Distr.
GENERAL
PPR 68/04 (M)Original: ENGLISH

INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION

PRE-PROJECT REPORTREVIEW OF THE INDIAN TIMBER MARKET[PPD 49/02 (M)]

PREPARED FOR ITTOBY
MAHARAJ K. MUTHOO

MAY 2004

PREFACE
India is a producer member country of ITTO, which is emerging as a significant consumer oftimber imported from ITTO member countries. In recognition of the growing importance ofthe country as a consumer and producer, the Pre-Project 49/02 (M) “Review of the Indian
Timber Market” was approved at the 30th ITTC session in 2002 aimed at gaining an insight
into the current supply and demand status and opportunities for ITTO exporters. The
Review was essentially designed for conducting an appraisal of the timber market trends,
constraints and opportunities. As the study was initiated, it was found necessary and usefulto also provide an overview of the likely future scenario in order to point out the potential
opportunities for international timber trade. As such, a study of future prospects has also
been undertaken, even though it was not foreseen for the Review.
The Pre-Project was executed by ITTO drawing upon the expertise of the Roman Forum incollaborative partnership with the Indian Institute of Forest Management, which
participated proactively in the Review process through its Faculty of Marketing. The process
involved a multidisciplinary team of national experts and advisors, regional and local
consultants, and an international team leader. In addition, wide-ranging contacts were madefor data gathering, and consultations held on various thematic issues with pertinent
institutions and knowledgeable persons, particularly for peer reviewing the draft report.
The Review process was formally launched in early 2003 and the first draft report was madeavailable for the comments of the ITTO Secretariat in August 2003, which had also been
providing pertinent inputs and comments form time to time, such as on researchmethodology and the approach adopted through the course of the review. With these inputs
and those from the peer reviewers, the draft report was revised fairly substantially andmade available at the 35th ITTC session in November 2003. A presentation was made to its
Committee on Economic Information and Market Intelligence about the key outcomes of the
Review, which were also disseminated through a News Release and media reports. This
report incorporates the Committee’s comments and further in-country study andobservations of the ITTO Secretariat. The report is, as such, a product of continued
consultations and a comprehensive review, which was completed as per schedule andwithin the approved budget.
This Review report presents a picture of the current trends and future prospects of thetimber market in India and the various constraints and opportunities for the same. It
conveys some key messages and provides a background for an appropriate follow-up,
especially for the development of much needed market intelligence and for strengthening
the statistical system for the benefit of the forest sector, timber market, and its national andinternational partners.

[i]

REVIEW TEAM
Mr. A. K. Bansal, Director, Indian Plywood Research and Training Institute, Bangalore& Chief Conservator of Forests, State of Orissa, Bhubaneshwar
Mr. A. Bhat, Vice President (Trade and Marketing), Damodhartech International Pvt. Ltd,
MumbaiMrs. A. Darbari, Institute of Development Economics, Ahmedabad
Dr. S. Das, Economist, National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi
Mr. S. Dhar, Director, Santosh Marketing Ltd., New Delhi
Mr. J. C. Kala, Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, State of Tamil Nadu, Chennai
Mr. J T. Kharkongor, Project Manager, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal
Mr. V. R. Mahesh, Market Research Consultant, Bangalore
Dr. D. Mukhopadhyay, Economist, National Council of Applied Economic Research,
New Delhi
Dr. M. K. Muthoo, President, Roman Forum, Rome
Dr. S. V. R. Rajah, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Chennai
Mr. M. Satyanarayana, Deputy Inspector General of Forests, Ministry of Environment &Forests, Government of India, New Delhi
Prof. R. Shukla, Sardar Patel Institute of Economics and Social Research, Ahmedabad
Mr. J. P. L. Srivastava, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, State of Haryana, Chandigarh
Prof. M. Yadav, Marketing Management, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal[ii]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTT

he Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests merits muchappreciation for its overall collaboration at all levels in the conduct of the Review.
Notably, such collaboration was formalized ab-initio with an agreement between the
Roman Forum and the Ministry for drawing upon the expertise of the Indian Institute ofForest Management (IIFM). The agreement was exchanged between the President of the
Roman Forum and the current Director-General of Forests of the Government of India, Mr.
N. K. Joshi. Grateful thanks are due for his support for the study and his understanding
about its potential contribution towards advancing the mission of the Ministry and for
promoting partnerships and alliances with various stakeholders of the forest sector.
Appreciation is due to Dr. A. Kishore, Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of
Statistics and Plan Implementation, for sharing some insights about the state of statistics invarious sectors and about the scope for follow-up in the best interests of the country’s
sustainable social and economic development.
A number of experts, facilitators and knowledgeable persons were contacted or consulted in
the Review process, as listed below. Most of them made significant contributions -either bysharing their experience and data or facilitating the Review process or by participating in
brainstorming sessions and peer-reviewing part or whole of the draft report.
Dr. V. K. Bahuguna, Inspector General of Forests, Government of India, New Delhi
Dr. B. Behari, Deputy Inspector General of Forests, Government of India, New Delhi
Mr. S. Bhajanka, Managing Director, Century Plyboards, Kolkata
Mr. J. K. Bhuyan, Secretary General, Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry ofIndia, New Delhi
Prof. J. Buongiorno, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Dr. C. Chandrashekharan, International Forestry Consultant, Trivandrum
Dr. P. M. Ganapathy, Director, Indian Plywood Industries Training and Research Institute(Retd.) & International Consultant, Bangalore
Dr. B. Ganguli, Distinguished Professor, IILM Graduate School of Management, New Delhi
Prof. H. Kasnakoglu, Director, Statistics Division, FAO, Rome
Mr. V. K. Kilam, Executive Director, Hari Environment & Development Society, New Delhi
Dr. K. N. Krishnankutty, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Thrissur
Dr. K. Lenin Babu, Fellow, Environment and Economics, Environment Institute, Bangalore
Mr. L. Mansingh, Director General, Board of Trade & Export Division, New Delhi
Mr. S. Murthy, C & F Agent, Vishakhapatnam
Dr. C.T.S. Nair, Chief, Forest Planning and Statistics, FAO, Rome
Dr. P. Narain, Senior Statistician, FAO, Rome
Mr. F. Padovani, Forestry Statistics Officer, FAO, Rome[iii]

Mr. B. Patel, CMD, Babulal Patel & Bros., Mangalore
Dr. R. Prasad, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, State of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal
Mr. P.H.G.Reddy, General Manager, Kanara Wood and Plywood Industries Ltd., Mangalore
Dr. V. Saha, Additional Director General, Central Statistical Organisation, New Delhi
Dr. S. Saigal, Coordinator and Senior Program Officer, Winrock International India, New
Delhi
Mr. K. C. Saigal, Chairman & Managing Director, Inter-ocean Shipping India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi
Mr. R. Srivastava, National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi
Mr. K.B. Thampi, Chief Conservator of Forests, & Project Director, GOI/World Bank Project,
Trivandrum
Mr. A. Tiku, Managing Director, Glonet Marketing Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai
Mr. J. Turner, Department of Ecology and Management, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Mrs. S. Venkataraman, Senior Economist, National Council of Applied Economic Research,
New Delhi
Dr. A. Whiteman, Senior Forestry Economic Analysis Officer, FAO, Rome
Mr. S. Zutshi, Manager, Damodhartech International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
While recognizing the contribution of the ITTC and its Committee on Economic Intelligenceand Market Information, as well as all those noted above, the ITTO Secretariat and the
Review Team hold themselves entirely responsible for having accepted and audited various
views and inputs from diverse sources and for the approach adopted for undertaking the
Review and its outcome.

[iv]

Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I

ndia is a major producer and consumer of tropical timber. In order to fill the growing
gap between domestic demand and supply, it has been importing increasing quantities
of timber and timber products in recent years. This study has been undertaken to gauge
the overall trends and prospects of the country’s timber markets, with special reference tothe tropical timber trade.
This report covers three broad topics:(i)timber trends and prospects, including import, export, production andconsumption data, distribution channels, and import tariffs and related tradepractices;(ii)

end-use and consumption patterns in major urban consumption centres,
including indicators of demand for tropical and other timber products; and(iii)

the current status of forest-sector statistical systems, market intelligence andeconomic information regarding timber trade, production and consumption.

Despite discrepancies between the diverse sources of data available to the study, thefollowing analysis can be made.
The total forest cover of over 67 million hectares represents about 20% of the land area of thecountry against a target of 33% enshrined in the national forest policy; more than one-thirdof this is open forest. Efforts are under way to raise plantations and to restore degraded
forests, which comprise about half of the forest area. The impact, if any, of these efforts on
the net availability of timber to meet the increasing demand has been limited to date.
Among the constraining factors are the small budget for reforestation and afforestation,
growing emphasis on the environmental and social services provided by forests at theexpense of timber production, and competitive demand for land from the country’s
burgeoning population of over a billion; India has one of the lowest per capita forest areas of
the ITTO producer member countries.
Around 95% of the forest is classified as tropical, with relatively low productivity, partly due
to degradation over large areas. With an estimated growing stock of 2.7 billion m3, thepredominant product is fuelwood, in which the country is maintaining self-sufficiency. The
forest-derived fuelwood is augmented by supplies from trees outside the forest (ToF), which
cover nearly 2% of the land area and are playing an increasing role in the provision of fastgrown raw material for the panel, pulp and paper industries. The overall annual productionof industrial roundwood from forests and ToF is estimated at around 50 million m3, which
does not meet the national need; hence timber imports, mostly of tropical hardwoods,
currently exceed 2 million m3 a year. Sawnwood production and consumption are in balanceat about 30 million m3, with relatively low imports, partly due to higher tariffs and almost
no value-added secondary wood processed product exports, for which there could be asignificant scope. The following table summarises recent import trends in the country.

[v]

Executive Summary

Timber import trends ( ‘000 m3)
Year
1991–92
1996–97
1997–98
2001–02

Logs
853.36868.801,362.27
2,605.21

Sawnwood
9.14
9.65
6.57
73.76

Plywood
3.61
23.63
24.53
44.81

Veneer
0.80
5.11
10.19
4.00

Based on historic trends established from customs data recorded according to international
Harmonised System (HS) codes, this study predicts production, consumption and tradevolumes for the next several years (to 2010). Such predictions are, of course, subject touncertainty, since the past doesn’t necessarily provide an accurate guide to the future.
Nevertheless, in the view of the consultants these predictions are likely to reflect averagetrends in the next few years; the table below shows estimates for the financial year 2005–06.

Estimated production, consumption and trade, 2005-06

Logs
Sawnwood
Plywood
VeneerProduction
52.04132.9612.340
0.499

VolumeValue(Million m3)(Million US$)
Consumption Imports
Exports
Imports
Exports
56.69
4.689
.0040
937.8
0.80
33.18
0.221
.0020
55.0
0.70
2.38
0.068
.0280
7.5
6.22
0.50
0.003
.0019
1.8
5.20

In view of the vast discrepancies in secondary data regarding domestic production, theconsumption estimates shown above have been computed on the basis of data collected insurveys and appraisals conducted for this study, less the trend of officially recorded annual
imports, while also taking note of limited export volumes. Most (more than 90%) of timber
imports are tropical hardwoods. The import trend thus far is upwards and apparently
booming for all major items except veneer sheets. Nevertheless, this trend will notnecessarily continue: the Indian timber sector is dangerously complacent in the face of
threats to the timber market in the country posed by substitutes and its disorganized nature.
The latter includes a lack of market intelligence and economic information about thecompetitiveness of tropical timber, and limited attention to tariff and non-tariff barriers in
the face of existing and emerging large-scale importers of quality tropical hardwoods,
especially in Asia itself. A comprehensive review of Indian consumption patterns
undertaken by this study (see below) demonstrates that tropical hardwoods are favoured bya majority of consumers in a range of end-uses. However, convoluted procedures and hightransaction costs on the one hand, and a paucity of requisite data and market diversificationon the other, could cause the loss of potentially high demand prospects for tropical
hardwoods.
The study included an intensive national survey of timber consumption in the last six years
in 15 urban centres and of imports through various ports. Using these and other primaryand secondary data, the study projects the likely demand in the forthcoming ten years forvarious types of timber and the potential sources of supply. A preliminary draft report,
particularly focussing on the demand data, was shared with pertinent institutions,[vi]

Executive Summary

associations and experts. On the basis of their critical comments and feedback, severally andjointly at brainstorming sessions on the subject, data have been agglomerated into twelve
major urban centres, including one for the four satellite towns of the National Capital
Region. In addition, a rapid rural appraisal of consumption has been conducted in six
diverse districts to validate the estimates of current consumption and the future needs of thevast rural population, which is largely dependent on domestic production from forests and
ToF. The table below highlights some consumption prospects, around 85% of which
comprises tropical hardwoods.

Timber consumption prospects (million m3)
2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Log Consumption
Urban India
Rural India
India

12.58
37.74
50.32

14.17
42.52
56.69

15.44
46.31
61.74

17.64
52.92
70.56

Sawnwood consumption
Urban India
Rural India
India

7.92
23.76
31.68

8.29
24.88
33.18

8.63
25.89
34.52

9.45
28.34
37.79

Total veneers & plywood
Urban India

2.60

2.88

3.09

4.89

Total builders' joinery
Urban India

3.35

3.44

3.55

3.88

Construction end-use
Urban India
Rural India
India

3.85
11.56
15.41

4.07
12.22
16.30

4.34
13.02
17.36

4.80
14.40
19.20

Overall, the review draws the following conclusions:(i)India can no longer satisfy its demand for industrial roundwood from domestic
resources.

(ii)

Imports of industrial wood volumes have grown threefold during the last ten
years, comprising mainly non-coniferous logs from ITTO tropical timber
producers. Exports from these countries to India have grown at 20% annually
over the recent five-year period, reaching a volume of well over 2 million m3.
However, this is still a small share (under 5%) of the national consumption ofconiferous and non-coniferous logs.

(iii)

Timber imports amount to only about US$550 million a year at current exchange
rates, which is a small fraction of the overall annual imports into India valued atover US$50 billion. In principle, there is space and scope for increased tropical[vii]

Executive Summary

timber and other imports, given the latest national GDP growth rate (projected to
be around 7% in 2004), unprecedented foreign exchange reserves of over US$100
billion, and a pro-active policy of trade liberalisation. These factors are in
addition to the dynamic demand for timber products due to rapid urbanizationand intensive construction activity in the country, and to the potential for reexport of processed wood products, among other factors.
(iv)

The bulk of imports into India are in an unprocessed form, mainly as logs.
Relatively small but sizeable quantities of sawnwood are also imported, while
veneers and plywood are almost negligible and limited to some specificcategories. This trend is likely to continue in the foreseeable future, unless there
are policy changes and a mutually beneficial understanding between exporters ofvalue-added wood products and the Indian importers. Consultations with theconcerned stakeholders indicated their preference for the current trend, which isalso reflected in the prevailing tariff structure. That could change.

(v)

The review has revealed that the Indian timber market is dispersed anddisorganized and the various distribution channels, entities and customers do nothave access to any noteworthy national or regional standard-settingorganization/s for ensuring specifications, quality control, innovations andcomplementarities in production, processing, trading and retailing. This is unlike
most other major goods and services in the country.

(vi)

In view of the disorganized national timber market, the lack of market
intelligence and the brisk promotion of substitutes, there are threats andchallenges to the timber industry and to the inherent competitiveness of tropical
hardwoods in the country. There is therefore a risk that the tropical timber trade
will miss the opportunity to expand in India, and could become stagnant or even
get reversed.

(vii)

The review process has helped to raise awareness about the urgent national needto improve timber trade and forest sector statistical data as a basic element of an
enabling environment for investment in the forest sector and appropriate market
development. The need for timeliness, transparency and reliability in data on thetimber sector for meeting the requirements of international partners, including
data for the Joint Forest Sector Questionnaire, is also being recognized. No inputs
have been received from India for the Questionnaire for several years, but an
intensive effort has now been launched to collect and compile the requisite data
under the aegis of the Ministry of Environment and Forests in cooperation with
forest agencies in States and Union Territories. Even the most recent response isinadequate and inconsistent, for reasons largely beyond the means andmethodology of the current system.

This report contains several recommendations for follow-up action in order to takeadvantage of the outcomes of the study and to strengthen the forest sector. Such action
involves the development of mutually beneficial partnerships and alliances - nationally andinternationally - for modernizing the timber market and for maximizing the forest sector’s
contribution to sustainable social and economic development in the country. The following
specific recommendations are singled out for priority consideration by:[viii]

Executive Summary

Government of India & ITTO
Organize an in-country, informal, multi-stakeholder workshop to disseminate the highlightsof the review and to receive feedback for potential future strategies for the forest sector andfor addressing the current constraints and opportunities for appropriate timber trade andmarkets for wood and wood products.
ITTO
Undertake a follow-up project aimed at strengthening the economic information, market
intelligence and statistical system for the forest sector.
Government of India
Develop and deliver a system for timely, transparent, coherent and reliable statistical datacollection and compilation regarding timber consumption, production, processing,marketing and trade, and consider taking measures for the further loosening of tariff andnon-tariff barriers.
Trade and commerce
Institute a national timber trade association or equivalent organisation, independently or inassociation with other trade, commerce and industry federations and institutions, withinitial assistance from the Government and/or ITTO, and establish an appropriate timbertrade and market information and promotion mechanism, including a periodic timberbulletin.

[ix]

SOME INTERNATIONAL INSIGHTSThis note is a non-obligatory addendum to the Executive Summary about some of the key
messages derived during the Review regarding India’s potential place in internationaltimber trade and related issues.
India is re-emerging as a player on issues of international trade and as an advocate of thedeveloping country concerns alongside Brazil, China, Colombia, Malaysia, Nigeria andSouth Africa, among others. This was noted at the WTO meeting at Cancun in September
2003, even more seriously than at Doha in 2002. At the same time, India is taking strides andmaking commitments for advancing global accords for economic reforms, tradeliberalization, and the implementation of Rio Agenda 21, as also pronounced by the Prime
Minister in his foreword to Empowering People for Sustainable Development (MoEF, 2002).
That itself is leading to a vigorous awakening for conserving and preserving India’s forests
for national and international environmental services and local community benefits. Indeed,
an innovative approach to the forest sector is being contemplated, as is evident fromestablishing a National Forest Commission in 2003 composed of highly eminent persons.
Among the key factors impacting the current trends and future prospects with a bearing on
international trade are the national policy and institutions, demography, economic andsocial development, and technological and environmental changes, apart from the strategic
location of India for international trade in timber and other products. As part of the policy
for economic reforms underway, the private sector is poised to have an increasingly
important role and this could be a driving force for enhanced international timber trade.
That could also contribute to the efficiency of the forest sector and help leverage investment
resources for its sustainable development. The greater liquidity provided by suchinvestment should reduce vulnerability to volatility that the sector suffers from, andsmoothen out any demand shocks. Joint ventures, partnerships and alliances that are being
forged in other sectors of the economy could pave the way for the forest sector to become a
big market player which it should be -locally, regionally and globally.
Demographic development is not merely the crossing of the billion mark and becoming themost populous country in the world in not too distant future. It is the massive shifts to newtownships and existing urban centres, calling for extensive household and commercial
construction countrywide. Largely increased wood volumes will be required, despite low
per capita consumption. Most of the additional demand would have to be met from imports,
because of already overstretched domestic supplies. With increasing incomes in a country
that has entered the take-off stage and poised to grow at around 7 per cent per annum, if not
more, there is likely to arise still more demand for wood and wood products from theburgeoning rural populace, including some shift from fuelwood to charcoal, thereby
accelerating the pressure on natural forest and the ToF resource. Uneven income distribution
accentuates the phenomenon, with higher income groups increasingly seeking otherprocessed wood products, such as quality furniture, for which too tropical timbers are
preferred.
All this and the demand abroad for Indian processed wood products offers scope for valueadded re-exports, drawing upon the tropical hardwood resources from Asia and elsewhere.
Trade liberalization should push India to compete with countries worldwide and the(x)economic viability of forest sector trade and industry will depend on changing comparativeadvantage, making use of technological innovations, communication technology and market
skills so abundantly available in the country.
Timber is a bulky commodity. With its physical location between dynamic markets in the
rapidly developing east and oil-rich middle east and Europe in the west, and being withineasy reach of busy sea routes for international commerce, the potential of India to benefit
from access to entire global economy is unsurpassable. If this is coupled with timber ecolabelling and certification, there should be little difficulty in reaching India’s finishedproducts on to the lucrative Home Depot and others in the USA too, which is alreadyimporting over 40 percent of their wood products from China. Bamboo and rattan furniture
and wooden handicrafts could also then find a significant market niche in the developed
countries, among other items.
It is not only as a potential exporter, but even more importantly as a needy importer oftropical timber that India could count on its strategic location. While, for example, there areillegal logging restrictions on exports from Indonesia, India could easily diversify its tropicaltimber imports from other locations, including Africa just across the Indian ocean, andthereby contribute to Afro-Asian solidarity that India has been championing. Outsourcing
from far and near should be part of the globalization process, taking advantage of diverse
timber types, comparative prices and balance of overall trade. No wonder therefore thattimber has started rolling in from Africa and Latin America, but both India’s need and their
supply situation call for much more international trade across the oceans.
India must open up and diversify. Restrictive policies could be seen by India’s own timber
consumers as a penalty and therefore would have to be a political choice for catering to their
willingness-to-pay for tropical hardwoods as revealed by the Review. That would also
contribute to harmony between humanity and the environment, for India’s forest sector
shall stand to gain, inter-alia, through the reduction of unabated pressure on its alreadydegraded forests, impacting on the nation’s precious water and biodiversity resources andon the sustainable livelihoods of forest communities.
Globalization and trade liberalization are almost certain, populist protests notwithstanding.
How can India remain unaffected, since WTO agreements are legally binding. Althoughsome timber tariffs are already low, there is further need to reduce “custom duties” (IIFM,
2003) and non-tariff barriers. That should make imports even more competitive compared to
India’s domestic products. Timber sales could go up by 25 per cent if the inroads made byplastic and steel are thus thwarted.
A visionary approach is warranted to avail of these opportunities. Otherwise, they would beof little avail if the forest sector seemingly stays on as an introvert business-as-usualcomplacent corner boutique in the expanding national economy and increasing international
trade, with market openings, both for imports and exports. Some sector stalwarts mighteven choose to be so, unwittingly or otherwise, as could be conjectured from the continuinglack of coherent and consistent sector statistics, economic information and market
intelligence. Redeemably, the pressures of liberalization, economic resurgence and the policyof a player in the international arena are unlikely to allow that luxury much longer. The wise
ones are already aware.

(xi)

CONTENTS
Preface(i)

Review Team(ii)

Acknowledgements(iii)

Executive Summary(v)

International Insights(x)Contents(xii)

Chapter I: Introduction

1

Chapter II: Timber Trends and Prospects

5

Chapter III: Trade and Tariffs

40

Chapter IV: Urban Consumption Survey

58

Chapter V: End-Use Composition

94

Chapter VI: Statistics and Market

120

Chapter VII: Conclusion

135

References and Data Sources

141

Tables and Figures

147

Glossary

152

Abbreviations

156

Annexes

159

(xii)

Introduction

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION
This pre-project Review is aimed at obtaining an insight into the current supply and demandsituation and the opportunities in India for international timber trade with special reference
to tropical timber. Among the thrust areas of the Review are (i) a study and synthesis of thecurrently available statistical data, and (ii) a comprehensive consumption survey in the mainmarket and its analysis.
Roman Forum worked in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Forest Management(IIFM) of the Ministry of Environment and Forests and put together a team of experts toundertake the review. The Team through its leader continually interacted with the ITTO
Secretariat on various issues, including the overall approach to the study and themethodology for surveys and sampling, which was designed by the Faculty of Marketing
Management of IIFM. The draft report was commented upon by the Secretariat and therevised report was accordingly put together, involving the economists of the Review team at
the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) with due assistance of the
IIFM Project Manager, inputs of the national consultants and advisors, and the oversight of
the Team Leader. This was done after several brainstorming sessions, a technical workshop
and peer reviews of the draft chapters prepared by the various team members. The Teambenefited from multi-stakeholder participation during the review process. The contributionof various experts, industry and trade organizations, NGOs, national institutions and others
contacted and/or consulted was useful in obtaining diverse viewpoints for synthesizing aholistic report. Nevertheless, it is essentially based on the study by the team members of thesecondary information on the production, trade and consumption of timber from pertinentagencies, the results of other relevant studies, and surveys for the main urban consumption
centres of the country.
The brainstorming session held in May 2003 analyzed the presentations that were made at
the national Forest Science Centre ( Van Vigyan Kendra) by the national, regional and local
consultant team members on the methodology and outcome of urban consumption surveys
and it charted a way forward regarding the Review process, especially as the team wasconfronting the paucity of reliable and update secondary data. Another session at New
Delhi in August 2003 was devoted to sharing the salient features of the draft chapters ofreport of the pre-project Review and for interacting, jointly and severally, with various
stakeholders. The draft report was circulated among a group of knowledgeable persons andexperts for their comments and peer review, and was finalized during September 2003. The
draft report was made available at the ITTO Council session at Yokohama in November 2003
and a summary presented at its Committee on Economic Information and Market
Intelligence. Taking note of the Committee’s comments and further in-country and other
responses and reviews, the report was finalized in early 2004.
This Review report has seven chapters addressing the various Terms of Reference (TOR) of
the pre-project Review which are recorded in the Annex 1.1. In brief, these and related issues

1Introduction

are dealt with as under: TOR items 1, 6 and 7 in chapter II, TOR items 8 and 9 in Chapter III,TOR items 4 and 5 in Chapters III and IV respectively, and TOR items 2 and 3 in Chapter VI.
After this introductory note is the second chapter, which highlights the trends and prospects
for timber consumption as a whole and also with special reference to various tropical timber
products and their potential. This is based on both the secondary data collected, compiled
and collated with the primary data generated by the various surveys and appraisals
undertaken as part of the Review. The best estimates in the chapter are based on the datasuccinctly presented primarily on the basis of consumption survey for urban centres explained in detail in subsequent two chapters, and correlating it with secondary data,
which are extremely variegated, with wide-ranging disparities and mostly not updated. In
addition, quick sample surveys were undertaken of timber consumption in 6 rural districtsin the country to validate the data for consumption of timber in rural housing andhouseholds, for it was noted that rural timber consumption is manifold that of urban
consumption, apart from fuelwood. In spite of the fast urbanization, India will continue tohave majority of its population living in rural areas and thereby absorbing most of thedomestic production, more so with an improving standard of living, albeit still very low.
This has an indirect impact, if not so direct, on the gap between national timber supply anddemand, and therefore on the potential for tropical timber and other imports. The synthesisin the chapter provides an overview of the situation now and in the near future for the
consumption of various timber types and products in the country, such as summarily
recorded in Table 2.12. All the senior team members joined forces in preparing andfinalizing this chapter, given the overarching nature of the chapter, the need to reconcile thediverse data, and to deal with issues of distribution channels and competitiveness, analysis
for which was spearheaded by the team member and national forestry advisor from theDelhi headquarters of the Ministry of Environment and Forests in close collaboration with
the NCAER Economist consultant members of the Team.
The third chapter complements the information presented in the second chapter on timbertrade, which was collected and compiled mainly from the customs records, study ofstatistics from other secondary sources and an analysis of the current composition, volume
and value of the trade, essentially imports. The evolution and current status of tariffstructure was studied and an analysis is recorded in this chapter, also with regard to nontariff barriers. In this process, the concerned team members contacted the various port
authorities directly -apart from the Customs officials- to obtain disaggregated trade data.
Such data on imports through various ports was noted to be of relevance as it impacts
consumption in neighbouring urban and industrial centres and vice versa. Apart from theprincipal author of the chapter -the erstwhile Director of the Indian Plywood Industries
Research and Training Institute, accessing disperse data, direct contacts were established byregional and local Team members with port authorities as also with the Customs record
officials, such as at Chennai, Kandla, Kolkata and JNPT Mumbai. This was required for
obtaining cross-cutting regional and national data which are presented in the chapter,
including some of the case studies that were conducted for the purpose, as also for studying
distribution channels for the data presented in the second chapter, which included a national
hub for timber trade and processing at Yamuna Nagar/Jagadhari.

2Introduction

The fourth and fifth chapters concern the comprehensive urban consumption surveys
designed and coordinated by the IIFM Market Management Faculty and conducted in the
country as part of the Review -overall and end-use category-wise, respectively. Thesesurveys were originally foreseen for ten main urban consumption centres of Mumbai,
Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad, Pune, Surat and Kanpur –noted here in descending order of their population, ranging from over 16 million in Mumbai
down to nearly 3 million each in Surat and Kanpur. The survey was extended to another five
centres in order to cover the range of evolving urban consumption and to improve thequality of data for the Review. A brisk construction and consumption activity in the centresof Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh state, and Faridabad, Gurgaon and Yamuna
Nagar in the Haryana state was observed, with the latter also linked to the variegatedprocessing plants in Jagadhari. Surveys in 15 urban consumption centers were thus
undertaken, but it was considered appropriate to incorporate the outcomes of Faridabad,Ghaziabad, Gurgaon and Noida into one aggregate urban centre for purposes of the Review:“Delhi Satellite Towns”, as they fall into the National Capital region. The data collectedindependently, for example for the fast growing township of Gurgaon, and that under theSatellite Towns survey have thus been collated. As such, the urban consumption survey issynthesized into and presented for 12 centres, even though the survey was undertaken in 15
centres, the summary data for each of which is presented in the Annexes. These twochapters thus present a synthesis of the vast amount of data that was collected andcompiled, involving a number of surveyors recruited and overseen by the regional and local
consultants and team members based at Mumbai, Delhi, Chandigarh, Chennai, Bangaloreand Ahmedabad.
The sixth chapter, initially compiled by the NCAER economists with inputs from andrevisions by other team members and their own research and analysis, deals with the
problem of paucity of reliable economic information and market intelligence for want of awell functioning statistical system for the sector. This was the biggest challenge for the
Review Team, which had to wade through recycled information, both national andinternational. Till the last moment of finalizing the report, the Review Team awaited thedata that was being collected for the unresponded Joint Forest Questionnaire, but gave up inorder to delay no more, since that data was still under preparation, and what was received
subsequently at ITTO was not noteworthy. The Review process made it even more apparent
that the Indian timber market and industry is highly disperse and disorganized, the data areoften inaccessible, shrouded and conflicting, and several definitions are overlapping -callingfor stringency in the collection of primary data and careful cross-checking and its
dissemination. In recognition of this situation, the chapter proposes priority attention toundertake measures to enhance the transparency of the timber market intelligence andeconomic information through the strengthening and modernizing of the statistical datasystem for the sector.
Last, but not the least, is the seventh chapter drafted by the NCAER members of the Teamon the basis of the entire Review and their expertise on trade, industry and infrastructure,
duly revised by the Team Leader with inputs from national advisors and experts of theTeam. It provides a short synopsis of the core outcomes of the foregoing chapters andrelated studies. It highlights the main messages, conclusions and recommendations on
issues of trade, consumption and production with special reference to tropical timber trends,

3

Introduction

prospects, opportunities and constraints. It incorporates this in terms of a SWOT analysis,reflecting the strengths of the economy and growing demand for internationally tradedtropical timber, the weaknesses of data, statistical system and non-tariff barriers,
opportunities provided by growing urbanization and liberalization, and the threats that thesector faces if it remains disorganized and if market intelligence and economic information
are not organized urgently. The Review recommendations are directed to addressing someof these threats and to convert this challenge into an opportunity for benefiting the national
economy, the forest sector and its stakeholders.

4Timber Trends and Prospects

Chapter II

TIMBER TRENDS AND PROSPECTS
2.1

INDIAN TIMBER MARKET

2.1.1

Introduction

India accounts for 16.1 per cent of world’s population and 2.47 per cent of worlds’
geographical area, but has only 1 per cent of world’s forests. A huge human population,
coupled with more than 500 million of livestock, exerts immense pressure on its natural
resources, including the forests. Improving standards of living have furthered the demand
for timber and timber products. The natural forests can not meet the increasing demand fortimber and is being fulfilled partly by timber obtained from the Tree Outside Forests (TOF)
and imported timber.
This chapter presents a snapshot of the timber market in India in terms of trends inproduction, consumption, imports and exports of main timber products. The timber
products covered in this chapter are industrial roundwood, sawnwood, veneer andplywood. The data used for this purpose are largely those collected from various secondary
sources. The secondary data are not available for builders’ joinery and it could not thus havebeen explicitly included in this chapter, given the fact that this item is mainly customs madeand traded insignificantly. However, it is also dealt with generally, and more specificallyelsewhere, on the basis of end-use consumption survey undertaken for the Review.
The analysis includes the timber trade scenario with focus on the overall objective of the
Review regarding tropical timber imports, drawing upon the secondary data for the same as authentic as possible. However, data in required form are not readily available, and thereis thus a degree of overlap in the data and its analyses that the chapter covers on production,
consumption, imports and exports of timber products. This is often directed towards
assessing the situation with special reference to tropical hardwoods.
2.1.2. Production and Consumption of Timber
Despite industrial and technological advances in the development of new generationmaterials and products, wood continues to be an indispensable material for several
economically important end uses. A sustainable supply of wood can be maintained withmuch less effort than that is required for producing the wood substitutes, such as steel andplastics that are non-renewable and high energy consuming. This is particularly importantin view of the chronic deficiency of power in the country and huge outgoes on fossil fuelimports. Undoubtedly, in total life cycle analysis, wood is the most environment friendly of
all its modern alternates and the best substitute of itself. Growing more trees and producing
and procuring increased volume of wood is probably the most rational option in view of its
highly favourable impact on environmental stability and socio-economic security, e.g., vis-àvis energy usage and conservation, as depicted in the following table.

5Timber Trends and Prospects

Table 2.1: Energy for Production
Energy for Production per unit of stress innormal use (MJ/m2/N/mm2)
Steel
1,500
Timber80
Concrete
240
Source: Compiled by Bansal A. K.1
Material

India is one of the major users of wood in the Asia-Pacific region. The country had, tillrecently, the privilege of having fairly abundant quantity of wood from several tropical
hardwood species including teak and rosewood. Utilisation of these species for different
end-uses was, by and large, based on practical experience rather than scientificallydeveloped product development and application technologies. Moreover, these species withexcellent desirable inherent characteristics are generally a “ready-to-use” natural raw
material that requires little processing effort.
The production trend of timber products is presented in Table 2.2. including theCompounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) during 1991-2000. The CAGR has been used tocapture the production trend for a substantially longer period of time ignoring year-to-year
fluctuations. The table clearly suggests that except for roundwood (both coniferous and nonconiferous) and plywood, all other categories of wood products have been marked withnegative growth rate as presented by CAGR over 1991-2000. In the case of tropical nonconiferous industrial roundwood, it is noted that there was an increasing trend from 1991 to
1997, and afterwards the production has been declining significantly. The veneer production
remained constant at 15 thousand Cu.m since 1996.
Table 2.2: Production of Timber Products ('000 Cu.m)

Item

1991

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Roundwood C
Roundwood NC
Industrial
Roundwood C
Industrial
Roundwood NC
tropical
Sawnwood C
Sawnwood NC
VeneerPlywood

10,055
256,732

10,636
275,615

11,485303,062

11,542
304,901

11,454
305,709

11,516
306,770

11,540307,958

CAGR(1991 to
2000)
1.54
2.04

2,769

2,776

2,777

2,779

2,636

2,637

2,599

-0.70

21,732

22,11522,194

22,28521,312

20,401

19,589

-1.15

2,500
14,960
24
250

2,500
14,960
7
217

1,200
7,200
15
312

1,200
7,200
15
323

1,200
7,200
15
331

1,200
7,200
15
325

1,100
6,800
15
314

-8.72
-8.39
-5.09
2.56

Source: FAO Yearbook. Forest Products, various issues and updates. There are obvious data discrepancies as
depicted by the static trend over years of several products or the unrealistic ratio of conifer industrial roundwood
and sawnwood production in 1991 and 1995. This is an example of the unreliability of secondary data sources
and the need for disparate data validation and primary surveys to provide realistic timber trends and prospects.
1 Based on the Report of Sub-Committee on Detailed Studies of Comparative Advantages of Wood, Reconstituted
Timber vis-à-vis Plastics, Aluminum and Steel, of the Reconstituted Development Panel Committee Constitutedby the Planning Commission of India 1992.

6

Timber Trends and Prospects

With this background of production trend, it is worth reviewing the consumption trend of
the timber products, which is presented in Tables 2.3 and 2.4. As in case of most of the
products, data are not available prior to 1996. Therefore, consumption trends have been
analysed since1996 onwards. The consumption of coniferous industrial roundwood, which
is about 10 per cent of the total industrial roundwood consumption, has recorded marginalincrease over the years, except in the year 2000. On the other hand, non-coniferous industrial
roundwood which constitutes about 90 per cent of the total consumption, shows acontinuous decline since 1997. Sawnwood, both coniferous and non-coniferous recorded
marginal changes from 1996 to 1999, but a substantial dip was noted in the year 2000. Veneer
and plywood, at a comparatively lower level of consumption than other products, did notrecord significant change during this period (c.f., Figures 2.1 to 2.3).
Table 2.3: Trends in Consumption of Timber products ('000 Cu.m)
Item
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Industrial Roundwood C
2,777
2,821
2,987
3,026
2,879
Industrial Roundwood NC tropical
23,07023,27822,722
22,111
21,399Sawnwood C
1,213
1,206
1,203
1,205
1,101
Sawnwood NC
7,177
7,186
7,199
7,194
6,803
Veneer
16
17
19
18
20
Plywood
312
323
331
325
314
Source: FAO Yearbook. Forest Products, various issues and updates. It is noteworthy that the industrial
roundwood figures here are higher than those in Table 2.2, indicating the lack of consistency in secondary
data, even though largely based on the same sources and published by the same organization. Hence theneed for making best estimates based on primary surveys and in-depth assessment of variegated secondary
data as has been attempted in this Review.

Table 2.4: Consumption Share between Coniferous and Non-Coniferous (per cent)
Item
Industrial Roundwood C
Industrial Roundwood NC- tropical
Saw wood C
Sawn wood NC

1996
10.74
89.26
14.46
85.54

1997
10.81
89.19
14.37
85.63

1998
11.62
88.38
14.32
85.68

1999
12.04
87.96
14.35
85.65

Figure 2.1: Consumption Trend of Industrial Roundwood
25000

Consumption

20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1996

1997

Year

1998

Industrial Roundwood C

1999

Industrial Roundwood NC tropical

7

2000

2000
11.86
88.14
13.93
86.07

Timber Trends and Prospects

Figure 2.2: Consumption Trend of Sawnwood

8000
7000
Consumption

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1996

1997

1998

19 99

200 0

Y ear
S aw nw ood C

S aw nw ood N C

Figure 2.3: Consumption Trend of Veneer and Plywood
350

Consumption

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Year
VeneerPlywood

2.1.3 Impact of Income and Price on Consumption
An attempt has been made to explore the relationship between income and consumption of
the major timber products. Gross National Product (GNP) of the country at 1993-94 constantprice has been considered as the income variable for this analysis. The coniferous and nonconiferous categories have been clubbed for the industrial roundwood and sawnwood as
consumption variable. Scatter diagrams to depict the said relationship have been presented
in Figures 2.4 to 2.7. It is observed from the scatter diagrams that industrial roundwood
consumption per se does not show any positive trend with the change in income. The
sawnwood and veneer consumption suggests slightly positive relationship with the changes
in income to a large extent. This implies that with rising level in income, the consumption ofsawnwood and veneer would increase. The plywood scatter diagram indicates maximum
preference at the middle income level.

8Timber Trends and Prospects

Figure 2.4: Scatter between Income and Industrial Roundwood
26500
Consumption

26000
25500
25000
24500
24000
800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

IncomeConsumption

Figure 2.5: Scatter between Income and Sawnwood Consumption
8500
8400
8300
8200
8100
8000
7900
7800
800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

IncomeFigure 2.6: Scatter between Income and Veneer Consumption

Consumption

25
20
15
10
5
0
750

850

950

1050
Income

9

1150

1250

Timber Trends and Prospects

Figure 2.7: Scatter between Income and Plywood Consumption

Consumption

335
330
325
320
315
310
750

850

950

1050

1150

1250

IncomeUnderstanding the market mechanism remains incomplete unless the price movement of the
products is studied. For an analysis of the price behaviour, the available Wholesale Price
Index (WPI) of timber and timber products from 1994-95 to 2000-01 has been considered.
The WPI is not available for each and every timber product considered in this study.
However, price movement for the three categories available in WPI statistics is able to depict
the price trend to a considerable extent. The WPI for wood and wood products, plywoodcommercial planks and timber planks is presented in Table 2.5. The table reveals that theprice for plywood commercial plank had been experiencing a steep increase till 1998-99. The
growth in WPI for this product was almost 300 per cent over the price of 1993-94. Timberplanks recorded the lowest growth over the said time period compared to two otherproducts mentioned here. The price movement of the wood products as indicated by the
WPI is presented in Figure 2.8.
Table 2.5: Wholesale Price Index (WPI) for Wood products (1993-94=100)
Commodity
Wood & Wood Products
Ply wood commercial planks
Timber Planks

Weight 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00
0.173
110.9
118.9
122.1
153.0
198.9
193.9
0.057
105.6
116.8
125.3
189.2
290.4
261.3
0.116
113.5
119.9
120.6
135.3
154.0
160.7

Figure 2.8: Price Movement of the Wood Products
350.0
300.0

WPI

250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
1994-95

1995-96

Wood & Wood Products

1996-97

1997-98 1998-99
Year

1999-00

Ply wood commercial planks

10

2000-01

2001-02
Timber Planks

2000-01
180.0
257.1
142.1

Timber Trends and Prospects

Figure 2.9: Price and consumption behaviour of Industrial Roundwood

Consumption

26500
26000
25500
25000
24500
24000
120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

170.0

WPI- Timber Planks

Figure 2.10: Price and Consumption Behaviour of Plywood

Consumption

335
330
325
320
315
310
100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

WPI- Plywood Planks

The relationships between price and consumption of industrial roundwood and plywood
have been presented in Figures 2.9 and 2.10. Both the figures apparently suggest that
increase in price did not affect the consumption of the products adversely.
The available literature2 on demand for timber and timber products reveals that generally apositive income elasticity and negative price elasticity exist in timber markets all over theworld. This suggests that consumption of timber and timber products increases withincrease with income (Gross Domestic Product) and decreases with increase in price andvice-versa. Of course, it is important to note that the price elasticity for most of the wood
products is low in both the developed as well as developing countries.
The consumption trends of the wood products in India do not seem to conform to the trend
observed globally. As a cross check, the consumption data collected from FAO statistics and
ITTO Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation, 2002 (c.f., Table 2.6)
has been compared. The consumption data in the ITTO source is given for the period 1998 to
2002. Though the absolute figures differ in these two data bases, a similar consumption
trend is observed. Therefore, the prime question is why does the consumption behaviour
2

Global Forest products Consumption, production, Trade and Prices: Global Forest Products Model Projections
to 2010, Working Paper No: GFPOS/WP/01, University of Wisconsin, European Commission and FAO, 1998 andAsia pacific forestry sector outlook study, Working paper No: APFSOS/WP/02, FAO, 1997.

11

Timber Trends and Prospects

defy the trend observed globally? The answer lies primarily with the process of building of
the timber consumption database and its reliability. A lot of inconsistencies in the data wereobserved during the course of this study. The problems and reliability of the data available
from secondary sources have been discussed in detail in a later chapter of the report. The
primary survey of the end-users, which is presented in chapters 4 and 5 of this report, also
confirms the data non-reliability. A large variation in the consumption data in various
reports can probably be explained by the fact that the consumption data is more a derived
data than an actual data. Consumption is computed using the reported production data
(Consumption = Production + Imports – Exports), excluding the production from TOF
already referred to earlier. A sizable number of trees grown out side the legally constituted
forest areas, such as boundaries of agricultural fields, rivers, roads, canal banks and block
plantations over non-forest lands are generally ignored while reporting production statistics.
A substantial proportion of the increasing demand for timber is met by TOF which is neither
reported nor recorded in the country, apart from being supplemented by the imported
timber.
The data in the latest international publications -FAO’s Overview of Forest Products
Statistics in South and Southeast Asia, 2002, and the ITTO Annual Review and Assessmentof the World Timber Situation 2002, were further reviewed. It was apparent that both thesepublications had attempted to update the data regarding India’s timber production,
consumption and trade in a fairly comprehensive manner, but both of them suffered fromthe inherent drawback of lack of access to data from the country, wherefrom they have notreceived any response to the Joint Forest Questionnaire over several recent years. As such,these and similar attempts are largely guesstimates and are obvious in some cases from thesimple and safe repetition of figures over years, such as in the FAO’s Forest Products
Statistics Yearbook. Therefore, their reliability apart, it should be made clear at the outsetthat update secondary data are either not available or else are not reliable, other than theimport-export data recorded by the Customs authorities. In the latter case too, however, thedata are problematic due to often incoherent and incomplete details of timber species due towhich bulk of wood and wood products traded are clubbed under the “other” category.
Nonetheless, it is useful to present a synopsis of the situation as is presented in the following
table from the ITTO’s latest assessment in order to give a consolidated preview, noting
however from the trend analysis and projections undertaken for this Review that reliance onthese data -deemed to be the most critically presented among all consolidated secondary
sources so far, could lead to underestimates of the potential demand and consumption oftimber as well as production and processing in the country.
The other major reason of this sort of deviation from the normal market behaviour is theprice data itself. It is a known fact that the price of timber and its products vary significantly
depending on their quality. Some examples of the variation in price according to the qualityof the timber is presented in the annex. Although species-specific price-consumption
relationship might have given a better and more realistic scenario from the perspective of
market economics, the requisite species-specific consumption and price data are notavailable from any of the sources, and hence the reported price data can be considered asmerely indicative.

12

Timber Trends and Prospects

Table 2.6: Production, Consumption, Import and Export of Timber & Products (000' Cu.m)
Species

Production
1998

1999

2000

Imports

2001

2002

1998

1999

Exports

2000 2001 2002 1998 1999 2000

Domestic Consumption

2001

2002

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Logs
All

18,350 17,350 16,550 16,500 16,500 1,900 2,093 2,138 2,486 2,486

3

2

1

37

Coniferous

2,538 2,538 2,500 2,500 2,500

386

0

0

0

5

5 2,828 2,818 2,688 2,881 2,881

NC

15,812 14,812 14,000 14,000 14,000 1,610 1,813 1,950 2,100 2,100

3

2

1

32

30 17,419 16,623 15,949 16,068 16,070

All

8,400 8,400 7,900 7,900 7,900

9

5

17

29

29

2

1

6

10

10 8,407 8,404 7,911 7,919 7,919

Coniferous

1,200 1,200 1,100 1,100 1,100

2

2

8

14

14

1

0

1

0

0 1,201 1,202 1,107 1,114 1,114

NC

7,200 7,200 6,800 6,800 6,800

7

2

9

15

15

1

0

6

10

10 7,206 7,202 6,803 6,805 6,805

290

280

188

386

35 20,247 19,441 18,638 18,949 18,951

Sawnwood

Veneer
All

15

15

15

15

15

12

3

1

1

1

3

3

1

0

0

24

15

16

16

Coniferous

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

16
0

NC

15

15

15

15

15

11

2

1

1

1

2

2

1

0

0

24

15

16

16

16

All

310

310

310

310

310

31

18

6

5

5

104

55

2

3

3

237

272

314

312

312

Coniferous

10

10

10

10

10

17

11

0

1

1

17

14

0

1

1

10

7

10

11

10

NC

300

300

300

300

300

14

7

6

4

4

88

42

2

2

2

226

265

304

301

302

Plywood

Source: Extracted from ITTO, 2003, Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation, 2002

2.1.4

Prospects of Consumption and Production of Timber and Timber Products

The prospects for the timber industry in India are presented in the following analysis. So far,apart from the estimates of industrial wood raw material requirement made by the National
Commission on Agriculture in 19763, several projections have been made in recent years,
viz., Report of Inter-Ministerial Group on wood Substitution (1986)4, A Study of Raw
Material for Wood Based Panel Industry in India by IPIRTI/FAO (1987)5, Development Panelfor Wood Panels Industries (1989)6, Forest Survey of India (1996)7, Wood Based Industries inIndia – a study sponsored by the Ministry of Environment & Forests (1999)8, National
Forestry Action Programme (NFAP) 2000, which is a comprehensive strategy and action
plan of 20 years9. However, an attempt at the harmonization of various projections has been
made in a working paper brought out by FAO, which indicates the estimated demand forindustrial round wood in India (other than fuel and pulp wood) as 49.41, 53.17 and 57.93
million cubic metres (Cu.m) by the year 2000, 2005 and 2010 respectively (Table 2.7).

National Commission on Agriculture, Government of India, 1976. (Vol. ix – Forestry)
Report of the Inter-Ministerial Group on Wood Substitution, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Governmentof India, April 1986, 28p
5 A study of Raw Material for Wood Based Panel Industry in India, IPIRTI, Bangalore and FAO, Rome, February
1987, 59p
6 Report of the Raw Material Sub-Committee, Development Panel for Wood Based Industries, 1989, 59p
7 Fuelwood, Timber and Fodder from Forests of India, Forest Survey of India, 1996, 36p
8 Study on Forest Industry – report in nine volumes prepared by Chemprojects Design & Engineering Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi, Sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, March 1999
9 National Forestry Action Programme – India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India,
2001,(two volumes).
3
4

13

Timber Trends and Prospects

Table 2.7: Industrial Wood Requirement (million Cu.m)
SectorSawn wood (housing, furniture, implements, sports
goods, packaging.)
Pulp (paper, newsprint)
Plywood

Year
2000

Year
2005

Year
2010

47.00

50.00

54.00

23.60

28.50

35.00

1.45

1.69

1.92

Particleboard
Fibreboard
MDF

0.34
0.49
0.65
0.22
0.32
0.41
0.40
0.67
0.95
Total
73.01
81.67
92.93
Source: Asia Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study, Working Paper No.10, FAO by Dr. P.M. Ganapathy, 1997

The Global Forest Products study (1998)10 projected the consumption of industrial roundwood in India at 42 Mn Cu.m., 46 Mn Cu.m. and 49.9 Mn Cu.m. for the years 2000, 2005, and2010 respectively (Table 2.8). This study also projected the corresponding production ofindustrial round wood at 41 Mn Cu.m., 44 Mn Cu.m., and 47 Mn Cu.m, indicating thereby a
growing gap between production and consumption.
Table 2.8: Global Forest Products Model Projections to 2010 ('000 Cu.m)
Actual1980

Projections
1994

2000

212,075
19,669281,551
25,066333,294 368,061
42,234 46,076

Consumption of other Industrial Roundwood

3,925

5,234

6,224

7,194

8,212

Consumption of Sawnwood
Consumption of Wood-based Panels

10,991
239

17,458410

19,198
485

20,693550

22,207624

Consumption of Veneer Sheets and Plywood

194

335

398

453

515

Consumption of particle Board
Consumption of Fibreboard

27
18

33
42

35
51

37
60

39
70

Production of Roundwood

212,070

281,307332,225 366,035

403,149

Production of Industrial Roundwood
Production of Other Industrial Roundwood

30,922
3,925

24,792
5,234

41,137
6,224

44,033
7,149

46,936
8,212

Production of Sawnwood

Consumption of Roundwood
Consumption of Industrial Roundwood

2005

2010
406,150
49,955

10,976

17,46019,206

20,697

22,208

Production of Wood-based Panels

252

42

521

566

641

Production of Veneer Sheets and Plywood
Production of Particle Board

204
28

364
32

431
35

467
37

521
39

Production of Fiberboard
20
46
55
62
71
Source: Compiled from Global Forest Products Consumption, Production, Trade and Prices: Global Forest
Products Model Projections to 2010, FAO, 1998

Housing and furniture manufacturing are the two major sources of demand for timber. The
NFAP, using the FSI study11 1996 data, projected the annual requirement of timber for house

10 Global forest products consumption, production, trade and prices: global forest products model projections to
2010, FAO, 1998 Rome
11 Fuelwood, Timber, and Fodder from Forests of India, Forest Survey of India, 1996

14

Timber Trends and Prospects

hold sector at 49.4 and 54.6 million Cu.m in the years 2001 and 2006 and in the same years
total timber requirement for all uses has been assessed as 73 and 81.8 million Cu.m
respectively (Table 2.9).
Table 2.9: Projections for Timber Consumption ( million Cu.m)
Category of Use
2001
2006
Housing and allied Domestic uses
39.0
43.0
(i)
Rural
31.0
34.0
(ii)
Urban
8.0
9.0
b) Furniture
10.4
11.6
(i)
Rural
6.3
7.0
(ii)
Urban
4.1
4.6
Total
(Housing – Construction & Furniture)
49.4
54.6
c) Agriculture Implements
11.0
12.0
d) Other Industrial timber
12.6
15.2
Total for all uses
73.0
81.8
Source: Extracted from “Fuelwood, Timber, and Fodder from Forests of India, Forest Survey of India, 1996”
p.19-20a)

Table 2.10: Timber Production (Projections) (million Cu.m)
Production source
1996
2001
2006
Forest23
26
29
Plantations
10
11
13
Farm Forestry
31
36
40
Total
64
73
82
Source: Extracted from “Fuelwood, Timber, and Fodder from Forests of India, Forest Survey of India, 1996”
p.20

The document also projects estimated supply of timber from forests, plantations and farmforestry at 26 million Cu.m, 11 million Cu.m and 36 million Cu.m in the year 2001
(Table 2.10).
However, as per the NFAP, the potential supply from the forests is projected to be only about
12 million Cu.m per annum. That is far lower than the above noted consumption of timber
logs, thereby leaving a still larger gap between demand and the supply, to be fulfilled byimports and other means.
Using the data from the FSI study 1996, the average per thousand capita annual
consumption of timber logs, for construction end-use and for furniture & furniturecomponents end-use has been worked out as summarized in Table 2.11. This average isfurther used along with the urban consumption average as obtained from the 12
consumption centers, to project the total logs consumption and use of timber forconstruction end-use and for furniture & furniture components end-use for the whole
population.

15

Timber Trends and Prospects

Table 2.11: Average annual timber consumption per 1,000 persons (Cu.m)
Category of Use
2001
2006
Housing and allied Domestic uses (all logs)
Rural
39.5
39.3
Urban
Construction
Rural
17.2
17.2
Urban
29.9
30.0
Furniture
Rural
8.1
8.1
Urban
15.4
15.4
Source: Computed from “Fuelwood, Timber, and Fodder from Forests of India, Forest Survey of India, 1996” p.
16-17

It is generally understood by all the stakeholders, who were consulted during the review
process, that the consumption of timber (industrial roundwood) and timber products isincreasing with increasing population and urbanization, improving standards of living andrising personal disposable incomes. At the same time, there is the recognition of anincreasing scarcity of domestic supply and motivation for substitution by non-timber
products, especially in some joinery items, given that the production of timber for themarket from the largely publicly owned forests has declined over the years. It has stagnatedon account of the earlier overexploitation and currently heightened population pressure,
local needs, and newly instituted prudent and popular policies and practices forconservation-oriented management, which are being increasingly implemented since therecent few years. The recent reports and the data for timber production in India showing
declining trends may therefore seem to be logically correct, prima-facie, calling for increased
imports for meeting national consumption requirements.
This scenario is evident from the urban consumption sample survey undertaken for thisReview for twelve major urban consumption centers in the country, which was designed sothat its results can be and were extrapolated for the whole urban population and for the
decade to come. The results of this analysis were synthesized and are summarized in the
self-explanatory Table 2.12 given below. As regards rural consumption, the first genericestimate was made on the crude assumption that the rural timber consumption was threetimes that of the total urban consumption. This would be a conservative ratio in comparison
with rural-urban timber consumption data of FSI survey of 1996, which placed the rural
consumption (housing construction and allied uses) at 31 million cum for the year 2000; thatwould have been almost fourfold the volume projected for urban consumption at 8 million
Cu.m. While the following table shows higher overall consumption trend and prospects,
outstripping population growth rate and therefore indicative of increasing per capita
consumption, it will remain very low compared with the world average, offering
considerable scope for imports and enhanced domestic production. That is notwithstanding
the slower growth and even a seemingly declining trend in per capita consumption in rural
areas, though the rapid rural appraisal undertaken for this Review does not necessarily
confirm that trend and calls a wider coverage and the need for robust validation of data.

16

Timber Trends and Prospects

Table 2.12: Synopsis of Timber Consumption in Urban and Rural areas in India (Cu.m)
1997-98

1999-2000

2005-06

2007-08

Population of 12 Urban Consumption centres

69,793,156

73,670,553 77,547,951

81,425,349

86,078,226

93,833,021

Urban Population in India

256,819,459 271,087,206285,354,954

299,622,702

316,743,999

345,279,494

3,851,548

4,194,778

4,793,545

Log Consumption of 12 Urban Consumption
Centres
Per 1000 persons Log Consumption of 12 urban
Consumption Centres

2,976,295

2002-033,250,307

3,418,849

44.1

44.1

47.3

48.7

51.1

Total Log Consumption in Urban India

10,951,940

11,960,228 12,580,416

14,172,629

15,435,620

17,638,916

Total Log Consumption in Rural India

32,855,821

35,880,685 37,741,249

42,517,886

46,306,859

52,916,749

Total Log Consumption in India

43,807,761

47,840,914 50,321,665

56,690,514

61,742,479

70,555,665

1,983,503

2,121,285

2,254,232

2,345,421

2,567,263

Sawnwood Consumption of 12 Urban
Consumption centres
Per 1000 persons Sawnwood Consumption of
12 urban Consumption Centres

42.6

2012-13

2,152,429

28.4

28.8

27.8

27.7

27.2

27.4

Total Sawnwood Consumption in Urban India

7,298,741

7,805,741

7,920,342

8,294,949

8,630,499

9,446,816

Total Sawnwood Consumption in Rural India

21,896,223

23,417,222 23,761,025

24,884,846

25,891,497

28,340,448

Total Sawnwood Consumption in India

29,194,964

31,222,962 31,681,367

33,179,794

34,521,995

37,787,264

Veneer & Plywood Consumption of 12 Urban
Consumption Centres
Per 1000 persons Veneer & Ply Consumption of
12 Urban Consumption Centres
Total Veneer & Plywood Consumption in
Urban India
Builder's Joinery Consumption of 12 Urban
Consumption Centres
Per 1000 persons BJ Consumption of 12 urban
Consumption Centres
Total BJ Consumption in Urban India

491,757

586,255

705,585

783,165

840,743

1,329,405

7.0

8.0

9.1

9.6

9.8

14.2

1,809,529

2,157,256

2,596,357

2,881,830

3,093,701

4,891,842

832,814877,686

911,318

934,602965,483

1,055,308

11.9

11.9

11.8

11.5

11.2

11.2

3,064,525

3,229,641

3,353,398

3,439,076

3,552,710

3,883,241985,8101,020,257

1,048,661

1,106,309

1,176,971

1,304,533

14.1

13.8

13.5

13.6

13.7

13.9

3,621,154

3,741,003

3,852,292

4,074,869

4,339,393

4,799,385

10,863,463

11,223,010 11,556,876

12,224,606

13,018,178

14,398,155

14,484,617

14,964,014 15,409,168

16,299,475

17,357,571

19,197,540

END-USES
Timber consumption in Construction in 12
Urban Consumption Centres
Per 1000 persons Timber consumption for Consin 12 urban Consumption Centres
Total Timber consumption for Construction in
Urban India
Total Timber consumption for Construction in
Rural India
Total Timber consumption for Construction in
India

Source: Computed using the 2003 Primary Survey data compiled from urban consumption centres and rapid
rural appraisal, and latest census data (2001) and other updates

The timber consumption recorded in the above table reflects some of the core primary data
behind the analyses in this Review. These data were collected and compiled for each of the
12 major urban consumption centres, including four satellite towns clubbed as part of one
center for the fast expanding National Capital Region (NCR). The data compiled for eachtimber product type were aggregated to obtain the combined consumption of various timbertypes and product for all the 12 urban consumption centers. The population of each of the 12
consumption centres was noted (essentially from census 2001) and the disaggregated datafor different income level sample districts was extrapolated accordingly. The average timber

17

Timber Trends and Prospects

consumption for the 12 consumption centres was thus computed from the overall
population and the combined timber quantity in a given year. This average was accordingly
multiplied for the total national urban population to obtain the combined total urban
consumption of timber. Here we have made the assumption that the 12 consumption centersselected are representative of the various urban population categories of the country.
Computations are made by agglomerating the timber consumption in any particular year in
relation to the overall national urban population, data for which is available from the recent
Census and updates. Calculations have been made assuming compound population growth
rates ranging from 1.5 to 1.7 per cent per annum, mainly the former for future projections.
This also assumes that the main market for imported industrial wood and wood products is
the Indian urban sector, especially housing and commercial construction, for which wideranging and unprecedented incentives have recently been instituted and are being madeavailable, including increasingly competitive mortgages and banking loans.
Nevertheless, a similar but less intensive attempt has likewise been made as part of thisReview to estimate the likely timber consumption for the rural population, using average
per capita annual consumption data obtained from the FSI study 1996. In addition a rapid
rural appraisal was undertaken in six states in different regions of India, providing an
indication of the likely demand and consumption by rural households, as explained below.
2.1.4.1 Rural Household Consumption
There is a decreasing trend in the per capita utilization of timber in the rural areas asobserved by the survey, but the overall volumes involved are many times that of the urban
areas. The percentage-wise population ratio in rural areas is decreasing (though according to
the 2001 census there is a slight percentage increase through 1991 of rural population from
71.6% to 72.1%), but in absolute terms the population continues to increase steadily, albeit,
slowly as compared with previous decadal growth of population. This fact together with the
improvements in income, increasing agricultural productivity, economic diversification andrepatriation of earnings of emigrant village workers from elsewhere -in-country and abroad,has given rise to improving the housing standards in rural areas. Yet, the perception among
the villagers is that there is growing scarcity of timber and hence the trends reflect poor
distribution channels and substitution by non-timber products -including cement, mud andbricks, even if their preference would have been for timber.
Table 2.13: Consumption trend and prospects of timber in the rural districts(Cu.m per 1000 persons)
Andhra Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
OrissaRajasthan
Average per 1000 persons
consumption
Average per capita consumption
Source: Primary Survey, 2003

1997-98
144
148
142
149
142
138

1999-2000
142
147
140
148
139
137

2002-03
139
144
139
147
138
137

2005-06
136
142
136
145
135
134

2007-08
135
141
133
142
133
130

2012-13
133
139
131
138
131
125

144

142

141

138

136

133

0.144

0.142

0.141

0.138

0.136

0.133

18

Timber Trends and Prospects

Table 2.14 Rural Houses according to type of construction (per cent)Type of construction
1981
1991
Pucca (solid)
22.3
30.59
Semi-pucca (semi-solid)
36.93
35.65
Kutcha (temporary)
40.55
33.76
Total
100.00100.00Source: National Human Development Report, 2001 & periodic updates for projections

1993-94
29.20
38.10
32.7
100.00From Table 2.13, it is obvious that the per capita consumption of timber for construction in
the mountainous states of Jammu & Kashmir and Meghalaya is the highest, while the least
per capita consumption in is in the State of Rajasthan, reflecting the relative low availabilityof trees and forests in the vicinity of the rural households. That is because most of the rural
people obtain timber from forests owned by the government or community and fromplantations and TOF. In most cases, based on the perception of the people in the villages
surveyed, the usage of timber per household for construction purposes would diminish as
they foresee that the resources available would become limited. However, there is an
outlook for upgrading of houses, both in practice and in perception, say from kutcha(temporary) to semi-pucca (semi-solid) and to pucca (solid) and also in the increasing
number of housing units due to breakdown of joint families and improving economic
conditions. So in net, the demand for overall volume of wood and other construction
materials are likely to grow and be greater.
The potential timber trend in the rural areas for construction purpose is further
substantiated by the background data in the National Human Development Report, 2001
(Table 2.14). From the table, it can be seen that the percentage of kutcha ( temporary, e.g.,
mud and similar shelter) houses are on the decline, and on the other hand, the semi-pucca(semi-solid) houses and pucca (solid) houses are steadily increasing over the period. Thiscan be explained on the basis that the standard of living in the rural areas have improved
quite considerably, and is moving in that direction. A major portion of the raw materials forconstruction of semi-solid and solid houses comprises of timber, especially in semi-pucca
houses. Tropical hardwood timber species are generally preferred in most of the areas,
except where they are not available, such as in the Himalayan states, where Cedrus (deodar)is the most preferred construction timber followed by other coniferous species, such as
spruce and pine. However, with the increasing pressure on the forests and other sources, it
is most likely that the supply will fall further short and would have to be met by poplars,
eucalyptus and other short duration farm forestry and plantations wood causing a furtherpressure on domestic supplies in the direction of increased imports (Annex 2.1).
On the other hand, the total industrial roundwood consumption in the urban areas is
showing an increasing trend with the annual timber consumption growth rate being higher
than the population growth rate. As such, the per capita timber (industrial roundwood)
consumption is estimated to be increasing from 0.0426 Cu.m per annum in 1997-98 to 0.044
Cu.m in 2002-03 with a potential of 0.051 Cu.m per annum in 2012-13.
Nevertheless, the demand for timber currently consumed in rural India is primarily met
from local production (forests, plantations and TOF) and only a small fraction is tradedtimber and does not usually follow the established trade route. However, due to depleting19Timber Trends and Prospects

timber resources, especially from the national forests, there is a future market potential,
particularly for relatively cheaper timber products and even for imports.
Such a trend was noted during the Review, particularly in some Southern states of India(and may be in other parts of the country, but needs to be further studied) for imported
wood, which is entering the rural market. However, the imported wood is highly pricesensitive, and the rural populace is not informed at all or not so well aware about theavailability of imported timbers, and much less about the various types and their durability
and quality. A detailed study should shed more light on these aspects of the potential
market, especially for generating and disseminating accessible market intelligence.
2.1.5

India’s Timber Trade

2.1.5.1 Timber Import
As a major policy initiative, the Government of India permitted wood import by classifying
wood under Open general License (OGL) in 1996 with a view to ease out the wood shortage,as also to reduce pressure on natural forests. However, the tariff structure12 is biased infavour of imports of logs and a conscious attempt has been made to keep out the import ofprocessed wood and products to protect the domestic wood processing industry.
The main source of information on wood imports is the data maintained by the Directorate
General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS), under the Ministry ofCommerce, Government of India. The primary source of these data is the daily trade reports
and custom clearance records of import and export of forest products collated by the
Department of Customs and Central Excise. The DGCIS data are based on “authentic”
official records of the Government department and are therefore supposedly most reliable.
Another source of information of timber trade is the Directorate of Statistics13, IndianCouncil of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE). However, the Directorate does notcollect primary data on production and trade of forest products from State Forest
Departments of the respective states14, Federation of Indian Plywood and Panel Industries(FIPPI) and DGCIS. In addition, the data on production and trade are also received from thePlanning Commission and Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF), the Forest Survey ofIndia and the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO). Information on different aspects ofnational forestry is summarised and published in ‘Forestry Statistics India’ in the form oftables. Till date, editions have covered 1988-94, 1995, 1996 and 2000.
Information on actual imports of wood and wood products (HS code - Chapter 44) extracted
from the DGCIS data and the Export-Import Data Bank of the Ministry of Commerce, valueof imports of wood and wood products covered in major sub-heads are given from Annex
12

Detailed discussion on Tariff is available in Chapter III.
Established in January 1995, under the World Bank funded Forestry Research, Extension and Education Project(FREEP). The role of this directorate, now called the Division of Statistics, is to collect, collate, process, publish
and circulate covering all aspects of forestry at the national level.
14 In most states channels of statistical information flow are not well organized and hence information flow is too
slow.
13

20

Timber Trends and Prospects

1.2 to 1.8. A careful study of the above mentioned import data reveals that there is a problem
about the quality of the data related to trade in timber products. This is evident from the factthat bulk quantities and value of wood imports are grouped under “Others”, such as thosein HS code 44039929 (Annex 1.5). This accounts for more than 50 per cent of the total
imports. Figures 2.11 to 2.13 represent the import of major species/categories and “others”
during the years 91-92, 96-97 and 2001-02, respectively. This data gap15 makes species wiseor even broad type wise16 analysis of imports almost impossible. Such an analysis, if
possible, will be very relevant to project possible ultimate uses of imported wood necessary
for national planning and evolving strategies for regulating imports. However, consideringthat the imports in the code 4403 4909 is listed under Other Tropical Hardwood, and that theimports under the Code 44039929 classified as ‘others’ are mainly from tropical countries, it
may be inferred that the tropical hardwood forms the bulk of wood imports in India.
Figure 2.11 – Species/Category Wise Break Up Imported Wood Logs – 1991-92
0%

1991-92

0%

7%

0%
0%

Conifers
Teak
Andaman Paduak
Gurjan37%

Other Temperate Hardwoods

56%

Other Tropical Hardwoods
OthersFigure 2.12: Species/Category Wise Break Up Imported Wood Logs – 1996-97
0%
16%

1996-97

0%
2%
0%
7%

Conifers
Teak
Andaman Paduak
GurjanOther Temperate Hardwoods
Other Tropical Hardwoods
Others75%

15 In the course of the Review process, direct contacts and telephone enquiries from importers and traders
indicated that the import invoices invariably mention the trade names of the species but in the course of datacompilation the figures are clubbed to gather.
16 Softwood (conifers) & Hardwoods (broad leaf timber trees); or tropical hard wood & temperate hardwood.

21

Timber Trends and Prospects

Figure 2.13: Species/Category Wise Break Up Imported Wood Logs – 2001-02
0%
17%

2001-02

4%
2%
0%
4%

Conifers
Teak
Andaman Paduak
GurjanOther Temperate Hardwoods
Other Tropical Hardwoods
Others73%

Table 2.15 lists the imports of major wood products included in HS code 44 viz. logs, sawn
wood, plywood, veneers sheets, particle/fibre boards during 1991092 to 2001-02 in million
US Dollars. Figures 2.4 and 2.15 represent the change in the composition of the wood/wood
products imported during 1991-92 and 2001-02. It is clear that logs continue to form the bulkof total imports. Moreover, there was a sudden increase (60% in value and 65% in quantity)
in wood imports during the year 97-98 that coincides with the year in which wood was put
under open general license with no custom duty. Although 5% custom duty was re-imposed
after two year, the log imports continued to increase at an average annual growth rate ofabout 21% (Table 2.8). The growth rate during previous five years (1996-97 to 2001-02) is 3%
higher than the average annual growth rate during earlier five-year period i.e. 1991-92 t0
1995-96. In contrast to this, the growth rate in respect of processed timber products has
declined considerably in spite of the downward revision of the tariff.
Table 2.15: Import of Logs and other major wood products (million US $)
Year

Logs

Sawnwood(1)
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02(2)(3)
127.96171.82134.46204.12219.31
246.68386.64339.43429.15457.94509.78

Plywood
(4)

3.45
6.91
4.06
7.12
5.72
7.94
5.23
7.66
3.88
7.17
13.01

1.61
2.80
3.48
7.12
6.78
4.17
7.14
8.90
5.59
4.07
4.91

Veneersheets
(5)
0.09
0.53
0.26
1.71
6.07
6.43
10.29
12.43
3.94
2.43
2.46

*

Total wood
Logs share of& wood Products *Total (%)
(6)
(7)
(8)
0.10
133.4195.92
0.23
182.7494.02
0.83
143.5093.70
3.02
224.02
91.12
4.11
242.6590.38
4.29
270.3591.25
12.16
422.91
91.42
12.27
382.5888.72
15.05
460.2493.25
16.62
491.0693.25
18.41
551.62
92.41

PB/FB

Figures in the column will not be equal to the total of figures in column 2 to 6 since the total includes someother items not included in the column 2-6.

22

Timber Trends and Prospects

Table 2.16: Quantities of Import to India ( ‘000 Cu.m )
Year

Logs

1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02

Sawnwood
853.36808.66478.40667.21733.53868.801,362.27
1,614.71
1,941.94
2,097.85
2,605.21

Plywood
9.14
19.33
6.60
9.80
7.23
9.65
6.57
60.96
8.25
153.3017
73.76

Veneersheets

3.61
4.40
4.90
9.56
9.01
23.63
24.53
24.04
21.80
138.1018
44.81

0.80
1.46
0.28
1.14
3.73
5.11
10.19
12.64
3.51
2.29
4.00

Source: Extracted from the Publications of the Director General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Kolkata
and from personal visits to the Directorate. For the year 1996-97 onwards quantities imported have been
extracted from the export Import data bank on the web site of the Ministry of Commerce, Governmentof India. For the earlier years and data in respect of sawn wood, plywood, veneers sheets, particle board
and Fiber boards are extracted from the reports of the DGCIS, Kolkata and perusal of their records.

Figure 2.14: Imports of Logs, Sawn wood, Reconstituted Panels, Builders Joineryand Others – 1991-92

1991-92

1%

0% 0%

0%

3%

Logs
Sawn wood
Plywood & Veneers
Particle/Fibre Board
Builders Joinery
Others96%

17
18

The high figure is apparently due to import from Thailand of 104,400 Cu. m. at Rs.908,515
The high figure is apparently due to import from Indonesia of 76,294 Cu. m. at Rs. 12,265,359

23

Timber Trends and Prospects

Figure 2.15: Imports of Logs, Sawn wood, Reconstituted Panels, Builders Joineryand Others – 2001-02
2001-021%
0%

3% 0%3%

Logs
Sawn wood
Plywood & Veneers
Particle/Fibre Board
Builders Joinery
Others93%

Figure 2.16: Value of log imports 1991-92 to 2001-02
600

Import Value in Million US$

500

400

300

200

100

2001-02

2000-01

1999-00

1998-99

1997-98

1996-97

1995-96

1994-95

1993-94

1992-93

1991-92

0

Year

Table 2.17: Growth rate of wood item imports
Year
Item

Logs
Sawnwood
Plywood & Veneers
Particle/Fiber Boards
Builders Joinery

1996-97

2001-02

Million US $246.68509.78
7.94
13.01
10.60
7.37
4.29
18.41
0.34
0.39

24

Annual Growth Annual Growth Rate
Rate 1996-2002
1992-96
Percent
21.33
12.78
-6.10
65.90
3.03

Percent
18
26
104
817
660

Timber Trends and Prospects

Although logs were imported from about 100 countries, six countries, namely Malaysia,
Myanmar, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and New Zealand account for bulk of theimports; about 85% of the total imports during the year 2001-02 were from these countries.
Figure 2.17 shows the dynamics of wood logs imported from these six countries. These
countries, except for New Zealand, have generally shown positive growth trend over theyears.
Figure 2.17: Export Trend of Logs to India (major Exporting Countries)

1000

Quantity in '000 cum

800

600

400

200

^01-02^00-01

99-00

98-99

97-98

96-97

0

Year
Indonesia

Ivory Coast

Malaysia

Myanmar

NewZeland

Nigeria

The analysis of the import route of wood logs into the country for last five years revealed
that there are seven ports that account for bulk of the imports (Figure 2.18), but Kandla port,
in the western coast of the country situated in the State of Gujarat, alone handles about 50%of the total quantity of wood and wood products imported to the country.
Figure 2.18: Portwise Import of Logs (quantity)
17%0%

Kandla5%

TuticvorinHaldia51%

5%

New Mangalore
MumbaiChennai

6%

KOLKATA
Others4%
12%25

Timber Trends and Prospects

2.1.5.2 Timber Export
Timber products comprise a very small, almost negligible proportion, of total exports fromthe country. The value of export of the timber products from India since 1996-97 is presented
in Table 2.18. The table reveals that furniture and woodworks are the major export items
amongst various timber products. The export of plywood in value terms has declined
sharply since 1996-97. A significant decline was also observed in case of veneer sheets. The
important fact to note is that the export of furniture has been showing a continuous andsignificant increase over time.
Table 2.18: Export of Timber Products (million US$)
Item

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-00

2000-01

2000-02

Veneers sheets
Plywood

6.68
19.78

5.95
13.10

4.42
5.40

4.25
7.27

3.53
7.44

4.46
5.16

Builders joinery

0.62

0.63

0.70

0.50

0.96

1.37

Wood in rough

1.68

0.60

0.60

0.35

1.39

0.78

Particle Board
Fibre-board

2.88
2.00

2.06
1.77

2.10
1.99

3.07
1.74

2.06
3.10

3.03
2.30

Packaging

3.18

2.16

1.86

3.19

4.37

2.99

Table/Kitchen Ware
Statues and other ornaments of wood

1.04
0.11

1.26
0.57

0.91
0.40

0.91
0.34

1.48
2.02

1.00
3.70

Wood work of rosewood

6.40

6.38

6.05

13.49

16.54

10.76

Wood work of sandal
Wood work of shisham

1.93
7.31

1.97
11.92

2.23
11.76

2.24
11.39

1.87
8.66

0.52
8.66

Wood work of walnut

0.41

1.69

1.03

2.60

2.80

0.79

Lacquered wooden ware
Total Wood work
Furniture
Total Timber Products

1.64
17.69
4.69
64.16

0.39
22.35
5.91
60.23

0.81
21.88
8.66
53.07

1.31
31.03
14.27
71.14

0.48
30.35
25.50
88.79

0.23
20.96
37.14
89.79

2.1.6

Prospects of Timber Trade in India

The future prospect of timber trade in India is presented in Table 2.19. The projection reveals
that the import of industrial roundwood is poised to increase 100 per cent between 2000 and2005 and about 50 per cent during the period 2005 to 2010, interim fluctuations
notwithstanding. In case of other products such as sawnwood, veneer sheets and plywood,
the import has been suggested to decrease over time. This is primarily due to the prevailingpolicy to discourage import of semi-finished and value added products into the country.
Other aspects of prospects of timber import to India are discussed in detail in the next
section of this chapter.
The projections on the export front suggest that it would decline substantially in case of
most of the timber products during the period 2000 to 2005. Export of industrial roundwood
would decline from 3800 Cu.m in 2000 to 2048 Cu.m in 2005. Thereafter, it would remain
constant till 2010. The export quantity of veneer sheets and plywood was at a level of 36,000
Cu.m in 2000, which would decrease about 45 per cent till 2005 and drop down to 7,000
Cu.m in 2010. Wood based panels would follow a similar trend.

26

Timber Trends and Prospects

Table 2.19: Projection of Import of Timber and Timber products ('000 Cu.m)
ActualProjection
1980
1994
2000
2005
2010
Import of Roundwood
41
285
1,108
2,048
3,021
Import of Industrial Roundwood
15
285
1,108
2,048
3,021
Import of Sawnwood
17
6
2
1
0
Import of Wood-based Panels
0
11
4
2
1
Import of Veneer Sheets and Plywood
0
10
4
2
1
Import of particle board
0
1
0
0
0
Export of Roundwood
36
41
38
21
21
Export of Industrial Roundwood
30
11
10
5
5
Export of Sawnwood
6
0
0
0
0
Export of Wood-based Panels
12
45
40
18
8
Export of Veneer Sheets and Plywood
10
39
36
16
7
Export of particle board
10
00
Source: Compiled from Global Forest Products Consumption, Production, Trade and Prices: Global Forest
Products Model Projections to 2010, FAO, 1998

The analysis indicates that despite diminishing supplies of timber of known species from thenatural forests and efforts to substitute wood with other materials including metals andplastics, the consumption of wood is showing an increasing trend. With increasing
urbanization, rising standards of living and changing lifestyles, the demand for timber islikely to increase at a faster rate, given the fact that present industrial round wood
consumption in India at 28 cum per 1000 persons is much below the world average of 290
cum per 1000 persons (Figure 2.19) (APFSOS Working Paper # 12 by Zhang Dali et al., 1997).
Figure 2.19: Consumption of Industrial Round Wood

Consumption cum per '000 population

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1962

1972

Year
India

1982

1992

World

Industries prefer imported materials over locally available timber obtained mainly fromrapid grown plantation species such as of poplar, eucalypts and rubber wood, due mainly tothe fact that the locally available wood have certain inherent characteristics such as low
dimensional stability and natural durability. On the other hand, imported timber of wellknown species such as gurjan, keruing, teak, meranti, and sal, and some pines are generally
known to have superior qualities with respect to dimensional stability and durability andare also price competitive for specific end-use categories.
27

Timber Trends and Prospects

The bulk of timber and timber product import is in the form of logs (industrial roundwood)-mainly of tropical hardwoods, comprising about 90% of total import of wood and wood
products, excluding paper and pulp. The government is facilitating this by lower tariff rates
and wood has been put in Open General License (OGL) since 1996. Imported wood is
generally used for housing construction, builder’s joinery and furniture through conversion
to sawnwood, plywood and block wood. People living in and around forests meet the entire
requirement of fuelwood from domestic supply, mainly from nearby forests and trees
outside forests.
India being a tropical country, bulk of the domestic production of timber is from tropical
hardwood species. Over the centuries, consumers have therefore developed a liking fortropical hardwoods. Accordingly, the consumption as well as the imports of tropical
softwood and temperate hardwoods is much less than the tropical hardwoods. There is anincreasing trend for import of tropical hardwoods and the current annual growth rate of
21% is likely to further increase in view of increasing demand and static domestic supply.
India could consider to study the strategies and policies being followed by China of largescale imports of timber logs and sawnwood from tropical hardwood producing countries.
The imported sawnwood may be converted into value-added-timber products (such as
veneer, plywood, furniture) and re-exported after value-addition. India could consider
emulating this model to become a lucrative hub for exporting value added timber products
manufactured from plantation grown domestic and various imported timbers.

2.2

MARKET-POTENTIAL AND COMPETITIVENESS

2.2.1 Introduction
India is one of ITTO’s major timber producers as well as a significant consumer of tropicaltimber. In 2000, India was ITTO’s second largest producer of tropical sawnwood (6.8 millionCu.m) and fourth largest producer of tropical industrial roundwood ( 14 million Cu.m oflogs). However, due to a growing wood shortage and increased timber demand in the
country, domestic production was totally absorbed by the local market. In fact, India was
ITTO’s third largest importer of tropical logs (1.8 million Cu.m) in 2000. Tropical timber(mostly from Malaysia and Myanmar) holds 87 per cent share of the Indian log market,
while softwood (mainly radiata pine from New Zealand for packaging and relatively cheap
construction applications) has a dominant share of India’s other primary timber productmarkets. The statistics internationally available often are distant estimates, as India’s timbertrade data have not been readily available to international stakeholders, e.g., ITTO’s figures
are derived from trade flows reported to UN COMTRADE by India’s trading partners andfrom estimates of domestic consumption, without a coherent reporting system.
As mentioned earlier, there is a wide deficit between availability (domestic supply) andrequirement (demand) of timber in India and this deficit is likely to increase in the future,especially for tropical hardwoods. There are several reasons for this existing and envisaged
deficit, which are briefly explained below.

28

Timber Trends and Prospects

Though India is the world’s seventh largest country, it hosts only 1.8 per cent of the world’s
forests. The issue of physical restriction in the supply of tropical woods has been given due
priority in the Tenth Five-Year National Development Plan. The Government of India has
formulated a National Forestry Action Plan (NFAP) to increase the forest/tree cover to 33 percent of the geographical area of the country and also for sustainable development of forests(NFAP, 1999). The national Planning Commission has set the target of 25 per cent to beachieved by 2007 and the goal of 33 per cent to be achieved by 2012 (the end of EleventhPlan). Investment requirements for next twenty years to bring 33% land under forest cover,including afforestation of both forest and non-forest lands, are to the tune of Rs. 53,000
millions, far removed from current budgetary allocations for the purpose. It has been
proposed to improve forest productivity over 31 m. ha and plantations are to be raised over
29 m.ha at the rate of 3 m.ha per year. The ambitious targets outlined in NFAP and Tenth
Plan appear to be unrealistic in the absence of internal allocation of funds for the purpose,lack of an enabling environment for investment and limited external assistance.
The pressure on the domestic supply of timber is accentuated by the massive Indian
population, which is growing at an annual rate of 1.5%. Around one quarter of the
population of one billion lives in or around forest areas, exerting severe pressure on thelimited resource. As a reflection of this, India’s forest area per capita variously estimated at
0.06 to 0.1 ha is significantly low in comparison with the averages of the world (0.6 ha), Asia
(0.2 ha), Africa (0.8 ha), and South America (2.6 ha). Some effort on forest plantation
establishment has no doubt been made, especially through the Joint Forest Management(JFM) Programme in the last decade, but its impact has been limited.
The policies of both the Central and State Governments are also imposing restrictions on thedomestic supply of timber. One such example is the absence of policy commitment of State
Governments regarding lifting of land ceiling for plantation purposes. This acts as a limiting
factor for increasing the supply of wood to meet the growing demands of various end use
sectors. Actual ground level survey with the help of GIS technology by FSI to identify large
tracts of wastelands is yet to commence and the policy shift to involve private industry indegraded forest areas is yet to take place. Another example is the populist decision like ban
on green felling in several States. This decision has adversely affected the supply of wood tomeet the local needs. The Supreme Court of India has categorically stated that the forests
should not be worked without approved management plans. In the absence of management
plans for a major part of the forests in the country, the supply from natural forests withsustainable harvest is unlikely to increase in the immediate future.
FSI had carried out a demand-supply exercise in respect of timber, fuelwood and fodderfrom the forests of India (Rai and Chakrabarti, 1996) based on the results of field studies
conducted by that organization during the last several years. The findings are summarized
below:

29

Timber Trends and Prospects

Table 2.20: Demand and Supply of Wood ( million Cu.m)
Wood requirement (for housing, furniture, agricultural
implements, industrial uses)
Output from natural forests
Output from plantations, social forestry schemes and other woodlots
Deficit
Source: FSI, 1996; *Estimated.

1996

2001*

2006*

64

73

82

12

12

12

41

47

53

11

14

17

The above table gives an account of total wood demand and supply. The FSI has projectedthat supplies from natural forests and old plantations shall not increase from the current
level of about 12 million cubic meters. It is likely that even this availability may decline inview of increasing restrictions on felling from forests. The deficit is estimated to increase,reaching a record 17 million cubic meters by 2006. This could even be bigger, if non-wood
substitutes were not encouraged.
The discussions on domestic supply constraints is substantiated by the fact that theavailability of domestic timber raw materials is declining over time, making India
increasingly dependent on timber imports to meet the needs of its construction, furnitureand paper industries. In the last five years, India almost doubled the imports of logs of all
types from 1.1 million Cu.m in 1997 to 2.5 million Cu.m in 2001. Although import tariffs fortimber products other than logs are comparatively high, demand even for tropicalsawnwood is also increasing, albeit less rapidly.
2.2.2 Potential for Tropical Timber Products
The macro view of the wood demand, supply and deficit gives an overall idea of the Indian
timber market potential for the foreign exporters. However, it is pertinent to also look atthese aspects across dis-aggregated timber products, such as roundwood, sawnwood,
veneer and plywood, and across the end users of each category.
2.2.2.1 Roundwood
The major end use sectors, which use roundwood, are (a) sawnwood (b) plywood, (c)veneer, (d) particleboard (e) Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF), and (f) builder’s joinery.
The estimated consumption of roundwood (thousand Cu.m) in India is expected to be
406,150 by 2010. Out of this, the share of Industrial roundwood is 49,955 thousand Cu.m by
2010 and the rest of it is for fuelwood. India is expected to produce 46,936 thousand Cu.m.
of Industrial roundwood by 2010 and is expected to import the balance 3,019 thousand
Cu.m. In the absence of data pertaining to the projected imports of tropical industrial
roundwood, this figure acts as a surrogate, given that the major import of industrial
roundwood is of tropical type. Export of Industrial roundwood is expected to be negligible
at 2000 Cu.m by 2010 (FAO, 1998).
The projections made for the import of Industrial roundwood in the paper prepared for the1999 Global Forest Products Outlook Study is presented in the Table 2.21 below:

30

Timber Trends and Prospects

Table 2.21: Actual and Projected Import of Industrial Roundwood (‘000 Cu.m)
Country

1980
1994
ActualActualIndia
15285
Source: Global Forest Products Outlook Study, FAO, 1999

2000
Projection
1,108

2005
Projection
2,048

2015
Projection
3,019

From the above table it can be seen that there is likely to be a quantum jump in the imports
of industrial roundwood. The policy initiatives taken by the Government of India such as
reduction in import duty and bringing wood into Open General License (OGL) are
stimulating the imports to the country. The fact that the import of roundwood is equivalent
to the import of Industrial roundwood illustrates that firewood requirement within the
country is met internally, mainly from fringe forests, farm forestry sector and trees outside
the forests.
Various issues of FAO Yearbook Forest Products give the import figures of industrial
roundwood, both tropical and others. The figures are presented in Table 2.22 below.
Table 2.22: Import of Industrial Roundwood - Tropical (NC) and Others (NC) (‘000 Cu.m)
Item
1991 1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Industrial roundwood tropical (NC)
730
868
1,000
1,400
1,700
1,800
Industrial roundwood others (NC)
13
25
10
10
10
10
Source: FAO Yearbook Forest Products, various issues; # Compounded Annual Growth Rate

CAGR#
10.55
-2.87

The above table depicts the dominance of tropical industrial roundwood over otherindustrial roundwood in Indian imports, i.e., of non-coniferous industrial roundwood. The
import of tropical industrial roundwood has achieved a double-digit growth rate (10% perannum) over the last 10 years vis-à-vis a negative growth rate in case of other industrial
roundwood.
Regarding the demand for tropical industrial roundwood in India, consumption statistics
published in the secondary sources, such FAO, are not exhaustive since consumption figure
is derived from production, export and import data as mentioned earlier in section 1 of thischapter. The primary survey conducted in 12 urban consumption centres of India under thepurview of this pre-project provides statistics of present and future consumption pattern of
tropical industrial roundwood. This data can be considered to be dependable, since it isgenerated from actual field survey. It is estimated from the survey that out of the totalindustrial roundwood consumption of 3.4 million Cu.m in the 12 urban centres in 2002-03,
the share of tropical hardwood is around 80 per cent. It is also estimated that out of the total
tropical hardwood consumption, 57 per cent is supplied from domestic sources while theremaining 43 per cent is imported. This trend is likely to continue in the near future, if not
accelerated. As such, there exists a substantially large potential market in India for domestic
traders and foreign exporters of tropical hardwoods.

31Timber Trends and Prospects

2.2.2.2 Sawnwood
The end use sectors identified to be using sawn wood are housing, construction, packaging,furniture, automobile, handicraft, catamaran and other miscellaneous industries.
The production, imports, exports and consumption of sawnwood are presented in Table 2.23
below.
Table 2.23: Sawnwood Production, Imports, Exports and Consumption (‘000 Cu.m)
Production
Years

1962

1992

Imports
2010

1962

Quantity 2,014
17,460 20,934 23
Source: FAO, 1997, WPNo.APFSOS/WP/12

Exports

Consumption

1992

2010

1962

1992

2010

1962

1992

2010

5

22

1

7

0

2036

17,458

20,956

From the above table it may be seen that the sawnwood imports and exports are likely to be
negligible. Although, India will have sizeable increases in its sawnwood consumption, it isenvisaged, as of now, that India will be self sufficient in supplying its hardwood lumber
market. The self sufficiency would be achieved through import of roundwood logs (withimport tariff of only 5% vis-à-vis 35% in case of sawnwood) which would be further
converted into sawnwood. The scenario could change, if sawnwood levies are also reduced.
The share of different sectors using sawnwood is presented in Table 2.24 below.
Table 2.24: Sawnwood End-Use Categories
Year
Housing
Packaging Furniture Automobile Handicraft
1998
52
17
9
1
2
1999
53
16
9
1
2
2000
54
16
9
1
2
2005
54
15
9
1
2
2010
51
15
11
1
1
2015
50
14
11
1
1
2020
46
14
12
1
2
Source: Study on Forest Industries, 1999

Catamaran
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Others
20
20
19
19
22
21
24

Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

From the above table it can be seen that the major end use sectors of Sawnwood is housing,followed by packaging and furniture.

There is hardly any secondary information regarding the consumption of tropical hardwood
for sawnwood. So no inference can be drawn regarding the potential of Indian tropicalsawnwood market. However, the findings of the survey undertaken in the 12 urban
consumption centres shed some light in this respect. It is estimated that out of the total timber
consumption for sawnwood, about 84 per cent is tropical hardwood, while the remaining
volumes include tropical softwood and temperate hardwood. The survey reveals that there
would be an increasing trend for use of sawnwood in future, particularly the tropical
hardwood type. That itself might give a motivation for increased sawnwood imports,
depending upon exporter strategies and price competitiveness.

32

Timber Trends and Prospects

2.2.2.3 Panel wood
Plywood, veneer, particleboard and MDF are the panel industries identified using wood.
The most important users of panel wood are construction, furniture and packaging. The
projected demand for plywood and veneer is given in Table 2.25 below.
Table 2.25: Projected Demand for Panel Wood (million Cu.m)
Year
Plywood
Veneer
1998
10.1
0.25
1999
10.5
0.26
2000
11.0
0.27
2005
14.0
0.34
2010
17.96
0.43
2015
22.90
0.54
2020
29.20
0.70
Source: Study on Forest Industries, 1999

Particle Board
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.18
0.22
0.28
0.35

MDF
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.17
0.21
0.24
0.28

Total
10.61
11.3
11.55
14.69
18.82
23.96
30.53

In order to meet the increasing requirements, production of wood based panels in the
country is expected to increase to over 30 million Cu.m by 2020, and plywood would
account for more than 90 per cent of wood based panels. However, this demand would be
met mostly from domestic sources and import being negligible, unless there is policy change
for liberalization, since import of plywood currently attracts a high import tariff.
The survey results have indicated that the plywood and veneer consumption in India is very
limited, and local species are mainly used in the manufacture of plywood and veneer on
account of price competitiveness.
2.2.2.4 Builder’s Joinery
No secondary source provides statistics for builder’s joinery. In the absence of any suchsecondary data, the results of the survey regarding builder’s joinery are noteworthy. The
survey results show that the share of tropical hardwood species in builder’s joinery isaround 92.5 per cent and the remaining share is mainly temperate hardwood. The use oftropical softwood is negligible in builder’s joinery.
2.2.3

Tropical Timber Products and its Competitiveness

Competitiveness of tropical timber versus others needs to be analysed with respect to price,
marginal cost, consumer preference and choice, and market structure. This section
complements some of the inferences made earlier and draws upon the insights from theconsumption survey findings.
Majority of the survey respondents showed greater preference for tropical hardwood
products vis-à-vis temperate hardwoods. The attributes of tropical hardwood for which theconsumer preference is higher are:33

Timber Trends and Prospects

ATTRIBUTES
A. Technical• Appearance• Colour consistency• Natural durability• Machinability & multifunctional• Gluing/fix times• Dimensional stability

C. Supply/Market Structure• Regular supplies and supply mix• Reliable supplies• Short and site delivery• Market choices, & may be improved• Locational advantage• Informal transactions and schedules

B. Specifications/quality• Right sizes, and still more scope• Dimensional accuracy• Moisture content• Quality/grade consistency• Low waste & low energy input• Availability of value-added products

D. Cost/price• Price competitiveness• Price stability• Willingness to discount• Freight costs, though not always efficient• Currency of transaction• Easy mortgages & credit terms

The positive current economic cycle and incentives have a favourable bearing on thecompetitiveness of tropical timber. The demand for tropical timber has accentuated throughconsumer confidence and strong housing demand supported by low interest rates andunprecedented availability of loans and mortgage facilities. Another important factor, which
is driving the competitiveness of tropical timber, is its low total cost due to other factors likemachining, maintenance, durability and damage.
Some factors that influence the choice of tropical timber products among the middle income
group were identified in the survey. These factors and their extent of influence aresummarised in the table below.
Table 2.26: Factors Influencing the Choice for Tropical Timber Products (Percentage
Distribution of Respondents)
Factors / Extent of influence ⇒⇓PriceAvailability
Alternatives and substitutes

HighlySomewhat

Not much

70
79
28

22
13
58

3
5
4

N/A

ALL
5
3
10

100
100
100

The above table shows that price and availability are the two most important factors that
influence the choice of tropical timber products. Alternates and substitutes are relatively lessimportant, though the situation could change in view of the readily available and cheaper
competing products.
Indian consumers have always attached high value to tropical hardwoods, such as Teak. The
demand for teak is likely to increase -particularly in cities like Bangalore, Chennai,
Hyderabad, Calcutta, Ahmedabad and Mumbai compared to North Indian cities, such as

34

Timber Trends and Prospects

Kanpur and Delhi, as can be seen from the results of the consumption survey undertaken.
The survey conducted in Mumbai indicates that the Myanmar teak is the costliest one and ispreferred only by the higher income groups. The middle and lower income groups preferred
Nigerian teak because of its price competitiveness. The rate for Indian teak in Hyderabad is
Rs.750/cft as against Rs.800/cft and Rs.1175/cft for African and Myanmar teak respectively.
The survey reveals that across all income categories, there is a greater willingness to pay forhigher priced tropical timber products than cheaper substitutes.
Tropical and temperate softwoods were identified to be the preferred types mainly in thefield of panel products. Temperate hardwoods were hardly seen as the serious competitor,
though some preference has been noticed for their use in furniture and flooring in northernparts of the country.
The survey has revealed that tropical timbers imported by private domestic traders arelikely to be price competitive vis-à-vis domestically produced tropical timber due to thehigher transaction costs of the public sector undertakings (PSUs) which sell these domestic
timber through their depots. Most of these PSUs are not in a good standing and they are notin a position to compete with the timber traders who import timber. High administrative
costs, lack of appropriate management, over employment, political interference, and social
unrest are some of the reasons for the unsatisfactory performance of these undertakings.
Advances in polymer resins have allowed development of stronger and more versatilereconstituted wood products, which are replacing raw timber across almost the whole range
of uses. Reconstituted materials are used in building (using moisture resistant medium
density fibreboards), furniture making, packaging and home build applications. Composite
materials, incorporating plastics, insulation and decorative surfaces are also becoming morecommon. In the exterior joinery sector, metals were seen as the main competing material,
whereas plastics were seen as serious competitors in interior joinery and furnitureproduction. Among other substitutes are aluminum for windows and door frames, marble,
cement and tiles for floors, steel, plastic and glass for furniture, concrete for railway sleepers
which has almost taken over tropical timber, and of course, bricks and mud for construction
As far as price competitiveness between tropical timber and non-wood substitutes isconcerned, it is very difficult to draw a one-to-one correspondence between the two because
the price differential across the different varieties of tropical timber is very wide. However,there is evidence from the survey that on an average it would cost only 50 per cent of themoney spent on wood to go for steel substitute. Similarly, plastic substitutes cost only 40 per
cent of timber. With regard to the overall market penetration, the survey findings indicatethat timber sales may increase by 25 per cent if plastic and steel items are removed from themarket. In the furniture sector itself, the consumption of timber would increase by 40 per
cent in such a situation.
The adverse climate change due to increase in atmospheric pollutants in some urban centres
has helped shift the focus back to renewable resources, such as wood. There was a time,
when the use of wood was discouraged in the construction and materials like steel,aluminum and other products were encouraged. However, in the post Rio scenario, theUnited Nations conventions, such as on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol
35

Timber Trends and Prospects

are promoting the reduction of green house gas emissions and encouraging afforestation
and reforestation activities. It is now being increasingly felt that materials such as aluminumand plastic, which carry environmental costs of their own, should be replaced by timber.
This is also contributing to the shift from steel to wood once again. Though there is no
policy proclamation in this regard so far, the debate has started with India signing Kyoto
Protocol in 2002, and the government is likely to encourage renewable sources of energy toshow its commitment to the implementation of the Protocol.
To sum up, the findings of the survey of 12 consumption centers are summarised in the tablebelow to give a synoptic view of the tropical timber product market in India.
Table 2.27: Summary Results of the Survey of 12 Consumption Centres
Type

Per ‘000 capita
consumption (Cu.m)
2002-032012-13

Share oftropical timber(%)*

Domestic supply vs.
imports (%)*

Industrial
Roundwood

44.1

51.1

80

43

Sawnwood

27.8

27.4

84

Limited imports andlargely local species

Plywood andveneer

9.1

14.2

Mainlysoftwood

Builder’s
11.8
11.2
Joinery
Source: Consumption Survey
Note: * The trend is likely to continue

92.5

Negligible imports
60 – 70

End use sectors
Saw mills,
construction, otherprocessed products
Plywood, veneer,construction,
furniture andfurniturecomponents,
builder’s joinery
Furniture andfurniturecomponents
Construction

The above table reveals that there is substantial market for tropical timber. This trend islikely to continue in the future. Domestic tropical timber availability will most likely remain
suppressed, because of the limits to production potential augmented by the much needed
moves of the Government of India towards conservation and preservation of forest areas.
All told, the domestic supply of tropical timber shall remain restricted and there should be
an increasing trend in the import of tropical timber, which indicates high potential for ITTO
exporters.

SECTION 2.3:

DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS

The structure of the distribution systems available in a country is affected by the level of
economic development, the disposable income of consumers and the quality of theinfrastructure. It is also linked to social and environmental factors such as culture, physicalenvironment and legal and political system. Market mangers who develop distribution
strategy must decide how to cost effectively and efficiently transport the goods fromproduction and processing centres or from importing ports to the constructors andconsumers. Suffice it to summarize that this does not apply to the timber distribution system

36

Timber Trends and Prospects

as it should in a country of India’s size, largely because of the disorganized and disperse
timber market and the lack of basic market intelligence. These issues need to be addressed,
for example, through appropriate public-private partnerships, among other things.
An understanding of the structure of the available distribution channels is extremely
important in the development of a strategy. Distribution strategy is one part of themarketing mix, and it needs to be consistent with other aspects of the marketing strategy:
product policies, pricing strategy and communication strategy. It is in this context that the
distribution channels of various timber products were studied and analysed.
Before analysing the distribution channel of various timber products in India, it is pertinent
to discuss the material flows by which roundwood gets converted into various end use
products like veneer, plywood, sawnwood, pulp and other products. The following figure
depicts the most common material flow observed in the country.
Figure 2.20 Wood /Timber Material Flows
Fuelwood &CharcoalRoundwood

Industrial
Roundwood

Pulp &
OthersVeneer &Plywood

Particle Board

Sawnwood

Furnitureand Furniture
Components

Fiberboard

Builder’s
Joinery

The above chart reveals that a part of roundwood is used as fuelwood and charcoal – in fact
a very large part and often locally. The other part is industrial roundwood, which does get
transported over some distances, but often passes through small shipments for conversion
by small and medium sawmilling industry. That is because the major users of industrial
roundwood include sawnwood, besides veneer, plywood, pulp, particleboard andfiberboard, many of whom draw on ToF. Furniture and furniture component sector uses

37

Timber Trends and Prospects

sawnwood and veneer and plywood. Sawnwood has a demand in the builder’s joinery andconstruction sector as well and is generally transported by trucks to construction sites, often
adding significantly to the cost of rawmaterial, for want of processing facilities, such as forjoinery.
There are two basic structures of distribution channel for tropical hardwood (which has alion’s share in Indian domestic production and imports) and other types of timber in India.
One relates to the imported timber logs and the other for domestic timber. The distribution
channel of imported logs is shown schematically in the following figure.
Figure 2.21 Channels of Distribution of Imported Timber Logs

Imports at
Indian Ports

Shipping
Yards /
Godowns

Saw
Mills/
Panelindustries

TimberTraders /Wholesalers

Builders /Furniture
manufacturer

Consumers

Retailers

The imported timber logs are transported from the port city to the consumption city either inthe form of logs or in the form of sawnwood, depending upon distances, the end-use and thelinks between the specialized trader and the constructor, which could be one and the samein several instances. From the importers, nevertheless, the logs are usually purchased by thetimber traders who normally own the sawmills and sell the sawnwood to different users forhouse construction (builders’ joinery, door frames and window frames), furniture
manufacturers and retailers. The timber logs are also traded to the plywood, veneer, particle
board and fibreboard manufacturers. Very often the importers themselves saw the timber.
The cost generally increases by 10-12% from importer to consumer. The importers encourage
consumers to buy directly from them, so that the consumers can have a choice and credit
facilities, on the one hand, and the importer can obtain a bigger profit margin, on the otherhand. This creates a simple “win-win” environment. This phenomenon is marked in
Chennai, but not at all the import ports. Regarding plywood, the general trend is that theimporters import logs and make plywood of their own trade mark and do not sell logs toothers who make plywood or veneer.
The distribution channel of imported logs sometimes gets distorted because of logistics andprocedural problems faced by the importers. In ports, the importers are required to invest
much time and effort to get their papers cleared fast enough. The delay in processing of
papers increase the handling costs and the importers are also charged rent for godowns, if
they are unable to lift their timber immediately. Container availability and warehousing
facilities are yet to be developed at most of the ports and hubs. Some of the importers in
Chennai have indicated that they would prefer to import the timber from distant Tuticorin
38

Timber Trends and Prospects

and then transport it by road to Chennai even though they can import the timber directly
through the Chennai port for local consumption. They favour the Tuticorin distribution
channel in view of higher handling charges at Chennai and also due to the ease inprocessing of papers at the Tuticorin port.
The Kandla Port and Yamuna Nagar hub offer two other case studies presented in Annex 1.9
and 1.10. These offer an interesting understanding of the distribution density, channel lengthand logistics of the distribution channel of imported logs and locally procured wood
supplies through to manufacturers and retailers. Distribution channel of domestic timbers is
relatively short where timber may go directly to the consumers or across an abbreviatedsupply chain through wholesalers and saw millers as shown in the figure below.

Figure 2.22 Channels of Distribution of Domestic Timber

Forest Dept
Auctions /PrivatePlantations

TimberTraders

Saw
Mills / Panelindustries

Consumers

Builders /Furniture
manufacturer

Retailers

Distribution channels reflect the value addition as one goes along the channel from theproducer and importer through to the consumer. Value addition takes place when the logs
are converted initially to sawn wood, which gets converted to furniture, builder’s joinery,door frames, window frames and other products. It would be useful if a survey isconducted to know the value addition that is taking place at each step in the distribution
channel. The new marketing strategies such as direct home delivery, supermarket sales, as
started by IKEA, either of finished products or assembly parts thereof have also resulted in
the shortening of the supply chain. But this is still in at a very small scale in the case oftimber products. The main lesson learnt is that facilitation of distribution from supplier andimporter through to consumer enhances the choice in favour of timber that reaches theretailer and consumer in a less convoluted manner and therefore with lower cost andquickly enough. So far limited attention has been paid to these aspects and there isconsiderable scope for shortening the supply chain and improving the distribution system.
This is particularly relevant to imported timber, for which traders have yet to coordinate
countrywide and to organize the marketing channels and concomitant economic
information.

39

Trade and Tariffs

Chapter III

TRADE AND TARIFFS
3.0

INTRODUCTION

India is one of the major users of wood in the Asia-Pacific region and till recently had theprivilege of having fairly abundant quantity of timber produced domestically from several
tropical hardwood species, including valuable teak and rosewood. The situation has changes
and, as highlighted in the last Chapter, there is a growing gap between demand and supplyof timber. That is largely on account of the increasing requirement for construction and othertimber products due to an expanding population, rising standards of living, anddiminishing or, at best, a stagnant supply of prime quality timber from natural forests. Thisgap has resulted in increasing use of plantation timbers and trees outside forests for various
applications, but with limitations, such as of suitability for several end use categories.
In response to the emerging situation, and as a major policy initiative, the Government ofIndia has permitted import of wood under the Open General License since 1996 with a viewto ease out the wood shortage as also to reduce pressure on natural forests. This decisioncame in the wake of an historical judgment of the Apex Court of India arguing the need forconservation of forests for much needed environmental services and local community
benefits.
This chapter complements the trade data presented in the last chapter with a focus onvarious tariff and non-tariff measures that have a bearing on international trade in woodand wood products in the country.
3.1

TRADE POLICY MECHANISM

India’s international trading regulations, reflected in the Export Import (EXIM) Policy, areformulated and implemented by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in consultation
with several other ministries including Agriculture, Environment and Forests, Finance, andthe Reserve Bank of India. The Ministry of Finance is responsible for fixing import duties
and other border and internal taxes. The Reserve Bank of India manages the exchange rate
policy and also regulates interest rates, for instance, for pre- and post-shipment export
credit.
The Directorate General of Foreign Trade is responsible for the execution of the Export
Import Policy. The Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS) isthe agency responsible for the collection, compilation and dissemination of trade statistics.
The Commerce Department is also advised by the Trade and the Export Promotion Board(EPB), which facilitates continuous dialogue between the Government and industry
regarding major trade developments. The EPB coordinates the work of all ministries in40

Trade and Tariffs

charge of promoting exports and facilitating trade1. The Department of Commerce also has
regular consultations with trade and industry groups, such as the Confederation of Indian
Industries (CII), the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce (FICCI), and the
Associated Chambers of Commerce (ASSOCHAM). Created in 1998, the Prime Minister'sCouncil on Trade and Industry also serves as a forum for the Government to discuss tradeand economic reforms with the business community.
The customs tariff continues to be the main instrument of trade policy of India. An
autonomous Tariff Commission under the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion
advises the Government regarding tariffs and all tariff-related issues, taking into account theinterest of various sectors including producers, traders and consumers as well as India's
international commitments. The Commission also looks into the matters relating to tariff
rationalization. The Planning Commission also sets up task forces to conduct independent
reviews of various policies including trade and trade-related policies; the review reports areoften published, though belatedly in many cases.
3.2

INTERNATIONAL & REGIONAL TRADE REGULATIONS

India has always been a votary of a well-regulated, rule-based multilateral trading system.
India was a member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) since its inception
and is one of the founding members of the World Trade Organization (WTO). General
Agreement on Trade and Tariffs, established at Geneva in 1948, was one of the several
international organizations set up as a result of the Bretton Woods Conference, 1944, torestore economic activity disrupted due to the second world war. An objective of GATT wasto pursue the goal of free trade with a view to encourage economic growth of member
countries. It is said to have helped in creating a strong and prosperous international trading
system by bringing down tariff levels and encouraging multilateral negotiation of tradeissues. The 8th round of GATT negotiations, known as Uruguay Round, launched in Punta
del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in 1994, went well beyond the area ofinternational trade and encompassed issues like Intellectual Property Rights, agriculture,investment, and service sectors. At the conclusion of the round, 134 member states agreed tothe creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) for the implementation and common
servicing of all the previous GATT accords. WTO is a permanent multilateral organization
created by GATT treaty which was ratified by the member governments in Marrakesh in
1994.
The Uruguay Round has a number of important implications for trade in wood and wood
products: Reduction in overall tariff rates and escalation2 and the establishment of bound

The Board's terms of reference include advising the Government on policies aimed at promoting exports;
reviewing the export performance of various sectors; identifying export constraints; examining the institutionalframework related to exports; reviewing export incentives and suggesting areas where incentives are mostneeded.
2 The extent to which tariff levels rise with the level of value-added processing of a forest product has continued
in most developed countries, with specific processed products such as sawn wood/sleepers, veneer sheets,
plywood, particle/fibre board, builders' joinery and furniture generally receiving relatively higher rates thanunprocessed or partly processed products such as logs and wood in rough.
1

41

Trade and Tariffs

rates3 through Market Access Schedules by each member country.
Although the implications of non-tariff barriers increasingly faced by forest products is lessclear, the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures andthe Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), provide the basis for tackling certain
non-tariff measures that have been used as trade barriers against forest and wood
products4.
Other provisions that may also help to reduce barriers to the timber and wood products’
trade include limitations and clarifications on the use of anti-dumping and countervailing
duties, customs valuation and licensing procedures, and market access restrictions.
In recent years there has been a number of additional policies and regulations that have thepotential of becoming "new" barriers to the forest products trade, many of which remained
unaffected by the Uruguay Round results. These include:
Export restrictions by developing countries on raw/unprocessed forest products including
wood (logs) to encourage domestic processing of timber for export5. A recent ITTO study(2002) reveals that Indonesia -one of the countries from which India imports wood logs,
imposed heavy export tax on logs in 1980 to curb log exports with a view to encourage
domestic further processing. Later, however, it lifted the export ban during the economic
downturn, resulting in major flow of wood to several countries. There is an increasing
trend towards the export of further processed wood from several trading partners of India,
indicating their emphasis on value-addition and employment generation in woodprocessing industries.
Environmental and trade restrictions on production and exports in developed countries
that affect international trade patterns. Developed countries are also beginning to employ avariety of environmental regulations in their forest industries – both alone and in
conjunction with export restrictions – that may have significant trade implications.

Quantitative restrictions on imports of "unsustainably produced" timber products and use of"eco-labelling and "green certification”6. Many developed countries are also under pressure
to adopt quantitative restrictions to limit the import of "unsustainably" produced forest
The Market Access Schedules are not simply the announcement of tariff rates, but represent commitments not
to increase tariffs above the listed rates; these rates are thus bound.
4 The SPS agreement could reduce the use of inspection, quarantine and treatment of imported forest products asprohibitive measures beyond what is necessary to protect domestic human, animal and plant populations frompests or diseases. The TBT agreement could limit the use of technical regulations on forest products as non-tariff
restrictions rather than for legitimate purposes of protecting human health and safety, preventing environmental
degradation and ensuring adequate product quality and design standards.
5 India is discouraging import of processed wood products while facilitating imports of wood logs throughesclatory import tariff regime and in fact provides full import duty concession if imported logs are re-exported
after processing.
6 "Eco-labelling" and certification initiatives applied to the forest products trade has increased rapidly in recent
years. Generally, the aim of these initiatives is to distinguish "sustainably" produced forest products or to ensurethat forest product imports conform to domestic environmental standards and regulations. Provided that such
regulations and schemes are non-discriminatory, transparent and justified, are agreed mutually between trading
partners or through multi-lateral negotiations, comply with GATT rules and conform with internationallyrecognized guidelines, then their potential use as trade barriers will be drastically reduced.
342

Trade and Tariffs

products or to impose countervailing duties on imported products that benefit from anenvironmental export subsidy, i.e., unsustainable forest management that leads to lower
harvesting costs and thus lower export product prices. This may not have any direct effecton wood imports to India unless India decides to impose such conditions on import of woodand wood products. That is less likely in the immediate future, given the declining
production from natural forests and the large domestic demand.
India considers that the multilateral trading system had been designed to deal with issues
involving trade alone. Thus, attempts aimed at including environmental issues in futurenegotiations went beyond the competence of the multilateral trading system, while labourrelated issues belonged to the International Labour Organisation. India rejected any
attempts to introduce these in the WTO and did not consider a multilateral framework on
investment to be necessary. At the Doha Ministerial Conference, India opposed any linkage
between trade and labour standards and considered that the existing WTO rules wereadequate to deal with all legitimate environmental concerns7. Cancun was no different.
India continues to be a member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation(SAARC). South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement (SAPTA) that signed in April 1993
and came into force in December 1995 provides a framework for the exchange of tariff
concessions, with a view to promoting trade and economic cooperation between SAARC
members. Its final objective is the creation of the South Asian Free-Trade Area (SAFTA).
India provides further tariff reductions ranging from 50% to 60% for LDCs (Least Developed
Countries) in respect of all wood products and 10% in some wood products for member
countries under SAPTA agreement8. India lifted all quantitative restrictions maintained forbalance-of-payments reasons for SAPTA members on 1 August 1998.
India continues to be a party to the Bangkok Agreement signed in 1975. The agreement
provides for the liberalization of both tariff and non-tariff barriers. At present it is limited totariff concessions. India provides concessional entry on 188 tariff lines (at the HS six-digit
level); the duty rates are generally 5 per cent points below the standard rate. India thus
provides concessional entry to ten additional products imported from Bangladesh, which
include timber, jute and bamboo pulp. India is also seeking closer relations with theASEAN9. The Prime Minister has personally pleaded that at the Bali and Bangkok meetingsin 2003, and the ASEAN member States and India have agreed on the need to enhance,
expand and consolidate their economic relations by promoting trade and investment,
7

WTO document WT/MIN(01)/ST/10, 10 November 2001.
Consolidated National Schedule of Concessions Grated by India under First, Second and Third rounds of tradenegotiations under SAPTA agreement (on the SAARC Web-site).
9
The ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok and its member countries are: Brunei Darussalam,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. One of its aims
is to accelerate economic growth in the region through joint endeavors. The First ASEAN-India Summit held in
Cambodia in November 2002 acknowledged that economic progress would enhance regional peace and stability,
and the leaders shared the view that continued economic cooperation would promote the prosperity of the AsiaPacific region. They welcomed the adoption of an India-ASEAN Regional Trade and Investment Area as a longterm objective at the First ASEAN-India Economic Ministers’ consultations at Brunei Darussalam in September
2002. An ASEAN-India Task Force on Economic Linkages has been constituted to prepare a draft a Framework
Agreement to enhance ASEAN-India Economic Cooperation for the next meeting of ASEAN-India Economic
Ministers in October 2003.
843

Trade and Tariffs

facilitating market access, improving the flow of technology and enhancing access to tradeand investment-related information. Whereas these international treaties may not havemuch effect on international timber trade, India’s closer involvement with the Association ofSoutheast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is bound to have an appreciable impact on India’s
international tropical timber trade since three ASEAN member countries –Indonesia,
Malaysia and Myanmar, are among the main exporters of industrial wood to India.
3.3

Tariff and Non-tariff Measures

Tariff -the duty on imports imposed by the importing country, has a major impact onimports. The most common non-tariff measures having a direct impact on imports include
quantitative restrictions, quality controls or technical barriers to trade such as standards,
certification, rules of origin, and procedures for imports.
3.3.1

Tariffs

The Indian customs tariff is the main instrument of trade policy and for regulating imports.
Since the early 1990s,
Additional Duty
India has moved
In terms of Section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 (51 of 1975), any
gradually away from a
article which is imported into India is leviable to a duty equal to thestrategy of
excise duty for the time being leviable on the like article if produced or
manufactured in India or, if the like article is not so produced orindustrialization throughmanufactured, which would be leviable on the class or description ofimport-substitution andarticles to which the imported articles belong.
public sector production
A Special Additional Duty of 4% was introduced on most imports in
to a more open, marketthe 1998/99 Budget to tax imports "similarly" to state sales taxes
oriented trade and(section (4)(i) below). As the SAD is an across-the-board 4% tariff oninvestment regime.
most goods, it may not be equivalent to local sales taxes imposed on
Nevertheless, policies
similar domestically produced goods, some of which may face higher
continue to shield someor lower rates of sales tax.
domestic producers from
However, there is ample scope for misclassification of items due to theforeign competition.
fact that concordance between the classification of products in thecentral excise and the customs tariff schedules is not complete These

The total customs duty
discrepancies may be because the excise duty is a duty on"manufacture" and not on "trade" or "sale" as is the case with importpayable when there is
duty.
import to India involves
several types of duties
levied on imports and there are prescribed methods of computation of duties assummarized below:
Obtain the Tariff Classification of goods.
Compute thei.

Basic dutyii.

Additional Duty of customs (equal to excise duty calculated on Value plus Basic
duty)

iii.

Special Additional Duty (Calculated on Value plus
Basic duty plus Addl. duty)

44

Trade and Tariffs

1) Determine if there are additional duties under different statues such ascountervailing duty, antidumping duty, or safeguard duty10.
2) Concessions and Exemptions.
India's tariff is based on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HSCode 96)11. According to this, Chapter 44 deals with Wood & Articles of Wood andCharcoal.
3.3.2 Bound tariffs and Applied MFN Tariff
Bound tariffs represent commitments not to increase tariffs above the listed rates – the rates
are “bound’. Thus the bound rates serve as ceiling. India's bound and current applied mostfavoured-nation (MFN) tariffs12 are given in Annex 3.1 & 3.2. Although there are continuous
efforts to rationalize tariff structure, it remains complex to some extent. A number of
exemptions applied to products, industries and end-users add to its complexity andresulting in lack of transparency.13 While the standard rate is available only at the HS sixdigit level, a large number of tariff exemptions are notified at the HS six-digit, eight-digit
levels; some are targeted at specific industries or end-users.
In India, tariffs are considered an important tool for ensuring efficient resource allocationand economic development. Thus, concessions are granted to certain end-users based onsocial, economic, industrial and environmental considerations. However, these are notified,and related to specific chapters, headings or sub-headings, and "certification procedures"
prevent misuse. More over there are concessions or exemptions on import duty under anumber of export-promotion schemes.
The tariff is also characterized by high dispersion14 and escalation15, with tariffs rising from
5% for unprocessed wood to 25% and 35% for semi-processed and processed wood
products. This is meant to provide protection to the domestic industry. Annex 3.3 gives theapplied tariff rates for various wood and wood products included in HS code 44 from 199192 to 2002-03. A quick analysis of the MFN tariff will reveal that the average rates havedeclined over the years and tariff dispersion has lowered down to 10.23 during 2002-03 from
13.15 during 1991-92. Figure shows that higher basic import duty for processed wood
products viz. sawn wood, veneers, plywood, particle and fibre board compared with raw
materials, i.e., wood in rough logs is continuing since 1996.

At present no wood /wood product attracts any of these duties in India.
HS Code is the Harmonized System of Nomenclature established by the World Customs Organization.
12 Based on the HS Code 96.
13 The exemptions may be granted to products but also to certain end-users, for example small-scale firms andfirms operating in export-processing zones.
14 Measured by the standard deviation of tariffs.
15 Inherent in higher tariff rates with the level of value-added processing of timber such as sawn wood, veneer
sheets, and wood based panel products.
10
11

45

Trade and Tariffs

Figure 3.1: Indian Tariffs for Logs and Wood Products

Rate of Customs Duty ( %)

110
90
70
50
30
10

2003-04

2002-03

2001-02

2000-01

1999-00

1998-99

1997-98

1996-97

1995-96

1994-95

1993-94

1992-93

1991-92

-10

Year
logs

sawn wood

plywood

P/F B

Additional and Special additional duties and the method of their computation (Table 3.1)
increases the total custom duty but also enhance the difference between processed andunprocessed and semi-processed products.
Table 3.1: Calculation of Custom Duty

(1)
Logs
Sawnwood
Plywood
Particle /Fibreboard

Value Basic Value+ Addl Value +SAD Value +Basic Duty basic+Addl % basic+Addl%%+ Duty
+SAD
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
100
5
105
0
105
4
109.2
100
25
125
0
125
4
130
100
25
125
16
145
4
150.8
100

30

130

16

150.8

4

Effective
Customs
Duty
%
(9)
9.2
30.0
50.8
56.8

156.8

Additional Duty is calculated on value+basic duty (given in Column 4)
SAD is calculated on Value+basic duty+addl. duty (given in Column 6)
There has been no objective assessment of the actual impact of such higher rate in terms ofprotection to the domestic industry. Table 3.2 lists year wise import value of wood in log
and other important wood products, i.e., plywood, veneer sheets, particle and fibre boards
for the period 1991-92 to 2001-02. The table reveals that wood in log form continues toaccount for the bulk of imports, though sawnwood imports have also been registering a
sizeable increase. With increasing emphasis on processed exports from the traditional ITTO
exporters to India, it is not far fetched to consider the possibility of still greater sawnwood
imports in the foreseeable future, partly because of price competitiveness and partly becauseof the likely further liberalization of trade, especially as a result of the recent understanding
and agreements with the ASEAN.

46

Trade and Tariffs

Table 3.2 : Import Value of Wood and Major Wood Products (million US$)

Year

Round
Wood

Sawn
wood

Plywood

Veneer
Sheet

Particle/
Fibre
Board

Total wood/
wood
Products
HS Code 44

logs as%of totalwood

1991-92

127.96

3.45

1.61

0.09

0.10

133.41

95.92

1992-93171.82

6.91

2.80

0.53

0.23

182.74

94.02

1993-94134.46

4.06

3.48

0.26

0.83

143.5093.70

1994-95

204.12

7.12

7.12

1.71

3.02

224.02

91.12

1995-96
1996-97219.31
246.68

5.72
7.94

6.78
4.17

6.07
6.43

4.11
4.29

242.65270.35

90.38
91.25

1997-98386.64

5.23

7.14

10.29

12.16

422.91

91.42

1998-99339.43

7.66

8.90

12.43

12.27

382.58

88.72

1999-00
2000-01

429.15457.94

3.88
7.17

5.59
4.07

3.94
2.43

15.05
16.62

460.24491.06

93.25
93.25

2001-02509.78

13.01

4.91

2.46

18.41

551.62

92.41

Sources: DGCIS, Kolkata and EXIM Data Bank

Variation in quantities of wood in log form & plywood respectively vis-à-vis tariff rate forthese years are given in Figures 3. 2 and 3.3. It is seen that that whereas reduction in tariff
had resulted in almost proportionate increase in imports of wood logs but no such inference
can be drawn in respect of plywood. Increase in import of wood logs from 1996-97 onwards
is partly due to gradually stricter restrictions on scientific management of natural forests
based on the sound principles of sustained yield which has culminated in drastic reductionof tree felling in such forests causing acute shortage of prime quality hard wood required by
the major wood processing industries.
On the one hand, this has led to increased use of rapid growth plantation timbers
characterized by low girth, low natural durability -which can be greatly enhanced withappropriate chemical treatment, and low dimensional stability. On the other hand, this has
resulted in increasing import of prime tropical hard wood species. With the growth of
plywood/block board industry based on plantation timber for core using face veneers fromimported timber, the import of wood logs has been steadily increasing in spite of the factthat import duty has remained constant. This trend is likely to continue, year-to-year
variations notwithstanding.
The present tariff is lower than the bound rate of duty as agreed by India consequent to the
Uruguay Round of negotiations under the WTO. Hence, although in the recent years there
has been gradual reduction in the applied tariff in respect of all wood and wood based
products, this imparts a degree of uncertainty due to the scope to raise applied MFN rates.

47

Trade and Tariffs

Figure 3.2: Log Import Quantity v/s Import Duty
90
80

2500

70
60

2000

50

1500

40
30

1000

20

500

import duty %Quantity in '000 cum

3000

10
2001-02

2000-01

1999-00

1998-99

1997-98

1996-97

1995-96

1994-95

1993-94

1992-930
1991-92

0Year
Quantity

Import duty

Import duty %2001-020
2000-010
1999-00

40

1998-9940

1997-9880

1996-9780

1995-96120

1994-95

120

1993-94160

1992-93160

1991-92

Quantity in '000 cum

Figure 3.3 - Plywood Import Quantity v/s Import Duty

Year
Import duty

3.3.3

Import Quantity

Tariff quotas and rules of origin and preferences

India has been gradually removing quota restrictions16 since early 1990s and presently has
tariff quotas on imports of milk powder, maize, crude sunflower seed and safflower oil,refined rape, colza, and mustard oil; these are allocated by the Directorate General of
Foreign Trade. There is no tariff quota for wood and wood products. India does notpresently apply rules of origin for imports from MFN sources.
Preferential rates of tariff are applied under bilateral and regional trade agreements. Since
India does not have much import from the member countries of such trade agreements,
except Myanmar, these are not of much relevance to wood and wood products sector. Even

16

Quota restrictions came into effect for balance of payments reasons under specific enabling provisions of
GATT.

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Trade and Tariffs

in the case of bilateral agreement with Myanmar17 the provision for standard duty of 5 percent for several products including wood in the rough 18 is not significant now because theMFN tariff for wood in rough is the same since 1999-2000.
3.3.4 Non-Tariff Barriers
Although tariff continues to be the main regulator of import to India, certain non-tariffmeasures are gaining importance that may become more significant in future. These include
Customs procedures - valuation, clearance and financial procedures; Standards, Quality
controls and Certification; Phyto-sanitation, and wood substitution. Some of these are
becoming important for negotiations under WTO, as have been briefly discussed earlier inthe paragraph on “International and Regional Trade Regulations”.
3.3.4.1 Customs procedures
Registration and documentation
Most importers and exporters are required to obtain an Importer Exporter (IEC) number
from the Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT). For imports, three documents arenormally required: the invoice, packing list, and bill of lading or airway bill. Phytosanitarycertificate is required for certain goods -including wood, and is to be issued by the countryof origin. Since 1996-97, the import of wood has been allowed under Open General License,
i.e., no import permit is required. Nevertheless, additional documents are required if thegoods are being imported (or exported) under one of the preferential trading agreements, if
they are restricted, or under one of the export incentive schemes.
Pre-shipment inspection
India does not require pre-shipment inspection for imports and does not have a procedure
for clearance of imported goods on the basis of pre shipment inspection. However, several
importers do include a pre-shipment clause in their agreements for import of wood andother products, particularly in first few dealings with the foreign suppliers.

Notification No. 9/95-Cus., dated 6-3-1995 -Exemption to specified goods when imported into India from
Union of Myanmar: In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 25 of the Customs Act, 1962(52 of 1962), the Central Government, being satisfied that it is necessary in the public interest so to do, hereby
exempts each of the goods specified in column (2) of the Table annexed hereto when imported into India fromthe Union of Myanmar from so much of that portion of the duty of customs leviable thereon which is specified in
the First Schedule to the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 (51 of 1975), as is in excess of 5 per cent ad valorem; Provided
that the importer produces evidence to the satisfaction of the Assistant Commissioner of Customs or Deputy
Commissioner of Customs that such goods have, in fact, been produced in the Union of Myanmar and areimported into India through the land route from a notified land customs station. Table entry at Sl. No. 16
includes in column 2 : Wood in the rough, whether or not stripped of bark, timber, wood roughly squared, wood
sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced of a thickness exceeding 25 millimetres.

17

18

The other products included in the agreement are rice, pulses and beans, chick peas, mustard and rapeseed,ground nut, fresh vegetables and fruit, garlic and onions, reed brooms, sesame seeds, betel nuts, turmeric, dried
ginger, coriander, fried chillies, poppy seeds.

49Trade and Tariffs

Customs valuation and clearance
Under the Customs Valuation (Determination of price of imported goods) Rules, 1998, thevalue of imported goods is based on their transaction value, which is defined as "the priceactually paid, or payable for the goods when sold for export to India, adjusted for the valueof certain costs and services including commissions and brokerage charges, container andpacking costs". If the transaction value of the imported good cannot be determined, thevalue of the import may be based on the cost of identical goods sold for export to India, thetransaction value of similar goods, deductive value, and on the residual method. The delays
are also due to the complexity of the tariff and exemptions, which may vary according to
product, user, or specific export-promotion programme.
To speed up customs clearance procedures, the electronic data interchange (EDI) system has
been introduced at almost all major ports and air cargo complexes. Under the EDI, theimporter is not required to submit any documentation to customs in advance. These
documents, however, must be submitted to customs at the time of examination of the goods.
Several additional steps have been taken to reduce clearance time varying from 2 to 7 days.
The measures relevant to wood imports include: revising examination procedures whereby
only a small percentage of cargo would be examined for the purposes of valuation, there is aseparate examination for plant quarantine purposes; and filing customs declarations
electronically. The handling facilities are not modernized or mechanised to the same level inall ports, and are reported to be still far below the international standards. At some ports theclearance agents are permitted to use their equipment for unloading and transport tobounded ware houses19, as is the case of Vishakhapatnam. However, the total handling costcharged by the C&F agents which includes the port charges, unloading and local transport,
varies from port to port, from US$ 5 to 10 per Cu. m., ostensibly due to varying labour rates.
Financial proceduresWith the improving balance of payment situation and overall liberalization in the banking
sector, the various hurdles in imports have been greatly reduced and the banking
procedures have been simplified, though the perceptions of past convoluted procedures
may prevail and need to be addressed. Since wood and wood products are permitted forimport under Open General License, any importer can open a Letter of Credit in favour ofthe supplier from the exporting country and the bank commission is less than 1% (libor
0.35%+ 0.5%) per annum.
Some exporting firms have agents located in Singapore, a free port, to facilitate transactions
with Indian purchasers, even though routing through Singapore involves an additional
expenditure of about 3 per cent. Traders contacted have given to understand that thisinvolves an additional cost of about US$ 6 to 8 per Cu.m and they consider it well worth.
The importers prefer this route due to two reasons: (i) assurance of the Singapore firms totake care of any problem that may come up in the whole process, and (ii) the Singapore

19

The bounded ware houses are under the control of the customs authorities and the materials are allowed to be
moved out after clearance by customs.

50

Trade and Tariffs

firms arrange LoC (Letter of Credit) required for facilitating the loading of the logs and otherproducts from the country of origin, and its pre-shipment inspection at the loading point.
The Indian importers are required to open an LoC a day or two before the arrival of ship at
the port of import, i.e., the concerned port in India, and thus the period of LoC (more than amonth in most cases) is either obviated or considerably reduced. If the agent in Singapore is
not included in the chain, the LoC of the Indian Importer has to be in place at the time ofpre- shipment inspection in the country of origin. Another advantage of the Singapore hub
appears to be the intimate knowledge and competition amongst the agents there dealing inlogs of required species, leading to making the additional cost worthwhile and reflecting thelack of such facilities in India.
3.3.4.2. Standards and Quality Control
Standards
The Bureau of Indian Standards, the national standards body of India, had been designatedas the WTO-TBT Enquiry
Development of Indian standards
Point, while the Ministry of
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has its main office in
Commerce is responsible for
New Delhi, with five regional and 19 branch offices around
implementing
andthe country. To support its testing and certification activities,
administering
theWTO
the BIS has a network of recognized laboratories across India,
AgreementonTechnical
which provide conformity testing and calibration services
Barriers to Trade.
India
Proposals for establishing new standards or for revising
accepted the Code of Good
existing standards may be submitted in writing to the BIS by
Practice on 19 December 1995.
Ministries and agencies of the central and state governments,
professional associations including consumer organizations,industrial units, industry associations and professional
bodies, and members of the BIS and of its technicalcommittees.

Indianstandards
areformulated by the Bureau ofIndian Standards (BIS), which
was established as a statutory
Formulation of the new or revised standards is done bybody under the Bureau oftechnical committee comprising of scientists, technical experts,
Standards Act, 1986, andindustries, representatives of research institutes, industry
associations and consumers. The Civil Engineering Divisionbecameoperationalon(CED) is responsible for formulation of all standards related to
1 April 1987.
From
itswood and wood products including imported woods. Wood isformation until 1 April 2001,
covered by the technical committee CED 9 and Wood Products
the BIS had developed largecommittee CED 20, which is headed by the Director Indian
number of standards,
Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute.
including those on wood andwood products. These are generally voluntary standards,

as is the case of all wood and wood product standards. In order to ensure their continued
relevance, Indian standards are reviewed as and when considered necessary, but at least once
every five years. As a matter of policy, the BIS endeavors to align Indian standards as far as
possible with international standards. The BIS, which was a founder member of theInternational Standards Organization (ISO), continues to participate in technical and policymaking committees of the ISO, and the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC).

51

Trade and Tariffs

Certification
Indian and foreign manufacturers who meet a BIS standard may carry the BIS Certification
Mark. The BIS Certification mark in respect of wood products is voluntary. The BIS has ascheme under which the imported products may be certified for conformity to IndianStandards. Samples from consignments are required to be tested at BIS recognizedlaboratories for conformity to the relevant standards. Voluntary certificates are also issued
for environmentally friendly products (Ecomark), environmental management systems,
quality systems, and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP). As of now nowood product, either domestic or imported, carries or is required to carry any ecomark.
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Under the Export and Import Policy, all imports of primary agricultural products are subject
to a Bio-Security and Sanitary and Phytosanitary import permit issued by the Department ofAgriculture and Cooperation under the Plants, Fruit and Seeds (Regulation of Import into
India) Order, 1989. The permits are issued on the basis of import risk analysis based on
scientific principles, including, inter-alia, the types of pests associated with the particular
product being imported and their potential impact on India's international trade.
Although environmental issues have so far been related to agriculture and there has beenmuch debate on it, there are important questions about the effect of globalization on tropicalforests, particularly in relation to the Convention on Biodiversity and implementation ofIntellectual Property Rights with respect to traditional knowledge related to timber
propagation and non-wood forest products, including medicinal plants. As the volume offorest product trade increases, so do the chances of invasion of alien species of insects, pests
and micro-organisms which can cause large scale infestations and destruction in forest
ecosystems where natural immunity does not exist. To reduce the risk of these infestations,boarder controls that call for appropriate treatment of unprocessed wood products withappropriate and permitted chemicals may be imposed. Accordingly, all unprocessed wood
imported into India is required to be covered by certificate issued by the concerned
authority from the exporting or country of origin to be produced before the quarantine
authority under the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, at the port of entry. The
concerned authority representing Plant Quarantine wing of the Ministry of Agriculture isrequired to inspect the material to decide if fumigation is necessary. The inspection cost isaround US $ 1.5 per Cu.m, and if fumigation is recommended by the inspectors it adds not
only to the cost, but also considerably to the clearance time.
Wood Substitution
Wood substitution is another important phenomenon that may have serious impact on theinternational timber trade. It is in effect a non- tariff barrier and a cause for concern about
ensuring the competitiveness of timber vis-à-vis non-timber substitutes, which have beenpromoted by policies aimed at forest conservation, the high energy and environmental costsof the substitutes notwithstanding, as pointed out elsewhere. Yet, wood remains as the mostfavoured and apt material for several uses, including housing and construction, joinery andfurniture, given the versatility of wood obtainable from natural forests for various

52

Trade and Tariffs

applications. However, the availability of timber from preferred species -whose traditional
knowledge and uses have evolved over the centuries, has been declining in the recent years
due to conservation oriented forest management practices, spurred by the realization of theenvironmental role of forests, but without evaluating the impact of non-wood substitutes on
the economy or the environment per se.
Guided by the recommendations of the Inter-ministerial Group constituted by theGovernment of India, the National Forest Policy of India (GOI,1988) is aimed at promoting
the development and use of wood substitutes to meet the gap between demand and supply
of wood. The NFAP- India 2001 (GOI, 2001) accordingly identifies five main action areas,
including the Reduction in Total Demand. Envisaged in the context of sustainable forestry
are the reduction in current level of forest uses and overall consumption of forest based
goods and services throughimproved
processing
technology (waste reduction,
Inter Ministerial Group of the Government of India on
Wood Substitution (GOI, 1986)
increased life for products seasoning,chemicalThe Inter-Ministerial Group on Wood Substitution
treatments), standardization
constituted by the Government of India in its report (GOI,of sizes and designs, and1986) recommended among other things:
substitution of solid woodwith reconstituted wood and
A complete ban on use of wood for furniture and building
wood alternates from otherconstructioninGovernment
renewable fibre materials likebodies/organizations/institutions, use of pre-stressedcement concrete sleepers in railways, substitution ofbamboo, coir, and agrowooden transmission poles with metallic or reinforced
residues, to achieve thecement concrete poles; timber substitution in building
intended
purposeofconstruction with bricks, cement concrete, metals, woodenvironmental conservation.
wool boards, standardization, for example, of the size ofdoors windows,

While emphasizing the needfor development of alternate
Intensive research on more efficient utilization of wood,and innovative construction
including utilization of lesser known and lesser used
species, utilization of rubber wood for plywood and panel
materials and technologies,
industries from tapped trees, development of resins for
the National Housing andparticle board from wood and agro residues,
Habitat Policy 1999, also
underlines
among
other
Raising captive plantations of industrial wood by thethings, the need for reducing
industries, encouraging villagers to plant trees for fuelthe use of scarce naturalwood, cottage industries, sports goods, and bamboo which
resources and replace themcan replace timber for several purposes.
with renewable resources toreduce strain on naturalenvironment, harnessing the results of research to strengthen biomass based housing bysuitable chemical impregnation and treatment techniques to increase the life and quality ofthe shelter, and the promotion of wood substitutes.
Substitution of wood by other materials, such as metals and plastics does more harm to theenvironment that is sought to be protected by such substitution as they are made fromunsustainable resource, are high energy consuming and not bio-degradable. They, in53

Trade and Tariffs

practice, have serious adverse environmental implications in the total life cycle (LCA).
Recent LCA assessments of wood and its so-called substitutes like steel and concrete in
housing construction have brought out the ecological advantages of wood as building
material and its benefits to the environment, including thermal utilization at the end of the
product life cycle (Scharai-Rad and Welling, 2002; Kozak and Gaston 2002). The wooden
windows were found to be the most favourable product, distantly followed by PVC andaluminum, with lowest environmental burden for all impact categories. However, no study
has been undertaken in the country either for estimating the extent of substitution of woodby such non-renewable materials or for its environmental impact assessment.
It is considered more suitable that wood substitutes are developed from wood itself andrelated renewable materials as they ameliorate earth’s environment during its growth
process through carbon sequestration and this carbon remains locked through the entire
service life of wood products. The most logical option is to import wood and wood products
supplemented by growing more trees and use wood derived from them. Since trees can begrown on a continuing basis, wood can be derived from them with a sustainable supply
maintained with less effort than producing its substitutes from non-renewable materials.
However, since most rapid growth plantation timbers are characterized by small girth atmaturity, and low dimensional stability and natural durability, their proper use requires useof appropriate processing technologies, viz., improved sawing, seasoning and preservative
treatment, finger jointing and glu-lamination, and conversion to layered and particle
composites (Bansal 2003).
In addition, there are several other renewable fibre materials, including bamboo, that can beused for manufacturing wood alternates providing environmentally responsible solution tobridge some gap between demand and supply of wood (Bansal and Zoolagud 2002). In India
IPIRTI has been active in the development of such wood alternates and other innovative
products from bamboo that are suitable in housing, constructions and furniture. An
affordable bamboo based building system using bamboo in round/split/composite form
along with tropical timbers and other building materials has also been evolved (Bansal et al.
2001; Pawan Kumar et al. 2003). With rich bamboo resources in the region and in the
country,20 second only to China, India holds good potential for industrial utilization ofbamboo for manufacturing bamboo based composites to meet some of the national andglobal demand for eco-friendly alternates to wood substitutes.
As a major policy initiative, the Government of India has recently launched a National
Mission on Bamboo Application with a view to harnessing the full potential of bamboo
resources in the country. BIS is undertaking the revision of the National Building Code 1983
and has decided to include a separate chapter on bamboo based housing and its structuraluses and composites. There is an urgent need for creating awareness among architects,
builders and end users by providing clear technical information on wood and wood
products and similar tropical forest materials, such as bamboo, designing technically soundwood products and product systems with longer service life, mandatory wood productstandards, and wood friendly building codes.
20

Extending over an area of about 10 million hectares natural forests, India is home to almost 45 % of world's
bamboo forests.

54

Trade and Tariffs

It is therefore logical, at this juncture, that the current scenario is studied in a holistic mannerin order to evolve a national policy for wood substitution or better still the substitution of
non-renewable raw materials and heavy energy consuming products by wood. That may
involve various factors with regard to the nature and characteristics of currently availablewood–substitutes and the extent of actual substitution, and the substitution effect both in the
short term and the long term, with reference to the intended purpose of protection ofenvironment. Considering that the results have recently come from the R&D labs and only a
few field trials have been done, it is rather early to assess their impact on timber use in the
country, less so on international trade, although they seem to have potential in the longterm. Such a study should have at its disposal economic information about timber utilization
and about the availability of timber from different sources, including imports, and theircomparative advantage.
Exports
India does not have any export duties and encourages exports for which it also grants
several concessions to the exporters. These concessions are in the nature of exemptions on
income tax, and refund of imports duty if exported goods are processed from imported raw
materials. Since timber products comprise a very small, almost a negligible, proportion of
total exports, there are no serious efforts for their promotion. However, India holds a great
potential for enhancing the exports not only of designer furniture and wood-work of rosewood, shisham, walnut and sandal but also in respect of plywood, panels and othermaterials, drawing upon the scope to use quality imported tropical timbers.
India has imposed complete ban on export of logs but not on exports of wood based panel
products and secondary processed wood products (SPWP) comprising of wooden furniture,builders’ joinery, table and kitchenware and inlaid wood works. Export values of theseproducts since 1996-97 is given in Table 3.3 which reveals the increasing trend in respect of
SPWP, notwithstanding the present low volumes in absolute terms. The decreasing trend inrespect of panel products appear to coincide with the changing structure of the plywood
industry in the country with the closure of practically all large and medium scale industries
and opening up of large number of plywood manufacturing units in the small scale sector
based primarily upon plantation grown timber, including poplar in the north India andrubber wood in the southern India. However, considering that there is a vast resource ofplantation grown trees and agro residues and industry is seemingly in a comparatively
advantageous position due to availability of sizable pool of skilled and semi-skilled workers,
this trend could be reversed with Government support through an enabling policy
environment for utilization of plantation timber and imported tropical timber,modernization of plants, research and development, and export promotion. Evolving arevival plan for a sizeable idle infrastructure in the form of closed plywood factories in thenortheastern states, particularly in the state of Assam, comprising of relocation of some ofthe plants and machinery to other suitable places and/or their reopening appears to be an
option worth exploring drawing upon wood from diverse sources along with otherlignocellulosic raw material, such as bamboo, which is abundantly available in the
NorthEast.

55

Trade and Tariffs

Table 3.3: Export of Timber Products (million US$)
Item
1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01
Veneers sheets
6.68
5.95
4.42
4.25
3.53
Plywood
19.78
13.10
5.40
7.27
7.44
Builders joinery
0.62
0.63
0.70
0.50
0.96
Wood In rough
1.68
0.60
0.60
0.35
1.39
Particle Board
2.88
2.06
2.10
3.07
2.06
Fibre-board
2.00
1.77
1.99
1.74
3.10
Packaging
3.18
2.16
1.86
3.19
4.37
Table/Kitchen Ware
1.04
1.26
0.91
0.91
1.48
Statues and other ornaments
0.11
0.57
0.40
0.34
2.02
of wood
Wood work of rose wood
6.40
6.38
6.05
13.49
16.54
Wood work of sandal
1.93
1.97
2.23
2.24
1.87
Wood work of shisham
7.31
11.92
11.76
11.39
8.66
Wood work of walnut
0.41
1.69
1.03
2.60
2.80
Lacquered wooden ware
1.64
0.39
0.81
1.31
0.48
Total Wood work
17.69
22.35
21.88
31.03
30.35
Wooden Furniture
4.69
5.91
8.66
14.27
25.50
Total Timber Products
64.16
60.23
53.07
71.14
88.79

2001-02
4.46
5.16
1.37
0.78
3.03
2.30
2.99
1.00
3.70
10.76
0.52
8.66
0.79
0.23
20.96
37.14
89.79

Figure 3.4 Export of Timber Products
70

Value in Million US$

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-00

2000-01

2000-02

Year
Panel

3.4

Timber Products

Wood works & Furniture

Concluding Remarks

From the comments of various stakeholders consulted and contacted and from the feedback
at brainstorming sessions, it is evident that India has a huge appetite for timber and timber
products. Their consumption is likely to grow at greater rate due to population growth,rising living standards and environmental awareness, among other reasons. Timber
56

Trade and Tariffs

continues to be the most preferred material and the preferences are not likely to change infavour of alternate materials, except for temporary switch over to fashion products by theelite groups. Consequently, demand of the industry for imported tropical timber is bound toincrease further, given the current favorable environment for the same. There arenevertheless risks and temporal gyrations, and volatility in volumes imported are bound to
take place now and then. As such, there is need for strategic studies and interventions, e.g.,:•

Study the nature of wood substitution in key consumption areas, e.g., housing andfurniture, and its impact on the environment, which has been a major driver for such
substitution in the national policy•

Prepare a strategic plan for boosting timber trade and wood processing, including the
plywood and panel industry, to enhance export quality material, using plantation growndomestic timber in combination with larger quantities of imported tropical hard woods•

Study the impact of escalatory tariff on wood trade and industry and suggest a package
for strengthening its competitiveness in the international market for secondary woodprocessed exports, while promoting an easier access for the import of tropicalroundwood as well as sawnwood, which are among the preferred items of domestic
consumption and value-added re-exports•

Study wood wastage in conversion and carpentry and evaluate the potential ofmandatory standards and standardization of consumer products, viz., door and window
frame and shutters, in order to minimize substitution by energy intensive substitutes,
such as aluminum and steel, which pose a threat to the timber market•

Provide easy access to timber market intelligence in a transparent and timely manner,
the lack of which is a major barrier for tropical timber trade and marketing in and acrossthe country. Such statistics and economic information are also required to minimize andmitigate the volatility of the timber trade that it could otherwise suffer from and act as a
non-tariff barrier•

Make an in-depth evaluation of the prevailing perceptions about other non-tariffbarriers, particularly about financial transactions, shipping and smooth customs
clearance, and recommend monitoring measures for ensuring cost-effective trading
environment•

Draw upon the evolving national policies and procedures for increased trade and market
liberalization for promoting intra- and interregional international timber trade57

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Chapter IV

URBAN CONSUMPTION SURVEY
4.0

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is devoted to assessing the consumption patterns of timber in the 12 majorurban consumption centres of the country for main types of timbers utilised for various
purposes, viz., sawn wood, veneer and plywood, and builders’ joinery. Research-cumsurvey was undertaken to evaluate the recent consumption trends for all these components,
and also to estimate the projected consumption pattern of timber and timber products
through 2012-13.
The analysis is further classified into timber types, i.e., species of various timber types thatare mostly utilised. The three main timber types studied and analysed are tropical
hardwoods, tropical softwoods and temperate hardwoods, with consideration for temperate
softwoods whenever weighty. This chapter also discusses the consumption of imported
timber vis-à-vis domestically produced timber, giving due emphasis to tropical timber. The
survey revealed that imported tropical hardwood species are among the main imported
species that are particularly favoured by the urban populace of India. As such, the chapter
also reflects the nature and scale of imported tropical timber from the major suppliers.
4.1

METHODOLOGYBoth exploratory and survey methods of research were used to identify the consumption
trends for tropical hardwood relative to other timbers and the end-use distribution (e.g.,construction & builders’ joinery/woodwork, furniture & furniture components, flooring, andboards) for each tropical timber product. The data were collected from secondary as well as
primary sources including Government, Industry and institutional sources.
The primary data collection was done using the snowball sampling technique. This
sampling1 was used to select individual respondents in each sampling unit/category, such as
the timber traders/builders/forest officials/households/furniture shopkeepers in each of the
12 Consumption Centres. This was done because the list of the timber traders/builders/forest
officials in each city was not readily available with researchers and also no information withrespect to the number and size of timber traders/builders in a particular city was available atthe beginning of the study. In-depth interviews and observation methods were used forcollecting the primary data as per Annex 4.1. A questionnaire schedule used for this purpose
is enclosed as shown in Annex 4.2. and 5.1. However, as the study progressed, theresearchers-cum-surveyors in various areas were able to collect and record the list ofindustries, traders, builders and others (some of which are recorded in Annex 4.3).
1 A sampling technique used when the overall population and consumer categories are difficult to identify orreach ab-initio. Research asks a subject if they could put them in touch with others in a similar situation andfollow-up the process increasingly as the survey proceeds. Glossary has a description of the technique withwhich the researchers-cum-surveyors were familiarized at a brainstorming session at Bhopal at the outset.

58

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

4.2

CONSUMPTION CENTRESIn total 15 consumption centres were studied and surveyed, but four centres -namely
Gurgaon, Ghaziabad, Noida & Faridabad, were clubbed together as Delhi Satellite Towns
for eventual analyses and reporting purposes. The following urban consumption centres
were thus studied to assess the consumption trends, particularly for tropical timber :1 Mumbai
3 Surat
5 Chennai
7 Hyderabad
9 Kanpur11 Delhi Satellite Towns (Gurgaon,
Ghaziabad, Noida, Faridabad)
4.3

2 Pune4 Ahmedabad
6 Bangalore
8 Kolkata
10 Delhi
12 Yamuna NagarANALYSIS

The primary data collected through the questionnaire were tabulated to obtain the aggregate
consumption figures of different types of timber products for each of the 12 urban
consumption centres. A fairly detailed summary of the data for each consumption centre has
been recorded in Annexes 4.4.1 to 4.4.12, with due mention of the relevant reference in thesection dealing with the research results, which have revealed the predominance of tropicaltimber usage.
While researching the data for consumption of different types of timber, the consumption oftropical softwood data has also been verified from the study commissioned through theIndian Institute of Forest Management, taking due note of the case study and survey
undertaken by it specifically for tropical softwood imports at Kandla port. Another
distribution channel case study commissioned for Yamuna Nagar deals largely withdomestic species, including ToF, and the other case study of Mumbai – the largest urban
centre for the country, almost exclusively with tropical hardwood imports. Their outcomesare recorded in Annexes 2.9 to 2.11. Yet another case study was conducted for Chennai, also
focusing on tropical hardwood imports and confirming the pattern for Mumbai, though on asmaller scale, but expanding. The data for that study and the detailed records for all theurban consumption surveys have been archived for a period of one year in agreement withvarious researchers-cum-surveyors and their local and regional consultants, in case the basic
data were to be required for any further computation or validation.
Adding the data of each consumption centre for each type of timber products and their enduses has generated an overall aggregate data of the 12 urban consumption centres. The
Gurgaon urban consumption centre was excluded for the purpose of the aggregation since
the same has been included in the ‘Delhi Satellite Towns’, taken together as one
consumption centre. The detailed summary of the data for the aggregate consumption of all
12 consumption centres has been portrayed in Annex 4.5 with any analytical discussion in alater section.

59

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

The results of the analysis in the following pages starts with the aggregate consumption ofeach type of timber product in all the 12 urban consumption centres followed by the eachurban consumption centre as listed in the methodology section. In addition, a questionnaire
was distributed among a representative sample of selected manufacturing units for sawn
wood, furniture and other items for obtaining an overview of the scenario of the timberbased factories (Annex 4.6).
4.4

CONSUMPTION SURVEY RESULTS

4.4.1

Aggregate Consumption in the 12 Urban Consumption Centres

The aggregate of the all the 12 urban consumption centres where the study has been carriedout is available in Annex 4.5, as stated above. A brief summary of the same is shown in thefollowing Table 4.1. It is evident from the table that the timber consumption in urban India
has been growing at 7 per cent per annum, more than the average per capita GDP growthrate of 4.5 percent during the last five years.
Table 4.1: Total Timber Consumption of major Urban Consumption Centres (000 Cu.m)
1997-98
1999-2000
2002-03
2005-06*
2007-08*
2012-13*
Timber Products
Total Industrial Roundwood
2976.33250.33418.83851.54194.84793.5(Logs)
Tropical hardwood Logs
2322.92546.12699.12888.03181.63781.1
Sawnwood
1983.52121.32152.42254.22345.42567.3Veneer & Plywood
491.8
586.3
705.6
783.2
840.7
1329.4
Builder's Joinery
832.8
877.7
911.3
934.6
965.5
1055.3* Projections
Source: Computed from the primary survey data collected from 12 urban consumption centres for the pre-project
Review

Out of the total roundwood logs consumption of 3.4 Mn Cu.m. in the 12 urban consumption
centres in 2002-03, tropical hardwoods constitute about 80% (Figure 4.1). Their domestic
production is about 57% (1.55 Mn Cu.m). It is inferred that the remaining tropical timber isimported, i.e., 43% (1.16 Mn Cu.m) of the total industrial roundwood consumed in the urban
centres. This proportion of imported tropical timber is expected to be maintained in the next
5-10 years (Figure 4.2). With the increasing consumption of tropical timber, the absolute
quantity of imported tropical timber would increase proportionately. It is estimated that the
total timber consumption in these 12 major consumption centres would increase to 4.8 Mn
Cu.m. by the year 2012-13, of which tropical timber could be 3.78 Mn Cu.m with imported
tropical timber being at least 1.64 Mn Cu.m.
Logs were reported to arrive from about 100 countries, but six countries, namely Malaysia,
Myanmar, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and New Zealand account for bulk of theimported timber consumption. Among the major timber species imported and used in theurban centres so far are Teak from Myanmar and Africa, and Malaysian Sal, Andaman
Paduak and Gurjan, among others. The increasing use of imported tropical timber in theurban consumption centres can be attributed primarily to its price competitiveness and thelimited availability of domestically produced timber in the face an ever increasing demand.
The ban on clear felling by the Apex (Supreme) Court has accentuated the deficit of60

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

domestically produced timber and thus more dependence on the imports to sustain the
demand of the urban consumption centres.
Figure 4.1: Industrial Roundwood Consumption in 12 Urban Centres ('000 Cu.m)
6000.05000.04000.03000.02000.01000.00.0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Logs

1665.61779.7

1899.72014.52194.12601.6

Logs

1304.21463.61509.11691.51852.92176.9ILogs

2969.83243.33408.83706.04047.04778.5Tropical2322.92545.12699.12888.03181.63781.1Figure 4.2: Tropical Hardwood Logs, Tropical Softwood and Temperate Hardwood
Consumption -Imports and Domestic in 12 Consumption Centres ('000 Cu.m)
2500.02000.01500.01000.0500.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Tr. HW - Dom

1356.21456.91539.71604.01746.72140.8

Tr. HW - Imports

966.7

1088.21159.41284.01434.91640.3

Tr.SW - Dom

289.5

309.4

345.3

400.5

429.6

449.4

Tr. SW - Imports

235.6

257.3

230.4

263.9

272.9

361.7

Temp. HW - Dom

19.9

13.5

14.8

9.9

17.8

11.4

Temp. HW - Imports

101.9

118.1

119.3

143.6

145.1

174.9

61

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

4.4.1.1 Sawnwood Consumption in 12 Urban Consumption Centres
Most of the timber imports in India are in the form of logs, as the import duty on
roundwood is only 5% as against 35% on sawnwood. However the respondents in private
informed that with imported logs, some sawnwood and plywood are also imported but
these are not reported in the documents because of high tariff rates on the same. Therefore
the data for import of timber products, except for logs, are missing or underestimated in theofficial documents as the same are not recorded in the shipping documents but the trading
community use other set of documents for the actual timber products imported. Of the total
sawnwood consumption of 21.5 Mn Cu.m. in 2002-03, about 84 per cent are tropical
hardwoods, while the remaining include tropical softwood and temperate hardwood.
Overall, there is an increasing trend for use of sawnwood in all the 12 consumption centres(Figure 4.3).
Figure 4.3: Total Consumption of Sawnwood Timber in 12 Centres ('000 Cu.m)

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

Tropical SW

118.03132.20142.32148.77

157.68

2012-13187.98Tropical HW

1695.80

1796.421799.35

1872.83

1940.852123.50

Temperate HW

169.67

192.67210.76232.63246.89255.79Total Sawnwood

1983.502121.292152.43

2254.232345.422567.26

4.4.1.2 Plywood (including Veneer) Consumption in 12 Urban Consumption Centres
The plywood consumption in India is rather low in general as in all the consumption centres
surveyed. It is reported in the survey that total timber consumption in veneer and plywoodin the 12 urban consumption centres in the year 2002-03 was only 0.7 Mn Cu.m. However,this is expected to go up to in the next few years in view of an increasing trend for plywood
consumption. There is little separate data available for veneer in almost all consumption
centres and the quantity of veneer is included in the plywood consumption. This is almost
true for the whole country. Therefore, the figures reported here for plywood consumption
include that of veneer as well unless mentioned otherwise. The import of plywood is
negligible in the country largely on account of high tariffs on plywood. Yet, with thegrowing consumer preference for plywood, its imports should go up in the coming years.
Meanwhile, mainly the local species are used for veneer and plywood manufacture on
account of local ToF supplies and their price competitiveness.

62

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Figure 4.4: Total consumption of Veneer and Plywood in 12 Centres ('000 Cu.m)
1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Tropical HW

485.7

579.3

699.0

776.3

833.6

1321.4Tropical SW

5.4

6.2

5.9

6.2

6.4

7.2

Temperate HW

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.8

Total Veneer & Plywood

491.8

586.3

705.6

783.2

840.7

1329.44.4.1.3 Builder’s Joinery Consumption in 12 Urban Consumption Centres
Primarily topical hardwood is used in builders’ joinery. Out of the total quantity of 0.07 Mn
Cu.m. in 2002-03 used in builder’s joinery in the 12 urban centers, almost 92.5% are tropical
hardwood species (Figure 4.5).
Figure 4.5: Total Builders' Joinery in 12 Consumption Centres ('000 Cu.m)
1200.01000.0

800.0

600.0

400.0

200.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Tropical HW

769.8

811.4

842.5

860.5

889.1

966.6

Tropical SW

1.5

1.7

2.4

2.7

3.1

3.4

Temperate HW

61.5

64.6

66.4

71.4

73.4

85.3

Total Builder's Joinery

832.8

877.7

911.3

934.6

965.5

1055.363

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

4.5

CONSUMPTION TRENDS AND PROSPECTS IN EACH OF THE 12 CONSUMPTION CENTRES

4.5.1

Timber Consumption Trends and Prospects in MUMBAI

4.5.1.1 Total timber logs consumption: Domestic Production and Imports
The total timber (industrial roundwood) consumption in Mumbai has been reported at 0.42
Mn Cu.m. in 2002-03. It is expected to increase to 0.48 Mn Cu.m. by 2012-13 (Figure 4.6). This
growth in timber consumption is relatively very less in comparison with other consumption
centres. The reasons for the same are reported as a fast changing consumer preference foralternate wood substitute materials such as iron, aluminium and plastics, though thecontinuance of this change in taste may not be sustainable, because it is partly due of lack ofreadily available supplies of high quality hardwoods. This may be a key message for theforest sector planners and stakeholders who would wish to promote timber consumption
instead high energy consuming and ecologically inefficient substitutes, especially in the faceof the availability of high quality tropical timbers in the world market with various varieties
at highly competitive prices from diverse sources.
Tropical hardwoods constitute almost 95% of the total industrial roundwood consumption(0.40 Mn Cu.m), followed by tropical softwood (4%) and temperate hardwood (less than1%). The imports of tropical hardwoods (0.22 Mn Cu.m.) are much more than the domestic
tropical hardwoods (0.15 Mn Cu.m) consumed in Mumbai (Figure 4.7 & Figure 4.8).
Figure 4.6: Total Timber Logs/Roundwood Consumption in Mumbai (000' Cu.m)
600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Timber/Roundwood

412.9

474.8

403.6

415.7

428.2

479.6

Tropical Hardwood Logs

371.4

427.1

363.0

373.9

385.1

431.3

Tropical Softwood Logs

35.3

40.6

34.5

35.6

36.6

41.0

Temperate Hardwood Logs

6.2

7.1

6.1

6.2

6.4

7.2

64

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Figure 4.7: Consumption trend of Imported Roundwood in Mumbai (000' Cu.m)
300.0

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Tropical Hardwood Logs Imports

222.8

256.3

217.8

224.3

231.1

258.8

Tropical Sodtwood Logs Imports

34.9

40.1

34.1

35.1

36.2

40.5

Temperate Hardwood Logs Imports

6.0

6.9

5.8

6.0

6.2

6.9

Figure 4.8: Tropical Round Hardwood Imports v/s Domestic Production ('000 Cu.m)
300.0

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Tropical Hardwood Imports

222.8

256.3

217.8

224.3

231.1

258.8

Tropical Hardwood Domestic Production

148.6

170.8

145.2

149.6

154.1

172.5

The preference for imported tropical timber are primarily due to their price competitivenessand the limited availability of domestically produced timber, while witnessing an increasing
65

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

demand. The ban on clear felling has further accentuated the scarcity of supply of timber.
This provides logic for further spurt in demand for imports of tropical timber in coming
years, especially in high income growth and large urban centres, such as Mumbai.
Among the major imported species used here include Nigerian teak followed by Myanmar
teak and Malaysian timbers. The Myanmar teak is the costliest, which is preferred by thesmall upper income class, though their numbers are on the increase. Other popular imported
timbers are from Malaysia, including “sal” and softwood, mainly pine from New Zealand.
4.5.1.2 Sawnwood Consumption in Mumbai
Most of the timber imports are in the form of roundwood logs as the import duty on
roundwood is only 5% against 35% on sawnwood. However the respondents in private
informed that with imported logs, some quantity of sawnwood and plywood is also
imported but these are not reported in the documents because of high tariff rates on thesame. Therefore the data for import of timber products except logs are missing in the official
documents as the same are not recorded in the shipping documents but the trading
community use other set of documents for the actual timber products imported.
The roundwood imported at Mumbai goes to Nagpur where it is sawn and redistributed tovarious consumption centres in the state of Maharastra. Nagpur has about 1000 sawmills,
while Mumbai has only about 250 sawmills.
Almost 65% of the total roundwood is converted into sawnwood (0.31 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03),
while the remaining is used for other purposes such as the manufacture of flush doors.
Again the Sawnwood mainly comprise of the tropical hardwood (0.295 Mn Cu.m), of whichmore than 60% is the imported tropical hardwood (Figure 4.9 & Figure 4.10).
Figure 4.9: Sawnwood Consumption In Mumbai ('000 Cu.m)
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Sawnwood

322.4

370.8

315.1

324.6

334.3

374.5

Sawnwood Tropical Hardwood

302.4

347.8

295.6

304.5

313.6

351.3

Sawnwood tropical Softwood

19.0

21.9

18.6

19.2

19.7

22.1

Sawnwood Temperate Hardwood

0.9

1.1

0.9

0.9

1.0

1.1

66

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Figure 4.10: Sawnwood Tropical Hardwood Consumption: Imports v/s Domestic (000 Cu.m)
400.0

350.0

300.0

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Sawnwood Consumption

322.4

370.8

315.1

324.6

334.3

374.5

Sawnmwood Tropical Hardwood

302.4

347.8

295.6

304.5

313.6

351.3

Sawnwood Tropical Imports

174.1

200.2

170.2

175.3

180.5

202.2

Sawnwood tropical Domestic prod.

128.3

147.6

125.5

129.2

133.1

149.1

4.5.1.3 Plywood (including Veneer) Consumption in Mumbai
The plywood consumption in all the urban centres is limited, Mumbai in particular.
However, there is an increasing consumption trend throughout the country though not thatmuch in Mumbai. Separate data are not available for veneer in almost all the consumption
centres and is included as part of plywood consumption. Therefore, the figures reported
here for plywood consumption include that of veneer, unless stated otherwise. The importof plywood is negligible in Mumbai mainly on account of high tariffs on plywood imports,
but there is a growing consumer preference and its imports are expected go up.
Figure 4.11: Plywood Consumption in Mumbai ('000 Cu.m)
60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Plywood Total Consumption

44.0

50.6

43.0

44.3

45.7

51.1

Plywood Tropical Hardwood

40.6

46.7

39.7

40.9

42.1

47.1

Plywood Tropical Hardwood Domestic

40.6

46.7

39.7

40.9

42.1

47.1

Plywood Tropical Softwood Domestic

2.9

3.4

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.4

67

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

As is evident from Figure 4.11, only 0.04 Mn Cu.m plywood is reported to be consumed in
Mumbai, which is less than 10% of the total log consumption during year 2002-03. Bothtropical hardwood as well as tropical softwood is used for plywood making, but almost 93%
are tropical hardwoods. Almost the entire plywood is made from the domestic hardwood
species and not from the imported species. The major domestic hardwood species used inplywood making is sal (Shorea robusta).
4.5.1.4 Builder’s Joinery Consumption in Mumbai
Only tropical hardwood is used in builders’ joinery in Mumbai. Out of the total quantity(0.07 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03) used in builder’s joinery in Mumbai, almost 70% are imported
timbers, while the rest are domestically produced species (Figure 4.12). Among the majordomestic species are teak and sal.
Figure 4.12: Builders' Joinery Consumption in Mumbai ('000 Cu.m)

90.0

80.0

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

4.5.2

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Builders' Joinery (Tropical
hardwood)

70.7

81.3

69.1

71.2

73.3

82.1

Builders' Joinery Hardwood
Imports

48.1

55.3

47.0

48.4

49.8

55.8

Builders' Joinery Hardwood
Domestic Prod.

22.6

26.0

22.1

22.8

23.5

26.3

Consumption Trends and Prospects in PUNE

4.5.2.1 Total timber logs consumption: Domestic Production and Imports
The total timber (Industrial roundwood) consumption in Pune has been reported at 0.17 Mn
Cu.m in 2002-03 and is expected to increase to 0.22 Mn Cu.m by 2012-13 (Figure 4.13).
Though this growth in timber consumption is very less in comparison with the otherconsumption centres. The reasons for the same are reported as the changing consumer
preferences for alternative materials such as iron, aluminium etc. Tropical hardwoods
constitute almost 90% of the total industrial roundwood consumption (0.17 Mn Cu.m)

68

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

followed by tropical softwood - 9% (0.016 Mn Cu.m) and temperate hardwoods – 1%(0.025
Mn Cu.m) consumed in Pune.
Figure 4.13: Total Timber Logs/Roundwood Consumption in Pune ('000 Cu.m)
250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Timber Logs

153.2

183.8

174.6

183.4

188.9

217.2

Tropical Hardwood Logs

137.8

165.3

157.1

164.9

169.9

195.3

Tropical Softwood Logs

13.1

15.7

14.9

15.7

16.2

18.6

Temperate Hardwood Logs

2.3

2.8

2.6

2.8

2.8

3.3

The imports of Tropical hardwoods (0.09 Mn Cu.m) are much more than the domestic
tropical hardwoods (0.06 Mn Cu.m) consumed in Pune (Figure 4.14). The tropical softwoodis also imported to the tune of 0.015 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03 and the trend is increasing one.
Tropical softwood is primarily used in the packaging industry in Pune. The reasons forpreference for imported tropical timber are primarily the price competitiveness and the lessavailability of domestically produced timber in India against the increasing demand. The
ban on clear felling by the Supreme Court has further accentuated the problem of low
supply of timber and thus more dependence on the imports. This provides logic for further
spurt in the imports of tropical timber in the country in coming years.
Among the major imported species include Nigerian teak followed by Burma Teak andMalaysian teak. The Myanmar Teak is the costliest one and hence is preferred by only thesmall class rich of people. Other wood imported timber from Malaysia includes Sal wood.
The softwood is mainly Radiant Pine, which is imported from New Zealand.
4.5.2.2 Sawnwood Consumption in Pune
The most of the timber import are in the form of roundwood logs as the import duty on
roundwood is only 5% against 35% on sawnwood.
Almost 60% of the total roundwood are converted into sawnwood (0.136 Mn Cu.m. in 200203) while the remaining is used for other purposes. Again the Sawnwood mainly compriseof the Tropical Hardwood (0.127 Mn Cu.m) of which more than 55% is the imported tropical69

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

hardwood (Fig 4.14 & Fig 4.15) and rest domestically produced hardwood. However
imported tropical softwood is also used for sawnwood (0.01 Mn Cu.m).
Figure 4.14: Timber Imports and Domestic Production in Pune ('000 Cu.m)
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Totoal Timber Roundwood Imports

97.8

117.4

111.5

117.1

120.6

138.7

Tropica Hardwood Imports

82.7

99.2

94.2

98.9

101.9

117.2

Tropical Hardwood Domestic Prod.

55.1

66.1

62.8

66.0

67.9

78.1

Tropical Softwood Imports

12.9

15.5

14.8

15.5

16.0

18.3

Temperate Hardwood Imports

2.2

2.7

2.5

2.7

2.7

3.1

Figure 4.15: Sawnwood Tropical Hardwood Import & Domestic Consumption ('000 Cu.m)
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Sawnwood

119.6

143.5

136.3

143.2

147.5

169.6

Sawnwood Tropical Hardwood

112.2

134.6

127.9

134.3

138.3

159.1

Sawnwood Imported Tropical Hardwood

64.6

77.5

73.6

77.3

79.6

91.6

Sawnwood Domestic Tropical
Hardwood

47.8

57.4

54.5

57.3

59.0

67.8

4.5.2.3 Plywood (including Veneer) Consumption in Pune
The Plywood consumption in India is very less in general and all the consumption centres
including Pune in particular. The import of plywood is negligible in Pune mainly on account70

Urban Timber Consumption Surveyof high tariffs on plywood imports in India. However with the growing consumer
preference for Plywood its imports are expected to go up in the coming years.
As is evident from Figure 2.11, only 0.018 Mn Cu.m plywood is reported to be consumed in
Pune, which is almost 10% of the total log consumption during year 2002-03. Both tropical
hardwood as well as tropical softwood is used for plywood making but almost 93% aretropical hardwood. Almost the entire plywood is made from the domestic hardwood species
and not from the imported species. Trees outside the Forest (ToF) are becoming an
increasingly important resource for the purpose.
4.5.2.4 Builder’s Joinery Consumption in Pune
Only topical hardwood is used in builders’ joinery in Pune. Out of the total quantity (0.019
Mn Cu.m. in 2002-03) used in builder’s joinery in Pune; almost 70% are imported species
while the rest are domestically produced species (Fig 4.16). Among the major domestic
species include teak and sal.
Figure 4.16 : Plywood Consumption in Pune ('000 Cu.m)
25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Plywood Total Consumption

16.3

19.6

18.6

19.5

20.1

23.2

Plywood Tropical Hardwood

15.1

18.1

17.2

18.0

18.6

21.4

Plywood Tropical Softwood

1.1

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.6

Plywood Temperate Hardwood

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

71

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Figure 4.17: Total Consumption of Builder's Joinery in Pune ('000 Cu.m)
40.0

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

4.5.3

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Builder's Joinery Total Consumption (Total
Hardwood)

26.2

31.5

29.9

31.4

32.3

37.2

Builder's Joinery Imports

17.8

21.4

20.3

21.3

22.0

25.3

Builder's Joinery Domestic

8.4

10.1

9.6

10.0

10.3

11.9

Timber Consumption Trends and Prospects in SURAT

4.5.3.1 Total timber logs consumption: Domestic Production and Imports
The total timber (Industrial roundwood) consumption in Surat has been reported at 0.114
Mn Cu.m in 2002-03 and is expected to increase to 0.132 Mn Cu.m by 2012-13 (Figure 4.18).
Tropical hardwoods constitute almost 85% of the total industrial roundwood consumption(0.114 Mn Cu.m) followed by tropical softwood (13%) and temperate hardwoods (2%)
consumed in. The imports of Tropical hardwoods (0.06 Mn Cu.m.) are much more than thedomestic tropical hardwoods (0.041 Mn Cu.m) consumed in Surat (Fig 4.19).
Figure 4.18: Total Timber Logs Consumption in Surat ('000' Cu.m)
140.0

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Timber Logs

99.9

109.9

114.3

117.7

120.1

132.1

Tropcial Hardwood Logs

89.9

98.8

102.8

105.9

108.0

118.8

Tropical Softwood Logs

8.6

9.4

9.8

10.1

10.3

11.3

Temperate Hardwood Logs

1.5

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.8

2.0

72

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Figure 4.19: Tropical Hardwood Logs Imports & Domestic Production v/s Tropical
Softwood and Temperate Hardwood Consumption in Surat ('000 Cu.m )

140.0

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Tropical Hardwood Logs Consumption

89.9

98.8

102.8

105.9

108.0

118.8

Tropical Hardwood Logs Imports

53.9

59.3

61.7

63.5

64.8

71.3

Tropical Hardwood Logs Domestic Prod.

35.9

39.5

41.1

42.3

43.2

47.5

Tropocal Softwood Logs imports

8.4

9.3

9.7

9.9

10.1

11.2

Temperate Hardwood Logs Imports

1.4

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.9

The reasons for preference for imported tropical timber are primarily the pricecompetitiveness and the less availability of domestically produced timber in India against
the increasing demand. The ban on clear felling by the Supreme Court has further
accentuated the problem of low supply of timber and thus more dependence on the imports.
This provides logic for further spurt in the imports of tropical timber in the country incoming years.
Among the major imported species include Nigerian teak followed by Burma Teak andMalaysian teak. The Myanmar Teak is the costliest one and hence is preferred by only thesmall class of rich people. Other wood imported timber from Malaysia includes Sal wood.
The softwood is mainly Pine, which is imported from New Zealand.
4.5.3.2 Sawnwood Consumption in Surat
The most of the timber import are in the form of roundwood logs as the import duty on
roundwood is only 5% against 35% on sawnwood. Almost 70% of the total roundwood areconverted into sawnwood (0.09 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03) while the remaining is used for otherpurposes. Again the Sawnwood mainly comprise of the Tropical Hardwood (0.083 Mn
Cu.m) of which more than 60% is the imported tropical hardwood (Fig 4.20).

73

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Figure 4.20: Sawnwood Consumption in Surat: Domestic & Imports ('000 Cu.m )

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Sawnwood

78.0

85.8

89.2

91.9

93.7

103.1

Total Sawnwood Imports

46.8

51.5

53.5

55.1

56.2

61.9

Sawnwood Imports Tropical Hardwood

42.1

46.3

48.2

49.6

50.6

55.7

Sawnwood DomesticTropical Hardwood

31.1

34.2

35.5

36.6

37.3

41.1

4.5.3.3 Plywood (including Veneer) Consumption in Surat
The Plywood consumption in India is very less in general and all the consumption centres
including Surat in particular. The import of plywood is negligible in Surat mainly on
account of high tariffs on plywood imports in India. However with the growing consumer
preference for Plywood its imports are expected to go up in the coming years.

Only 0.012 Mn Cu.m of plywood is reported to be consumed in Surat, which is almost 10%of the total log consumption during year 2002-03. Both tropical hardwood as well as tropical
softwood is used for plywood making but almost 93% are tropical hardwood. Almost theentire plywood is made from the domestic hardwood species and not from the imported
species (Fig 4.21).
4.5.3.4 Builder’s Joinery Consumption in Surat
Only topical hardwood is used in builders’ joinery in Surat. Out of the total quantity (0.0196
Mn Cu.m in 2002-03) used in builder’s joinery in Surat, almost 60% is imported species while
the rest are domestically produced species (Fig 4.22). Among the major domestic species
used in builder’s joinery are Teak and Sal.

74

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Figure 4.21: Plywood Domestic Production in Surat ('000 Cu.m)
16.0

14.0

12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Plywood Domestic

10.5

11.6

12.0

12.4

12.6

13.9

Plywood DomesticTropical Hardwood

9.8

10.8

11.2

11.6

11.8

13.0

Plywood DomesticTropical Softwood

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.9

Figure 4.22: Total TH Builder’s Joinery Import and Domestic
Consumption in Surat ('000 Cu.m)
25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

4.5.4

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Builder’s Joinery Tropical Hardwood Total

17.1

18.8

19.6

20.1

20.6

22.6

Builder’s Joinery Imports Tropical
Hardwood

11.6

12.8

13.3

13.7

14.0

15.4

Builder’s Joinery Domestic Tropical
Hardwood

5.5

6.0

6.3

6.4

6.6

7.2

Timber Consumption Trends and Prospects in AHMEDABAD

4.5.4.1 Total timber logs consumption: Domestic Production and Imports
The total timber (Industrial roundwood) consumption in Ahmedabad has been reported at
0.194 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03 and is expected to increase to 0.273 Mn Cu.m by 2012-13(Figure 4.23).

75

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Tropical hardwoods constitute almost 95% of the total industrial roundwood consumption(0.187Mn Cu.m) followed by tropical softwood (4%) and temperate hardwood (less than1%). The imports of Tropical hardwoods (0.142 Mn Cu.m) are much more than the domestic
tropical hardwoods (0.046 Mn Cu.m) consumed in Ahmedabad (Figure 4.24). The
consumption of tropical softwood and temperate hardwood species are very less.
Figure 4.23: Total Timber Logs/Roundwood Consumption in Ahmedabad ('000 Cu.m)
300

250

200

150

100

50

0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

Total Tropical Roundwood

120.0

135.6

194.4

217.7

243.9

273.1

Tropical Hardwood Logs

116.0

131.1

187.9

210.5

235.7

264.0

Tropical Softwood Logs

3.5

4.0

5.7

6.4

7.1

8.0

Temperate Hardwood Logs

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

Figure 4.24: Timber Type Logs Consumption (Imports and Domestic Prod.)in Ahmedabad ('000 Cu.m)
250

200

150

100

50

0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

Total Imports Logs

88.1

99.5

142.7

159.8

179

200.5

Imports Tropical Hardwood Logs

87.5

98.9

141.8

158.8

177.8

199.1

Import Tropical Softwood Logs

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.4

Imports Temperate Hardwood Logs

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Total Domestic

31.9

36

51.7

57.9

64.8

72.6

DomesticTropical Hardwood Logs

28.5

32.2

46.2

51.7

57.9

64.9

DomesticTropical Softwood Logs

3.3

3.7

5.3

6.0

6.7

7.5

DomesticTemperate Hardwood Logs

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

76

0.5

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

The timber consumption in Ahmedabad has been on an increase over the last five years andthe trend is expected to continue in next 5-10 years and thus provides rationale to conclude
that imports of tropical hardwood will further increase in future.
Among the major imported species include Nigerian teak followed by Burma Teak and Malaysian teak. The Myanmar Teak is the costliest one and hence is preferred by only the smallclass rich of people. Other wood imported timber from Malaysia includes Sal wood. The
softwood is mainly Pine, which is imported from New Zealand.
4.5.4.2 Sawnwood Consumption in Ahmedabad
The most of the timber import are in the form of roundwood logs as the import duty on
roundwood is only 5% against 35% on sawnwood. The roundwood imported at the ports issawn and redistributed to various consumption centres in the country.
Of the 0.194 Mn Cu.m of total roundwood, 0.115 Mn Cu.m is converted into while theremaining is used for other purposes. Again the Sawnwood mainly comprise of the Tropical
Hardwood (0.112 Mn Cu.m) of which more than 68% is the domestic tropical hardwood(Figure 4.25) and the remaining are imported species. There is an increasing trend for the
consumption of Sawnwood in the city.
Figure 4.25: Sawnwood Consumption in Ahmedabad ('000 Cu.m)
180.0

160.0

140.0

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

Sawnwood Total Consumption

71.1

80.3

115.2

129.0

144.5

161.8

Sawnwood Tropical Hardwood

69.5

78.5

112.6

126.1

141.2

158.2

Sawnwood Tropical Hardwood Domestic
Prod

53.5

60.5

86.7

97.1

108.7

121.8

Sawnwood Tropical Hardwood Imports

16.0

18.1

25.9

29.0

32.5

36.4

4.5.4.3 Plywood (including Veneer) Consumption in Ahmedabad
The Plywood consumption in India is very less in general and all the consumption centres
including Ahmedabad in particular. However there is an increasing trend for plywood consumption through out the country. There is no separate data available on Veneer in almost
all consumption centres and the quantity of veneer is included in the plywood consumption.

77

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

This is almost true for the whole country. The use of imported plywood is negligible in
Ahmedabad mainly on account of high tariffs on plywood imports in India. However withthe growing consumer preference for Plywood, its imports are expected to go up in the
coming years.
The total consumption of plywood in Ahmedabad was 17880 Cu.m in 2003-03, which is lessthan 10% of the total log consumption during year 2002-03. Both tropical hardwood as wellas tropical softwood is used for plywood making but almost 95% are tropical hardwood. Almost the entire plywood is made from the domestic hardwood species and not from the imported species (Figure 4.26). The major domestic hardwood species used in plywood making
fairly fast grown ToF species. There is an increasing trend for the consumption of Plywoodin the city as well as good prospects for imports of Plywood particularly from the tropicalcountries.
Figure 4.26: Plywood Consumption (Tropical Hardwood and Softwood Only)
in Ahmedabad ('000 Cu.m)
30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

Plywood Total

11.0

12.4

17.8

20.0

22.4

25.0

Plywood Tropical Hardwood

10.5

11.9

17.0

19.1

21.3

23.9

Plywood Tropical Softwood

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

4.5.4.4 Builder’s Joinery Consumption in Ahmedabad
Only tropical hardwood is used in builders’ joinery. The total Out of the total quantity (0.07
Mn Cu.m in 2002-03) used in builder’s joinery in Mumbai, almost 70% is imported species
while the rest are domestically produced species (Figure 4.27). Among the major domestic
species include Teak and Sal. There is an increasing trend for the consumption of builder’sjoinery in the city as well as good prospects for imports particularly from the tropicalcountries. The consumption has sharply gone up from 2000 onwards.

78

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Figure 4.27: Total Consumption of Builder’s Joinery in Ahmedabad ('000 Cu.m)
60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

4.5.5

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

Builder’s Joinery Total

23.0

26.0

37.3

41.7

46.7

52.3

Builder’s Joinery Tropical Hardwood

20.5

23.2

33.2

37.2

41.7

46.7

Builder’s Joinery Tropical Softwood

1.5

1.7

2.4

2.7

3.0

3.4

Builder’s Joinery Temperate Hardwood

1.0

1.1

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.3

Timber Consumption Trends and Prospects in CHENNAI

4.5.5.1 Total consumption of imported timber logs
The total timber logs consumption in Chennai by way of imports has been reported at 0.211
Mn Cu.m in 2002-03 and is expected to increase to 0.351 Mn Cu.m by 2012-13 (Figure 4.28).
All the timber consumption in Chennai is from imports alone and nothing is consumed fromthe domestic production. Also the tropical hardwood imports constitute more than 95% of
the total imports of logs (0.201 Mn Cu.m). The import of softwood stands at mere 0.1 Mn
Cu.m. This trend is likely to be uniform even in 2012-2013 where it is projected that theimports of tropical hardwood would constitute more than 95% of the total timber log
imports.
The timber is imported from several countries and of different species. The main countries
from which various species ( as registered) of timber are imported are as follows:West Africa

Teak and Padauk

South America

Teak (Colombia and Brazil)

Malaysia

Sal, Gurjan (Long length) and Keruing

Indonesia

Gurjan and Marbau

Burma

Teak and Gurjan

New Zealand

Pines

79

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Timber imports at Chennai Port could increase to almost 500 % if the customs authorities
stop delaying and systematise the verification of containers randomly. This random
verification is discretionary and lies at the hands of the customs officials. This increases
overhead charges to the importers in some way. These delays increase demurrage charges aswell. As a result the cost of imports at Tuticorin Port may come down comparatively. As of
now many importers prefer Tuticorin Port to the Chennai Port. They are ready to pay thefreight charges by road from Tuticorin to Chennai, which they think more than compensates
for the inconvenience caused on account of discretionary verification by Customs Officials at
Chennai Port.
Figure 4.28: Total Timber Log Consumption ( all imports) in Chennai ('000 Cu.m)
400.0

350.0

300.0

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Logs

140.5

166.5

211.0

238.5

284.5

351.0

Tropical Softwood

6.5

7.0

10.0

12.0

12.5

15.0

Tropical Hardwood

134.0

159.5

201.0

226.5

272.0

336.0

The overall picture indicates that the demand for timber may increase in Chennai over theyears to come. The Builders Joinery or any value added timber even Sawnwood is not imported only due to heavy customs duty. And the timber traders opined that if the customs
duty is reduced, the imports in these categories might get a boost.
The Timber Trade in Chennai could increase substantially if following aspects are taken noteof :1. Procedures and rules related to approval of building plans by Metropolitan
authorities are relaxed considerably. As of today, householders and Flat Promotersfind it very difficult to get approval for their house plan and with considerable delay
due to corruption.
2. Timber could be sold more to neighbouring states where port facilities are notavailable if the timber is removed from the Essential Commodities Act.
3. Customs authorities stop delaying and stop verification of containers randomly. The
random verification is discretionary at the hands of Customs officials. This increases

80Urban Timber Consumption Survey

overhead charges to the importers in an informal manner. The delay increases
demurrage charges as well.
4. Demurrage charges are reduced to Rs. 1/- per Cu.m for the first 10 days and
Rs. 10/- per Cu.m for the rest of the period (from Rs. 12/- per Cu.m per day and Rs.
24/- per Cu.m. per day respectively at present). Alternatively a 1000-acre area might
be allotted by the Government for common Timber Storage Yard to store timber at
nominal cost near the city outskirts. The Timber Merchant Association is ready to
pay back the capital if soft loans are released at no or very minimum interest and tobe paid over 20 years period.
Sawmills and other infrastructure facilities may also be provided in the proposed large Timber Storage Yard to facilitate consumers and traders.
4.5.6

Timber Consumption Trends and Prospects in BANGALORE

4.5.6.1 Total timber logs consumption: Domestic Production and Imports
The total timber (Industrial roundwood) consumption in Bangalore has been reported at
0.117 Mn Cu.m.. in 2002-03 and is expected to increase to 0.441 Mn Cu.m. by 2012-13(Figure 4.29). This growth in timber consumption is quite remarkable in comparison withthe other consumption centres. Tropical hardwood constitutes 47% of the total timber
consumption; the remaining consists of tropical softwood species imported mainly fromNew Zealand (Pine) during 2002-2003. The tropical hardwood is also primarily imported
which accounts for 77% of the total tropical hardwood during 2002-03. The remaining
tropical hardwood comes from domestic production. Among the domestic species include
Eucalyptus, Neem, Acacia etc are plantation species while Teak, Mathi, Nandi, Honne aregrown in the homesteads. The imported species of tropical hardwood include Tectona
grandis, Shorea spp., Balau group from Myanmar and Nigeria; Merbau (Honne) from
Malaysia, and Shorea spp (Sal) from Indonesia.
Figure 4.29: Total Logs Consumed in Bangalore ('000 Cu.m)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Logs

53.66

99.84

117.22219.96

319.60441.00

Tro. HW

42.96

47.04

55.52

107.16159.80214.50

Tro. SW

8.56

42.24

49.36

90.24

127.84179.60Temp. HW

2.14

10.56

12.34

22.56

31.96

46.90

81

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

The domestic hardwood is mainly from the plantations nearby the city and the homesteads.
Some quantity of the recycled woods such as the doors & windows of the demolished building are also considered. This is done on a regular scale in Bangalore. Sawn wood is not imported in Bangalore. Plywood is also not imported. Instead Veneer is brought from Assam,
Gujarat and some of the northeastern states.
4.5.6.2 Total timber logs consumption: Sawnwood, Veneer and Plywood
According to the survey, the consumption of timber for sawnwood purposes has been increasing steadily over the years and the trend is expected to continue in next 5-10 years. The
consumption of timber for sawnwood was recorded at 4112 Cu.m.. in 2002-03 made from thedomestic species. However, there are no imports of sawnwood as such in Bangalore.
Similarly it has been reported in the survey that Veneer and Plywood is also not imported
for consumption in Bangalore. However veneer and plywood is manufactured in Bangalore
but in small quantities 4230 Cu.m and 9000 Cu.m, respectively, in 2002-03. It is also reported
that the consumption of veneer is entirely from domestic timber.
4.5.7

Timber Consumption Trends and Prospects in HYDERABAD

4.5.7.1 Total timber logs consumption: Domestic Production and Imports
The total timber (Industrial roundwood) consumption in Bangalore has been reported at
0.061 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03 and is expected to increase to 0.088 Mn Cu.m by 2012-13(Figure 4.30). This growth in timber consumption is quite high in comparison with the otherconsumption centres.
Tropical hardwood constitute almost 64% of the total timber consumption, the remaining
consists of tropical softwood species including imported species mainly from New Zealand(Pine). The tropical hardwood is also primarily imported which accounts for 70% of thetotal tropical hardwood. The remaining tropical hardwood comes from domestic
production.
Among the domestic species include Acacia nilotica, Anogeissus latifolia, Bauhinia spp, Careyaarborea, Dalbergia sissoo, Diospyros spp, Lophopetalum wightianum, Madhuca longifolia, Mitrgyna
parvifolia, Pterocarpus maruspium, Stereospermum spp. Syszgium spp. Albizzia odoratissima, Adina
cordifolia, Boswellia serrata, Dalbergia latifolia, Dillena pentagyna, Grewia spp., Kydia calcina,
Lagerstremia parviflora, Mangefera indica, Palaquium ellipticum, Soymida ferbrifuga, Sterculia
urens, Terminalia spp., Xanthophyllum spp., Acacia auriculiformis, Eucalyptus teeticornis,
Leucanena leucoephala, Palmyrahetc.
The imported species of tropical hardwoods include Tectona grandis, Shorea spp., Balau groupfrom Myanmar and Nigeria, Merbau (Honne) from Malaysia, and Shorea spp (Sal) fromIndonesia.

82

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Figure 4.30: Total Logs Consumed in Hyderabad ('000 Cu.m)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Logs

41.79

46.89

61.06

67.78

76.23

87.50

Tro. HW

23.79

28.12

39.31

43.64

51.54

61.50

Tro. SW

14.4

15.01617.4

19.312

19.76

20.8

Temp. HW

3.6

3.754

4.35

4.828

4.936

5.2

4.5.7.2 Total timber logs consumption: Sawnwood, Veneer and Plywood
The consumption of timber for sawnwood and veneer has not been reported in Hyderabad.
However the manufactured of plywood is reported but in small quantities of 6639 Cu.m in
2002-03. The trend for consumption of Plywood in Hyderabad is an increasing one and is expected to continue in the next 5-10 years.
4.5.8

Timber Consumption Trends and Prospects in KOLKATA

4.5.8.1 Total timber logs consumption: Domestic Production and Imports
The total timber (Industrial roundwood) consumption in Kolkata has been reported at 0.359
Mn Cu.m in 2002-03 and is expected to increase to 0.41 Mn Cu.m by 2012-13 (Figure 4.31).
This growth in timber consumption is not satisfactory in comparison with the otherconsumption centres. Tropical hardwood constitute majority of the total timber
consumption, the remaining consists of tropical softwood and temperate hardwood species.
The tropical hardwood primarily imported include Teak (Myanmar, Nigeria, Ghana, Togo,etc.), Sal (Malaysia), Andaman Padauk (Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar), Meranti (Malaysia,
Nigeria), others (Mahogany, Gurjan, Marsuea, Kapur, Lampati). The proportion of imported
tropical hardwoods is slightly higher than the domestic tropical hardwood and theconsumption is expected to remain in favour of imported tropical hardwood.
All “tropical” softwood is imported and comprises mainly Pines from New Zealand. Amongthe temperate hardwood species are Oak, Beech, Birch, willow, and Champ, as classified by
the Customs authorities. All these may always not represent the species actually imported,which it was learnt were instead of higher quality hardwoods. An example was of willow,
which the concerned researcher-cum-surveyor could hardly find in use, except for some
sports goods but in small quantities and that too from domestic sources. Yet it was reported
to be imported and included among the official records and data. On the whole, such data83

Urban Timber Consumption Survey“disparities” do not affect the outcome of the survey, as it was based on direct contacts andcareful consultations.
Figure 4.31: Total Logs Consumed in Kolkata ('000 Cu.m)
600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Logs

345.00348.68359.78511.52527.28410.00

Tro. HW

223.70227.13232.45378.00392.00269.60

Tro. SW

97.04

97.24

101.86106.82108.22112.32

Temp. HW

24.26

24.31

25.47

26.70

27.06

28.08

4.5.8.2 Total timber logs consumption: Sawnwood, Veneer & Plywood and Builder’s Joinery
Of the total timber consumed in Kolkata, most is converted into Sawnwood (91.3% in 200203). Among the type of wood used for sawnwood include tropical hardwood (0.270 Mn
Cu.m – 81%), tropical softwood (0.024 Mn Cu.m – 8.4%) and temperate hardwood (0.0364
Mn Cu.m – 10.6%) as depicted in figure 4.32. All the tropical softwood used in sawnwood isimported and the majority of temperate hardwood is also imported. There is an increasing
trend for sawnwood consumption in Kolkata.
There are no break-up data available for Veneer & Plywood consumption rather the two areclubbed together. Similarly the data for imported Plywood are also not available andtherefore it is assumed that no plywood is imported and all consumption of plywood isfrom domestic production. It is reported that 69,300 Cu.m of Veneer & Plywood was used in
the year 2002-03 in Kolkata (Fig 4.32).
However, it has been indicated informally by the plywood traders/importers that somequantity of Plywood is imported, despite the higher tariff rate of 65 per cent for Plywood asagainst 5 per cent for logs. That would apparently be to cater to any particular consumer
specifications or to local shortfall, especially in the aftermath of so much of the industry
which was laid off in the neighbouring states.

84

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Indeed, the trend for plywood consumption is on the upward side in Kolkata and also there
is growing consumer preference for Plywood. As such its outsourcing is expected to go up
in the coming years.
Figure 4.32: Plywood ,Veneer and Builder’s Joinery consumption in Kolkata (000 Cu.m)
180.0

160.0

140.0

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

Plywood Total

63.0

65.0

69.3

77.5

82.0

2012-13
91.0

Builder's Joinery Total

138.0

141.7

148.9

153.2

156.0

168.0

Builder's Joinery tropical hardwood

109.0

112.5

119.5

123.7

128.0

136.0

Builder's Joinery Temperate hardwood

29.0

29.2

29.5

29.5

28.0

32.0

Mainly tropical hardwood is used in making builders’ joinery in Kolkata, followed by temperate hardwood, which is primarily sourced through imports. Out of the total quantity of
0.148 Mn Cu.m of builder’s joinery in Kolkata (2002-03), 0.119 Mn Cu.m was tropical hardwood and 0.028 Mn Cu.m was temperate hardwood. However the trend for use of
temperate hardwood is on decline against an increasing consumption trend for builders’joinery.
4.5.9

Timber Consumption Trends and Prospects in KANPUR

4.5.9.1 Total timber logs consumption: Domestic Production and Imports
The total timber (Industrial roundwood) consumption in Kanpur has been reported at 0.219
Mn Cu.m in 2002-03 and is expected to increase to 0.262 Mn Cu.m by 2012-13 (Figure 4.33).
This growth in timber consumption is not satisfactory in comparison with the otherconsumption centres. Tropical hardwood constitute majority of the total timber
consumption, the remaining consists of tropical softwood and temperate hardwood species.
The tropical hardwood is sourced from both imports as well as from domestic production.
The proportion of domestic tropical hardwood is slightly higher than the imported tropical
hardwood species. However it is expected to change in favour of imported tropical85

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

hardwood by the year 2012-13. This could be because of the increasing demand for tropical
hardwood and the stagnating/declining trend in the domestic production.
Figure 4.33: Total Logs Consumed in Kanpur ('000 Cu.m)
300

250

200

150

100

50

0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

Total Logs

210.00212.10218.62231.05236.002012-13262.00

Tro. HW

141.60143.99147.29158.49165.76178.92

Tro. SW

54.72

54.49

57.06

58.05

56.19

66.46

Temp. HW

13.68

13.62

14.27

14.51

14.05

16.62

The main species include Teak (Myanmar, Nigeria, Ghana, Togo), Sal (Malaysia.), Andaman
Padauk (Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar), Meranti (Malaysia, Nigeria), and others(Mahogany, Gurjan, Marsuea, Kapur, Lampati). All tropical softwood is imported andcomprises mainly Pine spp from New Zealand. Among the main temperate hardwood spp
are Oak, Beech, Birch, Willow and Champ.
4.5.9.2 Total timber consumption: Sawnwood, Veneer & Plywood and Builder’s Joinery
Of the total timber consumed in Kanpur, the majority timber quantity is converted into
Sawnwood (0.184 Mn Cu.m which is 80% of total timber in 2002-03). Among the type ofwood used for sawnwood include tropical hardwood (0.146 Mn Cu.m – 80%), tropical softwood (0.024 Mn Cu.m – 6.5%) and temperate hardwood (0.0364 Mn Cu.m – 13.5%) as shownin figure 4.34. All the tropical softwood used in sawnwood is imported and the majority oftemperate hardwood is also imported. There is an increasing trend for sawnwood
consumption in Kanpur.
There are no break-up data available for Veneer & Plywood consumption rather the two areclubbed together. Similarly the data for imported Plywood are also not available andtherefore it is assumed that no plywood is imported and all consumption of plywood isfrom domestic production. It is reported that 29,400 Cu.m of Veneer & Plywood was used in
the year 2002-03 in Kanpur.

86Urban Timber Consumption Survey

The trend for plywood consumption is on upward side in Kanpur and also there is growing
consumer preference for Plywood and therefore its imports are expected to go up in the
coming years.
Figure 4.34: Plywood & Veneer and Builder’s Joinery consumption in Kanpur ('000 Cu.m)
120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

Plywood Total

25.1

26.9

29.4

33.7

35.0

2012-13
39.0

Builder's Joinery Total

84.9

85.3

89.5

93.5

97.0

105.0

Builder's Joinery tropical hardwood

75.1

76.1

82.0

84.6

86.0

92.0

Builder's Joinery Temperate
hardwood

9.8

9.1

7.4

8.9

11.0

13.0

Mainly tropical hardwood is used in making builders’ joinery in Kanpur, followed bytemperate hardwood, which is primarily sourced through imports. Out of the total quantityof 0.089 Mn Cu.m of builder’s joinery in Kanpur (2002-03), 0.082 Mn Cu.m was tropical
hardwood and 0.007 Mn Cu.m was temperate hardwood. While the tropical hardwood issourced both from imports as well domestic production, the temperate hardwood is
primarily imported for use in builders’ joinery in Kanpur.
4.5.10 Timber Consumption Trends and Prospects in DELHI CITY
4.5.10.1 Total timber logs consumption: Domestic Production & Imports of Timber and
Sawnwood
The total timber (industrial roundwood) consumption in Delhi City has been reported at
0.68 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03 and is expected to increase to a staggering quantity of 0.72
Mn Cu.m by 2012-13 (Figure 4.35). This growth needs to be validated further, for example
through periodic monitoring surveys. Its sustainability can not be assured at this stage,
given that the growth and consumption reported are significantly high in comparison withthe other consumption centres as far as their quantities are concerned (i.e., growth of 0.04
Mn Cu.m). Nevertheless, as in most other centres, tropical hardwood constitutes a majorityof the total timber consumption, while the remaining consists of temperate hardwood andtropical softwood species.

87Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Of the total timber consumed in Delhi, most is converted into Sawnwood (90% in 2002-03).
Among the types of wood used for sawnwood are tropical hardwood (0.470 Mn Cu.m –77%), tropical softwood (0.048 Mn Cu.m – 8%) and temperate hardwood (0.098 Mn Cu.m –
10.6%). It is projected that the consumption of sawnwood would increase gradually and thequantity that is anticipated to be consumed during 2012-13 is 0.72 Mn Cu.m.
Figure 4.35: Total Logs Consumed in Delhi ('000 Cu.m)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

Total Logs

647

652

680.004

695

705

2012-13
720

Tro. HW

429.02440.32457.80467.70479.30491.20

Tro. SW

174.38169.34177.76181.84180.56183.04

Temp. HW

43.60

42.34

44.44

45.46

45.14

45.76

The bulk of tropical hardwoods consumed are imported and comprise 51 per cent theoverall consumption. The main imported species include Teak, Sal and other lesser-used
species, such as Mahogany, Gurjan, Marsuea, Kapur, and Lampati. Timber consumption is
expected to remain in favour of imported tropical hardwood in the foreseeable future too.
The domestically produced tropical hardwood species include Teak (from Maharashtra,
Assam, Chhattisgarh), Sal (from Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal), Shisham/Sissoo (from Bihar,
Tripura), Gamari and Mango.
Most of the tropical softwood is imported and comprises mainly Pine spp. from New
Zealand; only a negligible amount of tropical softwood produced domestically is utilised.
Among the temperate hardwood spp include Oak, Beech, Birch, Willow and Champ.
4.5.10.2 Total timber logs consumption: Veneer & Plywood and Builder’s Joinery
There are no break-up data available for Veneer & Plywood consumption rather the two areclubbed together. Similarly the data for imported Plywood are also not available andtherefore it is assumed that no plywood is imported and all consumption of plywood isfrom domestic production. It is reported that 0.12 Mn Cu.m of Veneer & Plywood was
utilised in the year 2002-03 in Delhi (Fig 4.36).

88

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Mainly tropical hardwood is used in making builders’ joinery in Delhi, followed bytemperate hardwood, which are primarily sourced through imports. Out of the total
quantity of 0.30 Mn Cu.m of builder’s joinery in Delhi (2002-03), 0.281 Mn Cu.m (or 94 %)was tropical hardwood and 0.018 Mn Cu.m was temperate hardwood. Only a negligible
quantity of tropical softwood species is used as builders’ joinery.
Figure 4.36: Plywood & Veener and Builder's Joinery Consumption in Delhi ('000 Cu.m)
350.0

300.0

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Plywood & Veneer Total

101.2

109.5

116.49126.17133.78147.92

Builder’s Joinery Total

271.2

285.4

298.8

302.1

310.9

322.4

Builder’s Joinery Tropical
Hardwood

256.3

268.7

280.6

280.7

287.7

294.5

Builder’s Joinery Temperate
Hardwood

14.9

16.7

18.3

21.4

23.2

28.0

4.5.11 Timber Consumption Trends and Prospects in DELHI SATELLITE TOWNS
4.5.11.1 Total timber logs consumption: Domestic Production & Imports of timber and
Sawnwood
The total timber (industrial roundwood) consumption in Delhi Satellite Towns has been reported at 0.42 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03 and is expected to increase minimally to 0.47 Mn Cu.mby 2012-13 (Figure 4.37). However, during the period from 2007-08 to 2012-13 the projectedconsumption growth of timber is much more as compared to other periods. As in most othercentres, tropical hardwood constitutes a majority of the total timber consumption while theremaining consists of temperate hardwood and tropical softwood species.
The tropical hardwood consumed is primarily imported while the remaining tropical
hardwood comes from domestic production. The main species which are imported include
Teak, Sal and other lesser-used species, such as Mahogany, Gurjan, Marsuea, Kapur, andLampati.
Of the total timber consumed in Delhi Satellite Towns, most of it is converted into
Sawnwood (88% in 2002-03). Among the type of wood used for sawnwood include tropical
hardwood (0.30 Mn Cu.m), tropical softwood (0.024 Mn Cu.m) and temperate hardwood(0.05 Mn Cu.m) as depicted in Fig 2.32. It is projected that the consumption of sawnwood
89Urban Timber Consumption Survey

would increase gradually and the quantity that is anticipated to be consumed during 201213 is 0.72 Mn Cu.m.
Figure 4.37: Total Logs Consumption in Delhi Satellite Towns ('000 Cu.m)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Logs

383.09401.00415.00424.00436.00471.00

Tro. HW

262.84276.66304.90284.84297.76319.86

Tro. SW

96.20

99.47

88.08

111.33110.59120.91

Temp. HW

24.05

24.87

22.02

27.83

27.65

30.23

The proportion of imported tropical hardwood is only 30 per cent of the total for timber
which is converted into sawnwood. Going by the current trend, it is expected to movefurther in favour of imported tropical hardwood over the future years. The domestically
produced tropical hardwood species include Teak (Maharashtra, Assam, Chhattisgarh), Sal(Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal), Shisham/Sissoo (Bihar, Tripura), Gamari and Mango and theircontinued consumption will depend upon comparative competitiveness, mainly fromplantations and TOF.
Most of the tropical softwood is imported and comprises mainly Pines. from New Zealand;
only a negligible amount of tropical softwood produced domestically is utilised. Among thetemperate hardwood species are Oak, Beech, Birch, and Champ.
4.5.11.2 Total timber logs consumption: Veneer & Plywood and Builder’s Joinery
There are no break-up data available for Veneer & Plywood consumption rather the two areclubbed together. Similarly the data for imported Plywood are also not available andtherefore it is assumed that no plywood is imported and all consumption of plywood isfrom domestic production. It is reported that 0.066 Mn Cu.m of Veneer & Plywood was
utilised in the year 2002-03 in Delhi Satellite Towns (Fig 4.38).
Mainly tropical hardwood is used in making builders’ joinery in Delhi Satellite Towns,
followed by temperate hardwood, which are primarily sourced through imports. Out of thetotal quantity of 0.218 Mn Cu.m of builder’s joinery in Delhi (2002-03), 0.208 Mn Cu.m (or 95

90

Urban Timber Consumption Survey%) is tropical hardwood and 0.018 Mn Cu.m was temperate hardwood. Only a negligible
proportion of tropical softwood species is used as builders’ joinery.
Figure 4.38: Veneer & Plywood and Builders' Joinery Consumption in
Delhi Satellite Towns ('000 Cu.m)
300

250

200

150

100

50

0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

Veneer & Plywood Total

61.5

62.68

65.64

70.27

73.83

2012-1381

Builders' Joinery Total

201.48207.59218

221

228.24265

Builder’s Joinery Tropical Hardwood

194.7

199.1

208.3

211.2

219.1

255.0

Builder’s Joinery Temperate Hardwood

6.8

8.5

9.7

9.8

9.1

10.0

4.5.12 Timber Consumption Trends and Prospects in YAMUNA NAGAR
4.5.12.1

Total timber consumption: Logs, Sawnwood, Veneer & Plywood and Builder’s
Joinery

The total timber logs (industrial roundwood) consumption in Yamuna Nagar has been reported at 0.477 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03 and is expected to increase to 0.95 Mn Cu.m by
2012-13 (Fig 4.39). The timber type logs used at Yamuna Nagar are tropical hardwood (0.45
Mn Cu.m) which is sourced from domestic production and include such species as Poplar(0.325 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03) and Eucalyptus (0.125 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03). Apart from tropical
hardwood, small quantity of tropical softwood is also used (27,000 Cu.m. in 2002-03), whichis also mainly sourced from domestic production. Only 7,000 Cu.m of Pines are imported
from New Zealand.
The limited quantity of tropical hardwood imports into Yamuna Nagar is mainly because of
the readily available ToF timber resource of local species, namely Poplar and Eucalyptus, in
sufficient quantity. These species are grown largely on roadsides, canal banks and borders ofagriculture fields in the western part of Uttar Pradesh, adjacent to Yamuna Nagar town.
The consumption of other timber products is reported at 1,100 Cu.m for Sawnwood, 4,300
Cu.m for Plywood, and just 300 Cu.m for Builder’s Joinery in 2002-03 (figure 4.40). The
timber used in Sawnwood is all tropical hardwood sourced from both domestic production(45%) as well as imports (55%). The domestic species include Sal, Shisham and Teak while
the imported species are mainly Malaysian Sal, Red Meranti, and African Teak.

91

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

Figure 4.39: Timber consumption in Yamuna Nagar ('000 Cu.m)
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Logs consumption

372

424

477

530

635

950

Tropical HW (all domestic)

350

400

450

500

600

900

Total Tropical SW

22

24

27

30

35

50

Tropical SW Domestic

20

20

20

20

20

20

Tropical SW Imports

2

4

7

10

15

30

Figure 4.40: Timber consumption Product-wise in Yamuna Nagar ('000 Mn Cu.m)
12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Sawnwood (all TH)

0.9

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.3

2.2

Total Plywood (all Domestic)

2.4

3.1

4.3

5.6

6.5

9.8

Builder's Joinery (all TH)

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.7

The timber type used in Plywood is mostly tropical hardwood (83 %) all sourced from domestic production and some quantity of tropical softwood also sourced locally. The species
are same as mentioned above.

92

Urban Timber Consumption Survey

The timber species used in Builders’ Joinery are all tropical hardwood sourced from both domestic production (33%) as well as imports (67%). The domestic species include Sal,
Shisham, and Teak while the imported species include Malaysian Sal, Red Meranti, andAfrican Teak.
Yamuna Nagar has become a major centre for the manufacture of Veneer, which is supplied
to various consumption centres in Northern and Western India. The total quantity of timberused in Veneer manufacture in Yamuna Nagar has been reported at 60,000 Cu.m in the year
2002-03. All the timber consumed for Veneer is tropical hardwood sourced from domestic
production only and mainly includes Poplar (67%) and Eucalyptus (33%).
Yamuna Nagar, it may be noted, is a special case in the country, drawing upon ToF anddistancing itself from the general pattern elsewhere, on account of its traditional processing
facilities and vigorous marketing of products, unlike most other hubs. Apart from theconsumption survey, it was thus subject to a case study of its own kind, particularly withrespect to distribution channels, which is summarily reported in Annex 2.10.

4.6

CONCLUDING REMARKS

It is evident from the analysis of the primary data collected from the 15 urban consumption
centres representing the major market for industrial wood in India is that there is a
progressively increasing trend for timber consumption in the country in quantitative terms.
Almost 80 per cent of the total timber consumption is of tropical hardwoods, followed bytropical softwood and temperate hardwoods. The contribution of the imported tropical
hardwoods is demonstrating an increasing trend and it is expected to continue during theforeseeable 5 to 10 years.
Some of the local wood species, such as rubber wood which resembles more with thesoftwoods, might have been classified as tropical softwood but technically these are tropical
hardwoods. Such misclassifications might have occurred during the survey resulting into
showing more consumption of softwood, which might not be the correct reflection of thereal situation. An in-depth follow up sample study might clear such misclassification as also
in the customs data, and thereby provide an even more accurate picture of consumption ofvarious timber types and species.
Despite the prevailing policies and the change in consumer taste in favour of substitutematerials, such as steel and aluminium for construction and furniture, the consumption oftimber is expected to increase for the basic reason of consumer’s natural first choice fortimber and its inherent competitiveness. The increasing incomes and the standard of living
in India with the estimated future GDP growth rate of over 7 per cent per annum also
supports this scenario. The possibly changing consumer taste in favour of other materials
could be more than compensated by the increase in incomes and standard of living, though
there are risks that the substitutes could erode the potential demand for timber, or even takeover, if timber market intelligence is not developed and competitiveness is not maintainedand enhanced, for which there is significant scope in the various consumption centres.
93Survey on the End-Use of Timber in Urban Areas

Chapter V

END-USE COMPOSITION
5.0

INTRODUCTION

Within the purview of the pre-project Review, this chapter discusses the results of the urban
consumption survey which primarily purports that timber is mainly utilised for construction
purposes, builders’ joinery, plywood, flooring, furniture, furniture components and similar
primary products. The past and present trends on the end use of timber are accordingly
analysed. The end use pattern is also projected through 2012-13.
The analyses look into the species composition utilized for the various timber products. The
classification is broadly based on the three types of species, namely, tropical hardwood, tropical
softwood and temperate hardwood, as recorded in the last chapter and dealt with fairly indepth in this chapter. It also discusses and compares the consumption of imported timber vis-àvis domestically produced timber, as far as timber utilization is concerned.
Timber imported from various ITTO countries will be referred to in this chapter too. It isevidenced that imported tropical hardwoods are the main species types that are favoured by the
consumer in India.
5.1

METHODOLOGY

Needless to repeat that both exploratory and survey methods of research were used to identify
the end-use distribution (construction and builders’ woodwork, furniture and furniturecomponents, flooring and other items) for the tropical timber products. The data were collectedfrom secondary as well as primary sources, the latter using the snowball sampling, as explainedin the last chapter and in the glossary.
5.2

CONSUMPTION CENTRESIn total 15 consumption centres were studied for the survey, with four centres clubbed together
as Delhi Satellite Towns. As such, this chapter also presents analyses for the following 12 urban
consumption centres to identify end-use distribution for tropical timber products:
1
3
5
7
9
11

MumbaiSurat
Chennai
Hyderabad
KanpurDelhi Satellite Towns(Gurgaon, Ghaziabad, Noida,
Faridabad)

94

2
4
6
8
10
12

Pune
AhmedabadBangalore
KolkataDelhi
Yamuna Nagar

Survey on the End-Use of Timber in Urban Areas

5.3

ANALYSIS

The primary data collected through the questionnaire and direct contacts were tabulated to
identify the end- use distribution of the tropical timber products. A detailed summary of data
for each consumption centre has been appended as Annex 5.1.
Collecting and compiling the data of various consumption centres for each timber type for their
end-uses category has generated the overall aggregate data for an analysis hereinbelow. The
Gurgaon urban consumption centre was excluded for the purpose of aggregation since the samehas been included in the ‘Delhi Satellite Towns’, taken together as one consumption centre.
5.4

END-USE SURVEY RESULTS

5.4.1

Aggregate End-Use of Timber in 12 Urban Consumption Centres

The end-use distribution of tropical timber in the main consumption centres is mainly for
Construction, Builder’s Joinery and Woodwork, and Furniture and Furniture components. The
use of timber for flooring purpose in India is almost negligible. In the residences of some upperincome classes as well as in some offices, timber is used for flooring, but overall it is an
insignificant quantity.
The most commonly used timber product for various end-uses is sawnwood followed by
plywood and veneer and for use of builder’s joinery in construction. The end-use consumptionof timber is available as the total quantity of sawnwood and plywood, but an exact data
dispersion for product wise (Logs, Sawnwood, Veneer & Plywood and Builder’s joinery) enduse is not reliably available and distinguishable. Nevertheless, the aggregate consumption oftimber in the 12 consumption centres for the above noted end-uses has been assessed andcompiled.
The aggregate consumption for the year 2002-03 is assessed as 1.05 Mn Cu.m, 0.247 Mn Cu.m,
0.03 Mn Cu.m, 0.3 Mn Cu.m, and 0.9 Mn Cu.m, respectively, for the end uses of Construction,
Builder’s Joinery and Woodwork, Flooring, Plywood, and Furniture and Furniturecomponents. The end-use of builder’s joinery is primarily in construction but the woodwork included in the builder’s joinery, is also used in furniture and furniture components. The
segregated data of Builder’s Joinery and Woodwork in the two end-uses of Construction andFurniture are not readily discernible. Similarly, the segregated data for the use of different
types of timber products in separate end-uses are also not available; rather the total timberused in each end-use is relatively easily obtainable and available. That is also to avoid thepossibility of overlapping of the quantity of timber in the use of different timber products ineach end-use and to keep the estimates realistically conservative.
In all the components, such as construction, builders’ joinery, plywood & veneer and otheritems of timber end uses, it needs to be noted that the sum of the components on the end use oftimber in the 12 consumption centres do not tally as per the charts and tables, as the data breakup under the head of domestic and imports are not available and only the total end use oftimber for the particular component is given. The data compiled for all the usages of imported
and domestic produced timber are summarized in Table 5.1.
95

Furniture and furniturecomponents
410.26

Commer
cial

House
hold

421.97NA

0.08

127.37114.00NA

0.10

Flooring

96.97

84.05

Plywood

1997-98

Domestic Imports

Builders' Joinery

Construction

832.79Total

255.490.17

235.62985.02

Total

460.75

House
hold

NA

0.12

96.77

91.63

452.26

Commer
cial

NA

0.10

147.57133.40

Domestic Imports

1999-2000

928.85

Total

291.530.22

271.631019.33

Total

NA

0.13

138.33137.2396465.43454.57

House Commer
hold
cial

NA

0.15

87.32

76.53

Domestic Imports

2002-03937.27

Total

303.11

0.27

264.411047.08

Total

NA

0.15

149.64167.41501.86486.67

House Commer
hold
cial

NA

0.17

93.27

90.06

Domestic Imports

2005-06

1022.38

Total

349.850.32

287.141104.59

Total

Table 5.1: Aggregate End-Use of Timber of 12 Urban Consumption Centres (‘000 Cu.m)

Survey on the End-Use of Timber in Urban Areas

2007-08522.24

House
hold

NA

0.38

95.16

85.68

465.09Commer
cial

NA

0.35

165.82215.52

Domestic Imports

1041.26

Total

396.320.73

311.721175.10Total

2012-13NA

0.45190.98546.240.93

359.26247.34 1301.63

573.12577.81 1216.95

House Commer Total
hold
cial

NA

0.48

109.93102.68Domestic Imports Total

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

In 2002-03, the total end use of timber is 1.05 Mn Cu.m for the 12 consumption centres, withconstruction being the main usage of timber. Conservatively estimated, the use of timber is
expected to increase to 1.3 Mn Cu.m in 2012-13. The total use of imports are also projected toincrease correspondingly and comparatively much more than that of timber from domestic
production. This can be explained by the survey outcome that the demand for timber would
escalate, but the domestic supply would remain more or less constant and be unable tobridge the increasing gap in demand for diverse end uses (Figure 5.1).
Figure 5.1: Total End-Use of Timber for 12 Consumption Centre ('000 Cu.m)
1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

Domestic

96.97

91.63

76.53

90.06

85.68

2012-13102.68

Imports

114.00133.40137.23167.41215.52247.34

Total

985.021019.33

1047.081104.591175.101301.63

5.4.1.1 End-use of Builder’s Joinery in 12 Urban Consumption Centres
The end-use of builder’s joinery is in household and commercial construction, and it
is mainly composed of tropical hardwoods. Out of the total quantity of tropical
hardwood used in builder’s joinery in urban consumption centres, there are both
imported species as well as domestically produced timber. Among the major
imported species used in builder’s joinery are teak and sal. Among the majordomestic timber typed used for the purpose are also the same species and some otherlocal tropical hardwood species (Figure 5.2). Their continued supply is getting
constrained because of harvesting restrictions and higher transaction costs fortimbers procured for the purpose through PSU depots. In some cases ToF timbers
were tried, but have not been found suitable for joinery in urban construction, as
conveyed by respondents to questionnaires.

97

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

Figure 5.2: Use of Timber for Builders' Joinery in 12 Consumption Centres ('000 Cu.m)

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

Domestic

84.05

96.77

87.32

93.27

95.16

2012-13109.93

Imports

127.37147.57138.33149.64165.82190.98Total

235.62271.63264.41

287.14311.72359.265.4.1.2 End-use of tropical timber for Construction in 12 Urban Consumption Centres
It is reported in the consumption survey that only tropical hardwood is used in theconstruction industry and the major species include teak and sal, which are imported as well
as available locally. As mentioned earlier that only the total quantity of tropical hardwood
used in the construction is available and not for each timber product-wise. However, it has
become clear that mainly sawnwood and builder’s joinery are used in the construction andprefabs are not resorted to nor are they available.
Figure 5.3: End Use Distribution for Construction in 12 Consumption Centres (‘000 Cu.m)

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Domestic

97.12491.807

76.77

90.34

86.026103.075

Imports

114.636134.15138.571168.849

217.042249.839

Total Co.

985.811020.257

1048.661

1106.309

1176.9712

1304.533584

98

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

The figures for builder’s joinery also include woodwork, which might also be used infurniture making. Therefore, there could be some overlap in the data, but no double
counting has been allowed to ensure that the estimates are either realistic or conservative.
5.4.2

End-Use Distribution Trends of Tropical Timber Products in MUMBAIThe end-use distribution of tropical timber in Mumbai is mainly for Builder’s Joinery andWoodworking, Construction and Furniture & Furniture components. Use of timber for
flooring purpose in India is almost negligible. Though some very rich class people as well as
in some offices, timber is used for flooring purpose but in almost negligible quantity. The
most commonly used timber product for end-use is sawnwood followed by plywood(including Veneer) and some use of builder’s joinery in construction. The end-use
consumption for these uses of timber is available in total quantity of sawnwood andplywood but the exact bifurcated data for product-wise (Logs, Sawnwood, Veneer, Plywood
and Builder’s joinery) end-use are not available.
The consumption figure for the end-uses Builder’s Joinery & Woodwork, Construction andFurniture & Furniture components for the year 2002-03 are 0.116 Mn Cu.m, 0.08 Mn Cu.m
and 0.2 Mn Cu.m, respectively. There are no data available for end-use flooring in Mumbai.
The end-use of builder’s joinery is primarily in construction but the Woodworking, which
included in the builder’s joinery, is also used in furniture & furniture components. However
the segregated data of Builder’s Joinery & Woodworking in the two end-uses ofConstruction and furniture are not available. Similarly the segregated data for use ofdifferent types of timber products in separate end-uses are also not available rather the total
timber used in each end-use is available. Therefore, there is possibility of overlapping of thequantity of timber in the use of different timber products in each end-use, which has to be
avoided in the consumption data compilation.
5.4.2.1 End-use of tropical Timber for Builder’s Joinery
The end-use of builder’s joinery is in the construction sector, which is booming in Mumbai,
both for residential and commercial purposes. That is because it is the commercial capital ofIndia, and both increased income and urbanization are taking place. This process is likely tocontinue in the foreseeable future and may even accelerate as the country’s economy isentering into a take off stage and the renovation and replacement of existing structures andperi-urban development catches up, which has already been taking roots.
Out of the total quantity of tropical hardwood used (0.116 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03) in builder’sjoinery in Mumbai, almost 60% is of imported species, while the rest are domestically
produced species. Among the major imported species used in builder’s joinery include teak
(55% of the total imports) and sal (31% of the imports). Similarly, among the major domestic
species used also include sal (50% of total domestic in builders’ joinery) and teak (30%),
while the remaining are other local tropical hardwood species (Figure 5.4). This scenario
may change still more in favour of imported tropical hardwoods, not only because ofdomestic supply limitations, but also as Mumbai’s relatively newly established JNPT catches
up as a cost-effective modern hub for imports and re-exports, for which the neighbouring
port areas are being offered as economic exclusive zones for industrial processing. That may

99

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

involve shifts in on-site joinery and related end-use products preparation to establishedmanufacturing units to cater to the increasing consumption, as also of furniture, taking noteof the nearby middle-east market too.
Figure 5.4: End-Use Distribution of Timber for Builders Joinery in Mumbai ('000 Cu.m)
160.0

140.0

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total timber used in builders' joinery

118.7

136.6

116.1

119.6

123.1

137.9

Imported timber

70.7

81.3

69.1

71.2

73.3

82.1

Domestic timber

48.1

55.3

47.0

48.4

49.8

55.8

Teak imports

38.4

44.2

37.6

38.7

39.9

44.6

Sal imports

21.7

25.0

21.2

21.8

22.5

25.2

Teak Domestic

14.4

16.6

14.1

14.5

15.0

16.7

Sal Domestic

24.0

27.6

23.5

24.2

24.9

27.9

5.4.2.2 End-use of tropical timber in Construction
It is reported in the consumption survey that only tropical hardwood is used in theConstruction industry and the major species include Teak and Sal which are imported aswell as available locally. As mentioned earlier that only the total quantity of tropical
hardwood used in the construction is available and not each timber product-wise. However
it is obvious that mainly sawnwood and builder’s joinery are used in the construction. While
the figures for builder’s joinery include woodwork, which might also be used in furniture
making, there could be some overlapping in the data.
It was noted during interviews with the builders that on an average 0.75 Cu.m of timber isused per 1000 square feet construction area in Mumbai. On an average approximately 8% of
the total house construction cost goes towards use of timber/wood in Mumbai. It was also
reported that the type of wood used in construction include Country wood (domestic),
Padauk and Sal. The imported wood comes mainly from Malaysia. The Country wood (Oakand Mango wood) is mainly used in construction, while Sal is used in making doors andwindows (construction joinery).

100Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

The quantity of tropical hardwood used in construction in Mumbai in 2002-03 is 81,2000
Cu.m, out of which 50,00 Cu.m was imported wood while the rest came from the domestic
production (Figure 5.5).
Figure 5.5: Tropical Hardwood Consumption for Construction in Mumbai (‘000 Cu.m)
120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

Tropical Hardwood

83.1

95.5

81.2

83.6

86.2

2012-13
96.5

Tropical Hardwood Imports

51.1

58.8

50

51.5

53.1

59.4

Tropical Hardwood Domestic

31.9

36.7

31.2

32.1

33.1

37.1

The use of teak is currently very limited primarily on account of its high price and hence useof other domestic hard wood species has been increasing. However there is scope forplantation teak timber in the future, as reported by some builders and retailers.
The doors used in house construction are generally flush doors which economise on thequantity of timber used and hence the cost of wood. Flush doors are mainly fitted at theentrance and other places where security of the house is more important. In other areas ofhouses, door-frames are done with country wood while on the structures, plywood is fitted.
Complete door panels made of plywood and laminated sheets are also readily available foruse and are being increasingly used where security is not a concern, such as for bathrooms.
There is also an increasing trend for use of glass for windows for its low price as well as
aesthetic appeal. In recent years there is a positive trend for use of aluminium and metal(black wrought iron) for the window frames. Despite the use of alternatives to timber, theuse of timber is bound to increase in absolute quantitative terms for its obvious firstpreference among the consumers.
There is another trend reported in the construction sector for use of standardised size ofdoors and windows, which are sold in unfinished form and are just fitted while the house isunder construction. The finishing is done at the end-use during construction. This has on

101

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

one hand reduced the cost for the consumers on the other hand have created demand forreadymade door and window panels or flush-doors for large-scale manufacturing.
As the house construction sector is growing fast and hence the demand for timber andtimber products is expected to grow as well. The boom in house construction and real estate
has been fuelled primarily by the decreasing interest rates and attractive & consumer
friendly loan schemes. People invest in housing both for self-use as well as an investment
opportunity. As a result the demand for wood and wood products will increase due toincrease in construction activity. During the current year the consumption of timber
products has marginally declined due to economic slow down but is expected to pick up by
the next year.
This increasing trend of construction and hence increased wood consumption has been
observed through out the Indian Economy and holds true for all the consumption centresconsidered in this Review.
5.4.2.3 End-use of Tropical Timber in Furniture & Furniture Components
The total timber used in furniture & furniture components in Mumbai during 2002-03 was
212,000 Cu.m, which is almost half of the total industrial roundwood consumption in
Mumbai. Only the tropical hardwood is used in furniture & furniture components. The
timber products used in furniture & furniture components include sawnwood (majority),roundwood and plywood. However, the data for each timber product is not available; rather
the total timber used in furniture & furniture components are available. Mainly the imported
tropical hardwood (85% of the total) is used in furniture & furniture components. Amongthe major species used in furniture & furniture components are Teak and Sal (imported) and
Rosewood & other Country wood. The ratio of the Household to Commercial furniture is
30:70 (Figure 5.6).
Fig 5.6: Timber Use in Furniture and Furniture Components in Mumbai (‘000 Cu.m)
300

250

200

150

100

50

0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Timber use in Furniture

217

249.6

212.1

218.5

225.0

252.0

Household Furniture

151.9

174.7

148.5

152.9

157.5

176.4

Commercial Furniture

65.1

74.9

63.6

65.5

67.5

75.6

102

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

The use of Teak is on decline because of its high price. Plywood (made with cheaper wood)is becoming the preferred timber product for furniture and furniture components as against
the costly teak timber.
5.4.3

End-Use Distribution Trends and Prospects in PUNE

The end-use distribution of tropical timber in Pune consumption centre is mainly for
Builder’s Joinery & Woodworking, Construction and Furniture & Furniture components.
Use of timber for flooring purpose in India is almost negligible. Though some very rich classpeople as well as in some offices, timber is used for flooring purpose but in almost negligible
quantity. The most commonly used timber product for end-use is sawnwood followed by
plywood (including Veneer) and builder’s joinery in construction. The end-use consumption
for these uses of timber is available in total quantity of sawnwood and plywood but theexact bifurcated data for product wise (Logs, Sawnwood, Veneer, Plywood and Builder’sjoinery) end-use is not available.
The consumption data for the end-uses Builder’s Joinery & Woodworking, Construction andFurniture & Furniture components for the year 2002-03 are 0.05 Mn Cu.m, 0.035 Mn Cu.m
and 0.09 Mn Cu.m, respectively. There are no data available for end-use flooring in Pune
and indicates that the use of timber for flooring is limited.
5.4.3.1 End-use of tropical timber in Builder’s Joinery
Only tropical hardwood is used in builders’ joinery in Pune. Out of the total quantity oftropical hardwood used (0.05 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03) in builder’s joinery in Pune, almost 60%
are imported species while the rest are domestically produced species (Figure 5.7).
Figure 5.7: End-Use Distribution of Timber in Builder's Joinery ('000 Cu.m)
70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total timber used in builders' joinery

44.1

52.9

50.2

52.7

54.3

62.5

Imports

26.2

31.5

29.9

31.4

32.3

37.2

Domestic

17.8

21.4

20.3

21.3

22.0

25.3

Teak Imports

14.3

17.1

16.3

17.1

17.6

20.2

Sal Imports

8.1

9.7

9.2

9.6

9.9

11.4

Teak Domestic

5.3

6.4

6.1

6.4

6.6

7.6

Sal Doemstic

8.9

10.7

10.2

10.7

11.0

12.6

103

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

Among the major imported species used in builder’s joinery include Teak (55% of the total
imports) and Sal (31% of the imports). Similarly, the major domestic species used also
include Sal (50% of total domestic in builders’ joinery) and Teak (30%), while the remaining
timber is derived from other local tropical hardwood species.
5.4.3.2 End-use of Tropical Timber in Construction
It is reported in the consumption survey that only tropical hardwood is used in theConstruction industry and the major species include Teak and Sal, which are imported aswell as available locally. As mentioned earlier that only the total quantity of tropical
hardwood used in the construction is available and not by each timber product-wise.
However it is obvious that mainly sawnwood and builder’s joinery are used in theconstruction. While the figures for builder’s joinery also include woodworking, which mightalso be used in furniture making, there could be some overlapping in the data.
It was reported during the interview with the builder’s that the type of wood used inconstruction include country wood (domestic), Paddock and Sal. The imported wood comesmainly from Malaysia. The Country wood (Oak and Mango wood) is mainly used inconstruction while Sal is used in making doors and windows (construction joinery).
The quantity of tropical hardwood used in the construction in Pune in 2002-03 is 35,100
Cu.m out of which majority (21,600 Cu.m) was imported wood while the rest came from thedomestic production (Figure 5.8). Among the imported species include Teak (almost 75%
and Sal (25%). The major species domestically consumed in construction include Sal, Teakand other local species.
Figure 5.8: Timber Use in Construction in Pune (‘000 Cu.m)

50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Total Consumption in Construction
Total Import
Teak Import
Sal Import
Total Domestic
Teak Domestic
Sal Domestic

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

30.8
19.0
14.3
3.6
11.8
2.9
4.4

37.0
22.8
17.1
4.3
14.2
3.4
5.2

35.1
21.6
16.3
4.1
13.5
3.3
5.0

36.9
22.7
17.1
4.3
14.2
3.4
5.2

38.0
23.4
17.6
4.4
14.6
3.5
5.4

43.7
26.9
20.2
5.1
16.8
4.1
6.2

The use of teak is less, primarily on account of its high price, and hence use of otherdomestic hard wood species has been increasing. The trend for use of tropical hardwood in104

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

construction is increasing and with the increasing supply pressure on domestic production,competitive imports are expected to increase over the years.
5.4.3.3 End-use of tropical timber in Furniture & Furniture Components
The total timber used in furniture & furniture component in Pune during 2002-03 was 0.092
Mn Cu.m, which is more than half the total timber logs consumption in the centre. Only thetropical hardwood is used in furniture & furniture components. The timber products used infurniture & furniture components include sawnwood (majority), roundwood and plywood.
However the data for each timber product is not available rather the total timber used infurniture & furniture components are available. Mainly the imported tropical hardwood
species (85% of the total) are used in furniture & furniture components. Among the major
species used in furniture & furniture components include Teak and Sal (imported) and
Rosewood & other country wood. The ratio of the Household to Commercial furniture is
30:70 (Figure 5.9). The use of Teak is on decline because of its high price. Plywood (madewith cheaper wood species) is becoming the preferred timber product for furniture &furniture components against the costly teak timber.
Figure 5.9: Timber Use in Furniture and Furniture Components in Pune (‘000 Cu.m)
120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

5.4.4

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Timber use in Furniture

80.5

96.6

91.8

96.4

99.3

114.1

Household Furniture

24.2

29.0

27.5

28.9

29.8

34.2

Commercial Furniture

56.4

67.6

64.2

67.5

69.5

79.9

End-Use Distribution Trends of Tropical Timber Products in SURAT

5.4.4.1 End-use of tropical timber in Builder’s Joinery
Only tropical hardwood is used in builders’ joinery in Surat. Out of the total quantity oftropical hardwood used in builder’s joinery in Surat (0.032 Mn Cu.m in 2002-03), almost 60%
is imported species while the rest are domestically produced species (Figure 5.10). Among

105

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

the major species include Teak and Sal. Of the total imported timber used in builders joinery
54% is teak while the 31% are Sal. Similarly among the major domestic species used are also
Sal (50% of total domestic in builders’ joinery) and Teak (30%), while the remaining areother local tropical hardwood species.
Figure 5.10: End-Use Distribution of Timber in Builder's Joinery in Surat ('000 Cu.m)
40.0

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total timber used in builder's joinery

28.7

31.6

32.9

33.9

34.5

38.0

Imports

17.1

18.8

19.6

20.1

20.6

22.6

Domestic

11.6

12.8

13.3

13.7

14.0

15.4

Teak imports

9.3

10.2

10.6

11.0

11.2

12.3

Sal imports

5.3

5.8

6.0

6.2

6.3

6.9

Teak domestic

3.5

3.8

4.0

4.1

4.2

4.6

Sal domestic

5.8

6.4

6.7

6.9

7.0

7.7

5.4.4.2 End-use of tropical timber in Construction
It is reported in the consumption survey that only tropical hardwood is used in theConstruction industry in Surat and the major species include Teak and Sal which areimported as well as available locally. As mentioned earlier that only the total quantity oftropical hardwood used in the construction is available and not by each timber prioductwise. However it is obvious that mainly sawnwood and builder’s joinery are used in theconstruction.
The total timber end-use in construction for the year 2002-03 is reported as 23,000 Cu.m,
which is expected to go up 26,600 Cu.m by the year 2012-13 (Figure 5.11). The timber used inconstruction is sourced from domestic production as well as imported from the tropicalcountries. However the domestic timber quantity is very less as compared to the imported
timber. In the year 2002-03, it is reported that 14,2000 Cu.m of tropical hardwood wasimported for use in construction against 8,800 Cu.m sourced from the domestic production.
Among the major imported species include Teak (75%) and Sal (19%), and some Meranti.
While Sal (38%) and Teak (24%) are also the main domestic species used in the Construction,some other local species are also used for construction in Surat, especially for interior
purposes and there are some signals of substitutes, though they are not so popular in the fast
expanding urban centre, relatively recently.

106Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

Figure 5.11: Species, Imports & Domestic Construction Consumption in Surat (‘000 Cu.m)
30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total wood in constructionm

20.1

22.1

23.0

23.7

24.2

26.6

Imports

12.4

13.6

14.2

14.6

14.9

16.4

Teak Import

9.3

10.2

10.6

11.0

11.2

12.3

Sal Import

2.3

2.6

2.7

2.7

2.8

3.1

Domestic

7.7

8.5

8.8

9.1

9.3

10.2

Teak Domestic

1.9

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.5

Sal Domestic

2.9

3.1

3.3

3.4

3.4

3.8

The use of teak is less, primarily on account of its high price and hence use of other domestic
hard wood species has been increasing. The trend for use of tropical hardwood inconstruction is increasing and with the increasing supply pressure on domestic production,
the imports are expected to increase over the years, as the city gets in full swing of
expansion that has already started.
The increasing trend for house construction, which is observed throughout India, is equally,or even more vigorously, applicable for this consumption centre and hence the demand fortropical hardwood for construction end-use will see an increasing trend in the medium term.
5.4.4.3 End-use of tropical timber in Furniture & Furniture Components
The total timber used in furniture & a furniture component in Surat during 2002-03 was
0.078 Mn Cu.m which is more than half the total timber logs consumption. Only the tropical
hardwood is used in furniture & furniture components. The timber products used infurniture & furniture components include sawnwood (majority), roundwood and plywood.
However the data for each timber product is not available rather the total timber used infurniture & furniture components are available. Mainly the imported tropical hardwood
species (85% of the total) are used in furniture & furniture components. Among the major
species used in furniture & furniture components include Teak and Sal (imported) and
Rosewood & other Country wood produced domestically. The ratio of the Household toCommercial furniture is almost 1:3 (Figure 5.12).

107

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

Figure 5.12: End- Use Distribution of Timber in Furniture andFurniture Components in Surat (‘000 Cu.m)
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total Timber in Furnitutre

68.3

75.1

78.1

80.4

82.0

90.2

Commercial / Office Furniture

52.5

57.8

60.1

61.9

63.1

69.4

Household Furniture

15.8

17.3

18.0

18.6

18.9

20.8

The use of Teak is on decline because of its high price. Plywood (made with cheaper woodspecies) is becoming the preferred timber product for furniture & furniture components, asagainst the costly teak timber.
5.4.5

End-Use Distribution Trends of Tropical Timber Products in AHMEDABAD

5.4.5.1 End-use of tropical timber in Builder’s Joinery
Mainly tropical hardwood is used for builders’ joinery in Ahmedabad. Out of the total
quantity of tropical hardwood used in builder’s joinery in Ahmedabad (0.037 Mn Cu.m in
2002-03), more than 90 per cent comprises imported species, while the rest are species
produced domestically. Among the major imported species used for builder’s joinery are
Teak and Sal. In Ahmedabad, while the builder’s joinery is generally made out of tropical
hardwood species, it consists of nearly 90 per cent of the total builder’s joinery during 200203 (Figure 5.13).
This particular city is under the process of rebuilding and reconstruction, apart from urban
expansion, with sizeable repatriation of resources for the purpose from the Indian
expatriates abroad, who are seeking relatively higher class residential apartments andhouses for themselves and their relatives. As such, the nature of demand includes a sizeable
end use category of higher quality imported tropical hardwoods and better specifications forthe builder’s joinery and related woodwork, including furniture.

108

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

Figure 5.13: Total Consumption of Builder’s Joinery in Ahmedabad (‘000 Cu.m)
60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

Builder’s Joinery Total

23.0

26.0

37.3

41.7

46.7

52.3

Builder’s Joinery Tropical
Hardwood

20.5

23.2

33.2

37.2

41.7

46.7

Builder’s Joinery Tropical Softwood

1.5

1.7

2.4

2.7

3.0

3.4

Builder’s Joinery Temperate
Hardwood

1.0

1.1

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.3

5.4.5.2 End-use of tropical timber in Construction
It is reported in the consumption survey that only tropical hardwood is used in theConstruction industry at Ahmedabad. During the period 2002-03, 0.041 Mn Cu.m timber
was used for construction purposes. The consumption of timber for the constructionindustry is projected to be at 0.06 Mn Cu.m during 2012-13.
5.4.5.3 End-use of tropical timber in Furniture & Furniture Components
The total timber used in furniture & a furniture component in Ahmedabad during 2002-03
was 0.12 Mn Cu.m, which is 58% of the total timber logs consumption. Only the tropical
hardwood is used in furniture & furniture components. Among the major species used infurniture & furniture components include Teak, Sal and Rosewood & other Country wood
produced domestically. The ratio of the Household to Commercial furniture is almost 85:15(Figure 5.14).
The ready-made furniture market has also been flourishing in the city. These are like smallscale factories where 20 to 30 persons work on a regular basis. The traders and manufactures
try to take advantage of ignorance of the consumers as they mix different types of wood forvarious components. According to the manufactures they use teak as sawn wood for theouter sides of a bed or other pieces of furniture. But they also use babul for legs and otherjoints of furniture. Besides, veneer is fixed as a finishing material and underneath is usedsome non-descript wood. This flamboyance on part of traders and local retailers may notcontinue, if there were better economic information and market intelligence, which is bereftof transparency, as in most of the country.

109

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

Figure 5.14: Furniture & Furniture Components Consumption in Ahmedabad (‘000 Cu.m)
180.0

160.0

140.0

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

-

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

Furniture and Furniture Components

70.0

79.1

113.4

127.0

142.2

159.3

Household Furniture

21.0

23.7

34.0

38.1

42.7

47.8

Commercial Furniture

49.0

55.4

79.4

88.9

99.6

111.5

It is noted that furniture is brought from the states of Haryana, Delhi and elsewhere, as it ischeaper to have such furniture, often using ToF. This is mainly because of the use of locallyavailable cheaper timber species, such as poplar and eucalypts, which are planted on theboundaries of agricultural fields in Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh coupled with nearby
processing and distribution channels, with Yamuna Nagar as an outstanding example.
5.4.6

End-Use Distribution Trends of Tropical Timber Products in CHENNAI

5.4.6.1 Different End-Use of Timber
The total end use of timber in Chennai is 0.078 Mn Cu.m as reported in 2002-03. It isprojected to go up very fast between 2007-08 and 2012-13 and reach 0.23 Mn Cu.m in
2012-13. The maximum end use of timber is that for plywood. For the year 2002-03, the useof plywood was reported to be more than 85 per cent of the total. This trend may continue
up to 2012-13 with the ratio of plywood and the total increasing steadily over the years.
However, it is seen from figure 5.15 that the other end-uses, namely, builder’s joinery,furniture & furniture components and flooring make up for the remaining percentage, as far
as end use of timber is concerned.
This trend is, however, likely to be deflected, as the city is almost solely dependent on
imported tropical hardwoods and as liberalization of trade takes place, as is being
envisaged, say with a reduction in tariff for imported sawnwood. This has a heavy demand
among constructors and consumers, as conveyed by respondents to questionnaires, many of110Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

whom are resorting to securing imported tropical hardwood timber supplies from the
distant Tuticorin port, but often without submitting to recording and reporting.
Figure 5.15: End-Use of Timber in Chennai ('000 Cu.m)
250

200

150

100

50

0

5.4.7

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total End-Use

47.55

59.1

77.75

93.3

120.3

228.9

End-Use Builder’s Joinery Tropical
Hardwood Total Imports

1.2

1.3

1.5

2.5

4

6

End-Use Furniture and Funiture
Component Tropical Hardwood
Total Domestic

9.2

9.6

10

10.5

10.6

12

End-Use Flooring Total Tropical
hardwood

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.7

0.9

End-Use Plywood Total Imports

37

48

66

80

105

210

End-Use Distribution Trends of Tropical Timber Products in BANGALORE

5.4.7.1 Different End-Use of Timber:
The total end use distribution of timber in Bangalore as reported in 2002-03 was
28,800 Cu.m in construction, 8,600 Cu.m in builders’ joinery and 17,300 Cu.m in Furniture &Furniture components. It is projected to go up fast in next 5 to 10 years and reach 0.11Mn
Cu.m, 0.034 Mn Cu.m, and 0.066 Mn Cu.m for construction, builders’ joinery and Furniture
respectively in 2012-13 (Figure 5.16). The maximum end use of timber is that for plywood.
For the year 2002-03, the use of plywood was reported to be more than 85% of the total. This
trend is likely to continue up to 2012-13, with the ratio of plywood and the total increasing
steadily over the years. Of the total timber used in construction 80% is the imported timber.
Similarly the proportion of imported timber in end-use builders’ joinery is about 70%.
However, the timber used in Furniture & Furniture Components is sourced only from thedomestic production. It is also reported that some quantity of the recycled wood from theold doors / windows is used for furniture making. Additionally, container wood (wooden
container material) and the marine wood material is also used in furniture making.

111

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

Figure 5.16: Consumption of Wood for Different End-Use in Bangalore ('000 Cu.m)
120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Construction Total

37.6

26.4

28.8

56.4

89.9

111.9

Construction Import

18.8

21.1

23.0

45.1

80.9

90.2

Construction Domestic

18.8

5.3

5.8

11.3

9.0

21.7

Builder's Joinery Total

2.3

7.9

8.6

16.9

27.0

34.0

Builder's Joinery Import

0.7

5.5

6.9

11.8

21.6

24.0

Builder's Joinery Domestic

1.6

2.4

1.7

5.1

5.4

10.0

Furniture (Total Domestic)

0.6

15.8

17.3

33.8

53.9

66.0

The rubber wood and other jungle wood (earlier it was used for packaging) is also used for
furniture making. Of late, for the office furniture timber is being replaced by aluminum,
plastic, fibre, glass and steel.
There are no data for end-use flooring available in Bangalore and it is reported that there isalmost negligible use of timber in flooring there, which is true for all most of the otherconsumption centres as well.
Report on Housing in Bangalore

In the year 2002-03, about 38,000 house plans were cleared by Bangalore Mahanagar
Palika within its limits. Adjacent to this there are eight other CMC’s, which also clear thehouse construction plans. They clear about 8-10,000 houses per year (since this is not incity limits, the usage of wood in these houses is not considered for the calculation
purpose. But these areas will be brought under corporation limits within three to four
years). In the present scenario, an average of 0.49 Cu.m. of wood is used per house. With
this, the usage of wood purely for housing purpose requires about 18,620 Cu.m. of wood.
In this, the replacement for wood will be mainly for toilet doors. For this plastic is being
increasingly used. This accounts to about 1.1% of wood consumption. Apart from this,big builders use aluminium for window frames. This replacement accounts to about 3.2%.
Other than this, wrought iron is also used as door frame and shutter, but this is very less(about 1.2%). Other than these materials there is not much competition from othermaterials. But the usage of aluminium is increasing by at least 5-6% per annum mainly
for window frames. The rise of non-wood substitutes in this high-tech city is a threat anda challenge to timber market, unless the trend is reversed, for which there is much scope.

112

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

5.4.8

End-Use Distribution Trends of Tropical Timber Products in HYDERABAD

5.4.8.1 Different End-Use of Timber
The total end use distribution of timber in Hyderabad as reported in 2002-03 was 55,200
Cu.m in Construction, 17,600 Cu.m in Builders’ joinery and 12,600 Cu.m in Furniture &Furniture components. It is projected to go up in next 5-10 years and reach 0.068 Mn Cu.m,
0.029 Mn Cu.m, and 0.018 Mn Cu.m for construction, builders’ joinery and Furniture
respectively in 2012-13 (Figure 5.17). Of the total timber used in construction, 55% is theimported timber. Similarly the proportion of imported timber in end-use builders’ joinery is
about 72 per cent. However, the timber used in Furniture & Furniture Components issourced only from the domestic production and the major species include Albizia lebek,
Albizia odoratissima, Chloroxylon switetenia, Dalbergia latifolia, Dalbergia sisso, Dysoxylum
malabaricum, Gluta travancorica, Tectona grandis, Albizia procera, Artocarpus hirustu, Calophyllum
elatum, Fagara burdrunga, Michelia spp, Palaquium ellipticum, Syzgium cuminii, Termialia alata,
Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia paniculata, Toona ellata, and Machilus spp.
Figure 5.17: End-Use Distribution of Timber in Construction, Builders' Joinery, andFurniture & Components in Hyderabad ('000 Cu.m)
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

End-use Constrn

38.6

43.3

50.2

55.7

61.9

69.5

EUC Imports

12.2

16.6

27.6

32.5

42.3

53.0

EUC Domestic

26.4

26.7

22.6

23.2

19.6

16.5

End-use Builders' Joinery

17.4

15.1

17.6

19.5

21.6

27.9

ECBJ Imports

12.5

10.3

12.7

14.8

17.8

24.5

ECBJ Domestic

4.9

4.8

4.9

4.7

3.9

3.4

End-use Furniture & Components

9.7

10.8

12.6

13.9

15.5

18.5

The preference criteria for using wood in furniture in Hyderabad are cited as strength, grain
and texture, colour and figure, weight, retention of shape, seasoning behaviour, working
quality and finishing property. No data for Flooring end-use are reported in Bangalore. It
indicates that there is almost negligible use of timber in flooring in Bangalore, which issimilar to all the other consumption centres surveyed for this Review.

113Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

5.4.9

End-Use Distribution Trends of Tropical Timber Products in KOLKATA

5.4.9.1 Different End-Use of Timber
The total end use distribution of timber in Kolkata as reported in 2002-03 was 0.172
Mn Cu.m. in Construction, 0.149 Mn Cu.m. in Builders’ joinery and 0.089 Mn Cu.m. in
Furniture & Furniture components. It is projected to go up in next 5-10 years and reach 0.189
Mn Cu.m., 0.168 Mn Cu.m., and 0.106 Mn Cu.m. in 2012-13 for the three end-use categories,
respectively (Figure 5.18). The type of timber used in construction, builders’ joinery and in
furniture & furniture components is sourced both from imports as well as from domestic
production.
Figure 5.18: End-Use Distribution of Timber in Kolkata ('000 Cu.m.)
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

End-use Distribution of Total
Timber331.98

338.9

349.8

366.44

372

401

End-Use in Construction

165.0

167.5

171.6

173.5

176.0

189.0

End-Use in Furniture

83.5

85.7

89.1

96.5

98.0

106.0

Household Furniture

57.8

59.5

61.5

67.9

69.0

71.0

Commercial Furniture

25.7

26.1

27.6

28.6

29.0

35.0

The proportion of timber consumption for household furniture and commercial furniture isreported as at 70:30 (61,500 Cu.m and 27,600 Cu.m in 2002-03). It is also reported thatdomestic species are used more than the imported species in furniture making in Kolkata.
No data for end-use Flooring are reported in Kolkata. It indicates that there is almost
negligible use of timber in flooring in Kolkata, which is true for all other consumption
centres as well. Timber consumption for construction remains at the highest level.
5.4.10 End-Use Distribution Trends of Tropical Timber Products in KANPUR
5.410.1 Different End-Use of Timber
The total end use distribution of timber in Kanpur as reported in 2002-03 was 0.106 Mn
Cu.m for Construction, 0.089 Mn Cu.m for Builders’ joinery and 0.048 Mn Cu.m for114

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

Furniture & Furniture components. It is projected to go up in next 5-10 years and reach 0.137
Mn Cu.m, 0.105 Mn Cu.m, and 0.06 Mn Cu.m for construction, builders’ joinery andFurniture & furniture components respectively in 2012-13 (Figure 5.19). The type of timberused in end use in construction, builders’ joinery and in Furniture & Furniture Components
is sourced both from imports as well as from domestic production.
Figure 5.19: End-Use Distribution of Timber in Kanpur ('000 Cu.m)
300.0

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

End-Use Distribution of Total
Timber

188.0

195.7

201.9

215.5

226.0

253.0

End-Use Construction

98.9

102.3

106.5

115.8

122.0

137.0

End-Use Furniture Total

44.6

46.7

47.7

49.9

52.0

58.0

End-Use Household Furniture

28.2

29.0

30.6

32.2

34.0

37.0

End-Use Commercial Furniture

16.4

17.7

17.2

17.7

18.0

21.0

The proportion of household furniture and the commercial furniture is reported as at 64:36(30,550 Cu.m and 17,200 Cu.m in 2002-03). It is also reported that domestic species are used
more than the imported species in furniture making in Kanpur.
No data for end-use Flooring are reported in Kanpur. It indicates that there is almost
negligible use of timber in flooring in Kanpur, which is true for all other consumption
centres as well.
5.4.11 End-Use Distribution Trends of Tropical Timber Products in DELHI
5.4.11.1 Different End-Use of Timber
The total end use distribution of timber in Delhi as reported in 2002-03 was 0.32 Mn Cu.m. in
Construction, 0.30 Mn Cu.m in Builders’ joinery, 0.18 Mn Cu.m in Furniture & Furniturecomponents, and 0.071 Mn Cu.m in plywood and veneer. It is projected to go up in 10 years(i.e. in 2012-2013) and reach 0.35 Mn Cu.m, 0.32 Mn Cu.m, 0.23 Mn Cu.m and 0.091 Mn
Cu.m for construction, builders’ joinery, furniture & furniture components, and plywood &veneer, respectively (Figure 5.20). The rate of increase in the end use of timber for different
purpose is somewhat similar.

115

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

Figure 5.20: End-Use of Timber in Delhi ('000 Cu.m)
1200.01000.0

800.0

600.0

400.0

200.0

0.0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Total End-Use

789.2

830.3

865.9

891.9

917.8

985.6

Builder’s Joinery Total

271.2

285.4

298.8

302.1

310.9

322.4

End-Use Construction

295.9

303.9

317.8

318.4

325.3

346.7

End-Use Plywood and Veneer

58.4

65.4

70.5

72.2

79.7

91.1

End-Use Total Furniture

163.67175.65178.79199.22201.88225.37

End-Use Household Furniture

101.33109.22112.01

123.69126.05135.22

End-Use Commercial Furniture

62.34

66.43

66.78

75.53

75.83

90.15

Of the total timber used in builders’ joinery, 94 per cent is tropical timber and the remaining
is temperate hardwood. No softwood is used for builders’ joinery.
No data for end-use of timber for Flooring are reported in Delhi. It indicates that there isalmost negligible use of timber for flooring in Delhi, which is true for almost all the otherconsumption centres as well.
5.4.12 End-Use Distribution Trends of Tropical Timber Products in DELHI SATELLITE
TOWNS
5.4.12.1 Different End-Use of Timber
Majority of the timber is used for builders’ joinery, which constitutes more than 40 per centof the total end use for timber. The total end use distribution of timber in Delhi Satellite
Towns as reported in 2002-03 was 0.20 Mn Cu.m for Construction purposes, 0.22 Mn Cu.min Builders’ joinery, 0.010 Mn Cu.m for Furniture and Furniture Components, and 0.031 Mn
Cu.m for Plywood and Veneer. It is projected to go up in next 5-10 years and reach 0.22 Mn
Cu.m, 0.27 Mn Cu.m, 0.13 Mn Cu.m and 0.05 Mn Cu.m, respectively, for construction,builders’ joinery, furniture and furniture components, and for plywood and veneer in
2012-13 (Figure 5.21).
The Delhi satellite towns are booming in construction of all kinds in view of fast paced
urbanization and the phenomenal population increases of the National Capital Region in the
recent years, shift of business house affiliates and commercial establishments, which are116

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

mushrooming in the region. The demand for timber and furniture is of all end use categories
and income groups and it is rising rapidly. It could be motor for market promotion of ITTO
type of tropical timbers, and the Yamuna Nagar establishment seems to have taken charge,
though there are dealers and furniture makers who have expressed their inclination fordiversifying their sources of supply, if they had an opportunity, especially to cater to the
exclusive market for quality tropical timbers. Middle income group housing schemes arealso flourishing and they have particular requirements of joinery products of medium
quality for fairly large scale quantities, but outsourcing alternative distribution channels
with easy access were considered to be a constraint.
Figure 5.21: End-Use of Timber in Delhi Satellite Towns ('000 Cu.m)
700
600
500
400

300
200
100
0

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

Total End-Use

517.56527.86548.27565.37589.02

2012-13
666

End-Use for Construction

189.3

192.4

196.9

194.1

199.8

222.0

End Use for Builder’s Joinery

201.5

207.6

218.0

221.0

228.2

265.0

End-Use Plywood and Veneer

27.1

28.4

31.3

37.9

41.3

47.0

End-Use for Furniture

99.78

99.46

102.1

112.37

119.68132

End-Use for Domestic Furniture

58.79

59.03

61.26

67.04

72.35

80

End-Use for Commercial Furniture

40.99

40.43

40.84

45.33

47.33

52

Of the total timber used in builders’ joinery, 95 per cent is tropical timber and the remaining
is temperate hardwood. No softwood is used for builders’ joinery.
No data for end-use of timber for flooring are reported in Delhi. It indicates that there isalmost negligible use of timber for flooring in Delhi, which is true for all other consumption
centres as well.
5.4.13 End-Use Distribution Trends of Tropical Timber Products in YAMUNA NAGAR
The end-use distribution of tropical timber for Builder’s Joinery & Woodworking,Construction, and Furniture & Furniture components in Yamuna Nagar is very limited ascompared to other consumption centres. The reported use in 2002-03 was only 300 Cu.m,
1000 Cu.m, and 100 Cu.m, respectively. All the timber for these end-uses is tropical
hardwood, which is sourced both from imports as well as from domestic production.

117

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areas

Among the important species used for construction include Sal, Shisham, Teak, MalaysianSal, Red Meranti, and African Teak. The species used for furniture and components are
Shisham, Teak, and African Teak. At the same time, the unregistered flow fromneighbouring forests and from ToF is being processed and channelled through Yamu Nagar
for markets nearby and further afield. This is not to suggest that these manufacturing
facilities or distribution systems should be struck down, but merely to point out that theirmodus-operandi may not be -in fact is not- in conformity with proclaimed national policy forconservation, on the one hand, and they do not enable taking advantage of price competitiveand better quality timbers for the consumer available from ITTO export partners of India, on
the other hand. Nevertheless, Yamuna Nagar is flourishing as an industrial roundwood
processing and distributing, and sets an example for those interested in promoting,developing and diversifying timber trade and market in the country.
Figure 5.22: End-Use Distribution of Timber in Yamuna Nagar ('000 Cu.m)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

5.5

1997-98

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

End-Use Builder's Joinery (all TH)

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.7

Builder's Joinery Imports

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.6

End-Use Construction (all TH

0.7

0.7

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.5

End-Use Construction Imports

0.4

0.5

0.8

1.0

1.0

1.4

End-Use Furniture and Furniture
Components(all TH)

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

CONCLUDING REMARKS

From the survey and the analysis here on the various end uses of timber for the 15
consumption centres clubbed into 12 for the purpose of reporting here, it can be seen thatthe majority of the timber is utilised for construction, furniture and furniture components
followed by plywood and builder’s joinery.
The type of timber used in construction, furniture and furniture components, and forbuilder’s joinery is generally of high quality tropical hardwoods. These are mainly imports
from countries like Malaysia, Myanmar and Indonesia, while the tropical softwood is used118

Survey on the End-use of Timber in Urban Areasfor plywood. One of the major consumption areas for these end-uses is Delhi and Delhi
Satellite Towns, though there are upcoming consumption centres, such as Surat andAhmedabad.
It is observed that though Yamuna Nagar consumes a large quantity of timber, this is notreflected in the end-use section. That is because Yamuna Nagar has got established as major
hub for the production and distribution, mainly of veneer, which is marketed in otherconsumption centres, such as Delhi and Mumbai. The veneer is then refurbished andconverted into the final product like value-added plywood at these consumption centres.
This is prima-facie a success case which seems to contravene national policies forconservation, by acting as a hub for unregistered and unregulated flow from neighbouring
forests and ToF for serving the appetite of timber market at the cost of more competitive andenvironmentally sound sources of timber from elsewhere, especially for better quality
tropical timber from the diverse forest resources of the ITTO partners of India.
The trend for timber use is, nevertheless, likely to continue, by which timber imports,
especially tropical hardwood species, are projected to increase progressively over the
medium term future, up and down aberrations in between notwithstanding. Yet, there arerising threats and challenges from alternates, as observed in Bangalore in particular, which
too may warrant to be addressed for the benefit of social, economic and environmental
objectives which increased timber use can better serve than the energy intensive alternates.
That calls for appropriate market organization and intelligence as well as economic
information about the domestic and international availability of tropical timbers, and thecompetitiveness of such timber and timber products for the various end uses.

119Statistics and Market Intelligence

Chapter VI

STATISTICS AND MARKET INTELLIGENCE
6.1

STATE OF SECTOR STATISTICS

6.1.1

Introduction

The Board of Forestry in 1925, realizing the importance of forestry statistics in India, decided
that all provinces would conduct an economic survey of forest resources. Formats were
designed for collection of information and the Forest Research Institute (FRI) at Dehra Dun
did the needful for compilation of an ‘All India’ view. The British Indian Government
collected such forest sector statistics periodically till 1947. The coverage was graduallyextended to include forests located in the former princely states after independence.
The Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES) in the Ministry of Agriculture andIrrigation standardized State forestry statistics collection formats in 1958-59, and begancompiling national level data, though the accuracy of data and the timeliness of its collection
and compilation were limited. Several States did not have a unit or staff member in their
Forest Departments devoted to collecting or compiling statistics.
A Central Forestry Commission (CFC) was set up in the Ministry of Agriculture in 19651,
with the objective of collecting, compiling and publishing standardized forestry statistics.
The CFC revised the DES formats and started collecting standardized statistics with inputs
from the States. There were, however, many limitations for prompt collection, compilation
and analysis, as was foreworded in the first formal Digest of Forest Statistics published in
the country with data regarding production, prices, market and trade of timber and otherforest produce from State forests (Muthoo, M. K. and R. K. Khushoo, 1966).
Following the creation of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) in 1982, the CFC
was reconstituted into separate Statistics and Utilisation Divisions. During this period the
FRI collected basic timber price information through its Forest Utilisation Wing, and also
compiled selected forestry statistics that were published by the MoEF as ‘India’s Forests’.
Consequent to the abolition of the post of Forest Utilisation Officer in FRI, these activities
were also discontinued and several agencies in India collected and stored data on different
aspects of forestry without any consolidation at the national level.
With the World Bank aided “Forestry Research, Extension and Education Project (FREEP)",an attempt was made to develop a forest information data base and subsequently a Divisionof Statistics was created in the Indian Council Forest Research and Education (ICFRE) tocollect, collate, process, publish and circulate data covering all aspects of forestry at thenational level. Till date, data have been published for the years 1988-94, 1995, 1996 and 2000.
The Division of Statistics gathers data on production and trade of forest products from theState Forest Departments, Federal Ministry of Commerce, National Planning Commission,1

In the Government of India, Forestry was a Division in the Ministry of Agriculture till 1981.

120

Statistics and Market Intelligence

Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), Forest Survey of India (FSI) and the Central
Statistical Organisation (Annual Survey of Industries - ASI) and trade associations, such as
IAPMA and FIPPI. There in no such association or institution compiling data in respect ofindustrial roundwood, sawnwood and other timber products. In the absence of any single
source for the purpose of assessing the reliability and timeliness of data for this Review ,recourse has been taken to data obtainable through ASI, DGCIS, FIPPI, FSI, ICFRE, MoC,
MoEF, State Forest Departments, and some statistical institutes and international sources,
such as ADB, FAO, ITTO, IBRD, IMF, UN-COMTRADE, UN-ECA and UN-ECE, among
others. Needless to say that the basic source of such information are the usually outdated
data from State Forest Departments, which is regurgitated and reassessed through deskstudies in distant offices, without direct access to original sources of information.
6.1.2

State Forest Departments and ICFRE

Forest product information is currently collected and collated by the public sector State
Forest Departments using standard formats reviewed at the FORSTAT–96 national
workshop organized by the FRI’s Directorate of Statistics in 1996 at ICFRE. The format hasremained unchanged despite several policy shifts about the role of the forest sector in theprocess of an emerging economy with greater private sector participation, on the one hand,and heightened awareness about global environmental concerns, on then other hand.
Data from forest ranges -the lowest data collection unit, are determined through a chain ofcustody system. Information from different field offices is compiled at Divisional level andtransmitted annually to the State Forest Department headquarters, where statewide statistics
are expected to be collated and consolidated. The State Forest Departments are required tosend data in the standard format to ICFRE where, after analysis and discussion with State
Forest Departments, the data are compiled for the country as a whole. The validity of data is
supposed to be checked at State level with the help of ICFRE.
ICFRE, however, compiles data only on forest production. Even so, the time lag is usuallylong and beyond ICFRE’s control, for it depends on the State organs for timely reporting.
The latest available data are only until the financial year of 1999-2000, i.e., largely through to
1999. Apart from serious inconsistencies with other databases, as often pointed out
elsewhere in this report, it was noted that despite the delay, data are not available in the caseof sawnwood after 1997-98. One reason for the delay and incompleteness is that several State
Forest Departments are unable to adhere to the prescribed formats and timeframe and lackan efficient statistical system for the compilation and dissemination of data.
6.1.3

Federation of Indian Plywood and Panel Industries (FIPPI)The Federation of Indian Plywood and Panel Industries (FIPPI) collects data on decorative
veneers, particleboard, hardboard and medium density fibreboard from the member
manufacturing units. Given the tendency for tax evasion in many cases, this may lead tounderreporting; actual production and consumption may be at a higher level, but there
seems no option under the existing circumstances. It has also been observed that data are
missing for several large states, such as Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, which account for about 50 per cent of the total forest cover of the121Statistics and Market Intelligence

country as well as total timber production. Suffice it to say that the reliability of the datareported by FIPPI is questionable and does not represent national production or
consumption. The following two tables are self-explanatory in this behalf.
Table 6.1: Plywood Capacity and Production
State

Annualcapacity

No.
Units

Production (million m2, 4 mm)

1995
1996
Andaman &10.057
3
1.491
5.889
Nicobar Islands
Arunachal Pradesh
30.6749Assam
44.51222
1.019
Karnataka
9.749
8
2.286
2.397
Kerala
8.790
8
0.513
0.639
Maharashtra
1.437
2
1.440
1.077
West Bengal
2.716
2
2.124
1.220
Nagaland
4.200
2
2.605
Meghalaya2.600
1Andhra Pradesh
1.500
1Uttar Pradesh
0.558
1
2.035
2.487
Rajasthan
1.500
1Madhya Pradesh
5.750
2
Tamilnadu
1.177
1Source: Federation of Indian Plywood and Panel Industry.

1997
8.462

1998
8.397

1999
7.712

2000
8.294

0.783
1.465
0.689
1.260
0.121
-

0.051
3.214
0.867
0.915
1.596
0.263
-

18.46
39.084
1.031
0.734
1.465
0.856
-

17.6
42.956
0.820
0.764
1.810
0.905
-

Table 6.2: Production of Decorative Veneers, Particleboard, Hardboard and Medium
Density Fiberboard
Product
1997-98
Decorative veneers (m2)Particle board (tonnes)
34,634
Hardboard (tonnes)
45,126
Medium density fiberboard (tonnes)
30,632
Source: Federation of Indian Plywood and Panel Industry.

Production
1998-99
2,092,021
63,683
81,29039,085

1999-00
23,356,997
92,72878,41443,567

Besides the data gaps with respect to states and years, the above tables also show that thelatest data available are for the year 2000. Moreover, since FIPPI compiles the data received
from its member units and a large number of small scale industries which havemushroomed in the wake of closure of practically all large/medium scale industries in the
North Eastern region 2, the figures neither reflect the complete picture and nor are the datarobust enough.
6.1.4

Central Statistical Organisation (Annual Survey of Industries - ASI)In National Industrial Classification (NIC) codes, which are used by ASI statistics, the twodigit classification '27' includes manufacture of wood and wood products and furniture and
2 One such group of industries is situated in and around Yamuna Nagar ,which was specifically taken up for an
additional urban centre Primary Survey and a Case Study for this Review, confirming that data are either notreported or else they are distorted deliberately.

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Statistics and Market Intelligencefixtures. At the three-digit level, '270' and '271' provide information relating to sawing andplaning of wood (other than plywood) and the manufacture of veneer sheets, plywood andtheir products respectively. However, in the ASI 1999-2000 issue, data relating to '270' is notavailable. Again, according to Annual Survey of Industries conducted by the Central
Statistical Organization of the Government of India, there were 4213 units associated with
manufacture of products from wood, furniture and fixtures during the year 1999-2000
employing about 78,240 persons. This seems to be a gross underestimate since there areabout 23,000 sawmills in the country as reported in the NFAP– India 2000 (NFAP, 1999).
This underestimation is due to the fact that only industries registered under Factories Act
come within the purview of this survey. The latest data availability is for 2001 and wasconsulted nevertheless in the process of the Review.
CSO also maintains the price data of the wood products in the form of Wholesale Price
Index (WPI) and the latest data are available for 2001-02. However, WPI includes only two
types of wood products, namely, plywood planks and timber planks, apart from a
consolidated category of wood and wood products, which does shed some light on pricemovement, which otherwise is unavailable from any other forest sector statistics.
6.1.5

Federal Ministry of Commerce

The Ministry of Commerce and Industries maintains the Export-Import Data Bank and its
main source of information on wood imports and exports is the data compiled by the
Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS), under the Ministry ofCommerce and Industries, Government of India. The primary source of these data is thedaily trade reports and custom clearance records of import and export of Forest Products
collated by the Department of Customs and Central Excise.
The DCGIS publishes export and import data in its ‘Monthly Statistics of Foreign Trade’following the World Customs Organisation's Harmonised System of classification ofcommodities. Data are available in hard copy as well in electronic form on floppy discs. The
latest data available while conducting the Review was for the year 2001-2002 and was
obtained both through direct contacts and from its publications.
The compilation of foreign trade statistics was found to be based on sound methodology.
However, some data deficiencies were noted and suffice it here to refer to one of those toillustrate the problem of possible data discrepancy for imports into the country, if notanything else. Abnormally high figures in respect of plywood and sawn wood imports havebeen recorded and reported for 2000-2001. An in-depth enquiry revealed that this was
essentially due to two unusually large consignments respectively recorded for (i) importfrom Thailand -HS code 44071909 through Kandla port in March 2001 for a volume of
104,400 Cu.m, and (ii) import from Indonesia –HS Code 44121909 through JNPort, also in
March 2001 for a volume of 75,443 Cu.m. The value recorded for the latter is Rs. 4.9 million
as against Rs. 5.9 million recorded for another consignment of similar material from thesame country for a volume of only 740 Cu.m imported through Chennai port, and Rs. 1.4
million for a still smaller volume of 95 Cu.m imported through Cochin port. Despite hardquestioning and study by surveyors of the Review, this discrepancy was difficult to fathom
and import records have been retained as reported and recorded in international statistics.
123Statistics and Market IntelligenceIn view of the inquiries by the researchers, it should not come as a surprise if the records are
set right, for example, by correspondingly reducing the volumes and/or values for imports
in the subsequent year (2002-03) to make up for the discrepancy.
In order to establish the reliability of data related to forest products in India, anothercomparison was made between forest products import and export data from 1990-2000
FAOSTAT and from the Monthly Statistics of Foreign Trade published by the Directorate ofCommercial Intelligence and Statistics, Ministry of Commerce (MoC). Significant
discrepancies were found in the availability and quality of data from the two sources.
Since the DGCIS data are based on authentic official records of the customs department,these were considered more reliable for purposes of the Review. That nevertheless involved
confronting the problem that the trade data are recorded and reported in almost an adhoc
manner and without precision regarding itemizing timber types and species. This isparticularly problematic for a large bulk of traded wood and wood products which areclubbed together under the “other” category. Recourse was taken to various in-country andother secondary sources, including UN COMTRADE, FAO and ITTO, for comparison andan overall insight into the trade and market trends, apart from the primary sources that weredrawn upon for the Review. The problem of adhoc reporting is an international issue, which
ITTO and others may consider taking up at the next revision of HS classification.
6.1.6

FAO, ITTO and India

The FAO is reputed for its exhaustive and long standing database with data archived for
decades and updated periodically as Yearbooks about production, consumption, export andimport according to various categories of wood products. The latest available FAO statistics
pertains to 2001. The ITTO also regularly updates statistics, specifically and more elaborately
about the sector’s trade and market development with an exhaustive annual review andassessment and also timber trade related bulletins, which are updated through the course anyear and can be accessed on their website. But their data can be only as good as they receivefrom the member states, though attempts are made to harmonize the same, such as from
Table 6.3: FAO-ITTO Data Discrepancies
Plywood Production and Consumption
Year of Publication andData Source
Production Figures (FAO)#

1997

1998

1999

2000

2000
2001
Production Figures (ITTO*)
2002
Consumption Figures (FAO#)
2000
2001
Consumption Figures (ITTO*)
2002

310
61

310
51

310
55

310
59

310

310

310

310

323
74

331
72

325
70

314
63

237

272

314

# FAO Year Book 2000, 2001
*ITTO Annual Review and Assessment of the world Timber Situation 2002

124

2001

2002

310

310

312

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Statistics and Market Intelligence

government reports, if and when available, and from the UN COMTRADE on import export
data. During the Review, a lot of inconsistencies were observed in these data while
comparing with other databases, such as between FAO and ICFRE data on timber
production. The same is true for the different FAO year-wise publications. One glaring
instance is of plywood production and consumption figures recorded in FAO publications of2000 and 2001 as reproduced in the above Table 6.3.
It is noteworthy that the same international organization shows the plywood production at
one fifth of what it had formally published an year earlier and consistently so across anumber of years with similar discrepancy in the figures for consumption. Moreover, several
data gaps were also observed in FAO database during the course of this study. Besides suchdata mismatch and non-availability, it was observed that the FAO production andconsumption data for some of the timber products remained the same over a long period ofyears, e.g., the production of sawnwood was retained unchanged at a level of 2,500
thousand Cu. m. from 1991 to 1995. The ITTO data, at the face of it, may not appear soincredible, though it too seems far too constant across years in some cases, such as forplywood production, as shown in the above table.
The unreliability and inconsistency in the data published by the international organisations
could be because of various reasons, such as the source, purpose of collection, time lags indata collection and publication and some major changes in the legal or market situations.
For example, there has been a reduction in the official logging in the natural forests in
response to the requirements of the Apex Court order of December 1997. Since consumption
has continued to increase, the additional demand is met from tree outside forests (ToF) andillegal felling to a large extent that are neither reported nor recorded. Obviously, it isdifficult for the international organizations based far away in Rome and Yokohama or at
Bangkok and New York to guess the impact of these policies on production, unless theyreceive reliable data from the country concerned, which they hardly do.
It was apparent that the international organisations had attempted to update the data
regarding India’s timber production, consumption, and trade in a fairly comprehensive
manner, but suffered from the inherent drawback of lack of access to data from the country,
wherefrom they have not received any response to the Joint Forest Questionnaire over
several recent years. As such, these are largely guesstimates and are obvious in some cases
from the simple and safe repetition of figures over years, such as in the FAO’s Forest
Products Statistics Yearbook. These gaps and inconsistencies in economic information about
forest production and consumption in India will continue to be a matter of debate till India
puts in place an efficient and credible system of collection, collation and publication of
statistical data on timber production and consumption and disseminates the same in atransparent and timely manner.
It is the need of the hour to improve the national forest products statistical systems. To
achieve this, the state and national level data collection formats should be harmonised andprofessionally well-trained statistical units equipped with Information Technology Systems
should be set up to facilitate accurate and timely data reporting, compilation andconcomitant dissemination. Targeted training courses may also be conducted.

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6.2

FOREST SECTOR STATISTICAL SYSTEM

6.2.1

Background

India is the only major producer country from Asia besides a few from Africa, which has not
responded to the Joint Forest Questionnaire of ITTO/FAO/ECE in the recent years, or else its
response is incredibly inconsistent and inordinately delayed. Somewhat similar seems to be
the situation about reporting to UN COMTRADE, which has indicated some severe data
gaps.
The previous section makes it evident that the available secondary data on timber andtimber products in the country is inadequate, inconsistent and marked with serious time lag
for a proper analysis required to monitor and assist the industry. Discussions with timbertraders, construction industry, applied economists and statisticians, and forest sector staff
and experts reveal that a requisite and reliable statistical information and market intelligencesystem -which is essential for building up consumer confidence, efficient trade mechanismand marketing strategies- does not exist in the country. Similar view has been expressed in astudy of the forest products statistics in South and South-East Asia which was undertaken
under an EC-FAO Partnership Programme (2000-2002)3. It is not surprising that even thisinternationally sponsored study appends data, the defects of which would not be discernible
unless it is pointed out that those are some of the very same un-updated and unreliable
statistical tables about which reference was made earlier in the chapter, including the FIPPI
data. Not only that, the study has presented data going back to 1995 in some cases, since
when so much evolution has taken place in the marketplace. The section on India goes far tostate that besides ICFRE, at the national level, well organized data is also generated by otheragencies such as FSI, MoEF, CSO and FIPPI. Yet, somewhat contradictorily, but correctly,
the study does conclude that there are several difficulties with ensuring the reliability of
data, that gaps in information are therefore inevitable, and on occasion there is considerable
hesitancy in sharing data for one reason or another. In fact, the Review Team has observedand confronted such hesitancy at several stages, especially at national institutions
overseeing the forest statistical system and which should normally be keen to divulge anddisseminate data, as is done for other commodities -in the best national interests, unlessthey are not sure of themselves.
6.2.2

The Forest Products Statistical System

Data on different aspects of forest sector were collected and stored by different agencies inIndia and were not maintained by any particular entity devoted to the subject matter. This
caused difficulties in projecting a complete and consistent picture of the sector and related
issues. In order to redress the situation, the Indian Council of the Forestry Research and
Education (ICFRE) organised a directorate of statistics in 1995 with the role andresponsibility of the directorate -renamed as the Division of Statistics, to collect, collate,
process and publish statistics covering all aspects of the forest sector at the national level.
3 "An Overview of Forest Products Statistics in South and South-East Asia", EC-FAO partnership programme,
2002.

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Statistics and Market Intelligence

At present, the Division of Statistics gathers data on production and trade of forest products
from State Forest Departments, IAPMA, FIPPI and the Ministry of Commerce. In addition to
production and trade data, information in also received from the Planning Commission and
MOEF, the Forest Survey of India and the Central Statistical Organisation.
6.2.3.1 Data Collected through State Forest Departments
Forest products information obtained from field offices is transmitted annually to the State
Forest Department headquarters, where the state specific statistics are collated andconsolidated. The State Forest Departments are expected to transmit the data in standard
format to ICFRE for being compiled by the Division of Statistics.
6.2.3.2 System for Determination of Timber Production
Production figures from State Forests Departments are collected through the following chainof custody:i)timber removals are based on marking book records with species and girth;ii)

all removals are recorded in a felling register which bears the total volume andnumber of pieces from each stump;iii)

transport of removals is recorded in a transit pass register;iv)

removals are taken to Government depots, where a copy of the transit pass isdeposited and receipt indicated on a duplicated copy;v)

in Government Depots, all incoming material is measured and recorded;vi)

annual arrivals at, and disposals from the depot is reported to Division/state levelauthorities in an annual basis. Discussion with industry people andknowledgeable personnel confirms that apparently no validation mechanism
exists for the chain of custody from local to the national level. Another important
point worth mentioning is that the illegal felling and production from TOF,
which constitutes a sizeable proportion of the total timber production, goesunrecorded. Therefore, the official production data seems to be an underestimate.

6.2.3.3. Data dissemination
The statistical information collected and compiled by the Division of Statistics is stored in a
database with a report published bi-annually in hard copy and on the Internet(http://www.icfre.org). The report is sent to all the State Forest Departments, State Forest
Corporations, concerned Government of India Ministries and other users who request suchinformation from ICFRE.
6.2.4

Reliability and timeliness of production and trade data

The reliability and timeliness of pertinent data can be gauged by citing any of the Forestry
Statistics issues of ICFRE. For example, the consolidated Table 12.11 on Forest Products ofIndia cites the Source: Forest Products Yearbook, and that too of 1993. This is for the ICFRE
issue released in 1999, and it has already been highlighted how inconsistent the production
and consumption data in the Yearbook can be. Belated issuance of information applies to127Statistics and Market Intelligenceother sources too, such as FSI’s State of the Forest Report 2001, which has just been released
in 2003. One of the major problems, particularly about production and trade data, is thatthose involved in collecting it at the grassroots levels in the Ranges and below have no ideaof the purpose and relevance of these data nor are they familiar about the market place, forthey are almost exclusively trained about the trees, forest and wildlife. To add to their woes,
there is lack of transparency in trade. The non-availability of economic information iscommonplace, or else it is distorted, as for example recorded in the Kandla case study
undertaken for this Review, which could not unravel the secrecy maintained by timbertraders.
There are therefore several difficulties in ensuring the reliability of the data from different
sources that are collated by the Division of Statistics. These are related not only to the direct
providers of information, but also to the chain of information conduits through which theDivision receives the data. The various weaknesses and constraints observed in the current
statistical system are summarily tabulated below.
Activity

Data collection

Weaknesses•

Information may be inaccurate andunreliable•

General lack of staff and also a lack of staff
trained in relevant fields.

•

Information is reported irregularly
or not at all.

•Lack of funds.

•

The production data formats used at
the state and national level are notuniform.

•

Responsibility for state level reporting is not
entrusted to the Directorate of Statistics.

•

No single agency is responsible for providing
state level information.

•

Limited species-specific reporting of trade.

•

Insufficient staff and electronic equipment.

•

Inappropriate database management system.

•

Lack of a free flowing statistical system, andof appropriately trained software and data
managers.

•

No authentic validation mechanism of thechain of custody.

•

Lack of an agency to generate market
intelligence and economic information.

•

Lack of funds.

•

Low level of co-ordination among agencies..

•

Limited or lacking internet administration.

•

Perception and/or practice of indifference toinformation sharing.

•

Lack of accessible databases.

•

About 50 per cent of imports areclubbed into “other” category.

•

Data mayunanalysed.

•

As the data is compiled by various
agencies at different stages, it isdifficult to maintain the authenticityof the quality.

•

Data capture and the direction ofanalysis does not cover most of themarket requirements to sustain
timber trade and industry.

Data
Compilation
and analysis•

Dissemination

Constraints

gouncheckedorNo priority is given to timely
collection and supply of informationby the states.

•

Difficulties are found in publishing
final reports on time.

•

Heavy delays in data dissemination.

Sources: An Overview of Forest Products Statistics in South and South-East Asia, EC-FAO Partnership
Programme, 2002, primary survey research, and discussions with experts, institutions and enterprises.

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Statistics and Market Intelligence

6.2.5

Right to Information

The multi-dimensional aspects of forestry are being well recognized globally and locally.
The loophole is the lack of basic information to convert talk into action. The problem of data
gap could be part of the culture among the forestry professionals worldwide and in Asia,
who still view the data that they collect as proprietary nor recognize the legitimacy of
information that other stakeholders provide (FAO-EC, 2003). In this context, it is a welcome
step that a National Forest Commission -headed by an highly esteemed former head ofIndia’s judiciary- has recently been instituted in India with a time–bound mandate to look
into various aspects, including administrative efficiency, of the forestry sector (Annex 6.2).
The Review, as such, harbours the hope that India may soon demonstrate leadership inproviding transparency to the forest sector, not the least by respecting the right toinformation for all.
In this era of globalization and information overload, with a World Summit on Information
Society held in 2003, the raging concern is about access to information by the needy. This
could not be more true for the forest sector in India. Yet, the perception prevailing about
forest sector statistics and market intelligence among most of the stakeholders consulted andcontacted was as if there are deliberate restrictions and controls on the requisite informationand communication channels between “proprietors” and “the public”. The challenge isgreater still because the so-called proprietory segment suffers no less for want of access toreliable information and most of those in this segment too are concerned**. This was
depicted by the Down-to Earth report by a national NGO in early 2003 even before the Stateof Forest Report 2001 was released and the debate that it generated on the transparency andaccuracy of the forest statistics. No wonder that Blanton (2002) states that often the
momentum towards openness has arisen from scandals, such as corruption and graft
endemic to local governments in India. Legal actions for environmental information have
had some successes with several States having enacted Right to Information Law, and eventhough far from perfect, it is an achievement for the enlightened poor (Roy and Dey, 2002).
The issue at hand is not only of a particular group, enlightened or otherwise, but it is for all
the stakeholders from forest planners and producers to timber traders and consumers. It is amatter of good governance at all levels and a share of it among all -through free flowing andobjective information to make the sum of their activities transparently efficient in everyone’s
interests. In most cases, however, the information is not being provided in the manner ortime frame that it should be. In some cases it is not being provided at all. But why?
Perhaps a simplistic answer, but largely true, is that there have been limited resources andlack of attention at all levels in devising and implementing a fully functional and effective
statistical system for the sector, rather than many malafides attributed to the overstressed(**) Suffice it to quote just four among high ranking and highly committed officials directly concerned with andabout forest sector statistics: “ the whole system thrives on garbage in and garbage out basis, retaining the creamfor themselves or just sour cream” “there are data gaps, inconsistency in data, reliability of data..” “the data aremasterminded because that is the way it is” “there is no reliable statistics and all the figures are…”

129

Statistics and Market Intelligenceauthorities and experts concerned. There has been perhaps no provocation towards
addressing the genuine concern for right to information about the sector that they have been
entrusted to manage for and on behalf of the people. Since there is no accountability about
the profit and loss in economic terms from the forest estate, there has been little motivation
for transparency in its management, much less the market that it is supposed to serve.
Perhaps, again, that suits the small-scale entrepreneurs and market players, for they are notin a position to be brought to book, if and when needed, and hence they too have not raised
their voice for better market intelligence and economic information about timber trade andindustry.
This may not have been so if there were an organized timber market in the country. It
remains disperse and without even one national timber trade association that could havecatered to the requirements of the industry as a whole and partnered with the publicauthorities for sharing the statistics, both national and international, about outsourcing
timber at competitive prices and on the basis of comparative advantage for various
products, processed and otherwise. As of today there is no mutual trust or mistrust between
the public and the private sector, only divergent activities in a compartmentalized manner,
the price for which must be paid by someone, perhaps the consumer. Yet, the consumer isthe queen and should count largest – not only in number but also for meeting their demand
for timber and other goods and services, that the forest sector could provide rather than theenvironmentally inappropriate substitute industries which are on the rise, being better
informed and organized. Catering to the Right to Information of the consumer, both urban
and rural, would help promote the market that would valorize the forest wealth and thereby
ensure its sustainability at home and abroad.
6.2.6.

Market Intelligence

Whatever the weaknesses and constraints in the current statistical system, they are notdifficult to overcome and could be addressed if a coordinated plan of action were
implemented. Some even conjure that the data are not released deliberately and that there isa lack of transparency in the entire forests sector statistical system. Motivation for that isdifficult to visualize in this era of globalization, but the perception is there, be that an
outcome of mere lethargy or lack of resources to fulfill the mandate given to ICFRE and its
collaborators, especially the State Forest Departments.
Needless to mention, at the risk of repetition, that any strategic planning, be it on the part of
the Government or public or private enterprises, requires an updated database that reflects
the contemporary market behaviour. This is even more important for a country of the size ofIndia, more so in the context of its ongoing second generation economic reforms aimed at
fostering privatisation and market oriented development policies. A database that does notreflect the current market realities hardly serves the purpose of the reforms process in thecase of timber and related trade, market and industry. This -may be inadvertently- lends
credibility to prevailing perceptions and is counterproductive for the forest sector, apartfrom the risk of missing the high tide in the market.
It is in this context that the traditional objective of forest management relating to timber
production has paved the way to more diversified and expanded forest policies and130

Statistics and Market Intelligence

management over the past decades. In tune with the traditional aims of forest management,
the main focus of forestry statistics in India has however remained very limited. Now, thedemand for information from different users and interest groups is growing rapidly. In
order to meet the demand for economic information, the statistical system of the forestry
sector needs to (a) identify the requirement of data by different interest groups and users, (b)collect the relevant data in a comprehensive and timely manner with in-built validation andchecks, (c) professionally process and analyse the data, and (d) have a proper dissemination
channel so that the processed and analysed data are available to the various interest groups
and users either on a subscription basis or as complementary copies.
The statistical system of the forestry sector in India has a lot of inefficiencies in each of thestages mentioned above, mainly because the purpose of statistics is not elaborated. The datarequirement of various stakeholders, especially the timber traders and consumers, is not
given due importance and the data that are being generated about the forest sector isessentially from state forest services for their own limited purposes. This data is being
compiled from working plans, largely concerning forests and does not involve monitoring
the cost quantity and quality of production, nor about consumption and trade. For example,
in the survey of consumption centres, the respondents of questionnaires and those contacted(constructors and traders in particular) regretted lack of information as a major constraint inorganising and expanding their activities and they have, therefore, no option but to get into
costly and environmentally unfriendly substitutes. Economic information with respect todiverse supply sources and price play a pivotal role in any market analysis. The
consumption data, which is available, is not actual but a derived one. Product-specific andspecies-specific price data are not recorded. CSO maintains the price data of the wood
products in the form of Wholesale Price Index (WPI). But, WPI includes only two types ofwood products, namely, plywood planks and timber planks, apart from the collective
category of wood and wood products.
A serious consideration has to be given to set up an economic information and market
intelligence system which would give due attention to the timber market’s data requirement– the starting phase of any research and analysis and an important basis for designing aholistic sector statistical system. A mechanism has to be devised to ensure flow of
information from and to national and local traders in terms of product-specific and speciesspecific consumption and price with periodic demand projections for different regions.
The collection of consumption, price and trade data is not possible from each and every
individual trader/manufacturer/retailer. It would be pertinent to promote the formation of
associations for different timber products both at the local and national levels. The
associations should be formed to create and maintain database on consumption, price, tariff
and other relevant areas of the wood industry and to share with the nodal Government
agency. This will facilitate understanding of the market for the Government as well as forthe industry people and the policies can be formulated accordingly.
The State Forest Departments collect information/data from forest ranges and send them tothe Division of Statistics. However, the lack of statistical units in some State Forest
Departments and differences between data collection formats used by different agencies
have failed to ensure data accuracy and timely submission. To improve the national forest
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Statistics and Market Intelligenceproducts statistical systems, state and national level data collection formats should beharmonised and professionally well-trained statistical units equipped with Information
Technology Systems should be set up in State Forest Departments to facilitate accurate andtimely data reporting and compilation.
The processing and analysis of the data should involve, other than the nodal Government
agency, national institutes specialised in the field of economics and statistics. A publicprivate partnership may be encouraged in this respect. The dissemination of information
should be undertaken at the local as well as national levels, so that all the stakeholders may
access the information wherever and whenever required.
The databases may include forest information chain, from felling, production, consumption
and price of various timber products to transport, export, imports, forest related taxes andforest companies. Geographical Information System (GIS) should be utilized more widelyand intensively in order to provide a mechanism for analysis as well as monitoring. Apartfrom the nodal Government agency/agencies, national institutes specialised in the field of
economics and statistics should be involved at various stages. A public-private partnership
may also be encouraged in this respect.
6.2.6.1 Trade and Marketing
Markets for forest products have been found to be variable through the different regions of
the country and at the same time they are vulnerable to variation, volatility and uncertainty.
Among the most needed measures to mitigate these risks and weaknesses is to raiseawareness about the nature of the national and local market and the scope for adjustments,
for which regularly updated information is required. That should include data about thenational and regional economy and the competitiveness of domestic and internationallytraded timber of various types and categories. None of such economic information isavailable to traders, constructors and consumers, who are awakened only after they may
face raw material shortages, as is needlessly the case of cart manufacturers and other smallscale wood-based industries in Karnataka (Rathakrishnan, 2003). If the traders had beenaware of the demand on the hand and the scope for importing timber on the other hand,such market uncertainties can be minimized and timber utilization could be sustained rather
than be substituted.
While there is a reasonably well established overall trend for an increasing tropical timber
consumption in the country, the nature and magnitude vary fairly considerably, calling forregional specialization of trading hubs and national coordination through widely
disseminated and regularly updated economic information about trade and markets indifferent parts of the country and its major consumption centres. This should take into
account the moves to further liberalize trade and to communicate with opinion makers
through national and regional timber traders associations and national institutions in orderto reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers for easing supply constraints for preferred tropicaltimber species through market diversification. The net impact could also be a comparativeadvantage through EEZs, cheap skilled labour and scale economies for the export and reexport of SPWP by outsourcing high quality tropical hardwoods, for example.

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Statistics and Market Intelligence

A strategic approach based on sound economic information is required to link trade andmarkets. For instance, the Review found a widespread lack of information on national
markets, comparative international timber prices and the economics of timber utilization forvarious end use categories. The role of the forest sector statistical system is not merely tochurn figures, many of which hardly serve any such purpose. It is to raise awareness about
the importance of marketing, improve current marketing and manufacturing practices, andto ease pressure on traders and retailers emanating from convoluted reporting andbureaucratic procedures of little import but counterproductive for promoting international
trade to strengthen the domestic market and consumer confidence. Needless to summarize
that efficient marketing depends on the availability of and access to adequate information,
which is woefully wanting in the Indian timber market and among its local trading partners.
6.3

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Market intelligence plays a crucial role in assessing the demand and supply situation oftimber and timber products. But such a system is presently lacking in India. Introduction ofmarket intelligence will benefit the traders and the consumers as well as help the policy
makers to monitor the situation and take effective decisions, as required. But the present
statistical system of the forestry sector leaves much to be desired as far as coverage,
timeliness and dissemination of data are concerned. One reason for this is that Indian
statistical system is a decentralized one and the State Forest Departments, which provide thedata at the state level, do not have satisfactory strength of professional experts to address theworkload adequately for collection, processing and dissemination of forest sector data. Lackof priority as testified by insufficient budgetary allocations is a constraint that most of thestates and federal forest statistical units face in delivering the data.
The state and national level data collection formats need to be harmonized and statisticalunits equipped with appropriate information and communication technology to facilitate
accurate and timely data compilation and concomitant dissemination. That implies theprofessionalisation of the process of planning, creating and maintaining a proper databasefor forest statistics. The urgency for the forest sector to catch up in line with the country’s
developments warrants the institution of a multidisciplinary group of experts to examine thepresent system of data collection, suggest steps for the introduction of best international
practices -with modifications, as may be required, to suit Indian conditions, and to provide
guidance for a fully functional forest sector statistical, economic information and market
intelligence system. International technical cooperation would be useful at the initial stages.
Keeping the forgoing in view, the following points are presented for the consideration ofnational authorities and their collaborators:•

It is recommended to develop an efficient national economic information and market
intelligence system for the forest sector.

•

It may consist of a nodal central unit in charge of promoting, coordinating and operating
the system, and disseminating the information to users at different levels. This unit
should collaborate with other national organisations of repute in the fields of economics
and statistics, apart from forestry.

133

Statistics and Market Intelligence•

It is suggested to establish such databases at regional and State levels also.

•

The databases may include forest information chain, from felling, production,
consumption and price to transport, export, imports, forest related taxes, forest
companies, with a wider and more intensive use of the Geographic Information System .

•The central, regional and state units may disseminate the information to various users
through publications such as Yearbooks, Technical Newsletters targeting the forest
sector, and Information Newsletters targeting the general public.

•

A web site may be established with links to all related sites where users can have on-line
access to diverse information on forest statistics at the national, regional and state levels.

6.3.1

Project Proposal

An immediate action-oriented internationally assisted project merits to be executed to meetthe priority need for improving the national forest sector statistical system and market
information as suggested below in order to serve the policy planners, managers, consumers
and other stakeholders for promoting forest industry in a holistically sustainable manner.
Goal
Enhanced contribution to sustainable social and economic development from forests,
and forest industry, timber trade and marketing.
Immediate objective
Improved economic information, market intelligence and streamlined statisticalsystem to enable better planning, monitoring, coordination and promotion ofefficient timber trade and related activities of the forest and commercial sectors.
Justification
Lack of a system of transparent, timely and reliable statistics, economic informationand market intelligence; disorganised and disperse timber industry sector withlimited means of partnerships and networking among and between them and thenational and State authorities and various stakeholders including retailers,manufacturers, constructors, importers, and exporters; difficult access for importers
and exporters and potential partners; inability to provide proper responses tonational and international agencies, including the Joint Forest Questionnaire.
Outputs
Improved market intelligence, economic information and appropriately strengthened
statistical system; promote stakeholder participation and help build private-public
partnerships; transparent data dissemination and readily accessible periodic timberbulletins; compile update information on timber industries, retailers and traders;assistance in monitoring, implementation and review of national policies andstrategies for forestry, timber trade, market diversification and investment
promotion.

134

Conclusion

Chapter VII

CONCLUSION
Drawing upon primary and secondary data, this Review reveals an increasing consumption
trend of timber and timber products. This trend should continue in the forseeable future,buttressed by fast-paced urbanisation, increasing number of households in middle andupper income groups, and lucrative housing schemes available in the market. All together,
the scenario offers good medium to long term prospects for imported tropical timber inorder to bridge the growing gap between demand and domestic supply for the preferredtropical hardwoods. Yet, these trends and prospects may suffer some transitory set-backs,largely on account of the lack of an organized market infrastructure, especially market
intelligence. In order to minimize and mitigate such aberrations and risks, the prevailingweak forest sector statistical system and almost non-existent economic information
regarding the comparative advantages of timber and timber products merits to be addressed
for the sake of sustainability of the industry.
The Review explored the trends and prospects of production, consumption, import andexport of industrial roundwood, sawnwood, veneer and plywood. Such an analysis in thecase of builders' joinery was difficult for want of the secondary data. There has been adecreasing trend, both in terms of production and consumption for some of such timber
products, notwithstanding the heightening housing requirements as ascertained by anintensive primary survey undertaken in major urban areas.
The Review studied the relationships between consumption and income as well as
consumption and price. It observed that both these relationships, prima-facie, deviate fromthe normal inter-dependencies as exist for other commodities or for timber in most othersituations. A careful probe into this non-logical trend suggests that inadequate data
availability, discrepancies within and across various databases, and non-recording or nonreporting of actual production and consumption have led to this misleading scenario.
Such a theoretical scenario is well over-ridden by the emerging consumption trend based on
primary survey in 12 national urban conglomerations and a Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA).
The levels of consumption in the recent past and at present were identified at substantiallyhigher levels than those could be gauged from various available secondary databases. A
forecast has also been made for each of the timber products based on the primary survey.
Suffice it to note here that urban timber consumption alone of industrial roundwood is
projected to grow by almost 8.5 million cubic metres over the next ten year period. With wellover 80 per cent of that being estimated to be tropical hardwoods and 43 per cent of which
are imported even at the current lower level of deficit compared with the future, it is notdifficult to foresee a burgeoning growth for tropical timber imports, unless the trends are
deflected due to unforeseen factors and the lack of an organized timber market and market
intelligence.

135

Conclusion

The timber trade data are relatively better managed and ostensibly more reliable -despite
their own limitations, than the production and consumption data. The Review has recordedthat the imports of logs, sawnwood and plywood have all increased considerably over thelast decade. The proportion of industrial roundwood import was much higher than all othertimber products, having grown from around 850 thousand cubic metres of logs to well over
2.5 million cubic metres in 2001-02. This is primarily due to prevailing higher tariffs forprocessed and semi-processed products. Even so, sawnwood and plywood imports havealso increased manifold, though their volumes of 74 thousand and 45 thousand cubic
metres, respectively, pale into insignificance compared with industrial roundwood. Export
from the country is still at a low level, though there could be scope for value-added reexports, with plywood recording significant increase over time.
Among the various types of timber, India is a major producer as well as consumer of tropicaltimber. The domestic supply of tropical timber is not sufficient to meet the demand and as aresult India has become the third largest importer of tropical logs, mainly from Malaysia,
Myanmar and Indonesia, though exporters from other regions have been making inroads.
There are several reasons for the existing and envisaged deficit between the domestic supply
and demand, e.g., production potential limitations of the natural forests, physical restriction
regarding forest and tree cover, massive Indian population, and policies of the Government
with regard to lifting of land ceiling act for plantation purposes and ban on green felling. As
summarily depicted below, the import trend therefore has been upbeat, industrial tropicaltimber roundwood imports having almost tripled during last 5 years reaching well over 2
million Cu.m., while most of the increased domestic production is outsourced from ToF andfrom unknown sources or unregistered felling from the forest.
Industrial Roundwood Trends ( million Cu.m)
Years

Imports

Consumption Production

1991-92

0.853

41

40

1996-97

0.869

42

41

1997-98

1.362

44

42

2001-02

2.605

49

46

Based on the above trend, the prospects are for further medium term growth in imports aswell as domestic production to meet the growing consumption requirements in the country
for industrial roundwood. Accordingly, the immediately upcoming deficit between
domestic production and consumption trend could be envisioned of the order of 3.64 million
Cu.m for industrial roundwood plus 90 thousand Cu.m of sawnwood and 40 thousand
Cu.m of plywood. These prospects are reflected in the rounded figures regarding industrial
wood recorded in the following table, noting that most of the additional domestic
production under the current conditions and emerging trends are likely to be derived from
ToF, Joint Forest Management and similarly managed natural forest areas, and from private
sector plantations and related investment. Otherwise, the gap could be greater still and136

Conclusion

substitution shall speed up, unless measures are taken for enhanced private sector
participation in the forest sector and improved timber trade and market efficiency.
Industrial Roundwood Prospects (million Cu.m)
Years

2003-04

2005-06

2012-13

Consumption

53

57

71

Production

50

52

60

Gap (Total)

3

5

11

Gap (THW)

2.8

4.4

10.0

While the survey of consumption centres shows that the share of tropical hardwood
consumption is around 80 per cent, the FAO data depict that tropical hardwood constitutes
more than 98 per cent of the total Indian import of industrial roundwood. A similar trend isobserved in the case of consumption of sawnwood and builder’s joinery. However, thepanel products processing industry generally prefers locally grown species rather thanimported timber.
As far as competitiveness of tropical timber versus others is concerned, majority of thesurvey respondents expressed higher preference for tropical hardwood products vis-à-vis
temperate hardwoods. The demand for tropical timber has accentuated through consumer
confidence and strong housing demand supported by low interest rates and unprecedented
availability of loans and mortgage facilities. Among other factors favouring thecompetitiveness of tropical timber is its relatively lower total cost due to inherent propertiesof ease in machining, maintenance, durability and damage resistance.
The survey has highlighted that among the middle income group, price and availability areamong important factors that influence the choice of tropical timber products. Tropical andtemperate softwoods were identified to be the preferred types mainly for panel products.
Temperate hardwoods were hardly seen as a serious competitor, though some preference
has been noticed for their use in furniture and flooring in certain parts of the country in viewof changing tastes.
Within the tropical timber species, the survey has revealed that tropical timbers imported byprivate traders are likely to be of better quality and price competitive compared withdomestically produced tropical timber due to the higher transaction costs of the public
sector undertakings (PSUs), which deal with domestic timber through their depots. That
however does not obviate the need to reduce some un-necessary financial transaction costs,
bureaucratic processing and other obstacles to international tropical timber trade, including
improved shipping, storage, transportation and port handling.
Alternates and substitutes of timber are posing a threat to the timber market in India.
Reconstituted materials are used in building construction (e.g., moisture resistant medium
137

Conclusion

density fibreboards), furniture making, packaging and home built applications. Composite
materials -incorporating plastics, insulation and decorative surfaces- are also becoming
common. In the exterior joinery sector, metals were seen as the main competing material,
whereas plastics were noted as serious competitors in interior joinery and furnitureproduction. Among other substitutes are aluminium for windows and door frames; marble,
cement and tiles for floors; steel, plastic and glass for furniture; concrete for railway sleepers-which has almost taken over tropical timber; and of course, bricks and mud, especially forsemi-solid construction in the country-side.
Not long ago, the use of wood was discouraged in construction, and materials like steel,aluminium and other products were encouraged. However, in the post UNCED scenario,
the UNFCCC, and the Kyoto Protocol signed by the Government in 2002, there is anawakening among policy planners for reducing green house gas emissions and encouraging
afforestation and reforestation for environmental services. Though there is no strict policy
shift so far in this regard, the government is likely to encourage renewable sources of energy
and other products in order to comply with its commitment to the implementation of theProtocol. Hence, given the availability of imported tropical timber and the domestic supply
constraints, timber traders could consider India as a potentially important destination for theimported timber. But this is yet to be vouschafed as a medium to long term process, given
the vagaries of the market, the lack of market promotion, and consequent short term cycles
and swings, calling for institutionalizing the staying power of the tropical timber market andremoving hurdles arising from scanty and unreliable market information.
One of the most important conclusions emerging from the Review is that the secondary data
sources are marked with discrepancies, serious time lag and lack of robustness. The actual
consumption, trade and price data, which are the pre-requisites for any economic andmarket analysis, are not available – either coherently or from any single source. Even in thecase of production data, validation mechanisms do not exist. Therefore, the reliability of theentire secondary database can not be assured, to say the least. The trade data, which isrelatively more authentic in terms of collection and dissemination, also suffers from the lackof updation and appropriate categorisation, in order to be meaningful enough for planners
and traders.
A score-based SWOT analysis was undertaken of the Indian timber market, the summary
results of which are reproduced below as a conclusion of this Review:
Strengths•••

Traditional and continuing consumer preference for tropical hardwoods
Inherent timber and timber product competitiveness -especially of durable and easily
machine-able tropical hardwoods versus high energy consuming alternates in acountry with chronic power shortage and lack of fossil fuel reserves
Recently rising trends of tropical timber imports to bridge the growing gap between
demand and supply

138

Conclusion

Weaknesses
•
•
•
•
•

Lack of timber market intelligence and economic information, untimely andunreliable sector statistical system, data disparities and apparent lack of transparency
Unorganized timber market, industry and trade
Disperse distribution channels and instances of high intermediary costs
Trade barriers –perceived and otherwise, especially non-tariff barriers constraining
smooth and economically efficient international trade
Lack of market diversification and limited secondary wood processing for exports

Opportunities
•
•

•
•
•

•

Unprecedented -ongoing and projected- growth of the economy, urbanization,
housing, construction, and middle and upper-middle income groupsMarket and trade liberalisation, increasing foreign exchange reserves, innovative
investment and incentives for value-added exports and re-exports, including
secondary processed wood products -with timber having been placed under OGL
Recently available mortgages, loans and facilities for housing starts, including thosefor lower and middle income nuclear families
Rising awareness and possible policy shifts in favour of green economics and evenmore stringent conservation of natural forests and controlled harvesting of ToF
Increased timber and related renewable resource utilisation rather than energy
intensive and polluting products, which timber can substitute on a sustainable basis,
especially if supplies are derived from tropical countries assuring reasonable ecolabelling, competitive pricing and sustainable supplies
Increasing access to tropical timber producers within and outside the ASEAN region,
with scope for widened outsourcing, joint ventures and bargaining for prices,
specific timber types and categories

Threats• Leveraging of the housing, construction, furniture and other traditional tropicaltimber market by better organized alternate industry producers of substitutes andconcomitant consumer taste shifts through targeted market promotion• Lack of timber trading agreements with exporters to ensure sustained supplies tomeet domestic deficit, high tariffs on sawnwood and other timber products thatexporters may increasingly prefer to produce, and non-tariff barriers and hightransaction costs, thereby diverting organized exporters to other rising markets• Risk of downward spiralling of tropical timber imports and consumption as a resultof an apparent or real reduction in imports in a particular period -either due to data
inconsistencies or fluctuations in international timber trading and other transient
factors, especially if left unmitigated and unexplained among traders, dealers,
retailers and constructors• Continued constraints for promoting tropical timber trade and use, viz., lack ofconsistent economic information, market intelligence, timely and transparent
statistics

139

Conclusion

The conclusion drawn from the Review is that there is space and scope for converting thecurrent weaknesses and potential challenges into outstanding opportunities that India offers
for tropical timber trade and marketing. This essentially requires measures and means toorganize the timber industry, to build multi-stakeholder partnerships and alliances, to raiseawareness about the comparative advantage and environmental appropriateness of woodand wood products, and to enhance and draw upon their inherent competitiveness in themarket. None of that can be attained unless there is readily accessible and reliable economic
information, market intelligence and a fully functioning forest sector statistical system. This
calls for priority attention to pre-empt the threats and prevent missing a golden opportunity
for the sector’s sustainable growth, transient volatility of trade notwithstanding.

140

\ References
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146

List of Tables & Figures

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURESTABLES
Table No.

Table Title

Page no.

Table 2.1

Energy for Production

6

Table 2.2

Production of Indian Timber Products

6

Table 2.3

Trends in Consumption of Timber products

7

Table 2.4

Consumption Share between Coniferous and Non-Coniferous

7

Table 2.5

Wholesale Price Index for Wood products

10

Table 2.6

Production, consumption and Import/export of Timber /products for
India

13

Table 2.7

Industrial Wood Requirement

14

Table 2.8

Global forest products model projections to 201014

Table 2.9

Projections for Timber Consumption in India

15

Table 2.10

Timber Production (Projections) for India

15

Table 2.11

Average annual timber consumption per 1000 persons

16

Table 2.12

Timber Consumption in Urban and Rural areas in India – Synoptic
View

17

Table 2.13

Consumption trend and prospects of timber in the rural districts

18

Table 2.14

Rural Houses According to type of construction

19

Table 2.15

Import of wood and other major wood products

22

Table 2.16

Quantities of Import to India

23

Table 2.17

Growth rate of selected wood item imports

24

Table 2.18

Export of Timber Products

26

Table 2.19

Projection of Import of Timber and Timber products

27

Table 2.20

Demand and Supply of Wood

30

Table 2.21

Actual and Projected Import of Industrial Roundwood

31

Table 2.22

Import of Industrial Roundwood - Tropical (NC) and Others (NC)31

Table 2.23

Sawnwood Production, Imports, Exports and Consumption

32

Table 2.24

Share of Different Sectors in the Use of Sawnwood

32

Table 2.25

Projected Demand for Panel Wood

33

Table 2.26

Factors Influencing the Choice for Tropical Timber Products

34

147

List of Tables & Figures

Table No.

Table Title

Page no.

Table 2.27

Summary Results of the Survey of 12 Urban Consumption Centres

36

Table 3.1

Calculation of Custom Duty

46

Table 3.2

Import Value of Wood and Major Wood Products

47

Table 3.3

Export of Timber Products

56

Table 4.1

Aggregate Total Consumption of Timber of 12 Urban Consumption
Centres60

Table 5.1

Aggregate End-use of Timber of 12 Urban Consumption Centres

96

Table 6.1

Plywood Capacity and Production

122

Table 6.2

Production of Decorative Veneers, Particleboard, Hardboard andMedium Density Fiberboard

122

Table 6.3

Data Discrepancy in Plywood Production and Consumption in FAO
Publications

124

FIGURES
Figure No.

Figure Title

Page no.

Figure 2.1

Consumption Trend of Industrial Roundwood

7

Figure 2.2

Consumption Trend Of Sawnwood

8

Figure 2.3

Consumption Trend of Veneer and Plywood

8

Figure 2.4

Scatter between Income and Industrial Roundwood

9

Figure 2.5

Scatter between Income and Sawnwood Consumption

9

Figure 2.6

Scatter between Income and Veneer Consumption

9

Figure 2.7

Scatter between Income and Plywood Consumption

10

Figure 2.8

Price Movement of the Wood Products

10

Figure 2.9

Price and Consumption pattern of Industrial Roundwood

11

Figure 2.10

Price and Consumption pattern of Plywood

11

Figure 2.11

Species/Category Wise Break Up Imported Wood Logs - 1991-92

21

Figure 2.12

Species/Category Wise Break Up Imported Wood Logs - 1996-97

21

Figure 2.13

Species/Category Wise Break Up Imported Wood Logs - 2001-02

22

Figure 2.14

Wood Imports – Break up into Logs, Sawn wood, Reconstituted
Panels, Builders Joinery and Others - 1991-1992

23

Figure 2.15

Wood Imports – Break up - 2001-2002

24

148

List of Tables & Figures

Figure No.

Figure Title

Page no.

Figure 2.16

Value of log imports 1991-92 to 2001-02

24

Figure 2.17

Export Trend of wood logs to India (major Exporting

25

Countries)
Figure 2.18

Port-wise import of Wood Logs (Quantity)

25

Figure 2.19

Consumption of Industrial Round Wood

27

Figure 2.20

Wood /Timber Material Flows37

Figure 2.21

Channels of Distribution of Imported Timber Logs

38

Figure 2.22

Channels of Distribution of Domestic Timber

39

Figure 3.1

Indian Tariffs for wood and wood products

46

Figure 3.2

Log import Quantity v/s import duty

48

Figure 3.3

Plywood import Quantity v/s import duty

48

Figure 3.4

Export of Timber Products

56

Figure 4.1

Industrial Roundwood Consumption in 12 Urban Consumption
Centres61

Figure 4.2

Tropical Hardwood Logs, Tropical Softwood and Temperate
Hardwood Consumption -Imports and Domestic

61

Figure 4.3

Total Consumption of Sawnwood Timber in the 12 Urban
Consumption Centres

62

Figure 4.4

Total consumption of Veneer and Plywood in 12 Urban
Consumption Centres

63

Figure 4.5

Total Builders' Joinery in 12 Urban Consumption Centres

63

Figure 4.6

Total Timber Logs/Roundwood Consumption in Mumbai

64

Figure 4.7

Consumption trend of Imported Roundwood in Mumbai

65

Figure 4.8

Tropical Round Hardwood Imports v/s Domestic Production

65

Figure 4.9

Sawnwood Consumption in Mumbai

66

Figure 4.10

Sawnwood Tropical Hardwood Consumption Imports v/sDomestic

67

Figure 4.11

Plywood Consumption in Mumbai

67

Figure 4.12

Builders' Joinery Consumption in Mumbai

68

Figure 4.13

Total Timber Logs (roundwood) Consumption in Pune

69

Figure 4.14

Timber Imports and Domestic Production in Pune

70

Figure 4.15

Sawnwood Tropical
Consumption

Hardwood

149

ImportandDomestic

70

List of Tables & Figures

Figure No.

Figure Title

Page no.

Figure 4.16

Plywood Consumption in Pune

71

Figure 4.17

Total Consumption of Builder's Joinery in Pune

72

Figure 4.18

Total Timber Logs Consumption in Surat

72

Figure 4.19

Tropical Hardwood Logs Imports & Domestic Prod v/s Tropical
Softwood and temperate Hardwood Consumption in Surat

73

Figure 4.20

Sawnwood Consumption in Surat Domestic & Imports

74

Figure 4.21

Plywood Domestic Production in Surat

75

Figure 4.22

Total Builder’s Joinery Import and Domestic Consumption in
Surat

75

Figure 4.23

Total Timber Logs/Roundwood Consumption in Ahmedabad

76

Figure 4.24

Timber Type Logs Consumption (Imports and Domestic Prod) in
Ahmedabad

76

Figure 4.25

Sawnwood Consumption in Ahmedabad

77

Figure 4.26

Plywood Consumption (Tropical Hardwood and SoftwoodOnly) in Ahmedabad

78

Figure 4.27

Total Consumption of Builder’s Joinery in Ahmedabad

79

Figure 4.28

Total Timber Logs Consumption (all Imports) in Chennai

80

Figure 4.29

Total Logs Consumed in Bangalore

81

Figure 4.30

Total Logs Consumed in Hyderabad

83

Figure 4.31

Total Logs Consumed in Kolkata

84

Figure 4.32

Plywood & Veneer and Builder's Joinery consumption in Kolkata

85

Figure 4.33

Total Logs Consumed in Kanpur

86

Figure 4.34

Plywood & Veneer and Builder's Joinery consumption in Kanpur

87

Figure 4.35

Total Logs Consumed in Delhi

88

Figure 4.36

Plywood & Veneer and Builder's Joinery Consumption in Delhi

89

Figure 4.37

Total Logs Consumption in Delhi Satellite Towns

90

Figure 4.38

Veneer & Plywood and Builders' Joinery Consumption in Delhi
Satellite Towns

91

Figure 4.39

Timber consumption in Yamuna Nagar

92

Figure 4.40

Timber consumption Product-wise in Yamuna Nagar

92

Figure 5.1

Total end use of timber for 12 Urban Consumption Centres

97

Figure 5.2

Use of timber for Builders' Joinery in 12 Urban consumption
Centres98

150

List of Tables & Figures

Figure No.

Figure Title

Figure 5.3

End Use Distribution of Timber for Construction in 12 Urban
Consumption Centres

98

Figure 5.4

End-use distribution of timber in builders joinery in Mumbai

100

Figure 5.5

Tropical Hardwood Timber Consumption for Construction in
Mumbai

101

Figure 5.6

Timber Use in Furniture and Furniture Components in Mumbai

102

Figure 5.7

End-use distribution of timber in builder's joinery

103

Figure 5.8

Timber Use in Construction in Pune

104

Figure 5.9

Timber Use in Furniture and Furniture Components in Pune

105

Figure 5.10

End-use distribution of timber in builder's joinery in Surat

106

Figure 5.11

Species-Wise Imports
Construction in Surat

for

107

Figure 5.12

End- Use distribution of Timber in Furniture and Furniture
Component in Surat

108

Figure 5.13

Total Consumption of Builder’s Joinery in Ahmedabad

109

Figure 5.14

Timber consumption for Furniture & furniture components in
Ahmedabad

110

Figure 5.15

End-Use of timber in Chennai

111

Figure 5.16

Consumption of Wood for different End-Uses in Banglore

112

Figure 5.17

End-use Distribution of Timber in Construction, Builders'
Joinery, and Furniture & Components in Hyderabad

113

Figure 5.18

End-Use Distribution of Timber in Kolkata

114

Figure 5.19

End-Use Distribution of Timber in Kanpur

115

Figure 5.20

End Use of Timber in Delhi

116

Figure 5.21

End-Use of Timber in Delhi Satellite Towns

117

Figure 5.22

End-use distribution of Timber in Yamuna Nagar

118

and

151

Domestic

Page no.

Consumption

Glossary

GLOSSARY
Afforestation: The establishment of a tree crop on an area from which it has always or very
long been absent and had not been classified as forest land.
Coniferous species (softwoods): All woods derived from trees classified botanically as
Gymnospermae. These timber species are generally referred to as softwoods and include
Abies spp., Araucaria spp., Cedrus spp., Chamaecyparis spp., Cupressus spp., Larix spp., Picea spp
and Pinus spp.
Deforestation: Conversion of forest to another land-use or change of forest cconstitution
with depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10 per cent threshold.
Exploitable forest: Forest and other wooded land on which there are no legal, economic ortechnical restrictions on wood production. It includes areas where, although there are nosuch restrictions, harvesting is not currently taking place, for example, areas included inlong-term utilization plans or intentions.
Exports (Quantity, Value): Products of domestic origin or manufacture shipped out of thecountry. It includes re-exports. It excludes "in-transit" shipments. It is reported in cubic
metres of solid volume or metric tonnes and values are normally recorded as free-on-board(i.e. FOB).
Fibreboard: A panel manufactured from fibres of wood or other ligno-cellulosic materials
with the primary bond deriving from the felting of the fibres and their inherent adhesive
properties (although bonding materials and/or additives may be added in the
manufacturing process). It includes fibreboard panels that are flatpressed and moulded
fibreboard products.
Forest: Ecosystem with a minimum of 10 percent crown cover of trees and/or bamboos,
generally associated with wild flora and fauna and natural soil conditions, and not subject toagricultural practices. Could be natural or planted.
Fuelwood and charcoal: Includes "wood in the rough" (from trunks and branches of trees) to
be used as fuel, such as for cooking, heating or power production. Wood for charcoal isincluded.
Hardboard: Fibreboard of a density exceeding 0.8 g/cm3. It excludes similar products madefrom pieces of wood, wood flour or other ligno-cellulosic material where additional binders
are required to make the panel; and panels made of gypsum or other mineral material. It isreported in cubic metres solid volume.
Imports (Quantity, Value): Products imported for domestic consumption or processing
shipped into a country. It includes imports for re-export. It excludes "in-transit" shipments.
It is reported in cubic metres of solid volume or metric tonnes and values normally include
cost, insurance and freight (i.e. CIF).

152

GlossaryIndustrial roundwood: The commodities included are sawlogs or veneer logs, pulpwood
and other industrial roundwood. In the case of trade, chips and particles and wood residues
are also included.
Insulating Board: Fibreboard of a density not exceeding 0.5 g/cm3 . It is reported in cubic
metres solid volume.
Lakh: Commonly used Indian word for a hundred thousand, including usage for weight,
volume, area, population, and especially the national currency -denominated in Indian
Rupees.
Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF): Fibreboard of a density exceeding 0.5 g/cm3 but notexceeding 0.8 g/cm3 It is reported in cubic metres solid volume.
Natural forests: Those forests which are composed of tree species known to be indigenous
to the area.
Non-coniferous species (hardwoods): All woods derived from trees classified botanically as
Angiospermae. These are generally referred to as hardwoods and include broadleaved
species, e.g., Acer spp., Dipterocarpus spp., Entandroprhagma spp., Eucalyptus spp., Fagus spp.,
Populus spp., Quercus spp., Shorea spp., Swietonia spp. and Tectona spp.
Other wooded land: Land that has some forestry characteristics but is not forest as defined
above. It includes open woodland and scrub, shrub and brushland (see below), whether or
not used for pasture or range. It excludes land occupied by "trees outside the forest".
Packaging Materials: Paper or paperboard mainly used for wrapping and packaging
purposes. Excluded: Unbleached kraft paper and paperboard that are no Sack kraft paper orKraftliner and weighing more than 150 g/m² but less than 225 g/m²; felt paper andpaperboard; Tracing papers; not further processed uncoated paper weighing 225 g/m² or
more. It is reported in metric tonnes.
Paper And Paperboard: The paper and paperboard category is an aggregate category. In the
production and trade statistics, it represents the sum of: graphic papers; sanitary andhousehold papers; packaging materials and other paper and paperboard. Products in thiscategory are generally manufactured in strips or rolls of a width exceeding 15 cm (36 cm for
HS 48.13 and 48.19) or in rectangular sheets with one side exceeding 36 cm and the otherexceeding 15 cm in the unfolded state. It excludes manufactured paper products such asboxes, cartons, books and magazines, etc. It is reported in metric tonnes.
Particle Board: (Including Oriented Strandboard (OSB)): A panel manufactured from small
pieces of wood or other ligno-cellulosic materials (e.g. chips, flakes, splinters, strands,
shreds, shives, etc.) bonded together by the use of an organic binder together with one ormore of the following agents: heat, pressure, humidity, a catalyst, etc. The particle board
category is an aggregate category. It includes particle board; oriented strandboard (OSB) andflaxboard. It excludes wood wool and other particle boards bonded together with inorganic
binders.

153

Glossary

Plantation forests: Established artificially by afforestation on lands which previously did
not carry forest within living memory, or by reforestation which may involve replacement of
the indigenous species by different species or genetic variety.
Plywood (Coniferous/Non-Coniferous of which tropical): A panel consisting of an assemblyof veneer sheets bonded together with the direction of the grain in alternate plies generally
at right angles. The veneer sheets are usually placed symmetrically on both sides of a central
ply or core that may itself be made from a veneer sheet or another material.
Production: The solid volume or weight of all the production of various wood products.
These include products that may immediately be consumed in the production of anotherproduct (e.g., wood pulp, which may immediately be converted into paper as part of acontinuous process). It excludes the production of veneer sheets that are used for plywood
production within the same country. It is reported in cubic metres of solid volume in thecase of roundwood, sawnwood and wood based panels and metric tonnes in the case of
charcoal, pulp and paper products.
Pulp for paper: Includes both wood pulp (mechanical, semi-chemical and chemical) andother fibre pulp (straw, bamboo and bagasse, etc.).
Reforestation: Establishment of a tree crop on -often degraded or denuded- forest land.
Roundwood: Wood in its natural state as removed from forests and from trees outside theforest; wood in the rough. Commodities include all forms of industrial roundwood andfuelwood.
Sawnwood: Wood (including sleepers) sawn lengthwise or produced by a profile-chipping
process, and planed wood.
Snowball (Sampling) Technique: Also known as snowballing, it is a sampling techniquewhich is used when the overall population is difficult to reach or the target groups are notreadily recorded or identified. Research asks a subject if they could put them in touch withothers in a similar situation. Snowball sampling is, in effect, a data collection method inwhich the researcher finds one respondent that may be interested in participating in the
research and then that participant recommends another respondent. This process continues
until the researcher has the requisite sample size that is needed to conduct the study
satisfactorily from a probabilistic viewpoint. It is usually enough under such circumstances
to implement what is called a "snowball sample". That is, for example, the assessors
interview knowledgeable members of the advisory board and review readily available
documents to get a first-cut list of consumers or service providers. Then they interview thedirectors of these agencies, collecting necessary information and also asking them to nameother agencies that provide similar services. Thus the sample increases in size, like asnowball rolling down a hill. The main advantage is that it is likely to produce a relatively
high response rate and hence the time frame and cost of sampling is likely to be relatively
low. The main disadvantage is that it may produce a non-representative sample, but this canbe catered to by double checking with other actors in the supply chain or through theconsumption channels, as has been ensured in the urban timber consumption survey, i.e.,154

Glossary

contacting both the providers, intermediaries and eventual consumers including householdsof different income categories.
Stakeholder: An individual, social group or institution that possesses a direct, significant
and specific interest in a resource or a service.
Trees outside Forests: The concept is defined by FAO by default in terms of the forest, as
follows: trees growing outside the forest and not belonging to the category of forests, forest
lands, or other wooded land. According to this definition, Trees outside forests are locatedon "other land", such as agricultural land, built-up areas such as settlements andinfrastructure, and bare land (dunes, former mining areas, etc.), rivers, road/canal sides etc.
and also block plantations over non-forest lands
Tropical timber: It is defined in the International Tropical Timber Agreement (1994) as
follows “Non-coniferous tropical wood for industrial uses, which grows or is produced in
the countries situated between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
Veneer Sheets (Coniferous/Non-Coniferous of which tropical): Thin sheets of wood of
uniform thickness, rotary cut (i.e. peeled), sliced or sawn. It includes wood used for the
manufacture of laminated construction material, furniture, veneer containers, etc. It excludes
wood used for plywood production within the same country. It is reported in cubic metres
solid volume.
Wood-based panels: An aggregate term including the following commodities: veneer
sheets, plywood, particle board and fibreboard. Particleboard includes varieties such as
oriented strand board and flakeboard. Fibreboard includes hardboard, medium-density
fibreboard and insulation fibreboard.
Woodfuel: An aggregate term including fuelwood, charcoal and black liquor.

155

List of Abbreviations

ABBREVIATIONSADB: Asian Development BankAPFSOS: Asia Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook StudyASEAN: Association of Southeast-Asian Nations
ASI: Annual Survey of Industries
ASSOCHAM: Associated Chambers of Commerce
BIS: Bureau of Indian Standards
CAGR: Compounded Annual Growth Rate
CIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight
CII: Confederation of Indian Industries
CSO: Central Statistical Organisation
CSOs: Civil Society Organisations
DES: Directorate of Economics and Statistics
DGCIS: Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics
DGFT: Director General of Foreign Trade
DIPP: Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion
EDI: Electronic Data Interchange
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FAG: Forestry Advisers GroupFIPPI: Federation of Indian Plywood and Panel Industries
FOB: Free on Board
FREEP: Forestry Research, Extension and Education Project
FRI: Forest Research Institute
FSI: Forest Survey of India
GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GDP: Gross Domestic Product156

List of Abbreviations

GIS: Geographical Information System
GNP: Gross National Product
GoI: Government of India
GSP: Generalized Scheme of Preferences
HACCP: Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
IARC: International Agricultural Research Centre
IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction & Development
ICFRE: Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
IEC: Importer Exporter Certificate
IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission
IFS: Indian Forest Service
IHPA: International Wood Products Association
IIFM: Indian Institute of Forest Management
IMF: International Monetary Fund
IPIRTI: Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training InstituteISO: International Organization for Standardization
ITTO: International Tropical Timber Organization
ITTC: International Tropical Timber Council
JFM: Joint Forest Management
JFSQ: Joint Forest Sector Questionnaire
LCA: Life Cycle Analysis
LoC: Letter of credit
MDF: Medium Density Fibreboard
MFN: Most Favoured Nation
MIS: Market Information System
MoC: Ministry of Commerce

157

List of Abbreviations

MoEF: Ministry of Environment & Forests
NCA: National Commission for Agriculture
NCAER: National Council for Applied Economic Research
NCR: National Capital Region
NFAP: National Forestry Action Programme
NFP: National Forest Programme
NGO: Non-Governmental Organization
NHDR: National Human Development Report
NWFP: Non-wood Forest Product
OGL: Open General License
PSU: Public Sector Undertaking
R & D: Research and Development
SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SAPTA: South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement
SFM: Sustainable Forest Management
SPS: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Standards
SPWP: Secondary Processed Wood Products
SWOT: Strengths, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats
TBT: Technical Barriers to Trade
THW: Tropical Hardwood
UN COMTRADE: United Nations Commodity Trade Flow ( database)
UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
WCFSD: World Commission on Forests and Sustainable Development
WPI: Wholesale Price Index
WTO: World Trade Organization

158

International Tropical Timber Organization

Preliminary Pre-Project Report

Review of the Indian Timber Market[PPD 49/02 (M)]ANNEXESLIST OF ANNEXES
Annex No.

Annex Title

Page
no.

Annex 1.1

Terms of Reference – PPD 49/02 (M) ‘Review of the Indian Timber Market’

1

Annex 2.1

Rapid Rural Appraisal of Timber Consumption Trends

3

Annex 2.2

Wood import value (Million US $)5

Annex 2.3

Import of Logs in Rough HS Code 4403 Quantity (‘000 Cu.m)

6

Annex 2.4

Import of Logs in Rough (HS Code 4403) Value (Million US$)

7

Annex 2.5

Country-wise Imports: Article Code 4403 9929 ‘Others’

8Annex 2.6

Country-wise Imports: Wood in Rough (Million US$)10

Annex 2.7

Top Exporters of Wood to India (‘000 Cu.m)

11

Annex 2.8

International Trade of wood & wood Products – India (2000-2001) (Million US$)

12

Annex 2.9

Case Study: Kandla Port, the major Timber Port

15

Annex 2.10

Case Study: District Yamuna Nagar, the major Distribution Channel

20

Annex 2.11

Case Study: Mumbai, the major Urban Centre

26

Annex 3.1

Bound Tariff Rates under WTO

30

Annex 3.2

Tariffs for Wood and articles of wood & wood charcoal (per cent)32

Annex 4.1

Research Methodology for Timber Consumption Survey and Analysis

34

Annex 4.2

Questionnaire 1: Survey of Tropical Timber Products Importers/ Timber Traders/
Plywood Manufacturers/Furniture Manufacturers

40

Annex 4.3

Questionnaire 2: Survey of Household/Builder/Architect

47

Annex 4.4.1

Consumption Centre Summary Report for Urban City: Mumbai

52

Annex 4.4.2

Consumption Centre Summary Report for Urban City: Pune

55

Annex 4.4.3

Consumption Centre Summary Report for Urban City: Surat

58

Annex 4.4.4

Consumption Centre Summary Report for Urban City: Ahmedabad

61

Annex 4.4.5

Consumption Centre Summary Report for Urban City: Chennai

63

Annex 4.4.6

Consumption Centre Summary Report for Urban City: Bangalore

67

Annex 4.4.7

Consumption Centre Summary Report for Urban City: Hyderabad

68

Annex 4.4.8

Consumption Centre Summary Report for Urban City: Kolkata

69

Annex 4.4.9

Consumption Centre Summary Report for Urban City: Kanpur

71

Annex 4.4.10

Consumption Centre Summary Report for Urban City: Delhi

73

Annex 4.4.11

Consumption Centre Summary Report for Urban City : Delhi Sattelite Towns(Gurgaon, Ghaziabad, Noida, Faridabad)75

Annex 4.4.12

Consumption Centre Summary Report for Urban City: Yamuna Nagar, Haryana

77

Annex 4.5

Aggregate Timber Consumption of 12 Urban Consumption Centres ('000 Cu.m)

79

Annex 4.6

Wood Products Survey of Wood Based Industry - Development of SME

81

Annex 5.1

Select List of Saw Mills, Builders, Furniture Manufacturers, Traders & others

85

Annex 6.1

National Forest Policy, 1988

101

Annex 6.2

The National Forest Commission

108Annexes

Annex 1.1
TERMS OF REFERENCE
PPD 49/02 (M) ‘REVIEW OF THE INDIAN TIMBER MARKET’At its Thirtieth session in May 2002, the ITTO Committee on Economic information and Market
Intelligence approved the pre-project aimed at undertaking a review of the Indian timber market inorder to gain an insight into the current supply and demand of the market and the opportunities inIndia for ITTO exporters. An International consultant would work as the Team Leader of a group ofnational consultants and advisors in order to obtain secondary information on Indian production,
trade and consumption of timber from relevant forest-related Indian agencies and to coordinate thecollection of primary data in main urban consumption centres through the engagement of national,
regional and local consultants, researchers and surveyors. The following terms of reference describe
the nature of the consultancy work.
I.

Statistical Data Review

1.

Collect, analyse and present data on Indian imports, exports, production and consumption oftimber identifying trends for tropical hardwoods, softwoods and temperate hardwood. This
analysis should cover industrial roundwood, sawnwood, veneer, plywood and builders joinery.

2.

Identify the sources of statistical data used in (1) above and provide an assessment of thereliability and timeliness of this data.

3.

Consider possible actions that India and ITTO could undertake to enhance the transparency of the
Indian timber market and the forest sector including through the development of forest sector
statistical data systems.

II.

Tropical Timber Consumption Analysis

4.

For the main urban consumption centres of Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore,
Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat and Kanpur, report on trends in the last 3-5 years in
consumption of the products noted in (1) above and identify the consumption trends for tropical
hardwood products relative to other timbers.

5.

For each of the urban consumption centres above, identify and report on the end-use
distribution (construction, builders’ woodworking, furniture, furniture components, flooring,etc.) for each tropical timber product referred to above.

6.

Report on distribution channels in the Indian tropical timber market. This report, where possible,
should include the end-uses for each tropical timber product.

7.

Assess the current trends of the Indian market for tropical timber products, providing a view of end-use sectors where tropical timbers are likely to be competitive vis-à-vis temperate
hardwoods, softwoods and other substitutes.

8.

Analyse and report on import tariffs, product specifications and quality requirements in the
Indian timber market and their implications and opportunities for ITTO exporters.

9.

Assess the perceived non-tariff barriers to tropical timber imports, especially those related toimport/export financial payments, rules and traditions.

1Annexes

III.

Final Reporting

10. Prepare a preliminary report and an executive summary for the consideration of the Secretariat.
11. Prepare a final report and an executive summary incorporating the comments from the ITTO
Secretariat and present it to the Committee on Economic Information and Market Intelligence(CEM) during 3-8 November 2003 in Yokohama, Japan.
12. Prepare an edited print-ready final report and an executive summary incorporating thecomments from the Committee.
13. Prepare an article for possible publication in ITTO’s newsletter “Tropical Forest Update”.
Appropriate photographs should be provided in digital form, if possible.

2Annexes

Annex 2.1
RAPID RURAL APPRAISAL OF TIMBER CONSUMPTION TRENDS
Rural consumption of timber
A quick sample surveys was undertaken of timber consumption in 6 rural districts in the country tovalidate the data for consumption of timber in rural housing and households, for it was noted thatrural timber consumption is manifold that of urban consumption (i.e. apart from fuelwood); despiteof the fast urbanization, India will continue to have majority of its population living in rural areas andwith improving standard of living, albeit still very low. This has an indirect impact, if not so direct, on
the gap between domestic timber supply and demand, and therefore on the potential for tropicaltimber imports. The districts were selected from the states of Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,
Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa and Rajasthan.
This survey was conducted only for the consumption of timber for construction purposes, as during
the course of the survey the utilization of processed builders’ joinery, veneer & plywood andsawnwood was found to be relatively negligible. However, in some of the progressive rural areas
such as in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu the consumption of builders’joinery, veneer & plywood and sawnwood is reportedly catching on, but the survey did not coverthose areas, given the objective of this rapid rural appraisal to focus on an household survey torepresent and reflect the current mainstream consumption trend of timber in the rural areas of thecountry as a whole.
Utilization of timber for construction purposes
There is an increasing trend in the utilization of timber in the rural areas as observed by the survey.
From Table 2.13 in Chapter II earlier, it can be seen that the per capita consumption of timber forconstruction purposes in the mountainous state of Jammu & Kashmir (0.144 Cu.m in 2002-03) andMeghalaya (0.147 Cu.m in 2002-03) is maximum as compared to other states, while the least per capita
consumption of timber for construction purposes is in the state of Rajasthan (0.137 Cu.m in 2002-03),
where availability of timber is very limited.
Per capita Consumption of Timber for Construction Purposes in Urban and Rural Areas (Cu.m)
0.16

0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13

Urban Areas

0.08990.09280.09280.0961

0.09690.1039Rural Area

0.144

0.142

0.141

0.138

0.136

0.133

3

Annexes

The per capita consumption of timber for construction purposes for rural areas drops drastically (asshown in the figure above) because, as stated below, the villagers are apprehensive on the availabilityof timber in the near future and hence would not be able to utilize timber that is sourced locally to theextent required and also due to the increase of population in the rural areas. The per capita
consumption can be maintained at the present level if the villagers have easy access to imported
timber or the government makes some policy changes which is pro- rural as far as forest vis-à-vis
timber is concerned.
The percentage-wise population ratio in rural areas is decreasing (though according to the 2001
census there is a slight percentage increase through 1991 of rural population from 71.6% to 72.1%),
but in absolute terms the population continues to increase steadily, albeit, slowly as compared withprevious decadal growth of population. This fact together with the improvements in income,increasing agricultural productivity, economic diversification and repatriation of earnings of emigrantvillage workers from elsewhere -in-country and abroad, has given rise to improving the housing
standards in rural areas. Yet, the perception among the villagers is that there is growing scarcity oftimber and hence the trends reflect substitution by non-timber products (cement and metals) even if
their preference would have been for timber.
Most of the rural people source the timber from forests owned by the government or community andfrom plantations or trees outside forest. In most cases, based on the perception of the people the usageof timber per household for construction purposes would diminish as they foresee that the resources
available by then would be limited. However, there is an upgrading of houses, both in practice and inperception, say from kutcha to semi-pucca and to pucca and also in the increasing number of housing
due to breakdown of congested jointly families and improving economic conditions. So in net, thedemand for overall volume of wood and other construction materials will grow and be greater.
The increasing trend for demand of timber in the rural areas for construction purpose is further
substantiated by the National Human Development Report, 2001 as sown in the table below:
Houses in rural areas in India (figures in percentage against the urban areas)
Pucca (Solid)
Semi-pucca ( Semi Solid)
Kutcha (Temporary)

1981
22.30
36.93
40.55

1991
30.59
35.65
33.76

1993-94
29.20
38.10
32.70

Source: National Human Development Report, 2003.

From the above table, it can be seen that the percentage of kutcha houses are on the decline, and on
the other hand, the semi-pucca houses and pucca houses are steadily increasing over the period. Thiscan be explained on the basis that the standard of living in the rural areas have improved
considerably, and is moving in that direction. A major portion of the raw materials for construction ofhouses constitute timber, especially in semi-pucca houses. Tropical hardwood timber species isgenerally preferred in most of the areas. However, with the increasing pressure on the forests andother sources, it is most likely, that the supply will fall short and have to be met by imports.

4Annexes

Annex 2.2
WOOD IMPORT VALUE (MILLION US $ )
1

HS
Code

19961997

Commodity

19971998

19981999

19992000

20002001

20012002

Fuel wood, log billet etc; wood chips/ particles sawdust and wood
0.09
0.08
0.11
0.09
0.31
0.16
waste w/n agglomerated in log briquette pellet or similar form
4402 Wood charcoal (incl. shl/nut charcoal) w/n agglomerated
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4403 Wood in rough w/n stripped of bark/sapwood or roughly squared
246.68 386.64 339.43 429.15 457.94 509.78
Hoop wood split poles, piles, pickets & stack of wood pointed but
4404
0.03
0.26
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.11
not cut to length-wise; wooden sticks chipwood etc.
4405 Wood wool, wood floor
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
4406 Railway & trmy sleepers(crossties) of wood
0.00
0.04
0.05
0.48
0.17
0.07
Wood sawn or chipped in length sliced or peeled w/n planed,
4407
4.84
4.53
3.57
2.81
5.69 11.06
sanded or finger-jointed thickness above 6 mm
Veneer sheet and sheets for plywood (w/n spliced) & other wood
4408sawn in length sliced/peeled w/n planed or finger jointed thickness <6.43 10.29 12.43
3.94
2.43
2.46
or = 6mm
Wood(incl. strips, frizs for particle flooring not assembled)
4409continuously shaped(tonged, grooved, V-jointed etc.) along any
3.08
0.14
3.61
0.35
0.78
0.95
edges/faces w/n planed
Particle board and similar board of wood other lignus materials w/n
4410
3.61
4.13
3.87
6.60
8.81
8.57
agglomerated with resin or other organic binding substances
Fibre board of wood or other lignus materials w/n bonded with
4411
0.68
8.03
8.40
8.45
7.81
9.83
resin/other organic substances
4412 Plywood veneer panels & similar laminated wood
4.17
7.14
8.90
5.59
4.07
4.91
4413 Densified wood in blocks plates strips or profile shapes
0.01
0.52
0.43
0.24
0.52
0.92
4414 Wooden frames for paintings photographs mirrors or similar objects
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.14
0.25
Packing cases, boxes, crates, drums & similar packings of wood;
4415
0.03 81.49
0.25
0.28
0.40
0.27
cable drums of wood; pallet, box pallets & other load boards of wood
Casks, barrels, vats, tubs & other coopers' product of wood including
4416
0.07
0.12
0.30
0.36
0.53
0.07
stavesTools, tool bodies, tool handles, broom or brush bodies and handles,
4417
0.00
0.07
0.01
0.04 82.56
0.04
wood boot or shoe lasts and trees of wood
Builders' joinery and carpentry of wood including cellular wood
4418
0.34
0.50
0.63
1.06
0.72
0.95
panels assembled parquet panels, shingles & shakes
4419 Table/kitchenware of wood
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.14
0.16
Marquatry & inlaid wood caskets/cases for jewellery/cutlery &4420similar articles statues and other ornaments of wood not falling 94
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.11
0.25
inch
4421 Other articles of wood
0.27
0.35
0.36
0.46
0.42
0.78
4401

1

Extracted from the Export Import Data Bank data on the web site of the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India.

5

Annexes

ANNEX 2.3
IMPORT OF LOGS IN ROUGH HS CODE 44032 QUANTITY (‘000 CU.m)440310Quanitiies ‘000 cum
Treated wood

91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95

95-96 96-97 97-98

98-99

99-00

00-01

01-02

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.85

0.76

0.40

8.29

22.71

0.42

44032044032001

Coniferous wood

1.41

7.00

0.01

1.49

0.95

1.42

5.36

0.05

0.48

0.07

0.11

44032002

Coniferous NES

1.87

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.77

0.77

4.12

1.57

0.04

0.21

0.37

440341

Meranti

0.00

0.02

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.83

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

4.55

44034901

Teak

57.57 79.73 72.27

110.91 162.70 140.96

209.0074.83

293.79249.07433.1044034909

Others313.08 266.77 161.86

155.81 140.00 60.66

440349147.71

196.73132.79195.07109.54

0.00

0.00

8.50

0.02

1.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.07

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.06

0.20

0.02

0.14

0.03

7.73

0.29

0.22

Beech wood

0.05

0.50

0.08

0.31

0.33

0.07

0.17

20.76

1.84

1.97

1.08

44039901

Andaman padauk

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.02

0.00

6.65

40.45

53.86

101.2844039902

Bonsom(Phoebe goalparensis)

0.00

0.00

0.00

10.90

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

3.78

0.05

2.26

44039903

Gurgun

0.00

0.42

9.04

0.00

7.82 13.50

11.79

16.15

47.89

35.01

48.77

44039904

Khair

0.00

3.43

0.24

0.00

0.41

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.13

44039908

Red Saunders

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.08

44039911

Rose wood

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.07

44039915

Walnut

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.04

44039921

White Cedar

0.00

1.38

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.19

1.21

44039905

Lampati(Duabanga grandiflora)

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.10

0.00

0.00

44039912

Sal

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.60

14.20

4.00

0.35

0.00

0.00

44039917

Birch

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.00

0.00

0.06

0.00

0.00

0.00

44039906

Laurel

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.16

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

44039913

Sandal wood

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.01

44039929

Others440334 Okoune Obeche Sapelli Sipo Acajoud
Tiama,Mansonia,Ilomba,
440335Dibetou,Lmba & Azobe
Oak wood
44039100
44039200
440399TOTAL

2
3967.85 1,293.56 1,583.01 1,539.39 1,901.993

477.94 450.83 227.41

387.47 420.14 648.10

851.92 810.09 479.47

666.97 734.33 868.80 1,362.26 1,614.80 2,120.57 2,097.92

Extracted from the statistics published by the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Kolkata
Country wise details in Annex 2.5.

6

2,605.22

Annexes

Annex 2.4
IMPORT OF LOGS IN ROUGH (HS CODE 4403)4 VALUE (MILLION US$)
Import Value Million US$
440310Treated wood

90-91

91-92

92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97

97-98

98-99

99-00

00-01

01-02

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.29

0.22

0.13

2.75

7.03

0.12

3.10

0.44

0.87

0.00

0.64

0.37

0.29

1.22

0.01

0.11

0.04

0.03

0.00

0.1
1

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.27

0.25

0.88

0.34

0.00

0.05

0.15

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.31

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.57

440320Wood in Rough Coniferous
44032001
44032002

Coniferous wood
Coniferous NES

440341Meranti
440349Other tropical wood
44034901

Teak

11.18

17.05 35.74 32.79 48.28 63.22 51.28

76.20

27.10

93.26

86.77

133.4544034909

Other

44.46

44.80 52.45 43.20 43.91 46.73 14.87

46.81

51.40

30.93

50.20

25.91

0.00

0.00

0.00

2.26

0.02

0.33

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.07

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

44039100Oak wood

0.03

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.09

0.01

0.04

0.01

0.39

0.09

0.07

44039200Beech wood

0.01

0.02

0.17

0.02

0.10

0.10

0.02

0.09

0.27

0.56

0.63

0.32

Okoune Obeche Sapelli Sipo
440334
Acajoud
Tiama,Mansonia,Ilomba,Dibetou,
440335
Lmba & Azobe

440399Other wood in Rough44039901

0.62

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.37

0.00

1.79

8.15

14.98

22.68

44039902 Bonsom (Phoebe goalparensis)

Andaman padauk

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.94

0.01

0.51

44039903

Gurgun

0.00

0.00

0.10

3.09

4.19

2.87

4.64

3.91

3.79

10.89

9.38

9.77

44039904

Khair

0.07

0.00

0.66

0.11

0.00

0.07

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.03

44039908

Red Saunders

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.02

44039911

Rose wood

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

44039915

Walnut

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.02

44039921

White Cedar

0.00

0.00

0.24

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.04

0.29

44039905 Lampati(Duabanga grandiflora)

0.33

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.00

0.00

44039912

Sal

0.12

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.17

3.44

0.86

0.07

0.00

0.00

44039917

Birch

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.03

0.00

0.00

0.00

44039906

Laurel

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.20

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

44039913

Sandal wood

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.02

44039929

Others

78.85

65.54 81.57 52.92 106.98 105.25 174.19

253.61

253.70289.52288.69 315.815

138.76127.96 171.82 134.46 204.12 219.31 246.68

386.64339.43437.59457.94TOTAL

45Extracted from the statistics published by the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Kolkata
Country wise details in Annex 2.5

7

509.78Annexes

Annex 2.5
COUNTRY-WISE IMPORTS YEAR 2001-02
ARTICLE CODE 4403 9929 ‘OTHERS’ 6
Countries
Australia
Belgium
Benin
BhutanBrazilCameroon
CanadaC Afri Rep
Chinese Taipei
China P Rp
Colombia
Congo P Rep
Costa Rica
Denmark
EcuadorEl Salvador
FranceGabon
German F Rep
Ghana
GuineaGuyanaHong Kong
Hungary
Indonesia
Italy
Ivory Coast
Korea Rp
Malaysia
Mali
MayanmarMexicoNew Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Panama Republic
Papua N Gna
Philippines
Romania
RussiaSaudi ArabSingapore
Solomon Is
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
SwedenSwitzerland
Tanzania Rep
Togo
6

Quantity‘000 Cu.m
31.16
0.23
0.32
0.14
0.18
0.24
0.94
0.34
0.21
0.1
0.24
0.76
0.82
0.22
4.02
0.09
11.56
43.49
0.75
11.71
2.75
9.99
18.21
0.02
294.41
0.11
38.04
0.28
927.130.7
176.550.03
163.66
2.48
64.77
0.26
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.02
17.96
29.65
33.6
0.05
0.2
0.04
0.02
0.18
6.28

Value
Million US $
3.01
0.06
0.08
0.04
0.08
0.04
0.49
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.40
0.16
0.17
0.06
0.68
0.02
1.93
8.66
0.25
2.73
0.52
1.81
3.91
0.01
55.68
0.04
9.00
0.04
133.03
0.12
45.83
0.01
12.54
0.55
15.68
0.08
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
3.93
4.02
6.40
0.02
0.07
0.01
0.00
0.06
1.78

Avg Value
US$/ Cu.m
96.74
282.35245.71252.83419.54154.35525.32204.51
292.24481.03
1,699.51
216.88208.77284.11
169.2
216.71
167.15199.06332.41233.57190.94180.79214.65336.82
189.11363.37236.72149.77143.48170.85259.6
314.7776.65
221.14242.09293.7
313.98301.4
496.72211.04
1,049.67
218.66135.66190.32340.37339.62225.16275.06343.14284.24Extracted from Export-Import Data bank from the website of the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India.

8

Annexes

Countries
TurkeyU Arab Emts
UK
USA
Uruguay
Venezuela
ZambiaUnspecified
TOTAL 4403 9929 other wood in rough ‘Others’

Quantity‘000 Cu.m
0.03
0.13
0.11
0.47
0.02
3.03
2.09
0.12
1,901.99

9

Value
Million US $
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.13
0.01
0.74
0.61
0.03
315.81

Avg Value
US$/ Cu.m
417.39142
237.3
269.37291.79243.72289.6
259.84166.04

Annexes

Annex 2.6
COUNTRY WISE IMPORT: WOOD IN ROUGH 7 (MILLION US $)Sl. No.

7

Country

96-97

97-98

98-99

99-00

00-01

01-02

% Growth lastyear

1

Malaysia

69.55

109.73101.90106.2785.96

142.0874.65

2Mayanmar

43.29

71.96

82.33

133.91131.33110.09-11.43

3

Indonesia

0.34

0.12

18.13

38.79

41.77

65.81

66.5

4

Nigeria

27.03

51.08

53.64

42.59

45.18

57.39

34.22

5

Ivory Coast

36.52

29.12

17.44

35.75

42.92

37.87

-6.78

6

New Zealand

0.00

10.75

24.09

13.60

17.00

12.42

-22.83

7

Gabon

5.82

9.22

8.68

4.83

13.85

9.11

-30.49

8

Ghana

0.37

0.02

0.04

1.89

11.46

8.31

-23.43

9

Togo

1.07

2.94

0.81

0.45

4.32

7.49

83.12

10

Singapore

26.63

36.45

1.31

6.41

19.56

6.95

-62.44

11

South Africa

2.10

12.19

6.04

6.52

6.23

6.28

6.57

12

Hong Kong

2.19

3.30

0.01

1.61

1.36

4.18

224.49

13

Solomon Is

0.93

1.80

7.85

1.29

2.90

4.05

47.53

14

Ecuador

5.22

5.13

0.68

5.27

5.82

3.83

-30.36

15

Australia

0.00

0.00

0.14

0.18

1.75

2.96

78.62

16

France

0.21

0.09

0.02

0.21

4.40

2.36

-43.3917

Colombia

0.62

1.63

1.70

2.09

2.24

2.25

5.81

Others

24.79

41.12

14.60

27.48

19.87

16.77

Extracted from Export-Import Data bank from the website of the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India.

10

Annexes

Annex 2.7

Top Exporters of Wood to India8 (‘000 Cu.m)
Year ⇒

96-97

97-98

98-99

99-00

00-01

01-02

Country ⇓8

Malaysia304.93434.42554.66612.11533.01

1,003.72

Myanmar99.61

173.27251.79413.10439.47387.25Indonesia

1.19

0.45

96.93

255.42

186.33354.26

Nigeria

77.04

157.75170.36140.91200.20225.90

New Zealand

0.00

75.18

244.22

177.356.50

163.90Ivory Coast

120.67

59.12

59.13

111.26156.84126.83

Gabon

22.58

37.52

41.92

22.79

72.73

46.65

Ghana

1.29

0.07

0.09

4.95

32.80

29.88

Togo

3.23

9.13

2.84

15.36

16.46

18.08

Extracted from Export-Import Data bank from the website of the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India.

11

Annexes

Annex 2.8
International Trade of wood & Wood Products – India9 (2000-2001) (Million US$)
Article Code
4401
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
Total 44
46011000
46012001
46021001
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
Total 47
4801
4802

9

ArticlesFuel wood, in log billets, etc.; wood in chips/particles; sawdust and wood
waste; w/n agglomerated in log briquette, pellets or limit form
Wood in rough w/n stripped of bark/sapwood or roughly squared
Hoop wood split poles, piles, pickets & stack of wood pointed but not cut tolength-wise; wooden sticks chipwood etc.
Wood wool, wood floor
Railway & trmy sleepers (crossties) of wood
Wood sawn or chipped in length sliced or peeled w/n planed, sanded or
finger-jointed thickness above 6 mm
Veneer sheet and sheets for plywood (w/n spliced) & other wood sawn inlength sliced/peeled w/n planed or finger jointed thickness < or = 6mm
Wood(incl. strips, frizs for particle flooring not assembled) continuously
shaped(tonged, grooved, V-jointed etc.) along any edges/faces w/n planed
Particle board and similar board of wood other lignus materials w/n
agglomerated with resin or other organic binding substances
Fibre board of wood or other lignus materials w/n bonded with resin/otherorganic substances
Plywood veneer panels & similar laminated wood
Densified wood in blocks plates strips or profile shapes
Wooden frames for paintings photographs mirrors or similar objects
Packing cases, boxes, crates, drums & similar packings of wood; cable drumsof wood; pallet, box pallets & other load boards of wood
Casks, barrels, vats, tubs & other coopers' product of wood including staves
Tools, tool bodies, tool handles, broom or brush bodies and handles, woodboot or shoe lasts and trees of wood
Builders' joinery and carpentry of wood including cellular wood panels
assembled parquet panels, shingles & shakes
Table/kitchenware of wood
Marquatry & inlaid wood caskets/cases for jewellery/cutlery & similar articles
statues and other ornaments of wood not falling 94 inch
Other articles of wood
Wood
Plaits and similar products of plaiting materials w/n assembled into strips
Coir mat and matting bound in parallel stand
Palm leaf basket etc
Mechanical wood pulp
Chemical wood pulp dissolving in grades
Chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate other than dissolving in grade
Chemical wood pulp sulphite
Except dissolving grade
Semi chemical wood pulp
Pulps of fiber derived from recovered (waste and scrap) paper/paperboards/cellulosic materials
Recovered (waste and scarp) paper/paper board
Pulp (all kinds)
News print in rolls or sheets
Uncoated paper and paper boards for writing printing or graphic purposes,
punch card stick and punch type paper of handling 4801/4803: hand madepaper and paper board

Import
Value
0.31

0.16

457.94

1.39

0.04

0.04

0.00
0.17

0.00
0.00

5.69

0.29

2.43

3.53

0.78

0.23

8.81

2.06

7.81

3.10

4.07
0.52
0.14

7.44
0.09
0.74

0.40

4.37

0.53

0.02

0.02

0.44

0.72

0.96

0.14

1.48

0.11

2.02

0.42
491.06
0.00
0.02
0.01
12.12
64.71
64.84
2.95
0.00
5.06

2.89
31.25
0.00
0.31
0.24
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

4.12

0.09

128.47282.31
261.24

1.41
2.06
5.57

54.80

45.31

4803

Toilet/facial tissue, stick, etc. for house hold/sanitary purposes

0.69

4804

Uncoated kraft paper and paper board in rolls or sheets other than heading no.

8.55

Extracted from the statistics published by the Directorate of Commercial Intelligence and Commerce, Kolkota.

12

Export
Value

0.23
6.02

Annexes

Article Code

Articles

4802/4803
Other uncoated papers and paper board in rolls/sheets: not further
4805
worked/processed
Vegetable parchment paper grease proof papers, tracing papers and lassine
4806
and other glazed transparent or translucent paper in reels/sheets
Composite paper/paper board not surface coated/impregnated w/n internally4807
reinforced in rolls/sheets
Papers, paper boards, corrugated (with/without glued, flat surface sheets )4808
crpd., crnkld, embossed/perforated in rolls/sheets other than heading no. 4803
Carbon self copy paper and other copying/transfer paper (including
4809
coated/impregnated paper) w/n printed in rolls and sheets
Paper/paper board coated on one/both sides with kaln/other inorganic
4810
substances, and no OTR coating, w/n surface coloured/decorated/printed inrolls/sheets
Paper, paper board, cellulose wading and webs of cellulose fibers coated,
4811
impregnated , etc. other than heading 4803, 4809, 4810
4812
Filter block slabs and plats of paper pulp
4813
Cigarette paper, w/n cut to size or in form, booklet or tubes
4814
Wall paper, similar wall covering, window transparencies of paper
4815
Floor covering on base of paper or paper board, w/n cut to size
Carbon self copy paper and other copying/transparency papers (other than4816
heading no. 4809)
Envelopes, letters, plain post cards and correspondence cards of papers/paper
4817
board box, pouch, etc.
Toilet paper or similar: pulp, cellulose, wdg., webs of cellulose fibers used in
4818
home/ hospital/sanitary,
Apparel of width < = 36 cm or cut to size/shape
4819
Cartons, boxes, cases, bags and other containers of paper, & paper boards
4820
Registers, A/c books, etc of paper and paper boards
4821
Paper or paper board labels w/n printed
Bobbins, spools, cops and similar supports of paper pulp, paper/paper board,4822
w/n perforated/hardened
4823
Other paper, paper board
Total 48
Paper (all kinds)
94015000 Seats of cane, osier, bamboo/similar materials
94016100 Upholstered seats with wooden frame
94016900 Other seats with wooden frames
94033001 Wooden furniture of a kind used in offices, cabinet ware
94034000 Wooden furniture of a kind used in the kitchen
94035001 Wooden furniture of a kind used in the bed room, bed stead
94035009 Other wooden furniture used in bed room
94036000 Other wooden furniture
94038001 Furniture of other materials including cane, osier, bamboo/similar materials
Total 94
Furniture
95021001 Dolls of wood
95034901 Toys of wood
95043001 Carrom board
95064000 Articles and equipment for table tennis
95065100 Lawn tennis rackets
95065901 Badminton Rackets, w/n strung
95069902 Cricket bat
95069903 Cricket requisites
95069905 Hockey sticks and blades
95069908 Tennis and badminton racket
Total 95 (PT)Toys/sports goods
96099009Pencils
96100000Slates and boards
Total 96 (PT)
Pencils/Slates, Boards
97019001 Domestic articles of wood

13

ImportValue

Export
Value

14.19

4.87

2.62

0.52

0.13

1.83

0.69

0.64

0.83

1.40

44.60

38.51

16.26

20.07

0.20
1.53
0.20
0.00

0.05
2.98
0.28
0.05

0.78

3.49

0.51

3.34

2.84

0.68

0.00
8.47
1.41
11.77

0.00
9.79
17.69
2.45

0.75

0.28

11.16
444.19
0.00
0.12
0.50
1.04
0.65
0.21
0.60
2.78
0.12
6.02
0.03
0.25
0.10
0.35
0.36
0.89
0.01
0.14
0.01
0.02
2.14
0.00
0.16
0.16
0.06

12.82
178.86
0.04
0.00
0.02
1.78
0.96
0.48
1.80
20.17
0.08
25.33
0.03
0.05
0.57
0.86
0.00
0.05
3.04
1.89
0.72
0.03
7.26
1.75
0.13
1.88
0.05

Annexes

Article Code

Articles99914001 Woodwork of rose wood
99914002 Woodwork of sandal wood
99914003 Woodwork of seesham wood
99914004 Woodwork of walnut wood
99914005 Lacquered wooden waste
Total 99 (PT)
Decorative wood items
12119001 Agar wood (including chips and dust)
12119018 Sandal wood chips and dust
1301
Lac: natural gums, resins, oleo resins
13021906 Extracts, neem
13023100 Agar agar w/n modified
Total 13 (PT)
Lac, Gums, resins, agar etc.
14011000 Bamboos
14012000 Rattans
14019001 Other cane used as plaiting
14049001 Beedi wrapper leaves (tendu)
14049002 Soapnuts
SumGrand Total

14

Import
Value
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.26
0.01
14.98
0.00
0.34
15.60
0.02
0.04
0.19
0.02
0.01
0.27
1,241.75

Export
Value
16.54
1.87
8.66
2.80
0.48
30.40
0.98
9.37
82.28
0.24
0.08
92.96
0.01
0.00
0.05
4.38
0.01
4.45
374.45

Annexes

Annex 2.9
CASE STUDY: KANDLA PORT -INDIA'S MAJOR TIMBER PORT•

Kandla port has become the major port for the import of Timber in India. More than 50% of
2.6 Cu.m of the total imports in India take place at Kandla Port alone. The major spurt in timber
imports was observed in the year 1997-98 when the imports sharply increased from 0.185 Mn
Cu.m to 0.847 Mn Cu.m, understandably because of the Supreme Court restrictions on green
felling in India. Since then the port city of Kandla has become the hub for supplying imported
timber to the Northern, Western and even the Central Indian consumption centres.

•

A flat rate of 5% import duty is levied on all types of timber logs imported at Kandla. However,
the rates for other timber products is much higher.

•

The major consumption centers for imported timber in Western and Central regions include
Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Surat, Vadodara, Pune, Mumbai, Nagpur, Jaipur, Indore, Bhopal, while
those in the Northern region include Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Karnal, Yamunanagar andJagadri, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Hapur and Rajpura.
Trends in timber import at Kandla (all Species) in Lakh Cu.m & Million Rupees
Year

Cu.m (lakhs)

Value (Mn.Rs.)

1996-971.85

1,850.9

1997-98

8.47

6,672.2

1998-99

9.01

6,231.8

1999-00'

12.54

8,340.9

2000-01

12.94

9,002.3

2001-0213.40

9,939.8

2002-03**Projected
Source: Kandla Timber Association.

14.45

11,000.0

Proportion of Tropical Softwood (mainly Pine) in total timber imports at Kandla port
Years

Tropical Softwood (mainly Pine) Imports Total timber imports at Kandla import‘000 Cu.m‘000 Cu.m% Share of Tropical
Softwood

1998-1999

294.9

901

32.6

1999-2000

364.5

1,254

29.0

2000-2001

428.7

1,294

33.1

2001-2002

325.6

1,340

24.2

Source: Kandla Timber Association.

•

The timber imports at Kandla are mainly in the form of logs which are converted into sawnwood
at different sawing centres like Gandhidham (near Kandla port in Gujarat), New Delhi, Mumbai,
Agra and elsewhere. From these places the sawnwood is transported to the major consumption
centers.

•

The movement of imported timber from Kandla port to other places is possible with Transit
Permits issued by Forest Department officials at Kandla wherein the quantity, value, type oftimber/Species, and names of seller and receiver/buyers are recorded.

•

The sawnwood sizes varies greatly Sizes, e.g., 10 x10 x5, 9 x10 x5, 8 x10 x5, 6 x 10 x5
15Annexes

KANDLA DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS
The following diagram depicts the pattern of various distribution channels used for imported timberat Kandla and transported to different cities in Northern and Western Region of India.
Chain A
KandlaPort

Logs

Cities 1

Sawn

Chain B
KandlaSaw millers

Logs

Cities 1

Sawn

Chain C
KandlaSaw millers

Logs
Sawnwood

Cities 1

Chain D
Logs
KandlaSaw millers

Logs

Cities 1

Cities 2

Sawnwood

Sawnwood

Chain E
KandlaSaw millers

Sawnwood

Logs

Cities 1

Cities 2

Sawnwood

Logs
Chain F
KandlaSaw millers

Cities 1

Cities2

Chain G
KandlaSaw millers

Cities 1
Trader cum
importerCities 1
Small retailers/builders/packaging

16

Annexes

The Channels of Distribution are classified on the basis of the number and type of sourcing in that
consumption centre and is as under:•

Category city 1: The consumption centre receives supply of imported timber directly from Kandla
only.

•

Category 2: The consumption centre receives the supply of imported timber from another The
consumption centre and not from Kandla directly.

•

Category 3: The consumption centre receives supply of imported timber directly from Kandla aswell as from another consumption centre.
Average city wise consumption for pine on monthly basis in 2001-02
S No.

Cu.m

% share1.

New Delhi

Consumption centre

2,490

24

2.

Vadodara

168

2

3.

Rajkot

900

8

4.

Surat

882

8

5.

Ahmedabad

480

5

6.

Karnal360

3

7.

Yamunagar

510

5

8.

Ghaziabad

270

3

9.

Hapur

600

6

10.

Rajpura

690

6

11.

Mumbai

840

8

12.

Pune

966

9

13.

Indore

360

3

14.

Bhopal

450

4

15.

Jaipur

660

6

Total

10,626100

End-use of Imported Pine timber (2001-02)
End-useConstruction

Furniture

Packaging & Plywood

Total

Consumption in Cu.m

4,831

1,654

4,141

10,626% share

45.5

15.6

39.0

100

Tropical Softwoods comprise the second largest timber type imported at Kandla (about 24%) after the
Tropical Hardwoods. However there has been a decline in the tropical softwood imports in the recent
years and as a result its share in total timber imports has come down from a high of 33% in 2000-01 to
24% in the year 2001-02. The New Zealand pine alone accounts for almost 40% of all tropical softwood
imports at Kandla port.
The consumption of imported Tropical Softwood (Mainly pine) and the prevailing prices in the major
consumption centres in Northern and Western/Central India is summarized below:
1.

Gandhidham• The estimated consumption per month is 12750 Cu.m out of which Sawnwood is 80%.
• The average purchase price of Pine timber is Rs 85 /CFT while the average selling price ofSawnwood is Rs 140 /CFT.
17

Annexes

2.

New Delhi• The estimated consumption per month is 2650 Cu.m (including Gurgaon and Faridabad) out
of which Sawnwood is 63%.
• The average purchase price of Pine timber is Rs 160 /CFT while the average selling price ofSawnwood is Rs 225 /CFT.
• End Uses of pine wood include(A) Construction (66%): Shuttering, Doorframes (Chokhats), Partitions.
(B) Furniture (13%): Cushion Framework, Table tops(C) Packaging (21%): Machinery Crates, Fruit Boxes• However there is a shift in preference for iron and aluminum for making door frames andwindow frames, while glass is used for partitions• Big timber trading centres in Delhi are Panchkuan Road (for Furniture) and Paharganj (forPlyboard)• There is lack of transparency in the trade and non availability of the information (secrecy
maintained by the traders) in the timber trade

3.

Yamunanagar• The estimated consumption per month is 510 out of which Sawnwood is 84%.
• The average purchase price of Pine timber is Rs 185/CFT while the average selling price ofSawnwood is Rs 226/CFT.
• Big timber traders supply to other smaller towns like Saharanpur, Jagadri etc as there isincreasing demand in rural areas for this cheap wood for use in Shuttering, Doorframes• End Uses of pine wood include(A) Construction (60%): Shuttering, Doorframes (Chokhats), Partitions.
(B) Furniture (30%): Cushion Framework, Table tops, Particle boards(C) Packaging (10%):• Big timber trading centre is on Saharanpur road, purani sabzi mandi.
• There is lack of transparency in the trade and non availability of the information (secrecy
maintained by the traders) in the timber trade4.

Jagadri• The estimated consumption per month is 150 out of which Sawnwood is 99%.
• The average purchase price of Pine timber is Rs 190/CFT while the average selling price ofSawnwood is Rs 246/CFT.
• Big timber traders supply to other smaller towns as there is increasing demand in rural areas
for this cheap wood for use in Shuttering, Doorframes• End Uses of pine wood include(A) Construction (86%): Doorframes (Chokhats), Door Partitions.
(B) Furniture (14%): Framework, Particleboard, and Plywood(C) Packaging (0%):• The retailers give commissions to small carpenters to promote use of imported softwood.

5. Rajpura• The estimated consumption per month is 690 Cu.m out of which Sawnwood is 95%.
• The average purchase price of Pine timber is Rs 147 /CFT while the average selling price ofSawnwood is Rs 190 /CFT.
• Big timber traders supply to other cities like Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Amritsar as there isincreasing demand in rural areas for this cheap wood for use in Shuttering, Doorframes• End Uses of pine wood include(A) Construction (75%): Doors, Windows, Cupboards(B) Furniture (3%): Cushion Framework(C) Packaging & Others(22%):18

Annexes

6.

Hapur• The estimated consumption per month is 600 Cu.m out of which Sawnwood is 52%.
• The average purchase price of Pine timber is Rs 170 /CFT while the average selling price ofSawnwood is Rs 229 /CFT.
• The local demand at Hapur is less while timber traders supply to other cities like Moradabad,
Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida etc• End Uses of pine wood include
1. Construction (58%): Doors, Windows, Cupboards
2. Furniture (23%): Cushion Framework
3. Packaging & Others(19%):• There is lack of transparency in the trade and non availability of the information (secrecy
maintained by the traders) in the timber trade7.

Ghaziabad• The estimated consumption per month is 270 Cu.m out of which Sawnwood is 94%.
• The average purchase price of Pine timber is Rs 180 /CFT while the average selling price ofSawnwood is Rs 225 /CFT.
• End Uses of pine wood include
1. Construction (74%): Partitions, Doorframes (Chokhats), shuttering
2. Packaging (26%):Machinery Crates, Fruit Boxes• There is lack of transparency in the trade and non availability of the information (secrecy
maintained by the traders)in the timber trade19Annexes

Annex 2.10
CASE STUDY: DISTRICT YAMUNA NAGAR, HARYANA
INDIA’S MAJOR TIMBER DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL
This case study provides an example from India which complements (a) the predictions that naturalforests can not and need not meet the demand for world wood demand and that an increasing
proportion of the wood could come from palntations. They already furnish around one third of theworld’s industrial wood although they make up only 5 percent of total forest cover; and (b) the scopefor small and medium enterrprises, farmers and other growers of trees outside forests as significant
suppliers of wood raw material. The success of agro forestry in Haryana and neighboring districts of
Punjab, U.P and Uttranchal States of Northern region of India has led to evolution of an annual
market of wood products worth more than Rs.10,000 million in Yamuna Nagar district of Haryana,benefiting not only farmers but has also generated employments of various kinds at different levels.

Raw Material for Industries
A study has been conducted to analyse the marketing pattern and facilities, and price trends forvarious groforestry species and products. The results reveal that there are at least four lakh hectaresof private plantations out of which the daily turnover is computed to be over Rs.15 million of raw
wood and about Rs.40-50 million of finished wood products. This has benefited the people holisticallyas employment is generated and also the related sectors, such as transport and technology, got a boost
from this development.
Plywood Industry in Haryana
There are about 250 units in Haryana, of which 188 have been identified in Yamuna Nagar, 10 inSonipat, 12 in Rohtak, and 40 in Sanpla. Plywood industry in Haryana is expected to contribute
Rs.150 millions as revenue to the government.
Choice of Species, supply and comparative prices
The choice by the farmers and entrepreneurs in the region is in favour of fast grown species, thoughthat may not always be so, as there was also a consideration for high value species, such as of teakand shisham, but that has not caught up in the area under study. The area under Poplar is about 81%
compared to 19% under Eucalyptus in this area. This shows that Poplar has been preferrred ascompared with Eucalyptus by selected farmers over the last 5-6 years. The reason is relatively better
economic returns from Poplar. However, Eucalyptus planting on farmers field is increasing as thefigure shows more trees in lower girth classes for Eucalyptus.
The average daily arrival of Eucalyptus and Poplar is about 8203.9 tonnes, having approximate valueof Rs.17.23 million. Poplar comprises about 72% of the total arrival, while the share of Eucalyptus isabout 28 % only.
The arrival increases after harvesting of crops, when fields are empty. The assumption of daily arrivalof wood worth Rs.10 million means annual raw wood market of Rs.3,000 million, and the market forfinished agroforestry based wood products at Rs.10,000 million.
During, 2002, there was a sharp fall in the poplar prices while Eucalyptus prices were stable. As per
discussion with local traders, on an average, the daily arrivals during October 2002, was about 2 to 3
times less than the normal. About 1,000 loads (96% Trolleys, 3.5% trucks & 0.5% carts), arrive in20

Annexes

Yamuna Nagar market daily, having wood quantity of approximately 75,000 quintals, with a value of
Rs.12.5 million daily, at present prices. However, during November 2002 the arrival has more or lessstabilized to 1,000 to 1,200 loads, on an average. The arrival of Eucalyptus is about 5% to 10% of thetotal timber arrival in this centre

Yamuna Nagar
Product Flow of Farm & Forest Grown Wood

Community
Land

House hold/Community
Use

PrivateFarm Land

Govt.
Forests

ThroughauctionCommission
AgentsContractor

TimberMerchant

Imports

Veneer/Peeling
Units

Saw Mills

Paper
Industries
Ply Board
Industries

Building
Construction
Brick Kiln

Manufacturers of Wooden
Boxes and Crates

Furniture
Shop

Food Grain
handling/storage agencies

Other
Users

21

Annexes

Yamuna Nagar Proportion of Poplar girth classes in farmer's fields

Less than10"16%10"-18"13%

18"-24"
4%

24 and above
67%

Less than10"

10"-18"18"-24"24 and above

Yamuna Nagar Proportion of Eucalypus girth classes in farmer's fields

18"-24"11%

24 to above3%

Less than10"53%

10"-18"33%

Less than10"

10"-18"18"-24"24 to above

Wood Market of Yamuna Nagar
The proportion of Poplar in higher girth classes is about 67%, as shown above. This is in part implies
that more Poplar trees were planted in the previous 5-6 years. The less number of trees in lower girthclasses at the same time implies that preference for Poplar planting has started showing a declining
trend.
The arrival pattern of Eucalyptus and Poplar wood was also studied in detail for the project. The datafrom weighing centres (Dharam Kanta), situated on main roads were collected on 10th June, 16th June,
22nd june, 6th July, 8th July and 29th July 2003. This is depicted in the following diagram with data
records for the corresponding dates in previous post-harvest peak periods in October and November
2002.
Meanwhile, Poplar prices have fallen by about 30% compared to 2001, while compared to peak rates
of 1998, the decline has been 53%, which means overall net loss to primary producer. Loss tocommission agents, weighing centres etc. has been compensated to some extent due to increase inquantity of arrivals.
About 90% of the plywood produced in Haryana is exported to Maharashtra, Gujarat and other states
while 60% of the Punjab's production is exported. A large number of farmers who have raised Poplar
22

Annexes

and Eucalyptus plantations are selling raw wood of Poplar at crashed price level of about Rs. 2,000
per tonne.
Yamuna Nagar: Arrival Pattern of of major timber species: poplars and eucalypts

60000
40000
20000
0

Poplar

10.10 16.10 22.10 6.11. 8.11. 29.11
36390 47690 58630 10755 17644 21214

Year
2002

Eucalyptus 5675 8695 6610 8892 9597 14322
Poplar

Eucalyptus

Among the reasons that can be summarized for the crashing of poplar prices are the fact that theyear 2002 has been a drought year, resulting in heavy losses to the farmers from agricultural crops.
Due to monetary requirements, small farmers have resorted to felling of poplar even before rotation
to meet the subsistence needs in order to meet the social and economic obligations. As a result of theland consolidation in Western U.P. & Uttranchal, farmers have resorted to pre-mature felling of trees,
as farmers are not sure about location of re-alloted land after consolidation.
Planting Pattern: Since 1996 onwards, because of improvement in Eucalyptus prices and increase indemand, the planting of eucalyptus has shown increasing trend on farmlands. As an outcome of thedecreasing price trend of Poplar, farmers are again resorting to Eucalyptus planting and are selling
poplar wood in panic, due to fear of less return on investment on the standing crop in future. During
current year farmers are not so enthusiastic about planting of Poplar plants.
Wood-based Manufacturing Units at Yamuna Nagar
Plyboard Industries
There are about 200 factories that manufacture ply board. These factories consumes 250 to 300 quintalof Poplar per day per factory amounting to approximately Rs.42,000 to Rs.45,000. And for Eucalyptus
consumption is about 100 quintal per day per day per factory which amounts to approximately
Rs.22,500.
Assuming the each factory is operational for 300 days per annum, the total wood requirement perunit is 11,250 tonnes at a value of Rs.22.50 million. Therefore the total wood requirement for Yamuna
Nagar for ply board manufacturing is 2.25 million tonnes per annum at a value of Rs.450 million. The
production capacities of these units is substantial as 10,000 sq. ft. of ply board is produced per unit
per day at a value of Rs.0.20 to 0.22 million.
After value addition to wood, the value of the finished products is worked out to be approx. 4.5 to 5
times to that of raw wood. It was estimated that land, machinery, material, operational labour andother inputs was calculated to be approximately 2 times that of raw wood cost. The net value addition
after inculcating all the inputs was worked out to be approximately 3 times that of raw wood.

23

Annexes

Veneer Factories
There is about 125 to 150 veneer making units in Yamuna Nagar. These units consume about 200
quintal of Eucalyptus and Poplar per unit per day, for producing mainly the Phatti and the core. Each
unit has the capacity of producing about 35000 running ft per day. The total wood required for
manufacturing veneer is 0.75 million tonnes that is valued at approx. Rs.140 million.
Saw Mills
There are about operating 300 saw mill units in Yamuna Nagar. These units consumes 50-60 quintalof wood per day for making packing cases and Balli. The total requirement for manufacturing these iscalculated to be 0.45 million tonnes, which is valued at Rs.85 million.
Paper Mill
There is only one paper mill in Yamuna Nagar, namely, Ballarpur Paper Mill. This mill’s per day
consumption of wood is 600 tonnes valued at Rs.0.75 million approx. This mill produces 150 tonnes of
paper pulp per day. The purchase value was at the rate of Rs.1,150-1,250 per tonne. The annual woodrequired for the mill is 0.198 million tonnes value at Rs.250 million. The purchasing of Raw material isusually done all through the year. Supply of pulp is more than the demand this year, already 15000
tonnes inventory in lying in the yard. Last year, it was 4000 tonnes.
The total paper production of the mill is around 72,000 tonnes per year, which is valued at Rs.3,250
million approximately.
Distribution of different species of wood
Euc.
PoplarBamboo
59%
20%
20%
20%
59%
20%

Year
2000
2002

Others*1%
1%

Procurement (Presently, procurement rate for debarked material at mill gate varies from Rs. 950 to
1,150 per MT; With bark rate: Rs. 750 per MT; Pulpwood with girth 19 cms to 59 cms. is purchased):Type
Plywood
Veneer
Paper Mill
Sawmills

Year

Total Procurement (MT)1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03

114,829
144,952
172,763
198,306
144,177
No. of units
200
150
1
300

Annual Wood Reqd.
(MT)
2.25
0.75
0.198
0.45

Procurement through Local Sources(MT)
104,829
110,952
108,237
117,039
106,105
Value(Mn. Rs.)
450
140
250
85

Value offinal product
2,250
700
3,250
425

Analysis•

About 100 lakh seedlings of Eucalyptus and Poplar are being planted annually under farmforestry in Haryana.

•

Private nurseries have emerged as an important economic activity.

24Annexes•

Assuming average planting density of about 500 to 700 plants per ha, about 15,000 to 18,000 ha
are planted annually under agroforestry on farmlands.

•

The success percentage of plantations under farm forestry vary between 60% to 90%.

•

Assuming 70% success on an average, afforestation efforts under farm-forestry has the potentialof wood production of approximately 1.9 million tonnes worth Rs. 3,500 million at present prices.
Moreover, 60% of wood consumed in Haryana is brought from Punjab, U.P & Uttranchal states.

•

Assuming same levels of afforestation trends, potential import of approximately 3.7 million tones
raw wood worth Rs.7,200 million exists. Improved site-specific clones have potential of increasing
productivity, two to three times.

25Annexes

Annex 2.11
CASE STUDY OF MUMBAI: THE MAJOR URBAN CENTRE•

Mumbai has played an important role in the development of country’s trade and commerce,
which is why it is the commercial capital of India. Mumbai has achieved this status because of
having a great potential for trade and commerce. It is supposed to be the first international tradecentre of India.

•

Mumbai’s rise to eminence was largely due its strategic located port, situated almost midway
along the west coast of India and being gifted with a natural harbor which provided ample
shelter for shipping throughout the year. Yes, the Mumbai Port, which has a checquered historyof 126 years has since been a principal trade Gateway of India. However due to fast growth of theinternational trade and commerce there was an urgent need for the development of a deep draft
port in the Mumbai which could received modern ships particularly those carrying containerized
and bulk cargo. Hence the government of India took a decision to develop a new port on the
opposite shore of Mumbai port in 1981.This was given the name as Nhava Sheva Port initially but
subsequently the name changed to Jawaharlal Nehru (JN) Port. JN port was dedicated to the
Nation for the traffic in November 1989. This peculiar and unique phenomena has made the
Mumbai urban center the only place to have a satellite major port.

•

Due to massive increase in consumption of timber products in Mumbai, mainly due to large
construction activities and also probably due to Supreme Court’s ban on tree/wood cutting there
has been considerable increase in the import of timber to Mumbai city.

•

The timber import in Mumbai is mainly in the form of Logs as the import duty on logs/roundwood is only 2.5% while it is 35% on sawn wood.

•

The log wood imported in Mumbai through Mumbai port or JN Port is mostly sent to Nagpur
where it is sawn and redistributed to timber trade as per the distribution channel flow chart asgiven in section 1.3 of chapter 1 (Page 33–36). There are about 1200 sawmills in Nagpur itself andabout 300 of them in Mumbai. Most of the sawmills in Mumbai work on labour rate basis whereas the case is vice versa in Nagpur. Of the total round wood the proportion of sawn wood could
from about 70-75%. The rest of the wood goes in making flush doors because this residual woodcannot be used in furniture and any other Industry.

•

The major consumption places for imported timber being catered from Mumbai includes Pune,
Ahmednagar, Hydrabad, Nagpur, Goa, Nashik, Surat, Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Vadodara, Jaipur,
Indore and Bhopal.
Trends in Timber import to Mumbai (Lakh Cu.m)
Year
1997 – 98
1999 – 00
2002 – 03
2005 – 06

Cu.m (Lakhs)
4.00
4.30
4.50
4.80

26

Value (Mn.Rs)
3,000
3,100
3,400
3,660

Annexes

Various distribution channels used for imported timber at Mumbai and transported to different
cities in Western region of India.

Chain A
Mumbai
Port

Logs

Cities 1

Chain BJN Port

Logs

Cities 1

Chain C
Kandla Port

Logs

Cities1

Chain D
MumbaiSaw millers

Logs

Cities 1
Trader cum
importerCities 1
Small retailers/builders/packaging

Sawnwood

Sawnwood
Chain E
Nagpur
Saw millers

Cities 1

Cities 2

Chain F
KandlaSaw millers

Logs

Logs

Cities 1

Cities 2

Chain G

KandlaSaw millers

Logs

Cities 1
Trader cum
importer

Sawnwood

27

Sawnwood

Cities 1
Small retailers/builders/packaging

Annexes

The Channel of Distribution in Mumbai are classified on the basis of the number and types ofsourcing in the category center and is as under:•

Category 1 : Mumbai receives the supply of imported timber directly from Mumbai Port & JNPT.

•

Category 2 : Mumbai receives the supply of imported timber from another consumption centerand not from Mumbai & JN Ports•

Category 3: Mumbai receives the supply of imported timber directly from MPT & JNPT and also
from Kandla Port.

•

There has been considerable growth in import of tropical timber to Mumbai which has mostly
come from either Mumbai Port or JN Port or Kandla Port. The form of timber is Logs whichcomes in closed containers and is thus distinguished as Containerized cargo.

•

Here are various trends of traffic handled and projected by one of the most high-tech and leading
port of Mumbai i.e. JN Port.

JNPT Total Traffic (1995-96 TO 2002-2003)
30

IN MILLION TONNES

25

20

15

CONTAINER
LIQUID
OTHER GEN.CARGO

10F/FRM/F.GRAIN
501995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03

CONTAINER

4.07

5.08

6.05

8.03

10.68

14.28

18.48

22.86

LIQUID

0.14

0.58

0.9

1.58

2.17

2.96

2.85

3.04

OTHER GEN.CARGO

0.66

0.74

0.7

0.8

0.78

0.94

0.79

0.68

F/FRM/F.GRAIN

TOTAL

2

1.67

6.87

8.07

1.24

8.89

1.31

1.34

0.4

0.4

0.26

11.72

14.98

18.57

22.52

26.84

28

Annexes

JNP – Future Container Traffic Projections upto 2019-20

JNP- FUTURE CONTAINER TRAFFIC PROJECTIONS UPTO
2019-20

8IN MILLION TEUs

7

6.52

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.8

1516

1617

1718

1819

1920

5.82

6
5.2

5

4.64
4.14

4

3.7
3.3

3
2

1.93

2.05

0203

0304

2.26

3

2.73

2.48

1
0

0405

0506

0607

0708

0809

0910

1011

1112

1213

1314

1415

Performance of Container Terminals
25

JNPCT

NSICT

20

15

IN LAKH TEUs

12.01
9.44

10

6.69
5

0

0.34

0.55

8990

9091

1.09

1.43

1.73

9192

9293

9394

2.44

9495

29

3.39

4.23

3.43

6.95

5.04
5.47

6.30

7.28

0102

0203

4.95
9596

9697

9798

9899

9900

0001

Annexes

Annex 3.1
BOUND TARIFF RATES UNDER WTO10
Rate of duty U/B11
Tariff item Number

Description of the product4402.00

Wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal),
whether or not agglomerated

4403

Wood in rough4403.10-Treated with paint, stains, creosote or otherpreservatives

4403.20-Other, coniferous

4403.314403.324403.33
4403.344403.35

Ad Valorem%--Dark Red Meranti, Light Red Meranti and Meranti
Bakau--White Lauan, White Meranti, White Seraya,
Yellow Meranti and Alan--Keruing, Ramin, Kapur, Teak, Jongkong, Merbau,
Jelutong and Kempas--Okoume, Obeche, Sapelli, Sipo, Acajoud'Afrique,
Makore and Iroko--Tiama, Mansonia, Ilomba, Dibetou, Limba and
Azobe

Bound rate of duty
%

105 U

40

15 U

25

4403.91--Of oak (Quercus spp)

4403.92--Of beech (Fagus spp)

4403.99--Other

4404

Hoopwood split poles, pickets & Stacks of woodConiferous & Non-coniferous,

105 U

40

4405

Wood wool; wood flour

105 U

40

4406

Railway Tramway Sleepers of wood

4407

Wood sawn or chipped in length, sliced or peeled or finger jointed thickness > 6mm.

4407.10-Coniferous

4407.214407.224407.23--Dark Red Meranti, Light Red Meranti, Meranti,
Bakau, White Lauan, White Meranti, White Seraya,
Yellow Meranti, Alan, Keruing, Ramin, Kapur,
Teak, Jongkong, Merbau, Jelutong and Kempas--Okoume, obeche, Sapelli, Sipo, Acajou d'Afriquie,
Makore, Iroko, Tiama, Mansonia, Ilomba, dibetou,
Limba and Azobe--Baben Mahogany (Swieteniaspp), Imbuia andBalsa

4407.91--Of oak (Querus spp)

4407.92--Of beech (Faqus spp)

4407.99
4408--Other
Veneer sheets and sheets for plywood thickness < 6 mm

55 U

40

35

35

B

10 Extracted from the market access schedule of India obtained from the WTO. The bound rates are not announcements of tariff
rates. They represent commitments not to increase tariffs above the listed rates – the rates are “bound’ Thus the bound rates
serve as ceiling. Countries can break commitments but only with difficulty. To do so they have to negotiate with the countries
most concerned and that could result in compensation for trading partners’ loss of trade.
11 U means the tariff rates were unbound at the time of Uruguay round of discussion and B mean the tariff rates were alreadybound at the Uruguay round of trade negotiations. Base rate means the rates during the period that was accepted to be thebasis for discussion at the Urugay round.

30

Annexes

Rate of duty U/B11
Tariff item Number
4408.104408.204408.904409.10
4410
4411
4412

4412.114412.124412.194412.214412.294412.914412.99
4413.00

Description of the product

Ad Valorem%- Coniferous- Of the following tropical woods Dark Red Meranti,Light Red Meranti, White Lauan, Sipo, Limba,
Okoume ,Obeche, Acajou d'Afrique, Sapelli,Baboen, Mahogany(Swietenia spp.), Palissandre duBresil and Bois de Rose femelle- Other-Wood including stripes/frizs parquet flooring
Coniferous
Particle board and similar board of wood and otherlignocellulosic materials
Fibre board of wood and other lignocellulosic
materials -Plywood veneered panels & similar laminated wood-- With at least one outer ply of the following
tropical woods Dark Red Meranti, Light Red
Meranti, White Lauan, Sipo, Limba, Okoume,Obeche, Acajou d'Afrique,Sapelli, Baboen,
Mahogany (Swietenia spp.), Palissandre du Bresil orBois de Rose femelle-- Other, with at least one outer ply of nonconiferous wood-- Other-- Containing at least one layer of particle board-- Other-- Containing at least one layer of particle board-- OtherDensified wood, in blocks, plates, strips or profile
shapes31

Bound rate of duty
%

105 U

40

105 U

40

105 U

40

145 U

40

105 U

40

105 U

40

Annexes

Annex 3.2
TARIFFS FOR WOOD AND ARTICLES OF WOOD & WOOD CHARCOAL (per cent)91- 92- 93- 94- 95- 96- 97- 98- 99- 2000- 2001- 200292 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
02
03

Description
4401.10

Fuel wood, in logs, in billets, in twigs, in faggots or in similar
forms; wood in chips or particles;

4401.21 Coniferous
4401.22 Non-Coniferous

60

60

85

65

50

10 NIL NIL 5

5

5

5

60

85

65

25

10 NIL NIL 5

5

5

5

60

85

65

50

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

60

85

65

50

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

60

85

65

50

30

30

30

35

35

35

30

Sawdust and wood waste and scrap, whether or not
4401.30
agglomerated in logs, briquettes, pellets or similar forms
Wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal), whether or4402.00
not agglomerated
4403 Wood in rough4403.10 Treated with paint, stains, creosote or other preservatives
4403.20 Other, coniferous
4403.31 Dar Red Meranti, Light Red Meranti and Meranti Bakau
White Lauan, White Meranti, White Seraya, Yellow Meranti
and AlanKeruing, Ramin, Kapur, Teak, Jongkong, Merabau, Jelutong
4403.33
and Kempas
60
Okoume, Obeche, Sapelli, Sipo, Acajou,d' Afrique, Makore
4403.34
and Iroko
4403.324403.35 Tiama, Mansonia, Ilomba, Dibetou, Limba and Azobe
4403.91 Of, oadk (Quercus Spp.)4403.92 Of beech (Fagus Spp.)4403.99 Other, coniferous
4404 Hoop wood split poles piles & stacks of wood
4404.10 Coniferous
4404.20 Non-Coniferous
4405.00 Wood wool; wood flour

60

Railway Tramway sleepers
4406.10- Not impregnated4406.90 Other
4407 Wood sawn or chipped in length, sliced or peeled, thickness > 6mm.
4407.10 Coniferous
Dark Red Meranti, Light Red Meranti and Meranti Bakau,
White Lauan, White Meranti, White Seraya, Yellow Meranti,
Alan Keruing, Ramin Kapur, Teak, Jongkong, Merbau,
Jelutong and Kempas
Okoume, Obeche, Sapelli, Sipo, Acajou,d' Afrique, Makore
4407.22 and Iroko, Tiama, Mansonia, Ilomba, Dibetou, Limba and 60
Azobe
4407.214407.23 Baboen, Mahogany (Swietenia spp.), Imbuia and Balsa
4407.91 Of oak (Quercus Spp.)
4407.92 Of beech (Fagus Spp.)
4407.99 Other
4408 Veneer sheers and sheet sfor plywood thickness < 6mm604408.10 Coniferous

32Annexes

91- 92- 93- 94- 95- 96- 97- 98- 99- 2000- 2001- 200292 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
02
03

Description
Of the following tropical woods: Dark Red Meranti, Light
Red Meranti, White Lauan, Sipo, Limba, Okoume, Obeche,
4408.20
Acajou,d' Afrique, Sapelli, Baboen, Mahogany (Swieteniaspp.), Palissandre du Bresil and Bois de Rose femelle
4408.90 Other

Wood including stripes, frizs for parquet flooring Coniferous
60& non coniferous
Particle boards and similar boards of wood and other4410
60
lignocellulosic materials
4409

60

85

65

50

30

30

30

35

35

35

30

60

85

65

50

30

30

40

40

35

35

30

100 65

85

65

50

30

30

40

40

35

35

30

60

60

85

65

50

30

30

30

35

35

35

30

60

60

85

65

50

30

30

30

35

35

35

30

60

85

65

50

30

30

30

35

35

35

30

60

85

65

50

30

30

30

35

35

35

30

60

85

65

50

30

30

30

35

35

35

30

60

85

65

50

30

30

30

35

35

35

30

60

60

85

65

50

30

30

30

35

35

35

30

4419 Tableware and kitchenware, of wood

60

60

85

65

50

30

30

30

35

35

35

30

4420.10 Statuetts and other ornaments, of wood

60

60

85

65

50

30

30

30

35

35

35

30

4411 Fibre board of wood and other lignocellulosic materials
4412 Plywood veneered panels & similar laminated wood
With at least one outer ply of the following tropical woods:
Dark Red Meranti, Light Red Meranti, White Lauan, Sipo,
4412.11 Limba, Okoume, Obeche, Acajou,d' Afrique, Sapelli, Baboen,
Mahogany (Swietenia spp.), Palissandre du Bresil and Boisde Rose femelle
4412.12 Other, with at least one outer ply of non-coniferous wood
4412.19 Other
4412.21 Containing at least one layer of particle board
4412.29 Other
4412.91 Containing at least one layer of particle board
4412.99 Other
4413.00 Densified wood, in blocks, plates, strips, or profile shapes

Wooden frames for paintings, photographs, mirrors or4414.00
60
similar objects
Cases, boxes, crates, drums and similar packings; cable4415.10
drums
60
4415.20 Pallets, box pallets and other load boards
Casks, barrels vats, tubs and other coopers' products and60
parts thereof, of wood, including staves
Tools, tool bodies, tool handles, broom or brush bodies and4417
60
handles, of wood; boot or shoe lasts and trees, of wood
4416

4418.10 Windows, French-windows and their frames
4418.20 Doors and their frames and thresholds
4418.30 Parquet panels
4418.40 Shuttering for concrete constructional work
4418.50 Shingles and shakes
4418.90 Other

Notes:For the purposes of sub-heading Nos. 4403.41 to 4403.49,4407.24 to 4407.29, 4408.31 to 4408.39 and 4412.13 to 4412.99, theexpression ‘tropical wood’ means one of the following types of wood :Abura, Acajou d'Afrique, Afrormosia, Ako, Alan, Andiroba, Aningre, Avodire, Azobe, Balau, Balsa, Bosse clair, Bosse fonce,
Cativo, Cedro, Dabema, Dark Red Meranti, Dibetou, Doussie, Framire, Freijo, Fromager, Fuma, Geronggang, Ilomba, Imbuia,
Ipe, Iroko, Jaboty, Jelutong, Jequitiba, Jongkong, Kapur, Kempas, Keruing, Kosipo, Kotibe, Koto, Light Red Meranti, Limba,
Louro, Macaranduba, Mahogany, Makore, Mansonia, Mengkulang, Meranti Bakau, Merawan, Merbau, Merpauh, Mersawa,
Moabi, Niangon, Nyatoh, Obeche, Okoume, Onzabili, Orey, Ovengkol, Ozigo, Padauk, Paldao, Palissandre de Guatemala,Palissandre de Para, Palissandre de Rio, Palissandre de Rose, Pau Marfim, Pulai, Punah, Ramin, Sapelli, Saqui-Saqui, Sepetir,
Sipo, Sucupira, Suren, Teak, Tiama, Tola, Virola, White Lauan, White Meranti, White Seraya, Yellow Meranti.

33Annexes

Annex 4.1
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR TIMBER CONSUMPTION SURVEY ANDANALYSIS
Reaserach Objectives
1.

Identify the consumption trend for last 5 years of timber products - industrial roundwood,
sawnwood, veneer, plywood and builders joinery (tropical hardwoods, softwoods and temperate
hardwood) for the main urban centres of Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore,
Hyderabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad, Yamunanagr, Faridabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat and Kanpur
and identify the consumption trend for tropical hardwood products relative to the other timbers,viz., tropical softwoods and temperate timbers

2.

Identify end-use pattern (construction, builders’ woodworking, furniture, furniture components,
flooring, etc.) for the above consumption centres for each tropical timber product - industrial
roundwood, sawnwood, veneer, plywood and builders joinery

3.

Identify the distribution channels in the Indian Tropical Timber Market including the end uses foreach tropical timber product (where possible).

4. Assess the current trends of the Indian market for tropical timber products, providing a view of
end-use sectors where tropical timbers are likely to be competitive vis-à-vis temperate
hardwoods, softwoods and other substitutes.
5.

Analyse and report on import tariffs, product specifications and quality requirements in the
Indian timber market and their implications and opportunities for ITTO exporters.

6.

Assess the perceived non-tariff barriers to tropical timber imports, especially those related toimport/export financial payments, rules and traditions.

Research Type
Exploratory and survey method
Data Type
Both secondary and primary
Data Source
Secondary data sources:
•
•
•
•
•

Government – MoC/DGCIS/Customs etc
Timber Trade Associations
Plywood Manufacturer’s association
Town Planners
Builders/Architect

Primary data sources:
As mentioned below in the sample unit.

34

Annexes

Sampling Method
The Snowball sampling technique would be used for collecting the data from the field. The snowball
sampling procedure is used to select the individual respondents in each sampling unit category suchas the timber traders/builders/forest officials/households/furniture shopkeepers in each of the Survey
City. This is done because the list of the timber traders/builders/forest officials in each city is notreadily available with researchers and also no information with respect to the number and size oftimber traders/builders in a particular city is available.
(This sampling technique is used when the overall population is difficult to identify. Research asks asubject if they could put them in touch with others in a similar situation).
Data collections tools
In-depth Interviews and observation method
Sample unit
For each of urban consumption centre following type of respondents would be contacted:
1.

Timber traders in the Sample City (including retailer/wholesaler)

2.

Timber Traders’ Associations

3.

Purchase Managers of end user companies

4.

Senior Officials of State Forest Development Corporations

5.

Individual households

6.

Saw mills

7.

Furniture Shopkeepers

8.

PSUs like Indian Railways

9.

Builders/Architect/City Planners

10. SSI units using timber/wood as raw material like handicraft artisans
11. Senior Officials of State Forest Department
12. Officials of the Customs Department/Port Officials / Ministry of Commerce/
DGCIS/ICFRE
Sample Size
The sample size for each sample unit would be decided for each survey site
Urban Consumption Survey centres
Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon, Hyderabad,
Kanpur, Kolkata, Mumbai, NOIDA, Pune, Surat and Yamuna Nagar
Period of data collection survey
March-May, 2003

35

Annexes

Data Analysis•

Simple tabulation and cross tabulation for•

Frequency distribution for user preferences – current and future trends•

Averages & means of dispersion for major variables•

Trends analysis for imports of timber (timber type and exporting country specific) – fromsecondary data•

Trends analysis for domestic consumption of timber by end uses•

Price trends for different timber types and end-uses•

Changes in government policies – tariffs, non-tariff barriers etc – from secondary data

Reporting•First stage reports would be prepared by the regional consultants (with help from researchcum-survey teams) which would include compilation, tabulation and analysis of the data,inferences of results and conclusions.

•

The second stage report would be prepared by the National consultants (with help fromregional consultants) which shall include the modification in the city specific reports on
consumption and an aggregate report on all the consumption cities surveyed plus national
level trend analysis for demand, preferences, consumption etc including strategic options fortropical timber exporting countries.

•

The third stage report would be finalised with inputs from the Roman Forum.

General Points on Regional Consultant Report•

The regional consultants are required to furnish the summarised report in the following
format based on the primary survey and secondary data including their discussions with key
players in each segment/trade (and guestimates).

•

These data are to be sent in the excel format. In fact all the data is to be recorded in the excel
sheet only and be sent along with the analysis in the form of the Annexure. However theoriginal data (filled in questionnaires) should be retained and stored for 12 months after thesubmission of the final reports.

•

A summary of wood terminology with the species is also included•

The simplified and modified questionnaires are enclosed•

All timber quantity figures must be in Cubic Meter (M3). One cubic meter is equivalent to 35
Cubic Feet (CFT)•Most data are required for five time periods: that is 1997-98 (5 years back), 1999-2000(3 years back), 2002-03 (Current Year), 2005-06 (3 years from now), 2007-08 (5 years fromnow), and 2012-2013 (projected estimates of consumption 10 years from now)•

In case of any doubt feel free to ask any of the netions team members, especially IIFM
Marketing Faculty member, Prof. Dr. Manmohan Yadav•

The regional/local consultants report is to be submitted latest by 14th May, 2003

36

Annexes

FORMAT for Regional & local Consultant Summary Report
S.N.
1.

2.

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

Items
Total timber consumption (Industrial
roundwood/Logs) in Cubic metres M3 (000)Tropical Hardwood (TH) Logs in M3 andmajor species (such as Teak (Burma-T,
American T, Panama T, Ghana-T, Plantation-T
etc., Gurjan, Marsuea, Meranti, Mahogany,
Birch, Rose wood, Sal, Keruing, Kapur,
Andaman Padaouk, Lampati, Laurel, etc.)
Tropical Softwood(TS) Logs in M3 and major
species (All types of pine – Radianta, New
Zealand Pine, Australian Pine and France
Pine etc )Temperate Hardwood(TeH) Logs in M3 andmajor
species (such as Oak, Beech)
Imported TH (Tropical Hardwood ) Logs M3
major species and country-wise
Imported SW (Tropical Softwood) Logs in M3
and major species
Imported Temperate Hardwood Logs in M3
and major species
Domestic HW Logs in M3 with major species
and source-wise

1997-98

F (Forest department)
8.
P (Plantation/ Agro Forestry)
H (Homestead)9.

Domestic SW Logs in M3 with major species
and source-wise
F (Forest department)
P (Plantation/ Agro Forestry)
H (Homestead)

10.

11.

12.

Domestic Temperate Hardwood Logs in M3
with major species and source-wise
Sawnwood total in M3 with type of wood thatis TH, TS, and TeH and major species in eachcategory
Imports in M3 with type of wood that is TH,
TS, and TeH and major species in eachcategoryand country-wiseDomestic in M3 with major species with typeof wood that is TH, TS, and TeH and major
species in each category
Veneer (only HW) total in M3 with major
species in each category
Imports in M3
With major species and country-wiseDomestic in M3 with major species

37

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13Annexes

S.N.

13.

Items
Plywood – total in M3 with type of wood thatis TH, TS, and TeH and major species in eachcategory
Imports in M3 with type of wood that is TH,
TS, and TeH and major species in eachcategory and country-wiseDomestic in M3 with type of wood that is TH,
TS, and TeH and major species in eachcategory

14.

Price competitiveness by species and country
wise vis-à-vis domestic

15.

End-use of timber in

1997-98

1.
Construction Total in M3(Proportion of Door frames/window frames,
door shutters/window shutters/ward robes
flooring and others.
Inclusive of all income groups High/Medium/Low as based on total houses
constructed)

A. Major import species and quantity country
wise
B. Major species in domestic market andquantity
C. Preference criteria for use in Construction
2.

Builders’ Joinery/ Woodworking total in
M3

A. Major import species and quantity country
wise
B. Major species in domestic market andquantity
C. Preference criteria for use in Builders’
Joinery/ Woodworking
3.

Furniture/ furniture components Total in
M3(Proportion of Household andCommercial furniture and also
Proportion of imported and domestic
species in each)

A. Proportion of Household and Commercial
furniture
B. Proportion of imported and domestic
species in Household furniture (Name Major
species)
C. Proportion of imported and domestic
species in Commercial furniture (Name Major
species)
D. Preference criteria for use in Furniture/
furniture components

38

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

2012-13Annexes

S.N.

16.

Items
4.
Flooring Total in M3
A. Proportion of imported species in Total
Flooring (Name Major species)
B. Proportion of domestic species Total
Flooring (Name Major species)
C. Preference criteria for use in Flooring

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

5.
Plywood Total in M3
A. Proportion of imported species in Total
Plywood (Name Major species)
B. Proportion of domestic species in Total
Plywood (Name Major species)
C. Preference criteria for use in Plywood
Preference for any value added-imported
timber products

17. Trends in Channels of Distribution of each timber product (as of now and 5 years ago)
18. Trends in Tariffs on Timber/ Timber product Imports to India (as of now and 5 years ago)39

2012-13Annexes

Annex 4.2
Questionnaire 1:

Q 1.

Survey of Tropical Timber Products Importers/Timber Traders/
Plywood Manufacturers/Furniture Manufacturers

I am interested in what you consider to be the main economic factors influencing the sales ofyour products on the domestic market.
Please tick a maximum of three of the factors listed below for the products applicable to you.
Feel free to state and comment on other factors you think are more relevant.

DRIVER

TropicalIndustrial
Roundwood

Tropical Sawn
timberPRODUCT
Tropical Plywood

Tropical Veneers

Tropical Builder’s
Joinery

Gross Domestic
Product (GDP)
Housing
starts/completion
All construction
activity
Furniture Sales
Consumerspending
Others (pleasestate)Q 2.

What are the five main timber products you use and what are their main end uses?
Products
e.g. Industrial Roundwood/Logs
Sawnwood
Plywood
Veneers
Builder’s Joinery

End Uses
Construction
Builder’s Woodworking
Furniture
Furniture components
Flooring

1
2
3
4
5

40

Annexes

Q 3.

Taking the main end uses given in question 2, please indicate in the table below your main
criteria in selecting the timber products you use.
Please tick up to three characteristics per section and indicate how well timber products
perform against alternative materials. G = Good, S = Satisfactory or P = Poor. Please also state
what the main competitive materials are.
Characteristics

Use inconstruction (byspecies)Key
RatingCriteria

Use in Builder’s
Woodworking(by species)
Key
RatingCriteria

Use in Furniture(by species)
Key
Criteria

RatingUse in Furniturecomponents (byspecies)Key
RatingCriteria

Use in Flooring(by species)
Key
Criteria

RatingPrice CompetitivenessAppearance
Colour consistency
Natural durability
Machinability/Workability
Dimensional stability
Regular and reliablesupplyOther (please specify)
What are the maincompetitive materials

Q 4. What have been the main products where your imports/sales have grown over the last 5 years,
what are the sources for these imports and what are the reasons for this growth?
Products including
species

Q 5.

Sources

Increasing/declining

Reasons for increase/decline

At the end of year 2005-06 and year 2007-08, which timber products (and species) and whichtimber products markets do you think will show the fastest growth?
Timber Products

Timber Product End-Use

2005-06

2007-0841

Annexes

Q.6 What are the main distribution channels you use in your main markets and how are thesechanging? (Source to end-use)
Product 1

Product 2

Product 3

Channels
Used in 1997-98
Channels
Used in 2002-2003
Q 7.

What are the main difficulties you face in importing/trading in timber products? (Pleasedraw attention to specific difficulties for individual products and source including exporting
countries)

Q 8.

Looking ahead 5 years I am interested in your views of the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats for your business in domestic markets.

What do you think are your main strengths?

What do you think are your major weaknesses?

What are the best opportunities for yourbusiness?

What are the main threats to your business?

Q 9.

What has been/would be the Demand for following type of Timber Products in your city infollowing years:

Timber Product1997-98
SpeciesQuantity
Cu.m

Demand2002 – 2003

1999-2000
SpeciesQuantity
Cu.m

Industrial
roundwoodlogs

Sawnwood

VeneerPlywood

Builders joinery

42

SpeciesQuantity
Cu.m

2005-06
SpeciesQuantity
Cu.m

2007-08
SpeciesQuantity
Cu.mAnnexes

Q 10.

What Type of Timber (such as tropical hardwood – TH, Tropical Softwood – TS, temperate
hardwood - TeH including species) is used for each of timber products. Also mention thesource of the timber used (such as locally available- Forest Department F, Farm
Forestry/Plantations P, Homestead Forestry H, from other states – OS, imported – IM withname of the country).

Timber Product1997-98
Type of timber
Source of(name theTimberspecies)

Type and Source of Timber
1999-2000
Type of timber
Source of(name theTimberspecies)

2002-2003
Type of timber
Source of(name theTimberspecies)Industrial
roundwood/logs
Sawnwood
VeneerPlywood
Builders joinery

Q 11.

Has there been any Demand/Supply gaps in the following Timber Products? If yes then whatis the extent of gaps (Demand as % of Supply) and the reasons for gaps.

Timber Product
DemandofTimberCu.m

1997-98
Supplyas % ofD

Reasons
for gaps

Type and Source of Timber
1999-2000
DemandSupplyReasonsof
as % offor gaps
TimberD
Cu.m

DemandofTimberCu.m

2002-2003
Supplyas % ofD

Reasons
for gaps

Industrial
roundwood/logs
Sawnwood
VeneerPlywood
Builders joinery

Q 12.

What has been the comparative price of timber sourced from different sources in thefollowing years? (Such as locally available- Forest Department F, Farm Forestry/Plantations P,
Homestead Forestry H, from other states – OS, imported – IM with name of the country)

Timber Product1997-98
Source ofPrice byTimber by
species
species

Source of Timber and Price (Rs. per Cu.m)
1999-2000
2002-2003
Source ofPrice bySource ofPrice byTimber by
species
Timber by
species
species
speciesIndustrial
roundwood-logs
Sawnwood
VeneerPlywood
Builders joinery

43Annexes

Q 13.

What are the main uses of timber in your city and what percentage of total timber isconsumed for a particular end-use? (List the use as Construction, builders’ woodworking,furniture, furniture components, flooring, etc.)

Timber ProductEnd-use and Proportion of Timber
1997-98
End-use by

Industrial
roundwood(logs)

Sawnwood

VeneerPlywood

Builders joinery

1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7

1999-2000
Proportionof timberby Species

End-use by
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7

44

Proportionof timber bySpecies

2002-2003
End-use by
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7
1 Construction
2 Builders’woodworking
3 Furniture
4 Furniturecomponents
5 Flooring
6
7

Proportionof timber bySpeciesAnnexes

Q 14.

What is the consumption of timber for each of the following uses?

End-use
1997-98
QuantityTypeofoftimbertimberCu.mType of Timber and quantity for each End-use
1999-2000
2002 – 2003
2005-06
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity
Type
Type
Type
of
of
of
of
of
of
timbertimbertimbertimbertimbertimber
Cu.m
Cu.m
Cu.m

2007-08
QuantityTypeofoftimbertimberCu.m

Construction
Builders’
woodworking
Furniture
Furniturecomponents
Flooring

Q 15.

What type and quantity of timber is used for the following End-uses (such as tropical
hardwood – TH, Tropical Softwood – TS, temperate Hardwood - TeH including species)?

End-useConstruction(species such as
Meranti, Teak,
Sal, Pine, Oak,
Beach etc and,
local species
such as Mango,
Shisham
Builders’
woodworking
Furniture

Furniturecomponents
Flooring

1997-98
Typeofspecies1
2
3

Quantity
Cu.mType of Timber and quantity for each end use
1999-2000
2002 – 2003
2005-06
Type
QuantityType
QuantityType
Quantity
of
Cu.m
of
CU. M
of
Cu.m
species
species
species

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

45

2007-08
TypeofspeciesQuantity
Cu.mAnnexes

Q 16.

Open ended discussion. (Develop topics of interest brought up in earlier discussions).
Also ask respondents for preference for value added/imported wood products and their
willingness to pay for the same.
Name of the City:

Name of the Surveyor:

Date:
Respondent Profile
Name of the firm/Company/Department:

Address (with telephone/Fax/email)46

Annexes

Annex 4.3
QUESTIONNAIRE 2 :SURVEY OF HOUSEHOLD/BUILDER/ARCHITECT(WOOD USE)

City ………………………………
Date:

Signature
Name of Surveyor

Name of the House Owner /Builder or Construction Agency/Architect:

Q 1.
1.

Reference of the Stratum
Type of Building actually visited as a sample unit

2.

3.

Serial No. of the building out of the total buildings to bevisitedNo. of storeys total and used for living only
[to be filled in if more than one storey]

4.

No. of house-holds living in the building

5.

Total number of persons living in the house-hold6.

Katcha/pucca (one-two storeyed) /multistoreyed

Average annual income of the family.

Service (Govt/Pvt.)/Industry/Business/Others

Nature of occupation

7.

Average plinth area occupied by each house includes
veranda covered by roof and floor

8.

[a}

No. of living rooms[b]

No. of storage rooms[c]No. of common rooms[d]Other category viz., bath rooms, latrines,
Kitchen, cowshed, etc.

47Annexes

Q 2.

Use of wood for house construction

Sr.
No

1.

End Product Type

1997-98

Door Frames,/ Window Frames / Ward Robes(Proportion of material used
Wood/iron/aluminium/RCC)
If wood used then total quantity of Sawnwood
in Cu.m and name of the major wood species
used (Both Imported and local)
Proportion of Type of timber-TH, TE, THE,
TS, TES/local

2.

Door Shutters /Window Shutters /Wardrobe
Shutters (Proportion of Door panel / Flush
Door)
A. Total quantity of Sawnwood in Cu.m andname of the major wood species used inWood Panel (Both Imported and local)
B. Preference criteria for use of species
C. Total quantity in Cu.m and name of the
major wood species used in Flush Door (BothImported and local)
D. Preference criteria for use of species

3.

Flooring
Total quantity in Cu.m and name of the major
wood species used in Flooring (Both Imported
and local)
A.

4.

Palemats / palemats roads
Total quantity in Cu.m and name of the major
wood species used (Both Imported and local)
A.

5.

Preference criteria for use of species

Preference criteria for use of species

Wall Panelling / Ceiling
Total quantity in Cu.m and name of the major
wood species used (Both Imported and local)
A.

Preference criteria for use of species

Others (please specify)
6.

48

1999-2000

2002 – 2003

2005-06

2007-08

Annexes

Q 3.

Use of Wood for Furniture

1997-98

Sr.
No.

1.

2.

Item

Numbers

Proportion of Wood /Wood Panel / Non-wood
Material

Quantity of
Wood
in Cu. m
and Species
used (Bothimported &local)

Preference
criteria foruse ofspeciesQuantityof Wood
Panelin Cu.mandSpecies imported& localPreference
criteria foruse ofspecies

Preference
criteria foruse ofspeciesQuantityof WoodPanelin Cu.mandSpeciesused(Bothimported& local)Preference
criteria foruse ofspeciesHouseholdfurniture
ChairsTablesWooden Almirahs
Cots
Others (Please
Specify)A
B
C
Commercial
furniture(Hotels/shops/
offices etc.)
Partition walls
Panelling
Shelves

1999-2000

Sr.
No.

1.

2.

Item

Numbers

Proportion of Wood /Wood Panel / Non-wood
Material

Householdfurniture
ChairsTablesWooden Almirahs
Cots
Others (Please
Specify)A
B
C
Commercial
furniture(Hotels/shops/
offices etc.)
Partition walls
Panelling
Shelves49

Quantity of
Wood
in Cu. m andSpecies used(Bothimported &local)

Annexes

2002-03

Sr.
No.

1.

2.

Item

Numbers

Proportion of Wood /Wood Panel / Non-wood
Material

Quantity of
Wood
in Cu. m andSpecies used(Bothimported &local)

Preference
criteria foruse ofspeciesQuantityof WoodPanel inCu.mandSpeciesused(Bothimported& local)Preference
criteria foruse ofspecies

Preference
criteria foruse ofspeciesQuantityof WoodPanel incum. andSpeciesused(Bothimported& local)Preference
criteria foruse ofspeciesHouseholdfurniture
ChairsTablesWooden Almirahs
Cots
Others (Please
Specify)A
B
C
Commercial
furniture(Hotels/Shops/
Offices etc.)
Partition walls
Panelling
Shelves

2005-06

Sr.
No.

1.

2.

Item

Numbers

Proportion of Wood /Wood Panel / Non-wood
Material

Householdfurniture
ChairsTablesWooden Almirahs
Cots
Others (Please
Specify)A
B
C
Commercial
furniture(Hotels/shops/
offices etc.)
Partition walls
Panelling
Shelves50

Quantity ofWood incum. m andSpecies used(Bothimported &local)

Annexes

2007-08

Sr.
No.

1.

2.

Item

Numbers

Proportion of Wood /Wood Panel / Non-wood
Material

Quantity ofWood, inCu.m, andSpecies used(Bothimported &local)

Preference
criteria foruse ofspeciesQuantityof WoodPanel, in
Cu.m,
and
Speciesused imported& localPreference
criteria foruse ofspeciesHouseholdfurniture
ChairsTablesWooden Almirahs
Cots
Others (Please
Specify)A
B
C
Commercial
furniture(Hotels/shops/
offices etc.)
Partition walls
Panelling
Shelves

Note: Question 3 can be also framed in the same manner as question number 2.

Q 4.

Open ended discussion. (Develop topics of interest brought up in earlier discussions)Also ask respondents for preference for value added/imported wood products and their
willingness to pay for the same51

Annexes

Annex 4.4.1
CONSUMPTION CENTRE SUMMARY REPORT FOR URBAN CITY: MUMBAI (Cu.m)
S.N.
1
2

Items

1997-98

Total timber consumption (Industrial roundwood/Logs) (2+3+4)
Tropical Hardwood (TH) Logs in M3 and major species (such as Teak (Burma-T,
American T, Panama T, Ghana-T,
Ghana-T, Plantation-T etc., Gurjan, Marsuea, Meranti, Mahogany, Rose wood, Sal,
Keruing, Kapur,

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

412,920474,858

403,629415,738

428,210479,595

371,380427,087

363,024

373,915

385,132

431,348

35,34040,641

34,54535,58136,64841,046

6,200

7,130

6,061

6243

6,430

7,202

Andaman Padaouk, Lampati, Laurel, Bonsom etc.) (5+8)
3

Tropical Softwood(TS) Logs and major species (All types of pine – Radianta, New
Zealand Pine,
Australian Pine and France Pine etc)4Temperate Hardwood(TeH) Logs and major species (such as Oak, Beech, Birch,
willow)

5

Imported TH (Tropical Hardwood ) Logs major species and country-wise

222,828

256,252

217,814224,348

231,078

258,807

6

Imported SW (Tropical Softwood) Logs and major species

34,875

40,10634,09035,11336,16640,506

7

Imported Temperate Hardwood Logs iand major species

5,983

6,880

5,848

6,023

6,204

6,948

8

Domestic HW Logs with major species and source-wise

148,552

170,835

145,210

149,566

154,053

172,539

7,428

8,542

7,261

7,479

7,703

8,627

P (Plantation/ Agro Forestry)

103,986

119,584

101,646

104,695

107,836

120,776

H (Homestead) From other states

F (Forest department)

937,13842,70936,30337,39238,514

43,136

Domestic SW Logs with major species and source-wise

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

F (Forest department)

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

P (Plantation/ Agro Forestry)

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

H (Homestead) From other states

465

535

455

469

483

541

10 Domestic Temperate Hardwood Logs with major species and source-wise

217

250

213

219

226

253

Sawnwood total in M3 with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH and major
11
species in each category (11.4 + 11.8)

322,400

370,760

315,146

324,600

334,338

374,459

11.1 Sawnwood tropical hardwood (TH) and major species (11.5 +11.9)

302,436

347,801

295,631304,500

313,635

351,271

11.2 Sawnwood tropical softwood (TS) and major species (11.6 +11.10)

19,034

21,88918,606

19,164

19739

22,108

930

1,070

910

937

965

1,081

193,440

222,456

189,088

194,761

200,604

224,676

174,096

200,210170,179

175,284

180,543

202,208

18,60021,39018,182

18,727

19,28921,604

744

856

728

750

773

866

128,960

148,304

126,058

129,840

133,735

149,783

11.9 Sawnwood domestic of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species

128,340

147,591

125,452

129,216

133,092

149,063

11.10 Sawnwood domestic of tropical softwood (TS) and major species

434

499

424

437

450

504

11.11 Sawnwood domestic of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species

186

214

182

187

193

216

44,02050,62343,03044,32145,651

51,12940,59546,684

39,68140,87142,097

47,14911.3 Sawnwood temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species (11.7 +11.11)
11.4 Total Sawnwood Imports in M3 with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH
and major species in each category
and country-wise (11.5+11.6+11.7)
11.5 Sawnwood Imports of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species andcountry-wise
11.6 Sawnwood Imports of tropical softwood (TS) and major species and countrywise
11.7 Sawnwood Imports of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species andcountry-wise
11.8 Sawnwood total domestic in M3 with major species with type of wood thatis TH, TS, and the and major
species in each category (11.9+11.10+11.11

12

Plywood – total with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH and major species ineach category (12.4 + 12.8)
12.1 Plywood tropical hardwood (TH) and major species (12.5 +12.9) Average
Thickness considered is 12mm
12.2 Plywood tropical softwood (TS) and major species (12.6 +12.10)

3,038

3,494

2,970

3,059

3,151

3,529

12.3 Plywood temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species (12.7 +12.11)

388

446

379

390

402

450

12.4 Plywood total Imports with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH and major
species in each category

527

606

515

530

546

612

and country-wise (12.5+12.6+12.7)

52

Annexes

S.N.

Items

1997-98

12.5 Plywood Imports of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species and countrywise
12.6 Plywood Imports of tropical softwood (TS) and major species and countrywise
12.7 Plywood Imports of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species andcountry-wise
12.8 Plywood Domestic in M3 with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH andmajor species in each category (12.9+12.10+12.11)

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

16

18

15

15

15

17

124

143

122

126

130

146

388

446

379

390

402

450

43,49350,01742,51443,78945,10350,51512.9 Plywood domestic of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species

40,57946,666

39,66640,85642,082

47,13212.10 Plywood domestic of tropical softwood (TS) and major species

2,914

3,351

2,848

2,933

3,021

3,384

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Builders’ Joinery/ Woodworking total with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH
13
and major species in each category (13.4 + 13.8)

118,742

136,554

116,072

119,555

123,142

137,919

13.1 Builders’ Joinery tropical hardwood (TH) and major species (13.5 +13.9)

70,68081,282

69,09071,16373,29882,09413.2 Builders’ Joinery tropical softwood (TS) and major species (13.6 +13.10)

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

13.3 Builders’ Joinery temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species (13.7 +13.11)

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

48,062

55,271

46,98048,38949,841

55,82248,062

55,271

46,98048,38949,841

55,822

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

22,61826,011

22,10922,772

23,45526,27013.9 Builders’ Joinery domestic of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species

22,61826,011

22,10922,772

23,45526,27013.10 Builders’ Joinery domestic of tropical softwood (TS) and major species

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

13.11 Builders’ Joinery domestic of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

--

--

--

--

----

83,08095,542

81,211

83,647

86,15696,495

Teak :-

38,44044,20637,57538,70239,86344,647

Sal :-

9,622

11,065

9,405

9,687

9,978

11,175

Others :-

3,100

3,565

3,030

3,121

3,215

3,601

51,162

58,83650,01051,51053,05659,42312.11 Plywood domestic of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species

13.4 Builders’ Joinery total Imports with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH andmajor species in each category and country-wise (13.5+13.6+13.7)
13.5 Builders’ Joinery Imports of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species andcountry-wise
13.6 Builders’ Joinery Imports of tropical softwood (TS) and major species andcountry-wise
13.7 Builders’ Joinery Imports of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species
and country-wise
13.8 Builders’ Joinery Domestic with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH andmajor species in each category (13.9+13.10+13.11)

14 Price competitiveness by species and country wise vis-à-vis domestic
15 End-use of timber in:
15.1 Construction Total of timber(Proportion of Door frames/window frames, door shutters/window shutters/wardrobes flooring and others. Inclusive of all income groups High /Medium/Low asbased on total houses constructed)
15.1 A. Major import species and quantity country wise used in construction

Tota Imported timber used in Construction
15.1 B. Major species in domestic market and quantity used in construction
Teak :-

7,738

8,899

7,564

7,791

8,025

8,988

Sal :-

11,78013,547

11,515

11,86012,216

13,682Others :-12,40014,26012,121

12,485

12,86014,403

31,91836,706

31,20032,136

33,101

37,07370,68081,282

69,09071,16373,29882,094

Teak :-

38,44044,20637,57538,70239,86344,647

Sal :-

21,70024,95521,212

21,84822,50325,203

Others :-10,54012,121

10,303

10,612

10,93012,242

70,68081,282

69,09071,16273,29682,092

Teak :-

14,41916,582

14,095

14,518

14,954

16,748

Sal :-

24,031

27,63623,491

24,19624,922

27,913

Others :-

9,612

11,054

9,396

9,678

9,968

11,164

Total Domestic timber used in Construction
15.1 C. Preference criteria for use in Construction
15.2 Builders’ Joinery/ Woodworking total
15.2 A. Major import species and quantity country wise used in Builder’s Joinery

Tota timber used in Builder’s Joinery
15.2 B. Major species in domestic market and quantity used in Builder’s Joinery53Annexes

S.N.

Items

1997-98

Tota Domestic timber used in Builder’s Joinery

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

48,062

55,272

46,982

48,392

49,84455,825217,000

249,550

212,118

218,482

225,036

252,040

15.2 C. Preference criteria for use in Builders’ Joinery/ Woodworking
15.3 Furniture/ furniture components Total timber
Proportion of Household and Commercial furniture and also Proportion ofimported and domestic species in each category
15.3 A. Proportion of Household and Commercial furniture

30:70

30:70

30:70

30:70

30:70

15.3.A.1 Timber consumption in Household Furniture

65,10074,86563,63565,54467,51015.3.A.2. Proportion of imported and domestic species in Household furniture

85:15

85:15

85:15

85:15

85:15

Name Major species -both imported and domestic species

Teak

Teak

Teak

Teak

Teak

Sal

Sal

Sal

Sal

Sal

Sal

Rose wood Rose wood Rose wood Rose wood Rose wood

Rose
wood

15.3.B.1 Timber consumption in Commercial Furniture

151,900

15.3 B. 2 Proportion of imported and domestic species in Commercial furniture

174,685

148,482

152,936

157,524

75,611
85:15
Teak

176,427

85:15

85:15

85:15

85:15

Same as15.3.A.2

Same as15.3.A.2

Same as15.3.A.2

Same as15.3.A.2

--

--

--

--

----

15.4. Flooring Total timber consumption

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

15.4.A Proportion of imported species used in Flooring , name of country andmajor species

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

15.4. B. Proportion of domestic species used in Flooring , and major species

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Name Major species -both imported and domestic species
15.3.C. Preference criteria for use in Furniture/ furniture components

15.4.C Preference criteria for use in Flooring
15.5 . Plywood Total timber consumption

85:15

30:70

85:15

Same as Same as
15.3.A.2 15.3.A.2

--

--

--

--

----

44,02050,62343,03044,32145,651

51,12915.5.A. Proportion of imported species used in Plywood , name of country andmajor species

Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible NegligibleNegligible

B. Proportion of domestic species used in Plywood , and major species

Teak: 20 %, Teak: 20 %, Teak: 20 %, Teak: 20 %, Teak: 20 %, Teak: 20 %,Sal :80% Sal :80% Sal :80% Sal :80%
Sal:80%
Sal :80%

C. Preference criteria for use in Plywood
Preference for any value added-imported timber products (Name of the Value
16
added product and the preference criteria)

54

--

--

--

--

----

--

--

--

--

----

Annexes

Annex 4.4.2
CONSUMPTION CENTRE SUMMARY REPORT FOR URBAN CITY: PUNE (Cu.m)
S.N.
1

2

3
4

Items

1997-98

Total timber consumption (Industrial roundwood/Logs) (2+3+4)
Tropical Hardwood (TH) and major species (such as Teak (BurmaT, American T, Panama T, Ghana-T, Ghana-T, Plantation-T etc.,
Gurjan, Marsuea, Meranti, Mahogany, Rose wood, Sal, Keruing,
Kapur, Andaman Padaouk, Lampati, Laurel, Bonsom etc.) (5+8)
Tropical Softwood(TS) and major species (All types of pine –Radianta, New Zealand Pine, Australian Pine and France Pine etc)
Temperate Hardwood(TeH) and major species (such as Oak, Beech,
Birch, willow)

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

153,180

183,816

174,625

183,356

188,857

217,186

137,770

165,324

157,058

164,911

169,858

195,337

13,11015,732

14,945

15,692

16,163

18,587

2,300

2,760

2,622

2,753

2,836

3,261

5

Imported TH (Tropical Hardwood ) major species and country-wise

82,662

99,194

94,234

98,946

101,914117,201

6

Imported SW (Tropical Softwood) and major species

12,93815,526

14,750

15,48815,953

18,346

7

Imported Temperate Hardwood and major species

2,220

2,664

2,531

2,658

2,738

3,149

8

Domestic HW with major species and source-wise

55,108

66,13062,82465,96567,944

78,1369

F (Forest department)

2,755

3,306

3,141

3,298

3,397

3,907

P (Plantation/ Agro Forestry)

38,576

46,291

43,976

46,17547,56054,694

H (Homestead) From other states

13,777

16,532

15,705

16,49016,985

19,533

Domestic SW with major species and source-wise

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

F (Forest department)

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

P (Plantation/ Agro Forestry)

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

H (Homestead) From other states

173

208

198

208

214

246

81

97

92

97

100

115

119,600

143,520

136,344

143,161

147,456

169,574

112,194

134,633

127,901

134,296

138,325

159,074

7,061

8,473

8,049

8,451

8,705

10,011

345

414

393

413

425

489

71,76086,11281,80685,89688,473

101,744

64,58477,501

73,62677,307

79,626

91,570

6,900

8,280

7,866

8,259

8,507

9,783

276

331

314

330

340

391

47,84057,40854,53857,26558,98367,83047,61057,132

54,27556,98958,69967,504

161

193

183

192

198

228

69

83

79

83

85

98

16,33019,596

18,616

19,547

20,13323,153

15,05918,071

17,16718,025

18,566

21,351

1,127

1,352

1,284

1,348

1,388

1,596

144

173

164

172

177

204

Domestic Temperate Hardwood with major species and sourcewise
Sawnwood total with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH and
11
major species in each category (11.4 + 11.8)
11.1 Sawnwood tropical hardwood (TH) and major species (11.5+11.9)
11.2 Sawnwood tropical softwood (TS) and major species (11.6+11.10)11.3 Sawnwood temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species (11.7+11.11)
11.4 Total Sawnwood Imports in M3 with type of wood that is TH,
TS, and TeH and major species in each category and country-wise(11.5+11.6+11.7)
11.5 Sawnwood Imports of tropical hardwood (TH) and major
species and country-wise
11.6 Sawnwood Imports of tropical softwood (TS) and major species
and country-wise
11.7 Sawnwood Imports of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major
species and country-wise
11.8 Sawnwood total domestic with major species with type ofwood that is TH, TS, and the and major species in each category(11.9+11.10+11.11)
11.9 Sawnwood domestic of tropical hardwood (TH) and major
species
11.10 Sawnwood domestic of tropical softwood (TS) and major
species
11.11 Sawnwood domestic of temperate hardwood (TeH) andmajor species
Plywood – total in M3 with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH
12
and major species in each category (12.4 + 12.8)
12.1 Plywood tropical hardwood (TH) and major species (12.5+12.9) Average Thickness considered is 12mm
12.2 Plywood tropical softwood (TS) and major species (12.6+12.10)12.3 Plywood temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species (12.7+12.11)1055

Annexes

S.N.

Items

1997-98

12.4 Plywood total Imports in M3 with type of wood that is TH, TS,
and TeH and major species in each category and country-wise(12.5+12.6+12.7)

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

196

235

223

234

241

277

6

7

7

7

7

8

46

55

52

55

57

66

144

173

164

172

177

204

16,135

19,362

18,394

19,314

19,89322,877

15,05418,065

17,162

18,02018,561

21,345

1,081

1,297

1232

1,294

1,333

1,533

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

26,22031,46429,891

31,38632,32837,177

26,22031,46429,891

31,38632,32837,177

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

17,83021,396

20,326

21,342

21,982

25,27917,83021396

20,326

21,342

21,982

25,2798,390

10,0689,565

10,043

10,344

11,896

8,390

10,0689,565

10,043

10,344

11,896

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

--

--

--

--

--

--

30,82036,98435,13536,89237,99943,699

Teak :-

14,26017,112

16,256

17,06917,581

20,218

Sal :-

3,570

4,284

4,070

4,274

4,402

5,062

Others :-

1,150

1,380

1,311

1,377

1,418

1,631

18,98022,776

21,63722,72023,401

26,911

Teak :-

2,870

3,444

3,272

3,436

3,539

4,070

Sal :-

4,370

5,244

4,982

5,231

5,388

6,196

12.5 Plywood Imports of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species
and country-wise
12.6 Plywood Imports of tropical softwood (TS) and major species
and country-wise
12.7 Plywood Imports of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major
species and country-wise
12.8 Plywood Domestic with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH
and major species in each category (12.9+12.10+12.11)
12.9 Plywood domestic of tropical hardwood (TH) and major
species
12.10 Plywood domestic of tropical softwood (TS) and major species
12.11 Plywood domestic of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major
species
Builders’ Joinery/ Woodworking total with type of wood that is TH,
13
TS, and TeH and major species in each category (13.4 + 13.8)
13.1 Builders’ Joinery tropical hardwood (TH) and major species(13.5 +13.9)
13.2 Builders’ Joinery tropical softwood (TS) and major species(13.6 +13.10)
13.3 Builders’ Joinery temperate hardwood (TeH) and major
species (13.7 +13.11)
13.4 Builders’ Joinery total Imports with type of wood that is TH,
TS, and TeH and major species in each category and country-wise(13.5+13.6+13.7)
13.5 Builders’ Joinery Imports of tropical hardwood (TH) and major
species and country-wise
13.6 Builders’ Joinery Imports of tropical softwood (TS) and major
species and country-wise
13.7 Builders’ Joinery Imports of temperate hardwood (TeH) andmajor species and country-wise
13.8 Builders’ Joinery Domestic with type of wood that is TH, TS,
and TeH and major species in each category (13.9+13.10+13.11)
13.9 Builders’ Joinery domestic of tropical hardwood (TH) andmajor species
13.10 Builders’ Joinery domestic of tropical softwood (TS) and major
species
13.11 Builders’ Joinery domestic of temperate hardwood (TeH) andmajor species
Price competitiveness by species and country wise vis-à-vis
14
domestic
15 End-use of timber in
15.1 Construction Total of timber (Proportion of Doorframes/window frames, door shutters/window shutters/ward robes
flooring and others. Inclusive of all income groups High/Medium/Low as based on total houses constructed)
15.1 A. Major import species and quantity country wise used inconstruction

15.1 B. Major species in domestic market used in construction

Others :-

4,600

5,520

5,244

5,506

5,671

6,522

11,84014,20813,49814,173

14,598

16,78815.2 Builders’ Joinery/ Woodworking total

44,05052,86050,21752,72854,31062,456

Imports

26,22031,46429,891

31,38632,32837,177

Domestic

17,83021,396

20,326

21,342

21,982

25,27915.1 C. Preference criteria for use in Construction56Annexes

S.N.

Items

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

15.2 A. Major import species country wise used in Builder’s Joinery
Teak :-

14,26017,112

16,256

17,06917,581

20,218

Sal :-

8,050

9,660

9,177

9,636

9,925

11,414

Others :-

3,910

4,692

4,457

4,680

4,820

5,543

26,22031,46429,89031,38532,32637,175

Total Imported timber use in Builder's Joinery
15.2 B. Major species in domestic market used in Builder’s Joinery
Teak :-

5,349

6,419

6,098

6,403

6,595

7,584

Sal :-

8,915

10,698

10,163

10,671

10,991

12,640

Others :-

3,566

4,279

4,065

4,268

4,396

5,055

17,83021,396

20,326

21,342

21,982

25,27980,50096,60091,77096,35999,250114,138

24,15028,98027,531

28,90829,77534,241

Teak

Teak

Teak

Teak

Teak

Teak

Sal

Sal

Sal

Sal

Sal

Sal

Rose wood Rose wood

Rose wood

Rose wood

Total Domestic timber use in Builder's Joinery
15.2 C. Preference criteria for use in Builders’ Joinery/
Woodworking
15.3 Furniture/ furniture components Total timber (Proportion ofHousehold and Commercial furniture and also Proportion ofimported and domestic species in each)
15.3 A. Proportion of Household and Commercial furniture
15.3.A.1 Timber consumption in Household Furniture
15.3.A.2. Proportion of imported and domestic species inHousehold furniture (Name Major species both
imported-with country name and domestic species)

Rose wood Rose wood

15.3.B.1 Timber consumption in Commercial Furniture

56,35067,62064,23967,451

69,47579,89615.3 B. 2 Proportion of imported and domestic species in
Commercial furniture (Name Major species both

85:15

85:15

85:15

85:15

85:15

85:15

Same as15.3.A.2

Same as15.3.A.3

Same as15.3.A.4

Same as15.3.A.5

Same as15.3.A.6

Same as15.3.A.7

15.3.C. Preference criteria for use in Furniture/ furniturecomponents

--

--

--

--

--

--

15.4. Flooring Total timber consumption

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

Imported-with country name and domestic species)

15.4.A Proportion of imported species used in Flooring, name ofcountry and major species
15.4. B. Proportion of domestic species used in Flooring, and major
species
15.4.C Preference criteria for use in Flooring
15.5 . Plywood Total timber consumption
15.5.A. Proportion of imported species used in Plywood, name ofcountry and major species
B. Proportion of domestic species used in Plywoodand major
species

--

--

--

--

--

--

16,33019,596

18,616

19,547

20,13323,153

Negligible

Negligible

Negligible

Negligible

Negligible

Negligible

Teak : 20 %, Teak : 20 %,Sal :80%
Sal :80%

C. Preference criteria for use in Plywood
Preference for any value added-imported timber products (Name of
the Value added product and the preference criteria)
Trends in Channels of Distribution of each timber product (as of17
now and 5 years ago)
Imported :- Importer - Saw mills - distributor- stockist - Wholesale
dealer - Retailer - Consumer
Domestic :- Government Auctioner / Agro plantation Co's - Saw
mills - distributor- stockist - Wholesale dealer - Retailer - Consumer
Trends in Tariffs on Timber/ Timber product Imports to India (as of18
now and 5 years ago)
16

57

Teak : 20 %, Teak : 20 %, Teak : 20 %, Teak : 20 %,Sal :80%
Sal :80%
Sal :80%
Sal :80%

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

Annexes

Annex 4.4.3
CONSUMPTION CENTRE SUMMARY REPORT FOR URBAN CITY: SURAT (Cu.m)
S.N.

Items

1

Total timber consumption (Industrial roundwood/Logs) (2+3+4)

2

3
4
5

1997-98

Tropical Hardwood (TH) and major species (such as Teak
(Burma-T, American T, Panama T, Ghana-T, Ghana-T,
Plantation-T etc., Gurjan, Marsuea, Meranti, Mahogany, Rosewood, Sal, Keruing, Kapur, Andaman Padaouk, Lampati,
Laurel, Bonsom etc.) (5+8)
Tropical Softwood(TS) and major species (All types of pine –Radianta, New Zealand Pine, Australian Pine and France Pineetc)
Temperate Hardwood(TeH) and major species (such as Oak,
Beech, Birch, willow)
Imported TH (Tropical Hardwood ) major species and countrywise

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

99,900109,890

114,286

117,715

120,069

132,076

89,85098,835

102,788

105,872

107,989

118,788

8,550

9,405

9,781

10,074

10,275

11,303

1,500

1,650

1,716

1,767

1,802

1,982

53,91059,301

61,67363,52364,793

71,272
11,156

6

Imported SW (Tropical Softwood) and major species

8,438

9,282

9,653

9,943

10,142

7

Imported Temperate Hardwood and major species

1,448

1,593

1,657

1,707

1,741

1,915

8

Domestic HW with major species and source-wise

35,94039,534

41,11542,34843,19547,5159F (Forest department)

1,797

1,977

2,056

2,118

2,160

2,376

P (Plantation/ Agro Forestry)

25,15827,67428,78129,64430,23733,261

H (Homestead) From other states

8,985

9,884

10,27910,587

10,79911,879Domestic SW with major species and source-wise

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

F (Forest department)

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

P (Plantation/ Agro Forestry)

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

H (Homestead) From other states

113

124

129

133

136

150

53

58

60

62

63

69

78,00085,80089,232

91,90993,747

1,03,122

73,17080,487

83,706

86,217

87,941

96,735

4,605

5,066

5,269

5,427

5,536

6,090

225

248

258

266

271

298

46,80051,48053,53955,14556,24861,87342,12046,332

48,18549,631

50,62455,686

4,500

4,950

5,148

5,302

5,408

5,949

180

198

206

212

216

238

31,20034,32035,69336,76437,49941,24931,05034,15535,521

36,58737,31941,051

105

116

121

125

128

141

45

50

52

54

55

61

10,65011,715

12,184

12,55012,801

14,081

9,821

10,803

11,235

11,572

11,803

12,983

735

809

841

866

883

971

94

103

107

110

112

123

128

141

147

151

154

169

Domestic Temperate Hardwood with major species and sourcewise
Sawnwood total in M3 with type of wood that is TH, TS, and11
TeH and major species in each category (11.4 + 11.8)
11.1 Sawnwood tropical hardwood (TH) and major species(11.5 +11.9)
11.2 Sawnwood tropical softwood (TS) and major species (11.6+11.10)11.3 Sawnwood temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species(11.7 +11.11)
11.4 Total Sawnwood Imports with type of wood that is TH, TS,
and TeH and major species in each category and country-wise(11.5+11.6+11.7)
11.5 Sawnwood Imports of tropical hardwood (TH) and major
species and country-wise in M3
11.6 Sawnwood Imports of tropical softwood (TS) and major
species and country-wise in M3
11.7 Sawnwood Imports of temperate hardwood (TeH) andmajor species and country-wise in M3
11.8 Sawnwood total domestic with major species with type ofwood that is TH, TS, and the and major species in each category(11.9+11.10+11.11
11.9 Sawnwood domestic of tropical hardwood (TH) and major
species in M3
11.10 Sawnwood domestic of tropical softwood (TS) and major
species in M3
11.11 Sawnwood domestic of temperate hardwood (TeH) andmajor species in M3
Plywood – total with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH and
12
major species in each category (12.4 + 12.8)
12.1 Plywood tropical hardwood (TH) and major species (12.5+12.9) Average Thickness considered is 12mm
12.2 Plywood tropical softwood (TS) and major species (12.6+12.10)12.3 Plywood temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species(12.7 +12.11)
10

12.4 Plywood total Imports with type of wood that is TH, TS,58

Annexes

S.N.

Items

1997-98

and TeH and major species in each category and country-wise(12.5+12.6+12.7)
12.5 Plywood Imports of tropical hardwood (TH) and major
species and country-wise in M3
12.6 Plywood Imports of tropical softwood (TS) and major
species and country-wise in M3
12.7 Plywood Imports of temperate hardwood (TeH) andmajor species and country-wise in M3
12.8 Plywood Domestic with type of wood that is TH, TS, andTeH and major species in each category (12.9+12.10+12.11)
12.9 Plywood domestic of tropical hardwood (TH) and major
species in M3
12.10 Plywood domestic of tropical softwood (TS) and major
species in M3
12.11 Plywood domestic of temperate hardwood (TeH) andmajor species in M3
Builders’ Joinery/ Woodworking total with type of wood that is
13 TH, TS, and TeH and major species in each category (13.4 +
13.8)
13.1 Builders’ Joinery tropical hardwood (TH) and major
species (13.5 +13.9)
13.2 Builders’ Joinery tropical softwood (TS) and major species(13.6 +13.10)
13.3 Builders’ Joinery temperate hardwood (TeH) and major
species (13.7 +13.11)
13.4 Builders’ Joinery total Imports with type of wood that is
TH, TS, and TeH and major species in each category andcountry-wise (13.5+13.6+13.7)
13.5 Builders’ Joinery Imports of tropical hardwood (TH) andmajor species and country-wise in M3
13.6 Builders’ Joinery Imports of tropical softwood (TS) andmajor species and country-wise in M3
13.7 Builders’ Joinery Imports of temperate hardwood (TeH)and major species and country-wise in M3
13.8 Builders’ Joinery Domestic with type of wood that is TH,
TS, and TeH and major species in each category(13.9+13.10+13.11)
13.9 Builders’ Joinery domestic of tropical hardwood (TH) andmajor species in M3
13.10 Builders’ Joinery domestic of tropical softwood (TS) andmajor species in M3
13.11 Builders’ Joinery domestic of temperate hardwood (TeH)and major species in M3
Price competitiveness by species and country wise vis-à-vis
14
domestic

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

4

4

4

4

4

4

30

33

34

35

36

40

94

103

107

110

112

123

10,523

11,575

12,03812,39912,647

13,912

9,818

10,800

11,232

11,56911,80012,980

705

776

807

831

848

933

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

17,10018,81019,562

20,14920,552

22,607

17,10018,81019,562

20,14920,552

22,607

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

11,628

12,791

13,303

13,702

13,976

15,374

11,628

12,791

13,303

13,702

13,976

15,374

5,472

6,019

6,260

6,448

6,577

7,235

5,472

6,019

6,260

6,448

6,577

7,235

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

--

--

--

--

--

--

20,10022,11022,994

23,68424,15826,574

Teak :-

9,300

10,230

10,63910,958

11,177

12,295

Sal :-

2,328

2,561

2,663

2,743

2,798

3,078

Others :-

750

825

858

884

902

992

12,378

13,616

14,16014,585

14,877

16,365

Teak :-

1,872

2,059

2,141

2,205

2,249

2,474

Sal :-

2,850

3,135

3,260

3,358

3,425

3,768

Others :-

3,000

3,300

3,432

3,535

3,606

3,967

7,722

8,494

8,833

9,098

9,280

10,20915.2 Builders’ Joinery/ Woodworking total

28,72831,601

32,86433,851

34,52837,981

Imports

17,10018,81019,562

20,14920,552

22,607

15 End-use of timber in
15.1 Construction Total of timber (Proportion of Doorframes/window frames, door shutters/window shutters/wardrobes flooring and others. Inclusive of all income groups High/Medium/Low as based on total houses constructed)
15.1 A. Major import species country wise used in construction

15.1 B. Major species in domestic market used in construction

15.1 C. Preference criteria for use in Construction

59Annexes

S.N.

Items

1997-98

Domestic

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

11,628

12,791

13,302

13,702

13,976

15,374

Teak :-

9,300

10,230

10,63910,958

11,177

12,295

Sal :-

5,250

5,775

6,006

6,186

6,310

6,941

Others :-

2,550

2,805

2,917

3,005

3,065

3,372

17,10018,81019,562

20,14920,552

22,608

Teak :-

3,488

3,837

3,990

4,110

4,192

4,611

Sal :-

5,814

6,395

6,651

6,851

6,988

7,687

Others :-

2,326

2,559

2,661

2,741

2,796

3,076

11,628

12,791

13,302

13,702

13,976

15,37452,50057,75060,06061,86263,09969,40915,75017,32518,01818,55918,93020,823

Teak

Teak

Teak

Teak

Teak

Teak

Sal

Sal

Sal

Sal

Sal

Sal

Rose wood Rose wood Rose wood Rose wood Rose wood

Rose wood

15.2 A. Major import species country wise used in Builder’s
Joinery

15.2 B. Major species in domestic market used in Builder’s
Joinery

15.2 C. Preference criteria for use in Builders’ Joinery/
Woodworking
15.3 Furniture/ furniture components Total timber (Proportionof Household and Commercial furniture andalso
Proportion of imported and domestic species in each)
15.3 A. Proportion of Household and Commercial furniture
15.3.A.1 Timber consumption in Household Furniture
15.3.A.2. Proportion of imported and domestic species inHousehold furniture (Name Major species both imported-withcountry name and domestic species)

15.3.B.1 Timber consumption in Commercial Furniture in M3

36,75015.3 B. 2 Proportion of imported and domestic species in
Commercial furniture (Name Major species both

40,42542,04243,30344,16948,586

85:15

85:15

85:15

85:15

85:15

85:15

Same as15.3.A.3

Same as15.3.A.4

Same as15.3.A.5

Same as15.3.A.6

Same as15.3.A.7

Same as15.3.A.8

15.3.C. Preference criteria for use in Furniture/ furniturecomponents

--

--

--

--

--

--

15.4. Flooring Total timber consumption in M3

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

imported-with country name and domestic species)

15.4.A Proportion of imported species used in Flooring, nameof country and major species
15.4. B. Proportion of domestic species used in Flooring andmajor species
15.4.C Preference criteria for use in Flooring
15.5 . Plywood Total timber consumption in M3

--

--

--

--

--

--

10,65011,715

12,184

12,55012,801

14,081

15.5.A. Proportion of imported species used in Plywood , name
Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligibleof country and major species
B. Proportion of domestic species used in Plywood and major Teak : 20 %, Teak : 20Teak : 20 %,Teak : 20 %,Teak : 20 %, Teak : 20 %,species
Sal :80% %, Sal :80%
Sal :80%
Sal :80%
Sal :80%
Sal :80%
C. Preference criteria for use in Plywood
Preference for any value added-imported timber products
16(Name of the Value added product and the preference criteria)
Trends in Channels of Distribution of each timber product (as17
of now and 5 years ago)
Imported :- Importer - Saw mills - distributor- stockist Wholesale dealer - Retailer - Consumer
Domestic :- Government Auctioner / Agro plantation Co's - Saw
mills - distributor- stockist - Wholesale dealer - Retailer Consumer
Trends in Tariffs on Timber/ Timber product Imports to India
18(as of now and 5 years ago)

60

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

Annexes

Annex 4.4.4
CONSUMPTION CENTRE SUMMARY REPORT FOR URBAN CITY: AHMEDABAD (Cu.m)
S.N.
1
2

Items

1997-98

Total timber consumption (Industrial roundwood/Logs) (2+3+4)
Tropical Hardwood (TH) and major species (such as Teak (Burma-T,
American T, Panama T, Ghana-T,
Ghana-T, Plantation-T etc., Gurjan, Marsuea, Meranti, Mahogany, Rosewood, Sal, Keruing, Kapur,

1999-00

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08 20012-13

120,000

135,600

194,400

217,728

243,855

273,118

1,16,000

131,080

187,920

210,470

235,727

264,014

3,500

3,955

5,670

500

565

810

907.2

1016.06

1137.99

Andaman Padaouk, Lampati, Laurel, Bonsom etc.) (5+8)
3

Tropical Softwood(TS) and major species (All types of pine – Radianta, New
Zealand Pine,

6,350.4 7,112.45 7,965.94

Australian Pine and France Pine etc)4Temperate Hardwood(TeH) and major species (such as Oak, Beech, Birch,
willow)

5

Imported TH (Tropical Hardwood) major species and country-wise

87,50098,875

141,750

158,760

177,811

199,149

6

Imported SW (Tropical Softwood) and major species

200

226

324

362.88406.426455.197

7

Imported Temperate Hardwood and major species

400

452

648

725.76812.851910.3938

Domestic HW with major species and source-wise

28,50032,205

46,17051,710 57,915.6 64,865.5

3,300

3,729

5,346

5,987.5 6,706.02 7,510.75

F (Forest department)
P (Plantation/ Agro Forestry)
H (Homestead) From other states
9

Domestic SW with major species and source-wise
F (Forest department)
P (Plantation/ Agro Forestry)
H (Homestead) From other states

10 Domestic Temperate Hardwood with major species and source-wise
11

100

113

162

181.44203.213227.598

Sawnwood total with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH and major
species in each category (11.4 + 11.8)

71,10080,343

115,182

129,004

144,484

161,82211.1 Sawnwood tropical hardwood (TH) and major species (11.5 +11.9)

69,50078,535112,590

126,101

141,233

158,18111.2 Sawnwood tropical softwood (TS) and major species (11.6 +11.10)

1,400

1,582

2,268

200

226

324

16,09018,182

26,06629,194 32,696.9 36,620.6

16,00018,08025,92029,03032,514 36,415.7

40

45.2

64.8

72.57681.285191.0393

50

56.5

81

90.72

101.606

113.799

55,01062,161

89,116

99,810111,787

125,202108,719

121,765

11.3 Sawnwood temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species (11.7 +11.11)
11.4 Total Sawnwood Imports with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH andmajor species in each category and country-wise (11.5+11.6+11.7)
11.5 Sawnwood Imports of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species andcountry-wise
11.6 Sawnwood Imports of tropical softwood (TS) and major species andcountry-wise
11.7 Sawnwood Imports of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species
and country-wise
11.8 Sawnwood total domestic with major species with type of wood that is
TH, TS, and the and major species in each category (11.9+11.10+11.11)

2,540.2 2,844.98 3,186.38
362.88406.426455.19711.9 Sawnwood domestic of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species

53,50060,45586,67097,07011.10 Sawnwood domestic of tropical softwood (TS) and major species

1,360

1,536.8

2,203.2

2,467.6 2,763.69 3,095.34

150

169.5

243

11,00012,43017,82019,958 22,353.4 25,035.8

10,50011,86517,01019,051 21,337.3 23,897.8

500

565

810

907.2 1,016.06 1,137.99

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

11,00012,43017,82019,958 22,353.4 25,035.8

10,50011,86517,01019,051 21,337.3 23,897.8

11.11 Sawnwood domestic of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species
Plywood – total with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH and major species
12
in each category (12.4 + 12.8)
12.1 Plywood tropical hardwood (TH) and major species (12.5 +12.9)
Average Thickness considered is 12mm
12.2 Plywood tropical softwood (TS) and major species (12.6 +12.10)
12.3 Plywood temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species (12.7 +12.11)
12.4 Plywood total Imports with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH andmajor species in each category and country-wise (12.5+12.6+12.7)
12.5 Plywood Imports of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species andcountry-wise
12.6 Plywood Imports of tropical softwood (TS) and major species andcountry-wise
12.7 Plywood Imports of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species andcountry-wise
12.8 Plywood Domestic with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH and major
species in each category (12.9+12.10+12.11)
12.9 Plywood domestic of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species

61

272.16304.819341.398

Annexes

12.10 Plywood domestic of tropical softwood (TS) and major species

500

565

810

907.2 1,016.06 1,137.99

Builders’ Joinery/ Woodworking total with type of wood that is TH, TS, andTeH and major species in each category (13.4 + 13.8)

23,00025,99037,26041,731 46,738.9 5,2347.6

13.1 Builders’ Joinery tropical hardwood (TH) and major species (13.5 +13.9)

20,50023,16533,21037,195 41,658.6 46,657.7

13.2 Builders’ Joinery tropical softwood (TS) and major species (13.6 +13.10)

1,500

1,695

2,430

2,721.6 3,048.19 3,413.98

1,000

1,130

1,620

1,814.4 2,032.13 2,275.98

18,50020,90529,97033,566 37,594.4 42,105.7

17,00019,21027,54030,845 34,546.2 38,691.7

1,000

1,130

1,620

1,814.4 2,032.13 2,275.98

500

565

810

907.2 1,016.06 1,137.99

4,500

5,085

7,290

8,164.8 9,144.58 10,241.9

13.9 Builders’ Joinery domestic of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species

3,500

3,955

5,670

6,350.4 7,112.45 7,965.94

13.10 Builders’ Joinery domestic of tropical softwood (TS) and major species

500

565

810

907.2 1,016.06 1,137.99

13.11 Builders’ Joinery domestic of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major
species

500

565

810

907.2 1,016.06 1,137.99

25,00028,25040,50045,360 50,803.2 56,899.6

23,00025,99037,26041,731 46,738.9 52,347.6

12.11 Plywood domestic of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species
1313.3 Builders’ Joinery temperate hardwood (TeH) and major species (13.7+13.11)13.4 Builders’ Joinery total Imports with type of wood that is TH, TS, andTeH and major species in each category and country-wise (13.5+13.6+13.7)
13.5 Builders’ Joinery Imports of tropical hardwood (TH) and major species
and country-wise
13.6 Builders’ Joinery Imports of tropical softwood (TS) and major species
and country-wise
13.7 Builders’ Joinery Imports of temperate hardwood (TeH) and major
species and country-wise
13.8 Builders’ Joinery Domestic with type of wood that is TH, TS, and TeH
and major species in each category (13.9+13.10+13.11)

14 Price competitiveness by species and country wise vis-à-vis domestic
15 End-use of timber in
15.1 Construction Total of timber (Proportion of Door frames/window
frames, door shutters/window shutters/ward robes flooring and others.
Inclusive of all income groups High /Medium/Low as based on total houses
constructed.)
15.1 A. Major import species country wise used in construction
15.1 B. Major species in domestic market used in construction
15.1 C. Preference criteria for use in Construction
15.2 Builders’ Joinery/ Woodworking total
15.2 A. Major import species country wise used in Builder’s Joinery( Same as is the case with other cities)

15.2 B. Major species in domestic market used in Builder’s Joinery
15.3 Furniture/ furniture components Total timber (Proportion of Household
and Commercial furniture and also Proportion of imported and domestic
species in each)

70,00079,100 1,13,400

1,27,008 1,42,249 1,59,319

15.3 A. Proportion of Household and Commercial furniture

30:70

30:70

30:70

30:70

15.3.A.1 Timber consumption in Household Furniture

21,00023,73034,02038,102 42,674.7 4,77,95.7

15.3.A.2. Proportion of imported and domestic species in Household
furniture (Name Major species both imported-with country name anddomestic species) Teak, Sal, Rosewood

85:15

85:15

85:15

85:15

30:70

85:15

15.3.B.1 Timber consumption in Commercial Furniture

49,00055,37079,38088,906 99,574.3

15.3 B. 2 Proportion of imported and domestic species in Commercial
furniture (Name Major species both imported-with country name anddomestic species)

85:15

85:15

85:15

85:15

15.3.C. Preference criteria for use in Furniture/ furniture components

30:70

85:15
111,523

85:15

85:15

Same as is the case with other cities.

15.4. Flooring Total timber consumption

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil -

-

15.4.A Proportion of imported species used in Flooring, name of country andmajor species

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil -

-

15.4. B. Proportion of domestic species used in Flooring and major species

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil -

-

15.4.C Preference criteria for use in Flooring

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil -

-

-

-

-

-

-

15.5. Plywood Total timber consumption
15.5.A. Proportion of imported species used in Plywood, name of country
and major species
B. Proportion of domestic species used in Plywood and major species

As per details details given above

C. Preference criteria for use in Plywood
Preference for any value added-imported timber products (Name of theValue added product and the preference criteria)
Trends in Channels of Distribution of each timber product (as of now and 5
17
Same as is the case with other cities
years ago)
Imported :- Importer - Saw mills - distributor- stockist - Wholesale dealer Retailer - Consumer
16

Domestic :- Government Auctioner / Agro plantation Co's - Saw mills distributor- stockist - Wholesale dealer - Retailer - Consumer

62

Annexes

Annex 4.4.5
CONSUMPTION CENTRE SUMMARY REPORT FOR URBAN CITY: CHENNAI (Cu.m)
S.N.

Items

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

Total timber consumption (Industrial
roundwood/Logs)
1.

Sum Total of Imported TH and TS

140,500

166,500

186,000

238,500

284,500

351,000

Sum Total of TH and TS ( Imported
and Domestic)

140,500

166,500

211,000

238,500

284,500

351,000

Sum Total of All Imported andDomestic Hard Wood ( TH )134,000

159,500

201,000

226,500

272,000

336,000

Teak

26,50029,00049,00036,00047,00063,000Marbau22,00025,00030,00030,00027,00025,000

Padauk

40,00045,00050,00060,00080,000100000Tropical Hardwood and major
Species

2.

Sal

3,500

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8000

Keruing

20,00030,00039,00045,00050,00055,000

Gurjan22,00026,50025,00029,50036,00045,000Purple Heart from South America

Nil

Nil

3,000

20,00025,00040,000Pine ( New Zealand ) TS ( Imported )

6,500

7,000

10,00012,00012,50015,00012,50012,00010,00012,00012,50015,00040,00040,00050,00060,00080,000

1,00,000

Nil

Nil

7,000

15,00020,00030,000

Teak Columbia ( $ 320-500 )

10,00012,00010,00015,00020,00025,000

Teak Brazil ( $ 300- 450 )

4,000

5,000

4,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Sal ( $ 160 - 250 )

3,500

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Gurjan ( Long length ) $ 220/Cu.m.

8,000

9,000

10,00012,00015,00020,000Keruing ( $ 140 )

20,00030,00039,00045,00050,00055,000

Imported TH (Tropical Hardwood )major species and country-wiseWest African Countries
Teak ( $ 450 )Padauk ( Gabon and Cameroon $ 280- 320 )South America
Purple Heart , Green Heart, Tata poo( Gayana ) $ 160-170
3.

Malaysia

Indonesia
Gurjan ( $ 220 )

4,000

5,500

5,000

5,500

6,000

7,000

Marbau ( $ 220 - 290)

22,00025,00030,00030,00027,00025,00010,00012,00010,00012,00015,00018,000

6,500

7,000

10,00012,00012,50015,000

Burma ( Less Price, Less length )Gurjan ($160 )New ZealandPine TS ( Imported )( $ 125 / 22
Cu.Ft.)
Domestic HW major species andsource-wise
4.

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

25,000

Nil

Nil

Nil

F (Forest department)
P (Plantation/ Agro Forestry)
H (Homestead)

5.

Sawnwood total
Importsmajor species and country-wise
Sawn Wood import is very meagre
due to heavy Excise duty of 35 %Domestic with major species
Teak ( Balarsa ) Temporary ( Sizes Rs.
800 - 1200 / Cu.Ft )KeralaNil

63

Annexes

S.N.

Items

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

Eucalyptus ( Rs.900 - 1100 per tonne
i.e. 25 - 30 cft)

MeagreMeagreMeagreMeagreMeagreMeagreSilver Oak ( Sawn sizes 12" Plank
Rs.230 - 240/cft )MeagreMeagreMeagreMeagreMeagreMeagreHimachal Pradesh

MeagreMeagreMeagreMeagreMeagreMeagrePine (Rs. 165 - 180 / Cu.Ft.)

MeagreMeagreMeagreMeagreMeagreMeagreRubber Wood (Rs. 60 / Cu.Ft - Rs.
400/ Cu.Ft.)

Veneer (only HW) total

6.
7

8

Veneer & Plywood are not imported
due to heavy excise duty of 65%
End-use of timber in

70
Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

40%

40%

40%

40%

40%

40%

1.
Construction Total(Proportion of Door frames/window
frames, door shutters/window
shutters/ward robes flooring andothers.
Inclusive of all income groups High/Medium/Low as based on total
houses constructed)
Door FramesWindow Frames
Door Shutters

8%

8%

8%

8%

8%

8%

Window Shutters

40%

40%

40%

40%

40%

40%

Ward Robes

8%

8%

8%

8%

8%

8%

Flooring

4%

4%

4%

4%

4%

4%

A. Major import species andquantity country wise

Rare

Rare

Rare

Rare

Rare

Rare

Nil
( Due to heavy Excise Duty
63% )B. Major species in domestic
market and quantity
1.

Teak

80%

80%

80%

80%

80%

80%

2.

Padauk

10%

10%

10%

10%

10%

10%

3.

Sal

10%

10%

10%

10%

10%

10%

C. Preference criteria for use inConstruction*

Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Competitiveness Competitiveness Competitiveness Competitiveness Competitiveness CompetitivenessDurability

Durability

Durability

Durability

Durability

Durability

Strength

Strength

Strength

Strength

Strength

Strength2.
Builders’ Joinery /Woodworking total
Lipping, Door Frames, Window
Frames, Designs

1,200

1,300

1,500

2,500

4,000
6,000

A. Major import species andquantity country wise
African Teak

1,000

1,350

1,350

1,500

2,000

3,000

Burma Teak

100

90

120

150

200

300

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

1. Low wastage

1. Low wastage

1. Low wastage

1. Low wastage

1. Low wastage

2. Moisture

2. Moisture

2. Moisture

2. Moisture

2. Moisture

B. Major species in domestic
market and quantity
Teak ( Kerala and Balarsa )C. Preference criteria for use in
Builders’ Joinery / Woodworking

64

50 Cu.m

Nil

1. Low wastage

Annexes

S.N.

Items

1997-98

1999-2000

2002-03

2005-06

2007-083. Durability

3. Durability

3. Durability

3. Durability

3. Durability

3.
Furniture/ furniturecomponents Total in M3

9,200(Proportion of Household andCommercial furniture and also
Proportion of imported and domestic
species in each)

70:30:00

10,0009,600

20012-13
2. Moisture
3. Durability

10,50010,60012,00095:05:00
A. Proportion of Household andCommercial furniture

B. Proportion of imported anddomestic species in Household
furniture (Name Major species)

70:30:00
50% 50%55% 40%30% 70 %40% 60%60% 40%60% 40%60:25:15

60:25:15

60:25:15

60:25:15

60:25:15

60:25:15

Teak

Teak

Teak

Teak

Teak

Teak

PadaukPadaukPadaukPadaukPadaukPadauk

Pine

Pine

Pine

Pine

Pine

Pine

30 : 70

50% 50%30 : 70

40 : 60

70% 30%D. Proportion of imported anddomestic species in Commercial
furniture (Name Major species)
Pine TH – ( New Zealand ) - 05%
Balarsa Teak TH– 70 %

Any TH– 25 %

E. Preference criteria for use in
Furniture/ furniture components

80% 20%1. Price
1. Price
1. Price
1. Price
1. Pricecompetitiveness competitiveness competitiveness competitiveness competitiveness1. Pricecompetitiveness

2. Appearance

2. Appearance

2. Appearance

2. Appearance

2. Appearance

3. Moisture
Content

3. Moisture
Content

3. Moisture
Content

3. Moisture
Content

3. Moisture
Content

3. Moisture
Content

150 Sq.ft ./ house

2. Appearance

Negligible
4.

Flooring Total

Used in
Karnataka

A. Proportion of imported speciesin Total Flooring (Name Major
species) 99 %African Teak
American Steam Beech

100

120

150

200

500

700

0.50%

0.50%

0.40%

0.40%

0.30%

0.20%

50

60

60

80

150

140

1. Dimentional
Stability

1. Dimentional
Stability

1. Dimentional
Stability

1. Dimentional
Stability

1. Dimentional
Stability

1. Dimentional
Stability

2. Appearance

2. Appearance

2. Appearance

2. Appearance

2. Appearance

2. Appearance

American White Beech
Hard Maple
White Cedar ( NewZealand )B. Proportion of domestic species
Total Flooring (Name Major species)
Teak

70%

Haldu Adina cardifolia

30%

C. Preference criteria for use in
Flooring

3. Price
3. Price
3. Price
3. Price
3. Price
3. Price
Competitiveness Competitiveness Competitiveness Competitiveness Competitiveness Competitiveness5.
Plywood Total
A. Proportion of imported
species in Total Plywood (Name
Major species)
Garjan40%
Keruing

24,00036,00045,00050,00055,00070,000

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

1.Machinability

1.Machinability

1.Machinability

1.Machinability

1.Machinability

1.Machinability

2.Right sizes

2.Right sizes

2.Right sizes

2.Right sizes

2.Right sizes

2.Right sizes

60%

B. Proportion of domestic species in
Total Plywood (Name Major species)
C. Preference criteria for use in
Plywood65Annexes

S.N.

Items

Preference for any value addedimported timber products. No chance
is in sight as the Import duty is very
heavy i.e. 35 % Excise duty.

2002-03

2005-06

2007-08

20012-13

3.Gluing/fix
times

1997-98

3.Gluing/fix
times

1999-2000

3.Gluing/fix
times

3.Gluing/fix
times

3.Gluing/fix
times

3.Gluing/fix
times

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

*Keruing ( Malaysia )$140/=*Gurjan ( Burma / Myanmar )$ 160/=

66

Annexes

Annex 4.4.6
CONSUMPTION CENTRE SUMMARY REPORT FOR URBAN CITY: BANGALORE
S.NO

1999-00

2002-03 2005-06 2007-08 2012-13

Total timber consumption (Industrial roundwood/Logs)

53,66099,835

117,218 219,960 319,600 441,000

Tropical Hardwood

42,96047,03555,518 107,160 159,800 214,500

2Imported Tropical Hardwood Species and country-wise

26,85036,481

43,181

90,240 143,820 180,500

3Domestic Hardwood species and source wise

16,11010,554

12,337

16,92015,98034,000F (Forest department)

9,344

5,278

6,169

6,768

6,392

13,500P (Plantation/Agro Forestry)

1,933

3,166

3,701

6,768

6,392

13,500H (Homestead)

4,833

2,110

2,467

3,384

3,196

7,000

Tropical Softwood

8,560

42,24049,36090,240 127,840 179,600

Import tropical softwood

2,424

18,896

15,74431,096

41,136

Domestic tropical softwood

6,136

23,34433,62059,14486,704 119,760

Temperate Hardwood

2,140

10,56012,34022,56031,96046,900

Import temperate hardwood

1,626

10,504

10,106

21,30429,764

44,410

Domestic temperate hardwood

514

56

2,234

1,256

2,196

2,490

1,611

3,769

4,112

4,230

3,995

8,500

Nil

Nil

1

4

5

6

ITEMS

1997-98

Sawnwood total
Imports with major species and country-wise0

Domestic with major species
7

8

1,611

Nil

Nil

4,230

3,995

Veneer (Only HW) total

0

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Imports with major species and country-wise

0

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Domestic with major species

0

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

9,000

12,500Nil

Nil

Plywood -total

4,300

Imports with major species and country-wise0

Domestic with major species

3,769

5,700
Nil

4,112

7,000
Nil

59,8408,500

17,000

4,300

5,700

7,000

9,000

12,5001. Construction Total (Proportion of Door frames/window frames, door
shutters/window shutters /ward robes flooring and others Inclusive of all
income groups High/Medium?Low as based on total houses constructed)

37,59026,38628,78756,40089,887 111,900

A.Major import species and quantity countrywise

18,795

21,10823,02945,12080,89890,240B.Major species in domestic market and quantity

14,0005,277

209

11,2808,988

22,0009Price competitiveness by species and country wise vis-à-vis domestic

10

End -use of timber in

17,000C.Preference criteria for use in construction
2. Builder's joinery/woodworking total

2,255

7,915

8,636

16,92026,96634,000A.Major import species and quantity country wise

677

5,541

6,908

11,844

21,572

24,000B.Major species in domestic market and quantity

1,578

2,374

1,728

5,076

5,393

10,000564

15,831

17,272

33,84053,93266,000C.Preference criteria for use in Builder's joinery/woodworking
3.Furniture/furniture components Total
A.Proportion of Household and Commercial furniture
No imported species only domestic species in both sectors
4.Flooring Total
5.Plywood Total (Only domestic species )

67

0

0

0

0

0

4,300

5,700

7,000

9,000

12,500Annexes

Annex 4.4.7
CONSUMPTION CENTRE SUMMARY REPORT FOR URBAN CITY: HYDERABAD (Cu.m)
S.NO

ITEMS

1997-98

1999-00 2002-03 2005-06 2007-08 2012-13

1

Total timber consumption (Industrial roundwood/Logs)

41,82846,89961,07367,78876,23887,5002

Tropical Hardwood and major species

23,82828,12939,32343,64851,542

61,5003

Imported Tropical Hardwood Species and country-wise

12,236

16,58927,61032,50442,26552,5004

Domestic Hardwood species and source wise

11,592

11,54011,713

11,144

9,277

9,000

F (Forest department)

6,260

6,232

6,677

6,018

5,010

4,800

P (Plantation/Agro Forestry)

2,898

2,885

2,928

2,786

2,319

2,300

H (Homestead)

2,434

2,423

2,108

2,340

1,948

1,900

Tropical softwood

14,40015,016

17,40019,312

19,76020,800

Import tropical softwood

4,760

5,006

3,960

4,725

4,904

8,320

Domestic tropical softwood

9,640

10,01013,44014,587

14,856

12,480Temperate Hardwood

3,600

3,754

4,350

4,828

4,936

5,200

Import temperate hardwood

2,240

3,379

3,915

4,145

4,326

4,980

Domestic temperate hardwood

1,360

375

435

682

610

220

5

6

7

8

Sawnwood total

0

Nil

Nil

Nil

Imports with major species and country-wise

0

Nil

Nil

Nil

Domestic with major species

0Veneer (Only HW) total

0

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Imports with major species and country-wise

0

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

0

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

5,928

6,639

7,435

8,252

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

5,200

5,928

6,639

7,435

8,252

9,100

1. Construction Total (Proportion of Door frames/window frames, door
shutters/window shutters /ward robes flooring and others Inclusive of all
income groups High/Medium?Low as based on total houses constructed)

38,64043,27650,20055,722

61,851

69,500A.Major import species and quantity countrywise

12,236

16,58927,61032,50442,26553,000B.Major species in domestic market and quantity

26,404

26,68722,59023,21819,586

16,5002. Builder's joinery/woodworking total

17,38815,146

17,57019,502

21,647

27,900A.Major import species and quantity country wise

12,52010,30012,651

14,822

17,752

24,500B.Major species in domestic market and quantity

4,868

4,846

4,919

4,680

3,895

3,400

9,660

10,81912,55013,93015,462

18,500

Domestic with major species
9

Plywood -total

5,200

Imports with major species and country-wise0

Domestic with major species
10

Price competitiveness by species and country wise vis-à-vis domestic

11

End -use of timber in

0

0

Nil
Nil
0

0

9,100

C.Preference criteria for use in construction

C.Preference criteria for use in Builder's joinery/woodworking
3.Furniture/furniture components total
A.Proportion of Household and Commercial furniture
No imported species only domestic species in both sectors
B.Proportion of imported and domesic species in Household furniture
C.Proportion of imported and domestic speccies in Commercial furniture
D.Preference criteria for use in furniture/furniture components
4.Flooring Total
5.Plywood Total (Only domestic species )

68

0

0

0

0

0

5,200

5,928

6,639

7,435

8,252

9,800

Annexes

Annex 4.4.8
CONSUMPTION CENTRE SUMMARY REPORT FOR URBAN CITY: KOLKATA (‘000 Cu.m)
1997-98

1999-2000

Domestic

Imports

Total

Logs All

207.11133.55Tropical Hardwood

151.8071.90

Tropical Softwood

55.22

Temperate Hardwood

2002-03

Domestic

Imports

Total

Domestic

Imports

Total

345.00209.19139.49348.68229.97129.81359.78223.70153.4273.71

227.13158.3074.15

232.45

41.82

97.04

54.34

42.90

97.24

70.12

31.74

101.86

0.08

19.83

24.26

1.43

22.88

24.31

1.55

23.92

25.47

Sawnwood All

102.00210.00312.00100.22

216.32316.54103.48226.51

329.99Tropical Hardwood

99.00

159.00258.0097.00

164.00261.0099.83

169.99269.8218.00

18.00 Negligible

19.50

19.50 Negligible

23.75

23.75

33.00

36.00

32.82

36.04

32.77

36.42

Timber Products

Tropical Softwood

Negligible

Temperate Hardwood
Veneer & Plywood All

3.00

3.22

63.00

3.65

65.00

69.30

Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood

Break-up not available for veneer & plywood

Temperate Hardwood
Builders Joinery All

138.00141.65Tropical Hardwood

109.00112.47119.49Tropical Softwood

Negligible

Negligible

Negligible

29.00

29.18

29.45

Timber Consumption

165.00167.54171.60Plywood & Veneer
Consumption

34.00

36.45

38.45

Total

83.49

85.68

89.10

Household

57.82

59.54

61.47

Commercial / Office

25.67

26.14

27.63

Temperate Hardwood

148.94End-use of Timber
Construction

Furniture & Furniture Component

69

Annexes

Contd… Annex 4.4.8
2005-06
Domestic

Imports

Total

2007-08
Domestic

Imports

Total

2012-13
Domestic

Imports

Total

Timber Products
Logs All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

237.08166.3269.09
1.67

140.92
78.16
37.73
25.03

511.52378.00106.8226.70

244.12172.4869.93
1.71

147.88
84.24
38.29
25.35

527.28392.00108.2227.06

250.60180.4067.39
2.81

159.40
89.20
44.93
25.27

410.00269.60112.32
28.08

Sawnwood All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

101.2997.64
Negligible
3.65

243.24181.3225.11
36.81

344.5399.50
278.9697.00
25.11 Negligible
40.46
2.50

252.50190.0027.00
35.50

352.0096.00
287.0093.00
27.00 Negligible
38.00
3.00

279.00212.0031.00
36.00

375.00305.0031.00
39.00

Veneer & Plywood All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

77.52

Builders Joinery All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

153.22
123.69Negligible
29.53

156.00128.00
Negligible
28.00

168.00136.00
Negligible
32.00

173.5242.70

176.0044.00

189.00
65.00

96.46
67.91
28.55

98.00
69.00
29.00

106.0071.00
35.00

End-use of Timber
Construction
Timber Consumption
Plywood & Veneer
Consumption
Furniture & Furniture
Component
Total
HouseholdCommercial / Office

82.00

91.00

Break-up not available for veneer & plywood

70Annexes

Annex 4.4.9
CONSUMPTION CENTRE SUMMARY REPORT FOR URBAN CITY: KANPUR (‘000 Cu. M)
Domestic

1997-98
Imports

Timber Products
Logs All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

129.60
95.40
31.83
2.37

Sawnwood All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

83.39
80.19
Negligible
3.20

Total

Domestic

1999-2000
Imports

Domestic

2002-03
Imports

80.40 210.00
46.20 141.60
22.89 54.72
11.31 13.68

129.38
97.32
30.69
1.36

82.72
46.66
23.80
12.26

212.10143.9954.49
13.62

136.86
99.19
37.24
0.43

81.76
48.10
19.83
13.84

218.62147.2957.06
14.27

84.87 168.26
82.39
59.33 139.52
80.27
10.40 10.40 Negligible
15.14 18.34
2.12

89.30
61.08
11.30
16.92

171.6986.12
141.3582.65
11.30 Negligible
19.04
3.47

97.47
63.63
12.45
21.39

183.59146.28
12.45
24.86

Total

Veneer & Plywood All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

25.10

Builders Joinery All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

84.90
75.12
Negligible
9.78

85.28
76.14
Negligible
9.14

89.46
82.04
Negligible
7.42

98.94
18.50

102.2719.68

106.48
21.62

44.55
28.18
16.37

46.72
29.00
17.72

47.73
30.55
17.18

End-use of Timber
Construction
Timber Consumption
Plywood & Veneer
Consumption
Furniture & Furniture Component
Total
HouseholdCommercial / Office

26.90

Total

29.37

Break-Up Not Available For Veneer & Plywood

71Annexes

Contd… Annex 4.4.9
2005-06
Domestic Imports

Total

2007-08
Domestic

Imports

Total

2012-13
Domestic

Imports

Total

Timber Products
Logs All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

145.94107.66
37.83
0.45

85.11
50.83
20.22
14.06

231.05158.4958.05
14.51

154.96113.84
38.72
2.40

81.04
51.92
17.48
11.64

236.00165.7656.19
14.05

163.82
121.28
39.88
2.66

98.18
57.64
26.59
13.95

262.00178.9266.46
16.62

Sawnwood All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

90.57
88.14
Negligible
2.43

106.66
71.10
13.06
22.50

197.2387.50
159.2486.00
13.06 Negligible
24.93
1.50

117.50
79.00
14.00
24.50

205.0091.00
165.0091.00
14.00 Negligible
26.00

115.0098.00
17.00

229.00189.0017.00
23.00

Veneer & Plywood All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

33.68

Builders Joinery All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

93.48
84.60
Negligible
8.88

97.00
86.00
Negligible
11.00

105.00
92.00
Negligible
13.00

115.7824.24

122.0027.00

137.00
35.00

49.86
32.18
17.68

52.00
34.00
18.00

58.00
37.00
21.00

End-use of Timber
Construction
Timber Consumption
Plywood & Veneer
Consumption
Furniture & Furniture
Component
Total
HouseholdCommercial / Office

35.00

39.00

Break-Up Not Available For Veneer & Plywood

72Annexes

Annex 4.4.10
CONSUMPTION CENTRE SUMMARY REPORT FOR URBAN CITY: DELHI (‘000 CU.m)
1997-98
Domestic Imports Total
Timber Products
Logs
All
Total Tropical HW
Total Tropical SW
Total Temp HW
Logs All

1999-2000
Domestic Imports Total

2002-03
Domestic Imports Total

284.68102.637.36
394.67144.3471.75
36.24
252.33429.02
174.3843.60
647.00286.88105.615.23
397.72

153.4463.74
37.10
254.28440.32
169.3442.34
652.00299.20109.66
6.44
415.30158.6068.10
38.00
264.70457.80177.7644.44
680.00Total Tropical HW
305.30Total Tropical SW
0.00
Total Temperate
5.79
HW
Total Sawnwood
311.09Vaneer & Plywood
Total Tropical HW
Total Tropical SW
Total Temp HW
Total Veneer & Plywood
Builder's Joinery
Total Tropical HW
Total Tropical SW
Total Temp HW
Total Builder's Joinery

151.2038.28
69.93

456.4538.28
75.72

288.040.00
13.38

172.62
39.09
82.13

460.6643.09
95.51

288.580.00
14.64

178.6147.78
83.47

467.1947.78
98.11

259.41570.45301.42293.84599.26303.22309.86613.08

Sawnwood

End-use of Timber
Construction
Total (Tropical HW)
Plywood & Veneer Consumption

101.24109.47116.49256.25
Negligible
14.93
271.18268.69Negligible
16.67
0.00
285.36280.57
Negligible
18.25
0.00
298.820.00

295.86

Furniture & Furniture Component
Total
163.67
HouseholdCommercial / Office

73

0.00

303.87317.82

65.40

70.49

175.65109.2266.43

178.79112.0166.78

Annexes

Contd… Annex 4.4.10
2005-06
Domestic Imports Total
Timber Products
Logs
All
Total Tropical HW
Total Tropical SW
Total Temp HW
Logs All

2007-08
Domestic Imports

Total

2012-13
Domestic Imports Total

305.80119.103.55
428.45161.9062.74
41.91
266.55467.70181.8445.46
695.00310.20118.346.51
435.05169.1062.22
38.63
269.95479.30180.5645.14
705.00316.80109.822.58
429.20174.4073.22
43.18
290.80491.20183.0445.76
720.00Total Tropical HW
296.13
Total Tropical SW
0.00
Total Temperate
13.36
HW
Total Sawnwood
309.49Vaneer & Plywood
Total Tropical HW
Total Tropical SW
Total Temp HW
Total Veneer & Plywood
Builder's Joinery
Total Tropical HW
Total Tropical SW
Total Temp HW
Total Builder's Joinery

186.4949.62
98.14

482.6249.62
111.50299.030.00
24.94

193.6251.78
101.72492.65
51.78
126.66239.940.00
28.81

265.62
64.58
106.65505.5664.58
135.46334.25643.74323.97347.12671.09268.75436.85705.60

Sawnwood

End-use of Timber
Construction
Total (Tropical HW)
Plywood & Veneer Consumption

126.17133.781321.397.24
0.78
147.92280.74
Negligible
21.38
302.12287.73
Negligible
23.21
0.00
310.94294.45
Negligible
27.98
0.00
322.430.00

318.36

Furniture & Furniture Component
Total
199.22
HouseholdCommercial / Office

74

0.00

325.32346.72

79.66

91.08

201.88126.0575.83

225.37135.2290.15

Annexes

Annex 4.4.11
CONSUMPTION CENTRE SUMMARY REPORT FOR URBAN CITY : DELHI SATTELITE TOWNS(GURGAON, GHAZIABAD, NOIDA, FARIDABAD) (‘000 Cu.m)
Domestic
Logs All
Total Tropical HW
Total Tropical SW
Total Temp HW
Total
Sawnwood All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood
Total

1997-98
Imports

1999-2000
Domestic Imports Total

Total

2002-03
Domestic Imports Total

178.5660.72
3.41
242.69

84.28
35.48
20.65
140.40262.8496.20
24.05
383.09188.4461.68
4.49
254.61

88.22
37.79
20.38
146.39276.6699.47
24.87
401.00213.6055.85
3.20
272.65

91.30
32.23
18.82
142.35304.9088.08
22.02
415.00179.71
Negligible
6.36
186.07102.3519.25
31.55
153.15339.22282.06181.4519.25 Negligible
37.91
7.69
339.22
189.14105.8721.30
32.43
159.60348.74287.32183.3521.30 Negligible
40.12
8.91
348.74
192.26

107.6824.15
40.57
172.40364.66291.0324.15
49.48
364.66Veneer & Plywood All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

61.50

62.68

65.64

Builders Joinery All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

201.48194.67
Negligible
6.81

207.59199.12
Negligible
8.47

218.00208.34
Negligible
9.66

End-use of Timber
Construction
Timber Consumption
Plywood & Veneer Consumption

189.2527.05

192.3728.44

196.92
31.25

Furniture & Furniture Component
HouseholdCommercial / Office
Total

58.79
40.99
99.78

59.03
40.43
99.46

61.26
40.84
102.10

BREAK-UP NOT AVAILABLE FOR VENEER & PLYWOOD

75

Annexes

Contd… Annex 4.4.11
2005-06
Domestic Imports Total
Logs All
Total Tropical HW
Total Tropical SW
Total Temp HW
Total
Sawnwood All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood
Total

2007-08
Domestic Imports Total

2012-13
Domestic Imports Total

186.5674.80
1.78
263.14

98.28
36.53
26.05
160.86284.84111.3327.83
424.00201.8474.36
3.76
279.96

95.92
36.24
23.88
156.04297.76110.5927.65
436.00216.2472.55
0.02
288.81103.6248.36
30.21
182.19319.86120.9130.23
471.00184.86
Negligible
9.00
193.86110.5425.40
44.76
180.70374.56295.40181.8525.40 Negligible
53.76
7.36
374.56189.21

127.9128.08
46.80
202.79392.00309.76
193.0028.08 Negligible
54.16
7.00
392.00200.00155.0034.00
49.00
238.00438.00348.0034.00
56.00
438.00Veneer & Plywood All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood
Builders Joinery All
Tropical Hardwood
Tropical Softwood
Temperate Hardwood

70.27

73.83

81.00

BREAK-UP NOT AVAILABLE FOR VENEER & PLYWOOD

221.00211.24
Negligible
9.76

228.24219.10
Negligible
9.14

265.00
255.00
Negligible
10.00

End-use of Timber
Construction
Timber Consumption
Plywood & Veneer Consumption

194.1037.90

199.7841.32

222.00
47.00

Furniture & Furniture Component
HouseholdCommercial / Office
Total

67.04
45.33
112.3772.35
47.33
119.6880.00
52.00
132.0076

Annexes

Annex 4.4.12
CONSUMPTION CENTRE SUMMARY REPORT FOR URBAN CITY: YAMUNA NAGAR, HARYANA(‘000 Cu.m)
1997-98
1999-2000
2002-03
Domestic Imports Total Co. Domestic Imports Total Co. Domestic Imports
Timber Products
Industrial
Roundwood /
Logs

All

370

0

370

420

0

420

470

0

Tropical SW
Tropical HW
Temperate HW

20
350
0
0.397
0
0.397
0

2
0
0
0.465
0
0.465
0

22
350
0
0.862
0
0.862
0

20
400
0
0.337
0
0.337
0

4
0
0
0.525
0
0.525
0

24
400
0
0.862
0
0.862
0

20
450
0
0.257
0
0.257
0

7
0
0
0.835
0
0.835
0

Tropical SW
Tropical HW
Temperate HW

40
0
40
0

0
0
0
0

40
0
40
0

48
0
48
0

0
0
0
0

48
0
48
0

60
0
60
0

0
0
0
0

Tropical SW
Tropical HW
Temperate HW

2.4
0.4
2
0

0
0
0
0

2.4
0.4
2
0

3.05
0.4
2.65
0

0
0
0
0

3.05
0.4
2.65
0

4.3
0.3
4
0

0
0
0
0

Tropical SW
Tropical HW
Temperate HW

0.084
0
0.084
0

0.17
0
0.17
0

0.254
0
0.254
0

0.09
0
0.09
0

0.17
0
0.17
0

0.26
0
0.26
0

0.065
0
0.065
0

0.23
0
0.23
0

Tropical HW
Species
Preference criteria

0.29
Teak,Sal

0.445

0.735

0.255

0.475

0.73

0.2

0.78

Tropical HW
Species
Preferemce criteria

0.084
Teak,Sal

0.17

0.254

0.09

0.17

0.26

0.065

0.23

Tropical HW
0.1
0.02
0.12
SpeciesTeak,Sal
Preference criteria
Proportion of Household/commerical:
80:20

0.075

0.03

0.105

0.045

0.035

Tropical SW
Tropical HW
Temperate HW
SawnwoodAll

VaneerAll

PlywoodAll

Builder's JoineryAllEnd-use of Timber
Construction

Builder's joinery

Furniture andFurniture
Components

Flooring
Negligible consumption
Species
Preference criteria

77Annexes

Contd… Annex 4.4.12
2005-06
2007-08
2012-13
Domestic Imports Total Co. Domestic Imports Total Co. Domestic Imports Total Co.
Timber Products
Industrial
Roundwood /
Logs

All

520

10

530

620

10

630

920

30

950

20
500
0

10
0
0

30
500
0

20
600
0

15
0
0

35
600
0

20
900
0

30
0
0

50
900
0

0.197
0
0.197
0

1.07
0
1.07
0

1.267
0
1.267
0

0.162
0
0.162
0

1.145
0
1.145
0

1.307
0
1.307
0

0.13
0
0.13
0

2.05
0
2.05
0

2.18
0
2.18
0

67
0
67
0

0
0
0
0

67
0
67
0

74
0
74
0

0
0
0
0

74
0
74
0

108
0
108
0

0
0
0
0

108
0
108
0

5.6
0.3
5.3
0

0
0
0
0

5.6
0.3
5.3
0

6.5
0.5
6
0

0
0
0
0

6.5
0.5
6
0

9.8
0.8
9
0

0
0
0
0

9.8
0.8
9
0

0.075
0
0.075
0

0.28
0
0.28
0

0.355
0
0.355
0

0.07
0
0.07
0

0.32
0
0.32
0

0.39
0
0.39
0

0.055
0
0.055
0

0.6
0
0.6
0

0.655
0
0.655
0

Tropical HW
Species
Preference criteria

0.155

0.97

1.125

0.123

1.025

1.148

0.105

1.4

1.505

Tropical HW
Species
Preferemce
criteria

0.075

0.28

0.355

0.07

0.32

0.39

0.055

0.6

0.655

Tropical HW
0.035
0.065
Species
Preference criteria
Proportion of Household/commerical:

0.1

0.032

0.1

0.132

0.025

0.15

0.175

Tropical SW
Tropical HW
Temperate
HW
SawnwoodAll
Tropical SW
Tropical HW
Temperate
HW

VaneerAll
Tropical SW
Tropical HW
Temperate
HW
PlywoodAll
Tropical SW
Tropical HW
Temperate
HW
Builder's Joinery
All
Tropical SW
Tropical HW
Temperate
HW
End-use of Timber
Construction

Builder's joinery

Furniture andFurniture
Components

Flooring
Species
Preference criteria

78

Annexes

Annex 4.5
AGGREGATE TIMBER CONSUMPTION OF 12 URBAN CONSUMPTION CENTRES ('000 Cu.m)
1997-98
Imports

Domestic
Timber Products
Logs
All
Total Tropical
HW
Total TropicalSW
Total Temp HW
Logs All

Total

1999-2000
Imports

Domestic

Total

928.71 2,545.08

2002-03
Domestic Imports

1,539.67

Total

1,356.24

832.672,322.91

1,456.86

958.40 2,699.07

289.48235.57531.56309.41

257.26573.67345.26230.43585.6919.88

101.94121.8313.46

118.09131.5614.82

119.28134.101,665.61

1,170.19

2,976.30

1,779.74

1,304.07 3,250.31

1,899.74

1,308.11 3,418.85

926.71

769.15

1,695.80

950.20846.22 1,796.42

960.70838.66 1,799.35

2.06

115.97118.032.34

125.86132.202.93

139.39142.3218.80

150.87169.6726.93

165.74

192.6731.23

179.53210.76947.57

1,035.99

1,983.50

979.47

1,137.81 2,121.29

994.85

485.540.20

485.73579.110.20

579.31705.770.26

699.03

5.20

0.20

5.40

5.99

0.23

6.22

5.70

0.21

5.91

-

0.63

0.63

-

0.72

0.72

-

0.65

0.65

490.741.02

491.76585.101.15

586.26711.471.11

705.59

40.06

94.69

769.7946.14

108.84811.4043.67

108.38842.49

0.50

1.00

1.50

0.57

1.13

1.70

0.81

1.62

2.43

0.50

0.50

61.52

0.57

0.57

64.59

0.81

0.81

66.40

41.06

96.19

832.8147.27

110.53877.6945.29

110.81911.32

97.12

114.64985.81

91.81

134.15 1,020.26

76.77

138.57 1,048.66

86.00

156.02266.2298.86

176.87303.0289.52

168.33296.61

0.10

0.08

0.17

0.12

0.10

0.22

0.15

0.13

0.27

Sawnwood
Total Tropical
HW
Total TropicalSW
Total Temperate
HW
Total
Sawnwood
Vaneer & Plywood
Total Tropical
HW
Total TropicalSW
Total Temp HW
Total Veneer &Plywood
Builder's Joinery
Total Tropical
HW
Total TropicalSW
Total TempHW
Total Builder's
Joinery
End-use of Timber Construction
Total*

1,157.57 2,152.43

Builders' Joinery
Total*
Flooring
Total*
Furnitureandfurniture
Total*
components

House hold Commercial

421.97410.26

Total

832.7979

House hold Commercial

460.75452.26

Total

928.85House
hold465.43

Commercial

454.57

Total

937.27

Annexes

Contd… Annex 4.5
Domestic
Timber Products
Logs
All
Total
Tropical HW
Total
Tropical SW
Total Temp
HW
Logs All

2005-06
Imports

Total

2007-08
Imports

Domestic

Total

2012-13
Imports

Domestic

Total

1,604.00

1,057.49

3,021.50

1,746.72

1,162.86

3,316.86

2,140.78

1,304.29

3,781.06

400.54263.94676.48429.61272.93715.04449.39361.72826.11

9.95

143.62

153.5717.79

145.09162.8811.44

174.93186.372,014.48

1,465.05

3,851.55

2,194.12

1,580.88

4,194.78

2,601.61

1,840.93

4,793.55

881.77

1,872.83

1,005.87

934.981,940.85

1,004.95

1,118.55

2,123.50

145.55148.77

3.54

154.15

157.683.97

184.01

187.98203.59232.6336.94

209.95246.8939.53

193.26

1,230.92

2,254.23

1,046.34

1,299.08

2,345.42

1,048.45

1,495.82

2,567.26

0.31

776.31

854.600.35

833.61

1,211.51

0.63

1,321.39

0.22

6.18

6.22

0.22

6.44

6.99

0.25

7.24

0.67

0.67

-

0.69

0.69

-

0.78

0.78

1.19

783.17860.821.26

840.74

1,218.50

1.66

1,329.41

114.56860.5247.56

120.67889.0553.42

135.77966.64

1.81

2.72

1.02

2.03

3.05

1.14

2.28

3.41

0.91

71.36

1.02

1.02

73.38

1.14

1.14

85.26

117.28934.6049.59

123.71965.4855.70

139.1890.34

168.85

1,106.31

86.03

217.04

1,176.97

103.08249.84

1,304.53

95.63

180.94320.8097.62

197.77346.13112.93245.98417.26

0.17

0.15

0.38

0.35

0.48

0.45

Sawnwood
Total
Tropical HW
991.06
Total
Tropical SW
3.22
Total
Temperate
29.04
HW
Total
Sawnwood
1,023.32
Vaneer & Plywood
Total
Tropical HW
776.01
Total
Tropical SW
5.97
Total Temp
HW
Total Veneer& Plywood
781.97
Builder's Joinery
Total
Tropical HW
45.69
Total
Tropical SW
0.91
Total
TempHW
0.91
Total
Builder's
47.50
Joinery
End-use of Timber Construction
Total*

255.79

1,055.31

Builders' Joinery
Total*
Flooring
Total*
Furniture andfurniture
Total*
components

House hold Commercial

501.86486.670.32
Total

House hold Commercial

1,022.38

522.24* Almost all Tropical HW.

80

465.090.73
Total

1,041.26

House hold Commercial

573.12577.81

0.93
Total

1,216.95

Annexes

Annex 4.6
WOOD PRODUCTS SURVEY OF WOOD BASED INDUSTRY
DEVELOPMENT OF SME
1.

Please tick mark the option relevant to the Unit:

1.

Name of the Factory:Category:
Year of Establishment.
Actual No. of working days in a
year

2.

Large/Medium/Small………………….
…………………..

3.

Products manufactured

Sawn wood/Furniture/
Joinery/Veneer/Plywood/Blockboard/Flushdoor/
Teachest/Compreg/Others

4.

5.

Annual Installed Capacity
on 4mm basis (8 hrs shift) tohave cum of finished products ofwood.
Achieved capacity (%)

II.

Raw material requirement……………Million sq.metres
<50

50-60

60-70

>70

i) Wood consumed: Log average length……………m, Average girth………….mSpecies used1.
Plantation logs
2.
Logs from Natural
Forests
3.
Imported logs

III.

Min.

Girth (cms)Max

Sawmill/Furniture factories
Sawmill – Vertical saw
Horizontal saw
Feed System

Wood working machine (list)

81

Consumption per 8 hrs
Shift (m3)Annexes

Annual output
Product

Installed production

Production
Sizes/items

Quantity

Sawn timber for ha.
Furniture
OthersIV.

Panel Material only(a) Resin – Indigenously made or purchased
If yes, please specify quantity manufactured….Yes/No.
UF………..kg
PF………..kg
Others…….kg

If no, please specify quantity purchased

UF………..kg
PF………..kg
Others…….kg.

Type of Resin% production(per day)Qty.consumed
Per 8 hr.shift(…kgs)UFPF
OthersResin kettle used and its capacity………………….kg.
(b) Driers: No. of driers………….Make:

1) ………….No. of decks…………
2)………….No. of decks…………

Size of the drier………………
Details of Hot Press (es):i.
ii.

Nos. of daylights(please tick)No. of hot presses

4

5

6

82

10

OthersAnnexes(c) Production of Plywood/panel board: Annually/Monthly/Daily
4mm 6mm
9mm
12mm
16mm
Thickness
Pressed(please specify)

19mm

Production in m2(App.)(d) Other panel products
Product

Installed capacity (m2)

Production (m2)a) Blockboardb) Flush doord) Particle board.

V.

Preservative treatment
Proportion of Treated Products

Treatment
Percent used

Plywood

Block board

Veneers

Others

1. Ascu
2. Vapour boron
3. Dip diffusion
4. Glue line application
5. Remedial treatment

VI.
Seasoning
Kiln type

VII.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Installed capacity

Actual quanity

Energy consumption (KWH)
Electricity
DieselCoal
Wood residues……………..
……………….
……………….
……………

83

KWH
Ltrs (used)
Tons
Tons

Other
ThicknessAnnexes

VIII.

Employment generation in the Unit/Factory:Category
1.Managerial:
2.Skilled:
3.Semiskilled:
4.Unskilled:
5.Contract Labour
6.Causual Labour
7.Others

No.

IX.

Marketing strategy adopted Through Company show
(Please tick)Rooms / Dealers’ Network.

X.

Your vision to update & to improve the condition of wood processing industry in the
country/Region.

84

Annexes

Annex 5.1
SELECT LIST OF SAW MILLS, BUILDERS, FURNITURE MANUFACTURERS, TRADERS & OTHERS
WHO WERE CONSULTED DURING THE SURVEYBANGALORE
Furniture Manufacturers

Saw mills

1.

Unilite interiors (P) Ltd#3, 14th cross, I main road, SR Nagar,
MumbaiE-mail: unilite@indya.com
Ph:2224765

2.

Asian Furniture Co.
#7, 8th main, SR Nagar
E-mail: asianfurnitureco@usa.net
Ph: 2223216

Sri Ram Saw mills
82, N.T.Y Layout, Mysore road,Bangalore
Ph: 26742638

3.

Technica Enterprises
4/2. 4th cross, Lalabagh fort road,Doddamavalli
E-mail: taurusoffice@yahoo.com

4.

Laxmi Saw Mills
275/9, NTY Layout, Mysore road,Bangalore
Ph: 26748134

4.

Amanullakhan’s Sons
81, NB Bazar Mumbai
E-mail: abbask@bgl.vsnl.net.in
Ph: 2236986

5.

Shankar Vijay Saw Mills
Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore
Ph: 28392864

Builders

1.

Mysore Timber Trading Co.
#275/1,N.T.Y.Layout, Mysore Road,
Bangalore
Ph: 26749748, 26747984
E-mail:mttco1975@yahoo.co.in

2.

Bangalore Timber Co.
35, I Main, Seshadripuram, Bangalore
Ph: 23364323

3.

6.

1.

Arcline Builders
24,I floor, St.John’s Church Road
E-mail: ribuilders@hotmail.com
Ph: 25568998

2.

Kaveri Timber Mart
4, MS Layout, Old Madras Road, Ulsoor
Bangalore
Ph: 25366544

Sahayam Construction P Ltd
15, II cross, III stage, Basaveswaranagar
E-mail: sahayam@netcracker.com
Ph: 23239299

3.

Balaji Timber Depot
16, NTY Layout, Mysore road, Bangalore
Ph: 26740217

Landmarks
1,Casa Augusta, Curley Street
Ph: 2216603

4.

Classic Enginners & Contractors
56, Haines Road,
Ph: 25512496

5.

Ganesh Saw Mills
275/4, NTY layout, Mysore Road,
Ph: 26741009

H.M.Constructions
HM Geneva house, 14, Cunningham Road
E-mail: sales-hm@hmconstructions.com

6.

Venkateshwara Wood & Manufacturing
Industries
275/1-2, NTY layout, Mysore Road
Ph: 26747673
Fax: 26745490

Gopalan Enterprises
5, Richmond road,E-mail: gopalan@giasbg01.vsnl.net.in
Ph: 22777121

7.

SI Property
37, Kasturba road cross, Off Lavelle Road
E-mail: sipdblr@bgl.vsnl.net.in
Ph: 22218043

Mr. N.D Uday, Scientist IPIRTI,
Bangalore

Timber Merchants
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sri Krishna Saw Mills
275/7, NTY Layout, Mysore Road,
Ph: 26743151
Fax: 26743712

85

Annexes

8.

Sobha Developers
E-106, Sunrise Chambers, 22, Ulsoor Road
E-mail: sobha@giasbg01.vsnl.net.in
Ph: 25321902

Builders
1.

Ashoka Builders,
401, Ashoka Chambers, Adarshnagar
Ph: 3237272
Fax: 2321078

2.

Vindhya Developers,
12-2-826/A/6,LIC Colony, Mehdipatnam,
E-mail: alakakapoor@yahoo.com
Ph: 23513555

3.

Dattachandra Constructions,
Nalagonda X road, Malakpet
Ph: 24547070

4.

Deepthi Builders,
YMCA complex, Sardar Patel Road,
Ph:27805877

Architects
1.

2.

3.

Saolapurkaar & Associates
294, HMT Layout, RT Nagar
E-mail: nitinvs@vsnl.com
Ph: 23335074
Mohan Associates
771, 100’ Road, Indiranagar
E-mail: rakeshmohan1@vsnl.com
Ph: 25275206
Karnataka State Forest Industries
Corpn.Ltd
45A, NTY Layout, Mysore Road
Website: www.ksfic.com

Architects

HYDERABAD

1.

Ajay &Associates
22, Buckingham, amrutha valley,
Banjarahills
E-mail: ajayarchitects@yahoo.com
Ph: 26622435

2.

Mahendra & associates,
104, sunanda apartments, plot no 42,
VikaspuriE- mail: mahiarci@yahoo.com
Ph: 23702440

3.

Indraprasta consultants, 810, II floor,
F- 302, Castle hills, Masab tank roadE- mail: indraprastaconsultants@yahoo.com

Sawmills1.

Ashapuri Saw Mills, Ganesh Nagar
Ph: 27038287

2.

KK Papaiah Saw Mills, New Bhogiguda
Ph: 2531136

3.

Krishna Vijay Saw Mills, Jsreenagar,
Vijayawada Road
Ph: 2038031

4.

Surya Vijay Saw Mills, Vikasnagar,
Dilsukh Nagar,
Ph: 24047762

MUMBAI

Timber traders

Institutions

1.

Adilabad Timber Mart Nacharam Village
Road
Ph: 2175219

1.

2.

Ambica Timber Trading 42-789, Satyagiri
Colony, Sardar Patelnagar
Ph: 27123282

Timber Merchants Association, Mumbai.
Address: 67, Sant Savta Marg, Mustafa bazaar,
Mumbai – 400010
Phone 022-23726397,
Contact Person: - Mr. Hanif E Memon(President)

2.

Surat timber Associtaion, Chairman
Mr. Bhanjibhai Patel,
Batiyar Chowk Rasta, Shankar Vijay, Saw
Mill, Surat , Gujrat , India

3.

Timber Traders Association of Pune
Mr. Sha Rupaji Nagaji Oswal (Member) 63,
New Timber market, Pune
Phones 6356485 / 6349095

4.

Mumbai Customs
Mumbai Custom House, Ballard Pier,
Mumbai, India

5.

Mumbai Port Trust, Mumbai, India

Furniture1.

Allwin furniture.
5-8-110/12 &13, Nampally
Ph: 23203085

2.

Andrapradesh furniture,
Station Road. Nampally
Ph: 23202221

3.

Asha Enterprises.
Station Road, Nampally
Ph: 24604532

86

Annexes

6.

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
Sheva, Navi Mumbai, India
Phones 022-27242623 – 31

7.

Dy. Conservator (Forest)
Maharashtra State Forest Dept. Thane,
Mumbai , India.

9.

D.S. Kulkerni Developers Ltd.,
Head Office: “DSK House”, 1187/60, J.M. Road,
Shivaji Nagar, Pune – 411 005
Tel: 020-25534595/ 6/7/8/9; Fax: 020-4221816.
Mumbai Office: 14 “Upasana”, Near Sena
Bhavan, Lady Jamshetjee Road,
Shivaji Park, Mumbai – 400 016.
Tel: 022 - 24301883 / 24302738; Fax: 022 24221816
Email: dskmum@pn2.vsnl.net.in,sales@dskdl.com, ranjit@dskdl.com
Contact Person: Mr. Nitin Phadke, Chief
Engineer / Mr. Ranjit Kulkarni

10.

Paranjape Schemes (Construction) Pvt Ltd.,
Shri Krishna Kunj, 11/2, Anand Coloy, Near
Suvarnarekha Dinning Hall,
Old Karnatak High School Lane, off PrabhatRoad, Pune- 411 004.
Tel: 91-20-5442690 / 5442691 Fax:91-20-5460986
Email: paranjpe@bom3.vsnl.net.in,svbapat@indiatimes.com
Contact Person: Mr. Pathak / Mr. Shekhar –Tech. Purchase11.

Somnath, CTS
No. 988, Ram Mandir Road, next to Tilak
Mandir, Vile Parle(East), Mumbai – 400 057
Tel: 91-22-26105350 / 26105165, Fax: 91-2226106136

Builders / Constructors / Developers / Architects
1.

Arvind Shah
H.V. Associated (Builders & Contractors)
Shop No – 121, M.G. Road, Opp. AparnaStores, Near Shankar Mandir, Ghatkoper(w) Mumbai

2.

Shree Sai- Datta Developers
Omkar – A, Flat No. 202, Bal Govindas Raod,
Mahim, Mumbai – 400 016
Ph: 022-24322491; Fax 022-24308097
Contact person: Mr. Vishal Naik/ Mr. Rajendra
B. Naik / Mr. Shashikant D. Gore

3.

Virani.Group of Companies,
Virani Tower. ‘C’ wing, First Floor, S.V. Road,
Dahisar (E), Mumbai – 68
Ph: 022-28935370; Fax: 022-28931056
Email: viranigroup@hotmail.com
Contact Person : Mr. Bharat / Mr. Mansoor
Virani.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Pathak Constructions and Finance Ltd.,4, Bhalchandra Kripa Bldg, Room No. 3, Daulat
Nagar, Borivali (E), Mumbai – 66
Ph: 28916783 / 28917590 / 28945783;
Fax: 28900272
Email: - pathakre@bol.net.in
Contact Person :- Mr. Arun R. Pathak,Managing Director

Wholesale Timber Merchants

Surasash Associates
Shop No. 7, Sweta Park, Road No. 25, Daulat
Nagar, Borivli (E), Mumbai – 400 066.
Ph: 9892117732 (M)Contact Person: Mr. Dharmendra Pandit
J.D. Associates, Shop No. 42,
Opp. Ambika Plastics, Near Sai Shristi, L.B.S.
Marg, Bhandup (w), Mumbai
Ph: 9821541497 (M)Contact Person: Mr. Jay Dasha
Paresh Construction
Civil Engineers & Contractors, 107, R.L.A.
Tower Tank Road, Bhandup (W),
Mumbai – 400 078.
Phones: 25600201 / 25994810/25649846 /
25914587
Gharandja Builders
Dev Chhaya, Plot No. 120, Grd. Flr. , Dr. M.B.
Raut Road, Shivaji park, Mumbai – 400 028.
Tel: 24466179; Fax: 24444599
Email: ghar@vsnl.com

87

1.

Swadesh Timber Mart,
85 Victoria Road, Mustafa Bazar, Mumbai –400010Tel: 022-23781656

2.

Arif Timbers
Chardi Bazar, Victoria Road, Mumbai – 400 027
Tel: 23729050
Contact Person: Mr. Arif Bhai

3.

Alpha Timber ,Plot No. 58, Sector- A-1, Timber Market,
Koperkhairne, Navi Mumbai – 400 701
Tel: 022-27548605
Contact Person: Mr. Najmuddin. A.
Gargardiwala

4.

Sagar Timber Traders & Plywood Merchant,
Ram-Ratan Co-op Society, T.H. Katariya Marg,
Opp. Mahim Head Post Office,
Mahim, MUMBAI – 400 001.
Tel:022-26111364 / 24458785
Contact Person: Mr. Harshad Mehta

5.

Bhanesh Shah,
112, B.d. Associates, R.R.T Road, Mulund (W)Tel: 022- 55901450

Annexes

6.

Maharashtra Timber,
New Nagardas Road, Opp. Pinky Talkies,,
Andheri (East), Mumbai – 400 069.
Tel: 022 – 28329527
Fax: 022 - 28364746
Contact Person : Vanita Rodrigues.

7.

Chheda Ply & Timber
Poona Bharwad, Chawl, Chuna Bathi, Opp.
Ravindra Hotel,
S.V. Road, Dahisar (East), Mumbai – 400 068
Tel: 28952867
Contact Person: Mr. Khimji H. Chheda

8.

9.

10.

11.

Narottam Plywood R.T. CAL,
263, N.C. Kelkar Road, Dadar (W.Rly.),
Mumbai - 400 028.
Tel: 24304475
Contact Person: Mr. Bharat Mehta
Shreeji Group
National Mill Compound, S.V. Raod, Near
Dahisars Petrol Pump, Dahisar (East),
Mumbai – 400 068
Tel: 022-8927377 / 28927830 / 28192085
Fax: 022-28927830
Contact person: Nilesh Parekh
M/s. M.S. Ply
47, Timber Market, Pune – 411 042
Tel: 26344233 / 26346560
Contact Person : Mr. Raman Parwar

Euro Wood
Plot No. 109, New Timber Market, Bhawani
Peth, Pune – 42
Ph: 4014493 / 6361146
Contact Person : Mr. Moez Balsara

3.

Rakesh Furniture
102, Jogani Industiral Estate, 541, Senapati Bapat
Marg, Dadar West, Mumbai – 400 028
Tel: 022-24223864
Kind Attn : Mr. Rakesh Adivarekar

4.

Manish Bhai Shah
G-15, Unique Industrial Estate, Prabhadevi,
Dadar
Phone: 9820754343 (M)5.

Wel Décor furniture
Shop No. 7, Punit Nagar, S.V. Road, Next toPoisar Bus Depot. Borivali (W),
Mumbai – 400 092
Tel: 28062217
Contact Person : Mr. Farhat

6.

Creative Home Furniture & Interiors
Relief Road, Oshirwara Jogeshwari (w)Mumbai – 400 102.
Tel: 26784208
Contact Person : Mr. M. Mehboob

7.

Milap Furniture Interior Decorators
Durga apartment, Shop No. 3 & 4, Ram Kuwar
Thakur Road, Dahisar (East), Mumbai – 400 068.
Tel: 28940119
Contact Person : Mr. Samer M. Sheikh

8.

Well Art
21, Gurudwara Bldg., S.S. Wagh Marg, Opp.
Chitra, Dadar (East), Mumbai – 400 014
Tel: 24132589 / 24154963
Contact Person : Mr. Sohaib Ahmed

9.

Bhandari Furniture Mart,
235, Rewa Bhuwan, L.J. Road,
Bombay – 400 016.
Tel: 24304705
Contact Person : Mr. Chandrakant Bhandari

10.

Partner of Lucky Furniture Enterprises
Add. Chinchawad Linking Road, Opp. Baba
Haridas Mandir Pune – 411017.
Mobile : 9822435731

11.

Shri Balaji Furnitures.,
Town Tower, Shop No. 7, Jambulkar Chowk,
Near Parmar park Jan-Sheva Sahakari Bank,
Wanauri, Pune-40.
Tel: 4008719
Contact Person: Mr. Rajendra Janu.
Anup furniture
Laxmi Chmbers, Shop No. 2, Kondva Khurd,
Pune – 411040
Tel: 6930336 / 4280210
Contact Person : Mr. Santosh Bagmaar.

Plywood Manufacturers
1.

Green Valley Plywood Limited.,
4, Ashok Villa, V.P. Raod, Vile Parle (Wes),
Mumbai – 400 056.
Tel: 022-26124108
Contact Person : Mr. Bhai

Furniture Manufacturer / Interior Decorators
1.

2.

Santoshi Furniture Works
3, Gandhi Sadan, New Nagardas Road, Near
Pinki Talkies, Andheri (East),
Mumbai – 400 069.
Tel: 022-28201894 / 26478140
Contact Person: Mr. Sarju S. Vishwakarma /Chandrakant S. Vishwakarma

12.

Khanolkar & Company
106, Jay gopal Industrial Estate, Bhavani
Shankar ‘X’ Road, Dadar (W), Mumbai – 28
Tel: 24221992
Email: anilk13@hotmail.com
Contact Person : Mr. Anil Khanolkar

13.

88

Altaf Interiors
Shop No. 17 / 18, Shangrila Gardens, Opp.
Bund Garden, Pune – 411001
Phone: 6125072 / 6125073
Contact Person : Mr. Salman Mitha.

Annexes

Saw Mill Owners
1.

3.

Sky Art Show Mill
Dahisar Cheki Naka, Dahisar (E) Mumbai – 68
Tel : 28901607, Contact Person : Rahman Bhai
(Purchase Manager),

Querasi Timber Mart & Saw Mill,
Oshivina, S.V. Road, Jogeshwari (W), Mumbai
Contact Person : Sabbir Bhai

5.

Ehshanullah Timber Traders
Plot No. 5, Lakdi Bunder, Daru Khana,
Mumbai – 10
Tel : 23726528, Contact Person : Arshad

7.

3.

Bhagwati Timber Mart
Tel : 0261 – 3479227 / 3479327,
Contact Person : Shankarbhai Patel

Individual Land Lords / House Hold Owners

Borivali Saw Mill
Mahatma Gandhi Road, Near Railway Crossing,
Borivali (E), Mumbai - 66
Contact Person : Mr. Pravinbhai Patel/ Chetan
P. PatelTel : 892 8941/ 690 8941

4.

6.

Contact Person : Dilip Panchal
63/230, Shashi Shari No. 1, Opp. Powar,
Surat – 384003
Tel : 27424421

General Saw Mill
Behind Trimurti Studio, S.V. Road, Dahisar (E),
Mumbai – 400 068

Contact Person: Sohkhat Ali
2.

2.

Raguwanshi Saw Mill
Plot No. 86, D-3 Block MIDC, Opp.
GreavesLtd., Chinchwad, Pune – 411 019
Tel : 4102217/ 7472217(O), 7655894 (R);Contact Person : Shantilal Patel
Ganesh Saw Mills
39/1,2 Thergaon, Old Mumbai-Poona Rd.,
Chinchwad, Pune – 411 033
Contact Person : P.B. Mirajkar (Partner) /Ganesh P. Mirajkar
Tel : 7278581

8.

Mrs. Vandana Thakkar,
Plot 17, Siddheshwar Co-op-Housing Society,Behind BIAF Complex, Warje, Pune.

9.

Mr. Vishwas Patwardhan,
121 / 1, Plot No. 18, Rajyog Society, Warje –Pune- 52

10.

Abhijeet Slindurao DesaiPlot C- 11, Next to 9 BRD, Viman Nagar Lane,
Pune – Nagar Road,(Next to Naikware Project)

1.

Mr. Sundarbhai Parekh
Shantiniketan Society Banglow, No. 109, Row
No. 4, Surat

2.

Mahendra Kumar Patel,
At Post Udna Ranchodnagar, Opp. Aadshi
Chemical, Udna, Surat.

3.

Mahesh Lakdawala,
Lalbhai Naginchand & Sons, Nanpada, Jana
Parwaja, Surat – 395001
Phone No. 2479210

4.

Rahubhai Patel
Udhana Road, Adarsha Nagar Society, Bunglow
No. – 130 Surat

5.

Jafar Jahan
Bangla No.7, Maskand Society, Adugan Patiya,
Rander Road, Surat – 395009

6.

Bipin Bhai Ridwawala
43, Sugam SOC, Rayani Patoya, Near Sugmara
Complex, Surat
Phone – 2779976

7.

Station Square Building,
Station Road, Surat
Phone # 9825125858
Contact Person: Mr. Prashant Doriwala.
Adinath Furnitures
Lower Ground, Sankheshwar Complex, Opp.
Raymond Show Room, Manjura Gate, Surat
Phone # 2347 3083 / 2346 1046
Fax # 234776112
Contact Person : Mr. Tarun Sheth

8.

VISHAKHAPATNAM
Mr. Aman Garg, Choice Ply, Vishakhapatnam
Mr. Singhal, Plywood Manufacturer, Vishakhapatnam
Mr. Satyanarayan Murthy, C&F Agnet, Vishakhapatnam

SURAT
1.

KOLKATTA

Metro Furniture
Dhan Laxmi Palace, Near People Bank, Adajan
Patiya, Surat – 395 009
Tel : 2778363, Contact Person : Nilesh Bhai. M
PanchalMr. S. Bhajanka, Managing Director, Century Plyboards,
Kolkata89

Annexes

Amit Timber Emporium- Mr Vinod Patel
9831027357(Mob.)
amittimber_cal@yahoo.co.in
Nitful- Mr Uttam Kr. Banik
uttambanik_cal@yahoo.com
Shankar Saw mills-Mr Narendra Patel
blpatel@cal2.vsnl.net.in
Mahabir Timber Works-Mr. Vikas Jaiswal-98300 69099
vikky_disparado@hotmail.com

13

M/s Preeti Plywod Pvt. Ltd. Amadalpur Road
Jagadhari

14

M/s Alakhnanda Plywood Industries Pvt.Ltd. Kauli
Majara15

M/s R.D wood Products V. Jarran16

M/s S.A Timber Taders V. Kami Majra

17

M/s Sandeep Plywood Industries Kami Majra

18

M/s Micro Plywood Industries Kami Majra

19

M/s Ekta Enterprises V. Coadholi

20Star Plywood Pvt. Ltd. V Coadholi

Shree Shankar Timber Trading- Mr. Sunil Rebiawala
sstc@cal2.vsnl.net.in

21

M/s Madan Industries Kahgan Nagar Jagadhari22

M/s Ishan Industries V. Jarran

Jitendra Saw Mill & Co- Mr Anil Sudan-9830027813
jsmae@caltiger.com

23

S.R Jindal Plywood Industries Old Saharan pur Road
Jagahdari24

M/s Neelgiri Wood Crafts V. Jarran

NEW DELHI
Mr. A.K Banerjee, Asstt. Secretary, Federation of Indian
Plywood and Panel Industries,
New Delhi
Mr. K. K. Batra, Snowhite Furniture World, G-16 South
Extension 1, New Delhi
swstores@vsnl.com

ORISSA

25

M/s Marwah Plywood Industries V. Kami Majra

26

Pooja Decorator Plywood V. Kami Majra

27

M/s Ashoka Cold Sorage Bilaspur Bye Pass Rd.
Jagadhari28

M/s Raj kumar & Sons Kauli Majra

29

M/s Super Ply Ding Jagadhari

30

M/s Unitech Industries V. Jarran31

M/s Shree Radhey Enterprises

32

M/s Modern wood Industries V. Tejli, P.O Fatehpur

33

M/s Ajay Plywood Industries Pvt. Ltd.

34

M/s Rainbow Ply wood Industries Khajari Rd.
Yamunanagar

35

M/s G.N. Plywood Industries Saharanpur Rd.
Yamunanagar

Dy Commissioner Customs, Paradip Port, Orissa

YAMUNA NAGAR
Units manufacturing Plywood
1

M/s Saraswati wood Products 0-8 Ind. Area
Yamunanagar

2

M/s Shakti Plywood Industries v. Cocdhondli

3

M/s Jawala Plywood Industries Timber Market
Yamunanagar

4

Gupta Saw Mills, Lakkar Market Saharanpur Rd.
Yamunanagar

36

M/s Punjab Teak Plywood Industries, V. Kauli Majra

37

M/s Narwah Industries V. Damla

38

M/s S.K. Plywood Indsutries Pvt. Ltd. Hanuman
Gate Jagadhari

39

M/s Triveni wood Crafts V. Damla

40

M/s Krishna Plywood Industries V. Rajpur

41

M/s Marshal Plywood Industries V. Kauli Majra

42

Mafsle Ply Industries, Kamarpur

43

M/s R.C Products Chandpur

44

M/s Elite Plywood Industries Pvt. Ltd. Timber
Market Saharanpur Road Yamunanagar
M/s S.K wood Products V. Penjetor

5

M/s Jagdamba Plywood Bhagpur Road, V. Tejli

6

Shivam Plywood Industries Vill. Kauli Majra

45

7

M/s Super Ply Industries Dadupur Road
Chhachhrauli

46

M/s Punjab Plywood Industries Kamal Majra

47

M/s Kanwal Plytech Industries V. Harmauli8

M/s Assam Plywood Industry V. Raspur

48

9M/s Shiv Shambu Polywood Povt. Ltd. V. Burra

M/s B.M. Plywood Pvt. Ltd. Kuguns Road
Yamunanagar
M/s Sagar wood Products Pvt.Ltd. V. Tejli

10

M/s Ambalika Plywood (P) Ltd. V. Udhonagar

49

11

G.M.G Plywood (P) Ltd. V. Kauli Majra

50

M/s Unique wood Products V. JerranAssam Wood & Allied Products, V. Mukarelpur

51

M/s Haryana wood Products Mukarabpur

52

M/s Asian wood Industries E 20 Ind. Area
Yamunanagar

1290Annexes

53

M/s Mohit Timber Industries New Aggarsain Chowk
Jagadhari

15

M/s Ved Parkash Vinay Kumar Timber Market
Yamunanagar

54

M/s Ajay wood Products V. Harnoli

16

M/s Shiva Boarda & Ply Wood Kami Majra

55

M/s Aggarsain wood Crafts Kami Majra

17

M/s M.R.J. Plywood, V. Jerren

56

M/s GangaPlywood Industries Khajrauli Road
Yamunanagar

18

M/s Purnima Industries V. Kami Majra

19

M/s Pine Timber Trader V. Mamidi

57

M/s Shree Vardhman Industries Khajuri Rd.
Yamunanagar

20

M/s Davinder wood Products Parkfrn Rd. Jagadhari58

M/s Universe & Timber Corporation Rador Rd.
Jerren59

Swaclts Udyog Habibpur

60

M/s Bir Industries E20 Ind. Area Yamunanagar

61

M/s T.T. Ply Board, Shadipur21

M/s Arawali Wood Industries V. Hamida

22

M/s Prem Oberoi & Sons Pansore

23

M/s Ved Parkash Radhey Shyam Cantt. Rd.
Jagadhari

24

M/s V.K. Timber Co. Khajuri Road Yamunanagar

25

M/s Popular Wood Inds. V. Kami Majra

26

M/s Sewak Enterprises, V. Jorian27

M/s Shree Mahaveer Inds., V. Kami Majra

62

S.R. Wood Products V. Jaroda

63

M/s Aggarwal Timber ProductsW-9 Ind. Area
Yamunanagar

64

M/s Rajan Steels 22, Ind. Estate Yamunanagar

28

M/s Bhavani Wood Ind. V. Mamidi

65

M/s Premier Sales Corpoartion O-1 Ind. Area

29

66

M/s R.D Plywood Industries O- 8 In. Area
Yamunanagar

M/s V.K Enterprises, Palika Vihar Radour Road,
Camp, Yamunanagar

30

M/s Samrat Timber, V. Kami Majra

67

M/s Talwar Timber Khajuri Road, Kami Majra

31

M/s B.S Enterprises, Near Dimple Cinema, Jagadhari

68

M/s Vijay Industries Timber Market, Yamunanagar

32

M/s G.M.G Ins. V. Kami Majra

69

M/s Rajinder Singh & Co. (Plywod Sector) Swanpur
Jagadhari33

M/s Ved Parkash Mittal & Sons W- 9 Ind. Area,
Yamunanagar

70

M/s Universe Timber Industries W-3 Ind Area
Yamunanagar

34

M/s Bhatia Timber Inds. 45 Ind. Estate, Yamunanagar

35

M/s Elite Timber Traders, Timber Market,
Yamunanagar

71

M/s V.P.M Plywood Industries W- 3 Ind. Area
Yamunanagar

36

M/s Super Timber, Chh. Road Jagahdari

72

M/s Shree Ply Boards V Chahron

37

M/s Bhagat Wood Inds. Khajuri Road Habibpur,
Yamunanagar

38

M/s Sushant Industries, E-19, Ind. Area,
Yamunanagar

39

M/s Mehta Wood Products, V, Jerrian.

40

M/s Triveni Timber Co. Bhola Nagar, Jagadhari

Units Manufacturing Veneer

1

M/s Kay Emm Enterprises New Saraswati Col.
Jagadhari

2

M/s Sumer Chand Rajeshwar Parkash Industries.
Opp.Jain Nagar, Jagadhari41

M/s Ambalika Inds. Aggarsain Chowk Jagadhari42

M/s Modi Udyog, Vill. Kami Majra

3

M/s G.R. Industries, V.Dusans

434

M/s Oberoi Wood Crafts, Pamoara

M/s Chopra Timber Co. Opp. Dimple Cinema,
Jagadhari5

M/s Hasth Timber Timber Markets Yamunanagar

44

M/s Ved Industries Saharanpur Rd. Yamunanagar

6

M/s Jai Plywood Industries V.Kauns Nagar

45

7

M/s Satya Shree Industries V. UdhamNagar

M/s Wood Industries Saharanpur Road,
Yamunanagar

8

M/s Rama Plywood, V. Gadhauli

46

M/s Rahul Industries Saharanpur Road
Yamunanagar

9

M/s Heera Products Aurangabad

47

M/s Shiv Timber Industries Vill. Tejli

10

M/s Bhagat Timber Trader Cantt. Rd. Jagadhari48

M/s Gaurav Enterprises Vill. Jorian11

M/s Hargun Industries Saharanpur Rd.
Yamunanagar

49

M/s Shri Gopal Udyog Shadipur12

M/s Sagar Industries Timber Market Yamunanagar

50

M/s Ganpati Plywood Ind. Chh. Road Jagadhari

13

M/s Swastik Wood Producrs V. Kami Majra

51

M/s Krishana Wood Industries Vill. Raipur, P.O.
Shadipur14

M/s Marwah Woods Khajuri Rd. Yamunanagar

52

M/s Maha Narain wood Inds. Vill. Jaroda

91

Annexes

53

M/s Aggarwal Enterprises Khajuri Road
Yamunanagar

28

M/s Shiv Parshad & Sons Timber Market, Mamider
YNR

54

M/s Dada Timbers Timber Marekets YNR.

29

M/s Sudesh Industries Vill. Habibpur

55

M/s Sri Kartikay Plywood Inds Bhola Nagar, Garhi
Mundo Jagadhari30

M/s Deepak Furniture Sharma Colony Camp[ YNR

31

M/s Nav Durga Saw Mill. Luxmi Dharm Kanta, Chh.
Road, Jagadhari
M/s Luxmi Steel & Timber Crafts Vill. Kami Majra

56

M/s Trehan Wood Industries Vil. Panjora

57

M/s Shree Ganesh Industries Vill. Kami Majra

32

58

M/s A.P. Industries Vill.Parwalan

33

M/s S. Timber, Radour Road Radour59

M/s Rajiv Timber Industries Khajuri Road Opp.
Canal Col. Yamunanagar

34

M/s Dhiman Bani Saw Inds Vill. Chaharwala

35

M/s Aggarwal Timber Radaur60

M/s Arora Enterprises, Radaur Rd. Camp
Yamunanagar

36

M/s Ram Singh S/o Bhangi Ram Vill. Dev Dhar

61

M/s Singla Industries, Timber Market , Yamunanagar

37

M/s Gupta Enterprises Ram Vikas Khajuri Road
Yamunanagar

Units engaged in manufacturing wooden items, e.g.,
Saw Milling38

M/s Bhagwati Wood Ind. Sialta

39

M/s Shiv Shakti Engg. Works BVI 1897 Vishnu Nagar
Jag. Workshop

40

M/s Jogi Furniture Works VPO Jathlana41

M/s D.K. Timber, Ambala Road, Opp. Sadar PoliceStn. Jagadhari1

M/sRakesh Timber, V. Kami Majra

2

Rajsons Industries, Udhamgarh

3

M/s Kami Majra, V. Kami Majra

42

M/s Punit Saw Mill, Gulab Nagar, Jag.

4

M/s Raj Furniture Works Kapal Mochen Rd. Bilaspur

43

J.K. Saw Mills, Vill. Tharpur

5

M/s Sanjay Furniture works Kapal Mochen Rd.
Bilaspur44

Sohan Wood Works, Vill. Shahpura.

45

M/s Suresh Kumar S/o Ved Parkash, Uncha chanina.

46

M/s Rameshwar Dass Atma Ram, Vill. Uncha
Chanina
M/s Ramesh Kr. Wooden Furniture Udyog, Vill.
Chaharwala

6

M/s Raj wood Industries Ambala Road Jagadhari

7

M/s Dhiman Wood Works Sarwan

8

M/s Balwinder Singh S/o Sardara Ram Furniture
Udyog Machhrouli

47

9

M/s Panchal Wood Works V. Mandherr

48

M/s Surya Timbers, Pansara

10

M/s Sarwan S/o Lakhmira Jagadhari49

M/s Vijay Wood Works, Vill. Jubbal

11

M/s Dimple S/O Mohan Lal Kanri Kalan

50

12

M/s Baranala Wooden Furniture Court Rd. Jagadhari

M/s Ranjit Timber Industries Khalsa College Road,
Y.Nagar13

M/s Pine wood Enterprises Jhota Rd. V. Tejli

51

M/s Parkash Enterprises,Vill. Kami Majra

52

M/s Gagan Timber Kharam Road, Y.Nagar

14

M/s V.Paras Industries V. Mandoli

15

M/s Kiran Pal S/o Gian Chand V. Darpur53

M/s Shiva Saw Mill,Vill.Rampur Kalan
M/s Jai Vishwakarma Saw Mills, Vill. Masana
Rangran16

M/s Sehgal Furniture Works Hasanpur

54

17

M/s Parmanand Timber Trader Radhey Lal
Yamunangar

55

18

M/s Gurdas Furniture works Kaptuin Majra

M/s Mahadev Wooden Products,Vill. Chharpur
Khurd

19

M/s Jagmal wood works Kaptain Majra

56

M/s Bhushan Saw Mill, Vill. Baindi

20

M/s Channa Furniture Kheri Lakhe Singh21

M/s Crown wood Products Saharanpur Rd.
Yamunanagar

22

M/s V.K. Timber Ind. Gumthla Road23

M/s Capsons Engg. Works 48, Ind. Estate
Yamunanagar

24

M/s Super Traders, Radaur Road, Near New Chungi
, YNR

62

M/s Vishawkarma Furniture Works, Vill. Rajpur

63

M/s Bajaj Timber Industries, Vill. Jorian25

M/s Uni Ply Industries, Vill. Jorian64

M/s R.R. Industries,Lakshami Garden,Y.Ngr.

26

M/s Kartar Singh & Sons Khajuri Road, YNR

65

27

M/s Jagmal Singh & Bros. Saw Mill Vill. Shergarh

M/s Vishawkarma Wood Works, Near Gurudwara,
Sadhaura.

92

57

M/s Vinod Wood Works, Vill. Sarawan

58

M/s Sh. Amrit Enterprises, Khajuri Road, Y.Ngr59

M/s Sumer Chand Furniture Works Works, Vill.
HaibatPur

60

M/s Janta Woods Works, Barara Road, Vill. Sarawan.

61

M/s Surjit Memorial Saw Mill, Chaneti Road Jag.

Annexes

66

M/s Iqbal Mohd.Furniture Works, Bhagwanpur.

101 M/s Timber Corporation Khajuri Road YamuNagar

67

M/s Dharshan Enterprise, Vill. Mamidi.

102 M/s New Janta Saw Mill Khalsa College Road YNR.

68

M/s S.K Wood Works Near High School, Jathlana.

69

M/s Sudesh Furniture, Vill. Sadhaura.

103 M/s Verma Wood Works Khajuri Road
YamunaNagar

70

M/s Naresh Furniture House, Near Post Office,
Sadhaura.

71

M/s Amar Wood Works Vill. Rasul Pur

72

M/s Dhiman Furniture, Kheri Lakha Singh.

73

M/s Amar Panel Door, Vijay Colony,Japadh

74

M/s Minakshi Timber Industries, Badi Majra, P.O.
Panara75

M/s Shafi Saw Mills, Vill. Kotra

76

M/s Kamboj Timber Radaur Road, Mamidi

77

M/s Raj Kumar S/o Chiranji Lal, Mustfabad

111 M/s Ramji Lal Wood Works Post Office Street.
Radaur.

78

M/s Atma Ram S/o Nathu Ram, Thana Chappar

112 M/s Mahavir Products Vill. Gumthala Rao.

79

M/s Puran Chand S/o Joti Ram , Thana Chhappar

80

M/s Harmeet Saw Mills, W-25, Ind. Area YNR.

113 M/s Pawan Kumar S/o Bachan Singh Vill. Mamidi,
P.O. Aurangabad

81

M/s Sanjay Furniture Emporium Workshop Rd.
YamunaNagar

114 M/s Balwinder Singh S/o Joginder Singh Vill.
Balachaur, P.O. Chachhrauli.

82

M/s Popular Janta Saw Mill Yamuna Nagar Rd.
Jagadhari

115 M/s Chaman Wood Works Vill. Khera Lakha Singh
P.O. Vill. Bhagu Majra. Wooden Furniture83

M/s Raghubir Singh & Co. YamunaNagar Rd.
Jaghadhari

116 M/s Prabhu Dyal S/o Mahinder V.P.O. Thana
Chhappar.

84

M/s Baldev Furniture House 69, Thapar Col.
YamunaNagar

117 M/s Omi wood Works Vill. Dhdra, P.O. Radaur.

85

M/s Dhiman Saw Mills Vill. Mamidi

119 M/s Suresh Wood Works Buria Gate, Jagadhari.

86

M/s Satish Kumar Pardeep Kumar e-28 Ind. Area
YNR.

120 M/s Baini Wood Products Old Yamu Nagar Road.
Radaur.

87

M/s Sai Wngg. (P) Ltd. E-35 Ind. Estate. YNR.

121 M/s Goel Wood Industries Vill. Kami Majra.

88

M/s Babu Ram Ved Parkash Khajuri Road. YNR.

122 M/s Manna Wood Works, Vill. Khurdban.

89

M/s Darshan Kumar Kapoor SaharanPur Road
YamuNagar

123 M/s Abdul Mazid S/o Mohd. Yasin Wood Works Vill.
Machhrauli.

90

M/s Vishwa Karma Furniture Works, Mustfabad

91

M/s Ram Krishan Wood Works V. Tugel pur

124 M/s Satish Kumar S/o Mukhtiara Ram Wood Works,
Vill. Makhore P.O. Marwa Khurad

92

M/s Bharat Furniture House Behind Jindal Ice
Factory Yamunanagar.

125 M/s Parnami Packing, Azad Nagar, H.No. 494 Gali
No. 2 Yamuna Nagar

93

M/s Faqir Chand Ram Kumar Paonta Road,
Chhachhrauli.

126 M/s Dilbag Imarti Works Bhatia Nagar. Yamu Nagar.

94

M/s Mangat Ram S/o Charat Ram V. Babli P.O.
Chhachhrauli.

95

M/s Vinod Wood & Steel Industries. 28, Ind. Estate
Yamunanagar

96

M/s Delhi Timber Traders Khajuri Road,
Yamunanagar.

97

M/s Bawa Ind. Corporation Saharanpur Road
Yamunanagar.

98

M/s Hans Raj S/o Sh. Data Ram Wood Works,
Chabutaron.

99

M/s Techn no Timber Corportion Ind. Area
YamuNagar.

104 M/s United Timber Works, Jagadhari Rd.
YamuNagar
106 M/s Shree Kartar Timber Traders Kahjuri Rd. YNR.
107 M/s Faquir Chand S/o Ram Dass , Mandhor.
108 M/s Unique Enterprises 3, Industrial Estate, Phase II
Yamuna Nagar.
109 M/s Vijay Industries Timber Market SaharanPur
Road YNR.
110 M/s Gurmeet Singh S/o Iqbal Singh Uncha Chandna.

118 M/s Mittal Saw Mills Plot No. W- 3 Ind. Area YNR.

127 M/s Rajinder Furniture Works Gopal Mochan Road,
Bilas Pur
128 M/s Raghubir Singh & Co.544, Chhoti Line, Guru
NanakPura (Sawan Puri) Jagadhari.
129 M/s Sule Man S/o Azizudin V.P.O. DarPur.
130 M/s Choudhary Saw Mills Vill. Jogiwara.
131 M/s Universal Timber Industries Pvt. Ltd. Near Old
Subzi Mandi Yamuna Nagar.
132 M/s Surindra Furniture Near Lal Dwara Mandir,
Yamuna Nagar.
133 M/s Dhiman Ply & Jali Cutting Devi Bhawan Bazaar,
Jagadhari.
134 M/s Mohinder S/o Kesho Ram V.P.O Nahar Pur.

100 M/a Bishan Das Nayyar & Saws, SaharanPur RoadYNR.

135 M/s Pawan S/o Seo Ram Wood Works Vill. Changndi

93

Annexes

136 M/s Ruldi Ram S/o Seo Ram Furniture Works Vill.
Sarawan P.O Ajij Pur Kalan

174 M/s Chhaju Ram S/o Prabhu Ram Wood Works Vill.
Banket137 M/s Sevo Ram S/o Moti Ram Wood Works Vill.
Marwa Khurd.

175 M/s Shyam Lal S/o Ghassi Ram Wood works
176 M/s Shivalik Timber Khajuri Rd. YNR.

138 M/s Ishwar Furniture Works Chachhrauli Gate
Jagadhari.

177 M/s Sant Ram S/o Shiv Ram Wood Works Vill.
Kurali.

139 M/s Ram Kumar S/o Baljit V.P.O. Pansara

178 M/s Shabir Ahmed S/o Fakrral, Vill. Khajuri road

140 M/a Khalsa Engg. Works Ind. Estate YNR.

179 M/s Akal Timber , Ind. Area YNR.

141 M/s P.L. Chopra & Co. Khajuri Road YNR.

180 M/s BajajGeneral Mills M-27, Ind. Area YNR.

142 M/s Kapoor Timber Trading Corportion. Ind. Area
Yamu Nagar.

181 M/s Muni Lal S/o Jiwan Ram Furniture Works,
ChandeKheri

143 M/s Bal Krishan S/o Palm Ram Vill. Thana Chappar.

182 M/s Gian Chand S/o Munshi Ram Saw Industry V.
BilasPur

144 M/s Sher Singh S/o Paras Ram Vill. Naherpur.
145 M/s Dhiman Saw Mills Vill Ledo.

183 M/s Jai Parkash Wood Works HanuMan Gate,
Jagadhari.

146 M/s Harpal Singh Rakha Ram, Bahadurpur.

184 M/s Hari Krishan Wood Works HanuMan Gate,
Jagadhari.

147 M/s Budh Ram S/o Sadhu Ram Vill. Mamidi.
148 M/s Bachan Singh S/o Sadhu Ram Vill. Mandoli.
149 M/s Kuldip Kumar S/o Molu Ram Vill. Mandoli.

185 M/s Som Parkash S/o Chiranji Lal Vill. Vil.Guilla Y
Nagar.

150 M/s Lala Ram S/o Mathura Ram Vill. BilasPur.

186 M/s Haryana Joinery Mills Khjjuri Rd YNR.

151 M/s Pragati Enterprises Khajuri Road. YNR.
152 M/s Ishwar Industries 23, Ind. Estate YNR.

187 M/s Ram Chander Wood Works, ChandPur Road,
Jagadhari.

153 M/s Maurya Timber Ind. Area YNR.

188 M/s Jai Pal S/o Kali Ram V. Jusj\Pur

154 M/s Satpal S/o Badu Ram, Mamidi.

189 M/s Parmal Singh S/o Rikhi Ram, BahadurPur.

155 M/s Deep Chand S/o Bachlu Ram, Mamidi.

190 M/s Bombay Furniture House,16 DAV Market
Yamuna Nagar.

156 M/s Sachdeva Business Centre Jag. Rd. YNR.

191 M/s Harpal Furniture Emporium Jag. Rd. YNR.

157 M/s Tej Pal S/o Telu Ram , Tigra.

192 M/s D.K. Furniture House , Farakhpur

158 M/s Bachan Singh & Sons Timber Market,
SaharanPur Rd. YNR.

193 M/s Jai Pal S/0 Keshav Ram UnchacChenden

159 M/s Bhushan Lal Parshotam Lal & Co. W- 10, Ind.
Area YNR.

194 M/s om Wood Products Katera Khurad.

160 M/s S.P. Timber Industries Pvt.Ltd. SaharanPur Rd.
YamunaNagar.

196 M/s Anand Timber industries, Sham Nagar, YNR.

195 M/s Sikri Sons, M-13 Ind. Area YNR.

161 M/s Mittal Saw Mill , # Ind. Area YNR.

197 M/s Layal Pur Works, Khalsa College Rd.
YamuNagar

162 M/s Shiv Furniture House Vill. Pansara.

198 M/s Amar Singh Mills SaharanPur Rd. YNR.

163 M/s Yamu Packing Industreis Pvt. Ltd. SaharanPur
Rd. Yamu Nagar

199 M/s Kharaiti Dhiman Furniture Works YNR. Rd.
Jagadhari.

164 M/s Shree Harmilap Enterprises Khajuri Rd. YNR.

200 M/s Kali Ram Imarti Works Aggarsain Chown,
Jagadhari

165 M/s Shiv Charan Gobind Pur Rd. Jagadhari.
166 M/s Dhiman Imarti Works , Roop Nagar Colony.
Jagadhari.

201 M/s Aone Furniture House Burrian Gate, Jagadhari.

167 M/s Rattan Packages. Khajuri Rd. YNR.
168 M/s Pritam Imarti works Roop Nagar Col. Jagadhari.

203 M/s Hind Furniture Emporium BilasPur Rd.
Jagadhari.

169 M/s Rama Furniture House Buria Gate Jagahdari.

204 Allay Steals & Casting, 38 Industrial Estate, Y.ngr.

170 M/s Vartman Engineers Pvt. Ltd. O 1 Ind. Area YNR.

205 M/s Amir Chand S/o Ghanshyam Dass, Chhoti LineYNR.

202 M/s Om Furniture Workshop Model Col. YNR.

171 M/s Radhe Sayam Saw Mills. Dawarika puri,
Jagadhari.

206 M/s Vikas Furniture House Opp.Bus Stand YNR.
207 M/s Ram Pal Wooden Works Gobind Pur Rd.
Jagadhari.

172 M/s Nathu Ram Dhiman & sons Vill. Badi Majra.
173 M/s Ram Chander S/o Mangat Ram Wood works,
Vill. Benket.

208 M/s Modern Furniture, DAV Markets Yamuna
Nagar.

94

Annexes

209 M/s Suresh Kumar S/o Kasturei Lal V. Bhambrdi

249 M/s ShivFurniture works Bye Pass Chowk, Yamuna
Nagar

210 M/s Rameshawar Furniture Works Near Herbert
Hospital Jagadhari.

250 M/s Som Nath S/o Sadhu Ram Bilarpur

211 M/s Chopra Traders, Khajuri Rd. YNR.

251 M/s Sant Ram S/o Shoo Ram, V. Kurali

212 M/s Prem Chadn S/0 Sant Ram Uncha Chandian

252 M/s Amar Chand S/o Soran, Kurali

213 M/s Ram Chander Lakshaman Dass Burian Gate,
Jagadhari

253 M/s Madan Lal S/o Shoo Ram , Kurali
254 M/s Shanti Sarup S/o Molar Ram, Mustafabad

214 M/s Talwar Saw Mills Chitta Mandir Rd. Gadholi.

255 M/s Karan Pal S/o Data Ram, Jagdhari

215 M/s Nav Bhart Timber Traders New Old Subji Mandi
YNR.

256 M/s Sham Lal S/o Dota Ram, Chachhrauli
257 M/s Raghbir Singh & w. Chhoti Line, Jagdhari

216 M/s Cosn Engg. E-9, Ind. Area Yamuna Nagar.

258 Yamuna Indurtries, Old Saharanpur Rd. Jagdhari

217 M/s Renu Furniture House Work Shop Rd. YNR.

259 M/s Madan Lal Saw Mills, V. Taumli

218 M/s Ravi Saw Mills, Old SaharanPur Rd. Jagadhari.

260 M/s Om Furniture, 60, baudpur Rd. Yamuna Nagar

219 M/s Canadian Furniture Cantt. Rd. Jagadhari.

261 M/s Sarwati Tube, Barara

220 M/s Vishal Industries O- 4, Ind. Area YNR.

262 M/s Rahul Inderies, Saharnpur Rd. Yamuna Nagar

221 M/s Dhiman Furniture Works Amla, Road,
Jagadhari.

263 M/s Sarwati Furniture, Aggarsan Chowk, Jagdhri

222 M/s Pal Imarti Works, Gobind Pura Rd. YNR.

264 M/s Om Parkash S/o Baru Ram V. Shapur

223 M/s Bharat Timber Works Radaur Rd. YNR.

265 M/s Super Padrs Rade Rd. Comp. Yamuna Nagar

224 M/s Ramesh Engg. Corporation Radaur Rd. YNR.

266 M/s Parmod Kumar S/o Hukam Chand, Khgrulpur

225 M/s Taneja Timber Traders Radaur Rd. YNR.

267 Rasheed Amed S/o Mohd Yaami, Khedri

226 M/s Jaspal Singh S/o Sawan Ram, Darpur.

268 M/s Deepak Furniture Repair Workshop Rd. Yamuna
Nagar

227 M/s Madan Gopal Harbans Lal Old Subji Mandi
YNR.

269 M/s Dhiman Furniture House, Comp, Yamuna Nagar
270 M/s Mihinder Furniture House, Man Bazar, Railway
Road, Yamuna Nagar

228 M/s R.K Industries, Radaur Rd. YNR.
229 M/s Radha Krishan Sita Ram Chhoti Line, Jagadhari.

271 M/s Dhiman Saw mills. Vill Gulab Nagar

230 M/s National Furniture House Jagadhari.

272 M/s Jaswant Furniture Works, Buria Gate, Jagadhri.

231 M/s Hukam Chand S/o Surta Ram Khizrabad.

273 Bagra Engg. Works, Adrash Nagar,Yamuna Nagar

232 M/s Om Parkash S/o Baru Ram KalaNaur.

274 M/s Bharat Wood Works, Vill. Bilaspur.

233 M/s Som Parkash Furniture Harren Colony,
Jagadhari

275 M/s Vishwakarma Furniture, Buria Gate, Jagadhri.

234 M/s Sohan Furniture Works

276 M/s Prakash Industries, Vill. Shahpur.

235 M/s Vishawa Karma Furnitue Works Near Herbet
Hospita Jagadhari

277 Swami Atma Nand Moga, Yamuna Nagar.

236 M/s Mam Chand Furniture Works Burian Gate,
Jagadhari

279 M/s Sant Ram S/o Darma Nand, Vill. Shahpur.

278 M/s Sat Pal S/o Budh Ram Vill. Bhatauli.

237 M/s Ram Pal S/o Kanshi Ram Khizrabad.

280 M/s Yamuna Sales Corpration W. Shop Road,
Yamuna Nagar

238 M/s Balet Ram & Sons Furniture Works, Khalsa
College Rd. YNR.

281 M/s Yashpal S/o Nagina Ram, Telipura P.O. Khadsi
Ganga Nagar, Jagadhri.

239 M/s Narang Furniture , Khalsa College Rd. YNR.
240 M/s Ram Kumar S/o Ram Sarup Vill. Telpina

282 M/sRampal S/o Malkhan Singh, Gandhi Nagar,
Yamuan Nagar.

241 M/s Jaspal Timber Works Bye Pass Rd. YNR.

283 M/s Balbir Jmarti work, Gandhi Nagar, Chandpur.

242 M/s Bawa Gram Udyog Samiti, Shyam Sunder Puri,
Jagadhari.

284 M/s Kotra Saw Mills Leda Road, Chachhrauli

243 M/s Hem Raj Wood Works , Bilas Pur

285 M/s Dhiman Furniture Works, Bye Pass Road,
Jagadhri.

244 M/s Som Nath S/o Fakir Chand Daspur

286 M/s Mohit Timber, Jhota Road, Jagadhri.

245 M/s Kasturi Lal S/o Fakir Chand, Darpur.

287 M/s Wood Craft industries Gali No. 5, Trimurti
Bhawan, Azad Nagar, Yamuna Nagar.

246 M/s Jarnail S/o Rafiq , Khizrabad.

288 M/s Shiv Furniture House, Buria Gate, Jagadhri

247 M/s Norhtern Timber Khajuri Rd. YNR.
248 M/s Naresh Kumar S/o Paras Ram Mustfabad.

95

Annexes

289 M/s Haryana Survey & Drawing Udyog, Atmapuri
Colony, Yamuna Nagar.

319 M/s Dhiman Furniture & Interor Dewrators,
Aggarsen Chowk, Court Road, Jagadhri.

290 M/s United, Shop No. 3 Bye Pass Road, Yamuna
Nagar.

320 M/s Dhiman Saw Mills. Vill. Kotrakhas
321 M/s Jagmal Furniture work, vill. Kotrakhas

291 M/s Ess Kay & Company E - 28, Industial Area,
Yamuna Nagar.

322 Unipack Industries, Bank Colony, Yamuna Nagar.
323 M/s Green Timber Industries, Saharanpur Road,
Yamuna Nagar.

292 M/s Sachdeva Saw Mills Gobind Road, Yamuna
Nagar.

324 M/s Kuldeep Wood works, Vill. Haveli.

293 M/s Dayal Furniture Emporium, a, Bhata Building
Road Jagadhri, Yamuna Nagar

325 M/s Ved Prakash Timbers Traders, Court Road, Near
Aggarsen Chowk, Jagadhri.

294 M/s Nasar Ahmed S/o Nargar, Vill. Dev Dhar.

326 M/s A. R. Industries, Vill. Jorian.

295 M/s B. R. Dackwell Industries (P) Ltd. Jhota Road,
Jagadhri.

327 M/s Saraswati Wood Industries, Vill. Bolni. P.O.
Mustafabad.

296 M/s A One Timber Industri Gobindpuri Road,
Jagadhri.

328 M/s Abdul Gaffar S/o Saddik, V.P.O. Shadipur.

297 M/s Sunil Furniture House, Nalagarh Ka Majra,
Ambala Road, Jagadhri.

329 M/s Kiran Pal S/o Gian Chand V.P.O. Darpur

298 M/s Ajmer S/o Raja Ram, Vill. Kanalshi.

331 M/s Shaukat Ali S/o Rafiq Ahmed Vill. Muzafat
Kalan

330 M/s Woody Farms, Vill. Jorian. V.P.O. Aurangabad.

299 Pawan S/o Banta Ram Furniture Works, Vill.
Fatehgarh Tumbi.

332 M/s Labour Cherai Ara Machine, Ambala Road,
Jagadhri.

300 M/s Dhiman Saw works, Vill. Fatehgrah Tumbi.

333 M/s Joginder Furniture House, V.P.O. Ranjitpur

301 M/s Kartar Chand S/o Mohan Ram, Court Road,
Jagadhri.

334 M/s Dharmapal Wood works, Vishal Nagar, Yamuna
Nagar.

302 M/s J.K. Furniture,Civil Line, Jagadhri.

335 M/s Ashok Kumar Arun Kumar Goel, Lakkar Mandi
Sharanpur Road, Yamuna Nagar.

303 M/s Shiva Araa Machine Gulab Nagar, Jagadhri
304 M/s Ram Furniture House Old Chachhrauli Road,
Jagadhri.

336 M/s Parmod Furnitures works, Buria Road, Jagadhri.
337 M/s Anil Furniture works, Buria Road, Jagadhri.

305 M/s Mond Hamid S/o Ali Niwaz, Vill. Mazapal
Kalan.

338 M/s Avtar Traders, Prahlad Puri workshop
Road,Yomuna Nagar.

306 M/s Isar Kaur Ara Machine, Saw Mill Bilashpur
Road, Jagadhri.

339 M/s U.G. Enterprises, Old Sabzi Mandi Road,
Yamuna Nagar.

307 M/s Sajiq Wood Works, Vill. Palley wala, P.O.
Alahar,340 M/s Dhiman Furniture House, Court Road, Jagadhri.

308 M/s Dhiman Saw Mills & Furniture House Bharat
Sewak Nagar, Jagadhri.

341 M/s Shiv Shankar Saw Mill, Chhachhrauli Road,
Near Sharma Hospital, Jagadhri.

309 M/s J. A. Engineering Near Kali Mandir, Jagadhri.

342 M/s Bajaj Industries (Wood Section) 964 - 965
workshop Road, Yamuna Nagar.

310 M/s Ved Prakash Mittal & Company, Mittal Building
Old Sabzi Mandi, Yamuna Nagar.

343 M/s Bharat Saw Mills Near Tehsil Office Radaur.

311 Sh. Madan Lal S/o Roshan Lal V.P.O. Kharwan.

344 M/s Shiv Ram S/o Mukandi Ram, Vill. Ratauli P.O.
Khera Farm.

312 M/s Rameshwar S/o Jyoti Ram, Wood Saw works,
Vill. Bihta, Jagadhri.

345 M/s Saheed Ahmed S/o Mohd Umardeen V.P.O.
Khizrabad.

313 M/s Vishnoo Saw Mills Near Old Sabzi Mandi,
Yamuna Nagar

346 M/s Neeraj Kumar S/o Amir Chand, Vill. Kishanpura
P.O. Khizrabad.

314 M/s Shree Ganesh Saw General Mills, Near
Aggarsain Chowk, Jagadhri.

347 M/s Yamin Furniture works, vill. Ranjroo.

315 M/s Shri Maha Laxmi Saw Mills, Old Sabzi Mandi,
YNR.

348 M/s Ram Kumar S/o Banwari Wood works vill. Kotra
Khas.

316 M/s Surjan Vill. Dansara.

349 M/s Uttam Furnitures, Sawanpuri, Chhoti line.
Jagadhri.

317 M/s Ram Kishan S/o Jhandu, Vill. Jugal Pur, P.O.
Ledi.]

350 M/s Alpne Enterprises, Saharnpur Road, Vill.
Dansara.

318 M/s Saldir Ahmed S/o Fauirra, Vill. Manakpur P.O.
Lalheri.

351 M/s Bhishamber Dass S/o Janki Dass, Vill. Dayalgarh
352 M/s Satpal S/o Budh Ram, Ambala Road, Jagadhri.

96Annexes

353 M/s Ram Wood Works, Ambala Road, Jagadhri.

385 M/s Ramesh Chand S/o BanarsiDass VPO Devdhar,
The. Chhachrauli

354 M/s Rajpal furniture works, Ambala Road, Jagadhri.

386 M/s Naresh Kumar S/oBanarsi Dass VPO Devdhar

355 M/s Vijay Furniture House, Munda Majra Road,
Yamuna Nagar.

387 M/s Kharati Dhiman Furniture House, Sawanpuri
Yamuna Nagar Road, Jagadhri

356 M/s Sunita Timber Industries, Timber Market,
Saharanpur Road, Yamuna Nagar.

388 M/s Ajay Timber & Allied Industries Amadalpur
Road, Buria Chowk, Jagadhri

357 M/s Shiv Wood Works, Vijay Nagar, Jagadhri.

389 M/s Suresh Wooden Works, Buria Gate Jagadhri

358 M/s Panchal Furniture Works, Gandhi Nagar Colony,
Jagadhri.

390 M/s Om Parkash Furniture, Jagadhri Road,
Gobindpuri, Yamuna Nagar

359 M/s Dilbag Wood Works, Kopal Mochan Road,
Yamuna Naga. (Bilaspur)

391 M/s Goel Wood Products Vill. Mandholi P.O.
Kalanour360 M/s Duran Saw Mills, Vill. Dabni Kalan

392 M/s Oberoi Wooden Industries, M-15, Ind. Area,
Yamuna Nagar

361 M/s Dalip Singh & Co. Aggarsain Chowk, Jagadhri.
362 M/s Mehar Chand Wood Cutter. Sarup, Near PNB,
Buria.

393 M/s Venus Cabinet & Furniture, Jaswant Col. Near
Rly Over Bridge, Yamuna Nagar

363 M/s Mohinder Kumar S/o Ram Sarup, Near PNB,
Buria,

394 M/s Dhiman Saw Mills, Jathlana Road, Ghespur
395 M/s Rashim Timber Aurangabad

364 M/s Om Chand S/o Niranjan, Near PNB, Buria.

396 M/s Ravinder Kuimar & Co. Radam Raod Camp.
Yamuna Nagar

365 M/s Joginder Furniture House, V.P.O. Ranjitpur, P.O.
Pipliwala.

397 M/s Dhiman Furniture Udyg vill. Gundiana

366 M/s Shiva Furniture Shop, V. Tirath Nagar, Badi
Majra.

398 M/s Sunny Wooden Frames workshop Road,
Yamuna Nagar

367 M/s Kadri Furniture House, Vill. Ranjitpur,
Pipliwala.

399 M/s Golden Furniture works Near Krishna colony,
Yamuna Nagar

368 M/s Samay Singh S/o Baru Ram, Bus Stand Buria.

400 M/s Dhiman Furniture works, Vill Bilaspur

369 M/s Gainesh Saw Mills, Tirath Nagar, Badi Majra
Road, Panjara.

401 M/s Sethi Enterprieses 198 Shipuri - B P.O. Yamuna
Nagar

370 M/s Kumar Wooden Works Vill. Alahar.

402 M/s Dhiman Furniture woks, Bye pass chowk, Mistra
Colony, Yamuna Nagar.

371 M/s Subh Kisan Wood Works, vill. Kangru.
372 M/s Mam Chand S/o Nathi Ram, Vill. Gulabgarh.

403 M/s Jai Saw Furniture works pct Nrt. Bharat SwakNagas Jagain

373 M/s Ram Kumar S/o Laik Ram, Furniture works, Vill.
Dhanora.

404 M/s Ajay Enterprises, Old Sahawan Dm Road,
Jagadh.

374 M/s R.D. Plywood Industries, 0- 8 Indi. Area,
Yamuna Nagar.

405 M/s Pinkay sawing Vill Nargarh P. O. Pipliwala

375 M/s Gurdev Kumar. S/o Sugan Ram, Karnauli.
376 M/s Hari Datt S/o Shri Singh,

406 M/s Ramesh S/0 Piyara Lal Rajesh Nagar Colony,
Jagadhri

377 M/s Pal Timber & Aihed Industires, Vill.
Udhamgarh.

407 M/s Krishan Wooden works Main Bazar, Radam
408 M/s Shiv Shakit Saw Mills, Vill Tirath Nagar Badhi
Majra

378 M/s Gagan Furniture Workshop, Chhita MandirRoad, Near Jagadhri Q/R Cieul Mills, Yamuna Nagar.

409 M/s Anit Kumar Workshop Rd. Yamuna Nagar

379 M/s Tiwari Furniture Works Shop No. 4, Beet Nagar,
Yamuna Nagar.

410 M/s Shiv Imasti works , workshop road,Yamunanagar

380 M/s Raj Kumar S/o Mangat Ram, Saw Mills, V.P.O.
Kolla.

411 M/s Sita Ram S/o Mangli Ram, Wood Udyagi Vill.
Laharpiur

381 M/s Babu Ram S/o Chiranji Lal, vill. Sherpur, P.O.
Ledi.

412 M/s Shamsher Wood Works, Vill. Sikanora, P. O.
Hartan382 M/s Jai Saw Mills, Buria Gate, Bharat Sewak Nagar,
Jagadhri.

413 M/s Ramesh Wood works Vill Sikanore , P. O. Hartan
414 M/s Ganga Wind Industries Vill. Badi Majra

383 M/s Shiv Wooden Works, Vill. Antawa (Radaur)

415 M/s V. K. Enterprises , Plam wiar Radam Road ,Comp. Yamuna Nagar

384 M/s Sandeep Furinture Works, Gulab Nagar Chowk,
Jagadhri.

416 M/s Kanwar Industries Vill. Hrian P. C. Pmangadad

97

Annexes

417 M/s Madan Lal Wooden Furniture Vill. Alishepur
Majra

448 M/s Ashoka Tube Industries Eo 22 India Yamuna
Nagar

418 M/s Kaha Gram Udyog Manal Vill. Cadhauli

449 M/s Atma Ram S/o Uday Ram Larharr Kalen

419 M/s Krishna Timber Industries Old Saharanpur Vill.
Jaghri.

450 M/s Anand Tuber Traders Saharnpur Rd. Yamuna
Nagar

420 M/s Bharat Saw Vills. Neem Chhachhruli road,
Jagdhri

451 M/s Boota Singh & Sons Jadhari Road. Yamuana
Nagar

421 M/s Faginra Furniture & Deccrater . Cmt Road
Jagdhri

452 M/s Bhalla Furniture , Jag Rd Yamuna Nagar

422 M/s Shital Furniture works Jagdhri Road, Bilaspur

453 M/s Bhardwaj 50 W mills Saherapur Rd. Yamuna
Nagar

423 M/s Shiv Sawmill. Jadhri Road, Vill. Bilaspur

454 M/s Universal Tuber Chopra Yamnu Nagar

424 M/s Agarwal Traders , Kapal Machan Road, Vill.
Bilaspur

455 M/s Mulakh Ran S/o Madhu Suden Lal, well Area
Yamuna Nagar

425 M/s Rahiv Dhiman Furniture House Sodhaaura
Road, Bilaspur

456 Sh. Menoher Induster , E-24- 75 Tull Area, Yamuna
Nagar

426 M/s Pachal Sawmiils , Amadalpur Road, Jagahri

457 M/s Mistra Aga Ram Mini Lal Bilaspur

427 M/s Rajan Steel , 22 Ind. State yamuna Nagar

458 Sh. Indl. Tember Corporation Radaw Road, Yamuna
Nagar

428 M/s Premer Sales Comp. C- 1, Ind. Drea , Yamuna
Nagar

459 Sh. Kasturi Lal & Sons Yamuana Nagar

429 M/s Rajinder Kumar S/o Mangal Ram. Furniture
works, Bilaspur

460 M/s Kuldip Saw Mills, Khayand Rd. Yamuna Nagar

430 M/s Achin Industry , Garhi Mundo , Jagadhri

461 M/s Khurana Furniture Exporim Hira Buiding ,Yamuna Nagar

431 M/s Paramjit wood works 185 Vishwa Kumar
Rohalla, Gali No. 6 Yamuna Nagar

462 M/s Kalra Timber Industries Khaguri Rd. , Yamnua
Nagar

432 M/s R. K. Brothers, P47 No. 37 II Ind. Estate,
YamunaNagar

463 Sh. J. K. Kapoor & Co. Yamuna Nagar
464 M/s Jayents Tember Industries , Yamuna Nagar

433 M/s Nasirudin wood works, vill. Ramgarh P. O.
Hartan465 M/s Jatndra Tember Industries, Khejuri Rd. , Yamuna
Nagar

434 M/s Jagjit Furuniture House, 601 Modles Colony,
Yamuna Nagar

466 M/s Joyti Ram Krishan Ram, Bilaspur

435 M/s Gulshan & Co. Rana Parkash Bagh, Near Chh.
Road, Jagadhri

468 M/s Punjala Sons Mills , Yamuna Nagar

467 M/.s Jai Parkash S/o Sont Ram, Chhochhroli

436 M/s Amit Kumar S/o Mohninder Pal Gandhri Nagar,
Buria Road, Jagdhari

469 M/s Parshotam Singh Chander , Yamuna Nagar

437 M/s Mamchand & Sons Wood works Edhaura Road,
Bilaspur

471 M/s Diajal Drawing Boare Saharanpur Rd. Yamuna
Nagar

438 M/s Bein Pal S/o Chamela Ram Vill Shahzadpur, P. o.
Mehar Majra

472 M/s Dewan Brothers E- 72 , Ind. Area, Yamuna
Nagar

439 M/s Phiman wood works Vi.. Sohatpura

473 M/s Dalip Singh & Sons Kuajri Road, Yamuna Nagar

440 m/S Ballir wood works Vill Sadikpur

474 M/s Dalip Singh & Co. Jagdhri Rd. Yamuna Nagar

441 M/s Vikas Furniture House, Vill. Sadikpur

475 M/s Dhiman Furniture Wash , Bilaspur

442 M/s Vidya Arada Line Vill. Kishanpura

476 M/ S S. P. Timber Industries , Yamuna Nagar

443 M/s Dhiman Imarti Works, Gandhi Puri Road
Jagadhri

477 M/s Seva Saw Mill , Burra town

470 M/s Paras Ram Cerpemtar , Chhacharuli

478 M/s S. P. Kapoor & Co. Inde. Area Yamuna Nagar

444 M/s Suresh wood works, Viil. Kandoli P. o. GumahlaRoad

479 M/s Satorh Kumar & Co. , Nhajmi Road, Yamuna
Nagar

445 M/s Ramesh Wooden Furniture Udyog Vill. Sherpur
Majra

480 M/s Raman Saw Mills, Yamuna Nagar
481 M/s Ramwas Industries (Ind. Area) Yamuna Nagar

446 M/s Glofe Guginrring cotri ( Ambal Div.) 6/1, Ramam
Chanipur Yamunna Nagar

482 M/s Rekhi Ram S/o Teja Ram , Darpur
483 M/s Hind Tube Ind., Yamuna Nagar

447 M/s Are Tube Trading Co. Shahranpur Rd. Yamuna
Nagar

484 M/s Harspal Saw Mill , Yamuna Nagar

98

Annexes

485 M/s National Saw Mill , Saharanpur Rd. Yamuna
Nagar

518 M/s Mittal Saw Mills W - 3 , Ind. Area, Yamuna
Nagar

486 M/s Chhbra Saw Mill

519 M/s Babu Ram Ved Parkash , Khajuri Road, Yamuna
Nagar

487 M/s Craws Tamber & Forests RA Ltd. Saharanpur
Rd. , Yamuna Nagar

520 M/s Ravindra Saw Mills & Wood Industries ,Aggarsain Chowk, Jagadhri

488 M/s Taneja Tender Ind. Camp, Yamuna Nagar

521 M/s Namdev Saw Mills, Yamuna Nagar Road,
Jagadhri

489 M/s Tanja Saw Mill Radam Rd., Yamuna Nagar
490 M/s Ved Parkash & Co. Khanji Road, Yamuna Nagar

522 M/s Panchal Saw Mills, Cunshala Road

491 M/s Vikas Timber Ind. Khanjuri Road, Yamuna
Nagar

523 M/s Rashim Timber, Auragabad
524 M/s Sumitra Saw Mills, Khajuri Road, Yamuna
Nagar

492 M/s Victory Timber Ind. Burra Rd. Jagdhari
493 M/s Faquir Chand Ram Kumar Saw Mill
Chhachhruali

CHENNAI494 M/s Shri Ram S/o Budu Ram , Durpur
495 M/s Shri Santokh Saw Mill W - 9 Ind. Area, Yamuna
Nagar

1.

Sri. Rajalaxmi Timber Corporation
190, G.N.T.Road, Puzhal, Chennai - 66

2.

Jayaraj International Pvt. Ltd.,AMC Centre, 29 / 5, Viswanathapuram, Main road,
Kodambakkam, Chennai - 24

3.

Velmurugan Timber Traders
16 / 1 B , Red Hills Roiad, Kathirvedu, Chennai - 99

4.

Sharon Veneers Pvt. Ltd.,12, Sriman Srinivasan Road, Alwarpet, Chennai - 18

5.

Shree Vijaya Meenatchi Timber traders
New No. 311, Appao Rao Gardens, Meenakshi
Nilayam, Choolai, Chennai - 600 112

505 M/s Ravinder Pal Singh Vill. Chenti

6.

506 M/s Unique Timber Works 0-5 Ind. Area, Yamuna
Nagar

Pyramid Timber Associates ( Pvt) Ltd.,
100, G.N.T. Road, Puzhal, Chennai - 66

7.

West India Impex (Pvt.) Ltd.,
2/2 Tanjore Main Road. Opp.Laxmipuram,
Tiruchirapalli-10

8.

Sri Krishna Timber TradersNo.291, Nehru Timber Market, Choolai, Chennai 600 112
Pokar Timber Mart95/ 1 Nagappa Industrial estate, G.N.T. Road, Puzhal
Chennai 600 066

496 M/s SPK loding Tower Pvt. Ltd. E - 35 , Ind. Area ,Yamuna Nagar
497 M/s Shakit Timber Ind. Khejrui Rd. , Yamuna Nagar
498 M/s Shri Amrjit Bachar Saw Mill Khajrui Rd. ,Yamuna Nagar
499 M/s Sham Timber Ind. Camp. , Yamuna Nagar
500 M/s Rishi Wood Ind. Sarawati Rd. Jagadhri
501 M/s Dhiman Saw Mill
502 M/s Ahluwallia Saw Mill , Kishan Pura
503 M/s Nathu Ram & Sons Lakshmi Nagar Camp. ,Yamuna Nagar
504 M/s Ravindra Enterprises Jain Cop. Comp. , Yamuna
Nagar

507 M/s Harmen Enterprieses, V. Jorian
508 M/s Pragati Eco. Board Khanjrui Road, Yamuna
Nagar
509 M/s Moti Timber Industries , Khajuri Road, Yamuna
Nagar
9.

510 M/s Royal Enterpriese , 0-17 Ind. Area, Yamuna
Nagar
511 M/s Anil Saw Mill , Burragate , Jagadhri
512 M/s Lalit Mohan Goel & Co. Ahamd Pur Road,
Jagadhri

10. Ravi Timber Agency
95 / 1 G.N.T.Road, Puzhal, Chennai - 600 066

513 M/s Bharat Joinery & Saw Mill Khanjuri Road,
Yamuna Nagar

11. Anand Timber Mart
No. 291, Nehru Timber Mart, Choolai, Chennai - 600
112

514 M/s New Namdheri Saw Mill, Saheranpur Road,
Yamuna Nagar

12. Aakar Enterprises
No.4, Settanna Naickar street, Nehru Timber Mart,
Chholai, Chennai - 600 112

515 M/s Om Parkash Saw Mill Burra
516 M/s J. K. Timber Industries , Khajuri Road, Yamuna
Nagar
517 M/s Prince Trading Co. E - 19 Ind. Area, Yamuna
Nagar

13. Uniply Industries Ltd.,
168, Sydenhams road, Chennai - 600 003

99

Annexes

14. Ethiraj Timbers Private Ltd.,
162, Sydenhams Road, Periamet, Chennai -3
15. Patel Timber Depot
5 Choolai High Road, Chennai - 600 112
16. Shreeply
58, A.P. Road, Choolai, Chennai - 600 122
17. Subhashree Trading Enterprises Ltd.,100

Annexes

Annex 6.1
NATIONAL FOREST POLICY, 1988
GOVERNMENT OF INDIAMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTSNEW DELHI
No. 3-1/86-FP
Ministry of Environment and Forests(Department of Environment, Forests & Wildlife)
Paryavaran Bhavan, CGO Complex,
Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110003.
Dated the 7th December, 1988.
RESOLUTION
National Forest Policy, 1988
1.

PREAMBLE

1.1.

In Resolution No.13/52/F, dated the 12th May, 1952, the Government of India in the erstwhile
Ministry of Food and Agriculture enunciated a Forest Policy to be followed in the
management of State Forests in the country. However, over the years,* forests in the country
have suffered serious depletion. This is attributable to relentless pressures arising from everincreasing demand for fuel-wood, fo dder and timber; inadequacy of protection measures;
diversion of forest lands to non-forest uses without ensuring compensatory afforestation andessential environmental safeguards; and the tendency to look upon forests as revenue earning
resource. The need to review the situation and to evolve, for the future, a new strategy offorest conservation has become imperative. Conservation includes preservation, maintenance,sustainable utilisation, restoration, and enhancement of the natural environment. It has thus
become necessary to review and revise the National Forest Policy.

2.

BASIC OBJECTIVES

2.1

The basic objectives that should govern the National Forest Policy - are the following:

Maintenance of environmental stability through preservation and, where necessary, restoration of
the ecological balance that has been adversely disturbed by serious depletion of the forests of thecountry.

Conserving the natural heritage of the country by preserving the remaining natural forests withthe vast variety of flora and fauna, which represent the remarkable biological diversity andgenetic resources of the country.



Checking soil erosion and denudation in the catchment areas of rivers, lakes, reservoirs in the"interest of soil and water conservation, for mitigating floods and droughts and for theretardation of siltation of reservoirs.

Checking the extension of sand-dunes in the desert areas of Rajasthan and along the coastal tracts.



Increasing substantially the forest/tree cover in the country through massive afforestation andsocial forestry programmes, especially on all denuded, degraded and unproductive lands.



Meeting the requirements of fuel-wood, fodder, minor forest produce and small timber of therural and tribal populations.

101AnnexesIncreasing the productivity of forests to meet essential national needs.



Encouraging efficient utilisation of forest pro duce and maximising substitution of wood.

Creating a massive people's movement with the involvement of women, for achieving theseobjectives and to minimise pressure on existing forests.

The principal aim of Forest Policy must be to ensure environmental stability and maintenance of
ecological balance including atmospheric equilibrium which are vital for sustenance of all lifeforms,
human, animal and plant. The derivation of direct economic benefit must be subordinated to thisprincipal aim.
3.

ESSENTIALS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT

3.1

Existing forests and forest lands should be fully protected and -their productivity improved.
Forest and vegetal cover should be in creased rapidly on hill slopes, in catchment areas ofrivers, lakes and reservoirs and ocean shores and, on semi-arid, and and desert tracts.

3.2

Diversion of good and productive agricultural lands to forestry should be discouraged inview of the need for increased food production.

3.3

For the conservation of total biological diversity, the network of national parks, sanctuaries,
biosphere reserves and other protected areas should be strengthened and extended
adequately.

3.4

Provision of sufficient fodder, fuel and pasture, specially in areas adjoining forest, isnecessary in order to prevent depletion of forests beyond the sustainable limit. Since
fuelwood continues to be the predominant source of energy in rural areas, the programme ofafforestation should be intensified with special emphasis on augmenting fuelwood
production to meet the requirement of the rural people.

3.5

Minor forest produce provides sustenance to tribal population and to other communities
residing in and around the forests. Such produce should be protected, improved and theirproduction enhanced with due regard to generation of employment and income.

4.

STRATEGY

4.1

Area under Forests

The national goal should be to have a minimum of one-third of the total land area of the country
under forest or tree cover. In the hills and in mountainous regions, the aim should be to maintaintwo-third of the area under such cover in order to prevent erosion and land degradation and toensure the stability of the fragile eco-system.
4.2

Afforestation, Social Forestry & Farm Forestry

4.2.1

A massive need-based and time bound programme of afforestation and tree planting, withparticular emphasis on fuelwood and fodder development, on all degraded and denuded
lands in the country, whether forest or non-forest land, is a national imperative.

4.2.2

It is necessary to encourage the planting of trees alongside of roads, railway lines, rivers andstreams and canals, an d on other unutilised lands under State/corporate, institutional_ or
private ownership. Green belts should be raised in urban/industrial areas as well as in arid
tracts. Such a programme will help to check erosion and desertification as well as improve themicroclimate.
102Annexes

4.2.3

Village and community lands, including those on foreshores and environs of tanks, notrequired for other productive uses, should be taken up for the development of tree crops andfodder resources. Technical assistance and other inputs necessary for initiating suchprogrammes should be provided by the Government. The revenues generated through suchprogrammes should belong to the panchayats where the lands are vested in them; in all othercases, such revenues should be shared with the local communities in order to provide an
incentive to them. The vesting, in individuals, particularly from the weaker sections (such as
landless labour, small and marginal farmers, scheduled castes, tribals, women) of certain
ownership rights over trees, could be considered, subject to appropriate regulations;beneficiaries would be entitled to usufruct and would in turn be responsible for their security
and maintenance.

4.2.4

Land laws should be so modified wherever necessary so as to facilitate and motivate
individuals and institutions to undertake tree-farming and grow fodder plants, grasses andlegumes on their own land. Wherever degraded lands should be made available for thispurpose either on lease or on the basis of a tree-patta scheme. Such leasing of the land should
be subject to the land grant rules and land ceiling laws. Steps necessary to encourage them todo so must be taken. Appropriate regulations should govern the felling of trees on private
holding.

4.3

Management of State Forests

4.3.1

Schemes and projects which interfere with forests that clothe steep slopes, catchments ofrivers, lakes, and reservoirs, geologically unstable terrain and such other ecologicallysensitive areas should be severely restricted. Tropical rain/moist forests, particularly in areas
like Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, should be totally
safeguarded..4.3.2 No forest should be permitted to be worked without - the Government
having approved the management plan, which should be in a prescribed format and in
keeping with the National Forest Policy. The Central Government should issue necessary
guidelines to the State Governments in this regard and monitor compliance.

4.3.3

In order to meet the growing needs for essential goods and services which the forests
provide, it is necessary to enhance forest cover and productivity of the forests through theapplication of scientific and technical inputs. Production forestry programmes, while aiming
at enhancing the forest cover in the country, and meeting national needs, should also beoriented to narrowing, by the turn of the century, the increasing gap between demand andsupply of fuelwood. No such programme, however, should entail clear-felling of adequately
stocked natural forests. Nor should exotic species be introduced, through public or private
sources, unless long-term scientific trials undertaken by specialists in ecology, forestry andagriculture have established that they are suitable and have no adverse impact on native
vegetation and environment.

4.3.4

Rights and Concessions
4.3.4.1 The rights and concessions, including grazing, should always remain related to thecarrying capacity of forests. The capacity itself should be optimised by increased
investment, silvicultural research and development of the area. Stall-feeding of cattle
should be encouraged'. The requirements of the community, which cannot be met by
the rights and concessions so determined, should be met by development of social
forestry outside the reserved forests.
4.3.4.2 The holders of customary rights and concessions in forest areas should be motivatedto identify themselves with the protection and development of forests from which103

Annexes

they derive benefits. The rights and concessions from forests should primarily be forthe bonafide use of the communities living within and around forest areas, speciallythe tribals.
4.3.4.3 The life of tribals and other poor living within and near forests revolves aroundforests. The rights and concessions enjoyed by them should be fully protected. Theirdomestic requirements of fuelwood, fodder, minor forest produce and construction
timber should be the first charge on forest produce. These and substitute materials
should be made available through conveniently located depots at reasonable prices.
4.3.4.4 Similar consideration should be given to scheduled castes and other poor living near
forests. However, the area, which such consideration should cover, would bedetermined by the carrying capacity of the forests.
4.3.5

Wood is in short supply. The long-term solution for meeting the existing gap lies inincreasing the productivity of forests, but to relieve the existing pressure on forests
for the demands of railway sleepers, construction industry (particularly in the publicsector), furniture and panelling, mine-pit props, paper and paper board
etc.substitution of wood needs to be taken recourse to. Similarly, on the front ofdomestic energy, fuelwood needs to be substituted as far as practicable with alternate
sources.like bio-gas, LPG and solar energy. Fuel-efficient "Chulhas" as a measure ofconservation of fuelwood need to be popularised in rural areas.

4.4

Diversion of Forest Lands for Non-forest purposes

4.4.1

Forest land or land with tree cover should not be -treated merely as a resource readily
available to be utilised for various projects and programmes, but as a national asset which
requires to be properly safeguarded for providing sustained benefits to the entire community.
Diversion of forest land for any non-forest purpose should be subject to the most careful
examinations by specialists from the standpoint of social and envir6nmental costs andbenefits. Construction of dams and reservoirs, mining and industrial development andexpansion of agriculture should be consistent with the needs for conservation of trees andforests. Projects which involve such diversion should at least provide in their investment
budget, funds for regeneration/compensatory afforestation.

4.4.2

Beneficiaries who are allowed mining and quarrying in forest land and in land covered bytrees should' be required to repair and re-vegetate the area in accordance with establishedforestry practices. No mining lease should be granted to any party, private or public, without
a proper mine management plan appraised from the environmental angle and enforced byadequate machinery.

4.5

Wildlife Conservation

Forest Management should take special care of the needs of wildlife conservation, and forest
management plans should include prescriptions for this purpose. It is specially essential to provide
for "corridors" linking the protected areas in order to maintain genetic continuity between artificiallyseparated sub-sections of migrant wildlife.
4.6

Tribal People and Forests

Having regard to the symbiotic relationship between the tribal people and forests, a primary task of
all agencies responsible for forest management, including the forest development corporations should
be to associate the tribal people closely in the protection, regeneration and development of forests as104

Annexes

well as to provide gainful employment to people living in and around the forest. While safeguarding
the customary rights and interests of such people, forestry programmes should pay special attention
to the following:One of the major causes for degradation of forest is illegal cutting and removal by contractors andtheir labour. In order to put, an end to this practice, contractors should be replaced by institutions
such as tribal cooperatives, labour cooperatives, government corporations, etc. as early as
possible;Protection, regeneration and optimum collection of minor forest produce along with institutionalarrangements for the marketing of such produce;

Development of forest villages on par with revenue villages;



Family oriented schemes for improving the status of the tribal beneficiaries;and

Undertaking integrated are a development programmes to meet the needs of the tribal, economy
in and around the forest areas, including the provision of alternative sources of domestic energy
on a subsidised basis, to reduce pressure on the existing forest areas.

4.7

Shifting Cultivation

Shifting cultivation is affecting the environment .and productivity of land adversely. Alternative
avenues of income, suitably harmonised with the right landuse practices, should be devised to
discourage shifting cultivation. Efforts should be made to contain such cultivation within the area
already affected, by propagating improved agricultural practices. Area already damaged by suchcultivation should be rehabilitated through social forestry and energy plantations.
4.8

Damage to Forests from Encroachments, Fires and Grazing

4.8.1

Encroachment on forest lands has been on the increase. This trend has to be arrested andeffective action taken to prevent its continuance. There, should be no regularisation ofexisting encroachments.

4.8.2

The incidence of forest fires in the country is high. Standing trees and fodder are destroyed ona large scale and natural regeneration annihilated by such fires. Special precautions should betaken during the fire season. Improved and modern management practices should be
adopted to deal with forest fires.

4.8.3

Grazing in forest areas should be regulated with the involvement of the community Special
conservation areas, young plantations and regeneration areas should be fully protected.
Grazing and browsing in forest areas need to be controlled. Adequate grazing fees should be
levied to discourage people in forest areas from maintaining large herds of non-essential
livestock.

4.9

Forest-based Industries

The main considerations governing the establishment of forest-based industries and supply of raw
material to them should be as follows:As far as possible, a forest-based industry should raise the raw material needed for meeting its
own requirements, preferably by establishment of a direct relationship between the factory andthe individuals who can grow the raw material by supporting the individuals with inputs
including credit, constant technical advice and finally harvesting and transport services.
105AnnexesNo forest-based enterprise, except that at the village or cottage level, should be permitted in the
future unless it has been first cleared after a careful scrutiny with regard to assured availability of
raw material. In any case, the fuel, fodder and timber requirements of the local population should
not be sacrificed for this purpose.



Forest-based industries must not only provide employment to local people on priority but also
involve them fully in raising trees and raw-material.

Natural forests serve as a gene pool resource and help to maintain ecological balance. Such forests
will not, therefore, be made available to industries for undertaking plantation and for any otheractivities.



Farmers, particularly small and marginal farmers, would be encouraged to grow, on
marginal/degraded lands available with them, wood species required for industries. These may
also be grown along with fuel and fodder species on community lands not required for pasture
purposes, and by Forest department/corporations on degraded forests, not earmarked for naturalregeneration.



The practice of supply of forest produce to industry at concessional. Prices should cease. Industry
should be encouraged to use alternative raw materials. Import of wood and wood products
should be liberalised.

The above considerations will, however, be subject to the current policy relating to land ceilingand land-laws.

4.10

Forest Extension

Forest conservation programme cannot succeed without the willing support and cooperation of thepeople. It is essential, therefore, to inculcate in the people, a direct interest in forests, their.
development and conservation, and to make them conscious of the value of trees, wildlife and naturein general. This can be achieved through the involvement of educational institutions, right from theprimary stage. Farmers and interested people should be provided opportunities through institutions
like Krishi Vigyan Kendras, Trainers' Training Centres to learn agrisilvicultural and silvicultural
techniques to ensure optimum use of their land and water resources. Short term extension courses
and lectures should be organised in order to educate farmers. For this purpose, it is essential thatsuitable programmes are propagated through mass media, audio -visual aids and the extension
machinery.
4.11

Forestry Education

Forestry should be recogr1is ed both as a scientific discipline as well as a profession. Agriculture
universities and institutions, dedicated to the development of forestry education should formulate
curricula and courses for imparting academic education and promoting postgraduate research andprofessional excellence, keeping in view the manpower needs of the country. Academic andprofessional qualifications - in.forestry should be kept in view for recruitment to the Indian Forest
Service and the State Forest Service. Specialised and orientation courses far developing better
management skills by inservice training need to be encouraged, taking into account the latest
development in forestry and related disciplines.

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4.12

Forestry ResearchWith the increasing recognition of the importance of forests for environmental health, energy andemployment, emphasis must be laid on scientific forestry research, necessitating adequate
strengthening of the research base as well as new priorities for action. Some broad priority areas ofresearch and development needing special attention are:

Increasing the productivity of wood and other forest produce per unit of area per unit time by theapplication of modern scientific and technological methods.



Revegetation of barren/marginal/waste/mined lands and watershed areas.

Effective conservation and management of existing forest resources (mainly natural forest ecosystems).



Research related to social forestry for rural/ tribal development.



Development of substitutes to replace wood and wood products.



Research related to wildlife and management of national parks and sanctuaries.

4.13

Personnel Management

Government policies in personnel management for professional foresters and forest scientists should
aim at enhancing their professional competence and status and attracting and retaining qualified and motivated personnel, keeping in view particularly -the Arduous nature of duties they have toperform, often in remote and inhospitable places.
4.14

Forest Survey and Data Base

Inadequacy of data regarding forest resources is a matter of concern because this creates a false senseof complacency. Priority needs to. be accorded to completing the survey of forest resources in the
country on scientific lines and to updating information. For this purpose, periodical collection,
collation and publication of reliable data on relevant aspects of forest management needs to be
improved with recourse to modern technology and equipment.
4.15

Legal Support and Infrastructure Development

Appropriate legislation should be undertaken, supported by adequate infrastructure, at the Centre
and State levels in order to implement the Policy effectively.
4.16

Financial Support for Forestry

The objectives of this revised Policy cannot be achieved without the investment of financial and otherresources on a substantial scale. Such investment is indeed fully justified considering the contributionof forests in maintaining essential ecological processes and life support systems and in preserving
genetic diversity. Forests should not be looked upon as a source of revenue. Forests are a renewable
natural resource. They are a national asset to be protected and enhanced for the well-being of thepeople and the Nation.
(K.P.Geethakrishnan)
Secretary to the Government of India

107

Annexes

Annex 6.2
THE NATIONAL FOREST COMMISSIONA National Forest Commission has been set up in 2003 to look into restructuring, reforms andstrengthening of the entire forest sector set up and affiliated institutions in the country.
Constitution of the National Forest Commission
The composition of the National Forest Commission is as under:(i)

Justice B. N. Kirpal, Ex Chief Justice of India

Chairman(ii)

Director General of Forests and Special Secretary,
MoEF, G. O. I.

Member, Ex- Officio(iii)

Prof. J. S. Singh, B. H. U.

Member(iv)

Shri Chandi Prasad Bhatt

Member(v)

Dr. M. K. Ranjitsinh

Member(vi)

Shri A. P. Muthuswamy

Member(vii)

Addl. D. G. Forests, Ministry of Environment andForests, G. O. I.

Member- Secretary
Ex-Officio

Terms of Reference of the Commission
The terms of reference of the Commission are as follows:(i)

Review and assess the existing policy and legal framework and their impact in a holisticmanner from the ecological, economic, social and cultural view point.

(ii)

Examine the current status of forest administration and the forestry institutions both at all
India and State level to meet the emerging needs of the civil society.

(iii)

Make recommendations indicating specific policy options for achieving sustainable forest
and wildlife management and ecological security.

(iv)

Suggest ways and means to make forest administration more effective with a view to help
to achieve the above policy options.

(v)

Establish meaningful partnership and interface between forestry management and local
communities including tribal.

Prescribed Period
The prescribed period for the Commission to complete its assigned job is two years.

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