OECD SIDS

1-DODECANOLFOREWORDINTRODUCTION

1-DODECANOLCAS N°: 112-53-8

UNEP PUBLICATIONSOECD SIDS

1-DODECANOLSIDS INITIAL ASSESSMENT PROFILECAS No.
CHEMICAL NAME

112-53-8
1-Dodecanol

STRUCTURALFORMULA

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2(OH)

CONCLUSIONS
Only minor releases of Dodecanol are expected during production. The major use of this substance is as achemical intermediate for the production of Dodecyl sulfates and ethoxylates. Consumers will be exposed
directly due to presence in foods and cosmetics.
Environment:
Although Dodecanol exhibits non-polar narcotic toxicity to aquatic organisms of about 1 mg/l, thesubstance is readily degradable and releases during production, or through diffuse uses of the free alcohol
do not give rise to environmental concerns.
Human Health:No risks were identified as a result of animal testing or experience with human use. The substance ispractically non-toxic, and is a permitted food additive (GRAS) in both the U.S. and the EU.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1-Dodecanol is presently of low concern.

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1. Identity:

1-Dodecanol,Cas. no. 112-53-8,
CH3(CH2)10CH2OH

2. Exposure
2.1 General Discussion
The production of fatty alcohols of this type range between 1000 and 10,000 tons per year in Denmark. In
1993 the European production of Dodecanol was estimated as being max. 60,000 tons. In the U.S.A. output ofplasticizer type alcohols including Dodecanol was estimated at 110,000 tons in 1975. Domestic consumptionof detergent alcohols in the U.S. in 1992 included about 24,000 tons as free alcohols.
1-Dodecanol is used primarily as a chemical intermediate for the production of n-Dodecyl sulfate salts, and in
the manufacture of n-Dodecyl ethoxylates. It also finds use in synthetic detergents, lube additives, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, rubber, textiles, perfumes, and as a flavouring agent.
According to the Danish products registry, the substance is found in 23 different products, including:
1. solvent in fillers/insulating materials for the building industry.
2. part of foaming/surface-active agents for cleaning purposes (including rinses for
textiles).
3. as an ingredient in products used in- agricultural industry- foodstuff industry- metal refining and processing industry- public areas- personal and household (including toiletry formulations for personal use.)
Use in the top 4 of these products exceeds two tons per year in Denmark. The total volume of products
registered as containing 1-dodecanol is approximately 225 tons. Percentage content ranged from trace amounts
to 100%In the U.S.A. approximately 20,000 lbs/year are used in fragrances, and some typical concentrations reported
in personal care products include soaps (0.01 - 0.09%), detergents (0.002 - 0.018%), lotions and creams (0.005- 0.02%) and perfumes (0.09 - 0.25%).
1-Dodecanol has been reported in non-alcoholic beverages at 2.0 ppm, ice cream 1 ppm, candy 2.8 ppm, baked
goods 1.7 ppm, chewing gum 16-27 ppm and syrups at 7.0 ppm. The substance has been identified in thesaliva of male and female volunteers by GC-MS analysis (concentration not determined).
It has also been detected at concentrations of 5 ppm in sediments of the Niagara River Watershed (U.S.A.),
identified in waste water from a poultry processing plant in Maryland, U.S.A. (concentration not given), inriver water near Barcelona, Spain (concentration not given) and in industrial effluent discharged into the Illinois
River, U.S.A. at concentrations of 24.5 ppm.

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1-DODECANOLOne additional possible source in the environment would be the occurrence as the result of the breakdown of
dodecyl sulphates or ethoxylates.
2.2 Environmental exposure
The Mackay I model predicts initial partitioning to air and soil/sediments ( Air 67.43%, Water 1.51%, soil
16.07% and sediment 15.00%). In fact, some volatization from open water can be expected. The exact vapour
pressure is however, critical for this chemical in the Mackay model, and long-term models (such as Neely 100day) indicate that binding to sediments will limit the amount lost to volatization.
A rough estimate of aquatic exposure in Europe from production and processing can be calculated as follows:
Total production:
Emission rate:
Removal in WWTP (P)
Number of working days:
Flow rate of river:
Number of sites:(W)
60000 t/year(E)
1%92% (SIMPLETREAT)
(N)
300
(V)
60m3/s(A)
20

Wx(100-P)xE
PEC = --------------------------------- = 1.6 ug/l
NxVxAx1000X24x360

For exposure from diffuse releases, data from use of free alcohol in the U.S. leads to the following estimate:Tons of free alcohol:
Population:
Removal in WWTP:
Amount of waste water
per inhabitant:
Dilution factor

(W)
(I)
(P)

24000 t/year
253x106 (USA)
92% (SIMPLETREAT)

(V)
(D)

0.15 m3/d10

Wx(100-P)
PEC = ----------------------- = 13.8 ug/l
NxVxIx100xD

This would result in a realistic worst case safety factor of 730/13.8, or ca. 55 for the most sensitiveenvironmental endpoint (EC10 Scenedesmus subspicatus).
2.3 Consumer exposure:
Use as a fragrance material, and in soaps and personal care products can be assumed to result in significant
exposure. Likewise, oral uptake via content in foods will constitute a major source of exposure. The data
received in the SIDS dossier does not allow this amount to be accurately determined, but some rough estimates
may be made.
At a concentration of 2.0 ppm in non-alcoholic beverages, it would seem logical to assume that some persons
will absorb as much as 4 mg/day from this rout.

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Using the U.S. E.P.A.'s Dermal model for exposure via a bar soap containing 1% dodecanol indicates apotential exposure of 756 mg/year, of which perhaps 50% is absorbed, giving a total load of about 1 mg/day.
The U.S. E.P.A. SCIES model for inhalation exposure, assuming content in a cleaning preparation of 100 mg,
used every second day gives a potential inhalation exposure of 257 mg/year (using a vapour pressure of 0.01
mm Hg), or 0.7 mg/day.
This results in a not entirely unrealistic worst case of 5.7 mg/day, or for an average body weight of 70 kg,
about 0.08 mg/kg/bw/day. For children consuming large quantities of non-alcoholic beverages, this figure
could be four or five times higher.
2.4 Occupational exposure:
No specific information was found on occupational exposure, including occupational exposure standards. Witha vapour pressure of 0.01 mm Hg, a maximum saturation concentration in air at 25oC of about 0.1 mg/l is
obtained ( 12 ppm). Assuming proper hygienic conditions, exposure would probably not be high during
manufacture - although exposure as a result of working with products containing 1-dodecanol cannot be ruled
out, and might exceed consumer exposure, but for a much smaller number of persons.

3. Toxicitya) Acute toxicity:
The acute oral toxicity of 1-Dodecanol appears to be very low (>12.8 ml/kg in the rat, and >36 ml/kg in the
rabbit. It was not possible to obtain the original documentation of these results, but there seems little reason to
doubt them: In the combined OECD reproductive/developmental toxicity study, there was no mortality in malerats receiving 2,000 mg/kg in the feed for 37 days.
No LD50 was available for the inhalation rout, but in one experiment there were no deaths among rats exposed
to concentrations of 1 mg/l for up to 18 hours. There were, however some signs of lung irritation at autopsy inthis study.
Upon repeated exposure to this substance, extreme skin irritation is observed, but the substance induced only
mild, reverable eye irritation in rabbits exposed to 0.1 ml of an alcohol mixture containing over 60% 1-dodecanol.
b) Repeated dose toxicity: OECD Combined Repeat Dose and Reproductive/Developmental Toxicity
Screening Test. No gross pathological or histopathological effects at doses of 0, 100, 500 or 2000 mg/kg in thefeed. The total number of white blood cells was slightly reduced, from 7.0 in controls, 5.9 at 100 mg/kg, 4.3 at
500 mg/kg (P<0.001) and 4.7 at 2000 mg/kg (P<0.01). No differences in the differential counts of WBC types
was seen, and the toxicological significance of this finding is difficult to assess.
In addition, plasma free cholesterol was reduced from a mean of 0.18 in controls to 0.11 in the 500 mg/kg
group (P<0.05), and triglycerides were reduced from 0.58 in controls to 0.31 in the 2000 mg/kg group(P<0.01).
c) Reproductive toxicity; as under b). The test substance did not cause any reproductive or developmental
toxicity. Fertility was reduced from 92% in controls to 75% in animals receiving 2000 mg/kg, but this was notstatistically significant.

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1-DODECANOLd) Genetic toxicity: 1-Dodecanol was not mutagenic in the Ames test with or without metabolic activation.
However, it was rather cytotoxic, and the maximum concentration that could be tested was 50 ug/plate.
In the Russian literature, Lauryl alcohol was reported to diminish cell mitotic activity and cause structuralchanges to chromosomes and the mitotic apparatus in Vicia faba after 14 hours exposure. It was not possible
to further evaluate the significance of this finding
Another Russian article reports chromosomal abberations in 3.6% of 500 cells examined in rats exposed orally
to 1/5 of the LD50 dose of n-Dodecanol (versus None in 600 cells from non-exposed animals). It was notpossible to further evaluate the significance of this experiment.
In the only GLP test for in vivo genetic toxicity (OECD 474) no statistically significant effects were noted inmice which had received oral doses of 5000 mg/kg. This study is assumed to be the most reliable, and is taken
as evidence that 1-Dodecanol is not mutagenic in vivo.
e) Carcinogenicity: Mice receiving i.p. injections of 1-dodecanol for eight weeks at total doses of up to 12.0gm/kg showed no statistically significant increase in lung tumour rate relative to controls. It must be stated thatthe predictive value of this experiment falls far short of a modern carcinogenesis bioassay.
In two experiments designed to investigate the effects of 1-dodecanol as a cocarcinogen (one employing B[a]p,and one using Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) repeated topical application of 1-dodecanol appeared to have aslight cocarcinogenic effect. The unconventional design of these experiments, as well as the fact thatdifferences between tumour rates in treated and untreated groups were small, make conclusions somewhat
questionable. In addition, the fact that repeated skin application of 1-Dodecanol cases marked irritation needs
to be taken into account.
f) Any other human health related information: Occasional allergic reactions to 1-Dodecanol following skincontact have been reported, but appear to be rare (of 1,664 eczema patients patch tested with 5% lauryl alcoholin vaseline, 4 reacted; at a 10% concentration 15 reactions are reported - it is difficult to rule out the possibility
that some of these were, in fact, irritative responses).
3.2 Ecotoxicitya) Acute toxicity to fish: In the Fathead minnow (Pimphales promelas) the 96 hour LC50 is 1.01 mg/l
(flowthrough test). In Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochiris) a 96 hour LC50 of 894 mg/l is reported (static)
for an alcohol mixture containing 66% dodecanol.
b) Toxicity to Daphnids: DIN 38412 part 11 (approximates OECD 202, part 1)
EC50 48 hour = 320 mg/l
Toxicity to daphnids: 21 day life-cycle test NOEC = 1.0 mg/l, LOEC (reproduction) = 3.0 mg/lc) Toxicity to algae: EC0 = 0.30 mg/l, EC10 = 0.73 mg/l, EC50 = 0.97 mg/l (Senedesmus subspicatus DIN
38412, part 9).
d) Any other ecotoxicological information available: In a Harpticoid (Nitrocra spinipes) a 96 hour LC50's of 0.9
mg/l and 1.0 mg/l were seen. In tadpoles (Rana pipiens, early pre-limb bud) loss of righting reflex wasrecorded at 0.88 mg/l and 1.0 mg/l in two experiments. 50% of Mosquito larva exposed to dodecanol floatingon the water surface died at concentrations as low as 0.4 ml/m2.
It should be emphasized that due to the low solubility/high logP of this substance, steady-state is unlikely tohave been reached in the acute tests. In general, toxicities of 1 mg/l and less are as predicted by QSARS for
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non-polar narcosis, and this is assumed to be the primary mechanism. 1-Dodecanol may also have weaksurface-active properties.

4. Initial assessment
Exposure to 1-Dodecanol via foods and use of consumer products is widespread. Toxicological effects asdetermined at the SIDS level appear slight, being confined to minor effects on blood chemistry in rats after 37days of administration of > 100 mg/kg in feed. The substance is not genotoxic. There is limited evidence that
1-Dodecanol can act as a cocarcinogen after repeated dermal application, but this effect appears to be weak,
and may be associated with irritative effects which would not be anticipated to occur under normal conditionsof exposure.
1-Dodecanol is acutely toxic to a number of aquatic organisms, in many cases at concentrations of 1 mg/l or
lower. A 21-day daphnia test established a NOEC of 1.0 mg/l. It is difficult to estimate actual release to theenvironment, although a small percentage will certainly reach the environment through use in various products.
Limited older monitoring data indicate the presence of 1-Dodecanol in effluent and river water sediments at
concentrations which could cause local environmental concern.
The substance appears to be fairly rapidly degraded under aerobic conditions as seen in a number ofexperiments. Limited information was found on anaerobic degradation, although similar alcohols, both higher
and lower appear also to be subject to substantial anaerobic degradation.

5. Conclusions and recommendations
5.1 Conclusions
All the SIDS endpoints have been met for 1-Dodecanol. The substance is practically non-toxic to mammals,
and is an allowed food-additive (GRAS) in both the EU and the U.S. The substance exhibits a non-specifictoxicity for aquatic organisms of around 1 mg/l, but is expected to degrade fairly rapidly in the environment.
5.2 Recommendations
1-Dodecanol is presently of low concern.

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1-DODECANOLSIDS Dossier on 1-Dodecanol
Cas. No. 112-53-8
0.

General Information
Name of Sponsor country Denmark
Contact point (name, address, telephone and telefax)
Dr. Jay R. Niemela
Ministry of the Environment
National Agency of Environmental Protection
Strandgade 29
DK-1401 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Tel. +45 32 66 01 00

Fax: +45 32 66 04 79

Name of Lead organisation: National Agency of Environmental Protection

1.

Chemical Identity*

1.1 CAS_number 112-53-8*

1.2 Name (give the name supplied by the OECD) 1-Dodecanol
1.3 Common Synonyms Dodecyl alcohol, Lauryl alcohol, Alcohol C-12
1.4 Empirical formula C12H26O*

1.5 Structural formula CH3(CH2)10CH2OH
1.6 Purity of industrial product1.6.1 Degree of purity (percentage by weight/volume)
The actual composition of commercially available products can vary widely, depending on
intended use and manufacturing process. "Dodecanols" are listed as containing 40-99% C-12
alcohol, other major components being C-14 and C-16 alcohols.
Reference: (1.)
Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd. ed., Vol. 1, John Wiley & sons, New York,
1978, p. 723

1.6.2 Identity of major impurities
For a 99% C12 product major impurity is reported as being Tetradecanol (about 1%) (ref. ibid.)
For a 98.6% C12 alcohol major impurities are stated as being 0.1% Decanol and 0.7% 1Tetradecanol.

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Reference: (2.)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OHMTADS (Hazardous Materials Technical Assistance Data
System), SilverPlatter version 1.6, 1987 ed., Accession number ACC:7216699.

1.6.3 Essential additives (stabilizing agents, inhibitors, other additives), if applicable
No information was found on additives.

2.

Physical-Chemical Data*

2.1 Melting or Decomposition Point
24 Centigrade
Method (e.g., OECD, others): Method not stated.
GLP:

YES [?]NO [ ]

Comments: Melting point given for product obtained as leaflets from dilute ethyl alcohol.
Reference: (3.)
Windholz, M., (edit.), The Merck Index, (An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals), Merck& Co., Inc., Rahway ,N.J., U.S.A., 1983, p. 496.

*

2.2 Boiling Point(including temperature of decomposition, if relevant).
259 OC at 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa
Method (e.g., OECD, others): Method not stated.
GLP:

YES [?]NO [ ]

Comments:
Reference: (3.)
Windholz, M., (edit.), The Merck Index, p. 496.

*

2.3 Vapour pressure<0.0013 kPa at 24------- kPa at

C (= ca. 0.01 mm Hg)

25 C (calculated)

Method (e.g., OECD, others): Method not stated.
GLP:

YES [?]NO [ ]

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Comments: Vapour pressure of 20 mm Hg (ca. 2.7 Kpa) at 150oC. A calculated vapour
pressure of 0.026 mm Hg at 250C is obtained using the Watson method.
Reference: (2.)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OHMTADS, 1987 ed., Accession number ACC 7216699.

*

2.4 Partition coefficient n-Octanol/waterlog Pow = 5.13 at --- oC (Temperature not stated.)
Method:GLP:

calculated [ ]measured [X]

YES [?]NO [ ]

Analytical Method: Not stated.
Comments (e.g., is the compound surface active or dissociative?): No.
Reference: (4.)
Verschueren, K., Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, Second ed., Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company, New York, 1983, p. 596.

Note: Various sources indicate Log Pow in ranges from 5.06 to 5.36.
*

2.5 Water solubility
1.9 mg/l at 25oC
Method (e.g., OECD, others):
Chemical added to water in a 25 ± 1oC water bath and shaken until constant concentration.
Samples of saturated water centrifuged for 30 min.
GLP:

YES [?]NO [ ]

Analytical Method: GC analysis.
Comments (e.g., the detection limit for insoluble substances):
Most sources simply state that the substance is insoluble in water, but do not mention thedetection limit.
Reference: (18.)
Veith, G., "Structure-Toxicity Relationships for the Fathead Minnow, Pimphales promelas: Narcotic
Industrial Chemicals," Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci., vol. 40, 1983, pp. 743-758.

2.6 Flash point (liquids)
1210C

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Method (e.g., OECD, others including reference to the standard test used):
DIN-ISO 2592.
GLP:

YES [?]NO [ ]

Comments:
Reference: (6.)
Henkel KGaA, Datablatt fur Altstoffe: CAS-Nummer 112-53-8, 05.07.1988.

2.7 Flammability (solid/gases)
Method (e.g., OECD, others):
GLP:

YES [ ]NO [ ]

Test results:
Comments: The material is flammable and is said to present a slight fire
to heat or flame.

hazard when exposed

Reference: (5.)
National Library of Medicine, HSDB, (Hazardous Substances Data Bank), 19.03.1990, Cas. No. 11253-8.

2.8 pH in water
pH
pKa

at

mg/l (water)

Method (e.g., OECD, others):
GLP:

YES [ ]NO [ ]

Comments: No information was found. QSAR calculations indicate a pKa of 16.00 at 25oC
(ref. 13. Veith, U.S. EPA QSAR system, ERL-Duluth, 1985.
Reference:
2.9 Other data e.g., relative density, surface tension (of aqueous solution), fat solubility,
explosivity, oxidising properties and particle size distribution
Comments: Relative density D244 0.8309. Soluble in alcohol and ether.
Reference: (3.)
Windholz, M., (edit.), The Merck Index, 1983, p. 496.

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3.

Source of exposure*

3.1 Production levels expressed as tonnes per annum
Information on production levels should be provided in ranges (e.g., 100-1000 tonnes, etc.) per
responder or country and the date for which those ranges apply should be given.
According to Danish trade statistics, national use and manufacture of lauryl, stearyl and cetylalcohols was in the range of 1000 to 10 000 tons in 1986 (ref. 7. Danmarks Statistik,
Manufacturers' Sales of Commodities in the year 1986, Copenhagen, 1987). In the U.S.,
production in 1975 (including higher alcohols) was estimated at 110,000 tons (ref. 5. HSDB,
1990, Cas. No. 112-53-8). The IUCLID database reported a total European production of max.
60,000 tons per year in 1993. According to a U.S. survey (Preliminary Exposure to Lauryl
Alcohol and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate,
EPA contract no. 68-D1-0156, 1994) about 24,000
tons of free detergent alcohols, including dodecanol were consumed in 1992.
3.2 Processes
Describe sources of potential human or environmental exposure including workplaceconcentrations and emission data (in % release), if available, for both manufacturing and user
areas.
No detailed information was found on emission of Dodecanol; however, use patterns (see below)
would seem to indicate a wide range of potential human and environmental exposure.
Reference:*

3.3 Information concerning Uses (including categories and types of uses expressed inpercentage terms)
Examples of use categories are dyestuffs, intermediates, solvents, adhesives, building material
agents, detergents, cleaning agents, fertilisers, plastic agents, surface treatment agents, etc.
Types of uses are divided into three: industrial use (open system and closed system), public use
and export. The greatest single use category is as a chemical intermediate for the production of nDodecyl sulphate salts, followed by use as an intermediate for the manufacture of n-Dodecyl
ethoxylates. 1-Dodecanol is also used in synthetic detergents, lube additives, pharmaceuticals,
cosmetics, rubber, textiles, perfumes, and as a flavouring agent. Ca. 20,000 lbs/year used infragrances in the U.S. Found in non-alcoholic beverages at 2.0 ppm, ice cream 1 ppm, candy 2.8
ppm, baked goods 1.7 ppm, chewing gum 16-27 ppm and syrups at 7.0 ppm (ref. 5. HSDB,
1990, Cas. No. 112-53-8).
Used in soaps at concentrations of 0.01-0.09%, detergents 0.002-0.018%, lotions and creams
0.005-0.02% and perfumes 0.09-0.25% (ref. 8. Opdyke, D., Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol., vol. 11,
1973, p. 109.)
3.4 Options for disposal
Mode of disposal (e.g., incineration, release to sewage system) for each category and type of use,
if appropriate; recycling possibility.
No detailed information was found. With the exception of use as an intermediate, ultimate
release into the environment must be assumed. One source recommends incineration as a methodof disposal (ref. 5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OHMTADS, 1987 ed. Accession
number ACC 7216699).

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3.5 Other remarks
Reference:

4.

Environmental Fate and Pathways
Reporting of studies should give the test method, test conditions (lab versus field studies), test
results (e.g., % degradation in specified time period) and reference. Information on breakdown
products (transient and stable) should be provided when available.

*

4.1 Degradability (biotic and abiotic)
4.1.1 Biodegradability
Test substance: n-Dodecanol, analytic grade
Test type, aerobic [X] , anaerobic [ ]Test medium: water, water-sediment, soil, sewage treatment
Activated sludge.
In the case of poorly soluble chemicals, treatment given (nature, concentration, etc..):Test method (e.g., OECD, ISO, others):
Activated sludge suspension adjusted to 2,500 mg/l suspended solids. Substrate concentration
500 mg/l. Temperature maintained at 20oC, measurements on Warburg respirometer.
GLP

YES [?]NO [ ]

Test results:
BOD 13.4% of TOD at conclusion of test period (24 hrs.)
Comments:
Reference: (9.)
Gerhold, R., "Structural Determinants in the Oxidation of Aliphatic Compounds by Activated Sludge,"
J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., Vol. 38, 1966, pp. 562-579.

4.1.1.a Biodegradability
Test substance: Dodecyl alcohol, chemically pure, C12
Test type, aerobic [X], anaerobic [ ]Test medium: Water, water-sediment, soil. sewage treatment
Activated acclimated sludge (I.) and domestic sewage (II.)
Test method (e.g. OECD ISO, others):
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Warburg apparatus, standard dilution technique, 20oC.
GLP

YES [?]NO [ ]

Test results:
BOD 5-day 29.7% of TOD for activated sludge (I.)
BOD 5-day 27.0% of TOD for domestic sewage (II:)
Comments:
Reference: (10.)
Bogan, R., "Biochemical Degradation of Synthetic Detergents", Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol 27,
1955, pp. 917-928.

4.1.1.b Biodegradability
Test substance: 1-Dodecanol, analytical grade
Test type, aerobic [X], anaerobic [ ]Test medium: Water, water-sediment, soil, sewage treatment
Acclimated domestic sewage.
Test method (e.g. OECD, ISO, others):
Standard BOD technique, 21oC (plus-minus 3oC.
GLP

YES [?]NO [ ]

Test results:
BOD 5-day 23.2% of ThOD.
Comments:
Reference: (11.)
Vaishnav, D., et. al., "Quantitative Structure - Biodegradability Relationships for Alcohols, Ketones
and Alicyclic Compounds", Chemosphere, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1987, pp. 695-703.

4.1.1.c Biodegradability
Test Substance: Lorol C12 - 99, 100% pure.
Test type, aerobic [x], anaerobic [ ]Test medium: water inoculated with mixed bacteria.
Test method: (e.g. OECD ISO, others):
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1-DODECANOLGLP: YES [x] NO [ ]BODIS: Biological oxygen demand test for insoluble substances. Synonym: Modified
RDA/Blok-test. The method represents a modification of the closed bottle test especially suitedfor poorly soluble compounds.
Test procedure:
A mineral medium is inoculated with a mixed bacterial inoculum, stabilized under laboratory
conditions for one week and then spiked with a predetermined amount of test chemical.
The test vessels are closed glass bottles with a known volume of aqueous test mixture (2/3) andair (1/3). They are shaken continuously toassure steady state oxygen partitioning between
liquid and gas phase. The degradation is followed by weekly measurements of BOD in the
aqueous phase for a 28 d period. The total oxygen uptake in the flasks is calculated from themeasured dissolved oxygen concentration divided by the saturation value at normal conditions
and multiplied with the total oxygen content originally present in the liquid and gas phase.
Results:
at test conc. 100 mg COD/l:% BOD/COD 7 days= 72%, 14 days= 89%, 21 days= 93%, 28 days = 100%
BOD = biological oxygen demand
COD = chemical oxygen demand = 2.97 mgO2/mg
Reference:
Henkel KGaA, TFB-ökologi, "Lorol C12 - 99, Bewertung der biologischen Abbaubarkeit im BODIStest," Abschlussbericht 5. März 1992, Börner, RE 920025.

4.1.2 Sewage Treatment
Information on treatability of the substanceNo information was found on sewage treatment.
4.1.3 Stability in air (e.g., photodegradability) and in water (e.g., hydrolysis)
Test substance:
Test method or estimation method (e.g., OECD, others):
If available, information on degradation products, dissociation constants and half-life should begiven.
GLP

YES [ ]NO [ ]

Test results:

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Percentage of degradation after certain period:
Comments:
Does not react with water, and has a low general reactivity (ref. 12. U.S. Coast Guard, CHRIS(Chemical Hazard Response Information System), SilverPlatter 1.6, Jan. 1988 edition, Cas no.
112-53-8).
Estimated hydrolysis half life of 1000 days (ref. 13., Veith, U.S. EPA QSAR system, ERLDuluth, 1985).
Although stable under normal conditions of storage for long periods of time, exposure of hot[detergent alcohols] to air will result in increased carbonyl content particularly in presence ofiron and rust (ref. 1. Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd. ed., Vol. 1,
1978, p. 726).
Reference:
4.1.4 Identification of main mode of degradability in actual use
No information.
Reference:
4.2 Bioaccumulation
Test substance:
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):.
.

Type of test: static [ ], semi-static [ ], flow-through [ ]Other (e.g., field test) [ ]GLP

YES [ ]NO [ ]

Test results:
Bioaccumulation factor:
Calculated results: BCF 3801.0
Method of Calculation: Veith, et. al., 1980
Comments:
Reference: (13.)
U.S. EPA, QSAR system, ERL-Duluth, 1985.

*

4.3 Transport and distribution between environmental compartments including estimatedenvironmental concentrations and distribution pathways

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1-DODECANOLThis information may be provided by industry or by public authorities. It should be indicatedwhether the calculation is on a global basis or is site-specific, and whether it is based onlaboratory measurements or field observations.
Type of transport and distribution processes between compartments (e.g., air, water, soil):
Estimation of environmental concentrations:. results of the estimation
Log10 (Henrys Constant) = -3.42 atm-m**3/molePartitioning pattern, Air = 0.27%; Water = 3,82%; Ground = 49.61%;
Hydrosoil = 46.30%. summary of the method (or model) used
Neely 100 day partitioning pattern.
Reference: (13.)
U.S. EPA, QSAR system, ERL-Duluth, 1985.
4.4 Monitoring data (environment)
Test substance:
Indicate whether the data are measurements of background concentrations or measurements at
contaminated sites:- air: ........................(ug/m3) in .............. as of 19..
- surface water: ..........(ug/l) in ................ as of 19..
- ground water: ..........(ug/l) in ................ as of 19..
- soil/sediment: ..........(ug/g) in ............... as of 19..
- biota*: ......................(ug/g) in ................as of 19..
*(specify species)- food: .........................(ug/g) in .............. as of 19..
Comments:
Detected in sediment of Niagara River Watershed at concentration of 5 ppm (ref. 14. Proctor,
B., et. al., "Industrial Organic Compounds in the Niagara River Watershed", Adv. Ident. Anal.
Org. Pollut. Water, Vol 2, 1981, pp. 1017-1036.
Tentatively identified by GC-MS in waste water from poultry processing plant in Maryland,
U.S.A., no quantitative data (ref. 15. Wachter, J., et. al., Organic Chemicals and Other Factors
in Water Reuse at a Poultry Processing Plant, PB-82-223660, 1982, pp. 862-880.
Detected in river water near Barcelona, Spain by GC-MS. Concentration not given. (ref. 16.
Rivera, J., et. al., "GC/MS, HPLC and FAB Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Organic
Micropollutants in Barcelona's Water Supply", Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., Vol. 29, 1987,
pp. 15-35.)

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1-DODECANOLFound in industrial effluent discharged into the Illinois River at concentration of 24,500 ppb (ref.
17. Satu, M., et. al., "Identification of Cocarcinogens and Promoters in Industrial Discharges
into and in the Illinois River", Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Vol. 6, 1980,
pp. 315-331).
Reference:5.

Ecotoxicological Data
5.1 Toxicity to fish*

5.1.1 Results of acute tests
Test substance: 1-dodecanol, purity not stated.
Test species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow).
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):. Type of test static [ ], semi-static [ ], flow-through [X]. Other (e.g., field observation) [ ]GLP

YES [?]NO [ ]

Test results:
96-hour LC50 1.01 mg/l
LC50 or EC50 - values after 24,48,72 and 96 hours and method
used to calculate these values
Comments:
Twenty to twenty-five 30-day old fish weighing ca. 0.12 g used in each experiment, test tanks
consisting of control and five different concentrations. Fish were not fed during the test.
Concentrations of test chemical analyzed daily by GC. Deaths recorded at 1,3,6,12,24,48,72 and96 hours. LD50's computed using trimmed Spearman-Karber method.
Reference: (18.)
Veith, G., "Structure-Toxicity Relationships for the Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas: Narcotic
Industrial Chemicals," Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci., Vol. 40, 1983, pp 743-748.

5.1.1.a Results of acute tests
Test substance: 1-Dodecanol (purity not specified)
Test species: Golden orf (Goldorfen)
Test method (e.g. OECD, others): Test method and conditions not specified.
GLP

YES [?]

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1-DODECANOLNO [ ]
Test results: LC0 3000 mg/l, LC100 > 10000 mg/l
Comments:
It is not possible to evaluate the results of this study on the basis of the very limited information
provided in the data sheet. It should be pointed out that the test concentrations indicated are
between 1000 and 5000 times the estimated solubility of the substance in water.
Reference: (6.)
Henkel KGaA, Datablatt fur Altstoffe : CAS-Nummer 112-53-8, 05.07.1988.

5.1.1.b Results of acute tests
Test substance: CO-1214 N Fatty Alcohol; C-10 0.6%, C-12 66.0%, C-14 25.7%, C-16 7.1%,
C-18 0.5%
Test species: Lepomis macrochiris (Bluegill sunfish).
Test method: (e.g., OECD, others):
Fish Toxicity Standard Protocol Modification " Vigorous Mixing Before Adding Test Organism" Recommended bioassay practices (U.S. EPA 1975) with the exception that replicate
concentrations were not used.
Type of test static [x], semi-static [ ], flow-through [ ]GLP YES [ ] NO [x]test results:
96- Hour LC50894.5 mg/l (95% conf. 750.1-1066.8 mg/l)
No Observed Effect Level 320.0 mg/l
Comments:
5 month old Bluegill sunfish (average weight 0.63 grams, length 37 mm) acclimatized to test
water for 24 hours prior to testing. 48 hours before initiating the test the fish were taken off
feed. 10 fish placed in each test vessel at concentrations of 0, 100, 180, 320, 560 and 1000 mg/l.
No mortality was observed at 24, 48, or 96 hour intervals, except in the high dose fish at 96 h,
where mortality was 70%. Behavioral observations made during the test indicated that Bluegill
sunfish exposed to 560 mg/l and higher exhibited abnormal surfacing behaviour and became
quiescent.
Reference:
The Acute Toxicity of WIS-77.010 (100% Active Ingredient) to the Bluegill Sunfish, Lepomis
macrochirus, Rafinesque. Prepared for The Procter and Gamble Company, Ivorydale Technical Centre,
Cincinnati, Ohio. Prepared by Union Carbide Environmental Services, Union Carbide Corporation,
Tarrytown, New York, 10591, December 29, 1977. UCES Proj. #: 11506-25-53.

5.1.2 Results of long-term tests e.g., prolonged toxicity, early life-stage

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1-DODECANOL(No information was found on long-term tests.)
Test substance:
Test species:
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):. Type of test: static [ ], semi-static [ ], flow-through [ ]. Other (e.g., field observation) [ ]GLP

YES [ ]NO [ ]

Test results:
Maximum concentration at which no effect was observed within the period of the test
Minimum concentration at which effect was observed within the period of the test
Comments:
Reference:*

5.2 Toxicity to daphnids
5.2.1 Results of acute tests
Test substance: Loral C 12 - 99 (Dodecanol)
Test species: Daphnia magna, BGA/WaBoLu
DIN 38412 part 11. (approximates OECD 202, part 1.)
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
GLP

YES [x]NO [ ]

Test results:
EC50 - values after 24 and 48 hours, and method used to
calculate these values
24 hours: EC0 = 300 mg/l, EC50 = 1700 mg/l, EC100 = 10000 mg/l
48 hours: EC0 = 100 mg/l, EC50 = 320 mg/l, EC100 = 1000 mg/l
Comments:
Slight precipitation occurred at doses of 100, 300, 1000 and 3000 mg/l, while the amount ofprecipitation was moderate at 10,000 mg/l. No observations were reported indicating physicaleffects on the test organisms (surface floating, etc.). Measured concentrations of the test
substance (DOC) in the 1000 mg/l dose solution were 0.3 mg/l on day 0, 1,1 mg/l on day 1, and
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0.8/0.9 mg/l on day 2. Measured concentrations in the 10,000 mg/l dose solution were 0.9 mg/l
on day 0, 1.6 mg/l on day 1 and 1.4/1.3 mg/l on day 2. The very low solubility of the test
substance in water make results somewhat difficult to interpret.
Reference:
Henkel KgaA, Ökologie, Dodecanol (lorol C 12 - 99), Bestimmung derakutenDaphnientoxizität im Daphnientest nach DIN 38412, Teil 11, abschlussbericht 24.04.1992, Dr.

5.2.2 Results of long-term tests e.g., reproduction
Test substance: Lorol C 12 - 99 (Dodecanol)
Test species: Daphnia magna, BGA/WaBoLu
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):. Type of test: static [x], semi-static [ ], flow-through [ ]. Other (e.g., field observation) [ ]GLP

YES [x]NO [ ]

Subacute/chronic toxicity: Daphnia 21 day life cycle test. Draft method of the working groupof the Umweltbundesamt for the development of ecotoxicological test methods in aquatic
systems: Prolonged toxicity test with Daphnia magna (Determination of the NOEC for
reproduction rate, motality and the moment of the first appearance of descendants; 21 d). Thismethod is in line with OECD test guideline 202, part 2.
Test results:
Maximum concentration at which no effect was observed within the period of the test
NOEC = 1.0 mg/l
Minimum concentration at which effect was observed within the period of the test
FOEC = 3.0 mg/l
Comments:
Daphnia were exposed for 21 days to solutions of the test substance at 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100
mg/l. Test solutions were changed three times per week. For each concentration 20 female
daphnia (5 per test vessel) are used. The test vessels are controlled regularly and the time of first
appearance of decedents and the number of juvenile organisms is determined. At (nominal)concentrations of 1 mg/l no effects were noted, while at concentrations of 3 mg/l and above,
fertility was significantly effected. There were no effects on the adults in any group including
controls on day 2. On day 5, 1/(20) died in the control group, and 8/(20) in the 10 mg/l group,
4/(20) in the 30 mg/l group, and 1/(20) in the 100 mg/l group. By day 21, adult mortality reachedor exceed 50% in all test groups above 3 mg/l, while being 10% in the control and low dosegroups.
Measured (DOC) concentrations were 0.6/0.5 mg/l at 0 hours, 1.3/1.2 mg/l at 48 hours, and1.9/1.8 mg/l at 120 hours for the 10 mg/l group. Similar measured concentrations were obtained
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in the 30 mg/l and 100 mg/l groups. No information was given on possible physical effects on
the Daphnia (surface floating, etc.).
Reference:
Henkel KGaA, Ökology, Dodecanol (Lorol C 12 - 99), Bestimmung der chronischen Daphnientoxizität
im verlängerten Daphnientest, 21 Tage, Abshlussbericht 03.06.1992., Dr. Guhl/Mühlberg, RE 920095.

*

5.3 Toxicity to algae
Test substance: 1-Dodecanol, 99.7%: The substance was handled as an

ethanol solution.

Test species: Senedesmus subspicatus SAG 8681.
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
DIN 38412 part 9.
GLP

YES [x]NO [ ]

Test results:
EC0 = 0.30 mg/l EC10 = 0.73 mg/l EC50 = 0.97 mg/l
EC50 (duration, e.g. 24,48,72 hours)
96 hours
Maximum concentration at which no effect was observed within the period of the test
EC0 = 0.30 mg/l
Minimum concentration at which effect was observed within the period of the test
EC10 = 0.73 mg/l
Comments:
It was found difficult to obtain reproducible results in the algae test.
Reference:
Henkel KGaA, Forshung Biologie, Ökologi, 1-Dodecanol,
Abschulssbericht, November 1992, Dr. Guhl/Mühlberg, RE 920200.

Algen-Zellvermehrungshemmtest,

5.4 Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
Test substance: 1-Dodecanol, E. G. Merck, 97%.
Test species: Harpaticoid (Nitocra spinipes)
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):. Type of test: static [X], semi-static [ ], flow-through [ ]. Other (e.g., field observation) [ ]22
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N. spinipes was tested in standard 15 ml laboratory test tubes containing 10 ml of brackish
water, filtered through folded filter paper. Water temperature 20-22oC. Only adult animals
harvested from 3-6 week old cultures were used. Tests were carried out in at least six
concentrations and with one control. 2 x 10 N. spinipes exposed to each concentration. No
control analyses of the test solutions was made, and animals were not fed during the test period.
Substances with low solubility in water were first dissolved in acetone (p.a. quality) and thenadded to the test vessels. The concentration of acetone never exceeded 500 ul/l, which was far
below the LC50 for the species. Mortality was recorded after 96 hours under a low power
microscope.
GLP

YES [?]NO [ ]

Test results:
LC50 or EC50 values (acute)
96 hour LC50 0.9 mg/l (0.8-1.2)
Maximum concentration at which no effect was observed within the period of the test (prolonged
test)
Minimum concentration at which effect was observed within the period of the test (prolonged
test)
Comments:
Reference: (19.)
Linden, E, et. al., "The Acute Toxicity of 78 Chemicals and Pesticide Formulations Against Two
Brackish Water Organisms, the Bleak (Alburnus alburnus) and the Harpaticoid Nitocra spinipes,"
Chemosphere, Nos. 11/12, 1973, pp. 843-851.

5.4a Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
Test substance: 1-dodecanol, p.a. quality
Test species: Nitocra spinipes
Test method: As above, see 5.4.
Test results: 96 hour LC50 1.0 mg/l
Comments:
100 ppm of EtOH/Tween-80 added to test solution to increase solubility (acute toxicity of thisemulsion exceeded 5000 ppm in test organisms).
Reference: (20.)
Bengtsson, B., et. al., "Molecular Structure and Aquatic Toxicity - an Example with C1 - C13 Aliphatic
Alcohols," Chemosphere, Vol. 13, No. 5/6, 1984, pp. 613-622.

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5.4.b. Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
Test substance: [14C]-dodecanol (56 ci mol-1) (ICN Biomedicals, Irvine, Ca., radiochemical
purity > 98.5%)
Test species: Rana pipiens, early pre-limb bud tadpoles, 1-1.5 cm.
Test method:
Anaesthetic concentration-response curves determined by loss of righting reflex. Tadpoles
placed in beakers of neutral, oxygenated aqueous solutions of alcohol prepared in twice-distilledwater. After 15-240 minutes allowed for equilibration, tadpoles tipped manually with flame
polished glass pipette. Unresponsiveness of > 5 sec. was recorded, and test repeated at 15 min.
intervals.
Minimum of 10 animals at each of 5 different concentrations, studies repeated and data pooled.
Solutions prepared by diluting stock solutions in ethanol, final concentration of EtOH always
being lower than 25 mM. EC50s and slopes obtained using logistic method for quantal responses.
15% depletion of dodecanol in test solution measured as function of [14C] after 2 hours.
Test results: EC50 after 2 hrs. exposure 4.7 uM (0.88 mg/l)
Comments:
An earlier experiment (ref. 22., Pringle, M., et. al., "Can the Lipid Theories of Anaesthesia
Account for the Cutoff in Anaesthetic Potency in Homologous Series of Alcohols?," Molecular
Pharmacology, Vol. 19, 1979, pp. 49-55.) using an unspecified species of tadpole obtained
similar results with ED50 of 5.4 x 10-9 M dodecanol ( 1.0 mg/l).
Reference: (21.)
Alifimoff, J., et. al., "Anaesthetic Potencies of Primary Alkanols: Implications for the MolecularDimensions of the Anaesthetic Site," Br. J. Pharmacol., Vol. 96, 1989, pp. 9-16.

5.4.c. Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
Test substance: 1-dodecanol, purity not specified.
Test species: Mosquito, Aedes aegypti and Aedes scutellaris.
Test Method:I. Eggs of both species aged 2 to 14 days immersed in 150 ml of hay infusion in jars of 51 cm2
surface area. 150-250 embryonated eggs per jar. Each trial carried out in triplicate at ten
different concentrations. Each series of tests repeated ten times. Eggs allowed to remain in jars
for 24-72 hours at 25-27oC. Mortality based on difference between larval count between control
and study group.
II. Larvae and pupae of both species, 25 of each treated as above with minimum of five different
concentrations of test substance, each series of test repeated ten times. Mortality interpreted as
failure of larvae to move.
Test results:
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Eggs, Ae. aegypti and Ae. scutellaris, LD50 4 l/hectare = ca. 0.4 ml/m2. LD90 7 l/hectare = ca.
0.7 ml/m2.
First, second, third and fourth instar larvae and pupae of Ae. aegypti, LD50 3-4 l/hectare = ca.
0.3-0.4 ml/m2 ; LD90 6-7 l/hectare = ca. 0.6-0.7 ml/m2.
First, second, third and fourth instar larvae and pupae of Ae. scutellaris, LD50 4 l/hectare = ca.
0.4 ml/m2 ; LD90 6-7 l/hectare = 0.6-0.7 ml/m2.
Comments:
According to authors, the alcohols tested initially acted as irritants, finally causing death of thelarvae by breaking down some components of cellular structures, presumably of lipid
composition, leading to death of the test organisms.
Reference: (23.)
Sinniah, B., "Insecticidal Effect of Aliphatic Alcohols Against Aquatic Stages of Aedes Mosquitoes,"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 77, No. 1, 1983, pp. 35-38.

5.5 Toxicity to bacteria
Test substance: Lorol C12 chemically pure
Test species:

Ps. putida

Single species tests such as "Microtox Photobacterium luminescence test" and tests on overall
processes such as nitrification or soil respiration are included in this item.
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):. Type of test
. Other (e.g., field observation) [ ]02-Consumption test, OECDGLPYES [?]NO [ ]

Test results: Acute bacterial toxicity, EC50 > 100 mg Prod./lComments:
No additional information supplied.
Reference: (6.)
Henkel KGaA, Datablatt fur Altstoffe: CAS-nummer 112-53-8, 05.07.1988 - DIN-Sicherheitsdatenblatt
003838, folge 01 vom 23.06.1988, page 1.

*

5.6 Toxicity to terrestrial organisms
5.6.1 Toxicity to soil dwelling organisms

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1-DODECANOLNo information found on toxicity to soil dwelling organisms.
Test substance:
Test species:
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
GLP

YES [ ]NO [ ]

Test results:
LC50 (at 7 and 14 days for earthworms)
Comments:
Reference:
5.6.2 Toxicity to plants
Test substance: Dodecane-1-ol, purity not stated.
Test species: Tomato plants, cultivar 'Sonato,' 5-6 weeks after sowing.
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
Application of a spray containing an aqueous emulsion of test substance at concentrations of 1%or 2%, with observation 1,2,6 and 10 days after treatment.
GLP

YES [?]NO [ ]

Test results:
Both concentrations resulted in death of leaves within 6-10 days, with moderate damage to stems
and severe damage to side shoots.
EC50 for 7 and 14 days or LC50
Maximum concentration at which no effect was observed within the period of the test
Minimum concentration at which effect was observed within the period of the test
Comments:
Reference: (24.)
Maw, G., "Aliphatic Alcohols as Pruning-Agents for Tomato Side Shoots," Scientia Horticulturae, Vol.
7, 1977, pp. 43-55.

5.6.3 Toxicity to birds
No information found on toxicity to birds.
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Test substance:
Test species:
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
GLP

YES [ ]NO [ ]

Test results:
LD50 (acute), LC50 (subacute)
Maximum concentration at which no effect was observed within the period of the test
(semi-chronic or chronic)
Minimum concentration at which effect was observed within the period of the test (semi-chronicor chronic)
Comments:
Reference:
5.7 Biological Effects Monitoring (including biomagnification)
No information found on Biological Effects Monitoring.
Studies on variation of predominant species in certain ecosystems and monitoring of biologicaleffects (e.g., thinning of eggshell) etc. are included.
Test substance:
Organism or ecosystem studied:
Effects monitored:
Information on monitoring conditions (water characteristics: suspended matter, pH, temperature,
hardness) (Soil/sediment characteristics: % organic matter, clay content)
Test results:
Chemical analysis:
Comments:
Reference:
5.8 Biotransformation and kinetics in environmental species
No information found on Biotransformation.

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Under this item, studies on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion etc. should begiven.

6.

Toxicological Data (oral, dermal and inhalation, as appropriate)
Where observations on humans are available, e.g., irritation, these should be entered in theappropriate "Comments" section.

*

6.1 Acute toxicity
6.1.1 Acute oral toxicity
Test substance: Dodecanol, no further details on purity.
Test species/strain: Rat, strain not identified.
Test method (e.g., OECD, limit test, fixed dose test):
GLP

YES [ ]
NO [x]

Test results:
LD50 reported as > 12.8 ml/kg and > 36 ml/kg.
LD50 or other measure of acute toxicity (e.g. in case of fixed-dose test)
Discriminating dose (for fixed dose only):
Comments:
An oral LD50 in the rabbit of > 36 ml/kg is also reported, as well as an i.p. LD50 for rats of 0.81.6 g/kg. All of these acute studies stem from unpublished results, or personal communications.
They are extensively quoted in other secondary or tertiary literature sources.
Reference: (25.)
Clayton, G., et. al., ed., "Alcohols," Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd. Ed., Vol. 2C, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982, p. 4632-4633.

6.1.2 Acute inhalation toxicity
Test substance: Dodecyl alcohol, purity not specified.
Test species/strain: Rat, male Sprague-Dawley (Charles River).
Test method (e.g., OECD, EC, limit test):
42 animals exposed in stainless steel and glass exposure chamber to aerosol pumped at aconstant rate. Concentrations measured during exposure by standard gravimetric techniques at
1.05 plus-minus 0.06 mg/liter. Particle size analysis indicated mean aerodynamic diameter of
2.98 u. Total length of exposure time for subgroups of animals, 1, 6 or 18 hours.
GLP

YES [?]

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1-DODECANOLNO [ ]
Test results:
LC50:

Not determined.

Comments:
No deaths occurred in any of the exposed animals. Decreased general activity : Mild dyspnea insome animals. At necropsy a few animals showed a mild degree of scattered haemorrhagic areasin the lungs.
Reference: (26.)
Ulrich, C., et. al., "Pulmonary Deposition of Aerosols in Individual and Group Caged Rats," American
Industrial Hygiene Journal, Vol. 40, 1979, pp. 633-636.

6.1.2.a Acute inhalation Toxicity
Test substance: n-Dodecanol, purity not specified.
Test species/strain: Rat, male Sprague-Dawley, 225-300 gm.
Test method:
Ten animals exposed by aspiration to 0.2 ml dodecanol, and observed for max. 24 hours prior tosacrifice.
Test results:
Nine of ten rats died during observation period, seven deaths occurring within 7-30 minutes.
Cause of death reported as massive, extensive, severe pulmonary haemorrhage.
Comments:
Reference:
Gerard, H., et. al., "The Aspiration Hazard and Toxicity of a Homologous Series of Alcohols," Arch.
Environ. Health, Vol. 13, 1966, pp. 457-461.

6.1.3 Acute dermal toxicity
Test substance: Dodecanol, purity not specified.
Test species/strain: Guinea pig.
Test method (e.g., OECD, limit test):
GLP

YES [ ]
NO [x]

Test results:
LD50:
LD50 > 10 ml/kg
Comments:
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Results of unpublished study. No further details.
Reference: (25.)
Clayton, G., et. al., ed., "Alcohols," Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd. Ed., Vol. 2C, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982, p. 4632-4633.

6.2 Corrosiveness/Irritation
6.2.1 Skin Irritation
Test substance: Dodecanol, about 97% pure.
Test species/strain: Female Swiss mice.
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
GLP

YES [?]NO [ ]

50 animals exposed by dermal application to ca. 20 ul 20% dodecanol in cyclohexane three times
weekly for 60 weeks.
Test results: give maximum scores after ..... hrs
Comments:
Severe cutaneous irritation. Depilation and erythema most intense between sixth and twelfth
week, slowly decreasing to leave grossly normal looking skin after 20 weeks.
A brief statement in Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology (ref. 25) referring to an
unpublished study states that there was practically no irritation when applied to the skin ofGuinea pigs.
In human beings tested by the chamber-scarification method, non-occlusive exposure to a 25%
solution in mineral oil produced marked irritation (ref. 29., Frosch, P., "The ChamberScarification Test for Irritancy," Contact Dermatitis, Vol. 2, 1976, pp. 313-324.)
Severe skin irritation was observed in rats following repeat application of 1-Dodecanol during
range-finding studies in preparation for the OECD Combined repeat dose andreproductive/developmental toxicity screening test, causing this exposure rout to be abandoned.
(ref. Hansen)
Reference: (28.)
Sice, J., "Tumor-Promoting Activity of n-Alkanes and 1-Alkanols," Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology, Vol. 9, 1966, pp. 70-74.

6.2.2 Eye Irritation
Test substance: A. Commercial Lauryl alcohol (natural source) containing C10 0.3%, C12
68.9%, C14 25.1%, C16 5.1%, C18 0.3% and 0.3% unidentified. B. Commercial Lauryl alcohol(synthetic source) containing C10 0.1%, C12 63.3%, C14 24.1%, C16 8.3%, C18 0.4% and3.8% unidentified.
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Test species/strain: New Zealand White rabbit.
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
Rabbit eye irritation, scored according to Draize criteria.
GLP

YES [?]NO [ ](Reviewed by International Research and Development Corporation Quality Assurance
Department.)
Test results: give maximum scores after ..... hrs
Product A, 3 animals dosed with 0.1 ml/unwashed and 3 animals with 0.1 ml/washed. Product B,
3 animals dosed with 0.1 ml/unwashed and 3 with 0.1 ml/washed. The undiluted test substance
was introduced into the conjunctival sac of the right eye of each rabbit, after which the eyelids
were held closed for approximately 1 second. Rabbits in the washed group received washout
about 4 seconds following installation with 20 ml lukewarm tap water. The left eye served as acontrol for each rabbit.
Maximum average irritation scores dor product A were 9.3 (unwashed) at 1 hour, and 8.7(washed) at 1 hour. For product B maximum scores (unwashed) of 10, and 8.4 (washed) at 1
hour. Most scores returned to zero within 3-4 days, but in one animal 14 days were required.
All animals appeared normal during the course of the study, except for one female in group A.
(washed) which exhibited hair loss around theright eye on days 17 to 21, and one male ingroup B. (unwashed) which exhibited clear nasal discharge on days 3 to 9.
Comments:
The results indicate mild, mainly conjunctival irritation under the conditions of this study. An
additional study of the same two product batches, using a low volume procedure (10 ul test
substance per eye), gave Draize scores of zero for substance A., and 2.8 for substance B.
Reference:
The Procter and Gamble Company, Test articles J0171.01 and J0172.01, Rabbit Eye Irritation, May 7,
1980, 191-566.
The Procter and Gamble Company, Test articles J0171.01 and J0172.01, Rabbit Eye Irritation (Low
Volume Procedure), April 8, 1980, 191-567.

6.3 Skin sensitisation(No animal experiments were found for skin sensitization.)
Test substance:
Test species/strain:
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):

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GLP

1-DODECANOLYES [ ]NO [ ]

Test results:
Number of animals with skin reaction at challenge
Number of animals with skin reaction in control group at challenge
Comments:
Reference:*

6.4 Repeated dose toxicity
Test substance: 1-Dodecanol, Sigma L 5375, 99% purity
Test species/strain: Rats, Mol/WIST SPF, 8 weeks of age.
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
OECD Combined repeat dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity
GLP

screening test.

YES [x]NO [ ]

Test results:
No effect was seen in the macroscopic and histological examinations. The total number of whiteblood cells was reduced dose dependently, but no differences in differential count of the whiteblood cells could explain this effect. Mean white blood cell counts were 7.0 in the control group,
5.9 at 100 mg/kg, 4.3 (P<0.001) at 500 mg/kg and 4.7 (P<0.01) in the 2000 mg/kg groups. A
statistically significant reduction was observed in plasma free cholesterol in the 500
mg/kg/bw/day group (from a mean of 0.18 in controls to 0.11 (P<0.05), and in triglyceride in the2000 mg/kg/bw/day group( from a mean of 0.58 in controls to 0.31 (P<0.01). The reduction infree cholesterol seen in the 500 mg/kg group may be explained by two outliers with much lower
concentrations than the remainder of that group.
Dose or concentration at which no toxic effects were observed:
NOEL = 100 mg/kg for reduction in mean white blood cell counts.
Comments:
24 rats (12 male and 12 female) were used in each dose group, which received 1-Dodecanol inthe diet in concentrations of 0, 1500, 7500, and 30000 ppm (ca. 0, 100, 500 and 2000
mg/kg/bw/day) for a period of 37 days. 1-Dodecanol had no influence on body weight, weight
gain, food consumption and food efficiency in either sex at the doses employed. All pathologicaland histopathological findings were considered incidental, and not related to the dosing. With the
exception of the small effect on white blood cells and biological parameters mentioned above, no
toxic effects were observed.
Reference:
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Ernst Hansen, "Combined Repeat Dose and Reproductive/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test on 1Dodecanol in Rats," Institute of Toxicology, Danish National Food Agency, IT 921105, july 30, 1992.

6.4.a. Repeated dose toxicity
Test substance: n-Lauryl alcohol, reagent grade.
Test species/strain: Chicken, male white Leghorn.
Test method:
Groups of 15-16 1-day-old chicks fed 8-13% dodecanol in standard laboratory diet for three
weeks.
Test results:
Mortality during the experimental period was about 20%. 23/94 chicks exhibited signs ofencephalomalacia. Five of the animals showing symptoms were examined histopathologically,
and in all cases necrotic lesions of the brain typical of nutritional encephalomalacia wereobserved.
Comments:
The mean lethal dietary level of dodecanol for male Leghorn was determined as being 17.6%
There were no deaths, and no cases of encephalomalacia in 15 chicks receiving 10% dodecanol inthe diet, supplemented with 200 mg/kg feed of dl-a-tocopheryl acetate.
Reference: (31.)
Yoshida, M., et. al., "Effects of Alcohols, Aldehydes and their Derivatives to Induce Nutritional
Encephalomalacia in Starting Chicks," Agr. Biol. Chem., Vol. 35, No. 10, 1971, pp. 1610-1616.

*

6.5 Genetic toxicity
6.5.1 Bacterial test
Test substance: 1-Dodecanol, 90% purity, Wako Pure Chemicals Ltd.
Test species/strain:
Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA1538 and E. coli WP2uvrA.
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
Modified Ames test. With and without metabolic activation with rat liver S9 mix.
GLP

YES [?]NO [ ]

Test results:
Non-mutagenic in all test systems at doses ranging from 0.01-50 ug/plate.
Minimum concentration of test substance at which toxicity to bacteria was observed:
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1-DODECANOLwith metabolic activation:
without metabolic activation:
Toxic to strain TA1535 at dose of 10 ug/plate, and to TA100, TA1535, TA98, TA1537 andTA1538 at 50 ug/plate.
Concentration of the test compound resulting in precipitation:
Genotoxic effects:
with metabolic activation:
without metabolic activation:+ ? [ ] [ ] [x][ ] [ ] [x]Comments:
The fact that no tests were performed at doses of > 50ug/plate makes the predictive value of theresults difficult to interpret.
Reference: (32.)
Shimizu, H., et. al., "The Results of Microbial Mutation Test for Forty-Three Industrial Chemicals,"
Jpn. J. Ind. Health, Vol 27, 1985, pp. 400-419.

6.5.2 Non-bacterial in vitro test
Test substance: Lauryl alcohol
Type of cell used: Vicia faba
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
GLP:

YES [ ]NO [ ]

Test results:"Lauryl alcohol was established to diminish the cell mitotic activity, after 14 hours' treatment
causing different structural changes of chromosomes and of the mitotic apparatus. Following 48
hours' treatment some multipolar figures were observed."
Lowest Concentration producing cell toxicity:with metabolic activation:
without metabolic activation:
Genotoxic effects:
with metabolic activation:
without metabolic activation:+ ? [] [] [][] [] []

Comments:

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1-DODECANOL(Only the brief English abstract concerning this experiment wasin Russian, has not been translated.)

consulted. The original article,

Reference: (33.)
Bobak, M., "Effect of Lauril Alcohol on the Mitosis of Vicia Faba," Tsitologiya, Vol. 9, iss. 2, 1967, pp.
229-231.

6.5.3 Non-bacterial test in vivo
Test substance: 1-Dodecanol (lorol C12-99, batch no. A 06502:91)
Test species/strain: Albino mice, CFW 1
Test method (e.g. OECD, others):
OECD no. 474
GLP yes [x] no [ ]Test results:
No statistically significant enhanced mean values of micronucleated cells in polychromaticerythrocytes were seen following oral doses of 5000 mg/kg. No reduction in the ratio ofpolychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes was seen.
Lowest dose producing toxicity:
No toxicity was observed.
Effects on Mitotic Index or P/N Ratio:
No effect.
Genotoxic effects:+ ? [ ] [ ] [x]Comments:
Six male and six female mice were used per group. Test substance administered once by oral
gavage in arachis oil at a dosage of 5000 mg/kg. Six males and six females per group sacrificed
at intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hours after administration. Bone marrow smears from both femursof each animal prepared, and smears from first five animals of each group examined for
micronuclei in 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes of each animal.
The negative control consisted of administration of arachis oil alone, and a positive control
received 20 mg/kg Cyclophosphamide.
Reference:
Henkel KGaA, Toxikologie, 1_dodecanol (Lorol C12-99), Micronucleus Test in vivo in Bone Marrow
Cells of the Mouse, Report, May 1992, Dr. N. Banduhn, RT 920162.

6.5.3.a Non-bacterial test in vivo
Test substance: n-Dodecanol
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Test species/strain: Rat
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
GLP:

YES [ ]NO [ ]

8 animals received 1/5 of LD50 by stomach tube as 40% suspension in water.
Test results:
Increase in chromosomal abberations to 3.6% of 500 cells examined, versus none in 600 cells
from 10 control animals.
Lowest dose producing toxicity:
Effect on Mitotic Index or P/N Ratio:
Genotoxic effects:+ ? [] [] []Comments:(Original article in Russian. Formal translation would be necessary to evaluate the significanceof these results.)
Reference: (34.)
Barilyak, I., Tsitol. Genet., vol. 22, iss 2, 1988, pp. 49-52.

6.6 Carcinogenicity
Test substance: 1-Dodecanol, J.T. Baker, lot 1-3669.
Test species/strain: Mouse, A/He
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
GLP:

YES [?]NO [ ]

Male and female animals, 6-8 weeks old received i.p. injections of dodecanol in 0.1 ml
tricaprylin 3 times weekly for eight weeks. Total amount administered 12.0 gm/kg to 30 animals
in high dose group, and 2.4 gm/kg to 28 animals in low dose group. The animals were observed
for an additional 16 weeks prior to sacrifice.
Test results:
Lung tumours were observed in 2/15 female mice in the high dose group, and in 2/15 males and3/13 females in the low dose group. The lung tumour rate was not statistically significant relative
to either untreated or vehicle controls. No tumours were found in other organs examined.
Comments:
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Reference: (30.)
Stoner, G., et. al., "Test for Carcinogenicity of Food Additives and Chemotherapeutic Agents by
Pulmonary Tumor Response in Strain A mice," Cancer Research, Vol. 33, 1973, pp. 3069-3085.

6.6.a. Carcinogenicity
Test substance: Lauryl alcohol, purified by distillation; bp. 99-100oC/2.5 mm, Eastman Organic
Chemicals.
Test species/strain: Mouse, female ICR/Ha Swiss (ARS/Sprague-Dawley).
Test method (e.g. OECD, others):
GLP

YES [?]NO [ ]

50 mice aged 6-8 weeks treated 3 times weekly by skin application with 10 mg Dodecanol in
acetone, 0.1 ml for 440 days. Another group of 50 animals received the same dose of dodecanol,
but were also exposed to B[a]P, 5 ug/0.1 ml in acetone 3 times weekly. During the experimental
period animals bearing tumours appearing grossly to be carcinomas were killed 2 months after
the tumor was classified as malignant, or when animals were moribund. All animals were
autopsied.
Test results:
No tumours were observed in the 50 mice receiving dodecanol. Of the animals receiving
dodecanol and B[a]P, 27 papillomas occurred in a total of 21 animals, 13 mice with squamouscell carcinoma. In a control group also consisting of 50 mice and being treated with B[a]P (5 ug)
alone, 26 papillomas were observed in 16 animals, 12 of these tumours being squamous cell
carcinoma. The authors conclude that these results suggest a weak to moderate cocarcinogenic
effect.
Comments:
It is difficult to interpret the results of this test regarding cocarcinogenicity: while 21/50 animals
in the dodecanol-B[a]P exhibited tumours versus 16/50 in the B[a]P group, the total number oftumours was almost the same in each experimental group (27/50 dodecanol-B[a]P, 26/50 B[a]P
alone), and there was also little difference in the number of carcinomas (13/50 in the dodecanolB[a]P group, v. 12/50 for B[a]P alone. Additionally, the number of days to first papilloma in the
Dodecanol-B[a]P group was somewhat longer (226 days) than in the group receiving B[a]P alone(210 days).
Reference (45.)
Van Duuren, B., et. al, "Cocarcinogenic and Tumor-Promoting Agents in Tobacco Carcinogenesis,"
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 56, 1976, pp. 1237-1242.

6.6.b. Carcinogenicity
Test substance: Dodecanol, 97%, purified by repeated freezing and distillation under nitrogen at
reduced pressure.
Test species/strain: Mouse, female Swiss.
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Test method:
GLP

YES [?]NO [ ]

30 animals initiated by skin treatment with 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, thereafter treatedwith 20 ul of dodecanol in cyclohexane 3 x weekly for 60 weeks. (ca. 0.4 mg dodecanol per
application).
Test results:
2 of the 20 surviving mice developed local papillomas (at weeks 39 and 49). No papillomas
were seen in 34 of 50 surviving non-initiated mice treated with the same dose of dodecanol. The
authors state the initiation dose alone is non-carcinogenic.
Comments:
Reference: (28.)
Sice, J., "Tumor-Promoting Activity of n-Alkanes and 1-Alkanols," Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology, Vol. 9, 1966, pp. 70-73.

6.6.c. Carcinogenicity
Test substance: 1-Dodecanol (PAH-free by UV spectra)
Test species/strain: Mice, C3H/He
Test method (e.g. OECD, others):
GLP

YES [?]NO [ ]

Groups of 20 animals each were exposed by skin application to 50 mg of a solution of 0.05%, or
0.2% Benzo[a]pyrene in decalin twice weekly, which had been adulterated with 0, 10, 20, 30,
40, 50, 75 or 100% dodecanol.
Test results:
Malignant tumours occurred in 65-100% of all 16 groups. In the animals exposed to 0.05%
B[a]P, the tumor latency period decreased steadily from 63 weeks for mice receiving nododecanol, to 26 weeks for mice exposed to the solution containing 100% dodecanol. In thegroups exposed to 0.2% B[a]P, average latency decreased from 42 weeks in the group receiving
no dodecanol, to 22 weeks in the 100% dodecanol group. There were no skin tumours seen in 50
control animals receiving 50% dodecanol in decalin alone.
Comments:
Reference: (35.)
Bingham, E., "Environmental Carcinogens: The Modifying Effect of Cocarcinogens on the Threshold
Response," Arch. Environ. Health, Vol. 19, 1969, pp. 779-783.

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6.6.d. Carcinogenicity
Test substance: Lauryl alcohol, from Tokyo Kasei, Ltd.
Test species/strain: Mouse, Swiss albino ddY.
Test method (e.g. OECD, others)
GLP

YES [?]NO [ ]

Groups of four or six 5-week old animals were implanted i.p. with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (1x 106 cells per mouse). After 24 hours the mice were exposed i.p. to doses of 2,2.5, 4, 8 or 10
mg/mouse/day of dodecanol once daily for 5 consecutive days.
Test results:
Survival time was increased to > 30 days in the 2.5 mg/mouse group and to > 26 days in the 8
mg/mouse group, relative to 18.3 days for 20 controls not treated with dodecanol. Survival time
was decreased in the mice receiving 10 mg/mouse (to 5 days) and in those receiving 2 mg/mouse(13 days).
Comments:
The small number of animals used make these conflicting results difficult to interpret.
Reference: (36.)
Ando, K., et. al, "Antitumor Activity of Glyceryl Ethers," Cancer Research, Vol. 32, 1972, pp. 125-129.

6.7 Reproductive and Developmental toxicity
6.7.1 Reproductive toxicity
Test substance: 1-Dodecanol (Sigma L 5375, 99% purity)
Test species/strain: Rats (Mol/WIST) SPF, aged 8 weeks.
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
OECD Combined repeat dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening test.
GLP:

YES [x]NO [ ]

Test results:
No effect was seen of reproductive or developmental parameters up to and including the
maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg/by.
NOEL for P generation
NOEL for F1 generation
NOEL for F2 generation

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Maternal and Paternal general toxicity:
1-Dodecanol in the doses administered had no influence on body weight, weight gain, foodconsumption and food efficiency in males or females. No general toxicity was noted.
Reproductive toxicity observed in parental animals (fertility, gestation, reproductive organ
toxicity, etc.):
Pregnancy rates were slightly reduced (92% in controls v. 75% in the high dose group) but thiswas not statistically significant. There were no differences in the lengths of the gestation periods.
There was no indication for effects on results from the observations of corporae luteae,
implantations, resorbtions and the number of fetuses at birth. No organ toxicity was observed.
Reproductive toxicity observed in offspring (weights of litter, postnatal growth, viability, etc.):
There were no effects on the number of pups per litter, weight, sex distribution or mortality ratefrom days 1-5. Macroscopic findings at autopsy indicated no effect from 1-Dodecanol under theconditions of this experiment.
Comments:
Groups of 24 animals each (12 males 12 females) were exposed to 1-Dodecanol in the feed atconcentrations of 0, 1500, 7500 and 30000 ppm, corresponding to ca. 0, 100, 500 and 2000
mg/kg/by/day. After 14 days of dosing, females were placed together with the males. Females inwhich no mating was recorded were kept together with the same male for a 14 day period. If noplug and no indication of pregnancy was found after a 14-day period, the female rat wasplaced together with another male for an 8-day period.
Pups were autopsied and macroscopically examined on day 5. Haematology and clinicalbiochemistry were performed on the males. Both males and females were examined
macroscopically. Histology was performed on selected organs of the control and highest dosegroup.
Reference:
Ernst Hansen, "Combined Repeat Dose and Reproductive/Developmental Toxicity Screening
Test on 1-Dodecanol in Rats," Institute of Toxicology, Danish National Food Agency, July 30,
1992, IT 921105.

6.7.2 Teratogenicity/Developmental toxicity(No information was found on Teratogenicity/Developmental tox.)
Test substance:
Test species/strain:
Test method (e.g., OECD, others):
GLP:

YES [ ]NO [ ]

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Test results:
NOEL for maternal animals
NOEL for offspring
Maternal general toxicity
Pregnancy and litter data
Foetal data (live/dead, sex, external defects, soft tissue and skeletal defects)
Comments:
Reference:
6.8 Specific toxicities (Neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity etc.)(See 6.4, encephalomalacia in Leghorn chickens.)
6.9 Toxicodynamics, toxico-kinetics[1-14C] lauryl alcohol from New England Nuclear Corp. purified by silica gel chromatography.
1.38 umole in 25 ul EtOH applied to 2.9 cm2 of the dorsal skin of 10 week old female hairlessmouse using a silicon resin enclosure. The mouse was immediately placed in a chamber tomeasure expiratory excretion. After 4 hours the experiment was terminated and the animal
sacrificed.
A total of 46.1% plus-minus 0.9% of the dodecanol was absorbed: 17.7% ± 1.9% was foundintravitally, 1.2% ± 0.2% was recovered in faecal and urinary excreta. 27.2% ± 1.0% was
excreted via respiration. 52.9% ± 2% retained on excised skin (total recovery 98.5% ± 1.5%).
Of the percutaneously absorbed dodecanol, 60% was excreted in the expired air, presumably
after metabolisation, while only 2.6% was excreted in faeces and urine.
Reference: (37.)
Nishiyama, T., et. al., "In Vivo Percutaneous Absorption of Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether Surfacants inHairless Mice," J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., Vol. 34, 1983, pp. 263-271.

An additional source reports somewhat conflicting results with a 100 ul dose of 0.5% dodecanolin triethyl citrate in occluded contact with the skin of mice for 24 hours. 95% of the dose wasreported to remain in the skin layer, with only 0.1% recovered in faeces and urine, 0.13%
recovered from the body and 2.61% excreted in the air.
Reference: (44.)
Walker, A., "1-Dodecanol," unpublished manuscript, March 1990 - referring to: Iwata, Y., et. al.,Cosmet. Toilet, Vol 102, 1987, p. 53 - (The journal article is not available at this time.)

7.

Experience with Human Exposure (give full description of study design, effects ofAccidental or Occupational Exposure, epidemiology)
Patch testing on a group of 1,664 eczema patients yielded 4 cases with positive reactions to 5%
lauryl alcohol in vaseline, 15 reactions to 10% in vaseline.
Reference: (39.)
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Hjorth, N., "Skin Reactions to Ointment Bases," Trans. a. Rep. St. John's Hosp. Derm. Soc., Vol. 49,
1963, pp. 127-140.

Of 51 patients allergic to wool wax alcohols, 22 reacted to 30% Lauryl alcohol in vaseline.
Combined scores at 24, 48 and 72 hours showed nine persons with reactions graded as 2+ or
3+(erythema, papules or infiltration; erythema, infiltration and papulovesicles).
Reference: (40.)
Auth, R., et. al., "Ein Beitrag zur Wollwachsalkohol-Allergie," Akt. Dermatol, Vol 10, 1984, pp. 215220.

A maximization test carried out on 25 human volunteers using 4% 1-dodecanol in petrolatum
produced no cases of sensitization.
Reference: (8.)
Opdyke, D., "Alcohol C-12," Fd. Cosmet Toxicol., Vol. 11, 1973, p. 109. (reference to 1972
unpublished study by RIFM.)

When tested by chamber-scarification test in human volunteers, 25% dodecyl alcohol in mineraloil produced marked irritation.
Reference: (41.)
Drill, V., et. al, ed., "The chamber-Scarification test for Assessing Irritancy of Topically Applied
Substances," Cutaneous Toxicity, Academic Press Inc., New York, 1977, pp. 127-154.

7.1 Biological Monitoring (including clinical studies, case reports, etc.)
Found in saliva of male and female human volunteers as determined by GC-MS analysis(concentration not determined).
Reference: (42.)
Kostelc, J., et. al., "Volatiles of Exogenous Origin from the Human Oral Cavity," Journal of
Chromatography, Vol. 226, 1981, pp. 315-323.

8.

Recommended Precautions, Classification (use and/or transportation)and Safety Data Sheets.
Not classified as a dangerous or harmful substance in the European Communities.
Transport: IATA, Flammable liquid, 1 liter (passenger), 40 liters (cargo). U.S. ICC; Flammableliquid, 10 gallons. U.S. CGC; Flammable liquid (ref. 5. HSDB, 1990, Cas. No. 112-53-8).
Recommended precautions: Handling and storage - Chemical safety goggles. Rubber gloves.
Mechanical exhaust required. Safety shower and eye bath. Do not breath vapour. Avoid contact
with eyes, skin and clothing. Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure. Wash thoroughly after
handling. Irritant. Keep tightly closed. Store in a cool dry place. May be harmful by inhalation,
ingestion or skin absorbtion. Vapour or mist is irritating to eyes, mucus membranes and upper
respiratory tract. Causes skin irritation. (Ref. 43., Lenga, R., "1-Dodecanol," The Sigma-Aldrich
Library of Chemical Safety Data, 2nd. Ed., Vol 1., 1988, p. 1490.)

9.

Availability and reference(s) for existing review(s)42UNEP Publications

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1-DODECANOLNo comprehensive reviews were found in the published literature.

10.

Name of responder
Jay Niemelä
Ministry of the Environment
National Agency of Environmental Protection
Strandgade 29
DK-1401 Copenhagen K
Denmark

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File: 17.01 LEGAL

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systematic name:1-Dodecanolcommon name:lauryl alcohol
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cas no:112-53-8
rtecs no
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area
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type
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-------------------------------|subject|specification|descriptor||-------+-------------+----------|
| USE
|
OCC
|
RQR
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| STORE |||| LABEL |||-------------------------------Ingredient Disclosure List - Concentration: 1% weight/weight. The
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is a national
system providing information on hazardous materials used in theworkplace. WHMIS is implemented by the Hazardous Products Act and theControlled Products Regulations (administered by the Department ofConsumer and Corporate Affairs). The regulations impose standards on
employers for the use, storage and handling of controlled products. The
regulations also address labelling and identification, employee
instruction and training, as well as the upkeep of a Materials Safety
Data Sheet(MSDS). The presence in a controlled product of an ingredientin a concentration equal to or greater than specified in the Ingredient
Disclosure List must be disclosed in the Safety Data Sheet.
entry date: APR 1991
effective date: 31DEC1987
amendment: CAGAAK, CANADA GAZETTE PART II, 122 , 2 , 551 , 1988*******
File: 17.01 LEGAL

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systematic name:1-Dodecanolcommon name:lauryl alcohol
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cas no:112-53-8
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-------------------------------|subject|specification|descriptor||-------+-------------+----------|| FOOD ||PRMT|| GOODS ||MXL|-------------------------------COMPONENT OF PLASTIC PRODUCTS PERMITTED FOR CONTACT WITH FOOD. MAXIMUM
LIMIT FOR THE PLASTIC MATERIALS: 20MG/G.
entry date: DEC 1991
effective date: 1JUL1978
title: DIRECTIVE NO.49 ON HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS ON PLASTICS AND PLASTICGOODS COMING IN CONTACT WITH FOODSTUFFS
original : HPMZC*, HYGIENICKE PREDPISY MINISTERSTVA ZDRAVOTNICTVICSR(HYGIENIC REGULATIONS OF MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF CSR), 42 ,, , 1978*******
File: 17.01 LEGAL

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systematic name:1-Dodecanolcommon name:lauryl alcohol
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cas no:112-53-8
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rtecs notype

:JR5775000
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1-DODECANOL-------------------------------|subject|specification|descriptor||-------+-------------+----------|
| USE
|
PESTI
|
PRMT
|
-------------------------------SUBSTANCE IS APPROVED AS PESTICIDE. SPECIFIC USES, LIMITATIONS AND
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ARE GIVEN. (APPLIES TO MIXTURE OF ALCOHOLS C6-C12).
entry date: JUL 1994
effective date:
JAN1994
title: LIST OF PERMITTED CHEMICALS FOR PLANT PROTECTION
original : SPPOR*, SEZNAM POVOLENYCH PRIPRAVKU NA OCHRANU ROSTLIN(LIST
OF PERMITTED CHEMICALS FOR PLANT PROTECTION), , , 271 , 1993*******
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type
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-------------------------------|subject|specification|descriptor||-------+-------------+----------|| AQ||
CLASS |
| USE
|
INDST
|
RQR
|
-------------------------------SATURATED FATTY ALCOHOLS WITH AN EVEN-NUMBERED C CHAIN, C NUMBER >= 12,
AND A TERMINAL OH GROUP ARE CLASSIFIED AS IN GENERAL NOT HAZARDOUS TO
WATER (WATER-HAZARD CLASS: WGK 0). (THE DIFFERENT CLASSES ARE: WGK 3 =VERY HAZARDOUS; WGK 2 = HAZARDOUS; WGK 1 = SLIGHTLY HAZARDOUS; WGK 0 =IN GENERAL NOT HAZARDOUS.) THE CLASSIFICATION FORMS THE BASIS FOR
WATER-PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL PLANTS IN WHICH
WATER-HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ARE HANDLED.
entry date: JAN 1995
title: Administrative Rules concerning Substances Hazardous to Water(Verwaltungsvorschrift wassergefaehrdende Stoffe)
original : GMSMA6, Gemeinsames Ministerialblatt, , 8 , 114 , 1990*******
File: 17.01 LEGAL

rn : 606543

systematic name:1-Dodecanolcommon name:lauryl alcohol
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cas no:112-53-8
rtecs no
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area
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type
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-------------------------------|subject|specification|descriptor||-------+-------------+----------|| TRNSP |
MARIN
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RQR
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| AQ
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MARIN
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RSTR
|
| AQ
|
EMI
|
RSTR
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-------------------------------CATEGORY B SUBSTANCE: DISCHARGE INTO THE SEA IS PROHIBITED;DISCHARGE OFTANK WASHINGS AND RESIDUAL MIXTURES IS SUBJECT TO RESTRICTIONS.
entry date:1992
effective date: 06APR1987
title: THE MERCHANT SHIPPING (CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY NOXIOUS LIQUIDSUBSTANCES IN BULK) REGULATIONS 1987, SCHEDULE 1
original : GBRSI*, STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS, 551 , , 15 , 1987
amendment: GBRSI*, STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS, 2604 , , 2 , 1990
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File: 17.01 LEGAL

rn : 1142598

systematic name:1-Dodecanolcommon name:lauryl alcohol
reported name :Dodecyl alcohol
cas no:112-53-8
rtecs no
:JR5775000
area
: RUS
type
: REG
-------------------------------|subject|specification|descriptor||-------+-------------+----------|
| AIR
|
OCC
|
MAC
|
|
|
|
CLASS |-------------------------------CLV: 10MG/M3 (VAPOUR, AEROSOL) HAZ. CLASS: III
entry date: MAY 1990
effective date:

1JAN1989

amendment: GOSTS*, GOSUDARSTVENNYI STANDART SSSR(STATE STANDARD OF
USSR), 12.1.005 , , , 1988*******
File: 17.01 LEGAL

rn : 1302357

systematic name:1-Dodecanolcommon name:lauryl alcohol
reported name :LAURYL ALCOHOL
cas no:112-53-8
rtecs no
:JR5775000
area
: USA
type
: REG
-------------------------------|subject|specification|descriptor||-------+-------------+----------|| FOOD |
ADDIT
|
RSTR
|
| TRANS ||RSTR|| STORE ||RSTR|| PACK ||RSTR|-------------------------------; Summary - THIS SUBSTANCE IS INCLUDED ON A LIST OF SUBSTANCES USED TO
PREPARE ADHESIVES WHICH MAY BE SAFELY USED AS COMPONENTS OF ARTICLESINTENDED FOR USE IN PACKAGING, TRANSPORTATION, OR HOLDING FOOD INACCORDANCE WITH THE FOLLOWING PRESCRIBED CONDITIONS: SUBSTA NCE MUST BE
SEPARATED FROM THE FOOD BY A FUNCTIONAL BARRIER, MUST NOT EXCEED LIMITSOF GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE USED WITH DRY FOODS, OR NOT EXCEED TRACEAMOUNTS AT SEAMS AND EDGE EXPOSURES WHEN USED WITH FATTY AND AQUEOUS
FOODS. ALSO REGULATED BY SEA M INTEGRITY, LABELING STANDARDS, AND ANYPROVISION UNDER 21 CFR 175
entry date: NOV 1991
effective date:1977
title: SUBSTANCES FOR USE ONLY AS COMPONENTS OF ADHESIVES
original : FEREAC, FEDERAL REGISTER, 42 , , 14534 , 1977
amendment: CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 21 , 175 , 105 , 1988*******
File: 17.01 LEGAL

rn : 1323012

systematic name:1-Dodecanolcommon name:lauryl alcohol
reported name :1-DODECANOL
cas no:112-53-8
area
: USA

rtecs notype

:JR5775000
: REG
47

UNEP Publications

OECD SIDS

1-DODECANOL-------------------------------|subject|specification|descriptor||-------+-------------+----------|| CLASS |
PESTI
|
RQR
|
| MANUF |
PESTI
|
PRMT
|
| FOOD |
ADDIT
|
RQR
|
-------------------------------CASE NAME ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS, C6-C16; Summary - THIS SUBSTANCE IS
INCLUDED ON A LIST OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CONTAINED IN A PRODUCT FIRSTREGISTERED BEFORE NOVEMBER 1, 1984, FOR WHICH A REGISTRATION STANDARD
HAS NOT BEEN ISSUED. PUBLICATION OF THIS LIST INITIATES AN ACCELERATEDREREGISTRATION AND DATA C ALL-IN FOR PRODUCTS CONTAINING THE LISTEDACTIVE INGREDIENTS.
entry date: JAN 1992
effective date:1989
title: FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT PESTICIDESREQUIRED TO BE REREGISTERED; LIST D
original : FEREAC, FEDERAL REGISTER, 54 , 204 , 43388 , 1989
amendment: FEREAC, FEDERAL REGISTER, 54 , 204 , 43388 , 1989*******
File: 17.01 LEGAL

rn : 1346076

systematic name:1-Dodecanolcommon name:lauryl alcohol
reported name :LAURYL ALCOHOL
cas no:112-53-8
rtecs no
:JR5775000
area
: USA
type
: REG
-------------------------------|subject|specification|descriptor||-------+-------------+----------|| FOOD |
ADDIT
|
RSTR
|
| PACK |
ADDIT
|
RSTR
|
| MANUF |
ADDIT
|
GL
|
| USE
|
|
RSTR
|
-------------------------------Summary - THIS SUBSTANCE INCLUDED ON A LIST OF SUBSTANCES USED TO
PREPARE BASE SHEET OR COATING SUBSTANCES FOR CELLOPHANE MUST BE OF A
GRADE OF PURITY SUITABLE FOR USE IN FOOD PACKAGING TO IMPART THE DESIREDTECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES.ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER SUBST ANCES MUST ABIDEUNDER THE CONDITIONS GIVEN IN 21 CFR 180.22 1988.
entry date: NOV 1991
effective date:1977
title: INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES; POLYMERS-CELLOPHANE.
original : FEREAC, FEDERAL REGISTER, 42 , , 14572 , 1977
amendment: CFRUS*, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 21 , 177 , 1200 , 1988*******
File: 17.01 LEGAL

rn : 1408334

systematic name:1-Dodecanolcommon name:lauryl alcohol
reported name :1-DODECANOL
cas no:112-53-8
area
: EEC
-------------------------------|subject|specification|descriptor||-------+-------------+----------|| FOOD ||RQR|| GOODS ||MXL|| GOODS ||PRMT|--------------------------------

rtecs notype

48
UNEP Publications:JR5775000: REG

OECD SIDS

1-DODECANOLTHE SUBSTANCE IS INCLUDED IN THE LIST OF AUTHORIZED MONOMERS AND OTHER
STARTING SUBSTANCES,WHICH SHALL BE USED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PLASTICS
AND ARTICLES INTENDED TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH FOODSTUFFS. THE USE OF
THE SUBSTANCE IS SUBJECT TO THE RESTRICTIONS SPECIFIED THEREIN. PLASTIC
MATERIALS AND ARTICLES SHALL NOT TRANSFER THEIR CONSTITUENTS TO
FOODSTUFFS IN QUANTITIES EXCEEDING 10MG/DM2 OF SURFACE AREA OF MATERIAL
OR ARTICLE OR 60 MG/KG OF FOODSTUFFS IN THE SPECIFIED CASES.
VERIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE MIGRATION LIMITS SHALL BE CARRIEDOUT IN ACCORDANCE WITH DIRECTIVES 82/711/EEC AND 85/572/EEC.(IT APPLIESTO ALIPHATIC SATURATED LINEAR PRIMARY ALCOHOLS WITH 4-22 C-ATOMS).
entry date: SEP 1995
effective date: 01JAN1991
title: COMMISSION DIRECTIVE OF 23 FEBRUARY 1990 RELATING TO PLASTICS
MATERIALS AND ARTICLES INTENDED TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH FOODSTUFFS(90/128/EEC)
original : OJEC**,OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, L75 , ,19 , 1990
amendment: OJEC**, OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,L90 , ,26 , 1993*******

File: 17.01 LEGAL

rn : 1604062

systematic name:1-Dodecanolcommon name:lauryl alcohol
reported name :dodecyl alcohol
cas no:112-53-8
rtecs no
:JR5775000
area
: IMO
type
: REG
-------------------------------|subject|specification|descriptor||-------+-------------+----------|| TRNSP |
MARIN
|
RQR
|
| AQ
|
EMI
|
RQR
|
-------------------------------Category B substance (substance which is bioaccumulated with a shortretention of the order of one week or less, or which is liable toproduce a tainting of sea food, or which is moderately toxic to aquaticlife): discharge into the sea of this substance, of ballast water, tankwashings or other residues or mixtures containing such a substance shallbe prohibited except where specified conditions are satisfied.
Technological requirements prescribe equipments and designs that must bepresent on the tankers as well as port facilities for receiving residues
or mixtures containing the regulated substance. Technical assistance fortraining of scientific and technical personnel shall be promoted where
requested by the Parties to the Convention.
entry date: SEP 1994
title: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships,1973, as modified bythe Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL
73/78)
original : IMODC*, , , , , 1992

49
UNEP Publications