GAMECHANGERHow climate change is
impacting sports in the UK

SHOWTHELOVE.ORG.UK#SHOWTHELOVEGAMECHANGERTHE CLIMATE COALITION

How climate change isThis report marks the launch of the The Climate Coalition's annual Show The Love
campaign
whichmuch-loved
aims to raise awarenessof climate change and all it threatens, andaffectingoursportsencourage people to show their support for action to address it.

The Climate Coalition is the UK’s largest group of people dedicated to action on
climate change and limiting its impact on the people, places and life we love at home in
the UK and around the world, including the world’s poorest countries. The coalition ismade up of over 130 organisations with a combined supporter base of 15 million,
including WWF, National Trust, RSPB, Christian Aid, CAFOD, The Women’s Instituteand Oxfam. Together, we want a world powered by clean and secure energy within ageneration.
Find out more at showthelove.org.uk

PRIESTLEY INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR CLIMATE

Providing research to underpin robust and timely climate solutions is the USP of thePriestley International Centre for Climate. The University of Leeds centre is unique inbringing together world leading expertise in all the key strands of climate change
research.
One of the University’s flagship strategic investments, the Priestley Centre aims toprovide international solutions to the global challenge of climate change through newinterdisciplinary research partnerships that better link our physical, technological,
economic and social understanding of climate change withstrategies for mitigation and adaptation.
Find out more at climate.leeds.ac.uk

SHOWTHELOVE.ORG.UK#SHOWTHELOVEGAMECHANGERACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

How climate change
is and production team:
Editorialaffecting our much-loved
Dom Goggins, sports
Clara Goldsmith,
Caroline Grogan, Jessica Marsh,
Bronwen Smith-Thomas

Scientific contributors and advisors:
Professor Piers Forster, Director and Kate
Sambrook, Priestley International Centre for
ClimateThanks to:
James Boyle, Pete Chalkley, Dan Cherry, Mike
Childs, Matt Chilton, Robin Clegg, Jess Coffin,
Helen Collinson, Steve Cornelius, Darren
Crossman, Adam Dayson, Fiona Dear, Emma
Elliott, Patricia Espinosa, Emma Fidler,
Dominic Foster, Aimee Fuller, John Gawthorpe,
Katherine Grainger, Ryan Henson, Steve Isaac,
Ed King, Robert Lingard, Michael Lloyd,
George McCaffrey, Luke Morgan, Andrew
Murray, Friederike Otto, Tom Pitchon, Claire
Poole, Rosie Shannon, Russell Seymour, John
Shiels, The Sport and Recreation Alliance, Alex
Stafford, Neil Thorns, Tom Viita, Elliot Ward,David Warrilow, Terry Watson,
Chris Whittaker, Richard Windows
Special thanks to the British Associationfor Sustainable Sport (BASIS)

SHOWTHELOVE.ORG.UK#SHOWTHELOVECONTENTS

Introduction

03

Foreword, Dame Katherine Grainger04

Foreword, Patricia Espinosa05

Climate impact on sports: What the science tells us

06

Climate impact on golf

08

In focus: climate impact on greens09

Case study: Montrose Golf Course

10

Sustainability hole in one

11

Climate impact on football12

Case study: Bromley Heath United

13

Kicking off sustainability: City Football Academy

13

Kicking off sustainability: Manchester United

14

Climate impact on cricket

15

Case study: Glamorgan Cricket Club

16

Greening the home of cricket

17

Climate impact on winter sports

18

Skiing18

Winter Olympics

19

Case study: Les Deux Alpes

20

Conclusion

21

References

22

INTRODUCTION

Sport is central to our national culture, providing enjoyment, boosting health and a source of
passion and delight for millions. The triumph and tragedy of great sporting moments at
St Andrews, the Principality Stadium or Wembley sit atop a hive of grassroots sports clubs which
are woven into the fabric of our nations.
But some of the UK’s best loved sports are facing an unexpected threat. Climate change, and thechanging risks of extreme weather that it brings, is already affecting sports across the country. The
experiences of sports clubs and players in this report, backed up by the scientific expertise of thePriestley International Centre for Climate, provide a snapshot of the problem.
This report focuses on three sports with hundreds of years of history between them: golf, footballand cricket. And with the report’s launch coinciding with the Winter Olympic Games inPyeongChang, South Korea, it also looks at winter sports, which are among the hardest hit byclimate change as higher temperatures drive the snow line higher up the mountains.

This report reveals the impacts of extreme weather, but also showcases how sport is startingto play a part in tackling climate change by cutting emissions and by taking a lead, inspiringothers to follow. We are far from being powerless to act. In the sporting spirit of aiming to win,
there are clear actions we can all take to get the right result:
1.
Sports clubs and governing bodies all need to reduce carbon emissions and other environmental impacts.
The British Association of Sustainable Sport (BASIS) can provide resources and expertise to help sports
better understand the impacts of climate change and share best practice in how to become more resilientand environmentally sustainable, and in doing so encourage their millions of fans to do the same.
2.
Governments across the UK need to help us all live more sustainably by driving down greenhouse gas
emissions. To achieve the ambition of the Climate Change Act we need a big acceleration in energy fromthe sun, wind and waves; warm, efficient, healthy homes; and increased uptake of clean electric cars,
walking, cycling and public transport.
3.
Signed by 196 countries, the Paris Climate Agreement signals to the world that companies, governments
and institutions must act to stop temperatures from rising more than 1.5ºC and help poorer countries
adapt to the impacts they are already seeing. A new UNFCCC dialogue on sport and the environment isunderway – British sport should engage fully in this and play their part.

If climate change affects something as central to our lives as sport, then it’s a strong sign that
wherever we look across society we’ll find similar stories and impacts. The Show the Love
campaign aims to highlight these unexpected and everyday impacts of climate change, as it’s thesethat have the potential to wake us all up to the new reality.

DAME KATHERINEGRAINGERCHAIR OF UK SPORT &OLYMPIC ROWER

Sport is about challenge and the determination to stretch ourselves to our limits. And
now sport itself is facing a challenge. This
report sets out how some of our most iconic
British sports are being threatened by achanging climate. Storms and floods are
wreaking havoc on football and cricket
pitches across the country, historic golfcourses are succumbing to higher seas andstorm surges, and winter sports are under
threat from reducing snow.
It is now well established that, wheneverpeople are motivated to take up sport orphysical activity, it is likely to lead to
improvements in their physical and mental
wellbeing and generate other benefits related to their individual development. Ourchanging climate is posing a challenge toparticipation in sport—threatening ourhealth and wellbeing.
It is up to all of us, in all walks of life, to act
to address the growing challenge of climatechange. There are some excellent examples
in this report of how sports and clubs arerising to that challenge—reducing carbon
emissions and working to improve the resilience of their sports. Now we need to see
this action for sustainability step up a level,
and for all sportspeople and sports clubs toplay their part.

PATRICIAESPINOSAEXECUTIVE SECRETARY
OF THE UNFCCC

The 2015 Paris Climate Agreement is one of
the biggest multilateral accomplishments in
UN history. Its influence gets stronger every
day – 173 out of more than 190 signatories to
the Agreement have ratified it.
Sport is a $600bn global business with aunique power to convene, move and inspire.
That’s why the UN Climate Change Secretariat brought some of the world’s biggest
sports organisations together ahead of COP
23 in Bonn, Germany. We stand ready tosupport efforts within sport to work towards
the climate secure, resilient economy thatworld leaders committed to in Paris.
This report from the Climate Coalition is awelcome step on that journey. Just likeathletes need a strong foundation to compete at their very best, the planet is no different.
We need the right conditions to maintainpeak performance. For too long we’ve treated the planet as if we’re in a sprint—using all
our energy and resources in one short blast.
We must understand that far from a sprint,
we are, together, in the longest of marathons.
The more of us run together, the better our
future will be and one in which every man,woman and child can win.

CLIMATE IMPACT ON SPORTS:
WHAT THE SCIENCE TELLS US

KATE SAMBROOK & PIERS FORSTERPRIESTLEY INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR CLIMATE

Cancelled football matches, flooded cricket grounds and golf courses crumbling into the sea: climate change
is already impacting our ability to play and watch the sports we love.
On a global scale, the science is settled: human emissions of greenhouse gases have led to a rise in global
average surface temperature of over 1ºC[1], with impacts on rainfall patterns, climate and ecosystems allover the world[2].Through careful scientific analysis and data recording by the Met Office and others, aclearer picture of the effects of climate change on the UK is beginning to emerge[3].

WATER WATER EVERYWHERE

There is growing evidence that the UK is becoming warmer and wetter. The laws of physics tellus that a warmer atmosphere can hold moremoisture, increasing the frequency and strengthof extreme rainfall events[4]. During the last
20-30 years, the UK has experienced a rapid
increase in extreme weather events such as
heavy rainfall, bringing severe flooding in many
areas[5-6]. Six out of the seven wettest years in our
history have occurred since 2000 (see figure 1).

affected sports facilities across the country. In a
recent study researchers found that climatechange made the UK’s record December rainfall
in 2015 59% more likely[12].
Future projections by the Met Office indicatethat winter rainfall could increase by 70-100%by the 2080s. While there will still be drier years,
this suggests that wet winters like the ones wehave experienced lately could become morecommon in the future[13], increasing the risk offurther damaging floods in the UK.

Figure 1: Annual rainfall (mm) for the UK, 1960 to 2016. (Source: Met Office,2017).

Seasonal differences in rainfall mean that different sports are affected in different ways. For
football, with fixtures throughout the winter, themain concern is the 26% increase in winter rainfall since 1900[7-10]. The recent winters of
2013-2014 and 2015-2016 were notable for theirrecord-breaking rainfall, with over 150% more
rainfall than normal[11]. The resulting flooding

Page 6

DRY BUT STORMY SUMMERS

Climate change is having different impacts indifferent parts of the country. Despite a small
overall increase in summer rainfall in England[5],the south-east has seen a decrease[14]. This is
likely to get worse in future, with a projected
40% decrease in summer rainfall in this region
by the 2080s, along with an increase in averagesummer temperatures of up to 4.2°C[15].

summer thunderstorms, with a significant
increase in storms observed between 1960 and2016[7,16]. Climate scientists predict fromwell-tested physical theories that, despite asubstantial reduction in future average summer
rainfall, by the 2080s extreme rainfall events will
become more frequent in a warmer, moisterenvironment[17].

Alongside drier weather comes a trend for more

CRUMBLING COURSES

The effects of climate change on the UK will
involve more than changing rainfall patterns.
Our coastline is also at risk from rising sea levels
and storm surges. For some of the UK’s most
iconic golf courses, coastal erosion is becominga real problem.
The impacts on the coastline are twofold. Firstly,since 1900, sea levels have risen by an average of
15-20cm around the UK[18]. Sea-level rise isdriven by climate change through the melting ofglaciers and ice sheets, and because the volumeof the water in the oceans increases as it warms,
a process known as thermal expansion[17]. Usingsatellite measurements of ice changes on Greenland and Antarctica, simulations have shownthat sea levels could rise by a further 50-100cm
by 2100[18]. Secondly, the rate of coastal erosion
is likely to increase as a result of rising sea levels,
more intense storms and increases in intense
rainfall[19].

This report provides a snapshot of how the changing climate is already affecting some of the country’s mostpopular sports. The extreme weather being experienced by sportspeople today is in line with what climate
scientists expect and have predicted, and these trends are only set to continue unless we collectively act, bothnationally and globally, to reduce our carbon emissions.

Page 7

”GOLF

Golf is inextricably linked to the natural environment. The location, condition, playability, quality and presentation of golf courses is shaped by
the climate. “A golf course… that works withnature rather than against it is normally moreinteresting and challenging,” says European
Ryder Cup-winning captain Colin Montgomerie,
who describes golf as “a test against the hazards
that nature provided[20].”
The increase in heavy rainfall and bad weather
which has affected golf clubs in the Glasgow area istypical of the increase in extreme rainfall we haveseen in recent years. As temperatures increase,
warmer air holds more moisture, meaning that weare very likely to see continued increases in heavy
rain and more powerful storms, with a continued
impact on golf courses across the country.
We will also see more damaging storm surges
which, combined with rising sea levels, are likely toworsen the coastal erosion already being experienced by Montrose and other historic golf courses.
Climate change is putting these historic links
courses in the birthplace of golf at risk.
—Kate Sambrook, Priestley International
Centre for Climate

Now climate change is providing anotherhazard. Increased rainfall, more extreme weather events, coastal erosion and rising sea levels
pose huge challenges to the game, and are
already having an impact on the health of manyclubs in Britain[21]. Unchecked, the impacts ofclimate change could significantly affect the
sport over the long term, particularly in Scotland.
Sea-level rise poses the greatest long-term threat
to golf in the UK. More than one in six of Scotland’s 600 golf courses are located on the coast– including the Old Course at St Andrews, Royal
Troon and Montrose Golf Links in Angus. ‘Links’

are the oldest type of golf courses, developed in
Scotland, and located on the coast on ‘links
land’ – characterised by dunes, sandy soil andfine-textured grassland. The R&A, the governing
body for golf outside the USA and Mexico,recognises the risk, while only a small increase in
sea-level rise would imperil all of the world’s
links courses before the end of the century.
Along with the damage they can do to course
playability, increased rainfall and storms – exacerbated by climate change – are posing participation challenges.
“It [climate change] is certainly becoming afactor” said Steve Isaac, Director of Sustainability at The R&A. “Golf is impacted by climatechange more than most other sports. Trends
associated with climate change are resulting inperiods of course closures, even during summer,with disruption seen to some professional tournaments. We are witnessing different types andtimings of disease, pest and weed outbreaks.
The future threats are very real, with course
managers having to show adaptation if we are to
maintain current standards of course condition.
It is something we take very seriously.”

MORE THAN 1 IN 6 OF
SCOTLAND‘S GOLF COURSES
ARE LOCAT ED ON THE COAST

Nationwide statistics on course closures inrecreational golf are not collected centrally, but
those at the sharp end recognise an increasing
trend with potential long-term impacts on thegame. Across England and Scotland there has
been a 20% decline in golf club membershipsince 2005[22]. Of course we can’t lay all theblame on bad weather but sports administrators
believe it is a contributing factor.

Page 8

“It is a fact that increased rainfall and extreme
events are causing more disruption in recreational golf,” says Richard Windows of the Sports Turf
Research Institute (STRI).

”“Course closure means reduced revenue fromvisitor and clubhouse income at a time when
additional investment into course maintenanceand infrastructure is required to combat theeffects of extreme weather. It can trap clubs in a
vicious cycle that isn’t their fault and it could
I started playing golf as a 10 year old at Didsbury
Golf Club. I have never known in the 50 years of
being associated, the course being so wet for so long.
Our playing season is decreasing in time whilst theplaying surfaces are the poorer for it even when its
dry overhead. I’m frightened for the future of myhome club and many like it!”—Andrew Murray, PGA professional, former
European Open champion & BBC commentatorpotentially be a factor in membership decline.”
The disruption caused by increased rainfall andmore extreme weather has seen more courses
closed more often and for longer periods of time.
The years 2016/17 saw as much as 20% less playing time at courses across the Greater Glasgow
area than 2006/7[23-24].

PARTICIPATION

977, 300[25]

VIEWING
FIGURES

600 million
worldwide watched theOpen at Royal Troon in2016 and 1.1 million
people in the UK
watched the final day[26]

ECONOMIC
BENEFIT£4 billion is spentannually by UK golfers
on their sport[27]

IN FOCUS : CLIMATE IMPACT ON GREENS

Research led by the STRI[23-24], which underpins the sport’s adaptation drive and sustainability
initiatives, predicts a comprehensive range of impacts on greens, fairways, tees, rough and bunkers,
with huge implications for the way golf courses are managed.

PREDICTION

Page 9IMPACT

Wetter autumns
and winters

Softer surfaces, green closures, muddy conditions, more pitch marks,
poorer spring condition, more turf disease, and greater time for greens
to reach summer condition.

Milder autumns
and winters

More disruption to surfaces from disease scars, more wear, more pest
and disease activity, greater variety of disease and more severe attacks,
more thatch accumulation, more wear.

Drier summers

Reduction in uniformity and quality of surface from drought, more
turf stress, more irrigation required, more signs of wear.

CASE STUDY : MONTROSE GOLF COURSE

Montrose is one of thefive oldest golf courses in the world. The
first reference to golf
being played here
dates back to 1562, andthe course has been
attended by such
Erosion at Montroselegendary golf architects Old Tom Morris, Willie Park Jr and Harry
Colt. But more than 450 years of golfing history
is at risk of being washed away by rising seas andcoastal erosion linked to climate change.

”

second2nd tee and first1st green. We are pinning
our hopes on being included in the next roundof funding for coastal protection.”
If Montrose do not receive government funding
to protect the dunes, we would have to dramatically move the course inland, which mean losing
a slice of golfing history we won’t ever get back.
Protection for the golf course would also
prevent the town of Montrose flooding.
THE NORTH SEA HASCREPT 70M TOWARDSMONTROSE WITHIN
THE LAST 30 YEARSAs the sea rises and the coast falls away,
we’re left with nowhere to go. Climatechange is often seen as tomorrow’s
problem, but it’s already eating away
at our course.

Research published in 2016 by Dundee University showed that the North Sea has crept 70
metres towards Montrose within the last 30
years[28].The combination of rising sea levels andreducing sediment is moving the shoreline
further inland, effectively reversing the conditions that originally created the beaches anddunes. This poses a costly threat to the iconic
Montrose Links.
"As the sea rises and the coast falls away, we’releft with nowhere to go. Climate change is often
seen as tomorrow’s problem, but it’s alreadyeating away at our course,” says Chris Curnin,
Director at Montrose Golf Links.
“Last year we reached a critical point, the rockarmour protecting our second tee and first green
was no longer sufficient and we were in real
danger of losing them. In a perfect storm wecould lose 5-10 metres over just a couple of days
and that could happen at pretty much any point.
It was decided along with help from Angus
Council that we would sacrifice our third tee(which is one of the iconic holes) by moving therocks from there to bolster the rocks at the

Page 10

SUSTAINABILITY HOLE IN ONE

Golf doesn’t always have the best press when it
comes to its own environmental impact. However, the reality of climate change affecting the
sport, plus a growing awareness of the range ofenvironmental and ecological impacts that golf
can have is leading to improvements. The R&A,
the European Tour, Scottish Golf, the GEO
Foundation and the STRI have all developed
initiatives to equip courses to adapt to theimpacts of climate change and help the sport
become more sustainable.

Championship venues have achieved GEO
Certified.

Through the Green Links programme, the R&A
aims to make The Open Championship one of
the world’s most sustainable sporting events.
Launched ahead of the 145th Open at Royal
Troon in 2016, Green Links aims to protect theenvironment, conserve natural resources andbring value to local communities.

“This is a fantastic achievement and an impressive show of leadership from the ten Openvenues and The R&A,” said Jonathan Smith,Chief Executive of GEO. “A great deal of innovation is taking place on these Open venues. Solar
power, rainwater harvesting, electric and hybrid
machinery and partnering with local environmental and community groups are just some ofthose. This announcement is symbolic of growing momentum in the advancement of sustainability through golf.””

A great deal of innovation is taking
place on these Open venues. Solar
power, rainwater harvesting, electricand hybrid machinery and partneringwith local environmental andcommunity groups are just some ofthose.

The Green Links programme involves venues
meeting a set of criteria across the categories ofnature, water, energy, supply chain, pollution
control and community, while working closelywith ecology experts to enhance the habitat for awide range of wildlife. These criteria areassessed under the GEO Certified® scheme,
administered by the Golf Environment Organisation (GEO), a not-for-profit group dedicatedto sustainability in the golf industry.
St Andrews was the first venue to achieve thestandard, followed by the Old Course at
Carnoustie, host of The 147th Open in 2018,
Muirfield, Royal Troon, Turnberry, Royal Birkdale, Royal Liverpool, Royal St George’s andRoyal Lytham & St Annes. Most recently, RoyalPortrush’s certification means that all ten Open

Page 11On Portrush’s certification, R&A Chief Executive
Martin Slumbers said: “We are delighted that all
ten host venues have demonstrated a long-term
commitment to sustainability best practices byachieving GEO Certified ® status. This is verymuch in line with The R&A approach to sustainability and is certainly a key priority for us in theyears to come.””

FOOTBALL

Football is one of our nation’s greatest creations.
The sport that started in the 18th century withentire villages engaged in brutal battles against
each other now touches every nation, reaches
across every divide, and brings unprecedented
numbers of people together. More people
watched the last FIFA World Cup Final than any
other event that year[29].
Top players may be global superstars, but they
represent only the tip of the pyramid. Grassroots
football remains the lifeblood of the game,providing challenge, friendship, fitness and joy
for millions, and the platform for success for
those with the skills to make it in the professional game. Yet participation in grassroots football
is in decline: in December 2016 Sport Englandreported a 180,000 drop in the number ofpeople playing weekly, compared to a decade
earlier[30].
The devastation of Carlisle United FC’s homeground was a result of flooding caused by Storm
Desmond in December 2015. Climate modelling has
found that climate change made this storm 59%
more likely. The biggest clubs are acting to reduce
their carbon footprint because they know that if wereduce emissions we’ll start to reduce the risk of afuture where this record breaking rainfall, and theresulting flooding will become the norm.
—Kate Sambrook, Priestley International
Centre for Climate
Increased rainfall and more extreme weather
events associated with climate change may be adefining factor in the viability of grassroots football. The last comprehensive survey of grassroots football found that, on average, grassroots
clubs lose five weeks every season due to bad
weather – with more than a third losing between
two and three months. Some 84% of these clubs
highlight facilities as the most pressing issue
facing the grassroots game[31].

While the impacts of weather trends linked toclimate change may be felt most at the game’s
grassroots, football at a higher level is also
exposed. Extreme weather events caused thecancellation of 25 Football League fixturesduring the 2015/16 season[32], with Carlisle United’s Brunton Park the most prominent example.
The League One side was forced out of its homeground for 49 days by Storm Desmond at a costof nearly £200,000.
In response to the floods of 2015/16, the FA, thePremier League and Sport England made
£750,000 available to support affected clubs.
Longer term, the FA will invest £48m in hundreds of new all-weather and specially adapted
turf pitches across the country, including new
dedicated facilities in 30 cities, in addition to
upgrading more than 200 existing pitches
nationwide[33].
The impacts of climate change on football are
one of the drivers towards greater sustainability
in the game. Manchester City and Manchester
United are celebrated further in this chapter for
their achievements, but they are just two examples of some of the Premier League's leading
clubs who are taking significant action to reduce
environmental impact and improve sustainability.

PARTICIPATION

2,299,700[34]

VIEWING
FIGURESThe total domestic TV
audience across the
2016/17 FA Cup season
was at least 82.5 million[35]

NUMBER OF
CLUBS

37,000 grassroots
football clubs in England[36]ECONOMIC
BENEFITIn the 2013/14 season, thePremier League and clubs
paid £2.4 billion in tax
and added £3.4 billion to
the UK’s GDP[37]Page 12CASE STUDY : BROMLEY HEATH UNITED

Bromley Heath United Football Club, founded
in 1966, is the oldest junior football club in Bristol. Over 350 young footballers, from 6 to 18
years of age, regularly play at their home groundof Pomphrey Hill, five miles from the centre ofBristol. The club is a feeder for academies affiliated to professional football clubs including
Bristol City and Southampton.

”[A decade ago] you would maybe get
one or two matches cancelled, but forthe past four years we have had haveto cancel matches for a minimum of amonth.

“I’ve noticed that the kids aren’t able to play as
many matches per season as they were when I
first got involved with the club over a decadeago,” says club chairman Jamie Andrews-Britton. “Then you would maybe get one or two
matches cancelled because of excessive rain but
that’s changed significantly. For the past four
years we have had have to cancel matches for aminimum of a month during the season.”club with matches called off for 12 weeks due tounsatisfactory playing conditions. This affects
the economic health of the club. When thepitches are unplayable the club is unable tocollect the vital revenue needed for the upkeepof the grounds.
“Over the course of the winter there were somany matches called off because the pitches
were unplayable that we saw a massive impact
on the revenue we were able to earn from the bar
and food facilities we usually supply,” Jamie
added. “During that period alone we lost
£15,000 in revenue. We are trying to do community and private events to try and make up theshortfall and are just about breaking even at the
moment.”He sees implications beyond the club as well: “If
we’re not supplying children for the club academies because they’re not able to play regularly
over the season then eventually we won’t see theplayers feeding through to bigger clubs and thenational squad.”

The 2015-16 season was particularly bad for the

KICKING OFF SUSTAINABILITY

Izzy Christiansen Shows The LoveCITY FOOTBALL ACADEMYManchester
City’sCity Football Academy is one of theworld’s premier elitesports development
facilities, providing
up to 400 young
players with coaching as well as fitness,accommodation and education facilities.
But footballing sustainability is not only watchword, with the club putting a high priority on
environmental sustainability. While the stars ofPage 13

the future seek awards on the field, the City
Football Academy has already won a Gold
Standard award from Leadership in Energy andEnvironmental Design (LEED).
More than 30 hectares of post-industrial wasteland has been transformed into a world-classfacility at the heart of the community. Throughthe creation of extensive wildflower meadows,
grasses and wetland, once toxic land is now
home to various types of moths, butterflies andbats, while 2,000 trees provide cover and nesting places for various birds, including kestrels.

Each hectare of the academy’s turfgrass absorbs
6.5-8.5 tonnes of CO2. Recycling and reusemeans zero waste is sent to landfill, while
80-100% of the club’s irrigation water is gathered onsite through harvesting and storage.

MANCHESTER UNITED

Old Trafford – the Theatre of Dreams – is one of
the most iconic stadiums in the world. Alongwith United’s Trafford Training Ground, it isalso the focus of the club’s environmental
efforts.
The journey began with the training ground’s
construction on an environmentally sensitivesite in 2000. A nature reserve (maintained inpartnership with the Cheshire Wildlife Trust)
was created, with grassland and ponds providing
important habitats for wildlife: red admiralbutterflies, meadow pipits and grey partridges
have all made their home there. Two lagoons arealso used as part of the wastewater treatment
system,Good sustainability practices include harvesting
and recycling rainwater to irrigate and maintainthe pitch and an extensive recycling and reuseprogramme. Non-recyclable waste is used togenerate energy, including through anaerobic
digestion of food waste.
The club demands
high environmental
standards throughout its supply chain,engaging more than
70 suppliers over a
five-year
period,including throughinitiatives
likeSergio Romero Shows The Love
Image credit: Man United Foundation‘ R e U S E -A- S h o e ’ ,which recycled worn-out trainers into premium
sports surfaces for football, tennis, basketballand running tracks. The Education Team in the
Manchester United Museum also delivers
lessons on sustainability to local schools.

Page 14

CRICKET

Of all the major pitch sports, cricket will behardest hit by climate change. Whether Mumbai,
Melbourne, Antigua or Lancashire, cricket isdefined almost entirely by the climatic conditions. If they change, so does the essence of thegame.
Marylebone Cricket Club’s (MCC) Russell
Seymour – also chair of the British Associationfor Sustainable Sport (BASIS) – is English cricket’s only dedicated sustainability manager, andhe is more than worried: “Matches can hinge onchanges in the weather,” he says.

”“It’s usually easier to bat in sunny, dry conditions because it’s harder for the bowlers to get
unpredictable movement in dry air. Overcast
conditions increase humidity, and the ball ismore likely to swing making it more difficult forbatters. A rain shower can change conditions
again. English weather can change numerous
times in a four or five day match. Climatechange will amplify these changes. Over time wewill also see changes to soil-moisture levels, andhigher temperatures will bring drier air, thendrier pitches and a drier outfield, changing all
features of the game.”“Clubs like Glamorgan are feeling the day-to-day,match-by-match impact of increasing rainfall andmore frequent heavy rain, with the knock-on
increase in playing time lost to bad weather. This
increase is in line with nationwide trends in rainfall,
and is only set to get worse if climate change
continues unchecked.”—Piers Forster, Priestley International Centre
for Climate
Increased rainfall and more extreme weather
events are already a factor. Wetter winters andmore intense summer downpours are disrupting
the game at every level. According to Dan
Musson, the England and Wales Cricket Board’s

Page 15(ECB) National Participation Manager, “there isclear evidence that climate change has had ahuge impact on the game in the form of general
wet weather and extreme weather events[38].”
In international cricket, 27% of England’s home
One Day Internationals since 2000 have been
played with reduced overs because of rain
disruptions. Of these, 62% have used DLS (formerly known as the Duckworth–Lewis Method,
the mathematical calculation used to define thesecond innings target in a match with significant
disruption). The rate of rain-affected matches
has more than doubled since 2011; 5% of matches during that time have been abandoned completely[39].
County cricket clubs like Glamorgan are increasingly aware of the impact of our changing environment on the sport. The recreational game ismost exposed, with fixture disruption anddamage to facilities across the country.
“I’ve been at the ECB since 2006 and we have
had to implement flood relief efforts on half adozen occasions,” says Dan Musson. “Wetweather has caused a significant loss of fixtures
every year in the last five at recreational leveland significant flooding in six of the last ten
years. In season, the worst year was 2007, withflooding in the Midlands and the Thames Valley.
Out of season the worst was 2015/16, when
Storms Desmond and Eva badly affected morethan 50 community clubs[40].”PARTICIPATION

347,300[41]

VIEWING
FIGURES

1.3 million watched the final
Test Match of the 2015 Ashes

ECONOMIC
BENEFIT[42]

The 2013 Ashes at Lord’s
were worth £15.6 million
to the Westminster
economy[43]Supporting clubs to get back on their feet andrestore their facilities cost the ECB £1m in emergency grants during 2016 and £1.6m in 2017. This
trend has forced the governing body to set aside£2.5m a year for small grants to help recreational
clubs keep the game on. The ECB is also
conducting research to identify flood risk, andproducing guidance for clubs on climate-relatedrisks.
The ultimate risk to the game, however, is that

increasingly disrupted cricket will lead people toeventually give up and do something else.
Indeed, nearly 40,000 fewer people played
cricket in 2015/6 than in 2005/6, a fall of almost afifth[44].
Dan Cherry, Director of Operations, Glamorgan
Cricket Club, says the weather is definitely afactor in participation decline: “The impact is
becoming more obvious. If fewer people play thegame, the whole sport will suffer.”

CASE STUDY : GLAMORGAN CRICKET CLUBIn recent years, this Cardiff-based club has been
seriously affected by high levels of rainfall andextreme weather. Since 2000, they have lost
more than 1300 hours of cricket – equivalent to217 days or at least 20,000 overs. Across thewhole County Championship, at least 175 days around 16,000 overs - have been lost in five ofthe last ten years[44].

Image credit: Huw Evans Agency”

Climate change is becoming a hugefactor. If we don’t take it seriously, it
will fundamentally change the game.

“Losing so much cricket is a county’s worstnightmare – it affects the club at every level,”says Dan Cherry, Head of Operations and aformer first-class batsman who represented
England at under-18
level. “Our experience is becoming thenorm for almost
every club and it’sdifficult even forfirst-class counties
to be commercially
viable with such an
Glamorgan Cricket Club in the rain
impact. It’s been
worst in recent years – during the 2017 season
five of our seven T20 Blast fixtures were badly
affected by rain, with three being totally abandoned. T20 Blast is a great way to get new people
through the gates and into cricket, but they
won’t come back if this keeps happening, and it’sdamaged the club to the tune of £1m. It’s also

bad for Cardiff as the club adds tens of millions
to the local economy during its busiest years.”“Climate change is becoming a huge factor. If we
don’t take it seriously, it will fundamentallychange the game. It’s simple: the less cricket weplay at every level the fewer people will watch it,
the less they will come to the ground and pay toenter, the less chance there is for young people
to be inspired to take up the game.”
For Glamorgan, taking climate change seriouslymeans serious action to reduce its own environmental impact. Following a full inspection andanalysis of its operations, the club has taken
measures to improve sustainability across
suppliers and caterers, electricity and gas use,water and waste management, and away-day
travel.
Since 2013, Glamorgan has achieved a 10-15%
reduction in electricity use and a similar reduction in gas use and emissions related toaway-day travel. Measures ranging from new
appliances and fittings to staff training havehelped deliver an overall reduction of 137 tonnesof CO2 in the first two years of their sustainability programme. Impressively, this has beenachieved while spending has remained stable
and revenues have increased[45].

Page 16

GREENING THE HOME OF CRICKET

Marylebone Cricket Club has helped to pioneer environmental sustainability in professional sport. Lord’s
was the first national venue to employ a sustainability manager, and its energy and waste policies are now
becoming the norm for major stadia.
Some of the sustainability measures introduced by MCC include:

100% of the ground’s energy needs are sourced from wind power, with additional
solar PV, solar thermal and ground-source heat pump options in the new Warner
Stand

Essential machinery such as leaf blowers, and buggies are all electric, eliminating
polluting equipment

All new equipment inside the ground is low-energy rating, and motion sensor
technology is used in areas such as bathrooms, corridors, kitchens and small rooms

Staff contribute to a more sustainable culture through sustainable printing initiatives,segregated bins and limiting single-use plastic

With one of the most comprehensive recycling systems of any national sporting
venue, Lord’s delivers zero waste to landfill

Unused edible food – always seasonal and as locally sourced as possible – is delivered
to those who need it in the surrounding community via local charities, with foodwaste segregated and dispatched for anaerobic digestion

Page 17

WINTER SPORTS

As the latest Winter Olympics gets under way inSouth Korea in February 2018, the future ofmany winter sports is in jeopardy.
Rising temperatures are already having an
impact on snowfall and glaciers in mountainous
regions. Temperatures in the Alps have risen byjust under 2°C over the past 120 years, almost
twice as much as the global average[46]. This has
led to a 15-25% decline in rain, snow and sleet, a
10-50% reduction in average winter snow depth

and a shortening of the ski season at all elevations of 5-15% over the 1931-2010 period[47].
In future, winter temperatures in the Alps areprojected to increase by a further 2-4°C towards
the end of the 21st century, with snow cover
expected to decrease by 70-100% at elevations
below 1500m[48]. In Scotland, a 2-4°C increase intemperature could cause a 60% reduction in
winter snowfall rates by the 2080s[49].

SKIING”The Met Office has warned that the Scottish
skiing industry could collapse within as little as
50 years as winters become too mild for regularsnowfall. Continuous decreases in snow cover
have already been observed over the last 40
years, with three of Scotland’s main resorts
bringing in artificial snow factories[50].
If these trends continue, disaster looms, withpotentially devastating consequences for local
economies in the Scottish mountains[51].
In Europe, there are big concerns, particularly
for ski resorts under 1000 metres. As a rule ofthumb, with every 1ºC temperature increase thesnowline elevation will rise by 150m[52-55]. As aresult, less snow will accumulate at low elevations and the ski season may start up to a month“Retreating glaciers, and the disappearance of ice
on mountain climbing routes, as documented by
the athletes in this chapter, are in line with climate
models which predict the effects of a warming
world on mountainous areas. As temperatures rise,
the snowline will retreat, making winter sports
increasingly vulnerable to climate change.”later and finish up to three months earlier, due tothe lack of snow. Nearly half of all ski resorts in
Switzerland, and even more in Germany, Austria
and the Pyrenees, will face difficulties in attracting tourists and winter sport enthusiasts in the
future[56].

PARTICIPATION

1.1 million recreationalskiers and snowboarders
in the UK[57]VIEWING
FIGURESThe FIS Alpine Ski
championships received
an average TV audienceof 6.5 million[58]

ECONOMIC
BENEFITThe Scottish ski industry
adds ~£700m to the UK
economy per year andsupports more than
20,000 jobs[59]—Piers Forster, Priestley International
Centre for Climate

Page 18

"Many glacier ski areas where we played in theeighties and nineties have now changed beyond
recognition. Resorts which once offered skiing
365 days of the year no longer make these claims.
Increasingly, skiing and snowboarding inNovember, December and even into January isreliant on artificial snow, which is itself dependent upon low temperatures, water and electricity. The future of the entire ski and snowboard
industry, at both recreational and elite competition levels is under pressure. We need snow andlow temperatures. We need winter."Image credit: Thierry Gregorius

Matt Chilton"I've been visiting the Alps in winter since myfirst trip as a toddler in 1967.” Matt Chilton is an
Alpine skiing commentator for Eurosport and BBC Sport.
He says: “As a traveland media professional my Alpine work
began in 1984, and thechangesI
havewitnessed since thenhave been remarkable. No two winters are thesame in the mountains. Across much of the Alps,snow depths are currently high, but this is largely restricted to high altitude resorts. Lower lying,previously snow-sure ski areas are losing operational capacity, and livelihoods are at risk aseach ski season seems to bring warmer temperatures and fewer snowy days.

Tourism of any kind is
extremely
weathersensitive, and weather
variability will have asignificant impact on
the ski tourism industry: while warmer
weather and less
Glen Shee, skiing off season
snow can be expectedacross the whole season, the loss of guaranteed
good snow at particular times of year is just as
significant. Although the current season is unusually good, with a further 2ºC increase in temperature the Alpine tourism industry is predicted to lose up to 10.1 million overnight stays
across the winter season, due to variable weather conditions and a lack of certainty aroundgood skiing conditions[60].

WINTER OLYMPICS

The Winter Olympics hasn’t escaped the changing climate. A recent study from the Universityof Waterloo, California, shows that, by the
middle of the century, if greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow, almost half of the past
Winter Olympics host cities would be too warmfor outdoor Alpine sports. As few as 6 of theprevious 19 venues are likely to be cold enoughto host the games by the end of the century[61].
The last Winter Games in Sochi, Russia saw temperatures as high as 16ºC, more akin to a
Summer Olympics. The warm weather wasabove normal for Sochi, where average February
temperatures are around 10ºC. The poor snow
conditions caused delays, injuries and athlete
complaints in a number of disciplines including
the men’s snowboard halfpipe, the women’s ski
jump and the men’s downhill.

Page 19

This follows a trend of warmer weather for theWinter Olympics, from 3.1°C in the 1960-90s, to7.8°C in the games held in the 21st century[62].
Meanwhile, athletes training for the WinterOlympics are being affected by increasingly
scarce summer and autumn training sites[63].
BY THE MIDDLE OF THE CENTURYALMOST HALF OF THE PAST
WINTER OLYMPICS HOST CITIESWOULD BE TOO WARM FOR
OUTDOOR ALPINE SPORTS

Image credit: ROXY
Image location Absolut Park Flachauwinkl“I have been snowboarding for 10 years and I
have seen first hand the glacier receding year by
year,” says Aimee Fuller, Olympic Snowboarderfor Team GB.
“In that time I havebeen
makinganalmost annual trip to
the Saas-Fee Glacierin Switzerland, it was
one of the first resorts
I ever visited and they
have one of the best
Aimee Fullersnow parks in Europe.
Now you can physically see it getting smallerwith huge chunks of glacier breaking and cracking off. Snowboarding is really susceptible to theimpact of climate change and we can see theimpact on our sport in the mountains on a daily
basis. This is a large scale, ongoing issue that we
all need to be aware of and get behind. Within
the snowboard community you see a growing
level of awareness on the issue which is great,
but we can all make a difference. No matter how
big or small, little adjustments can make a worldof difference that can help to protect the mountains that we get so much pleasure from. We
want to make sure future generations get to
enjoy these incredible places in the same way wehave.”

CASE STUDY : LES DEUX ALPES“I’ve dedicated my teenage years and adult life
to freestyle skiing,” says Dean Harris. “Conditions were just not like this five years ago. This is
my concern for the future of the mountains andmy sport.””

By us all doing our little bit thenperhaps we can prevent snow-freemountains becoming the only option.

Dean has been coming to Les Deux Alpes foryears. The French alpine resort offers some of
the world’s best summer skiing on its highaltitude glacier, and the best freestyle skiers andsnowboarders come here to train.
“Just a few years ago you could pretty much stepout of the gondola and into your skis,” says
Dean. “Now it’s a hike. The training sessions areshort: bullet hard conditions first thing are notfavourable for heavy landings, by lunchtime you
are in slush and the day is done. It’s on the way
back where the effects of the ‘big melt’ are mostnoticeable – crevasses and more significantly
rivers of water pouring down the ice.

snowboarders are hypocritical because we travel
around the world, but there is a movement
within the scene to make change.”
Dean runs a projectcalled Envirojam to
educate people aboutclimate change. “We
gotanamazing
response with people
seeing the value insharing cars, getting
Dean Harris
the train and thinking
about how to make small changes,” he says. “It’snot total, I get that, but it’s a start. By us all doing
our little bit then perhaps we can prevent
snow-free mountains becoming the only
option.”“I get that people may think that skiers andPage 20

CONCLUSION

This report has documented the impacts that extreme weather and coastal erosion are having onsome of the UK’s most popular sports. As the evidence from the Priestley International Centre for
Climate shows, these impacts are in line with climate trends that will continue if we don’t act toreduce greenhouse gas emissions.

The worst effects of climate change on sport, and on the whole of society, can still be avoided:Internationally, companies, governments, financial institutions and the sporting industry must act toreduce emissions in line with the ambition of the Paris Agreement, to prevent global
temperatures from rising more that 1.5°C.
Nationally, governments across the UK must introduce policies to ensure we meet or exceed the targets set
out in the Climate Change Act.
Sports bodies should follow the lead of the pioneering clubs showcased in this report, and work to reduce
their own carbon emissions and other environmental impacts.

Show The Love is an annual celebration of all that we love but could lose to climate change. EachFebruary since 2015, organisations, institutions, and millions of people have harnessed the powerof green hearts to show they care about climate change and its impacts on the things we careabout. Every one of us can be part of this movement.
The Show the Love campaign aims to get people talking about how the things we love are affectedby climate change. We can all contribute to making action on climate change as much of an
everyday activity as playing sports. Start by starting conversations about the findings in this report.
Talk about your own experiences of being affected by increasingly extreme weather. Talk about
what you care about and how it will be affected by climate change. Talk about this at half time in a
football match, or while out for a run with a friend and help make climate change a part of thenational conversation. Then together we can work to find and call for the steps that will help toget our climate back in balance.
Show The Love 2018 will build on the momentum of the last three years. Green hearts will kick off
conversations about the things we love and the future we want for our children - one powered byclean and secure energy. From The WI crafternoons to Premier League football matches, frompubs to primary school playgrounds, we can all show that we care.

Page 21

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