Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015
Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015

IEA-Geothermal: Reflecting on 18 years of Successful International Collaboration with aView to the Future
Michael A. Mongillo and Chris J. Bromley
IEA-GIA Secretariat, GNS Science, Wairakei Research Centre, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 3352, New Zealandmongillom@reap.org.nz

Keywords: international geothermal collaboration, IEA-GIA, IEA- Geothermal, sustainable development, sustainable use, climatechange mitigation
ABSTRACT
April 2015 sees the International Energy Agency- Geothermal Implementing Agreement (IEA-Geothermal, also known as IEAGIA), completing its 18th year of operation. The organization’s 3rd Term efforts and achievements were recognized by the IEA in
February 2013, with their decision to extend its mandate for a 4th 5-year term. IEA-Geothermal, which operates under the auspicesof the IEA, provides a formal, but flexible framework for international cooperation on a broad spectrum of contemporary
geothermal research and technology topics. Direct collaboration among experts of member countries, industries and organizations
increases capabilities; avoids duplication of efforts; improves cost effectiveness through information sharing and joint effort;
provides easier access to key information, research results and technological resources; and more. Emphasis is placed on thecollection, analysis and dissemination of impartial, authoritative data and information. IEA-Geothermal thereby contributes to the
IEA’s efforts to promote global sustainable energy policies that help ensure the provision of reliable, affordable, clean energy,
while contributing to the mitigation of climate change. To achieve its goals and attain its 4th Term mission: to promote thesustainable utilization of geothermal energy worldwide by optimizing international collaboration to improve technologies, thereby
rendering exploitable the vast and widespread global geothermal resources, by facilitating knowledge transfer, by providing highquality information and by widely communicating geothermal energy’s strategic, economic and environmental benefits, hence
contributing to the mitigation of climate change, IEA-Geothermal is currently pursuing activities in seven topics, or Annexes: IEnvironmental Impacts, III-Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), VII-Advanced Geothermal Drilling and Logging Technologies,
VIII-Direct Use, XI-Induced Seismicity, XII Deep Roots of Volcanic Geothermal Systems, and X-Data Collection and Information.
IEA-Geothermal’s achievements since WGC-2010 include: a) major contributions to the IEA Technology Roadmap on Geothermal
Heat and Power and the geothermal chapter of the IPCC SRREN (Special Report on Renewable Energy); b) editorship of, andcontributions to, the Geothermics Special Issue on Sustainable Utilization of Geothermal Energy; c) publication of a Handbook ofBest Practices for Geothermal Drilling; d) support for preparation of a Global Review of Geothermal Reporting Technology; e)convener of international workshops and seminars covering topics related to induced seismicity (Iceland), the mitigation ofenvironmental impacts of geothermal development (New Zealand), the modelling of sustainable utilization (Iceland),geomechanical challenges associated with geothermal drilling, stimulation and production (USA), innovative ways to enhancepermeability, reduce drilling costs and sustain geothermal production (Philippines); f) participation at international conferences(GRC, NZGW, Stanford Workshop, European Geothermal Congress); g) publication of comprehensive annual reports and a
recently introduced annual Trends in Geothermal Applications report; h) co-produced with IEA the IEA Renewable Energy
Essentials: Geothermal brochure, providing articles for the IEA Open Energy Technology Bulletin, and technical support forseveral other IEA reports; and i) re-development of the GIA public website as a facility for growing information dissemination. Of
special significance was the establishment of a project proposal funding scheme in late-2009, which has supported ten projects
associated with Annex efforts, including the publication of reports and financial assistance for participation at relevant workshops.
IEA-Geothermal publications are freely available to the global community on the GIA public website (www.iea-gia.org).
IEA-Geothermal membership currently comprises: 14 countries (Australia, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New
Zealand, Norway, Republic of Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States), the European Commission, two
industry members (Green Rock Energy, Ormat Technologies) and two national organizations (CanGEA [Canada] and GeothermalGroup APPA [Spain]). The GIA continues to seek new members who can contribute to the achievement of its mission, increase its
expertise, and extend its global geothermal collaboration.
A brief review of the current global energy scene and its relevance to climate change is presented. The structure and operation of
IEA and IEA-Geothermal are briefly described, details of our major achievements for promoting sustainable geothermal utilizationand growth in activities are discussed, and future plans are outlined.
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper presents a significant update of the IEA-GIA paper presented at the WGC 2010 (Mongillo et al., 2010) and other recent
papers and presentations by Bromley and Mongillo (2012) and Mongillo and Bromley (2013, 2012). More details about the IEA
and the recent work of the IEA-GIA can be found in the GIA 2007-2013 End of Term Report (IEA-GIA EoT, 2012), Strategic Plan
for 2013-2018 (IEA-GIA SP, 2012) and in the comprehensive IEA-GIA annual reports available on the IEA-GIA website. Notethat all website addresses are included in the reference section.

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Mongillo and Bromley
2. CURRENT GLOBAL ENERGY SCENE AND CLIMATEThe rapid expansion of renewable energies, especially solar and wind, was a very encouraging world highlight for the 2011-2012
period (IEA PRa, 2013). Regrettably, it was overshadowed by the relentless growth in global demand for energy; the continuing,
distressingly slow global progress towards a low-carbon energy system; as well as the apparent loss of “drive” to clean-up the
global energy system as the result of national government austerity plans overriding renewable energy policy support (ibid.). The
world continues to be off-track in its efforts to attain the internationally-agreed target to limit the average global temperature
increase to 2 °C above the pre-industrial global average by the end of this century.
The total global demand for energy in 2011 continued its virtually uninterrupted growth trend of the past 40+ years, barring the~1% decrease that occurred in 2009- a probable consequence of the global financial crisis (Figure 1) (IEA, 2013). The global total
primary energy supply (TPES) in 2011 reached 13,113 Mtoe (549 EJ th), more than 3.1% higher than in 2010 (12,717 Mtoe), whichitself had grown by ~5.3% from 2009 (Birol, 2011, 2012). Similarly, the global electricity production in 2011 increased to 22,126
TWh, about 3.2% higher than that in 2010 (IEA, 2013).

Figure 1 World total primary energy supply from 1971 to 2011 by fuel in million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) (IEA 2013).
[** Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.]

Associated with this growth in energy supply is an increase in CO2 emissions, which reached 31,342 Mt in 2011, an increase of
1,016 Mt, or 3.4%, over the 2010 value (Figure 2) (IEA, 2013). IEA estimates for 2012 are higher again, at 31,600 Mt, a record
high, but the result of a slightly more favourable lower growth rate (IEA PRb, 2013) (Figure 2). Non-OECD countries accounted
for 60% of global emissions. China contributed the largest increase, 300 Mt, but this growth was one of the smallest in a decade asa consequence of its deployment of renewable energies (REs) and the major improvement in energy intensity of its economy.
Emissions from the USA reduced by 200 Mt, the result of switching from coal to gas for power generation. Though Europe
increased its use of coal, the economic contraction, growth in REs, and cap on emissions, led to emissions dropping by 50 Mt. Lessfavourable was Japan’s increased use of fossil fuels to compensate for reduced nuclear power, thus increasing emissions by 70 Mt.
The ~40% of global emissions contributed by the OECD countries in 2012 is down from 55% in 2000 (IEA, 2013b).

Figure 2 Global energy-related CO2 emissions from 1890 to 2012 (IEA 2013a).

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Further challenges have arisen since 2010 (WOE, 2012), including: the revival of oil and gas production in the United States;
worldwide expansion in unconventional gas production; continued increases in fossil fuel subsidies to about US$ 523 billion in2011 (six times more than renewable energy subsidies); growing global energy intensity (e.g., ratio of energy consumption toanother metric, typically national GDP); continuing turmoil in the Middle East and North Africa casting doubts about the reliabilityof global energy supplies; and the reduction or elimination of nuclear power in some countries as a consequence of the Fukushima
Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan. Compounding these issues is the shift of government focus to more national concerns about
economic growth and the financial integrity of several European countries, and so away from energy policy and climate change.
Continuing along the current path of relentless growth in global demand for energy; the continuing, distressingly slow global
progress towards a low-carbon energy system; as well as the apparent loss of “drive” to clean-up the global energy system as theresult of national government austerity plans overriding renewable energy policy support (IEA PRa, 2013); will result in thepotentially “catastrophic” warming of the planet and associated damaging consequences. The average global temperatures havealready increased by 0.8 °C, and without further action, the additional long-term increase is likely to be 2.8-4.5 °C, making a total
temperature increase relative to pre-industrial values of 3.6-5.3 °C. Already, there is strong evidence that the climate is changing,and “extreme weather’ events, such as storms, floods, heat waves, etc., should be expected to become more frequent and intense,
along with increasing temperatures and rising sea levels.
Even considering the gains being made through the current positive policies, global energy-related GHG emissions in 2020 are
estimated to be ~4 Gt of CO2-equivalent higher than consistent with the 2 °C target. Consequently, such exceptional growth israising major concern about the possibility of achieving the global climate change objective of limiting the temperature increases
this century to 2 °C above the pre-industrial levels (Birol, 2011, 2012). In addition, 20% of the world’s population, ~1.3 billion, still
remain without access to electricity.
International climate negotiations have led to an agreement to reach a new global agreement on climate change by 2015, which is tocome into effect by 2020. However, serious action is required before 2020 if the global temperature rise limit of 2 °C has areasonable chance of being achieved. The IEA has developed a range of “scenarios” to investigate various viable options for the
reduction of emissions in order to attain the 2 °C target. The most recent developed, and still very encouraging one, is termed theFour-for-2 °C Scenario, which at this late stage, can reduce the growth in emissions by 3.1 Gt by 2020, or ~80% of the savings
needed for the 2 °C path, and at no net economic cost (IEA, 2013b). This scenario comprises four policies: 1) Adopt specificenergy efficiency measures, e.g., energy performance standards for lighting, new appliances and heating/cooling equipment(provides 49% of CO2 emissions savings, 1.5 Gt). 2) Limit the construction and use of the least-efficient (sub-critical) coal-fired
power plants; with greater use of gas and REs increasing from 20% today to 27% in 2020 (contributes 21% of the reduction, 640
Mt in 2020). 3) Minimise CH4 emissions from upstream oil&gas production from venting and flaring, which amounted to ~1.1 Gt
CO2-eq methane released in 2010 (reduction of 18%). 4) Accelerate the partial phase-out of subsidies to fossil-fuels consumption,
which amounted to US$ 523 billion in 2011, or 6 times the support to REs (12% reduction of CO 2 emissions, 360 Mt). These
policies 1) can deliver significant reductions in energy-sector emissions by 2020, 2) rely only on existing technologies, 3) havealready been adopted and proven in several countries, and 4) taken together would not harm economic growth in any country or
region AND provide valuable “time while international climate negotiations continue (in preparation for the Conference of Parties
meeting in Paris in 2015) and the national policies necessary to implement an expected international agreement are put in place”(ibid.).
In addition to the important IEA studies and reports, the results of two recent significant investigations have been published. The
first is the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) [on Climate Change] (website: http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/), which is provided
in 3 sections: 1) AG1: Climate Change 2013- The Physical Science Basis, 2) WGII: Climate Change 2014- Impacts, Adaptation
and Vulnerability, and 3) WGIII: Climate Change 2014- Mitigation of Climate Change; with a Synthesis Report due in October
2014. Second is the Third National Climate Assessment: Climate Change Impacts in the United States report, which is a three-year
effort that collected, assessed and integrated observations and research on climate change in the US. It focuses on current changes
and those that can be expected to 2100 (Melillo, et al, 2014). Both of these reports support the general findings of the IEA- thatman-made climate change is “real”, that the world is now suffering some of the impacts of climate change, and that in addition to
all efforts made to reduce emissions from now on, certain adaptive measures are necessary to deal with the extant changes.
Awareness of the current global energy situation and possible calamitous future climate change outcomes are strong incentives forurgent action, especially for expanding the use of clean, renewable energy resources. Two recent international reports: the IEA
Technology Roadmap for Geothermal Heat and Power (IEA, 2011) and the IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources
and Climate Change Mitigation, Chapter 4 Geothermal (Goldstein, et al., 2011), both to which the GIA made significant
contributions, conclude that geothermal energy can make a substantial contribution by providing long-term, secure, baseload energy
and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. The IEA roadmap (IEA, 2011) envisages geothermal deployment for electricity
generation to reach 1,400 TWh/yr, or ~3.5% of global demand by 2050, and so avoiding about 800 Mt/yr of CO2 emissions. IEA
also foresees that, by 2050, geothermal will provide an annual 5.8 EJ (1,600 TWh) of thermal energy, or ~3.9% of the global heat
demand (IEA, 2011). The IPCC report is in general agreement, concluding that the technical potential of geothermal energy isestimated to be 118 EJ/yr (to 3 km depth) to 1,109 EJ/yr (to 10 km depth) for electricity generation and from 10-312 EJ/yr for direct
thermal uses; and by 2050, deployment could provide >3% of worldwide electricity demand and ~5% of the demand for heat(Goldstein, et al., 2011).
3. THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA) AND IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENTS
The International Energy Agency (IEA) was created in 1974 in response to the 1973-74 oil crisis. The IEA is an autonomousintergovernmental organization based in Paris, France (IEA website) and now acts as an energy policy advisor to its 29 member
countries Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic,3

Mongillo and Bromley
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States, and beyond. The IEA aims to help ensure theprovision of reliable, affordable and clean energy to its member’s citizens.
In addition to its initial role of assisting countries to coordinate measures in times of oil supply disruptions, the IEA’s directive has
broadened and now includes: energy security, economic development, environmental awareness and global engagement- the major
components of balanced energy policy making. Significant joint measures include developing alternative energy sources, increasing
efficiency of energy use and assisting with the integration of energy and environmental policies. IEA’s current efforts concentrateon market reform, energy technology collaboration, climate change policies, and outreach to the wider global community. The IEA
pursues an extensive programme of data compilation, energy research, publications and public dissemination of the most current
energy policy analysis and good practices recommendations.
International energy technology cooperation can provide a cost-effective way to help guarantee energy security and address climatechange issues. The IEA encourages such international collaboration in a variety of areas, including renewable energy technologies,
through a network of 41 Implementing Agreements (IAs). The IAs provide a management framework and legal mechanism for
guiding the IEA’s collaborative program activities. Countries, industries and organizations may be IA members. IA activities, ortasks, are defined and organized in annexes, which specify task objectives, schedules and funding provisions (if any), and identify
participants and define their obligations. An Executive Committee (ExCo), consisting of one representative from each member,manages the activities of the IA. Each annex is led by an Operating Agent, usually an institution.
4. THE IEA GEOTHERMAL IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENT (GIA)
4.1 Foundation and Strategic Direction
The GIA was founded in 1997, with an initial operating period of five years. It has since had its operation extended for threefurther terms following rigorous IEA term reviews, and began its 4th 5-year term in March 2013.
When originally established, the primary goal of the GIA activities aimed “at the coordination of the ongoing national [geothermal]
activities in participating countries” to encourage wider use of geothermal energy (Rybach and Garnish, 2002). The fundamental
objectives of the organization were also incorporated within Article 1 of the GIA’s implementing agreement document (IEA GIA,
2011), and consist of international scientific collaborative efforts to:Compile and exchange information on geothermal energy research and development worldwide concerning existing andpotential technologies and practices



Develop improved technologies for geothermal energy utilization

Improve the understanding of the environmental benefits of geothermal energy and ways to avoid or ameliorate environmental
impacts

Coordinate activities with other IEA Implementing Agreements as well as with those of other competent bodies

Now, well into its 4th Term (2013-2018), the GIA continues to pursue the abovementioned general scope of activities andconcentrates its efforts on encouraging, supporting and advancing the worldwide development and deployment of geothermalenergy both for power generation and direct-heat applications (GIA SP, 2012), and by recognizing the significance of energy
security, stressing the importance of sustainable development, and contributing to the mitigation of climate change. Participants in
the IEA-GIA see the organization as a leader in these efforts, and have embraced them its current (4th) Term Mission:
To promote the sustainable utilization of geothermal energy worldwide by optimizing international collaboration to improve
technologies, thereby rendering exploitable the vast and widespread global geothermal resources, by facilitating knowledgetransfer, by providing high quality information and by widely communicating geothermal energy’s strategic, economic andenvironmental benefits, hence contributing to the mitigation of climate change.
To realize this mission, the GIA has adopted seven strategic objectives:To actively promote effective cooperation on geothermal RD&D, including with industry partnership, through collaborative
work programmes, workshops and seminars



To provide policy makers with information about the newest developments in geothermal energy and highlight its advantages
for sustainable development, the environment and economyTo inform and educate international financial institutions about the value and hurdles specific to geothermal deployment



To identify and deal with geothermal energy RD&D issues and opportunities, and encourage collaboration to improve/develop
cost-effective methods and technologies



To increase membership in the GIA with particular emphasis on encouraging non-IEA Member countries with significant
potential geothermal resources

To encourage collaboration with other international organizations and appropriate implementing agreementsTo be an unbiased source of reliable, current worldwide information about geothermal energy and increase its dissemination to
the IEA family and global decision makers, financiers, researchers and the general public
4Mongillo and Bromley
4.2 Membership and Administration Expand
When the IEA-GIA was officially formed in early March 1997, there were five Member Countries: Japan, New Zealand,
Switzerland, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA), plus the European Commission; five months
later, three more countries: Greece, Mexico and Australia had joined, bringing total membership to eight (Rybach, 1998). Since
then, GIA membership has more than doubled to its current (May 2014) 19 Members, comprising: 14 countries (Australia, France,
Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, UnitedStates), the European Commission (EC), two industries (Green Rock Energy Limited, Ormat Technologies, Inc.) and two nationalorganizations (the Canadian Geothermal Energy Association [CanGEA], the Geothermal Group of the Spanish Renewable Energy
Association [GG-APPA]).
The GIA ExCo, which consists of one voting representative from each member, supervises the overall operation of theorganization. It meets twice each year to report on, discuss and assess the organization’s activities, and prospective new members
and guests are invited to describe their geothermal pursuits and interests. Annex meetings and workshops are frequently held in
association with the ExCo meetings.
During the 1st Term (1997-2002), the regular administrative work of the organization was performed on a voluntary basis by ExCo
Members. However, as the organization’s activities grew, this mode of operation became unviable. Consequently, the ExCoestablished the IEA-GIA Secretariat in March 2003, to deal with the regular administrative work, help manage the organization,
contribute to the information dissemination process (e.g., preparation of the GIA Annual Reports, maintenance of the website, etc.)
and assist with other activities of the organization as directed by the ExCo (see Mongillo and Bromley (2013) for details). The
IEA-GIA Secretariat has been based at GNS Science, Wairakei Research Centre, in New Zealand, since its creation; its operational
expenses plus other costs for organizational activities are provided from a Common Fund to which all members contribute.
To date, all Annex activities have been conducted through task sharing, i.e., Annex participants and Operating Agents provide
resources and personnel to conduct their portion of the work at their own expense. Participants also pay their own expenses
associated with participation and attendance at ExCo and Annex meetings. By arranging Annex meetings in conjunction with the
ExCo meetings, or other events, travel costs are minimized. Though exact figures are not available, the total Annex “in-kind”
efforts have grown to an estimated >6 person-years/year.
5. GIA ACTIVITIES GROW TO ADDRESS NEW CHALLENGES
At its inception in 1997, GIA’s activities covered three broad topics: Annex I Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Energy, Annex
III Hot Dry Rock, and Annex IV Deep Geothermal Resources (Rybach, 1998). Since this time, there has been a growing
recognition of the contribution that geothermal energy can make as a renewable energy source that can be sustainably developed,
and a consequent significant growth in global interest and deployment. This situation, along with GIA’s reputation for successfulinternational collaboration, has led to significant growth in membership, which has expanded the organization’s expertise, andidentified new relevant topics. To address these growing interests, the GIA has expanded its efforts, which now cover seven broad
topics (Annexes) (Table 1): 1) Annex I activities have continued unabated, 2) Annex III has been re-structured several times as
EGS technology has advanced, and its name changed to Enhanced Geothermal Systems; 3) Annex VII Advanced Geothermal
Drilling and Logging Technologies was activated in 2009, 4) Annex VIII Direct Use of Geothermal Energy was started in 2003, 5)Annex X Data Collection and Information was established in 2009, 6) Annex XI Induced Seismicity was initiated in 2010, and 7)
most recently, in early 2014, Annex XII Deep Roots of Volcanic Geothermal Systems was opened. With the goals of Annex IVachieved, it was closed in 2006. A brief description of the current seven Annexes follows.
Annex I: Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Energy Development- to determine the environmental effects of geothermal
development and develop and implement methods to avoid or minimize their impacts. Four tasks include: to examine the impacts
on natural features, to study the problems associated with discharge and (re)injection of geothermal fluids, to examine methods ofimpact mitigation and produce an environmental manual, and to develop sustainable utilization strategies.
Annex III: Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)- to investigate new and improved technologies to access the huge heat resources
present at depth in continental land masses, by engineering heat exchangers in order to allow the extraction of geothermal energy atcommercially viable rates. Three tasks include: to modify the use of conventional and develop new geothermal technology for
EGS; to collect and make available information needed for decision making, design and realize commercial EGS projects; and todevelop a handbook on the current state-of-art reservoir understanding, stimulation and analysis.
Annex VII: Advanced Geothermal Drilling and Logging Technologies- to promote ways and means to reduce the cost ofgeothermal drilling through developing an understanding of drilling and logging needs, elucidating best practices, and sharing
methods to advance the state-of-the-art. Two tasks include: to compile geothermal well drilling cost and performance information,and store it in an accessible database; to hold an international best practices drilling symposium; and to monitor and exchange
information on drilling technology development and new applications.
Annex VIII: Direct Use of Geothermal Energy- to address all aspects of direct use technology with emphasis on improving
implementation, reducing costs and enhancing use. Five tasks include: new and innovative direct use applications, communication,
guidelines for geothermal direct use statistics, guidelines on statistics of GHP applications, and updating of the list of design
configurations and engineering standards.
Annex X: Data Collection and Information- to collect essential data on geothermal energy development, use and trends in member
countries, and publish an annual overview, which is made widely available.

5Mongillo and Bromley
Annex XI: Induced Seismicity- to determine the steps needed to make EGS/fluid injection a safe, useful and economic technologythat is publically acceptable in order to facilitate and to accelerate the development of geothermal energy. Tasks include: develop a
set of risk mitigation strategies and best practices (protocols), and to use induced seismicity to help optimize production.
Annex XII: Deep Roots of Volcanic Geothermal Systems- to advance knowledge on the nature and characteristics of the heatsources and heat transfer in the roots of volcanic geothermal systems through dissemination of information and research methods,
with possible future utilization in mind; and to improve methods for exploration and modelling of the roots by facilitating cooperation and information sharing between scientists involved in such research. Three tasks include: the compilation of conceptualmodels of the roots of volcanic geothermal systems and associated research methods, the dissemination of information on advancesin methods applicable for deep geothermal exploration, and aid in the advancement of methods for modelling conditions andprocesses in deep geothermal resources.
All GIA Members are required to participate in at least one Annex, with all Country Members also obliged to take part in Annex X.
Table 1. GIA Annex management, participation and operational period information as at May 2014.
Annex
Number

I
II

III

IV
V
VI
VII

VIII
IX

X

XI

XII

Annex Title
Operating Agent (OA)
Annex Leader (AL); Affiliation; Contact E-mailParticipants

StatusEnvironmental Impacts of Geothermal Development
OA: GNS Science (GNS), New Zealand
AL: Chris Bromley; GNS, New Zealand; c.bromley@gns.cri.nz
Participants: Australia, EC, France, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand,
Switzerland, USA
Shallow Geothermal Resources
Enhanced Geothermal Systems
OA: Geodynamics Limited, Australia, to September 2011; then US Department ofEnergy (DOE)
ALs:
Jay
Nathwani;
jay.nathwani@ee.doe.gov
and
Doone
Wyborn;Doone.Wyborn@geodynamics.com
Participants: Australia, CanGEA, EC, France, Geodynamics, GG-APPA, Germany,
Green Rock Energy, Italy, Japan, Norway, ORMAT, Republic of Korea, Spain,
Switzerland, UK, USA
Deep Geothermal Resources
Sustainability of Geothermal Energy Utilization
Geothermal Power Generation Cycles
Advanced Geothermal Drilling and Logging Technologies
OA: Sandia National Laboratories, for US DOE, United States
AL: Stephen Bauer; Sandia National Laboratories, USA; sjbauer@sandia.gov
Participants: Australia, CanGEA, EC, Iceland, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, USA
Direct Use of Geothermal Energy
OA: Federation of Icelandic Energy and Waterworks, Iceland
AL: Einar Gunnlaugsson, Reykjavik Energy, Iceland; einar.gunnlaugsson@or.is
Participants: CanGEA, France, GG-APPA, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, Norway,
Republic of Korea, Spain, Switzerland, UK, USA
Geothermal Market Acceleration
Data Collection and Information
OAs: Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics, Germany, and Federal Office ofEnergy, Switzerland
AL: Britta Ganz, Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics, Germany; britta.ganz@liaghannover.deParticipants: Mandatory country membership; Australia, CanGEA, EC, France,
Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Korea,
Spain, Switzerland, UK, and USA
Induced Seismicity
OA: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, for US DOE, United States
AL: Ernie Majer, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, USA; ELMajer@lbl.gov
Participants: Australia, France, Germany, Iceland, New Zealand, Republic of Korea,
Switzerland, USA
Deep Roots of Volcanic Geothermal Systems
OA: Orkustofnun, The National Energy Authority of Iceland, Iceland
AL: Gudni Axelsson, Iceland GeoSurvey, Iceland; gax@isor.is
Participants: Iceland, New Zealand, Switzerland

6

Initiated: 1997,
Extensions: 2005-2018(Ongoing)
ClosedInitiated: 1997,
Extensions: 2005-2018(Ongoing)

Closed 2006
Draft
Draft
Initiated: 2001,
Extensions: 2005-2018(Ongoing)
Initiated: 2003,
Extensions: 2007-2018(Ongoing)
ClosedInitiated: 2009,
Continued through 20132013-2018(Ongoing)

Initiated: 2010,
Continued through 2013
Extensions: 2013-2018(Ongoing)
Initiated: 2014;
Continuing to 2018
(Ongoing)

Mongillo and Bromley
6. SUCCESSFUL COLLABORATIONThe GIA’s enduring strength arises from its flexible framework for pursuing wide-ranging international cooperation in geothermal
research and technology by connecting national and industry programmes for exploration, development and utilization ofgeothermal resources; and the direct cooperative links established and maintained among the geothermal experts in the participating
countries, industries and industry organizations. The successful collaboration thus engendered provides members with important
benefits and produces the organization’s contributions to both members and the international geothermal community.
6.1 Membership Benefits
Collaboration within the GIA continues to provide members with opportunities to participate in R&D projects, and contribute to thedevelopment of databases, models and handbooks. Also of significant value are the many on-going opportunities for topical and upto-date information exchange via meetings, workshops and networking. Participation also provides valuable international
perspective on geothermal issues. New studies and activities have been implemented as needs have been established throughout thecourse of GIA’s existence.
GIA membership provides many benefits, including:

Increases joint R&D capabilities



Avoids duplication and unproductive research

Improves R&D cost effectiveness by sharing information and technical resources

Provides easier access to key information, research results, and technological capabilities



Provides impartial information and analysis to help guide national policies and programmes

Provides the opportunity to review current issues, and on-going and future research directions

Investigates barriers to implementation

Contributes to the development of energy policies

6.2 Activities, Contributions and Achievements
A few examples that demonstrate the range of GIA’s activities and highlight some of its major contributions and accomplishments
are presented here. For more details see GIA annual reports and End-of-Term reports available on the GIA website, and Mongillo
et al. (2005, 2010) and Mongillo and Bromley (2013).
6.2.1 Contributions to IEA
Fundamentally, the GIA’s raison d'être is to support the vision, mission and strategic objectives of the IEA (section 3 above), as a“representative” of geothermal energy, considered to be one of the important low-carbon, baseload, renewable energy sources. In
its position as an Implementing Agreement, the GIA has been able to raise the profile of geothermal energy among the many otherrenewable energy sources, on the international political and financial scene through the support of the IEA, who are recognizedproviders of energy information, energy policy, etc., to governments.
The GIA’s participation with the IEA has grown significantly over the years, with increased participation at IEA workshops,
meetings and seminars; through direct participation and the provision of GIA material for distribution at IEA events; and bycontributing to the growing number and variety of IEA publications. The GIA has participated at three IEA Networks of Expertisein Energy Technology (NEET) workshops designed to encourage the uptake of more environmental-friendly renewable energy andpromote membership in appropriate IAs (including the GIA): two in Beijing, China (2007 and 2012) and one in Moscow, Russia(2008). The GIA has also regularly provided information and articles for IEA publications, e.g., Tapping into Vast, Unused Heat
Resources (IEA, 2007), Keeping the Heat On (IEA, 2010), as well as reviewed several reports and geothermal contributions tothem. The GIA has also contributed articles to the IEA OPEN Bulletin (Mongillo and Nieva, 2003; Bromley and Mongillo, 2008;
and Mongillo and Bromley, 2010), a web-based quarterly electronic newsletter designed to create wider awareness, both within andoutside IEA Membership, of advances in energy technology development and deployment associated with work within the IEA
Community. It is distributed to over 12,000 subscribers. One of these articles, Geothermal Energy from Fractured Reservoirs:
Dealing with Induced Seismicity (Bromley and Mongillo, 2008) is referenced in Wikipedia as a useful summary article on induced
seismicity. In addition, the GIA made important contributions to the development of the IEA Technology Roadmap for Geothermal
Heat and Power by participating at associated workshops in Paris (France), Sacramento (USA) and Bandung (Indonesia), by
providing written material and reviewing various drafts of the document and by contributing financial support for its production.
Most recently, the GIA contributed to the IEA’s Energy Technology Initiatives 2013 report (IEA, 2013c), with information for ashort article entitled: Drilling Down Geothermal Costs, which highlights the importance of reducing drilling costs through theefforts of Annex VII Advanced Geothermal Drilling and Logging Technologies and their most recent publication: Handbook ofBest Practices for Geothermal Drilling (Finger et al., 2010).
6.2.2 Cooperation with Other International Groups
As the GIA’s expertise and reputation have grown, its interaction with other international organizations and programmes has
increased. A few examples include:

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Mongillo and Bromley
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes’ (IPCC) Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change
Mitigation (SRREN) - Four members of the Executive Committee were nominated by their governments to participate in the
preparation of Chapter 4: Geothermal Energy of the IPCC SRREN, one as Coordinating Lead Author and three as Lead Authors.
Another ExCo Member and the Executive Secretary were Contributing Authors. The full IPCC SRREN report was released on 9
May 2011 in Abu Dhabi (available at: http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report).
International Partnership for Geothermal Technology (IPGT) - The GIA, through Annex XI, is collaborating closely with the
Induced Seismicity Group of the IPGT on activities that address important international issues associated with induced seismicity.
US DOE Geothermal Technologies Peer Review 2011 and 2012- Several GIA ExCo Members and the Secretary participated as
invited geothermal experts in June 2011 to conduct an expert review of US DOE geothermal projects as part of the oversight andmonitoring of its research, development and demonstration.
International Geothermal Association (IGA)- the GIA (Annex VIII and X) and IGA are working together to collect and sharegeothermal data and information from GIA member countries and IGA member countries so that a large part of the global
geothermal data can be published on an annual basis, rather than every 5 years for the World Geothermal Congress.
6.2.3 Information Dissemination

Figure 3 Range of GIA publications.
Since its establishment, the GIA has continued to emphasize and develop its information dissemination and exchange efforts, withthe aim of communicating its activities and results to as wide an audience as possible, including the lay-public, government
institutions, industry and the scientific community. The GIA ExCo and Annex participants have had growing success with their
participation in major international renewable energy and geothermal conferences, meetings and workshops. The earliest papers
describing the GIA’s activities were presented at the New Zealand Geothermal Workshop (NZGW) in 1997 (Rybach, 1997) and at
the Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting (GRC) in 1998 (Rybach, 1998). Since then, the GIA has had a history ofinternational participation, including at: Renewable Energy Conferences (RE2006 Japan; and RE2008 Korea), and regularly at
GRC Annual Meetings, NZG Workshops, Stanford Geothermal Reservoir Workshops, European Geothermal Congresses (2007 and2013); and most significantly, at three World Geothermal Congresses (2000, 2005, 2010). These conferences have provided
continued valuable opportunities for extensive discussion and information exchange with other geothermal professionals. In fact,
our overview paper IEA-GIA International Efforts to Promote Global Sustainable Geothermal Development & Mitigate Climate
Change (Mongillo et al., 2010) was chosen as a keynote address. Of particular value and success has been the GIA’s sponsorship ofexhibition booths at RE 2010 (Busan, Korea), WGC 2000 (Japan), 2005 (Antalya, Turkey) and 2010 (Bali, Indonesia), GRC 2009
(Reno, USA), and EGC 2013 (Pisa, Italy), where a comprehensive exhibit of GIA’s activities and publications are shown,
distributed and discussed with the range of visitors from lay people and students to scientists and engineers. These efforts arecontinuing with the GIA’s participation at the WGC 2015, with several Annex and a general GIA paper to be presented and a large
exhibition booth sponsored.
The GIA has also actively contributed to Geothermics journal, through the Guest Editorship of three Special Issues: two covering
Environmental Aspects of Geothermal Development ([ed. T. Hunt]: 29, 4/5, 2000; 34, 2, 2005) and one on Sustainable Utilizationof Geothermal Energy in 2010 (eds. M. Mongillo and G. Axelsson).
A wide range of promotional and less technical material has also been produced by the GIA for the public, and government andfinancial institutions. They provide up-to-date information about the organization, member’s geothermal activities and Annex
efforts, and include End-of-Term Reports [comprehensive description of the GIA’s activities for the Term] and Strategic Plans,
non-technical presentations, colour posters and other reports. A new annual “Trend” report, prepared by Annex X, presents GIA
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Mongillo and Bromleymember country development and use data, along with analyses, and has been available from 2010. Much of this information isavailable from the GIA Secretariat on CD-Rom, memory stick and also as downloads from the GIA website.
The GIA has sponsored/co-sponsored several successful international geothermal workshops and seminars as part of its efforts togrow membership, encourage more participation in its activities and disseminate technical information that will encouragesustainable geothermal development. The first was The International Geothermal Sustainability Modelling Workshop, held in New
Zealand in November 2008; and the second, the GIA co-sponsored the IEA-GIA~IGA Workshop Geothermal Energy Global
Development Potential and Contribution to Mitigation of Climate Change held in May 2009, in Madrid, Spain. Others include: the
IEA-GIA~IPGT Induced Seismicity Workshop held in May 2011 in Paris, France; the How to Mitigate Environmental Impacts ofGeothermal Development, held in New Zealand in June 2012; the IEA-GIA Work on Sustainable Use of Geothermal Resources
session at the 53rd SIMS Conference in Reykjavik, Iceland; and the Joint IEA-GIA~EDC Seminar on Innovative Ways to Enhance
Permeability, Reduce Drilling Costs and Sustain Geothermal Production, held in Manila, Philippines in September 2013. The GIA
also supported international participation at the Geomechanical Challenges Associated with Geothermal Drilling, Stimulation and
Production Session of the 47th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium held in June 2013, in San Francisco, USA.
The GIA’s comprehensive public website (www.iea-gia.org), initiated in the early 2000s, has been re-developed twice, once in
2005, and most recently in mid-2012. It is the perennial public face of the organization, providing up-to-date information about theorganization, its activities, and its Members; as well as access to its publications. In addition to the public platform, there is a
password protected Members’ area, which provides a means for distributing and reviewing GIA documents and other international
publications.
6.2.4 Funding of Supplementary Activities
Successful growth in membership has led to reasonable financial security for the GIA, allowing some surplus funds to be madeavailable for targeted supplementary activities. Consequently, in 2009, the ExCo established a mechanism to fund approved
supplementary activities. Proposals are submitted requesting funding from the Common Fund for ExCo initiatives and Annex
efforts to stimulate more joint activity by participants, and create more tangible products, particularly those that would otherwise be
stifled by lack of funding from other sources. To date, 10 proposals (at US$ 10 k each) have been funded, covering a range ofefforts from support to the GIA Secretary for his joint Guest Editorship (with Gudni Axelsson) of the Geothermics Special Issue on
Sustainable Utilization of Geothermal Energy, to funding for participants at several international technical meetings, and for partial
support for the preparation of topical reports on global review of geothermal reporting terminology and investigation of direct use
applications and opportunities/barriers.
7. FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND ACTIVITIESGeothermal power and direct use development continue on a reasonable growth path in many countries, with the GEA reporting a
global gross geothermal power installed capacity of 11,765 MW as of August 2013, expected to reach 12,000 MW by the end of
2013, and 14,000 MW by the end of the decade (GEA, 2013), an average annual growth rate of <3.5% to 2020. In spite ofgeothermal’s huge potential and valued characteristics, particularly, its baseload operating capability, its growth continues to beoutstripped by solar PV (growth of 20.3% between 2012 and 2013; expected 20.9% growth in 2014, amounting to ~44.5 GW
capacity) and wind (grew 12.5% in 2013, with global installed capacity of 318 GW). Clearly, geothermal continues to face serious
obstacles, including technical, political, financial and perceived barriers. These must be overcome if geothermal is to realize its
huge potential and make a more rapid and substantial contribution to renewable energy deployment.
During its 4th 5-year term operating under the auspices of the IEA, the GIA aims to raise geothermal’s recognition among the otherrenewables, to help overcome the barriers it continues to face, and to vigorously encourage sustainable geothermal development.
Pursuing its strategic objectives, information dissemination, exchange and communication will remain major activities, with a
specific focus on the following key areas:Continue efforts to refine global geothermal resource potential estimates and development costs

Improve strategies for sustainable development and optimized performance

Investigate cost-effective EGS reservoir stimulation technologies aiming to minimize potential adverse effects of induced
seismicity

Continue development of the database for geothermal drilling costs and publish the spreadsheet calculator and hold aninternational seminar on geothermal drilling best practices

Expand our collection of current geothermal resource and development data/information, and work with IGA to add as much
non-GIA member country information as possible in order to provide a more comprehensive and timely annual report on GIA
and IGA websites

Promote the benefits of geothermal energy and its contribution to mitigation of climate changeContinue to convene GIA international workshops and seminars, especially in potential member countriesParticipate in major international renewable and geothermal meetings

Expand our already strong ties with the IEA by, e.g., providing more articles for the globally distributed IEA OPEN Bulletin
and other IEA publications

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Mongillo and BromleyContinue our efforts to grow membership, especially encouraging countries with significant geothermal power and direct use
experience: Indonesia, the Philippines, China, India, Russia, Turkey and Kenya to join.

In the near-term, the GIA will be participating in the up-coming WGC 2015, which affords a great opportunity to target several of
the above efforts. Several GIA papers will present a range of its activities and results. In addition, we will be sponsoring an
exhibition booth, at which several posters describing the GIA, its Annex activities and achievements, and Member Country andSponsor activities will be displayed; many IEA and GIA documents will also be available. GIA participants will also be present tomeet and talk with booth visitors.
In 2013, the GIA ExCo decided to expand its efforts to encourage new membership by holding some ExCo and Annex meetings
and associated workshops in potential member countries. Positive experience was gained from the first of these efforts: the 30th
ExCo Meeting and associated Annex meetings were held in Tagaytay, Philippines, in September 2013; with an associated one-day
Joint IEA-GIA~EDC Seminar at which a dozen presentations covered innovative ways to enhance permeability, reduce drilling
costs and sustain geothermal production. Consequently, the GIA will continue this mechanism as part of its information
dissemination and for encouraging new membership.
8. CONCLUSIONS
The worldwide demand for energy has increased significantly in the past few years, with growth in global total primary energy
supply in 2011 more than 3.1% higher than in 2010, which was more than ~5.3% higher than in 2009. Electricity production in2011 was about 3.2% higher than that in 2010. Such substantial growth is expected to continue over the next several decades,
especially with the expanding economies of the developing countries, particularly China and India. In the face of these challenges,
it is important that affordable, reliable and clean energy is provided to all of the world’s people. However, unless energy savings
and renewable energy options are implemented, energy security problems and significant climate change effects are likely. To
meet these challenges will require massive input from renewable energies, including that from the vast and ubiquitous geothermal
resources.
As recognized in the WGC 2010 IEA-GIA overview paper (Mongillo et al, 2010), “…to realize geothermal’s huge potential
contribution, it is essential to improve existing and develop new technologies; and to promote the benefits of geothermal energy, itssustainable utilization and the contribution it can make toward climate change mitigation.” Success will require substantial
international effort.
The GIA has demonstrated considerable success and earned an excellent reputation through its international collaborative efforts
during the past 18 years. These achievements give the GIA confidence that it is well-placed to help lead this international effort
well into the future. There is a bright future for geothermal, and the GIA invites and encourages new membership from those whowish to contribute, to join us in the venture.
For further information about the IEA-GIA, please contact the IEA-GIA Secretary and/or visit the GIA website at: www.ieagia.org.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the constant support of the IEA-GIA participants, which has made this paper possible.
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IEA Disclaimer- Views, findings and publications of the Implementing Agreements do not necessarily represent the views orpolicies of the IEA Secretariat or of all its individual member countries.

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