Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

Institution for the management of natural disaster at national level, a sharing
between Nepal and Japan, in reference to south Asian countries

VR Pradip Kumar Koirala

1st day in ADRC, on Aug 18

Life Sta
ats from DK
D houseThee beautifful way

Life at Kobe

ADRC VRRea
aching ADRC
A
at 9.00
9

Lama Never Sleeps

y 1st Visit at Neighbors and neighbor Museum

Kobe and Hyogo
•
•
•
•

•
•

Kobe City Emergency Management Center
Crisis Management Center at Kobe,
Observe the Emergency Control 119 Bureau
and the Police Operationp
Rooms of Service
Hyogo Prefectural Emergency Mgmt andTraining Centre at Miki Disaster
Management ParkN N Biki Water
NuNoBiki
W
IntakeI k Facility
F ili andd KobeK b
Water Science Museum at Kusudanichoto
Kobe City Higashinada Water Sewage
Treatment Plant and SystemyPresentations

y Mr. NatoriSan about the change patternof disaster management in Japany Some other presentations

ICHARM, at Grisp College TokyoJMA Osaka & Tsunam/Serge Prevention

Osaka DotombooryTokyoy Cabinet Officey Cabinet Office at Chiyoda-ku,

presentation by by Ms. Sasegawa,
Deputy director general at Cabinet
Office and meeting with the authorities
y Presentation on Business Continuity
Plan (BCP) by Dr. Seiichiro Fukushimafrom RKK Consulting at Hibiya LibraryTokyo

Research Theme
IInstitution
i i forf theh management off naturall disasterdiat nationalil level,ll a sharing
h i
between Nepal and Japan, in reference to south Asian countries

Research background, scope, theme andobjective
D i d fifield
Desiredld off researchhBackground and significance of the research
Scope of the research
Methodology
gy of the research
Expected result
Application of the research result
Limitation of the research
C
Conclusionl i andd fifindingdi

Nepal and Japan
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
BhutanIndia
Maldives
Pakistan
Sri Lanka

Focal Noodle Agency and Regulation for Disaster Coordination
Nepal
Japan
Afghanistan

Bangladesh
BhutanIndia
dPakistan
Maldives
Sri Lanka

Disaster Management Division,
Division Ministry of Home Affairs
Affairs,
Natural Calamity (Relief ) Act, 1982 (1st revision in 1989 and 2nd in 1992 Sep)
Cabinet Office Disaster Management (Designated one Minister for DM),
Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, 1961
Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority (ANDMA),
National Law on disaster response, management and preparedness in the Islamic
Sate of Afghanistan (updated on 2006 and 2011)
Disaster Management and Relief Division, Ministry of Food and Disaster Mgmt.,
Disaster Management Act, 2012
Department of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home and Culture Affairs,
Disaster Management Act of Bhutan, 2013
Nationall Disaster Management Authorityh((NDMA),)
Disaster Management Act, 2005
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA),
National Disaster Management Act, 2010
National Disaster Mgmt Center, Ministry of Defense and National Security Services
Disaster Management Act, 2006
National Disaster Mgmt Center, Ministry of Disaster Mgmt and Human Rights,
S i lankSril k DisasteriManagement Act
A No.
N 3 off 2005
200

Nepal

y

y
y

Major Past Natural Disasters

The great earthquake of 1255 has damaged palaces, temples, and houses in the Kathmandu Valley and killed
one-third of its population. The reigning monarch, Abhaya Malla, had died six days after the earthquake as aresult of injuries sustained during the event.
1934 (1990 BS) Great Earthquake with magnitude of 8.4 on the Richter scale, leaving 8519 people losing the lives
1988 (2045 BS), Udayapur Earthquake with 721 deaths, 6553 people injured, 64174 private buildings, 468 public
houses, 790 government buildings damaged

Flood in Mahakali River at Darchula in 2013
Flood in 2013, Swapped a major part of residential land at the district headquarter Darchula

2013/06/17, Because of heavy rain, two night continuously flooded in Mahakali River, swapped 156 houses just in
district headquarter Darchula. Floods and landslides caused by heavy rains in May 2013 hit 29 districts of Nepal. A
total of 69 people were killing, 29 people injured and 2,079 families (approximately 12,474 people) were displaced due
to tthee floodood aandd lanslidea s de in 2013
0 3 ((NDR,, 2013).
0 3)

Major Recent Natural Disasters

2012 (May 5) A great avalanches induced flood at Seti River,near Pokhara, taking life of 72 people, collasping around 30
small houses and damaging millions of worth

2012 (May),() a bigb firef in Sirahah District, burningbaroundd1000 houses affecting 2063 people

2014 (August), Sunkoshi Blocked by big landslide, affecting around thousands of people in upper and lower river
streamand Killing or missing 152 people also with main commercial road blocked to China for almost one monthMajor Recent Natural Disasters
Koshi Flood 2008
y 2008 Big Flood at Koshi River/Riverembankment collapse, living 2.7 million people
affecting (both at Nepal and India) and around
200 people death
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

z

z

z

z
z

z

z

z

z

z

Rescue and Relief Standards, 2007 (1st revision in 2008 and 2ndin 2012 Jun)
Prime Minister Disaster Response Fund Guideline 2006, (1strevision in 2008)
PM Natural Disaster Response Fund (from 2006) activatedintensively
Disaster Related Funds at Line Ministries, in process of creationfrom 2008
National Strategy for DRM, 2009
The Cabinet at OPMCM takes active role from 2008
National Risk Reduction Consortium (NRRC) 2009-2014, chairedby Home Secretary from 2009
Five Flagship Program 2009-2014 from 2009
Rescue and Treatment Sub-committee chaired by Health andPopulation Minister play active role from 2008
Supply, Shelter and Rehabilitation Subcommittee, chaired by
Urban Minister play active role from 2008
National Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction, 2008
National Emergency Operation Center at National Levels andRegional/District Emergency Centers (EOCs) from 2010
SAHANA Program for data collection, processing and fordissemination from 2011
Publication of Disaster Reportpstarted,, till date the reportsp
are of2009, 2011, 2013
Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan (DPRP) Guideline,
2011
Local Disaster Risk Management Guideline, 20121255 (1310 BS) , the firstzrecorded earthquake in history of
Nepalp1260 (1316 BS), recorded big
earthquake
1408 (1463 BS), a major
earthquakeq1833 (1890 BS) great earthquake
1934 (1990 BS) Great Earthquakewith magnitude of 8.4 on the
Richter scale, leavingg 8519 people
losing the lives
1980 (2037 BS), 6.5 Richter scale z
earthquake in eastern part of thecountry
1988 (2045 BS), Udayapurz
Earthquake with 721 deaths, 6553 z
people injured, 64174 privatebuildings, 468 public houses, 790
government buildings damaged
1993 flood in the Terai region,
taking life of 1,289 people andaffecting 575,000 people
1994 (2051 BS) earthquake in
Mid Western Region affecting
around 700 people
1998, flood affecting an about half
million people with the total lossof about 2 billion Nepal rupees

General rules and regulation z
related to maintain law and social
harmony,y not specificp
to disaster z
managementz

Natural Calamity (Relief ) Act, z
1982 (1st revision in 1989 and2nd in 1992 Sep)
Local Self Governance Act, 1999
CentralNaturalDisaster
Response Fund established by the
Act of 1892zz

Prime Minister and Home
MinisterHome Ministry,y mobilizing
g thepolice and Army (as per need) for
disaster response
Relief work has been carrying out
at that time as a social work

Central Natural Disaster Relief
Committee (CNDRC), headed byHome Minister, active from 1982
• Regional Disaster
Relief Committee(RDRC), headed by
Regional
Administrator from1982
District
DisasterReliefCommittee (DDRC), headed by
Chief District Officer from 1982
Celebrationof
National
Earthquake Safety Day from 1999

z

2008 Big Flood at Koshi z
River/River embankment collapse,
living 2.7 million people affecting(both at Nepal and India) and z
around 200 people deathzzRescue and Relief Standards, z
2007 (1st revision in 2008 and z
2nd in 2012 Jun)
Prime
MinisterDisaster z
Response Fund Guideline 2006,(1st revision in 2008)
PM Natural Disaster ResponsezFund from 2006
Disaster Related Funds at Line
Ministries, in process of creation z
from 2008
z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

2011 Sikkim Eartahquake with
6 8 Magnitude killing 16 People
6.8
and affecting thousand of peopleof the east part of the country
2012 (May 5) A great avalanches
at Seti River,River taking life of 72
people and damaging millions ofworth
2012 (May), a big fire in Siraha
District burning around 1008
District,
houses affecting 2063 people
2010
thecold-wave
start
considering the major disaster in
Terai Region and the incident offire has increased in those regions

z

z

z

z

z

Rescue and Relief Standards,
2007 (1st revision in 2008 and2nd in 2012 Jun)
Government
Work
Division
Regulation, 2012 May
Local
Level
DisasterManagement Funds, mobilized bytheDistrict
Development
Committee active from 2012
Open Space Cabinet Decision,
Decision
2013
Directive for Relief from Coldwave to the economically deprive
people 2012
people,

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

National Strategy for DRM, 2009
The Cabinet at OPMCM takes
active role from 2008
National
Risk
Reduction
Consortium (NRRC) 2009-2014,chaired by Home Secretary from2009
Five Flagship Program 20092014 from 2009
DisasterPreparedness
andResponse Plan (DPRP) Guideline
Rescue and Treatment Subcommittee chaired by Health andPopulation Minister play activerole from 2008
SupplySupply,ShelterandRehabilitation
Subcommittee,
chaired by Urban Minister play
active role from 2008
National Emergency Operation
Center at National Levels andRegional/District
Emergency
Centers (EOCs) from 2010
SAHANA Program for datacollection, processing and fordissemination from 2011
National Platform on Disaster
Risk Reduction,
Reduction 2008,
2008 NPDRR
Publication of Disaster Report
started, till date the reports are of
2009, 2011, 2013

Local Disaster Risk Management
Guideline 2012,
Guideline,
2012 LDRMP
Guideline for the relief to coldwave victims, 2012
Various
Line
Ministries,
presuming the duty of Disaster
Management creating either unit
or focal point from 2012
National
Disaster
Response
Framework 2012
Framework,
Ten Cluster and one Early
Recovery Network owned byGovernment Ministries from2012
Post-Disaster
Dead
body
management Guideline, 2012
APF
DisasterManagement
Training Center, along with DM
from 2012
Ministry of Home Affairs,
Disaster Management Division in2013
Disaster management section at
MOFALD and DM Units indifferent Ministries from 2013
DM Units/Squared/Brigades at
the three Security Forces from
2013

z

z

2014
(August),SunkoshiBlocked by big landslide,affectingff tiaroundd thousandsthd off
people in upper and lower river
streams

National Strategic Action Planon Search and Rescue, 2014d by
b cabinetbi t
approvedzzz

Since 1971 there is a record ofsignificant loss of lives andlivelihoods due to floods,
floodslandslide and fires on every
single yearzz

DRR Portal, one stop to alldisaster related activities in
N l from
Nepal
f
2014
Health Emergency Operation
Center, along with Emergency
Centers at TIA, Red cross,
S
Security
it forcesfandd UN Agencies
Aifrom 2014
National Disaster Management
Act ( Proposed) in process till todate
Establishmentof
National
Disaster Management Agency(NDMA) is in process

The change in Policy is not substantive and does not have necessary relation
with
ith ththe DiDisastert IIncidents
id t

In Japan1923 ・Great Kanto Eqk M7.9
(142,807)
1925 ・North Tajima Eqk M6.8 (428)1927 ・North Tango
g Eqk
q M7.3 ((2,925),)
1930 ・North Izu Eqk M7.3 (272)1933 ・Showa Sanriku Eqk &Tsunami M8.1 (3,064)
1943 ・Tottori Eqk
q M7.2 ((1,083),)
1944 ・Tonankai Eqk M7.9 (998)1945 ・Mikawa Eqk M6.8 (2,306)
1945 ・Typhoon Makurazaki (3,756)
1946 ・Nankai Earthquakeq
M8 ((1,443),)
1947 ・Typhoon Catherine (1,930)
1948 ・Fukui Earthquake M7.1
(3,769)1948 ・Ion Typhoon
yp
(838)
(
)
1950 ・Jane Typhoon (539)1951 ・Ruth Typhoon (943)1952 ・Tokachi-oki Eqk M8.2 (33)1897 ・Erosion Control Act
1924 ・First Seismic Building CodeDirectly impacted by Great Kanto
Eqk of 1923

Traditional institutionsz1947 ・Disaster Relief Act
1949 ・Flood Control Act
1950 ・Buildingg Standard Law
Directly impacted by Fukui Eqk of1948z

Up to 1960’s, not really have fond implication on policy change from disaster
incidents

1953 ・North Kyushu Rain
1953 ・Nanki Torrential Rain
(1,124)1954 ・Toyamaru Typhoonh(1,761)
1958 ・Kanogawa Typhoon(1 269)(1,269)1959 ・Typhoon Ise-wan (5,098)
1960 ・Chile Earthquake M8.5
(139)

1957
・ Dam
Control 1960 ・Ise-wan Typhoon was the
1st Epoch-Making Turning Point
Multipurpose Act
1960 ・ Soil Conservation and and it has enacted the DCMB Act,
Flood
Control
Urgent 1961
From Response oriented to
Measures Act
1961
・Disaster preventive approach
Countermeasures Basic Act,Act Individual to comprehensive
1961, DCBA
multi-sector approach
Expenditure to investment fordisaster risk reduction
National to national, prefectureandmunicipal
government
responsibilities
z

z

z

z

1960 ・Ise-wan Typhoon was the 1st Epoch-Making Turning Point and it hasenacted the DCMB Act, 1961

1961 ・Heavy Snowfalls
1964 ・Niigata
Earthquake M7.5 (26)1968 ・Tokachi-oki
T k hi ki Eqk
E k
M7.9 (52)1962 ・Act on Special
1961 ・Formulation of comprehensive and strategic DM
Financial Support to Deal with
SystemAnnual Gov't Official Report on Disaster
Extremely Severe Disasters
1962 ・ActA t on Special
S i lcountermeasure
Measures for Heavy Snowfall
Investment for disaster prevention
Formulation of National DRR Platform
Areas
1966 ・Act on Earthquake
Definition of responsibility of DM and state of disaster
I
Insurance,thi
this action
ti isi madedemergency
1962・Establishment of Central Disaster Managementfrom Niigata Eqk, 1964
Council, provisioned by DCBA, 1961
1963・Basic Disaster Management Plan for DisasterP
Prevention,ti provisioned
i i d byb DCBA,
DCBA 1961
1961・Designation of Disaster Reduction Day
z

z

z

z

1973 ・Mt. Sakurajima Eruption
1973 ・Mt. Asama Eruption
1974 ・Izu-hanto-oki Equk M6.9(30)
1976 ・ Seismological Society ofJapan's report about the possibility of
Tokai Earthquake
1978 ・Izu-Oshima Kinkai Eqk M7(25)
1978 ・Miyagi-ken-oki Eqk M7.4
(28)
1983 ・Japan Sea/Nihonkai Chubu
Eqk M7.7 (104)1984 ・Nagano-ken Seibu Eqk M6.8
(29)

1973 ・ Act on Special Measures
for Active Volcanoes
1978 ・Act on Special Measures forLarge-Scale Earthquakes
1980 ・Act on Special Financial
Measures for Urgent Earthquake
1981 ・Amendment of BuildingStandard Law, the Miyagi-ken-oki
Eqk of 1974 has lead this

1979・Tokai Earthquake
Countermeasures Basic Plan
1980・Countermeasure
Improvement Projects in Areas for
Intensified Measures
1981 ・Revision of BuildingStandard Law
1983・Designation of Disaster
Reduction Week Campaign

2000 ・Torrential Rains in
the Tokai Region
2004 ・Niigata-Fukushima
Torrential Rains and otherrains
2004 ・Niigata-ken-Chuetsu
Eqk M6.8 (68)2004 ・Heavyy Rain
Nationwide
2007 ・Noto Peninsula Eqk
M6.9 (1)2007 ・Niigata Chuetsu Eqk
M6.8 (15)2008 ・Tagagawa Flash
Flood2008 ・Iwate/Miyagi Inland
Eqk M7M7.2
2 (23)

2000 ・Act on Promotion of Sediment
Disaster Countermeasures for Sediment
Disaster Prone Areas
2101 ・Amendment
Amendment of Flood Control Act
2002 ・Act on Special Measures for
Promotion of Tohnankai and Nankai
Earthquake Disaster Managementp
Urban River Inundation
2003 ・Specified
Countermeasures Act
2004 ・Act on Special Measures for
Promotion of Disaster Management for
Trenchtype Earthquakes in the Vicinityof the Japan and Chishima Trenches
2005 ・Amendment of Flood Control Act
2005 ・Amendment of Act on Promotionof Sediment Disaster Countermeasuresfor Sediment Disaster Prone Areas
2005 ・Amendment of Act on Promotionof the Earthquake-proof Retrofit of
Buildings
p ((at municipality
p y level))2005 ・Hazard Map
Preparation Guideline
2006 ・ Amendment of Act on theRegulationof
Residential
Land
Development

2001・Establishment of the Cabinet Office
2003・Policy Framework for Tokai Earthquake
2003・Policy Framework for Tonankai and Nankai
Earthquakes
2003・Tokai Earthquake Countermeasures Basic Plan
2004・Tonankai and Nankai Earthquake
Countermeasures Basic Planq
Disaster Reduction Strategy
gy
2005・Tokai Earthquake
2005・Tonankai and Nankai Earthquake Disaster
Reduction Strategy
2005・Policy Framework for Tokyo Inland
Earthquakes
2006 P li Framework
2006・PolicyFk for
f Trench-typeThEarthquakes in the Vicinity of the Japan and Chishima
Trenches
2006・Tokyo Inland Earthquake Disaster Reduction
Strategy
2006・Basic Framework for promoting a Nationwide
Movement for Disaster Reduction
2008・Disaster Management Strategy for Trench-type
Earthquakesqin the Vicinity
y of the Japanp and Chishima
Trenches
2009・Chubu and Kinki regions Inland
Earthquake Countermeasures BasicPlan

In 2001,, DM Subject
jhas moved to Cabinet Office.

CONCLUSION AND FINDING
y Changing focus form response to preparedness
y ERT vs. DPT. Emergency Response Type/Disaster Preparedness Typey Focus on effective responsey Cure the situationy Conducted for Victims
y Direct result can be seeny Security related agency leadsy Do not care on Preparedness

Focus on Preparedness
Care the Situation
Done for everybody
Indirect Results
Dev Related Agency LeadDev.
Do not care on responsey Coordinating agency of government for DRR at national levely DisasterDi t managementt as a bbusinessi
ffor alllly Coordination from the central national coordinating agency
y Use of learned lessons
y Consideration of past recommendation for institutional set up/UNISDR
y Institution for disaster management at national levely Some alternatives for proper institutional set up
y Proper institutional setup for overall DM at national level

Dr. OgawaSan Slide at Kanagawa

CONCLUSION AND FINDING
Some alternatives for proper institutional set up
Proper institutional setup for overall DM at national level

Shift from ERT to DPT is necessary
Nepal
BhutanDisaster Management Division, Ministry of Home Affairs,
Department of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home and Culture Affairs,

Disaster Managementg
Bureau (lead(byy one minister)) at the Office of Prime Minister andCouncil of MinisterJapan
Disaster Management Ministry

Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives

National Disaster Management Authority (independent) under the Office of Prime Ministerand Council of Minister
India, Pakistan, Afghanistan
This conclusion and findings do value the current national situation and condition, taking into account the
ground necessity and the system varies from national culture to culture, accepting the sole responsibility of
the country to adopt the proper system, as the country think necessary.

FurtherI
ImprovementtStrength/Opportunityy Access to the material/well working
y

y

y
y
y
y
y
y

environment
Cordial Relation with ADRC Staff, Goodsupport from all, frequent and regularcontact with ShiomSan
Introduction to the Academia People,
Professors from Kyoto, Kobe, Tokyo,
Kanagawa and Tohoku Universities
Praiseworthy VR Networks
Fruitful Exposure Visits to Tokyo, Sendai,
Nagasaki, Yokohama, Kyoto, Hyogo
Visit to the different Disaster Related
Museums
Knowledgeable Presentations fromexpertsp
GIS Map Making/Sentinel Asia/DM
Japanese System
Acquaintance of Japanese Social life andFood• Expand VR Alumni/Network/a common
platform• Ex-VR Conference in important• Sential Asia, ADRC can play ex-anterole, asking/offering the support in time
off disasterdit• General Assembly. before the GA,
Preparatory Committee Meeting
required some quantitate target forrequired,disaster reduction can be worked out• Small Grant Project from ADRC, Gov.
gy can not make aCounter Part Agency
Project, So, recommended NGO may be
a solution• In time of VR out from Kobe for
i it some extra
t expense
exposure visit,
needed/also some extra money for
cargo/luggage

Some concern to ADRC

Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Water Discharge
Channel at Ryukyukan ,Saitama
Saitama y 18 mt height, 177 mt long and
78 mt wide undergroundwater tanky Effective flood control
measure, linking the five rivers
off Tokoy
T kTohoku Forum for Creativity :SendaiInternational
Workshopon
Implementation of Practical Disaster
Risk Reduction
Group work in Early Warning Group withppresentation
about EW and

Tsunami Affected Kesennuma and Sendai
Field visit trip to Tsunami Affected Kesennuma,
Kesennuma now it
can be seen the recovery process is going on there.
Also the tsunami affected Sendai area - Gamou, where
150 people had died among the 1500 populationfrom the tsunami,
Visited Arahama, where 186 has lost their life amongthe 2700
Visited Yriage
Yriage, where 900 people lost their life amongthe 2900 population from the tsunami.
It also got briefed how the Arahama Elementory
School and the Yuriage Junior High School
Building has served as a life saving building formost of them at that time of tsunami,

Nagasakiy Mt. Unzen VolcaniclEruption affectedffdareas at Shimabaray Presentation about Nakasima River FloodManagement from Nagasaki Prefecture
Public Works Departmenty Nagasaki Office of River and Roady Atomic Bomb Museum and Peace Park

Yokohama
Asian Studies Symposium 2014 at Kanagawa
University, Yokohama Campus

Disaster Drills•••

Ashiya City Disaster Response Drill,Drill
especially engagement of thecommunity people in disaster response
Disaster ManagementgDrill at Kyoto,
y ,focusing on the fire services in theancient area of Kyoto
Toga Area BOKOMI Drill, focusing on
Fire extinguishing, Bucket Relay,
Smoke Experience and Takidashi Drill

Kyoto DM Drill

Gracious Place to Visit

Cabinett Offcie

Diet

Peace Park Nagasaki