Tagatose Promotes
Dental Health
FDA-Approved Health Claim (21 C.F.R. § 101.80)•“Frequent eating of foods high in sugars and starches as between-meal snacks can promote tooth decay.
Tagatose, the sugar used to sweeten this food, unlike other sugars, may reduce the risk of dental caries.”

EFSA-Approved General Function Claim (Commission Regulation (EU) No.
432/2012)•“Consumption of foods/ drinks containing D-tagatose instead of sugar contributes to the maintenance of toothmineralization”

Prevents Reductions in Plaque pH•••

Arla Foods Ingredients. Noncariogenicity Dental Health Claim Petition for D-tagatose. FDA-2002-P-0046-0003.
2002.
Hasibul K, Nakayama-Imaohji H, Hashimoto M, Yamasaki H, Ogawa T, Waki J, Tada A, Yoneda S, Tokuda M,
Miyake M, Kuwahara T. D-Tagatose inhibits the growth and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. Mol
Med Rep. 2018, 17(1):843-851. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8017.
Sawada D, Ogawa T, Miyake M, Hasui Y, Yamaguchi F, Izumori K, Tokuda M. Potent inhibitory effects of Dtagatose on the acid production and water-insoluble glucan synthesis of Streptococcus mutans GS5 in thepresence of sucrose. Acta Med Okayama. 2015, 69(2):105-11.

Reduces Growth of Acid-Tolerating Bacteria••

Hasibul K, Nakayama-Imaohji H, Hashimoto M, Yamasaki H, Ogawa T, Waki J, Tada A, Yoneda S, Tokuda M,
Miyake M, Kuwahara T. D-Tagatose inhibits the growth and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. Mol Med
Rep. 2018, 17(1):843-851. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8017.
Sawada D, Ogawa T, Miyake M, Hasui Y, Yamaguchi F, Izumori K, Tokuda M. Potent inhibitory effects of Dtagatose on the acid production and water-insoluble glucan synthesis of Streptococcus mutans GS5 in thepresence of sucrose. Acta Med Okayama. 2015, 69(2):105-11.

Reduces Production of Water-Insoluble Glucan•

Sawada D, Ogawa T, Miyake M, Hasui Y, Yamaguchi F, Izumori K, Tokuda M. Potent inhibitory effects of Dtagatose on the acid production and water-insoluble glucan synthesis of Streptococcus mutans GS5 in thepresence of sucrose. Acta Med Okayama. 2015, 69(2):105-11.

Removes Dental Plaque••

Levin, G.V. D-tagatose as an anti biofilm agent. U.S. Patent US 7,189,351B2. 2007.
Lu Y, Levin GV. Removal and prevention of dental plaque with d-tagatose.Int J Cosmet Sci. 2002, 24(4):225-34.
doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2494.2002.00141.x.

Prevents Dental Plaque Formation••

Hasibul K, Nakayama-Imaohji H, Hashimoto M, Yamasaki H, Ogawa T, Waki J, Tada A, Yoneda S, Tokuda M, Miyake
M, Kuwahara T. D-Tagatose inhibits the growth and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. Mol Med Rep.
2018, 17(1):843-851. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8017.
Levin, G.V. D-tagatose as an anti biofilm agent. U.S. Patent US 7,189,351B2. 2007.

Cleans Teeth•

Metzer S, Schmalzbauer B, Benzing K. Use of a monosaccharide for sub-and/or supragingival tooth cleaning. US
Patent application 2019/0099345A1. 2019.

Reduces Oral Disease•

1/2020

Levin, G.V. D-tagatose as an anti biofilm agent. U.S. Patent US 7,189,351B2. 2007.

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fasting
mM glucose % HbA1c
12
16.5
14.9

11

13.4

10

11.8

9

10.2

8

8.6

7

7.0

6

Tagatose Promotes
Glycemic Control

Reduces Fasting Glucose Levels••

Ensor M, Banfield AB, Smith RR, Williams J, Lodder RA. Safety and Efficacy of D-Tagatose in Glycemic Control in
Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. J Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015, 3(1): 1065.
Ensor M, Williams J, Smith R, Banfield A, Lodder RA. Effects of Three Low-Doses of D-Tagatose on Glycemic
Control Over Six Months in Subjects with Mild Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Under Control with Diet and Exercise. J
Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014, 2(4):1057.

Does Not Increase Fasting Glucose Levels
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•

Boesch C, Ith M, Jung B, Bruegger K, Erban S, Diamantis I, Kreis R, Bär A. Effect of oral D-tagatose on liver volume
and hepatic glycogen accumulation in healthy male volunteers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2001 33(2):257-67.
Buemann B, Toubro S, Astrup A. D-Tagatose, a stereoisomer of D-fructose, increases hydrogen production inhumans without affecting 24-hour energy expenditure or respiratory exchange ratio. J Nutr. 1998 128(9):1481-6.
Buemann B, Toubro S, Holst JJ, Rehfeld JF, Bibby BM, Astrup A. D-tagatose, a steroisomer of D-fructose,
increases blood uric acid concentration. Metabolism 2000, 49(8):969-76.
Collotta D, Lucarini L, Chiazza F, Cento AS, Durante M, Sgambellone S, Chini J, Baratta F, Aragno M, Mastrocola R,
Masini E, Collino M. Reduced Susceptibility to Sugar-Induced Metabolic Derangements and Impairments of
Myocardial Redox Signaling in Mice Chronically Fed with D-Tagatose when Compared to Fructose. Oxid Med Cell
Longev. 2018 Sep 19;2018:5042428. doi: 10.1155/2018/5042428.
Donner TW, Magder LS, Zarbalian K. Dietary supplementation with d-tagatose in subjects with type 2 diabetes
leads to weight loss and raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Nutr Res. 2010, 30(12):801-6.
Madenokoji N, Iino H, T S, Hayakawa J, M S. Blunting effect of D-tagatose on blood glucose when administeredorally with glucose in volunteer donors of boundary glycemic level. J Jap Soc Clin Nutr. 2003, 25(1):21-28.
Makris, N. Tagatose University of Maryland Clinical Study, Phase 2, Statistical Analysis for Biospherics Inc,
Beltsville, MD.
Police SB, Harris JC, Lodder RA, Cassis LA. Effect of diets containing sucrose vs. D-tagatose in
hypercholesterolemic mice. Obesity 2009, 17(2):269-75.
Saunders JP, Donner TW, Sadler JH, Levin GV, Makris NG. Effects of acute and repeated oral doses of D-tagatose
on plasma uric acid in normal and diabetic humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1999, 29(2 Pt 2):S57-65.
Yadav D, Kim SJ, Bae MA, Kim JR, Cho KH.The Ability of Different Ketohexoses to Alter Apo-A-I Structure andFunction In Vitro and to Induce Hepatosteatosis, Oxidative Stress, and Impaired Plasma Lipid Profile inHyperlipidemic Zebrafish. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018: 3124364.

Reduces Post-prandial Glucose Levels
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Adamsen E, Shimotsuura S, Koikeda T. Potential Interference of D-Tagatose with the Medical Treatment of
Diabetic Japanese Patients. Internal Study Report, Study 5, 2005.
Buemann B, Toubro S, Holst JJ, Rehfeld JF, Bibby BM, Astrup A. D-tagatose, a steroisomer of D-fructose,
increases blood uric acid concentration. Metabolism 2000, 49(8):969-76.
Donner TW, Wilber JF, Ostrowski D. D-tagatose, a novel hexose: acute effects on carbohydrate tolerance insubjects with and without type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Obes Metab. 1999, 1(5):285-91.
Kwak JH, Kim MS, Lee JH, Yang, YJ, Lee KH, Kim OY. Beneficial effect of tagatose consumption on postprandial
hyperglycemia in Koreans: a double-blind crossover designed study. Food Func. 2013, 4:1223.
Madenokoji N, Iino H, T S, Hayakawa J, M S. Blunting effect of D-tagatose on blood glucose when administeredorally with glucose in volunteer donors of boundary glycemic level. J Jap Soc Clin Nutr. 2003, 25(1):21-28.
Seri K, Sanai K, Shigenori N, Akino T. 1995. Prophylactic and Remedial Preparation for Diseases Attendant onHyperglycemia, and Wholesome Food. US Patent No. 5468734.
Wu T, Zhao BR, Bound MJ, Checklin HL, Bellon M, Little TJ, Young RL, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK. Effects
of different sweet preloads on incretin hormone secretion, gastric emptying, and postprandial glycemia in
healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012, 95(1):78-83.
Yamazaki Y, Nakamura S, Shimura F, Oku T. Maximum Permissive Dosage for Transitory Diarrhea, Estimation of
Available Energy, and Fate of D-tagatose in Healthy Female Subjects. Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi, 2011,
64(6): 403-413.

Reduces HbA1c Levels•••

Ensor M, Banfield AB, Smith RR, Williams J, Lodder RA. Safety and Efficacy of D-Tagatose in Glycemic Control in
Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. J Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015, 3(1): 1065.
Ensor M, Williams J, Smith R, Banfield A, Lodder RA. Effects of Three Low-Doses of D-Tagatose on Glycemic
Control Over Six Months in Subjects with Mild Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Under Control with Diet and Exercise. J
Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014, 2(4):1057.
Makris, N. Tagatose University of Maryland Clinical Study, Phase 2, Statistical Analysis for Biospherics Inc,
Beltsville, MD.

Does Not Increase HbA1c Levels•

5/2019Collotta D, Lucarini L, Chiazza F, Cento AS, Durante M, Sgambellone S, Chini J, Baratta F, Aragno M, Mastrocola R,
Masini E, Collino M. Reduced Susceptibility to Sugar-Induced Metabolic Derangements and Impairments of
Myocardial Redox Signaling in Mice Chronically Fed with D-Tagatose when Compared to Fructose. Oxid Med Cell
Longev. 2018:5042428. doi: 10.1155/2018/5042428.
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1/2

μIU/mL fasting insulin
21
18
15
12
9
6
3

Tagatose Promotes
Glycemic Control

Reduces Fasting Insulin Levels•••

Boesch C, Ith M, Jung B, Bruegger K, Erban S, Diamantis I, Kreis R, Bär A. Effect of oral D-tagatose on liver
volume and hepatic glycogen accumulation in healthy male volunteers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2001,
33(2):257-67.
Buemann B, Toubro S, Astrup A. D-Tagatose, a stereoisomer of D-fructose, increases hydrogen production inhumans without affecting 24-hour energy expenditure or respiratory exchange ratio. J Nutr. 1998,
128(9):1481-6.
Police SB, Harris JC, Lodder RA, Cassis LA. Effect of diets containing sucrose vs. D-tagatose in
hypercholesterolemic mice. Obesity 2009, 17(2):269-75.

Does Not Increase Fasting Insulin Levels
•
•
•
•
•
•

Ensor M, Banfield AB, Smith RR, Williams J, Lodder RA. Safety and Efficacy of D-Tagatose in Glycemic Control
in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. J Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015, 3(1): 1065.
Ensor M, Williams J, Smith R, Banfield A, Lodder RA. Effects of Three Low-Doses of D-Tagatose on Glycemic
Control Over Six Months in Subjects with Mild Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Under Control with Diet and Exercise.
J Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014, 2(4):1057.
Donner TW, Magder LS, Zarbalian K. Dietary supplementation with d-tagatose in subjects with type 2 diabetes
leads to weight loss and raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Nutr Res. 2010, 30(12):801-6.
Madenokoji N, Iino H, T S, Hayakawa J, M S. Blunting effect of D-tagatose on blood glucose whenadministered orally with glucose in volunteer donors of boundary glycemic level. J Jap Soc Clin Nutr. 2003,
25(1):21-28.
Makris, N. Tagatose University of Maryland Clinical Study, Phase 2, Statistical Analysis for Biospherics Inc,
Beltsville, MD.
Saunders JP, Donner TW, Sadler JH, Levin GV, Makris NG. Effects of acute and repeated oral doses of Dtagatose on plasma uric acid in normal and diabetic humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1999, 29(2 Pt 2):S57-65.

Reduces Post-prandial Insulin Levels
•

•
•

•
•

Boesch C, Ith M, Jung B, Bruegger K, Erban S, Diamantis I, Kreis R, Bär A. Effect of oral D-tagatose on liver
volume and hepatic glycogen accumulation in healthy male volunteers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2001,
33(2):257-67.
Buemann B, Toubro S, Holst JJ, Rehfeld JF, Bibby BM, Astrup A. D-tagatose, a steroisomer of D-fructose,
increases blood uric acid concentration. Metabolism 2000, 49(8):969-76.
New Study Confirms Low Carb Value of Tagatose; Finds Spherix’s Sweetener Has a Glycemic and Insulin
Response of 3 Percent | New Hope Network. Spherix Inc press release of Sydney University’s Glycaemic Index
Research Service. Glycaemic Index Research Report for Arla Foods. Internal Study Report.
http://www.newhope.com/news/new-study-confirms-low-carb-value-tagatose-finds-spherixs-sweetener-hasglycemic-and-insulin-re. Published 2004. Accessed December 14, 2017. Also published in
http://www.glycemicindex.com/foodSearch.php.
Wu T, Zhao BR, Bound MJ, Checklin HL, Bellon M, Little TJ, Young RL, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK.
Effects of different sweet preloads on incretin hormone secretion, gastric emptying, and postprandial
glycemia in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012, 95(1):78-83.
Yamazaki Y, Nakamura S, Shimura F, Oku T. Maximum Permissive Dosage for Transitory Diarrhea, Estimationof Available Energy, and Fate of D-tagatose in Healthy Female Subjects. Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi, 2011,
64(6): 403-413.

Promotes Glycogen Synthesis•

Ciudad CJ, Carabaza A, Bosch F, Gòmez I Foix AM, Guinovart JJ.Glycogen synthase activation by sugars in
isolated hepatocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1988, 264(1):30-9.

EFSA-Approved General Function Claim (Commission Regulation (EU) No.
432/2012)•

5/2019“Consumption of foods/ drinks containing D-tagatose instead of sugar induces a lower blood glucose rise after
their consumption compared to sugar- containing foods/drinks.”

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Tagatose is aPrebiotic
Fermented in Gut••

Buemann B, Toubro S, Astrup A. D-Tagatose, a stereoisomer of D-fructose, increases hydrogen production inhumans without affecting 24-hour energy expenditure or respiratory exchange ratio. J Nutr. 1998, 128(9):1481-6.
Yamazaki Y, Nakamura S, Shimura F, Oku T. Maximum Permissive Dosage for Transitory Diarrhea, Estimation of
Available Energy, and Fate of D-tagatose in Healthy Female Subjects. Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi 2011, 64(6):403-413.

Increases Levels of Beneficial Bacteria
•

•
•
•
•
•
•

Bertelsen H, Andersen H, Tvede M. Fermentation of D-tagatose by human intestinal bacteria and dairy lactic acidbacteria. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 2001, 13: 87–95.
Bertelsen H, Jensen BB, Buemann B. D-tagatose, a novel low-calorie bulk sweetener with prebiotic properties.
World Rev Nutr Diet 1999; 85: 98–109.
Jensen B, Buemann B. D-Tagatose. The influence of D- tagatose on bacterial composition and fermentation
capacity of faecal samples from human volunteers. Internal report of the Research Centre Foulum, Danish
Institute of Agricultural Science, for MD Foods amba. 1998.
Laerke HN, Jensen BB. D-tagatose has low small intestinal digestibility but high large intestinal fermentability inpigs. J Nutr. 1999, 129(5):1002-9.
Laerke HN, Jensen BB, Højsgaard S. In vitro fermentation pattern of D-tagatose is affected by adaptation of the
microbiota from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. J Nutr. 2000, 130(7):1772-9.
Liang Y-X, Wen P, Wang Y, OuYang D-M, Wang D, Chen Y-Z, Song Y, Deng J, Sun Y-M, Wang H. The ConstipationRelieving Property of d-Tagatose by Modulating the Composition of Gut Microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019,20(22):5721.
Venema K, Vermunt SHF, Brink EJ. D-tagatose increases butyrate production by the colonic microbiota in healthy
men and women. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 2005, 17: 47–57.

Increases Levels of Beneficial Short-Chain Fatty Acids
•
•
•
•
•
•

Bertelsen H, Jensen BB, Buemann B. D-tagatose, a novel low-calorie bulk sweetener with prebiotic properties.
World Rev Nutr Diet 1999, 85: 98–109.
Laerke HN, Jensen BB. D-tagatose has low small intestinal digestibility but high large intestinal fermentability inpigs. J Nutr. 1999, 129(5):1002-9.
Laerke HN, Jensen BB, Højsgaard S. In vitro fermentation pattern of D-tagatose is affected by adaptation of the
microbiota from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. J Nutr. 2000, 130(7):1772-9.
Normén L, Laerke HN, Jensen BB, Langkilde AM, Andersson H. Small-bowel absorption of D-tagatose andrelated effects on carbohydrate digestibility: an ileostomy study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001, 73(1):105-10.
Saunders JP, Zehner LR, Levin GV.Disposition of D-[U-14C]tagatose in the rat. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1999,
29(2 Pt 2):S46-56.
Venema K, Vermunt SHF, Brink EJ. D-tagatose increases butyrate production by the colonic microbiota in healthy
men and women. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 2005, 17: 47–57.

Increases Prebiotic Activity•

Koh JH, Choi SH, Park SW. et al. Synbiotic impact of tagatose on viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG
mediated by the phosphotransferase system (PTS). Food Microbiology 2013, 36(1): 7-13.

Prebiotic Activity Stabilized in Milk•

5/2019Rouhi M, Mohammadi R, Mortazavian AM, Sarlak Z. Combined effects of replacement of sucrose with Dtagatose and addition of different probiotic strains on quality characteristics of chocolate milk. Dairy Sci. &Technol. 2015, 95:115–133.

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LIPID PROFILEHDL (“good”)
LDL (“bad”)
VLDL (“bad”)
Total Cholesterol
Triglcyerides

Tagatose Promotes a
Healthy Lipid Profile

Reduces Total Cholesterol Levels•••

Ensor M, Banfield AB, Smith RR, Williams J, Lodder RA. Safety and Efficacy of D-Tagatose in Glycemic Control in
Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. J Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015, 3(1): 1065.
Ensor M, Williams J, Banfield A, Smith R, Lodder R. Effect of BSN272 on Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis in
LDLr-/- Mice. Webmed Central 2016, https://www.webmedcentral.com/wmcpdf/Article_WMC005227.pdf.
Police SB, Harris JC, Lodder RA, Cassis LA. Effect of diets containing sucrose vs. D-tagatose in
hypercholesterolemic mice. Obesity 2009, 17(2):269-75.

Increases HDL Levels•

Donner TW, Magder LS, Zarbalian K. Dietary supplementation with d-tagatose in subjects with type 2 diabetes
leads to weight loss and raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Nutr Res. 2010, 30(12):801-6.

Does Not Decrease HDL Levels•

Collotta D, Lucarini L, Chiazza F, Cento AS, Durante M, Sgambellone S, Chini J, Baratta F, Aragno M, Mastrocola R,
Masini E, Collino M. Reduced Susceptibility to Sugar-Induced Metabolic Derangements and Impairments of
Myocardial Redox Signaling in Mice Chronically Fed with D-Tagatose when Compared to Fructose. Oxid Med Cell
Longev. 2018:5042428. doi: 10.1155/2018/5042428.

Reduces LDL and VLDL Levels••

Ensor M, Banfield AB, Smith RR, Williams J, Lodder RA. Safety and Efficacy of D-Tagatose in Glycemic Control in
Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. J Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015, 3(1): 1065.
Police SB, Harris JC, Lodder RA, Cassis LA. Effect of diets containing sucrose vs. D-tagatose in
hypercholesterolemic mice. Obesity 2009, 17(2):269-75.

Does Not Increase LDL Levels•

Collotta D, Lucarini L, Chiazza F, Cento AS, Durante M, Sgambellone S, Chini J, Baratta F, Aragno M, Mastrocola R,
Masini E, Collino M. Reduced Susceptibility to Sugar-Induced Metabolic Derangements and Impairments of
Myocardial Redox Signaling in Mice Chronically Fed with D-Tagatose when Compared to Fructose. Oxid Med Cell
Longev. 2018:5042428. doi: 10.1155/2018/5042428.

Reduces Triglyceride Levels
•

•
•
•

Buemann B, Toubro S, Astrup A. D-Tagatose, a stereoisomer of D-fructose, increases hydrogen production inhumans without affecting 24-hour energy expenditure or respiratory exchange ratio. J Nutr. 1998, 128(9):14816.
Ensor M, Williams J, Banfield A, Smith R, Lodder R. Effect of BSN272 on Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis in
LDLr-/- Mice. Webmed Central 2016, https://www.webmedcentral.com/wmcpdf/Article_WMC005227.pdf.
Police SB, Harris JC, Lodder RA, Cassis LA. Effect of diets containing sucrose vs. D-tagatose in
hypercholesterolemic mice. Obesity 2009, 17(2):269-75.
Williams J, Ensor C, Gardner S, Smith R, Lodder R. BSN723T Prevents Atherosclerosis and Weight Gain in ApoE
Knockout Mice Fed a Western Diet. Webmedcentral 2015, 6(12).

Does Not Increase Triglyceride Levels•

5/2019Collotta D, Lucarini L, Chiazza F, Cento AS, Durante M, Sgambellone S, Chini J, Baratta F, Aragno M, Mastrocola R,
Masini E, Collino M. Reduced Susceptibility to Sugar-Induced Metabolic Derangements and Impairments of
Myocardial Redox Signaling in Mice Chronically Fed with D-Tagatose when Compared to Fructose. Oxid Med Cell
Longev. 2018:5042428. doi: 10.1155/2018/5042428.

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150.0lbs

Tagatose Reduces
Cardiovascular Disease
Risk

Reduces Body Weight
•

•
•
•
•

Collotta D, Lucarini L, Chiazza F, Cento AS, Durante M, Sgambellone S, Chini J, Baratta F, Aragno M, Mastrocola R,
Masini E, Collino M. Reduced Susceptibility to Sugar-Induced Metabolic Derangements and Impairments of
Myocardial Redox Signaling in Mice Chronically Fed with D-Tagatose when Compared to Fructose. Oxid Med Cell
Longev. 2018:5042428. doi: 10.1155/2018/5042428.
Donner TW, Magder LS, Zarbalian K. Dietary supplementation with d-tagatose in subjects with type 2 diabetes
leads to weight loss and raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Nutr Res. 2010, 30(12):801-6.
Ensor M, Williams J, Smith R, Banfield A, Lodder RA. Effects of Three Low-Doses of D-Tagatose on Glycemic
Control Over Six Months in Subjects with Mild Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Under Control with Diet and Exercise. J
Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014, 2(4):1057.
Makris, N. Tagatose University of Maryland Clinical Study, Phase 2, Statistical Analysis for Biospherics Inc,
Beltsville, MD.
Metts B, Thatcher S, Lewis E, Karounos M, Cassis L, Smith R, Lodder RA. DDDAS Design of Drug Interventions for
the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in ApoE-/- Mice. J Dev Drugs. 2013, 2(2): 107.

Reduces Atherogenicity of Oxidized Cholesterol•

Yadav D, Kim SJ, Bae MA, Kim JR, Cho KH.The Ability of Different Ketohexoses to Alter Apo-A-I Structure andFunction In Vitro and to Induce Hepatosteatosis, Oxidative Stress, and Impaired Plasma Lipid Profile inHyperlipidemic Zebrafish. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018:3124364.

Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Development•••

Metts B, Thatcher S, Lewis E, Karounos M, Cassis L, Smith R, Lodder RA. DDDAS Design of Drug Interventions for
the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in ApoE-/- Mice. J Dev Drugs. 2013, 2(2): 107.
Police SB, Harris JC, Lodder RA, Cassis LA. Effect of diets containing sucrose vs. D-tagatose in
hypercholesterolemic mice. Obesity 2009, 17(2):269-75.
Williams J, Ensor C, Gardner S, Smith R, Lodder R. BSN723T Prevents Atherosclerosis and Weight Gain in ApoE
Knockout Mice Fed a Western Diet. Webmedcentral. 2015, 6(12).

Reduces Fat Cell Inflammation•

Police SB, Harris JC, Lodder RA, Cassis LA. Effect of diets containing sucrose vs. D-tagatose in
hypercholesterolemic mice. Obesity 2009, 17(2):269-75.

Reduces Fatty Liver•

Yadav D, Kim SJ, Bae MA, Kim JR, Cho KH.The Ability of Different Ketohexoses to Alter Apo-A-I Structure andFunction In Vitro and to Induce Hepatosteatosis, Oxidative Stress, and Impaired Plasma Lipid Profile inHyperlipidemic Zebrafish. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018:3124364.

Preserves Kidney Function•

Collotta D, Lucarini L, Chiazza F, Cento AS, Durante M, Sgambellone S, Chini J, Baratta F, Aragno M, Mastrocola
R, Masini E, Collino M. Reduced Susceptibility to Sugar-Induced Metabolic Derangements and Impairments of
Myocardial Redox Signaling in Mice Chronically Fed with D-Tagatose when Compared to Fructose. Oxid Med
Cell Longev. 2018:5042428. doi: 10.1155/2018/5042428.

Does Not Induce Inflammation or Oxidative Stress•

Collotta D, Lucarini L, Chiazza F, Cento AS, Durante M, Sgambellone S, Chini J, Baratta F, Aragno M, Mastrocola R,
Masini E, Collino M. Reduced Susceptibility to Sugar-Induced Metabolic Derangements and Impairments of
Myocardial Redox Signaling in Mice Chronically Fed with D-Tagatose when Compared to Fructose. Oxid Med Cell
Longev. 2018:5042428. doi: 10.1155/2018/5042428.

Improves Efficacy of Antibiotics•

Levin, G.V. D-tagatose as an anti biofilm agent. U.S. Patent US 7,189,351B2. 2007.

Reduces Infection Risk•

1/2020

Levin, G.V. D-tagatose as an anti biofilm agent. U.S. Patent US 7,189,351B2. 2007.

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Tagatose Increases
Satiety
Increases Levels of Satiety Hormones••

Buemann B, Toubro S, Holst JJ, Rehfeld JF, Bibby BM, Astrup A. D-tagatose, a steroisomer of D-fructose,
increases blood uric acid concentration. Metabolism 2000, 49(8):969-76.
Wu T, Zhao BR, Bound MJ, Checklin HL, Bellon M, Little TJ, Young RL, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK. Effects
of different sweet preloads on incretin hormone secretion, gastric emptying, and postprandial glycemia in
healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012, 95(1):78-83.

Slows Gastric Emptying•

Wu T, Zhao BR, Bound MJ, Checklin HL, Bellon M, Little TJ, Young RL, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK. Effects
of different sweet preloads on incretin hormone secretion, gastric emptying, and postprandial glycemia in
healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012, 95(1):78-83.

Increases “Fullness”•

Wu T, Zhao BR, Bound MJ, Checklin HL, Bellon M, Little TJ, Young RL, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK. Effects
of different sweet preloads on incretin hormone secretion, gastric emptying, and postprandial glycemia in
healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012, 95(1):78-83.

Reduces Food Intake•••

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Buemann B, Toubro S, Raben A, Blundell J, Astrup A. The acute effect of D-tagatose on food intake in humansubjects. Br J Nutr. 2000, 84(2):227-31.
Kruger CL, Whittaker MH, Frankos VH, Trimmer, GW. 90-Day oral toxicity study of D-tagatose in rats.
Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology:RTP 1999, 29(2Pt2):S1-10.
Police SB, Harris JC, Lodder RA, Cassis LA. Effect of diets containing sucrose vs. D-tagatose in
hypercholesterolemic mice. Obesity 2009, 17(2):269-75.

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Tagatose:

Preliminary Findings
Inhibits Sucrose Transporters•

Seri K, Sanai K, Shigenori N, Akino T. 1995. Prophylactic and Remedial Preparation for Diseases Attendant onHyperglycemia, and Wholesome Food. US Patent No. 5468734.

Reduces Cell Death•••

Paterna JC, Boess F, Stäubli A, Boelsterli UA. Antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of D-tagatose in cultured
murine hepatocytes.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1998, 148(1):117-25.
Valeri F, Boess F, Wolf A, Göldlin C, Boelsterli UA. Fructose and tagatose protect against oxidative cell injury byiron chelation. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997, 22(1-2):257-68.
Zeid IM, Bronk SF, Fesmier PJ, Gores GJ. Cytoprotection by fructose and other ketohexoses during bile saltinduced apoptosis of hepatocytes. Hepatology 1997, 25(1):81-6.

Increases Antioxidant Capacity••

Mooradian AD, Haas MJ, Onstead-Haas L, Tani Y, Iida T, Tokuda M. Naturally occurring rare sugars are free radical
scavengers and can ameliorate endoplasmic reticulum stress. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2019 Feb 26:1-11. doi:
10.1024/0300-9831/a000517.
Yadav D, Kim SJ, Bae MA, Kim JR, Cho KH.The Ability of Different Ketohexoses to Alter Apo-A-I Structure andFunction In Vitro and to Induce Hepatosteatosis, Oxidative Stress, and Impaired Plasma Lipid Profile inHyperlipidemic Zebrafish. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018: 3124364.

Anti-microbial•••

Bautista DA, Pegg RB, Shand PJ. Effect of L-glucose and D-tagatose on bacterial growth in media and a cooked
cured ham product. J Food Prot. 2000, 63(1):71-7.
Hayer K, Stratford M, Archer DB. Structural features of sugars that trigger or support conidial germination in thefilamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(22):6924–6931.
Kang K-M, Park C-S, Lee S-H. Effects of D-Tagatose on the Growth of Intestinal Microflora and the Fermentationof Yogurt. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2013, 42(3):348-354.

Promotes Fetal Development•

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Levin GV, 2001. Increased fertility and improved fetal development drug. U.S. Patent No. 6,225,452B1.

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Tagatose ModulatesPlant Health
Pathogen Protection
•

•
•
•
•
•

Hayer K, Stratford M, Archer DB. Structural features of sugars that trigger or support conidial germination in thefilamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(22):6924–6931.
Komon-Zelazowska M, Bissett J, Zafari D, et al. Genetically closely related but phenotypically divergent
Trichoderma species cause green mold disease in oyster mushroom farms worldwide. Appl Environ Microbiol.
2007;73(22):7415–7426.
Ohara T, Ishida Y, Kudou R, Kakibuchi K, Akimitsu K, Izumori K, Tajima, S. 2015. Plant disease control agent
comprising D-tagatose as active ingredient, and plant disease control method. US Patent 9,125,409.
Ohara TY, Tanaka KY, Ishizaki SY, Kato SY, Akimitsu KK, Izumori KK. 2014. Composition for enhancing plantdisease control effect of monosaccharide. Patent Application PCT/JP2014/056181
Perazzolli M, Nesler A, Giovannini O, Antonielli L, Puopolo G, Pertot I. Ecological impact of a rare sugar on
grapevine phyllosphere microbial communities [published online ahead of print, 2019 Nov 26]. Microbiol Res.
2019;232:126387. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2019.126387
Shakeri-Garakani A, Brinkkötter A, Schmid K, Turgut S, Lengeler JW. The genes and enzymes for the catabolism
of galactitol, D-tagatose, and related carbohydrates in Klebsiella oxytoca M5a1 and other enteric bacteria display
convergent evolution. Mol Genet Genomics. 2004;271(6):717–728.

Induces Systemic Acquired Resistance• Akimitsu K, Takeshi I, Shigeyuki T, Mika T, Masaaki T, Yutaka I, Kazumasa K, Rika K. 2006. Use of Rare Sugar for
Plants or Microbes, Japanese Patent 2006008669.

Does Not Impair Seed Germination• Akimitsu K, Takeshi I, Shigeyuki T, Mika T, Masaaki T, Yutaka I, Kazumasa K, Rika K. 2006. Use of Rare Sugar for
Plants or Microbes, Japanese Patent 2006008669.

Does Not Impair Tomato Production• Yamada Y, Kakibuchi K, Kozuki A, Ishkia Y, Izumori K, Tajima S, Akimitsu K, Ohkouchki T, Kasai F. Effects of theRare Sugars D-psicose and D-tagatose on the Sugar Content and Incidence of Blossom End Rot in Tomato Grown
Hydroponically with Salinity Treatment. Environmental Control in Biology 2014, 52(3):155-160.

May Affect Flowering• Ishida Y, Kakibuchi K, Aritomo H, Kudo R, Kozuki A, Izumori K, Tajima S, Akimitsu K, Tanaka K, Ohkouchi T. 2011.
Effects of rare sugars on the flower bud differentiation of plants. In: Proc. 5th International Symposium of Rare
Sugars, Kagawa, 9-12 November, p 60.

Supports Beneficial Endophytes (Plant Bacteria)••••

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Bertelsen H, Andersen H, Tvede M. Fermentation of D-tagatose by human intestinal bacteria and dairy lactic acidbacteria. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2001; 13: 87–95.
Perazzolli M, Nesler A, Giovannini O, Antonielli L, Puopolo G, Pertot I. Ecological impact of a rare sugar on
grapevine phyllosphere microbial communities [published online ahead of print, 2019 Nov 26]. Microbiol Res.
2019;232:126387. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2019.126387
Van der Heiden E, Delmarcelle M, Lebrun S, et al. A pathway closely related to the (D)-tagatose pathway of gramnegative enterobacteria identified in the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus licheniformis. Appl Environ Microbiol.
2013;79(11):3511–3515.
Yang H, Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP. Substrate utilization by endophytic bacteria Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b2R that may facilitate bacterial entrance and survival inside diverse plant hosts. Facets 2017, 2(1):120-130.

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