2022-2023 Data ReportABOUT THE HEALTHY MINDS STUDY (HMS)STUDY TEAM
Principal Investigators: Daniel Eisenberg, PhD, Sarah Ketchen Lipson, PhD, Justin Heinze, PhD,
& Sasha Zhou, PhD, MPH, MHSA
Study Coordinators: Brenda Vyletel, MSE, Haley Henry, BA, Juliana Fucinari, MPH,
Mac Murphy, MPH, MSSW, Erin Voichoski, MPH & Julia Bell, MPH

REPORT TEAM
Report Automation: Andy Inscore

TABLE OF CONTENTSSTUDY PURPOSE

1

STUDY DESIGN

1ABOUT THIS REPORT2KEY FINDINGS3SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS

4

PREVALENCE OF MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS

5HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND LIFESTYLE

7ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES

8USE OF SERVICES

9REFERENCES

11

APPENDIX: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR SURVEY ITEMS13STUDY PURPOSE
The Healthy Minds Study provides a detailed picture of mental health and related issues in college student populations.
Schools typically use their data for some combination of the following purposes: to identify needs and priorities;
benchmark against peer institutions; evaluate programs and policies; plan for services and programs; and advocate forresources.

STUDY DESIGNThe Healthy Minds Study is designed to protect the privacy and confidentiality of participants. HMS is approved byAdvarra. To further protect respondent privacy, the study is covered by a Certificate of Confidentiality from the National
Institutes of Health.

SAMPLING
Each participating school provides the HMS team with a sample of currently enrolled students over the age of 18, either
randomly selected or their entire student population. Schools with graduate students typically include both undergraduatesand graduate students in the sample.

DATA COLLECTION
HMS is a web-based survey. Students are invited and reminded to participate in the survey via emails, which are timed to
avoid, if at all possible, the first two weeks of the term, the last week of the term, and any major holidays. The datacollection protocol begins with an email invitation, and non-responders are contacted up to three times by email reminders.
Reminders are only sent to those who have not yet completed the survey. Each communication contains a URL thatstudents use to gain access to the survey.

NON-RESPONSE ANALYSIS
A potential concern in any survey study is that those who respond to the survey will not be fully representative of the
population from which they are drawn. In the HMS, we can be confident that those who are invited to fill out the survey
are representative of the full student population because these students are randomly selected from the full list of
currently enrolled students. However it is still possible that those who actually complete the survey are different inimportant ways from those who do not complete the survey. It is important to raise the question of whether thepercentage of students who participated are different in important ways from those who did not participate. We address
this issue by constructing non-response weights. The non-response weights adjust specifically for the fact that female
students have consistently higher response rates than male students in our survey (and in most other survey studies). We
construct the weights by comparing the female-male composition of our respondent sample to the reported female-maleratio for the full student population at each institution (which is typically available from basic enrollment statistics). If the
respondent sample has a smaller percentage of males and larger percentage of females, as compared to the compositionof the full student population, then male students in our sample are assigned a higher non-response weight value thanfemale students. This means that weighted estimates are representative of the female-male distribution in the full student
population. For students with nonbinary gender identities, we are not able to use this same process, however, because weare generally not able to obtain accurate statistics on the representation of these groups in the full student population.
Therefore, rather than making assumptions, we assign a weight value to students with nonbinary identifiers that leaves
their representation in the weighted sample the same as in the unweighted sample. In the future, if and when morereliable information becomes available at the full student population level, we will be able to incorporate that information
into sample weights for groups other than female and male gender identities. Finally, note that these sample weights giveequal aggregate weight to each school in the national estimates. An alternative would have been to assign weights inproportion to school size, but we decided that we did not want our overall national estimates to be dominated by schools
in our sample with very large enrollments.

1

ABOUT THIS REPORTThis data report provides descriptive statistics (percentages, mean values, etc.) from the national sample of respondents
for a set of key measures. In addition to the key measures highlighted in this report, an appendix is also included withdescriptive statistics for each survey item (see below).

APPENDIX
The appendix includes values for most measures in the three standard survey modules that are administered on allparticipating campuses: Demographics, Mental Health Status, and Mental Health Services Utilization/Help-Seeking. For
each measure, the data tables display the following information: the value for the national sample and the 95% confidence
interval for this value. All values in the appendix have been weighted to be representative of the full student populations towhich they refer (see Non-response Analysis). Also note that for some measures, respondents were allowed to check
more than one response category (e.g., they might have gone to more than one type of provider for mental healthservices), so the percentages sometimes add up to more than 100% across response categories. The 95% confidence
intervals give a sense of how much uncertainty there is about each estimated value. This uncertainty exists because ourestimates are based only on a random sample of students, rather than a complete census of the student population.
However, some schools that had less than 4,000 students (the typical requested sample size), provided their entire
population. For consistency sake, these schools were not treated any differently than those schools that provided a 4,000
student sample of their full population. Essentially, the confidence interval tells us that there is a 95% probability that thetrue population value is within this particular range.

2

KEY FINDINGSThis section offers a quick look at results from key survey measures.

Estimated values of selected measures

Percentage of students

Major depression (positive PHQ-9 screen)

20%

Depression overall, including major and moderate (positive PHQ-9 screen)

41%

Anxiety disorder (positive GAD-7 screen)

36%

Eating disorder (positive SCOFF screen)

14%

Non-suicidal self-injury (past year)

29%

Suicidal ideation (past year)

14%

Lifetime diagnoses of mental disorders

46%

Psychiatric medication (past year)

29%

Mental health therapy/counseling (past year)

36%

Any mental health therapy/counseling and/or psychiatric medication among students with positive
depression or anxiety screens (past year)

59%

Personal stigma: agrees with "I would think less of someone who has received mental healthtreatment."

6%

Perceived public stigma: agrees with "Most people would think less of someone who has received
mental health treatment."41%

3

SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS (N=76406)
Age (years)

20%

GenderLiving Arrangement

17%
15%

15%

14%
11%
8%

10%

8%
5%

5%
3%

18

19

20

21

22

23-25 26-30 31-35 36-40

54%

Female30%

Campus residence hall

41%

Male

1%

Fraternity or sorority house

4%

Transgender and non-binary

8%

Other university housing

32%

Off-campus, non-university housing

26%

Parent or guardian's home

4%

Other

41+

Race/ethnicity
70%

WHI

White or Caucasian

BLA

African American/BlackLAT

Hispanic/Latino

AMIN

American Indian/Alaskan Native

40%

ARAB

Arab/Middle Eastern or Arab American

30%

ASIAN Asian/Asian American

61%

60%
50%

16%

20%

16%
12%

10%

WHI

BLA

LAT

2%

2%

AMIN

ARAB

ASIAN

1%

2%

PAC

OTH

Class format
60%

All In-Person

HYB Hybrid
50%

ONL All Online
OTH Other

33%

30%

ASS

Associate's degree

60%

BA

Bachelor's degree

50%

MA

Master's degree

JD

JD

MD

MD

HYB

ONL

61%

40%
22%

PHD PhD or equivalent
ND

10%
1%

INP

Other

20%

11%

10%

4

70%

30%

20%

Pacific Islander

OTH

Degree program
INP

54%

40%

PAC

OTH

10%

ASS

BA

MA

1%

2%

3%

2%

3%

JD

MD

PHD

ND

OTH

Non-degree student

OTH Other

PREVALENCE OF MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
DEPRESSION SCREEN
Depression is measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a nine-item instrument based on the symptoms
provided in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders for a major depressive episode in the past two
weeks (Spitzer, Kroenke, & Williams, 1999). Following the standard algorithm for interpreting the PHQ-9, symptom levels
are categorized as severe (score of 15+), moderate (score of 10-14), or mild/minimal (score <10).

Severe depression

Moderate depression

Any depression

20%

20%

41%

ANXIETY SCREEN
Anxiety is measured using the GAD-7, a seven-item screening tool for screening and severity measuring of generalized
anxiety disorder in the past two weeks (Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams, & Lowe, 2006). Following the standard algorithm forinterpreting the GAD-7, symptom levels are categorized as severe anxiety, moderate anxiety, or neither.
Severe anxiety

Moderate anxiety

Any anxiety

17%

19%

36%

EATING DISORDER SCREENLONELINESS

Eating disorders are measured using
the written U.S. version of the SCOFF,a five-item screening tool designed to
identify subjects likely to have an eating
disorder (Morgan, Reid, & Lacey, 1999).

How often do you feel...

Eating disorders

14%

you lack
companionshipisolated fromothersleft out

34%

29%

29% Hardly ever

37%

39%

36% Some of the time

19%

22%

25% Often

5

SUICIDALITY AND SELF-INJUROUS BEHAVIOR
Suicidal ideation (past year)

Suicide plan (past year)

Suicide attempt (past year)

Non-suicidal self-injury (past year)

14%

6%

2%

29%

LIFETIME DIAGNOSES OF MENTAL DISORDERS
Have you ever been diagnosed with any of the following conditions by a health professional (e.g. primary care doctor, psychiatrist,
psychologist, etc.)? (Select all that apply)
30%

Depression or other mood disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder)

3%

Bipolar (e.g., bipolar I or II, cyclothymia)

36%

Anxiety (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, phobias)

3%

Obsessive-compulsive or related disorders (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphia)

10%

Trauma and stressor related disorders (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder)

12%

Neurodevelopmental disorder or intellectual disability (e.g., attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, intellectual
disability, autism spectrum disorder)

5%

Eating disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa)1%

Psychosis (e.g., schizophrenia, schizo-affective disorder)2%

Personality disorder (e.g., antisocial personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder)2%

Substance use disorder (e.g., alcohol abuse, abuse of other drugs)

54%

No, none of these

ACADEMIC IMPAIRMENTIn the past 4 weeks, how many days haveyou felt that emotional or mental difficulties
have hurt your academic performance?

19% None
29% 1 - 2 days
23% 3 - 5 days
22% 6 or more days

6

POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH
Positive mental
health36%

Positive mental health (psychologicalwell-being) is measured using The Flourishing
Scale, an eight-item summary measure of the
respondent's self-perceived success inimportant areas such as relationships,
self-esteem, purpose, and optimism (Diener,
Wirtz, Tov, Kim-Prieto, Choi, Oishi, &Biswas-Diener , 2009). The score ranges from
8-56, and we are using 48 as the thresholdfor positive mental health.

HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND LIFESTYLE
Drug use
Over the past 30 days, have you used any of the following drugs? (Select all that apply)
23%

Marijuana

1%

Cocaine (any form, including crack, powder, or freebase)0%

Heroin0%

Opioid pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet, Demerol, Dilaudid, codeine, hydrocodone, methadone, morphine) without aprescription or more than prescribed1%

Benzodiazepenes

0%

Methamphetamines (also known as speed, crystal meth, or ice)

1%

Other stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall) without a prescription or more than prescribed

0%

MDMA (also known as Ecstasy or Molly)

0%

Ketamine (also known as K, Special K)

0%LSD (also known as acid)2%

Psilocybin (also known as magic mushrooms, boomers, shrooms)

0%

Kratom0%

Athletic performance enhancers (anything that violates policies set by school or any athletic governing body)

1%

Other drugs without a prescription

76%

No, none of these

Binge drinking

Exercise

The following questions ask about how much you drink.
A "drink" means any of the following:

In the past 30 days, about how many hours per week on average
did you spend exercising? (include any exercise of moderate or
higher intensity, where "moderate intensity" would be roughly
equivalent to brisk walking or bicycling)

A 12-ounce can or bottle of beer
A 4-ounce glass of wine
A shot of liquor straight or in a mixed drink
During the last two weeks, how many times have you
had 4 (female), 5 (male), 4 or 5 (other gender) or more
drinks in a row?
51%

Reporting no alcohol use in past
2 weeks ("No alcohol use")

17%

Reporting yes to alcohol use, but 0 times
having >4, 5, or 4/5 drinks in past 2 weeks

12%

Once

9%

Twice

8%

3 to 5 times

2%

6 to 9 times

1%

10 or more times

29%

Less than 1

21%

1-2

14%

2-3

12%

3-4

24%

5 or more

7

ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH SERVICESKNOWLEDGE
Knowledge of campus mental health resources

Perceived need (past year)

If I needed to seek professional help for my mental oremotional health, I would know where to go to accessresources from my school.

In the past 12 months, I needed help for emotional ormental health problems such as feeling sad, blue,
anxious or nervous.

21%

Strongly agree

25%

Strongly agree

25%

Agree

17%

Agree

18%

Somewhat agree15%Somewhat agree

6%

Somewhat disagree5%

Somewhat disagree

8%Disagree

12%

Disagree5%Strongly disagree

13%Strongly disagree

Perceived need (current)
I currently need help for emotional or mental healthproblems such as feeling sad, blue, anxious or nervous.
15%

Strongly agree

14%

Agree

17%

Somewhat agree

6%

Somewhat disagree

5%Disagree2%Strongly disagree

SCHOOL CLIMATE
Anti-racism
I believe my school actively works towards combating
racism within the campus community.

87%

8

Agree

USE OF SERVICES
Psychotropic medication use, all students (past year)
In the past 12 months have you taken any of the following types of medications? Please count only those you took, or are taking, several
times per week. (Select all that apply)
7%

Psychostimulants (e.g., methylphenidate (Ritalin, or Concerta), amphetamine salts (Adderall), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), etc.)20%

Anti-depressants (e.g., fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), escitalopram (Lexapro), venlafaxine (Effexor), buproprion(Wellbutrin), etc.)1%

Anti-psychotics (e.g., haloperidol (Haldol), clozapine (Clozaril), risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexa), etc.)

9%Anti-anxiety medications (e.g., lorazepam (Ativan), clonazepam (Klonopin), alprazolam (Xanax), buspirone (BuSpar), etc.)

3%

Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium, valproate (Depakote), lamotrigine (Lamictal), carbamazapine (Tegretol), etc.)

4%

Sleep medications (e.g., zolpidem (Ambien), zaleplon (Sonata), etc.)

3%

Other medication for mental or emotional health

71%

None

Psychotropic medication use among students with positive depression or anxiety screens (past year)
In the past 12 months have you taken any of the following types of medications? Please count only those you took, or are taking, several
times per week. (Select all that apply)

10%

Psychostimulants (e.g., methylphenidate (Ritalin, or Concerta), amphetamine salts (Adderall), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), etc.)30%

Antidepressants (e.g., fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), escitalopram (Lexapro), venlafaxine (Effexor), buproprion(Wellbutrin), etc.)2%Anti-psychotics (e.g., haloperidol (Haldol), clozapine (Clozaril), risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexa), etc.)14%

Anti-anxiety medications (e.g., lorazepam (Ativan), clonazepam (Klonopin), alprazolam (Xanax), buspirone (BuSpar), etc.)

5%

Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium, valproate (Depakote), lamotrigine (Lamictal), carbamazapine (Tegretol), etc.)

7%

Sleep medications (e.g., zolpidem (Ambien), zaleplon (Sonata), etc.)

4%

Other medication for mental or emotional health

60%

None

9

Mental health counseling/therapy, all students(past year)
In the past 12 months have you received counselingor therapy for your mental or emotional health from ahealth professional (such as psychiatrist, psychologist,social worker, or primary care doctor)?

Informal help-seeking
In the past 12 months have you received counseling or support foryour mental or emotional health from any of the following sources?
(Select all that apply)
15%

Roommate

42%

Friend (who is not a roommate)

32%

Significant other41%

Family member

4%

Religious counselor or other religious contact

Mental health counseling/therapy among
students with positive depression or anxiety
screens (past year)2%

Support group

6%

Faculty member/professor

In the past 12 months have you received counseling or
therapy for your mental or emotional health from ahealth professional (such as psychiatrist, psychologist,social worker, or primary care doctor)?

3%

Staff member

1%

Other non-clinical source

31%

None of the above

36%

Barriers to help-seeking

46%
In the past 12 months, which of the following factors have caused
you to receive fewer services (counseling, therapy, or medications)for your mental or emotional health than you would have otherwise
received? (Select all that apply)

Mental health counseling/therapy, all students(lifetime)5%

I haven't had the chance to go but I plan to35%

No need for services

21%

Financial reasons (too expensive, not covered by insurance)

24%

Not enough time15%

Not sure where to go

11%

Difficulty finding an available appointment

21%

Prefer to deal with issues on my own or with support fromfamily/friends

Mental health counseling/therapy among
students with positive depression or anxiety
screens (lifetime)4%

Privacy concerns

7%

People providing services don't understand me

Have you ever received counseling or therapy for mental
health concerns?

4%

Other

13%

No barriers

Have you ever received counseling or therapy for mental
health concerns?

53%

65%

10

REFERENCESMENTAL HEALTH SCREENS
Center for Collegiate Mental Health (2015). CCAPS User Manual. University Park, PA.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New measures of well-being:
Flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 39, 247-266.
Morgan, J. F., Reid, F., & Lacey, J. H. (1999). The SCOFF questionnaire: assessment of a new screening tool for eating
disorders BMJ, 319(7223), 1467-1468.
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. (1999). Validation andutility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA, 282(18), 1737-1744.
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder:
the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097.

SELECTED ARTICLES PUBLISHED WITH HMS DATA
Eisenberg, D., Golberstein, E., Hunt, J. (2009). Mental Health and Academic Success in College. B.E. Journal of Economic
Analysis & Policy 9(1) (Contributions): Article 40.
Cohen, K., Manikandan, D., Jirsa, M., Gatto, A., & Zhou, S. (2023). Mental healthcare on college campuses during
COVID-19: Comparing Telehealth, In-person, and Hybrid modes of delivery. Journal of American College Health (in press).
Eisenberg, D., Hunt, J.B., Speer, N., Zivin, K. (2011). Mental Health Service Utilization among College Students in the
United States. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 199(5): 301-308.
Eisenberg, D., Chung, H. (2012). Adequacy of Depression Treatment in College Student Populations. General Hospital
Psychiatry 34(3):213-220.
Eisenberg, D., Speer, N., Hunt, J.B. (2012). Attitudes and Beliefs about Treatment among College Students with Untreated
Mental Health Problems. Psychiatric Services 63(7): 711-713.
Eisenberg, D., Hunt, J.B., Speer, N. (2013). Mental Health in American Colleges and Universities: Variation across Student
Subgroups and across Campuses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 201(1): 60-67.
Halladay, J, Freibott, C, Lipson, S, Zhou, S, & Eisenberg, D (2022). Trends in co-occurrence of substance use and mental
health symptomatology in a national sample of US post-secondary students from 2009-2019. Journal of American College
Health.
Lipson, S., Gaddis, S.M., Heinze, J., Beck, K., Eisenberg, D. (2015). Variations in Student Mental Health and Treatment
Utilization Across US Colleges and Universities. Journal of American College Health, 63(6): 388-396.
Lipson, S., Zhou, S., Wagner, B., Beck, K., Eisenberg, D. (2016). Major differences: Variations in student mental health andservice utilization across academic disciplines. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 30(1), 23-41.
Lipson, S, Zhou, S, Abelson, S, Heinze, J, Jirsa, M, Morigney, J, Patterson, A, Singh, M, & Eisenberg, D (2022). Trends incollege student mental health and help-seeking by race/ethnicity: findings from the national Healthy Minds Study,
2013-2021. Journal of Affective Disorders.
Lipson, S, Phillips, M, Winquist, N, Eisenberg, D, & Lattie, EG (2021). Community college student mental health: a national
study comparing prevalence and service use at community colleges and four-year institutions. Psychiatric Services.

11

REFERENCES CONTINUEDSELECTED ARTICLES PUBLISHED WITH HMS DATA
Lipson, S, Raifman, J, Abelson, S, & Reisner, S (2019). Gender minority mental health in the U.S.: results of a national
survey on college campuses. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 57(3), 293-301.
Lipson, S, Lattie, E, & Eisenberg, D (2018). Increased rates of mental health service utilization by U.S. college students:
10-year population-level trends (2007-2017). Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 60-63.
Sonneville, K, & Lipson, S (2018). Disparities in eating disorder diagnosis and treatment according to weight status,
race/ethnicity, socioeconomic background, and sex among college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders,
51(6), 518-526.
Zhou, S., Banawa, R., & Oh, H. (2023). Stop Asian Hate: The Mental Health Impact of Racial Discrimination Among Asian
Pacific Islander Young and Emerging Adults during COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders (in press).
Zhou, S., Banawa, R., & Oh, H. (2021). The mental health impact of COVID-19 racial and ethnic discrimination against asianamerican and pacific islanders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 1950.

Email: healthyminds@umich.edu
Website: www.healthymindsnetwork.org

12

APPENDIX: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR SURVEY ITEMSMEASUREAll Students

95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Respondent Characteristics
SampleN
Response Rate

76406
9%

GenderFemale
Male
Other

54%
41%
4%

(53%, 55%)
(40%, 42%)(3%, 4%)

Race/Ethnicity
White / CaucasianBlack / African American
Hispanic / Latino
American IndianArab / Middle Eastern
Asian / Asian American
Pacific Islander
Other

61%
16%
16%
2%
2%
12%
1%
2%

(61%, 62%)
(16%, 17%)
(16%, 17%)(2%, 2%)(2%, 2%)(11%, 12%)(1%, 1%)(2%, 2%)

Country
US Resident / Citizen
International93%7%(93%, 93%)(7%, 7%)

ResidenceCampus residence hall
Fraternity / sorority house
Other campus housing
Off-campus / non-university housing
Parent or guardian's home
Other

30%
1%
8%
32%
26%
4%

(29%, 30%)
(1%, 1%)(8%, 8%)(31%, 33%)
(25%, 26%)
(3%, 4%)

Academic level
Associates
Bachelors
Masters
JD
MD
PhD or equivalent
Other
Non-degree

22%
61%
10%
1%
2%
3%
3%
2%

(22%, 23%)
(60%, 61%)
(9%, 10%)(1%, 1%)(2%, 2%)(3%, 4%)(3%, 3%)(1%, 2%)

Age
18-22
23-25
26-30
31+

68%
11%
8%
12%

(68%, 69%)
(10%, 11%)(8%, 9%)(12%, 13%)Highest educational attainment of either
parentLess than high school degree
High school degree
College degree
Graduate degree

5%
26%
37%
31%

(5%, 6%)(26%, 27%)
(37%, 38%)
(30%, 31%)

Current financial situation
Always stressful
Often stressful
StressfulRarely Stressful
Never Stressful

18%
25%
34%
17%
7%

(17%, 19%)
(24%, 25%)
(33%, 34%)
(17%, 18%)
(6%, 7%)

13

Respondent Characteristics
MEASUREAll Students

95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Financial situation growing up
Always stressful
Often stressful
StressfulRarely Stressful
Never Stressful

14%
19%
27%
25%
14%

(13%, 14%)(18%, 20%)
(27%, 28%)
(25%, 26%)
(14%, 15%)

Sexual orientation
Heterosexual
Bisexual
Gay / lesbian
Queer
Questioning
Self-identify

73%
13%
3%
4%
3%
2%

(73%, 74%)
(13%, 13%)(3%, 3%)(4%, 4%)(3%, 3%)(2%, 2%)

Mental Health Measures
Positive Mental HealthFlourishing Scale (8-56)

43.0(42.8, 43.1)

Depression (PHQ-9)
Overall score (0-27)
In moderate range (10-14)
In moderately severe range (15-19)
In severe range (20-27)
Major depression (positive screen)
Other depression (positive screen)
Depression overall

9.0
18%
11%
7%
20%
20%
41%

(8.9, 9.1)
(18%, 19%)
(10%, 11%)(7%, 8%)(20%, 21%)(20%, 21%)(40%, 42%)

Impairment from depression (1)Not difficult at all
Somewhat difficult
Very difficult
Extremely difficult

23%
54%
16%
7%

(22%, 23%)
(53%, 55%)
(16%, 17%)(6%, 7%)

Generalized anxiety (GAD-7)
Overall score (0-21)
In moderate range (10-14)
In severe range (15-21)
Probable anxiety disorder (positive screen)

7.9
19%
17%
36%

(7.8, 8.0)
(18%, 19%)
(16%, 17%)(35%, 36%)

Depression/Anxiety
Depression or anxiety disorder

49%(49%, 50%)

Disordered eating and body image
Probable eating disorder (3+ on SCOFF)
Need to be very thin to feel good about self
Think you are very underweight

14%
30%
2%

(14%, 15%)(29%, 31%)(2%, 2%)

Academic impairment from mental
health, past 4 weeks (2)None
1-2 days
3-5 days
6 or more days

19%
29%
23%
22%

(18%, 19%)
(28%, 30%)
(22%, 24%)
(22%, 23%)

(1) How difficult have these problems made it for you to do your work, take care of things at home, or get along with other people?
(2) How many days have you felt that emotional or mental difficulties have hurt your academic performance?

14

Self-Injury and Suicide
MEASURE
Non-suicidal self-injury, past year
Any
Cutting self
Burning self
Punching or banging self
Scratching self
Pulling one's hair
Biting self
Interfering with wound healing
Carving words or symbols in skinRubbing sharp objects on skin
Punching or banging wall or object
Other
Suicidality
Seriously thought about attempting suicide,
past year
Made a plan for attempting suicide, past
year
Attempted suicide, past year

All Students

95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

29%
6%
2%
11%
11%
10%
6%
11%
1%
4%
9%
2%

(28%, 30%)
(6%, 7%)(2%, 3%)(11%, 12%)
(11%, 12%)
(10%, 11%)(6%, 7%)(10%, 11%)(1%, 1%)(3%, 4%)(8%, 9%)(2%, 2%)14%(14%, 15%)6%(6%, 7%)2%(2%, 2%)15

Previous Diagnoses of Mental Disorders
MEASURE16

All Students

95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Mental disorders
Any

46%

(45%, 47%)

Depression or mood disorder
Any
Major depression
Dysthymia
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

30%
16%
3%
1%

(29%, 31%)(15%, 16%)(2%, 3%)(1%, 1%)

Bipolar and related disorders
Any
Bipolar I disorder
Bipolar II disorder
Cyclothymic disorder

3%
1%
1%
0%

(3%, 4%)(1%, 1%)(1%, 2%)(0%, 0%)

Anxiety disorder
Any
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Agorophobia
Specific phobia
Social anxiety disorder or social phobia

36%
29%
5%
1%
1%
8%

(35%, 37%)
(28%, 29%)
(5%, 6%)(0%, 1%)(1%, 1%)(8%, 9%)Obsessive-compulsive or relateddisorders
Any
Obsessive-compulsive disorder

6%5%(6%, 7%)(5%, 5%)

Trauma and stressor related disorders
Any
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Acute stress disorder

10%
8%
1%

(10%, 10%)(8%, 9%)(1%, 1%)

Psychotic disorder
Any
Schizophrenia

1%0%(1%, 1%)(0%, 0%)

Neurodevelopmental disorder or
intellectual disability
Any
ADHD
Other intellectual disability
Autism spectrum disorder

12%
10%
1%
2%

(12%, 12%)
(10%, 11%)(1%, 1%)(2%, 3%)Eating disorder
Any
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge eating disorder

5%
2%
1%
1%

(5%, 5%)(2%, 3%)(1%, 1%)(1%, 1%)

Personality disorderAny2%(1%, 2%)

Substance abuse disorder
Any
Alcohol abuse disorder
Opioid Use Disorder

2%
1%
0%

(2%, 2%)(1%, 1%)(0%, 0%)Health Behaviors and Lifestyle
MEASURE
Substance use, past 30 days
Cigarettes
Vape pen or E-Cigarette
Marijuana
CocaineHeroinOpioid pain relievers without a prescription
or more than prescribed
Benzodiazepenes
Methamphetamines
Other stimulants without a prescription ormore than prescribed
MDMA (also known as Ecstasy or Molly)
Ketamine (also known as K, Special K)
LSD (also known as acid)Psilocybin (also known as magic
mushrooms, boomers, shrooms)
KratomAthletic performance enhancers (anythingthat violates policies set by school or any
athletic governing body)
Other drugs without a prescription
In the past 2 weeks, about how manytimes did you have 4 [female]/5 [male]/4
or 5 [not female or male] or more
alcoholic drinks in a row? (1 drink is a canof beer, a glass of wine, a wine cooler, ashot of liquor, or a mixed drink.)
More than one timeMore than 3 times

All Students

95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

8%
2%
23%
1%
0%
0%

(7%, 9%)(2%, 2%)(22%, 24%)
(1%, 1%)(0%, 0%)(0%, 1%)1%0%1%(1%, 1%)(0%, 0%)(1%, 2%)

0%
0%
0%
2%

(0%, 0%)(0%, 0%)(0%, 1%)(2%, 2%)0%0%(0%, 0%)(0%, 0%)1%(1%, 1%)32%
10%(31%, 32%)
(10%, 11%)

Attitudes and Beliefs about Services...think less of someone who hasreceived mental health treatment.
I...
Most people...

6%41%(6%, 7%)(40%, 42%)

I know where to go to access resources.
Agree or strongly agree

76%(76%, 77%)17

Help-Seeking
MEASURE

95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Think you needed help for emotional ormental health problems, past year
Strongly agree
Agree
Somewhat agree
Somewhat disagree
DisagreeStrongly disagree

25%
17%
15%
5%
12%
13%

(25%, 26%)
(17%, 18%)
(15%, 16%)
(5%, 6%)(12%, 13%)(12%, 13%)

Psychotropic medication use
Any, current
Psychostimulants
Anti-depressantsAnti-psychotics
Anti-anxiety
Mood stabilizers
Other

24%
7%
20%
1%
9%
3%
3%

(23%, 24%)
(7%, 7%)(20%, 21%)(1%, 2%)(8%, 10%)(3%, 3%)(3%, 3%)58%(56%, 59%)

40%
4%
4%
2%

(39%, 42%)(4%, 5%)(3%, 4%)(1%, 2%)

Discussed medication with provider, past
year (among those with medication use)
Not at all
1-2 times
3-5 times
More than 5 times

8%
34%
28%
27%

(7%, 10%)(33%, 35%)
(27%, 30%)
(26%, 28%)

Whom you would talk to, if you wereexperiencing serious emotional distress
Professional clinician
Roommate
Friend (who is not a roommate)
Significant other
Family member
Religious counselor / other religious contact
Support group
Other non-clinical source
No one

36%
16%
44%
35%
46%
6%
4%
2%
10%

(36%, 37%)
(15%, 16%)
(44%, 45%)(34%, 35%)
(45%, 46%)(6%, 7%)(3%, 4%)(1%, 2%)(10%, 11%)

Therapy or counseling for mental health
Past year
Current

36%
20%(35%, 36%)
(19%, 20%)

Visits in past year, among those with any
1-3
4-6
7-9
More than 10

32%
19%
13%
8%

(31%, 33%)
(18%, 20%)
(13%, 14%)(7%, 8%)

15%
2%
0%
2%
2%
1%
13%

(15%, 16%)(2%, 2%)(0%, 0%)(2%, 2%)(2%, 3%)(1%, 1%)(12%, 13%)26%

(26%, 27%)

6%(5%, 6%)

Prescriber (among those with any
past-year medication use)
General practitioner/nurse
practitioner/primary care physician
Psychiatrist
Other type of health provider
No prescription
Don't know

Use of specific providers for therapy orcounseling for mental healthCampus Provider A
Campus Provider B
Campus Provider C
Psychiatric emergency services
Inpatient psychiatric hospital
Partial hospitalization program
Provider in the local community (not on
campus)Provider in another location (such as
hometown)
Other

18

All Students

Help-Seeking
MEASUREAll Students

95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Any medication or therapy for mental
healthPast year
Current

46%
34%(45%, 46%)(33%, 34%)

Any medication or therapy, among thosewith positive depression or anxiety
screen
Past year
Current

59%
46%(58%, 60%)
(45%, 47%)

Received counseling or support formental health from these sources, pastyear
Roommate
Friend (other than roommate)
Significant other
Family member
Religious contact
Support group
Other non-clinical source
None of the above

15%
42%
32%
41%
4%
2%
1%
31%

(15%, 16%)
(42%, 43%)
(31%, 32%)
(40%, 41%)(4%, 4%)(2%, 3%)(1%, 1%)(31%, 32%)

How helpful, overall, do you think the
medication(s) was or has been for yourmental or emotional health?
Very helpful
HelpfulSomewhat helpful
Not helpful

10%
7%
5%
2%

(9%, 10%)(7%, 8%)(5%, 6%)(2%, 2%)How helpful, overall, do you thinktherapy or counseling was or has beenfor your mental or emotional health?
Very helpful
HelpfulSomewhat helpful
Not helpful

16%
12%
12%
6%

(15%, 16%)
(12%, 13%)
(11%, 12%)(6%, 6%)19

Satisfaction with Therapy, Campus Providers
MEASUREAll Students

95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Convenient hours
Very dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Satisfied
Very satisfied

4%
6%
9%
20%
39%
21%

(3%, 4%)(5%, 7%)(9%, 10%)(19%, 21%)(38%, 41%)
(20%, 23%)

Location
Very dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Satisfied
Very satisfied

2%
3%
5%
13%
46%
31%

(2%, 3%)(2%, 3%)(4%, 5%)(12%, 14%)(45%, 47%)
(29%, 32%)

Quality of therapists
Very dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Satisfied
Very satisfied

4%
6%
8%
17%
34%
30%

(4%, 5%)(5%, 6%)(7%, 9%)(16%, 18%)
(33%, 36%)
(29%, 31%)

Respect for privacy concerns
Very dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Satisfied
Very satisfied

2%
2%
2%
9%
41%
45%

(1%, 2%)(1%, 2%)(2%, 3%)(8%, 10%)(39%, 42%)(43%, 46%)

Scheduling appointments w/o long
delaysVery dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Satisfied
Very satisfied

6%
7%
8%
15%
34%
29%

(6%, 7%)(6%, 8%)(8%, 9%)(14%, 16%)
(33%, 35%)
(28%, 31%)

Respect and consideration for mycultural background
Very dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Satisfied
Very satisfied

1%
2%
2%
9%
41%
45%

(1%, 2%)(1%, 2%)(2%, 3%)(8%, 10%)(39%, 42%)(43%, 46%)

Note: the confidence intervals are wide for these numbers, because the sample sizes are small (these questions were only asked of service users).

20

Satisfaction with Therapy, Non-Campus Providers
MEASUREAll Students

95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Convenient hours
Very dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Satisfied
Very satisfied

3%
4%
7%
19%
40%
26%

(3%, 4%)(3%, 5%)(7%, 8%)(18%, 20%)
(39%, 41%)
(25%, 27%)

Location
Very dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Satisfied
Very satisfied

3%
4%
6%
16%
40%
30%

(3%, 3%)(4%, 5%)(6%, 7%)(15%, 17%)(39%, 41%)
(29%, 31%)

Quality of therapists
Very dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Satisfied
Very satisfied

5%
6%
9%
16%
31%
34%

(4%, 5%)(5%, 6%)(8%, 9%)(15%, 17%)(30%, 32%)
(33%, 35%)

Respect for privacy concerns
Very dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Satisfied
Very satisfied

3%
2%
3%
10%
36%
47%

(2%, 3%)(2%, 2%)(3%, 4%)(9%, 11%)(34%, 37%)
(45%, 48%)

Scheduling appointments w/o long
delaysVery dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Satisfied
Very satisfied

5%
4%
7%
15%
34%
35%

(4%, 5%)(4%, 4%)(6%, 7%)(14%, 16%)
(33%, 35%)
(34%, 36%)

Respect and consideration for mycultural background
Very dissatisfied
Dissatisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied
Somewhat satisfied
Satisfied
Very satisfied

2%
1%
3%
10%
37%
47%

(2%, 2%)(1%, 1%)(2%, 3%)(9%, 10%)(36%, 38%)
(46%, 48%)

21

Barriers and Facilitators to Help-Seeking
MEASURE
Reasons for receiving no or fewer
services for mental healthI haven't had the chance to go but I plan to.
No need for services
Financial reasons
Not enough time
Not sure where to go
Difficulty finding an available appointment
Prefer to deal with issues on my own orwith support from family/friends
Other
No barriers

95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

5%
35%
21%
24%
15%
11%
21%

(5%, 5%)(34%, 36%)
(20%, 21%)(24%, 25%)
(15%, 16%)
(11%, 12%)(20%, 21%)4%
13%(4%, 5%)(13%, 14%)

74%
17%
35%

(74%, 75%)
(17%, 18%)
(34%, 36%)5%1%(5%, 5%)(1%, 1%)1%(1%, 1%)

4%
15%
4%

(3%, 4%)(14%, 16%)
(3%, 4%)

Source of health insurance
None (uninsured)
Parent's employer
Own employer
Spouse's employer
Student plan
Embassy or other international source
Individual market
Public insurance
Uncertain whether insured
Insured but uncertain of source

5%
50%
7%
3%
8%
0%
2%
11%
1%
3%

(4%, 5%)(49%, 51%)
(7%, 8%)(3%, 3%)(7%, 8%)(0%, 0%)(2%, 2%)(10%, 11%)(1%, 1%)(3%, 4%)

Plan provides any coverage for local
mental health visits (among those with aplan)
Yes, it definitely would
I think it would but am not sure
I have no idea
I think it would not but am not sureNo, it definitely would not

25%
22%
24%
6%
3%

(25%, 26%)
(22%, 23%)
(23%, 24%)
(5%, 6%)(2%, 3%)

19%
23%
6%

(18%, 20%)
(22%, 23%)
(6%, 7%)

Reasons for seeking help
Decided on my own
Friend encouraged or pressured me
Family member encouraged or pressuredme
Other person encouraged or pressured me
A campus advisor mandated me to seek
help by campus staff
I acquired more information about my
options
A campus advisor referred me to seek help
Health professional recommended help
Other reasons

Plan meets needs for mental healthservices (among those with a plan)
Have not needed plan to cover services
Yes, everything I have needed is covered
No, the coverage is inadequate to meet my
needs

22

All Students

Supportiveness of Academic and Social Environment
MEASURE
Talked with any academic personnel
about mental health problems affecting
performance

All Students

95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

18%(17%, 19%)

Supportiveness of response by academic
personnel
Very supportive
Supportive
Not supportive
Very unsupportive

8%
6%
1%
0%

(8%, 9%)(6%, 6%)(1%, 1%)(0%, 0%)Whom would you talk to about mental
health problems affecting academic
performance
Professor from one of classes
Academic advisor
Another faculty member
Teaching assistantStudent services staff
Dean of Students or Class Dean
Other
No one

33%
28%
6%
2%
11%
5%
4%
31%

(32%, 33%)
(27%, 28%)
(5%, 6%)(2%, 2%)(10%, 11%)(4%, 5%)(4%, 4%)(31%, 32%)

82%

(82%, 83%)

Persistence/retention
Am confident I will finish my degree nomatter the challenges

Ethnicity Subcategories
Black
AfricanAfrican American
African Caribbean
Afro-Latina/o/x
Other
Asian
East Asian (eg Chinese, Japanese, Korean,
Taiwanese)
Southeast Asian (eg Cambodian,
Vietnamese, Hmong)South Asian (eg Indian, Pakistani, Nepalese,
Sri Lankan)
Filipina/o/x
Other
Hispanic
Mexican/Mexican American
Central American
South American
Caribbean
Spanish/Portuguese
Other

15%
74%
14%
5%
4%

(14%, 16%)
(72%, 75%)
(13%, 15%)(4%, 6%)(3%, 4%)40%(38%, 41%)

15%(14%, 16%)

34%

(33%, 35%)14%
3%(13%, 15%)(3%, 4%)

52%
11%
17%
15%
7%
8%

(50%, 54%)
(10%, 12%)
(16%, 18%)
(14%, 16%)
(6%, 8%)(7%, 9%)23