Journal of Global Resources
doi.org/10.46587/JGR.2020.v06i02.010

Volume 6 (02)

July 2020
Page 64-71
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)

10
A STUDY ON SAW DUST WASTE NATURAL FERTILIZER AND POLLUTION FREE INDIAN
RAILWAYS
P. Raj Kumar
Associate Professor, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai (Tamil Nadu) India
Email: rp878101@gmail.com, rajkumarp.p947@gmail.com
Abstract: The Madurai Kamaraj University is situated in Madurai town, Tamil Nadu state, India
is an urban area has geographical Location of Latitude 9.941418, Longitude 78.008896 andGPS Latitude coordinates - 9° 56’ 29. 1048 “N and Longitude 78° 0’ 32.0256 “E. The populationin Madurai metropolitan town is around 14, 65,625 Lakhs (in 2011 census)-[Male-7, 33,821
Lakhs and female-7, 31,804 Lakhs]. The study of air pollution in this paper consist of two partsOne part deals with (1): The survey of Improved air quality dedicated to nation by Indian RailTransport (98.5 percent), in outdoor air pollution control, which is done by a conversion processof electrification implemented in all rail tracks in India - and other part deals with (2): Indoor air
pollution generated in a saw mill may be handled by best solid waste recycling process ofcompost method for agricultural usage. This study of saw dust recycling is come under the
Indoor air quality engineering .The Indoor air pollution is very important because the outdoor air
pollution is lower than Indoor air pollution. Also, the outdoor air is a source of supply of air toindoor environment in a house/ Industry. In general, the saw mill generates more amount of saw
dust per year. The solid waste of saw dust is disposed by open firing method, creates air
pollution in local atmosphere and creates lot of health problems to working people inside andsurrounding living people nearby saw mill in an urban area. The saw dust mixed with (cow +goat dung) is completely converted into natural fertilizer for agriculture. This study also focus on
The Indian railway introduces electrification in rail track (except Rameshwaram) in several
routes and ensure air pollution free zone that is zero percentage carbon emission zone.
Key words: Timber Waste, Ground Nut Waste, Coconut Waste, Straw Waste, Carbon Zones
Introduction
Every person lives in India, have a rights to breathe clean air, pure water to drink and healthy
food to eat. In this study, I find that peoples are lived in a lack of healthy environment in India.
We are having Environmental laws and Forest Laws are available to control the emission ofwaste from an Industry. But air quality available in some of cities founded in low levels (forexample: Varanasi and Delhi). The Madurai Kamaraj University is situated in Madurai town,
Tamil Nadu state; India is an urban area has a geographical Location of Latitude 9.941418,
Longitude 78.008896 and GPS /DMC Latitude- coordinates- 9° 56’ 29. 1048 “N and GPS/DMSLongitude - 78° 0’ 32.0256 “E. The population in Madurai urban area in continuously increased
every year and death rate is decreased in considerable amount, due to advanced medical
facility available in the town areas. The population in Madurai urban area is: 14,65,625 Lakhs (in2011 census)-[Male-7,33,821 Lakhs and female-7,31,804 Lakhs (census 2011)[1]. In year-2021
census, the population growth will be doubled as compared with previous census 2011.
Every state in India has its own pollution control Board to control and ensure theminimum air quality standard inside and outside an Industry. The central government also
monitors all the Industries indirectly in India. The duty of a pollution board is air pollution sample
is taken from the Industry and analyzed. The result will be declared by comparison with previous
air pollution standard data in the process and control Labs. Based on the result, the Industry is
identified and issued ISO certificates to the particular company. If the air quality level is below
64the standard level, the pollution board has enough power to instruct the Industry to maintain the
air quality standard. Each Industry also has its own testing lab for testing purpose in a predefined time [2, 3]. A penalty may be imposed to an Industry for their ignorance on running theIndustry without controlling the emission of waste to atmosphere. In India, time to time thepollution Board has given suggestions to all Industry about the pollution control activities inIndia. It is a routine job for the pollution control board is, to monitor and give their reports toGovernment higher authorities periodically. A periodic visit (schedule) is carried out by thepollution board and the Industry is continuously monitored in round the clock and maintains their
air standard in particular urban area in India. The design of chimney height is one of the very
important factors for a plant because which affect the air pollution control. The air pollution froman Industry leads to either short period impact or long time impact on human health related
problems (skin and heart problems).
In this paper the author has tried to focusing Saw dust-solid waste disposal in new
approach for small scale formers. By this process, the land automatically regains their nutrition’s
again and again. This study of saw dust recycling is come under the Indoor air quality
engineering. In Urban side most of Saw dust, banana tree waste are dumped in one place andfired in open place. After cultivation is over in an agricultural field, in general, the banana tree
waste are collected and fired in open place is general procedure followed by a small scale
former. It creates air pollution in local urban areas. Each country has its own method forcomposting a solid waste disposal management. I selected the very low cost method for theconversion process. The Banana tree waste and saw dust was mixed with (cow dung + goatdung) certain ratio. The preparation of composting is done in a pit of pre-defined sizes [4, 5]. The
soil layer and waste layer are filled in alternate layer in a pit. Within few months the above items
are converted into simple/ low cost fertilizer for agricultural usage with high neutrinos. Thismethod used here for converting waste to natural fertilizer is called composting. It is one of
the best methods to convert timber waste (saw dust) to agricultural fertilizer completely in a
useful manner. It is also suitable for Diary firms one who produce more amount cow dung in asmall period to avoid open burning method [6].
Methodology
The Saw dust may be used for fuel directly in homes and also used in power production insome countries [7, 8] .The Saw dust is purchased from a Local Saw mill at the rate of Rs. 20.0 per
bag (25 kg.) is collected nearby Batalagundu urban area, which is my selected area of limitation
for this paper. All the agricultural solid wastes are collected from, my own agricultural firm, inthe place of Batalagundu (4 acre). The solid wastes are collected from agricultural waste on theweight basis. The sample consists of 2000 kg. cow dung, 2000 kg. goat dung, 200 kg. ricestraw, 500 kg saw dust, 200 kg. banana tree waste, 200 kg coconut tree waste(leaf only) and
200 kg ground nut waste . The water is collected from a (2x1000) liter plastic tank installed
nearby pit and a required plastic hose of 100 meter length also purchased from local shop at therate of Rs.12.0 per feet. The method used here is composting method. In a short period, thisgives an output of natural agricultural fertilizer from a particular solid waste by a recycling
process.
Study Area
The selected urban area for my sample collection is very much close to Madurai town is
Batalgundu. The cultivation in this area is mostly paddy, sugar cane, banana tree and coconut
tree. Throughout the year the cultivation was takes place in a cyclic manner depends upon thewater availability. In several years, the solid waste disposal is a very big problem to local
farmers in these areas. So, the author has taken this task as pilot one to find out a remedy forthis problem. The author used a composting method without using any microorganism. After
65

composting, this product is used in agricultural purpose, for plant growth in different field without
affecting the land quality (paddy / Banana / Coconut cultivation).This produce a green
environment and avoid air pollution in this urban areas[9,10]. Another selection area is in Railtransport, which is a survey of running a train with emission of carbon particle or not in various
places like Madurai Railway station situated in an urban area and few specific places (Dindigul
railway station and Chennai railway station) from the year 1951.The Indian railway done a
wonderful job of gauge conversion and electrification of rail track in India for past few years. The
Railway stations are Madurai Junction, Dindigul Junction and Chennai Egmore station in
Tamilnadu, India.
Experimental Procedures
For composting method, we use the available animal waste which was collected from my own
firm, is dumped near the pit for 2-days and mixed thoroughly by manual method .The mixture
consist of (cow dung + sheep dung + goat dung + saw dust + banana tree waste + coconut tree
waste(leaf only) + river sand (200 kg) in the ratio of [1:1:0.5:0.1: 0.1:1]). The pit is filled with soil
and cow dung mixture is laid down/filled layer-by-layer arrangement. The water is sprayed in thepit one or two times only to wet the inner layer of the pit in the first stage of period following
within a range of (15-30) days. This will very much helpful to multiply microorganism in large
numbers (which is freely available in air), to destroy saw dust and cow dung mixture. In second
half period, the microorganism is died and this process needed not any water further forcomposting. Finally it is converted into natural fertilizer.
(a) Anaerobic Composting Method Applied and Data Observation
1. The size of the pit Created for composting is: (5’ 3” Ft. x 3 Ft. x 3 ft.) in two numbers.
2. A foot step like structure with (15° -20°) slop on its face is created inside the pit.
3. Around 3-Nos. of steps (min) may be created with height size of (3/4ft) from one side
(R). The actual size is in (3X1 X ¾) ft3 with 20° slope on its front side, to avoid water
logging.
4. The procedure for first pit filling is applicable to another pit also.
5. First step is, the pit is filled with locally available soil, as base layer of size (¾ Ft.) height.
6. The second layer is formed on the first layer which consist of thoroughly mixed mixer of[(1)saw dust +(2) cow dung+(3) sheep dung+ (4)banana tree waste (leaf+ stem+ flower+(5) ground nut husk+ (6)small amount of rice straw by cutting into small piece by awood cutting machine) + (7) small amount of coconut tree waste ( tree leaf only ) and(8) River sand in the ratio of [1:1:0.5:0.1: 0.1:1]
7. The third layer is filled with again of soft soil of height (¾ feet).
8. The fourth layer is filled with cow dung sample mixer.
9. The fifth layer is filled with soft soil or mud as final layer
10. The pit is covered with plastic sheet to avoid any heavy rain water penetration inside.
11. The pit is allowed to freely for (5-6) months, to convert into a natural fertilizer.
12. The temperature is taken and recorded before starting of the experiment (T1=28 °C and
T2=30°C) in both pits. Similarly final temperature also recorded at the end of process
after (5-6) months (T1, T2).
13. Two / three times the water is sprayed on the pit to maintain the moisture level inside.
14. The moisture is needed for microbes to live and increase in large numbers without any
help. This is the dominant factor to destroy the samples.
15. A plastic pipe of 3-inch pipe (Second pit only) with hole on the peripheral is inserted in
one pit in (3-4) numbers for aeration for few days (1-10). After that it will be removed andfilled with river sand only. It gives more aeration and increase of microorganism in shortperiod.
16. The maximum temperature observed in the pits is between (60-75) °C-after 2 months.
17. The final product will be obtained within (5-6) months from Pit-P1 and (4-5) months from
Pit- P2.
18. The constant temperature (T1, T2) available in the pits [P1, P2] are an indication ofprocess completion and ready for use this final product in the agricultural land.
66

(b) Aerobic Compositing Method
In the aerobic composting method, we have to introduce some sort of rotator /agitator isused to turn thoroughly in the first stage of (1-30) days. Totally (3-4) months are required forconversion into natural fertilizer. This method takes only (3-4) months.
PH value in Pit-P1 and Pit- P2
The previous studies indicate that there is slight variation in PH value during entire process(Lakshmi Priya et al., 2010). The PH value is recorded before process starting and also
recorded in the final day of process. It is found that the PH value during the process may also
vary from one value to another. In the calculation of PH value in a pit is that, sample and water istaken in the ratio of 1:10 (diluted of sample) and shaken well for (10-20) minutes for pit P1 andP2. The filtered liquid is collected in a beaker, and inserts the PH meter to see its value. The
value indicated by the Digital PH meter are taken as initial levels (6.2 &7.1) for P1 and P2. Afterthe specified time is over, it is recommended for taking final reading through this meter. The
final PH value is taken after 150/160 days and PH values are observed and recorded as (6.6 &7.5) for P1 and P2 respectively. From the above readings, we come to the conclusion that, thePH value is increased when the days are increased.
Figure 01: Temperature Curve of pit-1 and pit-2
80
70
65
60

80

Temperture chart
67

T1
70

67

60

60

50

56.2 54.1

T2

60
52.4

50

50.2
45 43.2

40

38

30
28

40
35

34

30

20

30
20

10

10
No. of days

0

0
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 105 110 120 130 140 150 160

Production Saw Dust and Disposal
The saw dust or wood dust is produced during the cutting of timber in the saw mill. Which is theend product of timber cutting process[11,12].The saw dust machine has a driving motor runningwith long circular and triangular saw teeth blade with capacity of (5-HP). The cutting machineconsist of two types - in saw mills are a) vertical cutting type and b) horizontal cutting type .Thesaw dust are ejected from blade with high speed and settle down by its own weight . In vertical
type machine, a pit is available below the machine of size (4x4) ft2 in the underground. But inthe Horizontal cutting machine, the Saw dust collected, one side of a machine(left/right) withsome wooden like obstruction is made vertically as a cover of size(10x10)ft2. There is no top
cover for that arrangement. Under the Gravitational force it is settled down slowly. In both
cutting types, dust would spread and travel in the air for some distance. During my survey, I
found that, all the machines inside the saw mill should handle by the trained people only. So,
the machine operator should wear safety dress compulsory – animal skin belt to handle timberon its chest, gloves for hands, goggles for eyes, pants for legs and shoes for his legs. The
machine operators are working in dangerous air pollution areas. During my interview, theworking people (machine operator) in the saw mill, saying that, we are working in all type of67

climatic conditions with less salary. In our olden ages they may be affected by asthma likediseases and skin allergies. Also they are saying that the air pollution is less in winter season
due humidity variation in the atmosphere. During summer and high wind season it is difficult towork and air pollution is more around these areas [13, 14]. Annually around (8-10) tones of saw
dust may be released by a saw mill approximately. The saw dust consist of CO, NO, CO2, NO2,
SO2, H2S and CH4
Normally fine wood dust mixed in air and travel around the cutting area even long
distance also. It can travel to some other place during high wind speed and air flow direction.
Next, the secondary storage of saw dust is dumped in open place, with help of dumping
machine vehicles (JCB). More and more dumping of saw dust in one place inside the saw mill
would create a pyramid like structure. Formation of such structure would create air turbulenceand produce additional air pollution inside the saw mill. So, I found that during my visit in various
saw mills, the wind velocity is one of the dominant factors, for saw dust particle move aroundthe mill in all the time. During the rainy season, the saw dust is located in the same place.
Excess of rainy water would create bad small inside the saw mill. It also affects the local groundwater. Sometimes it would be think that, the high cost lands in urban areas are wasted by thistype of waste dumping activity inside the saw mill. The pellet type saw dusts are used for energy
generation purposes. The vermi-composting is another method to convert the saw dust in a
useful fertilizer for agriculture usages [15, 16].
Implements of Additional Design in Saw m/c to Control Dust Pollution
Addition of cyclone type arrangement in the saw machine itself would help the dust to settle
quickly and manual bag fitting to collect waste and dispose very quickly in Lorry / heavy duty
goods vehicle.
Application
1. It is mixed with cow dung to form a pellet, used for cooking fuel in the house
2. It is used for filling a road side pit.
3. It is also used for agricultural fertilizer(composting method)
4. It is also used in Energy Industry and Manufacturing Industries.
5. The air is purified in particular location is maintained as per Who standard [17].
The time taken for conversion of saw dust into natural fertilizer is only few months, and it
is completely converted in to a natural fertilizer which is highly suitable for an agriculture land.
Railway and Zero Emission Carbon (Zero Air Pollution)
The Indian Railways has a long history in India. It is longest rail path in India. A common man
can easily travel through train from Kanyakumari to Kashmir with low cost. In china the railways
is run by private-public partnership [18, 19]. It is also implemented in Indian railways for the past 5
years as pilot scheme. The electrification of Railway in difference counties were started andgoing to be completed in advanced countries [20, 21]. The utilization coal and diesel are mostdominant fuel used to run the rail engine in last 50 years around the world [22, 23] .The Indian
railway is the only largest electrified rail network in India and also Asia. During survey, thevarious Railways stations in Tamil Nadu, India are taking into account and also travel in all
train routes by different types of trains [Stream Engine, Diesel Engine, Electric Train (EMU) in
urban/suburban areas] to collect more data. During my data collection/survey, the author
observed that 100 percent pollution free conversion of Diesel Engine to electrical operated-EMU
in India.
The advantage of Electric train in daily usage
1. Pollution free environment (100 percent)
2. Running by EMU- creates eco-friendly zones
3. Noise pollution free running (98 percent)68

Table 01: Name of the Railway Station/Junction Taken For My Survey
State
Tamil Nadu

Maharastra
KerelaSurvey of working Electric track-Rly. station
1. Dindigul Jn.
2. Madurai Jn.,
3. Tirunelveli Jn.
4. Rameswaram Jn.
5. Kanyakumari Jn.
6.Mumbai- CST(Victoria terminus) station
7.Tiruvananthapuram station

EMU-UNIT
8.Chennai central –Arakkonam,
9.Chennai-Beach-Thambaram,
10. Chennai Central- Gummidipoondi
11.Dahanu Rd-Mumbai CST- Colaba

Within one year (2021) the Indian Railway in the world reaches the target of “net zero carbon
emission zone” (Indian railways/core). It also very much helpful to human beings and the wildanimals lived in their native without any migration.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Composting Technique Adaptation
The same size of rectangle pits in 2- numbers were trenched and taken for this experimental
study. The two sizes of pits are treated in two different ways. One of the pits is under natural
treatment (without any PVC pipe insertion).The temperature obtained in the first pit is noted /recorded as temperature T1°C. Another pit is treated with air supply for some time (<30 days)
through 3-inch PVC pipe. The temperature obtained in the second pit is recorded as
temperature T2°C. First step, to start this process, record the temperature reading (T1, T2) inboth pits and PH (1, 2) values are noted. After that soil layer and (cow dung and saw dust
mixture) sample layers are filled alternatively one on the other of ¾ feet heights respectively.
Every 15 days the temperatures T1, T2 are recorded for each pit. We find that, there isdifference in temperature readings, due to decomposing rate are vary in each pit. One pit istreated under Anaerobic composting method and another with Aerobic composting method. The
maximum temperature reached by both pits are (P1-T1, P2-T2), depends upon the air received
by each pit from outside. So P2 is reaching high temperature at faster rate as compare to pit
P1. The time taken to reach the maximum temperature (65-75 °C) by each pit is only between(20-35) days. Periodic water supply to each pit gives increase life time of micro-organism life
period. After (30-40) days all microorganism will be destroyed. After that anaerobic treatment is
continued and temperature inside each pit gradually decreased when the days are increased.
After (4-5) months it is completely converted in to natural fertilizer. The final temperature isapproximately equal to atmospheric temperature. There is less in few degrees may be due toseasonal local land temperature influences. The final product does not have any temperature
variation, which gives an indication of end of process and it is ready to use as a fertilizer toagricultural land.
Railway Track Electrification Growth Details
The airport available in India is limited as compared with Railway Networks [24]. The Indian
central government established a -“Central Organization for Railway Electrification” in the year
19 February 1951 at Allahabad to monitor railway electrification conversion process in India.
Before Independence the length of rail track electrification may be laid down around 380 km.
(1951-52) and at present this tracks are also utilized by Indian Railway [25, 26]. Every 5-year plan,
the Indian railway electrification target was fixed and work was carried out/extended against thetarget value. Last year 2018-19, it is extended up to 35,000 km. out of 65,000 KM. of total track
length in India. So far track electrification completed in percentage is nearly 90percent against
total length. This process is continuously extended to create a “pollution free environment”, thatis zero carbon emission [27, 28]. The Indian government put lot of investment for this project andalso gives their top priority to electrification of tracks in India. For my paper, the author has amtaken, 5-year plan target completed from [9th to 13th plan] are consider–for tabulation and chart
were drawn (core-Indian railway-2019). The Railway track Electrification work completed invarious 5-year plans is given below: 16,000 km. (1997-2002) 17,000 km. (2002-07), 22,000 km.
69(2007-12) 30,000 km. (2012-17) and 35,000 km. (2017-22) respectively. The Modern Indian
railway will be converted, 100percent Electric track operation within the year 2023 (2022-23).
Figure 02: Railway Track Electrification in Different states as on 02.01.2019 in India

Electrification targeted in 5-year plan

IX-PLANXI-PLANXIII-PLAN

40,00035,00030,000Electrification in 25,000
20,000
KMs
15,00010,0005,000
035,0002,400 4,500

5,500

1,800

7,100

16,00022,00030,00017,000ELECTRIFIED

ELECTRIFIED/IN
PROGRESSIX-PLAN

2,400

16,000X-PLANXI-PLAN

4,500

22,000

XII-PLANXIII-PLAN

5,500

35,000X-PLAN

1,800

17,000

XII-PLAN

7,100

30,0005-year plan details in KMs

Recommendations
In general Rice straw, banana tree waste and saw dusts are burning in open ground. It creates
more air pollution. In year January 2020, Delhi city in India is more affected by rice/wheat straw
burning in open ground in particular period of time in the state of Punjab and U.P. So, thegovernment motivates the farmers to avoid open burning and adopt the composting method ofrecycling the cow dung, saw dust and other waste. Like Indian Railway Electrification, the roadtransport also adopts a new- techniques in cars and motor vehicle running under battery would
reduce air pollution further. Now in India this process is not an attractive one or in the initialstage only. Further motivation is required among the people and subsides may be increased
further, for new battery car/ motor vehicles purchase.
Conclusion
The village solid waste of obtained in the form of cow dung, saw waste , banana waste andcoconut waste are completely possible to convert into (100 percent) natural fertilizer using
compost method. By using natural fertilizer cultivation yields 20 percent increases in the banana
and paddy cultivation. The air pollution is completely reduced. It is very useful for coconut tree,
nursery garden and house garden also. It is the best choice to adopt it in future cultivation. To
obtain a great goal, each farmer should motivate further in India. It is the only way to regain ourland again and again. Diary firm also used these methods for low cost conversion process withless number of workers. Also, I find that, the possibility of 100 percent emission free zone ispossible by all railway tracks should converted in to electrified rail tracks. This electrification iscompletely done within one year and zero emission of carbon to atmosphere is ensured byIndian Railway in India. This supports reduction of air pollution in India and global warming.
Acknowledgement
The author is very much thankful to my guide Dr. B. Vijay Bhaskar, Department of Bio Energy,
School of Energy and Environmental Science, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil
Nadu, India to give a valuable suggestion to complete this paper as a valuable one and also
helping to publish in a journal.
70

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