Journal of Global Resources
doi.org/10.46587/JGR.2020.v06i02.003

Volume 6 (02)

July 2020
Page 18-25
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)

03
TREATMENT OF TANNERY EFFLUENT USING PHYSICAL (COIR PITH) AND BIOLOGICALCONSORTIUM (NAVA RASA KARAISAL) METHODS TO CHARACTERIZE AS BASALFERTILIZERJames Jeya Josepine. A. 1, Jenifer. G. P.2 and Malliga. P.3*
1&2
Department of Marine Biotechnology, 3Professor & Head,
Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India*Email: malliga.p@bdu.ac.in
Abstract: Tannery industry processes are among the most environmentally polluting industrial
processes, because they produce different colored waste water that are heavily damage theenvironment and surrounding places. The experiment was conducted with different treatmentsof tannery effluent (TN) with coir pith (CP) and Nava rasa karaisal (NRK) and analysed thephysical and chemical parameters. There are fifty one parameters like pH, salinity, Na, Pb, Hg,
Zn etc. which were analysed and the results showed that the chemical absorption of treatedtannery effluent was found better when compared with the other treatments. Hence, the present
investigation revealed that the solid waste combination of (Tannery effluent + Coir pith + Nava
Rasa Karaisal) can be used as organic fertilizers for plant growth and developments.
Key words: Tannery effluent, Coir pith, NRK, Bio fertilizer, BOD, COD
Introduction
The tannery industries are the backbone of the leather industries and the colored wastewater
generated from the various processing units are due to bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing
and packing which require large amount of synthetic chemicals. Further, the effluent from thetannery industries is usually discharged with all types of pollutant into the sewage system orneighboring land causing serious environmental problems (Murali et al., 2013). Leather industry
is one of the traditional and oldest industries in India and one of the leading foreign exchange
earners for the country. But the industry is plagued by heavy pollution stress on theenvironment, thus negating some of the other societal benefits the industry has merited.
Production of leather, leather goods, boards and fur produces numerous by-products like solid
waste, and high amounts of waste water containing different loads of pollutants and toxic
chemicals.
Thamizhiniyan et al. (2009) earlier reported that water is the main source for industries
to dispose waste materials. It is found that almost all rivers are polluted in most of the stretches
by some industries. Toxic heavy metals, which are of concern, like chromium (Cr), lead (Pb),zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg),
are not biodegradable. So they tend to accumulate in the living organisms and lead to different
types of diseases and disorders which finally threaten human life (Monachese et al., 2012). As
solution to this problem, some methods like reverse osmosis, ion exchange, membrane filtrationand electro dialysis are used effectively for removing these metals. But they are costly andgenerate concentrated wastes that require subsequent treatment for disposal. Biologicalremoval may provide a suitable means for treatment of wastewater (Lovely and Coates 1997
and Rittmann et al., 2004). The cyanobacteria showed enormous potential in waste water andindustrial effluent treatment, bioremediation of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, chemicalindustries, bio fertilizers, (Malliga et al., 1996, Abraham et al., 2002, Malliga and Viswajith, 2005
& 2007, Chandrasekar et al., 2008, Pazhanivel et al., 2011, Bhuvaneshwari et al., 2011,18

Subramaniyan and Malliga, 2011, Subramaniyan et al., 2012, Durai raju and Malliga, 2013,
Shanmugapriya and Malliga, 2013, Lakshmi and Malliga, 2014, Nivetha et al., 2014, Lakshmi etal., 2015 and Jenny and Malliga, 2018), feed etc., (Cairns and Dickson, 1971 and Kulasooriya,2011).
Coir pith is the by-product of coir yarn industries which constitute about 70percent husk.
As coir pith has high content of lignin and it takes decades to decompose, it causes
environmental hazards because of its disposal problems (Krishnamoorthy et al., 2012). The
water holding capacity of coir pith is enormous which a boost to the growth of cyanobacteria
was. The non-nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria which enriched the phosphorus and potassium
contents in the soil also played a major role in food, feed and medicine. Christopher et al.
(2007) concluded that the coir pith based cyanobacterial bio fertilizer could be an effective
alternative or combination with chemical fertilizer. The recent research shows that coir pith canbe partially decomposed through the action of cyanobacteria and can be used as a bio fertilizer
for all varieties of food crops (Silambuselvi et al., 2014, Durai Raju and Malliga, 2013 and Jenny
and Malliga, 2016). Nava Rasa Karaisal is a concoction prepared by mixing of nine products
and used in traditional rituals. It enriches the soil and provides the entire nutrient requirements
for the growth of the plant. Physiochemical and biological properties of Nava Rasa Karaisal
revealed that they possess almost all the macro nutrients, micro nutrients and growth hormones
required for crop growth. Nava Rasa Karaisal contains rich source of nitrogen and valuable
microorganisms which naturally enhances soil fertility and also Kalaibharathi et al. (2019)
reported that the Nava rasa karaisal enriches the soil, plant and provides all the nutrientsrequired for the plant growth. NRK is also called as microbial consortia used in treatment forseed and planting material. In this current research, five treatments in which physiochemical
characterizations were analyzed to find out the reduction of different chemicals and heavy
metals.
Materials and Methods
The effluents were collected from the tannery industry at Sempattu Unit, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil
Nadu, India and coir pith was collected from coir industries near Samayapuram, Tiruchirappalli,
Tamil Nadu, India. The collected effluent was mixed with NRK, CP separately and incombinations and the effluents were taken for the following physical and chemical parameterslike Colour (IS: 2720 part I (1987), pH (APHA 1989), TDS (IS: 3025 Part 16: 1984), TSS (IS:3025 Part 17: 1984), Alkalinity as CaCO3 (IS: 3025 Part 23: 1986), Hardness as CaCO3(IS:3025 Part 21: 2009), Chloride (APHA, 1989), Nitrite (APHA, 1995), Nitrate (APHA 1976),
Salinity (APHA 22nd Ed, 2012), Potassium (US EPA 3050 B, 1996), Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD) (IS: 3025 Part 58: 2006, RA 2012), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (IS: 3025 Part 44:
1993 RA 2009), Calcium and Magnesium (Govindaraju et al., 2001), Zinc (US EPA 3050 B,
1996) and Selenium (IS: 3025 Part 56: 2003) which were analyzed through the standard
techniques (Table 1 & Table 2).
Result and Discussion
Bio-fertilizers are ecofriendly and supply the nutrient inputs of microbial origin for plant growthand developments. The organic fertilizers and manure can increase the quality and improve theyield paving the way for sustainable agriculture. In the present investigation, physiochemicalparameters were analyzed for the collected untreated tannery effluent and treated tannery
effluent with coir pith and Nava Rasa Karaisal. The tannery effluent exists as pale brown incolour; Nava Rasa Karaisal was white with gray in colour and exhibiting microbial growth;Tannery effluent with Nava rasa karaisal colour was changed in to very light brown and also
showing growth of microorganisms; Tannery effluent with Coir pith colour was light brown andTannery effluent with Coir pith and Nava Rasa Karaisal after treatment the colour was changed
19

from pale brown to dark brown in colour because of microbial effects (Plate 1;Table 1 &Table2,). Supporting evidence showed that untreated effluent color was brownish black while
treatment with sorghum the color changed into muddy grey in colour (Gark and Kaushik, 2009)and untreated industrial effluent was grey in colour and after treatment with Pseudomonas sp.
turn in yellow colour on the observation of 15th day (Susithra et al., 2009). The untreated tannery
effluent colour changed after treatment from dark brown to pale brown (Murali et al., 2013).
Initially tannery effluent colour was brown and after treated by bacterial consortium (Bacillus sp.,
Pseudomonas sp. and Micrococcus sp.) the color was changed into brown to light brown on 72
hrs (Mythili and Karthikeyan, 2011). The color of leather industrial effluent is black before
treatment but, after the degradation with native fungus Aspergillus niger and non- native fungus
Aspergillus flavus the color changed into almost colorless (Noorjahan, 2014). The turbidity oftannery effluent was not changed after treatment with the TN with CP and NRK (Table 1). Initial
pH of the tannery effluent was 8.87 and reduced to pH 6.73 (TN+CP+NRK) and 6.64 (TN+CP)
in solid waste treatments (Table 1 & Table 2). Similarly, Mohammed Assou et al. (2014) showedthat the optimization of multiple responses allowed coagulants and flocculants doses to beminimized while maximizing the percentage of turbidity 97percent removal.
Plate.1. Effect of coir pith and NRK on Tannery effluent (Pellet) 30th day

The findings were similar to the observations of Riyaz et al. (2019) which showed thatthe pH of untreated (TN) and treated tannery effluent with coir pith, cyanobacteria(TN+CP+CB+NRK) values showed as 8.87 and 6.56. Dominic et al. (2009) revealed that
Chlorella vulgaris, Synechocystis salina and Gloeocapsa gelatinosa treated water samples
showed increased pH from 6 to 8.1, 6 to 8 and 6 to 7.9. Untreated industrial effluent the pH was
3.90, after treated with Pseudomonas sp. the pH was increased to 7.0 on 15th day (Susithra etal., 2009).
In the untreated tannery effluent specific conductance was recorded and showed
reduction in liquid treatments of TN+NRK (Table 1). Reduced specific conductance level wasobserved in treated tannery effluent. This could be due to addition of Nava rasa karaisal. The
total dissolved solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Solids and Residual free
Chlorine values exhibited slight reduction in treated tannery effluent when compared tountreated tannery effluent. This could be the effect of microbial flora from NRK (Table 1). Initiallyuntreated tannery effluent have high level of TDS (2840 mg/l) after inoculation of three species
these levels were reduced such as Bacillus subtilis (2.5 g/l), Pseudomonas aerginosa (2.2 g/l)
and Saccharamyces cerevisiae (2.5 g/l) (Sivaruban et al., 2014). Sangita et al, (2013) revealed
20

that untreated tannery effluent was treated with Pseudomonas sp TSS levels were decreased
from 1000 to 500 mg/l when compared to untreated tannery effluent reveling the high level of
total alkalinity and hardness in untreated tannery effluent but, the tannery effluent treated with
NRK and there by the action of microorganisms could be reduce the above said contents (Table
1). Sugasini and Rajagopal (2015) revealed that initially untreated tannery effluent high level of
total Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 1021.5 mg/l (I year), 1187.2 mg/l (II year) and total Hardness 1512.5
mg/l (I year), 1320.8 mg/l (II year) after treated industrial common treatment these level werereduced alkalinity 516.8 mg/l (I year), 665.5 mg/l (II year) and total hardness 1129.2 mg/l (Iyear) and 1245.8 mg/l (II year).
Table 01: Physicochemical Parameter Analysis of Untreated and Treated Tannery Effluent (Foliar)
Parameter
Liquid waste Treatments
#
TN*
NRK*
TN+NRK
unit
1
ColourDark brown
Yellow
Very light brown Hazen
2
Turbidity
Less than 20 Less than 20 Less than 20
NTU
⁰
3
8.87
5.64
8.87
pH @25 c
⁰
4
9.88
1.57
7.895
mS/cm
Specific conductance @25 c
5
Total Dissolved solids (TDS)
44680
9160
37600
mg/lit6
Total suspended solids as TSS
88.9
148.2674.5
mg/lit7
Total Solids
760
834
710
mg/lit8
Residual Free Chlorine as Cl2
3460
3670
2980
mg/lit9
Total Alkalinity as CaCO3
10500
2870
8890
mg/lit10 Total Hardness as CaCO3
19290
4680
16720
mg/lit11 Oil and Grease
5.53
5.94
4.82
mg/lit12 Total Sulphide as SO2
7.82
12.4
7.24
mg/lit13 Chloride as Cl
7860
4260
7120
mg/lit14 Total phosphorus as PO4
290
320
255
mg/lit15 Nitrates as NO3
240
172
234
mg/lit16 Nitrates as NO2
12.8
10.5
10.8
mg/lit17 Total nitrogen
18.84
12.56
15.42
mg/lit18 Phenolic compounds as CH5OH 2.82
3.82
2.5
mg/lit19 Sodium as Na
3.8
1.6
3.64
mg/lit20 Potassium as K
2.25
1.86
2.2
mg/lit21 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
356
545
276
mg/lit22 Chemical Oxygen Demand
1980
2890
1540
mg/lit23 Arsenic as As
2.8
3
2.6
mg/lit24 Cadmium as Cd
10
6.45
8.65
mg/lit25 Copper as Cu
25
16.7
23.5
mg/lit26 Lead as Pb
10.3
8.5
9.7
mg/lit27 Mercury as Hg
1.2
1.3
1.1
mg/lit28 Zinc as Zn
12.4
16.85
11
mg/lit29 Total Chromium
84.6
24.62
62.4
mg/lit30 Iron as Fe
20.5
36.84
18.2
mg/lit31 Nickel
6.7
6.25
6
mg/lit32 Selenium as Se
5.5
2.5
5.2
mg/lit33 Manganese as Mn
5.6
3
5.2
mg/lit34 Fluoride as F
12
10.64
8.8
mg/lit*TN-Tannery effluent, NRK-Nava Rasa Karaisal.

The presence of Oil and Grease, SO2, Chloride, PO4, Nitrates, Nitrites contents exhibited
moderate changes in TN+NRK when compared with untreated tannery effluent (Table 1). The
supporting evidence showed that in the untreated industrial effluent chloride level was very high
(3 mg/ml) but after treated with Pseudomonas sp these levels found reduced (2 mg/ml) on 15thday (Susithra et al., 2009). Nantha et al, (2010) reported that removal of Chloride from thetannery effluent was observed due to the inoculation of Nostoc sp chloride level was 89.1 mg/l
initially and it decreased 32.3 mg/l on 28th day onwards. This results are supported by thestudies made by Srinivas et al, (2012) stating that untreated tannery effluent Nitrate and Nitrites
21

levels were recorded initially 90 mg/l and 48 mg/l after inoculation of Pseudomonas sp.; it was
reduced to 46 mg/l and 21 mg/l respectively on 15th day. The salinity, acidity and humidity
showed not much variation in untreated effluents and treated effluents and also otherparameters like water activity, temperature, soil moisture, silt, clay, sand, electrical conductivity,
Permeability, Organic matter and total nitrogen were not changed after treated with coir pithand NRK (Table 2).
Table 02: Physicochemical Parameter Analysis of Treated Tannery Effluent (Basal)#

Parameter

Solid waste treatments
TN*+CP*
TN+CP+NRK*
Dark brown
Dark brown

unit
-

1.

Color

2.

PH

6.64

6.73

-

3.

Salinity (Total)

0.687

0.695

mmhos/cm

4.

Acidity

4.92

5.38

g/m

5.

Humidity

29.5

29.5

3

-

6.

Water activity

Less

less

⁰

7.

Temperature

25.95

25.9

percent

8.

Soil moisture

16.82

16.54

percent

C

9.

Silt

3.3

3.22

percent

10.

Clay

4.54

4.45

percent

11.

Sand

1.42

1.12

mmhos/cm

12.

Electrical conductivity

0.675

0.696

mm/hr

13.

Permeability

3.2

0.352

percent

14.

Organic matter

12.56

14.85

percent

15.

Nitrogen

1.25

1.37

percent

16.

Sodium0.08

0.09

percent

17.

Potassium

2.34

2.56

percent

18.

Phosphate

0.62

0.7

percent

19.

Lime status

1.2

1.1

percent

20.

Magnesium

0.53

0.86

percent

21.

Calcium

0.34

0.83

percent

22.

Copper

1.1

1

mg/kg

23.

Mercury

0.3

0.3

mg/kg

24.

Zinc

1.86

2.25

percent25.

Chromium

2.2

2

mg/kg

26.

Aluminum

1.5

1.32

mg/kg

27.

Selenium

0.4

0.4

mg/kg

28.

Silver

0.5

0.5

mg/kg

29. Fluoride
2.45
2.4*TN-Tannery effluent, CP-Coir pith, NRK-Nava Rasa Karaisal.

mg/kg

Sodium, Potassium and Phenolic compounds in treated tannery effluent with NRK
moderately less elevated when compared with untreated tannery effluent and in NRK (Table 1 &Table 2). The untreated tannery effluent sodium and Potassium level were found initially (2087
mg/L (I year), 1367.5 mg/L (II year) and (318.5 mg/L (I year), 240.4 mg/L (II year) after industrial
tanners treatment these levels were reduced 1760.7 mg/l (I year), 1120.8 mg/l (II year) and
270.8 mg/l (I year), 212.5 mg/l (II year) Sugasini and Rajagopal (2015). The BOD and CODlevels were observed the reduction in combined treatments of TN+NRK which indicates thedemand of biological oxygen due to the decomposition of inorganic and organic compounds
22present in tannery effluent by bacteria from NRK (Table 1). The findings were similar to theobservations of Mythili and Karthikeyan (2011) which showed that the value of BOD and COD
of untreated tannery effluent of (1260 mg/l) and (2035 mg/l); after treatment with (Bacillus sp,
Pseudomonas sp, Micrococcus sp) these levels were reduced BOD (28 mg/l) and COD (230mg/l) around 72 hrs. Untreated tannery effluent BOD (1.2 g/l) and COD (2.3 g/l) level was high;after treated with Pseudomonas sp these level were reduced BOD (0.9 g/l) and COD (0.3 g/l) on
20th day (Anamika et al., 2013). The analysed results showed that the presence of Phosphate,
Lime content, Magnesium and Calcium in tannery effluent with coir pith and NRK (Table 2). The
untreated tannery effluent calcium levels were found initially 83 mg/l; after inoculation of
Pseudomonas sp it was reduced to 42 mg/l on 15th day (Srinivas et al., 2012).
The untreated tannery effluent exhibited the presence of heavy metals. In the treatedeffluent with coir pith and NRK showed moderate reduction of all heavy metals (Table 1 & Table2). This could be due to adsorption and absorption of the metals by coir pith andmicroorganisms. This results are supported by the studies made by Riyaz et al. (2019), statingthat reduction of heavy metals like Iron, chromium, lead, Nickel, arsenic, fluoride, Manganeseand selenium with all the treatments notably with the combined treatment of Lyngbya sp. withcoir pith in tannery effluent. Initially tannery effluent present in high level of Chromium (12.8mg/l), Copper (4.90 mg/l), Lead (3.2 mg/l) and Zinc (7.4 mg/l); after treated by Scenedesmus
sp. These levels were reduced Chromium (5.4 mg/l), Copper (1.00 mg/l), Lead (1.91 mg/l) andZinc (2.52 mg/l) on 12th day (Kayilveedu et al., 2015). Similarly, Selvi et al. (2012) also observedthat higher reduction of Pb (90 percent), Cu (85 percent), Zn (80 percent) and Cr (70 percent)from treated tannery effluent using isolated of Pseudomonas sp.
Conclusion
The present study revealed that TDS, TSS, Alkalinity and Hardness (CaCO3), Sodium, BOD,
COD, Zinc, Chromium, Selenium and Fluoride content in tannery effluent reduced by theaddition of coir pith and Nava rasa Karaisal. Hence, the above treated tannery effluent can beused for as eco-friendly fertilizer and this also leads to soil enrichment, restoring the soil fertility,
protecting it against drought, soil disease, stimulate plant growth and plant resistant tounfavourable environmental stresses.
Acknowledgement
The author thanks the COIR BOARD for providing financial assistance for this project.
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