Tokyo
Hydrogen Vision

Introduction
We are witnessing that the stable supply of energy can be easily threatened by international conﬂicts, earthquakes, etc.
The climate crisis, with effects such as unprecedented heavy rains or typhoons, is already impacting our daily lives.
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) is mobilizing all of its policies to realize “Carbon Half” by 2030, halving
greenhouse gas emissions compared to 2000, and a decarbonized society by 2050 beyond that. It is becoming moreurgent to ensure the sustainability of the lives and economic activities of Tokyo residents, including the stable supply ofenergy, as well as the environmental sustainability.
The expanded use of renewable energy and hydrogen that supports it are decisive measures in terms of both climate
action and the stable supply of energy.
Hydrogen, which can be stored in large quantities and for a long term, is expected to contribute to decarbonization inall ﬁelds as an adjusting mechanism for renewable power to support its massive introduction and supply.
Hydrogen will also help diversify energy sources and contribute to energy security as it can be produced from avariety of resources.
This Tokyo Hydrogen Vision illustrates how hydrogen will be used in the future and our visions for 2050. It also
describes the direction of our efforts for the development of hydrogen initiatives toward the milestone of 2030.
We hope that this vision will help readers imagine a future in which hydrogen energy has become widespread, Tokyo
residents feel closer to hydrogen, and businesses consider participating in the hydrogen business.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1

CLIMATE CRISIS AND HYDROGEN ENERGY ...........................................................................2● Visions for 2050 and Actions toward 2030 ...............................................................................................6VISIONS FOR 2050 - How Will Hydrogen Be Used?............................................................8

Why is hydrogen needed as the world is facing the climate crisis?

1. By 2050, Green Hydrogen made from renewable energy will play an active role .......................9

This chapter describes the characteristics of hydrogen and its signiﬁcance indecarbonization.

2. Why Is Hydrogen Needed?—from the perspective of climate crisis and energy security ..........4● COLUMN - Hydrogen: Energy Attracting the World’s Attention ...............................................................5

2. By 2050, hydrogen will contribute to decarbonization in the transport ﬁeld ............................11
3. By 2050, hydrogen will contribute to decarbonization in a variety of ﬁelds..............................12(1) Power generation ﬁeld
(2) Industrial ﬁeld (heat demand/raw materials)(3) Commercial and residential ﬁelds (heat demand)● Imagined Community with Green Hydrogen in 2050 .............................................................................15● COLUMN - Hydrogen: Old yet New Energy ............................................................................................17

Chapter 3

1

CLIMATE CRISIS AND
HYDROGEN ENERGY

1. Climate Crisis and the Realization of a Decarbonized Society ........................................................3

Chapter 2

Chapter

DIRECTION OF ACTIONS TOWARD A 2030 CARBON HALF ..........................................18
1. Direction of Actions toward a 2030 Carbon Half (Broad Outline) ...............................................19
2. Broader Use of Green Hydrogen ......................................................................................................21● COLUMN - Green Hydrogen Production Projects Start to Move in the World ........................................24

3. Expansion of Hydrogen Use in the Transport Field .......................................................................25
4. Expansion of Hydrogen Use in Various Fields ................................................................................29
5. Fostering Momentum ........................................................................................................................31● COLUMN - What is the demand for hydrogen as energy around 2030?..................................................32● Hydrogen Roadmap for 2030 and 2050 .................................................................................................33● ReferenceTokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter

1

Chapter 1 ● CLIMATE CRISIS AND HYDROGEN ENERGY

1. Climate Crisis and the Realization of a Decarbonized Society

2. Why Is Hydrogen Needed?—from the perspective of climate crisis and energy security

The climate crisis becoming even further aggravatedHydrogen will power the future

The impacts of the climate crisis have extended to our daily lives as record natural disasters,such as heat waves, wildﬁres, ﬂoods, typhoons, and heavy rains, occur almost every year
around the world and in Japan with the number of such disasters caused by climate change
increasing ﬁve-fold in the last 50 years according to the WMO*1 report in August 2021.

Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant atom on the earth and can be used as energy through combustion or chemical reaction.

The global average temperature is rising, and the trend of warming has been accelerating inrecent years.

Hydrogen does not emit CO2 when used.

Fuel cell vehicles and buses powered by hydrogen have already started running in Tokyo, and hydrogen energy is spreading in society.

Hydrogen can be made from a variety of resources
There are many ways to make hydrogen. Currently, it is often made from natural gas, by-products of industrial processes, etc. But, full-scale useof hydrogen derived from renewable energy, so-called Green Hydrogen, which does not emit CO2 even during production, is
expected in the future.

The IPCC*2 concludes in its report*3 published in August 2021 that “It is unequivocal thathuman inﬂuence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land.”*1 World Meteorological Organization (UN specialized institution)*2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*3 Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (the Physical Science Basis)

TMG considers Green Hydrogen as a pillar for realizing a decarbonized society.
Forest ﬁres in USA (2021)
Source: US NIFC website°C
5

Changes in global average temperature relative to 1850 - 1900
SSP3-7.0

3

SSP2-4.5

2

SSP1-2.6
SSP1-1.9

1Green Hydrogen will support the massive introduction and supply of renewable energy
The decarbonized society TMG is aiming for by 2050 assumes that renewable energy will
have been introduced and supplied in large quantities as a major energy source.

–1
2000

2015

2050

2100

Source: IPCC AR6/WG1 Report, Summary for Policymakers

Heavy rains in Saga Prefecture etc. (August 2021)
Source: Website of the Geospatial Information Authorityof Japan

CO2 is mainly generated by burning fossil fuels, including coal, petroleum,and natural gas.
We emit CO2 in every aspect of our economic activities and lives.

One of the features of hydrogen is that it would allow a large amount of energy to be stored
for extended periods. For example, electricity generated by solar power generation inspring when electricity demand is low can be stored as hydrogen which then can be used aselectricity again in summer or winter when electricity demand is high.

Storage and supply
with hydrogen
Hydrogen power
generation
Demand forelectricity

Renewable energy

1

6

12

18

24h

In this way, Green Hydrogen is anticipated to act as an adjusting mechanism for renewable energy that will be introduced and supplied in large
quantities.

The cause: CO2 and other GHG emissions
The cause of global warming that causes climate change is a continuous
increase in CO2 and other GHGs.

Surplus renewable energy

However, the amount of power generated by sunlight, wind, and other renewable energy
ﬂuctuates depending on the season and weather. To maintain a balance between supply
and demand in some regions of Japan, the output of solar and wind power generation isrestricted when the amount of power generated, which includes renewable energy, exceeds
the demand for electricity.

0

1950

Japan relies on imports from overseas for most of its energy, making it vulnerable to international affairs. In order to protect our social life andeconomic activities, it is necessary to diversify energy sources.
Utilizing hydrogen produced from different resources, including renewable energy at home and abroad, will lead to energy security and thestable supply of energy.

SSP5-8.5

4

Hydrogen will contribute to energy security

Agriculture

Forestincineration

Hot water
supplyHeating

Incineration
plant
Stockbreeding Power plant

Green Hydrogen will contribute to the decarbonization of energy in various ﬁelds
Hydrogen can contribute to the decarbonization of energy in various ﬁelds.
Taking the transport ﬁeld as an example, it is expected that hydrogen will be used astransportation fuel not only for fuel cell vehicles and buses that have already beencommercialized, but also for large ships, aircraft, etc. in the future.

Factory
Automobile* As for GHGs emitted from Tokyo, CO2 accounts for approximately 90% and other
GHGs, such as ﬂuorocarbons, account for approximately 10% in CO2 equivalent.

As for electricity, while fuel cells that generate electricity from hydrogen, suchas ENE-FARM, have been commercialized, it is expected that hydrogen power
generation, which burns hydrogen directly at large power plants, will be realized
in the future.

Renewableenergy andwaterelectrolysis

Aiming for a decarbonized society with net zero CO2 emissions by
2050

Hydrogen is also a promising candidate for the decarbonization of thermal energy. It is
expected to meet the heat demand of the commercial and residential ﬁelds andbe used as a high-temperature heat source in the industrial ﬁeld where electriﬁcation is difﬁcult.

TMG is aiming for a decarbonized society with net zero CO2 emissions by 2050. What should we do torealize a decarbonized society?

If such hydrogen is converted into Green Hydrogen, it will contribute to further decarbonization.

First of all, it is important to reduce energy consumption and increase the utilization of renewable energy,
such as solar power generation. However, an adjusting mechanism is needed for the stable utilizationof renewable energy that does not generate a constant amount of power depending on the season or
weather.
In addition, electricity is not the only energy we use. How can we decarbonize different types of energy,
including heat and transportation fuels?

Transport
field

HydrogenPower
generation field
Industrial
field
Commercial andresidential fields

Other advantages of hydrogen:● Use in the event of a disaster
Hydrogen mascot “Suison”© Tokyo Environmental Public Service
Corporation

Fuel cell vehicles and buses have a large power supply capacity. In the event of a power outage or other emergency, they can beused as an emergency power source through a portable vehicle-to-load system to supply electricity.

● Economic spillover

Hydrogen is attracting attention under these circumstances.

Japan is technologically ahead in multiple areas of hydrogen-related technology. It is expected to become an internationallycompetitive industry in the future as some private surveys predict that the hydrogen-related market in Japan will exceed JPY 4
trillion by FY 2035.

3

4Chapter 1 ● CLIMATE CRISIS AND HYDROGEN ENERGYTOKYO HYDROGEN VISION

Hydrogen: Energy Attracting the World’s Attention

Japan and other major countries around the world are accelerating a variety of efforts, including the formulationof national strategies for the introduction of hydrogen, which is the key to achieving carbon neutrality.

Each country’s trends in hydrogen● Formulated the world’s ﬁrst Basic Hydrogen Strategy in 2017

Japan

EU

Germany

FranceKorea

Chapter 3 describes the direction of TMG’s efforts for the development ofhydrogen initiatives toward the milestone of 2030.

In the decarbonized society of 2050, Green Hydrogen is expected to be fully
utilized in all ﬁelds and contribute to decarbonization in transport and otherﬁelds.

● Launched the public-private partnership Clean Hydrogen Alliance to accelerate investment

To that end, it is necessary to start building the foundation for the full use ofGreen Hydrogen earlier toward 2030.

* Carbon dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage● Formulated the National Hydrogen Strategy in 2020
Aiming to expand the scale of the water electrolyzer to 5 GW by 2030 to supply 14-TWh Green Hydrogen.
Electricity required for water electrolysis is exempted from renewable energy charges
Cooperating with Africa and other regions suitable for Green Hydrogen production for large-scalehydrogen imports in the future● Announced the National Hydrogen Strategy in 2020
Consisting of three pillars: creation of a hydrogen production sector and decarbonization of the
manufacturing industry through water electrolysis; development of large-scale hydrogen fuel mobility,
including airplanes; and research, innovation, and human resource development
Aiming to install water electrolyzers of 6.5 GW in total by 2030

● Announced a hydrogen strategy in 2021 based on the Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution
Showing a plan to mass-produce Green and Blue Hydrogen
Presenting a roadmap to develop hydrogen production capacity of 5 GW by 2030 and make hydrogen
available in a wide range of ﬁelds, including steel, power systems, and large ships● FCVs*1 are introduced according to the ZEV*2 regulations started in California which will also apply the ZEV
regulations to commercial vehicles from 2024

● Updated the FCV deployment targets* in 2020, including increasing FCVs to 1 million by 2035 and modelchange to hydrogen-powered commercial vehicles
The focus is now on selecting multiple model cities in China in 2020 as well as supporting the developmentof core technologies and construction of infrastructure for the FCV industry with purchase subsidies nolonger applied to FCVs
Accelerating the construction of a hydrogen supply chain including fuel cells centered on China itself

Chapter2

Visions for 2050

Chapter3

Direction of actions
toward 2030

Full use of Green Hydrogen in all ﬁelds by 2050,
expansion of demand for hydrogen and social
implementation of hydrogen toward 2030

● Announced the Hydrogen Strategy for a Climate-Neutral Europe in 2020
Aiming to introduce a 40-GW water electrolyzer and 10-million-tonne Green Hydrogen by 2030. Low
carbon hydrogen (hydrogen from fossil fuels with CCUS* etc.) will also be used in the short to medium term

*1 Fuel Cell Vehicles*2 Zero Emission Vehicle that does not emit CO2 or other exhaust gases during driving

China

Chapter 2 describes TMG’s visions and medium- to long-term outlook for howhydrogen will be used in 2050.

● Formulated the 6th Strategic Energy Plan in 2021 to position hydrogen as a new resource and accelerate its
social implementation, looking ahead to the carbon-neutral era● Formulated the Hydrogen Program Plan (Department of Energy) in 2020 to clarify the direction of ﬁve
items: hydrogen production, transportation, storage, conversion, and applied technology

USA

How will hydrogen, which has a variety of advantages and future potential,
spread in society?

2050

2030
2022

On the other hand, Green Hydrogen will not become widespread in a single
step. For the spread of hydrogen energy, there remain several challenges,
such as the need to reduce production costs and build a supply chain. To solvethese challenges, it is essential to expand the demand for hydrogen in all ﬁelds
and promote technology development and mass production.
Therefore, during the transition period toward the full-scale spread of Green
Hydrogen, it is necessary to promote the social implementation of hydrogenenergy earlier without eliminating Blue Hydrogen and Gray Hydrogen.

Full use of Green
Hydrogen in all fields
Expansion of demand forhydrogen and social
implementation of hydrogen

Cost reduction

Expansionof demandforhydrogenSocialimplementation ofhydrogenTechnology
development

Chapter 3 will detail the efforts for the expansion of the demand for hydrogenand the social implementation of hydrogen.
Building a supply chain■ Image of expansion of Green Hydrogen
Supply of hydrogen

UK

Positioning of Chapters 2 and 3▲● Considered hydrogen as one of the priority areas in the 2020 Green Growth Strategy▲

COLUMN

Visions for 2050 and Actions toward 2030

The more hydrogen supplied,

Starting building the foundation for utilization earlier
will lead to a higher percentage of Green Hydrogen.

The higher percentage of Green Hydrogen andGreen Hydrogen

Blue Hydrogen

Blue Hydrogen

2020

Does hydrogen
have a color?

Gray Hydrogen
2050
Source: Global Hydrogen Review 2021, IEA

2030

Hydrogen has the advantage that it can be produced from a variety of resources on Earth.
Hydrogen itself is colorless and transparent, but it may be expressed in different colors,
green, blue, or gray, for example, due to differences in the production process.

* Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicle Technology Roadmap

Green Hydrogen● Implemented the Hydrogen Economy Promotion and Hydrogen Safety Management Act (Hydrogen Act) in 2021
Developing a system, support measures, infrastructure construction, and safety regulations for transition tohydrogen economy

Blue Hydrogen

Made from fossil fuel but does not release CO2 into the air as CO2 generated during the
production process is captured and stored (CCS*)

Gray Hydrogen

Made from fossil fuels, such as natural gas and petroleum● Formulated the Hydrogen Energy Leadership National Vision in 2021 to announce that the amount ofGreen Hydrogen and Blue Hydrogen will be 250,000 tonnes and 750,000 tonnes respectively, and theamount of hydrogen used will be 3.9 million tonnes by 2030

5(from renewable energy)

Produced by electrolyzing water using electricity derived from renewable energy

6▲City and energy

A lot of energy is consumed in large cities as many people live within them and they are a hive of economic activities.
Tokyo is one such large city and is faced with the enormous challenge of decarbonizing the energy used by the many buildings andautomobiles within its conﬁnes. In addition, since it is also a major consumer of resources and products, the energy consumed atand CO2 emitted from factories and power plants located outside Tokyo should also be considered in this context.
As a large city, Tokyo has a responsibility to contribute to CO2 emissions reductions inside and outside Tokyo, and must accelerate
its actions in all ﬁelds.
To that end, it is necessary to review a lifestyle based on mass consumption of resources and products, make renewable energy amajor energy source, and promote the expanded use of hydrogen energy that supports it.
The following chapters describe TMG’s visions for how hydrogen will support the spread of renewable energy and how it will beutilized in the transport, power generation, industrial, commercial, and residential ﬁelds. These chapters also show the direction of
TMG’s efforts for the spread of renewable energy.
For the new use of hydrogen in the future, technology development is currently underway around the world with innovations
expected to be introduced. It is possible that ways to utilize hydrogen will expand beyond what is currently recognized, posing theneed to keep an eye on their trends and support their development.

Transport field

Industrial field

Commercial and residential fields

Green Hydrogen as fuel for cars etc.

Green Hydrogen as a heat source or
raw material at factories

Green Hydrogen asa heat source at buildings

Automobiles account for 80% of CO2 emissions
from transportation in Tokyo

Tokyo is a major consumer of various products

Population and buildings are concentrated in Tokyo

Electrification through renewable energy and utilization of Green Hydrogen

Chapter

2

VISIONS FOR 2050
How Will Hydrogen Be Used?

How will hydrogen be used in the 2050 decarbonized society?
Power generation field

Renewable
再エネ電力
power

How will hydrogen become widespread in society toward 2050?

Power generation with Green Hydrogen

Tokyo is a major consumer of electricity

7This chapter summarizes the medium- to long-term outlook based on thecurrent trends in technology development and the visions TMG is aiming for.

Green HydrogenTokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter2

Chapter 2 ● VISIONS FOR 2050

1. By 2050, Green Hydrogen made from renewable energy will play an active role

By 2050, it is expected that all hydrogen used will be CO2-free, and most of it will be Green Hydrogen made from renewable energy.

Initial stage

Cases of introducing Green Hydrogen will be accumulated[by around 2025]

Efforts for the full use of Green Hydrogen have started moving rapidly as large-scale projects to produce hydrogen with renewable energy
are considered all over the world, and an experimental study is underway at one of the world’s largest hydrogen production plants using solar
power generation in Fukushima Prefecture of Japan.

● Green Hydrogen will be procured in large quantities and at low cost at home and from abroad,and pipelines will also be utilized
By 2050, the cost of producing renewable power will have decreased, and Green Hydrogen is expected to be supplied at a lower cost.
In addition to Green Hydrogen produced with renewable energy in Japan, it is also assumed that Green Hydrogen produced with a large
amount of renewable energy overseas will be imported, which is expected to contribute to the stable supply of energy. Currently, technology
development and veriﬁcation for transporting a large amount of hydrogen by sea is underway.
A pipeline will be added to transportation methods in Japan, expected to be laid in part of Tokyo.

It is expected that these projects will help accumulate knowhow and lead to a reduction in costs toward the full use of Green Hydrogen.

Medium term

The foundation for the use of Green Hydrogen will beestablished [by around 2030]

Green Hydrogen is expected to rapidly become widespread in the world as Europe aims to produce 10 million tonnes of hydrogen fromrenewable energy sources by 2030.
In Japan, it is expected that the foundation for the use of Green Hydrogen will be established in parallel with the start of the commercializationof an international hydrogen supply chain as the national government aims to supply more than approximately 420,000 tonnes of cleanhydrogen (produced with fossil fuels with CCUS or renewable energy) by 2030.

Long term

Green Hydrogen will be fully utilized in all ﬁelds
Green Hydrogen will support the massive introduction andsupply of renewable energy [by around 2050]

By 2050, Green Hydrogen will be fully utilized in all ﬁelds and support the decarbonized society.
As described in Chapter 1, hydrogen allows energy storage in large quantities and for a long term. By 2050, Green Hydrogen is expected to act
as an adjusting mechanism, supporting the massive introduction and supply of renewable energy and the stable supply of energy.
In addition, as described in Sections 2 and 3 of Chapter 2, Green Hydrogen is also expected to contribute to the decarbonization of energy invarious ﬁelds.

● Green Hydrogen will link energy sources and contribute to local production and consumption
and stable supply
By 2050, Green Hydrogen will play a role in connecting different types of energy.
If renewable power is used to produce hydrogen, it can be stored for a long period of time and converted into energy required at any speciﬁctime, such as electricity, heat, or transportation fuel, enabling the effective use and stable supply throughout the energy spectrum.
In addition, it is expected that these characteristics of hydrogen will be utilized to promote local production and consumption of energy thatenhances local resilience.
In the islands and other areas that have an independent power grid and are susceptible to output ﬂuctuations of renewable energy, hydrogen is
expected to serve as a balance for these energy sources together with a storage battery.

Veriﬁcation project for building an international hydrogen supply chain
In order for hydrogen energy to become widespread, hydrogen must be cost-competitive with other energy.
In Japan, efforts are being made to achieve the hydrogen supply cost of JPY 30/Nm3 (free on board price) by 2030 and further
reduce the cost to JPY 20/Nm3 or less by 2050. * 1 Nm3 ≈ 0.09 kg (0°C, 1 atm)

● Veriﬁcation for building a liquid hydrogen supply chain

Image of liquid hydrogen carrier under development

When cooled to minus 253°C, hydrogen changes from a gas to a liquid with
its volume reduced to approximately 1/800. To transport the liquid hydrogensafely and in large quantities, Japanese heavy industry manufacturers built
the world’s ﬁrst liquid hydrogen carrier and veriﬁed long-distance marinetransportation.
They have started efforts aiming at increasing the size of liquid hydrogen
carriers and land-based liquid hydrogen tanks and developing technology
to further improve liquefaction efﬁciency with the goal of building a new
integrated international commercial supply chain that covers production,liquefaction, shipping, marine transportation, and acceptance of hydrogen.

© Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.

● Veriﬁcation for building an MCH (methylcyclohexane) supply chain
The organic chemical hydride method* using MCH decreases the volume
of hydrogen gas to about 1/500 and allows it to be transported as aliquid at a normal temperature and pressure using the existing petroleum
infrastructure.

Veriﬁcation of the international transportation of MCH

In 2020, four private businesses completed the veriﬁcation of an internationalhydrogen supply chain between Brunei and Japan.
They have started the establishment of dehydrogenation technology(technology for extracting hydrogen) that uses oil reﬁning equipment of
reﬁneries and commercialization veriﬁcation for building the MCH supply chain.
Speciﬁcally in the veriﬁcation, MCH produced from hydrogen in Brunei will
be delivered to Japan, and hydrogen will be extracted (dehydrogenated)from MCH for use.

© Advanced Hydrogen Energy chain Association for technology
Development (AHEAD)* A technology that lets hydrogen react with toluene etc. to form a compound, such as methylcyclohexane(MCH), which is stored and transported at a normal temperature and pressure, and dehydrogenated at its ﬁnal destination for utilization.

Renewable energy

Metal that stores hydrogen: Solid metal hydrideElectricity

In addition to liquid hydrogen and MCH, another method to store a large
amount of hydrogen is solid metal hydride which uses the property ofmetals to absorb hydrogen. Solid metal hydride is heavy as it is a metal,
has a high energy density, and can store hydrogen at an almost normal
temperature and pressure.

Heat

Alloys consisting of abundant and inexpensive metals are being developed
to reduce costs.

Transportation
fuels

9

10

Solid metal hydride© Japan Metals & Chemicals Co., Ltd.

Tokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter2

Chapter 2 ● VISIONS FOR 2050

2. By 2050, hydrogen will contribute to decarbonization in the transport ﬁeld

By 2050, Green Hydrogen is expected to be used as transportation fuel for automobiles, ships, aircraft, etc. contributing to decarbonization.

Initial stage

Utilization of hydrogen for passenger cars, buses, and trucks[by around 2025]

Hydrogen is expected to be utilized also for small-scale regional power generation,
including the utilization of commercial and industrial fuel cells of several-hundred-kWor higher classes that have already been commercialized.

The national government aims for the commercial operation of zero-emission ships that use
alternative fuels, such as hydrogen and ammonia*, ahead of the conventional target year, 2028.

■ Breakdown of energy-related CO2 emissions in Tokyo(preliminary results for FY 2019)

Fuel oil
16.7%
LPG
1.4%

Electricity
65.5%City gas
16.3%

17.3% No CO2 emitted Clean electricity from solar or wind power

1% of power generation mix [by around 2030]

Utilization of hydrogen for aircraftand other large transportationequipment [by around 2050]

CO2

CO2

Commercialization of hydrogen power

Medium term generation (mixed combustion) accounting for* Ammonia is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen, and is expected to be used as a medium for carrying hydrogen (hydrogen carrier)and as a fuel.

CO2 emitted Electricity produced by burning natural gas or coalHydrogen gas turbine

Hydrogen power generation (mixed combustion) is expected to be commercializedin parallel with the progress of technology development and veriﬁcation of
production equipment.
The government forecasts that hydrogen and ammonia will cover about 1% of thepower generation mix in FY 2030.

By around 2050, it is anticipated that hydrogen will be used for hydrogen aircraft and otherlarger transportation equipment. Overseas aircraft manufacturers have already announced thatthey are aiming to bring hydrogen aircraft to the market by 2035, and Japanese businesses
have also started research and development on hydrogen aircraft.

In order to realize the commercialization of hydrogen power generation, it isimportant that a large-scale supply chain of inexpensive hydrogen is built in an
integrated manner in addition to dealing with technical aspects.

In addition, hydrogen is expected to be used for a variety of transportation equipment,
including the railroad.

Long term

Development by Japanese businesses: Utilization of hydrogen for ships and aircraft● Utilization for ships© Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

Green Hydrogen acting as an adjusting mechanism to support
the decarbonization of electricity [by around 2050]

If hydrogen power generation (unmixed combustion) based on Green Hydrogen is realized by around 2050, it will contribute to thedecarbonization of electricity and help stabilize the power grid as an adjusting mechanism, contributing to the massive introduction and supplyof renewable energy.

Development by Japanese businesses: Hydrogen power generation

Japanese businesses are developing fuel cell ships and hydrogen fuel ships in anticipation of their use.
Image of fuel cell ship

In Japan, Safety Guidelines for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Ships have been formulated to further
promote the development and practical application of fuel cell ships, and Japanese businesses
are conducting veriﬁcation tests accordingly.

●

Utilization of hydrogen for regional
power generation [by around 2025]

In Japan, small-scale (1-MW class) hydrogen power generation (unmixed combustion)
has already been veriﬁed on production equipment.

It is expected that fuel cell ships will be introduced for short-distance and small-size
applications, and hydrogen fuel ships that directly burn hydrogen will be introduced for longdistance and large-size applications.

Fuel cell ships

Hydrogen will contribute to decarbonization in a variety of ﬁelds in addition to thetransport ﬁeld.

Initial stage

Utilization of hydrogen for ships
Medium term[by around 2030]●(1) Power generation ﬁeld
By 2050, it is expected that Green Hydrogen will be utilized for hydrogen power
generation which burns hydrogen instead of fossil fuels to generate electricity.

Hydrogen-powered automobiles, buses, and forklifts have already been introduced to the market.
Hydrogen has an advantage for large vehicles and long-distance cruising, and it is expected to bea useful solution for trucks and other large commercial and service vehicles in the near future.

Long term

3. By 2050, hydrogen will contribute to decarbonization in a variety of ﬁelds

Currently, more than 70% of the electricity generated in Japan is produced byburning fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal, at thermal power plants.
Japanese businesses are developing technologies to realize hydrogen power generation.

Veriﬁcation equipment for hydrogen production/storage/power generation
Veriﬁcation equipment forhydrogen power generation(Small/medium gas turbine)
Combustor test equipment(Large gas turbine)

Veriﬁcation equipment
for hydrogen power
generation(Large gas turbine)

Located in Takasago Machinery Works
Overall optimal energy management

Hydrogen production
Hydrogen production
equipment
equipment(Water electrolysis method) (Methane pyrolysis method)● Success in 30% hydrogen mixed combustion

Hydrogen fuel ships

To realize hydrogen fuel ships, it is essential to develop hydrogen fuel engines and tanks,
and fuel supply systems. Japanese businesses have started developing the engines which
need advanced combustion control technology and fuel injection technology due to the highcombustion speed of hydrogen and other reasons.

● Hydrogen aircraft

For the realization of hydrogen aircraft, Japanese heavy industry manufacturers have begun
efforts to develop core technologies, including hydrogen combustors, liquid hydrogen tanks,and hydrogen supply systems. When the required amount of liquid hydrogen is loaded, it needs
approximately four times the volume of existing jet fuel. Research and development is being
carried out to address such technical issues.

© Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions
Corporation

Image of hydrogen aircraft● Success in unmixed hydrogen combustion on small equipment

BESS
Electricity

HydrogenHydrogen piping

Hydrogen storage
equipment

Hydrogen production
equipment
SOEC© Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

Veriﬁcation of cogeneration with a hydrogen gas turbine

A Japanese heavy industry manufacturer has been conducting a veriﬁcation
project of 1-MW class gas turbine power generation through mixed combustion ofhydrogen and natural gas and unmixed combustion of hydrogen. In 2018, in Kobe
City of Hyogo Prefecture, it succeeded in supplying thermoelectric power to urban
districts through power generation with a 100% hydrogen-fueled gas turbine forthe ﬁrst time in the world.

It is expected that hydrogen aircraft will be put into practical use in sequence with propulsion
methods selected according to their size and ﬂight distance. For example, it is envisioned that
small aircraft equipped with fuel cells will be developed for introduction in the 2030s or later.
© Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.

11

A Japanese heavy industry manufacturer has succeeded in a mixed combustion test
using 30% (volume ratio) hydrogen under conditions equivalent to an output of
700 MW. In order to verify power generation through mixed combustion using 30%
hydrogen on a large gas turbine for production toward early commercialization, it
has started efforts for installing equipment that enables consistent veriﬁcation oftechnologies ranging from hydrogen production to power generation.

Japan is technologically ahead in the ﬁeld of hydrogen power generation with Japanesebusinesses participating in large-scale hydrogen power generation projects overseas.

12© Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.

Tokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter2

Chapter 2 ● VISIONS FOR 2050

3. By 2050, hydrogen will contribute to decarbonization in a variety of ﬁelds(2) Industrial ﬁeld (heat demand/raw materials)(3) Commercial and residential ﬁelds (heat demand)

By 2050, Green Hydrogen is expected to be utilized for heat demand and raw materials in the industrial ﬁeld where electriﬁcation is difﬁcult, andcontribute to its decarbonization.

By 2050, Green Hydrogen is expected to be utilized for methanation*, the direct use of hydrogen, etc. contributing to the decarbonization ofheat demand in the commercial and residential ﬁelds.

Long term

Utilization of hydrogen for heat demand and raw materials in
the industrial ﬁeld [by around 2050]* Technology for synthesizing methane, the main component of city gas, from hydrogen and CO2

Initial stage

Utilization of fuel cells [by around 2025]

By around 2050, Green Hydrogen is expected to be utilized as a heat source required for industrial processes.

In Tokyo where many buildings are concentrated, thermal energy is used for the hot water supply at buildings and heating of them.

Many of the high-temperature heat demands in the industrial ﬁeld are economically, calorically, and structurally difﬁcult to electrify, causing
consideration that hydrogen be used as fuel.

At present, it is important to promote the development of methanation and other heat decarbonization technologies while promoting CO2
emissions reductions by utilizing fuel cells.

To decarbonize the steel ﬁeld, using hydrogen as a reducing agent in the steel making process is being considered, and research is underway in Japan.
Technological innovation as well as large-scale and inexpensive hydrogen supply is important to decarbonize the steel ﬁeld.
The utilization of synthetic methane, synthetic fuel, etc., which are described on the next page, is foreseen as a good candidate for the industrial
ﬁeld. It is expected that decarbonization will progress in stages as existing equipment and infrastructure become available.

Medium term Introduction of methanation [by around 2030]
Methanation is expected to be introduced by around 2030. The national government aims to increase methane synthesized by methanation up
to 1% in the existing infrastructure by 2030.
In addition, it is expected that decarbonization will progress in stages thanks to technological progress, such as the cost reduction of Green
Hydrogen production, the construction of a supply chain, and the direct use of hydrogen through pure hydrogen fuel cells.

Decarbonization of thermal energy
Speaking of energy, we tend to focus on electricity, but thermal energy is widely used in industrial applications, such as boilers andcombustion furnaces, as well as for hot water supply at and heating of buildings, and is mainly fueled by city gas and petroleum products.

Long term

Decarbonization of heat [by around 2050]

It is anticipated that heating in the commercial and residential ﬁelds will have become decarbonized by around 2050, as city gas etc. become
decarbonized as a result of the spread of methanation and the direct use of Green Hydrogen through fuel cells and combustion.

It is important to “electrify” thermal energy by renewable energy as much as possible and then decarbonize the remaining thermal energy.
There are multiple options to decarbonize heat: direct use by laying hydrogen piping, utilization of synthetic fuels, such assynthetic methane using hydrogen, and mixing of hydrogen in gas pipes. It is necessary to discuss which one to choose
according to technological development trends in the future.

Effective use of CO2: CCU

For the decarbonization of heat, it is also necessary to discuss from the perspective of resilience through a multi-layered energy
infrastructure of power grids and gas pipes.

As a method of reducing CO2, CCU*, a technology that captures and utilizes CO2 emitted from power plants, factories, etc. as well
as CO2 in the air, is attracting attention. If this technology is put into practical use, it will allow the manufacturing of products,
including carbon-neutral synthetic fuels and chemicals, from hydrogen and captured CO2.
* Carbon dioxide Capture and Utilization● Synthetic fuels

COURSE 50 Project

Produced by synthesizing CO2 and hydrogen, synthetic fuels are also called artiﬁcial crude oil and are expected to be used in a
broad range of applications, such as fuels for automobiles, aircraft, and ships, and heat utilization.

● Utilization of hydrogen in the steel industry

The steel industry is a core industry that forms the basis of other industries, with its energy-related CO2 emissions accounting forabout 40% of the entire industrial sector. A large amount of CO2 is emitted in the steel making process, particularly when using a
blast furnace.

Methanation (Sabatier reaction etc.)

Naphtha/gasoline

CO2

They have so far developed element technologies, such as iron ore reduction and CO2 separation and recovery using hydrogen. As
a comprehensive technology development based on the combination of these technologies, they are carrying out demonstration
experiments using a test blast furnace completed in 2016, aiming to put the ﬁrst unit into practical use by around 2030.

Machinery
manufacturing 12％

FT synthesis reaction

Kerosene/jet fuels

Heavy oil

H2
* Called e-fuels when hydrogen from renewable energy is used

Test blast furnace for demonstration experiments

Methanol synthesis

MethanolLiquid synthetic fuels

Source: Website of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/johoteikyo/gosei_nenryo.html)

Non-manufacturing
6％

Food/beverage 5％

Ceramics/soil andstone 8％Synthetic fuels*

Light oil

Other manufacturing 8％
Pulp/paper/
paper processing
6％

Gas synthetic fuels

MixturesIn that process, there is a stage called reduction, which removes oxygen from iron ore, using a lump of carbon called coke as the reducing
agent. As an effort to reduce CO2 emissions, businesses and universities work together to promote the “CO2 Ultimate Reduction in
Steelmaking Process by Innovative Technology for Cool Earth 50 (COURSE50)” research that utilizes hydrogen as part of the reducing agent.

CO2 emissions in the industrial sector in FY 2019

MethaneEnergy-related
CO2 emissions
in the industrial
sector386 Mt CO2●Synthetic methane (methanation) * Gas fuelThe utilization of CO2-free hydrogen will help contribute to making gases carbon neutral. Introducing synthetic methane into city
gas pipes will allow existing infrastructure and equipment to be utilized.

Steel 40％

Synthetic methane also has potential as a hydrogen carrier.
●Chemical 15％

e-fuel * Liquid fuelIt can be used as a substitute for gasoline etc. to help utilize existing infrastructure.
Its advantages include low sulfur and heavy metal content and higher energy density than gas fuels.

Source: Greenhouse Gas Emission Data of Japan in 2019, National Institute for Environmental Studies

13© NEDO/Japan Iron and Steel Federation: COURSE 50

14

Tokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter2

Chapter 2 ● VISIONS FOR 2050

Imagined Community with
Green Hydrogen in 2050
By 2050, Green Hydrogen will be utilized in all ﬁelds.

Fuel cell
agricultural machinery

Production ofGreen Hydrogen

Production ofGreen Hydrogen

Hydrogentank trucks

Hydrogenfuel ship

Fuel cell drone
Hydrogencarrier

HydrogenaircraftResidential
fuel cells
Fuel cell ship
Industr y/
power generation
Hydrogenrefueling station

Fuel cellrailroad cars

Methanation
Fuel cell cargohandling equipment

Fuel cell
garbage truck
Multi-energy station

Large hydrogen refuelingstationHydrogen pipeline

Fuel cell
construction
machiner yCommercial andindustrial fuel cells
Fuel cell vehicle

Fuel cell truck

Fuel cell forklifts

Fuel cell bus

Hydrogen fuelmotorcycle* Applications under development are also included.

15

16

TOKYO HYDROGEN VISIONCOLUMN

Hydrogen: Old yet New Energy

In 1766, UK chemist Henry Cavendish found that a piece of metal reacting with sulfuric or hydrochloric acidproduced a gas that was lighter and more ﬂammable than air. This was the discovery of hydrogen.
In 1839, Sir William Grove of the UK succeeded in an experiment of power generation using fuel cells.
The mechanism for extracting electrical energy from the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen was
the prototype of present-day fuel cells, but it was overshadowed by the evolution of steam engines and was not
put into practical use.

Use as life infrastructure

Hydrogen was eventually used in real life as power and fuel.
Charcoal-powered cars

● Charcoal-powered cars

ChapterLong before fuel cell vehicles, there were cars that usedhydrogen as part of their power. They were charcoal-poweredcars fueled by gases, including carbon monoxide and hydrogen,generated through the incomplete combustion of charcoal andﬁrewood.
They were introduced in Japan due to the shortage of gasoline
etc. during the World War II, but they used fuels of low quality
and required frequent maintenance. Once the supply of gasoline
recovered, they fell into disuse.
© Bureau of Transportation, Tokyo Metropolitan Government● Syngas

Gas lights were installed in part of Japan during the civilizationand enlightenment period. Syngas used for them, such ascarbon monoxide and hydrogen, was produced by letting steam
react with high-temperature coal etc.

Gas light

Syngas was used for lighting and eventually used as a fuel forcooking and other purposes. Although it became widespreadat home, syngas has been replaced by natural gas, which has ahigh caloriﬁc value and is environmentally friendly.

3

DIRECTION OF ACTIONSTOWARD A 2030 CARBON HALF
To achieve a decarbonized society by 2050, actions taken in the period leading
up to the milestone marker of 2030 are extremely important.
How should we expand hydrogen energy toward 2030?
This chapter summarizes the direction of TMG’s efforts.

© Tokyo Gas “Gas Museum”

Latest technology and hydrogen

Hydrogen has become indispensable in cutting-edge ﬁelds.
H-IIA rocket● Rockets

Space exploration has endless possibilities for the future
development from the perspective of humankind. Liquidhydrogen, which has excellent speciﬁc impulse (fuel efﬁciency ofrockets), is used as fuel for launching a space rocket required fortransportation to outer space. The “H” in the celebrated H-IIA
rocket stands for hydrogen.

© JAXA

Having been used for a long period of time, hydrogen is well positioned as an energy source
for the future.

17

Tokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter3

Chapter 3 ● DIRECTION OF ACTIONS TOWARD A 2030 CARBON HALF

1. Direction of Actions toward a 2030 Carbon Half (Broad Outline)

The previous chapter described TMG’s visions for how hydrogen will be used in a decarbonized society in 2050.

Direction of actions toward 2030 (broad outline)

This chapter describes the direction of actions toward 2030 to achieve the visions.

In order to realize the Visions for 2050 shown in the previous chapter, we will promote our efforts considering the spread of hydrogen energy inthe initial stage (until around 2025) and the medium term (until around 2030) also shown in the previous chapter as a milestone.

The 10 years up to 2030 are extremely important

To that end, the direction of actions toward 2030 (broad outline) is put into the following scheme:

According to the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), limiting global averagetemperature rise to 1.5°C requires global CO2 emissions to be approximately halved by 2030 and net zero by around 2050.
Actions taken during the next decade up to 2030 are extremely important and now is the last chance. To accelerate and strengthen its actions,
TMG announced “Carbon Half,” a plan to halve GHG emissions by 2030.

2030 targets

Reduction of GHG emissions in Tokyo
compared to 2000

50%

Reduction of energy consumption in Tokyo
compared to 2000

50%

Visions for

2050

Realizing adecarbonized society

Approx. 50%●

Actions
towardBuilding the foundation for the use of Green Hydrogen
TMG will accelerate the development of hydrogen initiatives toward a 2030 Carbon Half.
It is also essential to analyze factors that hinder the spread of Green Hydrogen, take measures to solve them, and build a foundation for its use.
For Gray Hydrogen already in use, it is important to encourage substitution with lower-carbon hydrogen whenever possible.

Hydrogen utilized for passenger
cars, buses, trucks, ships, etc.

Contribution to decarbonization in the power
generation, industrial, commercial, andresidential fields

Expanded use of fuel cells, start of
introduction of hydrogen power
generation and methanation withfocus on supply chain construction

Chapter3● Building the foundation for the use of Green Hydrogen

Section 2 of this chapter describes the direction of TMG’s efforts for the spread of Green Hydrogen.

●

Expanding the demand for hydrogen and accelerating the social implementation ofhydrogen energy

Broader use of Green Hydrogen

Building the foundation for the useof Green Hydrogen through efforts
to reduce costs and evaluate/utilize
environmental values● Expansion of demand for hydrogen and social implementation ofhydrogen in various fields

2022

●

Expansion of hydrogen use in the transport field

Expanded introduction of fuel cellvehicles and buses
Early implementation of trucks andother large commercial vehicles
Further installation of hydrogenstations
Promotion of utilization fortransportation means other thancars, such as ships●

Expansion of hydrogen use in various fields

Expanded use of fuel cells,
promotion of introduction in the
power generation, industrial, andother fields

Section 3 of this chapter describes the direction of efforts for the utilization of hydrogen in the transport ﬁeld, which is ahead in theimplementation, and Section 4 describes the direction of efforts for hydrogen utilization in other ﬁelds.

Holding of the Tokyo Hydrogen Initiative Meeting
In December 2020, TMG held the Tokyo Hydrogen Initiative Meeting, where theGovernor encouraged businesses developing hydrogen businesses at home andabroad to make further efforts to expand the use of hydrogen in Tokyo and themetropolitan area and called for cooperation for the further social implementationof hydrogen technology. Taking this online meeting as an opportunity, we willfurther collaborate with hydrogen-related businesses to expand the use ofhydrogen.

19

The foundation for the use of Green
Hydrogen to be built

Contribution to decarbonization in the transport
field

Realizing“Carbon Half”

2030

For the full use of Green Hydrogen in the future, it is necessary to accumulate cases of utilization in Tokyo from this point going forward.

In terms of creating the demand for hydrogen, it is necessary to utilize hydrogen not only in the transport, commercial, and residential ﬁelds,
which have begun to introduce it, but also in other ﬁelds, such as the industrial and power generation ﬁelds. This requires further cooperation
with related businesses.

Green Hydrogen playing an active role insupporting the massive introduction and supplyof renewable energy● Green Hydrogen contributing to decarbonization in various fields●

As described in the previous chapter, it is important to ﬁrst expand the demand for hydrogen and accelerate the social implementation ofhydrogen energy toward the spread of Green Hydrogen.

2● Full use of Green Hydrogen in all fields●

Percentage of power generated byrenewable energy

Chapter

Outlook of initial stage tomedium term
(until around 2030)

20

Tokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter3

Chapter 3 ● DIRECTION OF ACTIONS TOWARD A 2030 CARBON HALF

2. Broader Use of Green Hydrogen

As hydrogen does not emit CO2 when used but Gray Hydrogen from fossil fuels emits CO2 during production, it is important to reduce theseCO2 emissions in the future.

1

Case of introduction through a subsidy program

Status quo and challenges

2▲

It is expected that the foundation for the use of Green Hydrogen will be established by around 2030 as described in Chapter 2. To this end, TMG
will accumulate cases of introducing Green Hydrogen and promote efforts to reduce production costs and evaluate/utilize environmental values.

▲

3

▲

Challenges for promoting the use of Green
Hydrogen▲

Most of the hydrogen currently produced in Japan and the rest of the world is Gray
Hydrogen from fossil fuels. Only a small number of facilities are using Green Hydrogen inTokyo as well, posing a need to accumulate such cases in the future.

© Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corporation

Hydrogen production in the world in 2020
By-producthydrogen21%(2) Awareness of environmental superiority

Petroleum
0.6%

Natural gas w/ CCUS 0.7%
Source: Global Hydrogen Review 2021, IEA

Production costs of hydrogen(3) Evaluation of environmental values

USD/kgH2

The environmental values of Green Hydrogen have not been fully evaluated, and as a result
there has been little incentive for businesses to actively select Green Hydrogen.

8(4) Production and procurement of Green Hydrogen

965(5) Establishment of energy management technology

3

To let Green Hydrogen fully fulﬁll its role as a means of effectively using renewable energy,
we need appropriate energy management, such as balancing the supply and demand forrenewable power, which suffers large output ﬂuctuations, across power grids.

2

Hydrogen supply
equipment

Electricity

Hydrogen

Heat
Equipment utilizinghydrogen fromrenewable energy

Pure hydrogen fuel cell

Consideration of incentives for evaluation and utilization of environmental
valuesTo that end, TMG will consider efforts for the evaluation and utilization of environmental values, which will include strengthening incentives
according to the greening of hydrogen (manufacturing source) used in the introduction support program of TMG and promoting the early
introduction of the certiﬁcation or crediting of Green Hydrogen. We will request the national government to establish the evaluation ofenvironmental values and set up incentive measures and mechanisms, including regulatory methods, such as the introduction of carbon pricing.

4

TMG will also consider evaluating the introduction of Green Hydrogen utilization equipment by means of its environment-related programs.

10

In collaboration with Fukushima Prefecture and research institutes, we will utilize
Green Hydrogen produced in the prefecture in Tokyo and publicize the utilization.

Hydrogen

It is expected that the cost of Green Hydrogen will decrease due to the reduction in the production costs of renewable power. At the same time,
it is also important to encourage the further reduction in Green Hydrogen costs by means of policies by promoting the introduction of Green
Hydrogen through the evaluation of its environmental values.

7

In order to produce and procure sufﬁcient Green Hydrogen in Tokyo, it is necessary toconsider the utilization of renewable energy from other regions.

PR on environmental superiority of Green
HydrogenHydrogen

TMG will actively publicize the cases of utilization at the Tokyo 2020 Games andGreen Hydrogen utilization facilities in Tokyo on its website and events.

▲

There is not enough understanding of the different methods for producing hydrogen (gray,blue, green) and the environmental superiority of Green Hydrogen over Gray and Blue
Hydrogen.

Cost reduction and efﬁciency improvementof hydrogen production equipment
Promotion of its introduction in Tokyo

Electricity

The production costs of Green Hydrogen are high at present and need to be reduced
toward full use.

Naturalgas 59%90MtH2Coal
19%

Efforts for the future

TMG will continue to support the introduction of water electrolyzers and purehydrogen fuel cells, thereby accumulating cases of utilizing Green Hydrogen at
facilities in Tokyo, and promote cost reduction and efﬁciency improvement of waterelectrolyzers, which constitute the core technology for Green Hydrogen production.

▲

To promote the use of Green Hydrogen, it is necessary to solve several challenges:(1) Production costs

Promoting the building of the foundation for the use of Green Hydrogen

Build the foundation for the full use of Green Hydrogen from 2030 onwards by accumulating cases of introducing Green Hydrogen andpromoting efforts to reduce production costs and evaluate/utilize environmental values

Importance of promoting the utilization ofGreen Hydrogen

TMG is supporting the introduction of Green Hydrogen through a subsidy program topromote the utilization by businesses and local governments in Tokyo.

Direction of policies

2020

2030

2050

Gray Hydrogen fromnatural gas

2020

2030

2050

Green Hydrogen fromrenewable energy

Source: Global Hydrogen Review 2021, IEA

Utilization of hydrogen at the Tokyo 2020 GamesAt the Tokyo 2020 Games, hydrogen was used for the ﬁrst time in the history of the Games for the Olympic cauldron and someof the torches for relaying the Olympic ﬂame.

Core technology for Green Hydrogen production: Electrolysis of water
It is a well-known principle that hydrogen and oxygen are generated whenelectricity is passed through water.

One of the largest water electrolyzers in the world
at the Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field

Hydrogen was also used at the Relaxation House and in some of the residential buildings in the Olympic Village. Such hydrogen
included that produced with renewable energy in Fukushima Prefecture. We will aggressively provide information on these casesof utilization as a legacy of the Games.
Relaxation House in the Olympic Village

Olympic cauldron

The water electrolysis method is used for producing Green Hydrogen as no CO2
is generated at the production stage through the combination with renewable
power. A variety of studies are underway to reduce costs and improve efﬁciencyof the technology.
Research for cost reduction and higher efﬁciency:● Increasing the size of a water electrolyzer to enable mass production of hydrogen● Using alternative materials for expensive precious metal components● Electrolysis of high-temperature steam to produce hydrogen with lesselectrical energy

21© NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization)© Tokyo 2020/Uta MUKUO

22

Tokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter3

2. Broader Use of Green Hydrogen

TOKYO HYDROGEN VISION▲

Consideration of production and procurement methods of Green Hydrogenusing renewable energy from other regions

It is important to expand the use of Green Hydrogen using renewable energy inTokyo. On the other hand, as mentioned above, in order to produce and procure
sufﬁcient Green Hydrogen in Tokyo, it is necessary to consider the utilization ofrenewable energy from other regions.
Such considerations may include using renewable power from other regions to
produce Green Hydrogen in Tokyo, and transporting Green Hydrogen produced
in other regions to Tokyo.

Image of production and procurement of Green Hydrogen using renewable energy from other regions
Other regions

COLUMN

Green Hydrogen Production Projects
Start to Move in the WorldAs hydrogen-related efforts have been accelerating around the world in recent years,
projects to produce Green Hydrogen have started to gather momentum.

Renewable
power
Power
transmission

Waterelectrolyzers

Green
Hydrogen
Production

In addition, transactions using the environmental values of hydrogen will also be possible.

Overseas

Other regions● Germany

Renewable
powerTransportation

To increase the supply of Green Hydrogen as the demand for hydrogen is
expected to grow in the future, TMG will work to expand the utilization ofrenewable energy from other regions, make the above-mentioned efforts forthe evaluation and utilization of environmental values of hydrogen, and consider
more effective methods, such as encouraging the national government toestablish the evaluation of environmental values.

Power transmission

Tokyo

Water
electrolyzers
Production

Green
Hydrogen

Schematic view of Green Hydrogen hub in Germany

Three businesses including a Japanese heavy industry
manufacturer are studying the feasibility of a Green Hydrogenhub (production and supply project) that utilizes the site of aformer thermal power plant.
[Hydrogen production equipment of 100 MW]● Netherlands▲

European oil majors are promoting integrated development
projects that combine, for example, offshore wind power
generation and Green Hydrogen production.
[Offshore wind power generation of 759 MW as of 2023]

Consideration of energy management
through a promotion project and research

In the Minami-Osawa district of Hachioji City, TMG has been carrying out the Regional Renewable Energy Sharing Promotion Project that
efﬁciently uses regional renewable energy by balancing power supply and demand, in anticipation of the era of the massive introduction andsupply of renewable energy. We will effectively operate the Green Hydrogen utilization equipment installed through the project, deepening ourconsideration and exploration.

● Australia

In addition, the Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection is conducting research aimed at efﬁcient energy use atbuildings that utilize hydrogen.

● Saudi Arabia

Image of sharing of regional renewable energy

Data

Sharing of renewable energy

Optimal control* A business that analyzes data on the demand, power
generation, and power storage equipment for optimalbalancing of power supply and demand

A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction is called a catalyst and is
widely used in the chemical industry etc. A catalyst that absorbs sunlightand exhibits catalytic action is a photocatalyst and is known to cause areaction, such as splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen.
Principle: When sunlight is absorbed, negatively charged electrons andpositively charged holes are generated inside a photocatalyst. They moveto the surface of the photocatalyst and cause redox reactions with water togenerate hydrogen and oxygen.
Unlike electrolysis, photocatalysts can produce hydrogen directly fromsunlight. Since CO2 is not generated, hydrogen production using aphotocatalyst is anticipated to be one of the ways to produce Green
Hydrogen in the future. With the aim of putting it into practical use,
research is underway all over the world to meet a challenge at present: theimprovement of its efﬁciency.

Principle of hydrogen generation with a photocatalyst

Hamburg
Publictransportation

Transportation
Industry

Hydrogennetwork

Heavy dutytransportation

District heating

Industry
Hamburg Green
Hydrogen Hub© Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

Energy businesses in the United States and Saudi Arabia are planning to build a Green Hydrogen production facility withthe world’s top-class hydrogen supply capacity.
[Solar and wind power generation of 4 GW/Green Hydrogen production of 650 tonnes/day]Japan
Hydrogen production research facility● Namie Town, Fukushima Prefecture

In an experimental study project by a Japanese heavy electric manufacturer,
a hydrogen production research facility has been constructed in Namie Town,
Fukushima Prefecture, for testing the production of Green Hydrogen with a large
water electrolyzer.
[Solar power generation of 20 MW/Hydrogen production equipmentof 10 MW]*● Kofu City, Yamanashi Prefecture

Innovative technology: Photocatalytic hydrogen production

Land Schleswig-Holstein

An Australian electric power company and a Japanese energy business are conducting research into the commercializationof a project to produce and liquefy a large amount of Green Hydrogen and export it to Japan.
[Green Hydrogen production of 800 tonnes/day or more from 2031]

Aggregator*✓ Data analysis fordemand, power
generation, and power
storage equipment✓ Optimal balancingof power supply
and demand

North Sea

In an experimental study project* by the Yamanashi Prefectural EnterpriseBureau, a system for producing and testing Green Hydrogen has been
constructed at the Yonekurayama Electric Power Storage Technology Research
Site in Kofu City, Yamanashi Prefecture, to test the feasibility of larger or modularhydrogen production equipment.
[Solar power generation of 10 MW/Hydrogen production equipmentof 2.3 MW]© NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization)

Yonekurayama Electric Power Storage Technology Research Site

● Kokonoe Town, Kusu District, Oita Prefecture

LightElectrons

Recombination

Positively
chargedholes

A Japanese general contractor has built a plant in Kokonoe Town, Kusu District,
Oita Prefecture, in order to produce Green Hydrogen using geothermal power
generation and verify a series of processes leading up to supply to customers.
[Geothermal power generation of 125 kW/Green Hydrogenproduction of 10 Nm3/h]© Yamanashi Prefectural Enterprise Bureau

Green Hydrogen production veriﬁcation plant

Photocatalyst

Other efforts are underway in different regions to produce hydrogen fromlivestock manure and other raw materials.
© National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology* Implemented as a project of NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization)© Obayashi Corporation

23

24

Tokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter3

Chapter 3 ● DIRECTION OF ACTIONS TOWARD A 2030 CARBON HALF

3. Expansion of Hydrogen Use in the Transport Field

Fuel cell vehicles have the advantage of not emitting any CO2 during driving, being suitable for large vehicles and long-distance driving, andcompleting ﬁlling hydrogen within a short time. Therefore, we will further expand the introduction of fuel cell vehicles (passenger cars) andbuses, and promote the early implementation of commercial fuel cell vehicles, such as fuel cell trucks.

1▲

TMG supports the introduction of fuel cell vehicles and buses, which are familiar means of transportation and are being developed for mass
production.
We are also developing fuel cell garbage trucks and carrying out their trial operation in collaboration with universities, municipalities, etc.

1,341** Subsidized

Challenges for expanding the installation of hydrogen refueling stations

Result as of the end of

Target for 2030
Qty

Installation of hydrogen refueling stations in Tokyo(23 stations installed as of the end of FY 2021 including one under installation)

300 or more zero emission
buses

93

Fuel cell vehicle (FCV)

To improve the business viability of hydrogen refueling stations, it is necessary to accelerate the introduction of fuel cell vehicles other thanpassenger cars and increase the demand for hydrogen.

Target for 2030

Feb. 2022

Eliminating the sale of newgasoline passenger cars

It is also important to create an environment where existing gas stations and small and medium-sized or local businesses can participate in thebusiness.

Currently, some hydrogen refueling stations use by-product hydrogen or that from plastic waste as hydrogen for ﬁlling, but most of them use
Gray Hydrogen reformed from fossil fuels, which will need to be replaced with Green Hydrogen in the future.

■ Introduction of fuel cell buses■ Introduction of fuel cell vehicles

Qty

As of the end of FY 2021, there are 23 hydrogen refueling stations in Tokyo including one under installation, of which 9 can ﬁll fuel cell buses as well.

Partly because of the existence of strict laws and regulations, their installation and operation costs are higher than those of gas stations. Such sites
cannot be easily secured in Tokyo as they need a large plot of land.

Broader use of fuel cell vehicles

Feb. 2022

TMG is decisively promoting the installation of hydrogen refueling stations by providing a wide range of subsidies for their installation andoperation costs.

Installation is progressing mainly in the coastal area, but there is still a shortage of hydrogen refueling stations in the inland area of the 23 wards,
the Tama area, etc.

Status quo and challenges

Result as of the end of

Installation of hydrogen refueling stations supporting fuel cell vehicles

In order to expand the use of fuel cell vehicles, it is necessary to create an environment where users can ﬁnd hydrogen refueling stations nearby
and ﬁll up on hydrogen with peace of mind at any time.

▲

As the spread of these vehicles will lead to technological innovations and cost reductions in fuel cells, the next step will be to encourage the useof hydrogen in transportation means other than automobiles, such as ships.

▲

As described in Chapter 2, hydrogen is expected to be utilized for transportation equipment, such as large vehicles and ships, in the transport
ﬁeld by around 2030. To this end, TMG will promote, ﬁrst of all, the decarbonization of automobiles, which account for approximately 80% of
CO2 emissions in the transport ﬁeld.

Fuel cell bus (FC bus)

Stations for passenger cars
Stations accepting buses© Toyota Motor Corporation▲

Challenges for the broader use of fuelcell vehicles

Fuel cell vehicles (passenger cars) are being gradually introduced. However, only
a few manufacturers sell them worldwide and their types are limited due to theiradvanced technology, and the number of those introduced has not reached thetarget set in FY 2014. It is hoped that vehicle types will be expanded to sportutility vehicles (SUVs) and minivans, for example, which will meet consumer needs.

For commercial fuel cell vehicles other than buses, private businesses areverifying the feasibility of driving fuel cell trucks, but require support for theirimplementation.

2

50

0

Light oilHydrogen* Light oil price is the average of truck delivery prices for major consumers in
FY 2020.
Source: Website of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy* Hydrogen price is the average of sales prices at hydrogen refueling stations
in Tokyo.

Direction of policies

Further expansion of the demand for hydrogen focusing on the
introduction of commercial fuel cell vehicles● Further expand the use of hydrogen for automobiles by expanding the introduction of fuel cell vehicles (passenger cars) and fuel cellbuses as well as realizing the early implementation of trucks and other large commercial fuel cell vehicles● Enhance a hydrogen ﬁlling environment by adding a hydrogen refueling station to an existing gas station and installing hydrogen
refueling stations that meet the demand for fuel cell buses and trucks

Fuel cell trucks (FC trucks)● Provide support for securing the business viability of hydrogen refueling stations that were installed ahead of others▲

In addition to vehicles with fuel cells, the use of hydrogen and synthetic
fuels (e-fuels) for internal combustion engine vehicles may be an option for
decarbonization in the transport ﬁeld.

More than double
100▲

As fuel cell buses are more expensive than diesel buses, and the difference infuel costs between hydrogen and light oil is large, a further reduction in vehicle
prices and fuel costs is necessary for their autonomous spread.

JPY/km Price difference between light oil and hydrogen
150

Encouraging the use of hydrogen in transportation means other thanautomobiles, such as ships, through technology development andreduced hydrogen prices as a result of the spread of fuel cell vehicles© Toyota Motor Corporation

25

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Tokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter33Chapter 3 ● DIRECTION OF ACTIONS TOWARD A 2030 CARBON HALF

3. Expansion of Hydrogen Use in the Transport Field
Support for multi-energy stations and bulk ﬁlling

Efforts for the future▲

Developing efforts to further expand the use of hydrogen by automobiles

To increase the applications of fuel cell vehicles (passenger cars), TMG will
work to expand their use as service vehicles, such as rental or shared cars.

Expected hydrogen demand from automobiles

We will ensure the broader use of fuel cell buses by providing incentives
according to the number of those introduced and carrying out support
measures etc. to cover part of hydrogen ﬁlling prices which are higher
than those of light oil.

Hydrogen refueling station

FC buses
Small FC trucks

3 fast chargers

Heavy FC trucks

2020

2025

2 fuel measuring instruments
Car rental shop

2 hydrogen dispensers
Parking for shared cars

2030 2035
Fiscal year

Fuel cell garbage truck

2040

2045

2050

Fuel cell forklift

Image of multi-energy station

Looking ahead to the establishment of ﬁlling standards for large fuel cell vehicles currently veriﬁed by the national government, TMG will
promote the installation of hydrogen refueling stations capable of bulk ﬁlling for heavy trucks.

Arterial logistics

We will consider providing support for making existing hydrogen refueling stations capable of ﬁlling large vehicles, improving their functions,and replacing their equipment.

FC truck

Decarbonization of hydrogen refueling stations© Toyota Motor Corporation

To decarbonize hydrogen ﬁlled at hydrogen refueling stations, we will consider incentives or the evaluation of efforts to decarbonize hydrogen
refueling stations, such as producing Green Hydrogen through the water electrolysis method using solar power and other renewable energy.

▲

Last mile delivery

Distribution center
EV truck

Promoting the commercialization of hydrogen fuel ships

The use of hydrogen in the transport ﬁeld is not limited to automobiles. It is expected to be utilized for ships and aircraft in the future.

© Hino Motors, Ltd.

Destination

Promoting early introduction of fuel cell trucks underdevelopment

Car wash machine

Hydrogen refuelingstation

Kerosene measuring instrument

200,000
FCVs to be introduced
as an initial target

2015

Solar panels

Power substation

FCVs

For other commercial vehicles with high hydrogen utilization potential,
we will take support measures according to the needs and development
status of vehicle types, with a view toward early implementation.

Logistics center in Tokyo

It is important to utilize existing gas stations in Tokyo where large plots of land cannot be acquired easily. To help them act as an environmentfriendly local energy supply base, TMG will work to convert existing gas stations into multi-energy stations by encouraging the installation of ahydrogen refueling station or fast chargers and incorporating rental or shared ZEVs into the sites.

© Toyota Industries Corporation

With the tightening of emission control regulations by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), fuel for ships is being replaced byalternatives with less environmental load. Hydrogen-fueled ships are expected to be introduced as one form of zero-emission ships in the future.
TMG is encouraging the commercialization and early service of hydrogen fuel ships by introducing an incentive program that exempts them fromport entry fees.

Promoting early introduction in collaboration with manufacturers▲

Enhancing the hydrogen ﬁlling environment indispensable for the spreadof fuel cell vehicles
Hydrogen engine cars

Further relaxation of restrictions and expansion of support measures
Bus-capable hydrogen refueling station

TMG will install hydrogen refueling stations accepting large fuel cellvehicles at appropriate locations for the broader use of hydrogen interms of both supply and demand.

Commercially available automobiles that drive on hydrogen are called fuel cell vehicles because they
drive by turning a motor with electricity generated by a chemical reaction of hydrogen in a fuel cell.
On the other hand, the development of hydrogen engine cars, which directly burn hydrogen
instead of gasoline to generate energy for driving, is underway. Hydrogen engine cars can utilize
conventional engine technology unlike fuel cell vehicles.

For that purpose, we will decisively require the national government
to make existing regulations for hydrogen refueling stations similar to
those for gas stations, which may include further relaxing the regulation
for the separation distance between hydrogen-related equipment
and public roads as well as simplifying the legal inspection that causes
higher costs.

Hydrogen engine© Toyota Motor Corporation

Vehicle in a race

Some hydrogen engine cars under development, which have not been commercialized, participate
in races.
Consideration of using hydrogen engines for motorcycles has also started.

We will encourage the expanded installation of hydrogen refuelingstations from all angles and aim to more than double the numberof stations installed in Tokyo by covering part of installation andoperation costs, actively utilizing TMG-owned land, raising subsidy
rates for land rent to mitigate higher land use costs in Tokyo, andsupporting the installation of small hydrogen refueling stations thatare expected to be located on narrow plots of land.

Utilization of hydrogen for rail transport
To promote the decarbonization of railways that serve as a mass transportation facility, a Japaneserailroad company, in collaboration with an automobile manufacturer, is developing a railroad car
equipped with a hybrid system fueled by hydrogen and powered by fuel cells and storage batteries.

© Toyota Motor Corporation

Fuel cell railroad cars

The veriﬁcation test was started in March 2022.
© East Japan Railway Company© Keio Dentetsu Bus Co., Ltd.

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Tokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter

Chapter 3 ● DIRECTION OF ACTIONS TOWARD A 2030 CARBON HALF

4. Expansion of Hydrogen Use in Various Fields

3

To this end, the initial requirement is expanding the use of fuel cells etc., which will then enable us to reduce CO2 emissions in the commercial
and residential ﬁelds, encourage development for introducing hydrogen in the power generation and industrial ﬁelds in the future, and expand
the demand for hydrogen.

Status quo and challenges

1

How a fuel cell works

Expanded use of fuel cells

TMG is supporting the introduction of commercially available residential fuel cells (ENEFARM), commercial and industrial fuel cells, and pure hydrogen fuel cells.

■ Installation of residential fuel cells
Result as of the end of
Feb. 2022

Approx. 67,000

O2 Oxygen

Urban development as a legacy of the Tokyo
2020 Games

H2O Water

At the Tokyo 2020 Games, hydrogen was used to supply power to the Relaxation House
for athletes and for other purposes.

■ Installation of commercial and industrial fuel cells
Result as of the end of

Target for 2030

Feb. 2022

1 million

Wattage

We will utilize the Sustainable Energy Fund to promote the installation of clean energy
bases, including hydrogen-related business.

Target for 2030

Approx. 2.5 MW

30 MW

Challenges for the expanded use of fuel cells
Further price reductions are necessary for the broader use of fuel cells.
Fuel cells that reform city gas to produce hydrogen have an issue in that CO2 is generated during reforming.

Versatile use of fuel cells, combustion of hydrogen for use in various ﬁelds

In the redevelopment district of Harumi, where the Olympic Village was located during
the Tokyo 2020 Games, hydrogen supply to blocks through pipelines is planned, which
will be in practical use for the ﬁrst time in Japan. We will also promote the utilization ofhydrogen through urban development in the future.

▲

Qty

H2 Hydrogen

Promoting the utilization of hydrogen indifferent ﬁelds (versatile use of fuel cells,
combustion of hydrogen for use in various ﬁelds)

As for the versatile use of fuel cells and the combustion of hydrogen for use in various
ﬁelds, TMG will cooperate with related businesses, the national government, and local
governments for the promotion of practical use, promote introduction according to thetrends in technology development, actively provide information on the latest technology,
and request the national government to support technology development.

▲

Fuel cells are one of the most important technologies for the use of hydrogen,capable of extracting electricity and heat from hydrogen through electrochemical
reaction. This mechanism allows highly efﬁcient power generation, downsizing, andthe use of exhaust heat.

▲

As described in Chapter 2, hydrogen is expected to contribute to decarbonization in different ﬁelds by around 2030, such as fuel for power
generation and heat demand in the industrial, commercial, and residential ﬁelds.

Transport fieldPowergeneration field
Existing markets

FCV

FCB

Commercial and residential fields
Industrial field

Image of Harumi redevelopment district© Designated Builder for Class 1 Urban Redevelopment Project in Harumi 5-Chome West District

Image of carbon neutral port

Efforts in the coastal area

The following efforts will be made in the coastal area as it is expected to contribute to a
decarbonized society.
Based on a public-private partnership at the Port of Tokyo, TMG will formulate a carbonneutral port building plan to work on decarbonization by means of hydrogen.
We will promote the spread of hydrogen energy among private businesses by building amodel for the utilization of hydrogen energy at buildings in the Tokyo Waterfront City.

Fuel cells are used for residential fuel cells (ENE-FARM) and fuel cell vehicles, and fuel cell systems used here have a potential to be applied
to drones, agricultural machinery, construction machinery, small ships, port equipment, and many others. Therefore, their applications
should be expanded in the future accordingly.

Introduction of fuel cells
to cargo handlingequipment

Alternative
maritime power
supply to ships

Distributed power
generator at hydrogenstation

Next-generation energy
supply system for ships
Solar power generation at
the top of facility
Expansion of
next-generation energy
fuel ships

Introduction of fuelcells to trailers

Source: Future Tokyo: Tokyo’s Long-Term Strategy Upgrade 2022

In addition to the utilization of fuel cells, hydrogen can be directly burned to generate energy, creating a need to promote development
toward practical use in a range of ﬁelds, including power generation, large ships, aircraft, and industrial processes.

Examples of versatile use of hydrogen2

Direction of policies● Fuel cell power generator▲

Encouraging the use of hydrogen for fuel cells and many other purposes
to expand the demand for hydrogen● Continue supporting the introduction of fuel cells, encourage the spread of and price reductions in applicable equipment, and promote
the decarbonization of fuel itself● Further cooperate with related businesses and the national government to promote the utilization of hydrogen in a variety of ﬁelds

Fuel cells with high power generation capacity are also considered for use
in portable power generators. If such an application is realized, they will be
used in a wide range of ﬁelds, such as civil engineering and construction
sites and power supply for daily life needs in the event of a disaster.

Fuel-cell-based portable hydrogen power generator

FC modules

As there are efforts to package a fuel cell system and sell it as an FC
module that is easily available, it is expected that fuel cells will be used
for many applications in various industries in the future.
© Denyo Co., Ltd.

3

● Hydrogen fuel boiler

Efforts for the future

FC module© Toyota Motor Corporation

Hydrogen fuel boilers

Since hydrogen is also expected to be used through combustion, several businesses are developing
small hydrogen boilers and bringing them to market.

▲

Continuing support for the introduction of fuel cells

TMG will continue supporting the introduction of residential, commercial, and industrial fuel cells, ensure their expanded use, and promotetechnology development that will lead to reduced prices, more efﬁcient power generation, and downsizing.
In order to solve issues with equipment fueled by hydrogen reformed from city gas, we will encourage the early introduction of methanation(Section 3(3), Chapter 2) and CCUS at the place of use. We will also continue to promote the broader use of pure hydrogen fuel cells.

While boilers fueled by hydrogen alone do not emit CO2 during combustion, the equipment thatemits less nitrogen oxides (NOx) during combustion can be compatible with measures for air
pollution.
Therefore, in 2021, TMG started to cover hydrogen fuel boilers for certiﬁcation under the Certiﬁcation
Program for Small Combustion Appliances with Low NOx/CO2*.
* A program to certify small combustion appliances that emit less NOx and CO2 to reduce these substances emitted from such appliances© Miura Co., Ltd.

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Tokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter

5. Fostering Momentum

3

TOKYO HYDROGEN VISION

It is expected that the social implementation of hydrogen energy will progress by around 2030 as described in Chapter 2. To this end, TMG will
effectively provide information to Tokyo residents and organizations.

1

Direction of policies▲

Developing efforts to ensure the further expansion and facilitate theunderstanding of hydrogen energy● Raise awareness of a wide range of generations in collaboration with a variety of actors● Take a continuous approach by making use of online content

2

COLUMN

What is the demand forhydrogen as energy around 2030?
The use of hydrogen as energy is limited at present, but it has the potential to be used ina variety of ﬁelds in the future.

It is expected that the expanded demand for hydrogen in the future will encourage technology development,
supply chain construction, and cost reduction, resulting in a virtuous cycle that accelerates the social
implementation of hydrogen energy.
Assuming that inexpensive hydrogen will be procured in large quantities around 2030, in what ﬁelds and towhat extent will hydrogen be utilized as energy?

Efforts for the future▲● Fuel cell vehicles

Fostering a movement in both public andprivate sectors

As described in Section 2 of Chapter 2, the utilization of hydrogen is envisaged as a way to decarbonize automobiles etc.

TMG has been working to raise public awareness through visual depictions of hydrogenenergy since 2017 when we launched the Tokyo Hydrogen Promotion Team in cooperation
with more than 100 private organizations and local governments in Tokyo. We willencourage cooperation between businesses, including support for networking among
businesses, toward the social implementation of hydrogen energy.

The demand for hydrogen in 2030 in Tokyo is estimated to be approximately 70 million Nm3 based on the anticipatedintroduction of fuel cell vehicles, buses, and trucks (small and large sizes) in Tokyo.
In addition, more demand for hydrogen is expected as it is anticipated to be needed for a variety of transportationequipment, such as fuel cell forklifts, which have already been commercialized, garbage trucks, and ships.
Launch event● Methanation▲

As described in Sections 3(2) and (3) of Chapter 2, the utilization of hydrogen is expected as a way to decarbonize heat.

Collaboration with other prefectures andresearch institutes

In its Green Growth Strategy Through Achieving Carbon Neutrality in 2050, the national government aims to increase
methane synthesized by methanation up to 1% in the existing infrastructure by 2030. Based on this forecast, the amountof synthetic methane introduced is estimated to be 400 million m3 in Japan, and the amount of hydrogen required formethanation is estimated to be 1.6 billion m3 in Japan*.

TMG, Fukushima Prefecture, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,
and Tokyo Environmental Public Service Corporation have been utilizing hydrogen producedin Fukushima Prefecture in Tokyo and publicizing each other at environmental events since2016 when we concluded an agreement to expand the use of CO2-free hydrogen.

In Tokyo, from the above values and the ratio of the ﬁnal energy consumption of city gas in Tokyo to that in Japan atpresent, approximately 50 million m3 of synthetic methane is expected to be introduced and the amount of hydrogenrequired for methanation is estimated to be approximately 200 million m3.

Furthermore, TMG and New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization(NEDO) have been working together to hold seminars and provide environmental learning
opportunities since 2020 when we concluded an agreement for the expanded use ofhydrogen energy.

* Materials for the 4th Meeting of Methanation Promotion Public-Private Council● Hydrogen power generation
As described in Section 3(1) of Chapter 2, it is expected that hydrogen power generation will be put into practical use withsome businesses carrying on its development.

During the Tokyo 2020 Games, hydrogen produced in Fukushima Prefecture using
renewable energy was used at the Relaxation House and some of the residential buildings in
the Olympic Village.
We will continue to collaborate in sharing technical knowledge and conducting public
relations and awareness raising activities, and promote efforts for the broader use ofhydrogen from renewable energy.

Hydrogen cylinder pack at Tokyo 2020 Games Olympic Village▲

The related materials also estimate that the supply from the international supply chain to the power generation sector willconsist of 300,000 tonnes (approximately 3.4 billion Nm3*) of hydrogen and 3 million tonnes (approximately 3.9 billion Nm3*)of ammonia in Japan.

Providing information online

There are increasing opportunities to utilize online content due to the impacts of the
COVID-19 pandemic. To raise public awareness of hydrogen energy, TMG provided relevant
information by holding online events and seminars.
We will take a continuous approach to a wide range of generations by enhancing our
website and other platforms for providing information and by regularly distributing online
content on the themes of the signiﬁcance of and safety measures for hydrogen as well as
the latest research and new technologies related to hydrogen.

In its Outlook for Energy Supply and Demand in FY 2030 and related materials, the national government assumes, as aprospect of use in 2030, that an international commercial supply chain for hydrogen and ammonia* will be established andhydrogen and ammonia power generation will start at a certain level. Based on the assumption, the government estimatesthat such power generation will account for approximately 1% of the power generation mix.

From the ratio of the ﬁnal energy consumption of electricity in Tokyo to that in Japan at present, when the above amountof hydrogen is prorated, approximately 300 million Nm3 of hydrogen is estimated to be used for power consumption inTokyo with ammonia estimated as approximately 400 million Nm3.
* Conversion to Nm3 has been made by TMG

Online event for elementary school students in FY 2021

Hydrogen information center “Tokyo Hydrogen Museum”● Applications other than energy
In addition to the use as energy, hydrogen is used as raw material in a variety of processes of the industrial ﬁeld, such as
the desulfurization process of oil reﬁning and the lipstick manufacturing process.
If you look into the manufacturing process of products around you, you may ﬁnd that hydrogen is actually used as a raw
material.

Hydrogen information center “Tokyo Hydrogen Museum”
It is a comprehensive learning facility where you can enjoy
learning about invisible hydrogen and the future visions of ahydrogen powered society through a hands-on experience.

* The demand for hydrogen in this column is an estimate made by TMG under certain conditions and subject to change depending on prerequisites or future technologicaldevelopment.

Established in 2016, it provides easy-to-understand information
for all, from children to the elderly.
© Tokyo Environmental Public Service Corporation

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Tokyo Hydrogen Vision

Chapter

3 Hydrogen Roadmap for 2030 and 2050

TMG will promote the expansion of the demand for hydrogen and its social implementation toward a 2030 Carbon Half, and build thefoundation for Green Hydrogen to become a pillar for the realization of a decarbonized society by 2050.
In light of trends in hydrogen-related technology development and market launch, we will further deepen cooperation with related businesses,
the national government, and local governments to accelerate the broader use of hydrogen in terms of both supply and demand.
● Direction of TMG’s efforts from initial stage to medium term • Hydrogen powered society in long-term perspective, corporate development trends, etc.

Initiatives

Initial stage(until around 2025)

Medium term
(until around 2030)

Long term(until around 2050)

Reference• Green Growth Strategy towards 2050 Carbon Neutrality (2020, 2021), Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry• Materials for the Committee on the Green Innovation Project (2020, 2021), Industrial Structure Council, Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry• The 6th Strategic Energy Plan (2021), Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

Supply of hydrogen• Outlook for Energy Supply and Demand in FY 2030 (related materials, 2021), Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry• Comprehensive Energy Statistics, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry● Accumulating cases of introducing Green Hydrogen• Energy Consumption Statistics by Prefecture, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry● Expanding introduction of hydrogen production equipment• Full use of Green Hydrogenin all fields

Green Hydrogen● Building foundation for use of Green Hydrogen● Evaluation and utilization of environmental values• Supporting massive
introduction and supply of
renewable energy• Strategic Road Map for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (2019), Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry• Materials for the Council for a Strategy for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (18th to 27th meetings, 2020, 2021), Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry• Materials for the Methanation Promotion Public-Private Council (2021, 2022), Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry• Special Contents website, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry• Safety Guidelines for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Ships (2021), Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism• “Low-Carbon - What is a Hydrogen Supply Chain?” website, Ministry of the Environment

All fields

Transport field● Expansion of demand for hydrogen and social
implementation of hydrogen• Shift to Green Hydrogen● Expanding introduction of fuel cell vehicles
Enhancing hydrogen filling environment• Decarbonization in transport
field• Future Outlook for the Hydrogen Utilization Market 2021, Fuji Keizai Group Co., Ltd.

Use of hydrogen

Various fields
Power
generation
Industrial
Commercial/residential● Further expanding use of fuel cells● Versatile use of fuel cells, combustion for use in various fields● Utilizing hydrogen through urban development and efforts inthe port area

• Website of NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization)• Website of ENEOS Corporation• Website of Obayashi Corporation• Expanding use for aircraft andother large transportationequipment● Promoting spread and price reduction ofhydrogen-based equipment• Website of Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO)• Website of Iwatani Corporation● Further expanding introduction of FCVs and FC buses● Expanding introduction of trucks and other large commercial vehicles● Expanding installation of hydrogen refueling stations● Expanding use for ships• Global Hydrogen Review 2021, IEA• Decarbonization in various
fields• Website of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
• Website of Chiyoda Corporation• Website of Denyo Co., Ltd.
• Website of Toyota Motor Corporation• Website of East Japan Railway Company• Website of Miura Co., Ltd.
• Website of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

• Use for power generation• Utilization as an adjustingmechanism for renewable power• Use for steel making andother industries

Tokyo Hydrogen Vision● Promoting
decarbonization ofthermal energy• Introduction of methanation• Decarbonization of thermalenergy• Spread of methanation

Edited and published in March 2022
Next Generation Energy Promotion Section, Climate Change and Energy
Division, Bureau of Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
8-1 Nishi-Shinjuku 2-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8001● Fostering momentum in collaboration with a variety of actors

33

TEL (03) 5388-3570