ALICE Upgrades for
LHC Run 4 & beyond
TCHoU Meeting, June 27th 2023, Tsukuba University
Rachid GUERNANE
LPSC Grenoble CNRS–IN2P3/University Grenoble Alpes● LoI CERN-LHCC-2020-009 CERN-LHCC-2019-018● TDR published in 2023 for Run 4 upgrades

CERN-LHCC-2022-009

LHC
exp
The LHC (heavy-ion)programme
ALICE
uperimgram
radents
LHC
p rog
mese
pp, pA? , AApp,
pp, pA?,
pA?, AAAA

pp, pA? , AA
pp,pp, pA?,
pA?, AAAARun 11RunRun 120092013
2009 --– 20132013

Run 22RunRun 22015- 20182015
2015 -–20182018

Run 3
Run
Run 332022- 2025
2022
2022 -–2025
2025

Run 4
Run
Run44
2029- 2032
2029
2029 -–2032
2032

Run 5
Run
Run55
2035 – …

Run 6
Run
Run 66

LHC
schedule
LHC schedule
scheduleLHC

Pb–Pb luminosity limited by LHC~ 1–2⋅10 27 cm -2 s-1

ALICE
ATLAS1Highluminosity
luminosity
High
HL-LHC
forions
HL-LHCfor ions
ATLAS
ALICE
2
p hase I up g rad es
CM S
p hase I up g rad es

CM S

LHCb
up g rad e I(a)LHCb

ALICE 1

ALICE 2.1LS4pp, pPb,pp, pPb,pPb,
Pb-Pb
Pb-Pb
Pb–Pb

LS3pp, pO, OO,pp, pO, OO,pPb, Pb-Pb
pPb, Pb–Pb
Pb-Pb

LS2pp, pPb,pp,pp, pPb,
pPb,
Xe-Xe,Pb-Pb
Xe-Xe,
Xe–Xe, Pb-Pb
Pb–Pb

LS1

Collision systems pp, pPb, Pb-Pb
Pb-Pb
Collision systems
systems pp, pPb, Pb–Pb
Collision

Run 5 → higher luminosities for ions
Higherluminosities
ions
Higherluminosities
forforions• Mitigate space charge effects (SPS & LEIR),
e.g. ATLAS
with lighter species

Run 4 → HL-LHC

ALICE 3p hase II up g rad esCM Sp hase II up g rad es• Push pp luminosity to 4⋅10 34 cm -2 s-1
LHCb
up g rad e Ib

LHCb
up g rad e IIRun 3ALICE→ highluminosityALICEfor ions(~ 7⋅10 27 cm -2 s -1 ) andOO
2
2.1
ALICE 3up g rad eup g rad e• Improved collimation systems

up g rad e

Lifted limitation in the LHC from bound-free pair production
Ion luminosities
limited by bunch intensities from injectors→ evolution of LHC
andFoCal
thenow
experiments

ITS3

Exp. future @ LHC | QM April 10th, 2022 | Jochen Kleinup g radinterm
ed iateup gupradgerad e m ajor
m ajorup gerad e 3
intermed iate42

ALICE 2.1 up g rad e

Forward Calorimeter

Time Projection Chamber

Consolidation and readout
upgrade of all subsystems

FoCal-E

Fast Interaction Trigger• new detectors

In• 3+MAP• im pat h• ITS3
monfor 3

FoCal-HM• continuous readout• GPU-based reconstruction

3 • MAP

insta

Explore the gluon structure of hadrons and nuclei●At small x, dominant degrees of freedom of the hadrons are not valence quarks, but gluons!
‒●(Exponential) growth of gluon density with increasing energy

Larges uncertainties on gluon distributions in nuclei at small x‒

Scarce experimental data (DIS) available to constrain the gluon nPDFo

Fit the nPDF in a global QCD analysiso

QCD evolution equations (DGLAP & BFKL)●

Reveal gluon saturation effects at small x which is an unavoidable consequence of QCD!

●Direct photon production provides sensitivity to gluon densities in protons and nuclei‒“Phase diagram” of aproton/nucleus

FoCal measurement at high rapidity (3.4 < η < 5.8) and thereby low x (down to ~10-6) in nuclei

4

Performance of the FoCal detector● Kinematic coverage of electromagnetic
probes of current and future experiments at20
the LHC and other facilities● Impact of FoCal on the gluon nPDF
‒Strong constraints over a large x
ALICE
Collaboration
region:~10-5–10-2

Substantially outperform the expected
performance of EIC for x < 10-3
Hadronic+UPC measurements

EM and DIS measurements

10 2

Q (GeV)Q (GeV)‒central LHC
LHCb
FOCAL

arXiv:1909.05338
central LHC
LHCb
FOCAL

10EICfRH

ICMFT

1010 2(f)RHIC

NMC/EMCQs (Pb)Qs (Pb)1Qs (p10-610-510-410-310-2MFT1)
10-1

1x

DIS, photons directs, Drell-Yan

10-6

10-5Qs (p10-410-310-2)
10-1

1x

Fig. 13: Approximate (x,Q) coverage of various experiments for regions probed by DIS measurements

5The FoCal-E detector●3.4 < η < 5.8
baseline design@7m

The main challenge of direct photon
production measurement at high rapidity lies
in disentangling direct photons from π0decays at high energy‒~5 mm separation of photon pairs fromπ0 decays (pT = 10 GeV, η = 4.5)

‒Require a low Molière radius and highgranularity → Si–W calorimeter witheffective granularity ≈ 1 mm2

FoCal-E●Module20 layers : W(3.5 mm ≈ 1 X0) + siliconsensors‒

18 pad layers → shower profile andtotal energy‒

2 pixels (ALPIDE) → spatial resolution
essential for shower separation

Prototype : 1/5of a module

6P.28 of 31+92.6 mm

103.0 mm82.6 mm+Si-pad sensor(72+2 cells)(Gluing,wire bondingand potting)(Gluing)

W 94.0%Ni 4.0%Cu 2.0%82.6 mm84.0 mm

ThefinalTheFoCal
FoCal-E
PADprototype
prototype
PCB with
HGCROC

Hamamatsu S16211-0813
p-sub, 320 um, w/ Al,
1 cm2 pad cell size

92.6 mm

The single pad layer (x18)Interface board
Ton van den Brink

Chamfer
M3 holes● Prototype assembly‒‒

W plate machining
Thermal foils interleaved within the Si–W
sandwicho Ensure proper insertion of the FEE boards in theThe FoCal final prototype
interface board by compensating the mechanical
SDI LPSC
defects
M2 holes on the edge

7

The FoCal-E PAD prototype● Gluing and wire bonding of the silicon sensors
onto the PCB‒ Provide clean biasing (to ground) on the backside of the sensor

Excellent planarity! (≲10 µm)

C4π IPHC
Bleeding glue
(not bonded)

Blocked hole by the potting material(use translucent potting later on)

SDI LPSC

8

Readout electronics ofthe FoCal-E Si–PAD layers● Design, production, tests & DAQ ofthe whole electronic chain

Injector board

LED driverO. Bourrion et al 2023 JINST 18 P04031
Aggregator board(readout, trigger)

FPGAFEE board (HGCROC V2 Omega LLR)

High voltage is fed to the aggregatorand distributed to single pads

9Performance of theFoCal-E PAD prototype

C. Arata● Lab tests‒

Pedestal adjustement, calibration withinternal charge injection‒

LED pulses, cosmics‒Timing (ToA/T)+ système de trigger● Beam tests at CERN‒PS T9 (June 2022)
oo‒

SDI LPSC

Optimization of the shaper parameterswith MIP (15 GeV/c hadrons)

H. ParkPosition & HV scans

SPS H6 (September 2022)
oDAQ CRU–O2oEnergy scan with electron beams

10ITS3
ITS3

ITS2information). A total of 12 variables are used in this analysis:
83

The key idea behind the ITS3 Upgrade project is to reduce the material budget of the inner barrel tracking
layers by installing three truly cylindrical silicon pixel layers based on ultra-thin curved sensors. Inaddition, the pointing resolution is further improved by the installation of a new beampipe with a smaller
radius allowing to move the ﬁ rst layer closer to the primary vertex. The main characteristics of theITS1 [9], ITS2 [3], and ITS3 [4] detectors are summarised in Tab. 1.

Heavy flavor physics at LHC Run 48485

86● Enhance the capabilities of the ALICE experiment for heavy quarks studies
87‒

Table 1:resolution
M ain characteristics of the ITS1, ITS2, and ITS3 detectors.
Improvement of the pointing

Stronger rejection of the combinatorial backgroundinner layers
ITS1
ITS2
ITS3
o Higher efficacity
onsignal
selection
X/ X0
1.14%
0.38%
⇡ 0.05%innermostradius
39mm
22mm
18 mm
Measurement of charmed and beauty baryons (𝛬c , 𝛯c , 𝛬b) and charmed and2 beauty hadrons with apixel size
50 ⇥ 425 µm 2 30 ⇥ 30 µm 2 ⇡ 15 ⇥Figure
15 µm
4.3: A sketch of the ⇤+c ! pK − ⇡ + decay, representing the primary and seco‒

strange content (Ds , Bs)

ondary vertices.

Constraints on the transport coefficients of the medium (kinetic equilibrium of c quarks?)
4. 4. 2. 1 K i n em ati c88
1 shows
an engineeringmodelofofthe
thehadronization
foreseen geometry,
as wellas its implementation in theo Figure“Calibrated”
probesfor the study
process(recombination?)
T he transverse momentum of the ⇤c candidate decay products, the proton, kaon and89
simulations and the azimuthal distribution of the material budget. As can be seen,
the material budget ispion, are used as BDT input variables. T hese are referred to from now on as pT (p),90
essentially only given by the active silicon with just a small additional contribution
by the carbon foampT (K ) and pT ( ⇡ ). W hile pT (p) and pT (K ) not o↵er very high discrimination power
91
spacer. Overall, this results in a reduction of the j -averaged material budget
from
0.38%
pero↵erlayer
to discrimination, particularly at high ⇤c pT .
on their own,pT ( ⇡ ) canreasonable
92
around 0.05% .
Central Pb–Pb collision
Factor ~2 !
o

4. 4. 2. 2

Top olog i cal

T he topological variables included as BDT input variables include:π± at η=0.5• C osi n e of th e p ointi n g an g l e: T he pointing angle ✓poi nti ng is deﬁ ned as theangle between the momentum vector of the reconstructed particle (in this casethe ⇤c), and the decay path from the primary vertex to the secondary vertex.
7712The ITS3 detector

ITS2

Antonin MAIREITS3(IPHC Strasbourg), pour le projet ITS3
mardi, 23 MAiraicooling
2023 (power– Key
Decision Point 2
dissipation
lower than 20 mW/cm2)
Uniform marterial distribution!

Upgrade du trajectomètre interne ALICE2 :CMOS Pixel Sensor
Projet FJPPN R&D CMOS
Characterisation of the CE65 sensor on the KEK PF-AR
beamline

ITS3 pour le run 4 du LHC (2029-2032)● Silicon amounts to only 1/7th of the total material thickness!
● Inhomogeneities due to the mechanical structure &cooling● Get (even) closer to the interaction point?

ITS2ITS3z ≈ 27cm

Ribs & stringers
made of carbon foam

rbeampipe = 1.60 cm + ⇡ r = 0.05 cm
rL0 = 1.8 cm
rL1 = 2.4 cm
rL2 = 3.0 cm

Inner Barrel
432 chips of 180 nm technology
node (transistor etching size)
ALPIDE chip size limited by thedimensions of the reticule itself (~3 cm × 2 cm)

6 65 nm chips!
Stitching technique allows to produce
wafer-scale chips (30 cm diameter)→ efficiency?

Wafer-scale chips(~27 cm long)

Sensors thinned down to20–40µm (0.02–0.04 % X0)

13A Large Ion Collider Experiment

Middle-end electronics for ITS3Block diagram — Detector Management Board — lpGBT

System functionalities‒‒‒‒●Transmit data upstream at 10 Gbps
Supply clock and trigger signals to the detector
Provide power and bias to the detector
Slow control and monitoring

System requirements‒

Sustain high radiation dose rates and magnetic fieldo‒

Radiation qualified COTS or CERN-developedcomponents

Fit within the limited service volume (see next slide)

ITS2 RUs and PUs

Detector
ChipSegment

ChipSegment

Detector management
boardDetector
Service Board

ChipSegment

10.24 Gbit/s uplinks

VTRx+VTRx+
1.8V Detector #0

VTRx+VTRx+
1.8V Detector #1…

●DC-DC

MEAS

12V

1.2V + 2.5V Links

DC-DC

MEAS

12V

12V Detector

1.8V

1.8V

DC-DC

MEAS

12V
2.5V

2.5V
1.2V

12V Links and Control

VTRx+
1.8V Detector #n

3030cmside)/ /8080(C side)cm (A(A-side)cmcm(C-side)FPC-based
connection
FPC connection

DC-DC

MEAS

12V

1.8V

48V

MEAS48V

48V Detector

12V

DC-DC

On-board control

Chip interface (clock / slow control / trigger / timing)

VTRx+

DC-DC

MEAS

1.2V + 2.5VControl

lpGBTcontrol

48V Links and Control

12V

MEAS

DC-DC

12V
2.5V

2.5V
1.2V

VTRx+
Converter
backup control

lpGBT
triggerVTRx+• 1 Detector Management Board per Half-Barrel• Timing / Clock / Control as uni-directional lines

High-speed control(fiber based)
Low-speed control(backup control)
TTC via GBTfrom CRU~100 60m m cables
110m fibers

Ideas for the ITS3 Readout and Powering | 2023-02-09 | Felix Reidt714

ITS3 mechanics● Integration & dedicated cooling system for DSB‒

Very limited available service volume!

‒~45 W dissipated per half-barrel (for 3 layers)● Design & production mechanical parts for the detector air‒

First prototypes of the air cooling manifold produced by UV LCD
and high-temperature FDM 3D printing with resins‒

Explore other materials for the final solutionling)

BP_L0_L2 air ducts @ LPSC

Flexible bi-material monolithic components (need specificprinter head)
ALICE ITS3 WP5onsmission des contraintes sur le détecteur
à de l’état de l’art actuelcooling system

15

ALICE3

ALICE3: a next generation HI experiment for LHC Run 5 & 6“Ambition to design a new experiment to continue with a rich heavy-ion programme at the HLLHC” mentioned in the Update of the European strategy for particle physics● Goal: studies of pp, pA, and AA collisions at luminosities ×20–50 higher than in ALICE inRun 3–4● Fast and ultra-thin detector with precise tracking and timing‒“Nearly massless” tracker based on silicon CMOS pixels (MAPS) covering ~70 m2‒PID via Si-based time-of-flight with ~20 ps time resolution‒Large acceptance barrel + end caps Δη = 8● Ultimate performance for HF, thermal radiation, and soft hadrons (pT < 50 MeV/c)‒

Doubly and triply heavy flavour, hadron production, multi-quark states‒

Chiral symmetry restoration (e.m. probes)‒Beyond HI (phase space complementary to other experiments)oViolation of fundamental properties of quantum field theories (emission of soft photons)

oNew physics in soft sector, e.g. dark photons

17Summary

Tracking precision and data rate compet● Expected integrated luminosity @ 650 kHz inelastic interaction rate (~14/pb ~1.1e12 collisions)

ALICE 3 opens new era of discovery potential andSummary● Calibrations
precision
in QCDneeded for full event reconstruction (pass 1) expected in December● During YETS most of EPNs available for reconstruction● LS2 Upgrades(2019–2021)○ pass 1 reconstruction on EPN farm (CPU + GPU) takes ~3 months (Jan-Mar)by heavy-ion
for heavy-ion● LS3 Designed(2026–2029):
newphysicists
upgradesfor LHCphysics
Run 4○2 months to tune and validate selections on pass 1 AO2Ds (Feb-Mar)

Extremelysetup
allowsfor very‒ ✓FoCal:
𝛄, π0,versatile
jets in theforward
regionto broad○ Skim CTFs with total ~10-3 rejection factor before the end of EYETS (April)
physics program
withinbeyondQCD
constrain
the gluon
nPDFandat lowx● 2022
data will beremoved
onceskimmed‒ ITS3:trulyppcylindricalsiliconlayers
madeof with event selections

ultra-thin wafer-size MAPS

● In addition,to keep ~10%of theofsame
as MB(~1/pb)
Continues
hugelyplan
successfulendeavorpushingtheo Low-mass dielectrons (→ QGP temperature)
world’s most powerful microscopes to new limits
oImprove HF-particle performance + search for exotic charm nuclei

Heavy-ion physics at the LHC beyond Run 4● Beyond 2030: continue the heavy-ion programme during the HL-LHC era‒ Possibility of a “nearly-massless” silicon detector
Luciano Musa (CERN) | CERN RRB | 26 October 2022

oMulti-HF particles

oLow-mass dielectrons and soft photons

Unprecedented insight into QGP world expected ahead of us!

291318

END

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