IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Coall PowerCP
GenerationGti ini India
I diand its Role in EconomicEfficiency
ySymposium on Sustainable Power Supply Mix in theFuture
Prosanto Pal
The Energy and Resources Institute, India
20 November 2015
BangkokIEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Outline Power sector in India
 Coal supply
 Generation technologies

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

PPowersectort iin India
I di – An
A overviewi

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Power ggeneration mix in India
 Thermal based power accounts for 70% of total generation
 Coal accounts for more than 80% of thermal mix

 Per Capita Consumption
Consumption‐ 870 kWh/Yr is very low Overall deficit 3.6%; Peak deficit 4.7%

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Generation capacity
 Installed capacity (2015): 280,000 MW
 Capacity doubled in 8years••

140,000 MW (2007)
Average annual growthrate : 8.5%

 Average capacity
addition was 22,000 MW
per year in last 4 years

Sector‐wise mix

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Planned capacity additions till 2017Thermal 50,000 MW; Hydro 7,200 MW; Nuclear 1,500 MW
NTPCBarh (2 X 660 MW)
Bongaigaon
Mauda

1320 MW750 MW
660 MW

IL&FS Tamil Nadu, Cuddalore
Phase 1 (2 X 600 MW)
Phase 2 (3 X 800)

1200 MW
2400 MW

Maharashtra State Power Generating Co
Kordi
Chandrapurh dParli

1980 MW500 MW
250 MW

Prayagraj Power Generation Co, Bara, UP (3 X 660)

1980 MWUP Rajya Vidyut Nigam
Obra (2 X 660)
pUnit II
Anpara1320 MW500 MW

KSK Mahanadi, Akalatara, Chhattisgarh
Unit III & Unit IV(2 X 600)

1200 MWIEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Ultra mega power projects (UMPP)
Completed projects
 Tata Power,Power Mundra,
Mundra Gujarat (5 X 800 MW) : 4000 MW
 Reliance Power, Sasan, MP (6 X 660) MW) : 3960 MW
Under construction/Awarded Reliance Power, Krishnapatnam, AP (5 X 800 MW) : 4000 MWy ((Jharkhand)) Tilaiya
 Bidding process for 4 more units will be announced during thefinancial year

The Government of India is focusing on setting‐up of 16 UMPPs withsupercritical parameters
Installed generation capacities of 4000 MW per unit
UMPPs are located either in pithead (domestic coal) and coastal(imported coal)IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Issues with other planned UMPPs
 Out of 16 proposed UMPPs, each of 4000 MW only 4 wereawarded since 2005‐06
 Most proposals stalled due to:

Delays in land acquisition
Policy changes envisaged


Coal linkage (assured fuel supply commitments from the government)

Swaping of coal among power plants to optimise transportation costs

New ttariff
Niff policies
li i fformulatedl t d – proposes mandatory
d tbiddi
bidding processand differential tariffs

g are beingg finalised
Biddingg norms and coal linkages

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Coal supply

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Domestic production of coal
 Largest
g energy
gy source;; domestic p
production ~ 570
million tonnes•••

Proven reserves 126 billion tonnes
Open casting mining predominantIndian coal has high ash content, variations in calorificvaluel andd presence off extraneous matter Domestic production
demand due to:tonot

keeping‐up

 Mining constraints (techno‐economic viability) Infrastructure
I f t tb ttlbottlenecksk
 Environmental regulations

withIEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Coal Quality
 High ash content & low calorific value of coal
 Low sulphur content

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Coal imports
 Large quantities imported (~( 220 million tonnes)••

Major imports from Indonesia, South Africa andAustralia
Only 10‐15% imported coal can be in existing boilers

 Projected to increase to 900 million tonnes in2030

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Coal washingg
 WashingW hi requires
i especially
i ll bbeforeftransporting
ilong distances•

Current capacity 145 million tonnes

 Need for capacity additions•

No significant increase in recent years

 Need for improvement
pin washingg technologiesg•Problems of wet coal to power plants

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Generation technologies

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Supercritical Steam Cycle Technology• More thanh 600 supercriticall coall
fired boilers in operationworldwide.
• Prevalent cycle parameters :• Pressure – 246 to 250 kg/cm2• Temp ‐ 538 oC to 600 oC• Preferred steam parameters
include highg steam tempp (566(too593 C) depending upon site
specific techno economics.
• Increase in pressure and main &reheat temp more than 537 oC leads
to significant improvements in heat
rate

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Advantages of supercritical steam
cycle technology• Supercritical units have higher
plant efficiencies than subcriticalunits because of higher steam
parameters• Gross plant efficiency ofsupercritical
iti l units
it are aroundd 40‐4041% compared to 38% of subcriticalbased units• Gross plant efficiency of ultra‐
supercritical units are around 41‐
42% (280 ata/593 oC/593 oC)• At international level, Advanced
ultra supercritical units haveultra‐supercriticalreached plant efficiencies of 47‐49%

2‐3%

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Fuel savinggReduced fuel costs due to improved
pplantpefficiencyy

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Other advantages• Significant
Si ifiiimprovement
off
environment by reduction
in CO2 emissions• Plant costs less as comparedto other clean coaltechnologies• Much reduced NOx, SOx
and particulate emissions

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Evolution of coal based pplants in India
Periodi d

1960
1960s

19 01970s

191977

1983

U dUnderConstrn.

Unit Size (MW)60‐100110‐120200‐250500

660‐800

Turb Inlet Pressure

70 90 ata
70‐90

130 ata

130 ata

170ata247 ata/ Temp490‐5350C 5350C

5370C

5370C

5370C

Reheat Temp.

No reheat

5350C

5370C

5370C

5650C

Turbine Cycle Heat

2370

2060 to1965

1945

1900

37.2

37.6

38.5

rate (kCal/kWh)2190

Gross efficiency (%) 30.5

33 to 35IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Future outlook
 Coal will continue to have maximum share towards
installed capacity for power generation in India
 CleanClCCoall Technologies
T h l i suchh as supercritical,
i i l ultralsupercritical and advanced ultra supercritical system
will be the focus in future power projects
 800‐1000
800 1000 MW unit
i plantslmore suitablei bl to handle
h dl
Indian coal but technology cooperation withinternational manufacturers

IEEJ：December 2015, All Rights Reserved.

Thank you for your attention
prosanto@teri.res.in

Contact : report@tky.ieej.or.jp