Development and Popularization ofEnvironmentally-friendly Disaster Resilience
Technology by Effective Utilization ofGabions"NIED Large-Scale Earthquake Facilities and Gabion Project."

Oct. 31, 2018 14:00-16:30
Session 4: Space-based technology and Affordable solutions facilitating DRR

Hiroshi NAKAZAWA
Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Division,
National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster
Resilience (NIED)
1This presentation

1. Introduce of NIED Earthquake Facilities‣ E-Defense‣ Large-Scale Earthquake Simulator

2. Gabion Project‣ Introduce of Our Project- Damage survey- Small scale model test

- Full scale shake table test
- Numerical analysis- Test Construction
NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

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This presentation

1. Introduce of NIED Earthquake Facilities‣ E-Defense‣ Large-Scale Earthquake Simulator

Miki, Hyogo, Japan

Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

HYOGO EARTHQUAKE ENG.
RESEARCH CENTERLARGE-SCALE EARTHQUAKESIMULATORNIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

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This presentation

1. Introduce of NIED Earthquake Facilities‣ E-Defense‣ Large-Scale Earthquake Simulator

Miki, Hyogo, Japan

Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

HYOGO EARTHQUAKE ENG.
RESEARCH CENTERLARGE-SCALE EARTHQUAKESIMULATORNIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan4

E-Defense

What’s E-Defense?
XYZ
Shaking Table

Logo mark“E-Defense” is a nickname of “Three-Dimensional FullScale Earthquake Testing Facility”.
The symbol “E” indicates “Earth”, suggesting the criticalneed for the promotion of research and developmenton the mitigation of earthquake disasters and protectionof our lives and properties in a global scale.
5NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, JapanE-Defense

E-DEFENSE PAST RESEARCH PROJECTS (-2017)
By the end of this fiscal year, 91 series of experiments have been completed…

Schools constructed inthe 1970s

Liquefaction-induced
Lateral Spreading

Traditional Wooden
Houses4-story Steel Frame 7-story Wood Panel RC Bridge Column
Building
Building (jointly with constructed in thean Italian Research 1970sInstitute)

High-rise Buildings (jointlywith Hyogo Prefecture)

Estimation of EarthquakeHigh-rise Building
Resistant Performance ofunder Long-period
Embankments
Ground Motions

Please visit to http://www.bosai.go.jp/hyogo/research/movie/movie.html
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NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, JapanThis presentation

1. Introduce of NIED Earthquake Facilities‣ E-Defense‣ Large-Scale Earthquake Simulator
Construction of this facility,
LES was planned due toliquefaction of the 1964
Niigata earthquake.

Hydraulic pump system
NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

Shake table

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Large-Scale Earthquake Simulator
What’s Large-Scale Earthquake Simulator• The "Simulator" is a testing facility, starting its operation in 1971 as the first research facility inTsukuba Science City.
• The facility has a 1-D shake table that applies strong motion to a full-scale prototype structure
or a large-scale model of buildings, industrial facilities, foundations, soil structures, etc.

• The table can simulate ground motion recorded in a large earthquake in order to observe
model's collapse process and to obtain the data for analyses.
• The simulator is a common-use testing facility.
• NIED performs collaborative research themes with universities and institutes, andconsignment experiments or researches for public institutes and private companies.

X

Shake table

Observation of model's collapse process

NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan8

Examples of models for shake tests

One-third (1/3) scale
reinforced concrete building

Foundation and buried structure inliquefiable ground modeled in a largescale laminar shear container

Petroleum storagetank with inner
floating roof

Sloshing and overflow ofliquid to the roof

Wood structure builtwith CLT

Five-storied woodn pagoda“Goju-no-to”

Wooden-frame brickstructure

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NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Japan

Comparison of Existing Large Shake Tables

COMPARISON OF EXISTING LARGE SHAKE TABLES
Max.
TableOrganization Weigh Area
2(ton)(m)
NIED Facilities）

Acc.
(cm/s2)

Directions

3E-Defense,
1200
300(X, Y, Z)
NIED (Miki)（Guiness Record!!）
1LSE Simulator 500
217(X)NIED (Tsukuba)

Vel.
(cm/s)

900 (X, Y) 200 (X, Y)
1500 (Z)70 (Z)Disp.
(cm)
100 (X,Y)
50 (Z)

500

75

22

PWRI(Tsukuba)

300

643(X, Y, Z)

1000

20060

UC San Diego(San Diego)

2000

931(X)

1000

18075

Capacity of LSE simulator is much less than E-Defense.
However, total cost of experiment is also much less.
10NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

This presentation

1. Introduce of NIED Earthquake Facilities‣ E-Defense‣ Large-Scale Earthquake Simulator

2. Gabion Project

Dujiangyan irrigation system (China)
In 3rd Century B.C.

‣ Introduce of Our Project- Damage survey- Small scale model test

- Full scale shake table test Introduced in- Numerical analysis

Japan in the360-480 A.D.

- Test Construction
NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan11

Ways of Using Gabions●Mountains•••••●UrbanRetaining Walls for roads
Stops falling rocks, debris flow
Landslide countermeasure
Crash barrier
Erosion control dam••

Retaining Walls

Stop debris flow

Crash barrier

Landslide countermeasure

Erosion control dam•

Scenery（flora）
Temporary housing/emergency
restoration
Simple reinforcement of structures

Scenery（Flora）●Coast and River basins/lowlands/urban••••River leveeRiver bulkheadGroin
Bridge designed to besubmerged during floods

Emergency
restoration
River Levee

Groin

River bulkhead

Bridge designed to besubmerged during floods

NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

Temporary foundation ofbridge pier

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Introduce of Our Project
Development of Environmentally-friendly Disaster Resilience
Technology by Effective Utilization of GabionsA) Purpose A large number of gabions have been often used in Nepal because it is cheap and easy
for anyone to make. And it also makes it easy to get the material.
 Construction of the gabion wall depends greatly on the experience knowledge of localengineers.
 Although the design standards have been prepared, the content is not enough.
Additionally, it does not consider the influences of earthquake.
 It is necessary to investigate the static and dynamic stability of the gabion retaining
wall in order to make the rational design and construction method.

•••

To reveal behavior of gabion retaining wall during earthquake.
To understand and evaluate effects of the flexibility on stability of the gabion retainingwall.
To establish a reasonable construction method and a design manual for the gabion
retaining wall considering its flexibility.

Regarding multipurpose and effective utilization of gabion for adaptive disaster
resilience that is Low-tech, Low-cost and Local utilization (3L Technique)
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NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

Introduce of Our Project
Development of Environmentally-friendly Disaster Resilience
Technology by Effective Utilization of GabionsB) Member and Funds
Joint Research between Kochi Univ., Saga Univ., industrial partners
comprising two design consultants, a manufacturer and a construction
company in Japan, and also Tribhuvan University in Nepal.

the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Japan Society for thePromotion of Science (JSPS)• Basic Research B (Oversea Academic Research) 16H05746, and• Basic Research B (General) 16H04413.

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NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

Introduce of Our Project
Development of Environmentally-friendly Disaster Resilience
Technology by Effective Utilization of Gabions
C) Research Content• Damage survey.
– Damage survey of the 2015 Nepal-Gorkha earthquake.
– Analysis of Usage pattern of the gabion and the ratio of classified
damaged gabion walls.
• Small scale model test.
– To investigate the basic mechanical characteristics of the gabion wall.
• Full scale shake table test.
– To investigate the dynamic behavior of the gabion retaining wall.
• Numerical analysis.
– To establish FEM analysis and earthquake resistant design method.
• Test Construction.
– Construction on site and follow-up after construction.
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NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

Damage survey

SwellingCollapse

Damage survey on gabion structures along Araniko Highway, Nepal Damage survey was carried out along Araniko Highway from Kathmandu city tothe Chinese border In this highway, the gabion is widely used in the sabo dam and the crash barrier,including the retaining wall.
 The state of the gabion retaining wall could be classified into the usual, theswelling and the collapse state.
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NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

Damage survey(Nakazawa et al, 2018)

Usage pattern of the gabion and the ratio of classified damaged gabion walls.

 Along this highway, the gabion is used as a member of many structures.
 The retaining wall is 49% of the whole.
 The retaining wall in the usable state was 80% of the total number of retainingwalls.
 The shape of the retaining wall has a vertical-type and a stepwise-type, use
ratio was 44% and 56%, respectively.
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NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

Full scale shake table test
Shake table and Soil container:
Table size: 14.5m x 15.0m
Shaking direction: Horizontal(one-direction)
Soil container size: 4.0m x 11.6m x 3.0m

Case 1: Vertical-type

Case 2: Step wise-type

Test condition:
Input: sinusoidal wave 3Hz, 8sec
Amplitude of target input acceleration:
50, 100,150, 200Gal (in four stage) The gabion retaining wall
dimension is 3 m in height, 1min width and 3m in depth.
 The ground behind the wall is
3m in height, 8m in width and
3m in depth.
 To observe the behavior
during shaking,accelerometers anddisplacement transducers areinstalled on the gabion and theground.
 Sinusoidal wave are input witha frequency of 3 Hz.
 Amplitude of acceleration isprovided in four stages.
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NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

Full scale shake table test (Case1 Vertical type)
Seismic behavior of gabion walls

Case 1: Vertical-type
Sinusoidal wave 3Hz (257Gal in fourth step)

Case 1: Vertical-type
Final deformation by 3D
Territorial Razer Measurement(in fourth step) The head of the retaining wall tilted forward 80cm and the ground behind thegabion wall largely collapsed.
 The gabion retaining wall stood tenaciously without falling.
 This is an important feature representing the flexibility of the gabion retainingwall.
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NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

Full scale shake table test (Case2 Step-wise type)
Seismic behavior of gabion walls

Case 2: Step wise-type
Sinusoidal wave 3Hz (313Gal in fourth stage)

Case 2: Step wise-type
Final deformation by 3D
Territorial Razer Measurement(at fourth stage)

 This step wise-type retaining wall displaced forward 10 cm.
 It almost retains the initial shape after shaking.
 The step wise-type retaining wall is more stable than the vertical-type.
20NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

Summary and Future works
 Examine the collapse mechanism of the gabion retaining
wall in detail.
 Investigate the relationship between the collapse form
and the flexibility of the gabion wall by a small scalemodel test and numerical analysis.
 To establish a reasonable construction method and adesign manual for the gabion retaining wall considering
its flexibility.

Multipurpose and effective utilization of gabion for adaptive
disaster resilience that is Low-tech, Low-cost and Local
utilization (3L Technique) for various gabion structures.
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NIED: National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan

The END

Thank you for your attention!

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