2001 Japan National Debate Tournament
Should Japan amend its Constitution so as to allow the threat or use of force for settling international disputes?

Sophia University A team vs. University of Tokyo A teamVerified by N.A.F.A. & Edited by Noriaki TAJIMAFirst Affirmative Constructive Speech

Introduction
N.A.F.A.主催による2001年度の第19回Japan National

Tomoyuki ARAKAWA, Sophia University

Debate Tournamentは、5月12､13日に東日本予選(獨協大学)と西日本予選(大阪大学)が行われ、5月19日に全国予選

Before my 1st affirmative constructive speech, I would like toとベスト12、20日に決勝トーナメント(ともに立命館大

express thanks to Committee of N.A.F.A., who made every

1学)と、のべ6日間に渡って行われた 。参加チームは、

effort to prepare for this tournament, and great judges.

2001年度前期のJapan Debate Associationプロポジションで

Especially Sophia University (B) team and Dokkyo University

ある、”Resolved: That Japan should amend its Constitution so(B) team, who surprisingly lost in quarterfinal. Last year, we

as to allow the threat or use of force for settling international

Sophia University beautifully won the final round of J.N.D.T..

disputes.”をめぐってディベートを行った。8試合の予選(6So, under the maxim that the history repeats itself, I will start

試合の地区予選および2試合の全国予選)のあと、ベスト

to prove that the excellence in debate as the tradition at Sophia

12の変則トーナメントの中2、準々決勝そして準決勝を勝University with Observation. Japan cannot dispatch Self-

ち抜き決勝戦に駒を進めたのは、この試合で肯定側とな

Defense-Forces to overseas with the purpose of the use of forceった上智大学(A)チーム(森杏花、荒川知之)と、否定側とwithout amending its Constitution.

なった東京大学(A)チーム(上島千尋、石井恒至)である。
この試合のジャッジは、中山昇一(早稲田大学ESA OB)、

Prof. 戸波 98; The Constitution of Japan is interpreted not

中野翔氏(大阪外国語大学)、菅田琢磨(同志社大学)、安斎

to allow the dispatch of SDF to overseas countries with the

達裕(立命館大学)、神田晴彦(早稲田大学ESA)、その中のpurpose of the use of force because it surpasses the

5人全員が否定側に投票し、東京大学(A)チームが優勝しlimitation of SDF’s duty as ability of “necessary degree forた。

self-defense. Governmental interpretation is the same as this3

ディベートのスピーチ内容 がこの後に続き、使用エビone. This is the conclusion that the Constitution of Japan

デンス一覧がその後に添えられている。使用されたエビ

abandons the right of collective self-defense . . . . Like this,

デンスは、ディベーターの協力により試合で用いたもの

the Constitution of Japan dose not allow the participation inがそのまま引用されている。なお、使用された証拠資料

U.N Peace Keeping Operation or Peace Keeping Force.

に関して検証は行われていない。ここから証拠資料を採[1AC 1]

取する場合、ご自分で調査、確認の上使用していただきたい。

Now, we suggest that the following plan be adopted. Japan
shall amend its Constitution so as to allow the threat or use of1

トーナメントディレクターは、神田晴彦(早稲田大学
ESA)および佐藤佳邦(大阪大学)である。
2
この予選を勝ち残った12チームは、獨協大学(B)チーム、
立命館大学(A)チーム、北九州市立大学(B)チーム、明海
大学、東京大学(A)チーム、早稲田大学ESS(A)チーム、
東北大学、大阪外国語大学、京都大学(B)チーム、上智大学(A)チーム、北九州市立大学(A)チーム、慶応大学
ESS(A)チームであった。
3
この内容は、決勝戦に残った4人のディベータ―の協力により録音テープからおこされたものである。意図しない明らかな誤りを除き、録音内容を出来るだけそのまま記載している。
1

force for settling international disputes.
A) Shall dispatch SDF to United Nations Peace-Keeping
activities for settling international disputes for amending theConstitution.
B) Shall clarify that Japan undertakes its responsibility
prescribed in security treaties it joins.
C) If necessary, the preparatory budget shall be used formilitary activity.
D) Shall distribute vaccines for HIV to all SDF members.
E) Necessary adjustment shall be taken.

AD1: Asia Panic A) explains the declining power of U.S.. 1. Inthat it effortlessly can enlarge its sphere of influence as

the past, U.S. kept power balance in Asia. However, now, U.S.

America retreats. [1AC 5]cannot keep it alone due to its declining power.
6. Moreover, other Asian countries have been expanding theirProf. Syu this April; National power of U.S. is, . . . declining

military to counter China, which invites power imbalance inin these 50 years. At the same time, the way for U.S. to

Asia.

intervene in Asia or other regions itself has been alsochanging. Until the beginning of ‘80s, U.S. has been

Economist Hasegawa 96; Some of Asian countries think that

promoting its strategy to the world with its own military tothey must take a positive attitude to China. Plainly speaking,keep the hegemony in Asia or in the world . . . . Probably

all countries in East Asia have already started to strengthenfrom now on, U.S. will promote its own strategy by

its military. Therefore, the action of China is an importantutilizing, . . . military of other countries much more. [1AC 2]

point that triggers arms race of such countries . . . . It causes
very tensed situation in Asia. [1AC 6]

2. Therefore, U.S. demands Japan to strengthen the militaryrole.

B) Power imbalance has invited poverty, which kills many.

Prof. Syu this April; From the latter half of ‘90s, China has

Assistant Prof. Nakano 97; According to World Children

been expanding its military power. Therefore, to strengthen

White Paper in developing countries, 35 thousand children

Japan-U.S. alliances has been clarified as one policy of U.S..

die every day because of malnutrition or disease which

Considering the immediate policy of U.S. to Asia in thiscomes from poverty . . . . One of most crucial factors is thesituation, U.S. will request Japan to strengthen the allianceserious debt accumulation, and 2nd one is world military

further, and request Japan to play a military role further.

economy and arms trade, which are the biggest waste of[1AC 3]

human and material resources. [1AC 7]

3. However, present Constitution is the obstacle for theC) Plan will keep the power balance in Asia. 1. After plan,

cooperation with U.S.. Cross Apply Observation. 4. It makes

Japan can exercise the threat or use of force for stabilizing Asia.

New Bush administration take negative attitude to the security

Cross Apply Plan. 2. Japan will supplement the U.S. militaryof Asia.

because of its strongest military in Asia.

Prof. Igarashi this April; Bush Administration has many

CIA report 2000; Japan has a small but modern military

professionals with much higher stability than Clinton

force, more able than any other does in Asia. Japan's future

Administration . . . . However, the only problem is that U.S.

military strength will reflect the state of its economy and thewill take policies which are negative to multinational

health of its security relationship with the United States.

convention of security in Asia and which make much of theTokyo will increasingly pursue greater autonomy in security

relationship with allies in order to develop foreign policies

matters and develop security enhancements, to supplementwith very reliable basics. [1AC 4]

the U.S. alliance. [1AC 8]
3. Therefore, Japan will revive power balance in Asia.

5. As a result, China is strengthening its military power bytaking advantage of the decline of U.S..

Professor Irie 96; If Japan decides to amend the Constitution,
Steven W. Mosher 2001; Chinese strategists argue that theincluding Article 9, the alliance between Japan and the U.S.

United will be compelled in the years to come to withdraw

would at last be the real alliance. It would not only givefrom Asia and abandon its bases in the region. Without

good influence to the relationship between those two

forward bases, America’s fundamental weaknesses incountries but also would contribute to the peacemaking oflogistics will be revealed, . . . China has convinced itself that

East North Asia and its surrounding. [1AC 9]

it can get hegemony on the cheap. By enlarging its missile
force and by modernizing its conventional forces sufficiently

AD2: Peace of South East Asia. A) describes the necessity ofto overpower its smaller neighbors, China’s leaders believe

PKF in South East Asia. 1. South East Asia needs PKF,

2

because of its explosive condition.

people in South East Asia, because of their reliance on Japan.

Writer Klein 2000; Like East Timor problem, . . . in Asia,

Political Critic Inoue 99; The foreigner that Indonesia has

there is no regionalism like Europe, and there are many

reliance on is only Japan, who helped independence. Just by

sparks of narrow-minded nationalism here and there, andJapan's participating in the main part business of PKF, . . .

they are escalating in some countries, which has made themsmooth solution of the East Timor problem is attained.”in an explosive situation. [1AC 10][1AC 14]

2. However, Japan cannot participate in PKF under the present

3. Actually, countries in South East Asia hope for it.

Constitution. Cross Apply Observation. B) Present PKF
triggers new conflicts in South East Asia. 1. People in South

Ezratti & Sakurai 2000; There is also voice which welcomes

East Asia never rely on present PKF, because of their hatred toreinforcement of power of Japan in Asia . . . . Ex-deputy

White People.

Prime Minister of Malaysia say the anger to Japan remainedin father's generation but the present world is "different"

Political critic Inoue 99; The greatest problem of the East

from a long time ago. Prime Minister Mahathir of the same

Timor international army is a multinational force, that thecountry desires reinforcement of the military strength [ofAustralia army which is a white was the main force, and thatJapan] strongly. [1AC 15]

the feeling of dislike and the distrust as opposed to a white
are strong. Because there is a past when Indonesia was theUnder view. 1. Now, there are vaccines to cure AIDS.

colony of the Netherlands. [1AC 11]
Reporter Wendy Pugh in 2000; Australian scientists are
2. Therefore, Present PKF, only by white people, triggers new

researching putting a measles gene into genetically modified

conflicts with countries in South East Asia.

food to provide an alternative to traditional vaccination
against the virus . . . . The Melbourne based team is starting

Political critic Inoue 99; It is in the nationalism problem of

to look at genetic modification for the HIV virus, which can

East Asia that PKF participation of Japan is important. The

lead to AIDS. [1AC 16]

special feature of the nationalism of that place region is thatthe ethnic problem between a white and others is involved.

Efficacy is empirically proven by many human testings.

There is also a deep-seated grudge of the old colony time by
the West, and such nationalism tends to lead rioters to an

Prof. Langridge 2000; Arntzen obtained reassuring results inanti-white and anti-European and American feeling. [1AC

human trial in 1997 volunteers who ate raw potatoes

12]

containing a benign segment of the e.coil toxin . . . . sincethen, the group has seen immune reactivity in 19 of 20

3. Moreover, South East Asia is the powder magazine in thepeople who ate a potato vaccine aimed at the Norwalk virus.

world.

Similarly, after Koprowski fed transgenic lettuce [TIME]
carrying a hepatitis B antigen to three volunteers, two of theProf. Shikata 96; 33% of arms in the world have gathered insubjects, displayed a good systemic responses. [1AC 17]

Asia. At last, Asia began to become "the powder magazine
in the world" . . . . Although the ASEAN countries seem toThat’s all.

cooperate on the surface, actually they are opposed to each
Cross-Examination

other in the various interests. Especially, Malaysia hasserious friction with Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand . . . .

ISHII questioning ARAKAWA

Thus, . . . they have never cooperated in respect of a security.
[1AC 13]Ishii(I): Okay, about your plan,C) attains smooth solution of South East Asian issue. 1. After

Arakawa(A): Year,plan, Japan will participate in PKF. Cross Apply Plan. 2.

I: Sorry, observation, sorry. Maybe advantage 1 inherency isJapan's participation in PKF avoids creating such conflict withcoming from the situation that Japan does not exercise3corrective self-defense, right?

I: That means that the disputes are occurring, right?

A: Yeah,

A: Yeah,

I: And advantage 2 inherency is the PKF, under the command

I: What is the cause of these disputes?

of UN, right?

A: Ah, A) 1st evidence prove that the, and B) 3rd evidence

A: Yeah, yeah,prove, that there are many struggling, struggle for interest or,

I: Then, I want to confirm your plan, ah, about your C)

I: Religious, political, or territorial problem, right?

“preparative budget shall be used for the military.”

A: Yeah,

A: Yeah,

I: So, your plan does not solve this problem, right?

I: How much?

A: Ha?

A: If the money is used for the military activity or weapon,

I: Your plan does not solve the basic cause for the disputes,

preparatory budget, not which is used now, is used for thethat is the political, economic, or territorial problem.

purpose.

A: Yeah,

I: About advantage 2, maybe you said that South East Asia is

I: So you just talks about the PKF, disputes by the, disputes

depended from other Asian country. Then as for C), what is theoccurred by the white people and the South East Asiansolvency about this point?

countries, right?

A: Solvency, solvency by,

A: Yeah,

I: So, why can you say that the use of force will solve this

I: That is all your impact, right?

conflict?

A: Yeah,

A: Perception of South East Asian countries will change.

I: Okay, advantage 1, about C) 2nd evidence. 2nd evidence

Perception, to PKF will change.

comes from the CIA report, right?

I: Uh? Then, why Japanese use of force is necessary, existence

A: 1st evidence?

of SDF is necessary?

I: 2nd argument, Japan will be the supplement.

A: Present PKF to South East Asia is composed only of white

A: Yeah,people. South East Asian country think that they will,

I: Okay. I want to confirm A). All of the inherency comes from

I: No, I’m talking about the solvency by Japan. How can Japanthe situation that China is expanding the military power, right?

solve this problem?

As for the impact, right?

A: So, by Japan’s participating in PKF, they will believe that

A: Yeah, the 1st,

the PKF will work for them.

I: What is the motive of China to expand the power?

I: So what?

A: To get the hegemony in Asia.

A: Therefore, they will stop to rush into the riot or the conflict.

I: Uh, is there any enemy of China? [TIME] Thank you.

I: Why?
First Negative Constructive Speech

A: Of course,
I: Okay, could you show me the reason why the present

Chihiro UESHIMA, University of Tokyo

conflicts are occurring?
A: Present conflict? Now, first of all, there are many disputes
in South East Asia, but we don’t talk about that point. In

On behalf of UTYO Falcons, we thank to N.A.F.A. committee,

disputes, present PKF, that is by only white people will go

and honorable judges. My partner, Koji Ishii, came here

there,

Ritsumeikan University not to win J.N.D.T. tournament, but to

I: Sorry, is there disputes in South East Asian countries?

meet Mai Kuraki. He is now waiting for her coming here to

A: Pardon?

cheer him up. [Laughter] I start with the traditional

I: Disputes are occurring in South East Asian countries, right?

disadvantage of UT, MOIA. Sorry, roadmap. Disadvantage,

Then what is the cause of disputes? Maybe the PKF is to solve

counter-plan, and then go to case attack, advantage 1 andthe disputes, right? In order to solve PKF,

advantage 2.

A: Our advantage comes from avoiding, avoid the creation of

May I start? Disadvantage Ministry of Internal Affairs. A)

conflict or riot by the people in East Asia.

Affirmative plan expands the authority of military power. B) It

I: No, no, no. Why the PKF exist now in South East Asianleads to MOIA revival.

country?
Ohno 84; MOIA was different from other ministries such as

A: Ah, now, for example, like East Timor problem, . . .

4

MOF or Ministry of Commerce and Industry in that it has aunder the consensus of international society, . . . among them,strong network of the police of the whole country and1 is the internationally force which violates internationallycontrolled the people with the power of the police. [1NC 1]

illegal use of force because it is included in renunciation ofwar. 2 is the use of defense right, which is allowed inC) Results in war.

international law and Japanese constitution. About this,when Japan concluded San Francisco Treaty, Japan clarified

Tawara 86; Ex-chief of MOIA severely blamed himself:

we have inherent right of individual or collective self-

police department of MOIA in prewar days had cooperate

defense. About 3, though it is not considered at the time ofwith the forces, frivolously, conformed to them and leadenacting constitution, considering the duty of UN charter, itJapan to ridiculous war, they made Japan overrun. [1NC 2]

is clear what it is also constitutional. [1NC 5]Counterplan: Interpretation. Mandate: the Japanese government

Observation 4: superiority. A) Counterplan captures all theirshall change the interpretation of constitution. Details are asadvantage. Cross Apply Observation 3. B) Changing

follows.

interpretation is flexible. Amendment of constitution costs time

1. Shall not change any sentence of article 9

and money.

2. The cabinet and the diet shall interpret as follows and shallofficially announce it.

大阪市経済局参事山内98; each procedure [of the

3. Shall interpret that Japan can exercise collective defense

referendum system] toward the determination of the will

power.

takes a large amount of time and money. So there is a fear

4. Shall send SDF to PKF.

that the effective and mobile execution of the

Observation 1: Non-topicality. Definition of amendment comesadministration, . . . will be prevented. [1NC 6]

fromC) Counterplan takes less action, thus avoids unknown risk ofLongman Dictionary of the English Language 84; to alterchanging the status quo. Then, go to advantage 1.

esp. the wording of specific to alter legislation formally by

As for advantage 1 A) 4th, they said Bush takes negative

modification, deletion, or addition, amend the constitution.

attitude toward Asian security, because Japan cannot cooperate[1NC 3]or so. However, No. 1. Please check the evidence. They said
the U.S. is taking negative attitude. However, they never said
that the U.S. will never take action in Asia. Therefore, No. 2.

Definition of constitution comes fromthe U.S. have the motive and change the diplomatic policy tosuppress China.

Black’s Law Dictionary 79; The written instrument
embodying this fundamental law. [1NC 4]

The Daily Yomiuri 2001; The U.S. defense secretaryThus, counterplan is non-topical because we do not change

Ramified has signaled to President Bush to press dramatic

written document of constitution. Observation 2:

change in the U.S. military strategy with increased emphasis

competitiveness. 1. Mutually exclusive because it is impossible

toward Asia . . . . The president agreed with the thrust of

to amend and change interpretation at the same time. 2.

Ramified emphasis on China’s growing military andRedundancy should be taken because if redundant plan exists,

economic importance and on all of Asia. [1NC 7]

the need of the affirmative plan is denied. Observation 3.
Solvency. The present constitution prohibits use of force only

Moreover, No. 3. The U.S. is capable to keep the military

for invasion. Therefore, we can take the same action withoutbalance in Asia.

amending constitution.
CNN 2001; Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld had
Kayama 98; there are steps in use of force in UN charter . . . .

decided to abandon the so-called “two major war”

1: war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use

strategy . . . . The “two war” strategy calls for the Unitedof force as means of settling international disputes, 2: use ofStates to maintain military strength sufficient to fight andforce as a means of defense when invaded by foreign

win two major wars nearly simultaneously, such as a conflictcountries, 3: use of force that UN takes military sanctionin the Persian Gulf and on the Korean Peninsula. [1NC 8]5

problem and rather give rise to another conflicts.
This card means that the U.S. abandoned the “two complex
strategy”. Thus she can concentrate on all military force in

Kawamura 95; However, the lessons learned by these two

Asia, which was once divided to Europe and Asia. And the U.S.

PKO operations were a question: even if such unit wereconcentrate the military force to Asia. That means that her

dispatched, does it really leads to true solution? Like inmilitary force has been simply doubled in Asian pacific region.

Somalia, there’s a reflection that after all the UN become

Therefore, no inherency.

party concerned, causing [TIME] a battle against a local

th

As for their A) 6 , they said Asian countries expand armament.

armed force. [1NC 11]

However, please check their card. Their card says that East
Cross-Examination

Asian countries are already starting armament, and never saysthat they will continue expanding armament. Therefore, no

ARAKAWA questioning UESHIMA

inherency. Asian countries will not expand armament any more,because further armament is bad for the economy.

Arakawa(A): May I ask?
Sasaki 95; When we meet around the political leaders’Ueshima(U): Sure.

classes and the brains in East Asian countries, we know most

A: As for your disadvantage, what’s the initial linkage from thepeople think that the U.S. should keep political andaffirmative plan?

militaristic presence in East Asian pacific. While many

U: Linkage comes from the giving authority to some kind ofpeople think ‘We should limit the front deploying basis oforganization.

the U.S. forces to the existing size and we cannot accept new

A: What’s some kind of organization?

bases of the U.S. forces.’ They demand ‘The maintenance of

U: It is inevitable to give authority concentrate to certain

the security umbrella by the U.S..’ Almost all thinkorganization, because if Japan allow the SDF as military, of‘Comparing with any scenario, the U.S. presence is morecourse, as you know, the Secretary of Defense in America,

stable and secure and it is beneficial for their economic

right?

growth.’ [1NC 9]

A: Why can you say is it impossible to concentrate on one
place?

Therefore, it is beneficial in terms of economy to rely on the

U: The authority will be given to,

U.S. presence.

A: Ah, thank you. What’s the 2nd linkage from giving authority

Then, go to advantage 2. As for advantage 2, as for their B) 1st,

to revival of MOIA?

they said that conflict is occurring because of the hatred of the

U: Such organization will abuse the authority,

white people. However, No. 1, please check the reason. The

A: What’s the motive of MOIA?

reason is the memory of the colonial crime. Therefore, No. 2.

U: Pardon?

Same thing is said to the Japan as well, because Japan has

A: What’s the motive of MOIA to go to war?

colonized South East Asia. Some part of South East Asia still

U: Too much concentration of the authority,cannot forget the conducts of Japan in World War II.

A: Thank you, as for your C) last evidence just explains thepast in World War II, right?

Nishinihon Shinbun 97; Though the number of the answer,

U: Example of World War 2,“there are some wrong aspect, but I don’t mind now”

A: Uh, thank you, as for your AD 1. your 1st evidence, you said

exceeds that of the answer, “I cannot forget the wrong

that the U.S. has motive and change the diplomacy.

aspects”, the criticism for “wrong aspects” increases in

U: Diplomatic policy.

Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand, . . . the survey showed

A: Your evidence just say Bush change strategy. How can youthat Japan cannot still achieve to bury the past. [1NC 10]

deny our 1st evidence, how can you say they can stabilize Asia?
U: I denied it by the 2nd evidence. This evidence is about afterThus, no solvency. As for their B) 3rd, please check their card.

the 50 years, after the World War 2, right? The U.S. power is

No. 1. Their card just shows only the top leader’s opinion, anddeclining in 50 years. And the U.S. has, . . .

never shows the ordinary people’s opinion. Therefore, No. 2.

A: Uh, thank you. Next evidence, the U.S. can keep powerplease cross apply the card up above. The ordinary people willbalance in Asia. I think your evidence also says strategy of the

oppose to Japan . . . . Sending military forces cannot solve theU.S. is changing. But you didn’t prove that Actually the U.S.

6

power is expanding. You didn’t say so, right?
U: Actually the U.S. is what?

Then, my 7th argument is turnaround. I will add more

A: Actually you cannot say power of the U.S. is increasing.

advantage here. Power imbalance invites accidental war in

U: But simply talking, military in Europe came to Asia. That

Asia.

means that the, . . .
A: How can you prove that the actually, actually, military

James Lee 99; Underlying much of the discussion on arms

power of the U.S. in Europe shift to Asia?

control, we find the widely accepted orthodoxy that arms

U: Because America, the U.S. emphasize the, . . .

races are by nature a kind of "action-reaction" phenomenon.

A: I think the

Opposing states’ responses to each other’s buildups and

U: Emphasize Asia, and concentrate the military force, . . .

attempts to reap advantage lead to destabilization and

A: How can you deny our A) 5th? Actually, the number of theheightened tension. If war should come, it is argued, it will

U.S. base is decreasing. Ah, sorry your last evidence, Asian

do so accidentally, in a climate of intensifying suspicion androle, stops the arms race.

as the result of critical misperceptions during a crisis. [2AC

U: Yeah,2]

A: Your evidence talks about the situation of ’95, right? 1995,
right? I think the evidence say, Asian country demand security

Then, go to counterplan. Observation 1. non-topicality. My 1stof the U.S. or something.

argument is,

U: This evidence contents is, for Asian countries it is beneficial
Definition of "amend" from The Random House Dictionary

to rely on [TIME] the U.S. presence, . . .

of the English Language 87; amend; to alter, modify,
Second Affirmative Constructive Speech

rephrase, or add to or subtract from by formal procedure.
[2AC 3]

Kyoka MORI, Sophia University
Moreover, No. 2. We present
1st, disadvantage, then, counterplan, and AD1, AD2. May I
start? As for DA. My 1st argument is plan spike. Japan shallThe definition of "constitution" from Random House

prohibit the establishment of MOIA, hence no link. Moreover,

Dictionary of the English Language 87; constitution; theNo.2. B) never says MOIA will revive. Hence, no initial linksystem of fundamental principles according to a nation, state,from the affirmative plan. Moreover, No.3. B) never says

corporation, or the like is governed [2AC 4]

uniquely amendment of the constitution cause MOIA to suchaction. Moreover, No.4. Not unique. Already authority of

Therefore C-P is topical because C-P alters or modifies theministry was expanded by the participation of PKO or New

system of fundamental principles according to which Japan is

Guideline. Moreover, No.5. C) just assumes pre-war situation.

governed by changing the interpretation of the Constitution.

Moreover No.6. No link. In present situation, fascism will

Please go to observation 2. Redundancy should be taken.

never revive.

However, my 1st argument is, redundancy should not be taken,
because it does not negate the desirability of the affirmative

Professor Watanabe 97; There are two reasons. First reason

plan. Of course, presumption of the topicality is on theis, . . .After the WWⅡ, due to the world trend, not only theaffirmative, therefore, the burden of proof to exclude ourcountries like Japan, . . . the victorious nation became

definition is on the negative. Moreover, I present

unable to have a colony and a sphere of influence any longer.
The second reason is, the multinational companies which

The definition of should from Webster’s New Worldare promoting the present major power-ization of Japan do

Dictionary of American English 99; Should. Used to express

not want them . . . . Therefore, first, the present militarism

obligation, duty, property, or desirability. [2AC 5]

supports the U.S. Forces, . . . based on the Japan-U.S.
Security Treaty, and, next, mobilizes itself as a PKO unit.

Then, go to observation 3. they said, today’s interpretation

Therefore, even if called military powerization, there is noenable (to go to PKO). However, my 1st argument is, who said

possibility of the revival of Great Japan Empire army likeso? How is the participation of PKF or cooperation with the

pre-war days. [2AC 1]

U.S. allow changing the interpretation. Moreover, No.2. Never7

says, specifically, the participation of PKF or cooperation withchance to create new industry by national referendum.

the U.S. by armed force is possible. Generally says thatinterpretation can be changed, with no reason. Moreover, No.3.

As for advantage 1. Please extend A) 1st card indicating, now,

Check their card. Never assumed for article 9 including clausebecause of declining power of the U.S., China expands

2. Just assumes the interpretation of article 9 clause 1.

military. On this point, they said the U.S. motive will change.

Therefore, No.4. Considering the whole of article 9,

However, my 1st argument is, they just show motive, never

specifically the constitution of Japan never allows the SDF tosays the U.S. can stabilize Asia. Moreover, No.2. pleaseparticipate in PKF and cooperate with the U.S.. Cross Apply

extend A) 1st. actually, now, the U.S. power is declining and it

Observation. One more evidence supports.

causes expanding military of China. Moreover, No.3. pleaseextend A) 5th card indicating that even 2001 China expands

Prof. Tonami 98 ; Considering the renunciation of all force

their military, and as they expand military, other Asianand no recognition of even the right of belligerency in the

countries fear for China, expands their military. This is proven

Article 9 Clause 2 of the Constitution, the Constitution isA) 6th. Moreover, please check their next card, the U.S. caninterpreted to renounce all kinds of war, including self-

stabilize. My 1st argument is, their card just says, conflict

defense war. [2AC 6]

solves. Never says stabilize Asia. Therefore, No.2. extend A)
1st card indicating that now, actually, the U.S. power isThis is the governmental interpretation. Therefore, No.5. there

declining and China will expand their military. This is theis no feasibility of counterplan. Counterplan cannot be taken

inherency and their argument cannot deny our inherency.

without the amendment of the constitution. Moreover, I present

Moreover, please check their next card on A) 6th. They said

the inferiority of the counterplan. 1. Changed interpretationthat Asia never expand their military. However, my 1st

have devastated the constitution and deprived the power ofargument is, they just says economy is important. Never says,

constitution.

that they stop armament. Moreover, No.2. please extend A) 6th
card indicating that now in 2001, Asian countries build up

Prof. Tonami 98; The contradiction between article 9 andarmament. No.3. Under the heavy armament, Asian countries

SDF is basically due to the attitude of government who set

concentrate on the use of money for military and money forup and maintained SDF by unreasonable interpretation.

other department like economy will stop.

Thinking constitution theory, to leave the difference between
the principle of constitution and the real constitution

Ebata, Critic of Military 94; Furthermore, Arms race creates

weakens the prescriptive power of constitution and foster

the tension, makes the Asia-Pacific area unstable, andviolation of constitution by governments. And as a result, it

disturbs the Asian economic development. Countries inwould give bad influence to the nation’s respectful spirit toAsia-Pacific area change the present policy, which devotes

constitution. [2AC 7]

their whole energies to the economic development, andperhaps, cannot but invest much capital for military. [2AC 9]

Moreover, No.2. without prescriptive power of constitution, theTherefore, the brink of military expenditure will be broken.

society will be confused.

Then, go to advantage 2. As for B) they said that memory of
Nishibe 91; “Rule by rule” to have come to be carried out asWW2. However, my 1st argument is they never assume after

the last wisdom of civilization, because human being is

the WW2. Moreover, No.2. Please extend C) 1st card indicating,imperfect on the virtue and wisdom. Without “rule by rule”,

after WW2, only Japan helped the independence of such Southhuman beings will damage, betray, and abuse the rule andEast Asian countries, this is the reason they rely on Japan.

deceive each other. [2AC 8]

Therefore, they cannot deny our solvency. Moreover, pleasecheck their next card, they said that Japan cannot achieve.

Then, go to observation 4. They said that time and money.

However, my first argument is, they just said Japan cannot

However no impact was shown. Moreover, No.2. Fiat denies

achieve varies of the past, they never say Japan doesn’t havethe superiority, because thanks to fiat, we argue the situation

the reliance. Therefore, please extend the C) 1st card indicating

after the constitution is amended. Argument by the process ofthat actually, South East Asian countries rely on Japan, because

amendment is denied by fiat. Moreover No.3. Even if their

Japan helped [TIME] the independence of them.

analysis is true, counterplan is inferior because it misses the8Cross-Examination

U: As for advantage 1, you read the card that shows that theunder the situation, the many will agree to answer, . . .

UESHIMA questioning MORI

M: No, no, the country cannot pay attention to economy
because they have fear to [TIME] be attacked from otherUeshima(U): As for disadvantage, your turnaround says thatcountries. Thank you.

the power imbalance invites war.
Second Negative Constructive SpeechMori(M): Yeah,
U: Could you tell me the linkage of this turnaround?

Koji ISHII, University of Tokyo

M: Linkage?
U: What does this card show?
M: If we amend the constitution, of course Japan cannot

Advantage 2, and advantage 1. Okay, go for the advantage 2.

corporate with the U.S. to stabilize in Asia, so it causes power

As for the C) 2nd, they argued that the Japanese participation

imbalance in Asia, so it causes war, accidental war.

avoid the conflict. However, I’ll argue 1. Of course, no

U: If we continue the status quo.

inherency, because evidence indicates, that the existence of

M: Yeah, without amendment of the constitution.

Japanese people is enough. Because evidence indicates, that the

U: This card says that the arms race is action-reaction-

Japanese people are trusted. That means if only we have thephenomenon. Did you show that the Japanese militarization

negotiation with these countries, of course it is enough to solve

never cause arms race?

this problem. No evidence indicates that the use of force is

M: What do you mean by that? By taking our plan, Japanesenecessary. My 2nd argument is that there is no proof that Asian

militarization will be off.

countries would trust PKF itself. Evidence indicates that Japan

U: Japan will have the rearmament after your plan.

is trusted, but there is no proof that the mixed PKF, that is the

M: Rearmament?

white and yellow will be trusted in South East Asian countries.

U: I mean, you allow the use and threat of force.

They have to prove this point. My 3rd argument is turnaround.

M: Yeah.

SDF will be killed in PKF.

U: Did you prove that it will never trigger the, . . .
M: Such Japanese rearmament with corporation with the U.S.

Prof. Yamauchi 98; According to Aratana Chousen ni

will change the perception of China and other Asian countries.

Mukatte The Annual Report of the UN Activities 1995

China will give up building up armament, because China nevermentioned above, between 1948 and 90, 398 people died incompete with the U.S.-Japan’s power.

Peace Keeping Operations. However, only between ’91

U: Sorry, thank you. And as for advantage 2. my first card, I

and ’95, the number had increased to as many as 456. [2NC

read the card that shows that the most people cannot forget the1]

deed of Japan in WW2 time.
M: Yeah.

My 4th argument is minor repair. Japan shall participate in PKO

U: You said only Japan help independence or so.

as backup. This is enough. I’ll argue feasibility.

M: Yeah.
U: Did you read any card that the Japan helped all of Asian

Konishi 98; As accomplished fact has kept being heaped up

countries’ independence?

without legal valid some as the case in Cambodia, . . . As forst

M: All of South East Asia? Actually, for example, C) 1 card

the Security Treaty and military problem, they freely do

indicating that Indonesia relies on Japan because it helped thewhat the government thinks. Besides when the government

independence of, . . .

becomes inconvenient they revise the law and make a new

U: Yeah, for example Indonesia. What about else?

law. [2NC 2]

M: Ah, I never showed the evidence of, . . .
U: And did you read the card that the conflict is arising in

Evidence indicates, if Japan participate in the activity by theIndonesia?

UN, PKF will be trusted, that means it is not necessary to usestM: A) 1 card indicating that there are many conflicts in Souththe force. That means Japan will participate as a backup andEast Asia.

supplies the food or medicine, this is enough to guarantee their

U: Never specified in Indonesia.

solvency. Of course, superiority comes from the 3rd argument

M: Indonesia, ah, oh, yeah.

in 2NC. Evidence indicates SDF will be killed if they go to the9dangerous area. That means that this is the superiority.

need to succeed from now on. My 3rd argument is the PMA.

Go to the advantage 1. As for the A) 1st argument, they argued

Japanese force will decline from now on. The same source ofthat the U.S. power is declining. However, this evidence is too

their C) 2nd concludes as follows.

conclusional. Their evidence does not prove what happens and
CIA report 2000; In the view of many experts, Japan will

how the power is declining. They have to prove. That meansththis evidence is not reliable. Then as for the 5 argument,

have the difficulty maintaining its current position as the

China is declining the power. However, I’ll argue 1. This

world’s 3rd largest economy . . . . Tokyo has so far not

evidence indicates that China would believe the base will

shown a willingness to carry through the painful economic

disappear. But never says actually disappear. Thus, 1AR

reforms necessary to show the erosion of its leadership rolend

speaker will deny this point. My 2 argument is that they saidin Asia. In the absence of an external shock, Japan is

the reason for expanding armament is they are abandoning thesimilarly unlikely to accelerate changes in security policy.

bases in Asian countries. That means that of course Japan[2NC 5]cannot solve, because Japan doesn’t have the bases in other
Asian countries. That cannot be the solvency. My 3rd argument

Okay, my 4th argument is that their C) 3rd evidence justis that motive for China to expand military is to unify Taiwan.

indicates Japan should participate, but never says that Japan’s
participation can solve this problem. In this sense that cannot

Journalist Gertz 2001; the internal Chinese military

be the solvency. My 5th argument is that China would easily

document declared that “a most important task of theoutweigh the military power of Japan because Chinese

communist party of China is the reunification of Taiwan”

economy is going well.

thand that all military units, 60 combat and noncombat, must
“be well-prepared for the war based on the rapidly-changing

CIA 2000; China has been riding the crest of significant

relationship with Taiwan.” . . . . To resolve Taiwan issue andwave of economic growth for two decades . . . . China canachieve the reunification as soon as possible not only

maintain a growth rate of 7 percent or more for many years.

involves our sovereignty and national dignity. [2NC 3]

Such impressive rates provide a foundation for militarypotential, and some predict that China’s rapid economic

Then, I’ll argue 4. In case of the unification of Taiwan, China

growth will lead to a significant increase in military

will never compromise.

capabilities. [2NC 6]

Editor Fareed 2001; . . . most people concerned to theThat means that even if Japan exists, China don’t have to fear

Chinese government seemed to think they can’t avoid

for Japanese existence. They will just wait for some years, andconflict with the U.S. about Taiwan problem. They are wellthey can easily outweigh the power of Japan, this is enough.

aware of the possibility of being defeated. It seems that the

My 6th argument is, moreover, cross apply my argument in A),

risk of taking no action is bigger than that of taking action.

China will cause war for Taiwan. At that time, the U.S. will

[2NC 4]intervene.

Then, as for the 6th argument. They argued that the other Asian

Nikkei Newspaper this year; . . .“Does the U.S. havecountries are expanding. However, of course this evidence kills

obligation to guard Taiwan if they are attacked?” hesolvency, because evidence indicates the difference of theanswered at once, “Yes, China should understand that.”

military power causes the tension. That means even after the

These comments confirm the basic of “strategic ambiguousplan, China will continue to have the present military power,

policy” by which they don’t obviously support Taiwanthat means the difference of power will continue to happen.

independence and at the same time, imply the use of force

That means the tension will not been solved as for other Asian

for China’s military action. [2NC 7]

countries. At least there is no specific linkage about thisargument. As for their C) 2nd argument, they argued that the

My 7th argument is that Japan would be involved after the plan,

Japan will be the supplement. However I’ll argue 1. there is no

because Japan is the alliance of the U.S..

proof that China will fear the existence of Japanese SDF. That
could be the solvency. My 2nd argument is that this evidence

Asai 2000; Now China has one hundred and tens of nuclear

assumes till now Japan cannot have the enough power. There is

missiles whose shooting range includes the whole land of

10

Japan. Japan will be the target of these nuclear missiles iffrom the situation China is expanding the armament, if only

Japan will be the ally of the U.S. in the war between the U.S.

China continue to have the armament, of course there would be

and China. [2NC 8]

no solvency.

My 8th argument is uniqueness of this turnaround. Japan is not

Disad, bureaucrats. A) Affirmative plan is against bureaucrats.

regarded as force in the status quo. Because Japan does not
exercise the collective self defense.

Miyamoto 96; Bureaucrats have to make the responsibility
unclear even for special individual or section anyway. Keep

Critic Okazaki this year; The most strange point of Far East

the present situation is an iron rule. [2NC 12]

military balance is that the strong military power of Japan iscounted as zero. [2NC 9]B) It leads to political instability.

Of course this impact is enough to outweigh the advantage 1.

Wolfen 94; If a cabinet ministry sticks to exercise the

Because advantage 1 is just delay the expansion of armament

power, . . . it will be inevitable to meet bureaucrat’s sabotage,

to some extent, because China can anyway expand thewhich we cannot look down on. [2NC 13]

armament by its own economy, they don’t have motive to stoparmament. Because China has strong motive for theC) Results in War.

reunification of Taiwan. That means, solvency for advantage isquite small. But incase of the turnaround, there is clear

James 90; An unstable government is always exposed to thedifference between the status quo and after the plan, because

danger that it is overthrown by domestic or foreign

there is no risk that Japan is involved, but after plan Japan will

violence.[2NC 14]

be surely the target of nuclear missile, that means in terms ofpossibility this turnaround easily outweighs. Okay, my 9thThat’s all.

argument is also PMA. Now, People’s Liberation Army
Cross-Examination

depends on a military unification.

MORI questioning ISHII

Economist Hasegawa 96; Soviet Union collapsed and started
to do business with the U.S.. At this situation, the PLA must
establish the reason why they must exist. They have aMori(M): As for your Disadvantage, bureaucrats, what is thestronger sense of mission that they still have important task

uniqueness?

of unification of Taiwan with their mother country, . . . [2NC

Ishii(I): Your plan changes the status quo by fiat. So

10]bureaucrats get angry.
M: Why?
th

My 10 argument is that it is independent from the government.

I: Because bureaucrats don’t want to change the present

That means that governmental motive is irrelevant to the act ofcondition.

the PLA.

M: So it’s proven in A) card.
I: Yeah.

Economist Hasegawa 96; The People’s Liberation Army has

M: Bureaucrats never change the present situation.

been more powerful than leaders in Beijing. In summer 1995,

I: Even if the policy is changed in status quo, this is initiatedthe matter which China’s military fired a missile to Taiwan

by the bureaucrats. But your plan will change the policy by fiat.

Straight occurred. In this time it was said that the People

So this is dangerous. Natural change of the policies is not

Liberation Army informed the fact for Beijing after they

problem in case of this disadvantage.

fired. Like that the People Liberation Army took a initiative

M: Then, advantage 1. On your 2nd argument on A) 5th, you

about this summer. [2NC 11]

said basis or something, . . .
I: I have 4 argument on this point. Which one do you want toThat means that there is no evidence talking about PLA will

know?

give up the motive for the reunification. That means that that

M: You said without basis we cannot solve, . . .

cannot be the solvency. Moreover, all of the advantage comes

I: Ah, yes, your evidence indicates that the bases in Asian

11

countries except Japan are disappearing. So China is target ofjust says that the in 50 years the U.S. power is declining.

other Asian countries, and is going to attack. Japan doesn’t

Therefore, the U.S. concentrated the military in Asia. This card

have the bases there.

never assume after the change of diplomatic policy. Pleasendnd

M: C) 2 , what did you say in 2 argument?

simply extend my partner’s card check, . . . yeah. They extendnd

I: 2 argument is the no proof this will continue from now on.

that the A) 5th card. They said that China is expanding the

M: So as for your 3rd card in C), you said China attack

military. We never denied that the actual declining power of

Taiwan, . . . ?

America. However, this card just shows the expectation of onerdrd

I: 3 , . . . ah, the U.S. will intervene. This is the 3 card.

person. Therefore, this card never shows actually the U.S.

st

M: On your 1 card in AD 1, China has motive to attackbases have disappeared from Asia. Therefore, please simply

Taiwan.

extend my 2nd card in 1NC. The U.S. has abandoned too

I: Yes.

complex strategy, concentrated the military in Asia. Moreover,

M: Why?

they never prove that the even after the concentrating most part

I: Because China think Taiwan is one part of China. But theof military to Asia, it can be deterrence to China, because even

U.S. doesn’t agree this point. So China will forcibly try to

if the U.S. power is declining, they never denied that China

unify Taiwan.

aim at expanding military even if they confront with the

M: So the armament or the means of force is needed toconcentrating military power of the U.S.. Moreover, as for A)

unificate Taiwan.

6th, I said that the Asian countries cannot expand the armament

I: Yes, that’s right.

any more because of the economical reason. On this point, they

M: So even after the plan, China will never give up to expand

said that we never said that actually Asian countries will stop

hegemony.

the arms race or so. On this point they read the part that under

I: Yes, that’s right.

the severe condition, they cannot think of economy or so.

M: On your last argument, government is irrelevant or

However, assumption is the under the severe situation, like thesomething. What do you mean by?

suppress of China will cause arms race. Thus it is denied by the

I: So PLA, People Liberation Army, that is the military force inargument up above because the U.S. stabilize Asian-pacific

China. Since it is independent from the government, military

region. Moreover, this card that 2AC speaker read just showsforce just think of reunification of Taiwan.

the expectation of 1 person. However please extend my 3rd card

M: PLA want to unificate Taiwan?

in 1NC. This card shows, . . . their card is just theory, never

I: Yes.

shows actually they give up the economy. However, our card is

M: So governmental will is irrelevant.

actual voice of Asian country’s leader. Therefore, top leader

I: Even if you said that you can suppress or threaten China,

said that the economy is top priority. Please keep in your mind.

M: Only PLA want to unificate Taiwan?

Then as for advantage 2. on B) 1st they said our card just

I: No, no, no, both of the government and [TIME] PLA want toassumes after WW2, only Japan helps the independence or so.

unificate, . . .

However this can apply to Indonesia, but how about other

M: Thank you.

countries? They never prove this point, please. Therefore anyargument in 1AR should be new. Moreover, as for this 1st card

First Negative Rebuttal Speechin 1NC, we never denied Japanese reliance or so. However,please simply extend 1st card in 1NC. Statistically, ordinary

Chihiro UESHIMA, University of Tokyo

people have the fear and armies are against Japan because they
never forget the deed of Japan in WW2. Therefore, of course interms of dispatching the force to foreign countries, it isAdvantage 1 and advantage 2.
stnd

May I start? As for advantage 1, please extend my 1 and 2

ordinary people that confronts with these armies. Actual voicecard I read in 1NC. I read the cards that show that the U.S.

of top leader can’t deny this argument. Moreover please extend

have the motive to suppress China, moreover she’s capable to

my 3rd and 4th argument on 1NC. Conflict will rather aggravate

keep present military power in Asia because she abandoned too

because Asian people have the resistance to Japanese people

complex strategies to concentrate the military force in Asia. On

because they have the memory of wartime. Therefore, conflict

this point, they argued that the we cannot deny the declining

will rather aggravate. This turnaround can flip advantage 2.

power of the U.S.. However, as I said this card never assumeThat’s all.

after the changing the diplomatic policy of America. This card12

First Affirmative Rebuttal Speech

until 1980 the U.S. had stabilized Asia alone. Therefore, power
reached peak. Therefore, they lose power. Therefore, extend A)
2nd. Therefore, the U.S. demand Japan to strengthen military.

Tomoyuki ARAKAWA, Sophia University

This is the inherency. Moreover, as for A) 5th, 2NC said
Disadvantage 1, MOIA. And disadvantage 2 bureaucrats, andalready the number of bases will be decreasing therefore PMA,

advantage 2 and advantage 1. May I start?

or something. My 1st argument is, of course, they completelyth

As for disadvantage 1 MOIA. Please extend the 6 argument in

granted that the number of bases itself will be decreasing.

2AC. In present situation there is no link to war, because now

Therefore, my 2nd argument is extend C), of course they

the multinational companies support the Japanese militarization

misunderstand our solvency. Of course after taking affirmative

however they don’t want to go to war. Therefore no linkage atplan Japan will supplement the U.S. military, and relationshipall.

between Japan and the U.S. will be better. Therefore, Japan andst

Go to disadvantage 2, bureaucrats. My 1 argument is examine

the U.S., this cooperation will stabilize Asia, this is solvency.

their B), their evidence never say uniquely amendment of the

And 2nd evidence, they said now the motive of China is toconstitution invites sabotage. Therefore, my 2nd argument is notunify Taiwan and they will expand military. Please group up

unique. Bureaucrats are already losing incentive.

two pieces of evidence. My 1st argument is of course they
never showed the latest situation. Therefore my 2nd argument is
no inherency. In this January, Taiwan accepted unification.

Asahi Newspaper 99; In recent years, because of scandal
about bureaucrats, people’s distrust toward them is spreading,so they are completely losing incentive. They don’t even

James Conachy This January; The governments of bothstop policies even if such policies are in the wrong

Taiwan and China have made significant political overtures

direction . . . . It is very unfortunate that bureaucrats have toto one another in the past weeks that appear intended toturn their efforts into jobs against their will. [1AR 1]

dissipate tension in Taiwan Strait . . . . Beijing accepted the
proposal by the Taiwanese government to open up "mini-Moreover, my next argument is no link. Cross Apply C) after

links". Since 1949, the authorities on Taiwan havetaking affirmative plan, much better relations between Japanprohibited any direct trade, postal services or travel between

and the U.S. kill the link to impact. It will stabilize.

the island and mainland China. (Omit) Beijing has agitated

Go to advantage 2. Firstly, as for 2NC argument, first evidence,for direct links in order to draw even greater investment

turnaround. They said SDF will be killed. My first argument is,from Taiwan and to bind the two states closely togetherof course their evidence never says, after taking affirmative

economically, thereby advancing its goal of reunifying theplan, the danger will be escalated. Therefore, even under theisland politically with the mainland. [1AR 2]

status quo, Japan will go to PKO. Moreover, my 2nd argument
is not unique. Even without Japan’s participating, otherAh, so A) 6th, 2NC said kill solvency, even after taking

countries go to PKO. Therefore, if we keep the status quo,affirmative plan China has the presence. My 1st argument is ofcourse it’s wrong. Extend A) 5th, now because of the declining

people in other countries die instead of Japan. Therefore, notrdunique at all. In terms of the quality of death, Moreover, my 3of the U.S., China will be expanding more and more. However,argument is, of course, quality of life; human life is equal

extend C), after taking affirmative plan Japan and the U.S. willwhether it is Japanese or not. Therefore, no impact. Moreover,ndstabilize therefore, other Asian countries’ fear to China will best

1NC 2 evidence, they said turn, aggravate conflict. My 1

solved. Moreover as for C) please group up the 1st to 3rdargument is of course completely irrelevant because they justevidence, they said Japan has no power to stabilize Asia. My

prove the conflict will be aggravated. Therefore, not unique to

1st argument is of course over-claimed. Their evidence never

the affirmative plan, because other countries already intervenesays Japan has no power, just say Japan is under the economicndin conflict. My 2 argument is of course our advantage comes

reform. Moreover, evidence just assumes status quo, moreoverfrom avoiding conflict between white people and South East

extend C), of course they misunderstand. after taking

Asia. Of course we avoid such conflict before it happens.

affirmative plan, Japan’s cooperation with the U.S. will solve.

Therefore, completely irrelevant.

Moreover my 3rd argument is, as long as money is problem, we

Go to AD 1. Firstly, I will refute 2NC argument. Firstly as forshall plan spike. We shall publish national bond for militaryA) 1st, they said our evidence is too conclusive or something.

activities. On next argument, they said China’s economy isstst

growing more and more. My 1st argument is of course we

My 1 argument is extend my A) 1 evidence indicating that13

didn’t talk about China is unreasonably increasing theiroutweighs advantage 1 and advantage 2.
thmilitary. By China’s military expenditure, please extend A) 6 ,Go for the advantage 1. Okay, I’ll argue no inherency. First,

because of fear for China, therefore, other Asian countries areextend our argument in 2NC against A), we said there is no

expanding more and more. This perception of other Asian

proof how the power is declining. They argued that the U.S.

countries is the key to linkage. Next argument they said Japancannot do alone but this evidence does not show how thewill be involved in war. However, of course not unique. Theysituation has changed in these years. That means this cannot be

didn’t prove that if we don’t Japan is not involved, otherthe inherency. My 2nd argument is, thus extend 1NR argument.

countries will be involved. Group up last 2 pieces of evidence.

We said in the 1NR that the U.S. is concentrating the bases in

Of course reason is unification of Taiwan, . . . therefore

the Asian countries. These arguments are granted. In the past,[TIME] no inherency Taiwan accepted the unification.

the U.S. had the bases in European countries and Asian
countries, that means that military power is declined to half,

Second Negative Rebuttal Speech

but from now on the power of the U.S. will be twice. Thatmeans that of course its percentage urges China to these twice

Koji ISHII, University of Tokyo

power. Of course there is no proof that China will continue tohave armament, even after the situation that the U.S. have two-

I’ll start with advantage 2, and advantage 1. Okay, affirmative

times armament. Therefore there would be no solvency. Then

gave up advantage 2, that means the possibility of defending

my next argument is the preemption. They might extend A)

advantage 1. but the advantage 1 is quite slight, that means

Bush is taking the negative attitude. However, they granted theimpact of turnaround is enough to outweigh. Go for thecard attack in 2NC. Please extend the card attack in 2NC.

advantage 2.

Evidence indicates that China has Asian countries’ belief that

They dropped the PMA in 1NR. Extend 1NR. We said that thethese bases will disappear but it never says it actually decreases.

Japanese people already feared that the ordinary citizens fear.

This is just the concept of Asian countries but it is not theThis argument is granted. That means that the there is no

policy of the U.S. government. That means, Cross Apply up

solvency because even if Japan should participate, ordinary

above. The U.S. government is already taking the policy topeople will fear. This argument is granted. Any refutation shallsuppress China. That means this is enough to kill theirstbe new. My next argument is, extend 2NC 1 argument

inherency completely, because A) evidence indicates, till now

indicating, that there is no inherency because C) evidence

in the past it excluded enough military power. There was no

assumption is that Japanese participation or existence of Japan

militarization. That means we just go back to the past situation,is enough. That means in the status quo, peaceful negotiation

because the U.S. has two times of power. That means this isthat is not necessary to use force. That means there is noenough to kill their inherency. Then, as for next argument,

inherency at all. Moreover, extend our minor repair, we carryreunification of Taiwan will be done. However, my firstout the back up of PKO. We’ll participate PKO as backup andargument is of course this evidence kill the inherency. Because

we’ll not use the force. This argument is completely granted.

please extend our 2NC argument. Motive of the militarizationrdThen, extend the 3 argument in 2NC. SDF will be killed in

is Taiwan. Affirmative has no other motive for thethe dangerous area. On this point affirmative argued that it ismilitarization. That means that from now on Taiwan will be

not unique. However, of course plan is going to increase thereunified, but China don’t have any reason to expand their

number of the people in South East Asian countries as PKF.

military any more because in this sense the motive ofndThat means of course link is unique to this point. Their 2

expansion of armament just depends on the reunification ofargument is other countries are doing and going well. However,Taiwan. But it will disappear from now on. That mean Chinast

my 1 argument is that other countries will decrease thewill lose the motive for expanding the armament, that means,number of soldiers after the plan. That means of course as forthis will kill the inherency completely because no motive ofother countries, there would be no difference, but as for the

expansion, this is enough. Go to the 6th argument. They argued

frontier-Japan, plan by all [unintelligible] will increase, that

other Asian countries do,. However, please extend 2NCmeans linkage is unique. Of course it is enough to outweighargument. We said the difference of power will cause theadvantage 1 and advantage 2. because advantage 1 is quite

tension. That means of course the difference of the power willslight risk of war. But you cannot know to what extent, thecontinue to have even after the plan. That means there is nopeople will be killed. But in case of SDF, it will surely happen.

solvency as for other Asian countries. Go to C). Okay, I’ll

That means in terms of the possibility, impact of turnaroundargue that Japan will be involved because from now on the14possibility will increase because from now on if China has

extend A) 6th card indicating that other countries expand theirmotive of war and expansion of the armament will be

military because of fear of China. On this point, they said in

succeeded, us will intervene. Extend our 6th argument in 2NC.

2NC that China never stops or something. However, please

At that time China and Japan will be involved. On this point

simply extend 1AR 1st card indicating Taiwan accepted thethey argued not unique. Japan will be involved in status quo.

unification of China. So all of below turnaround is caused from

However, of course no proof about the non-uniqueness

China-Taiwan war. So by this card we cut the linkage of allargument. My 2nd argument is thus extend the next argument inturnaround in down below. Moreover, they said this card kills

2NC. Evidence said Japan will is not regarded to have force,

inherency or something. However, please simply extend A) 5th

because Japan does not participate in collective self defense,

card indicating that China wants the hegemony of Asianthat mean there is no reason to be attack Japan, but after thecountries. Therefore, this is the motive of expanding military ofplan, Japan will be the part of the U.S., that means if the U.S.

China. Then go to the B). B) impact is completely granted.

intervenes the war, of course Japan will be the target of the

Therefore, now because of arms race, 35 thousands of children

missile. Evidence indicates, China is going to shoot the

everyday. Because of military economy and arms race. On thismissiles to the [TIME] . . . thank you.

point, they said that the because of economical problem, never
expand or something. However, please extend 2AC 1st card

Second Affirmative Rebuttal Speech

indicating that under arms race or such dangerous situation,
country cannot worry about the economy, because of fear to

Kyoka MORI, Sophia University

other countries. Therefore, inherency remains. Then, go to C).
C) presents solvency. Solvency is that the after plan, Japan can

Advantage 2 and advantage 1. As for advantage 2 please check

exercise the use of force, and co-operate with the U.S..

the turnaround presented by 2NC, they said SDF will be killed

Therefore, Japan can cover the declining power of the U.S.. Sondor something, however, please extend my partner’s 2

the U.S. can stabilize Asia again. This is the reason why China

argument indicating not unique even now PKO goes therefore

is expand the armament is the declining power of the U.S..

not unique. Moreover, please extend my partner’s next card

However by participation of Japan with cooperating with theindicating other countries will go, therefore, unique impact isU.S., make China give up the hegemony in Asia. This is thevery vague. Moreover, priority of the life is the same even if hesolvency. Moreover, please extend the C) 1st card indicating

is a foreigner. Moreover, as for turnaround presented in 1NC,

that Japan has strong enough military power therefore enoughaggravate or something. However, please extend my partner’s

to cover the U.S. declining power. Moreover, please extend C)nd2 argument indicating that our inherency is that we can avoid

2nd card indicating that by participation of Japan U.S.-Japan

conflict before created. Therefore, irrelevant. Then go to

can make peace of Asia. Therefore, in terms of quantity, ouradvantage 1.

AD 1 outweighs the turnaround shown in advantage 2. BecausestAdvantage 1, please extend A) 1 card indicating that now

now 35 thousand children die everyday because of arms race.

because of declining power of the U.S., China will expand theirThis is a great impact. However, they never showed the clear

military. On this point they said the U.S. have motive or

number [TIME] of the unique impact of turnaround. Therefore,

something. However, please extend the 1st card in 1NC. They

please vote for the affirmative.

ndnever say that, ah, . . . no. 2 argument indicating that the even
now the U.S. power is declining. Please extend A) 5th card
indicating that even 2001, the China’s military is expanding
because of the declining power of the U.S.. She wants to get
the hegemony in Asia, this is the reason why China expands
their military, on this point they said the U.S. can stabilize orsomething. On this point please extend A) 2nd card indicatingthat now the U.S. demands Japan to strengthen military power.
Therefore, this card is enough to prove the declining power of
the U.S.. The U.S. demand on, . . . the U.S. on Japan tosupplement to declining power. Moreover, please extend A) 3rd
card, constitution is obstacle. Therefore, please extend A) 5th
card indicating that China expands military. Moreover, please15

Evidence Read in Final Round

2: 田原総一郎、批評家『警察官僚の時代』講談社、144

1AC

頁。

1: 戸波江仁 / 早稲田大学法学部教授『憲法』1998年

3: Longman Dictionary of the English Language, 1984, p.45

p.101,102

4: Black’s Law Dictionary, 5th ed., 1979, p.306.

2: しゅうけねい、東洋学院大学教授、『世界』2001年45 香山健一、1998年、月号、東京、岩波書店、219頁。

URL:www.golcom.ac.jp/proj/kouyama/all/A_folder/A92_03_2

3: しゅうけねい、東洋学院大学教授、『世界』2001年4

7/A_92_03_27p171.htm

月号、東京、岩波書店、220頁。

6 大阪市経済局参事

4: いがらしたけし、東京大学教授、『世界』2001年4月(1998年8月号)、良著普及会、86頁。

号、東京、岩波書店、219頁。

7 The Daily Yomiuri, (in which Koresawa-san is the Champ)

5: Mosher, Steven W. 2001 /Insight on the news line/

March 24th 2001, p.4.

URL:http://www.insightmag.com/archive/200104315.shtml

8 CNN 2001 May 7th,

6: はせがわけいたろう、エコノミスト『ゆうじのあじ

URL:www.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/05/07/pentagon/inde

山内健生、『自治研究』73巻8号

あ』1996年、124-125頁。

x.html

7: なかのよういち、きゅうしゅうこくさいだいがくじょ

9 ささきよしひさ『しんちつじょへのみち』中央公論社、

きょうじゅ『ぐんかくとひんこんのせかいけいざいろ

339-340頁。

ん』、93頁。

10 西日本新聞、1997年5月16日、URL:

8: CIA report 2000

www.nishinippon.co.jp/media/news/9705/0516s.html

URL:http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/globaltrends2015/ind

11 川村享夫、国連ニューヨーク本部法務担当官『日本人ex.html#link12/12, <March,2001>の知らない国連』、ダイヤモンド社、81頁。

9: いでたかのり、教授、『日米安保条約と日本国憲法』、
PHP研究所、157頁。

2AC

10: Kleinたかこ、ノンフィクション作家、『だからはが

1: わたなべおさむ、一橋大学教授、『にほんのたいこく

ゆいにほんこくけんぽう』 2000年、120頁。

かはなにをめざすのか』36頁。

11: 井上茂信、政治批評家、『思想新聞』、1999年10月

2: James Lee '99/ Canadian Library of the Parliament, Political

15日号、視点論点 URL:

and Social Affairs Division/ 15 February 1999

http://www.ifvoc.gr.jp/1999/newpage230.htm

URL: www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs /8713-

12: 井上茂信、政治批評家、『思想新聞』、1999年10月

e.htm

15日号、視点論点 URL:

3: The Random House Dictionary of the English Language

http://www.ifvoc.gr.jp/1999/newpage230.htm

1987, p.66

13: 志方俊之、帝京大学教授『極東有事』(株)クレスト社、

4: The Random House Dictionary of the English Language

1996年、133-134頁。

1987, p.436

14 井上茂信、政治批評家、『思想新聞』、1999年10月15

5: Webster’s New Dictionary of American English, Merriam

日号、視点論点

Webster’s Inc., 1999, p.1242.

URL: http://www.ifvoc.gr.jp/1999/newpage230.htm

6: 戸波江仁、早稲田大学法学部教授『憲法』（株）ぎょ15: Milton・エズラティ、ロードアベット社 シニア・エ

うせい、1998年、96頁。

コノミスト兼ストラテジスト、桜井よしこ、ジャーナリ

7: 戸波江仁、早稲田大学法学部教授『憲法』（株）ぎょスト『もう日本は黙っていない』2000年、233-234頁。

うせい、1998年、110頁。

16: Pugh, Wendy, reporter. Daily News, 01.30.2000, URL:

8: 西部邁、元東京大学教養学部教授、『私の憲法論』

http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/20000128 /sc/health-gmo-(株)徳間書店、17頁。

1.html9: えばたけんすけ、軍事評論家『エコノミスト』1994年

17: Langridge, William, Professor at Loma Linda University of

9月6日号、41頁。

<010410>

Medicine in Gene Therapy.
2NC

URL: www.sciam.com/0900issuelangridge.html

1: やまうち恒久、教授、『恒久世界平和のために』、ケ1NC

イソウ書房、264頁。

1: おおのたつぞう、批評家『警察と市民の人権』みずち

2: 小西誠、軍事問題研究者『自衛隊の周辺事態出動〜新書房、257頁。

ガイドライン下のその変貌〜』社会評論社、28頁。

16

3: Grets, Bill, journalist and the defense and national security

12: 宮本政於、元厚生省検疫課長、『官僚の官僚によるreporter for the Washington Times. The China Threat Regner

官僚のための日本？』講談社文庫、1996年、44頁。

Publishing Inc.. p.XX

13: Wolfen, フリー･ジャーナリスト『日本権力構造の4: Fareed, Editor. Newsweek 日本語版, 2001年4月18日号、謎』早川書房、1994年、103頁。

毎日新聞社、29頁。

14: James, Expert of War Simulation. 『戦争回避のテクノ

5: CIA report, 2000

ロジー』川出書房、1990年、42-43頁。

URL:www.cia.gov.publications/globaltrends2015/index.html#l
ink12/

1AR

6: CIA report, 2000

1: 『朝日新聞』1999年1月6日号、7頁。

URL:www.cia.gov.publications/globaltrends2015/index.html#l

2: James Conachy World Socialist Web Site, Taiwan andink12/

China act to open direct contacts and ease tensions.

7: 『日本経済新聞』2001年4月26日号、7頁。

Uploaded in 2001.1.12

8: 浅井基文、明治学院大学国際学部教授、『中国をどう

URL: http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/jan201/ taiw-

見るか』高文研、132頁。

j12_prn.shtm<downloaded in 01.05.14>

9: おおざきひさひこ、ひょうろんか『アジアにも半世紀の平和を』36頁。

注：記載は、英語、日本語MLA様式に従い行いましたが、10: はせがわけいたろう、国際経済学者、Richard, C. Koo,

スクリプトに直したときに対戦時のブリーフから抜けて

Charge Researcher at Nomura General Institute, 『ゆうじのいるものは外れています。日本語証拠資料の出典がロー

あじあ』62-63頁。

マ字記載のものはひらがなに直してあります。

11: はせがわけいたろう、国際経済学者、Richard, C. Koo,charge researcher at Nomura General Institute, 『ゆうじのあ(N.A.F.A.出版会)

じあ』62頁。

17