Dissertation summary
Exploring Multiple Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Resource Sharing in New Mobility Services: Toward a Systemof Systems

広島大学大学院国際協力研究科
Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation,
Hiroshima University
博士課程後期開発科学専攻Doctoral Program
Division of Development Science
学生番号D190036
Student ID No.
氏
名
HAEWON NAMGUNGName

As new transportation services such as connected, automated, shared, and autonomous
services are emerging in the transportation system, some of them have already been adopted in oursociety. These new services and technologies are expected to improve the comfort and efficiency ofour lives and change the paradigm of sustainable transportation. Therefore, we need to discuss
reframing the transportation ecosystem by using new technologies and mobility services. In particular,
in regional or rural areas, the concept of sharing is more important than other emerging service
elements. This is because resources that can be used or invested are limited, and the number ofpotential users is also very small in regional or rural areas. Therefore, discussions about sustainablepublic transport services in these regions should focus the most on "sharing" because it is difficult tomake a big profit.
To enrich the discussion of sharing into a single frame, this thesis brings the concept ofSystem-of-Systems (SoS), which is collecting independent systems – resources into one systemthrough collaboration and making a complex, strong system. This concept also connects with local
public transportation design in this thesis. Based on the aforementioned discussion, the following
challenges are exposed when designing public transportation services:(1) How to segment the users in the operation of the public transport services;(2) What resources can be shared and how;(3) How to get the private sector to collaborate in the system and make them change;(4) The adjustment of the environment surrounding the new transport services.
To consider the preferences of various stakeholders, this thesis presents three approaches forthe design component of new local public transportation systems. Every chapter discusses the context
of sharing and regional or rural areas, giving a key message,(1) Sharing each stakeholder’s limited resources;(2) Contributing to a frame of System-of-Systems of new transportation services; and(3) Social values the stakeholders bring by sharing resources and participating in the system.
The presentation of each concept encompasses a conceptual framework and/or a grounding of

the fundamental discussion on multiple stakeholders’ preferences. The empirical application to theJapanese regional or rural areas is held based on the choice modeling approach. This work aims to
make a theoretical and practical contribution, putting the discussion of a new public transportation
design into a single SoS and generating the value according to the service dominant logic. To date, tothe author’s knowledge, previous studies have mainly discussed the sharing of services orcollaboration in the transportation system, not framing the concept into the SoS.
The dissertation consists of the following chapters.
Chapter 2 designs regional and rural public transportation through the approach of the system.
It considers how to incorporate individual systems that already exist, each of which is discussed interms of users, suppliers, and general public. Each "system" featured in this thesis is discussed. The
design of the system adds logical validity based on the service-dominant logic. We also look at therelationship between the subsequent chapter data and the methodologies that will support thisstructure.
Chapter 3 explores users' heterogeneity when sharing a vehicle's space. It is assumed that thetransportation service transports passengers and freight together within a vehicle to expand theinsufficient demand in rural areas, although the space of the vehicle may also be between multiple
passengers. In this case, the heterogeneity of the user is further accommodated in the vehicle. A statedpreference (SP) survey for conventional buses and integrated (mixed) transportation was conducted in
Iwami town in Tottori prefecture, a rural area in Japan. With that survey data, this chapter explores
people's preferences and their heterogeneity are classified with different Value of Time (VOT) using
latent class modeling. This measures the value when the space of the vehicle is shared.
Chapter 4 discusses the optimal operating direction when users with different VOT discussed
above use integrated transportation. In addition to reflecting the value of heterogeneous people in theoperation of vehicles, the heterogeneity of freight is also considered in addition to considering humanheterogeneity by classifying rural freight as fresh goods and general goods. In addition to the VOT
obtained from the data in Chapter 3, the synthetic demand is set by considering the public
transportation utilization ratio, destination, and time zone obtained from the survey, and simulated
through the vehicle routing problem with time window (VRPTW). The purpose function of theoperation is to increase the utility of the users while considering the heterogeneity of the users, and it
is also assumed that passengers gather at the meeting point to increase the efficiency of the operation.
This leads to a discussion on the social value of sharing the space of the vehicle.
Chapter 5 moves to the operator's point of view and discusses how multiple operators cantransition to a new business through new technologies and services. In this case, the operator of thetaxi which is providing door-to-door services was explored, and an SP survey was conducted onwhether to provide the operator with a new business model combining new technologies and services
and business development implementation. Through this, we looked at the barriers to the process ofmoving to a new business model and what can be a catalyst to transitioning to a new business model.
This study was conducted in areas where demand in Japan is expected to decrease (i.e., Chugokuregion). The heterogeneity of preferences was examined at the municipal level through classification
based on Japan's local autonomy law and population.
Chapter 6 extends the discussion from existing "traffic services" to new transport services andtheir surrounding infrastructure and sets a stakeholder as a general public, not only service users but
citizens. The new transportation service, especially the service where new technologies are introduced,

no longer acts as a service itself but affects several people, such as people in waiting places for public
transportation and pedestrians walking around the system. When designing these services, we expand
the discussion to create a transportation environment where the general public wants to live the mostsafely, discussing the system when transportation shares space with the general public. The study
involved a survey on the people’s preferences when a new technology that connects trams and buses
on public transport is introduced to the general public in Hiroshima city and discusses ways toimprove the acceptability of these new technologies. By taking the preferences of the general public
into account, this result will help to design a safe way to share limited spaces around public
transportation.
Finally, Chapter 7 summarizes the findings of each chapter and does a cross-case analysis topropose a prototype of the System of Systems with multiple stakeholders’ roles. The limitations andthe further expected research are also discussed.

GRAPHICAL SUMMARY