A century-long strategy for wastewater-system management in Japan;
concept shifts from Wastewater System to The Road Toward Recycling
SocietyTANAKA Shuji*, NASU Motoi***Water Quality Control Department, National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management,
Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport, *Asahi1, Tsukuba city, Ibaraki, 305-0804, Japan.
tanaka-s92ta@nilim.go.jp**Sewerage and Wastewater Management Department, City and Regional Development Bureau,
Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport, Kasumigaseki 2-1-3, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8918,
Japan. nasu-m2ij@mlit.go.jp
Abstract: When we entered into the 21st century, we noticed many changes in various fields, such as
meteorological change on a global scale, the soaring price of crude oil, frequent droughts and floods, overt
heat-island phenomena in big city areas, a falling birthrate and a rapidly aging population. These changes are
not temporary mutations, but are transformations based on long-term trends that we cannot ignore to plan andre-imagine the future state of wastewater systems. Starting from such understanding of present circumstances,
we have formed a new concept of the role of wastewater systems: to make them the key infrastructure of arecycling society as a national strategy. This is ³The Road toward Recycling Society.´ This paper describes thenew concept of The Road toward Recycling Societyalong with its implementation policy.
Keywords: Recycle, the 21st century, wastewater system policy, improvement of systems
Introduction
Looking ahead to the 21st century, we can predict great changes that will emerge in many fields in Japan. We
must change our living systems to prepare for the future. Our systems consist of many sub-systems. A
wastewater system is these, but one that plays an important role in keeping our society healthy andcomfortable. This means that we need to have a new concept adapting our society to future situations. To set anew concept and policy for both wastewater systems and wastewater works, a special committee wasconvened and it carried out intense discussions for about one year, announcing its conclusion in a report titled,
Wastewater System Vision 2100. The subtitle of this report is From Wastewater System to The Road toward
Recycling Society as a100-years strategy. This paper describes this new strategy and new concept of The
Road toward Recycling Society.
A new concept of wastewater systems adapted to the 21st century
Among these future changes, serious ones that we will face in the latter part of the 21st century may include
climate change caused by the greenhouse effect and shortages of natural resources such as the fossil fuels, oiland natural gas. These changes will be caused by our lifestyle in the late 20th century, a period of mass
production and consequent mass waste-production. In recent years we already suffered from abnormal
climate that has caused terrific flooding, unusually hot summers and abnormally heavy snowfalls. Another1- 59 -

precursor of future problems is the present historically high oil prices. When these difficulties becomeextreme, our lives will be threatened by these problems. In view of this, we must change our society to asustainable one that can achieve future prosperity.
Other problems in Japan that we will face in the relatively near future are social problems caused by ourdecreasing population. Although the decline of our population was predicted and in fully recognized arelatively long time ago, it was a great shock for Japan when the regular census showed an actual reduction of
the population last year. This reduction is due to the recent low birth rate that is actually below the death rate.
On the other hand, life expectancy in Japan is high. One consequence of these conditions is an aging society
and structural changes in both industry and economy. In the aging society, government will have smaller
resources to provide new infrastructure than it does now, so we need to prepare for the future at an earlystages.
Along with these future changes in the natural environment and society, we also wonder about the direction offuture society. In this respect, wastewater systems also must change so we can create a bright future. We needto have a clear image of wastewater systems that provide new functions and play new roles in the 21stCentury as key infrastructure for a better world, by freeing ourselves from conventional images of thesesystems. From these perspectives, our vision of wastewater systems for the 21st century should focus on threegoals: a beautiful environment, safe community and vigorous society. The crucial question we must answer torealize these three goals is how our wastewater systems will contribute to new era. By contemplating theseconditions, we have created a new concept of the 21st century wastewater systems as ³The Road toward
Recycling Society´ to provide a new strategy for the central government.
Besides the above-mentioned future problems, we are already struggling to resolve problems in our fields.
Some of these are categorized as water problems and others as facility management problems. One exampleof a water problem is the quick run-off of storm water and another is the drying up of waterways in the dry
season. These cause frequent flooding and environments with reduced amenities. These phenomena arecaused by the reduction of the permeable area in our communities. Another water problem is instability ofwater resources: the inability of big cities to secure their water resources within their water basins for example.
These are not sustainable situations in terms of water resources. A typical example of a facility-managing
problem is the aging of facilities. This not only raises the demand for rehabilitation works and thereby
increases budget needs, but also increases road deterioration such as sudden cave-in caused by corroded
sewers. The new policy also accounts for these present problems.

2- 60 -Figure 1. Schematic image of the role of wastewater system in 21st century society. Awastewater system is
infrastructure with a key role in sustaining a limited resource society.
What is The Road toward Recycling Society?
The term, The Road toward Recycling Society, implies not only the venous system but also the arterial system
including the heart that function as key organs in the circulation of necessary materials and the transportationof waste in humans. In another words, The Road toward Recycling Society suggests that wastewater systems
become key facilities in hydrologic circulation and resource cycles. This concept aims to replace the20th-century-type wastewater systems with a new kind of system, and also seeks new functions and imagesof systems for the 21st century. And specifically from the viewpoint of the healthy circulation of resources, thecommittee¶s discussions of wastewater systems extend to basic questions: what is wastewater system, whatkind of substances should we collect and not collect with such a system, how can we recover and reuse thecollected substances, and how we create healthy recycling systems in our society? Based on ourreconsideration of these matters, the following three key sub-concepts were presented to achieve the main
image or metaphor of The Road toward Recycling Society:-Creation of NewWater Passages,
Creation of NewResource Passages andRevitalization of the Systems.

The first sub-concept, Creation of New Water Passages, means the creation of new water-networks andpassages to exploit the manifold functions of water in the field of wastewater works. The second sub-concept,
Creation of New Resource Passages, refers to active efforts to recover resources, such as bio-solids or
3- 61 -

nutrients, followed by supplying recovered resources. This sub-concept also includes exploiting land sites ofwastewater works to create new energy ---solar power, wind turbine, and micro-hydro-power generation--- toend our dependence on oil. The third sub-concept, Revitalization of the Systems, differs from the previous twoconcepts in that it supports them, but includes more active meanings of upgrading existing facilities to meetthe social requirements of wastewater works.

Figure 2. The relationships between the main concept and three sub-concepts
The Creation of New Water Passages and development of this policy
The Creation of New Water passages implies recovering healthy water cycles in basin areas by improving
wastewater systems. This will be attained by evolving the following three core-ideas:-Thoroughly recycle and reuse stored rainwater, purified wastewater and incoming ground water in thesystems,-Optimize facility locations to aim for water reuse and-Redesign facility structures so they are suitable for reusing water.
Healthy water cycles will be realized by encouraging infiltration of storm water into the ground accompanied
by reusing stored storm-water and treated-wastewater. Storm-water infiltration can be realized by designing
storm -water systems based on infiltration first instead of draining first. Along with the infiltration first policy,
the introduction of storm-water storage facilities to systems will stimulate the increased reuse of water. Direct
reuse of treated wastewater should also be promoted by introducing advanced treatment.
Storm-water utilization and treated-wastewater recycling may require facility configurations and locations that4- 62 -differ from those now in uses. Although the conventional way of deciding the location and capacity of atreatment plant is to consider how effectively we can collect wastewater at the plant, its location and capacity
should be decided according to the demand for water. Determined in this new way, its location and capacity
may be greatly different those of existing plants. The same idea should also be applied to storm water systems.
Considering how effectively we can create a recycling system facilitates the reorganization and rehabilitationof water networks.
The structure of storm water systems may also be transformed when we introduce the new concept to thedesign of structural details. For example, changing storm water drains to open channels from pipe systems
and applying percolating structures and ecologically friendly configurations, in another words, near naturalsystems and nature friendly systems.
The Passage for Resources and development of this policy
The Passage for Resources aims to recover resources through wastewater works and thus supply recoveredresources to communities. Introducing this scheme is intended to release less global worming gas fromwastewater systems by promoting energy saving in the systems and by boosting the use ofgreenhouse-gas-free energy such as biomass energy by local communities.
This will be realized by following three ideas:-Realize self-supporting in energy use by treatment systems,-Become a top runner in the application of new-energy by wastewater works and-Supply energy & resources actively to local communities from wastewater works.
These three ideas need to be explained more specifically. The first idea, realizing self-supporting energy useby treatment systems, aims to promote energy saving, produce new energy in the systems, and then attempt tooperate the facilities independent from external energy supplies. The second idea, becoming a top runner innew energy, proposes that wastewater works be a top runner in new-energy use and production. The third idea,
supplying energy & resources that are recovered from wastewater woks to local communities, is intended totransform wastewater works into energy and resource centers.
The Revitalization of the Systems and development of this policy
The Revitalization of the Systems proposes effective maintenance of existing facilities and improvement of thesystems to support the two other sub-concepts, Creation of New Water Passages and Creation of New
Resource Passages. Basic policies for realizing this concept include the following three ideas:-Transform maintenance policy from reactive to preventive type,-Improve facilities to meet social demands including multi purpose usages and-Integrate new facility constructions and maintenance works into asset management.
For these purposes, the actual applications of the following three work categories are considered: works toensure safety, works to exploit facilities and works to improve functions. ³Works to ensure safety´ suggests
proactive measures to prevent accidents caused by poor maintenance works such as road cave-in caused by
5- 63 -

corroded pipes, to install earthquake resistance configurations into the systems, and to provide evacuationsites for the local communities. ³Works to exploit facilities´ means promoting the multipurpose usage ofexisting facilities. ³Works to improve functions´ implies not only simply improving facilities but also active
management in accordance with the overall review of system plans including reviews intended to realize thenew concept, Road toward Recycling Society.
Conclusion
The 21st century will be an era when we will face many difficulties related to the shortage of resources andclimate changes. To cope with theses situations we need a new concept and policy for our wastewater systems
to mitigate their impacts. As the new concept for 21st century wastewater systems, The Road toward
Recycling Society has been proposed based on one-year committee discussions. The new concept is divided
into three sub-concepts that are Creation of New Water Passages, Creation of New Resources Passages, andRevitalization of the Systems. Each sub-concept includes specific policies to promote actual works. We havejust begun to evolve wastewater works based on this new concept. Therefore, the actual promotion is limited
at this moment but we hold great expectations that in a future, it will be a key infrastructure of the recycling
society.
References
Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport: Report on Wastewater System Vision 2100; The Road toward
Recycling Society (in Japanese). September 2005.

6- 64 -

- 65 -• Frequent flooding due to quick runoff of stormwater• Dried up of waterways in dry weather period• Changing global climate• Reducing amenity on water environment• High energy cost due to diminishing fossil fuel• Increasing aging facilities• Requirement of high reliability on systems• Decreasing populations and aging society• Great deficit on central and local government

Problems about wastewater
system management

31

Water Quality Control Department, National
Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management,
Ministry of Land Land Infrastructure and Transport

TANAKA Shuji

A Century–long Strategy
for Wastewater-System Managementin Japan;
Concept Shifts
from Wastewater Systems
to Circulation Passages

June 29, 1999 : FukuokaFukuoka-city, 77mm/hr

42

- 66 -– Reduction of peak flow
– Restoration of dry weather flow instreams• Storage and infiltration first policy– Climate change– Increasing runoff due to increasing
impermeable area and dried up in dryweather• Managing difficulty on drainage firstpolicy

Changing storm water
management policy

75July 19, 2003: FukuokaFukuoka-city, 99mm/hr, Total 361mm

urban areas

Total length: about 14,800km

1,827km, 12.4%

open channel,

landscaped

Non-87.4%

conduit/pipes,12,904km,

coverd38km, 0.2%

Landscaped
open channel,

Storm water drains & channels in(more than 50mm/hour)Frequency of high intensity of rainfall86

- 67 -rni
retung9– Open channel, ecology concern, near naturestructure• Redesigning of facility structure for easy
reusing– ReusingReusing-oriented location planning• 100% recycling– Stored rain water, treated wastewater• Optimization of facility location for reusing

11

Creation of Water Passages

An existing treatment plant

geSludP

A new satellite plant

Satellite plants near demandingsite of reusing water

19,035 kwh/day

90 %

16,616 kwh/day

4,620kwh/day

Garbage &woody refuse

12

Total power generation

5,396kwh/day

6,600kwh/day

Consumption of power

Wind & Solar

Digested Gas

A trial calculation for self supplying ofpower in a 50,000 m3/day plant

10

An example of recovered waterways by treatedwastewater in suburban area of Tokyo- 68 -

1310kwh/d for revenue
1315– Supplying biomass energy for local communities– Wind turbine and solar energy generation• Supplying energy and resources tocommunities– Biomass center collecting kitchen garbage andwood refuse• A toptop-runner of new energy user

– 100% selfself-supplying energy for treatment• SelfSelf-supporting in energy use

Creation ofresource passages

3160kwh/d

1850kwh/d for internal use

Power generation by wind turbine 660kw X0.2X24h=3160kw/dConsumption of electricity 1850m3/d X 1kwh/m3=1850 kwh/dkwh/d

WindWind-turbine capacity 660kw

ODOD-plant capacity 1850 m3/day

in a small scale plant

all necessary electricity

A wind turbine can supply

Bio-solidfuel

14Powerplantby sewer collapse

16

The numbers of cave-ins on roads

Bio-solid

Bio-solid-fuelfactory

Bio-solid-fuel product works

- 69 -Years old
17<5 <10 <15 <20 <25 <30 <35 <40 <45 <50 50<

19– Rehabilitation and new concept adaptation• Integration of facility construction andmaintenance by asset management
policy– Artificial ground over plants, fiber opticalcables in sewers, etc• Multi-purpose use of facilities– Quake, collapse, blackout, etc• From reactive to preventive maintenance

Revitalization of the systems

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

Aged pipes tends to make problems

Collapes/1,000km

Circulation Passages

Creation of New
Resource Passages

Creation of New
Water Passages
Revitalizationof the Systems--Supporting infrastructure for sustainable society--

2018

Reactive maintenance vs. Preventive maintenance- 70 23

• Circulation Passages=‘Junkan-dou’= ‘Junkan no michi’in Japanese• Wastewater systems =‘Gesui-dou’ in Japanese

From wastewater systems
to circulation passages

2122• 24 million of unun-serviced population• Requirement for high reliability onsystems• Reducing amenity on waterenvironment• Weakening financial backgrounds• Increasing stocks of facilities• Changing global environment,reducing resources, and energy
problems

24

Problems in wastewater work field– Water recycling– Resource recovering– System restoring upon newconcept• New policy for century longtargeting to be circulationpassages

Conclusions

- 71 -

– Climate change by greenhouse gas– Shortage of fossil fuels– Huge waste production– Decreasing of population– Aging society• Emerging problems in the new century

25– Quick runrun-off of storm water– Drying up of waterways– Instability of water resources– Aging of facilities– Huge deficit on central and local governments• Existing problems

The 21st Century