Content of Radionuclides of Chernobyl Origin in Food Products
for the Belarusian Population
Vladimir P. MATSKO and Tetsuji IMANAKA*
Institute of Radiobiology, Academy Sciences of Belarus
Kuprevich str. 2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus: irb@radbio.bas-net.by*Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University
Kumatori-cho, Osaka, 590-0494 Japan: imanaka@rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Abstract
Recent data on radionuclide contents of Chernobyl origin in food products and drinking water
for the Belarusian population are reviewed. Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 are main radionuclides
contributing to internal irradiation to the population. Contamination levels in food products from thesocial sector of agriculture (collective farms, agricultural co-operatives) are found to be generally
below the current legal admissible level of RAL-99 that are defined to make internal dose of the
population less than 1 mSv/yr. On the other hand, exceedings of RAL-99 are often found in foodproducts from the private sector, especially in settlements of Gomel region where the contaminationis the most serious in Belarus. Special attention should be paid to the non-farm products in thecontaminated areas: mushrooms, berries, fish and meat of wild animals. For example, about 37,000
Bq/kg of 137Cs in fresh mushroom was registered in a settlement of Gomel region, which corresponds
to 100 times of RAL-99 values. Concerning drinking water, the situation is quite good and no
execeedings have been registered for the last 10 years.

Introduction
The Chernobyl APS accident led to heavy socio-economic consequences and worsening of theenvironment in a large number of territories in Republic of Belarus as a result of their pollution withradioactive components including 90Sr and 137Cs. Presently, these two radionuclides are the principal
dose-forming factors of radiation on man and the most typical radioactive contaminants of food products.
As the majority of radioactive substances enter into human organisms together with food, there is apermanent necessity to develop the measures on radiation protection of population from incorporated
radioisotopes 90Sr and 137Cs.
In order to decrease radionuclide incorporation with food, legal measures are taken in Belarus by
setting admissible levels for 90Sr and radiocesiums (137Cs and 134Cs) in food products. Current regulation ofradionuclide contents in food products is carried out in correspondence with Republican Admissible Levels(RAL) adopted in 1999 (Table 1). The RAL values are defined so that annual internal dose of the population
does not exceed the dose limit of 1 mSv/yr as far as the structure of their food consumption is typical in
Belarus. Within the structure of food consumption by the Belarusian population, the share of potato, milk
and bread constitutes more than 50%. This allows to consider them as the group of principal products.
In this paper the recent situation of radionuclide contents in food products in Belarus is overviewed.
Food products from the social sector
The majority of food products in Belarus are produced by the social sector of agriculture (collective
farms, agricultural co-operatives).
90
Sr in principal products:
Strontium-90 activity in milk, potato, rye bread and wheat bread from the social sector in Brest, Minsk,
103

Table 1. Admissible levels of radionuclide content in food products and drinking water ofBelarus population (RAL-99).
RAL-99Product
Cesium radionuclides,
Strontium-90
Bq/kg, Bq/l
Bq/kg, Bq/l
Drinking water10
0.37
Milk and dairy products
100
3.7
Meat and meat products- beef, mutton products
500- pork, poultry products
180
Potato80
3.7
Root crops
80
Bread, bakery products
40
3.7
Flour, groats, sugar
60
Vegetable and animal fats, margarine
40
Vegetables
100
Fruits and berries
70
Canned vegetables, fruits and berries
74
Forest berries
185
Fresh mushrooms
370
Dried mushrooms
2,500
All species of children food ready for consumption
37
1.85
Other food products
370-; RAL is not defiend.
Vitebsk, Grodno and Mogilev regions registered in 2000 is shown in Table 2 [1]. The 90Sr activity in milk,
potato, rye and wheat bread generally does not exceed 0.25, 0.33, 0.34 and 0.33 Bq/kg, respectively.
In Gomel region where the radionuclide contamination is the most serious, some higher levels of 90Sr –as compared with the mentioned – in rye and wheat bread and milk were registered (Table 3). Their averages
in Gomel region were 0.89, 1.05 and 0.54 Bq/kg, respectively, and higher than on the whole in the country.
The observed difference in 90Sr pollution of the mentioned products in compared regions is a result ofradioactive pollution of Gomel region which is higher than that of other Belarus areas.
Among the examined food products from Gomel region, the highest level of 90Sr (not higher, however,than the admissible level) in rye bread was registered from Vetka, and the highests in wheat bread and milk
were from Mozyr (Table 3). The content of 90Sr and 137Cs in home-made cottage cheese constituted,
respectively, 1.12 and 16.7 Bq/kg (Tables 3, 4). Such level of radioactive pollution of cottage cheese also
does not exceed the admissible level even for children food (the requirements concerning the children foodare the toughest).
According to the data by [2], in 2000 the mean level in Belarus of 90Sr content in milk of dairy plants
and children milk kitchens constituted 0.2 Bq/l.
The data of other authors [3, 4] testify that the levels of 90Sr content in the principal food products fromthe mostly polluted areas of Gomel region are considerably higher than adduced in [1]. In 1999, theSanitary-Epidemiological Service of Gomel region examined 448 samples of milk, dairy products, breadand bakery products, and in 2000 - 365 samples. There were found no cases of exceeding RAL-99 (3.7 Bq/l,kg) . Nevertheless, it is necessary to note that the boundary levels of 90Sr content were registered in samples,
being close to the limit of 3.7 Bq/l:in 1999, milk – 3.52 Bq/l (Zhlobin cheese dairy plant),
dairy products – 3.44 Bq/l (Kalinkovichi dairy plant),
rye bread – 3.12 Bq/kg (Bragin bread factory);in 2000, dairy products – 3.29 Bq/l (Rogachev dairy plant),
rye bread – 3.00 Bq/kg (Korma bread factory),
wheat bread – 3.0 Bq/kg (Narovlya bread factory).
104

Table 2. Levels of 90Sr activity in food products from the social sector in Mogilev, Vitebsk,
Brest, Minsk and Grodno regions.
Food productSettlement
RegionLevel of 90Sr activity, Bq/kg
Milk
Bobrujsk
Mogilev<0.15
Mogilev
Mogilev
0.19±0.01
Lepel
Vitebsk
<0.15
Brest
Brest
<0.15
B. Maleshevo
Brest
0.25±0.02
Volozhin
Minsk
<0.15
VilejkaMinsk<0.15
Zhdanovichi
Minsk
<0.15
GrodnoGrodno<0.15
Volkovysk
Grodno<0.15
PotatoBobrujsk
Mogilev<0.15
Slavgorod
Mogilev
0.21±0.01
PolotskVitebsk
0.33±0.03
Novopolotsk
Vitebsk
0.33±0.04
Logojsk
Minsk
0.26±0.03
Volkovysk
Grodno0.18±0.02
Rye bread
Bobrujsk
Mogilev
0.34±0.02
Mogilev
Mogilev<0.15
Bykhov
Mogilev
0.18±0.02
Novopolotsk
Vitebsk
<0.15
Brest
Brest
0.27±0.02
Baranovichi
Brest
<0.15
VilejkaMinsk
0.23±0.02
Wheat bread
Bobrujsk
Mogilev<0.15
Mogilev
Mogilev<0.15
Slavgorod
Mogilev
0.33±0.03
Novopolotsk
Vitebsk
0.33±0.03
Table 3. The density of radioactive pollution of territory in places of sampling and the levels of 90Sr
activity in food products from the social sector in Gomel region.
Density of pollution with 90Sr,
Food product
Level of 90Sr activity, Bq/kg
Ci/km2
Svetlogorsk<1
Milk
0.28±0.02<1
Wheat bread
0.70±0.04<1
Rye bread
0.96±0.04
Gomel
<1
Milk
0.59±0.05<1
Wheat bread
0.50±0.04<1
Rye bread
0.20±0.01
Mozyr
<1
Milk
0.76±0.04<1
Wheat bread
1.96±0.16<1
Rye bread
0.90±0.06<1
Cottage cheese*
1.12±0.11
Vetka
1-2
Rye bread
1.49±0.13
Milk
Wheat bread
Rye bread*; Cottage cheese is not from the social sector.
In the region on the average

105

0.54
1.05
0.89

Table 4. Density of radioactive pollution of territory and levels of 137Cs activity in dairy products
from the social sector in Gomel region.
Density of pollution ofSpecific 137Cs
Settlement
Food product137
2territory with Cs, Ci/km
activity, Bq/kg
Svetlogorsk
<1
Milk
<3.75
Milk
16.0±3.4
Gomel
1-5
Sour cream
13.3±2.8
Milk
17.0±3.5
Mozyr
1-5
Cottage cheese
16.7±3.6
137

Cs in principal products:
The levels of 137Cs activity in milk, bread and potato from the social sector of Brest, Grodno, Vitebsk,
Minsk and Mogilev regions were considerably lower than the existing normative values and in the majorityof cases they did not depend on the place of sampling. The results of Gomel region became exception, where
the correlation was found between the level of 137Cs activity in milk of local production and the density ofradiocontamination of territory (Table 4). Whereas, the 137Cs levels in milk and other food products fromsocial sector in Gomel region were considerably lower than the values of admissible levels.
The Sanitary-Epidemiological Service of Gomel region examines annually potato from economies
situated within the zones of radioactive pollution. In 1999–2000, exceedings of RAL-99 were found in 2
economies of Bragin district. That potato was not consumed as food product. In 2000-2001, there were no
exceedings of RAL-99 found in other foods produced in the social sector, such as meat products, fish,
vegetables, berries, fruits, eggs, children food [5].
On the whole, the agricultural protective measures in the social sector allowed to observe the normativevalues of 137Cs content in milk which were valid in that period: up to 370 Bq/l in 1987, up to 185 Bq/l in
1990, up to 111 Bq/l in 1992, up to 100 Bq/l in 1999. Nearly 99% of milk samples from the social sector had
specific activity of 137Cs less than 20 Bq/l, whereas the normative value of RAL-99 is 100 Bq/l. However, in1999 there were registered 1,962 tons of milk with 137Cs content over 100 Bq/l. That milk was processed indairy plants for butter.
Food products from the private sector
137
Cs in milk and potato:
Much more anxiety is caused by the quality of food produced in the private sector of agriculture. Thismay be explained by the limited possibilities in taking full-value protective measures. According to the dataof Sanitary-Epidemiological Service, there were registered multiple cases of producing milk with high 137Cs
content in the private economies (Table 5).
While in the social sector the milk with exceeding radionuclide contents may be used as raw material
for re-processing, in the private economies it is mainly used for personal consumption, being thus dangerous
for the health of man, especially for children.
Table 5. Number of settlements in each region of Belarus where exceedings of RAL-96, RAL-99
were registered for 137Сs content in milk from the private sector.
Over 111 Bq/l (RAL-96)
Over 100 Bq/l (RAL-99)
Region
1997
1998
1999
2000
Brest
97
90
73
54
Gomel
380
351
143
225
Grodno
7
2
4
4
Minsk
7
7
3
1
Mogilev
89
66
56
43
Belarus
580
516
379
327

106

The 137Cs content in randomly selected milk samples reached the following values [6];in Gomel region: Lelchitsy district – 979 Bq/l,
Bragin district – 637 Bq/l,
Korma district – 394 Bq/l,in Mogilev region: Chausy district – 851 Bq/l,
Slavgorod district – 776 Bq/l,
Krasnopol’e district – 913 Bq/l,
Bykhov district – 625 Bq/l.
In 2000, the organs of state sanitary control of Gomel region examined 39,261 milk samples from thepersonal subsidiary economies (PSE). Exceedings were found in 4.8% of samples (1,873 samples). The
maximum share of milk with RAL exceedings was registered in Lelchitsy (19.6%), Narovlya (14.9%),
Vetka (13.1%), El’sk (9.0%) and Chechersk (8.3%) districts.
The maximum specific activity of radiocesium in milk samples was registered as follows:• Khojniki district - 894 Bq/l,• El’sk district - 889 Bq/l,• Narovlya district - 872 Bq/l,• Lelchitsy district - 803 Bq/l.
In 2000, in 326 settlements of Gomel region were registered cases of exceeding RAL-99 ofradiocesium contents in single samples of meat, meat products, potato, beet. In 1999, the RAL exceedings
were found in 259 settlements. The number of settlements with RAL exceedings was registered as follows:in Bragin (in 2000 – 30 settlements, in 1999 – 11), Vetka (26 and 30, respectively), El’sk (25 and 21),
Lelchitsy (41 and 36), Narovlya (23 and 22), Chechersk (40 and 33) and Khojniki (19 and 17) districts.
In 2000, the RAL exceeding in potato was registered only in one sample from v. Dzerzhinsk of
Narovlya district of Gomel region [3].
In Minsk region which was polluted much less than Gomel region, there were almost no cases of
exceeding the RAL of 137Cs in principal food products from the private sector (Table 5). However, theradioactive pollution of agricultural products in relatively “clean” Minsk region is tens of times as high as
the pre-accidental levels [7].
90Sr in milk, potato and vegetables:
The precipitations of 90Sr of Chernobyl origin are registered mainly in Gomel region. In 2000, theSanitary-Epidemiological Service of Gomel region examined the products of PSE in 282 settlements: milk
was examined in 264 settlements. On the whole in 2000, 1,613 samples of food products from PSE were
examined. Out of 605 milk samples examined, exceedings of strontium were found in 45 samples (7.4%),
and out of 331 potato samples the exceedings were found in 5 (1.5%).
In 2000, the RAL exceedings of 90Sr in milk were registered in 35 settlements, in potato – in 3
settlements. The maximum levels of 90Sr content in milk were registered as follows:• Bragin district - 13.6 Bq/l,• Khojniki district - 8.4 Bq/l,• Narovlya district - 7.89 Bq/l,• Dobrush district - 4.8 Bq/l.
Taking into consideration the results of observations for 4 years (1997-2000), the RAL exceedings of90
Sr in milk and potato from PSE were registered in 93 settlements of Gomel region. Constant RAL
exceedings of 90Sr during four and more years of observation were registered in the samples of PSE products
in 14 settlements of Gomel region, including 9 settlements in Bragin, 4 in Khojniki and 1 in Narovlya
districts.
The Sanitary-Epidemiological Service of Gomel region carries out the monitoring of widely consumed
107

Table 6. The share (%) of samples of food products from the personal subsidiary economies which
do not meet the requirements of RAL-99.
2000
2001
Food productCesium-137
Strontium-90
Cesium-137
Strontium-90
Milk
5.0
5.3
4.2
8.5
Dairy products
3.0
2.0
Meat and meat products
1.2
0.4
Potato0.03
0.7
Vegetables
0.02
0.02
PSE products for which 90Sr limitations are not defined in RAL-99: root crops and vegetables. Attracts
attention the fact that quite high 90Sr contents are registered in the samples of beet, carrot, cabbage in theregion. In 2000, the maximum levels of 90Sr content in these products were as follows:• Beet in Bragin district - 18.6-34.3 Bq/kg,• Carrot in Khojniki district – 43.3 Bq/kg,• Cabbage in Khojniki district – 35.8 Bq/kg, in Narovlya district – 29.3 Bq/kg.
Quite high levels of 90Sr content are also registered in samples from PSE of more “well-being” districtsof region [3, 4]:• Cabbage – 11.4 Bq/kg (El’sk district),• Carrot – 7.9 Bq/kg (Kalinkovichi district), 12.7 Bq/kg (Vetka district), 15.6 Bq/kg (Dobrush
district),• Beet – 12.7 Bq/kg (Kalinkovichi district).
In Belarus as a whole, the RAL-99 exceedings of 137Cs were registered in milk and dairy produce aswell as in single samples of meat and vegetables from PSE. About 90Sr contents, the RAL-99 exceedings
were registered only in milk from settlements of Gomel region (Table 6) [5].
Forest products
Belarus population consume also non-farm products that are not principal but – being more polluted –make sometimes very significant contribution into the dose commitments. During a number of years, inMogilev region and especially in Gomel region the RAL exceedings are registered in 30-40 % of samples ofwild berries and mushrooms (fresh and processed), and more than in 50 % of dried mushrooms prepared for
personal consumption. The RAL exceedings in these foods are registered in all districts of Gomel region. In
separate districts the exceedings are 70 % or more (Vetka, El’sk, Bragin, Narovlya, Korma and other
districts).
Table 7 shows the 137Cs contents of forest products that were randomly selected in 1994-1995 in
Mogilev and Gomel regions and measured by sanitary-epidemiological services of Mogilev and Gomel
regions [6]. The data in Table 7 considerably exceed the existing norms.
The maximum levels of radiocesium content in mushrooms exceed RAL up to 100 times. For example,
in 1999, in a sample of fresh mushroom from El’sk district the specific activity of radiocesium constituted
36,896.5 Bq/kg, while the RAL value is 370 Bq/kg [2, 3, 8].
In 2000, the following maximum levels of 137Cs content were registered in Gomel region:• Fresh mushroom from Korma district – 25,470 Bq/kg (75 times as high as RAL of 370 Bq/g),• Wild berries from Narovlya district – 4,742 Bq/kg (26 times as high as RAL of 185 Bq/kg),• Dried mushrooms from Rogachev district – 99,910 Bq/kg (40 times as high as RAL of 2,500
Bq/kg),• Dried mushrooms from Khojniki district – 90,950 Bq/kg (36 times as high as the norm).
The consumption of wild berries and mushrooms with exceedings of RAL leads to high doses of108

Table 7. 137Cs contents in separate samples of meat of wild animals, mushrooms and forest berries
from Mogilev and Gomel regions.
137
Cs content in “dirty” foodRegionDistrictproducts, Bq/kg (random
sampling)
Meat of wild animals (boars, elks, hares and others)
Mogilev region:
Slavgorod district
1,974
Cherikov d.
9,620
Bykhov d.
15,910Klichev d.
7,445
Gomel region:
Korma d.
18,000
Lelchitsy d.
17,659Vetka d.
9,768
Bragin d.
11,407
Mushrooms (fresh)
Mogilev region:
Krasnopol’e d.
875
Cherikov d.
1,079
Bykhov d.
2,512
Slavgorod d.
966
Gomel region:
Korma d.
793
Lelchitsy d.
1,984
Bragin d.
915
Bykhov d.
769
Wild berries
Mogilev region:
Slavgorod d.
758
Cherikov d.
993
Bykhov d.
1,134
Gomel region:
Korma d.
1,754
Lelchitsy d.
1,017
Bragin d.
795
Table 8. Share (%) of samples not meeting the requirements of RAL-99 for 137Cs in 2000 and in
2001.
Mushrooms
Forest berries
Meat of wild animals
Region
2000
2001
2000
2001
2000
2001
Brest
15.6
25.3
40.2
23.6
Vitebsk
4
11.5
6.7
2.3
Gomel
46.9
47.8
36
32.7
54.8
66.2
Grodno
25
28.5
7.7
1.25
Minsk
19.1
19.2
9.04
4.8
1/1*
Mogilev
32.4
33.3
26.2
31.2
68.7
64.7
Minsk city
16.3
21.1
6.9
6.4
2/2*
*; (Number of dirty samples)/(Number of measured samples).
internal irradiation. In case of non-observation of existing limitations of consumption for mushrooms andwild berries, the contribution of forest products into the formation of internal irradiation dose reaches 70%
in a number of settlements of the region (by the data of Gomel branch of Research Institute of Radiation
Medicine and Endocrinology).
In Table 8 is adduced the share of samples of mushrooms, forest berries and meat of wild animals,
which do not meet the requirements of RAL-99 in all regions of Belarus [5].
Fish
The fish of local catch makes its own contribution into the formation of internal irradiation dose of
population of region. In 1999, the RAL-99 exceedings of 137Cs in fish of local catch were registered in 9.7%
109

Table 9. Causes of exceedings of internal irradiation dose of population of Gomel region in
1998-2000.
Years
1998
1999
2000
Cause of exceeding the dose
number of cases
number of cases
number of cases
Total Share (%) Total Share (%) Total Share (%)
Wild berries and mushrooms
732
57.6
308
30.4
458
53.4
Milk from PSE
232
18.3
140
13.4
72
8.4
Fish from rivers
47
3.7
303
28.8
Meat of wild animals
99
7.8
56
5.4
141
16.4
Unknown
160
12.6
240
22.0
187
21.8
(13 samples out of 134), in 2000 – in 17.4% (21 samples out of 121). The samples of fish with RAL-99
exceedings were registered in the private sector of eight districts of Gomel region: Vetka, Dobrush,
Kalinkovichi, Petrikov, Narovlya, Rechitsa, Khojniki and Mozyr town. They reached 36% (Narovlya
district), 50% (Rechitsa district) and 82% (Khojniki district). The maximum levels of radiocesium content
in fish from reservoirs and rivers of the region were 11 times as high as RAL-99 in 1999 and 25 times – in2000 (Vetka district, maximum level – 9,310 Bq/kg).
Drinking water
When we speak about the radiation state of food products of Belarus population, we must mention
drinking water. In 2000, there were more than 3,000 samples of water from water pipes, wells, artesian wells
and open reservoirs in which 137Cs was measured, and near 100 samples in which 90Sr was measured. There
were found no water samples with exceedings of RAL-99. The samples of drinking water with exceedingsof norms were not registered in Belarus during the last ten years, testifying thus to quite good situation [2].
Formation of radiation doseInternal dose:
In case of observing RAL-99 of radionuclide contents in food products, dose values of internal
irradiation are not higher than 1 mSv/year [9]. In the real situation, however, there are being registered many
people whose internal dose exceeds the normative value due to the radionuclide intake through foodproducts.
Taking into account the results of laboratory studies of food products, the contribution of various foods
to the exceedings of annual internal dose limit was analyzed [3]. As seen in Table 9, the consumption of wild
berries and mushrooms by population comes to the first place. In Gomel region, the exceeding of internal
dose in 1498 persons (47.2% of registered number of persons) is connected with that cause. The second
component of exceeding the irradiation norm is the consumption of milk from the private subsidiaryeconomies: 444 persons (14%). 296 cases (9.3%) are connected with consumption of meat of wild animals,
350 cases (11%) – with consumption of fish from local reservoirs, in 587 persons (18.5%) the cause was notrevealed.
Table 10. Annual external dose registered among the critical groups working on polluted
territories in Gomel region.
Annual external dose (mSv/yr)
Group
1998
1999
2000
Agricultural mechanics
1.5 – 1.9
1.5 – 1.8
1.6 – 2.0
Animal breeders
1.6 – 2.9
1.5 – 1.9
1.8 – 2.2
Field workers
1.5 – 1.9
1.5 – 1.7
1.9 – 2.0
Foresters
2.0 – 2.5
2.0 – 2.4
1.8
110

External dose:In the last three years, a tendency of decrease is observed in the average annual doses of external
irradiation of the population living on polluted territories. Whereas, during a number of years, the cases ofhigh indices of dosimeters have been registered in separate critical groups (field workers, animal breeders,foresters). Annual external dose of these groups is summarized in Table 10, which testifies to the exceedingsof dose limit of 1 mSv/year. The analysis of seasonal trend of external dose shows that maximum values ofirradiation (2 times and higher) as compared with the average annual indices in critical groups are registeredin period of spring-autumn, when field works are carried out and the population is picking mushrooms andforest berries [3].
Conclusion
The content of radionuclides in food products of population of the Republic of Belarus, which havebeen produced in social sector of agriculture, as a rule, does not exceed the norms of Republican Admissible
Levels of 1999. The products from personal economies are of worse quality, from the point of view ofradiation hygiene. Considerable contribution into the dose of internal irradiation can be made by so-called“non-traditional” food products: meat of wild animals, fish from open reservoirs, wild berries andmushrooms.
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