Retrospective Dose Assessment of Inhabitants in the Contaminated Areas of
Russia by EPR Measurement of Tooth Enamel
Alexandre I. IVANNIKOV, Valeri G. SKVORTSOV, Valeri F. STEPANENKO
Medical Radiological Research Center of RAMS,
Korolyov str. 4, 249020 Obninsk, Russia: a_ivann@mail.ru

Abstract
Results of wide-scale dose reconstruction with the use of EPR spectroscopy of tooth enamel arepresented for the population living in the radioactive contaminated territories of Bryansk region of
Russia. The population of radiation-free territories of neighboring Kaluga region was examined as thecontrol group. The excess doses caused by radiation contamination were determined after subtractionof the contribution into EPR signal in tooth enamel due to the action of the natural backgroundradiation during the lifetime of teeth. The average excess doses were determined for the groups of
population formed according to the place of residence. The average values were determined withaccuracy ranging from 4 to 25 mGy depending on the number of individuals included into the groups
and on the scattering of individual results. The average excess doses highly varied for different placesof residence and ranged up to 70 mGy. In general, the average doses of external exposure of the
population obtained with EPR spectroscopy of teeth enamel were found to be consistent with theresults based on other methods of direct dosimetry and retrospective dose reconstruction methods.
Essential exceeding of the individual doses above the average level within the population groups wasobserved for some persons. That gave a possibility to detect the individuals with overexposure and toinclude them into groups of increased radiation risk for medical monitoring.

Introduction
It is known that tooth enamel exhibits the features of individual dosimeter and it may be used forassessment of individual accumulated doses in accidental and uncontrolled situations. The stabile
paramagnetic centers are formed in calcified matrix of tooth enamel after its exposing to ionizing
radiation. These centers can be detected using the spectroscopy of electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR), and the individual accumulated doses can be estimated.
The method of EPR dosimetry was successfully applied for dose reconstruction at uncontrolled
irradiation [1-5].
This method of EPR dosimetry has advantages that tooth enamel accumulates the results of radiationinfluence during a whole period of existence of tooth enamel after its formation. Hence, EPR dosimetry
with tooth enamel is suitable for dose reconstruction many years after the exposure. This technique is ofparticular interest in case when the results of conventional dosimetry are not available (e.g. in accidental
circumstances), especially many years after the event, and when doses were accumulated during long
period of irradiation. Just the case is dose reconstruction for inhabitants in the contaminated areas after
the Chernobyl accident. A disadvantage of the method is that there are problems at sample collection,
because it is usually possible to obtain only teeth extracted for health reasons. So, it is often difficult tocollect enough samples from the population group of concern.
In this work, the results of EPR dosimetry for the population living in the south-west territories ofBryansk region subjected to radioactive contamination after the Chernobyl accident are summarized andanalyzed basing on our previous publications [4-7]. As a control groups, the population of142uncontaminated territories of the north part of Kaluga region was investigated.
All measurements were carried out with the same methodical approach adopted as standardized inroutine measurements, rigorously the same for all enamel samples. That permitted to make a combined
comparative statistical analysis at the examination of all obtained results which were considered to havethe same systematic uncertainties.
Materials and methods
Tooth samples were collected in local dental clinics as extracted during an ordinary dental practice.
Information about patients and teeth were provided by dentists in special questionnaires together with thesamples.
The optimized methodical approach developed in MRRC and adopted as standard for all routine
measurements was used for investigation of all enamel samples. Detailed description and basing of themethodical approach are given in the previous publications [4,8] , which meets the requirements of State
Standard of Russian Federation (1995) [9]. The essential features of the methodical approach used for
dose reconstruction are the following.
Enamel samples were prepared by removing dentine from a crown of tooth using hard alloy dental
drills at low rotation speed and were cut to pieces of about 1.0 mm. Samples with mass in the range 60 120 mg were assumed to be suitable for measurements. The EPR spectra were recorded at room
temperature with ESP-300-E spectrometer (Bruker, Germany) using a standard rectangular probe cavity in
X-band at microwave power of 10 mW. Modulation amplitude is 0.3 mT, sweep width 8 mT. The time ofrecording of each spectrum with 16-time accumulation was 45 min. The amplitude of the 4-d line ofmarker sample containing MnO permanently mounted near the bottom of the cavity was used as a signal
intensity reference.
It is known that an EPR spectrum of irradiated dental enamel is composed of two overlappedprincipal signals: the radiation induced signal (RIS) and the radiation-independent native backgroundsignal (BGS) described elsewhere [1,10]. In order to separate the RIS and determine its intensity, thebasic software of the build-in computer was used for spectra processing. The spectrum of children’sunirradiated enamel was used as the reference spectrum to simulate BGS. The amplitude, field position
and width of the reference BGS were manually adjusted under operator control to fit the low-field part ofthe measured spectra, where RIS was not revealed. The pure RIS was obtained after subtraction of thesimulated BGS. The intensity of RIS was measured as the amplitude of its low-field maximum.
The intensity of RIS was converted into units equivalent to exposure dose at calibration according to
the following formula:
R = A Kcal ,(1)where:A (g-1) - intensity of the RIS normalized by sample mass and by intensity of the marker signal;
Kcal (mGy g) - calibration coefficient corresponding to average slope of enamel EPR response toradiation versus exposure dose. This coefficient was taken as reciprocal of an average slope of calibration
dependencies measured for several enamel samples exposed to a direct collimated beam of 60Co gammaradiation source in dose range 0 - 500 mGy. The exposure dose was measured as air kerma by an air
equivalent dosimeter. Calibration with 137Cs source gives approximately the same estimation for radiation
sensitivity of enamel [11].
The intensity of RIS expressed in units equivalent to exposure dose at calibration was converted todose absorbed in enamel according to the formulae:
Den = (R - Di ) Kair-en ,(2)
where:
143

Kair-en = 0.99, conversion coefficient of air equivalent exposure dose at calibration to units of doseabsorbed in enamel. In the region of relatively high photon’s energy, which were used at calibration, it isdetermined by the ratio of mass-energy absorption factors of the enamel to that of the air, and its value isclose to unity [12].
Di - measurement bias arising from intercept value of the calibration dependence of the RIS
intensity versus irradiation dose. It is sometimes called initial (or intrinsic) signal [13,14]. This value isspecific for measurement conditions and spectra processing procedure. The value of this parameter ismainly determined by difference of the BGS lineshape between the spectra of samples under investigationand the reference spectra used for simulation of the BGS. Its average value can be determined fromcalibration dependencies after correction on the contribution of natural background radiation. In the caseof methodical approach used for spectra processing in this study, its average value was adopted as 65
mGy with a standard deviation of individual values estimated as about 20 - 30 mGy [4].
The additional dose (or excess dose) values caused by additional irradiation due to radiation
contamination were determined by subtracting the contribution from natural background radiation
accumulated during the lifetime of the tooth (age of the tooth from its formation up to the measurementfor dose reconstruction):
Dadd = Den / Ken - TA · Dn ,(3)
where:
Ken = 1.2 - correction factor on the energy dependence of enamel sensitivity taken for radiation of137
Cs contaminated soil [13].
Dn = 0.8 mGy y-1 - the annual contribution to dose in enamel due to accumulation of the natural
background radiation corresponding to typical value in radiation free territories of central Russia;
TA - age (lifetime) of the tooth (in years).
The lifetime of the tooth was obtained by subtraction of the average age of tooth formation for agiven tooth position from the age of a person at the moment of measurement. The ages of tooth formation
were determined according to published data [13,15].
The values of the calculated excess doses in some cases may be negative following subtraction of themeasurement bias and the accumulated background radiation. This is a result of uncertainty in the RIS
amplitude determination near the threshold of sensitivity. These negative values should not be rejected ashaving no physical meaning, but should be used for subsequent statistical treatment to get true averagevalues and distribution parameters.
A semi-empirical formula for the standard error of estimation dose absorbed in enamel was used:
Er2 = Er12 + (Er2 / (m/100))2 + (Er3 Den)2 ,(4)where:
Er - overall uncertainty of dose determination;
Er1 = 30 mGy – constant contribution to the error due to individual variation of the enamel
properties (BGS lineshape variation and impurity signals);
Er2 = 30 mGy – parameter specifying the sample mass dependent contribution to the error due toinstability and low frequency component of electronic noises of the spectrometer;
m/100 = sample mass (in mg) normalized by the standard value of 100 mg;
Er3 = 0.15 – coefficient specifying the contribution due to individual variation of the enamel EPR
dose response and to uncertainties in exposure dose determination at the calibration.
The formula was derived under the following considerations. There should be a constantcontribution to the error of RIS amplitude determination due to variation of the individual sample BGS
line shape. In addition, there should be a contribution due to uncertainty of the RIS amplitude
determination, which is caused by a low frequency noise component of EPR spectra. This contribution is144

specific for the sensitivity of the spectrometer used and for the precision of the spectra processing
procedure. Since the RIS value is normalized by a sample mass to obtain a dose value, this contribution
should be inversely proportional to sample mass. There also should be a dose dependent contribution due
to variation of enamel sensitivity and uncertainties of dose response calibration experiments [13,16]. It
should be emphasized that the values of the parameters in this formula are specific for experimental
conditions. These parameters were also determined in calibration experiments for methodical approachsimilar to that used in this study [17,18].
The methodical approach of MRRC used in this study was tested at international intercomparison[12], and it was proved to reconstruct doses with uncertainty within 32 mGy in the dose region 0 – 800
mGy. A modification of this methodical approach with the use of specially designed automatic computer
software was also tested [17,18], and the uncertainty of 25 mGy was achieved in the dose region 0 – 500
mGy.
So, the uncertainty of individual dose measurement in the range 200 - 300 mGy will be about 30 - 50
mGy for the sample mass range used. The close level of uncertainty is observed in the deviation of resultsaround the regression line for dose-age dependence obtained for the control population in uncontaminatedterritories [4].
The specifici fearture of this method appears when it is applied to for groups of population ; theaveraging of results reduces random errors. Accuracy of averaged value of the determined dose for thegroup of population (at N ∼ 50 - 100 persons) may be estimated as ErN = Er / N1/2 ∼ 5 mGy .
Results and discussion
The collection of tooth samples for EPR measurements was started in 1993. The structure of
population groups and the number of analyzed samples are presented in Table 1. All measured EPR
spectra in digital form, the result of measurement of RIS values together with questionnaire information
on patients were entered in a computer database, and used for subsequent interpretation and statisticaltreatment. The tooth enamel samples are also preserved and are available for repeated duplicate
measurements.

Table 1. Structure of population groups and numbers of measurements by tooth enamel EPR
spectroscopy for different population groups.
Number of measurements forPopulation groups
each group
Radiation contaminated territories of Bryansk
2518
regionAmong them:
Gordeevka district
625
Zlynka district
384
Klimovo district
423
Klyntsy district
382
Klyntsy city
280
Krasnaya Gora district
163
Novozybkov district
81
Starodub district
180
Control territories
420(uncontaminated territories of Kaluga region)
The Chernobyl liquidators
122
Total number of measurements
3060

145

In the course of investigations, the essential contribution into RIS due to the action of ultraviolet
component of solar light was revealed in tooth enamel from front part of jaw (incisors and canines, teeth
with positions 1 - 3) [4,19,20]. Therefore, it was concluded that only results obtained for back teeth(premolars and molars, positions 4 - 8) are suitable for interpretation in terms of exposure dose. Part ofmeasurements (about one third) was performed for front teeth or for teeth with unknown position in theformer period, when the effect of solar light on front teeth has not been discovered yet. Wherefore, theresults for front teeth and for teeth with unknown positions were rejected and are not considered here.
The dynamics of RIS formation in tooth enamel was analyzed to examine its dependencies on the400

Gordeevka district
Y = (125+/-11) + (0.20+/-0.30) X
SD = 74; N = 226

400
Control territory
Y = (72+/-11) + (0.80+/-0.28) X
SD = 35; N = 64300

R, rel. units

R, rel. units

300

200

100

200

100

0

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

10

20

Tooth age, years

Fig. 1 a
400

50

60

Myrny
Y = (79+/-14) + (0.72+/-0.40) X
SD=51; N = 73300

R, rel. units

R, rel. units

300

200

100

200

100

0

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

10

20

Tooth age, years

30

40

50

60

50

60

Tooth age, years

Fig.1 cFig. 1 d
400

400

ZlynkaY = (130+/-14) + (-0.23+/-0.48) X
SD = 41; N = 28

Vyshkov
Y = (77+/-31)+ (3.3+/-0.8)X
SD=71;N = 25

300

R, rel. units

300

R, rel. units

40

Fig. 1 b

Gordeevka
Y = (86+/-23) + (2.5+/-0.8) X
SD = 70; N = 39

400

30

Tooth age, years

200

200

100

100

0

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

0

60

10

20

30

40

Tooth age, years

Tooth age, years

Fig. 1 e

Fig. 1 f

Fig. 1. Dependencies of the RIS in enamel on tooth age for different groups of population.
(a) control territory; (b - f) radioactive contaminated territories: (b) Gordeevka district (137Cs soil contamination
density ranges from 1 to 41 Ci km-2); (c) settl. Gordeevka, (5 to 40 Ci km-2); (d) settl. Myrny (Gordeevka
district), (9 to 85 Ci km-2); (e) settl. Zlynka (10 to 70 Ci km-2); (f) settl. Vyshkov (Zlynka district) (9 to 45 Ci
km-2). Parameters of the appropriate linear regressions are given on the figures (SD - standard deviation from
regression line, N - number of measurements). The RIS values are expressed in relative units corresponded to
exposure dose units at calibration with 60Co gamma-radiation source. Note that the measurement bias is not
subtracted from the RIS.
146

age of teeth. Such dependencies on the examples of groups of population living in different territories arepresented in Fig. 1.
It should be emphasized that the RIS values in these plots should not be interpreted as absolutevalues of doses, because the measurement bias was not subtracted at conversion of RIS to dose units
according to the formula (1). Only results for adults are considered in order to avoid complication. The
results for the control territory (Fig. 1 (a)) have clear tendency to grow with the age. This is wellaccounted for by accumulation of the effect of natural background radiation with annual accumulated
dose about 1 mGy. Such clear tendency is not observed and the data scattering is much higher in Fig. 1 (b)2550Control territory<Dadd>=0.6 +/- 3.6 mGy
SD = 29 mGy; N = 64

15

10

5

0
-100

Gordeevka district<Dadd> = 29+/-4 mGy
SD = 63 mGy; N=226

40

NumberNumber

20

30

20

10

0

100

200

0
-100

300

0

Dadd, mGy

Fig. 2 a

300

Myrny
<Dadd> = 8+/-5 mGy
SD = 43 mGy; N=73

15

NumberNumber5200

Fig. 2 b

Gordeevka<Dadd> = 51+/-9 mGy
SD = 60 mGy; N = 39

6100

Dadd, mGy

4
3

10

2

5

1
0
-100

0

100

200

0
-100

300

0

Fig. 2 c300

Vyshkov<Dadd> = 71+/-13 mGy
SD = 66 mGy; N = 25

4

NumberNumberZlynka<Dadd> = 28+/-7 mGy
SD = 38 mGy; N= 28

6200

Fig. 2 d

5

8

4

2

0
-100

100

Dadd, mGy

Dadd, mGy

3
2
1

0

100

200

0
-100

300

Dadd, mGy

0

100

200

300

Dadd, mGy

Fig. 2 eFig. 2 f

Fig. 2. Histograms of additional dose distribution (the corrections are made with Di = 65 mGy, Ke= 1.2; Dn = 0.8 mGy year-1):(a) control territory; (b - f) radioactive contaminated territories: (b) Gordeevka district; (c) settl. Gordeevka;(d) settl. Myrny; (e) settl. Zlynka; (f) settl. Vyshkov. Parameters of distributions are given on the pictures(<Dadd> - average value; SD - standard deviation of the measurement; N - number of measurements).
147

for the population of Gordeevka distrct as a whole. For the population of individual settlements in
Gordeevka district (Fig. 1 (c)-(f)), however, some tendencies in the course of the RIS with age can befound. Data scatterings in individual settlements are smaller in comparison with that for the whole
Gordeevka district but higher in comparison with the control territory.
The observed slopes of appropriate linear regression can not be explained by accumulation of theeffect of natural background radiation. In some cases it is too high and in some cases, on the contrary, it
becomes negative. Such high data scattering and complicated behavior of age dependencies is obviously
caused by additional contribution into exposure due to radioactive contamination of territory, which wasdifferent for individuals of different ages.
The interpretation of the obtained results is rather complicated and ambiguous. High data scattering
may be caused by differences of professional occupation and high heterogeneity of radiation
contamination within the bounds of settlements. It was found that results of dose rate measurements after
the accident varied by factors up to 20 in different points of the same settlement (IAEA Technical Report,
1992, p.186) [21]. The differences in the slope of age dependencies may be caused by peculiarities ofprofessional occupation and migration behaviour of population of different age groups. According to theanalysis of migration of the population in radiation contaminated territories of Bryansk region [22], over
60% of population of some districts have been changed because of migration during the time period after
the Chernobyl accident. It is known that in Myrny and Zlynka settlements especially high migration of the
population had taken place and effective countermeasures against radioactive overexposure of population
have been undertaken.
Results of RIS measurements were interpreted in terms of additional expose doses Dadd due toTable 2. Average additional doses determined using tooth enamel EPR spectroscopy.

Bryansk region:
Gordeevsky district
Myrny
Gordeevka
Tvorishino
Kozhany
Strugova Buda
Klintsy city
Klintzovsky district
Smotrova Buda
Smolevichi
Gulevka
Zlynkovsky district
ZlynkaVyshkov
Krasnogorsky district
Klimovsky district
KlimovoN<Dadd>,
mGy

SE,
mGy

SD,
mGy

226
73
34
15
13
10
150
114
16
16
11
104
28
25
26
34
11

29
8
51
51
4
23
28
30
40
40
19
50
28
71
6
12
26

4
5
9
14
10
25
12
8
16
16
16
8
7
13
8
7
15

63
43
60
54
36
56
48
48
62
62
48
38
66
40
32
40

Q 137Cs,kBq m-2

Q 137Cs,
Ci km-2

1120
760
380
1400
296
130

30.2
20.7
10.3
37,7
8.0
3.6

200
100
260

5.4
2.7
7.0

1000
1000

26.8
27.1

270

7.4

Kaluga region (control
territories):
Borovsky district
64
1
4
29
<4
<0.1
Only posterior teeth with positions 4 - 8 of adults are used. Results are corrected on initial intrinsic signal 65 mGy,energy dependence correction factor 1.2 and on the accumulated natural background radiation 0.8 mGy per year
during time of tooth existence.
N - number of measurements; <Dadd> average additional dose, SE - standard error of the average; SD - standard
deviation of the measurement; Q - density of contamination of soil by 137Cs according to (Reference book, 1992)

148

radioactive contamination according to the formulae (3). Examples of histograms of additional dose
distribution for population of different territories are presented in Fig. 2. The parameters of distributions
are given on figures. The standard width of distribution of the control territory (29 mGy) gives theapproach to estimate the constant contribution of natural background to the overall uncertainty of dosereconstruction in low dose range, if we can assume that all persons were subjected to natural backgroundradiation in the same conditions. It is clearly seen in Fig. 2 that the width of distributions and averagevalues are higher for the population of contaminated territories in comparison with ones for the control
territory. The contribution into these parameters is given partially by random error of individual
measurements and the rest - by differences between individual excess doses. The average values show thepossibility to estimate the level of radiation effect upon the population of given territory with relatively
high accuracy.
The averaged values of additional doses determined from the intensities of RIS with taking into
account correction parameters for different groups of population are presented in Table 2. Only thosesettlements where more than 10 measurements have been made are included into the table. The values foraverage level of radioactive contamination of settlements by 137Cs were taken from Reference book(1992) [23]. It should be mentioned that average values of radioactive contamination are determined withhigh uncertainties because of small number of measurements in every settlement and large variation of thelocal contamination.
The dependence of the average dose versus the average level of contamination is presented in Fig. 3.
The initial part of this dependence is well described by the weighted linear regression with the slope
0.068 +/- 0.010 mGy per kBq m-2 (2.4 +/- 0.4 mGy per Ci km-2). This value is well consistent with one
obtained by analytical method for accumulated external dose during 8 years in the radioactive
contaminated territory. In Technical Report IAEA (1992, p246) [21] the value of the appropriate
coefficient was estimated for Bryansk region as 1.6 mGy per Ci km-2 for the first 4 years after theaccident.
As can be seen in Fig. 3, the results for Zlynka, Myrny and Kozhany settlements are not included
within the calculation of regression line. Average doses in these three settlements have anomalous low
values. Relatively low doses may be explained by a result of countermeasures which were undertaken inthese settlements having extremely high level of contamination. It should be mentioned that the analogous
effect was observed for the results of direct exposure doses measurements by individual dosimeters (ECP
10 Report 1996, pp104-110) [24], and it was explained by high value of shielding factor due tocountermeasures in high contaminated territories.

100<Dadd>, mGy

80

Weighted linear regression:
Y = (5+/-4) + (0.068+/-0.010) X
points included into the regression
not included

60

40

Fig. 3. The dependence of the averaged
additional doses determined by tooth
enamel EPR-spectroscopy on the level of137
Cs contamination of settlements.

20

0

0

200

400

600

800

Q, kBq m

-2

1000

1200

1400

Parameters of the weighted linear regression arepresented on the figure.

149

Conclusions
Regularities in formation of individual doses for the population residing radiation free and radiation
contaminated territories as a function of teeth age and 137Cs contamination density have been traced.
Statistical analysis of results allowed to detect the contribution into accumulated exposure dose due to theaction of the natural background radiation and due to radioactive contamination of territory.
In general, the average doses of external exposure of the population obtained with EPR spectroscopy
of teeth enamel are consistent with the results based on other methods of direct and retrospective
dosimetry. Relatively low average dose values obtained for some settlements may be explained bypeculiarities of behaviour and migration of population. It makes possible to appreciate the efficiency ofcountermeasures undertaken for prevention of overexposure of population.
The significant exceeding of the individual doses above the average level within the populationgroups is observed for some persons. This permits to choose the individuals with high radiation risk
among the population of radioactive contaminated territories and also to detect the overexposure among
the Chernobyl liquidators. Received results of measurement of individual doses are used for formation ofgroups of increased radiation risk for subsequent medical and dosimetric control.
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