Current and Future Prospects forInternational Cooperation in Planetary
Sciences:
A NASA Perspective

Steven Vance
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
AOGS Planetary Science (PS) Section President
svance@jpl.caltech.edu
Jim Green
NASA Chief Scientist
January 2021

Planetary Science Decadal Reports
1st Planetary decadal: 2002-2012

NASA’S Planetary Science Division’s
Follows the broad strategy laid out
In the National Academy Decadal
Reports
3rd Planetary Decadal:
2023-2032
underway with report toNASA
due 1st quarter 2022

2nd Planetary decadal: 2013-2022

Planetary Program Architecture
Recommended by the Planetary Decadal Survey

Mars 2020Mission(PerseveranceRover)
Clipper Mission

Large Missions (“Flagship”-scale) – StrategicMissions“Recommended Program”(budget increase for JEO new start)
1)

Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher –descoped2)

Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) –descoped

3)

Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP)“Cost Constrained Program”(based on FY11 Request)“Less favorable” budget
picture than assumed(e.g., outyears in FY12 request)

1)
2)

Mars Astrobiology ExplorerCacher – descoped
Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP)

Descope or delay
Flagship mission4/5) Enceladus Orbiter & Venus Climate
MissionDiscovery (PI Class)$500M (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) and 24 month cadence for selection

New Frontiers (PI Class)$1B (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) with two selections during 2013-22

Research & Analysis (5% above final FY11 amount then ~1.5%/yr)
Technology Development (6-8%)
Current Commitments (ie: Operating Missions)
The cost information contained in this presentation is of a budgetary and planning nature and is intended for informational purposes
only. It does not constitute a commitment on the part of JPL and/or Caltech.

3How does NASA Cooperate Internationally?
• Foreign policy objectives, public diplomacy and international cooperation
have been part of NASA since its inception• Directed by the 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Act:
• NASA will cooperate with other nations• Disseminate information as broadly as practicable• Goal of the 2010 National Space Policy: Expand international cooperation on
mutually beneficial space activities to: broaden and extend the benefits of space;further the peaceful use of space; and enhance collection and partnership insharing of space-derived information• Current NASA international cooperation:• Over 700 active international agreements• 8 partners account for 50% of the agreements:• France, Germany, ESA, Japan, UK, Italy, Canada, Russia• By mission area: 2/3 are in science missions• By region: 1/2 are with partners in Europe

Guidelines for International Cooperation• Consistent with U.S. law and foreign policy objectives• International partners are generally government agencies• Projects/Partnerships:– Must have scientific and technical merit– Must benefit NASA
– No exchange of funds– Have clear managerial and technical interfaces– “Meet at the interface” (i.e.- no joint development, limit tech transfer)– Documented in written, binding agreements, closely coordinated with theU.S. Department of State and other U.S. Government agencies• Decision meetings can be Bilaterals or Multilateral• Types of collaborations:o NASA accepts foreign instruments on NASA missionso NASA provides instruments to foreign missionso Exchange of extra-terrestrial samples

NASA PROVIDED INSTFORMULATIONNON-U.S. CONTRIBUTIONSIMPLEMENTATIONPRIMARY OPSSAMPLE EXCHANGE

Hayabusa 2

NEOWISEEXTENDED OPS

LUCY
BEPICOLOMBO (ESA)

JUICE (ESA)
OSIRIS-REX

MOON

JUNO

MARS
LUNAR
RECONNAISSANCE
ORBITERDARTEUROPA CLIPPERPSYCHENEW HORIZONS

CLPSLanderViper
RoverMARSODYSSEYMARS EXPRESS(ESA)

MRO

MAVEN

EXOMARS 2016
(ESA)

MMX
(JAXA)

EXOMARS 2020
(ESA)
CURIOSITY ROVER
INSIGHTMARS 2020
ROVERNon-U.S. instruments on NASA missions(Examples)Discovery Program: PI Competitive
NEO characteristics
NEAR(1996-1999)

Comet Diversity
CONTOUR(2002)

Mars evolution
Mars Pathfinder(1996-1997)

Lunar formation
Lunar Prospector(1998-1999)

Nature of dust/coma
Stardust(1999-2011)

Mercury Environment Comet Internal Structure Lunar Internal Structure
Deep Impact
MESSENGER
GRAIL(2005-2012)(2004-2015)(2011-2012)

Solar wind sampling
Genesis(2001-2004)

Main-belt Asteroids
Dawn(2007-2019)

Exoplanets
Kepler(2009-TBD)

LosAug t15
2002

Currently
Operating

Lunar Surface
LRO(2009-TBD)

ESA/Mercury Surface
Strofio(2017-TBD)

Mars Interior
InSight(2018)

Trojan Asteroids
Lucy(2021)

Metal Asteroid
Psyche(2022)

Martian Moons
MMX/MEGANE(2024)

8Discovery Program: International Participation
Mars evolution
Mars Pathfinder(1996-1997)

Nature of dust/comaStardust(1999-2011)

Main-belt Asteroids
Dawn(2007-2019)

Currently
OperatingLunar Surface
LRO(2009-TBD)

ESA/Mercury Surface
Strofio(2017-TBD)

Mars InteriorInSight(2018)

Martian Moons
MMX/MEGANE(2024)

9Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations,
Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight)

Seeking Signs of Life: Mars 2020 RoverJezero
CraterMars Helicopter

NASA provided instruments to
non-U.S. missions(Examples)

JAXA: Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) Mission• Sample Return mission to Phobos or Demos• COSPAR Decision: Category V-Unrestricted Earth return• NASA role: GammaRay-Neutron spectrometer & surface
samplerPhobos

NASA’s OSIRIS-REx

Exchange of Samples
Bennu

JAXA’s Hayabusa IIDiameter = ~490 m

5.4 g~2 kgRyugu
Diameter = ~865 m

Future Collaborative Missions

Mean Diameter = ~865 m

In Situ Exploration of Saturn's Moon Titan,
an Organic-Rich Ocean WorldSelk impactcrater• Science and Engineering Instruments

approximate landing area
https://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu•

DraMS: Mass Spectrometer (GSFC, CNES)•DrACO: Drill for Acquisition of Complex Organics(Honeybee Robotics)•

DraGMet: Geophysics & Meteorology Package (APL,JAXA Lunar-A seismometer)•DragonCam: Camera Suite (MSSS)•DraGNS: Gamma-ray Neutron Spectrometer (APL,LLNL, GSFC, Schlumberger)•DrEAM: Atmospheric entry measurements (ARC, DLR)

Venus Missions On-going Studies• NASA/RSA created a Venera-D Joint Science Definition
Team• Completed an initial study report Jan 31, 2017
• Defines all the top decadal science that can be accomplishedversus a series of notional platforms• Baseline missions:−Orbiter: Polar 24-hour orbit with a lifetime greater than 3years- Can trade orbiter period for communication withother elements of mission for more than 24h−Lander: (updated VEGA) 2+ hours on the surface• Other components discussed as potential augmentations:− Free flying aerial platform and balloons− Sub-satellite− Small long-lived stations• Next steps:• Focus shifts to realistic mission designs & architectures

Status of NASA’s
Current Plan

All contents represent notional planning and are for discussion purposes onlyPa r t n e r s h i p s u n d e r D i s c u s s i o nLunar Science & Exploration
Missions

1919

Artemis Accords: International Guidelines
Signers: US, Australia, Canada, Japan, Luxembourg, Italy, UK, UAE, Ukraine
●●
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Peaceful Purposes
Transparency
Interoperability
Emergency AssistanceRegistration of Space Objects
Release of Scientific Data
Protecting Heritage
Space Resources
Deconfliction of Activities
Orbital Debris and Spacecraft Disposal

Artemis Astronauts

: Landing Humans on the Moon in 2024

: Living, Learning and Working on the Moon

Questions?

Image by john doe

In Situ Exploration of Saturn's Moon Titan,
an Organic-Rich Ocean World• Science Objectives

https://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu• Analyze chemical components and processes that
produce biologically relevant compounds• Measure atmospheric and surface conditions• Constrain processes that mix organics with water• Search for chemical evidence of biological processes• Mission Plan
• Launch in 2027; Titanarrival mid-2030s

Selk impact
crater• Science and Engineering Instruments• ~3.3 years ofexploration, traversing
over 100 miles to morethan 24 unique landingsites• Current activities:
Preliminary design andhardware testing in theTitan environment
approximate landing area•

DraMS: Mass Spectrometer (GSFC, CNES)•DrACO: Drill for Acquisition of Complex Organics(Honeybee Robotics)•

DraGMet: Geophysics & Meteorology Package (APL,JAXA Lunar-A seismometer)•DragonCam: Camera Suite (MSSS)•DraGNS: Gamma-ray Neutron Spectrometer (APL,LLNL, GSFC, Schlumberger)•

DrEAM: Atmospheric entry measurements (ARC, DLR)

Titan’s dense atmosphereand low gravity make iteasier to fly there than onEarth. By flying, Dragonfly
can explore and sample
materials in different
areas, including organic
sand dunes and impact
crater deposits whereorganics may have mixedwith water.

Title: Current and Future Prospects for International Cooperation in
Planetary Sciences: A NASA Perspective
Authors: Steven D. Vance, James Green
Abstract:
Planetary exploration investigates objects and physical processes
throughout the solar system, and beyond. The scope of possible
scientific investigations can easily outpace available resources.
International partnerships can lead to new innovations. NASA hasengaged in many such partnerships. We will describe some examples ofsuch international partnerships, and successes and lessons learned. We
will also describe mechanisms for international contributions to NASAmissions and science. Over 500 white papers have been received by theNational Academy of Sciences as input to the Planetary Science Decadal
Survey that will serve as its guide for prioritizing missions in the2023-2033 timeframe, many will require international participation.