floating Water
TurbineMohammed
Baqer Zaki
Yahya AlQuraishi

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Ahmad Danial
Yusuf Azli

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Mariawati Ali

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

RCCE_ID49

RCCE_ID50

Estimation of Eroded Soil Volume using
GPS and UAV: A Case Study in Persiaran
Satelit, UTM
A Framework of Contractual Protocol For
Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Implementation in Water Treatment Plant
Projects

RCCE & SDGs 2021

32

RCCE_ID51

RCCE_ID52

RCCE_ID53

RCCE_ID54

Food Waste Composting at Universiti
Malaysia Sabah (UMS): An Economic
Analysis
Wayfinding Evaluation in An Open
Environment: Al-Mashaer Al-Mogadasha
Metro Station
Quality Assessment for High Precision
GNSS Positioning with Android-Based
Smartphone
Building Information modelling inIndonesia’s Medium Consultant
Construction

Nur Aqeela
Syuhadah Aji
Alghamdi,
Khalid Ahmed
M
Chia Yueh En
Zelmi Sriyolja,
MT

RCCE_ID55

Pile Load Analysis Of A Four Pile Group
Arrangement Due To Pile Eccentricities

Azhar Ahmad

RCCE_ID56

The Influence of Aquaculture System andMicroplastics To Green Mussels

Mazni Mat Zin

RCCE_ID57

Trends in Evapotranspiration in peninsular
Malaysia and its causes

Mohd Khairul
Idlan
Muhammad

RCCE_ID58
RCCE_ID59
RCCE_ID60

Assessment of landfill leachate andsediment qualities Case study of major
landfills in Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos
Construction Waste Management inThailand Through Digitalization
Evaluating The Slope Stability On Shallow
Landslide Using Geographic Information
System (GIS)

Phetyasone
Xaypanya
Vuthea MIN
Siti Marissa Abd
Rahim

RCCE_ID61

Indonesian Engineering Consultant
Competitiveness Model

Nofita Harwin

RCCE_ID62

Measures for reducing rail wear in railway
track- A review

Mohammad
Jawed Roshan

RCCE_ID63

Shear Strength Behavior of Expansive Soil
Stabilized with Agricultural Wastes

Mary Ann Q.
Adajar

RCCE_ID64

Training for improving Occupational
Health and Safety Performance in theConstruction Industry

Kamoli Adetunji

RCCE_ID65

Reputation Loss Model Subject to Pipeline
Explosion from Public Perception

Fatin Munirah
Mohd@Moham
mad

RCCE_ID66

RCCE_ID67

RCCE_ID68

RCCE_ID69

Seismic Performance Investigation of
Simply Supported PSC Box Girder Bridge
Using Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) As A
Seismic Isolator
Machine learning techniques for smart
predicting trapping index in geologicalcarbon dioxide storage sites
Numerical Feasibility of Spherical Smart
Aggregate for Detecting Structural
Damages in Prestressed Concrete
Anchorage
Impacts of Climate Change on Design
Flood Estimation in the Johor River Basin,
Malaysia

Universiti
Malaysia Sabah(UMS)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
National
University of Laos
(NUOL)
Thammasat
University (TU)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
De La Salle
University(DLSU)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Alvin
Kurniawan
SantosoUniversitas
Gadjah Mada(UGM)

Vo Thanh Hung

Seoul Natioanl
University

Ngoc Lan Pham

Ho Chi Minh City
University ofTechnology(HCMUT)

Taishi Yazawa

Ritsumeikan
University

RCCE & SDGs 2021

33

RCCE_ID70

RCCE_ID71

RCCE_ID72

RCCE_ID73

RCCE_ID74

RCCE_ID75

RCCE_ID76

RCCE_ID77

RCCE_ID78

RCCE_ID79

RCCE_ID80

RCCE_ID81

RCCE_ID82

RCCE_ID83
RCCE_ID84

RCCE_ID85

RCCE_ID86

Cost-Effective and Sustainable Foldable
Structure as Post-Flood Transitional
Shelter in the Philippines
The Significance in Managing theMidstream and Downstream Stages of The
Fluorocarbon Gas Lifecycle to Reduce
Direct and Indirect Climate Change
Impacts
Optimization of Thermal Efficiency on
Bio-nanocomposites Coating For Passive
Cooling in Green Building Using Taguchi
MethodResponse Optimization of Cementitious
Materials and Seawater on theCompressive Strength of Mortar
Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emission
from On-Site Septic Wastewater
Treatment
Assessment of Peat Fire Susceptibility For
Carbon Emission Reduction
The Development of Bacterial-CelluloseFiber-Reinforced Composite: Material
Strength and Product Application
Carbon Footprint Assessment of The
Construction Materials and Energy UsageOf KICT Building in IIUM
Exploring Elements Contributed to the
Popularity of Malaysian Local Car
Preliminary Investigation using QGIS toAssess the Recession and Advancement of
the Coastline of San Juan, La Union,
Philippines
Simulating the Hydrologic Capability of
Low Impact Development Structures in a
Residential Subdivision using Stormwater
Management Model (SWMM)
Pollution Event Mean Concentration(EMC) Prediction on Low Impact
Development (LID) using Machine
Learning
Experimental study of delayed-release
admixture encapsulation pellets forconcrete
Fertilizing Value of Recovered Phosphatefrom Wastewater
Assessment of Residential Housing and
Density: Actualisation of Building
Collapse in Nigeria
Attempt to improve the Kaolin clay using
bittern, calcium oxide, acetic acid andsurfactant
Authentication of Physical Planning
Authority and Building Collapse:
Contemporary Challenges in Nigeria

Dustine Louise
V. Pancho

De La Salle
University(DLSU)

Nurul Nazleatul
Najiha Mohd
Nazif

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Siti Norhuda
Abdullah

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Cheryl Lyne C.
Roxas
Fadzlin Md
SairanMuhammadAmirul Hafidz
Ahmad Nizam
Fadzli Irwan
BahrudinShamzani
Affendy Mohd
Din (AP Dr.)
Julaila Abdul
RahmanDe La Salle
University(DLSU)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
International
Islamic University
Malaysia
International
Islamic University
Malaysia
International
Islamic University
Malaysia

Joseph Burhan

De La Salle
University(DLSU)

Sergi S.
Garbanzos

De La Salle
University(DLSU)Jay Manzano
Navaluna

De La Salle
University(DLSU)

Anh-Tu Tran
Michael Angelo
Promentilla
Adamu Musa
Eya

Ho Chi Minh City
University ofTechnology(HCMUT)De La Salle
University
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

TakashiTsutsumi

NIT, Kagoshima
College

Adamu Musa
Eya

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

RCCE & SDGs 2021

34

RCCE_ID87

RCCE_ID88

RCCE_ID89

RCCE_ID90

Effect of Joint Roughness Coefficient withregards to the Seismic Effect on Planar
Block Movement
Waste tracking analysis at the selected
Higher Education Institution (HEI) in
Malaysia
Application of Industrialized Building
Systems in Malaysian Construction
Industries
A Comparison of Single and Multi-Stream
Waste Recycling in Higher Education
Institutions in Malaysia

RCCE_ID91

Relationship between rock mass strength
to the rock support

RCCE_ID92

Computerised Tomography Application:
Coal Integration Between Sorption to
Carbon Dioxide

RCCE_ID93

The Advantages of Industrialised Building
System in Malaysia

RCCE_ID94

RCCE_ID95

RCCE_ID96

RCCE_ID97

RCCE_ID98

RCCE_ID99

RCCE_ID100

RCCE_ID101

Development of Humanitarian Aid
Distribution Process for Flood Disaster
Management in Malaysia
Probable Maximum Precipitation
Estimation Considering Homogeneous
Regions Using Hershfield Statistical
MethodAssessment of Soil Deformation and
Groundwater Table During Deep Soil
Mixing using Finite Element Method in
Homogenous Soil
Open Data Application to Evaluate
Exposure of Wildfire to Water Resources:
Johor Area Case Study
Construction Site Layout Planning
Problem: Past, Present and Future
Potential Use of Recycled Plastic andRubber Aggregate in Cementitious
Materials for Sustainable Construction
Development of Weightage Factor
Focussing on Social and Safety Criteria for
Malaysia Green Rural Road
Potential of Digitizing the Industrialize
Building System for MalaysianConstruction Industry

Roslan, R.H.
Mohd Aznor
Lamat
Faridahanim
Ahmad
Siti Nur
Syamimi Mohd
Na'im
Ismail Hasim
MuhamadNurfirdaus
Sapawie
Muhammad
Zulkhairin
Anwar Zainudin
Suzila Mohd

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Rasnavi
Paramasivam

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Nur Syahirah
SyuhadahZakaria

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

Fara Aiza Md
Sanin
Muizzuddin
Marzuki
Idlan Maszeri
EeydzahAminudinEeydzahAminudin

Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM)

RCCE & SDGs 2021

35

ABSTRACTS
RCCE_ID01
The Ranking of Critical Infrastructure for Flood Risk Assessment and Flood
Vulnerability Index in Sungai Pinang, Pulau Pinang*Yusrin Faiz Abd Wahab1, Nor Eliza Alias2, Aznah Nor Anuar1, Shazwin Mat Taib2,
Khairul Nizam Anuar Bashah3
1

Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
2
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
3
Technology Development Sector, Construction Industry Development Board.
*E-mail: yusrinfaiz@gmail.com

Abstract: Infrastructure refers to systems that physically tie together metropolitan areas,
communities, and neighbourhoods, as well as facilitate the growth of local, regional, andnational economies. Critical infrastructure is considered ‘critical’ because an outage of theinfrastructure has a serious effect on many people over a long period. The objective of thisstudy is to rank the critical infrastructure for flood risk assessment and vulnerability index in
Sungai Pinang. Based on the literature review that was undertaken, there are seven (7)indicators that are related to critical infrastructure which are industrial area, infrastructure
and utilities, institution and public facilities, commercial area, transportation, residential area,
and open space and recreational area. The indicators were ranked during the focus group
discussion by professionals from local authorities and government agencies in the state of
Pulau Pinang which are concerned with and related to critical infrastructure. These indicators
were ranked by the most important level of critical infrastructure which are 1) residentialarea, 2) institution and public facilities, 3) infrastructure and utilities, 4) transportation, 5)commercial area, 6) open space and recreational and 7) industrial area. The results show that
residential area has the highest result of 165 marks and is placed as the first rank in terms ofimportant critical infrastructure. The second ranked indicator is institution and public
facilities which have total of 160 marks. The third ranked indicator is infrastructure andutilities which scored 102 marks followed by the fourth ranked indicator, transportation
which has a score of 100 marks. Commercial areas come in as the fifth ranked indicator witha score of 65 marks. The indicator ranked sixth, with a score of 64 marks, is open space andrecreational areas. The lowest ranked indicator is industrial area which recorded a score of
58 marks.
Keywords: Critical infrastructure; Flood; Vulnerability; Risk; Assessment

RCCE & SDGs 2021

36
RCCE_ID02
Vulnerability Assessment of Ancient Masonry Arch Bridge in Myanmar*Wai Yan Soe1, Kyaw Kyaw1
1

Yangon Technological University/Department of Civil Engineering, Myanmar.
*E-mail: swaiyan304@gmail.com,kyaw.u.kyaw@gmail.com

Abstract: Masonry arch bridges have been used as part of Myanmar's transport infrastructure
system in the past. Because of their position in the transport network, but also because of theircultural, architectural, and historical value to the country, the preservation of these bridges issignificant. The recent experience of the earthquake events in Myanmar have pointed out thenecessity of a deep knowledge of the behaviour of the damage mechanism and the intrinsic
vulnerability of the masonry structure. Based on the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis(PHSA), Vulnerability Assessment of Ancient Masonry Arch Bridge is presented in thisstudy. Vulnerability Assessment of Ancient Masonry Arch Bridge is to predict the probabilityof the masonry bridge damage and economic losses according to potential seismic hazard or
scenario earthquakes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the seismic performance ofa bridge with a masonry arch. For this reason, as a case study, the historical masonry archbridge in Shwebo, Sagaing Region is selected. It was established near the 1900s. In this study,
the measurement and visual investigation of case study masonry arch bridge is conductedusing MEXE methods. The experimental material properties for the case study bridge is using
ASTM standards. The seismicity of the region, soil information, and the determination of precode structures were used as pre-field survey data for this study. According to RVS data,
extensive structural study is necessary for high seismicity performance, but not for moderate
seismicity performance.
Keywords: Masonry arch bridge; Vulnerability assessment; Material properties MEXE;
ASTMRCCE & SDGs 2021

37
RCCE_ID03
Comparison of Two-Way Slab Designs Based on Different Building Codes*Khun Aye Han Kyu1, May Myat Mon Kyaw1
1

Myanmar Nobel University/Department of Civil Engineering, Myanmar.
*E-mail: khunayehankyu@gmail.com

Abstract: In building construction, the use of two-way (or bi-directional) slabs is very
common; the advantages they provide when it comes to structural partitioning, ease of
construction and reduced cost make them highly in demand. In buildings, reinforced concreteslabs are the most common. It is a standard solution for multiple periods and load ranges thatcan be implemented. The comparison includes safety provisions, flexural design, shear
design and column design. In terms of minimum thickness for two-way slabs, various design
provisions, including ACI 318, British code and India Standard, are compared. From thedifferences between concrete two-way slab using different design codes suitable for Myanmar
construction industry, the results of this study can be concluded: BS code is the mosteconomical based on concrete volume compared to ACI and IS. BS code also requires lessamount of reinforcement than ACI and IS.
Keywords: Two-way slab; Flexural design; Different design code

RCCE & SDGs 2021

38
RCCE_ID04
Cooling Behavior and Reusability of Hot Mix Asphalt
Aidiel Ashraf Abdul Razak1, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan1, *Munzir Abdullah Zawawi1 andMohd Zul Hanif Mahmud1
1
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia.
*E-mail: munzir.civ@gmail.com
Abstract: Temperature is the most crucial element that can affect the performance of hot mix
asphalt. Moreover, there is a large amount of dumping of loose asphalt mixture waste after
construction due to cooling phenomenon when exposed to the surrounding. This study
presents the investigation of the cooling rate of the AC14 mixture and the reusability of hot
mix asphalt after reheating and compacted at various temperatures. In this study, the coolingbehaviour of the loose asphalt mixture was monitored by measuring the surface, internal
temperature of the mix and the surrounding conditions. The cooling curve, cooling rate andTAC were determined based on the results obtained. Other than that, for the reusability of hot
mix asphalt, five different types of samples were prepared with different reheating processes
and compaction temperatures. The compacted samples were then tested for volumetricproperties and Marshall stability test. Based on the result, the internal and surface TAC wasdetermined at 32 and 40 minutes, respectively. It was also found that reheating the cold
mixture twice and compacting at a high temperature could achieve the required properties.
Keywords: Asphalt reusability; Cooling behaviour; Time available of compaction; Marshallstability; Asphalt compaction

RCCE & SDGs 2021

39
RCCE_ID05
Characterization of Penetration Grade Bitumen Blended with Petroleum Products for
Cutback Production
Nurul Tasnim Che Noh1, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan1, *Abdullah Farhan Nasralddin1 , andMuhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia.
*E-mail: abdullah.farhan@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: This study presents the characteristics of produced cutback bitumen according todifferent types. The 60/70 penetration-grade bitumen was mixed with three types of
petroleum solvents (gasoline, kerosene and diesel) to produce blended cutback bitumen forpotential usage in asphalt pavement. The viscosity and rate of evaporation (curing time ofsolvent) were investigated experimentally to select the appropriate percentage of solvent thatprovides lower mixing and compaction temperature range. The viscosity of each blended
bitumen decreases as the percentage of diluent in the mix increases. The percentages ofdiluent were varied for 30%, 35%, 40% and 45% at a temperature ranging from 30 C to 70 C
with an increment of 10 C. The selected solvent gasoline, kerosene, and diesel evaporation
rates were measured at ambient temperature to evaluate whether the produced cutbacks were
within their classes as rapid curing, medium curing, and slow curing cutback. These effects
are more dominant with gasoline, followed by kerosene and diesel due to the volatility andchemical compositions of the solvents. From the data obtained, the most effective percentage
of solvents for the cutback production is 40% by weight of the penetration-grade bitumen,which establishes the lowest potential mixing and compaction temperature range.
oooKeywords: Cutback; Viscosity; Evaporation rate; Petroleum solvent; Medium curing

RCCE & SDGs 2021

40
RCCE_ID06
Green Rural Road Approach for The Sustainable Development of Malaysia
Jeyasri Packirysamy1, *Eeydzah Aminudin1, and Sarifah Salwa Sapani1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor,
Malaysia*E-mail: eeydzah@utm.my

Abstract: A Green Rural Road is an inspiration for the infrastructure to be environmentally
responsible and sustainable in all features. It is expected to be not harmful to the environmentand crucially will diminish the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. To
fulfil green rural road standards, priority should now be compatible with road needs withlocal ecological protection thought. The need to nurture sustainability and green rural road
construction is vital as an assessment system. The aim of this study is to identify green rating
tools to measure and perform rural roads .Data was obtained through comprehensive
literature reviews, expert interviews and distribution of questionnaires. Respondents included
experts and stakeholders from the highway development field. The Average Index Value
analysis was also utilised for the result of the questionnaire. Data was achieved through an
extensive literature review, which has also been validated by expert point of view and has
been distributed among 100 experts but only 73 responses including experts and stakeholders
have been taken into consideration for further analysis. This signifies that most of the
respondents profess that among the rating tools, only 3 tools involve road specific categories
which are Greenroads, STARS & pHJKR (Federal Roads), while others are developed
specifically for the highway. Unfortunately, none of the listed tools is developed to measureand manage rural roads within the operation and maintenance phase.
Keywords: Social element; Safety element; Green road; Sustainability; Rural road

RCCE & SDGs 2021

41
RCCE_ID07
Asphalt Cracking Assessment Using Digital Image Correlation*Hasanain Radhi Radeef 1,2, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan1, Mohd Zul Hanif Mahmud1,
Ahmad Razin Zainal Abidin1, Hind Fadhil Abbas1,2
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor
Bahru, Malaysia.
2
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf
Governorate, Iraq.
*E-mail: dulaimi1988@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: The evaluation of crack mechanisms on ductile materials such as asphalt mixtures
is complex due to their nonlinear behaviour. Accurate cracking assessment in asphalt requires
data on the crack closure and opening behaviour. This process requires monitoring thedisplacement field of the crack tip and fracture zone for notched samples under fracture test.
However, an existing method for capturing crack parameters usually requires manualapproaches and are onerous, particularly for inhomogeneous materials like asphalt. Digital
Image Correlation (DIC) have recently been routinely utilised to measure displacement andstrain field in many areas of fracture mechanics. In this study, DIC was used for determining
the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) for notched semi-circular bending samples undermode I fracture. The displacement field retrieved by the DIC was shown to be very effective
in determining the asphalt sample's critical crack tip opening displacement. The results of
CTOD were quite sensitive to asphalt modifying and conditioning.
Keywords: Asphalt mixture; Crack tip; Digital Image Correlation (DIC); Strain field

RCCE & SDGs 2021

42
RCCE_ID08
Current Challenges, Future Sustainability Opportunities and Peace*Wesam Al Madhoun1
1Engineering Faculty, Gaza University, Gaza Strip, Palestine.
*E-mail: w.madhoun@gu.edu.ps

Abstract: The Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 2019 reported
that one-third of the world’s top topsoil degraded, 32 percent of the world’s forest have been
destroyed and 83 percent of the freshwater population have been seeing a decline since 1970.
COVID-19 pandemic resulted in hundreds of millions being infected and almost 5 million
lost their lives in many parts of the world. While The state of things looks less than optimal as
not only, the globe is facing health crises but it’s also looking at a deep economic recession.
If there were any bright side of COVID-19, it would be the positive impact it has on ourplanet. Due to the lockdown globally, several positive findings were reported on earth healing,
reduction of emissions, and a drop of greenhouse gases which might slow climate change. Allof us wherever we are, we should see this crisis as a motivator for new change in our lives inpursuit of sustainable living. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are described by
the UN as the blueprint to achieving a better and more sustainable future for all, and address
the global challenges related to poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental
degradation, peace and justice. Among the tools at our disposal are the digital economy should
be seen as a driver for innovation and competitiveness. Preserving the environment should
not be seen as an economic burden, rather as an opportunity for business sustainability. The
reduction of pollution is a collective responsibility, government, industries, communities andNGO’s, because as we see now, all of us are paying the costly price of neglecting theenvironment. There is a need for a stable political environment, strong legal and enforcement
system and generous government budgets for health, education and IT infrastructure.
Keywords: COVID-19; Peace; Sustainable development

RCCE & SDGs 2021

43
RCCE_ID09
A Comparative Study of Multiple Imputation Methods for High Spatiotemporal
Variability of Rainfall in Johor River Basin, Malaysia*Zulfaqar Sa’adi1, Muhamad Anwar Ramzan1, Zulkifli Yusop1, Nor Eliza Alias1, Mohd
Khairul Idlan Muhammad2, and Zafar Iqbal2
1

Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), School of Civil
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Sekudai,Johor, Malaysia.
2
Department of Water & Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Facultyof Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
*E-mail: zulfaqar@utm.my
Abstract: Rainfall data is a significant input parameter in climate research and modeling.
However, due to various issues, the datasets are prone to missing values, which have become
one of the well-known challenges faced by researchers. As a result, the cascading effect of
inaccurate information will be passed on to various hydro-climatological research and water
resources management. Therefore, missing data must be properly treated to provide a highquality dataset before any rainfall assessment can be made. Most of the rainfall datasets intropical countries are generally characterized by high variability due to seasonal patterns.
These characteristics have certainly influenced the performance of the imputation methods.
In this study, 23 multiple imputation methods under the MICE package in R were comparedfor 21 daily rainfall stations with less than 20% missing data for the period of 1970-2015
across the Johor River basin (JRB). Without removing the original missing data, additional
artificial missingness (Missing Completely At Random) up to 5%, 10%, and 20% were added
for each station to assess the performance of each method. The results showed acomparatively good performance of 9 methods, namely, Level-1 logistic, Level-1 normal
homoscedastic, Classification and regression trees, Unconditional mean imputation,
Weighted predictive mean matching, Linear regression (predicted values), Imputation ofquadratic terms, Random forest, and Random sample from observed values. A further
statistical assessment showed that Linear regression (predicted values) give the best
performance for 5%, 10% and 20% missingness in almost all cases based on MAE (0.010.37; 0.00-0.79; 0.06-1.61), MSE (0.26-15.52; 0.01-27.25; 1.22-51.17), RMSE (0.51-3.94;
0.09-5.22; 1.10-7.15), PBIAS% (-0.7-0.5; -0.8-1.4; -1.3-1.5), NSE (0.93-1.00; 0.87-1.00;
0.75-1.00), R2 (0.93-1.00; 0.88-1.00; 0.80-1.00), KGE (0.95-1.00; 0.92-1.00; 0.84-1.00), VE(0.94-1.00; 0.87-1.00; 0.74-0.99) and MD (0.98-1.00; 0.96-1.00; 0.91-1.00). This indicatesthat Linear regression (predicted values) is the best method for filling the missing rainfall data
in JRB.
Keywords: Daily rainfall; Imputation method comparison; Johor River Basin; Missing data

RCCE & SDGs 2021

44
RCCE_ID10
Assessment of Stormflow and Baseflow Pattern Controlling River Status andClassification of Sungai Koyan Catchment, Sarawak.
*Abdul Mazli Hafiz Bin Abdul Malik1, Sinanawati Marto2, Nurul Huda Binti Baharuddin3,
Patricia King Jie Hung4,6 and Geoffery James Gerusu 5,61

Department of Environment, Wisma Bintulu, 97000 Bintulu, Sarawak.
Natural Resources and Environment Board, Wisma Bintulu, 97000 Bintulu, Sarawak3
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor.
4
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture Science and Forestry, Universiti Putra
Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak.
5
Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture Science and Forestry, Universiti
Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak.
6
Institute of Ecosystem Science Borneo, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak
Campus, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak.
*E-mail: mazlihafiz@doe.gov.my
2

Abstract: There is still little attention in river quality status and classification, especially inupper catchment areas of Sarawak. The stormflow and baseflow pattern that may control thephysicochemical characteristic is still below satisfaction. Addressing the river water quality
at the Sungai Koyan is deemed crucial for the enhancement of the river. Thus, the study
objective is to quantify the river water status and classification based on stormflow andbaseflow pattern using Water Quality Index (WQI) and National Water Quality Standards
for Malaysia (NWQS). Four sampling points were selected based on the surrounding land
uses within the Sungai Koyan catchment in Belaga, Kapit Division, Sarawak. One-year
physicochemical data consisting of pH, DO, TSS, BOD, COD and NH3-N were collected
through in-situ measurement and laboratory analysis according to the 21st Edition APHA
Standard Methods, 2005. The results demonstrated that stormflow more likely to begenerated a better water quality as compared to baseflow in term of pH, DO, BOD, COD and
NH3-N elements. TSS element however posed higher yield for stormflow event due tosurface runoff proses that contributed more sedimentation into the river. The study suggested
that rainwater plays an important role in controlling the water quality status and classificationof Sungai Koyan. The finding also revealed that water quality varies from the upstream
compared to downstream which suggested to be dependent on the land use pattern alongside
the Sungai Koyan. Generally, Sungai Koyan status for upper catchment (S1 and S2) are
categorized as clean and S3 and S4 which located downstream found to be slightly polluted.
The outcomes of this study provide a vital knowledge sharing for exploration of strategies toprotect human health, the ecosystem and environmental reference for river quality status of
the Sungai Koyan.
Keywords: Water Quality Index; Physicochemical; Pre-event and Event Water; Sungai
Koyan, Sarawak

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RCCE_ID11
Development of a Novel Piezoelectric Transducer(PZT)-based Transducer for Admittance-based Prestress Force Monitoring*Thanh-Canh Huynh1,2, Thi Tuong Vy Phan1,3, Duc-Duy Ho4,5 and Thanh-Cao Le4,5
1

Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
3
Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet
Nam.
4
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho
Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
5
Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, VietNam.
*E-mail: huynhthanhcanh@duytan.edu.vn
Abstract: This study presents a novel design of the Piezoelectric Transducer (PZT)-basedtransducer that can be used for monitoring the change in the prestress force of an anchorage
system. The transducer is designed as an aluminium cantilever beam embedded with a PZTpatch to overcome the drawbacks of the previously-designed fixed-fixed PZT-basedtransducer. The performance of the proposed transducer is verified for prestress force
monitoring of a lab-scaled cable-anchorage system. A transducer prototype is fabricated andinstalled at the anchorage zone. Afterwards, the admittance of the transducer is acquired in
the frequency range of 10-100 kHz under different prestressing values. The change in theadmittance response caused by the change in the prestress force is consequently quantified
using statistical damage metrics. The obtained results show that the novel transducer can
produce strong admittance responses sensitive to the prestress force. The variation in theprestress force can be effectively monitored by observing the change in the damage metrics.
Keywords: Admittance; Prestress Force; Anchorage; PZT; Transducer; Structural Health
Monitoring; Damage Detection

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46
RCCE_ID12
The Role of Education 5.0 in Accelerating the Implementation of Sustainable
Development Goals and Challenges Encountered in Civil Engineering Education: A
Review
Rozaina Ismail1, Azlan Adnan2, Mohd Zamri Bin Ramli2, Mohd Nur Asmawisham Alel2,
Mariyana Aida Ab. Kadir2, SK Muiz SK Abd Razak3 and Saffuan Wan Ahmad4
1

School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah
Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
2
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
3
Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
4
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan,
Pahang, Malaysia*E-mail: dr.rozaina.ismail@gmail.com
Abstract: Higher education can play a role in the implementation of sustainable development
goals (SDGs). Universities can do more to deliver against the sustainable development goals,
working with faculty, staff, and students, as well as their wider stakeholder community andalumni body. However, there are steps and structures which are necessary for this to bepossible. This systematic review thus attempts to analyse recent literature to identify theextent to which civil engineering education addresses Sustainable Development Goals. The
review identifies several gaps in education, research, and practice that potentially hinder civilengineering education from adequately advancing sustainable development, including adearth of research on fragile states and demographic diversity and a general lack of focus on
educational technology, progressive education approaches, and innovation in fragile countries
compared to stable ones. The review also identifies challenges pertaining to civil engineering
education resource constraints in fragile contexts. The paper concludes by offering insights
on how educational technology could mitigate civil engineering education challenges infragile environments to ultimately ease some barriers towards SDG advancement andprovides recommendations for future education and research directions as part of its mandate
to implement the newly introduced Education 5.0.
Keyword: SDGs, Education 5.0, Challenges, Civil Engineering, Higher education.

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RCCE_ID13
Study on Benefits of Hybrid Simulation System and Innovation Design Method in
Reinforced Concrete Building*Yan Win Aung1, Nu Nu Win1
1

Chindwin Technological University/Department of Civil Engineering, Myanmar*E-mail: yanwinaung333@gmail.com

Abstract: Nowadays, hybrid simulation systems in reinforced concrete (RC) structure andsteel structure are the most popular systems to resist lateral load due to earthquakes and wind.
The use of hybrid simulation is one of the best lateral loads resisting systems which is widelyused in the construction world but use of it will be the viable solution for enhancing
earthquake resistance. The static analysis and design of twelve-story reinforced concrete
residential structure in Yangon's seismic zone (2B) are presented in this paper. The
construction is made up of a frame that resists intermediate moments. ETABS v 18.0.1(Extended Three-dimensional Analysis of Building System) software was used for analysis
and design. MNBC 2020 is used to study the structure under dead loads, live loads, windloads, and seismic loads. The planned building's stability is checked using the results of thestudy, including P-checking, story drift checking, and overturning checking at various floor
levels. The American Concrete Institute's (ACI) 318-14 code is used to design all structure
members. Software is used to design the slabs and stairs. This study will undoubtedly be
useful to people who construct reinforced concrete structures.
Keywords: Hybrid Simulation System, MNBC 2020, P Checking, Drift Checking.

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RCCE_ID14
A Case Study of Front Lawn Parking Needs in Terraced Houses*Rui Ching Pua1, Nurdalila Saji1
1

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Department of Civil Engineering Technology,
Malaysia*E-mail: an180251@siswa.uthm.edu.my

Abstract: Front lawn modification has become a trend in recent years in many types ofbuildings, particularly single-storey terraced houses. In Malaysia, the majority of singlestorey terraced houses are built for single-unit households and are typically intended toaccommodate one car. As a result, with several vehicles have encountered a parking problem,
requiring them to park on a side street, which has become an issue that will impede or causeinconvenience to their neighbours. The objectives of this study are to identify the necessityof front lawn parking which causes house owners to modify existing houses, to determine thespatial changes of the front lawns in terraced houses, and to assess the modification outcomeof the front lawn spatial changes against house owners' demand. This study will take place inTaman Indah, Pontian, and the data collection methods are through observation andquestionnaire surveys. A total of 83 front lawn-modified single-storey terraced houses werechosen by a simple random sampling method. The data is analysed using a descriptive
statistical approach in Microsoft Excel. The results are presented in table and graph form withthe measure of central tendency. The questionnaire's results showed that it is necessary tomodify the front lawn area as a result of limited parking space in the residence. The suitablespatial changes to the front lawn are inside the house boundary line, partially modified, andthe main demand of house owners is parking space. At the end of this study, it can beconcluded that the objectives have been achieved as 93.98% of the respondents replied thatfront lawn modification is necessary due to insufficient parking space in the house, themodification is able to solve side-street parking problems, and effective solutions have beenoffered to solve the parking issues.
Keywords: Front Lawn Modification, Single-Storey Terraced Houses, Side Street Parking,Simple Random Sampling Method, Measure of Central Tendency.

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RCCE_ID15
Multi-GNSS Satellite Geometry Analysis and Positioning Performance Evaluation
under the Urban Environment*ChuanYi Teo1, Chien Zheng Yong1
1

Faculty of Build Environment & Surveying, University Technology Malaysia*E-mail: chuanyiteo1999@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: The accuracy of the space-based positioning system is affected by several factors
like ionospheric delay, tropospheric delay, multipath, and satellite geometry. This study
attempts to determine the strength of satellite geometry which is measured by dilution of
precision (DOP) in multi-constellation combinations under the urban environment. The
satellite constellation of GPS+BDS, GPS+Galileo, GPS+QZSS, GPS+BDS+ Galileo+QZSS
are proposed to evaluate the effects of satellite geometry strength on position precision. In
surveying, not all the observation sites are under ideal sky views, especially in urban
environments. Obstacles such as high-rise buildings often hinder the signal of the lower
altitude satellite signal yet decrease the satellite visibility. Thus, a single satellite constellation
may face a problem of poor geometry or an insufficient number of visible satellites to perform
positioning. Four types of urban scenarios (half-blocked, partially blocked, quarter-blocked,
high-elevation condition) will be simulated as the typical situation for GNSS positioning
under the urban environment. A 24-hour observation from GPS/GNSS Continuously
Operating Reference Stations (CORS) will be chosen as the data simulation for different sky
views by applying various elevation masks. A few sites around UTM with buildings heightof a minimum of three floors will be chosen to carry out data collection to verify thesimulation of the environment by carrying out static observation of 2 hours. Software
RTKLIB and MATLAB will be used to compute the DOPs and their positioning precision.
Residual error of the horizontal and vertical components will be evaluated for position
precision based on combinations of satellite constellations. The research aims to examine thepotential of utilizing multi-constellation rather than a single constellation satellite positioningin positioning performance and precision under the urban environment.
Keywords: Multi-GNSS, Positioning Performance, Satellite Geometry.

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RCCE_ID16
The Causes of Concrete Wastage in the Precast Manufacturing Industry*A K Segar1 and A R A Hamid1
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia*E-mail: arjun_k88@yahoo.com

Abstract: The growing era of concrete waste has had severe environmental, social, and economic
consequences. In comparison to the normal construction site, there are only a few studies of theconstruction waste generated from offsite construction, particularly at precast manufacturing
plants. The majority of the research has focused on how to reuse concrete panels, with a few
studies focusing more broadly on construction wastes such as timber, cement, steel, etc.
Nonetheless, only a few studies were conducted focusing on the concrete waste in precast
manufacturing. The objective of this study is to investigate the causes of concrete wastages in theselected precast manufacturing plant. The case study on a selected precast concrete manufacturing
plant was performed to assess the causes of concrete wastages using questionnaire survey. The
questionnaires were distributed to managers, engineers, supervisors, drafters, quantity surveyors,
and general workers. The 160 survey results were analysed using frequency analysis and averageindex method. The results of the study show that the causes of concrete wastages were due tomultiple factors which can be classified into four categories namely design, concrete handling,
operation, and procurement. In terms of design, the majority of respondents believe that not
paying attention to the standard sizes available on the market is one of the most important factors
impacting concrete waste in the precast production industry. Improper capacity leading to damage
or degradation was one of the most common reasons in terms of concrete handling. Meanwhile,
improper planning was found as the most major operational factor to concrete waste creation inthis study. Finally in terms of procurement, order errors (requesting significantly more or less)are the leading cause of concrete wastages in the selected precast manufacturing industry.
Keywords: Concrete Waste, Causes, Construction, Precast Industry.

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RCCE_ID17
The Measurement of the amount of Concrete Wastage that Produced in the Precast
Manufacturing Industry*A K Segar1 and A R A Hamid1
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia*E-mail: arjun_k88@yahoo.com

Abstract: When estimating the amount of concrete needed for a specific structural project, anallowable of 3-5 percent is denoted for waste. Further excess of concrete waste will raise theproject costs and affect productivity. It is important to keep track of the concrete waste on the jobsite. Concrete waste can be avoided by carefully preparing the pour. The objective of this study
is to measure the concrete wastages produced in the selected precast manufacturing plant. The
case study on a selected precast concrete manufacturing plant was performed to measure theamount of concrete wastage based on documented company reports such as concrete tickets, panel
volumes, drawings, and so on. Daily site visits were conducted for several months to measure theconcrete waste produced at the chosen precast company, as well as documentation tracking.
During the visits, the quantification of building waste on the sites was carried out using volume
estimation and waste audit. The reference to records such as the concrete order form, the actual
amount of volume that should be required, and the amount of concrete lost through this process
was made. The results were analysed using content and frequency analysis. To aid in themeasurement of the concrete waste, the three years of concrete data were checked thoroughly
and differentiated by plan-ordered data with actual batching data. Further analysis shows thatthe concrete wastages that were produced in the respected precast plant based on three years (2016– 2018) data are 6.19%, 5.04%, and 5.06% respectively which surpass a typical concrete wastage
set by the precast plant as in the range of 1 to 5 percent. This shows that the average concrete
waste for the three years had reached 5.43% and if nothing is being done the amount could
escalate.
Keywords: Concrete Waste, Measurement, Construction, Reducing Wastes, The Precast
Industry.

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RCCE_ID18
Strategy to Reduce the amount of Concrete Wastage in the Precast Manufacturing
Industry*A K Segar1 and A R A Hamid1
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia*E-mail: arjun_k88@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Malaysian government has a keen interest in promoting the Industrialized
Building System (IBS), otherwise called offsite development in different nations, to supplant
the conventional technique for development as one of the drives to address concrete wastage
issues and negative environmental effects in the construction industry. It is widely acknowledgedthat there is a colossal amount of waste in the construction industry. Because construction has asignificant and direct impact on numerous other industries. Reducing waste in the constructionindustry may result in significant cost savings for society. The objective of this study is to propose
a strategy on how to reduce concrete wastages. The case study on a selected precast concrete
manufacturing plant was performed to generate concrete wastages reduction strategies using aquestionnaire survey. The questionnaires were distributed to managers, engineers, supervisors,
drafters, quantity surveyors, and general workers. The 160 survey results were analysed using
content and frequency analysis along with the average index method. The proposed strategy to
reduce concrete waste can be divided into 4 aspects, such as design aspects, concrete handlingaspects, operational aspects, and procurement aspects. The results of the study show that the
reduction of concrete wastages in the precast manufacturing industry could be materialised bypractising multiple approaches such as hiring skilled personnel, accurate quantification, minimise
design changes, standardized design, careful handling of tools and equipment on-site, the rightequipment, better worker’s attitude, better planning and estimation, adoption of proper sitemanagement techniques, the vigilant supervisor as well as an effective communication system.
To effectively minimize concrete waste in the precast industry, this study recommends that all
stakeholders, not just contractors, and subcontractors, in the construction sector should address
the wastage factors at every level of the construction process and develop an effective concrete
waste management plan.
Keywords: Concrete Waste, Strategy, Concrete Reduction, Construction, Precast.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

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RCCE_ID19
Innovating the Tradition: Passive Cooling Design Elements Applied to the Traditional
Barbadian Chattel House*Marco De Bortoli1
1

M+ Architecture, Founder & Director, Barbados W.I.
*E-mail: marco@mplusarchitecture.com

Abstract: The traditional Barbadian chattel house is an icon of Barbadian life and landscape.
The Oxford Dictionary defines the French-rooted word “chattel” as “moveable possession”,
and this is exactly what the chattel house is – a house that can be moved. Mainly built toprovide shelter for slaves after Emancipation in 1838, the development of chattel houses frombasic moveable wood huts to beautiful, elaborate, and colourful houses is a clear indicationof its definitive transformation from a symbol of social inequality into an icon of
emancipation and independence. To survive as a traditional house typology that appeals to
the modern way of living, the chattel house should evolve into a more sustainable andcomfortable habitat for its owners. We believe that this step forward could be achieved byusing passive cooling design principles. After a brief introduction of the traditional chattel
house, we will analyse each of its elements (foundations, floors, walls, windows and doors,verandas, and roof), assess their importance and contemporaneity, and suggest how they canbe improved to achieve a better living environment and indoor climate through the applicationof passive cooling principles and technologies. Passive cooling principles, such as thermalmass, cross ventilation, stack effect, and others, can easily apply to the traditional Barbadianchattel house. Overall, the application of passive cooling principles and technologies will
improve the traditional Barbadian chattel house design, its sustainability, and indoor living
quality; this will constitute a key factor in increasing its appeal to new home owners and,
therefore, its survival as heritage typology.
Keywords: Passive Cooling, Barbadian Chattel House.

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54
RCCE_ID20
Mechanical Behaviours of Soilcrete Specimens Made from Soft Clay Using Jet
Grouting Technology to Treat Differential Settlement At Bridge Abutment in Ho Chi
Minh city*My-Chinh Do-Thi1, Hoang-Hung Tran-Nguyen2
1

Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering, and Applied Arts, Nguyen Tat Thanh
University, Vietnam
2Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City Univ. of Technology (HCMUT), Vietnam.
*E-mail: dtmchinh@nttu.edu.vn.
Abstract: Differential settlement at bridge abutment has often occurred in the South andparticularly in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam (HCMC). The current techniques treat
differential settlements ineffectively. Jet Grouting is a technology improving mechanicalcharacteristics of the in-situ soils using high-pressure beams to cut, erode, and mix in-situ
soils with cement slurry. Jet Grouting has a high potential to mitigate differential settlementsof bridge abutments. However, the Jet Grouting still has limited applications to treat bridge
abutment differential settlement in HCMC. This paper investigated the mechanicalbehaviours of soilcrete specimens made from the soil samples taken at Tan Thanh Dong
bridge simulating field Jet Grouting. About 50 soilcrete specimens were mixed with 50%
slag cement and PCB40 cement. The cement contents of 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 kg/m
were utilized to mix the soft clay samples at a w:c ratio of 1.5:1. The results show that: (1)Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of specimens made from the slag cement werehigher 3.5 to 4 times than those made from the PCB40 cement; (2) UCS of soilcrete at a
cement content of 500 kg/m cured at 3 days were higher 3 to 8 times than that of the soft
clay; (3) Secant modulus of elasticity varying from 100 – 357 times to UCS; (4) Strain at
failure varying from 0.5 to 1.2%; (5) A w:c ratio of 1.5 providing suitable soilcrete strengthand the viscosity of cement slurry.
3

3

Keywords: Jet Grouting, Settlement at Bridge Abutment, Soilcrete.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

55
RCCE_ID21
Assessment of Streamflow due to Land Use Changes in Bago Region*May Phoo Ngyon1, Phyo Thuzar Thein2, Zin Marlar Tin San3
1
Victoria University College, Myanmar
2
Faculty of Engineering, Victoria University College, Myanmar
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Victoria University College,
Myanmar*E-mail: mayphoongyon@gmail.com
Abstract: Assessment of streamflow is crucial in flood control and management systems.
Increment of streamflow is influenced by climate changes, hydrological features, and land
use/cover variations. Several flood events and land use/cover changes happened in the Bago
Region. So, this study aims to assess the streamflow due to land-use changes in the Bago
Region. An accessible and reliable portal, Myanmar National Land Cover Portal (MNLCP)
was utilized for land use/cover information, and a hydrological model, Rainfall-RunoffInundation (RRI) model was applied to simulate streamflow in this study. Land use maps andrainfall data in Bago Region are required to accomplish the study. Three decades of2000,2010 and 2017 were selected as study periods for land use/cover analysis in this study.
Land use maps for 2000, 2010, and 2020 in Bago Region and Bago River Basin were obtained
from MNLCP. Land use/cover percentage in Bago Region and Bago River Basin obtained
from MNLCP were classified, compared, and analysed. When analysing land use/coverchanges in Bago Region, woody areas, open forest, closed forest, and croplands had altered
within 20 years. After calibration and validation of the RRI model, rainfall, and discharge
data of 2015 and 2017 flood events were compared and analysed. The total rainfall of 2017
was higher than that of 2015 while the discharge was opposite to that. While analysing land
use/cover impacts on streamflow, parameters in the RRI model were altered according toactual soil condition, topography, and land types of the Bago River Basin. The analysis ofland use/cover changes on streamflow was based on five scenarios in this study. After all,scenarios had been analysed, it was found that land use/cover changes have a slight effect on
the streamflow of the Bago River Basin.
Keywords: Streamflow, MNLCP, RRI, Bago Region.

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RCCE_ID22
Vibration-based Damage Detection in Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Various
LoadingManh-Hung Tran1,2, Minh-Nhan Pham1,2, Tuan Minh Ha3 and *Duc-Duy Ho1,2
1

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT),
Vietnam2
Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Vietnam
3
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH),
Vietnam*E-mail: hoducduy@hcmut.edu.vn
Abstract: Recent tragic collapses of bridges and buildings have awoken the public on theneed of structural health monitoring (SHM) that plays an important role in the safety andservice life of civil infrastructures. Since the early 1970s, many researchers have usedvibration features of structural responses as an indication of structural damages. The basic
concept of vibration-based damage detection is to examine changes in modal parameters (e.g.,natural frequency, mode shape, modal flexibility, and modal strain energy) which representchanges in structural properties. In this study, a crack detection method for reinforced
concrete (RC) beams using modal strain energy is proposed. The modal strain energy (MSE)is calculated from the modal analysis results of an RC beam using a finite element model withvarious crack levels. The RC beam is simulated by ANSYS software; and then it is loadedwith different load levels to create the crack zones corresponding to each load level. The
stiffness matrix of the cracked beam is transferred into the modal analysis program of ANSYS
software to get the vibration characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes) for crack
detection. Using the MSE method, a damage threshold is introduced to eliminate the noisezones. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the method, new damage detection indexes ofcracked zones and non-cracked zones are also proposed. The results show that the proposed
method accurately detects the occurrence and location of cracks in RC beams.
Keywords: Vibration, Damage Detection, Reinforced Concrete Beam, Crack, Structural
Health Monitoring.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

57
RCCE_ID23
Enhancing Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Potentials of Roselle Calyces by Green
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Process*Zuhaili Idham1, Noor Azwani Mohd Rasidek1 and Mohd Azizi Che Yunus2
1

Centre of Lipids and Applied Research Engineering, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific &Industrial Research, 81310 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
2
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering 81310 Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia*E-mail: zuhailiidham@utm.my

Abstract: Supercritical carbon-dioxide (SC-CO2) is a clean and green technology for
extracting polyphenols and antioxidants from roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) as nutraceuticalingredients and high-value co-products development. To increase the SC-CO2 fluid affinity
towards polar compounds, a general regard as safe (GRAS) solvent, ethanol-water was addedin small amounts as a co-solvent. Dry roselle calyces were extracted using SC-CO2 andconventional solvents (ethanol, water) to determine whether the SC-CO2 technology may
improve the extraction of phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The results showed that
the SC-CO2 extract had a significantly higher yield, total phenolic, and flavonoid content
than the ethanol and water extracts. It also had the highest antioxidant activity as measured
by DPPH radical scavenging. Further investigation using ultra high-performance liquid
chromatography with mass spectrometry detectors (UHPLC-MS) revealed the presence ofchlorogenic acid as a major phenolic compound of roselle calyces, with the highest
concentration detected in the SC-CO2 extract. These results suggest that SC-CO2 technology
increases the quantity and quality of roselle calyces extract. The findings increased thereliability of using this technique to produce high-value products from this high-value plant.
Roselle as a low-cost sustainable local crop source, as well as SC-CO2 as a clean energy
process with low environmental impact, excellent solvent recyclability, and reduced chemicaluse, could increase the market value of antioxidant-rich extract.
Keywords: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Polyphenols, Natural Antioxidants, Roselle
Calyces

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RCCE_ID24
Impact of Land Use and Urbanization Activities on Freshwater Eutrophication: A
Case Study of Megacity, Dhaka*Habiba Rashid1, Lameesa Gazi-Khan1, Shama E. Haque1
1

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North South University, Bangladesh*E-mail: habiba.rashid@northsouth.edu
Abstract: Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is a major beta-global city with over 18 million
residents living in an area of 1528 km . Rapid urbanization coupled with increased
industrialization has adversely impacted the management of Dhaka’s many water resources,
and the city struggles to provide adequate water for its residents. Numerous surface water
bodies in and around Dhaka have been subjected to increased pollution due to indiscriminate
disposal of untreated or partially treated waste by municipal, industrial and agricultural
sources. In Dhaka, eutrophication is a leading cause of impairment of many inland water
bodies. Harmful algal blooms, dead zones, and fish kills are the results of a process called
eutrophication. As such, nutrient enrichment of these water bodies is a serious threat to theoverall water quality. It is likely that future climate conditions will create more favourable
conditions for the growth of algae and potentially toxic cyanobacteria. From a public healthpoint of view, the fact that some of these organisms can release toxins into the aquatic
environment or be toxic themselves is important. By 2030, targets within Sustainable
Development Goal 6 aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of water andsanitation for all. With the ‘water goal’ in mind, this present study combines recent fieldsurveys with a systematic review of available literature on the topic to identify the sourcesof nutrients and the influences of eutrophication on the city’s freshwater system.
Additionally, the study focuses on possible eutrophication control strategies to combat the
problem. Moreover, the evidence regarding the combined effects of urbanization andchanging climate on the eutrophication of urban water bodies of Dhaka is explored.
2

Keywords: Dhaka, Megacity, Eutrophication, Algal Bloom, Water Pollution.

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RCCE_ID25
Assessment Study of Energy Demand in Multi-Story Steel Moment Frames*Kimheng Oeung1, Piseth Doung2, Sutat Leelataviwat3 and Virak Han1
1

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology ofCambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
2
Materials and Structures Research Unit, Research and Innovation Center, Institute ofTechnology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of engineering, King Mongkut’s University ofTechnology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand.
*E-mail: kimheng.oeung@gsc.itc.edu.kh

Abstract: Most seismic design procedures use an elastic approach to produce the lateraldesign force from ground motions. Although this approach is permissible, the accurate
inelastic response is not well understood and is still the subject of several investigations. The
cumulative energy dissipation is an important aspect of the design process to ensure the target
structural performance. Previous researchers have indicated that the energy demand of asingle degree of freedom (SDOF) system may be calculated analytically, and the hystereticenergy can be expressed in terms of the system’s input energy. However, the methods are notlimited to multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) systems, and they remain unvalidated. For thatreason, this study aims to predict the energy demand in multi-story steel moment frames(SMFs), and further provide a sensible modification of the energy factor (γ) in order to use in
the energy-based design method. The study considered a SDOF system represented by alateral cantilever column. Then, three-, six-, nine-story steel moment frames are used toevaluate the input and hysteretic energy demands. The system was performed under six
ground motions selected from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) database.
All the ground motions were scaled to match the design basis earthquake (DBE) andmaximum considered earthquake (MCE) hazard levels. Nonlinear time-history analysis wasused to evaluate the energy demand corresponding to various structural periods and ductility.
Finally, the results demonstrated that considering only the first mode of the MDOF structures
was sufficient and applicable for the energy demand. The energy factor (γ) can be considered
to vary as 0.6. However, the energy factor (γ) of the MDOF system should be further
investigated, considering precise structural modeling parameters.
Keywords: Input Energy, Hysteretic Energy, Steel Moment Frames, Energy Demand,
Perform 3D

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RCCE_ID26
Volarization of Banana Peels by Subcritical Water Extraction in Pectin Recovery*Noor Azwani Mohd Rasidek1, Zuhaili Idham1, Hideaki Tokuyama3, Yuichiro Nagatsu3 andMohd Azizi Che Yunus2
1

Centre of Lipids Engineering & Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for
Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310 Johor
Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
2
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,
2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
*E-mail: noor.azwani@utm.my
Abstract: Volarization of banana peel in production of pectin known as banana peel pectin(BPP) using subcritical water extraction (SWE) is very efficient. SWE is selective to a varietyof bioactive compounds including pectin, while minimizing the use of organic or inorganic
solvents. In maximizing the pectin yield, the extraction condition was optimized using
response surface methodology (RSM). The capability of BPP to scavenge free radicals wasinvestigated by DPPH free radical assay. At a water to banana peels fixed ratio of 50 mL/g, amaximum pectin yield of 4.84 ± 0.03 % was obtained under the shortest extraction time at 5
min, 140°C and particle size of 1.18 mm. The proposed quadratic models by RSM could be
adequately used in the prediction responses pH, total soluble solid (TSS) and pectin yield.
BPP showed a lower inhibitory concentration range (IC50) of 0.177 to 1.385 mg/mL that has
the advantage of scavenging free radicals. These findings demonstrated that SWE has
produced pectin rich in antioxidant properties that are indispensable for various applicationsof pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.
Keywords: Antioxidant Activity, Banana Peels, Pectin, Response Surface Methodology,
Subcritical Water Extraction.

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RCCE_ID27
A Critical Review of Flood Resilient Housing Practices:Enhancing Disaster Resilience*Nurin Mansoor1, Akbariah Mohd Mahdzir2 and Khamarrul Azahari Razak3
1

Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Centre, Malaysia-Japan International Institute ofTechnology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia.
1
Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
2Management of Technology Department, Malaysia-Japan International Institute ofTechnology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia.
3
Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Centre, Malaysia-Japan International Institute ofTechnology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia.
*E-mail: nurinmansoor@gmail.com
Abstract: To date, researchers have worked on various theories and methods to introduce theconcept of resilience into the housing sector as this has become an urgent need to manage andmitigate excessive flood effects. One of the significant recent thoughts in reducing the flood
disaster risks in the long term is by building resilient housing to a standard that is lessvulnerable to future hazards. This study attempts to outline the strategies adopted around theglobal to improve preparedness before a flood disaster strike by aligning the needs and skill
requirements with the capabilities of built environment experts. Hence, the study aims toidentify the gap among the flood resilient housing practices and describe the features andpossibilities of past, current and future practices in resilient settlements. The analysis adopts
a semi-systematic review approach to define and classify the features and risks of flood
resilient housing practices in resilient settlements. A review was carried out between January
2016 and November 2021 using the keywords “Flood Housing Design”, “Vernacular
Resilient Construction”, “Indigenous Resilient Housing Design” and “Sustainable Resilience
Housing” in two different databases, namely Scopus and Web of Science. The findings
demonstrate the derivation of the characteristics and probabilities of the flood resilient
housing under four key disaster resilience elements consisting of robustness, resourcefulness,recovery and redundancy qualities; and establishes a comparative review to support thedevelopment of flood resilient housing model in the current and future events.
Keywords: Flood Housing Design, Vernacular Resilient Construction, Indigenous Resilient
Housing Design and Sustainable Resilience Housing

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RCCE_ID28
Development of the National Fault Database of Malaysia*Yong Sheng Chang1, Chien Zheng Yong1
1

Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia;*E-mail: yongsheng@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: This study aims to digitize and produce a web-based GIS fault database to disclose
all fault systems (active and inactive) based on Minerals and Geoscience Department
Malaysia (JMG) 5th Edition 2009. Malaysia has not been classified as a seismically active
country due to the absence of significant, destructive earthquakes throughout history.
Although still at risk of seismic activity and is not immune to earthquake damage. Thus, it isrequired to digitize and produce a web-based GIS fault database and determine theircontribution to the country's seismic dangers. This fault database consists of three types offault: 1) normal fault; 2) reverse or thrust fault; 3) strike-slip fault. The term "normal fault"
refers to a dip-slip fault in which the block above the fault has shifted downward concerning
the block below, and this type of flaw comes as a result of the extension. A reverse or thrustfault is a dip-slip fault in which the higher block moves up and over the lower block. This
form of faulting is prevalent in compression zones. The term "strike-slip fault" refers to a fault
where two blocks move past one another. Within Peninsular Malaysia, seven main faults wereidentified, including Bok Bak fault, Lebir fault, Terengganu fault, Bukit Tinggi fault, Kuala
Lumpur fault, Lepar fault, and Mersing fault. These locations mostly are normal and strikeslip faults. At the end of this study, a web-based GIS fault database will be produced. This
web-based GIS fault database gives an overview of all fault systems in Malaysia, which are
understandable and user-friendly to the community of geologists, seismologists andengineers. Due to the absence of available seismic, geological, and geodetic data, this webbased GIS fault database might be considered a preliminary map for JUPEM and JMG for
facility improvement.
Keywords: GIS, Web-Based, Fault Database, Earthquake

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RCCE_ID29
A Study on Quality of Work Life of Cambodian Female Civil Engineers*Monika EA1, Tanit TongThong2
1

Department of Technology Research and Development/ National Institute of Science,
Technology and Innovation/ Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology & Innovation/
Cambodia2
Department of Civil Engineering/ Faculty of Engineering/ Chulalongkorn University/
Thailand*E-mail: ea.monika@misti.gov.kh
Abstract: Quality of work-life (QWL) is a quality evaluation concept with having criticalimportance and proper balance in both work and personal life. Previous research in otherdisciplines has identified work-life quality in different ways and multi-dimensional concepts,
i.e., workplace issues, work stress, job satisfaction, and career opportunity. This study aims
to explore the Quality of work-life of female civil engineers in Cambodia. The online survey
was conducted, and a stepwise Pearson analysis and multiple regression analysis were used
to analyze the collected data. Pearson analysis was computed on selected pairs of variables totest for the direction and strength of the correlation between variables. Predictive
mathematical equations for these factors were developed, tested, and validated. A primary
relationship between the QWL factors was found, while the 14 sub-factors under the fourmain factors allow female civil engineers in Cambodia to distinguish the level of QWL withregard to the perspective of Cambodian female engineers in the construction industry. The
present finding elucidated the QWL could be improved with the increase of job satisfaction
and minimization of work stress and problems.
Keywords: Cambodia Work-Life Issues, Construction Industry, Female Civil Engineer,
Quality of Work-Life.

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64
RCCE_ID30
Assessing Water Scarcity in Muda River Basin: Water Energy Food Nexus in
Malaysia for Rice Production
Nurfarhain Mohamed Rusli1, *Zainura Zainon Noor 2, Shazwin Mat Taib1
1

Department of Environment Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
2
Centre of Environment Sustainable and Water Security, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia*E-mail: zainurazn@utm.my
Abstract: The demand for rice in the year 2030 is projected to be around 533 million tons ofmilled rice and is known to be a high-water consuming crop. Irrigated rice consumes as muchas 150 billion m of water in Asia alone. With water being the most important component forrice production, yielding more rice with less water is therefore a formidable challenge. This
study aims to assess the water scarcity of paddy plantations at Muda Rice Granary, Kedah,using the Water Footprint approach. By using this approach, the amount of water consumption
in planting and processing rice will be assessed. A water-energy-food nexus study was donefor MUDA Area. The analysis identifies the relation of water, food and energy by
understanding the challenges in sustaining these resources. The objective of the analysis ismainly to identify whether the area can sustain the natural resource with the increasing
resource demand from rapid development. Data inventory were collected through direct
meeting with stakeholder and literature. The boundaries have been set up based on resource
input and output within the Sungai Muda basin. Portable water demand, non-paddy’s water
demand and livestock’s water demand are increased throughout the year 2010 aligned withpopulation growth. As for WEF solutions within the institutional level, they are integrating
WEF in policy arrangements is chosen as the best solution. Within financial and economic
instruments, incentives to upstream water users are agreed by the stakeholder; and fortechnological innovations and information management, the stakeholders agreed onsustainable monitoring and data-managements system. Implementing this water footprint
research in the paddy field will be essential not only in the research area but also in
agricultural development in Malaysia. Consequently, it will become the baseline for otheragriculture in Malaysia in this research area.
3

Keywords: Water Footprint, Water Scarcity, Rice Production

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RCCE_ID31
Effect Management of Plant and Machinery on Completion Time of Construction
Projects*Qusyairi Zahar1, Razi Mohd Roslan1, Saufi Fadzid1, Fatin Pangat1, Farah Lee1
Faridahanim Ahmad1
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia*E-mail: muhammadqusyairi@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: The plant and machinery have been one of the resources synonymous in theconstruction industry, where diverse organizations are involved in completing construction
projects. However, without proper management practices of plant and machinery inconstruction sites, it will affect the required amount of completion time, thus, affecting thesmoothness and productivity of the project. A co-relational research approach is used where
this paper performs the interviews with the construction personnel themselves. The
instrument and study design were based on a preliminary survey and literature search at the
beginning. Effectively managing the plants and machinery on construction sites is verysignificant as it influences the completion time, thereby bringing down the percentage of
unfinished projects. The survey's result shows that plants and machinery need to be managed
to ensure they are performing well and ready to use. Besides, they need to ensure the safetyof operating plants and machinery and reduce downtime and repair costs. The positive impact
is primarily on contractors working on construction projects, who understand plant andmachinery management and why it is essential. Thus, they could determine the critical criteria
and adopt a competent management system for future projects. Finally, construction site plantand machinery management impact the completion time. Construction firms have longrecognized the importance of effectively managing their plants and machinery. As arecommendation to ensure the plant's efficiency, contractors should evaluate well to see
which firms meet their targets to make sure that lapses in equipment supply to the location
are avoided, and proper monitoring of the operator’s equipment on site can be conducted.
Keywords: Plant and Machinery; Management; Construction Projects; Completion Time

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RCCE_ID32
The Impact of Distracted Driving on Traffic Safety*Shannen Teo Sin-Chze1, Sitti Asmah Hassan1 and Rusdi bin Rusli2
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
2
School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450
Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
*E-mail: shannenteo@graduate.utm.my
Abstract: The previous researchers have been turning around with the matter of using mobile
phone while driving. However, there are other distracted driving behaviours out there haveless taken into consideration around the world. This means the issue will continue being theconcern of the government as foreseen. The issue also remains unknown in many countries,
including Malaysia because it is a subjective behaviour, which is not easy to be proved.
Hence, this study aims to understand the cause-effect relationships of distracted driving
behaviours and additional factors. An instrumented vehicle, google form and CCTV
recording from authorities are used for data collection, also relevant relation modelling fordata analysis. The collected data from this study helps the government to obtain, analyse anddetermine bigger and clearer view of the cause-effect relationship of this subjective
behaviour. It aids the government in providing the appropriate solutions thus, the number of
injury and fatalities due to accidents can be reduced, also can avoid in spending unnecessary
costs on the consequences of accidents like repair road infrastructure, and roadside buildings.
This is aligned with SDG 2030 Indicator 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and Indicator 11(Sustainable Cities and Communities), in terms of fatalities caused by road accidents andprovide safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable transportation, respectively. In recent
decades, advanced vehicle like AV and advanced system like ADAS are introduced slowly
and bring a lot of benefits to the society, solving traffic safety issue mostly on aggressive
driver behaviours. Therefore, this distracted driving cause-effect research indirectly allows
the nation to take part in AV and ADAS development, that can bring good reputation,knowledge and skills to the country
Keywords: Distracted Driving; Instrumented Vehicle; Relation Modelling; Cause-Effect
Relationship.

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RCCE_ID33
Regression Tree Model to Generate Standard Penetration Test (SPT)N-Values of Malabon City, Philippines*Joenel Galupino1 and Jonathan Dungca1
1

Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, De La Salle University, Philippines*E-mail: joenel.galupino@dlsu.edu.phAbstract: Borehole logs are often done occasionally because of funding and time restrictions.
As a result, only the project site can solely obtain geological and geotechnical data. The
information of subsurface information properties varies across an area. This has presented achallenge, since Geotechnical engineers need precise soil and rock information to plan anddesign geotechnical construction projects. In the dawn of soft-computing techniques such as
Machine Learning, Machine Learning can provide models that can predict output data for agiven example of input data. Thus, this study aims to apply Regression Tree Machine
Learning Model to generate the Generate Standard Penetration Test (SPT) N-Values ofMalabon City, Philippines. The independent parameters are latitude, longitude and elevation,
while the dependent parameter is the SPT N-Value. To validate, the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) and the Coefficient of Determination (R ) were gathered.
2

Keywords: Geotechnology, Geospatial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Regression Tree
Model, Philippines.

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RCCE_ID34
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Plastic Waste - An Overview*Falmata Audu Mustapha1,2, Arizu Sulaiman1 and Isa Mallum1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
2
The Federal Polytechnic Damaturu, Department of Civil Engineering Technology, 620001,
Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria*E-mail: famata1241@gmail.com
Abstract: The growing environmental consciousness has greatly contributed to the concerns
over the disposal of plastic waste. Waste utilization has emerged as a viable alternative todisposal. Plastic waste is a non-biodegradable material. It can be utilized as supplemental
material in the production of concrete to reduce the environmental difficulties associated withthe disposal of plastic waste. Several studies have been conducted to assess the characteristics
of concrete that contains various forms of plastic waste as aggregate or filler. This study
provides an overview of the efficiency of using waste plastic in concrete production. The
effect of waste plastic on the fresh, mechanical properties, and durability of concrete is
discussed. The use of waste in concrete not only makes it more cost-effective and ecologicallyfriendly, but it also benefits the plastic recycling industries.
Keywords: Plastic Waste, Concrete, Aggregate, Mechanical Properties, Durability

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69
RCCE_ID35
Optimization of Mosque Geometry to Reduce the Total Cooling Load and Enhance
the Sustainability of Future Mosque Design*Emad Ameen Alharbi1, Rosli Mohamad Zin1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Skudai 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia*E-mail: eng.alomdah1@gmail.com

Abstract: Recently building sector accounts for 40% of all energy consumption of the world,which have led internationally to establish several legislations to reduce the energy
consumption. Similarly, Saudi Arabia has expressed their concern and established a numberof related policies, and the sustainability of building sector is first concern. Currently, thebuilding sector consume about 80% of total energy use, and mosque buildings werediscovered to consume huge quantity of energy above many other building types. Literature
review indicated that there is a huge demand to establish new mosques all around the country.
However, very little researches and efforts were found in regard with energy efficiency andenergy efficiency design. This paper aims to highlight the issue and reduce the energy
consumption, protect the environment by promoting sustainable mosque design. The process
began by conducting three Delphi rounds with 33 experts which resulted with 13 out of 28
parameters were found to have significant impact on mosque energy consumption, whichwere then used in the optimization process. After that, Al Walidayn Mosque was selected asa case study which represented a medium sized- mosque as the most common type and theintegration between Rhinoceros and Grasshopper 3D for parametric modeling, EnergyPlus
software for energy analysis, and Genetic Algorithm (GA) were used to optimize the mosque
geometry with the aim to reduce the total energy consumption. The total annual energy useof Al Walidayn mosque was 216544.898 kWh and after the optimization for whole geometry
reached at 90868.788 kWh which represented about 58% of total energy reduction. In
addition, the findings provided several optimum design solutions for mosque geometry
including orientation, WWR, U-value of glazed window, ceiling height, number of windows,
and shading devices. Furthermore, providing various design alternatives with the lowest
demand for energy consumption for future mosques.
Keywords: Energy Consumption, Building Optimization, Genetic Algorithm, Energy
Efficiency Design, Sustainable Mosque

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RCCE_ID36
Communication Model Framework for Site Level of a Mega Construction Project*Ahmed Mohamed1, Libriati Zardasti1, Norhazilan Md Noor2, Khairulzan Yahaya1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
2Construction Research Center, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia*E-mail: ahmedali_sbg@yahoo.com

Abstract: Poor communication between the site team and other departments at mega
construction projects has a negative impact on project schedules and budgets. Proper
communication channels to coordinate between stakeholders and their different interests canmitigate poor communication impact. Mega projects consumed 8% of the global grossdomestic product. Therefore, any failure in the project has a negatively impact on theeconomy. Many studies have been conducted to highlight project cost and time overrun
pandemic which reached to peak in 2017 by 18 articles and distributed between many
countries where China had the largest contribution percentage by 9.9. Although poor
communication factor has a significant impact on project progress many researchers excluded
or did not prioritize it on project cost and time overrun factors. Between 1989 and 2019, manystudies highlighted the poor communication impacts on project budget and schedule. To date,no real social network model for communication at the site level was provided. This researchaims to provide a framework model that permits integration of project data on the platform toassist the site team. This paper presents results and discusses the importance ofcommunication factor in project progress where literature review and rating questionnaire to
real case studies from different countries were conducted, the factors affect thecommunication at the site were literature review and open ended questions were achieved andanalysed by thematic analysis, and developing a communication model based on ant
simulation to overcome the poor communication factors where the model is dealing with all
departments, which have interface with site construction engineer. Rank order scalequestionnaire was conducted to validate the model against the following criteria:
comprehensiveness, objectivity, clarity practicality, and reliability. The results obtained inthis study suggests that the proposed model can successfully enhance the communication atsite level.
Keywords: Site, Construction, Communication

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71
RCCE_ID37
Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Structural Steels After Exposure in Rural,
Industrial, and Marine Atmosphere, Thailand*Adithep Bunphot1, Bunya Chea1 and Taweep Chaisomphob1
1

Shirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thamasat University,*E-mail: m6222040401@g.siit.tu.ac.th

Abstract: Structural steel specimens which are hot-rolled steel grade SS400 according to
JIS G3101, SM490 according to JIS G3106 and galvanized steels according to ASTM A123
were exposed under rural, industrial, and marine atmosphere in Thailand to investigate theircorrosion rates. The exposure time was up to 180 days from March to September 2021. The
corrosion rates of specimens were determined by the weight loss method. Environmental
parameters such as relative humidity, temperature, chloride deposition and sulfur dioxide
deposition were also collected. The result showed that corrosion rates by atmosphere typefrom high to low according to order is marine > industrial > rural. The magnitude of thecorrosion rate for SS400 and SM490 was 20 and 30 times as high as that for galvanized steel
in industrial and marine atmosphere. The usage of galvanized steel is well recommended tominimize corrosion attacks compared to these structural steels in industrial and marine
atmospheres.
Keywords: Structural Steel, SS400, SM490, Galvanized Steel, Atmospheric Corrosion

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RCCE_ID38
Experimental Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Surface CO Flux in Abandoned
Spontaneous Combustion Goaf
2

*Yongjun Wang1,2, Xiaoming Zhang2, Hemeng Zhang1,2, Ruoji Zhao3, Kyuro Sasaki4
1

College of Safety Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, China
Institute of Engineering and Environment, Liaoning Technical University, China
3
Liaoning Aolutong Technology Co., Ltd, China
4
Institute for Future Engineering, Japan*E-mail: wyj917@126.com

2

Abstract: In order to understand the impact of CO on the surface environment in the goaf of
the abandoned coal mine, based on the principle of CO diffusion and the theory of residual
coal spontaneous combustion in goaf, the surface CO flux over the abandoned goaf wasmeasured. The changes of surface CO flux over goaf and normal area, winter and summer,
spontaneous combustion and non-spontaneous combustion goaf are analyzed. The effects ofrainfall and environmental temperature on CO concentration in borehole and surface soil
(CO flux) are obtained. The results show that the surface CO flux over the spontaneous
combustion goaf is significantly greater than that in the goaf without spontaneous
combustion; Environmental climate (especially temperature change )is an important factor
affecting the change of CO flux; Air leakage in the Open-pit mine slope promotes theemission of CO from the overlying surface of goaf; The south part of the monitoring area isaffected by surface collapse and landslide, which promotes the formation of high flux area;
The scope of the fire area is gradually expanding with the time elapsed.
2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

Keywords: Abandoned Coal Mine, CO flux, Goaf, Coal Spontaneous Combustion
2

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RCCE_ID39
Microgranulation Technology for Enhancement of Wastewater Treatment Process
Thilagavathi Arumugham1, Laila Dina Amalia Purba1, *Norhayati Abdullah2, Ali Yuzir2,
Iwamoto Koji2 and Shaza Eva Mohamad2
1

Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia.
2
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International
Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra,
Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia.
*E-mail: norhayati@utm.my
Abstract: It is hypothesized that the microgranule would be able to remove phosphorus andnitrogen while simultaneously improving the performance of the wastewater treatment
process. This study aims to provide an assessment of microgranule as a curative measure forenhancement of wastewater treatment process to enhance plant efficiencies and performance.
This study developed the microgranular by utilizing activated sludge sourced from local
wastewater treatment plants. The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to cultivate themicrogranular. It was demonstrated that anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox),
Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis cultivation using synthetic wastewater in the bioreactor
could lead to good nitrogen removal efficiency. The development of the anammox bacteria
was monitored weekly for parameters like pH, DO, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. The readingsof the samples for the parameters fluctuated due to tough competition between the microbes
within the sludge with the chemical compounds in the enrichment medium. The changes inthe environment of the sludge have resulted in an inconsistent reaction in the medium. The
sequencing analysis using 16S rRNA anammox primers have proven that Candidatus genera
is present. Meanwhile, the Illumina MiSeq platform is able to determine the anammox
bacteria, namely Candidatus Solibacter and Candidatus Methanofastidiosum in theenrichment samples. The results obtained in this study indicated that maintaining low nitrateconcentration is challenging and may result in inhibition of the anammox process. This isbecause the activated sludge that was used as the seed sludge contained anammox bacteria,
however, unable to compete with NOB for nitrite. Therefore, the nitration process was morereactive compared to the anammox process.
Keywords: Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox), Candidatus
stuttgartiensis, Candidatus Solibacter, Candidatus Methanofastidiosum

Kuenenia

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RCCE_ID40
Study on the Prevention Effect of Pre-formed Gel from Inhibition Water Solution of
Sodium Metasilicate Nonahydrate and Polyvinyl Alcohol on Coal Spontaneous
Combustion*Hemeng Zhang1, Xiaoming Zhang2, Yongjun Wang1, Jiafeng Fan3, Ruoji Zhao4, andKyuro Sasaki5
1

Liaoning Technical University/College of safety science and engineering, China
Liaoning Technical University/Institute of Engineering and Environment, China
3
China Coal Technology & Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute, China
4
Liaoning Aolutong Technology Co. Ltd, China
5
Institute for Future Engineering, Japan*E-mail: hmzhang1990@foxmail.com
2

Abstract: Spontaneous coal combustion threatens mining, transportation, and storage
operations in the coal industry. A novel cross-linked gel (SMN-PVA gel) was presented fromthe inhibition water solution containing sodium metasilicate nonahydrate (SMN) andpolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prevent coal spontaneous combustion. The wire-mesh basket test
was applied to investigate the performance of the inhibition water solution with different
SMN and PVA concentrations. The critical self-ignition temperature of cubic coal sample
treated by inhibition water solution with higher SMN concentration possesses higher value
than the lower one. The superior concentrations of SMN and PVA were measured to be
16wt% and 0.5wt%. the pre-formed SMN-PVA gel was normally formed in the coalmicropores to prevent coal oxidation and thus exhibited better performance in stability andcompatibility than traditional gels. Additionally, this paper analysed the effect of inhibitionwater solution with superior SMN and PVA concentrations (16wt% and 0.5wt%) on coalspontaneous combustion by applying thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetricanalysis (TG-DTG) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test methods.
Keywords: Coal Spontaneous Combustion, Sodium Metasilicate Nonahydrate, Polyvinyl
Alcohol, Cross-Linked Gel, Wire-Mesh Basket Test

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RCCE_ID41
Evaluation of Atmospheric Exposure Test on Structural Steel and Hot-dip Galvanized
Steel in the East of Thailand*Ugen Tashi Lhamo1, Bunya Chea1, and Taweep Chaisomphob1
1

School of Civil Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute ofTechnology, Thammasat University, Thailand*E-mail: utlhamo455@gmail.com

Abstract: In today’s civil engineering industry, steel is one of the basic materials used due toits versatility, high strength, and durability. However, it is highly susceptible to corrosion.
Corrosion is unavoidable, but it can be minimized by galvanizing and painting. The rate ofcorrosion depends on the coating and environmental conditions. This research aims to study
the corrosion rate of two types of structural steel SS400 and SM490 for bare steel and Hotdip galvanized steel, which is exposed at three locations at Chachoengsao, Rayong, andChonburi in the eastern part of Thailand. Following the ASTM G50, a test site is selected ateach location and the specimens are exposed to the real environment for three months and six
months, and so on. Weathering station at the test site collects and monitors environmental
parameters. The exposed specimens are collected, cleaned and the data are gathered. The
weight loss of the steel specimen’s data is analyzed based on the ASTM standards. This
analysis result shows the corrosion rate of both the bare steel and hot-dip galvanized steel, thedeterioration of steel after three months and six months, and the importance of galvanizing.
The result can be used for material selection and could contribute to the development of thesteel corrosion manual of Thailand
Keywords: Steel Corrosion, Atmospheric Corrosion Test, Corrosion Rate, Bare Steel, And
Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel

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RCCE_ID42
Mechanism behind the Improvement in the CBR of Subbase Aggregates Blended with
Non-pozzolanic Coal Bottom Ash*Thet-Htet Ye-Htun1, Parnthep Julnipitawong, Weeraya Chimoye3 and Somnuk
Tangtermsirikul4
1Student, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University/School of
Civil Engineering and Technology, Thailand
2
Assistant Professor, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat
University/School of Civil Engineering and Technology, Thailand
3
Associate Professor, Thammasat University/Faculty of Engineering, Thailand
4
Professor, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University/Schoolof Civil Engineering and Technology, Thailand*E-mail: thethtetyehtun96@gmail.com

Abstract: Due to its underwhelming performance as a pozzolan, only a small amount of coalbottom ash (CBA) is applied in concrete industry and most of it is disposed in landfills. The
consumption of CBA in other fields are also low since there is not enough research to support
its potential use. Pavement foundation layers are where high volume of CBA can be utilized
while preserving natural aggregates. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of CBA as
an aggregate replacement for subbase layer in road pavement. Lateritic soil, a conventional
subbase aggregate, and CBA from Mae Moh power plant, the largest coal-fired power plantin Thailand were used. The dry soil was replaced with 0-50% CBA by weight and theirgeotechnical properties were studied. To examine the pozzolanic properties, the mixtures
were cured and XRD tests were carried out at 0,28, and 90 days. During the span of 90 days,
no significant change in the chemical composition was observed which concluded that the
pozzolanic reaction inside the mixtures were negligible. To study the strength characteristics,
CBR at optimum water content (OWC) and OWC+2% were tested. CBR value increased withincreasing CBA content in the mixtures. A relationship between CBR and coefficient of
permeability is found. Based on the standards specified by Department of Highways, mixtureswith 30-50% CBA is qualified to be used in pavement subbase.
Keywords: Coal Bottom Ash, Pavement Subbase, CBR, Permeability, Grain Size Analysis.

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RCCE_ID43
Renewable Biomass Nanofluid for Low Carbon Emission in Vehicle Exhausts*Afiq Roslan1, Rozzeta Dolah2, Halimaton Hamdan3
1

Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala
Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA*E-mail: afiqroslan096@gmail.com

Abstract: Biomass is an important renewable energy resource which primarily contributes toheating and cooling end use sectors. The conversion of biomass into biofuels is a promising
approach for the production of renewable fuels to replace liquid fuels in modes oftransportation. Biomass nanofluid is not only utilizing the most abundant waste in Malaysia,
but also to ensure the environment sustainability towards low carbon emission in reducing
less greenhouse gas (GHG). This study focuses to help to reduce the carbon emission to theenvironment and it will help Malaysia to reuse its abundant biomass waste into high valueadded product besides mitigating air pollution and climate change. The bio-oil used in thisstudy is produced from normal pyrolysis of bamboo crump as pure product. Due to pyrolysis
oil size in nanometre, it is believed that nanofluidics is the one which helps the transportphenomena of nano molecules to reduce the fuel consumption by the vehicle and produce lesscarbon emission from the exhaust. Zeta potential is a key indicator of the nanoparticle stabilityof colloidal dispersions. High value of Zeta Potential result showed a positive improvement
done by biomass nanofluid patch. Petrol RON 95 performs more stable with biomass nanofluid patch as higher number of stabilities 527.86 mV. The engine tests were carried out toanalyse the emission performance and the results proved that biomass nanofluid provided
significant advantages towards better engine performance and emission at maximum engine
speed. The results revealed carbon dioxide reduction at 10%, carbon monoxide emissions
were reduced by 35 % and the percentage of oxygen is 8% higher than standard condition due
to complete combustion in the engine.
Keyword: Biomass Renewable Energy; Bio-Oil; Pyrolysis; Nano Fluid; Zeta Potential.

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RCCE_ID44
An SDG Agenda: How to Motivate Engineering Teachers and Students for Research?
*Nazlee Siddiqui1, Nazmun Nahar2 , Mohammad Sahadet Hossain3 and Ahmed Tazmeen4
1

2

North South University, Department of Management, Bangladesh
North South University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bangladesh
3
North South University, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Bangladesh
4
North South University, Department of Economics, Bangladesh*E-mail: nazlee.siddiqui@northsouth.edu

Abstract: Engagement in research is necessary for students and teachers to pursue knowledge
and lifelong learning in alignment to the sustainable developmental goals (SDGs). This study
applied an online survey on enrolled undergraduate engineering students at the largest private
university in Bangladesh. The survey covered a series of 1 to 5 Likert scale items on threevariables. First, the student engagement variable of 28 items in five domains (i.e., academic,
cognitive, affective, social engagement with peers and social engagement with teachers).
Second, the teaching practice variable of 11 items, applied for teaching evaluation at theuniversity. Third, a single item dependent variable that assessed if a student is “motivated towork on research project with a faculty member outside of course requirements”. Regression
by enter method was applied for data analysis. Out of the 354 respondents, 77% agreed orstrongly agreed that they are motivated to work on research projects with faculty members
outside of course requirements. The regression model was significant with AR2 = .21 and F= 16.37 (P < 0.05). The domains of cognitive (t-value = 5.10; p<.001), academic (t-value=3.61, p<.001) and social engagement with peers (t-value = 2.47, p<.05) had significant
positive association with students’ motivation to engage in research. Teaching practices were
not associated with students’ motivation to engage in research. Universities should facilitateteaching practices to connect with student’s cognitive, academic and peer to peer engagement
for enhancing student’s motivation for research and alignment to SDGs.
Keywords: Student Engagement, Engineering Students, Research Motivation.

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RCCE_ID45
Technique for Improving the Geotechnical Performance of Materials to Be Used as A
Base Layer in Roads Construction: The Case of the Lithostab in Burkina Faso
*Donzala D. Some1, Takenori Hino2, and Hirofumi Usui3
1

Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Graduate School of
Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo 1, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
2
Ph.D., Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Faculty of Scienceand Engineering, Saga University, Honjo 1, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
3
Joint Researcher at Saga University, Tenox Kyusyu Corporation, 4-1-11 Tenjin, Chuo-Ku,
Fukuoka 810-0001, Japan.
*E-mail: donzdavids@gmail.com
Abstract: The scarcity to find soils fulfilling the ideal geotechnical characteristics to enable
the building of structures without any risk of settlement makes soil improvement increasingly
important. Soil improvement can be done at the surface, such as shallow stabilization, or
depth, such as the case of the deep mixing method. This article focuses on a technique forshallow mechanical improvement of soil which deals with the utilization of crushed granite
mixed in a certain percentage with lateritic soils before road construction in Burkina Faso.
Lithostab is the simplified name for litho-stabilization, a technique for improving lateritic soil
by adding crushed granite that increases the CBR of that material for being used in the baselayer for road construction. The class 0/25 of crushed granite added to the laterite in our casegives good performance in terms of CBR. Indeed, the CBR which was initially 48 at 98% of
the optimum modified Proctor goes to 88. from 84 at 98% of the optimum modified Proctor,
it goes to 128 for 30% of class 0/25 of crushed granite added. This means that class 0/25 ofcrushed granite provides better CBR to that material when it is incorporated at 30%. However,
the CBR found with 25% of crushed granite added is sufficient for the base layer realizationin road construction projects. Overall, Lithostab is an eco-friendly material for road
construction and presents three advantages - the use of local materials; contributes to theprotection of the environment in the sense that its production does not require a lot of energy
and does not release large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; and it is very easy
to implement it.
Keywords: Technique, Improving, Performance, Base layer, Lithostab

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RCCE_ID46
Study on Caving Characteristics of Rock Mass and Mechanism of Rock Movement
Controlled by Backfill*Kunpeng Yu1, *Liqing Ma1, Fengyu Ren2, Gideon Chitombo3,4
1

State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Mine Safety, School of Mines, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
2
School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819,
China.
3
Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072,
Australia.
4
Mining3, Pinjarra Hills, QLD 4069, Australia.
*E-mail: kpyu@cumt.edu.cn; ckma@cumt.edu.cn
Abstract: The movement and failure of the covering layer of the coal seam is a process ofgradual development from bottom to top due to the complexity of rock mass and theparticularity of mining rock mass. Overburden movement failure caused by mining is acomplex nonlinear dynamic movement process. Caving zones backfill mining is aimed at thecaving situation of the roof. The gangues in the caving zone are injected with cementing
materials before compaction through directional drilling or roadway on the working surface.
The broken gangue in the fall zone can be consolidated to a certain extent. Form a certain
strength of the supporting body. Support the overlying strata. Reduce surface subsidence. This
paper studies the formation of caving zone and overburden movement law, the supporting
effect of injection on mined overburden rock mass and its influence on surface deformationand movement, and the mechanical properties of gangue slurry complex formed by cavingzone injection. The roof management of goaf and the evolution law and mechanism of thecomplex fabric of bearing broken gangue and filling material are studied deeply. The findings
can further improve the management ability of the subsidence area. Enrich green mining
theory. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to promote the scientific andreasonable development of coal mining technology.
Keywords: Broken Gangue; Spatio-Temporal Evolution; Caving Characteristics; RockMovement Control; Permeability.

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RCCE_ID47
Modelling of Solute Transport for Water Quality Process in a Stream Reach
Aiman Najmi Ahmad Ruzman1, Mohd Fadhil Md Din2,3, *Amyrhul Abu Bakar3
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
2
UTM Campus Sustainability, Vice-Chancellor Office, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
3
Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
*E-mail: amyrhul@utm.my
Abstract: Eutrophication of the excessive algal growth that causes the degradation of
freshwater quality worldwide is due to anthropogenic activity. Improper landuse practices inagricultural activity and urban development accelerate this process as multiple sources ofnutrients are released into the aquatic system. This study investigates the possible cause ofalgal growth downstream of a stream reach in the UTM campus. Sources of nutrients thatenter the stream are firstly identified through field observation. The sampling work for thewater quality analysis is then conducted at six locations along the stream, for parameters oftemperature, pH, phosphate and nitrate. A one-dimensional hydraulic model of the stream
reach is further set up for the solution of solute transport and water quality process. Based on
the laboratory experiment, water quality results indicate that sources of phosphate and nitratethat enter the stream are from upstream and the oxidation pond respectively. The modellingof solute transport based on the one-dimensional hydraulic solution is important to improvethe understanding of the water quality process for the management of algal biomass instreams.
Keywords: River Hydraulic, One-Dimensional Model, Solute Transport, River Water
Quality, Algal Growth

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RCCE_ID48
Conceptual Design and Computer Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Floating Water
Turbine*Mohammed Baqer Zaki Yahya Al-quraishi1, Shamsul Sarip1, Roslina Mohammad1,
Hazilah Mad Kaidi1 , and Siti Syafiqah Mohd1
1

Razak Faculty Technology and Informatics, Universiti Technologi Malaysia Kuala
Lumpur, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia*E-mail: mohzakiyah1997@gamil.com

Abstract: Researchers in Malaysia are attempting to advance and develop the renewableenergy sector in response to increased emissions, fossil fuel exhaustion, and the need forelectricity in remote areas. Water turbines are known to have a high potential for generating
electricity. This paper is to propose a new concept of floating turbines and analyse it by using
the CFD method. The process of finding the concept started with infaring the market needs
in Malaysia and transforming them into design requirements by utilizing the requirement table
and the objective tree tools. After that, the requirements were changed to a function box tounderstand the functionality of the turbine. A task specification table was implemented toassign the specifications, followed by creating four concepts. One of the four concepts waschosen by utilizing the evaluation chart to undergo CFD analysis. The selected concept was
validated by the dynamic mesh technique by using Ansys Fluent. A grid independence study
and boundary sensitivity study were conducted to ensure the accuracy of the solution. The
performance of the turbine was calculated by the sliding mesh technique to find that the
turbine showed higher performance than typical Savonius turbines, from 0.1 to 0.42 and 0.8
to 1.3 Cp and TSR respectively.
Keywords: Concept Design, Water Turbine, Floating turbine, Small-scale turbine, CFD.

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83
RCCE_ID49
Estimation of Eroded Soil Volume using GPS and UAV: A Case Study in
Persiaran Satelit, UTM*Ahmad Danial Yusuf Azli1, Chien Zheng Yong1
1

Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia*E-mail: ahmaddanialyusuf@utm.graduate.utm.my

Abstract: In modern times, GPS and UAV have been widely used in surveying. Both typesof equipment can be used in volume determination. The calculation of land volume is one of
the essential engineering works that rely on land surveying. It is commonly used inconstruction sites, quarries/mines and landfills and more. Topographic data is typicallyacquired with the use of GPS and UAVin soil volume estimation. This research aims tocompare GPS and UAV’s aerial photos to estimate the soil eroded volume. The study areaof this project is in Persiaran Satelit, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), where the datacollection will perform with both GPS and UAV photogrammetry techniques. The GPS RTK
technique will be utilized to conduct a topographic survey, while UAV photogrammetry, on
the other hand, will perform an airborne aerial photo survey. The photogrammetry method
requires several ground control points to determine the referenced coordinates for thedesignated area using GPS static technique. The processing software that will be used in thisproject includes FieldGenius (for GPS) and Pix4D (for UAV). Both methods expect to show
different results in land volume, and analysis will be made on the efficiency of both methods
in estimating land volume. In addition, this research will also generate the Digital Elevation
Model (DEM) and analysis of soil erosion in that particular area of study. The outcome ofthis research is to observe the erosion of soil within a three-month period. Other than that, it
is also expected to determine which method will come out to be more efficient.
Keywords: Soil Erosion, Volume Determination, UAV, GPS, Topography.

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RCCE_ID50
A Framework of Contractual Protocol for Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Implementation in Water Treatment Plant Projects
Mariawati Ali1*, Mohamad Syazli Fathi1
1

Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM),
Level 7 Razak Tower, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia*E-mail: mariawati.utm@gmail.com

Abstract: Building Information Modelling (BIM) has become a comprehensive collaborative
process in the construction industry. Since its introduction in 2009, the technology adoption
rate has been slow compared to other countries of the world. Most of the construction
companies in Malaysia have an insight into the BIM concept but are yet to implement it in
the management of their construction projects. By the year 2020, the Malaysian government
will make BIM mandatory thus, makes it important to study the possible applications of thetechnology. This research aims to establish a Framework of Contractual Protocol for BIMWater Treatment Plant projects in Malaysia. This research focuses on four (4) objectives
which are: (a) to explore the Contractual Issues on BIM Implementation, (b) to identify theContractual provision on BIM Implementation, (c) to determine the Requirement
Components of Contractual Protocol for BIM Implementation, and (d) to establish a
Framework of Contractual Protocol for BIM Implementation for Water Treatment Plant
projects. A qualitative method of inquiry was used for this study in Klang Valley using asemi-structured interview. The responses received were analysed using SPSS. The result of
the analysis showed that the contractual issues posed by the adoption of BIM, the contractual
provision, the required component of contractual protocol, and the establishment of theframework of contractual protocol for BIM Implementation for Water Treatment Plant
projects. These findings imply that to prove the studies on the legal and contractual aspect of
BIM implementation in water Treatment Plant Projects is increased to meet the demand of
the implementations of BIM technology is regarded as the future of the construction industry,
which makes it very important for the industry.
Keywords: Building Information Modelling (BIM); Framework of Contractual Protocol;
Water Treatment Plant Projects.

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RCCE_ID51
Food Waste Composting at Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS): An Economic Analysis*Nur Aqeela Syuhadah Aji1, *Abu Zahrim Yaser, Mariani Rajin1 and Sariah Saalah1
1

Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia*E-mail: ellasyuhadah@gmail.com ; zahrim@ums.edu.my

Abstract: Composting can be an alternative that can convert organic waste into valuable
products, which is compost. Higher Education Institution should have a leading role in the
research and introduce to the communities about environmentally sustainable practice as it
was well-equipped with knowledge and resources. The purpose of this study was to determine
the feasibility of composting system in Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) in terms of
economic analysis. The economic data collected for this study included the initial investment,
cost needed every year and total cash inflow per year. Based on the cost analysis, thecomposting system could possibly generate a profit of RM86,690 a year by selling thecompost to the public. Thus, this suggest that the applicability of composting system in UMS
is feasible and composting is an effective way to manage waste in university as it reduces
waste from landfilling, reduce the dependency on chemical fertilizer and increase awarenessamong campus community about composting.
Keywords: Composting, Campus Sustainability, Economic Analysis.

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86
RCCE_ID52
Wayfinding Evaluation in an Open Environment: Al-Mashaer Al-Mogadasha Metro
Station*Khalid Ahmed Al Ghamdi1,2, Mohd Hisyam Rasidi2, Ismail Said2 Abdullah S. Karban2,3
1

Department of Graphic Design, College of Designs and Arts, Umm Al-Qura University,
Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
2
Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru,
Malaysia.
3
Department of Islamic Architecture, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture,
Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
*E-mail: khalid-1985@graduate.utm.my
Abstract: Wayfinding system has been studied in various environments to help the users toreach their destinations Despite its importance, the assessment of a navigation system in thecontext of the Hajj is rarely investigated. According to prior research, most pilgrims follow
group guides to their destinations. As a result, the goal of this study is to identify employees'
perspectives to evaluate existing wayfinding systems and enhance wayfinding designs at the
AL-Mashaer Al-Mogadasha Metro Station. To increase the efficiency of the navigation
system, this study used a questionnaire. It is made up of questions that look at thedemographics of the participants as well as indicators for evaluating the signage information.
The data collected was thoughtfully, deliberately, specifically, and through Web-Based
Questionnaires from 193 workers from various authorities. The acquired data were analysedusing the SPSS programme.
Keywords: Wayfinding, Hajj, Metro, Signage, Pilgrims.

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87
RCCE_ID53
Quality Assessment for High Precision GNSS Positioning with Android-Based
Smartphone
1*Yueh En Chia1, Chien Zheng Yong1
Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia*E-mail: chiayuehen@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) was created and being popularized
over time. Nowadays, majorities of smartphones are manufactured with a GNSS chipset
and built-in antenna. Huawei Nova 5T with Kirin 980 chipset that can support dualfrequency (L1 + L5) carrier phase observation was selected for this research. Majority ofsmartphones available on the market support code-based measurement only. Thus, it could
not achieve mm-cm level precise positioning. This research is to evaluate the positioning
performance of the Android-based smartphone on GNSS positioning. This study aims toachieve mm-cm positioning precision with the Android-based smartphone. GNSS
observation file will be recorded by using the Android application Geo++ RINEX Logger.
This research will also cover the effects of smartphone setup configuration, with or without
the presence of ground plane, during the data collection stage on the quality of GNSS
positioning. This research will use Huawei Nova 5T and one geodetic grade GNSS receiverfor static observation. GPS, GALILEO, QZSS, and BDS will be selected for static
observation for at least one hour per session. One GPS/GNSS Continuously Operating
Reference Station (CORS), namely ISK1, will be used as the reference station for relative
positioning. RTKLIB will be used for processing observation files by relative positioning(RTK). Positioning performance between smartphone and geodetic GNSS receiver will be
evaluated, data from geodetic GNSS receiver will be used as the benchmark. The researchaims to test out the best device setup during the data collection stage for a better quality of
GNSS positioning data.
Keywords: Multi-GNSS, Android-Based Smartphone, Smartphone Positioning.

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88
RCCE_ID54
Building Information Modelling in Indonesia’s Medium Consultant Construction*Z. Sriyolja1, N. Harwin1 and K. Yahya1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Skudai, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
*E-mail: sriyolja1991@graduate.utm.my; zelmisriyolja@gmail.com; win.pdg@gmail.com
Abstract: Technological advances in construction have a direct or indirect impact onplanning consultants in Indonesia. The exchange of conventional design models to 3D digitalmodels based on BIM has begun to be carried out by consultants, although there are still few.
With government regulation Number 16 of 2021, the design process with the concept ofbuilding information modelling is increasingly being discussed. This paper describes researchon the use of building information modelling in Indonesian construction consulting firms.
This paper finds that the construction consultants who started using BIM were consulting
firms with a medium classification. In Indonesia, 793 consulting companies are members of
INKINDO which have a medium classification but not all of them apply the concept of
Building Information Modelling in their planning work due to various inhibiting factors.
Keywords: Consultant, Medium, INKINDO, Indonesia

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89
RCCE_ID55
Pile Load Analysis of a Four Pile Group Arrangement Due to Pile Eccentricities*Azhar Ahmad1, Nor Hafizah Hambali2 and Nadzirah Mohd Fozi3
1

Senior Lecturer, University Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Senior Civil & Structural Engineer, Khalifa Consult, Malaysia
3
Senior Engineer, Syarikat Pembinaan Yeoh Tiong Lay Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia* E-mail: azharahmad@utm.my2

Abstract: This paper presents the pile load analysis due to the pile eccentricity of a four pilegroup arrangement. This study aims to evaluate the maximum permissible pile eccentricity
such that the redistributed pile loads due to pile eccentricity do not exceed the pile working
load. Furthermore, the effect of column load N over pile working load capacity n, designatedas N/n ratio is also investigated. In this study, three levels of N/n ratios were selected toindicate low, medium, and high load intensities, namely N/n 3.25, 3.50, and 3.75 respectively.
Results from the study show that the maximum permissible pile eccentricity can be translated
into a Pile Eccentricity Limit Chart. With this chart each pile eccentricity can be identified aseither being in a “safe zone” or beyond, thus resulting in a “Pass/Fail” condition. Results also
indicate that the N/n ratio has a direct impact on the maximum permissible pile eccentricity.
This is evident when the result of permissible eccentricity at a high N/n ratio is plotted against
lower N/n ratios, the corresponding “safe zone” becomes narrower, indicating that the higher
the intensity of column load N the smaller is the permissible pile eccentricity. A novel
addition to this study is the development of a chart that could be used to locate the optimum
position of the additional pile when pile eccentricity exceeds maximum permissible values,
leading to a “Fail” condition. Thus, this study has contributed by developing not only a Pile
Eccentricity Limit Chart but also an Optimum Pile Location Chart for a four-pile grouparrangement usually adopted in practice. These charts with the corresponding N/n ratio canbe used to verify a “Pass/Fail” condition using actual pile eccentricities recorded on-site aswell as to locate optimum additional pile position for the “Fail” condition.
Keywords: Piles; Eccentricities; Pile Group; Chart.

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90
RCCE_ID56
The Influence of Aquaculture System and Microplastics to Green Mussels*Mazni Mat Zin.1,2, Shamila Azman.1 and Nur Farhan Zon.1
1

School of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor
Bahru, Malaysia
2
College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pasir Gudang*E-mail: maznimatzin87@gmail.com

Abstract: This study presents analysis of microplastics (MPs) in green mussels, Pernaveridis in relation to aquaculture area. Knowledge concerning MPs pollution in aquaculture
systems is limited. Aquaculture systems are designed specifically to rear aquatic animals forhuman consumption worldwide. Therefore, current research needs to pay more attention toecological and food safety issues caused by MPs pollution. The objectives of this study are to
determine the sources and characteristics of MPs in aquaculture systems and explore theinterrelation between MPs abundance in green mussels to access the risk level ofmicroplastics pollution in each aquaculture operation. Three main parameters to beconsidered in the study are green mussels, sediment and substrate from aquaculture system.
The methods of the study focus on field monitoring and laboratory experiment. In this paper,
we look at microplastic contamination in 63 green mussel samples and sediment samples fromthe Temon River, Teluk Jawa, Kampung Pasir Putih, and Tanjung Buai. The laboratory works
consist of sample digestion to eliminate organic matters, density separation, observation
stereomicroscope and verification of microplastics by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier
Transferred Infra Red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The findings revealed that microplastic
ingestion by green mussels was closely related to microplastic contamination in theaquaculture environment.
Keywords: Aquaculture, Microplastics, Green Mussels, Sediment.

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91
RCCE_ID57
Trends in Evapotranspiration in peninsular Malaysia and its causes*Mohd Khairul Idlan Muhammad1, Shamsuddin Shahid1, Mohd Hizwan Mohd Hisham2 andZulfaqar Sa’adi 3
1

Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
2
School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
3
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), School of Civil
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor,
Malaysia.
*E-mail: mohdkhairulidlan@utm.my
Abstract: Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important factor for defining hydroclimate,irrigation, water resources and atmospheric characteristics. ET depends on several radiation,
and aerodynamic factors, and therefore, the changes in ET are not straightforward like otherclimatic variables, e.g., rainfall and temperature. Despite of increasing temperature, ET has
been found to decrease or not change significantly in many regions of the world. This
motivated the present study to assess the trends in ET in peninsular Malaysia. The trends indaily average ET and five driving factors ET, namely, daily maximum temperature, minimum
temperature, net solar radiation, wind speed, and relative humidity have been evaluated inthis study. Considering the influence of short- and long-term autocorrelations in trend
significance of hydrometeorological time series, a modified version of Mann-Kendall (MK)test is used. Besides, non-parametric Sen’s slope method is used to estimate the magnitude ofchange. The relative trends in ET and its driving factors are analysed to identify the causes of
the changes in ET is different locations of the study area. The results revealed increase in ET
in peninsular Malaysia, unlike the decreasing trends noticed in some studies in the nearby
countries. A large increase in minimum temperature might be the cause of increase in ET.
The study also revealed a decrease in wind speed and solar radiation in some locations ofpeninsular Malaysia. However, the decrease was not as prominent as the increase in minimum
temperature to affect ET trend. The finding of the study can help in understanding the effectof global warming inducted climate change on different meteorological variables andhydrology in peninsular Malaysia.
Keywords: Evapotranspiration, Trend Analysis, Non-Parametric Statistics, Tropical Region.

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RCCE_ID58
Assessment of Landfill Leachate and Sediment Qualities Case Study Of Major
Landfills in Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos
*Phetyasone Xaypanya1, Jiro Takemura2, Chart Chiemchaisri3, Hul Seingheng4, Maria
Antonia N.Tanchuling5, Ratha Doung4, TY Boreborey4, Chayanid Witthayaphirom3
1

Faculty of Water Resources, National University of Laos
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering,Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University,
Thailand4
Research center, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
5
College of Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Philippines*E-mail (correspondent email): ph.xaypanya@nuol.edu.la2

Abstract: Leachate and sediment samples were collected at the major landfills from three
countries, namely Nonthaburi province landfill, Thailand, Dangkor landfill, Phnom Penh,
Cambodia, and KM32 landfill, Vientiane, Laos. Field investigations have also been
conducted to discuss the effect of site specifics of each landfill on the leachate and sedimentqualities. In-Situ and laboratory measurements are the main activities for this study.
Compared to the national effluent standard, the results show a high concentration of mostassessed basic parameters, especially the one related to organic materials, such as TDS,
BOD5, COD, which Nonthaburi landfill is the highest, followed by Dangkor and KM-32
landfill, respectively. The fresh leachate showed higher concentration than LDP and WL for
Nonthaburi and KM-32 landfill. Closed dumping area generated higher concentration thanactive dumping in a very deep pit Dangkor landfill. The observed heavy metal concentrations
are relatively higher, exceeding over the groundwater standard limit as for the dissolved liquidpart concentration and over the industrial effluent standard as for the total concentration ofleachate. The major part of the HMs of leachate is partitioned in the suspended solid ofleachate.
Key Words: Solid Waste, Landfill Leachate, Suspended Solids, Sediment, Heavy Metals.

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93
RCCE_ID59
Construction Waste Management in Thailand Through Digitalization*Vuthea MIN1, Kriengsak Panuwatwanich1 and Koji MATSUMOTO2
1

School of Civil Engineering and Technology (CET), Sirindhorn International Institute ofTechnology, Thammasat University, Thailand
2
Division of Engineering and Policy for Sustainable Environment, Faculty of Engineering,
Hokkaido University*E-mail: minvuthea@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper is written based on literature reviews and preliminary survey. Recent
years have witnessed a signiﬁcant amount of construction waste as a result of urbanization
development and construction activities in Thailand. The country is moving towards better
construction waste management; however, there is still insufficient collection and improper
disposal of construction waste. Ineffective planning and scheduling, and material storage
were among the highest impact factors on construction waste generation in Thailand. At the
moment there is no specific approach for the planning in construction waste management(CWM) in Thailand. There's not much research in construction waste management, especiallyin the context of Thailand. Moreover, there is no evidence of integration of digital technology
to improve construction waste management in Thailand. However, as compared to many
research areas, very few studies have been carried out to help guide the integration of digitaltechnology in construction waste management. There is a need to integrate digital technology
in CWM. The objective of this research is to understand the current situation of constructionwaste management in Thailand among the construction stakeholders and to identify digital
approaches to improve construction waste management in construction project, and then todevelop a conceptual framework linking all digital technology in construction waste
management. Based on the literature review, the digital technology that could be used for
CWM are BIM, GIS, GPS, RFID, big data, digital image, VR, AR, DFMA, 3D printing,
CCTV, HAV (drone), block chain technology. And based on the preliminary survey, there isvery limited of digital technology have been used for construction waste management in
Bangkok, Thailand. Conceptual framework for construction waste management has beendeveloped in order to apply the digital technology to minimize the construction waste in
Bangkok, Thailand.
Keywords: Construction Waste Management, Digitalization, Building Information
Modelling (BIM), Thailand.

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94
RCCE_ID60
Evaluating the Slope Stability on Shallow Landslide using Geographic Information
System (GIS)*Siti Marissa Abd Rahim1, Wardatun Ahmar Abd Manan1, Mohamed Khatif Tawaf
Mohamed Yusof1, *Ahmad Safuan A Rashid1, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman2,
Mohd Faisal Abdul Khanan2, Mohd Radhie Mohd Salleh2
1

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia*E-mail: sitimarissa@graduate.utm.my,ahmadsafuan@utm.my

Abstract: Landslide is a dangerous natural hazard that caused hundreds of billions of dollars
of destruction and adversely affects a country's economy. Most roads in Malaysia wereconstructed across the mountain area. These landslides occurred on cut slopes orembankments (man-made) along the roadside, causing severe traffic disruption, property
damage, and loss of life. Numerous studies have attempted that have applied various
approaches to evaluating landslide losses. However, limited research was done on the effectof groundwater development on slope stability. Thus, this study is intended to focus on theevaluating the slope stability to generate FOS map on shallow landslide along roadside at
Cameron Highlands by using geographic information system (ArcGIS software). The mostof FOS value diverse in dynamic state fully saturated and dry condition. FOS values wereobtained from 1.58-8.98, 1.86-13.89, and 1.72-10.65 for fully saturated, dry, and partiallysaturated conditions, respectively. In terms of appearance, the FOS values indicated that thearea of intensity study was stable condition. Unfortunately, there was still a significant
decrease in FOS values when the slope was introduced from completely dry to fully
saturated. The constructed of FOS maps can be used to prepare regional land use and mitigate
the risks of landslides.
Keywords: Factor of Safety (FOS), Geographic Information System (GIS), Landslide

RCCE & SDGs 2021

95
RCCE_ID61
Indonesia Engineering Consultant Competitiveness Model*N. Harwin1, Z. Sriyolja1, and A.Rahman1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Skudai, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia*E-mail: win.pdg@gmail.com, zelmisriyolja@gmail.com

Abstract: The low competitiveness of Indonesian Engineering consulting firms makes thecompany not grow and even die and new companies with lower competitiveness grow. The
lack of personal and low knowledge of the company's leadership on the company's managerial
make the company not develop. Building a competitive model that can be guided by small
and medium classification consulting firms that are classified as low in competitiveness, sothat they can grow and become sustainable is the goal of this paper. The study was conducted
on 5443 Inkindo member companies spread across 34 provinces. 354 research samples weretaken by means of a combination of proportional and random sent with the help of google
form. The Competitiveness Model is obtained from the results of data processing with the
SPSS program giving weight to each indicator that has been determined in a Focus Group
Discussion with senior members of Inkindo West Sumatra.
Keywords: Model, Competitiveness, Engineering Consulting.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

96
RCCE_ID62
Measures for Reducing Rail Wear in Railway Track: A Review*Mohammad Jawed Roshan1,3, Şafak Bilgiç2, Mohammad Nazir Nejabi3, Neamatullah
Malistani3
1

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Department of Geotechnic and Transportation, Johor
Bahru, Malaysia
2Eskişehir Osmangazi Ünıversiti, Department of Transportation Engineering, Eskişehir,Turkey3
Kabul Polytechnic University, Department of Railway Engineering
KPU campus, Kabul, Afghanistan*E-mail: mj.roshan@kpu.edu.af, jroshan2020@gmail.com
Abstract: Railway transportation is of great importance among other modes oftransportation, particularly among land transportation systems. The reasons for this issue are
the advantages of the railway over other types of transportation. However, on the other hand,
the high initial and maintenance cost is considered the disadvantages of the railway. The railwear in railway track causes a considerable amount of maintenance cost. Therefore, it isneeded to consider some countermeasures against this phenomenon. Given this issue, thispaper critically reviews the possible ways to reduce rail wear, according to previous studies.
The results of this paper indicate that different methods can be utilized to reduce this problem.
Reducing rail wear can be achieved using proper geometric alignment, using the lubrication
techniques of rail, reducing rail joints, using rigid steel rail, tilting train, and applying a good
maintenance plan. However, the selection of methods is related to some factors. For instance,in post-war and developing countries, titling train is not economically possible. Thus, among
other methods, the planning of a good alignment in the design stage and using an effective
maintenance plan during operation are suggested as efficient and sustainable methods toreduce the rail wear.
Keywords: Railway, Rail Wear, Maintenance, Geometric Alignment, Tilting Train.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

97
RCCE_ID63
Shear Strength Behaviour of Expansive Soil Stabilized with Agricultural Wastes*Mary Ann Q. Adajar1, Earl Matthew M. Gallardo1, Hans Kenneth D. Garcia1, Shean
Berwin D. Gonzales1, and Jeffrey Christian S. Phi1
1

Department of Civil Engineering, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines*E-mail (correspondent email): mary.ann.adajar@dlsu.edu.phAbstract: Agricultural wastes like rice husk ash (RHA), sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), andrice straw ash (RSA) have been found as effective in stabilizing expansive clayey soils. The
use of agricultural wastes as stabilizing agent offers a cheaper way of controlling the shrinkswell behaviour of expansive soils, at the same time, alleviates the waste disposal problem in
the agricultural industry. There is a need to evaluate the shear strength behaviour of thestabilized expansive soil under different environmental conditions to assess its suitability asembankment material or structural fill. This study conducted direct shear test on expansive
soil stabilized with 20% RHA mixed with 5% SCBA or RSA as binders under different curingmethods such as drying, saturated, sealed, and with sulfate attack to simulate the various
environmental conditions. Results showed that both the SCBA and RSA binders with RHA
are effective in reducing the expansive behaviour of the clayey soil. The use of SCBA as
binder resulted to an increase in shear strength at all curing methods. The dry curing method
exhibited the greatest shear strength as manifested by higher friction angle and cohesion
values. Though the modified soil showed a reduced frictional resistance in comparison to puresoil, it was compensated by a huge increase in cohesive strength. Samples in dry and sealed
curing methods showed strain softening with dilative volume change while samples undersaturated and sulfate attack curing methods showed strain hardening with compressive
volumetric strain. Samples subjected to sulfate attack curing method exhibited the lowest
shear strength as indicated by the very low values of angle of friction and cohesion. This
indicates that clayey soil, though modified with binder, is not suitable to be used when
exposed to acidic environment.
Keywords: Expansive Soil, Shear Strength, Curing Methods, Agricultural Wastes.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

98
RCCE_ID64
Training for Improving Occupational Health and Safety Performance in theConstruction Industry*Kamoli Adetunji1, Razali Adul Hamid1 and Syamsul Hendra Mahmud1
1

Department of Quantity Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia.
*E-mail: qsakinadetunjik@gmail.com

Abstract: The potential to attract, maintain and develop brilliant workers is a key attribute ofa successful organization. However, training is the most efficient method an organization can
use to sustain, update and increase the intellectual wealth of the organization’s workforce andto guarantee that its actions add positively to the well-being of humanity as a whole. Literature
has revealed that lack of training exposed employees to high-risk levels because they are notinformed about hazards in the workplace. The study was conducted on how training canensure occupational health and safety performance and the prevention of accidents in theconstruction industry. The study adopted structured questionnaires distributed to construction
professionals in the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja, Nigeria, to solicit information on how
training can improve occupational health and safety performance. 399 questionnaires werereturned out of 443 distributed. The data were analyzed with SPSS and SEM Amos software.
The result of the model fit indexes obtained were: ratio= 1.273, CFI=0.998, IFI=0.998,
TLI=0.995, RMSEA=0.026. These results met the minimum threshold of a good model andconfirmed training is indispensable in improving health and safety performance in theconstruction industry. Adequate training ensures the competencies of employees andincreases their awareness concerning hazards in the workplace. All these contribute to healthand safety performance in the construction industry. The study suggests adequate allocationof funds for training at all levels in construction organizations. The study concludes that
improvement in the training programs will enable employees to recognize hazards, reduce
accidents, and improve health and safety performance in the workplace.
Keywords: Accident, Construction, Health, Safety, Training.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

99
RCCE_ID65
Reputation Loss Model Subject to Pipeline Explosion from Public Perception*Fatin Munirah Mohd@Mohammad1, Nur Irdeana Izzanty Kamal ‘Azam1, Libriati
Zardasti1, Norhazilan Md Noor1, Nordin Yahaya1 and Nurul Sa'Aadah Sulaiman1
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia.
*E-mail: atinmunirah@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: Pipeline accident may cause reputation loss, which is often neglected duringconsequence assessment because of its qualitative nature, thus, causing inaccurateconsequence and risk assessment of pipeline accidents. From previous study, a quantitativemodel was already developed to quantify the qualitative reputation loss. However, since
reputation is time-dependent, the model needs to be revised using up-to-date reputation loss
factors especially from the public’s perspectives. There are three objectives of this study. In
Objective 1, literature review and case studies on recent pipeline accident events that occur
within the 10 years’ time frame (2011 – 2021) are conducted to identify the reputation loss
factors. Afterward, questionnaires are designed and distributed to sample target which is the
public. In Objective 2, the factors are prioritized by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP)
and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). In Objective 3, a revised reputation loss model
equation from the public’s perspective is formulated and then compared to the model inprevious study. Results shows that the most influential factors are D3 “Accident severity” andD3a “Accident that involves many fatalities and injuries”, while D2 “Loss of public trust” isranked the least. Comparison between the current and previous model shows that there is nodifference in the factors ranking. Difference is only observed for the reputation loss model
equation in which majority of the current factors indicates lower priority weight vector, whichis in line with the result from previous study. To conclude, a new revised model withappraisable accuracy in addition to a new reputation loss factor was able to be developed.
Keywords: Pipeline Accident, Reputation Loss, Public, AHP, FAHP

RCCE & SDGs 2021

100
RCCE_ID66
Seismic Performance Investigation of Simply Supported PSC Box Girder Bridge Using
Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) As Seismic Isolator*Alvin Santoso1, Djoko Sulistyo1, Ali Awaludin1 and Angga Fajar1
1

Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia*E-mail: alvinkurniawansantoso@mail.ugm.ac.id
Abstract: The seismic performance of a simply supported prestressed concrete (PSC) box
girder using lead rubber bearing (LRB) as a seismic isolator is investigated in this study using
numerical analysis. The isolator is widely employed to dampen the earthquake force acting
on isolated bridge structures, minimizing the pier damage. Due to the damping properties of
LRB, it is feasible to disperse a significant amount of seismic energy. Thus, it is possible toshift the period provided by the isolated bridge’s flexibility to reduce spectral acceleration,
seismic forces, and pier reinforcements. Most bridges in Indonesia were designed using
single-mode and multimode spectral approaches, which cannot accurately depict genuine
seismic motions, although natural earthquakes exhibit varying responses each period. As aresult, the seismic performance investigation employing NLTHA is crucial for defining thestructure's dynamic responses. Thus, this research aims to investigate the seismic performanceof an isolated bridge using nonlinear time history analysis (NLTHA). In this paper, a 5-spans
simply supported PSC box girder bridge in Makassar was analyzed using NLTHA at
Opensees. Five ground motions with the maximum direction spectral were selected and scaledroughly similar to the designed spectral of the located bridge. The results indicated that while
the LRB dissipated significant seismic energy, the maximum longitudinal and transverse pierresponses remained within full operational and operational limits. This indicates that thebridge is still capable of being used commonly. Thus, LRB is a good preference for improving
structural performance and mitigating the damage caused by seismic excitation.
Keywords: Box Girder Bridge, Pier, LRB, Seismic Performance, NLTHARCCE & SDGs 2021

101
RCCE_ID67
Machine Learning Techniques for Smart Predicting Trapping Index In Geological
Carbon Dioxide Storage Sites*Hung Vo-Thanh*1 and Kang-Kun Lee1
1

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro,
Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea* E-mail: vothanhhung198090@gmail.com

Abstract: Geological carbon dioxide (CO ) storage (GCS) is recognized as the promisingtechnology for global CO emission reduction, and the crucial problem in GCS is how todetermine the trapping efficiency in storage sites. Thus, the main goal of this paper is to
explore the aptitudes of three robust machine learning models, including multilayer
perceptron (MLP) optimized with Levenberg-Marquardt (MLP-LMA) and BayesianRegularization (MLP-BR) and General regression neural network (GRNN) in predicting
residual trapping index (RTI) and Solubility Trapping index (STI) for geological storage sites.
A sufficiently widespread databank was generated from literature, including more than 1910
simulation samples from numerous field models of CO . The prediction results demonstratethat the suggested machine learning paradigms achieve the high accurate evaluation of
CO trapping in storage sites. Also, error analyses and comparison of statistical indicators
indicated that the GRNN model was superior the other machine learning models and theprevious study. The GRNN model showed that the overall coefficient of determination (R )of 0.9995 and an AAPRE of 0.0197 for RTI and a R of 0.9442 and an AAPRE of 0.0113 for
STI. Ultimately, the curve analysis finalized the stability of the GRNN model in foretelling
the RTI and STI in storage sites, and its produces matching perfectly the simulated values
with changes in all input parameters.
2

2

2

2

2

2

Keywords: Machine Learning; MLP-LMA; MLP-BR; GRNN; CCUS; CO Storage.
2

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102
RCCE_ID68
Numerical Feasibility of Spherical Smart Aggregate for Detecting Structural Damages
in Prestressed Concrete Anchorage
Ngoc Lan Pham1,2, Duc-Duy Ho1,2, *Thanh-Canh Huynh3,41

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho
Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
2
Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet
Nam.
3
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
4
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
*E-mail: huynhthanhcanh@duytan.edu.vn

Abstract: Spherical smart aggregate (SSA) has proven its effectiveness for structural healthmonitoring (SHM) of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. This study is motivated toinvestigate the feasibility of SSA for detecting inner damages and prestress-loss occurrence
in a post-tensioned anchorage system. Firstly, the fundamental of the impedance based SHM
technique and the operating principal of SSA are briefly described. Next, a finite element
model of a post-tensioned RC anchorage in literature is established using ANSYS. Stressanalysis is then conducted to identify the potential cracks inside the RC anchorage and to
determine the optimal placement of SSA. Afterwards, the impedance response of SSA isnumerically analysed under different levels of the prestress force and the crack severity,
respectively. The change in the impedance response is consequently quantified to diagnose
the occurrence of the prestress-loss and the inner damages in concrete. The numerical results
show that the impedance response of SSA sensitively varies with those structural damages
and the SSA technique could be a promising tool for damage assessment in prestressed RC
systems.
Keywords: Impedance Response; SSA; RC Anchorage; Crack Monitoring; Prestress
Monitoring

RCCE & SDGs 2021

103
RCCE_ID69
Impacts of Climate Change on Design Flood Estimation in the Johor River Basin,
Malaysia*Taishi Yazawa1
1

College of Science and Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Ritsumeikan University, Japan.
*E-mail: yazawa-t@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp

Abstract: A flood is one of the most serious disasters in Malaysia under two major monsoon
seasons, the Southwest (SW), which runs from May to September, and the Northeast (NE),which runs from November to March. The Johor River Basin has been one of the most
severely damaged areas in Malaysia by floods during the NE monsoon season. The damage
might become more severe because of changing climate; therefore, the current design flood
system must be revised with the consideration of the impacts of climate change. This researchaims to make the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships of the historical (19792003) and future (2075-2099) scenarios and evaluate the changes in the estimated design
flood values and those return periods in the Johor River Basin. The Hydrologic Simulation
Program-FORTRAN was used for runoff simulations in this research. Then, the hydrologicalfrequency analysis using the historical and future GCM outputs was conducted to estimate
the changes in design flood values (peak flows). The changes in return periods of theestimated flood values were checked by the cumulative distribution function (CDF) mapping
method. As an example of the results under the future scenario, a design flood value with 5day rainfall duration will become 992.1 m /s (i.e., an increase of 58.1% compared to thehistorical scenario) based on the future IDF relationship. The return period of this value
corresponds to 282.8 years based on the historical IDF relationship. This means that thecurrent planning scale, e.g., the 100-year return period that has been commonly used in
Malaysia, might not be adequate and should be extended to prevent and/or mitigate thedamage of devastating floods under climate change.
3

Keywords: Climate Change; Hydrological Frequency Analysis; IDF Relationship; CDF
Mapping; Johor River Basin

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104
RCCE_ID70
Cost-Effective and Sustainable Foldable Structure as Post-Flood Transitional Shelterin the Philippines*Dustine Louise Pancho1, Madeleine Tsai1, Mikhail Steven Co1, Bryan Español1 and Jason
Maximino Ongpeng1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, De La Salle University*E-mail (correspondent email): dustine_pancho@dlsu.edu.phAbstract: Millions of Filipinos are displaced yearly due to typhoons, which creates a demand
for transitional shelters for internally displaced persons (IDPs). This paper presents a viable
cost-effective and sustainable shelter for the victims of floods and other disasters. To address
sustainability of shelter, measures were taken into consideration of the United Nations
Sustainable Developmental Goals (UNSDG) 11 and 13, which are focused on sustainable
cities and communities and climate change, respectively. A total of 8 shelters wereconsidered, namely shelters A to H, the design remained constant while the materials forstructural elements and wall panels and floorings were varied. Structural elements were madeof either structural steel or bamboo elements, while the wall panels and floorings were madeof bamboo plywood or aluminum honeycomb panels. The shelters utilizing bamboo panels
yielded maximum force and stress results due to their higher weight density. All shelters wereanalysed to ensure the capability to withstand the loads applied. The shelter made of bamboo
structural elements and aluminium honeycomb panels resulted as the most cost-effective
shelter with 50.2% difference compared to its structural steel shelter counterpart. The mostsustainable shelter was the shelter made of bamboo structural elements and aluminium
honeycomb as wall panels and bamboo plywood as flooring. Overall analysis evidenced thatshelter made of bamboo structural elements and aluminum honeycomb panels wasdetermined as the champion. The impact of the champion shelter on the UNSDG 11 wasforecasted 17% decrease in the number of IDPs from the year 2016 to 2030. Focusing on
UNSDG 13, the shelter made of bamboo structural elements and aluminum honeycomb aswall panels and bamboo plywood as flooring was the best solution as it yielded 2.44% and2.12% higher contribution to climate change compared to shelters A & E, respectively.
Keywords: Typhoon, Transitional Shelter, Sustainable Cities and Communities, Climate
ChangeRCCE & SDGs 2021

105
RCCE_ID71
Significance in Managing the Midstream and Downstream Stages of Fluorocarbon
Gas Lifecycle to Reduce Climate Change Impacts*Nurul Nazleatul Najiha Mohd Nazif1, Shazwin Mat Taib1, Nurfarhain Mohammed Rusli2
and Norasikin Saman1
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
2
Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia.
*E-mail: shazwin@utm.my
Abstract: The environmental impact of fluorocarbon (FC) gas, such as chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs), hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), has been
widely studied because of climate change and the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG). The
emission of FC-gas occurs over the whole life cycle, starting from production until end-oflife. Each stage of the FC-gas lifecycle must be addressed to reduce emissions. Many studies
have been made at the upstream level such as on refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC)
system performance, low or zero global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants and designing
the RAC system. However, at midstream and downstream of FC gas lifecycle, more attention
is needed. This is because the famous hotspot of the direct (leakage of FC gas) and indirect(increase in electricity consumption) emission has occurred at midstream. Whereas theinsufficient amount of FC gas in the RAC system will increase the electricity consumption.
This issue is relatable to the service and maintenance practice of consumers and RAC
technicians. Besides, some study shows the emission of CFC is still exist even though it hasbanned in 2010. The direct emission of the CFC is occurred due to the improper disposal of
FC-gas from the old RAC equipment. Thus, without proper management at midstream anddownstream of FC gas lifecycle can increase the direct and indirect emission to theatmosphere through leakage incident, “bank” of FC gas and increase in electricity
consumption. Direct emission together with indirect emission will double up the contribution
to global warming.
Keywords: Fluorocarbon Gas, Lifecycle Management, Climate Change.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

106
RCCE_ID72
Optimization of Thermal Efficiency on Bio-nanocomposites Coating for Passive
Cooling in Green Building Using Taguchi Method*Siti Norhuda Abdullah1, Shazwin Mat Taib1 and Rozzeta Dolah2
12School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia*E-mail: sitinorhuda@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: Energy efficiency is very important in a green building scheme. As Malaysia is atropically hot and humid country, smart cooling technology will reduce the dependence on
the air condition which is high in electricity consumption and GHGs emission due toheatwaves and solar radiation. Passive cooling technology creates barriers with insulation
through the coating to keep indoors cool and remains warm at night. Bio-nanocomposite isbiomass waste in nanosized and is used as an additive in coating material to improve theproperties of coating material. Therefore, this study aimed to identify thermal performancewith or without coating material and to optimize the efficiency of bio-nano composite
coatings in a passive cooling system for green building construction. A series of thermal
studies is used includes surface temperature and the level of efficiency of different coating
mixtures on plastered solid-block prototypes’ surfaces. The data is collected based on Taguchi
design and analysed using Minitab software. By having bio-nano composite as an additive inpaint structure, there will be a significant thermal performance with temperature reduction
during daytime and maintaining warm condition during night-time in which increase theefficiency in cooling from the mixture of bio-nano composite additives in coating to improvepassive cooling system better than thermal insulation paint which is widely sold in the market.
Keywords: Green Building, Energy Efficiency, Passive Cooling, Coating, Thermal
Insulation Paint, Additive, Biomass Waste.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

107
RCCE_ID73
Response Optimization of Cementitious Materials and Seawater on the Compressive
Strength of Mortar*Chery Lyne C. Roxas1, Aira Malit1, Katherine Faith Pelinggon1 and Nicanor R. Roxas Jr1.
1

Department of Civil Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle
University-Manila, Philippines.
*E-mail: cheryl.capiz@dlsu.edu.phAbstract: Several industries, including construction, are greatly affected by the low watersupply, especially during the dry season. Thus, the construction industry needs to explore
alternative ways of outsourcing water for construction needs, particularly in the mixing andcuring of concrete. An abundant resource like seawater and products like fly ash and silica
fume are promising alternatives for manufacturability, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness.
In this study, the effects of supplementary cementitious materials on mortar mixed and cured
in seawater of varying salinities were investigated. Freshwater and seawater at 15ppt and
35ppt were used as mixing and curing water. Fly ash was used at 15% and 30% replacement
to cement, while silica fume replaced a portion of the sand at 5% and 10%. The specimens
were cured for 3, 7, 28, and 84 days using the standard curing cabinet. Results showed nosignificant correlation between the type of mixing water used – freshwater or seawater – andcompressive strength. Seawater showed an increase in compressive strength after 28 days ofcuring with either 15ppt or 35ppt. Fly ash increased the compressive strength after 7, 28, and84 days of curing as it reacted with calcium oxide to form C-S-H. Silica fume was found to
decrease the early compressive strength after 3 days of curing and increase after 84 days ofcuring. No relationship was found on the other curing periods. Through response
optimization, a mixture with 35ppt seawater for mixing, 24.75ppt seawater for curing, 21.20%
fly ash replacement, and 0.90% silica fume replacement would result in high compressive
strength of up to 51.20 MPa after 28 days of curing. Further research is recommended toascertain the effects of these supplementary cementitious materials, especially for extended
curing periods.
Keywords: Seawater, Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Compressive Strength, Mortar.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

108
RCCE_ID74
Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emission from On-Site Septic Wastewater Treatment*Fadzlin Md Sairan1, Aznah Nor Anuar2 and Mohd Fadhil Md Din3
1

Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
2
Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
3
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
*E-mail: fadzlin@utm.my

Abstract: Imhoff Tank, an on-site domestic wastewater treatment system, is one of thepotential sources that could emit greenhouse gases (GHG) mainly methane and nitrous oxide
to the environment. Moreover, if Imhoff Tank is not desludged based on the schedule(approximately every two years), it may increase the methane production and release to theatmosphere due to the active microbial breakdown of organics in human waste. Imhoff Tanks
are normally used to serve small communities up to 1,000 PE. However, in this study, few
Imhoff tanks served for almost 2,000 PE. Referring to the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) approach and based on the primary wastewater data, the estimationof GHG emission from selected Imhoff Tanks in Malaysia was done. The inventory of GHG
emissions from the Imhoff tanks for six years shows that under the different Population
Equivalent (PE), wastewater with higher Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentrations
is generally produces more methane than wastewater with lower BOD concentrations.
Furthermore, the direct liquid treatment processes made the highest GHGs production,compared with the indirect emissions from electricity consumption and wastewater treatment
effluent that is discharged into the river. The anaerobic treatment process that occurs in Imhoff
Tank is releasing methane, which has greater Global Warming Potential (GWP) than carbon
dioxide.
Keywords: Imhoff Tank, Greenhouse Gas Emission, Global Warming Potential.

RCCE & SDGs 2021

109
RCCE_ID75
Assessment of Peat Fire Susceptibility for Carbon Emission Reduction*Muhammad Amirul Hafidz1, Shazwin Mat Taib1 and Nor Zurairahetty1
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
*E-mail: muhdamirulhafidz@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: Peatlands play a critical role in carbon accumulation. Consequently, theirdeterioration releases a considerable amount of carbon that it wields an impact on the global
climate. Moreover, fire has the ability to agitate the carbon stored in peats which account foralmost the total amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Despite peat being naturally fireresistant in the tropics due to their immense moisture retention, it has been expressed that
extensive anthropogenic activities as well as warmer climates resulting from global warming
will drastically increase the deterioration rate of intact tropical peatland, eventually resulting
in the increase of feasibility for peat ignition. Therefore, this paper aims to achieve two (2)main objectives; (1) to identify the peat classification in relation to peat depth and (2) to
identify carbon dioxide (CO ) content stored and CO emission of peat within the study area.
These are vital data in producing a holistic peat fire management approach. Identifying peatclassification is done by conducting site work mainly consisting of peat auger, resistivity
survey, and borehole exploration. Samples are collected to undergo laboratory tests todetermine bulk density and organic content necessary to calculate CO content stored andemission. Based on the site work, majority of the peat within the area is classified as Sapric
which has low fibre content, with a maximum peat thickness of 1.2m. The carbon content
was calculated to be at 52.82 carbon tonne per hectare. On the other hand, the samples tested
indicates that the organic content is at an average of 45.24% with a bulk density of 1.03
Mg/m . From these values, the CO emission was determined to be at 381,925.18 tCO /year.
It can then be concluded that continued development without considering appropriate
mitigation measures will potentially increase feasibility of peat ignition, thus, increasing
overall carbon emission significantly.
2

2

2

3

2

2

Keywords: Tropical Peatlands, Climate Change, Fire Susceptibility, Organic Content,
Carbon Emission.

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RCCE_ID76
Development of Bacterial-Cellulose-Fiber-Reinforced Composite: Material Strengthand Product Application*Fadzli Irwan Bahrudin1, Liew Yong Kian2, Shamzani Affendy Mohd Din1, Muhammad
Hanafi Azami3 and Zati Hazira Ismail4
1

Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, International Islamic University
Malaysia, Malaysia.
2
Industrial Design Department, Malaysia Institute of Art, Malaysia.
3
Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia.
4College of Design, Imam Abdul Rahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
*E-mail: FadzliIrwan@iium.edu.my

Abstract: The radical transformations induced by the notion of sustainability, circular
economy, and the democratisation of biotechnology knowledge have led to new opportunities
for product designers and engineers to explore the development of environmentally benign
materials. Notably, living organisms offer an appealing advantage for product design, as they
can become the co-maker of the output materials or products. One of the promising lab-grownmaterials developed and utilised in product design is the bacterial cellulose composite.
Nevertheless, existing research primarily focuses on the cultivation process and the feasibilityof the materials at molecular levels. Therefore, much research is needed to fill the void ofknowledge in developing biomaterials for product design. This project presents the strength
test of bacterial cellulose composite reinforced with plant fibres and its conceptual productapplications using the Material Design-Driven framework (MDD). It has been found that thetensile strength of the reinforced composite is higher than other naturally grown materials. As
a result, the designed material can be embedded in many novel product applications, although
it is incomparable to the technical properties of animal leather. The findings of this study
reflect a positive development of locally developed sustainable material from livingorganisms and, importantly, prove the viability of the material to be commercialised.
Keywords: Sustainability, Sustainable Materials,
Biomaterial, Product Design.

Bacterial

Cellulose Composite,

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RCCE_ID77
Carbon Footprint Assessment of The Construction Materials and Energy usage ofKict Building in IIUM
*Shamzani Affendy Mohd Din1 and Mamadou Lamarana Bah1
1

Kulliyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design, International Islamic University
Malaysia.
*E-mail: shamzani@iium.edu.my

Abstract: The increasing carbon emissions in the atmosphere due to climate change andglobal warming has become an environmental issue. The construction industry is one of thebiggest carbon dioxide emitters in the world. The statistic shows that in Malaysia, buildings
account for about 20% of GHG production, which comes in third place after transport 27%
and industries 21%. In 2017, Malaysia ranks 25 in the world in terms of carbon emissions,with 255 MtCO of the 36153 MtCO world total emissions. To minimize the carbon emissions
from the construction activities, several studies have used carbon assessment tool such as theInventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) developed in the UK. However, the tool is less likely
being implemented in Malaysia. This study presents an analysis of carbon footprint from an
office building (KICT building) to identify and quantify the main sources of carbon emissions
and energy consumption of the project and propose environmentally friendly materials to
replace the conventional building materials to achieve the implementation of sustainability in
Malaysia. The study has shown that the values obtained for electricity consumption are
38,191.4 tons CO for only twelve (12) months of operation, whereas construction materials
are 8,262.4 tons CO , with the difference of 29,929 tons CO . In percentage, it is accountoverall of 82.2% and 17.8%, respectively for electricity consumption and construction
materials. In comparison to electricity consumption and construction materials, it is foundthat during operation at KICT building generated four times more carbon dioxide thanembodied carbon from construction materials. One key factor to success is to work in crossfunction teams where different knowledge and experience cooperate and make the emission
reduction even more efficient.
th

2

2

2

2

2

Keywords: Global Warming, Construction Industry, Carbon Footprint, Electricity
Consumption, Construction Materials.

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RCCE_ID78
Exploring Elements Contributed to the Popularity of Malaysian Local Car*Nagwaeen Atef 1, Julaila Abdul Rahman1 and Shamzani Affendy Mohd Din1
1

Kulliyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design, International Islamic University
Malaysia.
*E-mail: julailarahman@iium.edu.my

Abstract: Based on marketing reports, Perodua Myvi is the most popular Malaysian car forthe last decade and predicted to be a best-seller for the coming decade as it is as a “trueMalaysian icon”. Since 2015, Myvi has become the Perodua’s best-selling model. This study
aims to explore elements that contributed to the popularity of Perodua Myvi. Therefore, theobjective of this study is to identify the user preferences on elements that contributed to the
popularity of Perodua Myvi. A questionnaire survey was conducted in Kuala Lumpur area,and hundred (100) respondents were selected among Perodua Myvi users. A conveniencesampling was adopted for this study. Questions were answered by using the Likert Scale 1-5,
ranging from 1 indicating strongly disagree to 5 indicating strongly agree. The survey
included multiple-choice as well as single-choice questions. The results show that users
prioritize [cost], [size], [performance] and [long-life] as the elements that contributed to thehigh popularity of Myvi car among the users. Myvi was rated as a car with relevant price,
quality and size that satisfied users preference in design and driving needs. Myvi car received
a special place in many Malaysian hearts due its features mainly by the attractive andaffordable price. Based on these findings, it is hope that it will improve decision-making
processes by the local car companies in developing a car that really meets the user needs anddemands.
Keywords: Elements, Perodua Myvi, Malaysian Local Car, Popularity.

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RCCE_ID79
Preliminary Investigation using QGIS to Assess the Recession and Advancement of the
Coastline of San Juan, La Union, Philippines
Isaiah Josef Antonio1, *Joseph Burhan1, Jose Jerard Adrian Lim1, Djuric Morales1, MarioDe Leon1
1

De La Salle University, Civil Engineering Department (HWR), Philippines*E-mail: joseph_burhan@dlsu.edu.phAbstract: Coastal erosion has been affected by environmental factors and humandevelopment. The investigation of the coastal erosion in San Juan, La Union covers theanalysis and quantitative data that can be applied to protect the coastal community, tominimize economic losses, and to plan for the improvement of coastal process response. The
main objective of this study was to investigate the extent of the coastal erosion problem of
the 5.36 km - coastline of San Juan La Union and predict the long-term erosion pattern. The
characteristics of the triggering factors of coastal erosion such as tide, wind and wave were
evaluated during normal and extreme weather conditions. The areas along the coastline werecharacterized whether it experienced dominant deposition or erosion. Changes in shoreline
position were assessed in order to predict future shoreline change scenarios. The study
analyzed the characteristics of the study area in terms of nautical data and bathymetric chart,tide, wind, and wave data. Sediment transport analysis was conducted by using the Kamphuis
Formula and the CERC Formula. For the Kamphuis formula, it was found that the beach slope
had a significant effect on the amount of sediment transport rate. For the CERC formula, it
was found that all were having the same value per month. Satellite images were georeferenced
in order to conduct shoreline positioning and shoreline prediction. The shoreline positioning
analysis showed that the southern region of the study area was dominated by erosion and thecentral to northern regions were dominated by deposition. The 1985 to 2020 shoreline change
indicated an average movement of shoreline at 57.036 cm/yr and at 51.903 cm/yr
characterized by recession and advancement, respectively. Furthermore, the shoreline
prediction analysis reveals that the rate of displacement from 2020-2050 is 131.56 cm/yr and
173.04 cm/yr showing deposition and erosion patterns, respectively.
Keywords: Coastal Erosion, QGIS, Recession, Advancement.

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RCCE_ID80
Simulating the Hydrologic Capability of Low Impact Development Structures in a
Residential Subdivision using Stormwater Management Model (SWMM)*Sergi Garbanzos1 and Marla Maniquiz-Redillas1
1

Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave, Malate,
Manila, 1004 Metro Manila, Philippines*E-mail (correspondent email): sergi_s_garbanzos@dlsu.edu.ph,marla.redillas@dlsu.edu.phAbstract: The growing concerns toward the massive population surge in the past few decades
have prompted the mass construction of residential housing in the Philippines, increasing
impervious cover and inducing multiple stormwater-related risks in the form of increased
runoff, a loss of infiltration, and the conveyance of land pollutants to receiving water bodies.
Low impact development (LID) structures, a recent approach towards sustainable stormwater
management, have been used by many countries to minimize the potential stormwater impacts
in heavily urbanized areas and mimic the predevelopment hydrological processes. There is a
research gap on its application in the Philippines, however, as traditional drainage such asconcrete pipes and culverts are still the preference of local authorities. The objective of thisstudy is to propose LID controls in a residential park area and assess their respective water
quantity reduction capabilities using Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). Daily
rainfall data was first collected from a nearby rain gauge and was disaggregated hourly in a
24-hour span for input in the model. Different LID scenarios were then set and then simulated
in SWMM to compare the runoff, volume, peak flow, and flow results with the no LID
scenario. Results of the assessment have shown that all LID scenarios have also generated
lesser runoff, volume, peak flow, and flow compared to the no LID scenario. It was also
observed that scenarios with multiple LIDs generated the greatest reductions. These results
show that there is a huge potential for LID use in the Philippines, and the widespread use of
LIDs in areas with excessive impervious cover such as residential subdivisions can aid in theflooding issues experienced in the country.
Keywords: Low Impact Development; Rainfall Analysis; Residential Area; Stormwater
Management Model.

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RCCE_ID81
Pollution Event Mean Concentration (EMC) Prediction on Low Impact Development(LID) using Machine Learning*Jay Navaluna1, and Marla Maniquiz-Redillas1
1

Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, Philippines*E-mail: jay_navaluna@dlsu.edu.ph, 2marla.redillas@dlsu.edu.phAbstract: Prediction of the pollutants could help to discover optimum design and operational
approaches, as well as maintenance requirements. The data sets acquired were monitored andcollected from 2009 to 2018 at Low Impact Development (LID) Facility, Kongju National
University, Cheonan City, South Korea. EBF, GEF-1, GEF-2, SCW1 and SCW2 are the five(5) constructed bioretention methods considered in the study. The objective of the study was
to determine the predicted pollutant particularly on its event mean concentration using
artificial neural networks considering the rainfall data, total volume runoff and the effluent
concentration of pollutants on the bioretention. The training algorithm in the study uses
Bayesian Regularization Backpropagation. The results reveal that bioretention EBF isineffective at capturing pollutants, particularly heavy metals. It also notices the actual EMC
have high values compare to the predicted EMC. The highest EMC can could capture by abioretention was TSS with 68.02%. Also, the predicted EMC indicates that it was not able tocapture pollutants by a bioretention was BOD. This explains why increased rainfall
recurrence intervals will limit bioretention facility treatment capacity.
Keywords: Bioretention System, Low Impact Development, Event Mean Concentration, andArtificial Neural Network.

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RCCE_ID82
Experimental study of delayed-release admixture encapsulation pellets for concrete*Anh-Tu Tran1, Ngoc-Tri-Huynh Nguyen1 and Khanh-Son Nguyen1
1

Department of Silicate Engineering, Faculty of Materials Technology, Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology (HCMUT)*E-mail: attran@hcmut.edu.vn

Abstract: Chemical admixtures play an essential role in concrete engineering with increasing
demand for quantity and quality. The interaction process, the reaction of admixtures frommixing to curing, and the strength development of concrete significantly influence theireffects. In recent years, with the introduction of “controlled-release” or “delayed-release”
technology, the effectiveness of the admixtures has improved and at the same time reducing
the adverse effects of early reaction, which is more beneficial for controlling the quality ofconcrete, as well as open the way to use admixture pre-mixed dry mortar. This study focuses
on experimentally manufacturing encapsulation Sulfonate Naphthalene Formaldehyde (SNF)
admixture pellets with a fly ash shell. The layers of fly ash gradually dissolve and react withthe hydrated cement matrix, creating conditions for the inner core of additives to be released
and take effect gradually over time. The content evaluation and the level of admixture releasefrom the pellets were evaluated through FTIR analysis combined with UV-vis. In addition,
the effects of using delayed-release admixtures in mortar samples compared with the use of
the conventional method were also experimentally evaluated through flow-testing anddeveloping compressive and flexural strengths.
Keywords: Control Release, Encapsulation, Admixture Concrete, Sulfonate Naphthalene
Formaldehyde.

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RCCE_ID83
Fertilizing Value of Recovered Phosphate from Wastewater*Maria Eda Apple Suplido1, Elmer Montebon1, Elma Pulgarinas1, Rey Arniel Japay1,
Emmie Marie Rosales1, Alberto Longos Jr.2, Regina Damalerio2, Aileen Orbecido2, Arnel
Beltran2, Carla Mae Pausta3, Devendra Saroj3, Michael Angelo Promentilla2
1Agrivet Science Institute, De La Salle Araneta University
Department of Chemical Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle
University
3
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and PhysicalSciences, University of Surrey*E-mail: apple.suplido@dlsau.edu.ph2

Abstract: Household septage disposal is a recurring problem in developing countries likethe Philippines, where septic tanks are poorly maintained and few are connected to a
sewerage system. Wastewater effluent coming from households when disposed without
proper treatment can cause eutrophication of water bodies. This has caused negative impact
on biodiversity, human health, and the environment. This problem can be addressed byrecovering nutrients especially phosphorus from wastewater and converting it to fertilizer.
Wastewater is first hydrolyzed thru addition of acid to release the phosphates. Then the
supernatant is transferred back into the reactor. Then Precipitation happens upon applicationof sodium hydroxide and salts to precipitate the phosphates. The utilization of septic wastewater
to convert into a new valuable product will help the community from this environmental and healthproblems. A total of 3,182 liters of septage was processed and 9,297 grams of recovered

phosphate was collected after drying. Yield performance of tomato, eggplant, pechay, andmustard applied with three (3) fertilizer treatment namely No fertilizer (Treatment 1),
Inorganic/Commercial Fertilizer (Treatment 2) and Recovered phosphate (Treatment 3). The
results show that tomato, eggplant, pechay and mustard fertilized with inorganic/commercial
fertilizers obtained the highest yield of 47.77 t/ha, 29.23 t/ha, 15.32 t/ha and 25.85 t/ha,
respectively. Tomato, eggplant, pechay and mustard fertilized with recovered phosphate(Treatment 2) recorded yields of 30.77 t/ha, 20.32 t/ha, 8.88 t/ha and 14.34 t/ha. Lowest
yields were obtained in plots with no fertilizer application These results show that crops
fertilized with commercial fertilizers obtained the highest yields. The experiment alsopresents that crops responded to the applied recovered phosphate (Treatment 3) because
higher yields were obtained compared to crops grown in plots with no fertilizer application(Treatment 1). The study shows that resource can be recovered from wastewater and help
man develop a circular bioeconomy in the Philippines.
Keywords: Recovered Phosphate, Resource Recovery, Circular Bioeconomy.

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RCCE_ID84
Assessment of Residential Housing and Density: Actualisation of Building Collapse
in Nigeria*Adamu Musa Eya1, Gobi Krishna Sinniah2, Muhammad Zaly Shah3, Suleiman Agava
Rafiu4, Abdullahi Suleiman5
1, 2

3Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Centre for Innovative Planning and Development (CIPD), Faculty of Built Environment
and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
4
Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
5
Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria*E-mail: musaeya@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: Urbanisation has resulted in people’s lifestyle of living in substandard units,
chanty, slums environment, un-habitable units, squatter units, and deteriorating housing
situations. The relevant planning Authority concerned with responsivity to enforce
development order in relation to building regulations in developed countries prove very
active where in Africa and Nigeria in particular, the reverse is a case of mismatched game
given rise to backyard principle where both professionals and non-professional are both in tosite supervision and managing construction sites leading to poor construction work. This
paper aims at examine the root causes of building collapse other than material cause in
Nigeria. The study focuses on residential housing as the main target where long time humanactivities are carried out. Residential housing density are the major indicators which mostly
account for building collapse I most our towns and cities. The study also takes cognisance of
all the components of residential housing and accommodation density, space standards. The
study established an online questionnaire administration for stronghold and reliable data. The
researchers used both primary and secondary data to determine the relationship between
housing and density. The study employed Chi square goodness of fit to provide evidence ofrelationship between housing and density; building collapse and enforcement tools. The
study revealed a strong relationship between residential housing and density as well as
structural collapse. This study will significantly contribute to knowledge for builders,
professional allied and decision-making organs in the provision of housing policy anddevelopment standards in Nigeria.
Keywords: Residential Housing; Density, Building Collapse; Development Control.

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RCCE_ID85
Attempt to Improve the Kaolin Clay using Bittern, Calcium Oxide,
Acetic Acid and Surfactant*Takashi Tsutsumi1
1

Department of Urban Environmental Design and Engineering, National Institute ofTechnology, Kagoshima College, Japan*E-mail: tsutsumi@kagoshima-ct.ac.jp

Abstract: Prior to the widespread use of cement for soil improvement, bittern was used inJapan. Bittern, called 'Nigari' in Japanese, is salt solution containing magnesium, calcium,and potassium ions as well as chloride, sulfate, iodide, and other ions. It is made from sea
water. It is also well known as a coagulant in the production of Tofu. Nowadays, a method ofclay hardening using bittern known as ‘Tataki’ is still used in traditional Japanesearchitecture. The soil improved using this method has a slight acidity. As a result, pollution
due to alkaline water from lime or cement can be avoided. However, the mechanical strengthof the improved soil produced by this method is less than that produced as a result of using
lime or cement. Furthermore, substantial compaction work is required. In order to addressthese concerns, this study examines acetic acid and surfactant for ‘Tataki’. The surfactant is
expected to remove the water membrane on the surface of a soil particle, and acetic acid isexpected to generate condensation of clay particles. Both effects are expected to increase soil
density and mechanical strength. Mechanical strength is estimated using tensile strength
because there is a relationship between tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength inhardened clay. Tensile strength can easily be obtained using a small uniaxial compressive
testing machine in the Brazilian test. A total curing period of 28 days are selected, with fourtypes of wet curing period of 0, 1, 3 and 7 days included in the total curing period of thisstudy. According to the results of this study the effect of acetic acid and surfactant can beseen in the mechanical strength of the specimen for all curing conditions from 450 to 550
Ncm/cm of amount of compaction work.
3

Keywords: Traditional Soil Improvement in Japan, Clay, Tensile Strength, Acetic Acid,
Surfactant

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RCCE_ID86
Authentication of Physical Planning Authority and Building Collapse: Contemporary
Challenges in Nigeria*Adamu Musa Eya1, Gobi Krishna Sinniah2, Muhammad Zaly Shah3, Muhammed Lawal4
and Abdullahi Suleiman5
1, 2

3Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universit Teknologi Malaysia
Centre for Innovative Planning and Development (CIPD), Faculty of Built Environment
and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
4
School of Environmental Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi,
Nigeria
5
Faculty of Environmental Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria*E-mail: musaeya@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: The control of physical developments, proper coordination of present and future
requirements as well as creating an enabling environment for living and working is the major
priority attaché to planning organisations. Planning is beyond paperwork and approval, it is
the responsibility of planning authority to control development activities for the purpose of
supporting, enclosing and protecting building structure as well as inspecting buildings on site
after approval from foundation level to finishing level. The aim of this study is to examine
the physical planning activities, planning laws in safeguarding buildings from collapsing.
This study focuses on two action areas Abuja, Federal Capital Territory and Lagos State
using proportional sampling methods. The study used a quantitative research method. A totalof 50 questionnaires were administered online; 25 respondents represented the Federal
Capital Development Authority (FCDA) Abuja also 25 represented staff of Lagos states
Urban Development Board (LSUDB). On the building side, 20 construction workers wereinterviewed orally at the construction site with the aid of ad-hoc staff. The study employed
Chi square goodness of fit and simple linear regression analysis to determine the relationshipand coefficient of correlation between planning coordination and building collapse. The
study revealed strong evidence of poor planning coordination especially building plansinterpretation, building plans approvals, enforcement orders while, on construction workers
poor building materials, low standard mixed ratio were the factor for building collapse. This
study will enable decision makers, stakeholders, site developers adhere to planning law andbuilding standards in order to ameliorate inorganic building collapses in Nigeria.
Keywords: Authentication, Physical Planning, Building Collapse, Contemporary
Challenges, Planning Law, Safeguarding.

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RCCE_ID87
Effect of Joint Roughness Coefficient with regards to the Seismic Effect on Planar
Block Movement*Roslan, R.H.1, Abdullah, R.A.1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia*E-mail: rafiuddin.hakim1998@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: This paper presents a study on measuring the effect of joint roughness coefficient(JRC) on a rock block by considering the tension crack of the rock slope located in Malaysia.
By referring to the seismic hazard map produced by MOSTI, Malaysia is a country that has alow seismicity level. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) value was around 0.02 to 0.10 g inpeninsular Malaysia and 0.06 to 0.12 g for East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) for 500 years
return periods. These PGA values were selected and performed in this study using the Limit
Equilibrium Method (LEM). This method utilizes RocPlane software by Rocscience, which
was used for assessing the stability of planar sliding blocks or wedges in rock slopes. This
study covers deterministic analysis concerning secondary data from Bandar Seri Alam, Johor,
Malaysia. The output data was validated first with the actual site condition before sensitivity
analysis on JRC was performed. For the first case of the parametric study, the effect of JRC
and the seismic coefficient on the rock slope stability was investigated and highlighted basedon the graph produced. Results show that the effect of the roughness on the rock surfaces will
give resistance against sliding hence increasing the shear strength of the rock, which indicatesthat the slope becomes more stable. In the presence of seismic force, it will induce inertial
force of the controlling joint surface which will lead to the instability of the rock slope andreduce the FS values. For second and third case of the parametric study, water percent filledwere varied along the potential sliding surface of the rock plane and in tension crack withregards to seismic coefficient values. The results show that the presence of tension crack wastended to be more severe in terms of slope instability.
Keywords: Joint roughness coefficient; Peak ground acceleration; Limit equilibrium
method; Factor of safety; RocPlane software

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RCCE_ID88
Waste Tracking Analysis at the Selected Higher Education Institution (HEI) in
Malaysia*Mohd Aznor Lamat1, Mohd Fadhil Md Din1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Johor Bahru, Johor.
*E-mail: mohdaznor@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: The generation of solid waste from various streams is inevitable for a university
campus, based on its large population and variety of activities that being carried out aroundthe campus. As such, it is a challenge to implement effective solid waste management.
Henceforth, the purpose of this study is to analyze the waste-stream management of solid
waste in five (5) research universities covering from waste generation until disposal. The
method to carry out the study is by interviewing the relevant officers related to the solid waste
management operations in the campus. The study will evaluate a component of waste datafrom operator, facility, transport, and disposal and suggestions as well as improvements that
can help minimize the waste disposal to landfills will be elaborated. The results provide theframework of the waste management system and the status-quo waste handling by all
selected universities as the baseline. A series of three (3) years data were considered todetermine the baseline of waste operation, including procurement and routine works. The
period waste management that been selected will be based on the validity and readiness ofdata. Overall, the computed results demonstrated that all operations are critical and must be
carried out correctly to keep waste at the end disposal as low as possible or to achieve zerowaste management on campus.
Keywords: Waste-Stream Management, Waste Tracking Analysis, Research University,
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RCCE_ID89
Application of Industrialized Building Systems in Malaysian Construction Industries
Siddiq Kamaruzaman1, Hafiz Khairuddin1, Haikal Shariman1, Syafiq Hasmandi1, Sofia
Shaupi1, and *Faridahanim Ahmad1
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor.
*E-mail: faridahanim@utm.my

Abstract: In Malaysia, the term Industrialised Building System (IBS) refers to a construction
approach in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment, either on-siteor off-site, and then installed and integrated into construction works. The Critical Success
Factor (CSF) of the industry's implementation of the IBS for the Malaysian construction havebeen identified and need to be elaborated intensively. The direction of this study is toinvestigate the current CFS of the IBS in Malaysian Construction Industries. Every significant
detail that happens from the very beginning of the manufacturing process until maintenanceperiod is monitored and observed. The methodology that being use is the IBS components
was manufactured off-site by the local supplier or even from foreign country, later transported
to the project and ready to be installed as the building structure. The benefit from this is we
can ensure what part that cause the CSF to occur and how to implant the things in our country.
The negative social impression of using IBS in construction was the highest among the CSFs
in the concerns and perceptions component. Also, identified CSF that, IBS buildings are often
associated with unpleasant aesthetics and complicated designing. Concisely, the critical
success factor of IBS in Malaysian construction industry can be identified by understanding
the IBS research, implementation of technology applied and construction strategies.
Keywords: Controlled environment; Industrialised Building System; Construction
technology.

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RCCE_ID90
A Comparison of Single and Multi-stream Waste Recycling in Higher Education
Institutions in Malaysia*Siti Nur Syamimi Mohd Na’im1, Mohd Fadhil Md Din1,2, Santhana Krishnan3, Shazwin
Mat Taib1, Fadzlin Md Sairan4 and Nurfarhain Mohamed Rusli51

Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty ofEngineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor, Malaysia
2
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute of
Sustainable Environment (RISE), School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor, Malaysia
3
PSU Energy Systems Research Institute (PERIN), Department of Environmental
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla,
90110, Thailand
4
Department of Deputy Chancellor (Research and Innovation), Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310 Johor, Malaysia
5
Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for
Scientific & Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor, Malaysia*E-mail: mimiezsyamimi@gmail.com
Abstract: There is a current debate on the effectiveness and efficiency of a single-stream
recycling system compared to a multi-stream recycling system. The single-stream recycling
system is gaining attention among waste management, including higher education
institutions. Implementing the single-stream recycling system is easier because all therecyclables are set out in one container without sorting them further than the conventional
system in which the assortment is needed. However, to what extent is single-stream recycling
more effective in improving recycling performance than multi-stream recycling is uncertain.
This study examines differences in performance on the single-stream and multi-stream waste
recycling systems applied in higher education institutions. Three higher education
institutions, including Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia (UKM) and Universiti Malaya (UM), were involved as case studies to examine theprogress of waste recycling systems practised. The volume of recyclable materials collected,
recycling rate, and recyclable generation rate were explored to compare the recycling
performance between single and multi-stream recycling systems in selected higher education
institutions. The results indicated that the effectiveness of a recycling system does not only
lie in the type of system used; other factors such as the type of recyclables taken into account,the total population, and recycling management play an important role in the success of therecycling system. This present study offers general recommendations on single and multistream recycling approaches that can be applied by waste management to adopt an appropriate
recycling system in higher education institutions to increase the efficiency of waste recycling
activities that can have a positive impact on the recycling performance in higher education
institutions.
Keywords: Recycling Performance, Single-Stream Recycling, Multi-Stream Recycling,
Higher Education Institutions, Recycling Management.

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RCCE_ID91
Relationship between the Rock Mass Strength to the Rock Support*Ismail Hasim1, Afikah Rahim1
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia*E-mail: ismailbinhasim@gmail.com

Abstract: Geomechanical classifications, such as the Rock Mass Rating and Q-system arecommon ways of defining rock mass behaviour, especially in the early stages of tunnel
projects. Japan Highway Public Corporation (JH) rock mass classification also known as JHSystem (JHS) was used in a tunnel project, known as Pahang Selangor Raw Water Transfer
Tunnel to determine the rock mass class using geological assessment of the tunnel face andthe side walls of the excavated tunnels. It is important to assess overstressing in deep hardrocks to minimize the risks of excavation such as tunnel excavation activities. The aim of thisstudy is to study the rock mass strength at tunnel NATM-2, investigate the tunnel rock support
used and find the relationship between the JHS grade point to the tunnel rock support. This
research activity includes development of tables from the secondary data which are the tunnel
face mapping, converting the data into tabulation of line graphs, and finally studying thegeological condition and the support pattern. The results obtained from the secondary data
will be tabulated and analysed. The description of the rock mass rating and the results of therock strength will be discussed. High JHS grade points need minimum tunnel rock support.
Little support is needed in areas with high quality rock mass as it is already stable whentunnelling activities are carried out.
Keywords: Tunnel, Q system, NATM, Pahang Selangor Raw Water Transfer Tunnel, Rock
Mass Rating, JH-System.

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RCCE_ID92
Computerised Tomography Application: Coal Integration Between Sorption to
Carbon Dioxide*Nurfirdaus Sapawie1, Melanie Lim MM1 and Afikah Rahim1
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Johor, Malaysia*E-mail: m.nurfirdaus98@gmail.com

Abstract: Dual-energy CT scanning is not a novel method for evaluating reservoir rock. It
has been used for many years. Each time the rock is scanned with a different X-ray energy,
the same region is scanned twice. Dual energy scanning is successfully used in investigationsof fluid flow visualisation. Along with the lack of appropriate software and procedures forgenerating mass density and nuclei count pictures from high and low energy CT data, theadded problem is the absence of processes for characterising the cores using density andatomic numbers. The density and atomic number images can now be generated from the dualenergy data using commercially available software. Several strategies are described in thiswork to better characterize reservoir rocks using density and atomic number data. Small plugsamples with known petrophysical parameters were first used to validate the process. A 60foot-long core section was scanned with two different X-ray energies CT scans every fivecentimetres (2 inches) from an Upper Jurassic carbonate reservoir in Saudi Arabia.
Qualitatively, the results were interesting and could help us better understand carbonates. To
calculate porosity values using approximate mineral compositions, this document provides
step-by-step directions in the form of diagrams.
Keywords: Coal, Carbon Dioxide.

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RCCE_ID93
Advantages of Industrialised Building System in Malaysia*

Zunnun Abdul Halim1, Ashnam Razali1, Anwar Zainudin1, Hazim A. Jamal1 and Syahirah
Khairudin1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia.
*E-mail: muhdzunnun951@gmail.com

Abstract: Industrialised Building System is one of the techniques where all the components
freshly made by the factory were transported, placed, and assembled at the site with minimal
additional structures. The Industrialised Building System has been used in Malaysia since
the early 1960s, when the Malaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government toured
many European countries to review and get the ideas from their housing development plans.
The problem is what are the benefits of using this method in construction compared to theconventional method? The method that has been used for this study is that we do a survey
and give questionnaire to local construction firms to know their taught on Industrialised
Building System. It is significant to increase the uses of Industrialised Building System in aconstruction of building but only for a suitable area or environment. As a result, this methodof construction is the modern-systematic construction, which applies better consequencessuch as decrease the construction time, reduce labour and installation costs on building
materials. It also needs a very high skilled workers to conduct the installation process which
can boost the quality and efficiency in working. In overall, Industrialised Building System
method is more beneficial than conventional method. The result of this study will encourage
the construction firms to use this method in their construction works.
Keywords: Industrialised Building System, Benefits, Construction Method.

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RCCE_ID94
Development of Humanitarian Aid Distribution Process for Flood Disaster
Management in Malaysia*Suzila Mohd1, Eeydzah Aminudin1
1

Department of Structure and Materials, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty ofEngineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia*E-mail: suzila.mohd@utm.my

Abstract: Natural and human-made disasters have caused significant physical damage, lossof life or drastic changes to the environment. During disaster, disaster relief teams consist of
government agencies, non-government organizations (NGOs), individual volunteers andprivate sector provide humanitarian aid to disaster victims such as search and rescue, foods
and basic needs as well as medical and health. However, lack of coordination among them inmanaging humanitarian aid distribution has contributed to several issues such as ofredundancy of goods and volunteers at the same affected area. Meanwhile, there are few
disaster affected areas do not received any relief. Responding to those issues, this study
attempts to propose a process flow which could improve collaboration and coordination
among disaster relief teams in managing humanitarian aid distribution effectively during
disaster. The development of this study adopted general design cycle (GDC) framework
which consists of five (5) phases, which are phase 1: awareness of the problem, phase 2:
suggestions, phase 3: development, phase 4: evaluation and phase 5: conclusion. The findings
were analysed and used to develop the formulation of process flow of humanitarian aid
distribution. It is believed that the proposed process flow could improve the collaboration andcoordination among disaster relief teams in managing humanitarian aid distribution during
disaster occurrence effectively.
Keywords: Disaster Management, Disaster Relief Team, Flood Disaster Humanitarian Aid,
Process Flow

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RCCE_ID95
Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimation Considering Homogeneous Regions
Using Hershfield Statistical Method*Rasnavi Paramasivam2, Nor Eliza binti Alias1,2
1

Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institutefor Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
2
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia.
*E-mail: rasnavi2@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: The probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is used to design major hydraulicstructures, such as dams and spillways, flood protection works, and nuclear power plants.
PMP estimation using Hershfield statistical method requires long observation data. In
Malaysia, the PMP estimated using state boundary as usually being done has PMP values
near to historical maximum. Since homogeneous regions are region containing stations withsimilar rainfall characteristics, the boundary for identifying stations for PMP calculations may
be adopted using the homogeneous region boundaries. In this paper, yearly maximum 1-day
rainfall data of more than 25 years for 161 stations in the Peninsular Malaysia, were analysedto estimate PMP for 1-day duration based on an appropriate frequency factor by considering
the homogeneous regions. Based on the actual rainfall data of the stations, the highest valueof this frequency factor was used to estimate 1-day PMP values for the 161 stations. Using
these PMP estimates, a generalised graph was prepared showing the spatial distribution of 1day PMP. It was found that 1-day PMP over Peninsular Malaysia by considering stateboundary, varied from 146 to 552 mm and by considering the homogeneous regions, varied
from 247 to 625 mm. The PMP considering homogeneous regions is considered as important
to determine reliable and consistent PMP estimate for any location in Peninsular Malaysia.
Keywords: Probable Maximum Precipitation, Homogeneous Region, Peninsular Malaysia.

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RCCE_ID96
Assessment of Soil Deformation and Groundwater Table During Deep Soil Mixing
using Finite Element Method in Homogenous Soil
*Zakaria, N.S.S1, Hezmi, M.A.1, and Mat Said, K.N1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UniversitI Teknologi Malaysia*E-mail: nssyuhadah98@gmail.com

Abstract: Deep soil mixing has become one of the ground improvement techniques in recent
years. This paper presents the study about the installation of Deep Soil Mixing (DSM) as aretaining wall that acts as excavation support in the Finite Element Method to prevent soil
deformation. The construction of Gerup Gerak Khas Combat Diving Pool project wasmodelled and analyzed in a case study. The project is located at Camp 21 GGK in Mersing,Johor. 20 numerical models have been made in PLAXIS 3D to achieve the goals of thisresearch. Some information needs to be gathered to simulate in PLAXIS 3D models such as
soil dimension, soil type, and soil parameters. In software PLAXIS 3D, 3 different types ofdesign were modelled which are soil bed without DSM method, soil bed with a lattice patternof DSM, and soil bed with a grid pattern of DSM with various types of homogonous soil: silt
(N=3), silt (N=6) and kaolin clay. Two important findings that can be concluded: lower the
SPT-N number of the soil will cause higher soil deformation after excavation process while
lower the depth of the groundwater table below the ground surface, the higher the soil
deformation occur.
Keywords: Deep Soil Mixing, Excavation Support, PLAXIS 3D, Groundwater Table,
Hardening Soil.

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RCCE_ID97
Open Data Application to Evaluate Exposure of Wildfire to Water Resources: Johor
Area Case Study*Fara Aiza Md Sanin1, Nor Eliza Alias1,2, Kasturi Devi Kanniah3, Mariyana Aida Abdul
Kadir1, Izni Izzati Mohamad1, Rasnavi Paramasivam1
1

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
2
Center for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia.
3
Deparment of Geoinformation, Faculty of built Environment & Surveying, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia.
*E-mail: araaiza@graduate.utm.my
Abstract: Climate change impacted wildfire events as well as water availability. Exposure ofwater resources to a wildfire can reduce water quality supplied to humans and resulting healthproblems. On the other hand, water resources such as rivers and ponds are essential in wildfire
fire fighting. This paper intended to discuss the exposure of wildfire to water resources byusing spatial analysis. Johor state is selected as a study area due to high numbers of wildfire
and water demand. Fire data retrieved from MODIS fire product for 2000-2020, from FIRMS
website, has been used to create a hotspot map. Water resources and waterbody data
originated from Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia was used to create distanceanalysis. 5 class exposure level has been set to show the degree of closeness of water resources
to wildfire hotspot area. The wildfire water exposure map shows that 7% of the Johor waterarea is medium-level exposure. Only 1% Johor water area was exposed to a high level ofwildfire. Most of the streams are at very low-level exposure. Lebam dam at Bandar Penawar
Kota Tinggi, Machap dam at Simpang Renggam Keluang and Labong dam at Endau Mersing
are three dam that exposed at level 3. In the other direction, the overlay map of hotspot withwater stream and body helps prepare wildfire response. This study only provides apreliminary result; an in-depth study needs to be conducted for precise outcomes andassessments.
Keywords: Water Resources, Wildfire, Exposure.

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RCCE_ID98
Construction Site Layout Planning Problem: Past, Present and Future*Muizzuddin Marzuki1, Izzuddin Rijaludin1, Amir Maamor1, Asmawardiana Mawardi1,
Dhaaniah Kunalan1 and Faridahanim Ahmad1
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor.
*E-mail: muizmarzuki99@gmail.com

Abstract: Construction site layout plans are created as part of contractor mobilisation
activities before starting work at the construction site. Most of the relevant peer-reviewed
literature focused on static site layout models, in which facilities are assigned just once during
the building phase. The construction site layout determination should be done systematicallyusing the proper approaches to ensure a reliable and cost-effective movement of goods andpeople around a facility that is acceptable to employees and neighbours. This article provides
a detailed assessment of the previous research on the construction site planning problem
using both static and dynamic techniques. It includes the exact and heuristic methods oflayout planning approaches for both techniques. The scientific literature on construction sitelayout planning problems was reviewed in a systematic manner and compiled in electronic
databases. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
guidelines were followed to a large extent in the conduct of this study. This paper provides athorough review of the published literature on static and dynamic mathematical modelling of
construction site layout planning, including both exact and heuristic methods. As a result,from the research there are some methods that can be a guide for future research such as
inclusion of various design parameters, formulation of the model, integration with a decisionmaking approach representation of the pathway representation of facility shape. In
conclusion, construction site layout planning is one of the most challenging problems inoperations management where it links three scientific areas: construction project
management, facilities planning and optimization.
Keywords: Construction Site Layout Planning; Optimization; Static Layout Model;
Dynamic Layout Models.

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RCCE_ID99
Potential Use of Recycled Plastic and Rubber Aggregate in Cementitious Materials for
Sustainable Construction*Idlan Maszeri1, Nurul Awadah1, Muaz Rashidi1, and Faraidahanim Ahmad1
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor.
*E-mail: idlan-2018@graduate.utm.my

Abstract: In recent times, non-degradability wastes such as plastic and rubber have turned
out to have a significant impact on the environment on a global scale. Aware of thiscomplication, researchers have been suggesting by taking plastic and rubber as substitutes ofaggregate in concrete. The objective is to find and prove whether recycled plastic and rubber
can be use in replacing natural aggregate for more sustainable construction. To conduct thisstudy, two main approaches have been taken, which is scientometric analysis of thebibliometric data and manual review of plastic and rubber waste utilization. The method thatwere used are scientometric analysis of statistical data and manual evidence. Primarydatabases were used and later were plotted into maps and linkages to ease the process. Then,
VOSviewer were used to analyse bibliometric data. As a result, high concentration of plastic
and rubber aggregates in cement mix decrease workability unless added superplasticizers.
The mechanical strength such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexuralstrength has shown decreasing trend unless pozzolanic materials such as fly ash are added but
can only compensate for the loss. However, positive results were shown in functional
properties as plastic and rubber aggregates are better in reducing thermal conductivity,
electrical resistivity and increasing sound-absorption. In conclusion, plastics and rubber waste
can be recycled and used back as aggregates for cementitious materials to build roadpavements and manufacture concrete bricks and blocks. However, only a specific type of
cement that can be used such as lightweight, sound-proofing, or thermal conductivity cement
due to its porous characteristics. Further studies needed to be done due to its poor mechanicalstrength especially in compressive, split-tensile, and flexural strength.
Keywords: Plastic, Rubber, Aggregates, Cement.

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RCCE_ID100
Development of Weightage Factor Focussing on Social and Safety Criteria for
Malaysia Green Rural Road
Jeyasri a/p Packirysamy1, Noraziah Hamid1, *Eeydzah Aminudin1,2, Rozana Zakaria1,2
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia
2
UTM Construction Research Center, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai,Johor Bahru, Malaysia*E-mail: eeydzah@utm.my
Abstract: A green rural road is an inventiveness for the infrastructure to be environmentally
responsible and sustainable in all features. The need for promoting sustainability and green
rural road construction requires an assessment system. The Green Rural Road Assessment
provides a management and technical approach for rural road life cycle from construction toits maintenance processes. The aim of this study is to analyse which social and safety
elements are to be comprehended in green rural road criteria and therefore outlined in
Malaysia Green Rural Road Index and its assessment. Hence it allows the basic approachrequirements of individuals and societies to be met safely and in a manner persistent withhuman and ecosystem health focussing on the rural road. Data was achieved throughextensive literature reviews, expert interviews and distribution of questionnaires.
Respondents included experts and stakeholders from road development field. 100 survey
questionnaires were distributed and 73 responses have been taken into consideration forfurther analysis. The data had been analysed using SPSS with factor analysis method. The
result shows 5 main criteria and 10 sub-criteria are identified in the study. This includes
services and facilities, economy, pollution reduction, public acceptance and environment.
Analysis of the major factor weights shows that ecosystem protection is weighted the highest,accounting for 0.51 of the overall framework weight of 1.0. This indicates that ecosystem
protection during the construction stage is the most important consideration in green ruralroad construction, followed by pre-construction surveys, and then by monitoring after projectcompletion. As conclusion by developing the whole indicator of social and safety for Rural
Road, the sustainability of rural road development will be holistically accomplished.
Keywords: Green rural road assessment, maintenance process, social and safety

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RCCE_ID101
Potential of Digitizing the Industrialize Building System for Malaysian Construction
Industry
Ahmad Farhan Roslan3, Amran A. Hamid1, *Eeydzah Aminudin1,2, Rozana Zakaria1,2, Izie
Adiana Abidin1, Nadirah Darus1, Mohd Fikri Mohd Hanim1,
1School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia
2
UTM Construction Research Center, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai,Johor Bahru, Malaysia
3Construction Research Institute of Malaysia, Malaysia*E-mail: eeydzah@utm.my
Abstract: Construction 4.0 is a process of implementing modern technology into digitisationtransformation for construction industry throughout its supply chain. However, manyorganisations are unaware on the transformation especially the potential as way forward for
digitizing the current construction method especially on Industrialized Building System(IBS). A discussion on helping the organisations in determining the issues and providing thesolution towards Construction 4.0 transformation is essential to shed some light. While thisconstruction industry transformation focuses on the element of technology, from automatedproduction to a greater level of digitalisation, the overall elements need to be investigated andestablished. Hence, this study focuses on the identification and the possibility on the way
forward for IBS implementation, which looks beyond the Malaysian construction industry’s
technology aspect and considers organisations from the various value chain, such as
contractors, developers, academics, and government leaders. The focus was among experts
with high knowledge and experience in the construction industry and the fourth industrial
revolution for more than ten years. Information obtained from the discussion was used to
identify and categorise the assessment readiness based on company readiness. Besides that,the identification of on the gaps between current and future goals were revealed. In
conclusion, this identification on issues and way forward able to serves as a basis for enrichingand expanding the needs of construction businesses and helping to proactively leverage
existing Construction 4.0 opportunities.
Keywords: Industrialized Building System, Construction 4.0, fourth industrial revolution

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ORGANISING COMMITTEEInternational Scientific Committee
Prof. Dr. Norhazilan Md Noor
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kriengsak Panuwatwanich
Asst. Prof. Dr. Watanachai Smittakorn
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainah Ibrahim
Technical Committee
Prof. Dr. Ir. Mohd Fadhil Md Din
Prof. Dr. Khalida binti Muda
Dr. Shazwin Mat Taib
Dr. Eeydzah Aminudin
Dr. Khairun Nissa Mat Said
Dr. Dianah Mazlan
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Shamsul Bin Sarip
Dr. Mohamed Zuhaili Mohamed Najib
Ts. Dr. Norhidayah Abdul Hassan
Dr. Mohd Azreen Bin Mohd Ariffin
Dr. Mohd Zul Hanif Bin Mahmud
Ts. Dr. Nur Syamimi Binti Zaidi
Ts. Dr. Nor Zurairahetty Mohd Yunus
Nurfarhain Md Rusli
Muhamad Hairulnizam Ishak
Suhaimi bin Achil
Nurulhuda binti Radznam
Wan Lokman Wan Bedurdin
Nazleatul Najiha M. Nazif

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