The Universe in the Lab:

current and future science at

GSI/FAIR

Paolo Giubellino
Tsukuba, Tomonaga Center for the history of the Universe
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

September 28th 2023

1

A special moment for Nuclear Physics

 But also “Nuclear Physics in Everyday Life”… space, energy, medicine…
 https://www.nupecc.org/pub/np_life_web.pdf
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

2

GSI GmbH – Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung
FAIR GmbH – Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research

GSI






Existing facility: GSI Darmstadt (Foundation: 1969)
Future facility: FAIR (Foundation: 2010)
Landmark in the European research roadmap (ESFRI
Employees on location: approx.1580

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Photo: D. Fehrenz/GSI/FAIR, Oktober 2022

FAIR

Bohrium

HassiumMeitnerium

Darmstadtium

RoentgeniumCopernicium

3GSI: Ion Beam Therapy
Tumor
100 %

Schädigung

Ionen-

50 %

0%

harte
Röntgenstrahlen
Röntgenstrahlung

2

6

10

Eindringtiefe
Eindringtiefe
(cm)
[cm]

 Innovation in cancer therapy
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbHstrahl1418

Forefront Technologies

 Technological advancements in high-performance & scientificcomputing, Big Data, Green IT
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH5

A Talent Factory A unique capability to attract and create
talent and know-how.
 Training and education of the next
generation of scientists, engineers andcomputing experts from all over theworld:
 Graduate Schools with currently more than
300 doctoral students from all over theworld International Postdoc Programs
 Multiple training programs for students
 Bilateral Agreements with several countries
for training and education of young scientists
and engineers
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

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FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH
Foto: NASA, ESA, G. Dubner (IAFE, CONICET-University of Buenos Aires) et al.; A. Loll et al.; T. Temim et al.; F.
Seward et al.; VLA/NRAO/AUI/NSF; Chandra/CXC; Spitzer/JPL-Caltech; XMM-Newton/ESA; and Hubble/STScI(oben), Penn State University (unten)

Creating extreme
conditions existing in
the universe withheavy ion accelerators

To find answers to fundamental questions about the Universe :The Universe in the lab ...

Where are heavy
elements created?

NUSTAR

Glueballs:
What are protons andneutrons made of?
What is the structure ofhadrons?
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

CBM
APPA

How do materials
behave under highpressure?

Fotos: Uranus, Jupiter, Erde Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org

PANDA

What is in theinterior of aneutron star?

Each heavy atom in our body was build andprocessed through many star generations
since the initial Big Bang event!

We are made of star stuff
Carl Sagan

Why FAIR? (... just SOME of the questions) Where and how were the heavy elements
made in the universe?  One of the top unanswered questions in Physics
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH10

Neutron star mergers and their role forthe production of heavy elements ….

Neutron star merger

Theor. prediction by
Metzger, Martinez-Pinedo,
Arcones et al. (2010)
Cowperthwaite, et al. (2017)
Kilonova observations
Copyright: Dana Berry, SkyWorks Digital, Inc

Gravitational wave signal

Elektromagnetic “Kilonova”-Signal

Electromagnetic afterglow - "Kilonova-lightcurve" - reveals
that heavy elements, e.g. Au and Pt, were produced (r-process),
as predicted by GSI theorists.

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH11

Neutron Stars and Mergers vs HI collisions

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbHHow Nature makes
the building blocks of life

Alpha fusion on 12C is the stellar
reaction of paramount importance,
W.A. Fowler, Nobel lecture 1983

rate insufficiently known at
astrophysically energies
12C

4He

16O

Experiment in inverse kinematics (Coulomb
dissociation) requires high energies -> GSI/FAIR
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

NUSTAR- Origin of Elements in the Universe
Neutron Star Merger„Nucleosynthesis sites“ in the universe
Type I Supernova
Nova
Type II Supernova„Nucleosynthesis sites” at FAIRSun

Primary
intensities
vs. GSI:

R3B

SFRS

x 100
SIS
100
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbHILIMA, EXL at CR
and at ESR, HESR, Cryring

production
target
The Experiments: Key Technologies of FAIR and GSI

November
21st, 2018
14

14

14

... with direct applications

High-performance and scientific computing, Space radiation protection, unique facility for
simulation, collaboration with ESA
big data, green IT

Development of nuclear clock:
Promising candidate thorium-229
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Novel applications for tumor and non-tumor
diseases15

Durante & Cucinotta, Nature Rev. Cancer (2008)

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbHStudying cosmic radiationinduced processes

astrophysical ice grains (H2O, CH4, CO2, NH3, SO2... )CnHm polyaromatichydrocarbons

C6H13NO2 amino acids

200 MeV Ca ionsC60, C70 fullerenes
1 µm

spectrum of large desorbed molecules

irradiation chamber and spectrometer
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

GSI and FAIR – The Facility

GSI, existing (upgradedto integrate with FAIR)UNILAC

SIS !00
SIS18
HITRAPFAIR,ESR

CRYRING

HESR

ESR, CRYRING, & HITRAP

Super FRS

FAIR-Phaseare 0
part–of FAIR
Start in 2018!
 Intensity

underconstructionCR Precision Storage rings
 Antiproton beams
18
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Experiment-Kollaborationen
The FAIR science: four pillars
atomic physics, biophysics,
plasma physics, material research

nuclear- and quark-matter

nuclear structure andnuclear astrophysics

CBM

NuSTAR

hadron structure and dynamics
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

APPA

PANDA

Poland @ FAIR

FAIR governed by international convention• 9 shareholders:
Slovenia Sweden
Finland France Germany
PolandRomania Russia
India• + 1 associated partner:• + 1 aspirant partner:• Over 3000 Scientists and Engineers from all over the world• Scientists from More than 200 institutions from 53 countries (orange + blue)•

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

UK

20

Construction volumes

2 million m3 600,000 m3

65,000 tonsof earthof concreteof steelto be moved

to be used

to be utilized

As much as for 5,000 single-family
homes

As much as eight Frankfurt soccer
stadiums

As much as nine Eiffel Towers

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbHThe Universe in the Laboratory | Prof. Dr. Paolo Giubellino

3 March 201721

Civil Construction

SIS100

CRYO 2

APPA
CBM
S-FRS
NUSTAR LEB
NUSTAR HEB

See next presentation Movie on
https://edms.cern.ch/file/2893949/LATEST/FAIR*.mp4

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

April 2023

FAIR SIS100 accelerator tunnel

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

FAIR Area SouthFAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

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FAIR CBM Cave

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Accelerators: delivery of components
continues steadily
 Storage area: approx. 9.900 m²
 4.195 objects (Components,
assemblies, boxes, etc.)
 50% of SIS100 components stored 90% of HESR components stored

26

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Status of FAIR Accelerators

Start of installation
at four locations in HEBT
2024

PT

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbHAPPAHITRAP
commissioning

CBM

Experiment Construction

HED@FAIR
diagnostics

mCBM performance

Available
detectors areused in Phase-0
R3B: LH2 target,
CALIFA, GLAD

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbHPANDA

NUSTAR

Forward tracker

Current prospects and timeline
APPA Laser

SIS100

until 2028

SIS18

UNILAC

HITRA
P
ESR

CBM
CRYRI
NG

Supe
rFRS

First Science +Next steps
MSV completion

29

Continuation of
APPA, CBM and
NUSTAR
experiments inexisting facility

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

NUSTA
R HEB

APPA, NUSTAR and
PANDA investigate
options for further
experiments at green
lines

after 2028

Ongoing: Early science program FAIR Phase-0•

Started in 2019, annual runs of~110 days until FAIR operation

up to 90 % speed of light

Ion species: H+,..., U92+
linearaccelerator
UNILACPHELIX

heavy-ionsynchrotron
SIS 18M-branchZ
6

Fragment Separator
HHT

USA
2.7%

Ion
sources

OthersRomania 14.4%
2.3%

storage ring ESR
8 % - 15 % speed of lightX
SH
0 HITRAPE

HADES

Cave A

miniCBM
R3B

CRYRING

Spain
3.1%
Japan
3.2%

Germany
39.9%

China
4.0%
UnitedPoland
5.1%

India
5.2%

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbHFrance
6.3%

Italy
8.9%

 Science while commissioning FAIR latest call: 124 proposals submitted
 1729 participants of proposals
 From institutes in 45 countries
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16 Nov 2022

Chemical properties of element 114, Flerovium

 Flerovium: heaviest element with experimentally studied chemical properties
 Eight registered atoms in three beamtimes of total 2.5 months duration
Production:
244Pu(48Ca,3-4n)
288Fl: t
1/2 ~0.7 s
289Fl: t
1/2 ~2.0 s
Isolation in TASCA;
Chemical study anddetection: COMPACT

Volatility:
Rn > Fl > Hg >> Pb
Reactivity:
Rn < Fl < Hg << Pb
Fl is the most volatile
metal in the periodic table

A. Yakushev et al.,Front. Chem. 10 (2022) 976635

Atoms hitting a reactive site (grain boundary etc.)
on the inhomogeneous Au surface bind like Hg

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Other atoms reach location of Rn adsorption

Research highlight
FLASH radiotherapy

 FLASH Radiotherapy, is a novel approach of RT
using ultra-high dose rate aiming to getunchanged tumor control protection (TCP)and decreased normal tissue complication
probability (NTCP).
 GSI has demonstrated for the first time that the
FLASH effect can be obtained with accelerated
carbon ions (18 Gy in one spill of 150 ms) paving
the way to clinical translation in particle therapy
 The paper made the cover of the prestiogious
Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH32

With mCBM@SIS18 towards CBM
FLES processing
nodes
time slice building
event reconstruction& selection
archiving

FLES entry nodes
CRI FPGAµSlice building(DAQ container)

free-streaming &rad. tolerant FEE
assigning timestampsto hit messages

Rare signal reconstructed: Λ → p π-

opticalfibers50m

opticalfibersGreen IT Cube

Pre-series productionsof all CBM detector
systems
High-rate studies
up to 10 MHz coll. rate
in nucleus-nucleus coll.

300 m

Ni+Ni 1.93 AGeVrun 2391 (May '22):
109 collisions, 1:57h
400 kHz av. coll. rate

Campaign 2024:
high-rate studies
preliminary

all detector systems involved
secondary vertex
velocity windows for p and πcandidate

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbHFree-streaming
CBM data transport

online reconstruction& selection
Λ baryons in Ni+Ni at
1.0 - 1.93 AGeV

Japan @ GSI/FAIR

GSI/FAIR has a long-standing cooperation with many
prominent Japanese research centers and Universities.
In particular, MOUs and cooperation agreements exist with











Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA),
Riken Nishina Center andGunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center.
National Inst. for Quantum and Rad. Sc. Tech (QST)High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)

Since the early 1990s, there has always been continuous
collaboration with Japanese scientists on-site and participationin many pioneering experiments with radioactive beams.
Collaboration over decades has helped in the training andeducation of young scientists.
Especially in the field of Accelerator development,
experiments and related instrumentation.
For many years, scientists from Japan have served as membersof the Scientific Supervisory bodies of GSI and FAIR, andScientists from GSI have served as members of the Japaneseones.

More than 50 scientists involved
from 17 different Institutes in Japan

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH34

Japan and APPA (Atomic Physics)
QED effects on the structure of
relativistic highly charged ionsusing the resonant coherent
excitation of ions in the virtualphoton field of a Si crystal (proofof principle)
Resonance conditions
identification

x-ray yieldmeasurement

Angularscanning of theresonance

Demonstrator Experiment for SIS100 beams at APPA-Cave
ΔE

U89+@190MeV/ucooled beam

Rotation angle,θ /deg.

ΔE= 4460.9 ± 0.1(stat) ± 2.2(sys) eV

35

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH35

Development of position-sensitive
Schottky detector
Collaboration Tsukuba - GSI
Schottky detector is useful in storage ring.
At GSI/FAIR developments for ESR and CRYRING

Circular cavity

Rare-RI
Ring in
RIKEN RIBF
Signalamplitude
proportional
to x-position.

Resonant Schottky
Akira OZAWA
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Position sensitive.
36

Experiments with Japanese Project lead at
WASA@FRS 2022 (GSI): pilot experiments for Super-FRS

 Novel spectroscopic techniques are explored to
study exotic nuclei and exotic atoms
 For the first time a calorimeter is coupled to a highresolution spectrometer for relativistic beams
 The present experiments are among the 3 toppriorities of the NUSTAR Collaboration and serve as
pilot experiments for Super-FRS at FAIR Spokesperson for granted experiments:
T. Saito (RIKEN and GSI, Japanese)
K. Itahashi (RIKEN, Japanese))

Project leader: Take Saito (RIKEN and GSI, Japanese)
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Japan in NUSTAR
Discovery of Deeply-bound Pionic States in Heavy Ions

ASn

H. Geissel et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 122301
K. Suzuki et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 072302

R. Hayano, K. Itahashi,
T. Yamzaki, P. Kienle
38

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

GSI lead experiments in Japan:

HiCARI: High-resolution Cluster Array at the Rare Ion Beam Facility (RIBF)
international hybrid HPGe array with contributions from GSI:
• located at BigRIPS separator of RIKEN Nishina Center• in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy of very exotic nuclei• high-resolution energy measurements to study• single-particle and• collective excitations
in exotic nuclei• 7 experiments performed in 2020/21 (2 lead by GSI
scientists)

39

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Detectors from GSI/FAIRat the Rare Ion Beam Facility in JapanR3B Neuland integrated in the SAMURAI experiment
at RIKEN 2015-2017 as key detector for neutron
detection in many experiments.

Arrival of NeuLAND in RIKEN on Jan 27th 2015

• Discovery of 28O located 4 neutrons
beyond drip line
• First observation of a strong 4-neutron
correlation in the continuum at around 1 MeV(publication in NATURE)=> one of the 10 Breakthroughs in Physics in 2022!!
• First fully exclusive invariant-mass measurementwith four neutrons detected in coincidence(B(E1) of 8He, 28O ground state)
NeuLAND@RIKEN project leaders:T. Aumann, H. Simon from GSI,
T. Uesaka (Japanese) from RIKEN
12 experiments in 71 days of beamtime
3 experiments with GSI leadership(T. Aumann, C. Caesar, D. Rossi)
40

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

FAIR/GSI BIOPHYSICS and Japan

PRE-CINICAL RESEARCH IN PARTICLE THERAPY• Over 20 years co-operation with NIRS/QST in Chiba• GSI led an International Open Laboratory (IOL) at NIRS in
Chiba (2-12.2016)• Strong collaboration with Gunma Heavy Ion Center (theBiophysics Department Head is Adjunct Professor at Gunma
University)• “Hot” collaboration topics: medical physics, combination ofheavy ions with immunotherapy (several common papers in
the past few years)

Internal Target Volume (ITV)

synchronized delivery
41

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Impressions from FAIR Phase0 experiments

Several researchers from Japanese institutes participate in FAIR Phase 0
experiments at GSI.

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

June 12, 2022: Visit to GSI/FAIR of
Dr. Keitaro Ohno, Minister of State for Cabinet Affairs

 On this occasion, MoU Between GSI/FAIR and RIKEN was signed
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH43

Japan and CBM@FAIR“QCD Laboratory” in Germany and Japan

CBM&HADES@FAIR

E16@J-PARC
Lead
Glass

GEM
Tracker

HadronBlind
Detector
Silicon Tracking
System (STS)STSHigh density QCD matter w Heavy
Ion collisions
High Intensity Heavy ion beam

Nuclear Matter w ProtonNucleus collisions Hadron
Physics w secondary particles
High Intensity Proton beamComplementary Physics Program
Collaboration for detector developments with high intensity beam
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH44

CBM Silicon Tracking System developments

CBM-STS

E16-STS

Silicon Sensors(Hamamatsu)

Sent to Japan for
performance
check

Spectrometer

Sensor, cables, andFront-end
electronics



CBM-STS is in the construction phase
Construction and operation methods
will be improved by feedbacks from
Japan



Knowledge of constructions and operations
and performance of total system are useful
Experienced PD and student from KEK will
join the CBM-STS construction

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Sensor, ladder, cableFeedback

E16-STS is installed and will
be tested in the next year

E16-STS

Performance will be
evaluated in high-rate
counting situation

10MHz interaction rate

45

Photos of E16-STS

Sensor, ladder, cable

E16 STS
Test Chamber

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH46

Further Interests in CBM from Japan

Growth of CBM collaboration in Japan






University of Tsukuba and KEK are Associated members
Hiroshima University applies for Associate member in Sep.
2023
RIKEN and NIAS are interested in joining CBM

Further collaboration both in Physics and Detectors
Many experts of heavy ion physics analysis in JapanInterests and experiences on Hadron PhysicsHyper nucleus in heavy ion collisions (RIKEN)
Particle correlations and hadron interactions (Hiroshima, KEK)

Silicon Tracking System (Hiroshima, KEK)
Micro Vertex Detector and MAPS technology (Hiroshima, NIAS,
KEK)
Gas Electron Multiplier technology (KEK)
Streaming readout and DAQ (NIAS)

Complementary physics program at FAIR and J-PARC

Fluctuation @ STAR (Tsukuba)

Di-electrons @ PHENIX(Hiroshima, KEK)

Common interests for detector developmentsCorrelations, fluctuations (Tsukuba)
Di-leptons (Hiroshima, KEK)GEM Tracker @ J-PARC (KEK)
ALICE FOCAL Readout (NIAS)

Further discussions should be developed to maximize
activities in both sides

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH47

FAIR: Unique Opportunities . . . & Challenges

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Backup

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbHThe Experiments: Key Technologies of FAIR and GSI

November 21st, 201849

Ground-breaking experiment opening way for nuclear astrophysics
experiments at FAIR with ESR

 E127: Proton-capture rates fornuclear astrophysics:
First reaction study on stored radiobeam at low energies
 Study of radioactive 118Te (6 days
half-life) production, storage, accumulation anddeceleration in FRS-ESR
 proton-capture measurements
realized at 7 MeV/u and 6 MeV/u

protoncapture
signature New background-free detection
method demonstrated
backgroundremovalJan Glorius et al.
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

18

APPA - Atomic Physics, Plasma Physics, and Applied
Sciences

APPA Cave

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH51

Worldwide
UniqueSPARC

ESR
Cryring

HESR

BIO-MAT

HED
plasmaAPPA Atomic, Plasma Physics
and Applications
 About 800 members
 Wide field of science basic research intomaterial, biological andmedical applications andspace research

Atomic Physics
SPARC: ~400 members from 26 countries
Plasma Physics
HED: ~300 members from 16 countries
Materials Research and Biophysics
BIOMAT: ~100 members from 12 countries

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH52

C.B.M.
HADES …… CBM

 Compressed Baryonic
Matter Experiments
 About 400 members

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

53

PANDA - AntiProton Annihilation at Darmstadt

NUPECC Long Range Plan
The combination of PANDA’s discovery potential for new states, coupled withthe ability to perform high-precision systematic measurements is not realised
at any other facility or experiment in the world.
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH54

Current status following FAIR Council decisions in March 2023

Due to budget constraints a Scientific Review panel was tasked by the FAIR Council in 2022 toperform a “First Science and Staging Review of the FAIR Project”.
The Scientific Review panel recommended in October 2022 that the scenario FS+ (SIS100, SuperFRS-HEB and CBM) would be the most appropriate starting scenario to achieve world leading
science.
FAIR Council decided on 9th & 10th March 2023 to use the additional funds provided by Germany toproceed with FS and to make further decisions on FS+ based on the contributions by othershareholders in future meetings, possibly already in July 2023. Council stated that “the realisation of
the MSV… …remains the aim of the FAIR-Project”

until 2028 (ES,FS,FS+)

after 2028

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

FAIR 2028
APPA Laser

SIS100
SIS18

UNILACHITRAPESR

CBMCRYRING

SuperFRSFirst Science +Next steps
MSV completion

Continuation of APPA,
CBM and NUSTAR
experiments inexisting facility
56

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

NUSTARHEB

APPA, NUSTAR and
PANDA investigate options
for further experiments atgreen lines

Evolution towards FAIR 2028
 Up to 2025 we continue with FAIR the annual block of continuous beamtime forPhase-0, from 2026 onwards we enter the mixed-mode of Phase-0 with thecommissioning of the new beamlines.
 Annual beamtime for science will increase progressively, to reach full year
operation from 2028 onwards.
 Some experiments at the Super-FRS will start already in 2027 using SIS18
beams („Early Science“) We will try to keep a broad research programme on campus, which will also
serve the long-term goals of FAIR.
 The construction of further components towards the completion of the MSV
will require additional funding. If provided by ~ 2026, the MSV could becompleted by 2031-2032. The timetable is dictated by the availability of funds
57

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

GCR Charge Contributions
100

Free Space% Contribution

10
Fluence
Dose
Dose Eq.

1

0.1

0.01

0.001
0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Charge Number

Durante and Cucinotta, Rev. Mod. Phys. 2011

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH59

Refractive index of supercooled water
down to 230 K (- 43,15o C)• Knowledge of the refractive index n of•supercooled water is crucial for improving
climate models.
Water microjets in vacuum probed by Raman
scattering allowed the determination ofrefractive index n for visible light down to 230 K.

Goy et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 13, 11872 (2022)
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

FAIR SIS 100 supply tunnel
April 2023

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbHThe theory:
where the elements come from ...

FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

Paolo Giubellino

Festival della Scienza, Genova, 2017

FAIR - The Universe in the Laboratory
From Neutron Star Mergers to Platinum and Gold

How Matter behaves at
extreme electromagnetic
Field Strengths

How Matter behaves at
extreme Densities andTemperatures

FAIR/ APPA

FAIR/ CBM-HADESHow the chemicalelements evolve from
Neutron-Star Matter
FAIR/ NUSTARFAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH

S. Rosswog

How the Protons
and Neutrons areformedFAIR/ PANDA

Questions about the Universe
Matter in the interior of the Earth and of large planets• The interior of our Earth is most likely
composed of liquid iron. What is exactly
the melting curve for iron?

• Does hydrogen form a metallic state under the extreme conditionsof pressure and temperature on and in Jupiter? How doeshydrogene separate from He?

• Are there diamond layers
in Uranus and Neptune?
What role does the highdensity metallic state ofwater play for themagnetic field in Uranus
and Neptune?
FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH64