BIBLICAL COSMOGRAPHY.

i^*|VEOGRiAPHY hns hitherto consisted of a series ofTinintelligible and irrational dogmas, by which thememory alone liaa been taxed, w ith o u t any attem pt
to appeal to or encourage the exercise of the reasoning
faculties.
I t m ust be understood th at we pnrpoFe confining our­selves strictly and exclusively to a description of the
Universe as a whole, w ithout any special reference to thevarious Continents apart from th eir connection with abird’s eye view of the E arth’s surface generally.
All th a t we propose to interfere w ith and abandou
is the Newtonian or Copernican system which identifies
the E arth on which we live and move wi(h the planets
above our head. There is no possible analogy betweenth e m ! B ist and W est, ISTorthand South, fire and w ater
cannot be more distinct. So th a t all th at we have hither­to learnt upon the subject m ust be forgotten and laid
aside, not partially or here and there, b u t wholly and en­tirely, from the first line to the last.
“ ife rc ato r’s
Projection ” of a square world, w ith its rectangular m erid­ians and latitudes, is quite as preposterous as the sphericaltheory, and is a most clumsy and senseless substitute forthe impossible “ Globe.” B ut one falsehood begets a hun­dred others ; and is only supported by a tissue of fabrications
as discreditable as the original lie.
W e can afford to bevery brief, because tru th requires no tautology, no spccial
pleading.
The Ifew tonian or Copernican theory, from the firsthour of its invention, has never dared to subm it to an
appeal to fa c ts ! N ot a schoolmaster or Scientific pro­fessor has ever been known to illustrate its principles or
enforce its teaching beyond the pasteboard and paper tobe seen in our school-rooms or shop windows. We, on thoother hand, are prepared to abide by the severest tests
w hich pracUcal science or rational ingen uity could suggest. T e u x h always glories in and courts daylight anddiscussion ; fraud and falsehood can only exist in silencoand secrecy and absence of suspicion. The Newtonian
im posture would n o t have lasted as many days as it has
years, if its disciples had not resisted and resented all dis­cussion azid inquiry. B u t every system of deception has
its lim its; and this, the most wide-spread and the montbaseless superstition ever imposed upon the ignorance andcredulity of childhood, is on the eve of a tremendous re ­volution.
Defenders it never had ; and no threats, no taunts or
exposure will ever rouse the energies of a single champion.
(Cowardice always accompanies couscious g u ilt; and thisvaunted system, “ th e m ost exact of all the sciences,”
will ignominiously perish w ithout a single tongue or pen
being moved to uphold its crum bling ruins.
F irst and foremost, every map of the W orld w ith its
tw o hemispheres m ast be ripped out of our atlases; all thepasteboard models called “ Globes ” m ast be stamjsed into
fuel _for the fnrna.ce, and all oiir Qeography books m ust be
discarded as any authority upon the subject of the shapear,d surface and size and motion of the E arth and the
Oceans which surround it. All previous instruction upon
th is subject m ust be unlearnt and forgotten ! W e m ast
aba.ndon and utterly reject all th at wo have been told about“ G ravitation ” and “ A ttraction,” about “ Centripetal andCentrifugal forces,” about distances and immensities inspace. Jerusalem is still in Asia, Egypt in Africa, New
Y ork in America, and the map of Europe is not essentiallychanged. B u t this is about all th a t can be found in our ton
thousand schoolbooks which will justify any farth er refer■eiice being made to them ! They had much better, however,be all sent to the mill ; nothing can be gained by mixing
up tru th with falsehood. The very sight of them will only
servo to em bitter the recollection of the baseless frauds
they were the means of imposing upon us. They will everb e a disgrace to our intelligence and a scandal to thenations th a t could be fooled w ith their teaching.
The very configuration of the several Continents is es­
sentially changed ; all our N au^cal tables are greatly
misleading and deceptive, and involve an am ount of cal­cu latio n and theory which many years’ employment ofth em has never rendered fam iliar or trustw orthy.
On the Plane system all is simple and intelligible ; it is■natural, and requires no invention or assumptions to illasIrate its principles. Its Science is inspired, and its
philosophy based upon reason, and can unblushingly
invoke an appeal to ten thousand facts to confirm thepractical character of the entire system.
The E arth as it came from- the hands of its A lm ighty
Creator, is a motionless Plane, based and built upon
“ foundations” which the W ord of God expressly declarescannot be searched out or discovered. All we know or
Toad of is a H ell beneath, a Heaven above us, and the
E arth on which \ve stand ; th a t it is n o t“ han g upon a n y ­thing,” because supported, as all m aterial objects must bo
supported, by some m aterial atfcaohmeat. The wi>rJs“ G tavitation ” or “ A ttraction ” will not support am aterial Earth, any more than a magnet will s upport a single
grain of iron or steel or cause it to float in m id a ir.
The sun, moon, and stars are lum inous and imponderOQS gases only; and, conrssquently, float upon an atmos­

• *v.

phere heavier than themselves. There are no mountains
or volcanos or living creatures of any kind in any of theplaneis. The stars are hardly bigger than the gas jets
which light our streets, and if they could be made to change
places -with them , no astronom er could detect the diiference.
The N orth is the central point of the W orld. All thecompasses th a t were ever constructed, converge to i t ; andradiate in all directions, horizontally tow ards the south.
The South is, therefore, the circumference of the B arthand its w aters ; Ea st and W est a re relative term s, accord­in g as w e move rig h t or left, and always imply a oiECular
direction, as N orth and South always describe a straightline.
The Circular Charts are more properly divided into 24
meridians, representing the 24 hours in the day ; w hileth e concentric circles of latitu d e can only am ount toseven ; or three N orth and three South of the Equator ; nine
hundred Geographical miles between each parallel, to cor­
respond w ith the 15 degrees of 60 miles each on the Equa­
tor, which is the true scale or standard of all measure­m ents, N orth, South, E ast or West. The lines of latitude
are severally num bered 15, 30, and 45. There are 12i
beyond the 45th parallel. N orth and South ; b u t these may
bo v irtually excluded from any calculation and only
technically represent unknown and unnavigable regions.
The Sum m er Solstice reaches about 1,000 or 1,200
Geographical miles N orth of the Equator, and the W interSolstice extends as far to the South. Thus the Sun is six
m onths decreasing and six months increasing its horizon­
tal and concentric orbit. Its height above the E arth , isunder “^OOO miles ; b u t its elevation never varies, although
the angle of its altitude of course depends upon its orbit
being nearer to or more distant from the observer’s stand­point, according to the season of the year.
The Sun m ates its circuits, of course, in 24 h o u rs;
trav ellin g faster and faster from Ju n e to December, and'r•slower and slower in its N orthw ard journey, from Decem­
ber to Ju ne. W hen it is nearing our meridian we enjoy
the daylight, and the opposite one is left in darkness. We
can never rise above or even approach the Sun’s height.
I’o a partial extent, we can keep it in view, by going high­er and and h ig h e r; but a t the seventh or eighth mile weare glad to relinquish the attem pt, and it passes beyond
our horizon, and the mists and clouds of 7000 miles indensity, obscure its rays till the dawn of the following day,Its passage or direction, of course, is from E ast to W est.
The Moon is nearer to us than the Sun ; one hemisphereis light, (its own light, n o t a reflected one) and the otherside, dark. B ut it has no solidity, nor is it m aterial in any
respect. The Stars also have all their own lig h t; the Sunpiay shine on them , as it would on a lamp or caudle,b u t their light is quite irrespective and independent of the
Sun ; otherwise, they would be one side lig h t and theother dark.
The surface of all w ater under the skies isa dead level ; a t rig h t angles to any one given perpendi­
cular. ylZZ j)erpendiculars, w herever situated, are parallelwith each other. N either of these indisputable facts are
possible on a spherical surface. These are not questions
for argum ent, b u t are simple m atters of measurement,w ith which all our,children ought to be made familiar.
I f we could remove the Continents, the N orthern Ice
Plains could be circum navigated in about a 3000 mile
circuit. The extrem e boundai-y or circumference of the
S outhern Ice is nearly 30.000 miles !! !
Two ships, starting either from Cape H orn or Cape ofGood Hope, the one sailing in a South-east and the otherin a South-west direction, would metier m eet again rounda point or “ Pole ” due South of both ! W hy not ?
Rivers do not, cannoj flow round the spherical surface
of a Globe. A ttraction does not act upon w ater; noris there half an ounce of the atmospheric pressure to theinch; if there was, the said “ G lobe” would be impededMlin its rotation as a narrow wheel is impeded by a “brake”'
or pressure of very considerably less than half 15 pounds!
A tm ospheric pressure is as great a delusion as a spherical
E arth ; ahair or shavings, with all the air pumped
out, will not be flattened ^ th of an inch, although1)
several cwts. of pressure is sai^ to be surrounding i t !!
Eivers even do n o t flow downwards in th eir progress to­wards th e Sea. In several instances, two rivers are flow­
ing in opposite directions in the same county or district.
They are carried forward solely by the im petus and accum ulation of the w aters behind ; and when, as is generally
the case, th eir sources are above the sea level, they descend
by sudden “ falls ” or partial “ rapids,” till they again reacha level bed. Tidal rivers flow backwards and forwards
over the same level channels. The Moon has no sorteffect upon the tides, anymore than upon the ebb and°d^flow of the blood in our veins. How they are caused,
mny be discovered when we grow wiser. The Eclipse of
the Moon is noi caused by the shadow of the E arth, or by
th e E arth obstructing the lig h t of the Sun. The Moon
has its own light, as was before stated. ISron-luminons
Moons may exist in the firmament and cause all theseappearances, or the Moon itself turn its dark side to us.
A t all events, a flat Earth, with the Sun always aboveit, cannot throw a shadow ; th at is quite enough for us.
All our present latitudes and longitudes are purely fic­
titious, invented to suit a surface which only exists in the
m ind of the m athem atician. As was before specified, only
45 degrees or grades of GO miles each, can be reached,either ISTorth or South. A ll meridians diverge ; conse­
quently, longitudes increase as they approach the South.
The Continents are of an entirely different shape to what
they are represented on a pasteboard Globe. They aremuch wider, in proportion to their length. This would
not apply to those portions North of the Equator. Perha ps,
the m ost extrnordinai’y fact connected with the Newtonian.

im posture is, th at there should be no such shape as a curveor curvature on any p a rt of the W orld’s surface ! Not evenon land, is any such configuration to be found ! 'Whereas,
the perfect flatness of water can bo e.thibited and found on
every five square miles of the length and breadth of theocean.
Ships on the w ater and objects on any flat surface
beyond a certain distance, disapjiear beyond the artificial
horizon, which can only be seen on a plane or flat surface !
No similar prospect could possibly occur on a spherical or
globular surface. In the latter case, the intervening
obstruction, (it could not be term ed an horizon), ivould
nvariably be helow the tangent line from the oliserver’s
standpoint; whereas it is invariably seen as it were above
i t ; and, in all directions, the same ! Thus, on a plane, theobserver always fancies him self Ixdmo the horizon ; on a
Globe or convex surface, the observer would always feeland know him self to be above all his surroundings ! Let
the Student throughly m aster these facts.
\Ye have nearly said enough to enable the reader to re ­arrange his Maps and Geographical notions. The annexed
Skeleton or Linear C hart will furnish a sufficient frame­
work for all purposes. Nothing will ever gainsay or
refute it. The emat configuration of the Continents wem ust leave for the results o f a more practical Exploration.
The following Tables may possible help some of ourreaders to detect the fallacy of th e ir own erroneous
system, and the trem endous difference between it andthe tru th . The am ount of curvature on a Globe or sphereof 25,000 miles circumference, is 8 inches in the mile,m ultiplied by the square of the distance. So th at in tho
first mile, the fall or decline from the spot of observation
would be 8 inches ; in the secoud mile, 32 inches ; in theth ird mile, 6 f e e t; in the fourth mile, 10 feet; in the fifthmile, 16 f e e t; in the sixth mile, 24 f e e t ; in seven miles,
32 f e e t; in eight miles, 42 fe e t; in nine miles, 54 f e e t; inten miles, 66 feet; in twenty miles, 266 feet; in fifty miles,
1,666 feet, and so on.
Tiie circumference of the Sun’s orbit in the Ju n e or
Sum m er Solstice, is 1 ^ 0 0 miles, and it travels at the
1 - ^ - 2 i ra te o f ^ ^ miles p er hour. On the E (|uator, in Marchand September, its orbit is 21,600 miles, and its speed,
per hoar, is 900 miles. In the December or W inter Solstice,its orbit is 27,300 miles, and its speed, per hour, ismiles.
■ ■■On the globular theory, the arc of the E a rth ’s hemipphere, or the surface distance from the N orth “ P o le ” tothe South, would am ount to 10,800 miles, or 180 degreesof 60 miles each. W hereas, the tru e m easurem ent, or
chord of the supposed arc, is b u t 6,900 miles, or 115 de­grees, if th is exjjression was correct, which it is not. The^ radius or ^ diam eter is, consequently, 5 7 i- instead of 90.
So th a t all our N autical Tables m ust be simplified and cor­rected. A t present, they are an extraordinary jum ble of
tig u re s; and are m ade to represent distances which, inreality, do not e x is t!
The m easarem ent of any five or ten miles of water,would set th e whole question a t rest. In E ngland dui-ing
the Sum m er Solstice, the Sun at midnight, is about 3,000
miles away from us. In March and September, about
4,500, and, in the D ecember Solstice, about 6,000 Geogra­
phical miles. T he mean diam eter of the S un’s orbit, (inM arch and S eptem ber), is ra th e r more than 7,000 Geo­graphical miles ; th a t is, from sunrise to sunset.
The half radius, th a t is, from the N orthern Centre toto the Mean E quator, is 5 7 | grades of 60 miles each ; or
3,450 Geographical miles.
Of these, only 2,700 are
generally navigable.
The radius, from centre to theW orld’s outerm ost lim it, is 6,900 Geographical m iles; ofthese, only 5,400 are practically navigable. The outercircumference of the generally navigable Southern oceans,
may be set down as about 30,000 miles. B a t this would

be found to vary considerably, according to the severity of
the consecutive seasons ; and, w hether it is more or lessm ust prove the palpable absurdity of the idea of thereb ein g any “ South Pole ” or antipodean centre. W ithouta “ S outh Pole ” there can be no “ Globe,” and the E arth
mvst be a circular Plane.
The T ransit of Venus cannot possibly give the height of
the Sun, for the best of all reasons ; th e height of V enus
herself is only guessed at, and the m ethod of m easuring
either one or the other, grossly fallacious. The process of
spljerical triangulation gives a product of millions, whenn o t so m uch as 3,000 has to be accounted for. The base,from London to the spot on the African Coast where theSun is vertical in the Ju n e Solstice, would be ample I'or
all purposes. Carefully m easure the length of the chosenbase, the angle at the point of observation would determ ine
this long-disputed question. No sphericity, of course,
allowed for. The base, an horizontal plane. The elevation
would be found 109 or 200 u n dertliousand m ile s!
Fixed S tars could be measured as to height, in thesam e m anner. The following facts will not be disputedby the m athem atician, w hether he calls him self a Geogra­
pher or not. The quadrant of the circumference of every
circle is 90. The diam eter is to the circumference as 1 to
S and some fractions, or say, as 7. .to 22. The superficial^
apea of the circle is equal to the product of the circumfer- 'w A ^ence and half the diameter. The radias of h alf an arc
or semi-circle is also 90 ; b u t h alf the diam eter of the chordof the semi-circle, is n o t 90 b u t only 57i. So th at there 4
cannot be 90“ of latitude, N orth or South, b u t only L7^, y / O
if taken to the very edge. But, as before stated, the edgeo r term inus cannot be everywhere approached, w ithin
about 12A^ or 750 m iles; leaving but 45 as the half
radius of our circular plane, and the extent of our latitude.
One hour corresponds to 1502, or i042i- statute miles, or
flOO Geographical,

10
Sir EicLard Phillips, who lived and wrote some GO o r
70 years ago, feemcd thoroughly fam iliar with the absur­
dities of New ton’s teaching-. AVe w ill qnote a few of his
rem arks.

^

i.l]

A

“ N'ewton him self m ade some feeble attem pts to illustrateth e mechanical causes of this principle of a ttra c tio n ; but
his explanations havo never been received or respected byhis followers ; and so the proxim ate cause of attraction
an d gravitation, even assum ing their real existence, hascontinued to be as little known since his time as in any
period of antiquity ; and the variety of explanations anddefinitions which his learned followers have resorted to,,while hoping to ju stify the employment of such phrases,
has only made confusion w orte confounded.
“ In spite, however, of all their casuistry, sophistry, andequivocation, i t is notorious th a t the Newtonians stillteach the doctrine of a draw ing or attractive power exist­
ing innately and universally in m atter, w ith a variety
of false analogies, new jjrincijDles, and erroneous reason­
ings in every branch of this Philosophy, in order to main­
tain an original m istaken princijjle, which necessitates
an abuse of term s which would be ofE'ensive and repugnant
in any other branch of Philosophy. I t is preposterously
illogical to say th at an effect is its own cause, th at thephenomena produce phenomena,—th at attraction causes
attraction,— or that w eight or gravitation is caused b y
w eight or gravitation.
“ The assum ption of such palpably equivocal reasoning
and phraseology may have been tem porarily employed forGeometrical analysis ; b u t after these purposes had beeneffected, the fictions should have been discarded.
“ Newtoxi Pved in a superstitious age and d istric t; hewas educated among an illiterate p ea sa n try ; he was astudent in Astrology and of the works of Boehmen.
“ The gratuitous principles of attraction and g ra v ita ­tion for which only an undefinable or metaphysical cause

11
could be assigned, led to a variety of equally baseless,asstimptions, and Newton’s philosophy was, throughout,governed by the bad taste of his age, and grew out of its
vulgar and superstitious faith. He him self made use o f
the unerring tools of Arithmetic and Geometry, b a t hebegan with hypotheses and obsolete m etaphysics of a darkage, which ought, in our improved state of knowledge, tobe exploded and abandoned.
“ I t is the business of the Philosopher to examine thephenomena of N ature with perfect good faith and with anabsolute deference to tru th . I t is impossible to reason on
the operations of Nature, if the bases of our reasonings
are incorrect and if they lead to false analogies which in ­evitably mislead all subsequent inquiries.
“ I f we would diligently and im partially investigate the
Newtonian hypotheses we shall soon be convinced th a tthey are essentially incorrect and im aginary, and un­
w orthy of haying any subsequent hypotheses built upon,such shallow and visionary foundations.”
From the above random extracts may l>e seen that the
Newtonian im posture was detected and exposed at least . . V i
fifty or sixty years ago ; and th a t its present opponents are
only reiterating ihe strictures which abler men did notflinch from publishing, and who acknowledged that they
had “ m any intelligent dLsciples, and some in the seats o fanthoi’i ^ w h o ” (then as now) “ had not the conrage toacknowledge their heresies.”
T h T ^ n th o r also refers to the slowness and reluctancew ith which N ewton’s theories were accepted by his con­temporaries. “ Newton,” he informs ns, “ only printed
500 copies of his “ Prmcipia ” in J.682 ; and, though he wasa Professor at Cambridge and a m em ber of the Gonv^ention
Parliam ent, yet a second Edition was not required till]_713 ; which Edition rem ained on sale till long after his
death in lf2 7 , or forty years after its first publication !
Even then, his Philosophy had been b u t very partially

12

It ^

M )

'O'

adopted in his own University, while to the rest of Europe
it was u tterly unknown.”
So much for the birth and introduction of this ground­less and execr^We superstition, which had never seen day­light 200 years a^o, and was “ wholly unknown to there st of Europe ” for much more than a century after­wards ! ! ! *No wonder th a t no m an of honor or of any scieatificreputation can in the present day, be bullied, or taunted orbribed into appearing for its defence! M r._Proctor isallowed to a jr h is crotchets in the B irkbeck Institute, andMr. W allace g ets a Sporting Editor to aw ard him £1000
for his trickery at the Bedford Canal ; b u t neither of thosemen would dare to defend th eir own principles, m uch lessth e ir conduct, by an appeal to facts ; they can b u t re-echo
th e same whimsical fallacies which the Authors aud
Inventors themselves were so thoroughly ashamed of, andrepudiated so strongly when they discovered th a t by somethey were actually recorded as tru th fu l realities.
The Bey. W . Jo nes, who wrote a m asterly treatise on“ T h e P irst Principles of N atural Philosophy, 1762j” spokequite as strongly against the baseless fallacies of Newton
as Sir R ichard Phillips, and thoroughly exposed many of
his leading absurdities. There has not been an intervalof ten or fifteen years w ithout some strong, vehement andintelligent protests against the baseless and irrational
dogmas of Newton and his m odern satellites. As long,
however, as credulous dupes will be found to listen to iJr.
P roctor’s lectures, or be led by Mr. Lockyer’s logic, or be
hoaxed by Mr. W allace’s still more dishonorable deceptions,
we can but hope to influence a few outsiders, and to urge
them , w ith all the earnestness we can express, to rebel• I t may n ot be generally known th a t there are, a t this very day, snmp^qypnr sdg_o f Sir Isaac Newton’s last M anuscripts, locked up in the Libraiies a t Cambridge,
wiiich the A uthorities dare n o t pubiteh, tor fear o f injuvinjj their idoTa
reputation 1

13against and reject what is such a scandal and disgrace b o tt
to our pretended civilisation and to our very hum anity
itself.
W ith one more rem ark we close this b rief sum m ary of
the grandest suViject th a t can possibly engage the atten­
tion of the Christian student or the man of practical
Science. The Arctic crew lately returned from theirutterly vain and useless search ; as we predicted it wouldbe, from the very m om ent it left our shores. Captain
N ares announced on his arrival th a t the Expedition had
reached theof N orth latitude, and a little beyond. «And, in the good faith of such a representation, H er
Majesty conferred upon him the O rder of Knighthood.
Now we are prepared to meet Captain S ir W m. Nares,
face to face, and show him and all the Navigators in Europe
th at no such latitnde can possibly exist on th e surface ofthe circular Plane we live o n ! A knighthood may be
a very proud distinction for m erit honourably earn ed ;but, in this instance, the recipient has obtained the creditof doing w hat cannot be done, and for going to a spot
which only can be found on a pasteboard or brazen Globe.
B oth English and American Explorers would accomplisha, far nobler object if they will only attem p t to circamnavigate th eir pretended “ South Pole,” and report" to Sie
bewildered Philosophers a t home the re su lt of theirfruitless search.
For a more lengthened exposition of the foregoingstatem ents the reader is referred to a larger pam phlet
now ^reparing. Enough, however, has been said to makeall the Geographical and Educational professors of Europe
blush th eir skins into blisters till they can reply to andrefute every paragraph and sentence we have w ritten
That pretence of ‘‘ dignified unconcern ” which our guilty
opponents so persistently assume, may be consideredvery professional am ongst themselves, b u t it will soon
give rise to a feeling and expression of public contem pt

Ii "

14

15

which will not easily be modified by any subsequent con­cessions they may make. Messrs. Proctor, Lockyer, W al­
lace, and Dyer, have each in th eir ta rn received an
am ount of exposure and indignant censure for their repeated fallacies and fictions, which would have made any
th ird or fourth-rate tradesm an frantic with shame andconfusion. B ut, unless the B ritish Press is bribed at any
cost to overlook and ignore the appearance of this little
pam phlet, we do not see th at it can avoid challenging
every statem ent we have penned, or else insisting upon afull and complete rejoinder being made by the professor,^'to the crushing attacks upon their honour, their veracity,and their ability as teachers of Science. B u t it will beseen that these men dare not face any open and honest
attacks ! No a,ropnnt of bribe could indace Mr. Wallace(.^ re p e a t his experiment a t the Bedford Canal ; nofi ittery would influence Mr. Proctor to dispute our asser­
tions in the columns of the “ English Mechanic.” The
Koyal Geographical Society exists only on the contribu­
tions of its deceived and ignorant dupes ; w hat the public
get in return is best known to themselves. But, sooner orlater, these Institutions will be compelled to show w hat
th g j have done, and to w hat extent they have deserved
the confidence reposed in them. W e may not, perhaps,
live to see the indignant surprise with which the detec­tion and exposure of their baseless fallacies and frauds
will be received by their insulted and injured disciples,but our readers owe it to themselves to insist upon know ­ing whether they or their opponents are in the right. Ifthey persist in refusing to answer or reply to the charges
we have made, not only in this pam phlet but in various
strictures which have from time to tim e ' appeared from
Mr. Carpenter, on the statem ents of Messrs. Proctor,
Iiockyer, W allace, Dyer, and Co., we do not envy thesense of u tter degradation which such exposures m ust€iitail. If B ritish science involves such moral serfdjra■on its disciples, the professors no doubt derive some con­solation in the enjoyment of their ill-gotten revenues.
jfOTE.—W e may now have said enoagh to enable ourreaders to form a clear notion of the real configuration ofthis Universe, as it came from the hands of the Alm ighty
fte a to r, was recognised and approved by all the inspired
historians, as well as by the most learned and practicalphilosophers of the first 5,500 years, and such as can be
confirmed by the indisputable testimony of ten thousand■facts, such as no Geographer or Engineer in the United
Kingdom, or elsewhere will venture to gainsay or deny.
Eitlier the whole of the foregoing statem ents are whollyand provably false, or every lesson th'it is taught upon
the subject is a gross fraud upon the credulity of the
public. We challenge our opponents to face the question.as men of candour and intelligence and as lovers of tra th
for tru th ’s sake ; and we especially call upon Mr. Profes­
sor Alfred Russel Wallace, JP.ii.G.S., who is still re tain ­ing the sum of £775 out of the £1000, forfeited by his
own act and deed and handw riting in the year 1870, under
the plea th at he had proved the convexity of water on the
Bedford Canal, which none b u t himself and his accomplices
have ventured to assert. The credit and credibility of
the whole Geographical Society is at stake till this disputeis fairly and finally settled. W e do not intend the question
should rest where it is. Mr. W allace is either honourably.or dishonourably in possession of th a t £775 ; and, if he
has any self-respect or regard for the reputation of his as­sociates and their science, he would hasten to determ ineth e point at issue, and relieve himself from the discredit
and annoyance which our persistent claims m ust expose
him to. The actual shape of w ater surface is all th at weneed ascertain to prove the tra th or falsehood of theIS'ewtonian theory. Mr._Wallace is the only man in the
kingdom who has avowed him self the champion of thec o ii^ x theory, and his only approver has been the Editorof a sporting newspaper !

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SOCIETY FOR TH E
RESTORATION AND EX TEN SIO N OF
BIBLICAL COSMOGRAPHY.

A SHORT ADDRESS.
I t is most clesirable that some organised
Society or Institution should be formed to en­
courage a more general study and ventilation ofthis deej)ly importaiit subject. The question is,whether we choose to be a nation of intelligent
and thinking men, or merely dupes and slavesto the mystical delusions of 200 years ago.
There can be no nobler subject entertained byman. I t is the truest philosophy; and ignoranceof it is simply degradation and serfdom.
There are some hundreds of intelligent andeducated men who are just waiting for somecombined movement upon the subject; a few
more are required to join them, and to occupy
a position now usurped by the impostor andpretender.
Sympathisers with this proposal will pleasecommunicate with the Author. Young men
seeking a profession will do well to entertain it.
Loudon 'Priiited by J. COOK & SONS, 68-TO, Mary S t, Hoxton St., N.
1877.

Mant/ skaU investigate, and knowledge shall increase."'■--------P.

6^'
J ote 4 th , 1894.

CP/
Ladies and Qentlemes,~"f

T ru th is g re at and must prevail, so th a t all who are luiught, led,or persuaded to coatend for the impossible, m ast 90oi«>r or late rknuckle down to th e pos»ifcl», tha inevitable, and th e tru e. M an’snature,~since the fall, is so constituted th a t im posture has more holdon his intellectual faculties than tru th ; and th a t which is false cana tta in m uch more ready and universal acceptance th an th i t which ist r u e ; th u s a lie, once made to fit, can g et round the world while
tru ihj l l isiU p u ttin g XLO
its boots yjixm
on.
I t has been thus w ith modern astronomy, which is considered by
all the educated and learned, to be Sach a certain, settled and 'intellectual science, th a t they are disgusted w iih the least hin t th a t
this boasted science is founded on a scanty and baseless foundation ;b u t the tr u th w ill out, and if any m an wishes to be wise, even in thethings of this w orld, he m ust be w illing to c'^mmence fool, th a t he may
be wise. Prince BismarcV, said, ‘- I ha7BTW By9‘’^!Rieavoured toleam new things, and w hen I have h sd , as a consequence, to correct
an earlier opinion, I have done it a t once, and I am very proud tohave done so. A Portsm outh tradesm an, said, w hen spoken to on
th e subject of astronom y, “ I am quite satisfied about it, and if I am
w rong, I have no desire to be p u t rig h t.”
A.n Am erican w ritersays, “ T he man who does not care to learn if his decision is rig h t
or w rong, is not half a m an.” T his is a lam entable state of m ind on
any m atter, b u t on the subject ot astronom y is very inconsiderate.
Supp:ife D r. Cousins, for inatsnce, were to tell’'y o u th a t your h eart
was the breathing apparatus of your system, and the lungs, th» organ
th a t propelled the blood th ro u g h your veins, you would th in k he wasa long w ay from beiag an em inent Portsm outh physician; andii
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