Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

Diluluskan Oleh Jemaah Menteri
Pada 20 November 2009

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |Cetakan Pertama / First Printing, 2010
Hakcipta / Copyright
Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia
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Diterbitkan di Malaysia oleh: / Published in Malaysia by:
KEMENTERIAN SUMBER ASLI DAN ALAM SEKITAR MALAYSIAMINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT MALAYSIA

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Data Pengkatalogan-dalam-Penerbitan
Dasar perubahan iklim negara = National policy on climate changeISBN 978-983-44294-4-7
1.
Climatic changes-Government policy-Malaysia. I. Malaysia.
Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar. II. Judul: National policy on climatechange.
551.69595

Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

KANDUNGAN / CONTENTS

Muka Surat / Page

KENYATAAN DASAR / POLICY STATEMENT

1

MUKADIMAH / PREAMBLE

2OBJEKTIF / OBJECTIVES

3

RASIONAL / RATIONALE

4PRINSIP / PRINCIPLES

5TERAS STRATEGIK / STRATEGIC THRUSTS

6

TINDAKAN UTAMA / KEY ACTIONS8DAFTAR KATA / GLOSSARY

21

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

KATA ALUAN/ MESSAGE

Perdana Menteri Malaysia
Prime Minister of Malaysia

Malaysia sentiasa menyokong dan mengamalkan
pembangunan lestari yang berlandaskan kepada
pertumbuhan ekonomi, kesejahteraan sosial dan
perlindungan alam sekitar. Pembangunan lestari
merupakan asas kejayaan yang telah dinikmati
oleh negara ini. Namun demikian usaha ini harus
diteruskan lagi supaya potensi sebenar negara
benar-benar dapat dipenuhi.
Perubahan iklim kini merupakan fenomenayang nyata. Secara saintifiknya kesan perubahan
iklim sudah mula menjejaskan kesejahteraankita semua. Menurut kajian-kajian yang telahdilaksanakan oleh Kementerian Sumber Asli dan
Alam Sekitar, impak akibat perubahan iklim dimasa hadapan akan menjadi satu cabaran dalamusaha kita mengekalkan kelestarian negara.
Dalam menangani cabaran perubahan iklim ini,setiap individu mempunyai peranan masingmasing, namun bagi memastikan penyelesaianyang berkesan, pendekatan yang diambil perlu
melibatkan semua pihak dan secara bersama.
Oleh yang demikian, Dasar Perubahan Iklim
Negara yang telah dihasilkan ini berperanansebagai rangka kerja untuk menggerakkan serta
memberikan panduan kepada agensi kerajaan,industri, komuniti serta pihak berkepentingan

Malaysia has always advocated sustainable
development, taking into account economic growth,societal well-being and environmental protection inits development planning. Sustainable development
has been the foundation for the success of thiswonderful country. Notwithstanding this, there ismore to be done to achieve the full potential of thenation.
Climate change is no longer a distant possibility. It
is now a scientifically proven reality that is alreadyaffecting all of us. Studies conducted under the
auspices of the Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironment Malaysia have given us a glimpse of
future climate change scenarios and potential threats
to the sustainability of our nation. In addressing thechallenges of climate change, everyone has a role toplay but to be successful we must all act in unison.
Thus, the National Policy on Climate Change provides
the framework to mobilise and guide government
agencies, industry, community as well as otherstakeholders and major groups in addressing thechallenges of climate change in a holistic manner.
The National Policy will enable all of us to takeconcerted actions and identify opportunities that
can help navigate the nation towards sustainability.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |dalam menghadapi cabaran perubahan iklim
secara holistik. Dasar ini akan membantu mengenal
pasti tindakan secara bersepadu yang perlu
diambil bagi mencapai matlamat pembangunan
lestari.
Kerajaan harap semua rakyat Malaysia dapat
memberikan sokongan terhadap pelaksanaan
Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara dan bersamasama melaksanakan tanggungjawab kita untuk
melindungi Bumi ini bagi generasi akan datang.

The Government call on all Malaysians to cometogether to support the implementation of the
National Policy on Climate Change and fulfil our
obligations as stewards of the Planet and guardiansof future generations.

..............................................................................
(Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Tun Haji Abdul Razak)
Perdana Menteri Malaysia
Prime Minister of Malaysia

5

Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

PRAKATA / FOREWORD

Menteri Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar, Malaysia
Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

Perubahan iklim merujuk kepada perubahanperubahan di dalam iklim dunia yang memberikan
impak kepada manusia dan ekosistem sama ada
secara langsung atau tidak langsung. Adalah
dijangkakan, kesan negatif perubahan iklim tidak
dapat dielakkan lagi sehingga beberapa dekad akan
datang dan tindakan mitigasi yang diambil hanyalah
bertujuan untuk mengurangkan impak fenomena
tersebut. Bagaimanapun, sekiranya tiada langsung
langkah mitigasi dilaksanakan, sistem semula jadi
bumi tidak akan mampu untuk menyesuai dengan
kesan perubahan iklim. Di peringkat ini, sebarang
tindakan adaptasi yang diambil akan melibatkan kos
sosial dan ekonomi yang amat tinggi. Sehubungan
itu, Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara mengesyorkan
supaya tindakan adaptasi dan mitigasi dilaksanakan
secara bersepadu dan menyeluruh.
Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara berperanansebagai satu rangka kerja untuk menggerak dan
memberikan panduan kepada agensi kerajaan,industri, komuniti dan juga pihak berkepentingan
dalam menghadapi cabaran perubahan iklim
secara menyeluruh dan bersepadu. Dasar ini
menitikberatkan pengukuhan keupayaan negara
agar impak perubahan iklim dapat dikurangkan
di samping menggalakkan langkah mitigasi yangboleh mempertingkatkan pembangunan secara
lestari.
Kerajaan sedar bahawa impak perubahan iklim
merentasi semua peringkat, sektor, pihak serta

Climate change is any change in climate overtime that directly and indirectly affects humans
and their activities as well as natural systems andprocesses. It is envisaged that even with the moststringent implementation of mitigation measures,the impacts of climate change in the next few
decades cannot be totally avoided. On the contrary
without mitigation, the impacts of climate change
are likely to be greater thus making adaptation
impossible for some natural systems, while formost human systems it would involve very highsocial and economic costs. The National Policy on
Climate Change promotes the implementation ofboth adaptation and mitigation in an integrated
and balanced manner.
The National Policy serves as the framework tomobilize and guide government agencies, industry,
community as well as other stakeholders andmajor groups in addressing the challenges ofclimate change in a concerted and holistic manner.
Emphasis is on strengthening capacity of the nation
to reduce its vulnerability to climate change whilst
promoting mitigation responses that also enhancesustainable development.
The Government recognises that the impactsof climate change transcend all levels, sectors,
stakeholders and major groups. Therefore,
institutional capacity for implementation can
only be made effective through collaborative

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |kumpulan berkepentingan. Oleh demikian,
pengukuhan keupayaan institusi pelaksana perlu
dipertingkatkan secara berkesan melalui jalinan
antara sains dan pengetahuan tempatan. Ini
akan memastikan pembangunan yang berdaya
tahan kepada perubahan iklim dan pada masasama memenuhi aspirasi negara untuk mencapai
pembangunan secara lestari.

participation, based on indigenous and scientificknowledge. This will ensure climate-resilient
development that fulfils national aspirations forsustainability.

..............................................................................
(Dato Sri Douglas Uggah Embas)
Menteri Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia
Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

6

Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

KENYATAAN DASAR
Memastikan pembangunan yang berdaya tahan
terhadap perubahan iklim bagi memenuhi
aspirasi negara dalam menerajui kelestarian

POLICY STATEMENT
Ensure climate-resilient development to fulfil
national aspirations for sustainability

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

1Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |MUKADIMAH

PREAMBLE

Perubahan iklim adalah salah satu daripada
isu utama di dunia masa kini. Pelbagai aktiviti
manusia dan proses semulajadi menyumbang
kepada berlakunya perubahan iklim. Adaptasi
dan mitigasi merupakan dua pendekatan untuk
menangani masalah perubahan iklim. Adaptasi
merangkumi pelbagai tindakan yang membantu
komuniti dan ekosistem untuk menghadapi
perubahan iklim yang nyata dan dijangka berlaku.
Mitigasi pula melibatkan pelbagai langkah untuk
mengurangkan pelepasan gas rumah kacayang merupakan salah satu punca pemanasan
global serta memperkayakan pengumpulankarbon untuk mengurangkan impak perubahan
iklim. Oleh demikian, dalam usaha menangani
perubahan iklim, terutamanya impaknya terhadap
manusia, kedua-dua adaptasi dan mitigasi perlu
dilaksanakan secara bersepadu dan seimbang.

Climate change is one of the main issues facing theworld today. Both human activities and naturalprocesses contribute to climate change. Climatechange is addressed through two approaches:
adaptation and mitigation. Adaptation refers toactions taken to help communities and ecosystems
cope with actual or expected impacts of climatechange. Mitigation refers to actions taken to reducegreenhouse gas emissions, which is one of the maincauses of global warming, and enhance carbon
sinks to lessen the impacts of climate change. In
addressing climate change, particularly its impacts
on humans, both adaptation and mitigation shouldbe implemented in an integrated and balancedmanner.
Collective responsibility is also needed to adapt andmitigate climate change to ensure sustainabilityof the present and future generations. Malaysia
recognises that promoting sustainable use of natural
resources and balanced adaptation and mitigation
responses are necessary to ensure climate-resilientand sustainable development. The impacts of climatechange could:

Tanggungjawab juga perlu dipikul bersamasama bagi memastikan kelestarian generasi
sekarang dan akan datang. Cara utama bagi
mencapai pembangunan lestari di Malaysia
adalah melalui penggunaan sumber asli secara
lestari serta keseimbangan tindakan adaptasi dan
mitigasi dalam mencapai pembangunan yang •berdaya tahan terhadap perubahan iklim. Impak
perubahan iklim boleh:••••menjejaskan kesejahteraan manusia danalam sekitar;mengancam kelestarian sumber aslitermasuk makanan, air dan tenaga; danmenggugat pembangunan termasuk
keselamatan negara.

2 Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia•

affect human well-being and theenvironment;
threaten the sustainability of natural
resources including food, water and energy;
andundermine development including national
security.

3

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

OBJEKTIF
Objektif Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara adalah untuk:• Mengarusperdanakan perubahan iklim melalui pengurusan sumber yangbijaksana dan pemuliharaan alam sekitar yang dipertingkatkan untuk
memperkukuhkan daya saing ekonomi dan kualiti hidup;• Mengintegrasikan respons bagi memperkuatkan daya tahan pembangunan
terhadap perubahan iklim yang semasa dan yang dijangka ke dalam dasar
nasional, pelan dan program negara; dan•Mengukuhkan keupayaan institusi dan pelaksanaan untuk memanfaatkan
peluang baru dalam mengurangkan impak negatif perubahan iklim.

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the National Policy on Climate Change are:
• Mainstreaming climate change through wise management of resources andenhanced environmental conservation resulting in strengthened economic
competitiveness and improved quality of life;• Integration of responses into national policies, plans and programmes tostrengthen the resilience of development from arising and potential impacts ofclimate change; and• Strengthening of institutional and implementation capacity to better harness
opportunities to reduce negative impacts of climate change.

4

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

3Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |RASIONALRATIONALE

Perubahan iklim dan cuaca keterlaluan telahmengakitbatkan bencana alam, antaranya kenaikan
paras laut, banjir, tanah runtuh, hakisan pantai dantanah, kemarau, kebakaran hutan dan jerebu, disamping memberi kesan ke atas keselamatan dan
kesihatan manusia, menggugat ekonomi negara,
dan juga menyebabkan perubahan kepada alamsemulajadi dan landskap binaan. Tambahan lagi,
gangguan terhadap ekosistem akan mengancam
jaminan sumber air dan makanan. Kebergantungan
ke atas sumber-sumber tenaga konvensional telah
menyumbang kepada pelepasan gas rumah kaca
dan menjadikan negara lebih terdedah kepada
pergolakan ekonomi di peringkat global. Daya saing
ekonomi bergantung kepada pengeluaran dan
penggunaan tenaga yang cekap.

Climate change and extreme weather have intensified
the occurrence of natural disasters, amongst others
sea-level rise, floods, landslides, coastal and landerosion, drought, forest fires and haze, which have
impacted human safety and health, threatened thefabric of the nation’s economy and caused changes tonatural and built landscapes. In addition, disruptionof ecosystems undermines water and food security.
Continued dependence on conventional energy
sources has contributed to greenhouse gas emissions
and made the country even more vulnerable toclimate change and global economic fluctuations.
Economic competitiveness requires efficient energy
production and consumption.

Tindakan-tindakan strategik adalah diperlukan untuk
mengukuhkan daya tahan negara terhadap impak
perubahan iklim. Ini termasuk:•
mengarusperdanakan perubahan iklim;•
mengintegrasikan respons adaptasi dan
mitigasi secara seimbang; dan•meningkatkan keupayaan institusi dan
pelaksanaan melalui penyelarasan
tindakan-tindakan dasar yang bersepadu.

Strategic responses are necessary to strengthen thenation’s resilience to the impacts of climate change.
These include:•mainstreaming climate change;•
integration of balanced adaptation andmitigation responses; and•enhancement of institutional andimplementation capacity through coherent
coordination of policy responses.

Keutamaan hendaklah diberi kepada keupayaan
untuk menyesuaikan negara terhadap impak
perubahan iklim sebenar dan yang dijangka. Langkah
mitigasi harus diterajui bagi mempertingkatkan
pencapaian adaptasi dan pembangunan lestari.
Impak perubahan iklim merentasi semua peringkat,
sektor, pihak dan kumpulan berkepentingan dan
menuntut langkah-langkah yang menyeluruh danbersepadu. Keupayaan institusi dalam pelaksanaan
boleh dipertingkatkan secara berkesan dengan
penyertaan secara berkerjasama berasaskan ilmu
sains dan pengetahuan tempatan.

The capacity of the nation to adapt to actual or
expected impacts of climate change must be given
priority. Mitigation responses should also enhance
adaptation and sustainable development. Climatechange impacts transcend all levels, sectors,
stakeholders and major groups, necessitating
concerted and holistic responses. Institutional
capacity for implementation can only be madeeffective through collaborative participation, basedon indigenous and scientific knowledge.

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara ini membantu
untuk memastikan pembangunan yang berdaya
tahan terhadap perubahan iklim bagi memenuhi
aspirasi negara untuk mencapai pembangunan
lestari. Dasar ini terdiri daripada lima prinsip,yang diperkukuhkan lagi dengan sepuluh teras
strategik, bagi menentukan hala tuju negara dalammenangani cabaran perubahan iklim.

4 Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

The National Policy on Climate Change helps
to ensure climate-resilient development to fulfil
national aspirations for sustainable development.
Five principles underpin the ten strategic thrusts
to set the national direction in responding to thechallenges of climate change.

5

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

PRINSIP

PRINCIPLES

Menyedari hakikat kesan dan impak negatif
perubahan iklim, Malaysia mengambil tindakan
untuk mengarusperdanakan respons nasional bagi
memantapkan matlamat pembangunan ekonomi,
sosial dan alam sekitar berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip
berikut:

Malaysia recognises the adverse effects and impactsof climate change and undertakes to mainstream
national responses that consolidate economic, socialand environmental development goals based on thefollowing principles:

P1: Pembangunan Secara Lestari
Mengintegrasikan respons perubahan iklim ke
dalam pelan rancangan negara bagi memenuhi
aspirasi ke arah mencapai pembangunan lestari.

P1: Development on a Sustainable Path
Integrate climate change responses into national
development plans to fulfil the country’s aspiration forsustainable development.

P2: Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar dan Sumber
Asli
Memperkukuhkan pelaksanaan pelbagai tindakan
perubahan iklim yang menyumbang kepada
pemuliharaan alam sekitar dan penggunaan sumber
asli secara lestari.

P2: Conservation of Environment and Natural
Resources
Strengthen implementation of climate change
actions that contribute to environmental
conservation and sustainable use of natural
resources.

P3: Pelaksanaan Secara Bersepadu
Mengambil kira isu perubahan iklim ke dalampelaksanaan program pembangunan di semua
peringkat.

P3: Coordinated Implementation
Incorporate climate change considerations into
implementation of development programmes at alllevels.

P4: Penglibatan Yang Berkesan
Meningkatkan
penglibatan
semua
pihak
berkepentingan dan kumpulan utama bagi
pelaksanaan
tindakan-tindakan
mengenaiperubahan iklim secara berkesan.

P4: Effective Participation
Improve participation of stakeholders and majorgroups for effective implementation of climatechange responses.

P5: Common but DifferentiatedP5: Tanggungjawab Sama Beban Berbeza dan
Responsibilities and Respective
Keupayaan Tersendiri
Capabilities
Penglibatan negara dalam isu perubahan iklim di International involvement on climate change will be
peringkat antarabangsa adalah berdasarkan kepada based on the principle of common but differentiatedprinsip tanggungjawab sama beban berbeza dan responsibilities and respective capabilities.
keupayaan tersendiri.

6

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

5Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |TERAS STRATEGIKSTRATEGIC THRUSTS

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara akan dijadikan
panduan dalam mengintegrasikan isu perubahan
iklim dalam perancangan dan pelaksanaan program
pembangunan dan proses membuat keputusan;
menggalakkan pertumbuhan ekonomi secara lestari
dan pembangunan insan; serta pemuliharaan alamsekitar. Dasar ini melengkapi dasar yang sedia ada
dan mengambil kira prinsip-prinsip konvensyen
antarabangsa di peringkat global. Tindakan kerajaan
mengenai perubahan iklim dalam semua sektor
adalah berdasarkan kepada teras strategik seperti
berikut:

The National Policy on Climate Change will facilitate
the integration of climate change considerations
into planning and implementation of development
programmes and decision-making processes; to foster
sustainable economic and human development; aswell as environmental conservation. It complements
existing policies and takes cognisance of international
conventions on global concerns. National responses
on climate change in all sectors will be directed
towards the following strategic thrusts.

ST1-P1: Menyelaras pengharmonian dasar-dasar ST1-P1: Facilitate the harmonisation of existingyang sedia ada melalui pendekatan adaptasi dan policies to address climate change adaptation andmitigasi perubahan iklim secara seimbang.
mitigation in a balanced manner.
ST2-P1: Merangka pembangunan yang berdaya
tahan perubahan iklim melalui ekonomi rendah
karbon bagi meningkatkan daya saing global dan
mencapai pertumbuhan sosioekonomi yang lestari.

ST2-P1: Institute measures to make development
climate-resilient through low carbon economy
to enhance global competitiveness and attainenvironmentally sustainable socio-economic growth.

ST3-P1: Menyokong pembangunan dan pelaburan ST3-P1: Support climate-resilient development andtermasuk pembangunan industri yang berdaya tahan investment including industrial development inperubahan iklim dalam mencapai pertumbuhan pursuit of sustainable socio-economic growth.
sosioekonomi yang lestari.
ST4-P2: Adopt balanced adaptation and mitigation
ST4-P2: Menerap langkah-langkah adaptasi dan measures to strengthen environmental conservation
mitigasi secara seimbang untuk mengukuhkan and promote sustainability of natural resources.
pemuliharaan alam sekitar dan menggalakkan
kelestarian sumber asli.
ST5-P2: Consolidate the energy policy incorporating
management practices that enhances renewable
ST5-P2: Memantapkan dasar tenaga dengan energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE).
mengambil kira amalan pengurusan yangmeningkatkan tenaga diperbaharui (RE) dan ST6-P3: Institutionalise measures to integrate crosskecekapan tenaga (EE).
cutting issues in policies, plans, programmes andprojects in order to increase resilience to climate
ST6-P3: Menginstitusikan langkah-langkah untuk change.
mengintegrasikan isu rentas sektor ke dalam dasar,rancangan, program dan projek bagi meningkatkan
daya tahan terhadap perubahan iklim.

6 Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

7

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

ST7-P3: Menyokong proses membuat keputusan
berasaskan pengetahuan melalui penyelidikan dan
pembangunan mengenai iklim secara intensif dan
pembinaan keupayaan sumber manusia.

ST7-P3: Support knowledge-based decision
making through intensive climate related researchand development and capacity building of humanresources.

ST8-P4: Meningkatkan kerjasama melalui komunikasi
dan penyelarasan yang cekap di kalangan pihak
berkepentingan untuk melaksanakan respons
perubahan iklim yang berkesan.

ST8-P4: Improve collaboration through efficient
communication and coordination among all
stakeholders for effective implementation of climatechange responses.

ST9-P4: Meningkatkan kesedaran dan penglibatan ST9-P4: Increase awareness and community
orang
awam untuk menggalakkan respons participation to promote behavioural responses toperubahan iklim.
climate change.
ST10-P5: Mengukuhkan penglibatan dalamprogram perubahan iklim di peringkat antarabangsa
berdasarkan prinsip tanggungjawab sama beban
berbeza dan keupayaan tersendiri.

8

ST10-P5: Strengthen involvement in international
programmes on climate change based on theprinciple of common but differentiated responsibilities
and respective capabilities.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

7

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |TINDAKAN UTAMAKEY ACTIONS

KA1 - ST1
Menjalankan semakan secara sistematik dan
mengharmonikan perundangan, dasar dan
perancangan yang sedia ada, dengan mengambil
kira dan mencadangkan langkah-langkah adaptasi
dan mitigasi secara seimbang untuk sektor yang
berikut:

KA1 - ST1
Conduct systematic reviews and harmonise existinglegislation, policies and plans, taking into accountand proposing relevant balanced adaptation andmitigation measures, to address the following:

•

•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Pertanian dan jaminan makanan;
Sumber asli dan alam sekitar (air,biodiversiti, hutan, mineral, tanah, pantai
dan marin serta udara);
Jaminan tenaga;
Perindustrian;Kesihatan awam;
Pelancongan;
Pengangkutan;
Infrastruktur;
Gunatanah dan perubahan gunatanah(termasuk tebus gunatanah);
Penempatan manusia dan kehidupan;
Pengurusan sisa; dan
Pengurangan risiko bencana.

•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Agriculture and food security;
Natural resources and environment (water,
biodiversity, forestry, minerals, soil, coastal
and marine and air);
Energy security;
Industries;
Public health;Tourism;Transportation;
Infrastructure;
Land use and land use change (include land
reclamation);
Human settlements and livelihood;
Waste management; andDisaster risk reduction.

KA2 - ST1
Incorporate climate change as a priority area in the
National Development Planning Council.

KA2 - ST1
Mengambil kira perubahan iklim sebagai
keutamaandalam
MajlisPerancangan KA3 - ST1
Pembangunan Nasional.
Establish an inter-ministerial and cross-sectoralcommittee to enable the implementation of climate
KA3 - ST1change measures.
Menubuhkansatu
jawatankuasa
antarakementerian yang merentas sektor bagi
mengambil tindakan terhadap perubahan iklim.

8 Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

9Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

TINDAKAN UTAMAKEY ACTIONS

KA4 - ST2
Mengenalpasti dan membuat syor ke arah
ekonomi rendah karbon untuk sektor yang
berikut:•
Jaminan tenaga;•
Perindustrian;•Pengangkutan;•
Infrustruktur awam;•
Pengurusan sisa;•
Penempatan manusia;•
Perhutanan; dan•
Pertanian.

KA4 - ST2
Identify and recommend options towards low carbon
economy for the following sectors:•
Energy security;•
Industries;•
Transportation;•
Public infrastructure;•
Waste management;•
Human settlements;•
Forestry; and•Agriculture.

KA5 - ST2
Mengambil kira dan menyelaraskan pelaksanaan
langkah-langkah dan teknologi mesra iklim
dengan mengukuhkan perkara berikut:•
Perundangan, peraturan dan
Penguatkuasaan;•Pembangunan sumber manusia;•
Kewangan dan insentif;•
Penyelidikan dan pembangunan;•
Pemindahan teknologi; dan•
Penglibatan semua pihak berkepentingan
yang berkenaan.

KA5 - ST2
Incorporate and facilitate implementation of climatefriendly measures and technologies by strengthening
the following:•
Laws and regulations and Enforcement;•
Human resource development;•
Finance and incentives;•
Research and development;•
Transfer of technology; and•Outreach to relevant stakeholders.

KA6 - ST2
Allocate adequate financing and appropriatetechnological measures for promoting low carbon
KA6 - ST2
economy through the following:
Menggalakkan ekonomi rendah karbon dengan •Market mechanisms;
memperuntukkan kewangan yang mencukupi •Financial and fiscal incentives anddan teknologi yang bersesuaian melalui saluran
disincentives;
berikut :•Mobilising public-private partnerships; and•Mekanisme pasaran;•
Involvement of financial and insurance•
Kewangan dan insentif fiskal dan
sectors.
disinsentif;•
Perkongsian bijak sektor awam dan
KA7 - ST2
swasta; dan
Integrate balanced adaptation and mitigation•
Penglibatan sektor kewangan dan
measures into development plans.
insurans.

KA8 - ST2
KA7 - ST2
Establish criteria and indices for environmentally
Menyepadukan langkah-langkah adaptasi dan sustainable socio-economic growth.
mitigasi yang seimbang ke dalam rancangan
pembangunan.

10

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

9Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |TINDAKAN UTAMAKEY ACTIONS

KA9 - ST3
KA8 - ST2
Mewujudkan kriteria dan indeks untuk pertumbuhan Strengthen investment evaluation mechanisms tocapitalise and ensure a climate-resilient industry insosioekonomi yang lestari.
achieving sustainable development.
KA9 - ST3
Mengukuhkan mekanisme penilaian pelaburan KA10 - ST3bagi memastikan industri
berdaya tahan Establish a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reporting
perubahan iklim ke arah mencapai pembangunan framework for industries with linkage to the Statistics
Department to ensure a sustainable and quality
lestari.
assured reporting process.
KA10 - ST3
Menggubal rangka pelaporan pelepasan KA11 - ST3
gas rumah kaca daripada sektor industri dan Institutionalise a mechanism, which includes thedihubungkan kepada
Jabatan Perangkaan following means, to facilitate business and industrial
Malaysia bagi memastikan pelaporan berkualiti responses:
dan lestari.
•
Financial incentives;•
Training of experts;
KA11 - ST3•
Technology management;
Mendorong respons perniagaan dan perindustrian •Outreach communication programmes; anddengan menginstitusikan mekanisme yang •Recognition awards.
merangkumi cara-cara berikut:•
Insentif kewangan;•
Melatih pakar;•
Pengurusan teknologi;•
Pencapaian program komunikasi; dan•
Anugerah pengiktirafan.

10 Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

11Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

TINDAKAN UTAMAKEY ACTIONS

KA12 - ST4
Mengimbangkan penerapan langkah-langkah
adaptasi dan mitigasi ke dalam dasar dan perancanganalam sekitar dan sumber asli.

KA12 - ST4Integrate balanced adaptation and mitigation
measures into policies and plans on environment andnatural resources.

KA13 - ST4
Mengambil pelbagai langkah termasuk menyediakan
bantuan kewangan dan teknikal untuk perkara
berikut:•
Pertanian dan jaminan makanan;•
Sumber asli dan alam sekitar (air, biodiversiti,
hutan, mineral, tanah, pantai dan marin serta
udara);•
Jaminan tenaga;•
Perindustrian;•Kesihatan awam;•
Pelancongan;•
Pengangkutan;•
Infrastruktur;•
Gunatanah dan perubahan gunatanah(termasuk tebus gunatanah);•
Penempatan manusia dan kehidupan;•
Pengurusan sisa; dan•
Pengurangan risiko bencana.

KA13 - ST4
Incorporate measures, including mobilising financing
and technical assistance, into the following areas:•
Agriculture and food security;•
Natural resources and environment (water,
biodiversity, forestry, minerals, soil, coastal
and marine and air);•
Energy security;•
Industries;•
Public health;•Tourism;•Transportation;•
Infrastructure;•
Land use and land use change (include land
reclamation);•
Human settlements and livelihood;•
Waste management; and•Disaster risk reduction.

KA14 - ST4
KA14 - ST4
Develop and implement plans for public-private, NGOs
Merangka dan melaksanakan rancangan perubahan and communities collaboration on climate change.
iklim melalui kerjasama sektor awam-swasta, NGO,dan komuniti.

12

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

11Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |TINDAKAN UTAMAKEY ACTIONS

KA15 - ST4
Memulihara dan meningkatkan pengumpulankarbon dalam ekosistem asli termasuk ladang dan
menggalakkan pemuliharaan ekosistem yang sensitif
dan terjejas melalui amalan-amalan pengurusan dan
perancangan gunatanah yang baik.

KA15 - ST4
Conserve and enrich carbon pools in natural
ecosystems including plantations and promoterehabilitation of sensitive and degraded ecosystems
through sound management practices and land use
planning.

KA16 - ST4
Mengenalpasti sifat dan nilai ekosistem untuk
diterapkan ke dalam proses perancangan
pembangunan.

KA16 - ST4
Identify and recognise the attribute and value of
ecosystem services and integrate into the development
planning process.

KA17 - ST4
KA17 - ST4
Membangunkan sistem pengiraan karbon dan kajian Develop national carbon accounting systems andbaseline studies of forest ecosystems.
dasar bagi ekosistem hutan.
KA18 - ST4
Membangunkan pelbagai model unjuran iklim dan
hidroiklim untuk mengenalpasti kemudahterancam
dan impak perubahan iklim yang berpotensi.

KA18 - ST4
Develop multiple national climate and hydroclimate
projection models for identifying vulnerabilities andassessing potential impacts of climate change.

Strategic Thrust 2.2
Strategic Thrust 2.2
Teras Strategik 2.2
Teras Strategik 2.2

12 Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

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Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

TINDAKAN UTAMAKEY ACTIONS

KA19 - ST5
Menggalakkan RE dan EE dalam penjanaan kuasa
melalui:•
Perkongsian beban antara kerajaan dan pihak
pembekal tenaga;•
Menetapkan sasaran / piawai bagi EE dan RE;•
Memasukkan RE ke dalam campuran
penjanaan oleh pembekal tenaga;•
Menggalakkan penjanaan RE oleh pihak
penjana persendirian berskala kecil termasuk
komuniti tempatan.

KA19 - ST5
Promote RE and EE for power generation through:•Burden sharing between government andpower producers;•
Establishment of EE and RE targets/standards;•
Inclusion of RE in generation mix by power
producers; and•Promotion of RE generation by small andindependent developers including local
communities.

KA20 - ST5
KA20 - ST5
Promote RE and EE to reduce GHG emissions in the
Menggalakkan penggunaan RE dan EE untuk transportation sector through:mengurangkan pelepasan GHG di sektor •Enforcement of new vehicles engines withpengangkutan dengan:
higher fuel efficiency;•
Menguatkuasakan penggunaan enjin•
Increase usage of hybrid engines and electric
kenderaan baru dengan kecekapan bahan
vehicles;api yang tinggi;•
Development of an effective, efficient,•
Meningkatkan penggunaan engin hibrid dan
integrated affordable public transportation
kenderaan elektrik;
system;•Membangunkan satu sistem pengangkutan •Property and township development thatawam yang murah, berkesan, cekap, danallows movement by cycling, walking andbersepadu;
public transport;•
Pembangunan hartanah dan perbandaran•
Promotion of water transportation; andyang membolehkan pergerakan seperti•
R&D on higher fuel efficiency and alternative
berbasikal, berjalan kaki dan penggunaan
fuel.
pengangkutan awam;•
Menggalakkan pengangkutan air; dan
KA21 - ST5•
R&D ke atas kecekapan bahan api yang tinggi Promote and increase EE in industrial sectors through:dan bahan api alternatif.
•
Review and establishment of legal
mechanism for EE application in industries;
KA21 - ST5•
Provision and promotion of technical andMenggalak dan meningkatkan EE dalam sektor
financial assistance or incentives to theperindustrian dengan:industry using EE technology and processes;•
Mengkaji semula dan mewujudkan•
Conduct of technology needs assessment;
mekasnime perundangan untuk•
Conduct of energy audit in industrial andpenggunaan EE di sektor perindustrian;building sectors; and•Menyedia dan menggalakkan bantuan•
Adoption of EE practices by new industries.
teknikal dan kewangan atau memberi
insentif-insentif kepada industri yangmenggunapakai teknologi dan proses EE;•
Menjalankan penilaian keperluan teknologi;•
Menjalankan audit tenaga di sektor

14

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

13

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |TINDAKAN UTAMAKEY ACTIONS

KA22 - ST5
Promote construction of green buildings in•commercial / institutional, industrial and residential
sector through:•Application of low or zero energy concept in
KA22 - ST5
the design and construction of new buildings;
Menggalak pembinaan bangunan mesra alam di•Retrofitting of efficient ventilation and coolingsektor perdagangan / institut, industri dan perumahansystems as well as lighting systems;
melalui:•
Energy conservation practice in buildings;•
Penerapan konsep tenaga rendah atau sifar•
Retrofitting existing buildings to include EEdalam reka bentuk dan pembinaan
features and generate RE; andbangunan baru;•
Development of a green building index.
•
Penambahbaikan sistem pengudaraan dan
pendinginan serta lampu yang cekap;
KA23 - ST5•
Pengamalan penjimatan tenaga dalam
Empower local communities in basic RE maintenance,bangunan;•
Penambahbaikan bangunan sedia ada untuk especially in rural electrification including mini andmenggunapakai aplikasi EE dan menjana RE; micro hydroelectric schemes.
dan•Pembangunan indeks bangunan mesra alam.
perindustrian dan bangunan; dan
Mewajibkan industri baru menggunapakai
amalan EE.

KA23 - ST5
Membenarkan komuniti tempatan menjalankan
penyelenggaraan asas bagi RE, terutamanya dalam
pembekalan elektrik ke luar bandar termasuk skimmini dan mikro hidroelektrik.

Teras Strategik 3.1
Teras Strategik 3.1

14 Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

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Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

TINDAKAN UTAMAKEY ACTIONS

KA24 - ST6
Menyemak semula pelbagai usaha yang diambil
oleh pihak berkepentingan termasuk yang sedia
dilaksanakan, dan menjalankan kajian ekonomi untuk
penerapan ke dalam Rancangan Malaysia.

KA24- ST6
Stocktaking of current measures, taking into accountinitiatives already implemented by stakeholders, andundertake economic evaluation for incorporation into
future Malaysia Plans.

KA25 - ST6
Mengambil langkah-langkah ke dalam dasar,rancangan, program dan projek di sektor berikut:•
Pertanian dan jaminan makanan;•
Sumber asli dan alam sekitar (air, biodiversiti,
hutan, mineral, tanah, pantai dan marin serta
udara);•
Jaminan tenaga;•
Perindustrian;•Kesihatan awam;•
Pelancongan;•
Pengangkutan;•
Infrastruktur;•
Gunatanah dan perubahan gunatanah(termasuk tebus gunatanah);•
Penempatan manusia dan kehidupan;•
Pengurusan sisa; dan•
Pengurangan risiko bencana.

KA25 - ST6
Integrate measures into policies, plans, programmes
and projects in the following areas:•
Agriculture and food security;•
Natural resources and environment (water,(biodiversity, forestry, minerals, soil, coastal
and marine and air);•
Energy security;•
Industries;•
Public health;•Tourism;•Transportation;•
Infrastructure;•
Land use and land use change (include land
reclamation);•
Human settlements and livelihood;•
Waste management; and•Disaster risk reduction.

KA26 - ST6
Mengambilkira kesan perubahan iklim di peringkat
perancangan melalui kaedah berikut:•
Pengurusan Kawasan Sensitif Alam Sekitar
secara bersepadu;•
Penilaian Strategik Alam Sekitar;•
Penilaian Ekonomi ke atas Perkhidmatan
Ekologi;•
Petunjuk Pembangunan Lestari.

KA26 - ST6
Integrate climate change considerations at theplanning level by applying tools that includes thefollowing:•
Integrated Environmentally Sensitive Areas;•
Strategic Environmental Assessment;•
Economic Evaluation of Ecological Services;•
Sustainable Development Indicators.

KA27 - ST6
KA27 - ST 6
Enhance the coordinating mechanism to oversee
Memperkukuhkan
mekanismepenyelarasan the planning, implementation and monitoring of
untuk menyelia perancangan, pelaksanaan dan climate change measures.
pemantauan pelbagai langkah perubahan iklim.

16

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

15

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |TINDAKAN UTAMAKEY ACTIONS

KA28 - ST7
Mewujudkan dan melaksanakan satu agenda R&D
perubahan iklim kebangsaan dengan mengambilkira
sektor berikut:•
Pertanian dan jaminan makanan;•
Jaminan air dan perkhidmatannya;•
Perhutanan dan khidmat ekosistem;•
Kelestarian bio-tenaga;•
Perkhidmatan kesihatan awam danpenyampaiannya;•
Menggunakan model tempatan untuk
unjuran senario masa depan;•
Mekanisme sosioekonomi dan pelaburan
yang inovatif;•
Pendedahan terhadap kejadian cuaca
keterlaluan dan bencana alam; dan•
Analisis dasar untuk mengharmonikan isu-isu
negara dan antarabangsa.

KA28 - ST7
Establish and implement a national R&D agenda on
climate change taking into account the following
areas:•
Agriculture and food security;•
Water security and services;•
Forestry and ecosystem services;•
Sustainable bio-energies;•
Public health services and delivery;•
Localised modelling for projection of futurescenarios;•Innovative socio-economic and financing
mechanisms;•
Vulnerability due to extreme weather eventsand natural disasters; and•Policy analysis harmonising national andinternational issues.

KA29 - ST7
Mengukuhkan bank data kebangsaan menerusi
inventori kebangsaan secara berkala dengan:•
Mengkaji semula dan memperluaskan
peranan Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia
sebagai penyimpan maklumat alamsekitar, termasuk GHG;•
Merumuskan langkah-langkah untuk
pelaporan dan pengumpulan data oleh
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, agensi-agensi
utama dan pihak berkepentingan; dan•
Menubuhkan pangkalan data inventori
berkenaan bencana alam dan kejadian cuaca
keterlaluan.

KA29 - ST7
Strengthen national data repository through periodic
national inventory by:•
Reviewing and expanding the role of the
Department of Statistics as the central
depository for environmental information,
including GHG;•
Formulating measures for responsible
reporting and collation of data by the
Department of Statistic, key agencies andother stakeholders;and•Establishing database inventory on natural
disasters and extreme weather events.

KA30 - ST7
Institutionalise the following stage-based climateKA30 - ST7
Menginstitusikan program pemindahan teknologi friendly technology transfer programme to nurture
mesra iklim secara berperingkat bagi memupuk self-innovativeness and R&D sustainability in local
kelestarian R&D di firma dan institusi tempatan seperti firms and institutions•
Initiation Stage – Assessment of technology
berikut:
needs, create enabling environment,•
Peringkat Permulaan – Penilaian keperluan
importing of technologies;
teknologi, mewujudkan persekitaran yang•Internalisation Stage – Develop human andmembolehkan pengimportan teknologi;
institutional capacities, enhance knowledge•
Peringkat Dalaman– Membangunkan
and awareness of emerging technologies,
keupayaan individu dan institusi,

16 Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

19

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

TINDAKAN UTAMA•

meningkatkan pengetahuan; dan kesedaranterhadap kemunculan teknologi baru;
menerap dan menyesuaikan teknologi oleh
firma tempatan di bawah regim IPR yangfleksibel; dan
Peringkat Penghasilan – Mendapatkan modal
yang mencukupi bagi memperolehi
teknologi yang lebih baik, membuat
pembaharuan dan membina keupayaan
melalui program R&D.

KEY ACTIONS•

adopting and adapting technologies by
local firms under flexible IPR regime; andGeneration Stage – Source adequate
capital to acquire better technologies,
innovating and capacity building throughR&D programme.

KA31 - ST7
Promote pragmatic cooperation programmes
through:•
Effective mechanisms and tools for
KA31 - ST7
technology cooperation in specific sectors;
Menggalakkan program kerjasama yang pragmatik •Collaborative R&D to access knowledge andmelalui:technologies;•
Mekanisme dan peralatan yang berkesan•
Support for endogenous development anduntuk kerjasama teknologi dalam sektordiffusion of technology; andsektor tertentu;•
Regional cooperation on technology•
Kerjasama R&D untuk memperolehi
development.
pengetahuan dan teknologi;•
Menyokongan pembangunan dan
KA32 - ST7
dan penyebaran teknologi tempatan; dan
Identify a coordinating mechanism to oversee R&D•
Kerjasama serantau berkaitan pembangunan activities, information dissemination, avoidance of
teknologi.
duplication, and to support decision making.
KA32 - ST7
KA33 - ST7
Mengenalpasti mekanisme penyelarasan untuk Institutionalise measures to strengthen effective
mengawasi
aktiviti-aktiviti R&D, penyebaran linking of climate science and policy.
maklumat,mengelakkan
pertindihan dan
menyokong dalam pembuatan keputusan.
KA33 - ST7
Menginstitusikan
pelbagailangkahuntuk
memperkukuhkan dan menghubungkaitkan sains
dan dasar iklim.

20

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

17

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |TINDAKAN UTAMAKEY ACTIONS

KA34 - ST8
Menubuhkan mekanisme komunikasi dan
perundingan yang cekap dan berkesan di kalangan
semua pihak berkepentingan.

KA34 - ST8
Establish and institutionalise effective and efficient
communication and consultation mechanisms
among all stakeholders.

KA35 - ST8
KA35 - ST8
Mengukuhkan perundangan untuk membuat Strengthen legislative provisions for participatory
planning and decision making.
perancangan dan keputusan secara bersama.
KA36 - ST8
KA36 - ST8
Menggalakkan respons dan program perubahan iklim Promote community-basedyang berteraskan penyertaan masyarakat tempatan. responses and programmes.
KA37 - ST8
Mengukuhkan jaringan kerjasama dan keupayaan
agensi di peringkat kerajaan persekutuan, negeri dan
tempatan.

18 Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

climatechangeKA37 - ST8
Strengthen collaborative networks and capacity ofagencies at the federal, state and local government
levels.

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

TINDAKAN UTAMAKEY ACTIONS

KA38 - ST9
Menerapkan pembelajaran sistematik secara formal
dan tidak formal serta meningkatkan kesedaranmengenai perubahan iklim melalui pendekatanpendekatan yang berikut:•
Penglibatan pelbagai pihak termasuk,organisasi bukan kerajaan (NGO),
organisasi masyarakat tempatan (CBO), danjuga media;•
Meningkatkan kerjasama antara kerajaan
dengan sektor swasta termasuk
tanggungjawab korporat; dan•
Mensasarkan kumpulan khas.

KA38 - ST9Adopt systematic and targeted formal and informal
education and awareness raising on climate change
through the following approaches:•
Involvement of various stakeholders
including non-government organisations(NGOs), community based organisations(CBOs) and the media;•
Enhance cooperation between government
and private sectors including corporate
responsibility; and•Targeting special groups.

KA39 - ST9
KA39 - ST9
Promote sustainable lifestyles and explore incentives
Menggalakkan cara hidup lestari dan mengenalpasti that encourage them.
insentif yang boleh menggalakkan mereka.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

19

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |TINDAKAN UTAMAKEY ACTIONS

KA40 - ST10
KA40 - ST10
Mewujudkan daftar dan memperluaskan golongan Establish a register and expand the pool of climate
pakar perubahan iklim.
change experts.
KA41 - ST10
Menginstitusikan mekanisme untuk menyelaras
pendirian negara dalam perundingan antarabangsa
yang melibatkan pihak-pihak berkepentingan yangberkaitan.

KA41 - ST10
Institutionalise a mechanism for coordinating
consultation among stakeholders on national
positions and responses to address current andemerging issues for international negotiations.

KA42 - ST10
Merangkaprogrampembinaankeupayaanberterusan
bagi menyokong rundingan dan pelaksanaan
kewajipan antarabangsa secara berterusan.

KA42 - ST10
Institute continuous capacity building programmes
to support negotiation and implementation ofinternational obligations.

KA43 - ST10
Menggalakkan kerjasama serantau mengenai
perubahan iklim melalui mekanisme yang sedia ada
di antara kerajaan dan badan bukan kerajaan.

KA43 -- ST10
Promote regional cooperation on climate change
within existing inter-governmental and nongovernmental mechanisms.

20 Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

DAFTAR KATA / GLOSSARY
Adaptation
Actions taken to help communities and ecosystems cope with actual or expected impacts of climate change.
Balancing Adaptation and Mitigation
Holistic and integrated approach to simultaneously optimise the benefits of both adaptation and mitigation.
Climate Change
Any change in climate over time that directly and indirectly affects human and their activities as well as natural
systems and processes.
Climate-Friendly Technology
Refer “Low-Carbon Technology”.
Climate-Proof Development
Actions taken to protect development from any disruption due to actual or expected impacts of climatechange.
Climate-Resilient Development
Development that takes into account measures to address climate change and extreme weather in line withnational priorities.
Economic Competitiveness
Refer “Global Competitiveness”.
Energy Efficiency
The use of less energy to provide the same level of energy service primarily by means of a more efficienttechnology or process.
Extreme Weather
Any rare and/or unexpected destructive weather phenomena that is at the extreme of historical distribution.
Global CompetitivenessThe degree to which a nation can produce goods and services that meet the requirements of international
markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real incomes of its people over the long-term.
Greenhouse Gas
The atmospheric gases responsible for causing global warming and climate change. Examples include carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), among others.
Human Well-being
The satisfactory state that an individual or a group of individuals should be in, that involve aspects such as
happiness, health, safety, security and prosperity as well as participation in society.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

21

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
National Policy on Climate Change |DAFTAR KATA / GLOSSARY

Low-Carbon Economy
An economy that has minimal output of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.
Low-Carbon Technology
Technology that over its life cycle causes less greenhouse gas emissions than other technological options.
Major Groups
Major groups include farmers, women, the scientific and technological community, children and youth,
indigenous peoples and their communities, workers and trade unions, business and industry, non-governmentalorganisation and local authorities.
Mitigation
Actions taken to enhance sinks and reduce greenhouse gas emissions to lessen the impacts of climatechange.
Renewable Energy
Energy derived from natural processes that are constantly replenished. Examples are solar, wind, biomass,
geothermal and hydropower, among others.
Sinks
Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhousegas from the atmosphere. Forests and other vegetation are considered sinks because they remove carbon
dioxide through photosynthesis.
Stakeholders
Any individual, group, body or entity, directly or indirectly affected by, or interested in, or with a stake in climatechange matters such as government, public bodies, private sector, non-government organisations (NGOs),
community based organisations (CBOs), civil society, consumer associations and major groups.
Vulnerability
The degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change.

22 Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara| National Policy on Climate Change

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe National Policy on Climate Change is a product of the Policy Study on Climate Change
funded under the Ninth Malaysia Plan jointly implemented by the Conservation andEnvironmental Management Division (CEMD) and Institute for Environment and Development(LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM).
The formulation process encompassed five phases of stakeholder consultation involving about1000 individuals from institutions in Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia

ISBN 978-983-4429-44-7