1TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW SERIES

Process Automation:
EtherNet/IP at the Field
Device LevelTECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW: Process Automation:
EtherNet/IP at the Field Device Level (PUB00349R0)

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AT A GLANCE

The value of increased connectivity,
including easier commissioning,troubleshooting, and asset tracking, driven
by IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) andIndustry 4.0, have accelerated the transition
from traditional fieldbus to industrial
Ethernet. Digital transformation via Ethernet
communication is now possible in process
automation, including down to the field, via
the introduction of the Ethernet-APLTM
physical layer.
This paper presents the advantages of using
the EtherNet/IPTM industrial control
networking solution in process automation at
the field device level. This approach enables
end users to rely on a proven control
technology that includes robust safety andsecurity solutions while also being able toleverage edge and cloud analytics to gain
insights into historical trends and to makepredictions about future device andproduction status.

TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW: Process Automation:
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Introduction
EtherNet/IP is a proven industrial control networking solution that can accommodate
everything from a single controller, machine, or skid to entire facility installations acrossdiscrete, hybrid, and now process automation. Diverse industries such as automotive,
semiconductor, packaging, food & beverage, pharmaceutical, water and wastewater,
chemical, mining, oil & gas, and more rely on EtherNet/IP communication and control.
EtherNet/IP utilizes ODVA’s Common Industrial Protocol (CIPTM) application layer anddeploys it on standard networking technologies such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or 5G.
EtherNet/IP allows users to deliver the real-time, safe, secure and application specificfunctions that process automation practitioners require. For real-time data, users can gain
unparalleled access to information from IIoT devices, allowing for visibility and insights
into how operations are performing, which results in better business decisions.
EtherNet/IP has become a leading industrial automation network solution in part byrelying on commercial-off-the-shelf technology and standard, unmodified Internet Protocol
and Ethernet made up of IEEE 802.3 combined with the TCP/IP Suite, and in turn thisenables a more seamless, interconnected network for local, edge, and cloud applications.
Reliable, real-time communication on the plant floor is made possible with EtherNet/IP
through a properly planned network design that leverages segmentation via managed
switches allowing for both efficient communication and greater security.
Although EtherNet/IP was introduced originally for discrete manufacturing, process
automation specific enhancements such as Ethernet-APL (Advanced Physical Layer) andNAMUR NE 107 device status diagnostics have opened the door to the advantages of
EtherNet/IP within process automation for network and device health monitoring, built insecurity and safety, and remote device configuration. In fact, EtherNet/IP has been
named by NAMUR as one of the minimum binding requirements for the process industry.
EtherNet/IP communication networks can utilize the Ethernet-APL physical layer inprocess plants. Ethernet-APL is a combination of Single Pair Ethernet (SPE), engineered
power, Intrinsic Safety, and Type A fieldbus cable. As a result, Ethernet-APL satisfies theprocess industry needs for long reach cabling of up to 1,000 meters per trunk length,
powered infrastructure and intrinsic safety protection for all Class 1 hazardous Zones andDivisions. The use of 2-WISE (2-wire intrinsically safe Ethernet) to define intrinsic safety
protection enables simple steps for verification without calculations, and 10BASE-T1L
SPE enables dramatically increased speed at 10 Mbit/s compared to traditional process
field networks. See Figure 3 for more details on SPE standards.

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Figure 1: Ethernet-APL Topology and Distances

EtherNet/IP in Process Automation
As companies digitalize in their journey to further optimize operations, EtherNet/IP isseeing sustained growth due to being a well-established automation solution that iscontinuously enhanced to address future advancements in industrial control andcommunication. With the availability of EtherNet/IP devices for the Ethernet-APL
physical layer, users will be able to unlock the advantages of commercially basedindustrial control hardware, an IT friendly object-oriented foundation, and standard
internet protocol compatibility including TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, SNMP, and DHCP within
the process industries.
It's clear that safety and security are chief concerns within process automation. Thesefeatures, and more, are provided for via EtherNet/IP via network extensions for
specialized applications that include safety, security, energy, and time synchronization.
To address functional safety, EtherNet/IP provides support with CIP Safety™; forsecurity, device defense is covered by CIP Security™; for sustainability and energy
efficiency, CIP Energy™ is available; for time synchronization, CIP SyncTM is available.
CIP Security offers the flexibility of different levels of device level security, and CIP
Safety detects errors and allows devices to take appropriate action to prevent
unintended harm.
EtherNet/IP also supports concurrent connections, allowing for failsafe controller
redundancy for the most critical of process applications. Additionally, EtherNet/IP is able
to deliver fault tolerant redundancy via the Parallel Redundancy Protocol and Device
Level Ring. Furthermore, EtherNet/IP supports process automation through HART
integration, and IO-Link integration. Broad usage of EtherNet/IP in process automation
enables a more efficient and interconnected infrastructure along with seamlessinformation sharing that improves on the communication that is now possible between
HART and EtherNet/IP and between IO-Link and EtherNet/IP devices.

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ODVA is continuing to expand the EtherNet/IP ecosystem with the next generation ofdigitized device description files, including FDT (Field Device Tool), FDI (Field Device
Integration), and xDS, to simplify integration into process asset management tools. FDT
technology standardizes the configuration interface between field devices and control
systems, independent of communication protocol, allowing streamlined access to device
parameters. The FDT Group developed the FDT IIoT Server (FITS) to enable mobility,
cloud and fog enterprise applications, as well as sensor-to-cloud and enterprise-wide
connectivity. An FDI device package includes the device definitions, user interface plugins, certificates, and useful documentation to simplify integration with field devices and
FDI host-enabled plant, enterprise, and cloud-based systems. xDS is an information
model for EtherNet/IP devices that will describe how to represent the associated device
to the overall system. The end goals of the device description efforts are to provide astandard, robust and detailed description of device information, implement secure device
description artifacts, and prepare for a future driven by Industry 4.0 and IIoT.
Figure 2: FDT FITS, FDI Device Package, and EtherNet/IP xDS

Finally, ODVA supports the PA-DIM process automation device information model
specification that can be integrated across communication protocols, meets therequirements of the NAMUR Open Architecture (NOA), and enables end users to betteruse device data from across the plant. A partnership between ODVA, OPC Foundation,
PI, and VDMA to develop a new interface standard for the acquisition of energy
consumption data in industrial manufacturing to improve power consumption
management is also underway. Additionally, EtherNet/IP plans to continue to evolve for
future requirements by enabling reliable, secure communications between CIP-enabledindustrial control system devices and the cloud as well as to enable common cloud
gateway and device management tasks. One of the ways this will be accomplished is via
a joint working group with the OPC Foundation to develop an OPC UA companion
specification for CIP.

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Single Pair Ethernet
As a media independent network, EtherNet/IP is well positioned to take advantage of thebenefits of Single Pair Ethernet (SPE) since SPE is just another physical layer. SPE
allows for cost and size reductions in Ethernet PHYs (physical layer data transceivers),
cables and connectors that enable cost effective connectivity for smaller devices as well
as more efficient long cable runs. This opens up the possibility to connect simple devices
to Ethernet that were previously only hardwired or controlled via fieldbus technology. Oneof the most clear and important benefits of SPE is the lower cost of the overall installation
relative to standard Ethernet since only a single twisted-pair cable is required. While thismay seem small, the difference can add up quickly with factories and plants that havecable runs of hundreds of meters and thousands of communication nodes.
Additional device connectivity opens up possibilities for diagnostics along with
development of prognostics. Incentives to utilizing SPE to add devices to Ethernet
networks include remote commissioning, digital troubleshooting, and failure prediction via
edge and/or cloud-enabled analytics. The cost savings from being able to quickly andeasily add a new device to the network and to identify a malfunctioning device without
having to physically test for failures adds up quickly between labor savings and downtime
reduction. Industrial Ethernet networks, such as EtherNet/IP, over SPE can help convert
previously untapped data into insights that can transform operations to increase Overall
Equipment Effectiveness (OEE)/production output, flexibility and quality while also driving
down cost.
Single Pair Ethernet (SPE) is a crucial enabler of adding the Things in IIoT to digital
Operational Technology (OT) networks. These things include contactors, push buttons,
and motor starters located in cabinets, along with temperature, level, and flow sensors inprocess plants. Many of these devices are currently analog with little to no diagnostic orparametrization capabilities. Some of these devices are already on digital fieldbus
networks today; however, their status and commissioning abilities are oftentimes underutilized, leading to a substantial amount of stranded data and untapped operational
improvement potential.
It's important to note that SPE encompasses 10BASE-T1L General Purpose SPE
applications, 10BASE-T1S in-cabinet applications, and 10BASE-T1L Ethernet-APL
applications. Furthermore, there are multiple IEEE SPE standards in addition to thosementioned here, such as 100BASE-T1 for automotive applications.
Figure 3: SPE Standards
SPE Standard
IEEE 802.3 ch
IEEE 802.3 bw
IEEE 802.3 bp
IEEE 802.3 cg

SPE Identifier
10GBASE-T1
100BASE-T1
1000BASE-T1
10BASE-T1SIEEE 802.3 cg

10BASE-T1L

Main Industry
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Industrial
Automation
Process
Automation

Max Speed
2.5/5/10 Gbit/s
100 Mbit/s
1 Gbit/s
10 Mbit/s

Max Length
15
15
15-40
25

10 Mbit/s

1000+

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SPE will help enable IT/OT convergence by allowing OT devices to leverage the sameunderlying Ethernet technologies making it easier to ensure data makes its way up fromthe field level through switches/routers/firewalls and onto SCADA, MES, ERP, and cloudsystems. CIP Security helps enable this convergence by utilizing robust and ubiquitoussecurity technologies to achieve protection of EtherNet/IP control system devices. CIP
Security can be used as a major part of an IEC 62443-4-2 security certification, and also
can apply to the system level through IEC 62443-3-3. The adoption of SPE by bothdevice manufacturers and end users alike is a critical step in unlocking the full potential of
IIoT to transform business through more efficient operations.
SPE can also reduce the labor and time needed for panel installations with easier to use
connectors and fewer cables. ODVA’s in-cabinet resource-constrained device solution isan example as it enables contactors and push buttons to be connected to EtherNet/IP via
a 10BASE-T1S SPE multidrop flat cable.

SPE for Process Automation: Ethernet-APL
Ethernet-APL is a specialized version of SPE for process automation that includes
hazardous area protection, power to field instrumentation, and support for long cable runsof up to 1,000 meters. According to ARC’s Valentijn de Leeuw, “Felix Hanisch, presidentof the NAMUR board, mentioned that an Ethernet-APL information highway to the OT
systems is critical, and maybe the industry’s last chance to enable "top-to-bottom" digitaltransformation.”
Ethernet-APL meets the ruggedness and simplicity
expected by the process industries for a control
network. The Trunk and Spur topologies arefamiliar to end users and Ethernet-APL allows up
to 1,000-meter trunk lengths and 200-meter spur lengths.
The long cable lengths of up to 1,000 meters, potential reuse of type A fieldbus cable(IEC 61158-2), and up to 10 Mbit/s communication speeds of Ethernet-APL can enable
the benefits of Ethernet to be realized at the field level in process plants. One of theseadvantages is that process instrumentation can easily communicate multiple variables
such as temperature, level, and flow from one instrument via the increased bandwidth of
Ethernet-APL.
Figure 4: EtherNet/IP + Ethernet-APL Advantages

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Ethernet-APL leverages the same Type A fieldbus cable that is currently installed inprocess plants today. In fact, existing Type A cable may be reused if the cable integrity isverified and impedance standards of 100 ohms with +/- 20 ohms tolerances are met.
Since it is just a physical layer, Ethernet-APL allows end users to access standard safety
and security services built on IEC 61508 and ISA/IEC 62443 from the leading industrial
automation standards bodies. This includes CIP Safety and CIP Security capabilities for
EtherNet/IP. EtherNet/IP is able to expand precise, efficient Ethernet-based control andcommissioning across process field instrumentation via the Ethernet-APL physical layer.
The full use of EtherNet/IP in process automation enables concurrent seamlessconnectivity from the field devices to the controllers, to Industrial IoT applications, as wellas the edge and cloud for prognostic analysis.
Figure 5: Ethernet-APL Application Enablement

Wireless
The newest application areas that EtherNet/IP solutions are targeting include wirelesscommunication for hard-to-reach devices over 5G. Wireless support for Private 5G has
recently been proven in a joint test bed with Rockwell Automation, Ericsson, Qualcomm,and Verizon. Additionally, CIP Safety can be run over wireless due to relying on the black
channel principle that leverages data validation techniques built into the network
extension.

TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW: Process Automation:
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Figure 6: CIP and EtherNet/IP OSI Model

Security
Utilizing Ethernet networks at the field device level in process automation requires theability to secure communications and devices to help prevent intrusions from bad actors.
EtherNet/IP offers the CIP Security cybersecurity network extension that provides the last
mile of security-related requirements and capabilities for devices. CIP Security is just one
part of a defense-in-depth architecture that is recommended by ODVA.
A defense-in-depth architecture is one of the most important ways to reduce your attack
profile. A bad actor can be a singular, highly skilled person, a cooperative group, or evena nation state. With that in mind, it’s necessary to create a defense that includes manylayers of deterrence. Physical security is a valuable consideration given that wirelessnetworks can be potentially reached outside of company property, open USB ports invite
spyware, and lost electronic entrance security keys allow uninvited access that cansignificantly increase the attack vector of a facility.
Contractors and supply chain partners cannot be forgotten about either as they can haveaccess into critical operational technology systems or be the weak link in the supply chain
if they present a soft or easy-to-beat target due to limited security measures. Traditional
security within switches including firewalls, approved listing, deep packet inspection, etc.
is also a must have.

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Figure 7: Defense-in-Depth Security Approach

Another method to minimize the abilities for attackers to be successful is to conduct
regular threat modelling using the STRIDE, DREAD, or Attack Tree approaches. The
STRIDE approach covers spoofing, tampering, repudiation, information disclosure(privacy breach or data leak), denial of service, and elevation of privilege. The DREAD
threat model includes damage, reproducibility, exploitability, affected users, anddiscoverability. Attack Trees or Threat Trees are a logical approach to better understandhow an intrusion could happen in a detailed, logical, and step by step manner.
Regardless of the threat model employed, it’s important to conduct these analyses on aregular basis to take into account changes in manufacturing footprints and newly
discovered threats. Another valuable approach is to think of security as a state of mind
within an organization. The best policies, procedures, and systems can be overcome, buta host of vigilant employees can be much harder to defeat. In summary, security shouldbe treated with the same care as safety when designing, updating, and operating an
industrial facility. Security is an invaluable investment in the future of your enterprise.
For field level device security, CIP Security for EtherNet/IP devices makes use of the
IETF-standard Transportation Layer Security (RFC 5246) and Datagram Transport Layer
Security (RFC 6347) protocols in order to provide a secure transport for EtherNet/IP
traffic. TLS is used for the TCP-based communications such as diagnostics andcommissioning, and DTLS for the UDP-based transport communications such as I/O
data.

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Secure EtherNet/IP transport via CIP Security provides the following security attributes:•••

Authentication of the endpoints — ensuring that the target and originator are both
trusted entities. End point authentication is accomplished using X.509 certificatesor pre-shared keys.
Message integrity and authentication — ensuring that the message was sent by
the trusted endpoint and was not modified in transit. Message integrity andauthentication is accomplished via TLS message authentication code (HMAC).
Message encryption — optional capability to encrypt the communications,provided by the encryption algorithm that is negotiated via the TLS handshake.

CIP Security provides user and device authentication, a trust domain, device identity,
device integrity, data confidentiality, and policy enforcement (authorization). Policy-based
authentication and authorization help support zero trust. CIP Security provides thesesecurity properties via five separate security profiles that provide flexibility for vendors in
adding security features to their device depending on the intended application(s) and usecase(s). A security profile is a set of well-defined capabilities to facilitate device
interoperability and end-user selection of devices with the appropriate security capability.
The first security profile is the EtherNet/IP Confidentiality Profile, which provides securecommunications between EtherNet/IP endpoints to assure data confidentiality. The
second profile is the CIP User Authentication Profile, which provides Authentication at auser level for CIP communications. This is used as a basis for Authorization and Role
Based Access Control. The third profile is the Resource-Constrained CIP Security Profile,which provides a lightweight version of the protections afforded by the first two CIP
Security profiles specifically for highly resource-constrained devices.
The fourth security profile is the Pull Model Profile that enables ease of use for device
replacement and commissioning, using EST and DNS-SD technologies. Certificates
involve a private key that is stored on a device. When a device fails, it needs a brand-new
certificate. The Pull Model allows a device to automatically discover and request acertificate using DNS-SD for discovery and EST for certificate request. The automatic
discovery and request/grant of a certificate allows automatic device replacement toproceed even when security is being used. The fifth security profile is the Device-Based
Firewall Profile, which provides a simple mechanism to filter traffic based on IP
Address/port/protocol. The Device-Based Firewall works much like the “IP Tables”
program that has been present in Linux/Unix for many years, and is implemented via a
new object (called the Ingress Egress Object).

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Figure 8: CIP Security Profiles
Security
Properties
DeviceAuthentication
Trust Domain
Device Identity
Data Integrity
Data
User
Authentication
ChangeDetection
PolicyEnforcement

EtherNet/IP
Confidentiality
ProfileX

CIP User
Authentication
ProfileResourceConstrained CIP
Security Profile
X

Broad – group ofdevicesNarrow –Users/Roles

XX
X

X (Identity of User)

Broad; option to
be narrow via
gateway or proxyX (via PSK)
X
X
Via gateway or
proxy

X

Fixed

Pull
Model
ProfileX

Via gateway or
proxy

Additionally, a key component of proper EtherNet/IP network design and planning for
optimal operation and enhanced defense in depth security is utilizing segmented
networks with vertically layered switches. In the same way that ships have compartmentsthat can be sealed in case of a hull breach, having a network with zones can help tocontain a security or operational issue from impacting too much of the larger system. This
design ensures that a failure in one zone or within one switch doesn’t affect the entire
operation.
A secure conduit is the interlinking of the different security zones. It’s critical to ensurethat the communication paths between zones are access controlled, are resistant todenial-of-service attacks, and don’t allow issue from a compromised zone to spread tothe broader network. VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) are a way to improve security
and contain broadcast messaging as a part of implementing secure zones and conduits.
A fully switched network eliminates collisions and improves deterministic behavior of
networks such as EtherNet/IP. The addition of secure zones and conduits per the
ISA/IEC 62443 security standards provides a way to segment and zone sub-systems in acontrol network. Zones can be defined by groups of nodes that have similar functionaland security requirements. Examples of a similar requirements include devices that are
all in the same functional area, contain intellectual property, enable motion, or control
environmentally sensitive materials.

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DeviceBased
FirewallX

Figure 9: EtherNet/IP Switched Architecture with Zones and Conduits

As the inevitable march toward seamless device to enterprise connectivity moves
forward, driven by Industry 4.0 and Industrial IoT, the reality is that automation devices
that control the motion of motors, drives, pneumatic cylinders, etc. will be opened up toboth the business benefits as well as the potential for unwanted intrusion as a result ofinternet connectivity. Today, many skids are already connected via cellular data to allow
OEMs to provide end users with remote operations support.
Even the best designed second communication channel for diagnostics can still
potentially expose valuable intellectual property and trade secrets. Avoiding all external
exposure of automation devices is of course possible, but then the user will not be able totake advantage of the diagnostic and prognostic benefits afforded by increased
connectivity. In the absence of this extreme measure, adding device level security is a
low-cost protection that provides a last level of defense for your critical motion control
devices. ODVA is committed to providing users with the most secure automation network
solutions via CIP Security, which will continue to be enhanced to add new capabilities
and protections as technology and threats evolve.

SafetyJust as security is required for process automation field level devices, safety is just as
important to ensure that loss of life and/or limb, environmental accidents, and operational
disruptions are minimized to the extent possible. ODVA offers the CIP Safety network
extension for EtherNet/IP to enable Ethernet network level safety.
Communication networks are very complex, from the device to the switch, router, throughall the network media, and to another device. It would be a massive undertaking to try to
make an entire communication network meet the principles of functional safety, and anychange to any part of the network could require revalidation. While this idea is atheoretical possibility, functional safety over communication networks instead follows aconcept called the “gray channel” principle, which is laid out in IEC 61508.

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The gray channel principle stipulates that two safety devices must have enoughintelligence in themselves, and enough diagnostics in their communications, that theentire communication network has zero impact on the ability of the device to detectcommunication errors. Even though Ethernet communication networks have considerable
error detection built into them, none of that may be used to satisfy any part of the safetyfunction.
CIP Safety devices create a logical connection to each other, independent of the
network technologies being used. In the devices, common errors are mitigated withvarious techniques, as described in IEC 61784-3-2. Time stamps are used with time
expectation to detect if packets are lost, delayed, repeated or transmitted out of order.
Unique device identifiers are used to authenticate the communication between two safety
devices. Additional diagnostics and checks are included to validate that the messages
are not corrupted in transit and all these features are separate from standard
communication methods.
When these mitigations are put together as CIP Safety, a single connection between two
devices, wired or wireless, can be used for communications certified up to SIL 3 per IEC
61508 and up to Category 4/PLe per ISO 13849-1.
Safety application coverage in CIP provides the ability to mix safety devices and standard
devices on the same network or wire for seamless integration and increased flexibility.
CIP Safety provides fail-safe communication between nodes such as safety I/O blocks,
safety interlock switches, and safety controllers. CIP Safety is made up of high integrity
safety services and diagnostics in the application layer and doesn’t require special
communications hardware. CIP Safety can also coexist with other application layer
standards like CIP Security.
CIP Safety does not prevent communication errors from occurring, but instead it ensurestransmission integrity by detecting errors and allowing devices to take appropriate actions
as follows:
•
•
•
•

•

All CIP Safety data is produced with a timestamp which allows safety consumers
to determine the age of the produced data.
A production Identifier is encoded in each data production to ensure that each
received message arrives at the correct consumer.
All safety transfers on CIP Safety use Safety CRCs or checksums to ensure theintegrity of the transfer of information.
Data and CRC or checksum redundancy with cross checking provides anadditional measure of protection by detecting possible corruption of transmitted
data.
The CIP Safety protocol is present only in safety devices; this prevents standard
devices from masquerading as safety devices.

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CIP Safety packets are made up of the following four sections (note that no packet has allfour): data, timestamp, time correction and time coordination. When configuring a CIP
Safety device over the network, there are measures to ensure integrity of theconfiguration, such as:••

Safety Network Number which identifies each network path in the system
individually, allowing each device to be uniquely identified.
Configuration Ownership can be enforced to ensure that safety configurations
cannot be changed by other devices in the network.
Figure 10: CIP Safety Functionality and Benefits

CIP Safety has been certified by TÜV Rheinland as a gray channel protocol, whichmeans that the safety integrity is not dependent on the physical media. As a gray channel
protocol, CIP Safety can be communicated with over different wired Ethernet platforms(10, 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps), fiber optics, and wireless systems such as existing WiFi
(802.11a/b/g/n/ac). CIP Safety is expected to be forward compatible to new standards
like WiFi 6 (802.11ax) and 5G.

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Summary
EtherNet/IP now provides users a complete industrial communication network for all of
their potential automation applications, regardless of whether they are in discrete, hybrid,or process markets. EtherNet/IP is able to meet the full set of requirements of the processindustries to help end users operate plants with superior yields, minimal downtime, andreduced costs. EtherNet/IP offers process automation practitioners an easy to use,lightweight, proven, secure, and safe control communication network that also enables
valuable diagnostics and process variables to be available in both the control room and in
the cloud for enhanced insights and timely operational optimization measures.
EtherNet/IP offers the robust network solutions that process users demand including
Ethernet-APL, PA-DIM, NE 107, and fail-safe redundancy. To learn more contact ODVA
or visit www.odva.org.

Ethernet-APL is a trademark of FieldComm Group, ODVA Inc., OPC Foundation, and PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V.
CIP, CIP Energy, CIP Safety, CIP Security, CIP Sync, and EtherNet/IP are trademarks of ODVA, Inc.
Trademarks not belonging to ODVA, Inc. are property of their respective companies

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