Literature list accompanying presentation by Heike Wex et al., on
Ice nucleating particles (INP) in the atmosphere
Held online on March 16 2022,
as part of the Virtual lecture series-Cloud and Precipitation Physics and Dynamics.
First, citations from the oral presentations are given. Below, starting on page 7, are citations touched
upon during the discussion.
Ansmann, A., M. Tesche, D. Althausen, D. Müller, P. Seifert, V. Freudenthaler, B. Heese, M. Wiegner, G.
Pisani, P. Knippertz, and O. Dubovnik (2008), Influence of Saharan dust on cloud glaciation in southern
Morocco during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 113(D04210),
doi:10.1029/2007JD008785.
Atkinson, J. D., B. J. Murray, M. T. Woodhouse, T. F. Whale, K. J. Baustian, K. S. Carslaw, S. Dobbie, D.
O'Sullivan, and T. L. Malkin (2013), The importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in
mixed-phase clouds, Nature, 498(7454), 355-358, doi:10.1038/nature12278.
Augustin, S., H. Wex, D. Niedermeier, B. Pummer, H. Grothe, S. Hartmann, L. Tomsche, T. Clauss, J.
Voigtländer, K. Ignatius, and F. Stratmann (2013), Immersion freezing of birch pollen washing water,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10989–11003, doi:10.5194/acp-13-10989-2013.
Augustin-Bauditz, S., H. Wex, S. Kanter, M. Ebert, F. Stolz, A. Prager, D. Niedermeier, and F. Stratmann(2014), The immersion mode ice nucleation behavior of mineral dusts: A comparison of different pureand surface modified dusts Geophys. Res. Lett., 41(20), 7375-7382, doi:10.1002/2014GL061317.
Barry, K. R., T. C. J. Hill, C. Jentzsch, B. F. Moffett, F. Stratmann, and P. J. DeMott (2021), Pragmatic
protocols for working cleanly when measuring ice nucleating particles, Atmos. Res., 250,
doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105419.
Budke, C., and T. Koop (2015), BINARY: an optical freezing array for assessing temperature and timedependence of heterogeneous ice nucleation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 689-703, doi:10.5194/amt-8-6892015.
Chen, J., Z. Wu, S. Augustin-Bauditz, S. Grawe, M. Hartmann, X. Pei, Z. Liu, D. Ji, and H. Wex (2018), Ice
nucleating particle concentrations unaffected by urban air pollution in Beijing, China, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 18, 3523–3539, doi:10.5194/acp-18-3523-2018.
Chen, J. C., Z. J. Wu, J. Chen, N. Reicher, X. Fang, Y. Rudich, and M. Hu (2021), Size-resolved atmospheric
ice-nucleating particles during East Asian dust events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21(5), 3491-3506,
doi:10.5194/acp-21-3491-2021.
Choi, Y. S., R. S. Lindzen, C. H. Ho, and J. Kim (2010), Space observations of cold-cloud phase change,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107(25), 11211-11216, doi:10.1073/pnas.1006241107.
Coluzza, I., J. Creamean, M. J. Rossi, H. Wex, P. A. Alpert, V. Bianco, Y. Boose, C. Dellago, L. Felgitsch, J.
Fröhlich-Nowoisky, H. Herrmann, S. Jungblut, Z. A. Kanji, G. Menzl, B. Moffett, C. Moritz, A. Mutzel, U.
Pöschel, M. Schauperl, J. Scheel, E. Stopelli, F. Stratmann, H. Grothe, and D. G. Schmale, III (2017),

Perspectives on the future of ice nucleation research: Research needs and unanswered questions
identified from two international workshops, Atmosphere, 8(138), doi:10.3390/atmos8080138.
Conen, F., S. Henne, C. E. Morris, and C. Alewell (2012), Atmospheric ice nucleators active >=-12 degrees
C can be quantified on PM10 filters, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5(2), 321-327, doi:10.5194/amt-5-321-2012.
Creamean, J. M., R. M. Kirpes, K. A. Pratt, N. J. Spada, M. Maahn, G. de Boer, R. C. Schnell, and S. China(2018), Marine and terrestrial influences on ice nucleating particles during continuous springtime
measurements in an Arctic oilfield location, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 18023–18042, doi:10.5194/acp-1818023-2018.
Cziczo, D. J., L. A. Ladino Moreno, Y. Boose, Z. A. Kanji, P. Kupiszewski, S. Lance, S. Mertes, and H. Wex(2017), Chapter 8: Measurements of ice nucleating particles and ice residuals, in Ice Formation and
Evolution in Clouds and Precipitation: Measurement and Modeling Challenges, edited, Meteor. Monogr.,
doi:10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0008.1.
de Boer, G., H. Morrison, M. D. Shupe, and R. Hildner (2011), Evidence of liquid dependent ice nucleationin high-latitude stratiform clouds from surface remote sensors, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L01803,
doi:10.1029/2010gl046016.
Garimella, S., T. B. Kristensen, K. Ignatius, A. Welti, J. Voigtländer, G. R. Kulkarni, F. Sagan, G. L. Kok, J.
Dorsey, L. Nichman, D. A. Rothenberg, M. Rösch, A. C. R. Kirchgäßner, R. Ladkin, H. Wex, T. W. Wilson, L.
A. Ladino, J. P. D. Abbatt, O. Stetzer, U. Lohmann, F. Stratmann, and D. J. Cziczo (2016), The
SPectrometer for Ice Nuclei (SPIN): An instrument to investigate ice nucleation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9,2781–2795, doi:10.5194/amt-9-2781-2016.
Gong, X., H. Wex, M. van Pinxteren, N. Triesch, K. W. Fomba, J. Lubitz, C. Stolle, B. Robinson, T. Müller, H.
Herrmann, and F. Stratmann (2020), Characterization of aerosol particles at Cape Verde close to sea andcloud level heights - Part 2: ice nucleating particles in air, cloud and seawater, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20,
1451-1468, doi:10.5194/acp-20-1451-2020.
Gong, X., M. Radenz, H. Wex, P. Seifert, F. Ataei, S. Henning, H. Baars, B. Barja, A. Ansmann, and F.
Stratmann (2022), Significant continental source of ice-nucleating particles at the tip of Chile’s
southernmost Patagonia region, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., doi:10.5194/acp-2022-71.
Hartmann, S., D. Niedermeier, J. Voigtländer, T. Clauss, R. A. Shaw, H. Wex, A. Kiselev, and F. Stratmann(2011), Homogeneous and heterogeneous ice nucleation at LACIS: Operating principle and theoreticalstudies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1753–1767, doi:10.5194/acp-11-1753-2011.
Hartmann, S., S. Augustin, T. Clauss, H. Wex, T. Santl Temkiv, J. Voigtländer, D. Niedermeier, and F.
Stratmann (2013), Immersion freezing of ice nucleating active protein complexes, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
13, 5751-5766, doi:10.5194/acp-13-5751-2013.
Hartmann, S., H. Wex, T. Clauss, S. Augustin-Bauditz, D. Niedermeier, M. Rösch, and F. Stratmann (2016),
Immersion freezing of kaolinite - scaling with particle surface area, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 263-278,
doi:10.1175/JAS-D-15-0057.1.
Hartmann, M., T. Blunier, S. O. Brügger, J. Schmale, M. Schwikowski, A. Vogel, H. Wex, and F. Stratmann(2019), Variation of ice nucleating particles in the European Arctic over the last centuries, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 46, doi:10.1029/2019GL082311.

Hartmann, S., A. Zipori, M. L. Ling, K. Finster, S. Grawe, L. Z. Jensen, S. Borck, N. Reicher, D. Niedermeier,H. Wex, Y. Rudich, T. Boesen, and T. Santl-Temkiv (2020), The Relationship Between Structure andFunction in Bacterial Ice Nucleation Proteins, Science Advances.
Hartmann, M., X. Gong, S. Kecorius, M. van Pinxteren, T. Vogl, A. Welti, H. Wex, S. Zeppenfeld, H.
Herrmann, A. Wiedensohler, and F. Stratmann (2021), Terrestrial or marine? – Indications towards theorigin of Ice Nucleating Particles during melt season in the European Arctic up to 83.7°N, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 21, 11613-11636, doi:10.5194/acp-21-11613-2021.
Hill, T. C. J., B. F. Moffett, P. J. DeMott, D. G. Georgakopoulos, W. L. Stump, and G. D. Franc (2014),
Measurement of ice nucleation-active bacteria on plants and in precipitation by quantitative PCR, Appl.
Environ. Microbiol., 80(4), 1256-1267, doi:10.1128/aem.02967-13.
Hill, T. C. J., P. J. DeMott, Y. Tobo, J. Froehlich-Nowoisky, B. F. Moffett, G. D. Franc, and S. M. Kreidenweis(2016), Sources of organic ice nucleating particles in soils, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16(11), 7195-7211,
doi:10.5194/acp-16-7195-2016.
Hoffmann, N., A. Kiselev, D. Rzesanke, D. Duft, and T. Leisner (2013), Experimental quantification ofcontact freezing in an electrodynamic balance, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2373-2382.
Hoose, C., and O. Möhler (2012), Heterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols: A review ofresults from laboratory experiments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9817–9854, doi:10.5194/acp-12-98172012.
Kanji, Z. A., L. A. Ladino, H. Wex, Y. Boose, M. Kohn, D. Cziczo, and M. Krämer (2017), Chapter 1:
Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles, in Ice Formation and Evolution in Clouds and Precipitation:
Measurement and Modeling Challenges, edited, Meteor. Monogr., doi:10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D16-0006.1.
Huffman, J. A., A. J. Prenni, P. J. DeMott, C. Pohlker, R. H. Mason, N. H. Robinson, J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Y.
Tobo, V. R. Despres, E. Garcia, D. J. Gochis, E. Harris, I. Mueller-Germann, C. Ruzene, B. Schmer, B. Sinha,
D. A. Day, M. O. Andreae, J. L. Jimenez, M. Gallagher, S. M. Kreidenweis, A. K. Bertram, and U. Poeschl(2013), High concentrations of biological aerosol particles and ice nuclei during and after rain, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 13(13), 6151-6164, doi:10.5194/acp-13-6151-2013.
Irish, V. E., P. Elizondo, J. Chen, C. Chou, J. Charette, M. Lizotte, L. A. Ladino, T. W. Wilson, M. Gosselin, B.
J. Murray, E. Polishchuk, J. P. D. Abbatt, L. A. Miller, and A. K. Bertram (2017), Ice-nucleating particles in
Canadian Arctic sea-surface microlayer and bulk seawater, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17(17), 10583-10595,
doi:10.5194/acp-17-10583-2017.
Karydis, V. A., P. Kumar, D. Barahona, I. N. Sokolik, and A. Nenes (2011), On the effect of dust particles on
global cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet number, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116(D23204),
doi:10.1029/2011jd016283.
Kiselev, A., F. Bachmann, P. Pedevilla, S. J. Cox, A. Michaelides, D. Gerthsen, and T. Leisner (2016), Active
sites in heterogeneous ice nucleation—the example of K-rich feldspars, Science,
doi:10.1126/science.aai8034.
Knackstedt, K. A., B. F. Moffett, S. Hartmann, H. Wex, T. C. Hill, E. D. Glasgo, L. A. Reitz, S. AugustinBauditz, B. F. N. Beall, G. S. Bullerjahn, J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, S. Grawe, J. Lubitz, and R. M. L. McKay(2018), A terrestrial origin for abundant riverine nanoscale ice-nucleating particles, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
12358−12367, doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b03881.

Marcolli, C. (2014), Deposition nucleation viewed as homogeneous or immersion freezing in pores andcavities, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14(4), 2071-2104, doi:10.5194/acp-14-2071-2014.
Mason, R. H., M. Si, C. Chou, V. E. Irish, R. Dickie, P. Elizondo, R. Wong, M. Brintnell, M. Elsasser, W. M.
Lassar, K. M. Pierce, W. R. Leaitch, A. M. MacDonald, A. Platt, D. Toom-Sauntry, R. Sarda-Esteve, C. L.
Schiller, K. J. Suski, T. C. J. Hill, J. P. D. Abbatt, J. A. Huffman, P. J. DeMott, and A. K. Bertram (2016), Sizeresolved measurements of ice-nucleating particles at six locations in North America and one in Europe,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16(3), 1637-1651, doi:10.5194/acp-16-1637-2016.
McCluskey, C. S., J. Ovadnevaite, M. Rinaldi, J. Atkinson, F. Belosi, D. Ceburnis, S. Marullo, T. C. J. Hill, U.
Lohmann, Z. A. Kanji, C. O'Dowd, S. M. Kreidenweis, and P. J. DeMott (2018a), Marine and Terrestrial
Organic Ice-Nucleating Particles in Pristine Marine to Continentally Influenced Northeast Atlantic Air
Masses, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123(11), 6196-6212, doi:10.1029/2017jd028033.
McCluskey, C. S., T. C. J. Hill, R. S. Humphries, A. M. Rauker, S. Moreau, P. G. Strutton, S. D. Chambers, A.
G. Williams, I. McRobert, J. Ward, M. D. Keywood, J. Harnwell, W. Ponsonby, Z. M. Loh, P. B. Krummel, A.
Protat, S. M. Kreidenweis, and P. J. DeMott (2018b), Observations of Ice Nucleating Particles overSouthern Ocean waters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45(21), 11989-11997, doi:10.1029/2018gl079981.
Möhler, O., M. Adams, L. Lacher, F. Vogel, J. Nadolny, R. Ullrich, C. Boffo, T. Pfeuffer, A. Hobl, M. Weiss,
H. S. K. Vepuri, N. Hiranuma, and B. J. Murray (2021), The Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment (PINE): a
new online instrument for laboratory studies and automated long-term field observations of icenucleating particles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14(2), 1143-1166, doi:10.5194/amt-14-1143-2021.
Murray, B. J., D. O'Sullivan, J. D. Atkinson, and M. E. Webb (2012), Ice nucleation by particles immersed
in supercooled cloud droplets, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6519-6554, doi:10.1039/c2cs35200a.
Niemand, M., O. Moehler, B. Vogel, H. Vogel, C. Hoose, P. Connolly, H. Klein, H. Bingemer, P. DeMott, J.
Skrotzki, and T. Leisner (2012), A particle-surface-area-based parameterization of immersion freezing ondesert dust particles, J. Atmos. Sci., 69(10), 3077-3092, doi:10.1175/jas-d-11-0249.1.
O'Sullivan, D., M. P. Adams, M. D. Tarn, A. D. Harrison, J. Vergara-Temprado, G. C. E. Porter, M. A.
Holden, A. Sanchez-Marroquin, F. Carotenuto, T. F. Whale, J. B. McQuaid, R. Walshaw, D. H. P. Hedges, I.
T. Burke, Z. Cui, and B. J. Murray (2018), Contributions of biogenic material to the atmospheric icenucleating particle population in North Western Europe, Scientific Reports, 8, 13821,
doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31981-7.
Peckhaus, A., A. Kiselev, T. Hiron, M. Ebert, and T. Leisner (2016), A comparative study of K-rich and
Na/Ca-rich feldspar ice-nucleating particles in a nanoliter droplet freezing assay, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16,11477-11496, doi:10.5194/acp-16-11477-2016.
Petters, M. D., and T. P. Wright (2015), Revisiting ice nucleation from precipitation samples, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 42(20), 8758-8766, doi:10.1002/2015gl065733.
Polen, M., T. Brubaker, J. Somers, and R. C. Sullivan (2018), Cleaning up our water: reducing
interferences from nonhomogeneous freezing of “pure” water in droplet freezing assays of icenucleating particles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5315–5334, doi:10.5194/amt-11-5315-2018.
Porter, G. C. E., M. P. Adams, I. M. Brooks, L. Ickes, L. Karlsson, C. Leck, M. E. Salter, J. Schmale, K. Siegel,
S. N. F. Sikora, M. D. Tarn, J. Vüllers, H. Wernli, P. Zieger, J. Zinke, and B. J. Murray (2022), Highly active
ice-nucleating particles at the summer North Pole, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., in print,
doi:10.1029/2021JD036059.

Pummer, B. G., C. Budke, S. Augustin-Bauditz, D. Niedermeier, L. Felgitsch, C. J. Kampf, R. G. Huber, K. R.
Liedl, T. Loerting, T. Moschen, M. Schauperl, M. Tollinger, C. E. Morris, H. Wex, H. Grothe, U. Pöschl, T.
Koop, and J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky (2015), Ice nucleation by water-soluble macromolecules, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 15, 4077–4091, doi:10.5194/acp-15-4077-2015.
Rogers, D. C. (1988), Development of a continuous flow thermal gradient diffusion chamber for ice
nucleation studies, Atmos. Res., 22, 149-181.
Šantl-Temkiv, T., R. Lange, D. Beddows, U. Rauter, S. Pilgaard, M. Dall’Osto, N. Gunde-Cimerman, A.
Massling, and H. Wex (2019), Biogenic sources of Ice Nucleation Particles at the high Arctic site Villum
Research Station, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53(18), 10580-10590, doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b00991.
Sanchez-Marroquin, A., O. Arnalds, K. J. Baustian-Dorsi, J. Browse, P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova, A. D.
Harrison, E. C. Maters, K. J. Pringle, J. Vergara-Temprado, I. T. Burke, J. B. McQuaid, K. S. Carslaw, and B.
J. Murray (2020), Iceland is an episodic source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles relevant for mixedphase clouds, Science Advances, 6(26), doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba8137.
Schneider, J., K. Hohler, P. Heikkila, J. Keskinen, B. Bertozzi, P. Bogert, T. Schorr, N. S. Umo, F. Vogel, Z.
Brasseur, Y. S. Wu, S. Hakala, J. Duplissy, D. Moisseev, M. Kulmala, M. P. Adams, B. J. Murray, K.
Korhonen, L. Q. Hao, E. S. Thomson, D. Castarede, T. Leisner, T. Petaja, and O. Mohler (2021), The
seasonal cycle of ice-nucleating particles linked to the abundance of biogenic aerosol in boreal forests,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21(5), 3899-3918, doi:10.5194/acp-21-3899-2021.
Schrod, J., D. Kleinhenz, M. Horhold, T. Erhardt, S. Richter, F. Wilhelms, H. Fischer, M. Ebert, B. Twarloh,
D. Della Lunga, C. M. Jensen, J. Curtius, and H. G. Bingemer (2020), Ice-nucleating particle concentrationsof the past: insights from a 600-year-old Greenland ice core, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20(21), 12459-12482,
doi:10.5194/acp-20-12459-2020.
Schrod, J., E. S. Thomson, D. Weber, J. Kossmann, C. Pohlker, J. Saturno, F. Ditas, P. Artaxo, V. Clouard, J.
M. Saurel, M. Ebert, J. Curtius, and H. G. Bingemer (2020), Long-term deposition and condensation icenucleating particle measurements from four stations across the globe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20(24),15983-16006, doi:10.5194/acp-20-15983-2020.
Si, M., E. Evoy, J. Yun, Y. Xi, S. J. Hanna, A. Chivulescu, K. Rawlings, D. Veber, A. Platt, D. Kunkel, P. Hoor,
S. Sharma, W. R. Leaitch, and A. K. Bertram (2019), Concentrations, composition, and sources of icenucleating particles in the Canadian High Arctic during spring 2016, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3007–3024,
doi:10.5194/acp-19-3007-2019.
Stetzer, O., B. Baschek, F. Lüönd, and U. Lohmann (2008), The Zurich Ice Nucleation Chamber (ZINC) - A
new instrument to investigate atmospheric ice formation, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 42(1), 64-74,
doi:10.1080/02786820701787944.
Szyrmer, W., and I. Zawadzki (1997), Biogenic and anthropogenic sources of ice-forming nuclei: A review,
BAMS, 78(2), 209-228.
Tarn, M. D., S. N. F. Sikora, G. C. E. Porter, D. O'Sullivan, M. Adams, T. F. Whale, A. D. Harrison, J. VergaraTemprado, T. W. Wilson, J. U. Shim, and B. J. Murray (2018), The study of atmospheric ice-nucleating
particles via microfluidically generated droplets, Microfluid. Nanofluidics, 22(5), doi:10.1007/s10404018-2069-x.

Tatzelt, C., S. Henning, A. Welti, A. Baccarini, M. Hartmann, M. Gysel-Beer, M. van Pinxteren, R. L.
Modini, J. Schmale, and F. Stratmann (2021), Circum-Antarctic abundance and properties of CCN and
INP, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 21, doi:10.5194/acp-2021-700.
Testa, B., T. C. J. Hill, N. A. Marsden, K. R. Barry, C. C. Hume, Q. J. Bian, J. Uetake, H. Hare, R. J. Perkins, O.
Mohler, S. M. Kreidenweis, and P. J. DeMott (2021), Ice Nucleating Particle Connections to Regional
Argentinian Land Surface Emissions and Weather During the Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain
Interactions Experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126(23), doi:10.1029/2021jd035186.
Thomson, E. S., D. Weber, H. G. Bingemer, J. Tuomi, M. Ebert, and J. B. C. Pettersson (2018),
Intensification of ice nucleation observed in ocean ship emissions, Scientific Reports, 8,
doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19297-y.
Tobo, Y., K. Adachi, P. J. DeMott, T. C. J. Hill, D. S. Hamilton, N. M. Mahowald, N. Nagatsuka, S. Ohata, J.
Uetake, Y. Kondo, and M. Koike (2019), Glacially sourced dust as a potentially significant source of ice
nucleating particles, Nat. Geosci., 12(4), 253-+, doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0314-x.
Tobo, Y., J. Uetake, H. Matsui, N. Moteki, Y. Uji, Y. Iwamoto, K. Miura, and R. Misumi (2020), Seasonal
Trends of Atmospheric Ice Nucleating Particles Over Tokyo, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125(23),doi:10.1029/2020jd033658.
Vali, G. (1971), Quantitative evaluation of experimental results on heterogeneous freezing nucleation ofsupercooled liquids, J. Atmos. Sci., 28(3), 402-409, doi:10.1175/15200469(1971)028<0402:qeoera>2.0.co;2.
Welti, A., E. K. Bigg, P. J. DeMott, X. Gong, M. Hartmann, M. Harvey, S. Henning, P. Herenz, T. C. J. Hill, B.
Hornblow, C. Leck, M. Löffler, C. S. McCluskey, A. M. Rauker, J. Schmale, C. Tatzelt, M. van Pinxteren, and
F. Stratmann (2020), Ship-based measurements of ice nuclei concentrations over the Arctic, Atlantic,
Pacific and Southern Ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15191-15206, doi:10.5194/acp-20-15191-2020.
Westbrook, C. D., and A. J. Illingworth (2013), The formation of ice in a long-lived supercooled layer
cloud, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 139(677), 2209-2221, doi:10.1002/qj.2096.
Wex, H., P. J. DeMott, Y. Tobo, S. Hartmann, M. Rösch, T. Clauss, L. Tomsche, D. Niedermeier, and F.
Stratmann (2014), Kaolinite particles as ice nuclei: learning from the use of different kaolinite samples
and different coatings, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5529-5546, doi:10.5194/acp-14-5529-2014.
Wex, H., L. Huang, W. Zhang, H. Hung, R. Traversi, S. Becagli, R. J. Sheesley, C. E. Moffett, T. E. Barrett, R.
Bossi, H. Skov, A. Hünerbein, J. Lubitz, M. Löffler, O. Linke, M. Hartmann, P. Herenz, and F. Stratmann(2019), Annual variability of ice nucleating particle concentrations at different Arctic locations, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 19, 5293–5311, doi:10.5194/acp-19-5293-2019.
Yadav, S., R. E. Venezia, R. W. Paerl, and M. D. Petters (2019), Characterization of Ice-Nucleating Particles
Over Northern India, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124(19), 10467-10482, doi:10.1029/2019jd030702.
Zeppenfeld, S., M. van Pinxteren, D. van Pinxteren, H. Wex, E. Berdalet, D. Vaqué, M. Dall’Osto, and H.
Herrmann (2021), Aerosol marine primary carbohydrates and atmospheric transformation in the western
Antarctic peninsula, ACS Earth Space Chem., 5(5), 1032-1047, doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00351.
Zhang, D. M., Z. Wang, P. Kollias, A. M. Vogelmann, K. Yang, and T. Luo (2018), Ice particle production in
mid-level stratiform mixed-phase clouds observed with collocated A-Train measurements, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 18(6), 4317-4327, doi:10.5194/acp-18-4317-2018.

Additional details related to the discussion:

1) A paper discussing the influence of INP from the surface on Arctic clouds: “above -10°C,
heterogeneous ice formation in Arctic mixed-phase clouds occurs by a factor of 2–6 more often when
the cloud layer is coupled to the surface.”
Griesche, H. J., K. Ohneiser, P. Seifert, M. Radenz, R. Engelmann, and A. Ansmann (2021), Contrasting ice
formation in Arctic clouds: surface-coupled vs. surface-decoupled clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21(13),10357-10374, doi:10.5194/acp-21-10357-2021.

2) Addition of ammonium sulfate to mineral dust suspensions increased the ice activity:
Worthy, S. E., A. Kumar, Y. Xi, J. W. Yun, J. Chen, C. S. Xu, V. E. Irish, P. Amato, and A. K. Bertram (2021),
The effect of (NH4)(2)SO4 on the freezing properties of non-mineral dust ice-nucleating substances ofatmospheric relevance, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21(19), 14631-14648, doi:10.5194/acp-21-14631-2021.

3) Model studies showing that wildfire activity can create sufficient aerodynamic conditions to lift alsosoil/dust particles during the combustion process:
Wagner, R., Jähn, M., & Schepanski, K. (2018). Wildfires as a source of airborne mineral dust–revisiting a
conceptual model using large-eddy simulation (LES). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(16), 1186311884.
Wagner, R., Schepanski, K., & Klose, M. (2021). The Dust Emission Potential of Agricultural‐Like Fires—
Theoretical Estimates From Two Conceptually Different Dust Emission Parameterizations. Journal ofGeophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126(18), e2020JD034355.

4) Indirect, spaceborne evidence that ice-nucleating particles influence clouds was given in an INP
colloquium at ETH, and while the presentation-slides are not available online, it seems one can request apreprint of a paper for that topic here:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358159002_Spaceborne_evidence_that_icenucleating_particles_influence_cloud_phase5) There is a monthly ETH-INP colloquium: https://iac.ethz.ch/group/atmospheric-physics/research/icenucleation-colloquium.html
For some past presentations, the slides are available there, and you can be added to the mailing list to
get information about the monthly presentations.

7) If you want to get the monthly summary on new INP literature from Naruki Hiranuma, e-mail him:nhiranuma@wtamu.edu

8) Thara sent me a few more publications on ice activity of soot. And even more can be found in theabovementioned review paper by Kanji et al. (2017), Fig. 1.7 (I, Heike, made that one 😉.)After having had a look at these additional papers, in general, the argument I made during thepresentation would not change, that anthropogenic pollution does not contribute INP for immersion
mode in the mixed-cloud temperature regime. Below are these publications together with some
remarks, mainly taken from their abstracts:
Laboratory studies which found no ice activity in soot samples:
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027831 (Vergada-Temprado et al.,
2018)
They present new experimental results for immersion mode ice nucleation by BC from two contrasting
fuels (n-decane and eugenol), and observe no significant heterogeneous nucleation by either sample.
They show that BC contributes at least several orders of magnitude less INP than feldspar and marineorganic aerosol.
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL086764 (Kanji et al., 2020)
Fossil fuel soot and commercially available hydrocarbon BC is inactive as immersion freezing nuclei foratmospherically relevant particle sizes and surface areas. Instead, temperatures <235 K are necessary forfreezing droplets with immersed soot particles, implying homogeneous freezing, rather than immersion
freezing by soot.
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/9/1173/htm (Falk et al., 2021)
Laboratory study using miniCAST soot generator and measured with a CFDC (-41°C to -32°C, 10% RHw).
All samples exhibited low to no heterogeneous immersion freezing. They conclude that it does notappear possible in general and in any straightforward way to link observed soot particle physicochemical properties to the ice-nucleating ability using the online instrumentation included in this study.

Laboratory study which found ice activity in biomass burning samples, for measurements at roughly< -20°C:
https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/sciadv.abd3440 (Jahl et al., 2021)
Aerosol from burning grass, needles and wood-logs: examined altering of ice activity of biomass-burning
smoke using simulated atmospheric aging in a chamber reactor, sampled particles on filters andmeasured INP (roughly below -20°C) with a microfluidic device. Depending on type of aging, increase of
ice activity by roughly 1 order of magnitude (decrease for dark ozonolysis).

Laboratory study using deposition mode ice nucleation - they indeed observed ice activity, which may
be interesting in the light of Marcolli (2014) and related newer studies (pore condensation andfreezing):
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b08715 (Ikhenazene et al., 2020)
Measured deposition ice nucleation activity of graphite flakes and aircraft soot analogues, in the −15 to−45 °C temperature range. All carbon-bearing samples were found to be active at nucleating ice at low
ice saturation ratios.

Laboratory studies examining the cirrus cloud regime:
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2020/em/c9em00525k (Mahrt et al., 2020)
They sampled two propane flame soots referred to as brown and black soot, characterized as organiccarbon rich and poor, respectively and investigated how the ice nucleation activity of these particles
changed through aging in water and aqueous acidic solutions, using a continuous flow diffusion chamber
operated at cirrus cloud temperatures (T <= 233 K).
https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/19/12175/2019/ (Nichman et al., 2019)
They examined ice nucleation on BC particles under water subsaturated cirrus cloud conditions.

Atmospheric study on biomass burning aerosol, finding INP contribution. In that respect, fire induced
lofting of dust may be interesting to look at (see Wagner et al. (2018, 2021), cited above):
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2001674117 (Schill et al., 2020)
Measured the contribution of BC to INP concentrations ([INP]) in real-world prescribed burns andwildfires. They found that BC contributes, at most, 10% to [INP] during these burns.

Atmospheric deposition mode ice nucleation:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809514002610?via%3Dihub (Patade et al.,2014)
Deposition mode measurements from aircraft during CAIPEEX with a thermal gradient diffusion
chamber.

Laboratory study on CCN:
https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/19/15545/2019/acp-19-15545-2019.pdf (Friebel et al., 2019)
miniCAST soot generator; examine particles acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) after exposure toatmospherically relevant levels of ozone (O3) and humidity.