ADRC Visiting Researccher
2014 Term A (August – Novem
mber 201
14)

Vissiting Reseearcher ProgramP
2
2014A,
Asiann Disaster Reductioon Centerr (ADRC)

Comm
munity bassed Floodd Managem
ment & MitigationMn in Japann:
A Compparative StudySof MyanmarMr and Japaan

N Nyo A
Nyo
Aye
Relief an
nd Resettllement Deepartmen
nt Myanmmar(ADRC
C Visiting Researchh Japan)Novv 2014

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries. The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect theviews of the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by
the ADRC.

Acknowledgement

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

This study “Community based Flood management & mitigation in Japan: A
Comparative study of Myanmar and Japan” is an outcome of the research to fulfill
the requirement of the Visiting Researcher program of Asian Disaster Reduction
Center, Japan. The main objective of the research is to examine the present issuesof community based to Flood management& mitigation in Japan. To fulfill theobjective I got fullest supports and cooperation from all ADRC researchers. I amvery happy for their continuous support to me.
My deep appreciation goes to the responders who provided me the important
information relating on my research work, and I sincerely thank the Government of
Myanmar, Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement and ADRC for
providing me this kind of great opportunity. I would like to thank Mr. Kiyoshi
Natori ( Executive Director) of ADRC and Mr. Masaru Arakid, Ms. Akiko
Nakamura, Ms. Miki Kodama, Mr. Takeshi Nakao, Mr. Junji Moriwaki,
Ms. Takako Chinoi, Ms. Maki Yoshida, Ms. Yumi Shiomi, Mr. Makoto Ikeda,
Mr. Yuji Sasaki, Ms. Tae Watanabe, Ms. Junko fujinaka, Ms. Katsura Kawaguchi
and Mr. Masatsugu Miyahara for all over supervision, valuable suggestions andguidance. I would also like to thank Visiting Researcher and all ADRC staffs forsincere support during my stay in Japan. Last but not least, I am thankful to myfamily who inspired me to join this program and sacrificing their valuable time forme.
Nyo Nyo Aye
Visiting Researcher (from Myanmar)
Agu to Nov, 2011 (FY2014A)

Table of contents

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

Chapter 1 Research Background
1.1 Background and Significance
1.2Myanmar Profile in Short
1.3 Specific Aims in the Research
1.4 Desired Field of Research
1.5 Required Data and Information and Potential Resources
1.6 Expected Results
1.7 Chapter Plan
1.8 Application of the research results
1.9 Limitation of the Research

Chapter 2 Disaster and Community Participation in Myanmar
2.1 Myanmar
2.2 Disasters Profile
2.3 National Mechanism in Disaster Management
2.4 Legal Framework on Disaster Management in Myanmar
2.5 Focal Point for Disaster Management
2.6 Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR)
2.7 Cooperation with the Partners
2.8 The Disaster Management Training Centre (DMTC)
2.9 Emergency Operation Centre
2.10 Myanmar Disaster Loss and Damage Database
2.11 Improvement for Early Warning
2.12 Tasks to be performed during Floods disasters
2.13 Inclusion of DRR concepts and practices in School curricula andADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

education material
2.14 Youth Volunteer Network
2.15 Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a national priority in Myanmar.
2.16 CBDRR Stakeholders in Myanmar
2.17 National Level Stakeholders
2.18 Sub-national Level Stakeholders
2.19 Local Level Stakeholders
2.20 DRR Working Group

Chapter 3 Disaster and Community Participation in Japan
3.1 Disasters in Japan
3.2 Information and Communications Systems
3.3 Strom and Flood Countermeasures
3.4 Risk Assessment
3.5 Disaster Management System 0f Japan
3.6 Catchment-Based Regional Flood Management Planning
3.7 The Disaster Management System of Japan
3.8 Building and Site Flood Mitigation Strategies
3.9 Community Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction in Japan
3.10 Awareness building
3.11 Flash floods, Mud flows and land slides
3.12

ParticipationinCommunity-based

DisasterPreparedness

Activities
3.13 Review on Japanese Assistance of CBM for Flood Disaster3.14 Response to natural disasters

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)3.15 BOKOMI
3.16 International Emergency Response: Japan Disaster Relief Team
3.17 Disaster Prevention Day Drills for FY2014
Chapter. 4 Finding and Conclusion
4.1 Finding and Conclusion

References

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

Chapter 1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND
1.1 Background and SignificanceDisaster is defined as “a serious disruption of the functions of a society, causingwidespread human, material, or environmental losses which exceed the ability of
the affected society to cope using only its own resources. Each disaster has lasting
effects, both to people and property. For instance, floods, fires, landslide, cyclone
or typhoon (windstorm) and earthquakes are natural disaster that has affected many
individuals and families every year in the world. Disaster preparedness is always
vital in disaster management which can reduce the impacts of disasters. In
Myanmar, Flood has considered as a regular occurrence disaster so, its mitigationand preparedness has got high concentration in Myanmar, in the same time, thecommunity

participation is also considered as an integral part of the flood

mitigation and preparedness in Myanmar,.
Community participation in flood preparedness planning and mitigation process is
a process of involving all local stakeholders. More local inputs and involvement at
the planning stage will create a more responsive participation in flood management.
Regarding the flood preparedness planning process, Natural Disaster Management
Law of 2013 stated that local community should be involved and to be recognized
the main actors. An integrated approach involving many stakeholders can generate
additional benefits in flood management and also reduce conflicting interest
between the government agencies, stakeholders and promote an endogenous
knowledge in disaster management.

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

It is important not only to promote prevention and mitigation to reduce flood
risks attributed to Tsunami, landslide, drought, sediment-related disasters,
storm surge disasters, but also to secure sound river/coast ecosystems andwater/material cycles. To this end, observational systems should be enhanced,
and social structure needs to be changed to be more disaster-resistant, in
addition to conventional prevention and mitigation measures. Each citizen
needs to be aware that water-related disasters are likely to be intensified andfrequent due to climate change and that river and coast environments will bedifferent. It is necessary to build “a strong society adapted to Water-related
disasters like water-disaster adaptation society, in which sustainable socioeconomic activity and livelihood are possible through an appropriate
combination of adaptation and mitigation.

1.2 Myanmar Profile in Short
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, located between 90°32' N & 28°31' N
latitude and 92°10' E & 101°11'E longitude with total area of 676,578 sq. km is thesecond largest country in South-east Asia. Its north-south length is 2200 km while
east-west breadth is 925 km. It is surrounded by China in north and north east, Lao
PDR and Thailand in east and southeast, India, Bangladesh in west while Bay of
Bengal & Andaman sea in west and south. Myanmar is vulnerable to various typesof disasters. Floods, landslides, earthquake, fire and drought are some natural
disasters which occur very frequently in Myanmar. In addition, the impacts ofclimate change have been observed in environment and livelihood of rural peopleof Myanmar. There has been general realization that communities are the heart andsoul of disaster risk management. They can identify their own risks andADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)vulnerabilities along with capacities and available resources as well as their own
needs. In Myanmar, 360 disasters affected 174,358 people and property lost
cost (853.39 million Kyats) in the last fiscal year. Myanmar is ASEAN
member states agreed to empower the existing ASEAN mechanisms andactions to improve prevention, preparedness and response in a morecoordinated manner in line withManagement

andEmergency

ASEAN Agreement on Disaster

Response.

In

Myanmar,thedisastermanagement law has been enacted on 31 July 2013 prioritizing to assist thevulnerable group such as children, the aged, disability and women. The
disaster management actions are being taken by linking with Hyogo
framework for actions and ASEAN Coordination Centre for Humanitarian
Assistance on Disaster management in Jakarta, Indonesia.

1.3 Specific Aims in the Research
The main aim of this study is to study the best practices of community
participation in flood preparedness planning and mitigation process in Japan andrecommend in the context to Myanmar's position. The followings are the specificaims to achieve the main aim.
• To study best practices of community participation in flood preparedness
planning and mitigation process in Japan• Look at the roles of government organizations and NGOs involvement inflood preparedness planning in Japan• To get learned from Japan and make recommendation the best practices offlood management into Myanmar

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

1.4 Desired Field of ResearchFlood preparedness and Mitigation requires a realistic and competent planning that
improves the response to the effects of a disaster by organizing the delivery oftimely and effective rescue, relief and assistance. The policy frameworks have toinclude community participation in flood preparedness planning that community
residents be involved in the decision-making on planning, developing andmanaging of disaster.
With regard to flood preparedness planning process in Myanmar, there is little orno attention paid to local needs and interest and lack of community participation inplanning and implementation. Concerning to flood preparedness planning in
Myanmar, there is lack of clear objectives and policy guidelines. Although
Myanmar has Natural Disaster Management Law, but there is still need to havecreation of specific regulation for flood management. In addition to this, local
authorities are not aware for involving local community in flood preparedness
planning and mitigation process. To accomplish this study following research
activities will be conducted.
•

Community participation in flood management planning and mitigation
process in Japan•

Relations between government organizations andlocal community inflood management in Japan•

Flood Preparedness planning system and involvement of the community
in Japan•

Field visit and observe community based flood monitoring and control

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

systems.
•

Field visit and observe the early warning system in Japan

1.5 Required Data and Information and Potential Resources
It is true that community participation in flood management planning andmitigation process in Japan is highly commendable. The best practices ofcommunity participation in flood preparedness planning in Japan could be
replicated in Myanmar. The government and the local community both can bebenefited by introducing the best practices of Japan in the area of Disaster Risk
Reduction, especially focusing on flood management and mitigation process. Afterthe completion of the research, research findings will be published in the journals.
This research finding will be shared in report in the offices, related to disastermanagement in Myanmar. Series of seminars will also be organized to disseminate
research results for wider audiences. In addition, the results will be presented indisaster preparedness workshops at regional level.

1.6 Expected Results
It has been seen in Japan that the community participation is highly commendable
and praiseworthy. The best practices of community participation in disaster
preparedness planning in Japan could be replicated in Myanmar. The government
and the local community both can be benefited by introducing the best practices ofJapan in the area of Disaster Risk Reduction.
We all know that Japan has made a significant achievement of mobilization
community in the process of flood mitigation process, it has encouraged throughADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

the prefectural and city level disaster management structure, especially creating the
Bonsai Community at each and every level, has show the world community for the
better management of any kind of devastated disaster, especially earthquake andflood. The learning from the research will be highly beneficial to other communitythat is in road ahead, like Myanmar. They will get some more benefit of some ofthe other areas like:•

Overall Disaster Management Mechanism, especially focusing on flood
mitigation in Japan•

Flood Management system of Japan•

Public Education Programs on Disaster Risk Reduction•

Community involvement in flood management planning and mitigation
process in Japan

1.7 Chapter Plan
Regarding the composition the report, it is divided into 4 chapters. First chapter
deals with the research methods base. Second chapter highlights the Myanmar geopolitical situation whereas the risk and rank of disaster in Myanmar clarified insubsequent chapter. This chapter deals with the community participation status andposition in Myanmar focusing on disaster management and flood mitigation andpreparedness with proper national Institutional setup. The chapter three describes
about the Japanese practices along with the same patter as of Myanmar. The fourth
chapter concludes the comparison between Myanmar and Japan community
participation issues with lesson learned and findings.

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

1.8 Application of the research results
After the completion of the research, research findings will be published in thejournals. Series of seminars will also be organized to disseminate research results
for wider audiences. In addition, the results will be presented in disaster
preparedness workshops at regional level.
•

To upgrade and to learn lessons for flood Management of Myanmar•

To improve flood-targeted Early Warning System of the country•

To have better involvement of communities in flood management planningand mitigation process

1.9 Limitation of the ResearchThis research has limited stock view from the field, it has more concentrated on
web-based information, so it might not find the realistic views. The secondary datais the main source and all limitation with secondary data also applies to here. It
might lacks the basic or primary data, as the performance level can be derived fromthe beneficiary level. The report is totally based on the conversations with thedesignated authorities at different disaster management institutions of Japan, some
lecture and classes from experts and some official visit. The web addresses ofdifferent disaster management related institution both at Myanmar and Japan,
along with the international institutions working in this area are the main source of
information and findings that may limit the scope and findings validity.

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

Chapter 2 DISASTER AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN
MYANMAR

2.1 Myanmar
The estimated population of Myanmar (2011) is 54 million which accounts for
0.74% of world population. The population density is 79 per km2 and 70 percent of
the population reside in rural areas. Sex ratio of total population is 0.989 male perfemale. Myanmar has tropical climate with three seasons, namely rainy, winter andsummer. The rainy season comes with the southwest monsoon, lasting from midMay to mid-October, followed by the winter from mid-October to mid-February
while Summer is from mid-February to mid-May. The average annual rainfall in
the coastal regions of the Rakhine and Tanintharyi is in the range of 4000 to 5600
mm, while in Ayeyarwady delta it is approx 3300 mm. The extreme north receives
rain between 1800 mm and 2400 mm while hills of the east between 1200 mm and1400 mm. The central dry zone has rain between 600 and 1400 mm. The averagetemperature experienced in the delta ranges from 22°C to 32°C, while in thecentral region is between 20°C and 34°C. The temperature in hilly region is
between 16°C and 29°C.

2.3 Disasters Profile
Myanmar is exposed to multiple natural hazards which include cyclone, storm
surge, floods, fire, forest fire, earthquake, tsunami, drought and landslide.
According to 10-year record from 1998-99 to 2008-09, the outbreak of fire is about
71 % and it is the most frequent and highly loss among others. It is found thatflood 11 %, storm 10 % and other type of disaster 8 %. The causes of fire are hot

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

weather, use of unsafe electrical materials and flammable construction materials,
and negligence of people. In the central dry zone and upper regions of Myanmar,
fires breakout the year round and only in winter and summer in other parts of thecountry. On average, 120 cases of urban fire occurred annually during the 10 years
period with average losses of 1212 million Kyats a year.
Myanmar is a heavy rainfall country. The monsoon period, called the rainy season,
is from June to September. The heaviest rainfall is in the mid season (July andAugust). During this period floods occur almost every year along the Chindwin
river at Hkamtee and environs, Ayeyarwady river at Hinthada District andLetpadan, Thanlwin river at Paan District, and Sittaung river at Shwekyin, Madauk
area. Myanmar is located to the east of the Bay of Bengal with a long coastline.
Tropical cyclones usually form in the Bay of Bengal in pre-monsoon (April-May)and post-monsoon (October-November). Annually, about 10 tropical cyclones anddepressions form in the Bay of Bengal and out of them almost five become severe
cyclones and cross the coasts of India, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Of these
cyclones, 90 percent crossed the Rakhine coast, 7 percent the Ayeyarwady delta
coast and the remaining 3 percent crossed the Tanintharyi and Mon coasts.
Myanmar lies in a major earthquake zone known as the Alpine Himalayan Belt.
This zone accounts for about 15 percent of world earthquakes and Myanmar is acountry in danger of earthquake. Landslides occasionally occur in the northern partof Myanmar such as Chin State, Kachin State and Shan State. These localities aresparsely populated or non- populated hilly regions. Therefore the effect oflandslides is negligible. The main causes of landslides are heavy rainfall andADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

earthquake. Tsunami disaster is very rare in Myanmar and Sumatra earthquake andIndian Ocean Tsunami 2004 was the first tsunami experience of the modern time.
Myanmar is also severely impacted by the effects of global climate change with the
Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 8.25 being the second after Bangladesh with CRI of
8.0. Cyclone Mala April 2006, Cyclone Nargis May 2008, Cyclone Giri October
2010, Tarley earthquake March 2011(RS 6.8), Pakkoku Flash Flood October 2011
and Thabeikgyin earthquake November 2012 (RS 6.8) were major disasters in
Myanmar.

2.4 National Mechanism in Disaster Management
After 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the National Disaster Preparedness Central
Committee, the policy formulating body, was formed with the Chairmanship of thePrime Minister. After the new government took over its responsibility in March
2011, the National Disaster Management Agency which was chaired by the Union
Minister for Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement was formed in April 2011.
Then, according to changing political structure and demanding disaster situations,the 23-membered National Disaster Preparedness Central Committee has beenreformed in May 2013 with the chairmanship of Vice President.
Under the Central Committee, the National Disaster Preparedness Management
Working Committee has been formed. The Union Minister for Social Welfare ischairman in the management working committee. The Management Working
Committee comprises (9) members. To implement preventive measure, relief andreconstruction tasks sector-wise, ten Sub-committees led by ministers concerned
were formed under the Working Committee:

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)•

Sub-committee for Information and Education•

Sub-committee for Emergency Communication•

Sub-committee for Search and Rescue•

Sub-committee for Information of Losses and Emergency Assistance•Sub-committee for Clearing Ways and Transportation•

Sub-committee for Mitigation and Establishing of Emergency Shelter•

Sub-committee for Health•Sub-committee for Assessment of Losses•

Sub-committee for Rehabilitation•

Sub-committee for Security

The State/Region Working Committees and District, Townships, Wards/VillageTracts Working Committees for Disaster Prevention are also organized. National
plan for nine potential hazards in Myanmar is in place. Disaster prevention andpreparedness plans are developed in all States /Region (Provincial) level. Townshiplevel plans are developed in high risk townships.

2.5 Legal Framework for Disaster Management
National Disaster Preparedness Central Committee issued Standing Orders on
Natural Disaster Management in 2009. It can be applied as the Standard Operation
Procedure for disaster response. The Natural Disaster Management Law wasenacted on 31 July 2013. The law is developed to be in line with Hyogo
Framework for Action (2005-2015) and to comply with the ASEAN Agreement on
Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER). The Law includes
the provisions for formation of disaster management bodies and their duties andADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

responsibilities for all phases of disaster, establishment of disaster management
fund at national and Region/State level. The Law also provides the guidance tocarry out the measures of disaster risk reduction along with the development plansin the country. Drafting process for the rules and regulations under this law wasaccomplished and the approval of the parliament is under way.

2.6 Focal Point for Disaster Management
In Myanmar, focal ministry for disaster management is the Ministry of Social
Welfare, Relief and Resettlement. It also serves as the secretariat of NDPCC.
Under the Ministry, there are two Departments: Social Welfare Department (DSW)and Relief and Resettlement Department (RRD). While DSW is taking the
responsibilities to fulfill the social needs of Myanmar citizens, RRD is responsible
for conducting Disaster Management activities in accordance with the international
norms and standards. RRD is focal point of the ASEAN Committee on Disaster
Management (ACDM). Provide emergency assistance for the victims of natural
disasters for ensuring immediate relief and Conduct preventive measures to reduce
the loss of lives and properties due to disasters are the main Objectives of Relief
and Resettlement Department in Myanmar.
Main Tasks of the Department is to implement above objectives of the social
protection with the five tasks categorically to provides emergency assistance forthe disaster victims, reintegration for the drifters who stranded to oversea countries
because of various reasons, the provision of assistance for the Internally Displaced
Persons due to insurgency, the provision of assistance to the populations who sufferfrom famine as a consequence of damage of crops due to abnormal weather orADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

insect infections
agencies,and coordinates with the Governmental Departments, UN

International

Non-

Governmental

Organizations,

Local

Non-

Governmental Organizations and Social Organizations for the disaster prevention,
preparedness and disaster risk reduction measures.

2.7 Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR)
The Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR), that provides aframework for multi-stakeholder engagement on disaster risk reduction in the
country, was prepared with substantial consultation with various stakeholders.
MAPDRR’s goal is “to make Myanmar Safer and more Resilient against Natural
Hazards, thus Protecting Lives, Livelihood and Development Gains”. MAPDRR
identifies (65) projects that need to be implemented to meet the Government’s
commitments to HFA and the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management andEmergency Response (AADMER). MAPDRR was launched in 2012, and someprojects are under the implementation.

2.8 Cooperation with the Partners
Relief and Resettlement Department has signed Memorandum of Understandings
with United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance(UNOCHA) and UNHABITAT for cooperation of disaster response and disasterrisk reduction. Up to July 2014, there are also ten International Non-Government
Organizations are cooperating with RRD through MOU to carry out disaster risk
reduction and rural development which can contribute as one of the poverty
reduction programs. Being Chair of Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group(DRRWG), RRD is also working with UNDP, co-chair of DRRWG.

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

2.9 The Disaster Management Training Centre (DMTC)
The government approved establishment of the Disaster Management Training
Centre (DMTC) in order to build up the capacity of people implementing disastermanagement activities. The DMTC will build upon the existing pool of experts
within the Relief and Resettlement Department and the existing Disaster
Management Course, which has supported capacity development of officials from
Government Departments and Social Organizations, since 1977. DMTC will belocated in Hinthada Township in Ayeyarwaddy Region. The Ministry of Social
Welfare, Relief and Resettlement is now undertaking the three-year plan (20132015) for establishment of DMTC. Under Phase 1 (2013-2014), construction of thethree main buildings is now underway. The Ministry is collaborating withinternational and local partners to mobilize the technical and financial resources forhuman resource and institutional capacity development, for infrastructuredevelopment, for the development of Curriculum and procurement of Teaching
Aids and networking and partnership with International and Regional Training
Institutes and Centers.

2.10 Emergency Operation Centre
With the aim to provide the supports for emergency management, response andlogistic through information sharing on network and quick decision making, theMinistry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement plans to set up Emergency
Operation Centre (EOC). To receive Monitoring/ Watching weather related
information and early warnings, to develop research on disasters occurred in
Myanmar, to develop the response plans for each type of disaster, to exchange

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

weather

information

withlocal/

internationalorganizations,

to

make

documentation of disaster information, distribute/coordination and to report thenews acquired from affected area to the higher levels in emergency situation timely
and continuously are major functions of EOCs.

2.11 Myanmar Disaster Loss and Damage Database
The Myanmar Disaster Loss and Damage Database has now been initiated by the
Relief and Resettlement Department with the objective to develop national
capacities for monitoring and analyzing risks and vulnerabilities to support disasterrisk reduction, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. The Nationalframework for the database has been finalized and the pilot data collection is now
under-way. The database could be linked with the Regional and global networks inthe near future.

2.12 Improvement for Early Warning
Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) generates weather forecast andearly warnings for cyclone, storm surge and flood. Color-coded cyclone warning
message was started to use in 2009, as an attempt to make early warning message
to be user friendly. Once the early warning on disaster is issued by DMH, it isinformed to the public through media and TV. In order to improve the quality andaccuracy of the weather forecast and early warning, DMH still needs to upgrade
the capacity of equipment and tools for weather forecast.
The DMH organizes Monsoon Forum as a mechanism for fostering a closer
dialogue between forecast producers and users to enhance the uptake of weather

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

and climate forecasts for disaster mitigation. The broader goal of the Forum is tobuild the national capacity to mitigate disaster risks by linking national hydrometeorological agencies to sectors that are vulnerable to climate risks, notably
agriculture, water resources, health, and disaster management.
RRD is also implementing the End-to-End Early Warning system project incollaboration with DMH, General Administrative Department and JICA to enhance
the capacity of the Government official and the community. The pilot projects for
Ayeyarwaddy and Rakhine have been implementing. UN and NGOs are likewise
assisting in the production of IEC materials related to early warning as well as on
public awareness. The use mobile phone SMS for early warning is also being
explored.

2.13 Tasks to be performed during Floods disasters
The following tasks should be performed during floods.
(a) Report floods immediately to the National Committee for Natural Disaster
Management and Inter-Ministerial Coordination Committee for Disaster
Management;(b) Present to the Inter-Ministerial Coordination Committee for Disaster
Management and the Sub-Committees concerned and carry out prompt
evacuation to predetermined safe areas during floods;(c) Coordinate with departments, local and international NGOs to carry out
emergency relief and advanced rescue operations in flood-affected areas;

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)(d) Coordinate with departments and NGOs to set up flood-relief camps andprovide victims with temporary accommodation, meals, health care andsecurity in real time;(e) Provide prevention and health care services under the supervision andguidance of the Health Sub-Committee to prevent the outbreak of infectious
diseases in flood affected areas;(f) Work with the ministries concerned to compile lists on the loss of life,
animals and property during floods;(g) Issue press releases through the radio, television, newspapers and journals
and organize press conferences periodically to prevent the spread ofundesirable rumors during floods;(h)Work with departments and NGOs for the prompt dissemination to thegrassroots levels of the daily news reports issued by the Department ofMeteorology and Hydrology during floods;(i) Obtain expert appraisal of water inflows into the flood-affected areas andorganize timely evacuation of people, animals and food supplies from lowlying areas to safe areas;(j) Organize relief operations during floods, involving members of the firebrigade, Red Cross members and specialists;(k) Assign security forces led by the Myanmar Police Force to evacuated areas
to prevent looting of buildings and property by unscrupulous elements;(l) Assign flood patrols to rivers, embankments, dams and irrigation ditches tomonitor the potential for disaster continuously;

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)(m) Ensure access to necessary materials, equipment and machinery as well as
manpower for emergency construction, reinforcement, repair and raising ofembankments;(n) Arrange for the temporary settlement of flood victims in predetermined
shelter camps and provide meals, health care and security services.

2.14 Inclusion of DRR concepts and practices in School curricula andeducation material
The Ministry of Education (MoE) revised the General Science Subject for lower secondary
school curriculum in 2006 and included the study on ‘Earth and Space’ with lessons on
storms. The lower secondary Life Skills subject also covers Flood, Emergencies, Earthquake,
Tsunami, Landslides and Fire. The revised upper secondary school curriculum includes alesson titled ‘Earthquake’ in Grade 10 English and ‘Earth Surface Process’ in Grade 11
Geography. At the primary level, a chapter on Caution in Emergencies’ is included. A
complementary reading material that contains information on 8 disasters isavailable as a self-study booklet for Grade 5, 6 and 7 students. General Studies
Textbook (Level 2) with ‘Earthquake’, ‘Storms’, ‘Tsunami’, and ‘Preparedness’
topics and a story book ‘Be prepared’ are available for Non-Formal Education.
Recently, RRD along with State / Regional Government and MOE has
incorporated Do’s and Don’t on various natural hazards into the student exercise
book provided by the Government.

2.15 Youth Volunteer Network
Government has embarked on DRR Youth Volunteer program providing DRR
related Training of Trainers (TOT) for young representatives from Ayeyarwaddy

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

Region and other regions. Those young volunteer will be serving as a leader ofcommunity disaster management committee then to become a change agent who
can promote the necessary change in behaviors. It plans to scale up the initiatives.

2.16 Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a national priority in Myanmar.
We have seen plenty of evidence that the natural disasters have adverse impacts on
Social, economic and environmental states of a country. However, the evidences
also demonstrate that disasters create opportunities such as in the case of 2008
cyclone Nargis which instigated profound changes especially in humanitarianlandscape with the influx of humanitarian funds and the international humanitarianagencies. The disaster also opened up the eyes of the Myanmar people towards risk
reduction approaches and their potentialities to defend themselves from futuredisaster happenings.
With the development of the national framework - Myanmar Action Plan on
Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR) - and the establishment of the associatedinstitutional arrangements to oversee the achievement of MAPDRR’s goals,
DRR,and CBDRR as well have been elevated as a key priority in the national
development process. With international partners more than willing to lend a handin this endeavour, it is imperative that we take advantage of this drive for DRR
excellence and strive for wider coverage of DRR and CBDRR initiatives.

2.17 CBDRR Stakeholders in Myanmar
The array of stakeholders involved in CBDRR approach is broad as it needsbackings at different level: national, sub-national and local, covering not just DRRADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

actors but also agencies active in related sectors of development. For successful
execution of CBDRR initiatives in Myanmar, this sub-section is devoted solely to
study the diverse stakeholders at each level in order to have a good understandingof these important players.

2.18 National Level Stakeholders
Chiefly during the last decade, a considerable number of agencies have been seen
actively engaged in DRR functions throughout Myanmar. As the holders of thedecision making authorities at the highest level, the involvement of these bodies iscritical for CBDRR implementation in the country in terms of politicalendorsement and official DRR resource allocation. At the national level, the key
actors can be divided into two sectors: government and non-government.
The main DRR stakeholders in the government sector are: Ministry of Social
Welfare, Relief and Resettlement (MSWRR) – the nodal ministry responsible forthe country wide DRR as per the national and ministerial policy and plan on DRR.
The Relief and Resettlement Department (RRD), one of the departments under the
MSWRR, led the development of Myanmar Action Plan for Disaster Risk
Reduction (MAPDRR) and is the DRR technical agency responsible for enhancing
necessary knowledge and skills on DRR of government agencies at all level andeducate people on matters related to DRR.
National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC) - constituted under the
Chairmanship of the Union Minister of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement.
The Union Minister for Defence and the Union Minister for Home Affairs are theADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

Vice Chairmen of MDPA. The Deputy Minister for Social Welfare, Relief andResettlement is the Secretary and the Director General of Relief and Resettlement
Department is the Joint Secretary. Myanmar Disaster Management Work
Committee (DMWC) - constituted to provide effective disaster management
mechanism with the support of 13 sub-committees. Myanmar National Search andRescue Committee - constituted under the Chairmanship of the Minister for Home
Affairs and co-chaired by the Minister for Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement
and the Minister for President Office.
The Deputy Minister for Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement serves as the
Secretary and the Director General for Relief and Resettlement Department is the
Joint Secretary. The Committee has 17 members from the line ministries, relevant
departments and social organization. Other Support Ministries and Departments All line ministries and departments within the system of the Union Government of
Myanmar have mandates to support DRR within their ministerial operations and,through their membership in NDMC and other related committees, are required tosupport the national DRR works. Many have actively invested time and efforts inmainstreaming risk reduction measures in their specific fields on their own or incollaboration with non-government organizations (NGOs).The main stakeholders
in the non-government sector on national level are: Red Cross Movement Myanmar Red Cross Society (MRCS), the national chapter of the international Red
Cross movement, is the leading practitioner of DRR in Myanmar and the pioneerof the concept of CBDRR since 2000. It is supported mainly by the International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) through IFRC country
delegation in Yangon both technically and financially. Other Red Cross societies

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)actively involved in DRR in the country, that are also supporting technically andfinancially to MRCS’ works and they are Australian Red Cross, American Red
Cross, Hong Kong Red Cross, Danish Red Cross, Canadian Red Cross and French
Red Cross. UN Agencies - Of all the UN agencies working in Myanmar, the mostactive organizations in the field of DRR are UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF,UNHABITAT and UNOCHA. NGOs and Civil Society Organizations [CSOs] There are 100 plus international and local NGOs and civil society organizations
actively working in Myanmar in the field of DRR.

2.19 Sub-national Level Stakeholders
The main stakeholders at the sub-national level are: State/regional, district andtownship level government authorities - mainly the regional, township and districtlevel disaster preparedness agencies consisting of representatives from relevantline departments (health, education, agriculture, general administration, etc.),
administrative authorities, officers serving in the Relief and Resettlement and otherrelated departments under the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement,
regional/ township/district education board and government affiliated massorganizations; Existing Red Cross structures - that include RC Supervisory
Committees at sate/regional and district level, as well as Red Cross Executive
Committees and the branch members at township level; and NGOs and CSOs working at sub-national level including the private research and academic
institutions.

2.20 Local Level Stakeholders

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At the local or community level, the stakeholders can be identified as follows:
Manual on Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Local authorities – village,
ward level administrative bodies, village level disaster preparedness committees orvillage level equivalent of the MDPA, school authorities and teachers andgovernment affiliated mass organizations; Red Cross branches at the local level
made up of Red Cross Volunteers (RCVs) and specialized DRR structures on the
ground - e.g., CBDRR multiplier team; NGOs and CSOs working at the grass-root
level such as local level organizations; and Community - community leaders,
students, local businesses and community member themselves. Their stake in
CBDRR is the most meaningful of all as their participation in the process means
they are having a say in changing their own fate. Attention is to be given to makesure most vulnerable groups in the community: women, children, aged, physicallyand mentally challenged and ethnic minorities are also included as stakeholders.
Some of the sub-national and local level stakeholders might overlap when
implementing a CBDRR intervention depending on the target recipients.

2.21 DRR Working GroupDRR Working Group was constituted under the Early Recovery Cluster during
Cyclone Nargis recovery process in 2008. It is made up of various agencies:
Government Departments, UN Agencies, INGOs, Red Cross Societies, local NGOs
and academic institutions and its membership is open to any organizations working
on or with interest in DRR. The DRR Working Group actively engaged andcontributed to the Post-Nargis recovery planning on identifying disaster risk
reduction issues for consideration and inclusion into recovery and reconstruction
planning. The DRR Working Group mandate was later expanded and presently it

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)serves as a platform for DRR related agencies to participate, share and discuss
further development of Myanmar DRR in various aspects through its monthly
meetings. The focus thematic areas are:•Support policy dialogue and strengthening institutions for DRR•

Community-based disaster preparedness and mitigation•

Building DRR knowledge and awareness (disaster research and assessments
to inform program development)•

Mainstreaming DRR into other sectors.

The DRR Working Group is currently chaired by UNDP and co-chaired by Action
Aid, Myanmar. The Steering Committee under the DRR Working Group with
twelve selected members provides secretariat support and guides the activities. The
number of members in the steering committee will be reduced to 11 as soon as the
DRR WG Strategic Plan 2018 is finalized. Civil Society Forum on DRR Civil
Society Forum (CSF) is also in place, at present under the leadership of local NGO,
with the intention of further fortifying the DRR coordination mechanism within the
non-state setting. It is the result of a partnership between Action Aid, ADPC,Mingalar Myanmar, Myanmar Red Cross Society (MRCS), Save the Children (SC)and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2009.
The CSF promotes information/ experience sharing and partnership building
among DRR related agencies. Due to its newly formed status, its members are still
discussing plans on how to expand its membership and to promote DRR to newmembers. However, CSF is already organizing wider consultations to involve local
NGOs and CBOs at township and village levels to advocate for expansion ofADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) practices in the country. So
far three forums have been organized on this issue: 1st Forum on ‘CommunityBased Disaster Management Institutionalization’ in March 2009 and 2nd and 3rd
on general DRR issues. Local authorities – village, ward level administrative
bodies, village level disaster preparedness committees or village level equivalent of
the MDPA, school authorities and teachers and government affiliated massorganizations; Red Cross branches at the local level made up of Red Cross
Volunteers (RCVs) and specialized DRR structures on the ground - e.g., CBDRR
multiplier team; NGOs and CSOs working at the grass-root level such as local
level organizations; and Community - community leaders, students, local
businesses and community member themselves. Their stake in CBDRR is the mostmeaningful of all as their participation in the process means they are having a say
in changing their own fate. Attention is to be given to make sure most vulnerable
groups in the community: women, children, aged, physically and mentallychallenged and ethnic minorities are also included as stakeholders.

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2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

CHAPTER 3 DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNITYPARTICIPATION IN JAPAN

3.1 Disasters in Japan
Every year there is a great loss of people's lives and property in Japan due todisasters. Up until the second half of 1950s, numerous large-scale typhoons andearthquakes caused extensive damage and thousands of casualties. However, withthe progress of society's capabilities to address disasters and the mitigation ofvulnerabilities to disasters by developing disaster management systems, promoting
national land conservation, improving weather forecasting technologies, andupgrading disaster information communications systems, disaster damage has
shown a declining tendency.

3.2 Information and Communications Systems
The development of a quick and accurate communications system is essential forthe effective use of disaster early warning information. For this purpose an online,
system has been built, linking the JMA with disaster management organizations of
the national and local governments and media organizations. Disaster management
organizations have also been developing radio communications networks
exclusively for disasters: the Central Disaster Management Radio Communications
System, which connects national organizations; the Fire Disaster Management
Radio Communications System, which connects firefighting organizations acrossthe country; and prefectural and municipal disaster management radio
communications systems, which connect local disaster management organizations
and residents.

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2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

The Cabinet Oﬃce has established the Central Disaster Management Radio
Communications System to link with designated government organizations,designated public corporations and local disaster management organizations,providing communications by telephone, fax, data transmission, TV conferencing
and transmission of pictures of disaster situations from helicopters. Furthermore, toprovide backup for terrestrial communications, services such as a satellite mobiletelephone communications system for municipal governments have been launchedin2011.Simultaneous

wireless

communications

systemsusing

outdoorloudspeakers and indoor radio receivers are used to disseminate disaster
information to residents. Tsunami and severe weather warnings are widely
provided to citizens via TV and radio broadcasts.

3.3 Strom and Flood Countermeasures
3.3.1 Storm and Flood Disaster in Japan
Japan is prone to a variety of water and wind-related disasters including flooding,landslides, tidal waves and storm hazards, owing to meteorological conditions such
typhoons and active weather-front systems and geographical conditions such as
precipitations terrains and steep rivers, as well as settlement conditions in which
many of the cities are built on river plains. One-half of the population ofconcentrated in possible inundation areas, which account for about 10% of thenational land. Although there has been a large reduction in the area inundated byfloods owing to soil conservation and flood control projects over many years, theamount of general assets damaged in flooded area has increased in recent years.
Additionally, as a long-term trend, three is an increasing tendency of downpours

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throughout the country.

3.3.2 Observation System
The Japan Meteorological Agency observes meteorological phenomena that cause
storm and flood disaster using the Automated Metrological Data Acquisition
System (AMeDAS), which automatically measures rainfall, air temperature andwind direction/speed weather radar, and geostationary meteorological satellites.
These are use to announce forecasts and warning to prepare against disasters, as
the weather warnings and advisories for individual municipalities began in May
2010. The rainfall and the water and the water levels in rivers are observed by the
Ministry of land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and prefectural
governments visual observation methods, mechanical observation equipment, andwireless telemeter system that transmits automatically observed data from remotelocations. Flood forecasts and water level information are provide utilizing theInternet and mobile phones.

3.3.3 Comprehensive Storm and Flood Countermeasures
In order to reduce damage caused by severe weather disasters, structural measures
such as improving rivers, dams and sewage systems, and non-structural measures
such as preparing hazard maps and providing disaster information, must be
promoted in an integral manner. As non-structural countermeasures, the warningand evacuation systems of the possible inundation areas and landslide prone areas
have been developed in accordance with the Flood Control Act and the Act on
Promotion of Sediment Disaster Countermeasures for Sediment Disaster Prone
Areas. Both laws were amended in 2005 to intensify measures including theADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

familiarization of hazard maps and the identification of a method to disseminate
disaster information to facilities caring for those who require assistance at the timeof a disaster like elderly people in the municipal disaster management plans. Basedon the Flood Control Act, some 368 rivers subject to flood warning and 1,488
rivers subject to water-level notifications are designated. Of these, inundation risk
areas are currently designated and published for 1,768 rivers and streams (as ofFebruary 2010). Moreover, municipalities that include such areas are encouraged
to prepare and disseminate flood hazard maps. Currently some 1,137
municipalities are doing so (as of February 2010).

3.3.4 Storm and Flood Damage in Japan
Japan is a bow-shaped archipelago filled with steep mountain ranges. When cold
winds blow in from Siberia in winter, the warm current flowing up the eastern
coast from the south brings heavy snowfalls to the Sea of Japan side of the country.
Among the seasonal problems that result every year are falls by people removing
snow from their roofs, avalanches, and obstruction of traﬃc and city functions due
to snow accumulation. In the winter of 2005‒06, ferocious winds brought
tremendous snowfalls to every part of the Sea of Japan coastline. Many people
were injured from falls as they cleared snow from their roofs, while others were
pinned by snow falling from rooftops or even by collapsing roofs. The death tollreached 152 the second-worst total for snow-related deaths since the end of WorldWar II. Fatal accidents continued in subsequent years, with 47 people perishing in
the winter of 2006‒07, 21 in 2007‒08 and 56 in 2008‒09.

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3.4 Risk Assessment
Flood risk is a product of the probability of occurrence of a flood hazard; thevulnerability of individuals, society, and the environment despite flood mitigationfrom a broad variety of measures implemented to dampen flood consequences
through preparation, response, recovery and mitigation; and the consequences that
result from the mitigated hazard event. Our understanding of flood risk is affectedby our ability to identify and assess these hazards, vulnerabilities, andconsequences; our ability to manage flood risk is enabled by our ability tocoordinate our policies and actions with numerous partners across the risk
management lifecycle to address these hazards, vulnerabilities and consequences.
Flood risk management integrates and synchronizes programs designed to reduce
flood risk, either in advance of or over a series of event cycles. Because of largescale consequences (damage, fatalities, and disruption), especially of more extreme
or more widespread floods, national governments in all four countries haveassumed key roles in flood risk management, especially regarding setting
objectives, prioritization of budget and emergency operations. Although thestructure differs among the four nations, in all cases regional and local authorities,
private parties, and the public have complementary roles. Risk assessment may
need to be performed at different scales. While acknowledging differences in scale
among the four countries considered, Section 2.1 considers the national level andSection.

3.5 DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF JAPAN
Overview of Disaster Management Planning in Japan can be visualized in different
ways as it can be seen in doing three levels, namely,

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3.5.1 National Level: Basic Disaster Management Plan - This plan is a basis fordisaster reduction activities and is prepared by the Central Disaster Management
Council based on the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, 1961. The Basic
Disaster Management Plan states comprehensive and long-term disaster reduction
issues such as disaster management related systems, disaster reduction projects,
early and appropriate disaster recovery and rehabilitation, as well as scientific andtechnical research. The first Basic DMP was prepared in 1963 and subsequently
revised several times. The plan was revised entirely in 1995 based on theexperiences of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. It now consists of various
plans for each type of disaster, where tangible countermeasures to be taken by eachstakeholder such as the national and local governments, public corporations andother entities are described for easy reference according to the disaster phases of
prevention and preparedness, emergency response, as well as recovery andrehabilitation. Changes were effected in the plan in December, 2011 based on therecommendations from the Central Disaster Management Council’s technicalcommittee for reviewing earthquake and tsunami measures based on the lessons
from the GEJET. The plan, it has been decided, shall be continuously revised infuture in order to reflect further policy development based on the GEJET and otherdisasters.
3.5.2 Department/Organizational Level: Disaster Management Operation Plan –Disaster Management Operation Plan: This is a plan made by each designatedgovernment organization and designated public corporation based on the Basic
Disaster Management Plan.
3.5.3 Prefectural/Local Level: Local Disaster Management Plan: This is a plan
made by each prefectural and municipal disaster management council, subject to local

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circumstances and based on the Basic Disaster Management Plan.
The plans at all levels have been prepared and regularly revised and updated
incorporating the lessons learnt and changes made in the Basic DMP prepared at
the national level. DMP is the main document which is referred to for disastermanagement and emergency response.

Figure (1) Outline of the disaster management system in Japan

3.6 Catchment-Based Regional Flood Management Planning, the Case of the
Tsurumi River Basin (Japan)
The Tsurumi River, located between metropolitan Tokyo and Yokohama, is 43 km
in total mainstream length and 235km in catchment area. The downstream area ismanaged by the national government and the others by such local governments as

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2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

Tokyo, Kanagawa prefecture and also Yokohama City. Since the river is locatedbetween the large cities of Tokyo and Yokohama, development along the river has
progressed rapidly since 1960s. In the areas along the river, the rate of urbanizedarea and the population were about 10% and about 450,000 in 1958. Both numbers
increased to about 85% and about 1,880,000 respectively until 2004. This rapid
urbanization lowered the rainwater retention and retarding functions in thecatchment area. Instead of permeating the soil, rainwater began to flow into theriver. This increased the risks of flood damage. Therefore, in 1981, the “Tsurumi
River Area Improvement Project” was worked out as the first case to introduce
comprehensive flood control measures in Japan. The project was to upgrade flood
safety rapidly and to maintain and strengthen the retention and retarding functions
along the river.
In the project, assumed runoff discharge to the river is allocated to river channels
and catchment areas and appropriate measures are applied to both of them.
Measures to river channels were to be implemented by river management
authorities and those to catchment areas were to be done by municipalities andprivate developers. To cope with changes of land use due to the unexpectedly fast
progress of urbanization, the project was revised to the “New Tsunami River Area
Improvement Project” in 1989. However, new subjects surfaced: 1) insufficientriver, sewage and catchment facilities to prevent flooding, 2) discrepancies
between the predicted and the actual land use, 3) deterioration of retarding function,
reclamation of existing flood control reservoirs because of the unclear legal
position of runoff control facilities, and 4) occurrence of new type of flood damage
such as flooding of basement spaces by localized torrential downpour. In 2004, theADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)“Act on Countermeasures against Flood Damage of Specified Rivers Running
across Cities” was put in force to take comprehensive measures against flood
damage along urban rivers.
The Act was intended for a new legal system for more viable implementation ofcomprehensive measures. It prescribes the development of catchment flood
management plan, the construction of rainwater storage and infiltration facilities byriver management authorities, the enforcement of regulation to catchment area tocontrol runoff, designation of urban flood prone areas, etc. Based on this Act, theTsurumi River was designated as a specific urban river in 2005. This designation
prompted river management authorities, sewage management authorities, and local
public entities take concerted measures against flood damage. In 2008, the“Tsurumi River Area Flood Control Plan” was worked out to promote flood
control measures together by the above competent authorities and also local
residents. Based on this plan, measures are being strongly promoted.

3.7 The Disaster Management System of JapanThe great Ise-Bay typhoon of 1959, which caused 5,000 or more casualties,
occasioned efforts to systematize Japan's disaster countermeasures in general andto facilitate disaster management administration that would be both comprehensive
and systematic. The Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act was enacted in 1962 forthis purpose. This law provides the basic foundation for the formulation of disastermanagement measures in Japan. By means of this and related laws, disastermanagement in this country is carried out at every stage of disaster prevention,

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emergency response to disaster, and recovery and reconstruction following disaster(Figure 1).

The Basic Plan for Disaster Prevention is the master plan in the area of disastermanagement, and it is created by the Central Disaster Management Council inaccordance with the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act. This master plan
presents the basic guidelines forestablishment of thedisastermanagement system, promotionof disaster management projects,
development of faster and more
appropriate

disasterassignmentof

recovery,prioritiesindisaster management operation
plans

and

regional

disastermanagement plans, and so on. The master plan provides a basis whereby every
ministry and agency as well as disaster management-related organizations such as
the Bank of Japan and Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) create their disastermanagement operation plans, whereby local governments create regional disastermanagement plans, and whereby all these bodies implement their disastermanagement countermeasures (Figure 2)

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

Among other things, thelawprovidesfor

improvement of disastermanagement facilities toprovideagainstthepossibility of earthquake,
which

could

strikeanywhere in the country.
An initial response system
to operate when a large-scale disaster occurs was set in February 1995. This
provides for the chiefs of bureau and other officials from the ministries andagencies concerned to gather for emergency meetings in the official residence of
the Prime Minister and integrate information. A 24-hour system for the collectionof information was improved in 1996 when the Cabinet Information Collection
Center was established (Figure 3).

3.8 Building and Site Flood Mitigation Strategies

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Ideally, the best approach to flood risk mitigation is to simply not build in a floodzone or occupy an existing
structure in a flood-prone area.
Certainly, this may be easier said
than done. At a minimum, youwant to select a site at least twofeet above the 500-year flood1
elevation. You may want todetermine if access routes to thesite (e.g., highways, railroads,
marine terminals) are at least twofeet above the 500-year flood elevation as well. When choosing a site, consider theeffects a flood may have on site egress, utilities (water, gas and electrical) andcommunication systems. If the area is protected by levees and/or other man-madeflood control devices, ensure that they are properly designed, maintained andoperated. If the site selection process leaves you with no alternative other than touse a location prone to flooding, you may want to consider elevating the site bybuilding up land levels so they are least two feet above the 500-year flood
elevation.
This may require a civil or structural engineer familiar with flood-related designand land or soil conditions. Since the topography of the land is being changed,
storm water runoff and terrain management is needed to ensure that a greater
hazard is not being created. Another engineering approach regarding flood
mitigation is to elevate the existing buildings and equipment and/or incorporate
flood mitigation strategies into the original design. We will examine structures first

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and then utility systems.

3.9 Community Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction in Japan
Involvement of Community and local involvement can be seen as Japan has many
experiences about natural disasters most frequently in the world. There is gained
the knowledge and developed the skills of responding and preparing for disasters
through its past experiences. Also “Community –based disaster Management” hasdrawn people’s attention in the field of disaster management. It is necessary toengage local government and community in disaster risk mitigation. If local
stakeholders are not engaged in the disaster risk mitigation design, implementationand management of disaster risk reduction then the resulting policies, strategies
and plans have limited chance to suit with the local conditions. Similarly, if local
community and organizations are not considered as stakeholders in the
management of facilities and infrastructure then there is little chance to be
implemented. For example, if local community is not involved in post disastersituation in Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Kobe, Japan in 1995 smooth
recovery and reconstruction of the total area would not have been possible. Cost ofdisaster risk reduction can be reduced to a great extent if the local community is
involved in decision making process with reconstruction and rebuilding andmobilization of local resources, capabilities, knowledge and expertise. The
potentiality of the community is proven great at the time of disaster. Engagementof local community contributes to building social capital, raises awareness of
disaster risk and strengthens local capacities to address a wide range ofdevelopment Issue. The community based disaster management two epoch-making
turning points for disaster reduction in modern Japan.

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)3.10 Awareness building
Sustaining people’s awareness for floods is a critical point for organizing
community activities. However, it is not easy because the awareness diminishes astime passes even though people are aware of flood risks just after major floods.
Sustainability of community participation largely depends on awareness ofcommunity members. The “Ubiquitous Flood Sign” in downtowns for the purposeof people’s awareness about floods, such as traces of flooding, the evacuationroutes and destination camps started in Japan (below Figure 4) . The “Flooding”
sign can shows traces of either historical flooding or projected flooding like 100year flood. These marks were registered in Japan Industrial Standards (JIS) andseek possibility to apply them in global scale. The signs include standardized
marks so that travelers or foreigners can also understand easily. This standardizing
effort itself is challenging but can contribute to enhancing community participation.
The broader the signs acknowledged, the more motivated community activities
become. Most people do not always have so Organizing Community Participation
for Flood Management – A Tool for Integrated Flood Management Version 1.0 7
WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management much incentive toparticipate community activities, but watching and identifying flood risks in daily
lives can facilitate them to participate.

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Figure 4. Standardized marks for flooding and examples in Japan

Flooding Sign

Evacuation Sign

Historical Flood (Toyooka, Japan) Projected Flood (Tokyo, Japan)

3.11 Flash floods, Mud flows and land slides
A flash flood is a rapid and extreme flow of high water into a normally dry area, or
a rapid water level rise in a stream or creek above a predetermined flood level,
beginning within six hours of the causative event. However, the actual time
threshold may vary. Sediment disasters, such as mud flows and landslides, often
associated with such flash floods are defined as the phenomena that cause damage
through a large-scale movement of soil and rock. They are caused by combinationof natural (topography, geology, vegetation, rainfall, earthquake, volcanic activity)

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and man-made (groundwater depletion, deforestation) factors. They result from
relatively short, intense rainfall or failure of man-made structures, etc., and areparticularly common in mountainous areas and desert regions.
They present potential threat in any area where the terrain is steep, surface runoff
rates are high, streams flow in narrow canyons and severe thunderstorms prevail.
The only way to prepare for them is to be aware of the weather events that initiatethem and pay attention when there is exceptionally heavy rainfall warning.
Community activities can be seen mostly at early warning collaborated withweather forecasts and people’s capacity building. The flood contest for school at
the Klodzko County in Poland is one of the examples of educating children, andalso adults through children. Similar to flash floods, education and training by
local community along with warning and evacuation system play a crucial role for
mudflows and landslides.

3.12 Participation in Community-based Disaster Preparedness Activities
Factors has to be considered to increase the intention to participate in communitybased disaster preparedness activities in Japan, where there are many natural
disasters, the role of preventing disasters is partly delegated to fire-fightingorganizations,flood-fightingorganizations,

and

other

community-basedorganizations. However, the abilities to prevent disasters in local communities are
declining due to an increase in nuclear families, a decline in conventional
communities, an increase in elderly people living alone, and other factors. To
swiftly carry out relief activities in local communities at the initial stages after theoccurrence of disasters, it is necessary to carry out community-based disaster

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preparedness activities on a habitual basis. In addition, it is also necessary for not
only administrative bodies but also residents in local communities to participate indisaster preparedness activities, and residents need to cooperate withadministrative bodies. It is desired that not only administrative bodies but also
residents in local communities come up with community-based disasterpreparedness measures by themselves, which are reflected in administrative plans.
To achieve this, it is necessary for more members of residents to participate incommunity-based disaster preparedness activities. Through past researches, it was
revealed that past experience of disasters, demographic characteristics, including
level of income, type of residence, and educational level, feeling of control against
disasters and anxieties, which are individual characteristics, and other factors 128
T. Motoyoshi are related to disaster preparedness actions.
However, many of these researches focused on disaster preparedness actions forhouseholds, and community-based disaster preparedness activities were studied
only on a supplemental basis. Among these researches, examined disaster
preparedness activities in local societies, including fund-raising campaigns,
petitions to administrative bodies, and solidarity movements in local communities,
and revealed that evaluations of possibilities to control flood disasters or coping
styles are factors that affect participation in community-based disaster
preparedness activities. However, there have been almost no findings on the levelof intention to participate in community-based disaster preparedness activities
amongflood-fightingorganizations,

independent

disaster

preparedness

organizations, and other organizations in Japan. As a result, factors to determine
the intention to participate in community-based disaster preparedness activities are

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also studied through surveys covering residents in local areas that have a high levelof weakness towards flood disasters.
Many of the past studies on disaster preparedness regarded disasters as stressevents and treated disaster preparedness actions as measures to deal with such
events. However, community-based disaster preparedness activities by independent
disaster preparedness organizations, flood-fighting organizations, and otherorganizations can be regarded as voluntary activities in local societies. As a result,among the researches dealing with relationships between attitudes and actions, thisresearch project carries out studies by using the theory of reasoned action, which ispointed out to be highly persuasive regarding voluntary actions, as the basic
framework.

3.13 Review on Japanese Assistance of Community-Based Management for
Flood Disaster
It is widely recognized that a community plays a crucial role in managing natural
disaster risks. Hyogo Declaration adopted at the World Conference on Disaster
Management in 2005 stresses that strengthening community level capacities isneeded to reduce disaster risks. Japan International Cooperation Agency, a major
implementing agency for Japanese official development assistance, is shifting its
approach in disaster management from engineering-oriented approaches tocomprehensive

ones

includingcommunity-based

disastermanagement(CBDM).However, the development assistant methods of CBDM have not been
established. This is because JICA has limited experiences of CBDM projects, andhas not conducted the holistic research works of CBDM.

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This study aims to propose the practical methods of development assistance for
CBDM through reviewing JICA projects from a capacity development point ofview. Capacity development is regarded as the ongoing process of enhancing the
problem-solving abilities of developing countries by taking into account all thefactors at the individual, organizational, and societal levels. The community is
described as the “main actor”, which plays key roles in disaster management.
Other organizations around the community, such as governmental agencies, local
governments, and non-governmental organizations, are described as “supporting
actors” to the communities. JICA supports to develop the capacities of thecommunities as well as supporting actors.
The study reviews projects for management of flood and sediment disasters in
Nepal, flood early waning in Morocco, disaster management in Caribbean
countries, and development of cyclone shelters in Bangladesh, and management of
volcanic sediment disasters in Indonesia. Various lessons were learned from theseprojects. Firstly, at a project designing stage, the capacities of organizations
concerned should be assessed. During projects, flexible implementation is needed
to respond to unpredicted factors. Secondly, a wide range of concernedorganizations should be involved in the projects. Collaborative activities between
targeted communities and these organizations are effective in achieving project
objectives. Thirdly, focusing on the communities is required for activities in thefield. End-to-end systems for early warning and evacuation should be establishedfrom observation until evacuation so that communities can utilize warning
information for their evacuation. Hazard maps should be produced throughADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

participatory approaches for communities to understand their risks and assets.
Communication mechanism should be established between experts and thecommunities for mutual understanding. Based on these lessons learned, the study
further recommends methods to design the projects, to secure sustainability ofactivities, to take interactive risk communication between governments andcommunities, and to utilize technology and experience in Japan for the project
activities. Finally, the study discusses remaining issues to be resolved and they are
how to formulate projects that contribute to community development, how toinclude livelihood activities in projects, how to examine the projects from social
capital prospective, and how to manage knowledge of CBDM.

3.14 Response to natural disasters
The Asian region including Japan is one of the most affected regions by natural
disasters. Damages caused by natural disasters around the world greatly hinder
sustainable development, and it is important to protect people against possible
damages and strengthen their ability and preparedness to withstand natural
disasters. As emergency response, the Government of Japan, in cooperation with
JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), dispatches Japan Disaster Relief
team and deliver emergency relief goods. One or combined assistance of them isoffered depending on the scale of natural disasters and the needs. As Japan has
extensive knowledge on disaster reduction based on its own experiences fromdomestic natural disasters, it will continue to lead international efforts for disaster
reduction. In concrete terms, the Government of Japan, in cooperation with
UNISDR, promotes further implementation of Hyogo Framework for Action andintends to host the 3rd World Conference on Disaster Reduction in 2015. It also

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2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

cooperates with developing countries for mainstreaming of disaster reduction indevelopment plan and community-based disaster reduction efforts.
Natural disasters cause tremendous losses every year in many parts of the world.
The Asian region is most prone to natural disasters; a majority of disaster-affected
people in the world are concentrated in this region. Japan is no exception; it
suffered unprecedented damage due to the earthquake and tsunami in the Great
East Japan Earthquake. Damage caused by natural disasters disrupts development
outcomes, impedes sustainable development, and hinders human security indeveloping countries. That the poor are most vulnerable to such disasters makes it
all the more important to protect them from such hazards, strengthen their
preparedness, and build their capacity to cope with them. The Government ofJapan places the highest value on timely and effective delivery of humanitarianassistance that meets the needs of people affected by a natural disaster. Specifically,
it works with the JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) to dispatch theJapan Disaster Relief Team to save lives and deliver emergency relief supplies in atimely manner. An optimal combination of these and other forms of assistance issought for effective and flexible emergency assistance.
Efforts in normal times to be made by Japan – a country that has experienced
numerous disasters and strengthened its preparedness against earthquakes andother disasters in both physical and non-physical aspects – include making gooduse of its extensive knowledge gained and valuable lessons learned from the Great
East Japan Earthquake and other disasters in redoubling its efforts to strengthen its
preparedness framework, as well as continuing to support international efforts fordisaster reduction while sharing such knowledge and lessons with the international

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2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

community that offered warm support for Japan after the disaster. In concrete terms,
the Government of Japan will work with UNISDR to promote further
implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015, the only global
strategy on disaster reduction. It will also collaborate with UN organizations andcountries concerned to host the third UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction,
aimed at reviewing progress in the implementation of the framework anddiscussing a global disaster reduction strategy beyond 2015. Japan will also
support self-help efforts by developing countries in minimizing damage by natural
disasters under the Initiative for Disaster Reduction through ODA, which sets out
Japan’s basic policy in this field. To that end, Japan will provide a wide range ofassistance at different levels. This will include support in introducing a focus on
disaster reduction in development programs and projects, making buildings more
quake-resistant, and raising awareness at the community level.

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)3.15 BOKOMIBOKOMIs are community based - elementary school district based disasterprevention organizations. Since 1995, based on the lessons learned from the Great
East Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, all of the districts of Kobe city – 191 districts
have established BOKOMIs. To establish BOKOMI, firstly, it is discussed anddecided on by local government organizations including the local city office andthe local fire station, together with leader of 33 local residents associations,
women’s associations, elderly associations, voluntary fire corps and etc. The
equipment and materials needed for the activities are provided by the local
government and storehouses installed in local parks, in preparation for emergencies.
Schools in Japan also serve as evacuation sites during emergencies. In normal
times BOKOMI conducts various emergency drill programs such as on how to use
the provided equipment and materials (for ex. Water fire extinguishers, powder fire
extinguishers), rescue drills, evacuation drills, information transmission drills,
flood control drills and etc. In addition, BOKOMI also conduct welfare activities(such as keeping in touch with and holding lunch gatherings for the elderly people
who live alone) as an effort to cover both community welfare activities andcommunity disaster prevention activities.

3.16 INTERNATIONAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE by JAPAN DISASTERRELIEF TEAM (JDR)
In the case large-scale disaster in foreign countries JDR join emergency relief
operations upon the request of the government of the disaster-affected country to
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Dispatch is carried out by JICA based on
Disaster Relief Team Law within the framework of its Disaster Relief Program. To

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2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

facilitate the rapid and reliable supply of the large-volume of relief items, reserve
supplies must be procured and appropriately stockpiled in advance at locations as
close as possible to disaster areas. Accordingly, JICA has warehouses in four
locations worldwide, namely Germany (Frankfurt), Singapore, the United States(Miami) and South Africa (Johannesburg). Eight priority goods are stockpiled atthese four locations—tents, sleeping pads, plastic sheeting (tarpaulins), blankets,
portable water containers (plastic jerry cans), water tanks, water purifiers andelectric generators. In cases where other types of supplies are required, JICA takes
emergency action, including procurement in affected or neighboring countries.
When requested, emergency medical supplies are procured from the United
Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Supply Division in Denmark or theInternational Dispensary Association (IDA) in the Netherlands and are rapidly
shipped to affected countries. There are four types of JDR teams. One or moretypes of the teams are dispatched as appropriate.

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)3.17 Disaster Prevention Day Drills for FY2014
The annual comprehensive disaster prevention drills for 2014 were held on
September 1, Japan's National Disaster Prevention Day. Prime Minister Shinzo
Abe

took

part

in

the

drillstogether

with

all

Cabinetmembers.

This year, the drills were conducted based on a scenario in which a Tokyo Inland
Earthquake occurred at 7:10 a.m., with a magnitude of 7.3, a maximum seismic
intensity of 7, and its epicenter in Tokyo’s 23 wards. As part of the drills, thePrime Minister walked to the assembling point at the Prime Minister’s Office, andheld the first meeting of the Emergency Disaster Response Headquarters and an
extraordinary Cabinet meeting. Afterwards, the Prime Minister held a press

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)conference to explain the overview of the earthquake and the status of theGovernment's response, and to give a message to the people. Then, the Prime
Minister led a government inspection team to the venue in Sagamihara City,
Kanagawa Prefecture where the joint disaster prevention drills were being
conducted by the nine municipalities in the Kanto region. At the civilian drill area,
the Prime Minister observed a food distribution drill, an emergency relief drill
using slings, and an emergency relief drill using an AED, among others. Lastly, thePrime Minister said in his address at the closing ceremony of the drills, “It is ofgreat significance that disaster prevention day drills of this magnitude were held
today with the participation of approximately 140 organizations and 10,000 people,
including the local people of Sagamihara City and Kanagawa Prefecture, as well as
the police, the fire department, the Japan Coast Guard, the Self-Defense Forces,
TEC-FORCE, DMAT, and members of the private sector. Many people voluntarily
and wholeheartedly participated in today’s drills, including approximately 1,700
elementary and junior high school students, on which the future of Japan rests, andapproximately 900 people from the voluntary disaster prevention organizations thatare central to regional disaster prevention. It is important that each and every
person stands ready and prepares against disasters in order for everyone to protect
their own lives.
Carrying out an emergency relief
drill using an AED

Delivering an address during joint disaster prevention drills by the nine municipalities in the Kanto region

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

CHAPTER. 4 FINDING AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Finding and Conclusion
Both Myanmar and Japan is the most vulnerable to disasters, including thosecaused by climate change – from floods to droughts, earthquakes and tsunamis. In
fact, over the last three decades, this region accounted for a staggering 85 per centof deaths due to natural disasters. The disaster management has high importance inthese two country, for this the community participation is inherit part of thismanagement.
Myanmar is pursuing a four wave's reform process; the political, economic andadministrative reform and development of private sector, aiming to achieve
political stability and economic development. The development partners and theinternational community welcome these changes and join in hands with thegovernment. Accordingly, there is much potential for international assistance aswell as foreign investment flowing into the development sectors. These will
inevitably result to increase investments in infrastructure and rapid
urbanization that encourages rural to urban migration. Meanwhile, if
improvements in the development sectors do not integrate disaster risk reduction,
they could exacerbate existing disaster risk and create new forms of disaster risk.
Building disaster resilience in Myanmar becomes more important than ever, to safe
lives of Myanmar people, to protect investment and to ensure the sustainability ofdevelopment gains.
Under such circumstances, rules and regulations under the Disaster Management

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2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

Law needs to be enacted and then should be applied effectively. Other existinglaws in the country that relates to the issues of emergency management, i.e. visa
approval, tax exemption, communication law, deployment procedures and data
sharing system need to be amended in order to be compatible with regional
agreement AADMER. Early warning systems need to be upgraded in order to issue
more accurate and area-specific warnings. Human resource development in thearea of disaster management is also an important factor while advocacy measuresfor local government on disaster management and capacity building for local
government staffs becomes an important one.
The community participation process is very important for the formation andstrengthening of Community disaster response organization or community disastermanagement volunteer's team is the key to mobilizing communities for sustainabledisaster risk reduction. The community volunteers, disaster management
committee, and disaster response organization are the necessary interface or thechannel for outsiders such as NGOs or government agencies to assist/support thecommunity at-large. The community groups and organizations are essential insustaining the risk reduction process for the community to meet intended aims andtargets in CBDM, as visualized a shift from Risk to Resilience Community.
There are no specific approach at different levels of community participation indisaster management but the approach of bottom-up have found very impressive.
The top-down approach as a result of the community participation mechanism inthe past years that not only partly obstacle but also need the more time for fully
applying the CBDRM approach. However, those principles and mottos have

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2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

strengthened the responsibility of relevant stakeholders. On the other hand, those
have mobilized traditional experience, resources and partly ensure thesustainability and effectiveness of disaster management activities. Based on the
research observation, it has found that community process and participation builds
confidence, pride that they are able to make a difference and capabilities to pursue
disaster mitigation and preparedness and bigger development responsibilities at the
local level. This leads to empowerment too. Community involvement in risk
assessment and risk reduction planning leads to ownership, commitment andindividual and concerted actions in disaster mitigation, including resource
mobilization. Trusting and supporting the capacity building process results in awide range of appropriate and do-able mitigation solutions are important forCommunity Based Disaster Management process, as it is cost effective, self-help
and sustainable as well.
The general objective of community participation is to save lives and damage toproperties, by helping communities work to decrease their vulnerability andincrease their capacity to reduce the impact of floods. Participation of community
members and related stakeholders in flood management is essential in sustaining
the flood risk reduction process for the community to meet intended aims andtargets. Organizing community participation does not seek perfect implementation
at the outset. It is expected that each community will gradually build up floodresilient activities through continual efforts. To develop and establish general plans
and measures, continual efforts are required such as in the business continuity. A
continual effort is a business management technique that is already incorporated inquality control, environmental management, and information security. Participatory

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2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

planning for improvement and regular implementation for improvement should be
noted for sustainable community base activities.
Community participation is fundamental and essential for each stage of the flood
management, that is, preparedness for, response to and recovery from. They canseek to maximize the benefits through the related development activities within theriver basin as a whole. Natural factors that affect the way community perceives andresponds to flood risks can be described in terms of their magnitude (scale,duration, intensity) and frequency of the flood hazards. Socio-economic factors, interms of poverty, livelihood profile, cultural beliefs, status of weaker social groups
and rights of minority and ethnic groups, influence communities’ willingness toparticipate. Community participation in flood risk assessment as well as inplanning and implementation of risk management measures is a key to success offlood risk management plans.
Community activities can be successfully used at every step in flood management;
in preparedness: community activities works for building consensus andcollaborating with other development activities, in response: the accumulation ofindividual activities expects synergy effects on group advantages and in recovery:
the cooperation among various stakeholders will be enhanced by participation ofcommunity. Community participation for flood management can be organizedthrough community’s needs, effectiveness and efficiency, and practicable
implementation. Strategic approaches to organizing community participation
comprise of three perspectives: resource maximization through integrated use of
local knowledge, effective participatory process with clear understanding of each

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2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

stakeholder’s expected role and degree of involvement, and the motivation throughsocio-economic incentives.
Organizing community participation can adapted from six step of Integrate FloodManagement basin planning (process design, risk assessment, problem analysis,
setting goals, draft an action plan, and implementation. Organizing community
participation is gradually built to seek flood-resilient community through continual
efforts. To develop and establish general plans and measures, continual andsustainable efforts are required. There is no single approach to organize community
participation for flood management. Further continual accumulation of many cases
can only facilitate them.
Observing the system of, it has found the effectiveness of involving communities
in disaster preparedness and mitigation. However, local communities cannot reduce
all vulnerabilities on their own. While communities have built on local coping
strategies and capacities to reduce some vulnerabilities, many necessary structural
mitigation measures involve big capital outlay. More important, vulnerability isalso a complex web of conditions, factors, and processes, which can only be
reduced through complementary and concerted action among multiple-stakeholders
from various disciplines and levels of the disaster management and development
planning system.

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2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

Abbreviation
ADRC

Asian Disaster Reduction Center

ASEAN

Association of South East Asian Nations

AADMERASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency
Response

CBDM

Community-Based Disaster Management

DM

Disaster Management

DRR

Disaster Risk Management

MAPDRR

Myanmar Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction

MDPA

Myanmar Preparedness Agency

TOT

Training of Trainers

VR

Visiting Researcher

References
Burma (Myanmar) Disaster Management Reference Handbook (2014), published byCenter for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
Myanmar Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR) 2012, Asian Disaster
Preparedness Center and Government of Myanmar
Burma (Myanmar) Disaster Management Reference Handbook (2014), Report, from

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
Chris Zebenbregen and et al (2010), Urban Flood Management, CRC Press
Publication
Union of Myanmar, jointly prepared (2009), Hazard Profile of Myanmar, Union of
Myanmar Publication
Author(s) Recovery platform (20011), Standing Order on Natural Disaster
Management of Myanmar,
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation Publications and Bonsai
Handbooks
Manual on Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction, Myanmar Red Cross
Society, November 7, 2013
OECD 2009, OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies: Japan 2009, OECD
Publication
Rajib shaw, 2009, Community-based Disaster Risk Management, the world bankpublication
September (2011), Flood Risk management Approaches , IWR Report NO: 2011-R08
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JICA
Organization Community Participation For Flood ManagemenT (march 2008) World
meteorological Organization
Disaster Management of Japan. KAZUSH , Shuhei . Director for Di Ma ,Cabinet
Office , Government of Japan.
Strategic Outcome Practice Technical Advisory Bullenting , www.Willis.com (October,
2010)

ADRC Visiting Researcher
2014 Term A (August – November 2014)

5th International Conference On Flood Management (ICFM5) - Floods: from Risk toOpportunity - 27 to 29 September 2011 Tokyo-Japan
Japan.Kantei.go.jp/96-abe/actions/201409/01.article1.html