ASIAN DISAASTER REEDUCTIONN CENTERR

FIN
NAL REEPORTT“How to strengthenn technic
cal and institutiona
al capacitty water resourcermmanagement in Yeemen including daatabase crreation and raising publicawarenness”

Prepareed by:

Hazar Fadhl Dammmag
M
Ministryo Water & EnviroofonmentS
Sana’a– Yemen(ADRC VisitingVRes
searcher A
Aug. to Nov
v. 2014 FY
Y2014A)

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ADRC Visitting Researcheer Aug. to No
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Disclaimer
This reportrw
was com
mpiled byb an ADRC vissiting ressearcherr (VR) frrom
ADRC
C membber counntries. Th
he view
ws expreessed in the rep
port do notnecessarily reeflect th
he views of the ADRC.
A
T
The
boun
ndaries and nam
mes
shown and th
he designations used on the maps in thee report also do not
imply
y official endorse
ement orr accepttance byy the ADRC.

2ADRC Visitting Researcheer Aug. to No
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Acknoowledgem
mentFirstly, I would likke to ackknowledge
e the suppport of thet Goverrnment ofo Yemen and
n Disaster Reductio
on Center (ADRC) for providing me w
with the opportunitty to
the Asianattend th
his Visitin
ng Researrchers Pro
ogram. Also,A
I takke this opportunitty to exp
press
profoundd gratitude
e to the ADRC
A
stafff membe
ers and mym visitingg researchher colleaggues
for extend
ding theirr professio
onal support duringg the proggram

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ADRC Visitting Researcheer Aug. to No
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Taable of Content
C
ts
1- Ba
ackgroundd ……………
………………
……………………………………………
……………..……………
……..5- Overview
w of water problemspinn the worldd2- In
ntroduction about Yem
men…………
………………
………………
………………
………………
……………….…10
3- Chapter
C
1- Introducttion aboutt Water in Ja
apan………
………………
………………
………………………………
….14………………
………………
………………
………………
…...15- Water resources in Japan……………………
orage………
………………
………………
………………
……………………………………………
….16- Water sto
ation and Le
egislation RelatedR
to WaterW
Resoources Policcy……………
………………
…..17- Organiza
esources ManagemenM
nt Policies anda
Actionss……………
………………
…………...……
….19- Water Re-

River maanagementt in Japan…
………………
………………
………………………………………..…
…...22- Seweragge and Wasstewater in Japan…………………………………
………………
…………….......23- Water Sh
hortage in Japan
J………
………………
………………
………………
………………
……………..…
….26………………
………………
………………
……………..….27- Drought in Japan………………………………
- Water reesources afffected by climate changes…………………
………………
………….….....28- Revival anda
Fosterin
ng of Waterr-Related C
Culture....................................................................30
4- Chapter
C
2- Water rescues in Yeemen………
………………
………………
………………………………
…………….…31
R
Rain full - Haarvest rain water………
………………
………………
………………
……………...…
….31
su
urface wate
er……………
………………
………………
………………
…………………….………
… ..37
Springs……………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
……………..…
….38
G
Ground wate
er……………
………………
………………
………………
………………
…………………38
ater treatme
ent in Yeme
en………………………………………
………………
………………
…..40- Wastewasof water reso
ources in Yeemen ………
………………
………………
………………
…...41- Critical shortage
Causes of the Wate
er Crisis in Yemen
Y……
………………
………………
…………………………….....44
Droughtt in Yemen ……………………………
………………
………………
………………
…………...…
……47
The Institutional Fra
amework off the Water Sector……
………………
………………………………
… 48
twater seector in Yemen in management water……..…51
Several challengess confront thees …………………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
……….……..…54- Difficultie
ector perforrm …………
………………………………
………………
………………
………………
…. 55- Water seen technica
al and instittutional capacity water resourcee managem
ment in- strengthe
Yemen…
………………
………………
………………………………
………………
………………
…………….…
…56
Strength
hen the technical and institutiona
al capabilitties of NWRA
A……………
……………..…65
The inve
estment pla
an for wate
er and sanitation identtified………………………
…………….…68
Awareness public in
i the field of water…………………
………………
………………
………………
…..69………………
………………
………………
………………
……………....…72- Conclusiions ………………………
mendations………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
……73- Recomm
ce………………………...……………
………………
………………
………………
………………
……74- Reverenc

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Backgground:-Overv
view of w
water prooblems ini the woorld:Interddiction about thee water problemparound the worlld:
Water isi definitelyy a security problem inn the world..”.The mainn reason of the shortagge of the watersw
over the world is the populaation growth and lack of justice in the distriibution of water,w
citizeen inA
con
nsumes abo
out 500 literrs of water a day, and European consumes between 200
0 and
North America
300 liteers, while not availab
ble for Afriican only 1
10 to 20 liiters of waater a day.. In additio
on towidespread povertty, if we did
dn’t do anytthing to solvve the shorrtage of thee water so itt will lead too thedesertiffication of manymareas & a lot of poorpcountrry. Also the climate chaange to raise temperattures,
this onee of the prooblem that affectashortage of wateer.
The susstainable managementt of the world's fresh w
water resou
urces is onee of the mo
ost difficult tasks
faced byb the global commu
unity, affeccting virtuaally all areeas of socio-economicc developm
ment,
especiaally food and energy production. Owing to th
he worsening global w
water crisis, increasing local
and inteernational tensionstovver the conttrol of wateer resourcees may not only cause civil unrestt, butalso threaten the very founddation of globalgsecurrity. So, Waater is the source of life on earth atpresentt and Wateer is the lifee blood of our planett. It covers more thann two thirds of the eaarth's
surface and comprrises more thant
two thhirds of the compositio
on of every human beinng. Life on earthe
now it cannnot continue.. At present, 1.1 billionbstarted in water aand without water lifee as we kn
people in the worlld cannot have access to safe drin
nking waterr, while 2.6 billion peo
ople do not havehere is no questionq
as to the seveerity of the water resource probleem inadequate sanitary facilities thworld, partticularly thoose lying in arid and seemi-arid zonnes. It is envvisaged thaat themost paarts of the w
currentt water sho
ortages in the Arab Reegion couldd soon reacch crisis pro
oportion since the Reegion,
besidess being mosstly dominaated by arid
dity, has on
ne of the hiighest popu
ulation growwth rates inn theworld anda many oof its counttries face waterw
deficits as they currently cconsume more fresh waterw
than is produced naturally withinw
theirr boundariees. Hence widespreadw
patedshortages are anticip
within the
t comingg few yearss. Furtherm
more, mismaanagement has led too the degradation of waterwquality and the depletion of water supplies.
s
TThe
inadequate supplly of cleann water quualitycontributes to pub
blic health problems anda places severe lim
mits on econnomic growwth. The serious
difficultties of alloccating water among coompeting seectors within a countryy are overshhadowed by the
problemms of allocaating water across nattional boundaries. Few
w agreemen
nts among riparianr
exist onany of thet major riversrin thee Arab Reggion, and coonflicts mayy arise as soome users (especially nonArab coountries) claaim greaterr volumes of water. It iis estimatedd that abou
ut 50% of th
he surface waterw
resourcces in the Arab Regio
on are shared with nneighboring countries. Furthermoore, there exist
several extended groundwatter aquiferrs also shared with neighboringng countries. The fact thatwater aquiffers are sub
bjected to severe overeexploitationn, from withhin and outside the Reegion,
groundw
will deffinitely resu
ult in very serioussneggative impacts on the available groundwater resourcess. For
these reasons,rcoonsiderable efforts arre undertakken by mo
ost Arab coountries too mobilize theiravailablle water ressources to narrown
the gap in foodd security and ensure ffood self-su
ufficiency. Water
W
shortagges are alm
most alwayss addressedd by increassing water supplies, bbased uponn extensive field
exploraation and massiveminveestments in water reso
ources deveelopment. O
Over the years, most ofo thewater resources haave been deeveloped annd the rate of new invvestments iss currently shrinking,
s
to
o the
ng growingg agriculturaal water deemands by developing new suppllies is beco
omingextent that meetin
extremeely difficult. Hence waterw
reso
ources proggrammers in the Reggion are focused
f
on
n the

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improveement of w
water manaagement, paarticularly ini the agriccultural sector, whose share acco
ounts
for about 90% of the total waater resourcces consumption. Natioonal and Reegional debates initiateed byorganization
ns are increeasingly being in the spotlight,swwith a vieww to preparing a
specialized Arab oRegionaal Arab Water Securityy Master Plan which aaims at deffining adequuate approaches for waterw
resourcces management and in
nvolving inttegration off sectoral waterwplans aand program
mmers. Since its
inceptioon during thet early deecade of 1970s, The ArabA
Organnization forr Agricultural Developm
ment(AOAD)) has estab
blished a ricch portfolioo of activitties which include preeparation ofo technicall andeconommic studies thattfocus ono the use anda develop
pment of naatural and oother produ
uctive resou
urces,
policy analysisaandd food secu
urity. Similaar efforts have been directeddto the design
ning of techhnicalsurveyss and deveelopment ofo statisticaal databasees and othher agricultural information sysstem.
Vigorou
us programmers of traaining and seminarssarre also purssued in add
dition to exxecution of pilot
and othher develop
pmental aggricultural projectspthaat contributte to the trransfer, dissseminationn andadoptioon of agricu
ultural technologies. Special care is given too Arab counntries with economiess thatare heaavily dependent on aggriculture or facing preessing prob
blems of deevelopment,, or both. GreatG
concernn is being giiven by AOA
AD to Arab waterw
securrity since duuring the last decades the Arab Reegion
has beeen faced with serious constraints, nameely overexp
ploitation in the use of water anddeterioration in itss quality, ass a result of which sustainable irriggated agricu
ulture in the Arab Regiion is
becoming highly threatened. So, Yemen
ed countrie
n is one of thet most water-stressw
es in the Middle
East. Th
he capital ofo Yemen Sana'a it becoming thee first capitaal in the world to run
n out of a viablev
water supply.
s
The water table in the city has dropp
ped far beyyond sustain
nable levelss, because ofo an
exploding populattion, lack of water ressource man
nagement and,amost oof all, unreegulated driilling.
Where Sana'a water table was
w 30 metters below the surfacce in the 1970s,
1
he said,s
it has now
dropped to 1,200 m
meters in soome areas.

Freshhwater Re
esourcess

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ADRC Visitting Researcheer Aug. to No
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1- Amount oof water ono the eartth: Approxximately 1,400
1milliion km3
n: 97.5% (approx. 1,300 millio
on km3)2- Seawater and so on
5 million kkm3)
3- Freshwateer: 2.5% (aapprox. 35
a so on: 1.74% (appprox. 24 million km
m3)
4- Glaciers and
6% (approxx. 11 millio
on km3)5- Groundwater: 0.76m
0.01% (appprox. 0.1 millionm
km3)
6- Rivers/Lakes and marshes:
Pressuures on waater supply:
7- Climate change
onal use ofo water basinsb
and aquifers
8- Multinatio
onal use ofo water basinsb
and aquifers
9- Multinatio
pply infrasstructure
10- Water sup
1- Intermitteency
eental asseets
2- Water quality and environme
pplies3- Degradation of fosssil groundwater sup

Figure (1)( Populatio
on Growth Rate, 2005--2010

7

Figure (2) water scarccity in the worldw

ADRC Visitting Researcheer Aug. to No
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F
Figure(3) waater scarcity around the world

Figure (4) Global distributiondof water strress for 1995
5 and predictted for 2025
58ADRC Visitting Researcheer Aug. to No
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Fig
gure (5) sho
ow the Watter stress an
nd water sc
carcity in A
Arab countriies

Figure (6) sho
ow the waterr use of Midddle East resident

9ADRC Visitting Researcheer Aug. to No
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Introdduction about Yemen:Y:

Figure (7) Map
M of Yemeen

Yemmen is an arid Mid
ddle Easteern countrry, occupyying an area of 52
27,970 squarekilom
meters at thet southern end ofo the Arabian Peninsula betw
ween latittudes 12° and
19°N
N and longitudes 42°° and 53°EE. It is borrdered to thet north by Saudi Arabia, too theEast by Oman,, and to th
he South anda West by a 2,2000 km coaastline along the Gu
ulf ofn, Arabiann Sea andd the Redd Sea. Yemen, histtorically, h
had one of the oldest
Adencivilizzations in
n the Midddle East based onn agricultu
ural development, in which thepeop
ple of Yem
men managged to esttablish thee spectacu
ular mounttain terracces systemm onthe steepsslop
pes of the rugged mountainom
us areas, some thoousands off years ago, inorder to conseerve soil and to optiimize rainfall water use. Yemen is veryy old in hisstory,
n of harneessing watter for aggricultural uses. Arcchaeologiccally,
with a ancientt traditionsof hyydrologicaal and hyddraulic strructures fromf
thousands of years agoo arethe signs
monumental. They refleect the cooncern of past civilizations throughou
ut history that
ocial sustaaining element of civilization; awateer is the principal, economiic and so
princciple now
w long fo
orgotten. One of the earliest irrigaation civilizations was
estab
blished in the Kinggdom of Sheba,
S
in what is nownthe ccountry off Yemen. This
civilizzation wasw
madee possiblee by deeveloping various rainwateer harvessting
technniques, inncluding thetconsttruction ofo dams such as the Marrib Dam, andassocciated irriigation woorks, as far back asa about 1000
1
BC, and it reached a peakpdurin
ng the reiggn of the QueenQ
of Sheba. Th
his era was known aas ‘The Yeemeni Fammous
Hydrraulic Civillization’. AdditionaA
l water harvesting works were consttructed in theregio
on aroundd AD 100
0 to augm
ment the system. However,, the Marib Dam wasbreacched in AD 575, annd the local civilizattion rapidly declineed. The Marib Dam was

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not rebuiltrunttil recentlly. In 1980
0, a new sstorage daam with ccapacity ofo 400 000
0 m3
was constructed just beelow the locationlo the old Marib dam. In the last decaades,
of
p
n
need
to in
ncrease agriculturaal output and provide for th
he needs of athe pressing
popu
ulation gro
owing at thet very highhrate oof 3.8%/year, has b
been comppounded by anatio
onal policcy that had
hprom
moted expansion rather thhan efficient use andsustaainable managemen
nt. And Yeemen dep
pends on rainfall too cultivatee and prodduce
cropss, so that Yemeni peoplepcuultivate their land underurain
nfall condiitions at large
scalee, and theey efficien
ntly use anda contrrol flood water and spring water. Water
W
rights of floodd water andasprin
ngs were well estaablished aand efficieently usedd tomland according too its locaation fromm the souurce of water
w
and
d to
cultivvate farm
agreeements between laand owneers. It (watter right) became w
well-know
wn amongg thepeopple, due too continuo
ous practices and/oor according to wriitten docu
uments whichwweree transferrred from generationgn to generration till today. An
nd consum
mption pattternof th
he increassing popu
ulation, whichw
in turn causeed increassing demand on fo
ood,wateer and oth
her daily requiremerents. These changess encouraged the peoplepto turn
to intternal andd external migrationn, which ccaused abandonment of terraaces and theirtmainntenance, as well ass the abseence of traaditional cooperation amongg farmers due
to migration oof men and shortagge of labor forces and increasing laborr wages (MMAI,0). Increassed waterr scarcity and reduced water quality – leadingg to increaased
2000
hardship on ru
ural livelih
hoods; Incrreased dro
ought freq
quency, in
ncreased temperatu
t
ures,
c
in
n precipitaation patterns. Yem
men could be the first nation to comple
etely
and changes
run outo of waater in a few
fyears,, a prospeect that does not bbode well for its yo
oung
popu
ulation of 25 millionn that is expectedenyone worrried
to doublee in 20 years, or anabou
ut the risin
ng influencce (and abbility to geet bombs ono planes) of an al Qaeda
Qbraanchin on
ne of the Middle Eaast’s poorrest nations. In San
na’a, whicch could beb the world’s
first capital citty to go dry,d the populationpn is growing at a rrate of 7%% per yeaar asple flee froom the paarched ou
uter reachhes of the country. Part of th
he problem ispeopqat, an addicttive plant like chew
wed by abbout 75%% of men in Yemenn that takkes awater to grow. In pllaces wheere vineyards used tto be, farmmers noww arewholle lot of w
grow
wing the mmore lucrattive qat, whichw
usess five timees the amo
ount of waater as graapes
but canc be harrvested an
nd sold relatively quuickly afteer it’s plannted. Farmmers’ ambition
to beetter theirr lot is more than unnderstanddable in a nation whhere five millionmpeople— ovver a fifth
h of the populationpn — go hu
ungry each day. Annd thoughh Yemen’ss qat
farmers are esstimated to now beb using so
ome 40% of the naation’s doomestic waterw
ply, they are hardly the only actors
ain thist loomiing crisis. Yemen’s water tab
ble issupp
fallinng about 6.6
6 feet per year, yety the ceentral gove
ernment has been ineffectivve atmanaaging the piecemeaal drilling of water wells (thee governm
ment itselff estimate
es an

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astonnishing 99
9% of water extracction in Yemen
Y
is unlicensed) or reggulating waterw
manaagement in more far
f flung parts
pof the countrry. Insteadd, as Sanaa’a gets moremand more watter migran
nts, autho
orities havve discusssed relocaating the capital too theo take advvantage oof desalinaation as otherocoastt where they might be betteer able to
Midd
dle Easternn countriees have. The water shortages
i also a global prob
isblem, becaause,
like SomaliaS
accross the Gulf
G of Ad
den, wheree desertification haas been lin
nked with thatcoun
nty’s ongo
oing conflict, fights and desperation over wateer in Yem
men would
d beexacttly the kiind of destabilizingg factor tthat insurrgents will need too continuee tostrenngthen theeir base inn remote areasa
far ffrom the hallshof power. As th
he water crisischas gottengwoorse, obseervers havve noted thatt
the governmengnt has con
ncentrated its
efforrts to manage water resourrces in urban centeers wheree it has (aand wantts to
keepp) political support, and manyy of the ou
utlying areeas not reeceiving heelp have beenboverlooked beefore Yemen could beb the firsst nation to
t completely run out
o of wateer inw years, a prospecct that dooes not b
bode well for its yooung pop
pulation of 24
a few
millioon that is expected
d to double in 20 yyears, or anyoneawworried about the riising
influeence (andd ability too get bommbs on plaanes) of an al Qaedda branch in one off theMidd
dle East’s poorest nations. In Sana’a, whichw
coulld be the world’swfirrst capitall city
to go
o dry, the populatio
on is growing at a raate of 7% per year aas people flee from
m the
parch
hed outerr reaches ofo the cou
untry. Part of the problem is qat, an addictive plantplike chewedc
byy about 75
5% of menn in Yemeen that takkes a whole lot of waterw
to grow.
In plaaces wherre vineyarrds used tot be, farmmers now
w are growwing the moremlucraative
qat, whichw
usees five tim
mes the am
mount of w
water as grapesgbut can be harvestedhandsold relatively quickly affter it’s planted. Farmers’ ammbition to better the
eir lot is more
mn a nationn where ffive millio
on people — over a fifth off thethan understaandable inulation — go hungrry each daay. And thhough Yem
men’s qat farmers area estimaated
popu
to no
ow be using some 40% of th
he nation’’s domesttic water ssupply, th
hey are haardly
the onlyoactorrs in this looming crisis.
c
Yem
men’s water table iss falling abouta6.6 feetper year, yett the cenntral gove
ernment has beenn ineffecttive at managingmtheemeal drilling of waterw
wells (the governmentt itself esttimates an astonishingpiece
99% of water extractionen in Yemenn is unliceensed) or regulatingr
g water managemen
nt ine far flungg parts off the counntry. Insteead, as Sana’a gets more andd more waterw
more
migraants, authhorities haave discusssed reloccating the capital too the coasst where theytmighht be bettter able tot take addvantage of desalination as other Middle
M
Eassterncounntries havee The watter shortaage is alsoo a global problem,, becausee, like Som
malia
acrosss the Gulf of Adenn, where desertificcation hass been linked with that coun
nty’s
ongo
oing confliict, fights and desp
peration over waterr in Yemen would beb exactlyy thekind of destabbilizing factor that innsurgents will needd to continnue to strrengthen theirt

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base in remotte areas far
f from thet halls of power. As the wwater crissis has go
otten
worsse, observvers have noted thaat the governmentt has conccentrated its effortts to
manaage waterr resourcees in urban
n centers where it has (and w
wants to keep)kpoliiticalsuppport, and manymof thet outlying areas not receivving help have bee
en overloo
oked
before.

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Chaapter 1
Water inn JapanIntrodduction:Japan is not a waterwabundant cou
untry. It has a narroow surface area, raapid run-o
off ofprecipitation, an
nd high po
opulation density 1.The quan
ntity of annual natural renew
wable
water resourcess per capitta in Japann (about 3
3,372 m3 perp capitaa) is only oneo half off theworld average. In additio
on, there are greatt fluctuatiions in rainfall—bo
oth season
nallyand beetween th
he years. As
A a resultt of both of these factors—af
an absolutte shortagge ofwater and conssiderable variability over time — Japan has suffered severe waterw
shortages severral times inn the receent past. For
F exampple, the To
okyo metrropolitan area
experienced waater scarciity in the early 196
60’s when the city oof Tokyo was
w forceed torestricct water su
upply for 42 monthhs, from OctoberO
19
961 to Maarch 1965
52. In ordeer tosolve the wateer scarcitty problem, Japann has agggressively developed its waterw
resourrces, mainnly by co
onstructingg new water storaage facilitties (largeely dams)). atpresennt, the am
mount of “nnewly devveloped” wwater sources accounts for 16.6
1billionn m3
of watter per yeear, which
h amountss to 55% of total waterw
consumption for domeestic
and inndustrial ((urban) use3 In the Tokyo metropolitan regio
on the vo
olume of bulk
water stored in reservoirrs doubled
d from 185 million m3 in 196
64 to 371 million m3
m in
1996. In 1996,, water supplyswaas restricted for onlyo
41 ddays, althhough annual
precipitation in 1996 waas lower thantin 1965 (a majormdrouught year)) and Tokkyo’s
populaation has increasedifrom 8 millionm
to 11 million betweenb11965 and 1996.

Figgure (8) Map
p of Japan

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Waterr resourc
ces in Ja
apan:
Japan's water reesources area characcteristically plentiful mainly dduring the tsuyu,
on, and sp
pring thaw
w seasons. Althoughh annual precipitatio
on far exceeds thetyphooworld average, thist does not mean abundance of wateer resourcces. Due too Japan'son the perr capita precipitation in Japann is only abbout one--sixth of thhedense populatioFore, since the riverss have small basins and steep
p channelss,world average. Furthermoferrattically andd relativelyy little of theirtwateer is actuallly availab
ble for use.
rivers flow
Compaared with cities in otherocounntries, Japan's major cities stoore surprissingly little
water reserves, and everyy year there are water shortaage probleems somewhere in thetme of watter for mu
unicipal annd agriculttural use taken frommcountrry. The annual volum
rivers is estimate at about 78.21 billion cubicc meters, and that fromfgroundwater
about 13.15 billion cubic meters. Itt is appareent from these figurres that rivver water ismportant w
water reso
ource in Japan and that its effficient usee is essential. It is
the imexpectted that th
he severityy of drougghts will in
ncrease beecause of climate chhange which
will redduce the aamount off water stored in th
he form off snow, inccrease evaaporationfrom reservoirs and reducce rainfall. Most of the waterr for domeestic use comescfrome water. A
About 45%
% of the tootal comess from resservoirs reegulated byb dams, whilew
surface
27% coomes directly from rivers, 1%% from lakees and 4%% from riveer beds, tootaling 77%
from surfaceswaater. 23% of domesttic water supplyscom
mes from groundwater, whicch isover-eexploited in parts off the country.
Precippitation- Annual prrecipitatio
on in Japann is approxximately 1,718
1mm
m, roughly two timess asmuch as thet world average ofo about 8
810 mm.
- Annual prrecipitatio
on per cap
pita is apprroximatelyy 5,100 m3 in Japann, roughly 1/3of the woorld averagge of abou
ut 16,800 m3
Existiing Amount of Water
W
Res
sources (Amountt of Prec
cipitationn lessAmou
unt of Ev
vaporatio
on/Transpiration))- Amount oof precipittation in an averagee year in Jaapan is ap
pproximateely 650 billion
m3. Afterr deducting about 230 billion m3 lost inn evaporattion/transspiration, theexisting amount of water ressources is roughly 420
4 billion m3 (65% of
precipitattion).
- The existing amoun
nt of wateer resourcees in Japan in a year of low raainfall
occurring about once in 10 years
yis approximateely 280 billlion m3.
- Amount oof water reesources perp capitaa in Japan (approxim
mately 3,300 m3) is lessthan half of that in the worldd (about 7
7,800 m3).

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Figurre (9) Sourcces of urban
n water supp
ply in Japann

Waterr storage:
While there aree more thhan 2,500 dams in Japan, their total sstorage iss low becaause
nly 20 km
m 3,
rivers are shorrt and steep. Totaal active storage of all daams is ont less th
han the sttorage capacity of Hoover ddam. In addition, laakes
corresponding toa importaant storagge functionn and theiir water leevels are regulated throughtweirs.
w
have an
The largest lakee is Lake Biwa thatt providess drinkingg water too more thhan 15 million
olitan regiion.
peoplee in the Keeihanshin (Kyoto-Ossaka-Kobee) metropo
Develloped Am
mount off Water
The ammount of waterw
reso
ources deeveloped throught
coonstructio
on of dams and so forthfis 11.99 billion m3
m for tap
p water (aapprox.73%% of the amount ofo water used)
u
and
d 5.9
billion m3 for industrial waterw(app
prox.49% ofo the amoount of waater used)). The amoountao whenonly
n river waater is afflu
uent, becaauseof unstable water intake (amount available
water resourcess development facilities to serve as reeservoirs aare not yeet compleeted)ban waterr (domestiic water + industriaal water) in the mettropolitann area (coaastal
for urb
area ofo Kanto) is 820 miillion m3, accountin
ng for abo
out 15% oof the tottal amoun
nt ofwater used.

16

ADRC Vissiting Research
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ure (10) The Highest Damm of Japan:: Kurobe

Figure (11) Yodo R
River, Osakaa.

Figure (112) show waater resource
es developm
ment facilitattes under co
ontrol of JWA
AOrganization annd Legislattion Relatted to Water Resouurces Policcy: In Japann, measuress
concerrning wateer resourcces are implementeed by a number of ggovernmen
nt ministries
and aggencies in cooperatiion, basedd on numeerous lawss. The Water Resources
Departtment of tthe Ministtry of Landd, Infrastructure, Trransport anda Tourissm(MLIT) actsaas the overall cooordinatorr in adjustting measu
ures for waterw
supp
ply and demandareservoir area developmeent by relaated minisstries and agencies as well as bureaus anddeparttments

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F
Figure(13) JapaneseJGoovernment Organization
O
n

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Figure (14)(show thhe organizatiion of the water resourcces department

Figure (115) Regulatiions allocatiing water rig
ghts (surfacce and grounnd water)

Waterr resourcees develop
pment andd bulk watter supplyy
The Japan Wateer Agency (JWA) un
nder the M
Ministry of Land, In
nfrastructu
ure, TransportTcconstructs
s dams, estuary b
barrages, facilities for lakee and marsh
and Tourism
develoopment, aand canalss. It also operates and mainntains theese facilities, suppllying
bulk waterw
to otther entities, such as utilitiess, that disstribute it to end ussers. JWA wascreated by law
w in 2003 to succeed thee Water Resourcess Develop
pment Pu
ublic
ARDEC) th
hat had beeen createed in 19622.
Corporration (WAWater Resources Managemeent Policiess and Actioons:

In Japaan, the naational goovernment is respo
onsible forr formulating and implemenntingwater resourcess policies at the naational levvel. It form
mulates ann overall plan of waterw
nvironmen
ntal consservation. The Co
omprehennsive
resourrces deveelopment and en
Nationnal Waterr Resourcces Plan is the national basicbplann for watter resou
urces
develoopment u
under whhich damss and waater systeems are develope
ed The BasicB
Environment Plan clarifies long-tterm andd comprehensive eenvironme
ental policies
d to waterr quality anda quantiity.
relatedThe Coomprehennsive National Wate
er Resourrces Plan (the(Wateer Plan)
The WaterWPlann, prepareed by the Ministry of Land, Transportt and Infrrastructurre, isformulated and revised inn accordan
nce with thet Comprrehensive National Developm
mentw
is sstipulated in the Co
omprehennsive Natioonal Landd Developm
ment Act andPlan, whichapprovved by the Prime Minister’sMs cabinet. The Wateer Plan is a multi-yyear plan andaddressses basicc medium
m to longg-term plaanning isssues regarding water resou
urces
develoopment, conservaticon and utilization, as well as
a makes forecasts of long-tterm
water demand. The Ministry of Land, Tran
nsport andd Infrastru
ucture usses the WaterWt formulate more detailed annuall develop
pment plaans and their relaated
Plan tobudgets .The laatest Water Plan, Water
W
Plaan 21, streesses the efficient utilization ofng water resourcees facilitiees rather than the development off new waterw
existinresourrces

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The Baasic Enviro
onment Plan
The Caabinet, unnder the BasicB
Envirronment Law,L
approoves the B
Basic Environment Planin Deccember 19994.31 In 2006, an outline ofo the reviised Basicc Environm
ment Plan has
been publishedd, in whicch the goovernment gives priorityptoo 10 priorrity fieldss formentationn
implemAmongg the 10 priority fields menntioned inn the neww Basic En
nvironmen
ntal Plan, thegovernnment plaans to pu
ut efforts to securee an environmentaally soundd water cyycle,
more concernsco :on• Consservation and sustainable usee of the waterw
envirronment iincluding water quaality,
water quantity, aquatic life
l and watersidew
areas, annd creation of a ricch commu
unity
onments.
througgh contactt with acceessible waater enviro• Formmulation oof a plan byb regionss that is consistent with water utilizattion and flood
controol;• Mainntenance and imprrovement of storagge penetraation and recharge performaancethrougghout all basins;b
and Internattional disssemination of the effortseandd contribu
ution
to solvving the w
world’s Waater probleems.
Exampples of actual indicators:• Mainntenance and achie
evement statussof eenvironmeental quality standards of pu
ublic
Water and groundwatermber of creeation and revisionn of the plan on thee buildingg of an envvironmentally• Numsound water cyccle by basins

Figure (16) show policiespfor waterw
resourcces developm
ment basic p
plan

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Figure (17) show th
he prolonged draught arre expected due to climaate change

w the proced
dure for enaccting basic plans under thet water ressources deve
elopment law
Figure (18) show

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Waterr resourcee allocation: water rights/perrrmits
The Riiver Law stipulatessa formal allocationn procedu
ure for rigghts to river water. The
law deefines river water ass public prroperty, anda a certaain amoun
nt of riverr water can bewithdrrawn for a defined use by obtaining a “water“right” throough speecificadministrative pprocedurees. Under the Riverr Law, waater rightss for majoor rivers haveha
to variou
us uses: agriculturaal, domesttic, industtrial wateer supply, andbeen allocatedhydroppower genneration. On the otther hand,, there is non comprehensive law regarrding
groundd water use. In gen
neral, therre are no restriction
ns on withhdrawing groundwaater,
the ow
wnership ofo which belongsbtoo the lando
owner. Hoowever, ground water extracction
has haad a serious potenttial impactt due to groundg
subsidence in urban areas succh as
the Tookyo and O
Osaka. To
o control thist probleem the Industrial W
Water Laww and the Law
for Groound Watter Use in Buildings were enacted in 19
956 and 19
962 respe
ectively. Th
hese
laws require peermits fromm local goovernmen
nts in ordeer to withhdraw groound wateer inn designatted areas where laand subsid
dence is ana issue oro where ground
g
w
water
certainresourrces are sccarce.
River managemmment in Jap
pan:
The Rivver Law was
w enacteed in 1896
6, and the Sabo Law
w and the FForest Law
w in 1897.
These laws weree the inception of modernmflo
ood and erosion con
ntrol in Japan.
mained the basis for river adm
ministratio
on until it was
The orriginal Riveer Law remcompletely
d matters only relatted to floood control.
Reviseed in 1964. The first river law stipulated
Later, the Law was
w revised twice, inn 1964 and 1997 respectivelyy. In 1964,, thee were inccorporated into thee law and iin 1997 ann natural
provisions on water usageo it. The revision in 1997 has necessitaated eachenvironmental aaspect was added tomtoo make baasic river managemm
ent policiees and river improvvement plaans
river manager
for all rivers it manages.
m
The
T 1997 revisionr
w a big paradigm
waspsshift. Priorr to it, riveer
n importaance on flo
ood risk mitigation.
m
And whicch justified
d building
managgers put andams thatthave great neggative imp
pacts on th
he ecologyy. After the revisionn, theimporttance shiftted from floodfconttrol to thee environm
mental pro
otection. As
A a resultt,
we havve been having difficulties in building ddams since then. Att the samee time, any
structuural measures to prrevent floooding havee to be do
one very carefully soo that theexistinng nature isi preserved. Even worse, wee are sometimes forced to im
mprove theeexistinng environment wheen we imp
plement thhose riverr projects. There are
e two kindds ofplans whichw
riveer manageers have too make. One
O of themm, a basicc river man
nagementtpolicy,, is a long term plann in which each river manager refers too the objecctives of howhto mannage a riveer during the next 100
1 to 200
0 years. Ass opposedd to the baasic rivermanaggement poolicy, a river improvvement plaan is a sho
ort term and clear planp in which

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specific measurees in the next
n few decadesdarre to be written.
wBooth of themm mainlyment, water resourcee and the ecology.
consistt of three factors, fllood risk managem

Figuree (19) Tone River
R
System and Ara Rive
er System con
ntrol by Japaan water agenncy (JWA)

Sewerage andd Wastew
water in Japan:
J
Sanitattion coveerage in Japan is overo70%.. and theere are abbout 2100
0 wastewwater
treatmment plantts in Japann.
- Most plannts adopt aerobic treatmenttt methodss such as conventio
onal activaatedsludge proocess or oxidation
o
d
ditch
proccess.
- Most of ssewage slu
udge is ussed for cement matterial and so on, bu
ut the ratee foruse of bio
ogas and sludgesfuel is small- There aree digesterr tanks inn about 300
3 treatm
ment plannts. About 70% of thebiogas geenerated byb digestioon (218 m
million m3
3) is utilizeed, for exxample, abbout
20 % of biogas(66 millionmm33) is used for the po
ower geneeration, but the resst(862010
million m3) is incinerated in2

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Figure (20)(Wastew
water system
m in Japan

Acceleerate the government-led developmedent of neew techno
ology andd its praccticalapplicaation by promotingpg technicall validation throughh installatiion of actu
ual size plants
and byy formulatting guideelines. Achhieving cost reduction in the sewerage
e projects andgeneraation of reenewable energy.

Figurre (21) Seweerage system
m in Kobe – JapanJ

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Figure (22) show flow diagramdin Se
ewerage sys
stem

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Waterr Shortag
ge in Jap
pan:
Previously, Japaan repeateedly experienced mmajor water shortagges; for example, 1939
1o Olympiics, 1967 in Nagassaki, 1973 in
in Lakke Biwa, 1964 in the year of Tokyo
Takam
matsu, 197
78 in Fuku
uoka, and so on. Th
hough occcurrence oof water shortages
s
s has
becom
me rare inn recent yearsythe shortage in 1994 coveredcaalmost all Japan, whenw
approxximately 1
16 million people werew
affectted at leasst once byy suspende
ed or redu
ucedwater supply, an
nd agricultture suffeered produ
uction lossses of 140
0 billion yeen.

23) show thee numbers ofo years in whichwwater sshortage occcurred duringg the past 20
0 years
Figure (2Effectts of Watter Shorttage
Moderrn society offers comfortablee lifestyless and highh quality seervices baased on sttablewater supply. Therefore,Tsuspended or red
duced watter supplyy would haveha serriousfimpactt one very day home life and sociial activities as it disables people frompreparring mealss, using flu
ush toiletss and doinng other evveryday activities. Also,A
shortageof induustrial water results in damaages such as reduction or susspension ofo operatiions.
When shortagess of agricu
ultural waater occur,, farmers save wateer by meaans of "waaterod of disttributing water in accordan
nce with designate
ed times andsharingg (metho
turns)"", intensiffication off repeatedd use and so on, thhough thiss requires a lot of laabor
and coost. For example, ata the tim
me of water shortage in 199
94, the co
ost was abboutthree timestas muchmas that in an average yyear. In ad
ddition, whenw
the whole
w
amo
ount
of watter becomes insufficcient, crop
p growth iis reducedd or completely hinddered.

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Droughht in Japaan:
In the past Japaan face drrought beecause thee change climate alll the countries aro
oundorld have problem withw wateer especially for dro
ought in Jaapan theyy have in 1939
1
the wodroughht on thee markets for rice and electtricity in Japan. Th
he authorrities weree illpreparred for such a disasster but willingw
to use it for the purposse of coveering for otheroprobleems. The drought thus acccelerated the movve of Japaan's econnomic sysstem
towardds a manaaged econnomy. A loower total rainfall in
n Japan in 1940 did not geneerate
similarr problems, suggestting that the broadeer politicaal, econom
mic, and so
ocial conteext is
cruciall to the ideentificatioon of shortt-term clim
mate flucttuations as crises.
1- Fluctuationn of Precip
pitation in JapanJ
due to Climate
e Change:

As thee long-termm trend ofo temperature change in Jappan, the aaverage annual surrface
air temmperaturee has inccreased byb approxximately 1oC overr the passt 100 yeears.
Concerning precipitation, years off low rainnfall have become frequent since aro
ound
ow averagge in 1973
3, 1978, 1984,
1970, and the amount off precipitation was much belo
ntly an inccreasing trrend
1994, and 1996, when water shorttages caussed damage. Recenbeextremely
y low rainfall and extremelyehigh rainnfall has beenbof flucctuation between
observved. In addition to thet abovee-mentioned decreaase in precipitation and frequuentoccurrrence of eextremelyy low rainnfall yearss, due to climate cchanges accompan
anying
global warming,, trends off decreasing snowfaall and inccreasingly earlier thaw have beenb
nizedrecogn2- Declines inn Water Su
upply Stability

When constructting damss in Japann, they aree designed so as too secure thet necesssaryyof reelatively low rainfaall (base yyear for waterw
supply).
water supply evven in a year
on is mucch lower tthan in th
he base yeear, the river flow also
When annual precipitatio
t base year.
yOn tthe other hand, sincce the stoorage capaacity
decreaases moree than in theof watter remaiins fixed, it wouldd be impo
ossible too secure sstable intake of waterw
througghout the year, even with rep
plenishmeent from dams.
dFor 60 % of thet dams now
in opeeration, th
he base yeear is selected fromm betweenn 1956 an
nd 1975. AssumingA
that
1960 is the basee year for water sup
pply, in 9 out of abo
out 40 subsequent years, annualtthatt in the baase year. It means that watter short agesaprecipitation waas lower thannsidered tot be a prroblem th
hat stable water supply
occurrred frequeently. It iss thus con
has beeen impairred in man
ny places ini recent years.
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Figure (224): The river systems an
nd rivers affe
ected by dro
oughtsWatter resou
urces affe
ected byy climatee changes:
The groupg
II reports (impacts,(
adaptation and vulnerabiility) released by the"Interggovernmeental Paneel on Climaate Changge" (IPCC) in April 2007 states that climmatechangees from global warrming etc. will greatly impactt water reesources ofo regionss. By
the miiddle of th
his centurry, annual average river flow
w rates andd water availabilityy will
increasse by 10 tot 40% in high latittude regio
ons and soome humid tropicaal areas, whilew
they will
w decreaase by 10
0 to 30% in medium
m latitudee regions and dry / dry trop
pical
areas. In medium
m latitude
e regions anda semi-dry low laatitude reggions, watter availabbilitywill deecrease annd droughht will inccrease, causing serious water shortages for sevveral
hundreed million
ns of people.

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Satelliite-based drought monitorin
ng and warningw
syystem - Jaapane (25) show thet drought early warning and the numbernof drought days
Figure29

ADRC Vissiting Research
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Revivaal and Fostering of Water-ReW
elated Cultture
Waterr Day andd Water Week
In order to raise pu
ublic awareeness of tthe preciousness of water andd theimportancce of wateer resourcces develo
opment, AugustA
1 off each yeaar was
declared Water
W
Dayy. Also, th
he week sttarting froom this dayy was designated as
Water Weeek. Durinng this week, variou
us events area stagedd jointly byy thegovernmeent, local authoritieaes are related group
ps.
United Nation
ns' Worldd Water Day
D
The 47th General AssemblyAo the Uniited Nations held onofn Decembber 22, 199
92
declared March 22 of each yearyto be World Waater Day. It was pro
oposed thaat
promotion of and enlightenmement abou
ut develop
pment/conservationn of waterrresourcess and actio
ons based on Agendda 21 are tot be carried out onn this day..
Accordinggly, "Wateer Resourcces Study SymposiuSm" has beeen held everyeyearr inJapan to rraise the publicpawaareness cooncerning water.
100 Selected
S
W
Water sppots
In order to form a pleasantpssocietycollored by laand with bbeautiful waterw
anddgreen, it is necessary to reassess relationship beetween water and peoplepdistinctiveely foundeed on locaal featuress. 107 areaas, which have beenn particulaarly
successful in sustaining and developindng local traadition or unique liffe styles
around w
water and advancing
ag local devvelopmentt by preseerving and making use
uof water eenvironme
ent, as "1000 Selecteed Water Spots"
Sin Fiscal 199
94 and 199
95,
and has beenbdiffussing their information by intrroducing their activities on itss
website.

Figure (26) show the water acttivities

Figure (27) show the water acttivities

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Chap
pter 2
urces in Yemenn
Waterr ResouRfull:
1- Rain
The rainr only ssource of water ren
newable inn Yemen, where the average
e rainfall ofo 50
mm in the deesert areass in the northn
and north-east and soouthern cooasts to moremm per yearr in the Central
C
Highlands, Western and desp
pite the large
than 600 mm
ntity, estim
mated at 60
6 billion cubic metters per yearyHoweever, moree than 65%
% of
quan
this amount is consideered inefffective raain does not occu
ur, includiing runofff or
T flood waters an
nd Algiul cross-flowcw valleys oro the eyees ofgroundwater ffeeding. The
2 billion cubic meters per year,yso-caalled surfaace water and reneewable esttimated 2.1
which represeents 10% of the tootal effecttive rainfaall, estimaated leakaage of rain to%, which co
ontributess to the fe
eed water reservoirs which are the primary source
4.5%
of waater drinking and hoousehold use and in
ndustrial .

F
Figure(28) Annnual rainfall

With renewablee water resources of only 125
5 cubic meeters per ccapita/yeaar Yemen is
one off the mostt water-scarce counntries in th
he world. ThisT level is less than one tennthof the thresholdd for water stress, whichw
is deefined at 1,700
1cubiic meters per
capita//year. Tottal water demanddof 3,400 million cubiic meters per year exceedserenew
wable resou
urces of 2,500
2millioon cubic metersm
per year, thu
us leadingg to a steadydeclinee in groun
ndwater leevels, varyying betweeen 1 m per year in the Tuban-Abyan areaa31

ADRC Vissiting Research
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and 6––8 m per yearyin thee Sana’a basin.
b
Todaay, there area betweeen 45,000
0 and 70,0000
wells in Yemen, the majority of which are unnder private controll. No one can becertainn of the exxact numbber, as alm
most all werew
drilledd withoutt license. AgricultureAetakes thet lion’s sshare of Yemen’s
Y
w
water
resources, succking up almost 90 percent,paand
it is estimated th
hat Qat prroduction accounts for 37 peercent of aall water useduin
irrigatiion. Furthermore, climatecchange has apparentlly led to a reductionn in the levvelof rainnfall. For example, inn Sana'a the averagge rainfall has declin
ned by one
e third froom
240mm
m (average 1932–19
968) to 2000mm (1969–1982) and 180m
mm (1983–2000).

Water Resourrces Use::Water Use

1990
0

2000

20055

2010

Agricullture/Irrigatiion

2600
0

3145

3,2335

3,328

Domesttic/Urban/R
Rural

168

210

265

552

Industriial & Mininng

31

45

65

90

Total

2,79993,400

3,5665

3,970

Figure (29)(
Use of W
Water for a PeriodP
of 20
0 Years (19900-2010) in Different
D
Watter Use Sectoors (Mm3/yrr)Harve
est rain w
water:
Yemen
n is a counntry sufferring waterr shortagee. Thereforre rainwatter harvessting is acommon practicce since th
he antiquee. Ruins off dams and reservoirs as well as theuniquee, spectacular mounntain terraaces, cisteern (rocky tanks) , waterw
pools, dams andathe moost famou
us is greatt Marib daam confirm
m the longg history ofo water harvesting..
Villageers in the mmountainous areas are well aacquainted with waare harvessting systeems
for hunndreds of years. They use thee collectedd water fo
or drinkingg, animal wateringwaandsuppleementary irrigation particularrly in the drier
d
seaso
ons

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Figurre (30) The great Marrib dam

Harvessts rainwa
ater in cistterns (Roccky Tankss):Figure (311) Tradition
nal water haarvesting in
n Aden city cistern

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The Tawilla Tanks, also known as 'Adeen Tanks', the 'Cisterns',''Que
een of Sheba Tanks'
Tor 'Solom
mon's Tanks', are located at thehead of Tawila Valley in the southwest sector of Cra
ater. They are consideredcone
e of the greatesst historical en
ngineering feats inSouth Ara
abia, likely buillt and develope
ed during the rulesrof Banu Z
Zuraia’, the Roulades, the Tahhirides and thee Ottomans anddmentioned in the ancien
nt Al- Musnad inscriptions.
i
However, not much is accurattely known of their history . thhe system of ta
anks
were desiigned both to ccollect the scarrce rainwater andadivert runo
off to protect th
he city in case of heavy rainss and sweepinggfloods.

Figuree (32) the waater pool kindd of harvestinng water

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Figgure (33) 30
000Years oldd of Rain wa
ater Harvestting system

Figu
ure (34) Ra
ain fed Terra
aces

Figurre (35) Clayy House at Sana’a,Swithh water
Harv
vesting/saviing system

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Figgure (36) Terraces
Ta Yemenaren's greates
st dams

Run
noff wate
er harves
sting in Yemen:Y

Figure (37)) show the totaltcultivatted area

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Figure (38)(Classiffication of waterw
harvessting techniq
ques

2- surface
s
water
Yemen
n is divided into four major baasins Basin consistss of all of themtfromm a group ofvalleyss and streaams and sub-surfacs
ce water and the esttimated q
quantity byy about 2..5billion m3 / yearr as follow
ws :- Red Sea basinbarea is estimatted at 33,000 km 2 average tthis quantity 431 mm
and the tootal annuaal flow of 741 millio
on m3.
- Basin areaa of the Gulf of Adeen is estim
mated at 46
6680 km 2 average this quanntity
207 mm anda the tootal annuaal flow of 535
5 millionn m3.
- Khali basin area esttimated att 90900 km
m 2 and th
he average total annual flow 67
million m3- Arabian Sea
S Basin anda the Great Basinn is divided
d into threee main seections :1- And Diane R. sevennty religion: an areaa of aboutt 45,000 km2 and an
n estimateed
annual avverage of 119 mm anda an annnual influxx of an esttimated 40
0 million m3
m
2- Wadi Haddhramaut / gas foreest: an areea of abou
ut 46 075 kkm 2 and an estimaatedannual avverage of 57 mm an
nd an annu
ual influx of an estim
mated 18 million m3m
3- Ghaida basin: an area of abo
out 115 37
75 km 2 an
nd an estimated annual averaageof 58 mmm and an annualainflux of an eestimated 77 million
n m3.

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- Va
alleys in Yemen (Wadis )Yemmen does not have any
a permaanent riveers, but dooes have nnumerous wadis, whhichis an eitherepermmanently or intermittently drry riverbed. This is a list of wadis in Yemen.
This lisst is arrangged by draainage bassin, with respectivere tributariees indente
ed under eachelarger stream's name.
n1-- Red Seaa (Tihama)) include (Wadi(Haradd , Wadi Maawr , Wadi Siham , Wadi Zabid, Wadi
W
Surdud, Wadi
W Rima , Wadi Maw
wza , Wadi Bani
B Khawlaan, Wadi Dee wadi , Waddi De Nachib ,wadi alwo
oja raimah )2-- Gulf of A
Aden inclu
ude (Wadi Harim , Waadi Tuban, , Wadi Ahwaar (Wadi Jurrrah), Wadi
Milh (Wadi Ar Ruqub
b , Wadi Maayfa‘ah , Waadi Amaqin , Wadi Hadda, Wadi Haajr , Wadi
Huwayrah , Wadi Hibbun , Wadi Hamir , Waadi Hayfari ,Wadi,
Tabaqim, Wadi SanaS
, Wadi
Adim , Wadi
W Hadhramaut (Hadhhramaut) , W
Wadi Sarr , Wadi Amd, Wadi al Jiz , Wadi Daw
wan(Dhahawn), Wadi Kid
dyut, Wadi Mahrat, Wadi Tinhalinn )3-- Rub' al KhaliK
inclu
ude (Wadi Jawf ,Wadi Raghwan, Wadi al Kh
harid, Wadi Abrad , Wadi as
Sudd , Waadi Harib , Wadi
W Markhhah, Wadi Bayhan
B, Waadi Makhyah , Wadi Qinab , Wadi
Aywat al Manahil , Wadi
W Armahh , Wadi Dahhyah , Wadi Arabah , W
Wadi Rakhaw
wt , Wade
Mitan , W
Wadi Shihan ,Wadi Hat ) .

Figurre (39) Meaan catchmen
nt yield for ggauged Valleeys ( wadis) in Yemen

3 - Springss:
1- Fresh watter springs: there iaa a lot of permant and seaso
onal springs consideered
as an imp
portant souurce for drinking an
nd irrigatioon.
2- Hot wate
er springs : this kind is found in several areas in Yemen
n .it is usu
uallyused in heealing andd irrigatingg some plaant4 - Ground waterr :The peopple of Yeemen must rely on a combination of surfacce water andgroundwaater resou
urces for their dom
mestic, aggriculturall and industrial neeeds.
Approxim
mately 45%% of the nation’s agricultu
ure is fed
d by rainffall, with theremainingg 55% dependent ono either irrigationn with gro
oundwateer or seasonal

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flooding DomesticDwater suppplies com
me almost entirely from ground water. The
total watter stored
d about 10370 billion m3 of whichh 1525 million
m
m3
3 of
renewable water or 0.02%% of the total grroundwateer. In Mukalla (sppacens stock aqueousaeestimated 10 thoussandpreservattion) + Raamlah sevventy own
billion m3
3 which acccounted forf 96.4% of the tottal groundd water

Figure (40) “the race to the bottom ofo the aquiferrs is continuing at an exas
sperating speeed”

Figure (41) water reso
ources available in Yem
men

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Figure (42)(map of water resou
urces manage
ement regio
ons in YemennWasteewater trreatmentt in Yemeen:
Accordding to a 20022
repo
ort by stafff from thee Yemeni Environm
ment Prote
ection Ageency,
there werew
10 w
wastewateer treatmeent plantss in Yemenn at the time in San
na’a, Taiz, Ibb,
Hajaa, Aden, Am
mran, Al Hodaida,
H
D
Dammar,YYarem, an
nd Radaa. Most of thet plantss use
the staabilizationn pond tecchnology, a low-cost technolo
ogy particularly suittable for a hot
climatee. Some use
u Imhofff tanks orr the activated sludge proced
dure commmonly useed inmany developedd countriees. While data on tthe qualityy of treateed effluen
nt are limited,
those data thatt are availlable show
w that thee effluent of at least two plaants compplieswith thhe relativeely lenientt national standard of 150 mg/l of Biollogical oxyygen demand,a measure of orrganic polllution. Hoowever, nnone of th
he four analyzed plaants comppliedwith thhe standard for fecaal coli form, a meassure of bio
ological coontaminattion. Reusse oftreatedd and unttreated wastewaterr in agricu
ulture is coommon inn Yemen.[[ Wastew
waterfrom hospitalshand medical laborratories iss dischargged into tthe sewerr system, butcannott be adeequately treated in the exxisting municipal w
wastewater treatm
mentplants. The largeest wastewater treatment pllant in thee country,, located in Sana'a, wascompleted in 2
2000, but it had tot be upggraded beetween 2003 and 2005 duee to40

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"deficiiencies inn its operation, unacceptable odo
or emissiions, andd inadequate
managgement off the generated sluddge.
- thee treated wastewatw
er from th
he STPs is around 12
25,000m3
3 per day, or aroundd
45..5 Mm3/yyear- Thee quality ofo the outflow is higghly variab
ble, while it is very ggood quallity in Hajaah,
it iss very badd in Taiz, dependingdg on :
1- The methhod of treaatment
2- The capaccity of thee station
3- The operaational conditions.
Water pollutionp
off undergrou
und wastew
water:

As it iss still the aability to regulate th
he discharrge of Wasstewater vvery modeest
operattions where a lot off houses, factories
faand water is discharrged untre
eated intoogrounddwater baasins in urb
ban and rural areass .

Criticaal shortaage of waater reso
ources inn Yemen::
REVIEWW OF THE CU
URRENT SITTUATIO:

Yemen
n is favorrably locatted withinn the Inddian Summmer Monssoon. Mo
oist SW winds
wrising fromf
the Indian Ocean and travelling acrossathee Red Sea and Gulf of Aden bringbheavy rains, whichw
normally faall between March and Septemberr. The sh
harppments doominatingg the western parrt of the country,, where mean annual
escarpprecipitation is generally of the orrder of 40
00 to 700 mm, interrcept mosst of this rain.
6m3 of waater is annually ren
newed in Yemen, 60%
6
of wh
hich,
An esttimated 2 100×106
some 1 300×106m3, becomes avaailable thrrough rechharge proocesses to groundw
water
aquifers.
on of overr 15 millio
on, the voolume of w
water available to eacheWith a current populatio
individdual in Yem
men on an
n annual basisbis only 130 m3
3. This amo
ounts to a mere 12% of
the average in the Middlee East andd North Affrican counntries (1 2
250 m3/peerson) andd 2%
de averagee of 7 500
0 m3. In fact,f90% of the po
opulation receive unnderof the worldwid
3 annuallyy, which, according to international norms, iis barely adequatee for
90 m3
domesstic use requirements alonne (consiidered too be a m
minimum of 100 m3
personn/year). HenceHthhe country is alrready oveerdrawingg its ressources ofo 2
100×106m3/yeaar by alm
most 30%%, with a curren
nt estimaated wate
er use ofo 2
800×106m3/yeaar.
w
is mostm
clearly demonsstrated byy the rapid
d depletio
on ofThis crritical shortage of water
grounddwater reeserves, extreme
e
w
water
sup
pply shorrtages in the majo
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ADRC Vissiting Research
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limitedd access tto safe, drinking
d
w
water
for thet population. The gravity of the waterw
probleem in Yemen is perh
haps best describedd by a receent World Bank pub
blication:“Yemeen however standss out amo
ong counttries in waterw
crisis, first be
ecause off thegravityy of the problemp- in no coountry in the Worrld is the rate of exhaustioen ofaquifers proceeding so faast, in no countrycinn the world is the caapital cityy of the naation
nic imbalaance
literally going to run outt of wateer in a decade.” Yeemen facees a chronon growth andbetween populaation and water ressources, reesulting frrom high populatio
ual per caapita conssumption of 120-15
50m³
continued scarccity of watter resourrces. Annu
he regionaal averagee of 1,250m³. Indiscriminan
nt water extractionen, of
is far below th
ulture, is laargely resp
ponsible forf the depletion off groundw
water.
which 90% goess to agricub
m³. The counntry’s 250
0 mm averrage rainfaall is
Annuaal water deeficit exceeeds one billion
simplyy insufficieent to re--charge aq
quifers an
nd meet thet demaands of both rural andurban populatio
ons. Wateer tables area declining in various regions by as muchm
as eighteh reachingg critical situation .Yemen MDGs Neeeds
meterss per yeaar, some of which
Assesssment Report 35 CoverageCof waterr supply and sanittation serrvices is low,
especially in rurral areas. The sanittation infrastructurre includees the pub
blic netwoorks,
d open pitts The pub
blic netwo
ork servicees are limiited to urb
ban areas andcovereed pits andthe onnly meanss of sanitaation Servvices in rural areas is in the form of openopits. The
MDG targett
is “to“ half byy 2015 the proporttion of rurral populaation withhout accesss towater supply and sanitaation”. In 2004, the estimatted rural populatio
on was abboutnhabitantss, which is approximately 72
2.8% of th
he nation
nal total. OnlyO
15.35 million ino rural seettlementss have access to im
mproved waterw
suppplies, whhile 23% haveh32% ofsimilarr access too safe sannitation seervices At the curreent growth rate of between 3.13.3%, rural population will reach 18.9
1
millioon by the year 2015
5 Inadequuate accesss toural water has its greatestg
immpact on women, Inadequaate accesss to safe ruralrsafe ruwater has its grreatest im
mpact on women,
w
g
girls
and adolescentats. In searrch for waater,a forced to travell long disttances (844.3% of womenw
briing water from rem
motethey aresourcees). Also, time sp
pent in fetching
f
w
water
do
oes not allow forr educational
advanccement, skill develo
opment, economiceparticipation and so
ocial interraction. Water
W
fetchinng is in paart respon
nsible for thet low scchool atteendance rates .Urbaan populaation
is estimated at 5.75 milllion. At ana averagge growthh rate of 4.3-4.6%, it will reeach015. Curreently, onlyy 54% of urban po
opulation has accesss toalmostt 8.1 milliion by 20
piped water andd 26% to safessanitation servvices. Mosst water supply systtems in urrban
bsence off standard
ds for con
nstruction andcenterrs suffer ffrom interrruptions due to ab
designn, poor co
ontracting works, laack of quaalified suppervisors, and deficciencies inn thesupplyy of spare parts. Waater consu
umption has been on
o the incrrease. In May
M 2003,, theMinistry of Waater and Environm
ment (MWWE) initiatted the N
National Water
W
Seector

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Strateggy and Investment Program (NWSSIP
P) that inccorporatess the requuirementss forachievving its ob
bjectives overothe period 200
05-2009. As
A regardss to sanitaation services,
the sittuation haas improveed. In 200
04, the covverage has increaseed to 26%%, 38% andd 7%
in urban areas for publicc networkk, closed pits and open pitss, respectively. In ruralrn coveragge rose too 23% for closed pitts and 34% for opeen pits. Ab
boutareas, sanitation
olds in ruraal areas reemain with no mean
ns of sanittation servvices.
43% off househo

B
Basin

D
DeclineL
Level

Sana’aS

6.0-8.00

TTa’iz

1.5-2.00

A
Amran

3.0

Sa’adahS

5.0-6.00

Rada’aR

5.0

T
Tuban-Abyyan

0.2-1.00

TTihama1.0- 3..0Wlevel declining (mm/Yr)
Figure (43) Water

W
Water
Consu
umption(milllion m³)

2000

2002

2001

20
003

2004

Urban

66

65

75

76

79

Rural

89

93

97

101

108
8

on
Figure (44) Water Consumptio

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es of thee Water CrisisCin yemen :Cause
Population Growwthn growthss in the w
Yem
men has one of the highest populatiopworld – annd with morempeoplee comes thhe need for more waterw
sincce 1990, th
he Yemenni populatiion has ne
earlydoubleed The Woorld Bank estimatess that in 1
1990, the population was 12..3 million. The
populaation todaay is 24.1
1 million The
T population is inncreasing most rap
pidly in cities;
hence,, water availabilityy is decreaasing mosst rapidly in cities.. It is evid
dent that the
majoriity of the populatiopn is clusteered in citiies like San
na’a, Adenn and Ta’izz.

Figure (455) show Popu
ulation Density in Yemenn

2. Misg
guided Ag
gricultural Developm
ment and Policies

In reecent yearrs, many YemenisYmmigratedtoo neighbo
oring counntries, like Saudi Araabia,
to worrk in the oilo industrry. This sttimulated the growwth of the Yemeni market,
m
w
which
alloweed agriculttural technnology to develop rapidly.
r
Trractors, chhemical inputs and tubetwell technologyty were introducedd, which steered Yemen aaway from traditionalfarminng practicees and syystems of water maanagemen
nt. The coountry could no longer
live inn balancee with itss natural resources when thesettecchnologiess were used.
uFurtheermore, th
he govern
nment faiiled to prrevent thee sinking of wells and regu
ulategrounddwater exxtraction. It implem
mented po
olicies thaat encouraaged the use of waater,
includiing low-in
nterest loans, cheapp diesel priicing and publicpinvesstment in surfacesor spates

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irrigatioon. Becausee of this, grooundwater and surface irrigation have beenn significanttly under prriced,
causingg Yemenis too be wastefful in their use
u of water.

3. Qatt and Its E
Effect on thet CrisissMore thanthalf of Yemen
n’s water is
i used to grow qatt (or Khat)). Qat is a narcotic drug
dthat iss chewed by 80 peercent of thet Yemeeni populaation. Weir (1981) discussess theimpactt of qat ono the peeople, thee region anda waterr in Yemeen. Qat, inn the form
m ofchewaable leaves, is used to produce excitation, forgo sleep andaenhaancecommunication between people. Itt also redu
uces feelin
ngs of hun
nger and fatiguef– bothbommon inn a country as imp
poverishedd as Yemeen. Addiction to qaat isof whiich are co
similarr to an ad
ddiction to cocainee – it is difficult to give up once an individualihas
startedd using th
he drug. Most
M
Yemeeni men anda some women cchew the leaves off thisplant everyeday for its narcotic effeect. It is a way of life in Yem
men. Qat chewingcsttarts
after lunch, the main me
eal of the day, and continuess for The rrest of th
he day . Itt is afgather in prrivate hommes, each bringing theirthighly social eveent – families and friends
ding to Woorth (2009), farmerrs harvestt this plan
nt to makee profit – andown qat Accord
pplies of waterw
to do
d so. Althhough thee governm
ment has triedt
use the already-scare supowth of qat,q
to prreserve w
water – no one is listening. Farmers are
to limit the grocbecaause it is ooften theirr only souurce of inccome, andd theunwilliing to givee up this crop
majoriity of the populatio
on is addiccted to this drug. Qat
Q is one of the maajor cause
es of
the waater crisis because the crop isi sucking up most of Yemen
n’s grounddwater. Ab
bout
90 perrcent of th
he nation’ss groundw
water is cu
urrently ussed to irriggate qat

Fiigure (46) shhow Qat tree

4. Lacck of Law
w Enforcem
ment
The Yeemeni governmentt also lackks law en
nforcemennt to prevvent wateer from beingb
wastedd. Wells area beingg drilled illlegally in
nto naturaal groundw
water aquifers. Th
his ishappening at ann alarmingg rate. Leaaky pipes are
a commmon, someetimes wasting up to 60

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percennt of the waterw
passsing throough themm . In som
me basins (like the Sa’adhSbaasin),Yemen
nis must drill
d up too 800 m inn depth too reach any water. In any caase, it is clearcthat thhe lack off law enfo
orcement and flaweed policiess have co
ontributed to the waterw
crisis – which could haave been prevented, or att least b
be less seerious, if the
nment hadd implemeented laws and policies that wouldw
havve limited water usee.
govern5. Climmate Vuln
nerabilityy
Climatte change is drasticaally affectting Yemen’s water availabilitty. The summary off the
Fourthh Assessm
ment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
C
(IP
PCC)
(2008)) came to the concllusion thaat the clim
mate in thee Middle East and North Afrrican
region will become even hotter and drierr. , this will
w increaase the occurrencoe ofhts, poten
ntially desstroy agricculture, reeduce tou
urism and cause rissing sea leevels
droughand floooding in coastalcreegions. To reduce th
he severityy of climatte changee in this region,
which includes Yemen, thet World
d Bank will
w partner with afffected naations to helpain thhree wayss:
them adapt- Th
he first is infrastruccture inveestment. Projects
Pmmust
be completed in ways thatwilll limit their vulnerrability too climate change. For
F example, build
dings must be
dessigned so that theyy will survive the chhanging climate. Bu
uilding neaar the coaast is
disscouraged, to avoid destruction due too flooding.. The Worrld Bank has $1.1 billion
in itsi budgett to help affected coountries w
with their infrastructiture invesstment.
- Th
he secondd is build
ding awarreness an
nd knowleedge. Thee public needs too beinformed of climate changecan
nd how too adapt too it. The WorldW
Bannk is curreently
program in the Miiddle Eastt and North Africaan region for technnicalbuilding a p
daptation.
asssistance on climate change ad- Thee third is policy refform. Countries thaat are seveerely affeccted by climate chaangenee
ed to channge some of their policiespin order to adapt.
aFisccal reformm (governm
ment
speending an
nd revenue
e collectioon) would
d be usefu
ul in impro
oving efficciency of land
usee and thee use of water and energy. Not only would this makee for a moremsusstainable environmep public fu
unds that could instteadent, but itt would allso free up
be used to protectpthee most vulnerable ssocial grou
ups from cclimate chhange (likee theonstitutes 15 perceent of Yem
men’s GD
DP. The governmengnt ispoor). Agricculture coorried thatt climate change will
w decreaase the freequency aand amou
unt of rainnfall,
wotheereby desttroying the countryy’s agricultture. This would not only be a water crisis,butt also a fo
ood and economic crises.
c
Thee World BankB
is helping farmmers in Yemen
by teaching those straategies too conservee and use biodiverssity to make agriculture
mate change. The strategy emphasizes the coonservatio
on ofless vulnerable to clim
ng coping mechanisms with climate chaange
agrro biodiveersity and developin

46

ADRC Vissiting Research
her Aug. to No
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ure (47) Use oof Water for a Period of 30
3 Years (1990-2010) In Different W
Water Use Secctors (millionncub
bic meters peer year)

Drou
ught:
Yem
men is set to be thee first cou
untry in th
he world tot run out of water, providing ataste ofo the connflict and mass movvement oof populations that may spreead acrosss theworld if populaation growwth outsttrips natu
ural resou
urces. Govvernmentt and exp
perts
cSana’a, has aboutaten
n years at currentcraates before its wellss run
agree that the capital,
ut the city of two millionmcon
ntinues to grow as peopleparee forced tot leave otherodry buareas becauseboof water shortages Drought h
has causedd the disp
placementt of thousaandsof peoople s frrom mou
untainous villages in 2009, the firstt time in Yemen; theInvestm
ment Autthority in Yemen has
h called
d on the private ssector to compete
e forprojects to desaalinate seaawater in order to face the currentcisssue of water scarcitty inn as well asa the futu
ure fear off drought
Yemen

Figure (48)(land droought in Yem
men

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The InstitutItional Framew
F
work off the Water
W
Seector:The Ministry of Water an
nd Environ
nment (MWWE) whichh was estaablished inn May 200
03 isndate of th
he ministrry tohighesst authoritty in chargge of wateer affairs in Yemen, the man
reorgaanize the water secctor, withh the aim of creating an institutional structuree for
integraated water managgement andato preparepthe necesssary insttitutional andinvestm
ment conditions too face the exacerbaating wateer problem
m in Yeme
en. The MWEM
was chharged with one off the mostt complexx developm
ment prob
blems in Yemen
Yand its
most challenginc
ng tasks, namely: thet waterr scarcity problem and the challengees ofproviding drinking waterr to the urbanuandd rural population, treatingg wastewaater,of the waater law. The
managging wateer resourcces and planning its use in light oimporttance of w
water is well
w know
wn, not on
nly for driinking andd food production, butalso asa a baasis for sustainab
ble development, especiallly given the strrong
interreelationshipps betwee
en the avaailability of water onn the one hand andd public heealth,unemp
ployment,, poverty, female ed
ducation, and development in general on the otther.
Anotheer challeenging task of th
he MWE is abating enviro
onmental degradaation
manifeested in exhaustin
ng, deplettion and pollution (to vario
ous degreees) preccious
naturaal resourcees: vegetaation, air, soil and waterw
and taking ap
ppropriate
e measurees toprotecct and conservecurces as a basis for susstaining. And
such vittal resou
encouragementt of the local society civil institutio
ons privatte sector and womenorm. Also, conservinng the natturalsocietiies in the efforts of water and environment refo
resourrces and rationalizzing theirr uses thhrough ad
doption aand activvating relaatedlegislation impleementing awarenesss campaiggn.
he development an
nd populaation stabbility depeends
Economic activiity, upon which tht rural areas).
a
In addition, the MWEE is charged with protectingpand(particcularly in theconserrving biod
diversity, marinemennvironmen
nt, naturee reservess and protected zo
ones;
and withw
the follow-up
p of Yemen’s com
mmitmentss as party to 12 regional andinternaational ennvironmen
ntal agreeements. As
A a new ministry, it was naatural forr the
MWE tot start byy initiatingg a particiipatory prrocess which involved all stakkeholders andwhich aimed at elaboratiing a clear and shared visionn of its priorities annd the neeedednd enviro
onmental issues based on an objecctive
approaaches to address water an
evaluaation of th
he conditiions of th
he five sub-sectors (water reesources, urban waater,rural water,w
irriggation andd environm
ment), to arrive at ana accuratte determ
mination off theneeded action
ns or measuresmd investm
ment
and insstitutionall, legislattive andements. This evaaluation and deteerminatio
on of the main actions andrequirerequireements w
was carrieed out thhrough a participaatory process thatt involved
d allstakehholders.

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The ministry’smmandate includes a number of impleementing institutio
ons:- Thee Nationaal Water ResourcesR
s Authority (NWRA) , in charrge of waater recouurses
maanagemen
nt and devvelopmentt- Thee General Environm
ment Protection Authority (EPA)(in chargecof environm
ment
prootection and naturaal resourcees conservvation.
- Thee General Authoritty for Rurral Waterr Supply Projects
P(G
GARWSP) in chargge ofwaater supplyy services in rural areas.
- Thee Nationaal Water and Sanitation Au
uthority (NNWSA) inn charge ofo water andsannitation seervices in thet branches.
- Thee Local WaterW
andd Sanitatiion corpo
orations. These coorporationn used too bebraanches off the National Water and Saanitation Authority,A, but withhin the waterw
secctor reform process and sep
paration oof the exeecutive tasks from the regullator
ones , theyy became autonom
mous locaal corporaations maanaged byy a board
d ofom the loccal councils. The num
mber of loocal corpo
orations iss 15.
directors fro- As for the strategic ofo projectss funded by international aggencies th
hey are unnder
ontrol of MWE,
M
projjects are:thee direct cot for Wateer and San• The TTechnical SecretariaSnitation Reeform.
• The U
Urban Watter and Saanitation Project.
P• The R
Rural Wateer and San
nitation Prroject• The D
Developmeent Projecct of Socottra Archipelago.

Figuree (49) Organization structture

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Integrrated waater reso
ource maanagemeent (IWRM
M)
Inttegrated water reesources managem
ment (IWWRM) callls for th
he integraatedmanaggement off land andd water resourcesrand otheer related natural resourcesrin acoordinated app
proach that aims too maximizze socio-economic w
welfare inn an equittable
er withoutt sacrificin
ng the susttainabilityymanne
Of the ecologicaal systemss
IWRM toolst
are grrouped intoo three mainn categoriees, namely the:t
• Enabbling enviironment – which consists of three sets of ttools; nam
mely: policies,

legislation and financing
fsstructures
s.
onal
r
– wh
hich consiist of two
o sets of tools,tnammely the organizatio• Institutional roles
work and institution
nal capaciity building for deveeloping hu
uman reso
ources.
framew• Man
nagement instrumeents – whhich consiist of eighht sets off tools, namely: waterw
resourrces asseessment, plans for IWRM, demandd manageement, socialschaange
instrumments, coonflict reesolution, regulato
ory instru
ument, reegulatory instrumeents,
economic instru
uments annd informaation management and exchaange.
w
ressources challengeche Updatte thereffore conttains
The water
is extreeme. Th
strenggthened eelements with parrticular emphasis on integrated acttions andd ondecenttralized an
nd bottom
m up apprroaches designed too begin too impact ono the criiticalgrounddwater baalance.
The programmpme strenggthens NW
WRA’s caapacity forfintegrrated waater resource
managgement (IWRM),(
and proomotes integrated
d planning and cooperattion.
Considderable invvestment is to be mademin kn
nowledge building aand monittoring in orderoto proovide betteer supporrt to plannning. Gro
oundwater monitorring and regulationr
will
be strrengtheneed. Partnnerships amongstaders will be conso
olidated, withw
stakeholdparticuular emphasis on partnersships for decentraalized maanagement with basinbcommittees andd water useruassocciations at the bassin and loocal levelss. NWRA willa all stakeholderrs atstrenggthen deceentralizatiion of ressponsibilityy to its branches, andthe deecentralizeed level will
w be beetter emp
powered tot implemment basin plans moremeffectively. Theere will alsso be imp
proved partnership and joint work witth MAI and its
nd projectts, particu
ularly the proposedd National Irrigation Programmme
prograammes an(NIP), on water resourcess manageement at the
t local level, on WUAW
deveelopment andnsibilities, on coopeeration in basin plannning and the basinn committtees, and jointjresponwork ono water u
use efficieency and groundwagater managgement fo
or irrigatio
on. There
e willbe reinforced effortseonn water rights, on prioritizattion of w
water usess, and on theopment off equitablee transfer mechanissms
develo50

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Seveeral challlenges confront the watter secto
or in Yem
men in managemmmentwaterr:Challennges of the water
w
secto
or:

• Yemen is water – scarcescou
untry, Situ
uated in ann arid region with non permannent–rivers, hisstorically, the population deepended on rainfaall. Springs, hand –dugwells andd water harvestinghg in pond
ds, and diikes and dams of various sizessmaximumm well dep
pths didn’tt exceed tenstof meters and their watter was liffted,
in small quantitiesq, by anim
mal or hum
man effort. No mecchanical drillingdriggs orpumps weere used untilu
the 1960s.
1Y
is situated in an arid region, the annu
ual per caapita sharre of• Because Yemen
renewable water resources dose not exceeds 125 m3 (tthe intern
national figgurem This waterw
scarccity gave waterw
a prominent role in shhaping Yem
meni
is 7500 m3).
conscioussness andd civilization throu
ughout hiistory. Th
he Marib dam is one
symbolic example of the viital of waater, anotther exam
mple beingg the mountainmwater harvesting structures inven
nted
terraces. there terrraces ,which over moreni farmers to retain scarce raiinwater allong with the precioous fertilee soil
by Yementhat sweeep down thet barrenn mountain – sides . The desiigning andd construcction
techniquees of thesee terracess are a cleaar testimo
ony.
• The opening of YemenYtoo modern well – drillingdteechnology in the earlyefdduring thee oil boom
m ledseventies, coupled with largee cash infflow that followedo irrigated farmingg a rush to drill waater wells andto an extensive exxpansion ofmps. In th
he absencce of anyy regulato
ory contrrols for drilling.
d
Th
hese
buy pum
developm
ment highland plateeaus and in the cooastal plaans. This mining is stillgoing on.
• Although the symp
ptoms, cau
uses and evenethe required rremedies for the waterw
crisis in YYemen have been diagnosed
d and beccame well known sincesthe mid
80s ,as a result ofo numerrous studies that mapped the wate
er basins andestimatedd the rainnfall repleenishmentt and quantity of w
water use ,this did notstop the problem from continuing an
nd worsen
ning , unaabated ,too reach an allous level today . ThatT
is whhy the prevailing im
mpressionn in informed
time serio
circles about this problem is that failure lies in implementing the solution rather
es of the problempannd prescriibing measures to solvesthan in diagnosing the causeit.
• In should be notedd that esttablishing the MWEE in the caabinet of 2008 refllects
ess of theese problem and a committment to tackle them
apolitical awarenew
shoortage prooblem is worseningw
g day afte
er day andd its
especiallyy as the water

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•

•

•

•

52

impact is being feltt not only for drinking water but also ddevelopment in gen
neral
er of
and agriccultural activity in particulaar, which is threattened in a numbe
regions (SSana’a, Saadah, Radaa, and othher areas)). Howeveer , the meremexisteenceof the MW
WE is not sufficientt by itself tot solve waterw
and environm
ment problem ,which haave accum
mulated over lo
ong yearss of fraggmented responsib
bilityscattered among numerousnbodies , coupledcw the laack of suffficient fun
with
nd to
address these straategy and investment programs . Heree lies the importancce ofhe strateggy and invvestment program in formu
ulating a visionv
for thethe of th
required measuress and neccessary investment to impleement thee policies andlaws that exist onlyy on paperr.
5-The system ofl and exisstingo water rightsrshoould ackno
owledge traditionatrgoveerning ap
ppropriatio
on, expro
opriation andrights, prrovide for clear rules
reallocation of allo
ocated rigghts, and allow forr transferaability. Co
onsistent withw
m of wateer rights, responsibi
rility of all users should be deffined to avoid
the systemdamage tto water qualityqandd quantityy, as well as enforcement meechanismss forrestitution in the evvent that allocated water rights are inffringed;
6-Water shall be recognizedrd as an economicegood; maximizing the value ofwater usee may be a key elem
ment of th
he nationaal water poolicy. Thiss requires thatwater shoould be alllocated to its competing uses based on its eco
onomic vaalue.
The alloccation meechanism should ensure thaat water is transfeerred withhout
conflict and with faairness fro
om low vaalue uses tot the onees which societysplacesthe highest value;
Water shaall be reco
ognized ass an econo
omic goodd; maximizing the value
vof waterw
use may b
be a key elemente
off the natio
onal water policy. TThis requirres that waterw
should bee allocateed to its competingcg uses based on its econom
mic value. The
allocationn mechaniism should ensure that wateer is transsferred without con
nflictand with fairness from low
w value usses to thee ones whhich socieety places thehighest vaalue.
While maaking interrsect oral allocation decisionns, first prriority in thet allocaationof the naation's waater resou
urces should be given to m
meeting th
he reasonableneeds of tthe popullation for human annd domestic consum
mption. Seecond prioority
should bee given too industryy, tourism and otheer servicee sectors. Third prioority
should bee given too the agriiculture seector. Scrrotal alloccation of water andd its
usage shoould be gooverned su
ubject to thet enforccement off effective managem
mentplans buy the pu
ublic and private entities concerned, as we
ell as pro
oper
assessment of sociaal and envvironmenttal impactts of waterr usage.

ADRC Vissiting Research
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• Since watter usage leads to changescinn the quallity and quuantity off water, issues
related too water quantityqa qualitty should be treateed together within theandcontext of water reesources planningpand managgement.
nagementt of the resource annd the delivery of waterw• Distinction between the man
services needs too be outt rightly recognizeed. With respect to plannning,
ment and allocationn of waterr resourcees, the NW
WRA shou
uld retainn fullmanagem
responsib
bility, ado
opting ap
pproachess to man
nagement and reggulation thatrecognizee the unittary natu
ure of thee resourcces, the ppervasive existence
e ofexternalitties and thet close interactio
on of quaantity andd quality issues.
i
In thiscontext, institutio
onal and techniccal capab
bilities of NWRA
A should benable it too play an eeffective roler
in maanaging Yeemen's scarcestrengtheened to en
water ressources. On
O the othher hand, responsib
bility with respect too provisio
on ofwater serrvices or for that mattermexxecution ofo water rrelated prrojects should
stay with the existing entities.
• All water resourcess in the coountry shaall be conssidered ass state ow
wned prop
perty
and utilized in com
mpliance withw the nnational waterwlegislation. Drinking
D
w
water
ny other use.
u Goverrnment auuthorizatio
on is requuired
supply haas a prioritty over anfor all siggnificant waterw
withdrawals from com
mmon ressources: surface waater,
groundwaater, recyccled water, and other.
• Groundwater miniing shall be evaluated on the basiss of sustaainability andd in a mannermthhat does not hammper the well-being of future
regulated
generatioons.
• In view off stakeholder’s confflicts arisin
ng mainly from watter scarcityy, the pro
ocess
for waterr resources managgement and development sshall be basedbon fullparticipattion of waterwusers, commmunities, plannersp
and policcy makerrs indecision making. Raising PublicP
awwareness about waater relatted issuess topublic suppport for waterw
man
nagement policy is a must.
mobilize p• In view oof the facct that Yemen is a country of many hydrological units, theresource managem
ment shall be exerrcised on well deffined hydro-geograaphic
units.
• Low coveerage of sanitationn servicess in bothh urban aand rural regions andinadequatte human, financiall and instittutional reesources aand capab
bilities.
• Valuing W
Water: increased aw
wareness on water cost; settting waterr tariffs fo
or allconsuminng sectorrs including irrigaation; graadual imp
plementattion of cost
recovery; tariffs shhould accoommodate low inccome population; pollution
p
f
fines
d on mannufacturing, agriculture and oil industtries; broaader
should bee imposedrole for finance through donors and private sector

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ervices are not baseed on a reecognized system off water rigghts
ng marketts inBoth in the rural and urban/industriial sectorss, there aare thrivin
w
servvices, urb
ban privattely owneed bulk-w
water
water services: irrrigation waterwsell water to tankerss and alsso privatee sector water supply
outlets which
networks, tanker deliverydseervices fo
or water, and supply of dabba (jerry can)marre essentially based on reso
ource capptureand bottled water. These markets
t sellerrs of these servicess have neeither a reestriction on accesss tobecause thewater or quantityq
to pump nor a recoggnized righht over the water th
hey accesss.
Essentiallyy, it is th
he lack ofo clear waterw
righ
hts that ccauses unnsustainab
bilitybecause hhigher dem
mand for water services drivves a ‘race to the bottomb
off theaquifers’ in the abssence of pricespwhiich reflectt the scarccity value of water and
uld inducee conservaation (commmon reso
ource or common poolpdilemmawhich cou

F
Figure(50) tankertdelivvery service
es for waterr

Difficuulties• Continuou
us unconttrolled gro
oundwater abstractions and ddrilling;• Deepened
d and dry wells in highlandhpplains: Sevveral new
w attemptss to introd
duce
water resource• Managem
ment and controlc(draft legislaation subm
mitted to Parliamennt)• Low level of exten
nsion servvices: Thee continueed use of tradition
nal agriculture
med on inaadequate inputs an
nd support services provided totechniquees is blam
farmers.
• Furtherm
more, therre is littlee public investment in agrricultural research andextensionn services Water scaarcity and inefficien
nt irrigatioon system: Water use isinefficientt due to dominan
nce of traaditional flooding and gravvity irrigattion,
despite exxisting waater deplettion in alm
most all water basinns.
• Low prod
ductivity: Fragmenttation of land holddings, inappropriate
e inputs, andwater scaarcity leadd to low productivitpty, which is reflected in low
w labor waages.
Yields forr many crops are well
w below
w technicaal potentiaal comparred to thaat inother cou
untries. Th
he yield gap
g can bee as high as 40% ffor potato
o and tom
mato,

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60% for banana, anda 20% for orangges. Post harvest losses aree high due toues whichh are seen to reflectt rough haandling, po
oor packaaging
harvestingg techniquand weaak transport netw
works. Alsso, lack ofo qualityy controll underm
mines
competitiiveness off agriculture exportss.
• Growing Qat
Q produuction: it isi inevitab
ble that anny interveentions or solutionss will
have to toucht
upo
on all various aspeects of Qaat producttion and consumpttion,
making use of advvantages anda overcoming neegative asp
pects. Thee GoY, haavingd a nation
nal confere
ence in 2003 to ad
ddress theese issues, is drafting a
convenedstrategy anda an action plann which buildsbconnsensus around the various qat
issues.
• Water scaarcity andd inefficien
nt irrigatioon system
m: Water u
use is ineffficient duue todominancce of traditional flo
ooding andd gravity irrigation,i
despite existing
e
w
water
depletionn in almostt all waterr basins.

Wate
er sectoor perform:
Institutional, legaal and goverrnment perrforms

Yemen
n has beenn moving towardsta institutional struccture thatt will allowanw integrateedmanaggement off water ressources. ThisT begann in 1995 withw consoolidation ofo waterresourrce managgement function under one eentity (NW
WRA) and tthe start ofo basinplanning.
mpetus from the
The insstitutional, reform process has receiveed powerful new im
creatioon of the N
NWE, refleecting com
mmitmentt to establlish a conssolidated sectorsmanaggement structure. For
F the firsst time all agencies dealing w
with water andenvironment (NWRE, NW
WSA, LCS, GARWSP,GEPA), exceept for irriigation, caame undert new ministry.
mthe auspices of thew passedd in 2002 afteraextensive national andOn thee legal front, the waater law wasinternaational coonsultationn. Followin
ng the esttablishmen
nt of the MWE,M
feww amendm
ment
were introduced
d into the law and thet await parliamen
ntary apprroval by- laaws havepaand await the passaage by thee Parliameent of the amended law.
been prepared
Meanw
while, several meassures to innitiate imp
plementation of thee water law
w have beeen
underttaken.
1- Wateer Resources Manaagement Reform
R
NWRE has madee a start ono integratted resourrces manaagement, with several basinpInnovativve water resources managem
ment appro
oaches aree beingplans prepared.
tested, includingg basin maanagemen
nt approaches and selfs – regu
ulation by groundwater
i needed from countries which have ssuccessfullyusers. Technicall support ismented su
uch approaches.
implem2- Watter Supplyy Reformss

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• In water supplysandd sanitatio
on, major efforts haave been mmade to expand theecoverage and quality of service.
• Reform effforts in urban wateer and sannitation arre well undderway annd reform
policy for rural watter and sannitation iss currentlyy under prreparationn .the majoorervice con
nverge hass not keptt up with p
population growth .
challengee is that se
his respecct in this reespect is thet graduaal• The generral orientaation of reeform in th
departuree of the goovernmennt from its traditionaal role as aan exclusive investoorand servicce provideer to a rolee of sector, facilitattor and reggulator.
•
In the urrban water sub- secctor, the governmen
nt maintaiins a stronng
participattion, in vieew of the commitmcent poverrty alleviattion; howe
ever, itincreasinggly encourrages deceentralizatiion and coost sharingg with ben
neficiariess,
who are alsoa made responsib
ble for schheme operation andd mainten
nance.

To strrengthenn techniccal and innstitution
nal capacity wateer resource
manaagement in Yeme
en:
Streengthenin
ng the institutionaal framew
work by: institution
nal strenggthening andsecctor coord
dination (includingg delegation to loocal authorities); strengthe
s
ning
com
mmunity-b
based organizatio
ons; watter resources mmanagemeent planning(especially baasin plannning); and human reesource deevelopment including:
1- Mannaging waater qualitty
The formulationn of a clear policy is required on institutional responsibilityy of eachw
quality and suitability fo
or various uses, andd forconcerrned entitty with resspect to water
the asssessment and contrrol measures of succh quality. Then we will adoptt and follo
owup establishing waterw
quaality coord
dination group, to engageevarrious instittutions, andto agreee on the role of eaach institution.
2- Recoovering co
ontrol over groundw
water
The biggestbchallenge threatenning Yemen’s watter resou
urces is overdraftt ofgrounddwater. The
T introd
duction off motor pumpspand tube-well techno
ology allowed
farmerrs to tap deeply into grou
undwater aquifers. Tradition
nal waterr rights allowaunlimited access from a farmer’sfpprivatelan
nd, and th
here is a rrace by eaach farme
er toh of this coommon pool resource as posssible.
capturre as much
The cuurrent inccentive sttructure (particularly the laack of lim
mitations on extracted
quantiities and tthe subsid
dized diesel) promo
otes ratheer than disscourages groundw
water
overdrraft. The nationn
reccognizes thhe need to deal witth the prooblem, whhich a num
mberof initiiatives havve tried too tackle. Few commmunities haave impossed self-reegulation rules,reither on new drilling or on
o transfeer and salee of waterr outside tthe extracttion area. Thehpiloteed a ran
nge of teechnical efficiencyy and waatershed managem
ment
MAI hasinnovaations, andd is currently addin
ng water user orgaanizations and technical advisory

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ADRC Vissiting Research
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servicees to its approachh. On thee other hand, NW
WRA has ccarried ou
ut water--wellinventories in a numberr of basins, and the new water law has introduced all theTcritiical basinss as well aas the well fields whichw
regulatory instruments reequired. Threeor and som
me secondary citiees have beeen declarred protected. Projjects
supplyy the majo
are unnderway in the Sana’aS
and Sa’ada basins tot test in
ntegrated packages of
incentives and measuress to reducce overdraft of aquuifers. Ulttimately, the overd
draft
em will haave to bee dealt withw
by a compreh
hensive “ppackage” of measu
ures,
probleincludiing:
1) Economic in
ncentives, including trade andd agricultu
ural policyy measures
ng self-reggulation byy the community
2) Reegulatory measuress, includin3) Clear assign
nment of waterw
usee rights (linnking themm to speciific uses)
p farmers earn morre income using lesss water.
4) Teechnologyy packagess that help
The MWE and the MAI prropose to progressively develop and teest the ele
ements off thisues of waterw
packagge. National policyy will esssentially decentralize thesee key issu
resourrces manaagement to the waterwbassin committees, within basiin plans. The
preparration of basinbplans is thereffore top ppriority.
NWRA
A will coordinate information, educcation, public awareness, licensing,, 12monitooring and enforcem
ment. NWR
RA will wo
ork closelyy with other concerrned agencies,
open moremdecentralizedd branchees at goveernorate leevel, and cooperatte at the fieldlevel withw local authorities, especially regarrding water law en
nforcemen
nt. NWRA
A willalso cllosely work with faarmers thhrough itss commun
nity mobillization teeams and will
coordinate its programspw the groundwa
withgater-relateed actionss of MAI. The
T progrrams
S
B
Basinsare piloting integrated
d packagees based on water use
in Sana’a and Sa’adahapracttices, ideentifying enhanceded supply options, andefficiency invesstments andng farmer responsib
bility and encouragie
ing self-reegulation. These pro
ograms will bedefinincloselyy monitoreed througgh regular workshops, and leessons will be drawn and app
plied
in other basins.. A study on options for chaanging the econom
mic incenttive structture,ularly for groundwaater manaagement, will be carried outt. This stu
udy will cooverparticu
both positivep
inccentives liike investm
ment costt sharing asa well as negative incentivesis likepricingg. It will alsoacoverr the overall incentive regim
me for irrrigated aggriculture that
resultss from maacroecono
omic and agriculturral policy, fiscal policy regard
ding taxattion,water charges and subssidy on water-relawated equipment, and the role of pu
ublicment, inccluding that of thet
AFPPF. Furtheermore, ppilot projjects will be
investmunderttaken, inccluding a pilot
pprojeect to testt a system
m of tradab
ble water rights in Taiz.
T
Other actions w
will be iden
ntified thrrough a stakeholderr symposium that will
w review
w thencentive sttructure. As
A sustain
nability is no longerr attainable inresultss of the sttudy on in
the ovverexploiteed areas, and as soome minin
ng is unavo
oidable, N
NWRA willl also prop
pose

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a “ratiional grou
undwater policy” too set out expectattions and benchmaarks regarrding
the use of the groundwatter resources
3- Crreating ann enablingg institutioonal frameework :With thet Waterr Law beccoming efffective inn 2002, th
he legislattive frame
ework forr thewater sector is already inn place. Moreover,M
considerable proggress has been
b
mad
de in
water management functions and build
ding impleementatioon capacitty as
consollidating w
noted in the prrevious ch
hapter. Caapacities tot regulatte water use
u need to be furrther
T would
d require rationalizaration of mandatesmming
strenggthened. Thisof agenciees perform
regulatory and p
project immplementaation functtions.
w
secttor agenccies also nneed to beb enhannced,
The teechnical ccapacities of key waterespecially regarding tecchnical asspects off water resourcess. This would
w
req
quire
n human resourcess developm
ment for filling what is at present
substaantial investments ina largee gap in q
qualified personnelpfor the regulatory and servvice provid
ding agencies.
There is also thee need to establish better linkages between watter sector agencies.. It isularly imp
portant th
hat decenntralization is purssued and extendedd as a po
olicy
particu
priority and authority is devolvedda the loweest appropriate leveel.
atnable commmunity-b
based orgaanizationss to play theirtFurtheermore, it is importtant to en
due roole in co--managem
ment and to build their cap
pacity for joint maanagemen
nt ofgrounddwater reesources. The goveernment has
h to asssume thee role of a catalystt for
creatioon of suchh organizattions and for building their caapacities.
4- Infoormation provisionn, awarenness raising and creationcoof water managem
mentvisiion
Despitte the inccreasing importancice of grooundwaterr in meetting the overall waterw
deman
nd, the up
pdating off informattion aboutt the reso
ource is geenerally notn done ono aregular basis an
nd remain
ns inadeq
quate. Thiis is partlly because the asssessment andoring of groundwagter, beingg a hidden resourcce beneath the surrface, is moremmonitodifficult technicaally and iss more cosstly than ssurface water. The MWE willl take step
ps tomation basse, and sttrengthen thecreate an adequate national wateer resourcce inform
onitoring networkntoo keep traack of evolving resources use andhydro--meteorological moresourrce qualityy situation
n. The minnistry will also ensu
ure that th
he information systtems
mentiooned abovve are cap
pable of processing and analyyzing the rregularly collectedcddata
and makingm
it availableaormulatio
on and for dissemination to thefor waterr policy fo
public as anoth
her means for awaareness raaising. Th
his will en
ntail stren
ngthening thenal Water Resources Information Centeer at NWR
RA and esttablishing water quality
Nationlaboratories. The final componeent is the creatio
on of a shared vision
v
am
mong
holders th
hat would
d guide waterw
reso
ource maanagemen
nt efforts. This cann bestakehaccom
mplished thhrough formulationn of waterr resourcees manageement plans that would

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be preepared through a participatopory approach. The plans would heavily rely on thetechnical inform
mation obtained through sysstems menntioned above as well
w as onn thefprofeessionals and their participattion in thee preparattion proceess. The waterw
input fromresourrce inform
mation andd technicaal solutions generated by watter professsionals would
be dissseminatedd among stakeholdesers who w
would be innvolved inn the selecction of waterw
managgement strategies to be implemented.. This approach wass successffully piloteed in
the forrmulation of Taiz water resou
urces mannagement plan

5- Prottection off water rigghts, impplementattion of thee water laaw, and creation
c
of
o an

enab
bling envvironmentt at the maacro-econnomic leveel.
Yemen
n needs a system of wateer and en
nvironmen
ntal rightts in ordeer to con
ntrol
grounddwater ovverdraft, reverserth
he growing trend toowards innequity in access too (orallocattion of) su
urface waater, and to protecct water anda land resourcess from quality
degraddation. In collaboraation withh stakeholders, thee governm
ment woulld help pu
ut inplace a system of water rights,randd enforce contractss involvingg voluntarry transferrs ofsuch rightsr
betw
ween connsenting parties.
pSuubject to thet resultts of a pillot project onrights--based waater transsfers, the MWE w
would worrk (long tterm) on defining andgainingg social and politiccal acceptaance of a system ofo water rrights thatt would allow
recognnition of formalizedfd water marketsma trade in waterr rights. Moreover,
and
M
the
MWE would en
nforce thee water laaw, particularly thee provision
ns relating to licen
nsing
n of wells and drilling rigs, an
nd will enndeavor too build co
ontrol regiimes
and reegistration
for thee protectio
on of wateer stressed catchmeents. Finally, as thee macroeconomic poolicy
has ann importaant bearin
ng on resource usse, the governmen
nt would endeavo
or toachievve a better integrattion of waater resou
urce manaagement issues andd concerns on
the onne hand, anda macrroeconomic and traade policies on thee other. This,T
howeever,requirees strenggthening nationalnccapacities
fof eeconomic developm
mentin the fieldwithin the sectoor, as well as in otther relevvant minisstries, throough hum
man resou
urces
opment and by mobilizing more invvestmentss for improving infformationn ondevelolinkagees betweeen macrooeconomicc policy and waterr resourcees, and deeveloping theneeded analyttical toolls to su
upport ddecision-m
making duuring forrmulation of
opment poolicy.
develo6- Buillding capacity andd improvinng performmance
Performance indicators in the deccentralizedd utilities are impro
oving, butt are still wello internaational noorms. Capacity building proggrams are underwaay to improve
short ofperformance. TTopics incllude loss reductionn, improved operattion and maintenaance,
nagementt programs, project managem
ment
improvved financcial managgement, senior man
and prroject imp
plementatiion.
7- Enhhancing communitty particip
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Comm
munity parrticipationn in the choicecof technologgy and inn selectingg the leveel ofservicee it can afford,ais a possiblle means to reducce costs aand, hencce, to exp
pandcoveraage to a laarger popu
ulation. Th
his approaach is beinng adopteed system
matically inn therural waterw
secttor. Howevver, otherr commun
nity particiipation meeasures, whichw
apply toboth urbanuandd rural coommunities, includ
de public awareness campaaigns on suchsissues as water conservvation annd the baasis and importancce of tarriff setting inning the utility/servvice
sustainFigure (51) awareeness commu
unity programm

8- Dessalination
Desalinnation tecchnology has
h made consideraable advannces durin
ng the lastt few decaades,
which have add
ded to its importancce as a soource for meetingmddrinking water
w
need
ds in
a
urban
n (arid or semi arrid) region
ns. Such advantagges have also led tot arural andsubstaantial redu
uction in desalinatiodon costs, largely duue to additional savvings madde inthe ammount of energyecoonsumed ini the dessalination process aand to thee reductio
on ofenvironmental impacts ofo desalinization, w
which prevviously reequired high mitigaationD
on is ofteen looked at by som
me as a magical solu
ution to waterw
scarrcity,
costs Desalinati
while others loo
ok at it ass an expeensive technology, especiallyy when the desalinaateddor pumpeed to highh altitudes. In
water needs to be transported ovver long distances
ost for thee transporrt, rather than desaalination cost,
c
beco
omes
such cases, the energy coning factor.
the deeterring orr constrain
The foollowing paaragraphss will shedd some light on desalination, and the MWE
Mpoliccy inthis respect:A) Discouurse abou
ut desalin
nation sho
ould be limitedl
att the preesent timee tocoastaal towns, or to highland tow
wns with sustainabs
le reserve
es of bracckish
groundwater th
hat can economiceally be desalinateddd as a su
upplemenntary
h groundw
water. Thee reason foor this being the prrohibitive costsourcee for freshof pummping dessalinated waterw
over long disttances or to high alttitudes.
B) It will be a mista
ake to dellay the inttroductionn of desalination until alla depleted. Then, people caannot affo
ord thegroundwater reesources arehich wouldd be brougght aboutt bysuddeen large increase in the waterr-tariff, wh

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the higgh cost off desalinatted water comparedd with thee relativelyy cheap
groundwaterC)
Desalinated waterw
shou
uld be graadually inttroduced aas a supplementaryytsoo as to alloow graduaal, rather thantsudden,sourcee to supply coastal towns’,
increaase of the water tariff18. Thiss will also help to maintain theimplemmentationn of the naational po
olicy on waater tariff which stip
pulates thhat
the taariff shou
uld allow recovery of the opeeration annd maintenance cosst in
additioon to partt of the deepreciation cost; a policy,pwhich has beeen achievved
in mosst water utilities.
u
In other wo
ords, it is immportant that the introductionof dessalination should noot lead to a large annd sudden increase in the
production costt, that cannnot be recovered excepteby big changes in thennot be affforded, given the economicetariff, which canconditions and low per
capitaa income19.
D) Institu
utionally, desalinatiodon constittutes a unique oppo
ortunity foor the privvatesectorr to enter into invesstment partnership with the ppublic secctor, as theewater produced
d can be so
old in bulkk to waterr utilities w
which in turn will pu
umporks and billb it to its consumers.
it into its netwoE) ) For ddesalinizattion to be economiccal, the losses in thee water diistributionnnetwo
orks should be very small (not exceedinng 15%). TThis entails
considderable invvestment to rehabilitate largge segmen
nts of the waterw
distribbution nettworks in severals
Yeemeni citiees.
T NWSSSIP I actionThen plan pro
ovided for thirteen actionsagroouped undder four strategic
heads:
tw
water
resources prottection annd allocation througgh: reducing- Sustaainability throughgroun
ndwater mining,mseccuring farmmers’ water rights, and gettin
ng incentivves right.
- Increeasing farrmer incomes through increeased watter use effficiency by:b refocu
using
agricultural research and extensiion, cost recoveryy on public irrigation schemmes,
oping wateer user associationss (WUAs) asa principal partnerrs, and treeating qat as adevelocrop.
-Enhancingg resourcee sustainability and quality thhrough waatershed mmanagemeent by:revivingg watershed/water basin managementt with an integrated
d approacch, andreviewiing and reevising thee dams pro
ogram.
- Improving targetting and su
ustainabiliity by: ado
opting botttom-up approache
es throughhoutpg sustainab
bility through broad
dening theeand maainstreamiing gendeer issues; promoting
range ofo partnerss so as to include, for instancce, more NGOsN
and communiity
instituttions; and directing available finance too the greaatest needd (targeting).

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Figure (522) the National Water Se
ector Strateggy and Invesstment Program (NWSSIP)

Figuree (53) propossed institutio
onal structurre foe implem
mentation of IWRM planns at the natiional level inn the
ESCWA coountries

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Figure (54)(providing safe sustainable andaequitabble water alongawith aappropriate sanitatio
on
Figure (55)(examp
ple of NWS
SSIP activ
vities requiring interr-agency aapproachees:Cross cutting topic
1. IWRM att the basin
level

Agenccies
NWRA,
basin
committeess, local
MAI,
authorities,users

2. Developiing WUAs
as the build
ding block
water
for
managemen
nt

NWRA,
basin
committeess, local
MAI,
authorities,
users



RWSS
a
agencies,
NWRA, MAI, NGOs,
WUAs
MAI, NWRA
A, basin



63











Joint actions
studies of priorities at basinblevel
preparatio
on and implem
mentation off basin plans
support too basin commmitteesestablishm
ment of proteection zones
water righhts registratio
on and water transfer

Refe
erence
IWRM
M 3.2.1
IWRM
M 1.1.4
IWRM
M 1.1.7
IWRM
M 1.3.3
IWRM
M 3.2.2

National Conferencee on Com
mmunity Water
W
Managemment and Watter Rights
development of wate
er users asso
ociations as thelower levvel building blocks of water
w
resou
urces
management
capacity buildingbof efffective and sustainable userorganizatio
ons for rural water

M 1.1.4
IWRM
IWRM
M 1.1.7

development of watter user organizations for

ADRC Vissiting Research
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RWSSS 2.3.2

IRRIG 2.1.1

committeess, local
authorities, RWSS
W
agencies, WUAs
3. Sourcing waterw

4.
D
Developing
water
alternative
sources

Cross cutting topic
5. Improvining water
use efficienccy

MWE/utilities,
NWRA,
basin
committeess, WUAs,
private secttor
RWSS
aagencies,
basin
NWRA,
committeess, local
authorities, WUAs

NWRA, MAAI, urban
privateutilities,
sector, NGOOs
MWE/utilities,
NWRA,
privateOs
sector, NGO
RWSS
aagencies,
NWRA, SFD, private
sectorAgenccies
NWRA, MAAI, ruralwateraagencies,
urban utilities

developingg desalinatio
on, rainwaterr harvesting andother options

IWRM
M 1.2.5

desalinatio
on study for coastalccitiesUWSSS 2.2.1

development and distribution oftechnologies for drinkin
ng water suppply

7. Water reuuse

8. Policy envvironment

64




identify reesources withhin basin planns
develop equitableean
nd sustainable models forresource ttransfer, reco
ognizing wateer rights and “nouncompennsated harm””
map, iden
ntify and mo
onitor resourrces within basinbplanssustainable manageme
ent of RWSS ssources

RWSSS 2.2.1
RWSSS 2.2.2

RWSSS 2.1.1

Joint actions
technologyy and pilot programmees in water use
efficiency
irrigation waterw
managgement
irrigation technologytimplementing a loss reduction proggramme
improvingg network management an
nd efficiency

Refe
erence
IWRM
M 1.2.2
IWRM
M 3.1.1
IWRM
M 3.1.2

Research on water usse efficiency, technology andpilot progrrammes in water use efficciency

IRRIG 3.1.1

NWRA, EPA
A, Water
Quality Com
mmittee,urban utilities



updating water qualiity standards and finalizing
water quality policy
water pollution monito
oring
establishm
ment and enfo
orcement of protection zo
ones

M 1.3.1
IWRM
IWRM
M 1.3.2
IWRM
M 1.3.3

NWRA, MAAI, urban
utilities

cost effecttive and safe treatment/reuse of irrigaation
drainage waterw
urban wasstewater treaatment and reeuse

IWRM
M 2.1.1
IWRM
M 2.1.1
UWSSS 1.2.3



the policy framework forf groundwaater managem
ment

IWRM
M 1.2.3

NWRA, MAAI, MWE,
other goveernment
agencies










ADRC Vissiting Research
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low

UWSSS 2.2.1
UWSSS 2.2.1

cost

MWE/utilities,
NWRA,
privatesector
MAI, NWRA
A

6. Water qua
ality

irrigation, including a studys
and strrategy for scaalingup

UWSSS 2.1.1
UWSSS 2.2.2

9.
Enviironmental
ImpactA
Assessment(EIA)

NWRA, EPA
A, MAI,
all water agencies

updating aand improving the EIA mechanism
ensuring consistent application of EIAs to waterw
mers, including dams
programm

M 2.1.3
IWRM
IWRM
M 2.1.3

Strenngthen tthe techhnical anda insttitutiona
al capabbilities of
o NWR
RA:
- Apprrove and implemenint a new waterwlaw,, togetherr with the associateed regulatiions,especially thosee for drillin
ng and imp
port of driilling equipment.
urces dataa base acccompanieed by institutional capabilitieces at- Devvelop a waater resou
nationnal/regionaal levels too analyze water sup
pply/demaand relatio
ons at thee basin levvel-Formuulate and evaluate rational waterw
man
nagement strategiess for the regulationrandcontrool of wateer use; Integrate water resources managemm
ent with the national
economic development process in an inteeractive mode;m
Inittiate a prrogrammeer toor the performanp
nce of acctivities in terms of wateer withdrawals, wastew
monitodischarges, efficciency of water usee, and con
ntinuous monitorinmng of wate
er table leevels
uality; Creeate awareness among the generalgpuublic and policy maakers
and off water quabout the serio
ousness naturenof the wateer resourcces problems facinng the naation
nformatioon campaigns; Coorrdinate doonor activvities
througgh educational and public inin the sector to avoid dup
plication ofo efforts anda to ensure best utilizationn of resou
urces
ble througgh externaal assistance.
availabLegisslationWater legislattion has been stu
udied oveer the last decad
de without achievvingof the parrties concerned. Recentlyy the govvernmentt decision toa consensus ocreatee NWRA gave a newn impeetus to tthe formulation oof approp
priate waater
legislaation and related regulaations. TThe draftt docum
ment wass prepared inMarchh 1996 andd presenteed to the Cabinet.
C
Itt is presen
ntly being scrutinize
ed at diffeerent
levels of the GovernmeG
nt. The Draft
D
Watter Law consistscoof 98 artiicles unde
er 9
ns.
sectionSectioon (I)
General Provisio
on and Go
oals - the basisband ggoals of th
he law were declare
ed.
m
impo
ortant issues in th
his section are thrree. The first is that all waterw
The most
resourrces whichh exist witthin the boundariesbs of the Republic w
were considered nattural
resourrces. Whicch means thatt
they are owned as publiic property (as per Constituti
C
on)?
The Sttate's rolee is to orrient and organize their exp
ploitation so as too serve pu
ublic
welfarre. The second isssue is th
hat of the concep
pt of organizing the utilizaation
develoopment an
nd manageement of water maanagement as an inttegrated anda indivissible

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sector of econo
omic developmentt. The third issue deals whit grounddwater whhich,ding to the law, were con
nsidered natural resourcess shared among theirtaccordbeneficiaries. ThisT
meaans that all ben
nefactors shall shhare the duties andnsibilities to protectt these reesources against depletion annd pollutio
on so thatt the
responindividduals will n
not harm
The innterest of the socieety. For th
his purposse, the State's intervenes too organizee theutilizattion of theese resourrces and preventpthheir exploitation exccept by prior permitt.
Sectioon (2) Waater Resouurces Man
nagementt - deals withw the basic principles of waterw
resourrces manaagement. As
A for the basic prin
nciples of water ressources managemen
nt, itwas deeclared th
hat water resourcess shall be managed
d and deveeloped in such a way
w a
to satiisfy the in
ntent of thist
law anda in thee light of the general policy proposed
d by
NWRA
A ad issued
d through cabinet resolution.. Then, forr the purp
pose of waater resou
urces
managgement th
he country is propo
osed to beb dividedd into bassins. The basins shouldhave BasinB
Committees linked to th
he Branch of NWRA
A in this reegion.
Sectioon (3) Waater Resoources Planning - sttates the requirem
ment that NWRA haas topreparre water plan for eachebasin. After rratificationn the plann becomees part off the
Nationnal Water Plan (to be preparred every five yearss). This seection alsoo gives NW
WRA
the authority too review water-relatw
ted develo
opment projects an
nd give opinion of th
hese
p
to th
heir implem
mentationn.
plans prior
Sectioon (4) deals with the various aspects of water use. It auuthorizes NWRA
N
staff toenter any private land oro farms oro any othher establlishment tto make various
v
w
water
urements or to undertake fieldfstudies. This section also requires NWRA
A to
measu
registeer water rights and water weells, and too issue permits for ddrilling wh
hen the waterw
action plans allo
ow. The seection alsoo requiress NWRA to develop
p criteria anda standards
pzones around watter wells, wellfor varrious works relatingg to wateer wells, protection
fields, springs and stream
m flows. Th
his in addition to crriteria andd standard
ds for drinnking
t food inndustry, irrrigation waterw.
water,, for waterr used in the
Sectioon (5) Waater Resource Consservation and Proteection - dealsdwith two aspeects;
namely water resourcess conservvation aggainst dep
pletion and protection agaainst
pollution. The llaw requires NWRA
A to adop
pt techniq
ques and measuress to conserve
water uses. Thee issue of water traansfer witthin and betweenbvvarious baasins was also
regulated; the law grantting NWR
RA the poower to recommenrnd to thee Cabinet thepermisssion of waterwtransfer between basin
ns. Regard
ding waterr pollution
n of the waterw
resourrces (inclu
uding the sea). Thee law regulates in this sectiion also thet systemm ofwaste dischargee permits

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Sectioon (6) Flo
ood Contro
ol - outlinees the role of the State in pro
otecting the populaationand property againstafloooding diisasters through various measures, including the
installaation of early waarning staations, laand use zoning, pprevention
n of houusing
construction in flood zo
ones, periodic inspection off flood prrotection structures toascertaain their safety. The
T
particcular rolee of NWR
RA is to provide thetnecesssary
technical advicee regardin
ng the locations oof the earrly warming station
ns, to sub
bmit
recommendatio
ons to con
ncerned authoritiesas so as too ensure thet protecction of floodprone regions againstadissaster andd to carryy out the periodic iinspectionn of the flood
protecction strucctures.
Sectioon (7) - M
Means to EnhanceE
the Develo
opment off Water Reesources - started bybcreatinng or reco
ognizing a water secctor as onee of the seectors of ddevelopme
ent planniing.
The buudgetary allocationsas for this sectorsshaall be part of the Staate's invesstment
budget so as to enable the develop
pment andd managem
ment of w
water resources as anaintegraated and iindivisiblee sector off economicc development. In tthis Sectio
on a speciaal
fund "TThe Wateer resourcees Development Fund" was establisheded. The finaancial
resourrces of thiss fund con
nsist of the allocatioons made by the Go
overnment to suppo
ortwater resourcess developm
ment, feess and charrges appro
oved by th
he Cabinett; such as:- Wateer benefacction fee, on drinkin
ng and hou
usehold coonsumptio
on and on
n commercial
and industrial usse
- Wateer sale feee or chargee on water sales whhether direectly fromm wells or via
v privatee
netwoorks or afteer bottlingg by individuals andd private companiess;- A water resourrces qualitty-protecttion fee, fo
or protecttion against pollutio
on due tosanitarry wastew
water as well
w as commmercial anda industtrial liquid wastes; etc.
e
.In Seection (8)) - Enforceement Pro
ocedures anda Penalties - autthorized staff
s
of NW
WRA
who area chargged with monitoriing and inspection are granted the powerss ofenforccement offficers through a resolution
n issued by the A
Attorney GeneralGuuponnomination by NWRA. TheseT
enfo
orcement officers or securitty officerss are charged
with thhe task off identifying infringgements anda offencces againsst the pro
ovisions off thelaw annd preparing reportss describinng the vio
olation or offenceo
In Secction (9) - General and Con
ncluding P
Provisions - it is staated that NWRA iss theState'ss sole institution responsible for the drafting off water ressource poolicies andd thestrateggies for thheir devellopment asa well as the studyy, plannin
ng and maanagemen
nt ofthese ata the nattional leveel.

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The innvestment plan forf water and sannitation identifieed three major
areas of focuss, which are:Integrated water rresources managemenm
nt: targets five
f objectivves, which are:- ennsure greater degree of sustainability- givve priorityy to domestic needss of rural anda urbann populatioon- improve watter allocattion while consideriing just disstribution and sociaal norms- proomote efficient watter use and maximizze econom
mic benefiits; and esstablish areaalistic and holistic waterw
apprroach amo
ong the geeneral pub
blic Those objectivees
aree translateed into an investmeent programmer thaat includess :• Deveeloping reggional watter resourrces plans.

• Suppporting waater use asssociationns, commu
unity-baseed organizations andd water baasin
committees.
nforcing th
he law.
• Implementing, monitoring and en
ngtheningg and imprroving insttitutional and secto
or coordinaation.
• Stren• Desiggning and implementing NWSSIP monitoring sysstems.
Rural Water
W
Sup
pply and sanitation:: The prop
posed approach to aachieve th
he rural waaterand saanitation oobjectives are:
- Improving project/sch
heme implementation- Bro
oadening thet range of partneers; (iii) Widening teechnologyy choice annd adaptinng
app
propriate ones;- Integrating sanitationsand hygieene in ruraal water schemes;- Enssuring andd protecting water resourcesrand theirr quality;- Improving taargeting and sustain
nability- Dirrecting ava
ailable finance to priority neeeds imporrtant I havve t read itt.
The invvestment plan for wate
er and sanittation identtified threee major areaas of focus,, which are:Integrated water rresources managemenm
nt: targets five
f objectivves, which are:- ennsure greater degree of sustainability- givve priority to domesstic needs of rural and urban populatioon
1- improve waterw
allocation whhile consid
dering justt distributiion and so
ocial normms
2- promote efficient waterw
use and maximize econnomic bennefits3- establish a realisticc and holisstic water approach among th
he general public
4- objectivess are transslated intoo an invesstment prrogrammee that incluudes- Develo
oping regio
onal wateer resourcees plans.
- Supporting water use assocciations, communityy-based organizatio
ons and waater
mmitteesbasin com
- Implemeenting, mo
onitoring anda enforrcing the laaw.

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- Strength
hening andd improvinng instituttional and sector co
oordinatioon- Designin
ng and imp
plementin
ng NWSSIP
P monitoriing system
ms
Rural Water
W
Supplly and sanittation: The proposed aapproach too achieve th
he rural waater andsanitatiion objectivves are

1- Improving project//scheme implementtation
2- Broadeninng the ran
nge of parttners
3- Wideningg technolo
ogy choice and adap
pting appropriate onnes
4- Integratinng sanitation and hyygiene in rrural wateer schemes
5- Ensuring anda proteecting water resourcces and th
heir qualityy
6- Improvingg targetingg and susttainabilityy
7- Directing available finance too priority needs.
n1994/2000
0*
Rural
Urban
24
50

2014
Rural
R
32

Urban
54

2015
Ruraal62

Urbann
Water supply
75
coveragge %Sanitatio
on
17
25
23
26
58.5
5
62.5
servicesscoveragge %Population served withw water su
upply
4.9
3.1
1
11.7
7
6.1
(millionss)
Population served withw sanitation
3.5
1.5
5
11.1
1
5.1
servicess (millions)
Total Po
opulation (mmillions)
15.4
5.7
7
18.9
9
8.1
Figure (556) 1994 covverage data were taken as reference
e to calculate
e the MDG-ttarget for rural WSS; 20000
coverage - Data were takent
as refeerence to callculate the M
MDG-target forf urban W
WSS

Awarreness publicpinn the fie
eld of w
water:
When any talkk about tools and strategiees for integrated mmanagement of waterw
t first sttep in thee managem
ment of waterw
resourrces, clearrly referred to awarreness as theresourrces and the baasic requuirement for effeectivenesss. Consequently, thecommunication and awareness of water isssues is nott a goal inn itself, bu
ut a meanns toa thereefore
achievve the objectives off integrateed managgement off water reesources, andthey area an integral paart of thee overall strategy for the mmanagement of waterw
resourrces. But tthe richesst on the participatp
mmunity. Obviouslyy, toion of thee local com
achievve integratted management ofo water resources requires tthe directt participaationof the leaders anda all water Users alike; hennce, raisinng the leveel of awarreness am
mong
all soccial strata and polittical repreesents basic elemeents of the nationaal strategyy forwater.. We live in a new era
e of scientific proggress, wheere the hu
umanitariaan commu
unity
is witn
nessing th
he amazing develop
pments off the disco
overy of tthe genetic map too thetechnoological reevolution of communication and med
dia, and th
he streamm of news has
becom
me the moost promiinent feattures of tthe current era co
ontrol of thet mean
ns of

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communication and commmunity byy means oof mass meedia. And led the modernmmeeansmmunication and transportattion to acccelerate th
he dissem
mination off informattion.
of comAnd, mediamaree many annd varied,, and each type off media pproperties and featuresuniquee to the oother such as TV NewspapeNers and magazines,m, Publications (postters,brochuures, etc ...), Flashes and documentariees, Mobile
e phones aand Intern
net

Role the ministry of water and envirronmentt in spreading aw
warenesss ofwaterr issues:Role thhe commu
unity partiicipation in spreading awaren
ness of waater issuess:
The loocal commmunity an
nd rural communitcies most affected by waterr scarcity anddeplettion, and where itt is moree the ben
neficiariess of the water in the areaa of
agriculture and animal husbandry were thee lives of these com
mmunities depends onware of thhese commmunities grave situaation
the waater. Thereefore, it iss necessarry to be aw
of watter in Yem
men and tot contribute at thee same time in findding soluttions to thhese
probleems by sp
preading awarenesas among the segm
ments andd cultural backgrou
unds

Figurre (57) a girl holds
hassign thet sign says ((water is everrything) in San
na’a city

Fiigure (58) b
boy holds assiggn the sign saays (Water is thet future) inn Sana’a city

70

ADRC Vissiting Research
her Aug. to No
ov. 2014 FY20014AMean
ns of raising aw
warenesss in loccal commmunities in Yemmen:- Esttablish leaadership meetingsma legal pandpersons in local councils- Raaise awareeness of proper irrrigation methods and the exchange
e of opin
nions
thrrough estaablished council’s affternoon.
- During the workw
on th
he farm.
- Books used in primarry and seccondary scchools in Yemen, lo
ooking for mention
ns ofafor proper usse of this scarcesressource.
waater resources and advice- Awwareness oof the imp
portance ofo water inn mosquess in schools- wee can raisee people’s awarenesss by Awaareness moovie - TV aand radio spots - Sttreet
possters - Waater songs - Wheel coversc- EttFigure ((59) Aware
eness aboutt water in th
he rural carrried out byy the admin
nistration

publicc awarenesss General AuthorityAfo
or Water Re
esources

F
Figure(60) R
Raindrop shhape used forf awarene
ess people about wateer issues

In the Managem
ment awaareness inn the Geeneral Autthority foor Water Resourcees incooperation withh the Orgaanization (GIZ)(
creatted a smaart and chaarming Yeemeni carttoon

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charactter who could,cin a playful mannerr, commu
unicate coomplex an
nd unpoppularmessagges on watter issues appealingg to adultts and children, literrate and illiterate alike.
a
Rauian is knownn across the countrry so are his messages Dailyy appearaance of waterw
mmunicattion e.g. national TV
V, Radio, N
Newspapeers.
related topics in public com

Figure (61)(Yeme
en celebratee World Waater Day

The challengcge in aw
warenesss aboutt water issue inn Yemenn:- waater is not an issue ofo public concernc- Conventionaal means of commmunicationn have notn proveed successsful to reeach
deccision - makers and the publiic.
- as water poolicies pro
omote exp
panding use
u of thee scarce resources there is littlending presssing prob
blem
interest to communication the correspon
CONC
CLUSION
NS: The ultimateugoal is too attain su
ustainablee socio-eco
onomicdeveloopment tro
ough mannagement and deveelopment ofo the watter resourrces of theecountrry in an effficient, eq
quitable annd sustain
nable mannner. Speccifically, th
he followinng
immed
diate objectives havve been id
dentified inn the Five Year Developmentt Plan: Pro
otectwater resourcess from oveer-exploitaation, quaality degradation and irreverssible damaage;
Allocatte water resourcesramong different ussers to susstain econnomic grow
wth withequitable distrib
bution of benefitsband balancced demoggraphic distributionn, and; Sattisfy
societyy's need fo
or water, food and ecological stability by meetinng drinking waterrequireements, byb providin
ng for safee disposal of wastew
water andd solid wasstes, by

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increassing produ
uctivity peer units off land and water, an
nd by mainntaining an ecologiccal
balancce.
1- Prootect wateer resources from ovverexploittation, quality degraadation anndirreeversible damaged2- Alloocate water resourcces amongg differentt users to sustain ecconomicgroowth with
3- equuitable disstribution of benefitts and balanced dem
mographicc distributtion,
andd;4- Sattisfy societty's need forf water,, food andd ecologicaal stabilityy by meetiing
drin
nking water requireements, byy providin
ng for safe disposal ofowasstewater anda solid wastes, byy increasinng producctivity per units of laandandd water, and by maiintaining aan l ecologgical balan
nce.

Reco
ommen
ndationns:• Support iss still needded to steeer the atttempts of the National Waterr Resourcees
Authorityy to have countrycwide organiized inform
mation syystem.
• Need to ddevelop water resou
urces information guidelines.
g.
• Need to ddevelop gu
uidelines forf predicttions, estimations aand indicators in
Yemen waater resou
urces inforrmation.
• Need to ddevelop an
nd improvve data base information systtem.
• Need to sspecific an
nd targeted training programss.
• Need for donors cooordinatio
on to support water resourcess management
programss.
• Need for proper capacity buiilding.

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Reverrence:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

74

Indigenous knowledge
e for using anda managing water haarvesting teechniques innYemen ,Abddulla A. Nom
man
Yemen , snapshoot on
n water and environmeent – Ministtry of Wateer and Enviro
onment 200
08.
Civil Engineeering Depaartment, Waater and Environment Center (WEEC), Sana'a University,U- P.
O. Box 14469, Sana'a, Yemen
Power poinnt Water Reesources Infformation inn Yemen - National
N
Waater Resourcces
Authority ,YYemen – Saana’aIntegrated Water Resources Man
nagement Program
P
Engg. Qahtan A
Al-Asbahi Prrogram Officer .
National W
Water Sectorr Strategy and Investment Programm, 2005-200
09 (NWSSIPP) - Republicc of
Yemen – M
Ministry of Water
W
and Environmentt.
The National Water Seector Strate
egy and Inveestment Pro
ogram (NWSSSIP) – Ministry of Water
and Environ
nment
Introducingg the Japaneese approacch to Wastee Water Sysstem; Recyccle of Sewagge Sludge &Sewer Rehaabilitation - Yosuke Maatsumiya, In
nternational Water Sum
mmit Abu Dhabi,D
21st JanJ
2014
Sewerage anda Wastew
water Manaagement Deepartment MinistryM
of LLand, Infrasstructure,
Transport anda Tourismm, Japan 03//13/2013 - Efforts for use
u of methhane gas in wastewater
treatment ofo Japan - MinistryMof Land,
L
Infrastructure, Trransport annd Tourism, Japan
Internet ReverenceRehttps://wwww.academia.edu/3433
335/Introdu
ucing_an_Analytical_Frramework__for_Water__Security_A_Plaatform_for__the_Refine
ement_of_Internationaal_Water_LLaw
http://wwww.fao.org/nr/water/aq
quastat/dataa/query/ind
dex.html
http://abcneewswatch.b
blogspot.jp/2
2010/09/babbc-japan-lan
nd-of-drougght-and-floooding.html
http://wwww.jica.go.jp//english/seaarchResultss/index.htm
ml?q=water%%20in%20yemen%20
http://wwww.jica.go.jp//yemen/engglish/activitties/infrastrructure/watter.html
http://wwww.mlit.go.jp
p/tochimizushigen/mizsei/water_rresources/index.html
http://wwww.water.go..jp/honsya//honsya/engglish/index..html

ADRC Vissiting Research
her Aug. to No
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