OECD SIDSTRIACETINFOREWORDINTRODUCTION

TRIACETINCAS N°:102-76-1

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

1OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

SIDS Initial Assessment Report
For
SIAM 15
Boston, 22-25 October 2002

1. Chemical Name:

Triacetin

2. CAS Number:

102-76-1

3. Sponsor Country:

Japan
National SIDS Contact Points in Sponsor Country:
Mr. Yasuhisa Kawamura
Director
Second Organisations Div.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2–2-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 110

4. Shared Partnership with:
5. Roles/Responsibilities of
the Partners:•

Name of industry sponsor/consortium•

Process used

Dr. Tsuneo Baba
Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.
E-mail: ts_baba@daicel.co.jp

6. Sponsorship History•

How was the chemical or
category brought into theOECD HPV Chemicals
Programme ?

This substance is sponsored by Japan under the ICCA
Initiative and is submitted for first discussion at SIAM 15

7. Review Process Prior to
the SIAM:

The industry consortium collected new data and prepared the
updated IUCLID, draft versions of the SIAR and SIAP. Japanese
government peer-reviewed the documents, audited selectedstudies.

8. Quality check process:No testing (X)9. Date of Submission:

13 August 2002
Deadline for Circulation: 9 August 2002

Testing ( )10. Date of last Update:
11. Comments:
2

The Industry contact point is Dr. Tsuneo Baba, Daicel Chemical
Industries Ltd acting on behalf of the Triacetin Consortium
UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN
Industries, Ltd. acting on behalf of the Triacetin Consortium(consortium members: Bayer AG, Cognis Deutschland GmbH,
Eastman Chemical Company, Tessenderlo Chemie NV and
Uniqema)

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OECD SIDSTRIACETIN
SIDS INITIAL ASSESSMENT PROFILECAS No.

102-76-1

Chemical Name

Triacetin
CH2OCOCH3

Structural Formula

CHOCOCH3
CH2OCOCH3
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS OF THE SIAR

Human Health
Triacetin is readily hydrolyzed to free glycerol and acetic acid, when incubated with rat intestine in vitro. The
chemical infused in dogs undergoes intravascular hydrolysis and the majority of the resulting acetate is oxidized
nearly quantitatively.
The acute oral and dermal toxicity of triacetin are very low: in an oral acute toxicity study in rats [OECD TG 401],
a limit dose of 2,000 mg/kg bw caused no mortality and no signs of systemic toxicity during the 14-day observation
period. The LD50 in rats by gavage is determined to be >2,000 mg/kg bw for both sexes, and dermal LD50 in rabbits
and guinea pigs were >2,000 mg/kg bw. Acute inhalation toxicity is considered to be very low, since the LC50 in anacute inhalation toxicity study in rats was >1,721 mg/m3 for both sexes [OECD 403] and repeated daily exposure ofrats to 73,700 mg/m3 produced no sign of toxicity after 5 days.
In an oral study in rats by the OECD combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening
test [OECD TG 422], animals received gavage doses of 0 - 1,000 mg/kg bw/day of triacetin for 44 days from 2
weeks prior to mating for males and for 41 - 48 days from 14 days before mating to day 3 postpartum for females.
Triacetin had no effects on clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, and organ weight or necropsy findings.
No histopathological changes ascribable to the compound were observed in either sex. There were no abnormalities
in haematological or blood chemical parameters in males. The NOAEL for repeated dose oral toxicity is thus
considered to be 1,000 mg/kg bw/day for both sexes.
An inhalation study was conducted in rats given triacetin for 90 days at a dose of 249 ppm (2,220 mg/m3) under
non-GLP condition. No toxic signs were noted during the exposure. The NOAEL is considered to be 249 ppm(2,220 mg/m3) for 90 days. Although the inhalation study is considered to be useful, it does not fully comply withthe current testing protocol.
The combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity study in rats at doses of 0 - 1,000 mg/kg
bw/day [OECD TG 422] showed no statistically significant adverse effects on reproductive parameters including themating index, fertility index, gestation length, numbers of corpora lutea and implantations, implantation index,
gestation index, delivery index, parturition and maternal behavior at delivery and lactation. In addition, there wereno significant differences in numbers of offspring or live offspring, the sex ratio, the live birth index, the viability
index or body weight. Developmental toxicity, clinical signs of toxicity, and change in necropsy findings were notfound in offspring. Therefore, the NOAEL is considered to be 1,000 mg/kg bw/day for parental animals andoffspring.
Triacetin did not induce gene mutation in bacteria at concentrations up to 5,000 ug /plate (OECD TG 471 and 472).
Induction of chromosome aberrations, however, was observed in the Chinese hamster cultured cells only at thehighest concentration (2.2 mg/mL, 10 mM) in the presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (OECDTG 473). Because of high toxicity (75 %) that might be caused by low pH (4.9) at the end of the treatment, thechromosomal aberration observed might not be biological relevant. Under un-physiological culture condition, suchas low pH, it was reported that the frequency of chromosomal aberrations could be increased. Polyploidy was not
induced under any of the conditions tested. Taking all data into consideration, triacetin could be considered to be

4

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN

non-genotoxic.
Triacetin is not irritating to skin [OECD TG 404] and to eyes [OECD TG 405] in rabbits. There is no skinsensitisation in guinea pigs by triacetin. In the tests using human volunteers, triacetin induced no skin irritation orskin sensitization. However, one case concerning allergic contact eczema caused by triacetin has so far beenreported in a cigarette factory.
Based on the available data and anticipated daily intake (7.8 mg/day/adult), triacetin and a group of related
triglyceride did not represent a hazard to human health (JECFA, 1975, Commission, 1992 and SCF, 1995). Triacetin
was given GRAS status by FEMA (1965) and is approved by the FDA for human food use.
Environment
Triacetin is a liquid with a boiling point of 258 °C and vapour pressure of 0.003306 hPa at 25°C. It is soluble inwater (70 g/L at 25°C) and miscible with alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons and diethyl ether.
The generic fugacity model (Mackay Level III Fugacity Model) shows that triacetin will be distributed mainly towater if it is released into water, whereas approximately one third and two third of the chemical will stay in waterand soil, respectively when released at equal amounts to water, soil and sediment (1:1:1). An estimated Henry’s law
constant of 1.23 x 10-8 atm m3/mol indicates that the compound is essentially non-volatile from water.
The rate constant for the vapour-phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been
estimated to be 7.81 x 10-12 cm3/molecule sec at 25°C, which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 48
hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5 x 105 hydroxy radicals/cm3.
Triacetin is readily biodegradable (OECD TG 301C: 77 % after 14 days based on BOD, OECD TG 301B: 93 %after 28 days based on ThCO2, OECD TG 301D: 79 % after 30 days based on BOD). The chemical is expected tohave a low potential for bioaccumulation based on a low Log Pow (0.21).
The half-lives in water at pH 7 and 9 are estimated to be 60.4 days and 16.5 hours at 25 °C, respectively, whereas nohydrolysis at pH 4 occurs at 50 °C in 5 days. Triacetin is expected to have high soil mobility and may leach readily
in soil based on Koc value of 10.5 from a regression-derived equation. Therefore, aqueous hydrolysis may be amajor degradation process for triacetin in moist alkaline soils.
The 72-h toxicity of triacetin to alga (growth inhibition, Selenastrum capricornutum) is > 1,000 mg/L for EC50 and
556 mg/L for NOEC [OECD TG 201]. In Daphnia magna, EC50 values (48 h) for acute toxicity [OECD TG 202]are 768 mg/L, 810.9 mg/L and 380 mg/L, while the NOEC (21-d reproduction) for chronic toxicity [OECD TG 211]is 100 mg/L. The acute toxicity to fish is > 100 mg/L (Medaka; Oryzias latipes) and 165.3 mg/L (Fathead minnow;
Pimephales promelas ) for 96 h LC50 [OECD TG 203]. The prolonged toxicity to fish (Medaka; Oryzias latipes) is
100 mg/L for 14 d LC0 [OECD TG 204].
Exposure
Triacetin is manufactured in a closed reaction system. The production volume in Japan is approximately 5,000
tonnes/year, while the estimated global production is 10,000-50,000 tonnes/year. Commercially available triacetin
contains less than 0.1 % of diacetin and 0.01 % of monoacetin. Since triacetin produced in Japan is used industriallyin a variety of applications including a solvent for basic dyes, fixative in perfumery, food additive, pharmaceuticals,
CO2 remover from natural gas and in manufacture of cigarette filters, celluloid, photographic films etc., in consumer
products as well as at industrial sites, both workplace and consumer exposure has to be assumed according to thefollowing three scenarios.
(1) Occupational exposure: inhalation and dermal route during operations such as cleaning of strainers, sampling,
analysis and drum filling.
(2) Consumer exposure: intake and dermal/inhalation route in food additive and topical antifungal or perfume
fixative and cigarette filter.
(3) Environmental exposure: emission to aquatic compartment from waste water and evaporative emissions
associated with its use in the perfume and cosmetic industries and its use as a solvent and CO2 remover from naturalgas, and disposal of consumer products containing triacetin.

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

5OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

RECOMMENDATIONThe chemical is currently of low priority for further work.

RATIONALE FOR THE RECOMMENDATION AND
NATURE OF FURTHER WORK RECOMMENDED
The chemical is currently of low priority for further work because of its low hazard potential.

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UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN

FULL SIDS SUMMARYCAS NO: 102-76-1

SPECIESPROTOCOL

RESULTSPHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
2.1

Melting Point

Unknown

3 °C (276 K)

2.2

Boiling Point

Unknown

258°C (1,013 hPa)

2.3

DensityUnknown

1.1562 g/cm3 (25 °C)

2.4

Vapour Pressure

Unknown

0.003306 hPa ( 25 °C)

2.5Partition Coefficient(Log Pow)

OECD TG 107

0.21 ( 25 °C)

2.6 A.

Water Solubility

OECD TG 105

70 g/L (25 °C)

Unknown

58 g/L (25 °C)

Unknown

7

B.

pH

2.12

pKa
Oxidation: Reduction
Potential

None.
None.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND
PATHWAY
3.1.1

Photodegradation

3.1.2

Stability in Water

Calculated(Atkinson)
OECD TG 111

3.2

Monitoring Data

Unknown

3.3

Transport andDistribution

Calculated(Mackay Level III
Fugacity Model)

T1/2=48 hours (Indirect photolysis)
Stable at pH 4 (50°C).
T1/2 = 60.4 days at pH 7 (25°C)
T1/2 = 16.5 hours at pH 9 (25°C)
In air:None.
In surface water:None.
In soil/sediment:None.
In biota: None.
Estimated distribution under four emission
scenario
Water solubility: 70 g/L (58 g/L) at 25°C
(Release 100% to air)
Air
Water
Soil
0.9 (1.1) 20.0 (19.9) 79.1 (79.0)(Release 100% to water)
0.0 (0.0) 99.7 (99.7) 0.0 (0.0)(Release 100% to soil)
0.0 (0.0) 12.9 (12.9) 87.1 (87.1)(Equal emission scenario 1:1:1)
0.3 (0.4) 30.1 (30.2) 69.5 (69.4)

3. 5
3.7

Biodegradation
Bioaccumulation(Local exposure)

PEClocal : None.

OECD TG 301C
Calculated (Lyman)

Readily biodegradable.
1.3

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

Sed. (%)
0.1 (0.1)
0.3 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0)
0.1 (0.1)

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OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

ECOTOXICOLOGY
4.1

4.2

Acute/Prolonged
Toxicity to Fish

Acute Toxicity to
Aquatic Invertebrates

OECD TG 203

LC50 (96 hr)> 100 mg/L

OECD TG 204

LC50 (14 d)
LC0 (14 d)> 100 mg/L
= 100 mg/L

Pimephales
promelasOECD TG 203

LC50 (96 hr)= 165.3 mg/L

Cyprinus
CarpioOther (unkown)

LC50 (48 hr)= 174 mg/L

Leuciscus idus

DIN38412

LC50 (48 hr)= 170 mg/L

Branchydanio
rerio

ISO-7346/2

LC50 (96 hr)= 300 mg/L

Daphnia magna

OECD TG 202

EC50 (24 hr)
EC50 (48 hr)
EC0 (48 hr)= 888 mg/L
= 768 mg/L
= 309 mg/L

OECD TG 202

EC50 (24 hr)
EC50 (48 hr)
EC0 (48 hr)> 974.4 mg/L
= 810.9 mg/L
= 541.1 mg/L

OECD TG 202

EC50 (48 hr)
EC0 (48 hr)= 380 mg/L
= 65 mg/L

OECD TG 201

EC50 (72 hr)> 1,000 mg/L

NOEC (72 hr)= 556 mg/L

Oryzias latipes(Daphnia)

4.3

Toxicity to Aquatic
Plants e.g. Algae

Selenastrum
Capricornutum(ATCC22662)(Growth inhibition: growth rate & biomass)

4.5.2

Chronic Toxicity to
Aquatic Invertebrates

Daphnia magna

OECD TG 211(Daphnia)

EC50 (21 d)
NOEC (21 d)> 100 mg/L (Reproduction)= 100 mg/L (Reproduction)

LC50 (14 d)> 100mg/L (Parental Daphnia)

LC50 (21 d)> 100mg/L (Parental Daphnia)

4.6.1

Toxicity to Soil Dwelling
Organisms

None.

4.6.2

Toxicity to Terrestrial
Plants

None.

4.6.3

Toxicity to Other Nonmammalian Terrestrial
Species (Including Birds)

None.

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UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETINTOXICOLOGY
5.1.1

5.1.2

Acute Oral Toxicity

Acute Inhalation

Rat

OECD TG 401

LD50> 2,000 mg/kg bw (m & f)

Rat

Other (unknown)

LD50= 3,000 mg/kg bw

Rat

Other (unknown)

LD50= 6,400-12,800 mg/kg bw

Rat

Other (unknown)

LD50= 12,700 mg/kg bw

Mouse

Other (unknown)

LD50= ca. 9,300 mg/kg bw (m)Mouse

Other (unknown)

LD50
LD50

= 1,800 mg/kg bw (m)= 1,100 mg/kg bw (f)

Mouse
Rat

Other (unkown)
OECD TG 403

LD50= 3,200-6,400 mg/kg bw
LD50 > 1,721 mg/m3 (m & f)
No lethal effects observed.

Other (unkown)(Inhalation for 5
days)

NOAEL=73,700 mg/m3

Toxicity

5.1.3

Acute Dermal Toxicity

RabbitRabbitGuinea pig

Other (unknown)
Other (unknown)
Other (unknown)

LD50
LD50
LD50

5.2.1

Skin Irritation

RabbitOECD TG 404

Not irritating.

5.2.2

Eye Irritation

RabbitOECD TG 405

Not irritating.

5.3
5.4

Skin Sensitisation

Guinea pig
Rat

Maximization
OECD TG 422(Oral gavage)

Not sensitising.
NOAEL =1,000 mg/kg bw/day (m)NOAEL =1,000 mg/kg bw/day (f)RatOther (unknown)(Oral by feed)

NOAEL =10 g/kg bw /day (20 % of the diet)

Rat

Other (unknown)(Inhalation for 90
days)

NOAEL =2,220 mg/m3

Repeated Dose Toxicity> 2,000 mg/kg bw> 5,000 mg/kg bw> 20 mL/kg bw

5.5

Genetic Toxicity In Vitro

A.

Bacterial Test
(Gene mutation)

S.typhimurium,
E. coliJapanese TG andOECD TG 471 &
472- (With metabolic activation)- (Without metabolic activation)B.

Non-Bacterial In Vitro
Test (Chromosomal
aberrations)

CHL cells

Japanese TG andOECD TG 473? (With metabolic activation)- (Without metabolic activation)

5.6

Genetic Toxicity In Vivo

None.

5.7

Carcinogenicity
Toxicity to Reproduction

None.
NOAEL

5.8
5.9

Developmental
Toxicity/Teratogenicity

5.11

Experience with Human
Exposure

Rat

OECD TG 422

Reproduction=1,000mg/kg

bw/dayNOAEL F1 Offspring=1,000mg/kg bw/day
Duhring-chamber
Other (a patch test)

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

Very mild skin reaction.
One case report of contact eczema.
Triacetin ingestion : 7.8 mg/day/adult9OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

SIDS Initial Assessment Report
1.

IDENTITY

1.1

Identification of the Substance

CAS Number:
IUPAC Name:
Molecular Formula:
Structural Formula:

102 – 76 – 1
Triacetin
C9 H14 O6

CH2OCOCH3
CHOCOCH3
CH2OCOCH3

Synonyms:(Chemical name)1, 2, 3-Propanetriol, triacetate
1, 2, 3-Propanetriyl, triacetate
1, 2, 3-Triacetoxypropane
Acetic acid, glycerol triester
Acetic, 1, 2, 3-Propanetriyl ester
Acetin, TriGlycerin triacetate
Glycerol triacetate
Glycerol, triester with acetic acid
Glyceryl triacetate
Propane-1, 2, 3-triyl triacetate
Triacetin
Triacetyl glycerin
Triacetyl glycerine
Triacetyl glycerol(Trade name)
ENZACTIN"ESTROBOND" B Plasticizer
FEMA NUMBER 2007
FUNGACETIN
GLYPEDKESSCOFLEX TRA
KODAFLEX TRIACETIN
VANAY

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UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS

1.2

TRIACETIN

Physico-Chemical properties
Table 1

Summary of physico-chemical properties

ITEMS

PROTOCOL

RESULTS

Melting Point

Unknown

3 °C (276 K)

Boiling Point

Unknown

258 °C (1,013 hPa)

DensityUnknown

1.1562 g/cm3 (25 °C)

Vapour Pressure

Unknown

0.003306 hPa (25 °C)

Flash pointDIN 51758/ISO2719> 145 °C (Closed cup).

Auto flammability

ASTM D2155

432 °C

Partition Coefficient(Log Pow)

OECD TG 107

0.21 (25 °C)

Water Solubility

OECD TG 105
Unknown

70 g/L (25 °C)
58 g/L (25 °C)

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OECD SIDS

2.

TRIACETIN

GENERAL INFORMATION ON EXPOSURE

Triacetin is a liquid with a boiling point of 258 °C and a vapour pressure of 0.003306 hPa at 25 °C.
It is soluble in water. The Henry’s Law constant (1.23 x 10-8 atm m3/mol) for triacetin indicates thatthe compound is essentially non-volatile from water.
Triacetin is produced in a fully closed system in Japan. The production volume of triacetin in Japan
is approximately 5, 000 tonnes/year (Daicel, 2001), while estimated global production is 10,00050,000 tonnes/year according to IUCLID 2001. Other major manufacturers are Eastman (USA),
Cognis (Germany) and Uniqema (UK).
Since triacetin has a variety of applications including as a plasticizer for cigarette filters andcellulose nitrate, solvent for the manufacture of celluloid, photographic films, fungicide incosmetics, fixative in perfumery, component in binders for solid rocket fuels and a general purpose
food additive, release of triacetin to the environment may occur at the production sites, specificindustrial sites and consumers depending on the conditions of use in Japan.
The exposure of triacetin may occur mainly according to the following three scenarios.
(1) Occupational exposure: inhalation and dermal route in the industries.
(2) Consumer exposure: intake and dermal/inhalation route through the use as a food additive andtopical antifungal and perfume fixative or cigarette filter, respectively.
(3) Environmental exposure: emission to aquatic compartment from waste water and evaporativeemissions associated with its use in the perfume and cosmetic industries and its use as a solvent andCO2 remover from natural gas, and disposal of consumer products containing triacetin.
2.1

Environmental Exposure and Fate

2.1.1

Sources of Environmental Exposure

Triacetin is readily biodegradable in activated sludge (OECD 301C: 77 % by BOD and 94 % by
TOC (100 mg/L) after 14 days, OECD 301 B: 64 % (10 mg/L) and 93 % (20 mg/L) by ThCO2, after
28 days, OECD 301 D: 69 % (2 mg/L) and 79 % (5 mg/L) by BOD, after 30 days) (Chemicals
Evaluation and Research Institute, 1998, Unichema, 1990 and Henkel, 2001, respectively).
This chemical is stable to hydrolysis in water at pH 4, whereas it is hydrolysed at pH 7 and 9 withhalf-lives of 60.4 days and 16.5 hours at 25 °C, respectively (Chemicals Evaluation and ResearchInstitute, 1998).
Triacetin is a triglyceride, and the shortest-chain fatty acid ester of glycerol, which will be readilyhydrolyzed to give acetic acid and glycerol in alkaline environment.
Direct photodegradation is not expected because triacetin has no absorption band in the UV andVIS region, whereas indirect photodegradation may occur as a result of reactions withphotochemically generated hydroxy radicals with an estimated rate constant of 7.81 x 10-12
cm3/molecule*sec (Atkinson, 1987), which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 48 hours
at an atmospheric concentration of 5 x 105 hydroxy radicals/cm3.
Triacetin has low bioaccumulative potential based on its Log Pow (0.21 at 25 °C, Chemicals
Evaluation and Research Institute, 1998).

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During the course of the regular use of consumer products, triacetin diffuses away into air.
Although direct photodegradation is not expected, triacetin in air decomposes and disappears byphotolytic reactions with photochemically generated hydroxy radicals.
For these reasons, there will be little potential for accumulation of triacetin in the atmosphere.
2.1.2

Other Information on Environmental Fate

In Japan, the annual quantity of triacetin production is estimated to be 5, 000 tonnes/year and 3.6
tonnes of this chemical is treated by activated sludge through process waste water (Daicel, 2001).
Worst case and most likely case scenarios are based on the assumption that all of the annual
production of 5,000 tonnes was discharged to water and the process waste water containing 3.6
tonnes of triacetin/year was released without sludge treatment within a single geographical area,
respectively.
The Mackay level III fugacity model was employed to estimate the environmental distribution of
triacetin in air, water, soil and sediment (Section 4.4). The calculation revealed that in the case of
100 % release to water, more than 99 % of triacetin is expected to stay in water due to its highsolubility and low vapour pressure, but if it is released into air and/or soil, it is likely to be
distributed to other compartments. The results also show that approximately one third of triacetin
will be distributed to water, whereas two third will stay in soil when applied to the equal emission
scenario to water, soil and sediment (1:1:1). In addition, the fugacity model using the solubility
value of 58 g/L reveals that there is little change in the distribution of triacetin between the threecompartments when compared to those obtained from 70 g/L (Section 4.4).
For exposure to surface water, PEC values of 0.00018 mg/L and 0.25 mg/L are calculated for most
likely case and worst case modelling evaluations, respectively. PEC values are calculated based on
the hypothetical model area such as inlet into the Tokyo bay (for parameters used, refer toAppendix in the SIDS dossier).
Assuming that individuals use untreated water as their sole source of drinking water (2 L/day for a
70 kg adult), EHE values of 0.00000514 mg/kg bw/day (most likely case) and 0.00714 mg/kg
bw/day (worst case) are calculated.
Potential exposure via consumption of fish is anticipated to be negligible because triacetin is
expected to have a low potential for bioaccumulation and is readily biodegradable in activatedsludge (Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, 1998, Unichema, 1990, Henkel, 2001)
There is little potential for accumulation of triacetin in the atmosphere because of thedecomposition by the reactions with photochemically generated hydroxy radicals with a half-life ofca. 48 hours.
2.2

Human Exposure

2.2.1

Occupational Exposure

Occupational exposure to triacetin can occur through dermal contact and inhalation at the
production sites during operations such as cleaning strainer, sampling, analysis and drum filling.
The atmospheric concentration of this chemical was measured at a production site in Japan. The
monitored data and Estimated Human Exposure (EHE) for triacetin are shown in Table 2.

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13OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Table 2: Workplace Monitoring Data and EHE values for Triacetin production
Operation

Working
hours/day

Maximum
concentration(mg/m3)

Averageconcentration(mg/m3)

Maximum
EHEinhAverage
EHEinhCleaning strainer

0.50

1.364

1.031

0.01220.0092

Sampling

0.25

1.333

1.167

0.00600.0052Analysis

0.25

0.400

0.400

0.00180.0018

Drum filling

5.0

0.200

0.092

0.01790.0082

Combined EHEinh

0.03790.0244

EHEder

49.43

4.94

Combined (EHEinh + EHEder)

49.47

4.96

EHE : Estimated Human Exposure
Source: Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Report 2002
Monitoring method: Air sample was suctioned at the breathing zone (1.5 m in height) of a worker at the suction
rate of 1 L/min and was passed through a filter. The substance collected on the filter was dissolved in a solvent
and analysed quantitatively by GC method. The identity of the substance was confirmed by GC/MS.

Using the data in Table 2, if a single worker (body weight: 70 kg, respiratory volume: 1.25 m3/hr) is
assigned to implement all daily operation without protection, the highest daily intake (combined
EHEinh) is calculated to be 0.0379 mg/kg bw/day (e.g. for cleaning strainer, EHEinh (0.0122) = (0.50hr/day*1.364 mg/m3*1.25 m3/hr)/70 kg) for the worst case (maximum concentration) or as 0.0244
mg/kg bw/day (e.g. for cleaning strainer, EHEinh (0.0092) = (0.50 hr/day*1.031 mg/m3*1.25
m3/hr)/70 kg) for most likely case (average concentration), respectively.
Dermal absorption can be a significant route of entry into the body for triacetin, however there is no
information for the percutaneous absorption rate.
Based on the EASE model and an absorption rate of 0.1 – 1 mg/cm2/day (worst case) or 0– 0.1
mg/cm2/day (most likely case), using body weight (70 kg) and open body area (face + arms = 3,460
cm2), a worker's daily dermal dose (EHEder) for triacetin is calculated to range from 4.94 mg/kg
bw/day (most likely case, EHEder= (0.1 mg/cm2/day*3,460 cm2)/70 kg) to 49.43 mg/kg bw/day(worst case, EHEder= (1 mg/cm2/day*3,460 cm2)/70 kg).
Typically, workers are using PPE (protective gloves) and RPE (respiratory protective equipmentmask) during these operations at the workplace, triacetin uptake is minimised and is practicallynegligible.
Triacetin has no significant irritant effects following skin contact or by inhalation.
No occupational exposure limits are established for triacetin (MSDS-OHS, 2001).
2.2.2

Consumer Exposure

According to HSDB 2001, triacetin has the following uses in consumer products: as a solvent forcelluloid and photographic films, a plasticizer for cigarette filters, fungicide in cosmetics, fixative in
perfumery, and a general purpose food additive.
Concentration of triacetin in consumer products is in the range of about 0.005-2 % for cosmetics,
and has been reported to be as high as 15-33 % for one specific antifungal drug (Opdyke, 1978).
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Dermal exposure (EHEder) to triacetin by consumers is estimated using the equation based on EASE
model.
Dermal dose (EHEder) =(M*Wf*n* Rf)/(W)
Where, Dermal dose (EHEder): daily dermal dose (mg/kg bw/day)
M (mg) = amount /use (1,000 and 10 mg assumed, for cream for most likely case andantifungal ointment for worst case, respectively)
Wf (%): triacetin content (0.3 and 25 % assumed)
n: exposure frequency/day (1 and 3 assumed)
Rf (%): amount remained on the skin (100 % assumed)
W: body weight (70 kg)
Based on this hypothetical scenario, a consumer's daily dermal dose (EHEder) for triacetin is
calculated to range from 0.0429 mg/kg bw/day (most likely case, 1,000 mg*0.3*1/day*1.00/70 kg)
to 0.107 mg/kg bw/day (worst case, 10 mg*0.25*3/day*1.00/70 kg).
According to a UK survey, an adult might ingest 7.8 mg triacetin/day as part of a total daily
additive intake of 8.0 g (MAFF, 1993) and the daily intake is thus calculated to be 0.111 mg/kg
bw/day (most likely case).

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3.

HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS

3.1

Effects on Human Health

3.1.1

Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Distribution

Pharmacokinetics studies according to OECD TG are not available. Instead, a substantial amount ofstudies were conducted concerning mechanism on enzymatic hydrolysis of triacetin and its
favorable effects on carbohydrate and protein metabolism because of the use regarding triacetin as aparenteral nutrient. Among them, two studies are identified as the key study because they were wellconducted and described in detail. Details of the studies are described below.
When monoacetin, diacetin and triacetin were incubated with the sacs of everted intestine from rats
for 1 hr at 37 °C, the glycerides entered the epithelial cells and were completely hydrolyzed to freeglycerol and acetic acid. The acetate released appeared in higher concentrations on the serosal side.
The activity of the preparation, as measured by acetate release, increased with the number of acetic
acid residues in the glyceride (15 mM). Monoacetin, diacetin and triacetin released 92 ± 4, 206 ± 12
and 307 ± 11 umoles of acetate, respectively. With increasing concentrations of glyceride (5, 10 and
15 mM), the amount of acetate released increased linealy up to about a total amount of 300 umolesof acetates released. There was no absolute positional specificity, and all three ester linkages weresplit (Barry et al., 1966).
To investigate that triacetin may have a role as a parenteral nutrient, a 5 % (v/v) aqueous solution
was administered intravenously to mongrel dogs at a rate of 47 umol/kg bw/min (estimated restingenergy expenditure: REE) for an additional 4 hours, after [1-14C] acetate was infused at a rate of ca.
30 kBq/min for 3 hours (continued to the end of study) to allow quantification of organ uptake ofacetate as well as systemic turnover and oxidation (Bleiberg, 1993).
Systemic acetate kinetics was obtained in all animals tested. Systemic acetate turnover accounted
for approximately 70 % of triacetin-derived acetate, assuming complete hydrolysis of thetriglyceride. Aapproximately 80 % of systemic acetate uptake was rapidly oxidized and significant
acetate uptake was demonstrated in all tissues (liver, 559 ± 68; intestine, 342 ± 23; hind limb, 89 ±7; and kidney, 330 ± 37 umol/min). The results demonstrate that during intravenous administrationin dogs, the majority of infused triacetin undergoes intravascular hydrolysis, and the majority of theresulting acetate is directly oxidized (Bleiberg, 1993). This is consistent with the generally acceptedview that short- and medium-chain fatty acids undergo near quantitative oxidation rather than being
reesterificated or elongated to longer fatty acid chain (Groot and Hulsmann, 1973).
Effects on metabolism(Mineral metabolism)
Triacetin was infused at 47 umol/kg bw/min for 3 hr at an isocaloric rate in mongrel dogs to test its
effects on serum phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium metabolism (Bailey, et al. 1989). Arterial
blood was sampled at 15-30 min intervals until the end of the study. Urine was collected during theequilibration period and again during triacetin infusion. There were no changes in serum P or Ca.
Serum Mg decreased by approximately 20 %, probably because of cellular uptake rather thanaccelerated excretion and remained at this level for the remainder of the study. Thus, triacetin
administered to dogs at a rate approximating resting energy expenditure has no demonstrable
adverse effects on mineral metabolism (Bailey, et al. 1989).

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To investigate the effects of intravenous administration of triacetin on leucine metabolism in dogs,
infusion of L-[1-14C]-leucine was conducted at 1.5 kBq/kg bw/min for 6 hr in mongrel dogs
(Bailey, et al. 1993). Three hours after initiation of the isotope infusion, animals received infusionof 5 % triacetin at 47 umol/kg bw/min (1.0 x estimated resting energy expenditure: REE), at 70
umol/kg bw/min (1.5 x REE), glycerol (70 umol/kg bw/min), or saline during infusion. No overt
toxic effects were observed. Leucine kinetics (the rate of leucine appearance (Ra): an estimate ofleucine derived from endogenous protein breakdown, leucine oxidation, and the rate of no oxidized
leucine disappearance (NOLD): an indicator of protein synthesis) were not significantly different
among animals receiving saline, glycerol, or isoenergitic triacetin infusions. When triacetin was
infused at 1.5 x REE, leucine Ra and leucine oxidation decreased 19 % and 53 %, respectively.
NOLD did not change in any of the studies. The studies demonstrate that triacetin does not haveadverse effects on protein metabolism and at relatively high doses actually suppresses endogenous
proteolysis (Bailey, et al. 1993).
(Lipolysis)
Following ingestion, a natural long-chain triglyceride is eventually hydrolyzed to glycerol andcorresponding fatty acid by pancreatic lipase in the presence of colipase, producing 2monoglyceride, which in turn by the action of 2-monoglyceride lipase in plasma (Fielding, 1981
and Fossati et al., 1992) or liver (Fielding, 1972).
However, such mechanism cannot be necessarily applied to short- and medium-chain triglycerides
because shorter-chain 2-monoglycerides are either cleaved by pancreatic lipase or rapidly
isomerized to the 1-isomer, which rapidly hydrolyzed (Boudreau, 1965). Several studies confirmedthat triacetin is readily hydrolyzed to glycerol and acetic acid by digestive enzymes, particularly
intestinal lipase or liver and plasma carboxyesterases (Murphy & Cheever, 1968). Rat everted
intestine was found to be equally active on mono-, di- and triacetin to produce glycerol and acetic
acid (Barry et al., 1966). An intestinal lipase has been characterized in different species, includingman (Serrero, 1975). In addition, the presence of a gastric lipase in adult man with an acidic
optimum pH has also been characterized. This lipase is active on short- and medium-chain
triglycerides (Cohen, et al., 1971).
Information on structurally related chemicals(Monoacetin: glyceryl monoacetate)
The oral LD50 of monoacetin in rats was determined as 5.0 mL/kg bw (Li et al, 1941). Monoacetincaused no toxic effects in rats when administered at 0.1 mL/kg bw, daily subcutaneously for 70
days, and similar results were observed in dogs (Chenoweth et al, 1951). There are no reports on
toxic effects of monoacetin for human beings, and the hazards from handling this chemical appear
to be comparatively small.
(Diacetin: glyceryl diacetate)
The oral LD50 of diacetin in rats or mice was determined as 4.0 mL or 2.5 mL, respectively (Li et al,1941). There are no reports on toxic effects of diacetin in man (von Oettingen, 1960).
From these results, it can be concluded that the toxicity of monoacetin and diacetin in mammals is
not significant.
(Triproprionin: glyceryl tripropanoate)

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The oral LD50 of triproprionin in rats was found to be ca. 15 mL/kg bw (Hodge, 1942). Rat exposedto heated vapour (about 750 ppm) for 6 hours/day for 90 days showed no symptoms or
abnormalities in clinical data and histopathology (Hodge, 1942). Triproprionin is not a skin irritantor sensitiser in guinea pig (Fassett, 1963).
(Tributyrin: glyceryl tributyrate)
The oral LD50 of tributyrin in rats is about 13 g/kg bw. Weakness, ataxia and vasodilatation in theears and feet were noted. There was no percutaneous absorption or irritation in the guinea pig.
Inhalation of 78 ppm for 6 hours caused temporary hyperpnea, but no fatalities or other symptoms
in rats (Fassett, 1963).
3.1.2

Acute Toxicity

Studies in Animals
Results from acute toxicities via the oral, inhalation and dermal route using rats, mice, rabbits andguinea pigs are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3: Acute Toxicity of Triacetin in Experimental Animals
Route

Animals

ValuesType

References

Oral

Rat

> 2,000 mg/kg bw (male & female)

LD50

Unichema (1988)2

Oral

Rat

3,000 mg/kg bw

LD50

von Oettingen (1960)

Oral

Rat

6,400 - 12,800 mg/kg bw

LD50

Fassett (1955)1

Oral

Rat

12,700 mg/kg bw

LD50

Fassett (1948)

Oral

Mouse

ca. 9,300 mg/kg bw (male)

LD50

Lawrence et al. (1974)

Oral

Mouse

1,800 mg/kg bw (male)
1,100 mg/kg bw (female)

LD50

Gast, J.H. (1963)

Oral

Mouse

3,200 - 6,400 mg/kg bw

LD50

Fassett (1955)1

InhalationRat> 1,721 mg/m3 (4 hrs), (male & female) LC50
3

Bayer AG (1985)

Inhalation

Rat

73,700 mg/m (5 days)

NOAEL

Fassett (1955)2

DermalRabbit> 2,000 mg/kg bw

LD50

Unichema (1994)

DermalRabbit> 5,000 mg/kg bw

LD50

Bailey (1976)

DermalGuinea pig > 20 mL/kg bw

LD50

Fassett (1967)

Among the above, an oral rat study (Unichema, 19882) was identified as the key study because it
was well conducted and described in detail in compliance with GLP for non-clinical studies (USFDA, EPA and OECD). Details of the study are described below.
Male and female Wistar rats were administered orally at a single, maximum dose (2,000 mg/kg bw,
a limit dose level) to one group of five male and five female rats according to OECD TG 401. No
mortality occurred and no signs of systemic toxicity were observed during the 14-day observation
period. Gross pathology revealed no treatment-related changes at the end of two weeks for both
sexes. From these results, triacetin has no toxic effect when administered as a single oral dose to18

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rats at a level of 2,000 mg/kg bw. When triacetin was administered orally to rats, in another study,
at doses that caused fatality, weakness and ataxia were reported (Fassett, 19551).
Studies in Humans
There is no information available.
Conclusion
Acute toxicity of triacetin is low in rodents because LD50 values are greater than 1,000 mg/kg bw
by oral or dermal route and greater than 1,000 mg/m3 by inhalation.
3.1.3

Irritation

Studies in Animals
Skin Irritation
Application of triacetin induced no skin irritation in rabbits (Kaestner, 1988 and Hem, 1974-1975)
and slight irritation in guinea pigs (Fasset, 1967).
Eye Irritation
Most of the studies report that triacetin caused no irritation to rabbit eye (Jacobs, 1989, Kaestner,
1988, Conquet, 1977, Lailer, 1976, Hughes, 1976) except one report where slight irritation wasobserved in rabbits (Fasset, 1967).
Conclusion
Triacetin is neither classified nor labelled as irritant according to European regulation and Directive
67/548/EWG.
Studies in Humans
Human data is not available in detail except one case report (Unna and Schultz, 1963). Triacetincaused mild skin irritation when tested at 50% in 20 volunteers with 24-hr occlusive skin contact(Matthies W., 1988). Triacetin (20 % in petrolatum) did not irritate the skin of 33 volunteers whentested in a 48-hr covered patch test (Epstein, 1976). Contact with a solution containing 50 %triacetin in ethanol was not irritant to 20 eczema patients in covered test for 24 and 48hr (Unna andSchulz, 1963).
No skin reactions occurred in 33 volunteers treated with 20% triacetin in petrolatum in an attempt
to induce skin sensitisation using the maximization test (Klingman, 1966, Klingman & Epstein,1975). However, there is one case report so far concerning allergic contact eczema in a cigarette
factory, which was based on sensitisation towards triacetin used for the production of cigarette
filters and identified as the key study because of detailed description of the case. The allergy wasdemonstrated in a patch test. In addition to triacetin, monoacetin and diacetin also produced positive
results (Unna and Schulz, 1963).
3.1.4

Sensitisation

Application of triacetin did not induce skin sensitisation in guinea pigs (Opdyke, 1978 and Eastman
Kodak Company, 1955).

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Conclusion
Triacetin is not irritating to skin and to eyes in rabbits. Triacetin does not induce skin sensitisationin guinea pigs.
3.1.5

Repeated Dose Toxicity

Some of the results from repeated toxicity studies via oral, feeding and inhalation route in rats andsheep are summarized in Table 4.
Table 4: Repeated Dose Toxicity of Triacetin in Experimental Animals
Route

Animals

NOAEL

Exposure period

References

Oral

Rat

1,000 mg/kg bw/day (male)
1,000 mg/ kg bw /day (female)

44 days
41 - 48 days

MHW (1998)

Feed

Rat

10 g/kg bw /day (male)

90 days

Shapira (1969)

Feed

Sheep

10 %/day (male & female)

175 days

Bull (1970)

Inhalation

Rat

2,220 mg/m3

90 days

Fassett (1955)2

Although several studies are available, all but one of these studies were run prior to the publicationof GLP standards. In addition, these studies were not conducted according to currently approved
laboratory methods for toxicity testing. Therefore, the repeated dose study by gavage conducted by
MHW, Japan, 1998 was identified as the best quality and the key study because it was wellconducted and described in detail. Other studies including by inhalation (Fassett, 19552) and oral by
feed (Bull, et al. 1970 and Shapira, 1969, 1975) were also reviewed because these studies werecited elsewhere and afford the experimental evidences concerning that triacetin is a safe substancein a variety of uses including food, cigarette filters and cosmetics (MSDS-OHS, 2001). Details ofthese studies are described below.
Oral(Oral by Gavage)
Using the OECD combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening test
[OECD TG 422], SD (Crj: CD) rats received gavage doses of 0 (vehicle; distilled water), 40, 200
and 1,000 mg/kg bw/day; for males for 44 days from 2 weeks prior to mating and for females for 4148 days from 14 days before mating to day 3 postpartum (MHW, Japan: 1998).
Triacetin had no effects on clinical signs, body weight, body weight gain, food consumption, andorgan weight or necropsy findings. No histopathological changes ascribable to the compound wereobserved even at the highest dose for both sexes. There were no abnormalities in haematological or
blood chemical parameters in males, although urinalysis was not conducted. The NOAEL for
repeated dose toxicity is thus considered to be 1,000 mg/kg bw/day for both sexes.
(Oral by Feed)(Rat) To develop diets which contain virtually all the calories as purified organic compounds forlong-duration space missions, growing male rats were fed diets containing triacetin and/or glycerin(20 - 60 %) for 90 days. The animals well tolerated up to 20 % triacetin, which corresponds to 10
20

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g/kg bw/day. Greater percentage caused a decrease in weight gain. A large loss in weight andconsiderable mortality was associated with diets containing either glycerol or triacetin at 60 % of
the diet (Shapira, 1969), while increased liver weight occurred in the 30 % groups (Shapira, 1975).
The NOAEL for the feeding study is considered to be 10 g/kg bw/day for male rats.
(Sheep) A feeding experiment using rams and ewes was conducted for 175 days to study theefficiency of utilization for growth-fattening, of the energy of diets in the ruminal ingesta. Triacetin,
employed as a source of acetic acid, was added to the basal diets to comprise 10 % of the total
dietary dry matter. Faeces were collected and analysed for the proximate chemical constituents andheat of combustion and samples of urine were analysed for urinary energy. Utilization rates were62.0 % for the metabolizable energy (ME) provided by the diets containing triacetin in a 175 day
feeding study with sheep. No toxicity was reported (Bull et al. 1970).
Inhalation
To determine if the plasticiser, when used in cellulose acetate cigarette filters, would have any toxic
effect on the individuals inhaling the compound, long-term vapour inhalation toxicity for 90 days
was studied for rats at a dose of 249 ppm (2,220 mg/m3). Average daily weight gain was 2.2 g/rat.
Inhalation was further extended for another week at 73.72 ppm (660 mg/m3) and 8,271 ppm (73,700
mg/m3, saturated vapour) (Fassett, 19552). No symptoms were noted during the exposure.
Haematological studies and urinalysis showed no abnormalities in any of the animals. No
histopathological changes were observed at the time of autopsy. The NOAEL is estimated to be
8,271 ppm (73,700 mg/m3) for the 5-day study and 249 ppm (2,220 mg/m3) for the 90-day study.
Although the inhalation studies are considered to be useful, they do not fully comply with thecurrent testing protocol.
Conclusion
An oral repeated dose study in rats showed no adverse effects even at the highest dose, 1,000 mg/kg
bw/day. In a 90-day feeding study with rats up to 10 g/kg bw/day were tolerated without signs of
toxicity. An inhalation study reveals no abnormalities attributable to exposures of 8,271 ppm(73,700 mg/m3) for 5 days and 250 ppm (2,200 mg/m3) for 90 days. Therefore, the NOAEL for
repeated dose oral toxicity in rats is 1,000 mg/kg bw/day for both sexes. The NOAEL for thefeeding study is considered to be 10 g/kg bw /day for male rats. The NOAEL for repeatedinhalation toxicity in rats is considered to be 8,271 ppm (73,700 mg/m3) for 5 days and 250 ppm(2,200 mg/m3) for 90 days.
3.1.6

Mutagenicity

In vitro Studies
Several in vitro studies are available. Triacetin did not induce gene mutation in bacteria (MHW,
Japan: 1998, Uniquema, 19883, Henkel, 1982) and induced chromosomal aberrations in mammaliancultured cells (MHW, Japan: 1998). Among these studies, MHW studies were identified to be thekey study because they were most recent, well conducted and published.
A reverse gene mutation assay was conducted using the pre-incubation method (OECD TG 471 and
472). Triacetin was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA1535, TA98, TA1537
and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA at concentrations up to 5,000 ug /plate, with or without anexogenous metabolic activation system (MHW, Japan: 1998).
A chromosomal aberration test according to OECD TG 473 was conducted in cultured Chinese
hamster lung (CHL/IU) cells. Induction of chromosome aberrations, however, was observed in the
Chinese hamster cultured cells only at the highest concentration (2.2 mg/mL, 10 mM) in the
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presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (OECD TG 473). Because of the hightoxicity (75 %) and also low pH (4.9) at the end of the treatment, the chromosomal aberration
observed might not be biological relevant. Under un-physiological culture condition, such as low
pH, it was reported that the frequency of chromosomal aberrations could be increased (Morita et al.,1990). Polyploidy was not induced under any of the conditions on continuous and short-term
treatment with and without an exogenous metabolic activation system (MHW, Japan: 1998).
In vivo Studies
There are no data on genotoxicity in vivo available.
Conclusion
Triacetin is not genotoxic with and without an exogenous metabolic activation system in bacterial
tests. The chemical however induced chromosomal aberrations in vitro (however under unphysiological conditions). Taking all data into consideration, triacetin should be considered nongenotoxic in vitro.
3.1.7

Carcinogenicity

There is no available information on carcinogenicity.
3.1.8

Toxicity for Reproduction

Studies in Animals
One study was available. The data from the OECD repeated dose and reproductive toxicity study
by the oral route (MHW, Japan: 1998) was identified as the key study because it was well conducted
and reported. Details of this study are as follows.
Effects on Fertility
Using the OECD combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening test
[OECD TG 422], SD (Crj: CD), rats received gavage doses of 0 (vehicle; distilled water), 40, 200
and 1,000 mg/kg bw/day. Males were exposed for 44 days from 2 weeks prior to mating andfemales were exposed for 41-48 days from 14 days before mating to day 3 postpartum. Female
animals were sacrificed on day 4 of lactation (MHW, Japan: 1998).
No effects related to chemical exposure were observed maternally at any dose levels, although there
was a single undelivered animal at 200 mg/kg bw which was not statistically significantly different
from the control (p<0.05). Similarly, no effects related to the chemical exposure were observed atany dose levels on reproductive parameters including the mating index, fertility index, gestation
length, numbers of corpora lutea and implantations, implantation index, gestation index, delivery
index, parturition and maternal behaviour at delivery and lactation.
In summary, it can be concluded that reproductive toxicity of triacetin in rats by oral administration
was not observed up to the highest dose tested. The NOAEL is thus established to be 1,000 mg/kg
bw/day.
Developmental Toxicity
As described the above, using the OECD combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental
toxicity screening test [OECD TG 422], female rats received gavage doses of 0 - 1,000 mg/kg bw/day, for 41-48 days from 14 days before mating to day 3 postpartum. The animals were sacrificed

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on day 4 of lactation to evaluate the potential maternal and developmental parameters of triacetin(MHW, Japan: 1998).
On examination of neonates, there were no statistically significant differences from the control in
numbers of offspring or live offspring, the sex ratio, the live birth index, and the viability index orbody weight. No abnormal findings ascribable to the compound were found for external features,
clinical signs or necropsy of the offspring.
Therefore, the NOAEL for developmental toxicity is considered to be 1,000 mg/kg bw /day foroffspring.
Studies in Humans
There is no information on humans available.
Conclusion
Triacetin did not produce any reproductive and developmental effects in rats. The NOAEL for
reproductive and developmental toxicity by gavage is established at 1,000 mg/kg bw/day forparental animals and offspring.
3.2

Initial Assessment for Human Health

Triacetin is absorbed following ingestion and metabolised like other shorter-chain triglycerides.
Several studies confirmed that triacetin is hydrolysed to glycerol and acetic acid by digestive
enzymes, particularly lipases, liver or plasma carboxyesterases. Triacetin infused in dogs undergoes
intravascular hydrolysis, and the majority of the resulting acetate is oxidized nearly quantitatively
rather than reesterificated or elongated, as is the case with short- and medium-chain fatty acids.
In the oral acute toxicity study in rats (2,000 mg/kg bw, a limit dose level, OECD TG 401), no
mortality occurred and no signs of systemic toxicity were observed during the 14-day observation
period. Gross pathology revealed no treatment-related changes at the end of two weeks for both
sexes. The LD50 of triacetin in rats by gavage is thus determined to be > 2,000 mg/kg bw. The LC50
in acute inhalation toxicity in rats is > 1.721mg/L (4h) for both sexes [OECD 403].
Most of the studies show that triacetin caused no irritation to rabbit skin [OECD TG 404] and to therabbit eye [OECD TG 405]. Triacetin is not skin sensitising to guinea pigs.
In the tests using human volunteers, triacetin induced no skin irritation or skin sensitization.
However, one case concerning allergic contact eczema caused by triacetin has so far been reported
in a cigarette factory.
In an oral rat study according to the combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental
toxicity screening test [OECD TG 422], a dose of 1,000 mg/kg bw/day of triacetin exerted noeffects on clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, and organ weight or necropsy findings.
No histopathological changes ascribable to the compound were observed in either sex. The NOAEL
for repeated dose toxicity is thus considered to be 1,000 mg/kg bw/day for both sexes.
Growing male rats were fed diets containing triacetin and/or glycerine (20 - 60 %) for 90 days. The
animals well tolerated up to 20 % triacetin of the diet. The NOAEL for the feeding study is
considered to be 10 g/kg bw/day for male rats.
An inhalation study was conducted in rats given triacetin for 90 days at dose of 249 ppm (2,220mg/m3) under non-GLP condition. No toxic symptoms were noted during the exposure and all rats
appeared to be normal. Haematological studies, urine analyses and autopsy showed no abnormal
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observations attributable to the exposure. The NOAEL is considered to be 249 ppm (2,220 mg/m3)
for 90 days, although the inhalation studies are considered to be useful, they do not fully comply
with the current testing protocol.
In the combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental oral toxicity study in rats [OECDTG 422], animals received gavage doses of 0, 40, 200 and 1,000 mg/kg bw/day. There were no
statistically significant adverse effects on reproductive parameters including the mating index,
fertility index, gestation length, numbers of corpora lutea and implantations, implantation index,
gestation index, delivery index, parturition and maternal behavior at delivery and lactation. In
addition, there were no significant differences in numbers of offspring or live offspring, the sex
ratio, the live birth index, the viability index or body weight. No evidence of malformations at any
doses ascribable to the compound was found for external features, clinical signs or necropsy of theoffspring. Therefore, the NOAEL for reproductive and developmental toxicity by gavage isconsidered to be 1,000 mg/kg bw/day for parental animals and offspring.
For genotoxicity of triacetin, one non-bacterial in vitro and five bacterial reverse mutation tests areavailable. Triacetin did not induce gene mutation in bacteria at concentrations up to 5,000 ug /plate(OECD TG 471 and 472). Induction of chromosome aberrations, however, was observed in the
Chinese hamster cultured cells only at the highest concentration (2.2 mg/mL, 10 mM) in thepresence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (OECD TG 473). Because of high toxicity(75 %) and also low pH (4.9) at the end of treatment, the chromosomal aberration observed might
not be biological relevant. Under un-physiological culture condition, such as low pH, it wasreported that the frequency of chromosomal aberrations could be increased (Morita et al., 1990).
Polyploidy was not induced under any of the conditions tested. Taking all data into consideration,
triacetin could be considered to be non-genotoxic.
There is no information on human toxicity available. However, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additive (JECFA) considers it unnecessary to assign an acceptable daily intake(ADI) as triacetin is metabolized like other triglycerides in food. In an assessment of triacetin,
JECFA concluded that based on the available data, and anticipated daily intake, triacetin did not
represent a hazard to health (JECFA, 1975) and in a more recent evaluation, the EU’s ScientificCommittee for Food endorsed this position for triacetin (Commission, 1992, SCF, 1995). An
estimate of additive intake in the UK suggests that an adult might ingest 7.8 mg triacetin/day as partof a total daily additive intake of 8.0 g (MAFF, 1993).

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4.

HAZARDS TO THE ENVIRONMENT

4.1

Aquatic Effects

Acute and Chronic Toxicity Test Results
Triacetin has been tested in a limited number of aquatic species. Results from acute and chronic
tests on aquatic organisms are summarized in Table 5.

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Table 5: Summary of Effects of Triacetin on Aquatic Organisms
Organism

Test duration

Result (mg/L)

Reference

0-72 h (cl,shaken)(Growth inhibition)
EC50 (G.rate) > 1,000 (nc*)
NOEC = 556 (nc*)

EA, Japan (1998)

Micro-organisms
Green alga (Selenastrum
capricornutum) §EC50 (Bms) > 1,000 (nc*)
NOEC = 556 (nc*)
Invertebrates
Water flea (Daphnia magna)

24 h (op, s)
48 h (op, s)

EC50 (Imm) = 888 (nc*)
EC50 (Imm) = 768 (nc*)
EC0 (Imm) = 309 (nc*)

EA, Japan (1998)

Water flea (Daphnia magna)

24 h (op, s)
48 h (op, s)

EC50 (Imm) > 974.4 (m)EC50 (Imm) = 810.9 (m)EC0 (Imm) = 541.1 (m)Lawrence (1995)1

Water flea (Daphnia magna)

48 h (op, s)

EC50 = 380
EC0 = 65

Henkel KGaA

Water flea (Daphnia magna)

21 d (op, ss)

EC50 (Rep) > 100 (nc*)
NOEC (Rep) = 100 (nc*)

EA, Japan (1998)

Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

96 h (op, ss)

LC50> 100 (nc*)

EA, Japan (1998)

Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

14 d (op, f)

LC50 >100 (nc*)
LC0 = 100 (nc*)

EA, Japan (1998)

Fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas)96 h (op, s)

LC50 = 165.3 (m)Lawrence (1995)2

Cyprinidae (Carp)(Cyprinus carpio)

48 h (op, s)

LC50 = 174

Unichema (1988)1

Golden orfe
(Leuciscus idus)

48 h (op, s)

LC50 = 170

Henkel KGaA (1988)

Zebra-fish(Brachydanio rerio)

96 h (op, ss)

LC50 = 300

Henkel KGaA (1982)

Fish

cl = closed system
m = measured concentrationf = flow throughop = open systems = static
ss = semi-static
nc = nominal concentrationnc* = calculated based on nominal concentrations, because measured concentrations were >80% of nominal
concentrations.
Bms = biomass
Imm = immobilization
Rep = reproduction
G.rate = Growth rate

26

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN§ In the case of green alga, the pH decrease caused by the hydrolysis of triacetin was dependent on theconcentration of triacetin and reached the plateau at 556mg/L at pH 5.3. Therefore, the NOEC of 556 mg/L wastentatively assigned for the toxicity of triacetin. It is, however, not clear whether the growth inhibition observed at
1,000 mg/L was due to the pH decrease or the chemical itself in this test.

4.2

Terrestrial Effects

There is no information available.
4.3

Other Environmental Effects

There is no information available.
4.4

Initial Assessment for the Environment

The Mackay level III fugacity model was employed to estimate the environmental distribution of
triacetin in air, water, soil and sediment (Daicel, 2002). This was considered the key study and theresults are shown below (For details, refer to Appendix in the SIDS Dossier). Table shows theestimated distribution of triacetin obtained from the solubility value (58 g/L) in parenthesis inaddition to those obtained from 70 g/L for comparison.
Estimated Distribution Under Four Emission Scenarios
70 g/L (58 g/L)
Compartment

Release 100 % toair

Release 100 % towater

Release 100 % tosoil

Equal emission
scenario (1:1:1)

Air

0.9 (1.1) %0.0 (0.0) %0.0 (0.0) %0.3 (0.4) %Water

20.0 (19.9) %99.7 (99.7) %12.9 (12.9) %30.1 (30.2) %Soil

79.1 (79.0) %0.0 (0.0) %87.1 (87.1) %69.5 (69.4) %Sediment

0.1 (0.1) %0.3 (0.3) %0.0 (0.0) %0.1 (0.1) %Triacetin is readily biodegradable (77 % and 94 % based on BOD and TOC, respectively,
Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, 1998) after 14 days. A half-life of 168 hrs (7 days) is
thus derived from the biodegradation data. An estimated half-life of 168 hours is also obtained forwater. Given slower transport rate and possible anaerobic change in microbes in soil and sediment,
the calculation was made by using 168 hrs x 3 (504 hrs) for both compartments. The calculation
revealed that in the case of 100 % release to water, more than 99 % of triacetin is expected to stayin water due to its high solubility and a low vapour pressure, but if it is released into air and/or soil,
it is likely to be distributed in other compartments.
The results also show that approximately one third of triacetin will be distributed in water, whereas
two third will stay in soil when applied to the equal emission scenario to water, soil and sediment(1:1:1). In addition, the fugacity model using 58 g/L reveals that there is little change in the
distribution of triacetin between three compartments when compared to those obtained from 70 g/L.
Based on a water solubility of 58 g/L and a vapour pressure of 0.003306 hPa (0.00248 mmHg) at 25°C, a Henry’s law constant of 1.23 x 10-8 atm m3/mol is estimated. This value indicates that
triacetin is essentially non-volatile from water (Lyman, 1990).
Since triacetin is readily biodegradable in activated sludge (Chemicals Evaluation and ResearchInstitute, 1998, Unichema Chemie B.V., 1990, Henkel KGaA, 2001 and Bayer AG), biologically
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

27

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

mediated hydrolysis is the predominant pathway in the primary degradation step when triacetin isdischarged to the environment.
This compound is expected to have a low potential for bioaccumulation based on its low Log Pow(0.21, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, 1998).
The BCF is estimated to be 1.3 from a recommended regression-derived equation using a watersolubility of 58 g/L at 25 °C (Lyman, 1990), indicating that bioconcentration is of no environmental
relevance.
The toxicity results of triacetin to aquatic plants (alga; Selenastrum capricornutum) are > 1,000
mg/L for EC50 and 556 mg/L for NOEC [growth inhibition, OECD TG 201] (EA, Japan, 1998). The
acute (mortality or immobility, [OECD TG 202]) and chronic (reproduction, [OECD TG 211])
toxicity results for Daphnia magna are 888 mg/L (EC50, 24 h), 768 mg/L (EC50, 48 h) and 100
mg/L (21 d NOEC), based on nominal concentration (EA, Japan, 1998). The acute toxicity results
to fish are > 100 mg/L (Medaka; Oryzias latipes) (EA, Japan, 1998) and 165.3 mg/L (Fatheadminnow; Pimephales promelas ) (Lawrence, 19952) for 96 h LC50 [OECD TG 203]. In the
prolonged toxicity test in fish (Medaka; Oryzias latipes), no mortality and any toxic symptom wereobserved [OECD TG 204]. The 14d LC50 and the 14d LC0 for fish are reported as > 100 mg/L and
100 mg/L, respectively (EA, Japan, 1998).
Thus, triacetin can be regarded as being of low hazard to aquatic organisms.
Based on the acute and prolonged aquatic toxicity data on three trophic levels, a Predicted No
Effect Concentration (PNEC) can be calculated. When an assessment factor of 100 was applied tothe chronic toxicity for Daphnia, the lowest PNEC was determined to be 1.00 mg/L for the aquatic
environment.

28

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5.

TRIACETIN

RECOMMENDATIONS

The chemical is currently of low priority for further work because of its low hazard potential.

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

29

OECD SIDS
6.

TRIACETINREFERENCES

Atkinson, R (1987), J. Inter. Chem. Kinet., 19 799-828.
Bayer AG (1985), unpublished data.
Bailey D.E. (1976); Report to RIFM, 21 May.
Bailey, J.W. et al. (1989), Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 49 385-388.
Bailey, J.W. et al. (1993), Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 58 912-916.
Barry et al. (1966), J. Physiol., 185 667-683.
Bleiberg et al. (1993), Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 58 908-911.
Boudreau, A and deMan J.M. (1965), Canad. J. Biochem, 43 1799-1805.
Bull, L.S. et al. (1970), J. Nutr. 100, 262-276.
Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (1998), Test No. 20919B.
Chenoweth, M.B. et al. (1951), J. Pharmacol. Exper. Therap. 102 31.
Conquet, Ph. et al. (1977), Toxic. Appl. Pharmac., 39 129-139.
Cohen, et al. (1971), Gastroenterology, 60 1-15.
Daicel Chemical Industries (2001), unpublished data.
Daicel Chemical Industries (2002), unpublished data.
JECFA (1975), Evaluation of certain food additives some food colours, thickening agents, andcertain other substances in: WHO Fd Add. Ser. 8. FAO Nutr. Mtg Rep. Ser. No. 55. 19th Report of
the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
Commission (1992), Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (26th series) EUR 13913 EN.
Luxembourg.
Eastman Kodak Company (1955), Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories, unpublisheddata.
Environment Agency (EA) of Japan (1998).
Epstein, W.L. (1976), Report to RIFM, 27 May, unpublished data.
Fassett, D.W. (1948), Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company,
Report No. 900256006, unpublished data.
Fassett, D.W. (1955)1, Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company,
unpublished data.
Fassett, D.W. (1955)2, Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company,
unpublished data.
Fassett, D.W. (1963), Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 2 nd Ed. Vol. II, Interscience Publishers,
New York, 1868-71.

30

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Fassett, D.W. (1967), Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company
Unpublished data.
Fielding, C.J. (1972), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 280 569-78.
Fielding, C.J. (1981), J. Biol. Chem., 256 876-81.
Fossati P. et al., (1992), Clin. Chem., 38 211-215.
Gast, J.H. (1963), Fed. Proc. Fed. AM. Soc. Exp. Biol., 22 368.
Groot, P.H.E. and Hulsmann, W.C. (1973), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 316 124-35.
Hem S.L. et al. (1974-1975), Drug Dev. Commun., 1,471-477.
Henkel KGaA, unpublished data (R-9400102).
Henkel KGaA (1982), unpublished data (R-0100930).
Henkel KGaA (1988), unpublished data (R-0100933).
Henkel KGaA (2001), unpublished data (R-0100896).
Hodge, H. C. (1942), Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 49 277.
HSDB (2001), National Library of Medicine.
Hughes W. F. Jr. (1976), Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 82 338-353.
Jacobs, G.A. and Martens, M.A. (1989), Fd Chem. Toxic., 27 255-258.
Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Report 2002.
JECFA (1975), WHO Fd Add. Ser.8. FAO Nutr. Mtg Rep. Ser. No.55. 19th Report of the Joint
FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
Kaestner, W. (1988) Unpublished data Henkel KGaA. Rep. No. 880228.
Klingman, A.M. (1966), J. Invest. Derm., 47 393.
Klingman, A.M. & Epstein W. (1975), Contact Dermatitis, 1 231.
Lawrence, D.L. and Hirsch, M.P. (1995)1, Eastman Kodak Company, Environmental Sciences
Section, Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories, An acute aquatic effects test with thefathead minnow, Study No.: EN-430-900256-1,Unpublished data.
Lawrence, D.L. and Hirsch, M.P. (1995)2, Eastman Kodak Company, Environmental Sciences
Section, Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories, An acute aquatic effects test with thedaphnia, Study No.: EN-431-900256-1, Unpublished data.
Lawrence, W.H., Malik, M, Autian, J. (1974). J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 8, 11.
Lailer J. et al. (1976), Proc. Eur. Soc. Toxic., 17 336-350.
Li, R.C. et al. (1941), Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med., 46 26.
Lyman W.J. et al. (1990), Amer. Chem. Soc., p.5-10.
Lyman W. J. (1990), Amer. Chem. Soc., p.15-29.
MAFF (1993), Steering Group on Chemical Aspects of Food Surveillance. Food
UNEP PUBLICATIONS

31

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Surveillance Paper 37, HMSO, London.
Matthies W. (1988), Henkel KGaA, Report No. 880716.
Ministry of Health & Welfare (MHW), Japan (1998), Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental
Chemicals vol.6 127-147.
Morita, T. et al. (1990), Mutation Res. 240 195-202.
Murphy, S.D. & Cheever, K.L. (1968), Archs Envir. Hlth., 17 749.
MSDS-OHS (2001), MDL Information System, Inc.
Opdyke D.L.J. (1978), Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 16 (Suppl. 1), 879-882.
SCF (1995), Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (33rd series). European Commission,
Luxembourg.
Shapira, J. et al. (1969), Life Sci. Space Res., 7 123-129.
Shapira, J. et al. (1975), Proc. West. Pharm. Soc., 18 339-343.
Serrero, G. et al. (1975), Biochem.Biophys.Res.Comm., 65 89-99.
Unna, P.J., Schulz (1963), K.H. Hautarzt, 14 423-25.
Unichema Chemie B.V. (1988)1, unpublished data, RCC NOTOX 0831/PA45.
Unichema Chemie B.V. (1988)2, unpublished data, RCC NOTOX 0831/1056.
Uniquema Chemie B.V. (1988)3, unpublished data, ESL Test No. KI 880094.
Unichema Chemie B.V. (1990), unpublished data, RCC NOTOX Project 005164.
Unichema International (1994), Material Safety Data Sheet, dated 26-1.
von Oettingen, W.F. (1960), A.M.A. Arch. Indust. Health, 21 40-77.

32

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN

ANNEX(Occupational exposure)
EHE values of 4.94 mg/kg bw/day (most likely case) and 49.43 mg/kg bw/day (worst case) for
dermal absorption are defined in Section 2.2 for workers at the production site.
Using these EHE values and the NOAEL of 1,000 mg/kg bw/day, the margin of safety (MOS) for
dermal route is calculated as 202 (most likely case) and 20 (worst case), respectively. Similarly,
respiratory EHE values of 0.0244 mg/kg bw/day (most likely case) and 0.0379 mg/kg bw/day(worst case) are estimated for workers at the production site. For respiration, the MOS is calculated
as 41,000 (most likely case) and 26,000 (worst case), respectively.
At working sites, absorption of triacetin via dermal and inhalation routes may occur simultaneously.
Hence, the MOS combined for both routes is calculated as 202 (most likely case) and 20 (worstcase), respectively. From these results, workers are not expected to be at risk of toxic health effects
from occupational exposure to triacetin under regular conditions of the usage equipped withprotective gears.
(Consumer exposure)
EHE values of 0.0429 mg/kg bw/day (most likely case) and 0.107 mg/kg bw/day (worst case) for
dermal absorption are defined in Section 2.2 for consumers using products containing 0.3 % and 25% of triacetin.
Using these EHE values and the NOAEL of 1,000 mg/kg bw/day, the MOS for dermal absorption is
calculated as 23,000 (most likely case) and 9,000 (worst case).
The MOS for ingestion is calculated as 9,000 for most likely case.
(Environmental exposure)
EHE values of 0.00000514 mg/kg bw/day (most likely case) and 0.00714 mg/kg bw/day (worstcase) are defined in Section 2.2 by assuming that individuals use untreated water as their solesource of drinking water (2 L/day for a 70 kg adult).
The MOS is calculated as 196,000,000 and 140,000 for most likely case and worst case,respectively. The results suggest that adverse effects by triacetin uptake via the environmental route
could be negligibly small.
Potential exposure via consumption of fish is anticipated to be negligible because triacetin is
expected to have a low potential for bioaccumulation and readily biodegradable.

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

33

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

SIDS DOSSIER
Triacetin
CAS No. 102-76-1

Sponsor Country: Japan
DATE: 9 August 2002

34

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATIONTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

1.

GENERAL INFORMATION

1.01

SUBSTANCE INFORMATIONA.

CAS number

102 – 76 - 1

B.

Name (IUPAC name)

TriacetinC.

Name (OECD name)

TriacetinD.

CAS Descriptor
Not applicable in this case.

E.

EINECS-Number

203 – 051 - 9

F.

Molecular Formula

C9H14O6G.

Structural FormulaC3H5-(OCOCH3)3 or

CH2OCOCH3
CHOCOCH3
CH2OCOCH3

,
O

O
O

O

O

O

SMILES Line Notation: CC(OC(C)=O)COCC.O=C.COC(C)=O
H.

Substance GroupNot applicable.

I.

Substance Remark
None

J.

Molecular Weight

1.02

OECD INFORMATIONA.

Sponsor Country:

B.

218.21Japan

Lead Organisation:
Name of Lead Organisation: Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.
Contact person:

Mr. Yasuhisa Kawamura, Director

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

35

OECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
Address:C.

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Economic Affairs Bureau
Second International Organizations Div.
2-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100

Name of responderName:

The same as the contact person

Address:

The same as the contact person

1.1

GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION

A.

Type of Substanceelement [ ]; inorganic [ ]; natural substance [ ]; organic [ X ]; organometallic [ ];petroleum product [ ]B.

Physical State (at 20 °C and 1,013 hPa)gaseous [ ]; liquid [ X ]; solid [ ]C.

Purity99.5-99.8% weight/weight

1.2

SYNONYMS(Chemical name)
1,2,3-Propanetriol, triacetate
1,2,3-Propanetriyl, triacetate
1,2,3-Triacetoxypropane
Acetic acid, glycerol triester
Acetic, 1,2,3-Propanetriyl ester
Acetin, TriGlycerin triacetate
Glycerol triacatate
Glycerol, triester with acetic acid
Glyceryl triacetate
Propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate
Triacetin
Triacetyl glycerin
Triacetyl glycerine
Triacetyl glycerol(Trade name)
ENZACTIN"ESTROBOND" B Plasticizer
FEMA NUMBER 2007
FUNGACETIN
GLYPEDKESSCOFLEX TRA

36

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATIONTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

KODAFLEX TRIACETIN
VANAY
1.3

1.4

IMPURITIESCAS No.:
EINECS No.:
Name:
Value:
Remarks:
Reference:

26446-35-5
247-704-6
1,2,3-Propanetriol, monoacetate (Monoacetin)< 0.01 %None.
Company data (Daicel Chemical, 2001).

CAS No.:
EINECS No.:
Name:
Value:
Remarks:
Reference:

25395-31-7
246-941-2
1,2,3-Propanetriol, diacetate (Diacetin)< 0.1 %
None.
Company data (Daicel Chemical, 2001).

ADDITIVES
Not stated.

1.5

QUANTITY
Remarks:
Reference:

1.6

In Japan, ca. 5,000 tonnes/year, produced by three Japanese companies.
Estimated global production is 10,000-50,000 tonnes/year; Other major
manufacturers are Eastman (USA), Cognis (Germany) and Uniqema (UK).
Company data (Daicel Chemical, 2001).

LABELLING AND CLASSIFICATION (USE AND/OR TRANSPORTATION)
LabellingType:
Specific limits:
Symbols:
Nota:
R-phrases:
Text of S-phrases:
Remarks:

Not stated.

Classification
Type:
Category of danger:
Remarks:

As in Directive 67/548/EEC
None
EC Classification (Calculated).

Reference:

Material safety data sheet, dated 26-1-1994; Unichema International.

1.7

USE PATTERNA.

GeneralType of Use:

As in Directive 67/548/EEC
No
None
None

Category: Non dispersive(a) Main industrial use: Chemical industry: intermediate

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

37

OECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
Type of Use:

Category: Wide dispersive(b) Main industrial use: (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

B.

Metal extraction, refining and processing of metals
Paints, lacquers, varnishes industry
Paper pulp, and board industry
Cigarette industry (Cellulose acetate plasticizer incigarette filters)
Food industry (Food/foodstuff additives)Photographic industry (Solvent in photographic films)
Polymer industry
Cosmetic industry (Fixative)(c) Other:

Solvents, adhesives, binding agents, flux agents for casting,
impregnation agents, plasticizer for cellulose nitrate, absorbents andadsorbents.

Remarks:
Reference:

Not stated.
HSDB (2001), National Library of Medicine

Uses in Consumer Products
Function
Soap
DetergentCream, lotion
Perfume
TobaccoAntifungal drug
Remarks:
Reference:

1.8

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Amount present (%)
Physical state
0.05-1.0
Solid0.005-0.1
Liquid
0.025-0.3
Liquid
0.8-2.0
Liquid3-5
Solid
15-25-33
Aerosol-Cream-Powder
Not stated.
Opdyke D.L.J. (1978), Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 16 (Suppl. 1), 879882. Permitted additives to Tobacco products, UK Department of Health,
1998.

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT
Exposure limit value
Type:
Value:
Remarks:
Reference:

Not stated.
Not stated.
No occupational exposure limits established.
MSDS-OHS, OHSN OHS10442 (2001), MDL Information
Systems, Inc.

1.9

SOURCES OF EXPOSURE

A.

Potential human exposure:
The production process consists of the batchwise controlled reaction of glycerol, acetic acid andacetic anhydride in a closed reaction system with adequate cooling facilities. This is followed bypurification using vacuum distillation. The pungent nature of the raw materials demands a totallyenclosed plant. Therefore, exposure can be negligible by applying protective measures as written
below. The process is operated at three sites in Japan.
(a) At a production site: Exposure is possible when sampling, followed by analysing the product.
Based on a calculation, the exposure time is estimated for 0.25 hours/day/person for both sampling

38

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATIONTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

and analysis. During cleaning of the strainer for maintenance production line, the worker is also
exposed to the substance and the exposure is estimated for 0.50 hours/day/person (Daicel Chemical
Industries, 2001). The exposure time for drum filling is estimated 5.0 hours/day/person. The work
place is provided with an air ventilator and workers are equipped with protective gear such as
mask, rubber gloves and goggles to prevent exposure (MSDS Daicel Chemical, 2001). Spill iscollected and incinerated.
(b) At user’s facility: Material is used as a solvent in paints, metal processing and as a plasticizer incigarette filters in addition to foodstuff additives and fixative cosmetics, etc., all of which are usedin the industrial sector. Potential exposure is controlled by the use of efficient exhaust ventilation.
Exposure is possible during dispensing the substance from drum or tank lorry into a container atuser’s facility. Workers may be exposed to the vapour or an intact liquid. They are recommended
to put on protective gear such as mask, rubber gloves and goggles to prevent exposure (MSDS
Daicel Chemical, 2001). Spill is collected and incinerated.
(c) At consumer’s site: Due to its uses triacetin soon becomes diffused into small quantities and there
is little possibility of large scale human contact or environmental effect after it leaves the
manufacturer’s production sites. Its use in adhesives may give skin contact. As foodstuff additives
or soft drinks flavouring, ingestion of triacetin will occur. Very small amounts can be found incigarette smoke drawn through a filter tip using triacetin as the plasticizer. (MSDS Daicel
Chemical Industries, 2001).

B.

Potential environmental exposure:(a) At a production site:
Source:Media release: Process wastewater
Quantities per media: ca. 1,440 kg/year in a production site in Japan, in
which ca. 2,000 t/year of the chemical was produced. (estimated by Daicel
Chemical Industries, 2001)

Remarks:

Data used for the estimation:
Waste water released: ca. 19,200 m3/year
Content of triacetin: 0.075 g/L

Reference:

Company data (Daicel Chemical Industries, 2001).

(b) At a user’s facility:
No substantial exposure is probable. Potential exposure is controlled by theuse of efficient exhaust ventilation and protective gears.

1.10
A.

Remarks:

Not stated.

Reference:

Company data (Daicel Chemical Industries, 2001).

ADDITIONAL REMARKS
Options for disposal
Remarks:
Reference:

Dispose in accordance with all applicable regulations.
MSDS-OHS (2001), MDL Information Systems, Inc.

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

39

OECD SIDS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
B.

Other remarks
Remarks:

Reference:

40

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

CERCLA Sections 102a/103 Hazardous Substances (40 CFR 302.4): Not
regulated.
SARA TITLE III Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances (40 CFR
355.30): Not regulated.
SARA TITLE III Section 304 Extremely Hazardous Substances(40 CFR 355.40): Not regulated.
SARA TITLE III SARA Sections 311/312 Hazardous Categories(40 CFR 370.21):
Acute: Yes
Chronic: No
Fire: No
Reactive: No
Sudden Release: No
SARA TITLE III Section 313 (40 CFR 372.65): Not regulated.
OSHA Process Safety (29CFR1910.119): Not regulated.
State Regulations: California Proposition 65: Not regulated.
Canadian Regulations: WHMIS classification: Not determined.
German Regulations:
Water Hazard Class (WGK):State of Classification: VwVwS, ID-Number 761
Classification under Hazard to Water: 1 (low hazard to waters)
European Regulations:
Refer to 1.6 LABELLING AND CLASSIFICATION(USE AND/OR TRANSPORTATION)
MSDS-OHS (2001), MDL Information Systems, Inc.

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATATRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

2.

PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL DATA

2.1

MELTING POINT(a) Preferred result
Value:
Decomposition:
Sublimation:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

3 °C
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]A thermodynamic melting point of crystalline triacetin.
The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Regulatory and Safety Data,
confirmed by Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (Kurume,
Japan) (1998), Test No. 80919BK.

(b) Value:
Decomposition:
Sublimation:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

4.00 °C
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]A thermodynamic melting point of crystalline triacetin.
Yumashev, N. V. et al. (1984), J. Gen. Chem. USSR
(Engl. Transl.), 54 659-662.

(c) Value:
Decomposition:
Sublimation:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

4.1 °CYes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]A thermodynamic melting point of crystalline triacetin.
CRC Press Inc. (1975), 2 nd Ed, Cleveland Ohio.

(d) Value:
Decomposition:
Sublimation:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

3.20 °C
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Ethanol as solvent. A thermodynamic melting point ofcrystalline triacetin.
Hancock et al. (1948), J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 70 424.

(e) Value:
Decomposition:
Sublimation:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

4.10 °C
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]A thermodynamic melting point of crystalline triacetin.
Baur (1945), J. Phys. Chem., 58 380.

(f) Value:
Decomposition:< -78 °C
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Sublimation: Yes [ ] No [ X ] Ambiguous [ ]Not stated.

Method:UNEP PUBLICATIONS

41

OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA
GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

2.2

Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]A glass transition temperature.
Hutchings, D. et al., (1993) Pharmaxie 48 (12) 912-914.

(g) Value:
Decomposition:
Sublimation:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:< -78 °C
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]A glass transition temperature.
The Merck Index (1996), 12th edition, Merck & Co., Inc., p. 1636.

(h) Value:
Decomposition:
Sublimation:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:< -60 °C
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]A glass transition temperature.
Timmermans (1922), Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 31 392.

BOILING POINT(a) Preferred result
Value:
Pressure:
Decomposition:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

42

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

258 °C
at 1,013 hPa
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Regulatory and Safety Data.
Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (1998), Test No.
80919BK.

(b) Value:
Pressure:
Decomposition:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:258-259 °C
at 1,013 hPa
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Prager, R. H. & Yurui Z. (1989) Aust. J. Chem., 6 1003-1005.

(c) Value:
Pressure:
Decomposition:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:258-259 °C
at 1,013 hPa
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Perkin & Simonsen (1905), J. Chem. Soc., 87 859.

(d) Value:
Pressure:
Decomposition:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:

258-260 °C
at 1,013 hPa
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA
Reference:

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

The Merck Index (1996), 12th edition, Merck & Co., Inc., p. 1636.

(e) Value:
Pressure:
Decomposition:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

258 °C
at 1,013 hPa
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Jellum & Bjoernstad (1964), J. Lipid Res., 5 314-316.

(f) Value:
Pressure:
Decomposition:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

171-172 °C
at 53 hPa
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Baur (1945), J. Phys. Chem. 58 380.

(g) Value:
Pressure:
Decomposition:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

170 °Cat 53 hPa
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Togashi & Yamada (1969), Chem. Abstr., 71 101337m.

(h) Value:
Pressure:
Decomposition:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

135-137 °C
at 9.3 hPa
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Nitrofanowa et al. (1966), J. Org. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 2
1748.

(i) Value:
Pressure:
Decomposition:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

130-131 °C
at 5.3 hPa
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Golendee (1954), Chem. Abstr. 9914.

(j) Value:
Pressure:
Decomposition:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

123-124 °C
at 9.3 hPa
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Umemura et al. (1966), Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 87 986-990.

(k) Value:
Pressure:
Decomposition:

101-113 °C
at 2.7 hPa
Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ]UNEP PUBLICATIONS

43OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:
2.3

Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Umemura et al. (1966), Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 87 986-990.

DENSITY(a) Preferred result
Type:
Value:
Temperature:

Bulk density [ ]; Density [ ]; Relative Density [ X ]1.1562 g/cm3
25 °C

Value:
Temperature:

1.1596 g/cm3
20 °C

Value:
Temperature:

1.1630 g/cm3
20 °C

Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]4 °C and 20 °C (Reference Temperature)
The Merck Index (1996), 12th edition, Merck & Co., Inc., p. 1636.

(b) Type:
Value:
Temperature:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

Bulk density [ ]; Density [ ]; Relative Density [ X ]approx. 1.160 g/cm3
20 °C
Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Cognis Deutschland GmbH (2000), Safety Data Sheet.

(c) Type:
Value:
Temperature:

Bulk density [ ]; Density [ ]; Relative Density [ X ]1.15620 g/cm3
25 °C

Value:
Temperature:

1.07520 g/cm3
100 °C

Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]4 °C (Reference Temperature)
Jaeger (1917), Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 101 70.

(d) Type:
Value:
Temperature:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

Bulk density [ ]; Density [ ]; Relative Density [ X ]1.15960 g/cm3
20 °C
Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]4 °C (Reference Temperature)
Dunbar, B. (1956), J. Org. Chem., 21 1041-1043.

(e) Type:
Value:

Bulk density [ ]; Density [ ]; Relative Density [ X ]1.16450 g/cm3

Temperature:

44

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

20 °C

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]4 °C (Reference Temperature)
Nitrofanowa et al. (1966), J. Org. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 2
1748.

(f) Type:
Value:
Temperature:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:
2.4

2.5

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Bulk density [ ]; Density [ ]; Relative Density [ X ]1.11100 g/cm3
70 °C
Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]4 °C (Reference Temperature)
Mohr, M. (1934), Milchwirtsch. Forsch., 16 193.

VAPOUR PRESSURE(a) Preferred result
Value:
Temperature:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

0.003306 hPa (0.00248 mmHg)
25 °C
calculated [ ]; measured [ X ]Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]SRC recommended value.
Design Institute for Physical Property Data (1989).

(b) Value:
Temperature:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

53.3 hPa
78 °C
calculated [ ]; measured [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
MSDS-OHS (2001), MDL Information Systems, Inc.

PARTITION COEFFICIENT log10Pow(a) Preferred result
Log Pow:
Temperature:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

0.21
25 °C.
calculated [ ]; measured [ X ]Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]OECD TG 107 (Shake Flask Method)
Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (1998), Test No. 80919BK.

(b) Log Pow:
Temperature:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

0.25
No data available.
calculated [ ]; measured [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
American Chemical Society (1995), 63.

(c) Log Pow:
Temperature:
Method:0.1
No data available
calculated [ X ]; measured [ ]GLP:Remarks:
Reference:

Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]No information about method.
Chemical Safety Sheets (1991) Dutch Chemical Industry

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

45

OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATATRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Association.

2.6A.

(d) Log Pow:
Temperature:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

0.368
No data available
calculated [ X ]; measured [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]version CLOGP 3.3.
ASTM Spec. Techn. Publ. 11 (1988) 468-489.

(e) Log Pow:
Temperature:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

0.30
No data available
calculated [ X ]; measured [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Leo A. J. (1978), EPA files.

(f) Log Pow:
Temperature:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

0.44
No data available
calculated [ X ]; measured [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Leo A. J. (1978), EPA files.

WATER SOLUBILITY
SOLUBILITY(a) Preferred result
Value:
Temperature:
Description:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:(b) Preferred result
Value:
Temperature:
Description:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:(c) Value:
Temperature:
Description:46

70 g/L
25°C.
Miscible [ ]; Of very high solubility [ ];Of high solubility [ ]; Soluble [ X ]; Slightly soluble [ ];Of low solubility [ ]; Of very low solubility [ ]; Not soluble [ ]OECD TG 105.
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]No dissociation group.
Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (Kurume, Japan)(1998), Test No. 80919BK.
58 g/L
25°C
Miscible [ ]; Of very high solubility [ ];Of high solubility [ ]; Soluble [ X ]; Slightly soluble [ ];Of low solubility [ ]; Of very low solubility [ ]; Not soluble [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Riddick J.A. et al. (1986), Techniques of Chemistry, 4th ed.
80 g/L
20°C.
Miscible [ ]; Of very high solubility [ ];Of high solubility [ ]; Soluble [ X ]; Slightly soluble [ ];UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:(d) Value:
Temperature:
Description:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:(e) Value:
Temperature:
Description:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:(f) Value:
Temperature:
Description:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:B.

Of low solubility [ ]; Of very low solubility [ ]; Not soluble [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Cognis Deutschland GmbH (2000), Safety Data Sheet.
7.17 vol%15°C
Miscible [ ]; Of very high solubility [ ];Of high solubility [ ]; Soluble [ ]; Slightly soluble [ ];Of low solubility [ ]; Of very low solubility [ ]; Not soluble [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
CHEMICAL DIVISION DI SISAS SPA CAVAGLIA.
5.8 vol %Not specified.
Miscible [ ]; Of very high solubility [ ];Of high solubility [ ]; Soluble [ X ]; Slightly soluble [ ];Of low solubility [ ]; Of very low solubility [ ]; Not soluble [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Flick, Industrial Solvent Handbook, 3rd edition.
No data available.
No data available.
Miscible [ ]; Of very high solubility [ ];Of high solubility [ ]; Soluble [ ]; Slightly soluble [ X ];Of low solubility [ ]; Of very low solubility [ ]; Not soluble [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Soluble in 14parts water.
The Merck Index (1996), 12th edition, Merck & Co., Inc., p. 1636.

pH VALUE, pKa VALUE(a) pH Value:
Temperature:
Concentration:
Method:GLP:
pKa value:
Remarks:
Reference:

2.7

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

7
20°C
10g/L
Not specified
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]No data available
No dissociation group
Safety Data Sheet (2000), Cognis Deutschland GmbH.

FLASH POINT (liquids)(a) Preferred result
Value:
Type of test:
Method:GLP:>145 °C
Closed cup [ X ]; Open cup [ ]; Other [ ]DIN 51758/ISO 2719 (Pensky-Martens).
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]UNEP PUBLICATIONS

47

OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA48

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Remarks:
Reference:

Not stated.
Cognis Deutschland GmbH (2000), Safety Data Sheet.

(b) Value:
Type of test:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

137.8 °C
Closed cup [ ]; Open cup [ ]; Other [ X ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Design Institute for Physical Property Data (1989),
American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

(c) Value:
Type of test:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

138 °C
Closed cup [ X ]; Open cup [ ]; Other [ ]Not specified
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Database ECDIN; Commission of the EEC, Joint Research Centre
Ispra, Italy.

(d) Value:
Type of test:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

138 °C
Closed cup [ ]; Open cup [ X ]; Other [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Sax Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 6thedition, p.2605.

(e) Value:
Type of test:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

145 °C
Closed cup [ ]; Open cup [ X ]; Other [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Unichema International, Material Safety Data Sheet, dated
26-1-1994.

(f) Value:
Type of test:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

149 °C
Closed cup [ ]; Open cup [ ]; Other [ X ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Sax, N.I. & Lewis, R.J. (eds.)(1987),
Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th edition.

(g) Value:
Type of test:
Method:GLP:

151 °C
Closed cup [ X ]; Open cup [ ]; Other [ ]ASTM D 92.
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Remarks:
Reference:

Not stated.
Eastman Kodak Company, Unpublished data.

(h) Value:
Type of test:
Method:GLP:

153 °C
Closed cup [ ]; Open cup [ X ]; Other [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA
Remarks:
Reference:
2.8

Not stated.
CHEMICAL DIVISION DI SISAS SPA CAVAGLIA.

AUTO FLAMMABILITY (solid/gases)(a) Preferred result
Value:
Pressure:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

2.9

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

432 °CNo data available.
ASTM D2155.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Eastman Kodak Company, Unpublished data.

(b) Value:
Pressure:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

430 °CNo data available.
Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Database ECDIN; Commission of the EEC, Joint Research Centre
Ispra, Italy.

(c) Value:
Pressure:
Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

433 °CNo data available.
Not specified..
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
National Fire Protection Association(1991), Fire Protection Guide, on Hazardous Materials. 10th ed.
Quincy, MA.

FLAMMABILITY(a) Results:

Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:(b) Results:

Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:

Extremely flammable [ ]; Extremely flammable - liquified gas [ ];Highly Flammable [ ]; Flammable [ ]; Non flammable [ X ];Spontaneously flammable in air [ ]; Contact with water liberates highly
flammable gases [ ]; Other [ ]ASTM E681.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Lower flammability limits of 1.05 % (vol./vol.) at 189 °C and upper
flammability limits of 7.75 % (vol./vol.) at 215 °C in air.
Eastman Kodak Company, Unpublished data.
Extremely flammable [ ]; Extremely flammable - liquified gas [ ];Highly Flammable [ ]; Flammable [ ]; Non flammable [ X ];Spontaneously flammable in air [ ]; Contact with water liberates highly
flammable gases [ ]; Other [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Not stated.
National Fire Protection Association (1991), Fire Protection Guide, on
Hazardous Materials. 10th ed. Quincy, MA.

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

49

OECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA
2.10

EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES
Results:

Method:GLP:
Remarks:
Reference:
2.11

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Explosive under influence of a flame [ ];More sensitive to friction than m-dinitrobenzene [ ];More sensitive to shock than m-dinitrobenzene [ ];Not explosive [ X ];Other [ ]ASTM E537.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]No exothermic activity to boiling. Test type: Differential thermal
analysis.
Eastman Kodak Company, Unpublished data.

OXIDISING PROPERTIES
Remarks:
Reference:

Stable at normal temperatures and pressure, even under fire
exposure conditions.
Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB) (2001), The National
Library of Medicine.

ADDITIONAL REMARKS
Remarks:
Reference:

Sets to a glass at –37 °C
Sax, N.I. & Lewis, R.J.
(eds.)(1987), Hawley’s Condensed Chemical
Dictionary, 11th edition.

Remarks:
Reference:

Solidification point: < -30 °C
Cognis Deutschland GmbH (2000), Safety Data Sheet.

Remark:Reference:

Solubility: Soluble in acetone, ethanol, benzene and chloroform.
Unichema Int. (1994), MSDS.

Remark:Reference:

Viscosity (25 °C) : ca. 17 mPa.s
Unichema Int. (1994), MSDS.

Remark:Reference:

Not compatible with strong oxidizing agents. Stable in usual
Industrial conditions. Polymerisation: Not occurring. Combustible liquid
when exposed to flame or heat.
CHEMICAL DIVISION DI SISAS SPA CAVAGLIA.

Remark:Solubility: Soluble in acetone, ethanol, benzene and chloroform.

Reference:

Unichema Int. (1994), MSDS.

Remark:Reference:

Solubility: Soluble in acetone, ethanol, benzene and chloroform.
Unichema Int. (1994), MSDS.

Remarks:

Solubility: Slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride and carbon
disulfide
Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB) (2001), The National
Library of Medicine.

Reference:
Remark:50

Wt/Gal: 9.7 LB

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA

2.12

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Reference:

Sax, N.I. & Lewis, R.J.
(eds.)(1987), Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th edition.

Remark:Reference:

Crystals from alcohol, melting point 4.1 °C
Lide, D.R. (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (19911992).

OXIDATION: REDUCTION POTENTIAL
No studies located.

2.13
A.

ADDITIONAL DATA
Partition co-efficient between soil/sediment and water (Kd)
Remark:Triacetin may leach readily in soil based upon an estimated Koc
value of 10.5.

Reference:

Lyman W.J. et al. (1990), Handbook of Chemical Property
Estimation Methods Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4-9.

B.

Other data:
No studies located.

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

51

OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS
3.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS

3.1

STABILITY

3.1.1

PHOTODEGRADATIONTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Type:
Air [ X ]; Water [ ]; Soil [ ]; Other [ ]Indirect Photolysis:
Type of sensitizer:
OH
Concentration of sensitizer: 500,000 molecule/cm3
Rate constant (radical): 7.810*10-12 cm3/molecule*sec
Degradation:
ca. 50 % after 2 day
Method:calculated [ X ]; measured [ ]GLP:Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Test substance:
No data available.
Remarks:
Temperature used in the calculation: 25 °C
Reference:
Atkinson, R (1987), J. Inter. Chem. Kinet., 19 799-828
3.1.2

STABILITY IN WATER(a) Type:
Half life:
Degradation:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:(b) Type:
Half life:
Degradation:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:
3.1.3

Abiotic (hydrolysis) [ X ]; biotic (sediment) [ ];60.4 days and 16.5 hours at pH 7 and 9 at 25 °C, respectively.
No hydrolysis at pH 4 at 50 °C in 5 days
Hydrolysis at pH 7 (50, 60, 70 °C) and 9 (30 and 40 °C).
OECD TG111
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Tokyo Kasei, Lot No. GB 01,
Purity: > 98 %, Impurity: not stated.
Hydrolysis rates at pH 7 and 9 were determined at 50, 60, 70
and 30, 40 °C, respectively and they were extrapolated to 25 °C using
Arrhenius relationship. Half life at 25 °C was calculated from the rate
constant.
Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (Kurume, Japan)(1998), Test No. 80919BK.
Abiotic (hydrolysis) [ X ]; biotic (sediment) [ ];ca. 130 days at pH 7.
ca. 13 days at pH 8.
ca. 1.3 days at pH 9.
Hydrolysis at pH 7, 8 and 9.
Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
Method: Estimation.
US EPA (1991), PCGEMS Graphical Exposure Modeling System
PCHYDRO.

STABILITY IN SOIL
No studies located.

52

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS
3.2

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

MONITORING DATA (ENVIRONMENTAL)
Type of Measurement: Background [ ]; At contaminated site [ ]; Other [ X ]Media:
Surface water
Method:Not specified.
Results:
Triacetin was detected in a sample of Tennessee River water collected in
April 1973.
Remarks:
Concentration not reported.
Reference:
Shackelford W. M. and Keith L. H (1976), US EPA-600/4-76-062, p.226.

3.3

TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS
INCLUDING ESTIMATED ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS AND
DISTRIBUTION PATHWAYS

3.3.1

TRANSPORTNo studies located.

3.3.2

THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION (FUGACITY CALCULATION)(a) Preferred result
Media:

Air-biota [ ]; Air-biota-sediment-soil-water [ X ]; Soil-biota [ ];Water-air [ ]; Water-biota [ ]; Water-soil [ ]; Other [ ]Fugacity leve l I [ ]; Fugacity level II [ ]; Fugacity level III [ X ];Fugacity level IV [ ]; Other (calculation) [ ];Other (measurement) [ ]Method:Results:
Predicted distribution of triacetin using Fugacity level III under four emission scenarios(1) Results from water solubility of 70 g/L
Compartment

Release 100 % toair

Release 100 % towater

Release 100 %to soilEqual emission
scenario(1:1:1)

Air

0.9 %

0.0 %

0.0 %

0.3 %

Water

20.0 %

99.7 %

12.9 %

30.1 %

Soil

79.1 %

0.0 %

87.1 %

69.5 %

Sediment

0.1 %

0.3 %

0.0 %

0.1 %

(2) Results from water solubility of 58 g/L
Compartment

Release 100 % toair

Release 100 % towater

Release 100 %to soilEqual emission
scenario(1:1:1)

Air

1.1 %

0.0 %

0.0 %

0.4 %

Water

19.9 %

99.7 %

12.9 %

30.2 %

Soil

79.0 %

0.0 %

87.1 %

69.4 %

Sediment

0.1 %

0.3 %

0.0 %

0.1 %

Remarks:
Reference:

Refer to Appendix.
Daicel Chemical Industries (2002), Predicted distributionof triacetin using Fugacity level III, unpublished report.

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

53

OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS(b) Media:

Air-biota [ ]; Air-biota-sediment-soil-water [ ]; Soil-biota[ ]; Water-air [ X ]; Water-biota [ ]; Water-soil [ ]; Other [ ]Fugacity level I [ ]; Fugacity level II [ ]; Fugacity level III [ ];Fugacity level IV [ ]; Other (calculation) [ X ];Other (measurement) [ ]Based on a water solubility of 58 g/L and a vapour pressureof 0.00248 mm Hg (at 25 degree C), a Henry's law constant of
1.23 * 10-8 atm*m3/mol is estimated. This value indicatesthat the compound is essentially non-volatile from water.
Not stated.
Lyman W. J. (1990), Amer. Chem. Soc., p.15-29.

Method:Results:

Remarks:
Reference:(c) Media:
Method:Results:

Remarks:
Reference:
3.4

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Air-biota [ ]; Air-biota-sediment-soil-water [ ]; Soil-biota[ ]; Water-air [ ]; Water-biota [ ]; Water-soil [ X ]; Other [ ]Fugacity level I [ ]; Fugacity level II [ ]; Fugacity level III [ ];Fugacity level IV [ ]; Other (calculation) [ X ];Other (measurement) [ ]Based upon a measured water solubility of 58 g/L at 25 °C,
the Koc-value can be estimated to be 10.5 from a regression derived
equation. This Koc-value indicates very high soil mobility (Chemical
Safety Sheets (1991), Dutch Chemical Industry
Association).
Not stated.
Lyman W. J. (1990), Amer. Chem. Soc., p.4-9.
Swann R.L.(1983), Res. Rev., 85 p.23.

IDENTIFICATION OF MAIN MODE OF DEGRADABILITY IN ACTUAL USE
No studies located.

3.5

BIODEGRADATION(a) Preferred result
Type:
Inoculum:aerobic [ X ]; anaerobic [ ]adapted [ ]; non-adapted [ X ]; other [ ]: sewage treatment
plant effluent (biological stage)
Concentration of the chemical: 100 mg/L, related to COD [ ]; DOC [ ]; test substance [ X ]Medium:water [ X ]; water-sediment [ ]; soil [ ]; sewage treatment [ ]Degradation:(1) 77 % after 14 day based on BOD.
(2) 94 % after 14 day based on TOC.
Results:
readily biodeg. [ X ]; inherently biodeg. [ ];under test condition no biodegradation observed [ ], other [ ]Kinetic:
Not stated.
Method:OECD Guideline 301 C, Modified MITI Test (I)GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1-1.4.
Remarks:
Domestic activated sludge was used as inoculum..
Reference:
Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (Kurume, Japan)(1998), Test No. 20919B.

(b) Type:
Inoculum:aerobic [ X ]; anaerobic [ ]adapted [ ]; non-adapted [ X ]; other [ ]: sewage treatment

plant effluent (biological stage)
Concentration of the chemical: (1) 10mg/L, (2) 20mg/L, related to COD [ ]; DOC [ ];54

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS
Medium:Degradation:
Results:
Kinetic:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Test substance [ X ]water [ X ]; water-sediment [ ]; soil [ ]; sewage treatment [ ](1) 64 % after 28 day based on ThCO2 (10mg/L).
(2) 93 % after 28 day based on ThCO2 (20mg/L).
readily biodeg. [ X ]; inherently biodeg. [ ];under test condition no biodegradation observed [ ], other [ ]Not stated.
OECD TG 301B, Directive 84/449/EEC, C.5 “Biotic degradationmodified Sturm test”
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]As prescribed by 1.1-1.4.
The study was also in accordance with OECD Guideline 301 B. Domestic
activated sludge was used as inoculum.
Chemie B.V. (1990), unpublished data, RCC NOTOX Project 005164.

(c) Type:
Inoculum:aerobic [ X ]; anaerobic [ ]adapted [ ]; non-adapted [ X ]; other [ ]: sewage treatment plant
effluent (biological stage)
Concentration of the chemical: 2, 5 mg/L. related to COD [ ]; DOC [ ]; test substance [ X ]Medium:water [ X ]; water-sediment [ ]; soil [ ]; sewage treatment [ ]Degradation:
69 % (2 mg/L) and 79 % (5 mg/L) after 30 days by BOD.
Results:
readily biodeg. [ X ]; inherently biodeg. [ ];under test condition no biodegradation observed [ ], other [ ]Kinetic:
2 mg/L: 5% (5 d); 62% (15 d); 69% (30 d)
5 mg/L: 4% (5 d); 57% (15 d); 79% (30 d)
Method:OECD Guideline 301 D
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1-1.4.
Remarks:
Municipal sewage treatment plant effluent was used as inoculum.
Reference:
Henkel KGaA (2001), unpublished data (R0100896).

(d) Type:
Inoculum:aerobic [ X ]; anaerobic [ ]adapted [ ]; non-adapted [ X ]; other [ ]: sewage treatment plant
effluent (biological stage)
Concentration of the chemical: 3 mg/L. related to COD [ ]; DOC [ ]; test substance [ X ]Medium:water [ X ]; water-sediment [ ]; soil [ ]; sewage treatment [ ]Degradation:
70 % after 30 day.
Results:
readily biodeg. [ X ]; inherently biodeg. [ ];under test condition, no biodegradation observed [ ], other [ ]Kinetic:
Not stated.
Method:
DEV: H5 modif.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Test substance:
No data available.
Remarks:
Domestic sewage was predominantly used as inoculum.
Reference:
Bayer AG, unpublished data.

3.6

BOD5, COD OR RATIO BOD5/COD
No studies located.

3.7

BIOACCUMULATION
Species:
Exposure period:
Temperature:

Fish
No data available.
20 °C

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

55

OECD SIDS
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS
Concentration:
BCF:
Elimination:
Method:Type of test:
GLP:
Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:
3.8
A.

B.

Sewage treatment
No additional remarks.

Other information
Remarks:

56

No data available.
ca. 1.3.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Other.
calculated [ X ]; measured [ ]static [ ]; semi-static [ ]; flow-through [ ]; other [ ]Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]No data available.
The BCF was estimated from a recommended regression-derived
equation using a water solubility of 58 g/L at 25 °C.
This estimated BCF indicates that bioconcentration potential in fish will
not be significant.
Lyman W.J. et al. (1990), Amer. Chem. Soc., p.5-10.

ADDITIONAL REMARKS

Remarks:

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

No additional remarks.

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITYTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

4.

ECOTOXICITY

4.1

ACUTE/PROLONGED TOXICITY TO FISHA.

ACUTE TOXICITY TO FISH(a) Preferred result
Type of test:

static [ ]; semi-static [ X ]; flow-through [ ]; other [ ]open-system [ ]; closed-system [ ]Species:Oryzias latipes (Medaka, fresh water)
Exposure period:
96 hour(s)Results:
LC50 (96 h) > 100.0 mg/L based on nominal concentrations.
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Method:OECD TG 203 (1992).
GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1-1.4.
Remarks:
Drinking water was used after dechlorination by passing through activatedcarbon filter. No vehicle was used. Test was conducted at the nominal
concentrations of 0 and 100 mg/L. Test solutions were replaced every 24
hours by newly prepared ones. When test solutions were analysed after 24hours, the measured concentrations showed more than 80 % of the nominal
concentrations. At the nominal concentrations of 0 mg/L, 100 % of fishsurvived until 96 h; At 100 mg/L, 100 % of fish survived until 96 h; atboth doses, no fish showed abnormal swimming behaviour.
Reference:
Environment Agency of Japan (1998).

(b) Type of test:

static [ X ]; semi-static [ ]; flow-through [ ]; other(e.g. field test) [ ]; open-system [ ]; closed-system [ ]Species:
Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, fresh water)
Exposure period:
96 hour(s)Results:
LC50 (96h) = 165.3 mg/L (178.3, 165.3 mg/L)
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Method:OECD TG 203 and EEC/Annex V C.1.
GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1-1.4,Sample ID No.: 3045932,
Purity: > 99.5 %.
Remarks:
During the test, 77 - 98.1 % of the initial analysed
concentrations was maintained throughout the test. The exposure solutions
did not appear to exceed the aqueous solubility of the test article as no
particulates or surface slicks were observed in the exposure vessels
containing the test article.
Reference:
Lawrence, D.L. and Hirsch, M.P. (1995), Eastman Kodak
Company, Environmental Sciences Section, Corporate Health andEnvironment Laboratories, An acute aquatic effects test with the fatheadminnow, Study No.: EN-430-900256-1, Unpublished data.

(c) Type of test:

static [ X ]; semi-static [ ]; flow-through [ ]; other(e.g. field test) [ ]; open-system [ ]; closed-system [ ]Species:
Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae, carp, fresh water)
Exposure period:
48 hour(s)Results:
LC50 (48 h) = 174 mg/L
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Method:Other.
GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]UNEP PUBLICATIONS

57

OECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITY
Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
As prescribed by 1.1-1.4.
Method used was Bewertung wassergefährdender Stoffe,
Bestimmung der akuten Fischtoxizität, Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe 1 (Obmann
Dr. Niemitz), LTwS, Nr. 10, September 1979.
Unichema Chemie B.V. (1988), unpublished data, RCC NOTOX
0831/PA45.

(d) Type of test:

static [ ]; semi-static [ X ]; flow-through [ ]; other(e.g. field test) [ ] open-system [ ]; closed-system [ ]Species:
Brachydanio rerio (Zebra-fish, fresh water)
Exposure period:
96 hour(s)Results:
LC50 (96 h) = 300 mg/L
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Method:ISO-Guideline 7346/2 which conforms to OECD TG 203.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Remarks:
Test was conducted at a concentration of 0, 90, 130, 180, 250, 360
and 500 mg/L. Mortalities are recorded at 0, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr. The
study was carried out before 1990, at a time when GLP was not
implemented. However, the study adhered to GLP comparable conditions.
Reference:
Henkel KGaA (1982), unpublished data (R-0100930).

(e) Type of test:

static [ X ]; semi-static [ ]; flow-through [ ]; other(e.g. field test) [ ] open-system [ ]; closed-system [ ]Species:
Leuciscus idus (Golden orfe, fresh water)
Exposure period:
48 hour(s)Results:
LC50 (48 h) = 170 mg/L
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Method:Bestimmung der Wirkung von Wasserinhaltsstoffen auf Fische,
DIN38412 Teil15.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Remarks:
Test substance directly weighed into test vessel followed by treatment
with Ultraturrax. Test was conducted at a concentration of 0, 100, 300 and
1,000 mg/L. Fish did not show any abnormal behaviour.
LC0 (48 h) and LC100 (48 h) were 100 mg/L and 300 mg/L, respectively.
The study was carried out before 1990, at a time when GLP was not
implemented. However, the study adhered to GLP comparable conditions.
Reference:
Henkel KGaA (1988), unpublished data (R-0100933).

(f) Type of test:

static [ ]; semi-static [ ]; flow-through [ ]; other(e.g. field test) [ ]; open-system [ ]; closed-system [ ]Species:
Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae, carp, fresh water)
Exposure period:
66 hour(s)Results:
LC50 (Not stated)
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Method:Not stated.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Remarks:
Carp (Cyprinus carpio) force-fed with triacetin were killed atconcentrations between 122 mg/kg bw (minimum) and 184 mg/kg bw(maximum). Alkalinity, Water temperature and pH were 10 mg/L CaCO3,
18.3 °C and 6.7, respectively.
Reference:
Loeb, H.A. & Kelly, W.H (1963), US Fish Wildl. Serv., Sp. Sci. Rep.Fish No. 471.

58

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITYB.

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

PROLONGED TOXICITY TO FISH
Type of test:

static [ ]; semi-static [ ]; flow-through [ X ]; other(e.g. field test) [ ]; open-system [ ]; closed-system [ ]Species:Oryzias latipes (Medaka, fresh water)
Exposure period:
14 days.
Results:
LC50 (7 days) > 100.0 mg/L (nominal concentration)
LC50 (14 days) > 100.0 mg/L (nominal concentration)
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Method:OECD TG 204.
GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1-1.4.
Remarks:
Test was conducted at the nominal concentrations of 0, 30.9
(27.7), and 55.6 (51.6), 100 (97.0) mg/L (measured mean concentration oftest chemical during test period). No reduction of food intake and noabnormal behaviours were observed at all doses tested during 14-day
exposure period. There was no significant difference in fish body weight
between all treated groups and in control.
Reference:
Environment Agency of Japan (1998).
4.2
A.

ACUTE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES
Daphnia(a) Preferred result
Type of test:

static [ X ]; semi-static [ ]; flow-through [ ]; other [ ]open-system [ ]; closed-system [ ]Species:Daphnia magna (Crustacea)
Exposure period:
48 hour(s)Results:
EC50 (24 h) = 888 mg/L
EC50 (48 h) = 768 mg/L
EC0 (48 h) = 309 mg/L
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Method:OECD TG 202
GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1-1.4.
Remarks:
Test concentration: 95, 171, 309, 556, 1,000 mg/L. All the test solutions
showed more than 90 % of the nominal concentrations after 48 hours.
Reference:
Environment Agency of Japan (1998).

(b) Type of test:

static [ X ]; semi-static [ ]; flow-through [ ]; other [ ]open-system [ ]; closed-system [ ]Species:Daphnia magna (Crustacea)
Exposure period:
48 hour(s)Results:
EC50 (24 h) > 974.4 mg/L (974.4, 1006.7 mg/L)
EC50 (48 h) = 810.9 mg/ L (810.9, 904.2 mg/L)
EC0 (24 h) = 974.4 mg/L (974.4, 1006.7 mg/L)
EC0 (48 h) = 541.1 mg/L (541.1, 558.5 mg/L)
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Method:OECD TG 202 and EEC/Annex V C.2.
GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1-1.4,Sample ID No.: 3045932,
Purity: > 99.5 %.

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

59

OECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITY
Remarks:

Reference:

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
The exposure solutions (nominally 95.0, 171.5, 308.5, 555.5, and
1,000.0 mg/L) were prepared by direct addition of the appropriate amountsof the test article to tanks of water. The exposure solutions did not appear
to exceed the aqueous solubility of the test article, as throughout the test,
there were no particulates, surface slicks or precipitates observed within
the exposure solutions containing the test article.
Lawrence, D.L. and Hirsch, M.P. (1995), Eastman
Kodak Company, Environmental Sciences Section, Corporate Health andEnvironment Laboratories, An acute aquatic effects test with the daphnid,
Study No.: EN-431-900256-1, Unpublished data.

(c) Type of test:

static [ X ]; semi-static [ ]; flow-through [ ]; other [ ]open-system [ ]; closed-system [ ]Species:Daphnia magna (Crustacea)
Exposure period:
48 hour(s)Results:
EC0 (48 h) = 65 mg/L
EC50 (48 h) = 380 mg/L
EC100 (48 h) = 1000 mg/L
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Method:Daphnien-Kurzzeittest, DIN 38412 Teil 11, Bestimmung
der Wirkung von Wasserinhaltsstoffen auf Kleinkrebse
GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Remarks:
Test method conforms to OECD Guideline 202A.
Reference:
Henkel KGaA, unpublished data. (Report-No. R 9400102).

B.

Other aquatic organisms
No studies located.

4.3

TOXICITY TO AQUATIC PLANTS, e.g. algae
Species:
Endpoint:
Exposure period:
Results:

Selenastrum capricornutum ATCC 22662
Biomass [ X ]; Growth rate [ X ]; Other [ ]72 h.
EC50 (0-72 h) > 1,000 mg/L (Growth inhibition: growth rate &biomass)
NOEC (0-72 h) = 556 mg/L (Growth inhibition: growth rate &biomass)
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Method:OECD TG 201(1984)
open-system [ ]; closed-system [ X ]GLP:Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1-1.4.
Remarks:
All the test groups (95, 171, 309, 556 except 1,000 mg/L) showednormal and similar growth (170-224 fold increase after 72 hr) to control(207-fold increase after 72 hr).
Reference:
Environment Agency of Japan (1998).
4.4

TOXICITY TO BACTERIA(a) Type:
Species:
Exposure Period:
Results:

60

Aquatic [ X ]; Field [ ]; Soil [ ]; Other [ ]Pseudomonas putida (Bacteria)
18 hour(s)EC0 (18 h) > 541.6 mg/L

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITYTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Method:Not stated.
GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Remarks:
Bacteriotoxicity was determined according to Bewertung
Wassergefährdender Stoffe, III Bestimmung der akuten Bakterientoxizität
Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe 1 (Obmann Dr. Niemitz), LTWS, Nr. 10
September 1979.
Reference:
Unichema Chemie B.V. (1988), unpublished data , RCC NOTOX
B.V. 0831/PS9.
(b) Type:
Aquatic [ ]; Field [ ]; Soil [ ]; Other [ ]Species:
Pseudomonas putida MIGULA (Bacteria)
Exposure Period:
30 minResults:
EC0 (30 min) = 10,000 mg/L
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Method:Pseudomonas oxygen consumption inhibition test, German
standard method DIN 38412 Part 27
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Remarks:
Pseudomonas oxygen consumption inhibition test. Test
was conducted at a concentration of 0 and 10,000 mg/L. The study was
carried out before 1990, at a time when GLP was not implemented.
However, the study adhered to GLP comparable conditions.
Reference:
Henkel KGaA (1988), unpublished data (R-0100931).
(c) Type:
Species:
Exposure Period:
Results:

Aquatic [ ]; Field [ ]; Soil [ ]; Other [ ]Pseudomonas putida MIGULA (Bacteria)
16 hour(s)NOEC (16 h) = 3,000 mg/L
FOEC (16 h) = 10,000 mg/L
NOEC: First Observed Effect Concentration, the highest measured
substance concentration with an effect below 10 %.
FOEC: First Observed Effect Concentration, the lowest measured
substance concentration with an effect above 10 %.
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Method:Pseudomonas cell multiplication inhibition test in accordance to EUGuideline EN ISO 10712 of December 1995
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Remarks:
Pseudomonas oxygen consumption inhibition test. Test was conducted at aconcentration of 0, 3,000 and 10,000 mg/L. The study was carried out
before 1990, at a time when GLP was not implemented. However, thestudy adhered to GLP comparable conditions.
Reference:
Henkel KGaA (1988), unpublished data (R-0100932).

4.5

CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS

4.5.1

CHRONIC TOXICITY TO FISH
No studies located.

4.5.2

CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATESUNEP PUBLICATIONS

61

OECD SIDS
4. ECOTOXICITYTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

INVERTEBRATESType of test:

static [ ]; semi-static [ X ]; flow-through [ ]; other(e.g. field test) [ ]; open-system [ ]; closed-system [ ]Species:Daphnia magna
Endpoint:
Mortality [ ]; Reproduction rate [ X ]; Other [ ]Exposure period:
21 days.
Results:
EC50 (14-d, reproduction) > 100 mg/L
EC50 (21-d, reproduction) > 100 mg/L
NOEC (21-d, reproduction) = 100 mg/L
(Calculated based based on nominal concentration)
Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Method:OECD TG 211 (1997)
GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1-1.4.
Remarks:
A single exposure group (100 mg/L) against control group wasstudied. Mean cumulative numbers of juveniles produced per adult alivefor 21 days: Control: 93.8, 100 mg/L: 91.8. Time-weighted means ofmeasured concentration of test chemical (100 mg/L) during 21-d exposure:
94 mg/L.
LC50 for parental Daphnia (14-d) > 100 mg/L
LC50 for parental Daphnia (21-d) > 100 mg/L
(Calculated based on nominal concentrations)
Reference:
Environment Agency of Japan (1998).
4.6

TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS

4.6.1

TOXICITY TO SOIL DWELLING ORGANISMS
No studies located.

4.6.2

TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL PLANTS
No studies located.

4.6.3

TOXICITY TO OTHER NON MAMMALIAN TERRESTRIAL SPECIES (INCLUDINGAVIAN)
No studies located.

4.7

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS MONITORING (INCLUDING BIOMAGNIFICATION)
No studies located.

4.8

BIOTRANSFORMATION AND KINETICSNo studies located.

4.9

ADDITIONAL REMARKS
Remarks:
Reference:

62

Toxicity towards tadpoles (Rana temporaria): Thresholdconcentration for complete narcosis at 5000 mg/L.
Lipnick, R.L.(1988), ASTM Spec. Techn. Publ. 11, 468-489.

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITYTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

5.

TOXICITY

5.1

ACUTE TOXICITY

5.1.1

ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY(a) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Discriminating dose:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:(b) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Discriminating dose:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:(c) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Discriminating dose:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(d) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Discriminating dose:
Method:LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Rat> 2,000 mg/kg bw.
2,000 mg/kg bw (a limit dose level).
Referred to Remarks.
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Method: OECD TG 401, EEC Directive 84/449/EEC, Annex Vof the EEC Directive 67/548/EEC and Bewertung Wassergefährdender
Stoffe, II Bestimmung der akuten oralen Saugetiertoxizität, Ad-hocArbeitsgruppe I (Obmann: Dr. Niemitz), LTWS, Nr. 10 September 1979.
Unichema Chemie B.V. (1988), unpublished data , RCC NOTOX
0831/1056.
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Rat
6,400 – 12,800mg/kg bw.
No data available.
Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine
Protocol, 5 dose levels (800-12,800 mg/kg bw), 5 animal per dose level,
14 day observation, no necropsy. Time to death was 37min. Weakness andataxia were observed.
Fassett, D.W. (1955), Eastman Kodak Company, Corporate Healthand Environment Laboratories, Unpublished data.
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Rat
12,700 (11 mL) mg/kg bw (as d20 = 1.1562)
580 (0.5 mL), 2,500 (2.2 mL), 5,500 (4.8 mL), 10,500 (9.1 mL),
14,600 (12.6 mL), 27,200 (23.5 mL), 52,800 (44.8 mL) mg/kg bw(as d20 = 1.1562)
Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine
Protocol, 7 dose levels (580-52,800 mg/kg bw), 5 animal per dose level,
24 day observation, no necropsy.
Fassett, D.W. (1948), Eastman Kodak Company, Corporate Health
And Environment Laboratories, Report No. 900256006, Unpublished data.
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Rat3,000 mg/kg bw
No data available.
No data available.

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

63

OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
GLP:
Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(e) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Discriminating dose:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:(f) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Discriminating dose:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(g) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Discriminating dose:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:(h) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Discriminating dose:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:

64

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Not stated.
AMA Arch Ind. Health, 21 (1960), 28.
Sax, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 6th ed. p. 2605
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Mouseca. 9,300 mg/kg bw
No data available.
Refer to Remarks.
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Triacetin supplied by Matheson..
The LD50 value was calculated from the given literature valueof 8.0 mL/kg bw and the density of 1.16 g/cm3. 7-Day observation period.
Triacetin was administered at fixed level of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16
mL/kg bw.
Lawrence, W.H., Malik, M, Autian, J. (1974), J. Biomed. Mater.
Res. 8, 11.
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Mouse/Swiss
1,800 mg/kg bw (male)
1,100 mg/kg bw (female)No data available.
No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Triacetin in 50 % ethylalcohol was administerd.
Gast, J.H. (1963), Fed. Proc. Fed. AM. Soc. Exp. Biol, 22 368.
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Mouse
3,200 – 6,400 mg/kg bw
No data available.
No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine
Protocol, 5 dose levels (1,600-25,600 mg/kg bw), 5 animal per dose level,
14 day observation period, no necropsy. Time to death was 6 min-1 hr.
Weakness and ataxia were observed. Test was done in 1955.
Fassett, D.W. (1955), Eastman Kodak Company, Corporate Healthand Environment Laboratories, Unpublished data.
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Mouse
3,200 – 6,100 mg/kg bw
No data available.
No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Not stated.
Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 1983, Vol. 2A, p. 2321.

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

5.1.2(i) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Discriminating dose:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:

LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Mouse
3,000 mg/kg bw
No data available.
No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]No data available.
Not stated.
CHEMIAL DIVISIONE DI SISAS SPA CAVAGLIA''.

(j) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Discriminating dose:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:

LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Rabbit> 2,000 mg/kg bw
No data available.
No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Not stated.
Material safety data sheet, dated 26-1-1994, Unichema International.

(k) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Discriminating dose:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:

LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ ]; LDL0 [ X ]; Other [ ]Frog
150 mg/kg bw
No data available.
No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Not stated.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (1976) cited in Food
Cosmet. Toxicol. 16 (Suppl. 1), 879-882.

ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY(a) Type:
Species/strain:
Exposure time:
Value:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:
5.1.3

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

LC0 [ ]; LC100 [ ]; LC50 [ X ]; LCL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Rat/Wistar SPF-Cpb
4 hours> 1.721 mg/L (analytical concentration)
OECD 403.
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]No data available.
An aerosol of triacetin was tested. No vehicle was used. 100 %of particles < 5 um-diameter. Head only exposure. Five male and 5 female
rats were tested in treated and control groups.
Effect: 0/5 males died, 0/5 females died.
No clinical symptoms were observed. No necropsy findings.
Bayer AG data. Report No. 13888 (P), 1985.

ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY(a) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Method:GLP:Test substance:

LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Rabbit> 5,000mg/kg bw
Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.

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65OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
Remarks:
Reference:

Not stated
Bailey D.E. (1976); Report to RIFM, 21 May; cited in Opdyke D.L.J.
(1978), Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 16 (Suppl. 1), 879-882.

(b) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:

LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Rabbit> 2,000 mg/kg bw
No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Not stated.
Material safety data sheet, dated 26-1-1994; Unichema International.

(c) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Guinea pig> 20 mL/kg bw
No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine
Protocol, 3 dose groups (0, 5 - 20 mL/kg bw), resp. 3, 3 and 3 animals pergroup, 14 days observation. Unit : mL/kg bw. Slight Oedema anderythema. No dead animal was observed. No evidence of skin absorption.
Fassett, D.W. (1967), Eastman Kodak Company. Unpublished data,
Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories.

Reference:(d) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:(e) Type:
Species/strain:
Value:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:

66

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Guinea pig> 20 mL/kg bw
No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine
Protocol, 3 dose groups (0, 5 - 20 mL/kg bw), resp. 3, 3 and 3 animals pergroup, 14 days observation. Unit : mL/kg bw. Slight erythema and 1 - 3erythema. Sparse hair and slight desquamation on high dose at one week.
Sparse hair at 2 weeks. No evidence of absorption.
Fassett, D.W. (1959), Eastman Kodak Company. Unpublished data,
Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories.
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD 50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Guinea pig> 10 mL/kg bw
No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine
Protocol, 3 dose groups (0, 5, 10 mL/kg bw), resp. 3, 3 and 2 animals pergroup, 14 days observation. Unit : mL/kg bw. No edema and slight
redness.
Fassett, D.W. (1955), Eastman Kodak Company. Unpublished data,
Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories.

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
5.1.4

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

ACUTE TOXICITY, OTHER ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION(a) Type:
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Species/strain:
Rat
Route of Administration:i.m. [ ]; i.p. [ X ]; i.v. [ ]; infusion [ ]; s.c. [ ]; other [ ]Exposure time:
No data available.
Value:
800 – 1,600 mg/kg bw.
Method:No data available.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Remarks:
Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine
Protocol, 5 dose groups (400-6,400 mg/kg bw), 5 animal per group, 14
days observation, no necropsy. Weakness, incoordination, gasping andunconsciousness were observed. Time to death was 6 –13 min. Test wasdone in 1955.
Reference:
Fassett, D.W. (1955), Eastman Kodak Company, Corporate Healthand Environment Laboratories, Unpublished data.
(b) Type:
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Species/strain:
Rat
Route of Administration:i.m. [ ]; i.p. [ X ]; i.v. [ ]; infusion [ ]; s.c. [ ]; other [ ]Exposure time:
No data available.
Value:
800 – 1,600 mg/kg bw.
Method:No data available.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Remarks:
Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine
Protocol, 5 dose groups (200-6,400 mg/kg bw), 12 animals per group, 14
days observation, no necropsy. Immediate squirming and gasping withcardiac arrest-death within 15min in high levels-others normal tomoderately Weak-some initial gasping-no irritation at autopsy-testes
normal. Test was done in 1967.
Reference:
Fassett, D.W. (1967), Eastman Kodak Company, Unpublisheddata, Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories.
(c) Type:
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Species/strain:
Rat
Route of Administration:i.m. [ ]; i.p. [ X ]; i.v. [ ]; infusion [ ]; s.c. [ ]; other [ ]Exposure time:
No data available.
Value:
1,600 mg/kg bw.
Method:No data available.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Test substance:
As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Remarks:
Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine
Protocol, 5 dose groups (200 - 3,200 mg/kg bw), 2 animals per group, 14
days observation, necropsy at termination. Time to death was 1 - 4 hr.
Reference:
Fassett, D.W. (1968), Eastman Kodak Company, Unpublisheddata, Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories.
(d) Type:
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Species/strain:
Rat
Route of Administration:i.m. [ ]; i.p. [ X ]; i.v. [ ]; infusion [ ]; s.c. [ ]; other [ ]Exposure time:
No data available.
Value:
2,100 mg/kg bw.

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67OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Not stated.
A limited number of adult rats was employed.
Gast, J.H. (1963), Fed. Proc. Fed. AM. Soc. Exp. Biol, 22 368.

(e) Type:
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Species/strain:
Rat
Route of Administration: i.m. [ ]; i.p. [ ]; i.v. [ ]; infusion [ ]; s.c. [ X ]; other [ ]Exposure time:
15 Days after a single injection.
Value:
2.8 mL/kg bw.
Method:Refer to Remarks.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Test substance:
Not stated.
Remarks:
Inbred albino rats weighing 200-300 g were used. At least 10
animals were used at each dose level (2.0, 3.0 4-10 mL/kg bw). Not morethan 1 mL was given at one site. Animals receiving fatal doses usuallydied from 20 min to 3 or 4 hours after injection. Symptoms of marked
depression, weakness, prostration, and labored respiration just before death
were noted. Triacetin was slightly haemolytic and relatively incompatible
with blood stream.
Reference:
Li, R.C. et al.(1941) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 46 26-28.
(f) Type:
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Species/strain:
Mouse/Swiss
Route of Administration:i.m. [ ]; i.p. [ X ]; i.v. [ ]; infusion [ ]; s.c. [ ]; other [ ]Exposure time:
No data available.
Value:
1,700 mg/kg bw (male).
1,400 mg/kg bw (female).
Method:No data available.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Test substance:
Not stated.
Remarks:
Peripheral nerve and sensation (Spastic paralysis 13), with/without
sensory change. Behavioural (Altered sleeptime; stiffness).
Reference:
Gast, J.H. (1963), Fed. Proc. Fed. AM. Soc. Exp. Biol, 22 368.
(g) Type:
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Species/strain:
Mouse/ICR
Route of Administration:i.m. [ ]; i.p. [ X ]; i.v. [ ]; infusion [ ]; s.c. [ ]; other [ ]Exposure time:
No data available.
Value:
ca. 1.52 mL/kg bw (male).
Method:Refer to Remarks.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Test substance:
Triacetin supplied by Matheson..
Remarks:
7-Day observation period. Triacetin was administeredat fixed level of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16 mL/kg bw.
Reference:
Lawrence W.H. et al. (1974), J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 8 11-34(h) Type:
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Species/strain:
Mouse
Route of Administration:i.m. [ ]; i.p. [ ]; i.v. [ ]; infusion [ ]; s.c. [ X ]; other [ ]Exposure time:
No data available.
Value:
2.3 mL/kg bw.
Method:Refer to Remarks.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]68

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
Not stated.
Inbred white mice weighing 17-21 g were used. At least 10
animals were used at each dose level (1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mL/kg bw). Not
more than 1 mL was given at one site. Animals receiving fatal doses
usually died in from 20 min to 3 or
4 hours after injection. Symptoms of marked depression, weakness,
prostration, and laboured respiration just before death were noted.
Triacetin was slightly haemolytic and relatively incompatible with bloodstream.
Li, R.C. et al.(1941) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 46 26-28.

(i) Type:
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ ]; LDL0 [ X ]; Other [ ]Species/strain:
Guinea pig
Route of Administration:i.m. [ X ]; i.p. [ ]; i.v. [ ]; infusion [ ]; s.c. [ ]; other [ ]Exposure time:
One week.
Value:
1.5 mL (1,740 mg)/kg bw.
Method:Refer to Remarks.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Test substance:
Data not available.
Remarks:
Triacetin (0.5 or 1.0 mL) was injected into the upper partof the leg of the test animal. Lungs, thorax or respiration (dyspnoea) wereaffected.
Reference:
Lipschitz, W.L. et al. (1942), J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 76 189.
(j) Type:
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Species/strain:
Mouse
Route of Administration:i.m. [ ]; i.p. [ ]; i.v. [ X ]; infusion [ ]; s.c. [ ]; other [ ]Exposure time:
No data available.
Value:
1,600 mg/kg bw.
Method:Refer to Remarks.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Test substance:
Synthetically prepared by esterification of glycerin and acetic acid.
Remarks:
Ten mice at each dose were used. Triacetin was administeredin volumes between 2 and 40 mL/kg bw as 25% emulsion in 5% glucose.
Injection of triacetin caused almost immediate convulsions, failure of therighting reflexes and respiratory arrest.
Reference:
Wretlind, A. (1957), Acta Physiol. Scand., 40 338.
(k) Type:
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Species/strain:
RabbitRoute of Administration:i.m. [ ]; i.p. [ ]; i.v. [ X ]; infusion [ ]; s.c. [ ]; other [ ]Exposure time:
No data available.
Value:
750 mL/kg bw.
Method:No data available.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Test substance:
No data available.
Remarks:
Not stated.
Reference:
Fassett, D.W. (1963), Eastman Kodak Company, Corporate Health andEnvironment Laboratories, Unpublished data.
(l) Type:
LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X ]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ]Species/strain:
Dog
Route of Administration:i.m. [ ]; i.p. [ ]; i.v. [ X ]; infusion [ ]; s.c. [ ]; other [ ]Exposure time:
No data available.
Value:
1.5-2.0 mL/kg bw.

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OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]No data available.
Not stated.
Fassett, D.W. (1963), Eastman Kodak Company, Corporate Health andEnvironment Laboratories, Unpublished data.

5.2

CORROSIVENESS/IRRITATION

5.2.1

SKIN IRRITATION/CORROSION(a) Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:(b) Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:(c) Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

70

RabbitHighly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ ];Irritating [ ]; Moderate irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ ];Not irritating [ X ]Highly corrosive (causes severe burns) [ ];Corrosive (causes burns) [ ]; Irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ X ]OECD Guide-line 404 "Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion" andOff. J. Europ. Commun. 27, L251 (1984)
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Triacetin was tested for its primary skin irritation underocclusive conditions on the shaved back skin of 4 rabbits. After a contact
time of 4 hours, the skin reactions were evaluated. Only one animal
showed slight skin redness one hour after the application. The otheranimals had no skin reactions at all.
Kaestner, W. (1988) Unpublished data Henkel KGaA. Rep. No.
880236.
Guinea pig
Highly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ ];Irritating [ ]; Moderate irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ X ];Not irritating [ ]Highly corrosive (causes severe burns) [ ];Corrosive (causes burns) [ ]; Irritating [ X ]; Not irritating [ ]Other (referred to Remarks).
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine
Protocol, 3 dose groups, resp. 3, 3 and 2 animals per dose group, and 14
days observation for signs of irritation. Findings erythema, slight oedema,alopecia and desquamation under the conditions of the test. Test was donein 1967.
Fassett, D.W. (1967), Corporate Health and Environment
Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company Unpublished data.
Chicken/Hubbard Crossbred broiler (male)
Highly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ ];Irritating [ ]; Moderate irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ ];Not irritating [ X ]Irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ X ]; Risk of serious damage to eyes [ ]Other (referred to Remarks).
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Tissue irritation evaluation was conducted by injecting 0.5 mL

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

Reference:(d) Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:
5.2.2

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002of triacetin 1/2” deep in the right and left pectoral muscle of 7-8 week oldchickens (six). Tissue irritation was evaluated at the injection sites at 1, 3,
7 days post injection. Triacetin caused very little irritation and was totally
free of irritation by the 7th day after injection.
Hem S.L. et al. (1974-1975), Drug Dev Commun, 1,471-477.
HumanHighly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ ];Irritating [ ]; Moderate irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ ];Not irritating [ X ]Highly corrosive (causes severe burns) [ ];Corrosive (causes burns) [ ]; Irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ X ]Other: Patch Test (geschlossener Epicutan-Test).
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Not stated.
Epstein W. L. (1976), Report to RIFM, 27 May, cited in Opdyke
D.L.J. (1978), Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 16 (Suppl. 1), 879-882.

EYE IRRITATION/CORROSION(a) Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:(b) Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

RabbitHighly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ ];Irritating [ ]; Moderate irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ ];Not irritating [ X ]Irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ X ]; Risk of serious damage to eyes [ ]OECD Guide-line 405 "Acute Eye Irritation/Corrosion"
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
The conjunctival reactions were mild and disappeared totallywithin 6 to 24 hours after the application. According to the criteria in Off.
J. Europ. Commun. 26 (L 257) 1983, the test substance doesn’t need to beclassified regarding its eye irritation potential. Reactions on the cornea andiris were not observed. As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Kaestner, W. (1988) Unpublished data Henkel KGaA. Rep. No.
880228.
Rabbit (male and female albino rabbit)
Highly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ ]; Irritating [ ];Moderate irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ X ]Irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ X ]; Risk of serious damage to eyes [ ]Draize procedure recommended by FDA (1965) and Other(referred to Remarks).
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Triacetin, Eastman Ref. No.256: Eastman Organic Chemicals, Rochester,
New York 14650.
This study compared the subjective Draize score to several
objective procedures, namely, corneal thickness measurement, evaluationof corneal and conjunctival water content, and conjunctival and aqueous
humour concentration of a dye bound to plasma proteins after intravenous
injection. After a single instillation of 100 uL of undiluted triacetin in the
rabbit eye, evaluation of the above parameter was made at 2 and 24 hr.
Draize score and corneal thickness were further determined daily for
additional days. A linear correlation was found between Draize total score
and tissue changes. There was a significant correlation between Draize

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OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

Reference:(c) Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:(d) Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:(e) Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:

72

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
corneal score corneal oedema or thickness only on Day one. Therefore, in
addition to the standard Draize method, corneal thickness measurements
should be performed.
Conquet, Ph. et al. (1977), Toxic. Appl. Pharmac., 39 129-139.
Rabbit/Rsk:NZW
Highly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ ]; Irritating [ ];Moderate irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ X ]Irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ X ]; Risk of serious damage to eyes [ ]Annex V, Part B of Directive 79/831/EEC and Annex VI, Part IID
of Directive 83/467/EEC.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Purity: > 99 % (Fluca A.G., Buchs, Switzerland).
The undiluted test substance (100 uL) was placed
into one healthy eye of each animal. The other eye served as a blank. Theeyes were not washed following instillation of triacetin. The eyes were
examined and the grade of ocular reaction was recorded at 4, 24, 48, 72,
96, and 168 hr. Corneal swelling was determined by the ultrasonicpachometer technique. Good correlations were found between the mean
percentage corneal swelling after 24, 48 and 72 hr and the mean corneal
opacity (r=0.94) and erythema scores (r=0.93) after the same observation
times.
Jacobs, G.A. and Martens, M.A. (1989), Fd Chem. Toxic., 27,255-258.
RabbitHighly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ ]; Irritating [ ];Moderate irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ X ]; Not irritating [ ]Irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ ]; Risk of serious damage to eyes [ ]Other (referred to Remarks).
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Method: Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial
Medicine Protocol, 2 rabbits received 1 drop of test substance in one eye.
The eye of 1 rabbit was washed. Signs of irritation were evaluated 1, 24
and 48 hours after administration of the test substance.
Fassett, D.W. (1967), Corporate Health and Environment
Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company Unpublished data.
RabbitHighly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ ]; Irritating [ ];Moderate irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ X ]Irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ X ]; Risk of serious damage to eyes [ ]Other (referred to Remarks).
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Purity: ca. 98%.
Triacetin was applied topically to both eyes of albino rabbits(2 males and 2 females). Triacetin was applied 1, 3, 6, 7 and 13 times overthe following periods: 2, 4, 7, 26 and 50 hours. The instilled volume(0.1m) was delivered with a micropipette. Evaluation was conducted interms of corneal and conjunctival oedema, serum extravasion in
conjunctivae and blood/aqueous humour barrier disruption. No effects
were reported except a possible reduction in corneal dry weight. However,injection of the neat liquid into the rabbit cornea (0.1 mL) resulted in some
irritation.
Lailer J. et al. (1976), Proc. Eur. Soc. Toxic., 17 336-350.

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY(f) Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(g) Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(h) Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:
5.3

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
RabbitHighly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ ]; Irritating [ ];Moderate irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ X ]Irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ X ]; Risk of serious damage to eyes [ ]Other (referred to Remarks).
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Data not available.
No irritation occurred when one drop (ca. 0.05 mL) of neat triacetin
was applied to rabbit eyes every 2 seconds for 6 min. The ocular reaction
was observed over a period of 7-14 days.
Hughes W. F. Jr. (1976), Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 82 338-353.
RabbitHighly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ ]; Irritating [ ];Moderate irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ ]Irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ ]; Risk of serious damage to eyes [ ]Other (referred to Remarks).
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]No data available.
No injury when tested on rabbits eyes.
Grant W.M. ( 1986), Toxicology of the Eye, 3rd ed. Springfield,
IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, p 931.
Data not available.
Highly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ ]; Irritating [ ];Moderate irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ X ]; Not irritating [ ]Irritating [ X ]; Not irritating [ ]; Risk of serious damage to eyes [ ]Other (referred to Remarks).
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Data not available.
Not stated.
CHEMICAL DIVISION DI SISAS SPA CAVAGLIA”.

SKIN SENSITISATION(a) Type:
Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(b) Type:
Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:

Other.
Human.
Sensitizing [ ]; Not sensitizing [ X ]; Ambiguous [ ]Sensitizing [ ]; Not sensitizing [ ]Maximization test.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Substance concentration: 20 % in petrolatum;group size: 33 volunteers.
Epstein, WL (1976), Report to RIFM, cited in Opdyke D.L.J.
(1978), Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 16 (Suppl. 1), 879-882.
Other.
Guinea pig.
Sensitizing [ ]; Not sensitizing [ X ]; Ambiguous [ ]Sensitizing [ ]; Not sensitizing [ X ]Not stated.
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.

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OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
Remarks:

Reference:

5.4

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
Method: Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial
MedicineProtocol, 0.05 ml of 0.1M solution of test material in solvent
composed of acetone, dioxane and guinea pig fat (7:2:1), dosing 3 times in
5 days, challenges at 1, 2 or 3 weeks after initial exposure. Vehicle control
and a positive control (phenyl hydrazine) included. Test was conducted in
1955.
Eastman Kodak Company (1955). Unpublished data, Corporate Health andEnvironment Laboratories.

(c) Type:
Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:

Other.
Human.
Sensitizing [ ]; Not sensitizing [ ]; Ambiguous [ ]Sensitizing [ ]; Not sensitizing [ ]Not specified.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
A contact eczema in humans caused by triacetin is reported.
Unna, P.J., Schulz (1963), K.H. Hautarzt 14, 423-25.

(d) Type:
Species/strain:
Results:
Classification:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:

No data available.
Guinea pig.
Sensitizing [ ]; Not sensitizing [ X ]; Ambiguous [ ]Sensitizing [ ]; Not sensitizing [ X ]No data available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Not stated.
Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 1983, Vol. 2A, p.2321
Opdyke D.L.J. (1978), Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 16 (Suppl. 1), 879-882.

REPEATED DOSE TOXICITY(a) Species/strain:
Rat / Crj:CD (SD) IGS
Sex:
Female [ ]; Male [ ]; Male/Female [ X ]; No data [ ]Route of Administration: Oral (gavage)
Exposure period:(male) 44 days
(female) From 14 days before mating to day 3 of lactation (4148days)
Frequency of treatment: One administration/day
Post exposure observation period: None.
Dose:0, 40, 200, 1,000 mg/kg bw/day
Control group:
Yes [ X ]; No [ ]; No data [ ];Concurrent no treatment [ ]; Concurrent vehicle [ X ]; Historical [ ]NOAEL:
1,000 mg/kg bw/day (male)
1,000 mg/kg bw/day (female)
LOAEL:
Not determined under the conditions studied.
Method:OECD combined repeat dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity
screening test (OECD TG 422).
Results:
Triacetin had no effects on clinical signs, body weight, and foodconsumption, and organ weight or necropsy findings. No histopathologicalchanges ascribable to the compound were observed in either sex. There
were no haematological or blood chemical parameters in males. The
NOAEL for repeat dose toxicity is thus considered to be 1,000 mg/kg
bw/day for both sexes.
GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]74UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
Daihachi Chemical Industries Co. Ltd., purity: >98.2 wt %None
Ministry of Health & Welfare (MHW), Japan (1998),
Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental Chemicals vol.6 127-147.

(b) Species/strain:
Rat
Sex:
Female [ ]; Male [ X ]; Male/Female [ ]; No data [ ]Route of Administration: Inhalation
Exposure period:
90 Days.
Frequency of treatment: Six hours per day for 5 days per week.
Post exposure observation period: 2 weeks.
Dose:249 ppm (measured average concentration), 3 rats.
Control group:
Yes [ ]; No [ X ]; No data [ ];Concurrent no treatment [ ]; Concurrent vehicle [ ]; Historical [ ]NOAEL:
249 ppm (2,220 mg/m3)/3 rats
LOAEL:
Not stated.
Results:
Average daily weight gain was 2.2 g/rat. No symptoms were noted at any
time during the exposure, and all rats appeared to be normal.
Haematological studies and urine analyses were done at intervals withoutfinding anything abnormal in any of the animals. At the time of autopsy,
no abnormalities
attributable to the exposure were found. The weight of both liver andkidney when calculated as per cent of total body weight were found to bewithin the normal range. Under the conditionsof the study no toxic effects caused by the inhalation of triacetin could befound.
Method:Not stated.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Test substance:
Plasticizer 88, Eastman Kodak Company.
Remark:Method: Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial
Medicine Protocol, whole body exposure to vaporized (heated at 150 °C)
test substance. The range of exposure was 14 to 918 ppm (130 to 8190
mg/m3).
Reference:
Fassett, D.W. (1955), Corporate Health and Environment
Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company Unpublished data.
(c) Species/strain:
Rat
Sex:
Female [ ]; Male [ X ]; Male/Female [ ]; No data [ ]Route of Administration: Inhalation
Exposure period:
Five days.
Frequency of treatment: Six hours per day for 5 days per week.
Post exposure observation period: One week.
Dose:
73.72 ppm (660 mg/m3), 8271 ppm (73,700 mg/m3, saturated
concentration) (measured average concentration)/3 rats
Control group:
Yes [ ]; No [ X ]; No data [ ];Concurrent no treatment [ ]; Concurrent vehicle [ ]; Historical [ ]NOAEL:
8271 ppm
LOAEL:
Not available.
Results:
No damage to the rats was caused in five days exposure
to saturated vapours of triacetin.
Method:Other.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Test substance:
Plasticizer 88, Eastman Kodak Company.
Remark:Method: Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial

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75

OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

Reference:(d)

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
Medicine Protocol, whole body exposure to vaporized (heated) test
substance.
Triacetin was heated at 315 °C and the animals were exposed to saturated
vapours at the temperature (28 °C) of the animal chamber. After the 90
days tests on rats inhaling the vapours of triacetin, an exposure to saturated
vapours for one week was done to determine the effect on rats. Autopsy
was done for 1 rat only.
Fassett, D.W. (1955), Corporate Health and Environment
Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company Unpublished data.

Species/strain: Rat
Sex:
Female [ ]; Male [ ]; Male/Female [ ]; No data [ X ]Route of Administration: Inhalation
Exposure period:
Five days.
Frequency of treatment: Six hours per day.
Post exposure observation period: Data not available.
Dose:
Control group:
NOAEL:LOAEL:
Results:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remark:Reference:

Saturated vapour (plus some mist).
Yes [ ]; No [ ]; No data [ X ];Concurrent no treatment [ ]; Concurrent vehicle [ ]; Historical [ ]Not stated.
Not stated.
No symtoms or histopathology.
Not stated.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Data not available.
Not stated.
Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 1983, vol 2A, 2321.

(e) Species/strain:
Rat/ Sprague-Dawley (weanling)
Sex:
Female [ ]; Male [ X ]; Male/Female [ ]; No data [ ]Route of Administration: Oral feed.
Exposure period:
90 daysFrequency of treatment: Daily.
Post exposure observation period: Data not available.
Dose:
The diet containing 20 %, 60 % of triacetin by weight ora mixture of triacetin and glycerol.
Control group:
Yes [ X ]; No [ ]; No data [ ];Concurrent no treatment [ ]; Concurrent vehicle [ X ]; Historical [ ]NOAEL:
20 % of the diet (10 g/kg bw/day).
LOAEL:
Not stated.
Results:
The animals tolerated up to 20 % triacetin.
Greater percentage caused a decrease in weight gain. A large loss inweight and considerable mortality was associated with diets containing
either glycerol or triacetin as 60% (31 g/kg bw/day) of the diet. A dietcontaining a mixture of 40% glycerol and 20 % triacetin was tolerated
fairly well.
Thus, the toxicity of these two compounds was not additive.
Method:Data not available.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Test substance:
No data available.
Remark:Not stated.
Reference:
Shapira, J. et al. (1969), Life Sci. Space Res. 7 123-129.
(f) Species/strain:

76

Rat/ Sprague-Dawley

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITYTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Sex:
Female [ ]; Male [ X ]; Male/Female [ ]; No data [ ]Route of Administration: Oral feed.
Exposure period:
13 weeks
Frequency of treatment: Daily.
Post exposure observation period: Data not available.
Dose:
Total 60 % of the diet by weight with a mixture of triacetin (20 % or 30%) andglycerol (40 % or 30 %) or propylene glycol (30 %).
Control group:
Yes [ X ]; No [ ]; No data [ ];Concurrent no treatment [ ]; Concurrent vehicle [ X ]; Historical [ ]NOAEL:
Not stated.
LOAEL:
Not stated.
Results:
Eight male rats were used with each diet. Growth occurred with alldiets but relative to starch control it was best in diet containing glycerol(30 % or 40 %) and propylene glycol (30 % or 20 %). With triacetinpresent (20 % or 40 %) in the diets, growth was relatively poor. Comparedto the control diet, liver enlargement occurred in all animals on
experimental diets.
Method:Data not available.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Test substance:
No data available.
Remark:Not stated.
Reference:
Shapira, J. et al. (1975), Proc. West. Pharm. Soc. 18 339-343.
(g) Species/strain:Rat/(weanling)
Sex:
Female [ ]; Male [ ]; Male/Female [ X ]; No data [ ]Route of Administration: Oral feed.
Exposure period:
60 daysFrequency of treatment: Daily.
Post exposure observation period: Not stated.
Dose:
55 % of the diet by weight (77 % of the calories).
Control group:
Yes [ X ]; No [ ]; No data [ ];Concurrent no treatment [ ]; Concurrent vehicle [ X ]; Historical [ ]NOAEL:
Not stated.
LOAEL:
Not stated.
Results:
Triacetin allowed fair growth when compared to the control diet(coconut oil control).
Method:Four rats, two males and two females, weighing approximately
50 g at the age of weaning, were placed in wire bottom screen cages, andallowed to eat of the diet ad libitum． The food cups were weighed,cleaned, and refilled daily, and record kept of the food consumed.
GLP:
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Test substance:
Eastman Kodak Company, Purity: No data available.
Remark:Not stated.
Reference:
Cox, W. M. Jr. (1933), J. Biol. Chem. 103 777-790.
(h) Species/strain:
Mouse/Swiss
Sex:
Female [ ]; Male [ ]; Male/Female [ ]; No data [ X ]Route of Administration: Oral gavage.
Exposure period:
Three to five weeks.
Frequency of treatment: Not stated.
Post exposure observation period: Data not available.
Dose:
Data not available.
Control group:
Yes [ ]; No [ ]; No data [ X ];UNEP PUBLICATIONS

77

OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITYNOAEL:LOAEL:
Results:
Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remark:Reference:
5.5
A

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
Concurrent no treatment [ ]; Concurrent vehicle [ ]; Historical [ ]Not stated.
Not stated.
No symptoms or histopathology.
Preliminary studies showed growth depression, unkempt
appearance but no effect on activity over the test period.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]Commercial preparations were used in 50 % ethanol.
Not stated.
Gast, J.H. (1963), Fed. Proc. Fed. AM. Soc. Exp. Biol, 22 368.

GENETIC TOXICITY IN VITROBACTERIAL TEST(a) Preferred result
Type:
System of testing:

Bacterial reverse mutation assay
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537,
Escherichia coli WP2 uvr A
Concentration:
0, 313, 625, 1,250, 2,500, 5,000 ug/plate (with and without S 9)
Metabolic activation: With [ ]; Without [ ]; With and Without [ X ]; No data [ ]Results:
Negative.
Cytotoxicity conc:
With metabolic activation: Not observed up to 5,000 ug/plate (five strains)
Without metabolic activation: Not observed up to 5,000 ug/plate (five strains)
Precipitation conc:
Not stated.
Genotoxic effects:
Negative.
+?
With metabolic activation:
[ ]
[ ]
[X]
Without metabolic activation: [ ][ ][X]Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(b) Type:
System of testing:Concentration:
Metabolic activation:
Results:
Cytotoxicity conc:

Precipitation conc:
Genotoxic effects:

Method:78

OECD Guidelines No.471 and 472 Guidelines for Screening
Toxicity Testing of Chemicals (Japan)
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Daihachi Chemical Industries Co. Ltd., purity: >98.2 wt %For metabolic activation, mammalian metabolic preparations wereused (pre-incubation assay).
Ministry of Health & Welfare (MHW), Japan (1998),
Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental Chemicals vol.6 127147.
Bacterial reverse mutation assay
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537,
0, 50, 150, 500, 1,500, 5,000 ug/plate (with and without S 9)With [ ]; Without [ ]; With and Without [ X ]; No data [ ]Negative.
With metabolic activation: Not observed up to 5,000 ug/plate (fourstrains).
Without metabolic activation: Not observed up to 5,000 ug/plate(four strains).
Not stated.
Negative.
+?
With metabolic activation:
[ ]
[ ]
[X]
Without metabolic activation: [ ][ ][X]
Other (Referred to Remarks).

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
GLP:
Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:(c) Type:
System of testing:Concentration:
Metabolic activation:
Results:
Cytotoxicity conc:
Precipitation conc:
Genotoxic effects:

Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(d) Type:
System of testing:Concentration:
Metabolic activation:
Results:
Cytotoxicity conc:
Precipitation conc:
Genotoxic effects:

Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(e) Type:
System of testing:Concentration:
Metabolic activation:
Results:
Cytotoxicity conc:

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Method: According Ames et al. (1975), Mutation Research, 31
347-364, and modifications according Maron et al. (1981), Mutation
Research, 88 343-350 and Maron et al. (1983), Mutation Research, 113
173-215.
Uniqema unpublished data (1988), ESL Sample No.S 16674 TO1 .
Bacterial reverse mutation assay
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537,
TA1538.
0, 4, 20,100, 500, 2,500 ug/plate (with and without S 9).
With [ ]; Without [ ]; With and Without [ X ]; No data [ ]Negative.
With metabolic activation: No data available.
Without metabolic activation: No data available.
Data not available.
Negative.
+?
With metabolic activation:
[ ]
[ ]
[X]
Without metabolic activation: [ ][ ][X]Ames test. Test conditions were not available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Triacetin suspension in water was prepared with the help of Tween 80.
Wallat, S. (1982), Unpublished data Henkel KGaA. Rep. No. TBD
820113.
Bacterial and yeast reverse mutation assay
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538
Saccaromyces cerevisiae strain D4
0, 0.000325, 0.000650, 0.001300 w/v (with and without S 9) (bacteria)
0, 1.25, 2.50, 5.00 w/v (with and without S 9) (yeast)
With [ ]; Without [ ]; With and Without [ X ]; No data [ ]Negative.
Without metabolic activation: The 50% survival level was determined.
(bacteria) 0.001300 w/v (yeast) 5.00 w/v
Not stated.
Negative.
+?
With metabolic activation:
[ ]
[ ]
[X]
Without metabolic activation: [ ][ ][X]
Other (Referred to Remarks).
Yes [ ] No [ X ] ? [ ]Triacetin (Kressco).
LBI project No. 2468.
NTIS PB Report (1976), PB-257871.
Bacterial reverse mutation assay.
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535.
Data not available.
With [ ]; Without [ ]; With and Without [ X ]; No data [ ]Negative.
With metabolic activation: No data available.
Without metabolic activation: No data available.

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OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
Precipitation conc:
Genotoxic effects:

Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:
B.

Data not available.
Negative.
+?
With metabolic activation:
[ ]
[ ]
[X]
Without metabolic activation: [ ][ ][X]Data not available.
Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ]As prescribed by 1.1 - 1.4.
Not stated.
Inveresk Research International (1981), Musselburgh, EH21 7UB,
Scotland, Project 705352.

NON-BACTERIAL IN VITRO TEST(a) Type:
System of testing:Concentration:
Metabolic activation:
Results:

Cytotoxicity conc:

Precipitation conc:
Genotoxic effects:

Method:GLP:Test substance:
Remarks:

Reference:

80

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

In vitro Mammalian Chromosome aberration test
Chinese hamster lung (CHL/IU) cells
0, 0.55, 1.1, 2.2 mg/mL
With [ ]; Without [ ]; With and Without [ X ]; No data [ ]Triacetin induced structural chromosome aberrations on shortterm treatment with an exogenous metabolic activation system at the
maximum concentration of 2.2 mg/mL (10 mM). However, triacetin
decreased pH of the medium at 2.2 mg/mL on short-term treatment with anexogenous metabolic activation system. Therefore, chromosome
aberrations induced with triacetin were likely to be caused by lowering pHof the medium rather than by damaging DNA per se. It is, however,recognized that changes in pH of the medium caused by triacetin can
induce such artifacts in this assay. Polyploidy was not induced under anyof the conditions on continuous and short-term treatment with and without
an exogenous metabolic activation system.
With metabolic activation: Not observed up to 1.2 mg/mL for 6Hours exposure. The 50 % inhibition of cell proliferation was calculated
to be 1.8 mg/mL.
Without metabolic activation: Not observed up to 2.2 mg/mL
for 24- and 48- hours exposure.
Not observed.
Equivocal.
Clastogenicity
Polyploidy+?
+?
With metabolic activation:
[ ]
[ ]
[X]
[ ]
[ ]
[X]
Without metabolic activation: [..]
[X] [ ][ ][ ][X]OECD Guidelines No.473 and Guidelines for Screening Toxicity
Testing of Chemicals (Japan).
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Daihachi Chemical Industries Co. Ltd., purity: >98.2 wt %Lowest concentration producing cytogenetic
effects in vitro was 2.2 mg/mL with metabolic activation for short-term
treatment. For metabolic activation, mammalian metabolic preparations
were used.
Ministry of Health & Welfare (MHW), Japan (1998), Toxicity Testing
Reports of Environmental Chemicals vol.6 127-147.

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY
5.6

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

GENETIC TOXICITY IN VIVO
No studies located.

5.7

CARCINOGENICITY
No studies located.

5.8

TOXICITY TO REPRODUCTION
Type:

Fertility [ ]; One-generation study [ ]; Two-generation study [ ];Other [ X ]Species/strain:
Rat / Crj: CD (SD) IGS
Sex:
Female [ ]; Male [ ]; Male/Female [ X ]; No data [ ]Route of Administration:Oral (gavage)
Exposure period:(male) 44 days
(female) from 14days before mating to day 3 of lactation (41-48days).
Post exposure observation period: None.
Premating exposure period: male: 14days, female: 14day
Duration of the test:(male) 44 days
(female) 41-48 days
Doses:
0, 40, 200, 1,000 mg/kg bw/day
Control group:
Yes [ X ]; No [ ]; No data [ ];Concurrent no treatment [ ]; Concurrent vehicle [ X ]; Historical [ ]NOAEL Parental:
1,000 mg/kg bw/day (male)
1,000 mg/kg bw/day (female)
NOAEL F1 Offspring: 1,000 mg/kg bw/day
Results:
Triacetin did not exert any toxic effects on reproductive parameters
including the mating index, fertility index, gestation length, number ofcorpora lutea or implantations, implantation index, gestation index,
delivery index and parturition or maternal behaviour at delivery andlactation.
General parental toxicity: Triacetin had no effects on clinical signs, bodyweight, food consumption, and organ weight or necropsy findings. No
histopathological changes ascribable to the compound were observed ineither sex. There were no haematological or blood chemical parameters inmales.
The NOAEL for reproductive toxicity is thus considered to be 1,000
mg/kg bw/day for both sexes.
Method:OECD 422, combined repeat dose and reproductive/developmental
toxicity screening test..
GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Test substance:
Daihachi Chemical Industries Co. Ltd., purity: >98.2 wt %Remarks:
Not stated.
Reference:
Ministry of Health & Welfare (MHW), Japan (1998),
Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental Chemicals vol.6 127-147.

5.9

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY/ TERATOGENICITY
Species/strain:

Rat / Crj: CD (SD) IGS

Sex:
Female [ ]; Male [ ]; Male/Female [ X ]; No data [ ]Route of Administration:Oral (gavage)
Exposure period:(male) 44 days

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OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITYTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

(female) from 14days before mating to day 3 of lactation(4148days).
Frequency of treatment: One administration/day
Post exposure observation period: None.
Premating exposure period: male: 14days. , female: 14day
Duration of the test:(male) 44 days
(female) 41-48 days
Doses:
0, 40, 200, 1,000 mg/kg bw/day
Control group:
Yes [ X ]; No [ ]; No data [ ];Concurrent no treatment [ ]; Concurrent vehicle [ X ]; Historical [ ]NOAEL Maternal Toxicity: 1000 mg/kg bw/day
LOAEL Maternal Toxicity: Not determined under the conditions tested.
NOAEL Teratogenicity: 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Results:
No teratological or other developmental effects were observedat any dose.
General parental toxicity: Triacetin had no effects on clinical signs, bodyweight, food consumption, and organ weight or necropsy findings. No
histopathological changes ascribable to the compound were observed ineither sex. There were no haematological or blood chemical parameters inmales.
Pregnancy/litter data: Triacetin did not exert any toxic effects on
reproductive parameters including the mating index, fertility index,
gestation length, number of corpora lutea or implantations, implantationindex, gestation index, delivery index and parturition or maternal
behaviour at delivery and lactation
Toxicity to offspring: On examination of neonates, there were no
significant differences in numbers of offspring or live offspring, the sex
ratio, the live birth index, the viability index or body weight. No abnormal
findings ascribable to the compound were found for external features,
clinical signs or necropsy of the offspring.
The NOAEL for reproductive and developmental toxicity is considered tobe 1,000 mg/kg bw/day for parental animals and offspring.
Method:OECD 422, combined repeat dose and reproductive/developmental
toxicity screening test..
GLP:
Yes [ X ] No [ ] ? [ ]Test substance:
Daihachi Chemical Industries Co. Ltd., purity: >98.2 wt %Remarks:
Not stated.
Reference:
Ministry of Health & Welfare (MHW), Japan (1998),
Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental Chemicals vol.6 127147.
5.10
A.

OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION
Specific toxicities(a) Type:
Chemobiokinetics general studies.
Species/strain:
Lamb / Southdown
Sex:
Female [ ]; Male [ ]; Male/Female [ X ]; No data [ ]Route of Administration:Oral (feed)
Exposure period:
175 days.
Number of animals:
24 Male (rams), 24 female (ewes).
Method:The feeding experiment was factorially designed with two basal
diets x two additives (triacetin and glycerol) x two levels of energy input x
two sexes x 3 replications. Two basal diets consisted of (a) pelleted, finely
ground Cayuga alfalfa hay harvested on May 25 near Ithaca, N.Y.,

82

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITYTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
partially dried in the field and finished by heat drying without weather
damage, and (b) a pelleted mixture containing 50 % of the same hay and
50 % of yellow corn meal. Triacetin, employed as a source of acetic acid,was added to the basal diets in sufficient quantity to comprise 10 % of thetotal dietary dry matter. An amount of glycerol equivalent to that intriglyceride, triacetin, was added to the other diets.
Urine and faeces were collected totally, but separately, from each of the 48
animals during 7-day periods of months 2, 4 and 6 of the 175-day feeding
periods.
Aliquots of faeces were analysed for the proximate chemical constituentsand heat of combustion, and samples of urine were analysed for nitrogen.
Urinary energy was estimated from urinary nitrogen and the amount ofenergy represented by the methane loss was computed from the amount ofdigestible dry matter.

Results:

Test substance:
Remark:Reference:(b) Type:
Results:
Remark:Reference:(c) Type:
Results:
Remark:Reference:

Each of two basal diets (pelleted, ground hay (H), and a pelleted
mixture of the same hay and corn meal (HC) was supplemented singlywith triacetin (Ac3) and glycerol (G). A given animal was fed continuously
one of the four diets at one of two levels of intake (approximately, 1 or 2.2
times the maintenance level) during the 175-day feeding period. The mean
rates with which the metabolizable energy (ME) ingested above themaintenance level of intake was utilized for body-energy gain, were: (in%) H + Ac3, 59.9; HC + G, 59.5; HC + Ac3, 63.7; and HC + G, 61.8(p >0.3). Ignoring the kind of basal diet, utilization rates were 62.0and 61.2 %for the ME provided by the diets containing triacetin and glycerol,
respectively. The mean pooled net utilization of ME for body-energy gain
by females (65.5%) was markedly greater (P<0.01) than that by males(57.6 %). In a series of respiration-calorimetric experiments, the net
utilization of ME provided by the acetic acid moiety of triacetin was
76.4%, between days 50 and 70 of continuous feeding.
(Conclusion) In a 175 day feeding study with sheep, 62 % of metabolicenergy was utilized. Concentration of triacetin in food was 10 %. No dataon toxicity are reported.
Distillation Products Industries (Rochester, N.Y.),
bp=152-154 °C /22mm,
purity: data not available.
The efficiency of utilization for growth-fattening, of the energy of diets
resulting in high (5.4 : 1) and low (3.1 : 1) ratio of acetic acid to propionicacid in the ruminal ingesta was determined in intact 24 male and 24 female
sheep by means of a slaughter-analysis experiment.
Bull, L.S. et al. J. Nutr. 100 (1970), 262-276.
Other.
Triacetin added directly to human food is affirmed as generally
recognized as safe (GRAS) and classified as GRAS-substance.
Not stated.
21 CFR 184.1901 (4/1/90).
Other.
Substances classified as plasticizers, when migrating fromfood packaging shall including triacetin.
Not stated.
21 CFR 181.27 (4/1/90).

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OECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY(d) Type:
Results:
Remark:Reference:(e) Type:
Results:
Remark:Reference:(f) Type:
Results:
Remark:Reference:(g) Type:
Results:
Remark:Reference:

Other.
Pharmacological effect: decrease in blood pressure after i.v.
application in cats.
Not stated.
Oetting W.F. (1960), Archs Ind. Health 21, 28-65.
Other.
i.v. Study in dogs, lowest lethal value 1.5-2.0 cm3/kg bw
i.v. Study in rabbits, lowest lethal value 0.75 cm3/kg bw,
No effect dose 0.5 cm3/kg bw
Not stated.
Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 1983, Vol. 2A, 2321.
Other.
Laboratory rats have tolerated diets consisting of 50% triacetin. Ifhydrolysed, systematic acidosis is a possible consequence.
Not stated.
Gosselin R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge (1984), Clinical
Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th edition, Baltimore: Williams andWilkins, p. II-203.
Other.
Neurotoxic effects of triacetin include tremors and convulsions.
Not stated.
O'Donoghue, J.L. (ed) (1985), Neurotoxicity of Industrial andCommercial Chemicals. Vol. I, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, Inc.,
136.

(i)

Other.
Minimal tissue irritation in chicken pectoral muscle.
Not stated.
Hem S.L., Bright D.R., Banker G.S., Pogue J.P.
(1975), Drug Dev. Commun. Vol. I, ISS 5, 471-7.

Type
Results:
Remark:Reference:

Other.
Triacetin will produce slight haemolysis in vitro.
Not stated.
Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology (1963), Volume II:
Toxicology, 2nd ed., p.1870.

Toxicodynamics, toxicokinetics(a) Type:
Species/strain:
Sex:
Method:84

Other.
Triacetin used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs,
feeds, and related products are generally recognized as safe when used inaccordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
Not stated.
21 CFR 582.1901 (4/1/90).

(h) Type:
Results:
Remark:Reference:(j) Type
Results:
Remark:Reference:B.

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Toxicokinetics
Dog / (mongrel)
Female [ ]; Male [ ]; Male/Female [ ]; No data [ X ]Triacetin was administered intravenously to mongrel dogs (n=10) 2 weeks
after surgical placement of blood-sampling catheters in the aorta and in the
portal, hepatic, renal, and femoral veins. [1-14C] Acetate was infused to

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
5. TOXICITY

Results:

Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(b) Type:
Species/strain:
Sex:
Method:Results:

Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(c) Type:
Species/strain:
Sex:
Method:TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
allow quantification of organ uptake of acetate as well as systemic
turnover and oxidation. Systemic acetate turnover accounted forapproximately 70 % of triacetin-derived acetate, assuming completehydrolysis of the triglyceride.
Approximately 80 % of systemic acetate uptake was rapidly oxidized.
Significant acetate uptake was demonstrated in all tissues (liver, 559 ± 68;
intestine, 342 ± 23; hindlimb, 89 ± 7; and kidney, 330 ± 37 umol/min).
(Conclusion) During intravenous administration in dogs, the majority ofinfused triacetin undergoes intravascular hydrolysis, and the majority of
the resulting acetate is oxidized. Thus, energy in the form of short-chain
fatty acids can be delivered to a resting gut via intravenous infusion of ashort-chain triglyceride.
Data not available.
Triacetin is a water-soluble short-chain triglyceride that may have a role asa parenteral nutrient.
Bleiberg, Batia et al., (1993), Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58 908-911.
Toxicokinetics
Dog / (mongrel)
Female [ ]; Male [ ]; Male/Female [ ]; No data [ X ]Triacetin was infused at 47 umol·kg bw-1·min-1 for 3 hr at an isocaloric rate
in mongrel dogs (n=6) to test its effects on serum phosphorus, calcium,and magnesium metabolism. Arterial blood was sampled at 15-30 min
intervals until the end of the study. Urine was collected during theequilibration period and again during triacetin infusion.
There were no changes in serum P or Ca. The serum Mg concentration
decreased from 0.7 ± 0.03 to 0.57 ± 0.03 mmol/L (p < 0.001) by 90 min
and remained at this level for the remainder of the study.
The triacetin infusion did not influence fractional urinary Mg excretion;
thus, the decrease in serum Mg was likely because of an increase incellular transport of this cation.
(Conclusion) An isocaloric infusion of the short-chain triglyceride triacetinin dogs resulted in modest increases in plasma acetate but did not
significantly affect serum Ca or P concentrations. Serum Mg decreased byapproximately 20 %, probably because of cellular uptake rather thanaccelerated excretion.
Triacetin administered to dogs at a rate approximating resting energy
expenditure
has no demonstrable adverse effects on mineral metabolism.
Sigma (St. Louis, MO), purity: data not available.
Triacetin is a water-soluble short-chain triglyceride that
may have a role as a parenteral nutrient.
Bailey, J.W. et al. (1989), Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 49 385-388.
Toxicokinetics
Rat / Sprague-Dawley
Female [ ]; Male [ X ]; Male/Female [ ]; No data [ ]Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=22) were fed intravenously an isovolemic,
isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet for 7 days. The lipid energy represented
30 % of the nonprotein energy with a short-chain triglyceride, triacetin
representing 0 % (Lyposyn II; a long-chain triglyceride 20.1 g/L, Abbot
Laboratories), 50 % (triacetin 15.2 g/L + Lyposyn II 10.0 g/L) or 90 %(triacetin 27.2 g/L + Lyposyn II 2.0 g/L) of the lipid energy. Plasma
acetate concentration was determined as well as indicators of protein

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5. TOXICITYTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
metabolism: daily and cumulative nitrogen balance, whole body leucine
kinetics and rectus muscle and liver fractional protein synthetic rates.

Results:

Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(d) Type:
Species/strain:
Sex:
Method:Toxicokinetics
Dog / (mongrel)
Female [ X ]; Male [ ]; Male/Female [ ]; No data [ ]Animals received infusions of triacetin at 1.0 x estimated resting energy
expenditure (REE), hyperenergetic triacetin at 1.5 x REE, glycerol, or
saline during infusion of [1-14C]leucine.
(Group 1) Six dogs were infused with a 5 % (vol: vol) triacetin solution at
a rate (47 umol·kg bw-1·min-1) providing energy (12.6 kJ·kg bw-1·h-1) equal
to REE in dogs.
(Group 2) Seven dogs were studied under identical conditions as thoseoutlined for group 1, except they received triacetin at a rate (70 umol·kg
bw-1·min-1) providing energy 50 % above REE.
(Group 3) Four dogs were studied under identical conditions, except
they were infused with glycerol alone at a rate of 70 umol·kg bw-1·min-1,
which is comparable to the amount of glycerol derived fromthe complete hydrolysis of the triacetin infused in group 2.
(Group 4) To control for tracer recycling, five animals were infused withsaline for the duration of the study. Blood and breath samples werecollected at 15-30-min intervals between - 45 and 180 min.

Results:

During both triacetin infusions, plasma alfa-ketoisocaproate
concentrations increased (p < 0.05). During triacetin infusion at 1.5 REE,
the plasma leucine concentration decreased (p < 0.05) and leucine rate ofappearance decreased by approximately 19 % (p < 0.05); this was
significantly greater than the changes that occurred during triacetin at 1.0 x
REE and glycerol (p < 0.05).
There was no difference in leucine oxidation between the dogs given
triacetin at 1.0 x REE and control groups, whereas leucine oxidation
decreased by 53 % during triacetin infusion at 1.5 REE glycerol (p < 0.05).
Nonoxidative leucine disappearance, an indicator of protein synthesis, did
not change in any of the studies.

Test substance:
Remarks:

86

Triacetin caused no overt toxic effects at any point during the study. As the
proportion of triacetin in the diet increased from 0 to 50 or 90 % of thelipid energy, cumulative nitrogen balance increased 50 or 120 %,respectively (p < 0.05). Whole-body and tissue leucine kinetics(determined during the last 2.5 hr of the 7-day study) were unaffected by
the lipid composition of the diet. Plasma acetate concentration was not
significantly different among groups.
(Conclusion) These results indicate that incorporation of triacetin in
nutritionally balanced total parenteral nutrition formulas improves nitrogenbalance with no overt toxic effects.
Data not available.
Triacetin is a water-soluble short-chain triglyceride that
may have a role as a parenteral nutrient.
Bailey, J.W. et al. (1992), J. Nutr., 122 1823-1829.

(Conclusion) These results indicate that triacetin has effects on leucine
metabolism similar to those previously reported withlong-chain triglyceride emulsions.
Sigma (St. Louis, MO), purity: data not available.
Triacetin is a water-soluble short-chain triglyceride that

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5. TOXICITY

Reference:

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002
may have a role as a parenteral nutrient because of lack of toxicity andfavourable effects on protein metabolism.
Bailey, J.W. et al. (1993), Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 58 912-916.

(e) Type:
Species/strain:
Sex:
Method:Toxicokinetics
Rat / SheffieldFemale [ ]; Male [ X ]; Male/Female [ ]; No data [ ]The procedure used in most experiments followed closely that outlined by
Parsons et al. (1958) (J. Physiol. 144 387-402). The sacs of the everted
intestine, the middle fifth of the combined jejunum and ileum was used.
The sacs contained initially 1 mL of bicarbonate saline and shaken for 1 hr
at 37 °C. Acetins, glucose, acetate, or metabolic inhibitors were added tothe saline. At the end of the incubation, fluid transfer was estimated byweighing the sac and its contents, and acetate determinations were madeon samples of the mucosal and serosal fluids.

Results:(1) When triacetin, mono- and diacetins were incubatedwith the sacs of rats everted intestine, they entered the epithelial cells
and were completely hydrolyzed to free glycerol and acetic acid. The
activity of the preparation, as measured by acetate release, increased
with the number of acetic acid residues in the glyceride. There is no
absolute positional specificity, and all three ester linkages can be
split.
(2) The rate limiting step in the process was the entry ofglyceride into the epithelial cell.
(3) The three acetins entered the epithelial cells at the same rate.
(4) The acetate released appeared in higher concentrations
on the serosal sides.
British Drug Houses, purity: data not available.
Volatile fatty acids, which released from acetins could be transferred into
the cells by the rat intestine against a concentration gradient.
Barry, R.J.C. et al. (1966), J. Physiol. 185 667-683.

Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:(f) Type:
Species/strain:
Sex:
Method:Results:

Toxicokinetics
Dog / (Mongrel)
Female [ X ]; Male [ ]; Male/Female [ ]; No data [ ]Triacetin was infused in mongrel dogs at isocaloric (N=6) or hypercaloric(ca. 1.5 REE, N=7) rates for 3 hr. Ketone body and glucose production
rates were quantified with [13C2]acetoacetate and [3H]glucose,respectively. An additional animals (N=4) were infused with glycerol toserve as control for the hypercaloric triacetin infusion. Energy expenditure
was determined in the isocaloric experiments.
Plasma acetate concentrations increased from basal levels to ca. 1 and ca.
13 mmol/L in the isocaloric and hypercaloric experiments, respectively.
Plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations decreased dramatically after 30
min of both isocaloric and hypercaloric triacetin infusions. Glucose
production rates did not increase in either group, but glucose clearance
decreased significantly in both groups (p < 0.05) over the last hour of
triacetin infusion. Plasma ketone body concentrations increased from 1.4
to 3.5 and 1,8 to 13.5 umol/kg bw·min, respectively, during isocaloric andhypercaloric triacetin infusions. Resting energy expenditure increased
from 3.0 ± 0.3 to 4.0 ± 0.5 kcal/kg bw·hr during isocaloric andhypercaloric triacetin infusions (p < 0.05).
(Conclusion) No evidence of acute toxicity such as irritability,
somnolence, myoclonic activity, vomiting, diarrhoea, etc. was observed

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5. TOXICITY

Test substance:
Remarks:
Reference:
5.11

during the 3-hr infusion of triacetin at either infusion rate. These studies
indicate that triacetin can be administered to dogs at high rates without
overt toxicity. The decrease in glucose clearance may represent competion
between carbohydrate (glucose) and lipid (acetate). Triacetin infusion
resulted in significant increases in ketone body production andconcentration.
Sigma (St. Louis, MO), purity: data not available.
Triacetin is a water-soluble short-chain triglyceride that
may have a role as a parenteral nutrient.
Bailey, J.W. et al. (1991), JPEN, 15 32-36.

EXPERIENCE WITH HUMAN EXPOSURE(a) Remark:Reference:(b) Remarks:
Reference:(c) Remarks:

Test substance:
Reference:(d) Remarks:
Result:Reference:(e) Remarks:
Reference:(f) Remarks:
Reference:

88

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Commercial triacetin may contain diacetin, as well as monoacetin,
and when applied to human eyes causes severe burning, pain and much
redness of the conjunctiva, but no injury. Diacetin causes considerably
more discomfort than pure triacetin.
Grant W.M. (1986), Toxicology of the Eye, 3rd ed. Springfield,
IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, p. 932.
Glycerol triacetate appears to be innocuous when swallowed, inhaled or incontact with the skin, but may cause slight irritation to sensitive
individuals.
International Labour Office (1983), Encyclopedia of Occupational
Health and Safety. Vols I & II, Geneva, Switzerland. International Labour
Office, p. 973.
A case of allergic contact eczema in a 29 year-old patient in a cigarette
factory is reported, which was based on sensitisation towards the triacetin
used for the production of cigarette filters. The allergy was demonstrated
in a patch test. In addition to triacetin, the di- and mono acetate of glycerol
also produced positive tests. It seems reasonable to regard the reaction as
an expression of a group sensitisation towards glycerol acetate.
Purity: 99 %.
Unna, P.J. and Schulz, K. H. (1963), Der Hautarzt, 14 423-425.
A Duhring-chamber test was conducted on 20 healthy volunteers
The test substance was applied as 50% dilution for 24 hours.
Only very mild skin reactions were observed. The substance has
good skin compatibility.
Matthies, W. (1988), Henkel KGaA., unpublished data. Rep. No.
880716.
No skin reactions occurred in 33 volunteers treated with 20% triacetin in
petrolatum in an attempt to induce skin sensitisation using the
maximization test.
Klingman, A.M. (1966), J. Invest. Derm., 47 393 and Klingman, A.M. &Epstein W. (1975), Contact Dermatitis, 1231.
Triacetin (20 % in petrolatum) did not irritate the skin of 33 volunteers
when tested in a 48-hr covered patch test.
Epstein, W.L. (1976), Report to RIFM, 27 May, unpublished data.

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS
6. REFERENCES

TRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

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APPENDIXTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Appendix : Parameters used in calculation of distribution by Mackay level III fugacity model.
(Part 1)
Physico-Chemical Properties(water solubility ：70g/L)

ChemicalMolecular weight
Melting point ［℃］
Vapour pressure [Pa]
Water solubility [g/m3]
log Kow

Triacetin218.21

Methodcalculated

3
0.331

unkownunkown70000
0.21

measuredmeasuredIn air48

estimated

In water

168

measuredIn soilIn sediment

504
504

estimated
estimated

Temp. [℃]25

Scenariocaseemissionb.air E1

rate [kg/h]
b.w. E2

b.soil E3

1
2
3
4

1000
0
0
600

0
1000
0
300

0
0
1000
100

5

333

333

333

Half life [h]Emission Scenario

Theoretical Distribution of TriacetinCompartment

Scenario 1
100% to air

Scenario 2
100% to water

Scenario 3
100% to soil

Air
Water
Soil

0.9%
20.0%
79.1%

0.0%
99.7%
0.0%

0.0%
12.9%
87.1%

Scenario 4
Scenario 5
60% to air, 30% to Equal emission
water, 10% to soi air:water:soil=1: 1: 1
0.6%
0.3%
31.6%
30.1%
67.8%
69.5%

Sediment

0.1%

0.3%

0.0%

0.1%

92

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

0.1%

OECD SIDS
APPENDIXTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Environmental
Parameter

Bulk Air

Bulk Water

Bulk Soil

Bulk Sediment

air
water
total
water
susp.
particles
fish
total
air
water
solid
total
water
solid
total

volume
[m3]
1E+13
2E+03
1E+13
2E+10
1E+06
2E+05
2E+10
3.2E+08
4.8E+08
8E+08
1.6E+09
8E+07
2E+07
1E+08

organic
depth [m] area [m2] carbon

1000

lipid content[－]

residense time
[h]
100

1000

1000

1E+10

0.0
0.05
10

density[kg/m3]
1.2

1500
1000

2E+09

0.2

8E+09

0.05

2E+09

0.04

1.2
1000
2400

0.06

1000
2400

50000

b.sed. f4
1.3E-08
2.9E-08
1.0E-08
1.8E-08
1.8E-08

concentration [g/m3]
b.air C1
b.wat. C2
3.8E-07
4.3E-03
1.5E-11
9.7E-03
4.5E-09
3.5E-03
2.3E-07
5.8E-03
1.3E-07
5.8E-03

Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

emission rate [kg/h]b.air E1 b.wat. E2
1000
0
0
1000
0
0
600
300
333
333

b.soil E3
0
0
1000
100
333

fugacity [Pa]b.air f1
b.w. f2
4.3E-06 2.0E-08
1.7E-10 4.6E-08
5.1E-08 1.6E-08
2.6E-06 2.8E-08
1.4E-06 2.8E-08

Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

amount [kg]b.air m1 b.wat. m2
3.8E+03 8.6E+04
1.5E-01 1.9E+05
4.5E+01 6.9E+04
2.3E+03 1.2E+05
1.3E+03 1.2E+05

b.soil m3
3.4E+05
1.4E+01
4.7E+05
2.5E+05
2.7E+05b.sed. m4
2.2E+02
5.1E+02
1.8E+02
3.0E+02
3.0E+02

Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

transport rate between spheres [kg/h]
air→ water water→ air air→ soil soil→ air
1.8E+02 1.8E-02 7.3E+02 8.8E+00
7.5E-03 4.1E-02 3.0E-02 3.6E-04
2.2E+00 1.4E-02 8.8E+00 1.2E+01
1.1E+02 2.4E-02 4.4E+02 6.5E+00
6.2E+01 2.4E-02 2.5E+02 7.0E+00

b.soil f3
3.0E-06
1.2E-10
4.2E-06
2.2E-06
2.4E-06

total[kg]
4.3E+05
2.0E+05
5.4E+05
3.7E+05
3.9E+05transformation rate by reaction [kg/h]b.air
b.wat. R2
b.soil R3
5.4E+01
3.5E+02
4.7E+02
2.2E-03
8.0E+02
1.9E-02
6.6E-01
2.9E+02
6.4E+02
3.3E+01
4.8E+02
3.5E+02
1.8E+01
4.8E+02
3.7E+02

soil→ water
2.6E+02
1.0E-02
3.5E+02
1.9E+02
2.0E+02

water→ sed.
8.6E-01
1.9E+00
6.9E-01
1.2E+00
1.2E+00

b.sed. R4
3.1E-01
7.0E-01
2.5E-01
4.2E-01
4.2E-01b.soilC3
2.1E-01
8.6E-06
2.9E-01
1.6E-01
1.7E-01b.sed.C4
2.2E-03
5.1E-03
1.8E-033.0E-033.0E-03transformation rate by advection [kg/h]b.air A1 b.wat. A2 b.sed. A4
3.8E+01 8.6E+01 4.5E-03
1.5E-03 1.9E+02 1.0E-02
4.5E-01 6.9E+01 3.6E-03
2.3E+01 1.2E+02 6.1E-03
1.3E+01 1.2E+02 6.1E-03

sed.→ water
5.5E-01
1.2E+00
4.4E-01
7.4E-01
7.4E-01

Z and D values
ZB

DR

DA

[mol/m3･Pa]
Bulk Air (1)4.0E-04
Bulk Water (2) 8.0E+02
Bulk Soil (3)2.7E+02
Bulk Sediment (4 6.6E+02[mol/Pa･h]
5.8E+076.6E+10
5.9E+08
9.0E+07[mol/Pa･h]
4.0E+07
1.6E+100.0E+00
1.3E+06D12[mol/Pa･h]
1.6E+08D21[mol/Pa･h]
4.0E+06

D13[mol/Pa･h]
6.6E+08

D31[mol/Pa･h]
1.3E+07D32[mol/Pa･h]
3.2E+08

D24[mol/Pa･h]
1.6E+08

D42[mol/Pa･h]
1.6E+08

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93

OECD SIDS
APPENDIXTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Appendix: Parameters used in calculation of distribution by Mackay level III fugacity model.
(Part 2)
Physico-Chemical Properties(water solubility ：58g/L)

In airIn water
In soilIn sediment

Triacetin218.21
3
0.331
58000
0.21
48
168
504
504

Temp. [℃]25

ChemicalMolecular weight
Melting point ［℃］
Vapour pressure [Pa]
Water solubility [g/m3]
log Kow
Half life [h]Methodcalculated
unkownunkownmeasuredmeasuredestimatedmeasuredestimated
estimated

Emission Scenario
Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

emissionb.air E1
1000
0
0
600
333

rate [kg/h]
b.w. E2
0
1000
0
300
333

b.soil E3
0
0
1000
100
333

Theoretical Distribution of TriacetinCompartment

Scenario 1
100% to air

Scenario 2
100% to water

Scenario 3
100% to soil

Air
Water
Soil
Sediment

1.1%
19.9%
79.0%
0.1%

0.0%
99.7%
0.0%
0.3%

0.0%
12.9%
87.1%
0.0%

94

Scenario 4
60% to air, 30% towater, 10% to soi
0.7%
31.7%
67.5%
0.1%

UNEP PUBLICATIONSScenario 5
Equal emission
air:water:soil=1: 1: 1
0.4%
30.2%
69.4%
0.1%

OECD SIDS
APPENDIXTRIACETIN
ID 102-76-1
DATE: 9 AUGUST 2002

Environmental
Parameter

Bulk Air

Bulk Water

Bulk Soil

Bulk Sediment

air
water
total
water
susp.
particles
fish
total
air
water
solid
total
water
solid
total

volume
3
[m ]
1E+13
2E+03
1E+13
2E+10

organic carbon lipid content
2depth [m] area [m ] content [－]
[－]

1E+06
2E+05
2E+10
3.2E+08
4.8E+08
8E+08
1.6E+09
8E+07
2E+07
1E+08

0.0

1000

residense time
[h]
100

1000

1000

1E+10

0.05
10

density3[kg/m ]
1.2

1500
1000

2E+09

0.2

8E+09

0.05

2E+09

0.04

1.2
1000
2400

0.06

1000
2400

50000

b.sed. f4
1.5E-08
3.5E-08
1.3E-08
2.1E-08
2.1E-08

concentration [g/m ]b.air C1
b.wat. C2
4.5E-07
4.2E-03
2.2E-11
9.7E-03
6.2E-09
3.5E-03
2.7E-07
5.8E-03
1.5E-07
5.8E-03

Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

emission rate [kg/h]b.air E1 b.wat. E2
1000
0
0
1000
0
0
600
300
333
333

b.soil E3
0
0
1000
100
333

fugacity [Pa]b.air f1
b.w. f2
5.0E-06 2.4E-08
2.5E-10 5.6E-08
7.1E-08 2.0E-08
3.0E-06 3.3E-08
1.7E-06 3.3E-08

Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

amount [kg]b.air m1 b.wat. m2
4.5E+03 8.4E+04
2.2E-01 1.9E+05
6.2E+01 6.9E+04
2.7E+03 1.2E+05
1.5E+03 1.2E+05

b.soil m3
3.3E+05
1.6E+01
4.7E+05
2.5E+05
2.7E+05b.sed. m4
2.2E+02
5.1E+02
1.8E+02
3.0E+02
3.0E+02

Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

transport rate between spheres [kg/h]
air→ water water→ air air→ soil soil→ air
1.8E+02 2.1E-02 7.2E+02 1.0E+01
8.9E-03 4.9E-02 3.5E-02 4.9E-04
2.5E+00 1.7E-02 1.0E+01 1.4E+01
1.1E+02 2.9E-02 4.3E+02 7.5E+00
6.1E+01 2.9E-02 2.4E+02 8.1E+00

3b.soil f3
3.6E-06
1.8E-105.0E-06
2.7E-06
2.9E-06

total[kg]
4.2E+05
2.0E+05
5.4E+05
3.7E+05
3.8E+05transformation rate by reaction [kg/h]b.air
b.wat. R2
b.soil R3
6.4E+01
3.5E+02
4.6E+02
3.1E-03
8.0E+02
2.2E-02
9.0E-01
2.9E+02
6.4E+02
3.9E+01
4.8E+02
3.4E+02
2.2E+01
4.8E+02
3.7E+02

soil→ water
2.5E+02
1.2E-02
3.5E+02
1.9E+02
2.0E+02

water→ sed.
8.4E-01
1.9E+00
6.9E-01
1.2E+00
1.2E+00

b.sed. R4
3.0E-01
7.0E-01
2.5E-01
4.2E-01
4.2E-01b.soilC3
2.1E-01
1.0E-05
2.9E-01
1.5E-01
1.7E-01b.sed.C4
2.2E-03
5.1E-03
1.8E-033.0E-033.0E-03transformation rate by advection [kg/h]b.air A1 b.wat. A2 b.sed. A4
4.5E+01 8.4E+01 4.4E-03
2.2E-03 1.9E+02 1.0E-02
6.2E-01 6.9E+01 3.6E-03
2.7E+01 1.2E+02 6.0E-03
1.5E+01 1.2E+02 6.0E-03

sed.→ water
5.4E-01
1.2E+00
4.4E-01
7.4E-01
7.4E-01

Z and D Values
ZB

DR

DA

[mol/m3･Pa]
Bulk Air (1)4.0E-04
Bulk Water (2) 8.0E+02
Bulk Soil (3)2.7E+02
Bulk Sediment (4 6.6E+02[mol/Pa･h]
5.8E+076.6E+10
5.9E+08
9.0E+07[mol/Pa･h]
4.0E+07
1.6E+100.0E+00
1.3E+06D12[mol/Pa･h]
1.6E+08D21[mol/Pa･h]
4.0E+06

D13[mol/Pa･h]
6.6E+08

D31[mol/Pa･h]
1.3E+07D32[mol/Pa･h]
3.2E+08

D24[mol/Pa･h]
1.6E+08

D42[mol/Pa･h]
1.6E+08

UNEP PUBLICATIONS

95

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

ROBUST STUDY SUMMARIES
Triacetin CAS No. 102–76–1

Sponsor Country: Japan
DATE: 9 August 2002

96

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETINPHYSICAL/CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
MELTING POINT
TEST SUBSTANCE• Identity:• Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Eastman Chemical Company,
Purity: 99 %, Impurity: Not stated.

METHOD••••

Method/guideline:
GLP:
Year:
Remarks:

Not stated.
Not stated.
Not stated.
Not stated.

RESULTS••••

Melting point value:
Decomposition:
Sublimation:
Remarks:

3 °C (276 K).
Not stated.
Not stated.
The temperature of 3 °C is a true thermodynamic melting point ofcrystalline triacetin, whereas the temperatures of - 60 to - 78 °C, thosedescribed elsewhere are a glass transition temperature.

CONCLUSIONS
Melting point is 3 °C (276 K).

DATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Remarks:

Valid with restriction.
The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Regulatory and Safety Data. Data
confirmed by Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (Kurume,
Japan).

REFERENCES (Free Text)
Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (Kurume, Japan) (1998), Test No. 80919BK.

OTHER
•
•
•

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Remarks:

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97

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

BOILING POINT
TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Eastman Chemical Company,
Purity: 99 %, Impurity: Not stated.

METHOD••••

Method:GLP:
Year:
Remarks:

Not stated.
Not stated.
Not stated.
Not stated.

RESULTS•••••

Boiling point value:
Pressure:
Pressure unit:
Decomposition:
Remarks:

258 °C
1,013
hPa
Not stated.
Not stated.

CONCLUSIONS
Boiling point is 258 °C at 1,013hPa.

DATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Remarks:

Valid with restriction.
The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Regulatory and Safety Data. Data
Confirmed by Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (Kurume,
Japan).

REFERENCES
Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (Kurume, Japan) (1998), Test No. 80919BK.

OTHER
•
•
•

98

Last changed:
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Remarks:

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN

VAPOR PRESSURETEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Unavailable.

METHOD••••

Method:GLP:
Year:
Remarks:

Not stated.
Not stated.
Not stated.
Not stated.

RESULTS••••

Vapor Pressure value:
Temperature:
Decomposition:
Remarks:

0.003306 hPa (0.00248 mmHg)
25 °C
Not stated.
Not stated.

CONCLUSIONS
Vapor pressure is 0.003306 hPa at 25 °C.

DATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Remarks:

Valid with restriction.
SRC recommended value.

REFERENCES
Design Institute for Physical Property Data (1989); American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
Hemisphere Pub. New York, NY, Vol. 4.

OTHER
•
•
•

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99

OECD SIDSTRIACETINPARTITION COEFFICIENTTEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Tokyo Kasei, Lot No. GB 01(Class: TCI-GR), Purity: > 98 %,Impurity: Not stated. Stability during use confirmed by IR spectrometry.
Kept at cold temperature until use.

METHOD••••

Method/guideline:
OECD TG 107 (Shake Flask Method).
GLP:
Yes.
Year:
1998.
Remarks field for Test Conditions
Not stated.

RESULTS•••

Log Pow :Temperature:
Remarks:

0.21
25°C ±1°C
Test condition: Test was conducted in duplicate under the following
three conditions. Test chemical was analyzed by HPLC.

Test condition
Condition-1
Condition-2
5 mL
10 mL
1-Octanol saturated with water
Water saturated with 1-octanol
30 mL
25 mL
Test chemical added to 1-octanol saturated with water
5.95 mg
5.95 mg
Test results

Log Pow

Condition-1
Condition-2
Condition-3

a
0.22
0.21
0.21

b
0.21
0.19
0.21

Condition-3
20 mL
15 mL
5.95 mg
Mean ±SD
0.21

CONCLUSIONS
Log Pow is 0.21.

DATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Remarks:

Valid without restriction.
Well conducted study, carried out by Chemicals Evaluation andResearch Institute (Kurume, Japan).

REFERENCES
Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (Kurume, Japan) (1998), Test No. 80919BK.

100

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN

OTHER
•
•
•

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101

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

WATER SOLUBILITY (1)TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Tokyo Kasei, Lot No. GB 01(Class: TCI-GR),
Purity: > 98 %, Impurity: Not stated. Stability during use confirmed by IR
spectrometry. Kept at cold temperature until use.

METHOD••••

Method:GLP:
Year:
Remarks:

OECD TG 105 (flask method).
No.
1998.
Each test solution was shaken for 24, 48 and 72 hours at 30 °C and thenallowed to stand for 24 hours at 25 °C.

RESULTS•••••

Value:
Description of solubility:
pH value:pKa value:
Remarks:

70 g/L at 25 °C±1°C
Soluble.
No dissociation group.
There is no pertinent functional group.
Not stated.

Solubility Test results
Shaking time(hr)Concentration(g/L)

Mean (each shaking time)(g/L)

Mean (24 –72 hr)
(g/L)

24

72
68
73
68
71
70

70

70

48
72

70
71

CONCLUSIONSThis chemical is soluble in water.

DATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Remarks:

Valid without restriction.
Well conducted study except GLP, carried out by Chemicals Evaluation
and Research Institute (Kurume, Japan).

REFERENCES
Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (Kurume, Japan), Test No. 80919BK (1998).

OTHER
•
•
•

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Remarks:

102

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN

WATER SOLUBILITY (2)TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Data not available.

METHOD••••

Method:GLP:
Year:
Remarks:

Unknown.
Unknown.
Unknown.
Not stated.

RESULTS•••••

Value:
Description of solubility:
pH value:pKa value:
Remarks:

58 g/L at 25 °C
Soluble.
No dissociation group.
There is no pertinent functional group.
Not stated.

CONCLUSIONSThis chemical is soluble in water.

DATA QUALITY•

Reliabilities:
Remarks:

Valid with restriction.
This value is quoted elsewhere to calculate a vapour pressure,a Henry’s constant and BCF (Lyman, W.J. et al. (1990), Handbook ofChemical Property Estimation).

REFERENCES
Riddick J.A. et al. (1986), Techniques of Chemistry, 4th ed.

OTHER
•
•
•

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103

OECD SIDSTRIACETINENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS ELEMENTS
STABILITY IN WATERTEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Tokyo Kasei, Lot No. GB 01(Class: TCI-GR),
Purity: > 98 %, Impurity: Not stated. Stability during use confirmed by IR
spectrometry. Kept at cold temperature until use.

METHOD•••••

Method/guideline:
Type :
GLP:
Year:
Remarks:

OECD TG111
Hydrolysis as a function of pH
Yes
1998
No hydrolysis of test chemical was observed at pH 4 at 50°C ± 1°C for
5 days. Hydrolysis rates at pH 7 (50, 60, 70°C ± 1°C) and at pH 9 (30,40 °C± 1°C) were determined, respectively. They were extrapolated to
25 °C using Arrhenius relationship. Half-life at 25 °C was calculated
from the rate constant.

RESULTS••

Nominal:Measured value:ca. 1,020 mg/L
pH

Rate constant (hr-1)

Half-life-4

60.4 (day)pH 7

4.72×10pH 9

4.21×10-2

16.5 (hour)•

Degradation:

No hydrolysis occurred in 5 days at 50 °C at pH 4. At pH 7 and 9,
test chemical was hydrolysed at all temperatures studied.

•Half-life (t(1/2) ):At pH 7 and 9, the rate constants were calculated as 4.72×10-4 and4.21×10-2, respectively. By extrapolating against temperature, the halflives at 25 °C were calculated to be 60.4 days and 16.5 hours,
respectively.

••

Breakdown products:
Remarks:

Not stated.
Not stated.

CONCLUSIONSThis chemical is stable to chemical hydrolysis in aqueous water at pH 4 under the condition studied,although it is hydrolysed at pH 7 and 9 at 25 °C with half-life of 60.4 days and 16.5 hours, respectively.

DATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Remarks:

104

Valid without restriction.
Well conducted study, carried out by Chemicals Evaluation andResearch Institute (Kurume, Japan).

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETINREFERENCES
Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (Kurume, Japan) (1998), Test No. 80919BK.

OTHER
•
•
•

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105

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

TRANSPORT BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS (FUGACITY)TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Not applicable.

METHOD••••

Test :
Method :Year :
Remarks :Calculation
Mackay Level III Fugacity Model.
2002
The parameters used are shown in Appendix.

RESULTS••Media :
Estimated Distribution under three emission scenarios :Predicted distribution of triacetin using Fugacity level III under four emission scenarios(1) Results from water solubility of 70 g/L
Compartme
Release 100
Release 100 %nt% to airto water

Air
Water
Soil
Sediment

0.9 %20.0 %
79.1 %
0.1 %0.0 %99.7 %
0.0 %0.3 %(2) Results from water solubility of 58 g/L
Compartme
Release 100
Release 100 %nt% to airto water
Air
Water
Soil
Sediment•

Remarks:

106

1.1 %
19.9 %
79.0 %
0.1 %0.0 %99.7 %
0.0 %0.3 %Release 100 % Equal
emissio
to soiln
scenario
0.0 %12.9 %
87.1 %
0.0 %(1:1:1)
0.3 %30.1 %
69.5 %
0.1 %Release 100% to soil

Equal
emission
scenario

0.0 %12.9 %
87.1 %
0.0 %(1:1:1)
0.4 %30.2 %
69.4 %
0.1 %Hydrolysis may be a major degradation process for triacetin in alkaline
waters and in moist alkaline soils. Triacetin is readily biodegradable andbiodegraded to glycerol and acetic acid, which, in turn, is degraded tocarbon dioxide. Based on a vapour pressure of 0.003306 hPa at 25 °C,
triacetin is expected to exist almost entirely in the vapour-phase in theambient atmosphere. Triacetin leach readily in soil based on an estimated
KOC value of 10.5.

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETINCONCLUSIONSThe calculation revealed that in the case of 100 % release to water, more than 99 % of triacetin is
expected to stay in water due to its high solubility and a low vapour pressure, but if it is released into air
and/or soil, it is likely to be distributed in other compartments. The results also show that approximately
one third of triacetin will be distributed in water, whereas two third will stay in soil when applied to theequal emission scenario to water, soil and sediment (1:1:1). In addition, the fugacity model using 70 g/L
reveals that there is little change in the distribution of triacetin between three compartments whencompared to those obtained from 58 g/L.

DATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Remarks:

Valid without restriction.
Not stated.

REFERENCES
Daicel Chemical Industries Ltd. (2002), unpublished report.

OTHER
•
•
•

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Remarks:

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

107

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

BIODEGRADATIONTEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Tokyo Kasei, Lot No. GB 01(Class: TCI-GR),
Purity: > 98 %, Impurity: Not stated. Stability during use confirmed by IR
spectrometry. Kept at cold temperature until use.

METHOD••••••

Method/guideline:
Test Type:
GLP:
Year:
Contact time:
Inoculum:

OECD TG 301C, Modified MITI Test (I)Aerobic
Yes
1998
14 daysSludge samples were collected from the 10 sites such as sewage
treatment works, industrial wastewater treatment works, rivers, lakes, andsea throughout Japan and mixed thoroughly. A filtrate (500 mL) of thesupernatant of the mixed sludge was then mixed with 5 L of the filteredsupernatant of an activated sludge in the present use.
After the combined sludge solution (pH adjusted at 7.0 ± 1.0) was aerated
for 30 min., the supernatant corresponding 1/3 of the whole volume wasdiscarded. An equal volume of pure water was then added to theremaining portion and the supernatant (final concentration: 0.1%) of theresulting sludge solution was mixed with sterile mineral medium andcontinuously aerated at 25 ± 2°C to allow minimization of residual
dissolved organic carbon according to the procedure outlined in the TG.
The test was conducted in triplicate with triacetin in sterile mineral
medium at 100 mg/mL and with a small volume of the activated sludge to
give a final MLSS concentration of 30 mg/L in 300 mL.

•

Remarks:

A blank control (sterile mineral medium only), positive control (aniline
as reference compound at 100 mg/L) and triacetin control (triacetin inpure water at 100 mg/L) in 300 mL were incubated simultaneously.
Oxygen consumption resulting from biodegradation of the compounds
was measured over 14-day test period using an Okura Electric Closed
System Oxygen Consumption measuring apparatus (Coulometer).
Removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was determined at thetermination of the test (14 days). Percentage biodegradation was
calculated based on BOD, TOC and GC analysis.
The test solutions were maintained in a darkened room at a temperature of
25 ±1°C and continuously stirred by magnetic stir bars over the 14-day
test period.
Percent degradation (%) was obtained from the following equations.
(BOD)
Degradation (%) = (BOD - B)/ThOD * 100
BOD (mg): BOD in Sludge + Triacetin system

108

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN
B (mg): BOD in Sludge blankThOD: theoretical oxygen demand required when triacetin wascompletely oxidized.
(TOC)
Degradation (%) = (DOCw - DOCs)/DOCw * 100
DOCw (mgC): Residual DOC in Water + Triacetin system
DOCs (mgC): Residual DOC in Sludge + Triacetin system(GC)
Degradation (%) = (Sw - Ss)/Sw * 100
Sw (mg): Residual amount of triacetin detected by GC in Water +Triacetin system
Ss (mg): Residual amount of triacetin detected by GC in Sludge +Triacetin system

RESULTS•

Degradation:
Removal of DOC and Mineralization to CO2 in Biodegradation Test Reactions after 14 Days
(Water + Triacetin)
n=1
BOD*
(mg)
1.40
Residual DOC(mgC) 14.8
(%)
99.0
29.7
Residual Triacetin (mg)(by GC)(%)
99.0(Sludge + Triacetin)n=1
n=2 n-3
34.2
31.5 30.6
1.10
0.90 0.80
7.00
6.00 6.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00

Theoretical amount
Mean
32.1
0.93
6.33
0.00
0.00

41.8
14.9
30.1
-

*: Results are corrected for corresponding blank values.

Test and Reference Material Biodegradation after 7 and 14-day test period

BOD
TOC
GC

Percent degradation of Triacetin (%) (after 14 days)
n=1
n=2
n-3
Mean
82
75
73
77
93
94
94
94
100
100
100
100

BOD

Percent degradation of aniline (%)
After 7 days
After 14 days
45
72

•

Results:

Readily biodegradable.

•

Kinetic:

Not stated.

•

Breakdown products:

Not stated.

•

Remarks:

Not stated.

CONCLUSIONSThis chemical is readily biodegradable.

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

109OECD SIDSTRIACETINDATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Remarks:

Valid without restriction.
Well conducted study, carried out by Chemicals Evaluation andResearch Institute (Kurume, Japan).

REFERENCES•

Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (Kurume, Japan) (1998), Test No. 20919B

OTHER
•
•
•

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Remarks:

110

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN

ECOTOXICITY ELEMENTS
ACUTE TOXICITY TO FISH (1)TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Lot No. TPH 6237,
Purity ≥ 98.0 %. Stability during use confirmed by NMR, IR and gas
chromatography. Kept at room temperature in a dark place until use.

METHOD
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Method/guideline followed: OECD TG 203
Type:
Semi-static.
GLP :
Yes.
Year :
1998.
Oryzias latipes (Medaka): Obtained from commercial domestic
Species/Strain/Supplier:hatcheries.
Analytical monitoring
Yes. Test solutions were measured using by gas chromatography before
and after the first 24-hour exchange of solutions.
Exposure period (h):96 h.
Statistical methods:
Not applicable because a limit test was conducted.
Remarks field for Test Conditions:––

Test fish:·

Acclimated for more than 12 days before testing; any groups showing
no mortality for 7 days before test started. Fish with 19.8 mm (18.8 21.3 mm) in length were selected at random (n=10). Average bodyweight of fish was 0.1134 g (n=10).

··

Details of test: Semi-static (water exchanged every 24 hours)
Dilution water source: Tap water after dechlorinated by passing
through activated carbon filter.
Dilution water chemistry: Hardness: 25 mg/L as CaCO3; pH: 6.7
Stock and test solution and how they are prepared: Pipette or pour theappropriate amount of the solution (0.3 wt% of test chemical) into thetest waters.
Concentrations dosing rate, flow-through rate, in what medium:
Concentrations of 0 and 100 mg/L were tested because no fatality wasobserved in the preliminary run at 100 mg/L.
Vehicle/solvent and concentrations: Not used.
Stability of the test chemical solutions: Stable and transparent, no
precipitate and colour formed during 96-hour exposure period.
Exposure vessel type: 3 L glass beaker.
Number of replicates, fish per replicate: 1, 10 individuals/replicate.
Water chemistry in test (O2, pH) in the control and one
concentration where effects were observed: Dissolved oxygen
readings and pH values were taken daily during 96-hour exposure
period.
Dissolved oxygen concentration: 5.7 - 9.8 mg/L.
pH values: 6.5 - 6.9.

Test conditions:

·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·

·
·

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

111

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN–

Test temperature range:–· Water temperature at 23.5 - 23.8 °C during 96-hour exposure period.
Method of calculating mean measured concentrations:· Geometric mean.

RESULTS•

Nominal concentrations :0, 100 (mg/L)•

Measured concentrations :Nominal concentration (mg/L)

Measured concentration (mg/L)
0 hour
24 hourGeometric mean

Percent of nominal
0 hour
24 hour

Control (0)
100

< 1.0
88.0

--88.0••

Unit :
Element value:

mg/L.

•
•

Cumulative numbers of died or stressed fish.
Statistical results as appropriate: Not applied.
Remarks field for Results:
–
–

< 1.0
94.0

--91.0--94.0

Biological observations: See below.
Table showing cumulative mortality:

Percent mortality of Oryzias latipes exposed to the test chemical
Nominal concentration (mg/L)

Cumulative number of died fish (% mortality)
24 hour
48 hour
72 hour
96 hour

Control (0)
100

0 (0)
0 (0)

–
–
–
–
–

0 (0)
0 (0)

0 (0)
0 (0)

0 (0)
0 (0)

Lowest test substance concentration causing 100% mortality:
Not obtained under the test conditions studied.
Mortality of controls:
No mortality observed during the test period.
Abnormal responses:
No symptom observed during the test period.
Reference substances (if used) – results:
Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate. 96 h LC50 was 0.43 mg/L.
Any observations, such as precipitation that might cause a difference between measured
and nominal values:
No precipitates and colour formation by the test chemical.

CONCLUSIONS
LC50 for medaka was determined to be > 100.0 mg/L for 96 hours based on nominal concentrations.
Remarks field with the ability to identify source of comment, i.e. author and/or submitter:

DATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Valid without restriction.
Remarks field for Data Reliability:
Experimental design and analytical procedure were well documented.

112

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETINREFERENCES
Environment Agency (EA) of Japan (1998).

OTHER
•
•
•

Last changed :Order number for sorting :Remarks field for General Remarks :UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

113

OECD SIDSTRIACETINACUTE TOXICITY TO FISH (2)TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: EastmanR Triacetin, Sample Reference Identification
No.: 43045932,
Purity ≥ 99.5 %. Stability during use confirmed by GC/FID and mass
spectrometry.

METHOD
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
•

•

Method/guideline followed: OECD TG 203 and EEC/Annex V C.1.
Static.
Type:
GLP :
Yes.
Year :
1995.
Species/Strain/Supplier:Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, fresh water): Supplied by
The Eco-Chem Testing Group, Kodak Park, Rochester, NY (USA).
Analytical monitoring
Yes. Measured by gas chromatography (at preparation and after 24 or 96
hours exposure period). Aliquots of the exposure solutions containing
95.0 and 171.5 mg/L (nominally) were analysed at times 0 and 96 hours.
Aliquots of the exposure solutions containing 308.5, 555.5 and 1,000
mg/L (nominally) were analysed at times 0 and 24 hours.
Exposure period (h):96 h.
Statistical methods:
A program developed by Stephan (Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard
Evaluation, Spec. Tech. Publ.No. 634, American Society for Testing andMaterials, Philadelphia, PA, pp.65-84, 1977) and ASTM (Proposed New
Standard Practice for Using Probit Analysis, ASTME-47.07, Draft #4,
1988).
Remarks field for Test Conditions:––

Test fish:·

Acclimated to the diluent water prior to the test for at least two
weeks. Fish with 19.8 mm (18.8 ~ 21.3 mm) in length were selected
at random (n=10). Average body weight of fish for set #1 and set #2
at the start of the test was 0.06 and 0.07 g (n=10/set), respectively.
Mean body length of fish at the end of the test was 1.61 and 1.57 cm(n=10/set), respectively.

··

Details of test: Static.
Dilution water source: The water from Lake Ontario was passed
through an activated carbon filter and a set of 3-micron polypropylene
filter. The filtered water next received 150 ppb of Na2S2O3 to reduce
trace level of residual chlorine.
Dilution water chemistry: Hardness and total alkalinity: 120 mg/L and
95 mg/L (as CaCO3). pH = 7.4-8.3. DO: 7.1-9.0 mg/L.

Test conditions:

·
·
·
·

114

Lighting: 16 h: 8 h light-darkness cycle.
Feeding: Biological loading within test vessels was kept below 1.0 g
wet weight/L of test solution.
Stock and test solution and how they are prepared:
The exposure solutions were prepared by direct addition of theappropriate amounts of the triacetin to tanks of water (20 L).

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN
·
·
·
·
·

Concentrations (nominally): 95.0, 171.5, 308.5, 555.5, 1,000.0
mg/L.
Vehicle/solvent and concentrations: No vehicle used.
Stability of the test chemical solutions: During the test, 77 - 98.1 % of
the initial analysed concentrations was maintained throughout the
test.
Exposure vessel type: Glass 30.5-cm cuboidal jar, each containing
20 L of exposure solution.
Number of replicates, fish per replicate: 2, 10 individuals/replicate.

–

Test temperature range:–· Water temperature at 20 ± 2 °C during 96-hour exposure period.
Method of calculating mean measured concentrations:· Geometric Mean.

RESULTS•

Nominal concentrations :•Measured concentrations :0, 95.0, 171.5, 308.5, 555.5, 1,000.0 (mg/L).
Measured concentration of triacetin during 96-hour exposure of Pimephales promelas under static test
conditions
Nominal concentration(mg/L)

Concentration
determination

Mean conc. (mg/L) % of Nominal

Mean conc. (mg/L) % of Nominal(Series A)
95.0
171.5
308.5
555.5
1,000.0•(0, 96-hour)(0, 96-hour)(0, 24-hour)(0, 24-hour)(0, 24-hour)

78.6
141.7
294.2
547.0
997.2

(Series B)

82.7
82.6
95.4
98.5
99.7

75.9
151.4
302.9
543.7
1057.5

80.0
88.3
98.2
97.9
105.8

LC50 and LC0:
Calculated LC50 and LC0 for Pimephales promelas exposed to triacetin under static test conditions
SeriesA
B

Final value••••

Unit :
Element value:

LC50 (mg/L)
24-hour 48-hour 72-hour 96-hour
220.5
220.5
178.3
178.3
188.3
188.3
177.4
165.3
165.3

24-hour
141.7
75.9

LC0 (mg/L)
48-hour 72-hour
141.7
78.6
75.9
75.9

96-hour
78.6
75.9
75.9

mg/L.

Cumulative numbers of died or signs of stressed fish.
Statistical results as appropriate: Nonlinear interpolation were used to calculate the 24-, 48-, 72- and
96-hour LC50 values for replicates A and B at a confidence level of
95 %.
Remarks field for Results:––––

Biological observations: Not described.
Table showing cumulative mortality: Data not available.
Lowest test substance concentration causing 100% mortality:
Not applicable.
Mortality of controls:
The control mortality was not greater than 10 % when adverse effects

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

115

OECD SIDS–––TRIACETIN

were noted. The minnows in the diluent water control exhibited normal
behaviour and appearance throughout the test.
Abnormal responses:
No descriptions.
Reference substances (if used) – results:
No descriptions.
Any observations, such as precipitation that might cause a difference between measured
and nominal values:
Throughout the test, there were no particulates, surface slicks, orprecipitates observed within the exposure solutions containing the test
article.

CONCLUSIONS
LC50 (96-hour) =165.3 mg/L
LC0 (96-hour) = 75.9 mg/L
Remarks field with the ability to identify source of comment, i.e. author and/or submitter:

DATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Valid without restriction.
Remarks field for Data Reliability:
Experimental design and analytical procedure were well documented.

REFERENCES
Lawrence, D.L. and Hirsch, M.P. (1995), Eastman Kodak Company, Environmental Sciences
Section, Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories, An acute aquatic effects test with thefathead minnow, Study No.: EN-430-900256-1,Unpublished data.

OTHER
•
•
•

116

Last changed :Order number for sorting :Remarks field for General Remarks :UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETINPROLONGED TOXICITY TO FISHTEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Lot No. TPH 6237,
Purity ≥ 98.0 %. Stability during use confirmed by NMR, IR and gas
chromatography. Kept at room temperature in a dark place until use.

METHOD
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•

Method/guideline followed : OECD TG 204
Type :
Flow-through.
GLP:
Yes.
1998.
Year :
Species/Strain/Supplier:Oryzias latipes (Medaka): Obtained from commercial domestic
hatcheries.
Yes. Test solutions were measured by gas chromatography before andAnalytical monitoring:after 7 and 14days exposure period.
Exposure period :14 day.
Binomial method (TOXDAT MULTI-METHOD PROGRAM, USEPA)
Statistical methods:
was not applied because of no mortality observed at all doses tested.
Dunnet method was used for fish body weight difference.
Remarks field for Test Conditions:–

Test fish:
Acclimated for more than 12 days before testing; any groups showing nomortality for 7 days before test started. Fish with 22.8 mm (21.2 - 24.7mm) (n=10) in length were selected at random. Average body weight offish was 0.1638 g (0.1227 - 0.2446 g, n=10). Fish were starved for 24hours before the test started.

–

Test conditions:
·
·
·
·

·
·
·
·
·
·

Details of test: Flow-through.
Dilution water source: Tap water after dechlorinated by passing
through an activated carbon filter.
Dilution water chemistry: Hardness: 25 mg/L as CaCO3; pH: 6.7.
Stock and test solution and how they are prepared: The working
solution (0.2 wt % of the test chemical) was prepared by diluting thestock solution (4.0 wt % of the test chemical) with the dilution water.
The test solution was supplied continuously by mixing the working
solution and the dilution water with the help of a mechanicallyoperated quantitative water-pump.
Concentrations dosing rate, flow-through rate, in what medium:
Nominal concentrations of 0, 30.9, 55.6 and 100 mg/L were tested.
Vehicle/solvent and concentrations: Not used.
Stability of the test chemical solutions: Stable, no precipitate andcolour formed during the exposure period.
Exposure vessel type: 3L glass beaker.
Number of replicates, fish per replicate: 10 and one replicate was
done.
Water chemistry in test (O2, pH) in the control and one concentration
where effects were observed: Dissolved oxygen readings and pH
valuesUNEP PLUBLICATIONS

117

OECD SIDS––TRIACETIN···

were taken every 2 - 3 days during the exposure period.
Dissolved oxygen concentration: 5.9 - 7.8 mg/L.
pH values: 6.6 - 6.8.
Lighting: 16 h: 8 h light-darkness cycle.

·

Water temperature ranged 23.6 - 24.5°C.

Test temperature range:
Method of calculating mean measured concentrations:· Time-weighted mean.

RESULTS•

Nominal concentrations :•Measured concentrations :0, 30.9, 55.6, 100 (mg/L)

Measured concentration of the test chemical during a 14-day exposure of Medaka(Oryzias latipes) under flow-through test conditions
Nominal concentration (mg/L)
Control (0)
30.9
55.6
100

•
•

Unit :
Element value:

Measured concentration (mg/L)(percent of nominal)
0 day
7 day
14 day
Mean
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
25.8 (83.5)
26.3 (85.1) 31.1 (100.6)
27.7 (89.8)
49.7 (89.4)
49.2 (88.5) 56.0 (100.7)
51.6 (92.9)
90.2 (90.2)
99.2 (99.2) 101.5 (101.5) 97.0 (97.0)

mg/L
LC50 (7 days) > 100.0 mg/L (nominal concentration)
LC50 (14 days) > 100.0 mg/L (nominal concentration)
LC0 (14 days) = 100.0 mg/L (nominal concentration)•

Statistical results as appropriate:
The mean body weight of fish exposed to the concentrations at 30.9, 55.6 and 100.0 mg/mL (nominal
concentration) of the test chemical was not significantly different from the control after 14-day exposure
period (alfa=0.05, Dunnet).
–

Calculated LC50 values for fish exposed to the test chemical based on nominal concentration
under flow-through test conditions:

Exposure period (day)7
14•

LC50 (mg/L)> 100.0> 100.0

95 % Confidence limits-

Remarks field for Results.:– Biological observations: Not described.
B. Cumulative mortality:

118

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

Statistical method
Not applied
Not applied

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Percent mortality of Oryzias latipes exposed to the test chemical under flow-through test conditions
Nominal conc. (mg/L)
Cumulative number of died fish (% mortality)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Control (0)0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0)30.9
0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0)55.6
0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0)100.0
0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0)* Threshold level of lethal effect: > 100.0 mg/L

–

8
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)

9
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)

–
–
–

11
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)

12
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)

13
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)

14 (days)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)

No.10
0.12330.13310.17330.1091

Average
0.1696
0.15340.18210.1518Fish weight:

Nominal conc. (mg/L)
Fish weight (g)
No.1
No.2
No. 3
No.4
No.5
No.6
No.7
Control
0.15020.13020.20400.22240.18950.16860.230330.9
0.12200.19930.23700.18150.10730.09000.157255.6
0.23540.14400.12270.22910.16020.18920.25060.17920.14630.13750.14990.11760.1311
0.1983100.0
No significant differences were observed among control and each exposure levels.

–
–
–

10
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)

No.8
0.17890.16970.17680.1626

No.9
0.09830.13640.13500.1860

Lowest test substance concentration causing 100% mortality: Not determined.
Mortality of the control: No mortality was observed during the test period (14 days).
Food intake:
Fish were fed with TetraMin® fish food (2 % of fish body weight/day).
No reduction of food intake was observed at all doses tested during 14day exposure period.
Abnormal responses:
No abnormal behaviour was observed at all doses tested during 14-day
exposure period.
Reference substances (if used) – results:
Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate. LC50 at 96h was 0.43 mg/L.
Any observations, such as precipitation that might cause a difference between measured
and nominal values:
No precipitates and colour formation by the test chemical.

CONCLUSIONS
LC50 (14 days) was determined to be >100.0 mg/L based on nominal concentrations. No fish showedabnormal swimming behaviour.
Remarks field with the ability to identify source of comment, i.e. author and/or submitter:

DATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Valid without restriction.
Remarks field for Data Reliability:
Experimental design and analytical procedure were well documented.

REFERENCES
Environment Agency (EA) of Japan (1998).

OTHER
•
•
•

Last changed :Order number for sorting :Remarks field for General Remarks :UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

119OECD SIDSTRIACETINTOXICITY TO AQUATIC PLANTS (E.G., ALGAE)TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Lot No. TPH 6237,
Purity ≥ 98.0 %. Stability during use confirmed by NMR, IR and gas
chromatography. Kept at room temperature in a dark place until use.

METHOD
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Method/guideline followed : OECD TG 201
Test type :Static.
GLP :
Yes
1998
Year :
Species/strain # and source: Selenastrum capricornutum ATCC22662 (purchased from ATCC)
Element basis:
Growth rate and area under the growth curve.
Exposure period:
72 h.
Yes, measured by gas chromatography at 0 h and 72h.
Analytical monitoring:
Statistical methods:
Logit analysis for EC50 and an ANOVA for NOEC (Bartlett test forhomogeneity in variances and One-way Anova (p=0.05), For eachanalysis, software of EcoTox-Statistics Ver.1.0 beta R1.4 was used.

Remarks field for Test Conditions :–Test organisms:
·

·
·
·
–

Test Conditions:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·

–

Test temperature range: 23 ± 2 °C (22.0 - 22.2 °C)
Growth/test medium: OECD medium.
Shaking: 100 rpm
Dilution water source: OECD medium.
Exposure vessel type: A 300 mL Erlenmeyer flask with a siliconcap, which allows ventilation.
Medium volume: 100 mL (OECD medium).
Water chemistry in test (pH) in at least one replicate of eachconcentration (at start and end of the test): pH=7.5 - 7.6 at start and5.3 - 8.5 at end of the test (72 h).
Stock solutions preparation : Test chemical was diluted to 0.2 wt.%
(2,000 mg/L) with OECD medium and sterilised with filter before
use. Stock solution was not preserved.
Light levels and quality during exposure: 4,000 - 5,000 lux,
continuous illumination.

Test design:·120

The alga culture was obtained by incubating for 3 days before theexposure to triacetin under the same condition for the main test. The
microscopic observation confirmed that there were no deformed orabnormal cells in the culture.
Laboratory culture: OECD medium
Method of cultivation: Shaking at 100 rpm
Control: OECD medium. EC50 of potassium dichromate was 0.41
mg/L.

Number of replicates: Triplicate

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN··–

Concentrations: 0,95, 171, 309, 556 and 1,000 mg/L
Initial cell number in cells/mL: 1x104

Method of calculating mean measured concentrations:· Geometric mean.

RESULTS•

Nominal concentrations :•Measured concentrations :0, 95, 171, 309, 556 and 1,000 (mg/L)

Nominal Concentration (mg/L)

Measured Concentration (mg/L)

0 hr (at start of the test)% of Nominal

72 hr (at end of the test)% of Nominal

Control
95
171
309
556
1,000

< 1.0
95.0
163
313
535
997

100.3
95.2
101.3
96.1
99.7

< 1.0
56.0
110
216
401
883

58.9
64.6
69.8
72.1
88.3

•

Unit :

Cell density (cells/mL)•

Results:(calculated based on nominal concentrations)(1) Growth inhibition (comparison of the area under growth curve)
EC50 (0-72 h) > 1,000 mg/L
NOEC (0-72 h) = 556 mg/L
(2) Growth inhibition (comparison of the growth rates)
EC50 (0-72 h) > 1,000 mg/L
NOEC (24-48 h) = 1,000 mg/L
NOEC (24-72 h) = 556 mg/L

Cell density of Selenastrum capricornutum at each concentration at different measuring points
Nominal Concentration (mg/L)
0 hr
Control
95
171
309
556
1,000

Cell Density (x104 cells/mL)
24 hr
48 hr

1.0 ± 0.00
1.0 ± 0.00
1.0 ± 0.00
1.0 ± 0.00
1.0 ± 0.00
1.0 ± 0.00

7.4 ± 0.55
6.0 ± 0.54
6.9 ± 0.63
5.7 ± 0.97
6.5 ±0.23
6.6 ± 0.63

35.6 ± 11.15
35.9 ± 9.01
41.4± 4.01
32.4± 5.80
35.5 ± 11.43
34.7± 6.28

72 hr

pH
0 hr

24 hr

207.0 ± 40.96
220.4 ± 61.00
223.7 ± 16.07
183.3 ± 28.35
170.4 ± 30.32
80.0± 18.44

7.5
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.5
7.5

8.5
7.4
6.8
5.9
5.3
5.3

(Each value represents the mean of three sample counts ± SD.)

Growth Inhibition of Selenastrum capricornutum at each concentration at different intervals
NominalConcentration(mg/L)Areax104
A(0-72h)Inhibition(%)
IA(0-72h)

Rateu(24-48h)

Control
3455
95
3594
-4.02
171
3783
-9.48
309
3056
11.57
556
2992
13.41
1893
45.21
1,000
(Each value represents the mean of three values.)

0.06420.07350.07480.07200.06940.0686

Inhibition(%)
Im(24-48h)-14.58-16.49-12.14-8.21-6.88

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

Rateu (24-72h)
0.06910.07410.07260.07220.06790.0515

Inhibition(%)
Im (24-72h)
-7.17
-4.96
-4.37
1.76
25.52

121

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

A: Area under the growth curve
IA = (Ac – At)/Ac
Ac: Area under the growth curve of control
At: Area under the growth curve at each concentration
u: Growth rate
Im = (uc-ut)/uc
uc: Average growth rate of control
ut: Average growth rate at each concentration•

Was control response satisfactory:Yes: Mean cell density increased to 2.07x106 cells/mL (207-fold increase)
after 72 hr (cell density at start = 1.00x104 cells/mL).

•

Statistical results as appropriate:
Significant differences in the growth curves were not observed at nominal
concentration of 95, 171, 309, and 556 mg/L when compared to that of thecontrol. At such concentrations, 170 - 224 fold increase of cell density
was observed.
Remarks field for Results:–

Biological observations:· Growth curves: Logarithmic growth until end of the test (72 h).
· Observations: All test groups (95-556 mg/L) except that of 1,000
mg/L showed normal and similar growth (170.4 - 223.7-fold increaseduring 72 hr) to that of control (207-fold increase during 72 hr). The 1000
mg/L-group showed only 80-fold increase (38.6 % of the control) after 72
hr, when compared to that of control.
CONCLUSIONSAll the test groups (95, 171, 309, 556 except 1,000 mg/L) showed normal and similar growth (170-224 foldincrease after 72 hr) to control (207-fold increase after 72 hr).
EC50 (0-72 h) > 1,000 mg/L
NOEC (0-72 h) = 556 mg/L
Remarks field with the ability to identify source of comment, i.e. author and/or submitter:

DATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Valid without restriction.
Remarks field for Data Reliability:
Experimental design and analytical procedure were well documented.

REFERENCES
Environment Agency (EA) of Japan (1998).

OTHER
•
•
•

122

Last changed :Order number for sorting :Remarks field for General Remarks :UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETINACUTE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES (DAPHNIA) (1)TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Lot No. TPH 6237,
Purity ≥ 98.0 %. Stability during use confirmed by NMR, IR and gas
chromatography. Kept at room temperature in a dark place until use.

METHOD•••••

Method/guideline:
Test type:
GLP :Year :
Analytical procedures:•••

Species/Strain:
Test details:
Statistical methods:

OECD TG 202.
Static.
Yes.
1998.
Yes. Measured by gas chromatography (at preparation and after 48
hours
exposure period).
Daphnia magna
Static, open-system.
TOXDAT MULTI‐METHOD PROGRAM (US EPA) Moving averagemethod.

Remarks field for Test Conditions :–Test organisms:
·
·
·

–

Test conditions:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·

–
–
–
–
–

Source, supplier, any pre-treatment, breeding method: Supplied by
NIES (Japan).
Age at study initiation: Juveniles within 24h old.
Control group: Yes.
Stock solutions preparation and stability: No solvent used.
Test chemical was diluted to 1.0 wt.% with diluting mineral medium(Elendt M4) before use.
Test temperature range: 20.1 - 20.4 °C (average temperature within
21±1 °C).
Exposure vessel type: 100 mL test solution in a 100 ml glass beaker;
4 beakers per treatment.
Dilution water source: Elendt M4.
Dilution water chemistry: Hardness: 228 mg/L as CaCO3.
Lighting: < 1,200 lx, 16h: 8h light-darkness cycle.
Water chemistry in test: DO= 7.6 - 8.7 mg/L, > 60 % of saturation(8.84 mg/L at 20 °C); pH=7.3 - 7.5.
Feeding: Chlorella vulgaris, 0.1 - 0.2 mgC/day/individual.

Element (unit) basis:
Test design:

Cumulative numbers of died or immobilized juveniles.
Number of replicates = 4; individuals per replicate = 5;
concentrations: 0,95, 171, 309, 556 and 1,000 mg/L.
Method of calculating mean measured concentrations:Geometric mean.

48 hours.
Exposure period:
Analytical monitoring: By GC analysis, 103.5 - 111.6 % of the nominal concentration at

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

123

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN
preparation; 90.8 - 109.5 % after 48 hours exposure period.

Unit :

mg/L (calculated based on the nominal concentrations).

RESULTS••

Nominal concentrations:
Measured concentrations:0, 95, 171, 309, 556 and 1,000 mg/L.
·

Triacetin concentration of the test solutions measured at preparation
and after 48 hours exposure period.

Measured concentration of triacetin during 48-hour exposure of Daphnia magna under static test
conditions
Nominal concentration(mg/L)
Control
95
171
309
556
1,000

Measured concentration (mg/L)
0-hour (new) 48-hour (old) Geometric Mean
< 1.0
< 1.0
106
104
105
178
172
175
324
323
323
576
566
571
1,086
908
993

Percent of Nominal
0-hour (new)48-hour (old)
111.6
109.5
103.9
100.7
104.8
104.6
103.5
101.8
108.6
90.8

new: Freshly prepared test solutions.
old: Test solutions after 48 hours exposure period.
Mortality or immobility of Daphnia magna exposed to triacetin under static test conditions.
Nominal concentration(mg/L)
Control
Control
95
171
309
556
1000
(Mortality: %)•Cumulative numbers of died or immobilized Daphnia magna(Percent mortality or immobility)
24-hour
48-hour
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
3 (15)
5 (25)
17 (85)18 (90)Statistical results as appropriate:Calculated EC50 values for Daphnia magna exposed to triacetin under static test conditions
Exposure period (hour)(hour)
2448

EC50(mg/L)
888
768

95% confidence limits(mg/L)
648-1,489
582-1,176

Statistical method
Moving average
Moving average

EC0 and Lowest Concentration in 100 % mortality or immobility values
Exposure period(hour)

EC0(mg/L)

Lowest Concentrationin 100 % mortality or immobility values (mg/L)

24
48

309
309

> 1,000> 1,000

Remarks field for Results :–124

Biological observations:

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN·

Was control response satisfactory: Yes.
Cumulative numbers of dead or immobilized Daphnia duringobservation period. 0 (mortality: 0%)

CONCLUSIONS(Based on nominal concentration)·

EC50 (24-hour, mortality or immobility):··

EC50 (48-hour, mortality or immobility): 768 mg/L
EC0 (48-hour, mortality or immobility): 309 mg/L

888 mg/L

Remarks field with the ability to identify source of comment, i.e. author and/or submitter:

DATA QUALITY••

Valid without restriction.
Reliabilities:
Remarks field for Data Reliability:
Experimental design and analytical procedure were well documented.

REFERENCES
Environment Agency (EA) of Japan (1998).

OTHER
•
•
•

Last changed :Order number for sorting :Remarks field for General Remarks :UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

125OECD SIDSTRIACETINACUTE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES (DAPHNIA) (2)TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: EastmanR Triacetin, Sample Reference Identification
No.: 43045932,
Purity ≥ 99.5 %. Stability during use confirmed by GC/FID and mass
spectrometry.

METHOD•••••

Method/guideline:
Test type:
GLP :Year :
Analytical procedures:•••

Species/Strain:
Test details:
Statistical methods:

OECD TG 202 and EEC/Annex VC.2.
Static.
Yes.
1995.
Yes. Measured by gas chromatography (at preparation and after 48
hours exposure period).
Daphnia magna
Static.
A program developed by Stephan (Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard
Evaluation, Spec. Tech. Publ.No. 634, American Society for Testing andMaterials, Philadelphia, PA, pp.65-84, 1977) and ASTM (Proposed New
Standard Practice for Using Probit Analysis, ASTME-47.07, Draft #4,
1988).

Remarks field for Test Conditions :–Test organisms:
·
·
·

–

Test conditions:
·
·
·
·

·
·
·
·
–
–

126

Source, supplier, any pre-treatment, breeding method: Supplied by
The Eco-Chem Testing Group, Kodak Park, Rochester, NY (USA).
Age at study initiation: Juveniles between 6 and 24h old.
Control group: Yes.

Element (unit) basis:
Test design:

Stock solutions preparation and stability: No solvent used.
The exposure solutions were prepared by direct addition of theappropriate amounts of the triacetin to tanks of water (20 L).
Test temperature range: 20±2 °C.
Exposure vessel type: 200 mL test solution in a 250 ml glass beaker;
Two beakers per treatment.
Dilution water source: The water from Lake Ontario was passed
through an activated carbon filter and a set of 3-micron polypropylene
filter. The filtered water next received 150 ppb of Na2S2O3 to reduce
trace level of residual chlorine.
Dilution water chemistry: Hardness and total alkalinity: 120 mg/L
and 95 mg/L (as CaCO3).
Lighting: 16 h: 8 h light-darkness cycle.
Water chemistry in test: DO: 8.0 - 9.0 mg/L. pH of exposure
solution was measured at times 0 and 48 hours (pH = 7.7 - 8.2).
Feeding: 5 mL of food/1 L diluent water/100 gravid daphnids.

Cumulative numbers of dead or immobilized/stressed organisms.
Number of replicates = 2; individuals per replicate = 10; nominal

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS–––TRIACETIN

concentrations: 0, 95.0, 171.5, 308.5, 555.5 and 1,000.0 mg/L.
Method of calculating mean measured concentrations:Geometrical mean.
Exposure period:
48 hours.
Analytical monitoring: By GC analysis, the mean value of time 0 and 48 hours:
92.2 % (86.6 - 97.4 %) of the nominal concentration (Series A).
95.1 % (86.5 - 100.7 %) of the nominal concentration (Series B).

Unit:

mg/L (calculated based on the nominal concentrations).

RESULTS••

Nominal concentrations:
Measured concentrations:0, 95.0, 171.5, 308.5, 555.5 and 1,000.0 mg/L.
··

Triacetin concentration of the test solutions was measured at
preparation and after 48 hours exposure period.
The analysed mean values of time 0 and 48 hours were
calculated.

Measured concentration of triacetin during 48-hour exposure of Daphnia magna under static
test conditions
Nominal concentration(mg/L)

Mean conc. (mg/L)
Series A (0, 48-hour)% of Nominal

Mean conc. (mg/L)
Series B (0, 48-hour)% of Nominal

95
171.5
308.5
555.5
1,000.0

83.5
148.5
283.4
541.1
974.4

87.9
86.6
91.9
97.4
97.4

82.2
156.6
297.3
558.5
1006.7

86.5
91.3
96.4
100.5
100.7

Calculated EC50 and No-Observed- Effect Concentration (NOEC) for Daphnia magna
exposed to triacetin under static test conditions
SeriesA
B

Final value•

EC50 (mg/L)
24-hour
48-hour> 974.4810.9> 1006.7
904.2> 974.4810.9

EC0 (mg/L)
24-hour
48-hour
974.4
541.1
1006.7
558.5
974.4
541.1

Statistical results as appropriate:
The binominal method and nonlinear interpolation were used to calculate
all the EC50 values for replicates A and B at a confidence level of 95 %.

Remarks field for Results :–Biological observations:·

Was control response satisfactory: Yes.
The control immobility was not greater than 10 % when adverse
effects were noted.

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

127

OECD SIDSTRIACETINCONCLUSIONS(Based on the measured concentration)···

EC50 (24-hour, mortality or immobility):
EC50 (48-hour, mortality or immobility):EC0 (48-hour, mortality or immobility):> 974.4 mg/L
810.9 mg/L
541.1 mg/L

Remarks field with the ability to identify source of comment, i.e. author and/or submitter:

DATA QUALITY••

Reliabilities:
Valid without restriction.
Remarks field for Data Reliability:
Experimental design and analytical procedure were well documented.

REFERENCES
Lawrence, D.L. and Hirsch, M.P. (1995), Eastman Kodak Company,
Environmental Sciences Section, Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories, An acuteaquatic effects test with the fathead minnow, Study No.: EN-430-900256-1,Unpublished data.

OTHER
•
•
•

128

Last changed :Order number for sorting :Remarks field for General Remarks :UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETINCHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES (DAPHNIA)TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Lot No. TPH 6237,
Purity ≥ 98.0 %. Stability during use confirmed by NMR, IR and gas
chromatography. Kept at room temperature in a dark place until use.

METHOD•••••

Method/guideline:
Test type:
GLP :Year :
Analytical procedures:•••

Species/Strain:
Test details:
Statistical methods:

OECD TG 211 (revised edition of No.202).
Semi-static.
Yes.
1998.
Yes. Measured by gas chromatography 2 - 3 times a week (before andafter the replacement of the test water.
Daphnia magna
Semi-static (water renewal: 3 times a week), open-system.
F & t-test (Yukms StatLight #3).

Remarks field for Test Conditions :–Test organisms:
·
·
·

–

Source, supplier, any pre-treatment, breeding method: Supplied by
NIES (Japan).
Age at study initiation: Juveniles within 24h old.
Control group: Yes.

Test conditions:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·

Stock solutions preparation and stability: No solvent used.
Test chemical was diluted to 1.0 wt.% with diluting mineral medium(Elendt M4) before use.
Test temperature range: 19.4 - 20.7 °C (average temperature within
20±1 °C).
Exposure vessel type: 80 mL test solution in a 100 ml glass beaker;
Dilution water source: Elendt M4.
Dilution water chemistry: Hardness: 243 mg/L as CaCO3
Lighting: <1,200 lx, 16 h: 8 h light-darkness cycle
Water chemistry in test: DO= 7.4 - 8.6 mg/L; pH=7.2.
Feeding: Chlorella vulgaris, 0.1 - 0.2 mgC/day/individual–

Element (unit) basis:

Mean cumulative numbers of juveniles produced per adult(reproduction)
Number of replicates=10; individuals per replicate=1; concentrations: 0
and 100 mg/L (limit test).

–

Test design:–

Method of calculating mean measured concentrations:Time-weighted mean.

––

Exposure period:
21 dAnalytical monitoring: By GC analysis, 87.9 - 103.2 % of the nominal concentration at
preparation; 75.8 - 100.7 % just before the renewal of the test water (after
2 days exposure).

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

129

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Unit :

mg/L (calculated based on measured concentrations)

RESULTS••

Nominal concentrations:
Measured concentrations:0, 100 mg/L
Time-weighted means of measured concentration of the test chemical
during 21-d exposure: 94 mg/L for the test solutions.

Measured concentration of the test chemical during 21-day exposure
Nominal concentration(mg/L)
0 day (new)Control
< 1.0
100
87.9

Measured concentration (mg/L)
2 day (old)7 day(new) 9 day(old)
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
75.8
99.4
100.7

14day(new)
< 1.0
103.2

16day(old)
< 1.0
97.4

new: Freshly prepared test solutions.
old: Test solution after 2 days.
Time-weighted means of measured concentration of the test chemical during 21-d
exposure
Nominal concentration(mg/L)
Control100

Time-weighted mean (mg/L)(mg/L)
94.0

Percent of nominal concentration
(%)
94.0

Mean cumulative numbers of juveniles produced per adult during 21-d.
Nominal concentration
Days(mg/L)
1 2 3
4 5 6 78 9 1011
12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20
21
Control 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 4.8 11.8 17.1 25.8 36.8 44.4 50.5 65.9 73.5 76.9 90.4 91.0 93.8
100
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 3.4 8.3 10.5 21.7 33.9 41.0 50.1 68.2 69.9 74.9 90.8 91.3 91.8

Cumulative numbers of dead parental Daphnia during 21-d.
Nominal concentration(mg/L)
1 2 3
4
Control 0 0 0
0
100
0 0 0
0
(Mortality: %)

5
0
0

6
0
0

7
0
0

8
0
0

Days
9
0
0

10
0
0

11
0
0

12
0
0

13 14
0 0
0 0

15
0
0

16
0
0

17 18
0 0
0 0

19
20
21
0
0
0
1(10) 1(10) 1(10)•Statistical results as appropriate:
There was no statistically significant difference between data from thecontrol and 100 mg/L test groups.
Remarks field for Results :–Biological observations:
·
·
·

130

Cumulative numbers of dead parental Daphnia:
Control: 0 (mortality: 0%)
100 mg/L: 1 (mortality: 10 %)Time of the first production of juveniles:
Control: 8 - 10 day (Mean: 8.7)
100 mg/L: 8 - 12 day (Mean: 9.1).
Mean cumulative numbers of juveniles produced per adult alivefor 21days:
Control: 93.8

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN·

100 mg/L: 91.8
Was control response satisfactory: Yes.
Mean cumulative numbers of juveniles produced per adult was 93.8
> 60.

CONCLUSIONS(Based on nominal concentration)
·
·
·
·
·

NOEC (21-d, reproduction) : = 100 mg/L
EC50 (14-d, reproduction) : > 100 mg/L
EC50 (21-d, reproduction) : > 100 mg/L
LC50 for parental Daphnia (14-d) : > 100 mg/L
LC50 for parental Daphnia (21-d) : > 100 mg/L;

Remarks field with the ability to identify source of comment, i.e. author and/or submitter:

DATA QUALITY••

Valid without restriction.
Reliabilities:
Remarks field for Data Reliability:
Experimental design and analytical procedure were well documented.

REFERENCES
Environment Agency (EA) of Japan (1998).

OTHER
•
•
•

Last changed :Order number for sorting :Remarks field for General Remarks :UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

131OECD SIDSTRIACETINHEALTH ELEMENTS(a) ACUTE ORAL TOXICITYTEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Unichema Chemie B.V., The Netherlands.
ESTOL 1579, Purity: approx. 100 %.

METHOD•

Method/guideline:

OECD TG 401, EEC Directive 84/449/EEC, Annex V of the EEC
Directive 67/548/EEC and Bewertung Wassergefährdender Stoffe, II
Bestimmung der akuten oralen Saugetiertoxizität, Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe I(Obmann: Dr. Niemitz), LTWS, Nr. 10 September 1979..

•

Test type:

Acute Oral Toxicity Test

•

GLP:

OECD GLP, US FDA (21 CFR 58) and US EPA (40 CFR 160 and 40
CFR 792).

•

Year:

1988

•

Species:

Rat•

Strain:Wistar (SPF)•

Route of administration:

Oral (by single-dose gavage)•

Doses/concentration levels:
2,000 mg/kg bw/rat

•

Sex:

•

Control group and treatment: No control and vehicle used.

•

Post exposure observation period: Two weeks.

•

Statistical methods:

Male & Female

Not applied because of no mortality observed.

REMARKS FIELD FOR TEST CONDITIONS
–

–

132

Test Subjects:···

Age at study initiation: Eight weeks old.
Weight at study initiation: No data available.
No. of animals per sex per dose: Five per sex per dose group.

···

Vehicle: No vehicle, undiluted.
Satellite groups and reasons they were added: None
Clinical observations performed and frequency:

Study Design:

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN
Each rat was weighed immediately prior to treatment, the day after
and weekly thereafter for two-week post-treatment observation period.
Clinical observations were performed on the day of dosing (onceevery two hours) and once daily thereafter for two-week posttreatment observation period. Any signs of toxicity were recorded
along with the time of onset and duration. At the end of the study (day14), all animals were euthanized and subjected to necropsy.

RESULTS•

LD50:

Male : > 2,000 mg/kg bw.
Female: > 2,000 mg/kg bw.

REMARKS FIELD FOR RESULTS.
–––

Body weight:

All rats gained weight during the two-week observation period.
No detailed body weight data available.
Food/water consumption:No data available.
Clinical signs :No mortality occurred and no signs of systemic toxicity were observed
during the 14-day observation period.

Individual animal observations
Physical/ClinicalAnimal Number/Sex

Parameter

4488

4490

4492

4494

4498

4219

4221 4223

4225

4229

No effect of treatment DPD
Dead
KIL
Necropsy findings
NGL

14
X
X

14
X
X

Males
14
14
X
X
X
X

14
X
X

14
X
X

Females
14
14
X
X
X
X

14
X
X

14
X
X

Glossary of terms for list of individual findings:
DPD=Days post dosing.
KIL=Killed at necropsy.
NGL=No gross lesions.
X=Positive.

–
–
–
–

Haematology:
Not done.
Biochem:Not done.
Ophthalmologic findings: Not examined.
Mortality and time to death:

Mortality of male and female rats dosed orally with the undiluted test material
Dose level (mg/kg bw)

2,000# Dead / # Treated

Time of Death

Males

Females

Males

Females

0/5

0/5

--

--

–

Gross pathology incidence and severity:
No treatment-related lesions were observed upon gross pathologicalexamination of all animals at the end of two weeks for both sexes.

–

Organ weight changes: Not done.

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OECD SIDS–TRIACETINHistopathology (incidence and severity): Not done.

CONCLUSIONS
Since no mortality occurred，the oral LD50 value for both males and females was noted as exceeding
2,000 mg/kg bw (“Bewertungszahl”1).

DATA QUALITY•

Reliabilities:•

Remarks field for Data Reliability
Well conducted study, carried out by RCC NOTOX B.V., The Netherlands.

Valid without restriction.

REFERENCES
Unichema Chemie B.V. (1988), “Acute Oral Toxicity of ESTOL 1579 in the Rat”, unpublished data,
RCC NOTOX 0831/1056.

GENERAL REMARKS
None.

134

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN(b) SKIN IRRITATION/CORROSIONTEST SUBSTANCE•••

Identity:
Remarks:
pH:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Data not available.
Not stated.

METHOD•

Method/guideline:

OECD TG 404 and Off. J. Europ. Coimmun. 27, L251 106-108 (1984).

•

Test type:

In vivo

•

GLP:

Yes

•

Year:

1988

•

Species:

Rabbit•Strain:Chbb : HM

•

Sex:

Male

•

Number of animals per sex per dose: Four.

•Total dose:

0.5 mL/animal.

•

Vehicle:No vehicle used.

•

Exposure time period:

Four hours.

Grading scale:EC, L257/8 of the 16., September 1983 Corrosive action.

Method remarks:

Not mentioned.

RESULTS•

Primary irritation index:

Results remarks:

Not applicable because of no irritation.
Triacetin was tested for its primary skin irritation under occlusive
conditions on the shaved back skin of 4 rabbits. After a contact time of 4hours, the skin reactions were evaluated. Only one animal showed slightskin redness one hour after the application. The other animals had no skinreactions at all.

CONCLUSIONS
According to the criteria in Off. J. Europ. Commun. 26, (L257) 1983,
triacetin doesn’t need to be classified regarding its skin irritation potential.

DATA QUALITY•

Reliabilities:

Valid without restriction

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OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Remarks field for Data Reliability
Well conducted study, carried out by Henkel Institut für Toxikologie (Düsseldorf).

REFERENCES
Kaestner, W. (1988), unpublished data Henkel KGaA. Rep. No. 880236.

GENERAL REMARKS136

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN(c) EYE IRRITATION/CORROSIONTEST SUBSTANCE•••

Identity:
Remarks:
pH:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Data not available.
Not stated.

METHOD•

Method/guideline:

OECD TG 405 and Off. J. Europ. Coimmun. L251, 27. Jg., 1984, S.109112.

•

Test type:

In vivo.

•

GLP:

Yes.

•

Year:

1988.

•

Methods Remarks:•

Species:

Rabbit.

•Strain:Chbb : HM

•

Sex:

Male.

•

Number of animals per sex per dose: Four.

•

Doses used:

0.1 mL/eye/animal.

•

Observation period:

Seventy two hours after the application.

•

Scoring Method used:

79/831/EWG, Annex V, Part B.

RESULTS:
Reactions on the cornea and iris were not observed.
The conjunctival reactions were mild and disappeared totally within 6 to 24 hours after the application.
Conjunctivale reaktionen nach application der unverdünnten prüfsubstanz triacetin unddauerkontakt.
Tier-Nr.
Stunden nach der behandlung
1
837
847
853
854
Mean A
Mean B
Mean C

A

B

C

A

6
B

C

A

24
B

C

A

48
B

C

A

72
B

C

0
1
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
2
2
3

0
1
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0.25
0
1.75

0.25
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

A=Rotung, B=Chemosis, C=exsudation

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OECD SIDSTRIACETIN•

Corrosive:

Not applicable (see the results).

•

Irritation score (Cornea/Iris):

No irritation (see the results).

•

Irritation score (Conjunctivae): No irritation (see the results).
(Redness/Chemosis)•

Overall Irritation Score:0.

•

Tool used to assess score:

Not stated.

•

Description of lesions (if seen): Not stated.

Results remarks:

Reactions on the cornea and iris were not observed. The conjunctival
reactions were mild and disappeared totally within 6 to 24 hours after
the application.

CONCLUSIONS
Triacetin is not eye irritant. According to the criteria in Off. J. Europ.
Commun. 26 (L 257) 1983, the test substance doesn’t need to beclassified regarding its eye irritation potential.

DATA QUALITY
Valid without restriction

QUALITY CHECK
Well conducted study, carried out by Henkel Institut für Toxikologie (Düsseldorf).

REFERENCES
Kaestner, W. (1988), unpublished data Henkel KGaA. Rep. No. 880228.

GENERAL REMARKS

138

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN(d) SKIN SENSITIZATION ( A HUMAN CASE REPORT)TEST SUBSTANCE•••

Identity:
Remarks:
pH:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Eastman Kodak, purity: 99 %.
Not stated.

METHOD•

Method/guideline:

Other.

•

Test type:

In vivo (Human patch test).

•

GLP:

No.

•

Year:

1963

•

Species:

Human.

•

Strain:Not applicable.

•

Sex:

Female.

•Number of animals per sex per dose: Not applicable.

•

Route of administration:

Skin patch test.

•

Induction concentration:

Not applicable.

•

Induction vehicle:

Not applicable.

•

Challenge concentration:

0.1, 1, 10 and 50 %.

•Challenge vehicle:

Ethanol.

•Grading system used:

Not stated.

Method remarks:

Not stated.

RESULTS•

Case report:

The 29 year old female patient attended outpatients’ clinic a few months
ago with subacute eczema, which extended over both hands and thebacks of the fingers as well as the lateral areas of the first three fingers
of both hands. In addition on the right hand the ulnar and radial parts ofthe palm of the hand were affected. The skin was reddened andthickened in these areas, was covered in individual blisters, scales andcrusts and displayed lichenification in part. Tonsillectomy in 1959 as aresult of chronic recurrent tonsillitis and abscesses on tonsils. In thesame year enucleation of a uterine myoma.

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OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Results of the first patch test.
Test substanceConcentration
Solvent
0.6 % W
0.1 % W
5%W
2%W
10 % O
1%S
1%S
2%O
10 % W

Potassium bichromate
Nickel sulphate
Formalin
Terpentine
p-Phenylenediamine bis
p-Toluylenediamine bis
Ethyl p-aminobenzoate
p-aminomethylbenzosulphoamide (Marfanil)
Procaine
Parobalsam
Tetramethylthiuramdisulphide
Mercaptobenzothiazole
Triacetin
Filter material(treated with triacetin)
Filter material(not treated with triacetin)

Result after
24 hrs48 hrs
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2%w
10 % S

0
0

0
0

1%S

0

0

1%S
50 % A
10 % A
1%A
pure

0
+++
++
+
++

0
+++
++
+
++

pure

0

0

Comments

substance taken fromthe Eastman Kodak patentworking substances taken fromthe Eastman Kodak patent

W=dissolved in water, O=dissolved in peanut oil, S=incorporated in ointment, A=dissolved in ethanol, + to +++=positive test
reaction of varying intensity, 0=negative reaction.

Results of the second patch test.
Test substance
Triacetin
Diacetin

Monoacetin
GlycerolAcetic acidAcetic anhydride
Methyl acetate
Ethyl acetate
Sodium acetate
Methyl glycol acetate

Concentration
Solvent
10 % A1%A
0.1 % A
10 % W1%W
0.1 % W

Result after
24 hrs48 hrs
++
+++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
0
0

10 % W1%W
0.1 % Wpure
10 % W
1%W
1%W

+
(+)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

10 % A

10 % W

+
?
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

10 % W00

10 % W00Comments
Haarmann u. Reimann, Holzminden
Redistilled, pureChem. Fabrik Fluka AG, Buchs S,
Switzerland
Chem. Fabrik Fluka AG, Buchs S,
Switzerland
analytical grade
analytical grade
analytical grade
analytical grade
analytical grade
analytical grade
analytical grade

W=dissolved in water, O=dissolved in peanut oil, S=incorporated in ointment, A=dissolved in ethanol, + to +++=positive test
reaction of varying intensity, 0=negative reaction.

Grades:Results remarks:

0, +, ++, +++ (four grades)
In the first and second challenge, control tests with 20 other patients who
suffered from eczema with several concentration of triacetin as well as withthe filter material had negative results.

CONCLUSIONS
A case of allergic eczema in a 29 year-old patient in a cigarette factory
is reported, based on sensitization towards triacetin used for the140

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN
production of cigarette filters. The allergy was demonstrated in a patch
test. In addition to triacetin, monoacetin and diacetin also produced
positive results.

DATA QUALITY•

Reliabilities:

Valid with restriction

Remarks field for Data Reliability
This is only a case report so far available, carried out by the University Skin Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf(Germany) and published in detail.

REFERENCES
Unna, P.J., Schulz (1963), K.H. Hautarzt, 14 423-25.

GENERAL REMARKSUNEP PLUBLICATIONS141

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN(e) REPEATED DOSE TOXICITY (ORAL BY GAVAGE)
TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Daihachi Chemical Industry. Co., Ltd., Lot No. N-80302,
Purity > 98.2 %. Stability during use confirmed by gas chromatography.

METHOD•

Method/guideline:

OECD TG 422•

Test type:

OECD Combined Repeat
Toxicity Screening Test

•

GLP:

Yes

•

Year:

1998

•

Species:

Rat•

Strain:

Crj: CD (SD) IGS•

Route of administration:

Oral (by gavage)•

Doses/concentration levels: 0, 40, 200, 1,000 mg/kg bw/day (5 mL/kg bw in 3 % gum arabic solution)

•

Sex:

Male & Female•

Exposure period:

Males; for 44 days from 2 weeks prior to mating.
Females; for 41 - 48 days from 14 days before mating to day 3
postpartum.

•

Frequency of treatment:

Once daily.

•

Control group and treatment: Concurrent vehicle.

•

Post exposure observation period: None.

•

Duration of test:

Male; for 44 days
Female; for 41 - 48 days•

Statistical methods:

Kruskal-Wallis test for non-continuous data or Dunnett’s or Scheffe’s
test for continuous data and Chi square test for quantal data.

Dose

and

Reproductive/Developmental

REMARKS FIELD FOR TEST CONDITIONS–Test Subjects:
·
·
·

142

Age at study initiation: 9 week old for males and females
Weight at study initiation: 317 - 375 g for males, 203 - 240 g forfemalesNo. of animals per sex per dose: 12 per sex per dose group

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS–TRIACETIN

Study Design:···

Vehicle: 3 % gum arabic purified water
Satellite groups and reasons they were added: None
Clinical observations performed and frequency:
General condition was observed once a day and body wt. wasdetermined on the first, day 3, 7 and 14, the last day of theadministration, the day sacrificed and once a week during theadministration period. For pregnant females, body wt. was determinedon the day 0, 14 and 20 of gestation and on day 0 and 4 of lactation.
Food consumption was determined on the same day when body wt.
was measured for 24 hr. Haematology and biochemistry for males
conducted only at time of necropsy after 44 days of chemical
exposure. Urinalysis was not conducted.

·

Organs examined at necropsy:
Organ weight: for both sexes, brain, pituitary gland, thyroid gland,heart, liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal, thymus, and in addition formales, testes and epididymis.
Microscopic: all animals in control and 1,000 mg/kg bw group, andunfertilized animals in other groups: brain, spinal cord, pituitary
gland, eyeball, thyroid gland (including parathyroid gland), thymus,
heart, trachea, lung, liver, kidney, adrenal, spleen, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, pancreas, urinary bladder, bone marrow,sciatic nerve, lymph node, testes, epididymis, prostate, seminal
vesicle, ovary, uterus, vagina, mammary gland and any organs, whichmight be expected to have histopathological changes and thymus andlung of dead animals.

RESULTS•

NOAEL
Male: 1,000 mg/kg bw/day
Female: 1,000 mg/kg bw/day

•

LOAEL
Not determined under the conditions tested.

REMARKS FIELD FOR RESULTS.
–

Body weight:
For both sexes, no statistically significant difference from controls wasobserved in body weight and body weight gain during administration
period.

–––Food/water consumption:
For both sexes, no statistically significant difference from controls wasobserved in food consumption during administration period.
Clinical signs :Males : No dose-related changes in general clinical signs.
Females : No dose-related changes in general clinical signs.
Haematology :Males : Decrease in differential leukocyte count (%) in neutrophils

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OECD SIDSTRIACETIN(band) at 40 (p<0.05) and 1,000 mg/kg bw (p<0.01), but within
physiological changes.

Dose level (mg/kg bw/day)
Differential leukocyte counts (%)
Neutrophils (band)
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD

0

40

200

1,000

0.7 ± 0.8

0.1 ± 0.3*

0.3 ± 0.6

0.0± 0.0*** Significant at p<0.05.
** Significant at p<0.01.

–

Biochem:Males : Decrease in creatinine at 40 (p<0.01) and 1,000 mg/kg bw(p<0.01), but within physiological changes. Increase in inorganic
phosphorus at 200 mg/kg bw (p<0.05), but with no dose-related changes.

Dose level (mg/kg bw/day)
Creatinine (mg/dL)
Inorganic phosphorus (mg/dL)
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD

00.58 ± 0.06
7.45 ± 0.46

40
0.51 ± 0.03**
7.72 ± 0.47

200
0.56 ± 0.14
8.05 ± 0.60*

1,000
0.49± 0.03**
7.94± 0.40

* Significant at p<0.05.
** Significant at p<0.01.

–
–
–
–
–

–

Urinalysis:
Not examined.
Ophthalmologic findings: Not examined.
Mortality and time to death: One male at 1,000 mg/kg bw was dead 32 days after theadministration started.
Gross pathology incidence and severity:
No changes in gross pathology in both sexes.
Organ weight changes:
Male: No dose-related changes in organ weight.
Female : No dose-related changes in organ weight.
Histopathology
Tissue pathology revealed no alteration of tissues even in the highest dosegroups for both sexes.

CONCLUSIONS
Triacetin had no effects on clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, and organ weight or necropsy
findings. No histopathological changes ascribable to the compound were observed in both sexes. There
were no effects on haematological or blood chemical parameters in males.
A NOAEL was thus established at 1,000 mg/kg bw/day for both sexes.

DATA QUALITY•

Reliabilities:

Valid without restriction

Remarks field for Data Reliability
Well conducted study, carried out by Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd., Kashima Laboratory(Japan).

144

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETINREFERENCES
Ministry of Health & Welfare (MHW), Japan (1998), Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental
Chemicals vol.6 127-147.

GENERAL REMARKSThis study was conducted to examine both repeated dose toxicity and reproductive/developmental
toxicity as an OECD screening combined study. Therefore, biochemical and haematological analysis,
and urinalysis in females were not performed. Functional observation, oestrous cycle length and pattern,
and sperm examination were not performed because the test was conducted by the TG adopted in 1990.

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OECD SIDSTRIACETIN(f) REPEATED DOSE TOXICITY (INHALATION)TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Plasticizer 88, Eastman Kodak Company, Purity: data notavailable. Stability and composition of the test material during use wasconfirmed by gas chromatography.

METHOD•

Method/guideline:

Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine Protocol,
whole body exposure to vaporized (heated at 150 °C) test substance.

•

Test type:

90 Days vapour inhalation toxicity study.

•

GLP:

No

•

Year:

1955.

•

Species:

Rat•

Strain:Data not available.

•

Route of administration:

Inhalation•

Doses/concentration levels:

•

Sex:

Data not available.

•

Exposure period:

90 Days.

•Frequency of treatment:

Six hours each working day from March 7, 1955 to June 3, 1955.

•

Control group and treatment: No data available.

•

Post exposure observation period: None.

•

Duration of test:

103 Days including the exposure period.

•

Statistical methods:

Data not available.

The measured average: 249 ppm (2,220 mg/m3)
Measured range of exposure: 14 - 918 ppm (130 – 8190 mg/m3).

REMARKS FIELD FOR TEST CONDITIONS–Test Subjects:
·
·
·

–

146

Age at study initiation: Data not available.
Weight at study initiation: 209 g (average of three rats).
No. of animals per sex per dose: Three rats.

Study Design:

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN···

Vehicle: None
Satellite groups and reasons they were added: None
Clinical observations performed and frequency:
Body wt. for each animal was recorded prior to the first exposure andevery 2-9 days interval during the test. The final body wt. of eachanimal was taken prior to the termination. Haematological studies(RBC, HGB, WBC) and urine analyses (albumin, sugar) were done atintervals (50, 64, 101 days, and 51, 65 days, respectively).

·

Organs examined at necropsy:
Organ weight: liver, kidney.
Microscopic: No data available except trachea, bronchi, lung, kidney,
liver, and bladder

RESULTS
•

NOAEL

•

LOAEL

249 ppm (2,220 mg/m3)
Not applicable.

REMARKS FIELD FOR RESULTS.
–

Body weight:
The weights of the animals were followed closely on the graph of theaverage growth curve. The growth of all animals was normal under theconditions of the experiment. Average daily weight gain was 2.2 g/rat.

––

Food/water consumption: Data not available.
Clinical signs :No symptoms were noted at any time during the exposure, and all rats
appeared to be normal.

–

Haematology :Haematological studies revealed that there was nothing abnormal in anyof the animals.

–

Biochem :–Urinalysis :Data not available.
Urine revealed that there was nothing abnormal in any of the animals.
–
–
–
–
–

Ophthalmologic findings: Not examined.
Mortality and time to death: No deaths prior to scheduled termination.
Gross pathology incidence and severity: No changes in gross pathology.
Organ weight changes:
The weight of both liver and kidney when calculated as per cent of total
body weight were found to be within the normal range.
Histopathology :At the time of autopsy, no abnormalities attributable to the exposure were
found.

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OECD SIDSTRIACETINCONCLUSIONSHistopathology, haematology and urine analyses revealed no changes in diagnostic of an adverse
treatment-related effect. Under the conditions of the study, no toxic effects caused by the inhalation of
triacetin could be found. Therefore, a NOAEL was established at 249 ppm (2,220 mg/m3) for male rats.

DATA QUALITY•

Reliabilities:

Valid with restriction because the studies do not fully comply with thecurrent testing protocol.

Remarks field for Data Reliability
Insufficient data in terms of the current testing guideline, however, carefully conducted study, carriedout by Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NewYork.

REFERENCES
Fassett, D.W. (1955), Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company
Unpublished data.

GENERAL REMARKSThe purpose of this study was to determine if the plasticiser, when used in acetate cigarette filters, would
have any toxic effect on the individuals inhaling the compound.

148

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETINGENETIC TOXICITY IN VITRO (BACTERIAL TEST)TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Daihachi Chemical Industry. Co., Ltd., Lot No. N-80302,
Purity > 98.2 %. Stability during use confirmed by gas chromatography.

METHOD•

Method/guideline:
Guideline for Screening Toxicity Testing of Chemicals (Japan) andOECD TG 471 and 472•

Test type:

Reverse mutation assay

•

GLP:

Yes

•

Year:

1998

•

Species/Strain:
Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA1535, TA98, TA1537
Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA•

Metabolic activation:
With and without S9 from rat liver, induced with phenobarbital and 5,6benzoflavone.

•

Statistical methods:

No statistical analysis was done.

REMARKS FIELD FOR TEST CONDITIONS•

Study Design:
·
·
·
·
·

Concentration:-S9: 0, 313, 625, 1,250, 2,500, 5,000 ug/plate (five strains)+S9: 0, 313, 625, 1,250, 2,500, 5,000 ug/plate (five strains)
Number of replicates: 2
Plates/test: 3
Procedure: Pre-incubation method
Positive controls:-S9 mix ; 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (TA100, TA98,
WP2 uvrA), sodium azide (TA1535) and 9-aminoacridine (TA1537)+S9 mix ; 2-aminoanthracene (five strains)

RESULTS•

Cytotoxic concentration:
Toxicity was not observed up to 5,000ug/plate in five strains with andwithout metabolic activation (S9 mix).

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OECD SIDS•TRIACETIN

Genotoxic effects:––

With metabolic activation:
Without metabolic activation:

+
[ ]
[ ]

?
[ ]
[ ]

[ x ]
[ x ]

REMARKS FIELD FOR RESULTS.

CONCLUSIONS
Triacetin did not induce gene mutation in S. typhimurium and E. coli strains with and without metabolic
activation.

DATA QUALITY•

Reliabilities:

Valid without restriction.

Remarks field for Data Reliability
Well conducted study carried out by Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center (Hadano,
Japan).

REFERENCES
Ministry of Health & Welfare (MHW), Japan (1998), Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental
Chemicals vol.6 127-147.

GENERAL REMARKS
None.

150

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETINGENETIC TOXICITY IN VITRO (NON-BACTERIAL IN VITRO TEST)TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Daihachi Chemical Industry. Co., Ltd., Lot No. N-80302,
Purity > 98.2 %. Stability during use confirmed by gas chromatography.

METHOD•

Method/guideline:

OECD TG 473 and Guideline for Screening Toxicity Testing ofChemicals (Japan)•

Test type:

Chromosomal aberration test

•

GLP:

Yes

•

Year:

1998

•

Species/Strain:

CHL/IU cell•

Metabolic activation:

With and without S9 from rat liver, induced with phenobarbital and5,6-benzoflavone.

•

Statistical methods:

Fisher’s exact analysis

REMARKS FIELD FOR TEST CONDITIONS•

Study Design:
For continuous treatment, cells were treated for 24 or 48 hrs without S9.
For short-term treatment, cells were treated for 6 hrs with and without S9and cultivated with fresh media for 18 hrs.
···

Concentration:-S9 (continuous treatment):-S9 (short-term treatment):+S9 (short-term treatment):

0, 0.55, 1.10, 2.20 mg/mL
0, 0.55, 1.10, 2.20 mg/mL
0, 0.55, 1.10, 2.20 mg/mL

Plates/test: 2
Positive controls:
Mitomycin C for continuous treatment
Cyclophosphamide for short-term treatment

RESULTS•

Cytotoxic concentration:
Toxicity was not observed up to 2.20 mg/mL in continuous and shortterm treatment without S9 mix, although cell growth was retarded with
S9 mix at this concentration under the both treatments. IC50 of the test
chemical was calculated to be 1.80 mg/mL.

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OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Chromosome analysis of Chinese hamster cells (CHL/IU) continuously treated with triacetin (Ta)**without S9 mix
Group Conc. Time of No. of cells No. of structural
No. of cells
Concurrent Mitotic
exposure analysed
aberrations
others3
with aberrations Polyploid4Trend test5 cytotoxicity6 index7
2(mg/mL) (h)gap ctb cte csb cse mul total
TAG(%) TA(%)(%) SA NA (%)(%)
Non-treatment2000
0 0 0 0 001
0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0.25
1Solvent0
24
200
0
1 0 0 0 01
0
1 (0.5)1 (0.5)
0.50
100.0
Ta
0.55
24
200
0
0 2 0 0 02
1
2 (1.0)2 (1.0)
0.00
100.0
Ta
1.10
24
200
0
1 2 0 0 03
1
3 (1.5)3 (1.5)0.25 92.5
Ta
2.20
24
200
0
0 0 0 0 000
0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
0.00
90.5
8.6
MC 0.00005
24
200
2
8 26 0 0 036 033*(16.5) 31*(15.5)
0.13
Solvent1 0
TA
0.55
TA
1.10
TA
2.20
MC 0.00005

48
48
48
48
48

200
200
200
200
200

0
0
0
0
6

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
13 27 0

0
0
0
0
4

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
50

0
0
1
0
4

0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)40*(20.0) 34*(17.0)

0.25
0.38
0.38
0.13
0.25

-

100.0
105.0
104.0
85.0
-

-

6.8
-

Abbreviations, gap: chromatid gap and chromosome gap, ctb: chromatid break, cte: chromatid exchange, ctb: chromosome break, cse:chromosome exchange (dicentric and ring), mul: multiple aberrations, TAG: total no. of cells with aberrations, TA: total no. of cells withaberrations except gap, SA: structural aberration, NA: numerical aberration, MC: mitomycin C.
1) DMSO was used as solvent. 2) More than nine aberrations in a cell were scored as 10. 3) Others, such as attenuation and prematurechromosome condensation, were excluded from the no. of structural aberrations. 4) Eight hundred cells were analysed in each group. 5)
Cochran-Armitage’s trend test was done at p<0.01. 6) Cell confluency, representing cytotoxicity, was measured with MonocellaterTM. 7)
Number of metaphase per 500 cells was scored in each dish in order to select the highest dose enable to analyse chromosomes.
*: Significantly different from solvent control at p<0.01 by Fisher’s exact test. **: Purity was 98.2 wt%. Diacetin (0.9%) was contained as animpurity.

Chromosome analysis of Chinese hamster cells (CHL/IU) treated with triacetin (Ta)** with and without
S9 mixGroup Conc.S9 Time of No. of cells No. of structural
No. of cells
Concurrent Mitotic
mix exposure analysed
aberrations
others3 with aberrations Polyploid4 Trend test5 cytotoxicity6 index7
2(mg/mL)(h)gap ctb cte csb cse mul total
TAG(%)
TA(%) (%) SA NA (%)(%)
Non-treatment
200 0
0
0
0 0 0 000 (0.0)0 (0.0)0.00
1Solvent0- 6-(18)200 0
0
0
0 0 0 01
0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
0.13
100.0
Ta
0.55
- 6-(18)200 0
0
0
4 0 0 40
1 (0.5)1 (0.5)
0.63
100.0
Ta
1.10
- 6-(18)200 0
1
10 0 0 20
2 (1.0)2 (1.0)0.00 99.5
Ta
2.20- 6-(18)200 0
0
0
0 0 0 000 (0.0)0 (0.0)
0.25
90.5
9.2
CPA 0.005- 6-(18)200 0
20
2 0 0 43
1 (0.5)1(0.5)
0.50
Solvent1 0+ 6-(18)
Ta
0.55+ 6-(18)Ta
1.10+ 6-(18)
Ta
2.20*** + 6-(18)CPA 0.005+ 6-(18)

200
200
200
200
200

0
0
0
10
4

0
0
0
0
0
1
59 10328 1130 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 10 0 70 242
1 0 0 146

0
0
0
1
0

0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (0.5)87*(43.5)
91*(45.5)

0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (0.5)84*(42.0)90*(45.0)

0.25
0.50
0.25
0.26
0.13

+

-

100.0
109.0
104.5
25.5
-

1.6
-

Abbreviations, gap: chromatid gap and chromosome gap, ctb: chromatid break, cte: chromatid exchange, ctb: chromosome break, cse:chromosome exchange (dicentric and ring), mul: multiple aberrations, TAG: total no. of cells with aberrations, TA: total no. of cells withaberrations except gap, SA: structural aberration, NA: numerical aberration, MC: mitomycin C.
1) DMSO was used as solvent. 2) More than nine aberrations in a cell were scored as 10. 3) Others, such as attenuation and prematurechromosome condensation, were excluded from the no. of structural aberrations. 4) Eight hundred cells were analysed in each group. 5)
Cochran-Armitage’s trend test was done at p<0.01. 6) Cell confluency, representing cytotoxicity, was measured with MonocellaterTM. 7)
Number of metaphase per 500 cells was scored in each dish in order to select the highest dose enable to analyse chromosomes. 8) Seven
hundred and eighty cells were analysed.
*: Significantly different from solvent control at p<0.01 by Fisher’s exact test. **: Purity was 98.2 wt%. Diacetin (0.9%) was contained as animpurity.
***: Medium colour was changed to yellow during the incubation and the pH adjusted to 6.93 at 0 hr lowered to 4.91 after the 6-hr incubation.

•

Genotoxic effects:
–
–

152

Without metabolic activation:
With metabolic activation:

Clastogenicity
+
?
[ ]
[ ]
[x]
[ ]
[x]
[ ]

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polyploidy
+
?
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]

[x]
[x]

OECD SIDSTRIACETINREMARKS FIELD FOR RESULTS.
Structural chromosomal aberrations were induced on a short-term treatment with an exogenous
metabolic activation system at the highest concentration of the test chemical (2.2 mg/mL or 10 mM).
Under such conditions, pH of the test medium decreased to pH 4.91 in the presence of the chemical. It is
recognised that changes in pH can induce artefacts in this assay. Therefore, it was suggested thatchromosomal aberrations induced by the triacetin were due to the lowering pH effect of the chemicalrather than DNA damage per se. Polyploidy were not induced under any conditions tested.

CONCLUSIONS
Triacetin induced chromosomal aberration in CHL/IU cells on a short-term treatment with metabolic
activation system. It is, however, recognized that chromosomal aberration induced at 2.2 mg/mL can beartefacts in this assay.

DATA QUALITY•

Reliabilities:

Valid without restriction.

Remarks field for Data Reliability
Well conducted study, carried out by Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center (Hadano,
Japan).

REFERENCES
Ministry of Health & Welfare (MHW), Japan (1998), Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental
Chemicals vol.6 127-147.

GENERAL REMARKS
None.

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OECD SIDSTRIACETINTOXICITY TO REPRODUCTION/DEVELOPMENTTEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: Daihachi Chemical Industry. Co., Ltd., Lot No. N-80302,
Purity > 98.2 %. Stability during use confirmed by gas chromatography.

METHOD•

Method/guideline:

OECD TG 422•

Test type:

OECD Combined Repeat Dose and Reproductive/Developmental
Toxicity Screening Test

•

GLP:

Yes

•

Year:

1998

•

Species:

Rat•

Strain:

Crj:CD (SD)IGS•

Route of administration:

Oral (by gavage)•

Doses/concentration levels:
0, 40, 200, 1,000 mg/kg bw/day (5 mL/kg bw in 3 % gum arabic solution)

•

Sex:

Male & Female•

Exposure period:

Males; for 44 days from 2 weeks prior to mating
Females; for 41 - 48 days from 14 days before mating to day 3
postpartum throughout mating and pregnancy.

•

Frequency of treatment:

Once daily.

•

Control group and treatment: Concurrent vehicle (3 % gum arabic purified water).

•Post exposure observation period: None.

•

Duration of test:

Male; for 44 days
Female; for 41 - 48 days•

Statistical methods:

Kruskal-Wallis test for non-continuous data or Dunnett’s or Scheffe’s
test for continuous data and Chi square test for quantal data.

REMARKS FIELD FOR TEST CONDITIONS–Test Subjects:
·
·

154

Age at study initiation: 9 week old for males and females
Weight at study initiation: 317 - 375 g for males, 203 - 240 g forfemales

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN·–

No. of animals per sex per dose: 12 per sex per dose group

Study Design:
The animals were sacrificed on the day 4 of lactation for females. Femaleswith no pregnancy were killed 26 days after the postcoitum date (1/12 in
200mg/kg bw group).
·

Vehicle: 3 % gum arabic purified water.

·

Satellite groups and reasons they were added: None.

·

Mating procedures: Male/female per cage; 1/1, length of
cohabitation; 7 days at the longest, until proof of pregnancy(formation of vaginal closing or sperm detection in vagina).

·

Clinical observations performed and frequency:
Parent: General appearance once a day
Foetus: General appearance once a day after birth
Haematology and biochemistry for males conducted only at time of
necropsy after 44 days of chemical exposure. Urinalysis was not
done.

·

Organs examined at necropsy:
Organ weight: for both sexes, brain, pituitary gland, thyroid gland,heart, liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal, thymus, and in addition for males,
testes and epididymis.
Microscopic: all animals in control and 1,000 mg/kg bw group, andunfertilized animals in other groups: brain, spinal cord, pituitary
gland, eyeball, thyroid gland (including parathyroid gland), thymus,
heart, trachea, lung, liver, kidney, adrenal, spleen, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, pancreas, urinary bladder, bone marrow,sciatic nerve, lymph node, testes, epididymis, prostate, seminal
vesicle, ovary, uterus, vagina, mammary gland and any organs, whichmight be expected to have histopathological changes and thymus andlung of dead animals.
Foetal: full macroscopic examinations on all live and dead pups.

·

Parameters assessed during study:
Body wt. (for males, once a week, and the first, the last day of theadministration, the day sacrificed, and for pregnant females, the day 0,
14 and 20 of gestation and on day 0 and 4 of lactation), food/water
consumption (once a week, and on the same day when body wt.
determined), No. of pairs with successful copulation, copulation index(No. of pairs with successful copulation/No. of pairs mated x 100),
pairing days until copulation, No. of pregnant females, fertility index= (No. of pregnant animals/No. of pairs with successful copulation x100), No. of corpora lutea, No. of implantation sites, implantationindex (No. of implantation sites/No. of corpora lutea x 100), No. ofliving pregnant females, No. of pregnant females with parturition,
gestation length, No. of pregnant females with live pups on day 0,
gestation index (No. of females with live pups/No. of living pregnant
females x 100), No. of pregnant females with live pups on day 4,delivery index (No. of pups born/No. of implantation sites x 100), No.
of pups alive on day 0 of lactation, live birth index (No. of live pups
on day 0/No. of pups born x 100), sex ratio (Total No. of male

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OECD SIDSTRIACETIN
pups/Total No. of female pups), No. of pups alive on day 4 oflactation, viability index (No. of live pups on day 4/No. of live pups
on day 0 x 100), body wt. of live pups (on day 0 and 4)

RESULTS•NOAEL and LOAEL maternal toxicity:
NOAEL: 1,000 mg/kg bw/day•

NOAEL and LOAEL foetal toxicity:
NOAEL: 1,000 mg/kg bw/day•

Actual dose received by dose level by sex if available:
0, 100, 300, 1,000 mg/kg bw/day for 14 consecutive administrations forboth sexes.

•

Maternal data with dose level :No effects related to chemical exposure were observed at all doses,
although there was a single unsuccessful copulation in control. At 200
mg/kg bw-group, one animal was not delivered of pups.

•

Foetal data with dose level :No effects related to chemical exposure were observed at all doses.

REMARKS FIELD FOR RESULTS.
–

Mortality and day of death: At 1,000 mg/kg bw, one male rat died 32 days after administration,
but without apparent relation to the exposure.

–Body weight:–

Food/water consumption: No dose-related changes in food consumption for both sexes.

–

Reproductive data:

No statistically significant difference from controls.

–

Fetal data :No statistically significant difference from controls, although 3, 6, 5 and 1
dead pups at birth or soon after birth were observed at 0, 40, 200 and
1,000 mg/kg bw, respectively.

–

Grossly visible abnormalities, external, soft tissue and skeletal abnormalities :No statistically significant effects were observed at all doses.

No dose-related changes in body weight and body weight gains for both
sexes.

Fertility and pregnancy data in rats treated orally with triacetin

156

Dose level (mg/kg bw/day)

0

40

200

1,000

No. of pairs matedNo. of pairs mated with successful copulation
Copulation index (%)
No. of pregnant females
Fertility index (%)

12
11
91.7
10
90.9

12
12
100
12
100

12
12
100
12
90

12
12
90
12
100

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Pairing days until copulation (Mean ± S.D.)
2.6±1.4
2.3±1.4
3.4±1.4
No. of estrous stages without mating
0.0±0.0
0.0±0.0
0.1±0.3
Copulation index (%)= (No. of pairs with successful copulation / No. of pairs mated) x100
Fertility index (%) =(No. of pregnant females / No. Of pairs with successful copulation) x100

3.0±1.7
0.1±0.3

Delivery and litter data in rats treated orally with triacetin
Dose level (mg/kg bw/day)

0

40

200

1,000

No. of females examined
No. of females with live pups
Gestation index (%)
Gestation length (days, Mean ± SD)

10
10
100
22.6±0.51212100
22.4±0.5

12
11
91.7
22.4±0.51212100
22.6±0.4

No. of corpora lutea (Mean ± SD)
No. of implantation sites (Mean ± S.D.)
Implantation index (%, Mean ± S.D.)
Delivery index (%, Mean ± S.D.)
No. of pups born
No. of pups alive on day 0 of lactation
Live birth index (%)
Sex ratio (Male/Female)
No. of pups alive on day 4 of lactation
Viability index on day 4 of lactation (%)
Body weight of live pups (g)(On day 0)
MaleFemale(On day 4)
Male
Female16.6±1.815.3±4.490.2±23.2
94.8±7.2
14.4±4.1
14.2±4.1
98.7±2.7
1.25 (79/63)
14.1±4.1
14.1±4.1

16.3±1.9
16.0±1.7
98.2±4.895.1±4.815.3±2.1
15.3±2.1
100±0.0
0.89 (86/97)
14.8±1.7
14.8±1.7

16.3±1.6
14.7±4.489.5±26.490.2±28.5
15.6±0.815.5±0.8
98.9±2.5
1.18 (92/78)
15.2±0.815.2±0.8

16.8±0.515.8±1.493.8±4.8
92.6±3.5
14.6±1.4
14.6±1.4
100±0.0
0.88 (82/93)
14.5±1.4
14.5±1.4

7.1±0.6
6.7±0.6

6.8±0.6
6.4±0.6

6.5±0.6
6.3±0.6

7.1±0.6
6.7±0.6

11.1±1.7
10.7±1.6

10.8±1.3
10.4±1.2

10.2±0.5
9.8±0.7

11.3±1.0
10.9±1.1

4.0±1.1
4.0±1.1

4.0±0.9
3.9±0.8

3.7±0.5
3.4±0.5

4.5±0.7
4.4±0.6

Body weight gain of pups (g)(On day 0-4)
Male
FemaleGestation index (%)=(No. of females with live pups / No. of pregnant females) x100
Delivery index (%) = (No. of pups born/ No. of implantation sites) x100
Live birth index (%) =(No. of live pups on day 0 / No. of pups born) x100
Viability index (%) =(No. of live pups on day 4/ No. of live pups on day 0) x100
Sex ratio=Total No. of male pups/ Total No. of female pups
Values are expressed as Mean±S.D. Except sex ratio.

CONCLUSIONS
No effects related to chemical exposure were observed maternally at all dose levels, although there was asingle undelivered animal at 200 mg/kg bw which was not statistically significantly different from thecontrol (p<0.05). Similarly, no effects related to the chemical exposure were observed at all dose levels
on reproductive parameters including the mating index, fertility index, gestation length, numbers ofcorpora lutea and implantations, implantation index, gestation index, delivery index, parturition andmaternal behaviour at delivery and lactation. Therefore, a NOAEL was established at 1,000 mg/kg
bw/day.

DATA QUALITY•

Reliabilities:

Valid without restriction.

Remarks field for Data Reliability
Well conducted study, carried out by Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and
Toxicology (Japan).

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157

OECD SIDSTRIACETINREFERENCES
Ministry of Health & Welfare (MHW), Japan (1998), Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental
Chemicals vol.6 127-147.

158

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Pharmacokinetics (Metabolism)
TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: British Drug Houses, purity: not available.

METHOD•

Method/guideline:

Other.

•

Test type:

In vitro.

•

GLP:

No.

•

Year:

1966.

•

Method:The procedure used in most experiments followed closely that outlined
by Parsons et al. (1958) (J. Physiol., 144 387-402). The sacs of theeverted intestine, the middle fifth of the combined jejunum and ileum
was used. The sacs contained initially 1 mL of bicarbonate saline andshaken for 1 hr at 37 °C. Acetins, glucose, acetate, or metabolic
inhibitors were added to the saline. At the end of the incubation, fluid
transfer was estimated by weighing the sac and its contents, and acetate
determinations were made on samples of the mucosal and serosal fluids.
Acetates were estimated by steam distillation from an all-glass Markham
apparatus and titration of the distillate with 0.05 N-NaOH using phenol
red as indicator.

•

Species:White rat.

•

Strain:Sheffield.

•

Sex:

Male.

•

Age:

Not stated.

•

Body weight:

230 g.

•

Number of Animals/Donors: Data not available.

•

Route of administration:

Not applicable.

•

Vehicle:One mL of bicarbonate saline (Krebs, H. A. and Henseleit, K, 1932,
Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem., 210 33-66)/sac.

•

Doses/concentration levels: 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 70 mM (glyceride)•

Statistical methods:

Mean ± S.E.M.

•

Actual doses:

Not applicable.

•

Excretion routes:

Not applicable.

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OECD SIDSTRIACETIN•

Body fluids sampled:

Not applicable.

•

Tissues sampled:

Not applicable.

•

Metabolites (CAS):

Acetic acid (64-19-7).
Glycerol (56-81-5).

RESULTS
Effect of concentration of glyceride on hydrolysis by everted sacs.
Concentration of glyceride (mM)
1
2
5
10
15
20
30
40
50
70
5 mM monoacetin+5 mM diacetin
5 mM monoacetin+5 mM triacetin
5 mM diacetin+5 mM triacetin

Acetate released (umoles)
Diacetin

Monoacetin
40±3 (5)71±4 (5)92±4 (5)195±6 (5)274±12 (5)295±18 (5)309±19 (5)107±5 (5)177±11 (5)198±11 (5)Triacetin84±4 (5)144±9 (5)206±12 (11)231±10 (5)310±16 (5)376±18 (5)-31±1 (5)61±2 (5)139±4 (5)211±12 (5)307±11 (5)-*The sacs contained initially I mL bicarbonate saline and were suspended in 15 mL of the same solution for I hr at 37 °C. Values are
expressed as umoles/g initial wet wt. of tissue. All values are means S.E.M. with the number of experiments in brackets.

Effect of concentration on entry into rat intestine from mucosal fluid.
Concentration of glyceride (mM)
1
2
5
10
15
20
30
40
50
70

Glyceride entry rate (umoles)
Monoacetin
Diacetin
40
71
92
195
274
295
309

42
72
103
115
155
188
-

Triacetin
10
20
46
70
102
-

Final concentration of acetate in mucosal and serosal fluid when glyceride is initially present in the mucosal
fluid.
Glyceride
(mM)

1
2
5
10
15
20
30
40
50
70

No. ofexpts.
5
5
9
5
5
6
5

Monoacetin
Final
Final
No. ofmucosalserosalexpts.
acetateacetate(mM)(mM)
1.78±0.07
8.50±0.34102.78±0.05
16.35±0.51 9
4.76±0.09
25.25±0.22 996.19±0.25
43.56±1.72 5
8.41±0.25
50.37±0.74 9.37±0.4945.62±0.92 5
14.31±0.75 46.56±2.12 -Diacetin
Triacetin
Final
Final
No. ofmucosalserosalexpts.
acetateacetate
(mM)
(mM)
5
5
3.12±0.10 14.67±0.54 5
4.98±0.13 27.56±1.24 10
6.25±0.22 42.00±1.23 5
7.98±0.15 47.78±0.73 11.31±0.31 54.87±1.41 18.21±0.14 39.75±2.70 -

Final
Final
mucosalserosalacetateacetate(mM)(mM)
1.39±0.07 5.06±0.06
2.70±0.17 11.31±0.83
5.39±0.14 27.75±0.52
10.56±0.18 40.02±1.45
17.94±0.18 26.60±1.42-*The sacs contained initially I mL bicarbonate saline and were suspended in 15 mL of the same solution for I hr at 37 °C. Values are
expressed as umoles/g initial wet wt. of tissue. All values are means S.E.M. with the number of experiments in brackets.

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Summary(1) When triacetin, mono- and diacetins were incubated with the sacs ofrats everted intestine, the glycerides entered the epithelial cells and were completely hydrolyzed tofree glycerol and acetic acid. The activity of the preparation, as measured by acetate release,increased with the number of acetic acid residues in the glyceride (15 mM). Monoacetin, diacetin
and triacetin released 92 ± 4, 206 ± 12 and 307 ± 11 umoles of acetate, respectively. With increasing
concentrations of glyceride (5, 10 and 15 mM), the amount of acetate released increased linealy up
to about a total amount of 300 umoles of acetates released. There is no absolute positional
specificity, and all three ester linkages can be split.
(2) The rate limiting step in the process was the entry of glyceride into the epithelial cell.
(3) The three acetins entered the epithelial cells at the same rate.
(4) The acetate released appeared in higher concentrations on the serosal sides.
(5) Volatile fatty acids, which released from acetins could be transferred into the cells by the rat ..........
intestine against a concentration gradient.

CONCLUSIONS
When triacetin, mono- and diacetins were incubated with the sacs of rats everted intestine, every
glyceride was hydrolyzed completely to free glycerol and acetic acid. There was no absolute positional
specificity for three ester linkages.

DATA QUALITY•

Reliabilities:

Valid with restriction.

Remarks field for Data Reliability

Data is historic. This study, however, clearly demonstrated that triacetin is hydrolysed to freeglycerol and acetic acid by rat intestine without positional specificity for ester linkages.
REFERENCES
Barry, R.J.C. et al. (1966), J. Physiol. 185 667-683.

GENERAL REMARKSUNEP PLUBLICATIONS

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OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Pharmacokinetics
TEST SUBSTANCE••

Identity:
Remarks:

Triacetin (CAS No. 102-76-1)
Source: data not available.

METHOD•

Method/guideline:

Other.

•

Test type:

In vivo

•

GLP:

No.

•

Year:

1993.

•

Method:Triacetin was administered intravenously to mongrel dogs (n=10) 2 weeks
after surgical placement of blood-sampling catheters in the aorta and in the
portal, hepatic, renal, and femoral veins.
[1-14C] Acetate was infused to allow quantification of organ uptake ofacetate as well as systemic turnover and oxidation.
After 3 hr of tracer infusion, a 5 % (v/v) aqueous solution of triacetin was
administered intravenously to mongrel dogs at a rate of 47 umol/kg
bw/min (estimated resting energy expenditure: REE) for an additional 4hours, after [1-14C] acetate was infused at a rate of ca. 30 kBq/min for 3
hours (continued to the end of study) to allow quantification of organ
uptake of acetate as well as systemic turnover and oxidation.

•

Species:

Dog.

•

Strain:Mongrel.

•Sex:

Data not available.

•

Age:

Data not available.

•

Body weight:

23.4±0.3 kg.

•

Number of Animals/Donors: Ten animals.

•

Route of administration:

Infusion via postcava.

•

Vehicle:150 mmol NaCl/L containing 2mmole NaHCO3/L.

•

Doses/concentration levels:

47 umol/kg bw/min (triacetin).

•

Statistical methods:

Average values for plasma acetate concentration and specific activity,
mean values for 14CO2 excretion rate for breath samples. Systemic acetate
turnover and oxidation were determined by using steady-state formulas.

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Actual doses:

Not applicable.

•

Excretion routes:

Breath.

•Body fluids sampled:

15-min Intervals over the last 30 min of the triacetin infusion.

•

Tissues sampled:

Blood.

•

Metabolites:

Not stated.

•

Metabolites CAS:

Not stated.

RESULTS
Plasma acetate concentration after steady-state conditions were achieved.(umol/L)
Aorta
Renal vein
Portal vein
Femoral vein
Hepatic vein
1180
935
817
752
473
Acetate turnover rate during triacetin infusion.
2214±95 umol/min, 68±3 % of the known rate of triacetin-derived acetate infusion, on the assumptionthat there was complete hydrolysis of the triglyceride.
Acetate oxidation during triacetin infusion.
1876±132 umol/min, 85±5 % of the acetate turnover.
Acetate clearance during triacetin infusion.
2.0±0.1 L/min.
Organ acetate uptake in dogs, postabsorptively.
TissueNo. of animals
Uptake (umol/min)
Hindlimb
989±7
Total skeletal muscle*
445±3510342±23
IntestineLiver6
559±68Kidney4
330±37*It was assumed that 20 % of whole-body skeletal muscle is represented in the hindlimb.

Systemic acetate kinetics was obtained in all animals tested. Systemic acetate turnover accounted forapproximately 70 % of triacetin-derived acetate, assuming complete hydrolysis of the triglyceride.
Approximately 80 % of systemic acetate uptake was rapidly oxidized. Significant acetate uptake wasdemonstrated in all tissues (liver, 559 ± 68; intestine, 342 ± 23; hindlimb, 89 ± 7; and kidney, 330 ± 37
umol/min).

CONCLUSIONS
During intravenous administration in dogs, the majority of infused triacetin undergoes intravascularhydrolysis, and the majority of the resulting acetate is oxidized. Thus, energy in the form of short-chain
fatty acids can be delivered to a resting gut via intravenous infusion of a short-chain triglyceride.

DATA QUALITY•

Reliabilities:

Valid with restriction.

Remarks field for Data Reliability

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163

OECD SIDSTRIACETINREFERENCES
Bleiberg, Batia et al., (1993), Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58 908-911.

GENERAL REMARKSTriacetin is a water-soluble short-chain triglyceride that may have a role as a parenteral nutrient.

164

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSOECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Appendix : Parameters used in calculation of distribution by Mackay level III fugacity model.
(Part 1)
Physico-Chemical Properties(water solubility ：70g/L)

ChemicalMolecular weight
Melting point ［℃］
Vapour pressure [Pa]
Water solubility [g/m3]
log Kow

Triacetin218.21

Methodcalculated

3
0.331

unkownunkown70000
0.21

measuredmeasuredIn air48

estimated

In water

168

measuredIn soilIn sediment

504
504

estimated
estimated

Temp. [℃]25

Scenariocaseemissionb.air E1

rate [kg/h]
b.w. E2

b.soil E3

1
2
3
4

1000
0
0
600

0
1000
0
300

0
0
1000
100

5

333

333

333

Half life [h]Emission Scenario

Theoretical Distribution of TriacetinCompartment

Scenario 1
100% to air

Scenario 2
100% to water

Scenario 3
100% to soil

Air
Water
Soil

0.9%
20.0%
79.1%

0.0%
99.7%
0.0%

0.0%
12.9%
87.1%

Scenario 4
Scenario 5
60% to air, 30% to Equal emission
water, 10% to soi air:water:soil=1: 1: 1
0.6%
0.3%
31.6%
30.1%
67.8%
69.5%

Sediment

0.1%

0.3%

0.0%

0.1%

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

0.1%

165

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Environmental
Parameter

Bulk Air

Bulk Water

Bulk Soil

Bulk Sediment

air
water
total
water
susp.
particles
fish
total
air
water
solid
total
water
solid
total

volume
[m3]
1E+13
2E+03
1E+13
2E+10
1E+06
2E+05
2E+10
3.2E+08
4.8E+08
8E+08
1.6E+09
8E+07
2E+07
1E+08

organic
depth [m] area [m2] carbon

1000

lipid content
[－]

0.05

0.2

residense time
[h]
100

1000

1000

1E+10

0.0
10

density[kg/m3]
1.2

1500
1000

2E+09

0.04

1.2
1000
2400

0.06

1000
2400

50000

b.sed. f4
1.3E-08
2.9E-08
1.0E-08
1.8E-08
1.8E-08

concentration [g/m3]
b.air C1
b.wat. C2
3.8E-07
4.3E-03
1.5E-11
9.7E-03
4.5E-09
3.5E-03
2.3E-07
5.8E-03
1.3E-07
5.8E-03

8E+09

0.05

2E+09

Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

emission rate [kg/h]b.air E1 b.wat. E2
1000
0
0
1000
0
0
600
300
333
333

b.soil E3
0
0
1000
100
333

fugacity [Pa]b.air f1
b.w. f2
4.3E-06 2.0E-08
1.7E-10 4.6E-08
5.1E-08 1.6E-08
2.6E-06 2.8E-08
1.4E-06 2.8E-08

Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

amount [kg]b.air m1 b.wat. m2
3.8E+03 8.6E+04
1.5E-01 1.9E+05
4.5E+01 6.9E+04
2.3E+03 1.2E+05
1.3E+03 1.2E+05

b.soil m3
3.4E+05
1.4E+01
4.7E+05
2.5E+05
2.7E+05b.sed. m4
2.2E+02
5.1E+02
1.8E+02
3.0E+02
3.0E+02

Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

transport rate between spheres [kg/h]
air→ water water→ air air→ soil soil→ air
1.8E+02 1.8E-02 7.3E+02 8.8E+00
7.5E-03 4.1E-02 3.0E-02 3.6E-04
2.2E+00 1.4E-02 8.8E+00 1.2E+01
1.1E+02 2.4E-02 4.4E+02 6.5E+00
6.2E+01 2.4E-02 2.5E+02 7.0E+00

b.soil f3
3.0E-06
1.2E-10
4.2E-06
2.2E-06
2.4E-06

total[kg]
4.3E+05
2.0E+05
5.4E+05
3.7E+05
3.9E+05transformation rate by reaction [kg/h]b.air
b.wat. R2
b.soil R3
5.4E+01
3.5E+02
4.7E+02
2.2E-03
8.0E+02
1.9E-02
6.6E-01
2.9E+02
6.4E+02
3.3E+01
4.8E+02
3.5E+02
1.8E+01
4.8E+02
3.7E+02

soil→ water
2.6E+02
1.0E-02
3.5E+02
1.9E+02
2.0E+02

water→ sed.
8.6E-01
1.9E+00
6.9E-01
1.2E+00
1.2E+00

sed.→ water
5.5E-01
1.2E+00
4.4E-01
7.4E-01
7.4E-01

Z and D values
ZB

DR

DA

[mol/m3･Pa]
Bulk Air (1)4.0E-04
Bulk Water (2) 8.0E+02
Bulk Soil (3)2.7E+02
Bulk Sediment (4 6.6E+02[mol/Pa･h]
5.8E+076.6E+10
5.9E+08
9.0E+07[mol/Pa･h]
4.0E+07
1.6E+100.0E+00
1.3E+06D12[mol/Pa･h]
1.6E+08D21[mol/Pa･h]
4.0E+06

D13[mol/Pa･h]
6.6E+08

D31[mol/Pa･h]
1.3E+07D32[mol/Pa･h]
3.2E+08

D24[mol/Pa･h]
1.6E+08

D42[mol/Pa･h]
1.6E+08

166

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

b.sed. R4
3.1E-01
7.0E-01
2.5E-01
4.2E-01
4.2E-01b.soilC3
2.1E-01
8.6E-06
2.9E-01
1.6E-01
1.7E-01b.sed.C4
2.2E-03
5.1E-03
1.8E-033.0E-033.0E-03transformation rate by advection [kg/h]b.air A1 b.wat. A2 b.sed. A4
3.8E+01 8.6E+01 4.5E-03
1.5E-03 1.9E+02 1.0E-02
4.5E-01 6.9E+01 3.6E-03
2.3E+01 1.2E+02 6.1E-03
1.3E+01 1.2E+02 6.1E-03

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Appendix : Parameters used in calculation of distribution by Mackay level III fugacity model.
(Part 2)
Physico-Chemical Properties(water solubility ：58g/L)

In airIn water
In soilIn sediment

Triacetin218.21
3
0.331
58000
0.21
48
168
504
504

Temp. [℃]25

ChemicalMolecular weight
Melting point ［℃］
Vapour pressure [Pa]
Water solubility [g/m3]
log Kow
Half life [h]Methodcalculated
unkownunkownmeasuredmeasuredestimatedmeasuredestimated
estimated

Emission Scenario
Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

emissionb.air E1
1000
0
0
600
333

rate [kg/h]
b.w. E2
0
1000
0
300
333

b.soil E3
0
0
1000
100
333

Theoretical Distribution of TriacetinCompartment

Scenario 1
100% to air

Scenario 2
100% to water

Scenario 3
100% to soil

Air
Water
Soil
Sediment

1.1%
19.9%
79.0%
0.1%

0.0%
99.7%
0.0%
0.3%

0.0%
12.9%
87.1%
0.0%

Scenario 4
60% to air, 30% towater, 10% to soi
0.7%
31.7%
67.5%
0.1%

UNEP PLUBLICATIONSScenario 5
Equal emission
air:water:soil=1: 1: 1
0.4%
30.2%
69.4%
0.1%

167

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Environmental
Parameter

Bulk Air

Bulk Water

Bulk Soil

Bulk Sediment

air
water
total
water
susp.
particles
fish
total
air
water
solid
total
water
solid
total

volume
3
[m ]
1E+13
2E+03
1E+13
2E+10

organic carbon lipid content
2depth [m] area [m ] content [－]
[－]

1E+06
2E+05
2E+10
3.2E+08
4.8E+08
8E+08
1.6E+09
8E+07
2E+07
1E+08

0.0

1000

0.2

residense time
[h]
100

1000

1000

1E+10

0.05
10

density3[kg/m ]
1.2

1500
1000

2E+09

0.04

1.2
1000
2400

0.06

1000
2400

50000

b.sed. f4
1.5E-08
3.5E-08
1.3E-08
2.1E-08
2.1E-08

concentration [g/m ]b.air C1
b.wat. C2
4.5E-07
4.2E-03
2.2E-11
9.7E-03
6.2E-09
3.5E-03
2.7E-07
5.8E-03
1.5E-07
5.8E-03

8E+09

0.05

2E+09

Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

emission rate [kg/h]b.air E1 b.wat. E2
1000
0
0
1000
0
0
600
300
333
333

b.soil E3
0
0
1000
100
333

fugacity [Pa]b.air f1
b.w. f2
5.0E-06 2.4E-08
2.5E-10 5.6E-08
7.1E-08 2.0E-08
3.0E-06 3.3E-08
1.7E-06 3.3E-08

Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

amount [kg]b.air m1 b.wat. m2
4.5E+03 8.4E+04
2.2E-01 1.9E+05
6.2E+01 6.9E+04
2.7E+03 1.2E+05
1.5E+03 1.2E+05

b.soil m3
3.3E+05
1.6E+01
4.7E+05
2.5E+05
2.7E+05b.sed. m4
2.2E+02
5.1E+02
1.8E+02
3.0E+02
3.0E+02

Scenario
case
1
2
3
4
5

transport rate between spheres [kg/h]
air→ water water→ air air→ soil soil→ air
1.8E+02 2.1E-02 7.2E+02 1.0E+01
8.9E-03 4.9E-02 3.5E-02 4.9E-04
2.5E+00 1.7E-02 1.0E+01 1.4E+01
1.1E+02 2.9E-02 4.3E+02 7.5E+00
6.1E+01 2.9E-02 2.4E+02 8.1E+00

3b.soil f3
3.6E-06
1.8E-105.0E-06
2.7E-06
2.9E-06

total[kg]
4.2E+05
2.0E+05
5.4E+05
3.7E+05
3.8E+05transformation rate by reaction [kg/h]b.air
b.wat. R2
b.soil R3
6.4E+01
3.5E+02
4.6E+02
3.1E-03
8.0E+02
2.2E-02
9.0E-01
2.9E+02
6.4E+02
3.9E+01
4.8E+02
3.4E+02
2.2E+01
4.8E+02
3.7E+02

soil→ water
2.5E+02
1.2E-02
3.5E+02
1.9E+02
2.0E+02

water→ sed.
8.4E-01
1.9E+00
6.9E-01
1.2E+00
1.2E+00

sed.→ water
5.4E-01
1.2E+00
4.4E-01
7.4E-01
7.4E-01

Z and D Values
ZB

DR

DA

[mol/m3･Pa]
Bulk Air (1)4.0E-04
Bulk Water (2) 8.0E+02
Bulk Soil (3)2.7E+02
Bulk Sediment (4 6.6E+02[mol/Pa･h]
5.8E+076.6E+10
5.9E+08
9.0E+07[mol/Pa･h]
4.0E+07
1.6E+100.0E+00
1.3E+06D12[mol/Pa･h]
1.6E+08D21[mol/Pa･h]
4.0E+06

D13[mol/Pa･h]
6.6E+08

D31[mol/Pa･h]
1.3E+07D32[mol/Pa･h]
3.2E+08

D24[mol/Pa･h]
1.6E+08

D42[mol/Pa･h]
1.6E+08

168

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

b.sed. R4
3.0E-01
7.0E-01
2.5E-01
4.2E-01
4.2E-01b.soilC3
2.1E-01
1.0E-05
2.9E-01
1.5E-01
1.7E-01b.sed.C4
2.2E-03
5.1E-03
1.8E-033.0E-033.0E-03transformation rate by advection [kg/h]b.air A1 b.wat. A2 b.sed. A4
4.5E+01 8.4E+01 4.4E-03
2.2E-03 1.9E+02 1.0E-02
6.2E-01 6.9E+01 3.6E-03
2.7E+01 1.2E+02 6.0E-03
1.5E+01 1.2E+02 6.0E-03

OECD SIDSTRIACETIN

Environmental parametervolume[m 3 ]
bulk airbulk water

bulk soil

bulk sediment

air
particles
total
water
particles
fish
total
air
water
solid
total
water
solid
total

1E+13
2E+03
1E+13
2E+10
1E+06
2E+05
2E+10
3.2E+08
4.8E+08
8E+08
1.6E+09
8E+07
2E+07
1E+08

depth
[m]

1000

area
[m 2 ]

organic carbon
content [ －]lipid content
[－]

0.05

0.2

0.05

residencetime [h]

1.2

100

1000
1500
1000

1000

1E+10
0.04

10

density[kg/m 3 ]

2E+09

0.04

1.2
1000
2400

0.06

1000
2400

8E+09
50000

2E+09

UNEP PLUBLICATIONS

169